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BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME 
 PROM THE 
 
 SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND 
 
 THE GIFT OF 
 
 fienru W. Sage 
 
 1891 
 
 engireertrg library 
 
 .amlw yw./i^f- 
 
Cornell University Library 
 QE 262.H16W57 1887 
 
 The geology of the country around Halesw 
 
 TT924 004 550 582 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004550582 
 
MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICH SUIIYEY. 
 
 ENGLAND AN]) WALES. 
 
 THE GEOLOGY OF 
 
 THE COUNTRY AROUND 
 
 HALESWORTH and HARLESTON, 
 
 (EXPLANATION OF QUARTER-SHEET 50, N.E.) 
 
 BY 
 
 W. WHITAKER, B.A., F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. O.E., 
 and W. H. DALTON, F.G.S. 
 
 rUBUSHED BY ORDER Off THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OP HER MAJESTY'S 
 
 TREASUR r. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PBINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, 
 
 BY EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, 
 
 * PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. 
 
 And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from 
 EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, East Harding Street, Fleet Street, B.C. ; 
 ADAH Airs CHARLES BLACK, 6, Norih Bridge, Edinburgh ; or 
 HODGES, FIGGIS, & Co., 104 Graiton Street, Dublin. 
 
 1887. 
 
 Price One Shilling. 
 
LIST OF GEOLOGICAL MAPS, SECTIONS, AND PUBLICATIONS OFTtft 
 
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 VCnis Maps are those of the Ordnance Survey, geologically coloured by the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom under 
 
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 NW*,SEt, 67 Nt, (St), 68 Et, (SW), SWt, 71 to 75,76.(N) S, (77 N), 78, 79, NW*, SWNE*, SK*,80NW*, SW^Iifi 
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 COIKPIETED COUNTIES OF EW6UHD AND WAXES, on a Scale of one-inch to a Milip" 
 
 Sheets marked * have Descriptive Memoirs. Sheets or Counties marked* are illustrated by General Memoir*,'' 
 
 ANGLESEXt,-77N,78. Hor.Sect.40. 
 
 BEDFORDSHIRE/-46 NW, NE, SWt, SEt, 52 NW, NE, SW, SE. 
 BERKSHIRE,— 7*, 8t, 12*. 13*, 34*, 45 SW*. Hor. Sect. 59, 71, 72, 80. 
 
 BRECKNOCKSHIRE*— 36, 41, 42, 56 NW, SW, 57 NE, SB. Hor. Sect. 4, B, 6, 11, and Vert. Sect, 4 and 10. 
 BUCKINGHAMSHIRE,— 7* IS* 45* NE, SE, 46 NW, SWt, 52 SW. Hor. Sect. 74, 79. 
 
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 CAERNARVONSHIRE,*- 74 NW, 75, 76, 77 N, 78, 79 NW, SW. Hor. Sect. 28, SI, 40. W 
 
 CARDIGANSHIRE*,— 40, 41, 56 NW, 57, 58, 59 SE, 60 SW. Hor. Sect. 4, 5, 6. 
 
 CHESHIRE,— 73 NE, NW, 79 NE, SE, 80, 81 NW*, SW*, 88 SW. Hor. Sect. 18, 48, 44, 60, 64, 65, 67, 70, 
 OORNWALLt— 24t, 26t, 26*. 29t, SOt, Sit; S2t, & SSt. 
 
 DENBIGH*— 7*3 N W, 74, 75 NE, 78 NE, SE, 79 N W, S W, SE , 80 S W. Hor. Sect. 81, S5, 38, 39, 43, 44 ; and Tert. Sect. 24. 
 DERBYSHIRE*,— 62 NE, 63 NW, 71 NW, S W, SE, 72 NE, SE, 81, 82, 88 SW, SE. Hor. Sect. 18, 4«, 60, 61, 69, 70, 
 DEVONSHIRE*— 2©t, 21t, 22t, 23* 24t, 25t, 26t, & 27t. Hor. Sect. 19. 
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 ESSEX,—!*, 2*, 47*, 18. Hor. Sect. 84, 120. 
 FLINTSHIRE*— 74 NE, 79. Hor. Sect. 43. 
 
 GLAMORGANSHIRE*,— 20, 36, 87, 41, & 42 SE, SW. Hor. Sect. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 ; Vert. Seot. 2, 4, 6, 6, 1, 9, 10, 47. 
 GLOUCESTERSHIRE,— 19, 34*, 35, 43 NE, SW, SE, 44*. Hor. Seot. 12 to 15, 69 ; Vert. Sect. 7, 11, 16, 46 to 51. 
 HAMPSHIRE,-8t, 9t, 10*, 11*, 12*. 14, 15, 16. Hor. Sect. 80. 
 
 HEREFORDSHIRE,— 42 NE, SE, 43, 66, 56 NE, SE. Hor. Sect. 6, 18, 27, 30, 34 ; and Vert. Sect.15. 
 HERTFORDSHIRE— It N W, 7*, 46, 47*. Hor. Sect. 79, 120, 121. 
 HUNTINGDON-51 NW, 62 NW, NE, SW, 64*. 65. 
 KENT*— 1* SW &SE, 2t, St, 4*, 6t. Hor. Sect. 77 and 78. 
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 LEICESTERSHIRE— 53 NE, 62 NE, 63*, 64*, 70*, 71 SE, SW. Hor. Seot. 46, 48, 49, 62, 122, 124, 125. 
 MERIONETHSHIRE*,— 59 NE, SE, 60 NW, 74, 76 NE, SE. Hor. Sect. 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 36, 37, 88, S». 
 MIDDLESEXt,-ltNW,SW,7*, 8*. Hor. Sect. 79. 
 
 MONMOUTHSHIRE,— 35, 36, 42 SE.NE, 43 SW. Hor. Sect. 5 and 12; and Vert. Sect. 8, 9, 10, 12. 
 MONTGOMERTSHIREt,-56 NW, 59 NE, SE, 60, 74 SW, SE. Hor. Sect. 26, 27, 29, 80, 82, 34, 35, 36, 38. 
 NORTHAMPTONSHIRE.-^ 45 NW, NE, 46 NW, 52 NW, NE, SW.BS NE, SW, & SE.6S SE, 64. 
 NOTTINGHAM,— 70*, 71* NE, SE, NW, 82 NE*, SE*, SW, 83, 86, 87* SW. Hor. Sect. 60, 61. 
 OXFORDSHIRE-7*, 18*, 34*, 44*, 45*, 68 SE*. SW. Hor. Seot. 71, 72, 81, 82. 
 PEMBROKESHIRE*,— 88, 39, 40, 41, 58. Hor. Sect. 1 and 2 ; and Vert. Sect. 12 and 13. 
 RADNORSHIRE,— 42 NW, NE; 66, 60 SW, SE. Hor. Seot. 5, 6, 27. 
 RUTLANDSHIRE*— this county is wholly included within Sheet 64.* 
 
 SHROPSHIRE,-56 NW, NE, 66 NE, 60 NE, SE, 61, 62 NW, 73, 74 NE, SE. Hor. Sect. 24, 25, SO S3 34 36 41 U. 
 * 46, 68, 64, 58 ; and Vert. Seot. 23, 24. ' ' ' "*' ° ' "' **, 
 
 SOMERSETSHIRE,— 18, 19, 20, 21, 27, SB. Hor. Sect. IB, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22 ; ana Vert. Sect. 12, 46, 47, 48 49 SO 61 
 STAFFORDSHIRE.-64 NW, 55 NE, 61 NE, SE, 62, 63 NW, 71 SW, 72, 73 NE, SE, 81 SE, SW. Hor Sect Vk¥ 
 24, 25, 41, 42, 46, 49, 64, B7, 61, 60; and Vert. Sect. 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26. , - 
 
 SUFFOLK,— 47,* 48,* 49, 50, 51, 66 SE*, 67. 
 SURREY.-l SWt, 6t, 7*, 8t, 12*. Hor. Sect. 74, 75, 76, and 79. 
 SUSSEX,— 4*, 6t, 6*, 8t, 9t, lit. Hor. Sect. 78, 76, 76, 77, 78. 
 
 WARW10KSHIRE-44*, 45 NW, 58*. 54, 62 NE, SW, SE, 63 NW, SW, SE. Hor. Seot. SS, 48 to 61 ; Vert Sect n. 
 WILTSHIRE-12*. 13*. 14, 16, 18, 19, 34*. and SB. Hor. Sect. 16 and 69. 
 WORCESTERSHIRE.— 43 NE, 44*. 64, 56, 62 SW, SE, 61 SE. Hor. Seot.lS, 23,26.60, 59, and Vert. Sect. II. 
 
 GENERAL MEMOIRS OF THE CEOX.OCICAX, SURVEY. 
 REPORT en CORNWALL, DEVON, and WEST SOMERSET. By Sir H. T. De La Beche. 14». (OP) 
 FIGURES and DESCRIPTIONS of the PALEOZOIC FOSSILS in the above Counties. By Pbo» Phillim (Of I 
 The MEMOIRS of the GEOLOGICAL SURVEY of GREAT BRITAIN. Vol. I., 21s. ; Vol. II. (in 2 Parts), 42». l< " 
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 of Memoirs, ftc.) 
 e LONDON BAS 
 Memoirs, Ac.) 
 Guide to the GEOLOGY of LONDON and the NEIGHBOURHOOD. By W. Whitaksb. 4th Ed 
 
 The LONDON BASIN. Parti. Chalk and Eocene Beds of S. and W. Tracts. By W. Whitamb 1S» fVol 
 Memoirs, Ac.) ' lM "" 
 
MEMOIES OF THE GEOLOGICAL SUKYEY. 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 THE GEOLOGY OF 
 
 THE COUNTRY AROUND 
 HALESWORTH and HARLESTON, 
 
 (EXPLANATION OF QUARTER-SHEET 50, N.E.) 
 
 W. WHITAKER, B.A., F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. C.E., 
 ^ and W. H. DALTON, F.G.S. 
 
 PUBLISHED BT ORDER OF THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OF HER MAJESTY'S 
 
 TBEASUKf. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PEINTED FOE HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, 
 
 BY EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, 
 
 PRIKTEBB TO THE QUEER'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. 
 
 And to bo purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from 
 EYRE ahd SPOTTISWOODE, East Habdiito Street, Fleet Stebet, B.C. ; or 
 ADAM ah D CHARLES BLACK, 6, North Bridge, Edinburgh ; or 
 HODGES, FIGGIS, 4 Co., 1H Grajtoh Street, Dublin. 
 
 1887. 
 
 Price One Shilling. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The following brief Memoir describes the simple geology of a 
 portion of the counties of Suffolk and Norfolk. The feature of 
 most geological interest in the district to which it refers is, 
 perhaps, the brick-earth at Hoxne, which since the discovery of 
 flint-implements in it at the end of the last century has been 
 the subject of much discussion. Some writers have classed it 
 among Ghicial deposits ; but it is coloured on the Map and 
 described in this Memoir as Post-glacial. 
 
 Some of the more important publications that relate to the 
 geology of the district are cited in the footnotes ; but for fuller 
 reference to this literature the reader is requested to consult for 
 Suffolk the Geological Survey Memoir on " The Geology of the 
 country around Ipswich " (where a complete list is given up to 
 the year 1885), and for Norfolk the Survey Memoir on "The 
 Geology of the country around Norwich," in which the list of 
 papers is completed up to 1881. 
 
 Akch. Geikie, 
 
 Geological Survey Office, Director General. 
 
 6th June 1887. 
 
 50060. Wt. 6826. A 2 
 
IV 
 
 NOTICE. 
 
 The greater part of the area contained within Sheet 50 N.E. or 
 the Geological Survey Map was surveyed by Mr. W. H. Dalton, 
 under the superintendence of Mr. Whitaker, who himself mapped 
 a part along the eastern edge, and parts of the valleys of the Blyth 
 and of its tributary the Bramfield stream. Mr. F. J. Bennett 
 surveyed the north-western corner of the Map, and Mr. C. Reid 
 a strip along the northern edge. 
 
 Mr. Dalton has contributed about one half of the Memoir. 
 Some notes by Mr. Bennett and by Mr. Reid have been worked 
 in, chiefly in the Appendix on Well-sections. 
 
 Mr. Whitaker has edited and arranged the whole Memoir, 
 inserting much of the general descriptions, some notes on sections 
 in Mr. Dalton's area, and details relating to the tracts surveyed by 
 himself. The geological structure of these tracts is more varied 
 than is the case in the greater part of the Map, and many note- 
 worthy sections are here exposed. 
 
 H. W. Bristow, 
 
 Geplogical Survey Oflice, Senior Director. 
 
 28, Jermyn Street, S.W., 
 1st June 1887. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Preface by the Director General 
 Notice by the Director 
 
 Chap. 1. 
 
 Chap. 2. 
 
 Chap. 3. 
 Glacial Drift. 
 
 Chap. 4. 
 
 Page 
 - iii 
 
 . iv 
 
 'Introduction. — (Area. Rivers. Geological Forma- 
 tions. Physical Features.) W. W. and W. H. D. 1 
 
 Cretaceous and Eocene Beds. — (Chalk. 
 
 Reading Beds. London Clay.) W. H. D. - 2 
 
 Upper Crag. — (General Remarks. Valley of the 
 Minsmere. Dunwich Valley. Valley of the 
 Blyth: Up the Right Side. Valley of the 
 Blyth : Down the Left Side. Waveney Valley : 
 Tributary. ChiUesford Clay.) W. W. and 
 I. W. H. D. 3 
 
 Pebbly Series. — (General Remarks. Valley of 
 the Aide. Valley of the Minsmere : Left Side. 
 Valley of the Blyth : Up the Right Side. Valley 
 of the Blyth : Down the Left Side. Valley of 
 the Waveney.) W. W. and W. H. D. - - 11 
 
 ' Lower Boulder Clay. — (Valleys of the Aide, of 
 the Minsmere, and of the Blyth. Valley of the 
 Waveney.) W. W. and W. H. D. - - 18 
 
 Sand and Gravel [Middle Glacial of Wood]. 
 — (Valleys of the Aide, and of the Minsmere. 
 Valley of the Blyth. Benacre Valley. Valley 
 of the Waveney : Up the Right Side. Valley of 
 the Waveney : Down the Left Side.) W. H. D. 21 
 
 Upper Boulder Clay. — (General Remarks. 
 Valleys of the Aide and of the Minsmere. 
 Valley of the Blyth. Valley of the Waveney.) 
 W. H. D. 23 
 
 Post-Glacial Deposits. — (Weybread, &c. Hoxne. 
 River Graveh. Alluvium.) W. W., W. H. D., 
 and C. R. - 27 
 
 Appendix, Well-sections. 
 F. J. B., and C. R. - 
 
 Index 
 
 (Norfolk. Suffolk.) W. W., W. H. D., 
 
 34 
 40 
 
VI 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS.. 
 
 Page 
 
 Figure 1. — Section in a Pit about half a mile North of Westleton 
 
 Church. W. W. 4 
 
 Figures 2, 3.— Sections in a Pit by Bramfleld School. W. W. - - 14 
 
 Figure 4. — Section in Weybread Brickyard. W. W. - - 19 
 
 ,, 5. — Dovetailing of Boulder Clays, Weybread Brickyard. W. W. 19 
 
 „ 6. — Section in a Pit East of Starston Place. S. V. Wood - 20 
 
 Figures 7, 8.— Flint Implements from Hoxne. Dr. J. Evans - 31 
 
THE GEOLOGY OE 
 
 THE COUNTRY AROUND 
 
 HALESWORTH and HARLESTON. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Introduction. 
 Area. 
 
 The area comprised in Quarter-Sheet 50, N.E., is about 205 
 square miles, of which about 25, in the N.W. corner, are in 
 Norfolk, and the remainder in Suffolk. 
 
 There are two small ,towns, Halesworth and Harleslon, and 
 several large villages ; but the occupations of the district being 
 almost wholly connected with agriculture, the population is but 
 small. 
 
 Rivers. 
 
 About half the area is drained by the Waveney and its tribu- 
 taries. The main river, which rises at Lopham Ford (to the west), 
 enters the district near Billingford, takes an E.N.E. course, and 
 leaves us at Homersfield, flowing on to the Yare at Yarmouth. It 
 receives, on the left, the brook which, rising near Tivetshall 
 St. Margaret (to the north) flows by the Pulhams, Starston, and 
 Reddenhall to the Waveney at Homersfield. On the right there 
 are various tributaries : firstly, the collection of streams that meet 
 together at Hbxne (the combined brook joining the main river 
 within a mile) the chief being from the west (Eye, etc.) ; the 
 next being a short one from near Denliam ; and the third starting 
 near Bedfield (just to the south) and flowing by Worlingworth 
 to Hoxne : secondly (omitting sundry very short tributaries), the 
 stream that rises at various points, east of Wilby and south of 
 Fressingfield and of Metfield, joining the river at Weybread : 
 thirdly (omitting the short streams near Withersclale), the brook 
 that drains what may be called the Southelmham district, as 
 containing six villages of that name, and but two without it. 
 
 The streams at Brundish and Baddingham, at the southern 
 part of our district, are the head-waters of the Aide. 
 
2 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The Minsmere rises near by, S.W. of Ubbeston, and flows 
 E.S.E. to the sea, just beyond our border. 
 
 The Blyth rises near Laxfield, and flows, in a general easterly 
 direction, to the sea at Southwold, some miles east of our area, 
 receiving on the way the tributary from Bramfield on the right, 
 and on the left various streams, from near Oratfield, from south 
 and from west of Little Linstead, from near Wisset and Spexhall, 
 and from Westhall and Brampton. 
 
 The streams in the north-eastern corner of the map, from W. 
 and N. of Great Redisham, are part of the nameless system that 
 flows into the sea near Benacre. 
 
 Geological Formations. 
 
 The geological divisions known to be present within the district 
 are as follows : — 
 
 Recent Alluvium. 
 
 Post-Glacial f Loam. 
 (River Drift.) I Gravel. 
 
 r Boulder Clay. . 
 Glacial < Sand and gravel. 
 
 [Boulder Clay and loam. 
 Pebbly gravel and sand. 
 , Pliocene / Chilled: ord Clay. 
 
 1 Upper Crag and sand. 
 
 ' " " "1 Reading Beds V not at the surface. 
 
 Cretaceous Chalk J 
 
 Physical Features. 
 
 Beddingfield Church, in the south-western corner of the map, is 
 at a height of 198 feet; and Tivetshall St. Mary, in the north- 
 western corner, at 160. Between Baddingham and St. James 
 Southelmham, several points exceed the height of 180 feet, and 
 the hills along the eastern edge of the district range to about 
 110 feet above the sea. From the sloping plateau thus indicated, 
 the valleys cut down more or less sharply to 10 feet at Blythford, 
 and to 40 at Homersfield. 
 
 The plateau is formed of Boulder Clay, and the valleys have 
 been cut through this formation to the various underlying gravels 
 and sands, from Glacial Drift to Crag ; the bottoms of the valleys 
 being then thinly covered by Post-Glacial deposits. 
 
 W. W. and W. H. D. 
 
 Cretaceous and Eocene Beds. 
 
 Chalk, 
 
 The Chalk has been reached in four wells in this district, one 
 at Billingford, two at Hoxne, and the fourth at the house three 
 quarters of a mile west of Bramfield Hall. These, with the 
 known position of the surface of the Chalk at Beccles, on the 
 north, and at Framlingham and Saxmundham on the south, show 
 that surface to slope at about 21 feet a mile E.S.E. within the 
 
CRETACEOUS AND EOCENE BEDS. 3 
 
 area of the Lower Tertiaries ; whilst beyond that limit it falls by 
 denudation to about 15 feet a mile, appearing in the valley of the 
 Waveney half a mile west of the edge of the map, at about 60 feet 
 above the sea, The wells at Hoxne reach the Chalk at 40 feet 
 below the sea-level, probably in a hollow of the chalk-surface 
 which is only 47 feet below the sea-level both at Beccles (just 
 north), aDd at Bramfield. 
 
 Reading Beds. 
 
 The full thickness of this formation appears to have been pierced 
 in the Bramfield well in the 36 feet of clay overlying the Chalk 
 (see p. 36). Whether the clay in a similar position at Hoxne 
 (pp. 37, 38) is of the same age, or a part of the Crag series is 
 doubtful, but if the former is the case, it must be either an 
 outlier or a promontory much beyond the general trend of the 
 Lower Tertiary boundary. No trace of anything older than the 
 Crag occurs on the Chalk at Beccles or to the north-west, or 
 of anything older than the Glacial beds at or west of Framlingham. 
 If the Hoxne clay is an outlier, its limits westward are indicated 
 by the outcrop in the Waveney, but the " loam " of the 
 Billingford section (p. 34) might represent it. Some plastic 
 blue loam seen in ditches half a mile north-west of Halesworth 
 station may belong to this series. 
 
 London Clay. 
 
 The basement-bed of the London Clay seems to be present in 
 the Bramfield well to a thickness of nearly seven feet [see p. 36). 
 The mass of the London Clay has been removed by denudation, 
 but if Bramfield is its western limit, the formation may be 
 present in considerable thickness on the eastern edge of our 
 district, where its base may be some 50 feet below the sea-level. 
 
 W. H. D. 
 
 Upper Crag. 
 General Remarks. 
 
 In order to avoid using either of the names Red Crag or 
 Norwich Crag (which amount only to applying a distinctive term 
 to two slightly different conditions of one formation), and from 
 feeling at a loss as to which of the two should be here used, 
 the name Upper Crag is now adopted, and the reasons for this 
 step will be gone into more fully in the Memoir on the tract to the 
 east (Sheet 49, N.) 
 
 The Crag is the lowest formation seen at the surface in the 
 district, saving perhaps for the loam north-west of Halesworth 
 Station (see above). It consists of ferruginous sand of varying 
 texture, occasionally charged with shell-fragments, sometimes 
 with casts or impressions of shells in iron-sandstone or ironstone, 
 but mostly without trace of fossils, any that may have been 
 
4 UPPER CEAG. 
 
 present having been dissolved out by percolating acidulated water, 
 •which would have a free course in such beds. 
 
 The bottom not being seen at the surface) and the formation 
 being rarely penetrated in wells, we know little as to the thickness 
 of the Crag. This reaches 88 feet at Hoxne (see p. 38), but 
 the Crag is not recognizable in the account of the boring at 
 Bramfield, though outcropping on all sides of the site. 
 
 W. W. and W. H. D. 
 
 Valley of the Minsmere, 
 
 On the right side of this valley, at and a little below Yoxford, 
 there is an outcrop of sand probably of Crag age. 
 
 On the left bank it is possible that Crag sand is touched in 
 the pit at the brickyard by Hulverstree Houses, above Yoxford 
 (see p. 12). 
 
 The sand was seen, beneath Boulder Clay, j ust north ,of the high road, nearly 
 a mile E.S.E. of Yoxford Church, and again, without the clay-capping, half a 
 mile from the church. 
 
 On the left bank the sand crops out about half a mile below Hulverstree 
 Houses, and the outcrop is then almost continuous, though whether all that 
 has been coloured as Crag is rightly so is not a matter of certainty. 
 
 At Cockfield Hall (Yoxford), a pit, mostly overgrown, close to and N.E. 
 of the house, showed the following section in 1882 : — 
 
 Boulder Clay, at the highest part, ? 5 feet. 
 
 Light-coloured false-bedded sand, finely gravelly, with a gravel layer 
 
 at the base, chiefly of pebbles (one large flint noted), 8 feet or more. 
 ? Crag. Brown sand, about 12 feet. 
 
 The sands are also seen in road-cuttings and railway-cuttings southward of 
 Darsham station, and are touched in pits sunk in Boulder Clay thereabouts. 
 
 The light-coloured, nearly white sand, in the pit about half a mile S.E. of the 
 station is much like the upper sand of Dunwich Cliff. 
 
 On the road about three quarters of a mile E.S.E. of the station is a pit 
 showing a somewhat similar section to that of Cockfield Hall. 
 
 Further S.E., close to the marsh, there is a little irregular gravel (not enough 
 to map) over sand. 
 
 On the road just east of Darsham Church there is a trace of gravel (a few 
 inches thick) beneath the Boulder Clay, and apparently there is sand below. 
 
 A section on the northern side of the road about an eighth of a mile 
 N.N.W. of The Wilderness, Westleton, showed Boulder Clay, separated from 
 the sand by a layer of gravel. 
 
 The western part of the pit at the back of the small farmhouse on the 
 northern side of the lane about half a mile north of Westleton church, was 
 open in 1880, and gave the section in Fig. 1 : — 
 
 Figure 1. Section in a Pit about half a mile North of Westleton Church. 
 
 -*!fc2'. 
 
 1. Boulder Clay, up to 8 feet. 
 
 2. Fine pebble-gravel with sand, filling small hollows. 
 
 3. Crag ? nearly white sand, up to 8 feet or more. 
 
DPfBE CKAG. 5 
 
 At the pit about a quarter of a mile south-eastward from Westleton church 
 the section was as follows : — 
 
 Pebbly gravel, scooping into the bed below. 
 
 Sand, light- coloured, bedded. 
 
 ? Chillesford Clay, from 12 to 18 inches, and not traceable many yards. 
 
 Sand (? Crag). 
 
 Dunwich Valley. 
 
 The head of this valley, which runs to the sea near Dunwich 
 (Map 49, N.), cuts into Crag sand northward of Westleton, but 
 there is no noteworthy section. 
 
 Vtlley of the Blyth : Up the Right Side . 
 
 Up the right bank, including the Bramfield tributary valley, there 
 seems to be a continuous outcrop in our district, to Ubbeston ; 
 whilst down the left bank, the outcrop is broken in three places ; 
 but it is at the lowest of these that we meet with the only good 
 exposure of shelly Crag, near Bulchamp Workhouse, Blythford. 
 
 Up the tributary-valley, ferruginous sand was seen to a depth of 8 feet under 
 pebbly gravel, 12 feet thick, about 200 yards south of De Ufford's Bridge, 
 Thorington. 
 
 The pit nearly a third of a mile west of Thorington church was overgrown in 
 the southern part, but the following section was open, in 1880 : — 
 
 Glacial Drift. Brown loam, with stones (mostly angular flints) ; with 
 an irregular bed of sand at the base, up to 5 feet thick, but thinner 
 as the ground falls northward (? weathered Boulder Clay, with a trace 
 of Glacial sand). 
 
 Sandy pebble-gravel, 4 to 6 feet, or rather more, ? scooping into the 
 sand beneath (junction partly hidden by talus). 
 
 Light-coloured sand, with a few small stones in the top part. Apparently 
 a gravel layer at bottom (only to be seen at two spots), 9 feet on 
 the south (where the gravel above is thinner), 5 feet on the north (where 
 the gravel is thicker). 
 
 Crag. Sand, several feet. 
 
 This section agrees with that of part of the Dunwich cliffs. The pebble- 
 gravel is the Westleton shingle, and whilst the sand next beneath may belong 
 to the Crag (with which it must be mapped), there Beems a possibility of its 
 representing the Bure Valley Beds of Norfolk, in which case the last and the 
 Westleton Beds might not be simply two names for one thing. 
 
 As the top bed forms a sandy gravelly soil, it is better, perhaps, in mapping 
 to let it go with the gravel. 
 
 Along the lane down the slope (northward) about half-a-mile E.N.E. of 
 Bramfield Church, Boulder Clay is shown at top. Then a little brown loamy 
 Band with large flints (the weathered base of the Boulder Clay) over sand, with 
 thin loamy layers and patches. Farther down, pebble-gravel is seen to lie 
 irregularly on this sand, which latter, therefore, one classes as Crag. In the 
 river-bank, just east, there is some ferruginous sand. 
 
 A little pebbly gravel is again to be seen over the sand about an eighth of a 
 mile W.S.W. of Castle. Yard. 
 
 The large old pit on the eastern side of the high road, about three quarters 
 of a mile southward from Bramfield Church, is overgrown, except at the 
 northern part, where sandy pebbly gravel was seen to a depth of nearly 15 feet, 
 when it was hidden by talus : the bottom part, lion ever, was clearer at the 
 east, and then light-coloured sand was seen beneath the gravel to a depth of 
 
b UPPER CKAG. 
 
 6 feet. This sand, which presumably is Crag, must rise up beneath the 
 gravel. Near the entrance there is pebbly gravel, again at a lower level ; so 
 that the gravel seems to Test irregularly on the sand. 
 
 Returning down the left side of this tributary valley, no section was noted 
 until getting below Bramfleld, where an old pit south of Page's Farm gave a 
 sort of epitome of the local geology. 
 
 The sides of this small pit, which is about two thirds of a mile N.W. of the 
 church, were mostly hidden ; but at the northern part one could see, beneath 
 a clayey gravel (P wash), several feet of light-coloured sand, gravelly at one 
 spot ; and at the south the following succession could be made out : — 
 
 Boulder Clay, a trace. 
 
 Buff sand, gravelly at the bottom, 4 feet or more. 
 
 Brown loam, stony at top, 4 feet shown. 
 
 The relation of the loam to the sand of the northern part cannot be made 
 out. Can the loam be of the same age as that in the pebbly gravel on the east 
 of Bramfleld? (see pp. 13, 14). If so, the sand in question may be Crag, going 
 below the loam. 
 
 Three-quarters of a mile W.N.W. of Wenhaston Hall, a gravelly wash was 
 seen over brown sand ; on the north of the road more than half a mile west 
 of the Hall there is sand, with a few pebbles at one part ; and on the southern 
 side of the same road about a third of a mile west of the Hall there is a little 
 patch of pebbly sand over the sand, the latter of which is also to be seen at the 
 Hall, and at the spur at the western part of Wenhaston Black Heath (capped 
 by a little gravel). 
 
 Returning to the main valley, just eastward of Wenhaston church, a section 
 was noted as showing a gravelly soil over light-coloured sand, with some small 
 stones in the top part, and with a line of stones in the middle, which is sugges- 
 tive of the upper sand of the Dunwich Cliff (see Memoir on 49, N.) 
 
 More than a third of a mile N. W. of the church the sand was again seen, 
 beneath a little gravel. 
 
 In a sand-pit less than a quarter of a mile westward of Wenhaston Station 
 some pieces of soft sandstone lying about contained bits of shells (1 Echinoderm) 
 and casts of Balanus. 
 
 At Mill Heath, north-west of Wenhaston village, there is a line of old pits 
 facing southward. At the top, on the road, there is pebble-gravel up to 6 feet 
 thick, loamy at the base, and resting irregularly on sand. Lower down all is 
 sand, false-bedded and light-coloured. At the bottom a fresh cut showed 
 brown ferruginous Crag-like sand ; and all the sand, of which there must be 
 20 feet, belongs to the Crag. Just westward an open piece showed sandy 
 false-bedded pebble-gravel (or pebbly sand at the lower part), up to 12 feet 
 thick, including the gravelly soil, resting in great scoops on the sand. Through 
 this irregularity of junction the sand indeed seems to come nearly to the surface 
 in parts of this small Heath, with only pebbly soil above. 
 
 At the spur a little south-east of Mells Chapel an old pit shows pebbly gravel 
 over sand. 
 
 W.W. 
 
 The Crag sand looks less ferruginous where protected by the Chillesford Clay 
 at the brickyard on the London Road about a mile southward of Halesworth 
 Station (see p. 9), but appears with its usual characters at Wenhaston Place 
 to the south-west. 
 
 At Walpole a large pit below the windmill shows pebbly sand, intermixed 
 with grey, green, and yellow clay, resting with an uneven junction on fine 
 white and brown sand, slightly micaceous, and in places somewhat loamy. 
 This corresponds with the description of the sand met with from 70 to 123 feet 
 deep in the Bramfleld well (see p. 36), but not there recognised as Crag. 
 The sand is again seen in a pit about 300 yards west of Philpots Farm. 
 
 It has been dug for use in the brickyard, half a mile west-south-west of 
 Haveningham Hall, where it occurs in the form of whitish bedded sand, 
 streaked in the upper part with ferruginous clay. 
 
 W. H. D. 
 
UPPER CKAG. / 
 
 Valley of the Blyth : Down the Left Side. 
 
 The following section occurs in a pit opposite the Huntingfield Anns, 
 about half a mile south-east of Huntingfield church. There are some small 
 faults and some slight twists in the bedding. 
 
 Sand and pebbly gravel, a few feet. 
 
 ["Finely bedded sand, with ferruginous and clayey layers ; seems 
 1 Crav -I thicker W. than E. ; up to 3 feet or more. 
 
 " J Brown sand, with a few pebbles and a broken line of ironstone- 
 
 L nodules near the top ; P 8 feet seen. 
 
 A quarter of a mile east of the church highly ferruginous sand is seen in the 
 floor of an old gravel-pit. The sands are seen at the junction of the roads 
 north-west of Haveningham Hall, and again near College Farm, Cookley. 
 
 A pit by the farm, an eighth of a mile west of Cookley church, gave the 
 section below in 1882 : — 
 
 {Sandy soil and sandy gravel (very pebbly) ; up to 6 feet 
 Light-coloured sand with thin layers of clay, and with 
 pebbles in the lower part ; up to 4 feet. 
 ? Crag. Light-coloured sand with ferruginous stains ; 4 feet seen. 
 
 At the farmstead on the southern side of the road, more than a mile east of 
 Cookley church, a small pit gave the following section : — 
 
 r Gravel, with many pebbles. 
 Glacial Drift -I Evenly-bedded light-coloured sand, 3 feet. 
 
 | ,, ,» „ with a few pebbles, 
 
 I 4 feet. 
 ? Crag. Highly ferruginous sand, in the bottom of the pit. 
 
 Gravel was seen overlying the Crag sand in a pit in a field nearly half a mile 
 south-south-east of Halesworth church. 
 
 Leaving the main valley for the Halesworth system of tributaries, a mile 
 westward of Halesworth church fine white sand is seen under coarse angular 
 gravel, and traces of sand of the same character occur up the valleys towards 
 Cheddiston and Wisset. 
 
 Red sand is touched in the floor of the pit at the railway-junction south of 
 Halesworth Station (see p. 15). 
 
 From Halesworth to below Holton, in the main valley, the Crag does not crop 
 out, the overlying pebbly gravel running down to the marsh. 
 
 A pit at the back of the farm on the northern side of the road, about half a 
 mile north-westward of Blythford church, gave the following section : — 
 
 Soil. 
 
 f Pebble-gravel ; up to 4 feet - - -\rt 
 
 Pebblv GraveH Li g nt -°°loured false-bedded sand ; up to 3 feet - J 6 feet> 
 ' J Gravelly sand, with a marked layer of large pebbles at top ; 
 
 L nearly 5 feet. 
 Crag ? Bright brown sand ; over 2 feet shown, then hidden by talus. 
 
 A small pit in a field about a quarter of a mile N.N.W. of Blythford church 
 again showed the junction of the gravel and the sand, as below : — 
 
 Dark brown pebble-gravel, 4 to 5 feet. At the base in parts, with more or 
 less tabular masses of grey clay, 6 inches thick, possibly broken up 
 Chillesford Beds. 
 
 Crag ? Yellowish sand. 
 
 Another pit at the bottom of the adjacent lane shows gravelly layers in 
 similar sana. Whether this sand is Crag in place, or in a resorted condition 
 with pebbles introduced, is uncertain, but the upper part of the former section 
 is certainly in the pebble-gravel series next to be described, and we have 
 provisionally included all the ferruginous sand in the Crag series. 
 
8 UPPER CRAG. 
 
 The sand-pit, on the eastern side of the lane, about a quarter of a mile 
 E.N.E. of the church, is in light-coloured sand, with some gravelly layers, one 
 near the bottom, below which layer the foot or two feet of sand shown was 
 clear of pebbles. This section may also be the junction of the pebbly series 
 (here chiefly sand) and the Crag. 
 
 W. W. and W. H. D. 
 
 The sandpit at Bulchamp Union Farm, S.E. of the house, was partly 
 hidden (1878), but the part next the house showed the following section : — 
 
 Soil, loam, and sand, with a little Boulder Clay at the bottom; P up to 
 
 6 feet. 
 Sand, sometimes with a gravelly layer ; about 3 feet. 
 Boulder Clay ; 3 feet seen, then hidden by talus. 
 
 The beds seem to rise eastward, but at a few yards off the relation to the 
 above is obscure, the succession being : — 
 
 ["Sandy soil and a little Boulder Clay (P the! 
 lowest bed of the last) ; up to 3 feet - - | 
 Glacial J Gravel, mostly coarse, of flints, flint- I ~ » . . ^ 
 Drift. ) pebbles, and other stones; at one part a j 
 | large mass of septaria at the base ; up to 5 
 L feet, resting irregularly on the next - 
 ? Crag. Bedded and partly false-bedded ferruginous and grey sand 
 (rising up to the surface southward), with a few clayey layers ; partly 
 hardened to an iron-sandstone, of which there are blocks at the bottom 
 of the pit ; ? up to nearly 20 feet (where bare). 
 
 It would seem, therefore, as if there were a hollow here in the Crag, filled 
 with Drift. 
 
 It is at the southern end of this spur, close to the border of our district, in 
 an old pit close to the river, that shelly Crag occurs as well as the usual 
 unfossiiiferous sand, and it is from this pit, probably, that Prof. Prestwich 
 got the number of fossils of which he gives a list.* Instead of reproducing 
 that list here it will be given in the Memoir on the tract to the east (Sheet 
 49, N.), in which tract othtr fossiliferous sections of Crag occur. 
 
 In the Westhall tributary valley, opposite Sotherton, there is a narrow outcrop 
 of sand, from beneath the pebbly gravel, and a sand-pit three quarters of a mile 
 W.N.W. of Westhall church seems to reach the 'same bed, the section being 
 as follows (1882) :— 
 
 "Sandy soil and light-coloured sand, with pebbly gravel; 
 up to 6 feet or more. 
 Pebbly Gravel J Wet brownish sand and loam, bedded ; up to nearly 
 Series. ^ 2 feet. 
 
 Light-coloured sand, with pebbly gravel, lying irregu- 
 larly on the next ; up to / feet. 
 ? Crag. Light-coloured and ironstained sand, up to 7 feet seen. 
 
 W.W. 
 
 Waveney Valley : Tributary. 
 
 About 300 yards north-west of Harleston Station, Crag is dug for paths, &c. 
 in a pit showing the subjoined details : — 
 
 Feet. 
 Stiff blue clay ------ 3 
 
 Red loamy sand - - - - - - 3 
 
 Very coarse gravel - - - - - 8 
 
 Fine tawny sand, with curved bedding-lines, and 
 with shells of Cardium, Mya, Balanus, &c. - - 10 
 
 • Quart. Journ. Geol., Soc, vol. zxvii., p. 344. 
 
UPPER CRAG. W 
 
 On the other side of the stream, in a small plantation a quarter of a mile 
 north of the station, is a pit in grey, bedded sand, with small stones and water- 
 worn fragments of shells. This passes up into buff sand, capped in part by a 
 clayey band, on and irregularly crossing which is coarse angular gravel. The 
 only recognizable shells occurring in this pit are of the genera Cardium, 
 Cyprina, Tellina, and Turritella. 
 
 W. H. D. 
 
 Chillesford Clay. 
 
 Of this bed, a micaceous sandy clay of varied tints of grey, 
 turning brown by exposure, there is but one certain occurrence, 
 with one good section, in our district, near Halesworth. The bed 
 forms the top of the Crag Series, and its absence sometimes makes 
 it difficult to fix the division between Crag and Drift. Judging 
 by the irregular way in which the pebbly gravel often overlies the 
 Chillesford Clay, it seems likely that the absence of the latter is 
 to some extent owing to erosion. 
 
 In a small old overgrown hollow, some 3 feet deep, on the northern side of 
 the road, S.S.W. of Westleton church, there was a little messy pebble-gravel 
 (possibly a wash) splashed, as it were, on to brown clay (not unlike some 
 London Clay), which may, perhaps, be of Chillesford age. 
 
 There is again a sign or the possible presence of this bed in the pit at 
 Westleton Moor, S.E.' of the church (see p. 5). 
 
 At Wenhaston Black Heath there is a little sandy pebble-gravel over light- 
 coloured sand, with layers of pale grey clay, and here and there a few small 
 pebbles. At one spot, in the central part, the clay-layers are more developed 
 at top, and the bed may represent Chillesford Clay ; near by (eastward) is a 
 pond, and the ground is damp, so that there would seem to be a clayey bed 
 here. 
 
 Between the railway and the London Road, about a mile southward of 
 Halesworth Station, is the brickyard referred to by Mr. S. V. Wood, Jun. 
 and others, as the Halesworth Kiln. 
 
 The section here is the only exposure of undeniable Chillesford Clay in the 
 district, and it fortunately exhibits the relations therewith of other beds in a 
 fairly definite manner. The following subdivisions are present : — 
 
 Boulder Clay with much Chillesford Clay (partly crushed, partly in large 
 masses) and wedge-shaped bodies of sand. The lowermost 6 inches 
 of the clay brown by oxidation from upward percolation of water, the 
 rest blue and chalky, except for the blocks of Chillesford Clay and 
 sand j 10 feet. 
 
 Seven feet of compact yellow sand without pebbles, noted by Mr. S. V. 
 Wood in 1868, appeared in 1879 in one point only (near where the 
 same observer noticed "horizontally bedded sand with seams of shingle, 
 2 feet ") as sand with grey pebbles ; 7 inches. 
 
 Chillesford Clay, finely bedded; 12-15 feet. 
 
 Ferruginous (Crag) sand, with fine gravel ; 8 feet. 
 
 The late Mr. S. V. Wood, Jun., kindly contributed a drawing of an earlier 
 section, at the northern end of the field, giving the following details : — 
 
 Boulder Clay, 6 feet. 
 
 Pebbles (Bure Valley Beds), up to 3 feet ; but cut through sharply by the 
 Boulder Clay in the middle part, where also the bed below rises up slightly, 
 and there is nothing between the two clays. 
 
 Chillesford Clay, tawny and sandy in the upper part, stiffer and bluish at 
 the base. 
 
10 UPPER CRAG. 
 
 The Chillesford Clay forms the surface for a very short and narrow space, 
 being deeply eroded by the currents which brought thither the succeeding 
 pebbly gravel, and both these deposits being again torn up and incorporated in 
 the Upper Boulder Clay. 
 
 Near the eastern edge of the district, in the Westhall Valley, judging by the 
 character of the ground on the southern side of the road, a quarter of a mile 
 eastward of Westhall Hall, there may be a trace of this clayey deposit. 
 
 W. W. and W. H. D. 
 
11 
 
 CHAPTER 2. 
 Pebbly Series. 
 General Remarks. 
 
 The beds of this series vary within our area, for, whilst having 
 the character implied by the above name about Westleton and 
 Halesworth, to the west and north-west they change into fine 
 sands and loams, each exposure showing different peculiarities. 
 
 The series has been classed with his Bure Valley Beds by Mr. 
 Wood, Jun., and has been named after the village of Westleton 
 by Pkof. Pbestwioh, but for our present local use the above 
 lithological name haa been preferred, as not pledging us in 
 question of classification^ for reasons that will be given in the 
 Memoir on the tract to the east (Sheet 49, N.), in which these 
 pebbly beds have their greatest surface-development. In that 
 Memoir, too, a short history of opinions as to these beds will be 
 given. It is enough here to say that they come between the 
 Glacial Drift and the Chillesford Olay, and that their kinship to 
 the former above, or to the Pliocene below, is left an open 
 question ; they are bracketted with neither in the index of our 
 Map. 
 
 The chief constituent of the gravel is flint pebbles, but there 
 are also pebbles of quartz and of other rocks, and some subangular 
 flints. 
 
 W. W. and W. H. D. 
 
 Valley of the Aide. 
 
 Although there is no outcrop in the small tract belonging to 
 this river-system, yet the series is present, at no great depth 
 underground, at one place. The feeder of the Aide that passes 
 through Baddingham cuts through the Boulder Clay a little above 
 the village, and generally reaches Glacial sands, but at a quarter 
 of a mile north of the church, a pit shows that the course of the 
 last-named series is here interrupted by a boss of older beds, 
 consisting of the following sequence : — 
 
 r Blue Boulder Clay - - - 7 feet. 
 
 Glacial Drift \ Brown stony loam (= Lower Boulder 
 
 I Clay) 7 „ 
 
 Pebbly Series / Coarse sand and gravel - - 4 „ 
 
 J \ Fme micaceous clayey sand. 
 
 The Pebbly Series, being below the floor of the valley, cannot 
 be shown on the map. 
 
 W. H. D. 
 
 Valley of the Minsmere : Left Side. 
 
 In this valley the pebbly beds appear in small isolated outcrops 
 only, on the northern side, until reaching Westleton, at the edge 
 
 i 50060. b 
 
12 PEBBLY SEEIES. 
 
 of our district, where they appear in force, forming part of the 
 large area in Sheet 49. On the southern side of the valley we 
 saw no trace of them, the Glacial Drift mostly reaching down to 
 the marshes, and, where not doing so, being underlain by Crag sand. 
 
 At the brickyard on the eastern side of the road at Hulverstree Houses, 
 more than a mile N.N.W. from Yoxford church, the top part of the large pit 
 was cut back into a Boulder Clay pit, about 15 feet deep. The general section 
 was as follows, the junctions of the beds being even, and some parts of the pit 
 overgrown : — 
 
 Grey Boulder Clay, ending off on the east; the bottom 2 feet or so 
 sometimes consisting chiefly of pebbles of chalk, with some flints ; and 
 at one place a like bed, but finer, and lenticular, in the clay. Some- 
 times with brown clayey stony sand, up to 15 inches thick, at the base. 
 
 Sand: at the east, brown and light-coloured, contorted, and with an 
 interrupted gravel layer at or near the base ; at the middle, brown, with 
 some loamy layers ; further west, with pebbly gravel in the upper part; 
 at the west, sand and gravel (resting irregularly on sand with loamy 
 streaks) ; up to 8 feet seen. 
 
 Sand, with grey clayey layers ; at the east, light-coloured ; at the middle 
 very evenly and finely bedded ; up to 7 feet seen. 
 
 Sand has been found beneath [? Crag]. 
 
 It is hard to decide whether the top sand should be classed as Glacial, or 
 with the pebbly gravel, in which latter case the more clayey mass beneath may 
 be taken as representing the Chillesford Beds ; whilst, on the other hand, even 
 this may be Glacial. In mapping, it was thought safest to correlate this sand 
 with beds elsewhere pebbly : the bed above seemed to be inconstant. 
 
 At Darsham there are two distinct outcrops of pebbly gravel south of the 
 village. 
 
 On the hill about three eighths of a mile south-westward of the church, a 
 pit on the northern side of the road showed more than 15 feet of shingle, 
 false-bedded (?) at an angle of about 15° northward, the divisions of the layers 
 being sharply marked. There was a trace of Boulder Clay at top, and on the 
 other side of the road this clay was seen to abut against a face of the gravel. 
 
 At the irregularly-pitted and much cut away hill (covered with gorse and 
 heath), on the opposite spur of the side-valley about half a mile south of the 
 church, there is again pebbly gravel, many feet thick, and sand (mostly more 
 or less gravelly) the sand being in the greater quantity. 
 
 About a quarter of a mile N.W. of Vale House, S.W. of Westleton, there 
 is a patch of sand with pebbles. 
 
 On the high ground of Westleton Moor the pebbly gravel and sand may be 
 well seen in pits, and it is from the development of the beds here that Prop. 
 Prestwich was led to give them the name of " Westleton Sands and Shingle." 
 He says, "They attain a thickness of from 30 to 40 feet, and consist of a 
 series of stratified beds of well-rounded flint-pebbles imbedded in white 
 
 sand, and with two or three subordinate beds of light-coloured clay 
 
 Mixed with the flint-pebbles are a few small pebbles of old rocks, with a 
 considerable number of white quartz-pebbles."* 
 
 North of Westleton the pebbly gravel mostly comes between the Boulder Clay 
 and the Crag sand, at the head parts of the valleys of Dunwich and Westwood 
 (Sheet 49, N.). On the small triangular common about a quarter of a mile 
 E.S.E. of Hinton Hall, a pit, marked on the Map, gave a good section of 
 false-bedded gravel, with light-coloured sand; and over -a quarter of a mile 
 to the north was another section of the gravel. 
 
 * Quart. Journ. Geol., Soc, vol. xxvii., p. 461. 
 
PEBBLY SERIES. 13 
 
 Valley of the Blyth: Up the Right Side. 
 
 There is an outcrop, though gradually narrowing, for some way 
 up this valley, and also up the Bramfield tributary ; but some- 
 times, where the pebbly character is less apparent, it is not easy 
 to be sure whether we are dealing with this series or with the 
 overlying Glacial sand and gravel. From this cause there is some 
 doubt in the mapping of the higher part of the valley of the Blyth, 
 on both sides ; but this is really a matter of little moment ; for 
 to what formation we may assign the narrow outcrops of sand and 
 gravel between the Boulder Clay and the Crag is a purely theo- 
 retical question, and that of small importance, there being no doubt 
 as to the stratigraphical position of the beds, locally. 
 
 Both gravel and sand occur north of Hinton Lodge, and the outcrop runs a 
 short way up the tributary Bramfield valley, some 4 feet of gravel being 
 seen in a field a little north-eastward of De UfEord's bridge, and a greater 
 thickness in a neighbouring section (see p. 5). 
 
 The pit marked on the map just N.N.E. of Thorington Farm (S.E. of the 
 village) gave the following section : — 
 
 A little gravelly soil at the highest part. 
 
 False-bedded bright buff and light-brown sand (much like Crag 
 sand), partly gravelly, especially in the lower part (the top 
 part hardly so) : about the middle a lenticular layer of pebhly 
 gravel. Rests evenly on the bed beneath, as far as seen. P 18 
 feet. 
 
 Pebble-gravel (shingle). 6 feet, below which I dug into sand to 
 a depth of a foot. 
 
 Pebbly 
 
 Beds. 
 
 A shallow old pit, on the northern side of the lane, about an eighth of a 
 mile N.W. from Thorington church, shows the shingly gravel, which is again 
 to be seen in the pit to the west (see p. 5). 
 
 A little pebbly gravel is seen along the lane E.N.E. of Bramfield church 
 (see p. 5). 
 
 The pit nearly a quarter of a mile eastward of Bramfield church, on the 
 southern side of the lane, just east of the schools, gave a very complicated set 
 of sections in 1880, when it was open at three parts ; on the eastern side, not far 
 from the road ; on the same side, almost at the southern end ; and at that end 
 (slightly to the west), the latter two being separated by only a very narrow 
 spur. 
 
 Taking the section, as one goes into the pit, at the first part the following 
 succession was seen : — 
 
 b. Pebble-gravel and sand, cutting down into the bed beneath (junction 
 much hidden). Near, or sometimes at, the base, an irregular bed of 
 brown loam (6'), mottled grey, clean, and not unlike the basement-bed 
 of the London Clay, so that it might be taken for Chillesford Beds ; this 
 varies from only a few inches in thickness to more than 2| feet (where 
 it had sunk to the base of the pit, and was not bottomed). 
 
 ei. Sharp yellow sand, over 4 feet. (Crag.) 
 
 The second opening was at first only in the brown sand (a), except for soil, 
 to the depth of about 12 feet; but in the spur between this part and the third 
 opening the section was as in Fig. 3, the brown clay at the base of the gravel 
 here again thickening to the hollow, and now partly containing small stones, 
 there being also another clayey layer from to 2 feet above. 
 
 B 2 
 
14 
 
 PEBBLY SERIES. 
 
 Figures 2, 3. Sections in a Pit by Bramfield School. 
 Length about 10 and about 20 yards, respectively. 
 
 
 c. Boulder clay. 
 
 6. Pebble-gravel; up to about 15 feet; with fine sand b" 
 clay or loam &'. 
 a. Sand (Crag). 
 
 and with brown 
 
 On turning the spur, into the third opening, the gravel was found still 
 lower, and the clay bed was divided by a mass of gravel at the end of the spur, 
 beyond which more gravel set in below the clay (see Fig. 3), which is on the 
 other side of the spur from Fig. 2.). Where the clayey bed thickens, as it 
 does to 4i feet, it contains stones, and is much like the Norwich brickearth, 
 or lower till. 
 
 At the southern end of the pit, the brown clay came in again, near the base, 
 as a thin lenticular mass, and, on the west, the gravel was less pebbly, being 
 then more like ordinary Glacial gravel. 
 
 This section, though small, is important, for, if one is right in 
 classing the pebbly gravel with that of Halesworth, &c. (which 
 has been taken to be of the same age as the Bure Valley Beds. of 
 Norfolk), then the presence in it of a till-like sandy clay tends 
 to prove that such beds should be classed rather ns Glacial than 
 with the Crag. The section, however, is peculiar, and like no 
 other in the district. The gravel may turn out to be only a pebbly 
 version of the Glacial gravel, made up from the destruction of an 
 older pebble-gravel. The occurrence of stones in the sandy clay 
 is against classing it as Chillesford Clay, the position of which it 
 seems almost to hold. 
 
 Some sections to the south have been already noticed (pp. 5, 6). 
 
 Down the left side of this tributary valley pebbly sand was seen, beneath 
 Boulder Clay, in a pit half a mile west by north of Wenhaston Hall, and there 
 are sections at and around the village which have been described above 
 
PEBBLY SbRIES. 15 
 
 (pp.6, 9), besides a pit in sandy gravel over sand with clay, just west of the Star 
 inn, and another in sand and gravel about an eighth of a mile east of the 
 church, whilst at the top of the spur S.W. of the Railway Station there is 
 sand with pebbly layers. 
 
 W. W. 
 
 Pebbly gravel forms an irregular promontory, on a basis of Crag sand, east- 
 ward of Mells Chapel. The variations in thickness of the gravel observed at 
 the kiln south of Halesworth (see p. 9) are due partly to the irregularly-eroded 
 surface of the Chillesfbrd Clay, and partly to erosion of both pebbly beds 
 and clay at, or before, the formation of the Boulder Clay. 
 
 Further west, the pebbles form the shoulder of the hill between the brick- 
 yard and Wenhaston Place, after which they are lost for two miles, and on 
 reappearing southward of Walpole the series consists of white and grey sand 
 with grey pebbles and seams of grey clay, followed by brown earthy loam, 
 the Lower Boulder Clay, with few stones and yielding scantily fragments of 
 shells (Cardium and Tellina), the Upper Boulder Clay covering all. At the 
 brickyard half a mile west-south-west of Uaveningham Hall, coarse grey sand 
 is reached under similar loam, here also capped by Boulder Clay. 
 
 Valley of the Blyth : Down the Left Side. 
 
 On this side of the valley there is a continuous outcrop from 
 beneath the Boulder Clay (the Glacial sand being absent), from 
 the neighbourhood of Halesworth downward, when it joins the 
 broader area in Sheet 49, N., with which also the outcrop up 
 the Westhall tributary-valley is connected. 
 
 The pebbly beds occur up to Cookley side-valley ; again set in south of 
 Halesworth, and range through the town and up the Wisset and Spexhall 
 side-valleys. In the latter they are well seen at Bullock Fair Farm. 
 
 South-eastward of the station at Halesworth they appear as a thick mass 
 of grey pebbles, in a matrix of sand, a large pit showing a thickness of 30 feet, 
 with marked current-bedding. Above these pebbly beds, close under the 
 Boulder Clay, and nearer to the station, light-coloured sand, bedded with layers 
 of pebbly gravel, was seen at a spot now covered by the embankment of the 
 Southwold line, whilst the adjacent cutting, made for the entrance of that 
 line to the station, shows blue Boulder Clay with nests of coarse sand (? in 
 a line). 
 
 Masses of grey pebble-conglomerate project from the hill-side east of Holton. 
 In the south-western corner of the park a pit showed pebbly soil over sand ; 
 and there is a pit in gravel and sand about half a mile S.E. of the church; 
 and the lower part of the series is touched in several cuttings on the South- 
 wold Railway. 
 
 Other exposures of these beds near Blythford have been noticed in describing 
 the Crag (pp. 7, 8). 
 
 On the eastern side of the road, about a mile N.N.E. of the Workhouse, 
 there was a pit in sand, with gravel at the base. 
 
 The Westhall tributary valley is chiefly cut down to beds of this series, and 
 a pit showing the junction with Crag sand has been described at p. 8. 
 
 Valley of the Waveney. 
 
 We have here, but cne outcrop of importance, in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Withersdale, the valley not having been elsewhere 
 cut below the Glacial Drift, except over very small areas, in our 
 district. The usual pebbly character of the series is now but 
 little seen, sand with loamy or clayey beds mostly replacing the 
 gravel and pebbly sand that we have hitherto met with. 
 
16 PEBBLY SERIES. 
 
 On the hill-side feeing Withersdale Cross brickyard, about three quarters 
 of a mile N.W. by W. of Withersdale church, is a pit showing (1881) the 
 following section j — 
 
 feet. 
 Light-coloured sand, very calcareous, with tufa-pipes along 
 rootlet-lines - - - - - 7 
 
 Grey pebble-gravel - - 1 
 
 Sand - - - - - - 1 
 
 Marly clay - - - - - 8 in. to 1 
 
 Light-coloured sand - - - - 1 
 
 Grey pebble-gravel - 
 
 i 
 
 In the large brickyard at Withersdale Cross is seen a complicated series of 
 alternating and inosculating beds of laminated loam, fine and coarse sand, and 
 pebbly gravel. The section varies in detail from point to point, but even 
 within its length can be seen the diminution westward of the pebble-constituent, 
 and the increase in thickness of loamy beds. 
 
 At the south-western end of the pit we find, under a surface-wash of gravel, 
 10 or 15 feet of stiff laminated clay, contorted in the upper part and weather- 
 ing to crimson, orange, or grey, according to the porosity of the beds, and the 
 consequent oxidation of their contained iron. Below this clay is gravel, to the 
 depth of 3 feet, and this is underlain by sand, proved to a depth of some 15 
 feet. Similar beds appear to have been met with in a pit, now run down and 
 ploughed over, about 200 yards south-east of Hulks Grave, and in the 
 neighbourhood of Pits Hall are several such old pits. 
 
 Alternations of fine laminated sand and yellow sandy brickearth are seen 
 in a run-down pit half a mile south of Mendham Priory, with traces at top of 
 Boulder Clay and gravel. 200 yards northwards from this (the interval being 
 a series of old Pottery pits, completely grassed over) a pit showed, in 1882, the 
 subjoined particulars : — 
 
 feet. 
 Loam, including soil - - - - 4 
 
 Bright yellowish sand, with a little fine gravel and a coarser 
 
 seam at the base - - about 12 
 
 Grey sandy loam passing down into the bed beneath - 4 
 
 Firm grey sand - - - -5 
 
 At the northern end of this pit a deposit of buff sand and pebbles rests 
 against a steep bank formed by these beds. 
 
 A few miles higher up the valley there seem to be small outcrops on either 
 side. 
 
 Near Syleham Mill the gardens south of the road are formed in an old 
 excavation, the weathered face of which shows coarse gravel, with a clayey 
 matrix, above and grey bedded loamy sand below. 
 
 To the west, near the weaving shed, we find white marl, grey Boulder Clay, 
 and grey sand confusedly bedded together, and beyond the shed the road-bank 
 consists of very firm, grey, bedded, sandy loam. 
 
 The " lump-pit," at Brockdish, nearly opposite, where " clay lumps " are 
 made for rough buildings, showed in 1880 the following section : — 
 
 feet. 
 Reddish and light-coloured sand and gravel, resting very 
 
 irregularly on the next - - - 
 
 Boulder Clay, grey at top, whiter below - - 12 
 
 White sand - - . - 3 
 
 White clay, said to reach to - - - - 15 
 
 At the back of the school, opposite this pit, the bank is formed by Boulder 
 Clay, and the building stands upon a series of marls interbedded with marly 
 sands, all finely laminated, and apparently the equivalents of the white 
 clay of the lump-pit. 
 
PEBBLY SERIES. 17 
 
 The old pits near Shotford Bridge, south of Harleston, show the upper part 
 of this series indistinctly, but my colleague, Mr. C. Reid, noted a consolidated 
 mass (now broken) 12 X 10 x 4 feet in size. 
 
 The lower part of the following section of a pit between road and railway, 
 about a mile E. of Harleston, probably belongs to the series under 
 description : — 
 
 feet. in. 
 Bedded gravel - - - 6 
 
 Greyish-brown stony loam - - 3 4 
 
 Fine pale yellow current-bedded sand - 5 
 
 W. H. D. 
 
18 
 
 CHAPTER 3.— GLACIAL DRIFT. 
 Lower Boulder Clay. 
 
 This bed, the representative of the Cromer Till of North 
 Norfolk, is only present in isolated patches in this district. It 
 consists of a sandy stony loam, generally brown, its porosity 
 permitting the oxidation of its contained iron by percolation of 
 atmospheric waters. 
 
 In the case of small isolated patches it is, of course, often 
 uncertain whether we are dealing with this lower bed, or with 
 the more general and thicker mass that here forms the highest 
 division of the Glacial Drift. 
 
 Valleys of the Aide, of the Minsmere, and of the Blyth. 
 
 The section at Baddingham, showing this bed overlying the pebbly sands, 
 has been noted on p. 11. 
 
 A seam of Boulder Clay separates the Crag sand from the Glacial gravels 
 on the road between Yoxford and Darsham Station. 
 
 A pit on the right side of the Blyth, more than a mile B.N.E. of Thorington 
 church, on the western side of a hedge between fields, was mostly ploughed 
 over (1878) on the east, but the highest part showed the following 
 succession : — 
 
 Sandy gravelly soil. 
 
 f Brown bedded sand and loam, like that seen in a pit a quarter of 
 a mile south of Blythburgh church (in 49, N.) which there 
 Glacial J seems to belong to the Chillesford Beds ; up to about 4 feet. 
 Drift. | Stony loam, soon passing down into : — 
 
 Grey, very sandy Boulder Clay (sometimes almost a sand with 
 [_ stones) ; 1 8 or 10 feet. 
 ? Sand below. 
 
 The sections near Walpole and Haveningham have been described on p. 15. 
 A pit on the eastern side of the lane about a third of a mile S.S.W. of 
 Philpots Farm, Walpole, gave the following section : — 
 
 A little Boulder Clay (Upper). 
 
 Brown stony loam, with pieces of shells (? Lower Boulder Clay), 7 feet. 
 
 Sand and gravel (Pebbly Series ?). 
 
 Valley of the Waveney. 
 
 The late Mr. S. V. Wood, Jun., favoured us with notes on two sections no 
 longer visible, in the neighbourhood of Withersdale Cross. The first section, 
 on the hill some 200 yards southward of Withersdale Cross, showed dark 
 (Upper) Boulder Clay lying erosively on bedded brownish-grey gritty loam, 
 full of small chalk-stones. The other, on the west of the road at the back of 
 Withersdale Street, showed a very similar sequence, but with many sand-galls 
 in the loam, more extensive erosion by the upper clay, and below the loam was 
 seen 10 feet of bedded sand with fine gravel. 
 
 The Weybread brickyard, a mile or more eastward of the church, is the one 
 that has been referred to by Mr. S. V. Wood, Jun., as two and a half miles 
 S.S.E. of Harleston, and as three fifths of a mile N.N.W. of Pits Hall. Fig. 4 
 is from a sketch of the clear part of the section made in 1879. 
 
LOWER BOULDER CLAT. 
 
 19 - 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 * 
 
 § 
 •■a 
 
 o 
 J" 
 «3 
 
 * 
 
 N»«Vl->J'/n: 
 
 X 
 
 ■s 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 •si 
 
 C H 
 
 . SI « 
 
 S.Sim 
 
 o-g goo 
 S 2 M . 
 
 T3 g a . 
 
 S O efti 
 C a • 
 
 TJ^H 8 
 
 ■e o*3.s 
 
 S- 
 
 = T3 ,a 
 •J 3*1 
 
 fa a r 
 
 _ CO ™ 
 
 s >»"a 
 
 ills 
 
 . . ."3 
 
 ■3 1 
 
 o o 
 Mm 
 
 >.s £ 
 .-^oim 
 
 
 At a spot near the middle of the pit there was to be seen, in 1882, a dove- 
 tailing of the two Boulder Clays, as shown in Fig. 5, and a still more irregular 
 occurrence of the same sort has been noticed by the late Mr. S. V. Wood, 
 
 Jun.* 
 
 Crossing to the left side of the valley, at the back of the westernmost house 
 in Brockdish, a small pit showed in 1880 : — 
 
 Gravel ... 
 
 Boulder Clay, thinning eastward 
 
 Gravel 
 
 Marly Boulder Clay 
 
 3 feet, 
 from 3 to 1£ „ 
 8 „ 
 
 The lower clay is seen in the " lump-pit " close by, described on p. 16. 
 
 * Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxrvi., PI. xxi., fig. zv. (1880). 
 
20 
 
 LOWER BOULDER CLAY, 
 
 A seam of Boulder Clay appears at Needham, and is traceable to Shotf ord 
 Bridge, where a large pit shows, over sands, 12 feet of sandy Boulder Clay, 
 belonging to this division, and overlain by the Upper Boulder Clay. 
 
 In the tributary valley from the Pulhams, Mr. S. V. Wood, Jun., has 
 described a pit (now run down and planted) a quarter of a mile east of 
 Starston Place, which gave the section shown in Fig. 6, here reproduced through 
 the kindness of the Council of the Geological Society. 
 
 5 
 
 •to 
 
 OQ 
 
 
 IS 
 
 a 5 ! 
 ■M s 
 
 
 ■a -a 
 
 _ 3 
 H3 o 
 
 &° g 
 
 Sua) 
 
 p c p 
 
 •g s 
 
 es " <n 
 
 "Jo* 
 
 60 
 
 a 
 
 fe 
 
 I 
 
 W Oh 
 
 18 o 3 
 
 I£as3 - 
 
 3 
 S3 
 
 U 
 
 IS 
 
 -3 .« 
 
 'So &i* ja 
 
 o 
 
 to 
 
 O 
 
 O 1 
 
 A trace of the Lower Boulder Clay was again seen in the floor of a pit a 
 ouarter of a mile north of Reddenhall church. 
 1 TV. W. rid TV. II. T. 
 
glacial sand, etc. 21 
 
 Sand and Gravel [Middle Glacial of Wood]. 
 
 The Glacial sands and gravels of this district are of small 
 importance and of little interest. They are rarely dug for road- 
 metal or for building-material, and but for their furnishing water 
 in the Boulder Clay districts would be without economic value. 
 
 Valleys of the Aide and of the Minsmere. 
 
 In the bottoms of the branches of the Aide Valley below 
 Brandish and at Baddingham there are short outcrops. 
 
 In the Minsmere Valley above Y oxford the outcrop is con- 
 tinuous to near Baddingham Hall. 
 
 Below Darsham there are only isolated patches of gravelly sand 
 to represent the deposits of this period, the Boulder clay lying 
 mostly on older beds. 
 
 Sand is dug at the back of Little Boys Street, and eastward of the White 
 Horse, Peasenhall. 
 
 Valley of the Blyth. 
 
 It is possible that there may be some of these beds about Thorington 
 (see p. 5) which would probably be continuous under the Boulder Clay, with 
 the small outcrop eastward of Bramfield, where in a small pit, a little N.E. of 
 Castle Yard, light-coloured sand was seen beneath the Boulder Clay. 
 
 A. similar trace is seen south of Page's Farm, N.W. of the village (see p. 6), 
 where, however, the deposit is unmappable. 
 
 Another patch extends from Wenhaston Place to Walpole. 
 
 The beds probably extend from the Minsmere Valley under the 
 Boulder Clay, to Haveningham, and by Huntingfield to Cookley, 
 Cheddiston, "Wisset, nnd Spexhall. 
 
 About three-quarters of a mile west of Ubbeston church, a pit, south of the 
 angle of the road, showed a trace of Boulder Clay over sand and gravel, with 
 sand beneath. (Note fromW. W.) 
 
 At and below Cheddiston the beds consist largely of gravel, and in an old 
 pit, marked on the map, by the lane a little south-west of Cookley Grange, a 
 pinnacle of consolidated sand and gravel, cemented by carbonate of lime 
 (probably derived from the Boulder Clay), has been left standing in land now 
 again under cultivation. The sand is false-bedded, and the cap is of gravel, 
 the column being 10 feet high, by 8 feet, by 6 feet. 
 
 The outcrop between the Duke Inn, N.E. of Holton, and Sotherton seems 
 to be an outlier cut off by the rise of the pebbly gravel. 
 
 Nearly a mile W.S.W. of Sotherton Church (in a branch of a side-valley) 
 there was a pit, on the western side of the lane, in gravelly false-bedded sand. 
 
 The sand and gravel about Brampton (in another branch of the 
 same side-valley) extend under the Boulder clay to the outcrop 
 in the Waveney valley to the north. 
 
 Benacre Valley. 
 
 The sand and gravel crops out in the bottom of the Shading- 
 field branch, as well as in the chief branch, north and north-east 
 of Great Redisham. 
 
 " At Redisham Hall is seen 3 feet of pebbly sand, only about half the 
 pebbles being flint."* 
 
 * JTrom Mr. C. Retd's Notes. 
 
22 GLACIAL SAND, ETC. 
 
 Valley of the Waveney: Up the Right Side. 
 
 " In a pit west of the church at St. Lawrence Ilketsall, the sand and 
 gravel contain fragments of shells of Mya and Cardium." 
 
 " At the western corner of Abbey Wood, Flixton (at the northern edge of 
 the district, N. of St, Margaret Southelmham) the following section was 
 seen in a pit : — 
 
 feet. 
 Loamy soil - .... 2 
 
 Boulder Clay - - - - 3 
 
 Fine white false-bedded sand, with carbonaceous grains, 
 a few small stones, and shell-fragments - - 10 
 
 " Similar sand is seen in a pit three quarters of a mile west of Flixton 
 Hall."* 
 
 A pit a quarter of a mile E.S.E. of Sancroft church (in the tributary 
 valley of the Southelmhams), shows fine gravel, underlain by fine yellow sand. 
 
 Gravel is dug in several spots north-eastward of Mendham, and fine white 
 current-bedded sand with pebbles, a short half mile southward of the church. 
 
 The rise of the Pebbly Gravel about Withersdale cuts out 
 the series under description for a space of a mile along the valley, 
 but it sets in again near the Priory Farm, and though much 
 concealed by the Boulder Clay and River Gravels (which overlap 
 at the northern part of Weybread) it appears to be continuous 
 everywhere to the west. 
 
 Gravel is dug at several points in the side-valley below Weybread church, 
 and red sand is seen under Boulder Clay east of Bunting's, Wingfield. 
 
 About Syleham, again, in the main valley, there is a good deal of gravel, and 
 about 200 yards south of Monks Hall, is a pit with fine white sand and gravel 
 (containing traces of shells) in the lower part, and coarser gravel above. 
 Erosively Bcooping into these beds (of which a thickness of 20 feet is exposed) 
 is a trough some 10 feet deep, lined with light-coloured sandy Boulder Clay, 
 and filled with blue Boulder Clay, weathering brown at top, and containing 
 galls of brown sand of fantastic shape. 
 
 In the long tributary of the Waveney descending from 
 Worlingworth, the Glacial Gravels are exposed in continuous 
 outcrop from west of Stradbrook downward, nearly to Hoxne. 
 
 At and for a quarter of a mile southward of Chickering Bridge very coarse 
 gravel and sand, with many chalk pebbles are to be seen. The rapid per- 
 colation of water through such materials is probably one cause of their not being 
 decalcified as much as the Crag sand or the Boulder Clay. Or the water may, 
 before reaching such beds, have been deprived, by contact with other calcareous 
 matter, of all free carbonic acid. 
 
 Half a mile east of the house in Oakley Park, Hoxne, is a large pit, showing 
 the following sections in 1880 : — 
 
 On the Western Side. 
 
 Post-Glacial Drift. Coarse gravel, variable. 
 
 (Sandy light-grey and buff Boulder Clay, with no large feet, 
 stones, surface dipping S.E. ... 4-5 
 
 Sand, with a little fine gravel, reddish and horizontally 
 bedded above, white and current-bedded below - about 9 
 
 On the Southern Side. 
 
 Post-Glacial Gravel - - 12 feet. 
 
 Glacial f Boulder clay - 8 „ 
 
 Drift. I Whitish sand - — 
 
 * From Mr. C. Kbid's Notes. 
 
GLACIAL SAND, ETC. 23 
 
 On the Eastern Side. 
 
 Sandy gravel, with a southerly dip ; 20 feet. 
 
 The Post-glacial gravel, dipping towards the valley on the south, abuts 
 against a boss of the Boulder Clay, and the junction shows a pseudo-passage, 
 some of the clay being worked up into the gravel beds. 
 
 Valley of the Waveney : Down the Left Side. 
 
 " South of the high road, a quarter of a mile west of the windmill on 
 Billinsford Common, is a large pit, 20 feet deep, in coarse sub-angular gravel, 
 with signs of bedding at the bottom part, and with some pebbles of chalk of 
 quartz and of quartzite."* 
 
 About half a mile west by south of Needham church a pit is worked in fine 
 chalky and coarse sandy gravel. 
 
 There are large gravel-pits half a mile N.E. of the church, extending down 
 to the seam of Lower Boulder Clay already mentioned (p. 20). About a 
 quarter of a mile east of this is the subject of the following note : — " A pit 
 one mile from Harleston towards Diss, where 4 feet of blue clay, abounding 
 with chalk pebbles, are overlaid by 2 feet and underlaid by 10 feet of gravel 
 and flints."t 
 
 The Boulder Clay here mentioned is not the seam of Lower Boulder Clay 
 but the edge of the Upper, and the gravel above it is of early Post-glacial 
 age. 
 
 There is a good deal of reddish sand and gravel about Wortwell (Reddenhall) 
 and up the tributary valley eastward. 
 
 The junction of the Boulder Clay, with the beds under description, is a 
 gradual passage near Starston, and near the 105th mile-post on the railway a 
 pit shows stiff grey and whitish clay passing down irregularly, by alternations 
 with brownish-yellow sand and chalky gravel, into fine buff loamy sand. 
 
 Three quarters of a mile westward along the railway the junction shows 
 the usual sharp change from sand to clay, and the same is the case on the 
 northern side of the valley at Pulliam St. Mary Magdalene, and eastward of 
 Starston Place. 
 
 Half a mile east of Starston church, a pit by the roadside shows alternations 
 of whitish and ferruginous sand and gravel. 
 
 Large gravel-pits are worked half a mile N.E. of Harleston Station, and 
 sandy gravel is raised in the hollow N.W. of Reddenhall. 
 
 Mr. C. Re id has noted the following section as occurring, " a quarter of a 
 mile north of Reddenhall Church " :— 
 
 Gravel, 10 or 15 feet. 
 
 Bedded brickearth, or loam, about 5 feet. 
 
 Sandy chalk-gravel. 
 
 About half a mile N.E. of Reddenhall, coarse angular gravel is raised from 
 some large pits on the southern side of a ridge, the northern face of which 
 consists of Boulder Clay, descending to the level of the valley or lower. A 
 quarter of a mile east of this, and three quarters west of Homersfield church, 
 an old roadside pit shows gravelly sand under Boulder Clay. 
 
 Upper Bouldbk Clay. 
 
 General Remarks. 
 
 The Upper Boulder Clay presents in this district its usual 
 characters, being chiefly a tough bluish-grey clay, crowded with 
 stones, among which chalk and flint predominate ; though older 
 rocks form an important proportion. 
 
 * From Mr. F. J. Bennett's Notes. 
 
 t Db. J. Mitchell, Proc. Geol. Soc, vol. iii., no. 59, pp. 3,4 (1838). 
 
24 UPPER BOULDER OLAY. 
 
 The weathering of this clay, by the prolonged access of water 
 in the more level parts and by the penetration of roots everywhere, 
 produces a stiff yellow clay containing much coarse sand, and, of 
 course, all the stones except those of chalk. 
 
 The necessary collection of stones from the fields, supplies the 
 clay-districts with road-metal, whilst the clay is used for brick's 
 and " lumps " (air-dried rectangular blocks of clay well worked- 
 up with straw, and used for rough building, with moist clay as 
 setting). 
 
 It is, as a rule, only where the junction with lower beds is laid 
 open, along the valleys, that sections are of interest. 
 
 Valleys of the Aide and of the Minsmere. 
 
 The only noteworthy section in the former valley has already been described, 
 p. 11. 
 
 The base of the clay is seen on the road a mile east-south-east of Yoxford, 
 resting on Crag sand. Its course up the valley from Yoxford to Feasenhall 
 offers no points of interest on either side. 
 
 Near the river, southward of Darsham, is a small outlying patch of the clay. 
 
 In a pit, at the back of the farm, less than half a mile southward of Darsham 
 church there is grey Boulder Clay, up to 8 feet or more thick, over buff bedded 
 sandy Boulder Clay. (Note from W. W.) 
 
 Valley of the BlytJi. 
 
 In the Bramfield tributary valley the few sections worth notice 
 have already been described in connection with the Crag and the 
 Pebbly Gravel, on which the Boulder Clay rests indifferently in 
 the absence of Glacial sands (see pp. 5, 6, 14). 
 
 Up the valley to Laxfield and Oratfield, the base of the clay 
 lies evenly over whatever happens to be underneath it, Crag, 
 Pebbly Beds, or Glacial Sands. South of Cookley Wood, however, 
 the clay occupies a trough in the gravels below it, and eastward 
 of Cookley House is an outlier, at the bottom of the slope of Crag 
 sand. 
 
 A similar patch, on the base of the Pebbly Gravel, lies half a 
 mile south of Halesworth, whilst the base of the main mass runs 
 round almost horizontally into the tributary valleys on the north, 
 except that in Cheddiston Park it is rather lower down. 
 
 The small outliers at Thorington, Wenhaston, and Mells Chapel exhibit no 
 special features. 
 
 The way in which masses of the Chilie?ford Clay and of the Pebbly gravels 
 have been torn up and embedded in the Boulder Clay of Halesworth brickkiln 
 has been referred to at p. 9, and this section is almost the only one in the 
 district that has any interesting points as regards Boulder Clay. 
 
 The clay ha3 been worked for bricks on the west of Cheddiston Park, and 
 half a mile north-east of Halesworth station. Its characters in the cutting at 
 the station have been described on p. 15. W. H. D. 
 
 A gamekeeper told me that the many pits in the wood marked on the old 
 Ordnance Map as "The Clumps " \but which, he said, ought to be "The 
 Clamps") about a mile and a quarter south of Sotherton, were dug for brick- 
 earth, and. that the bricks for Bulchamp Workhouse (and for Henham Hall?) 
 were made here. As there is now no evidence of the occurrence of loam, 
 whilst Boulder Clay occurs roundabout, this tract has been coloured as the 
 latter. W. W. 
 
UPPER BOULDER CLAY. 25 
 
 Valley of the Waveney. 
 
 The somewhat uneven base of the Boulder Clay in the neigh- 
 bourhood of the Southelmhams (there are only seven parishes of 
 that name, distinguished by the names of the saints to whom 
 their churches are dedicated) is shown by the presence of several 
 small inliers of sand and gravel, protruding in the bottoms of 
 tributary valleys, from under the pall of clay. 
 
 The surface on which the Boulder Clay rests between Mendham 
 and Weybread is also somewhat irregular. Its slight slope 
 toward the valley produces at Mendham a strip of clay lying 
 below the outcrop of the gravels on the east. At Weybread again 
 the clay passes under the broad spread of River Gravel of Shotford 
 Heath, and forms the floor of the large rectangular pit, about six 
 and a half acres in area, in front of Heath House. 
 
 Th6 wells about Hoxne show a sheet of gravel several feet in 
 thickness in the middle of the Boulder Clay ; the occurrence of 
 this seam, which is not seen anywhere at the surface, appears to 
 be rather irregular. At the rectory, west of the church, it must 
 be about 11 feet thick, judging from the record of the old dug 
 well, and of the more recent boring. The variations in thickness, 
 character, and level of this gravelly bed may be seen from the 
 well-sections in the Appendix (p. 37). 
 
 In the main valley of the Waveney the clay descends nearly 
 (or in parts, quite) to the river below Hoxne and Billingford, 
 whilst wells at Dickleburgh, in the plateau to the north, show its 
 base close to the surface (see p. 34). A consideration of the 
 form of the surface on which the clay rests will show that the 
 upper part of the valley is in a line of depression of this 
 surface, and that Post-glacial erosion has but slightly modified 
 the gradients of the district. 
 
 Owing probably to the nearly dead level of the clay plateau on 
 which Harleston stands, the Boulder Clay has been subjected in 
 an unusual degree to the influences of percolating waters, and 
 their resulting changes. 
 
 The clay is worked for bricks between Sancroft and St. Margaret, Southem- 
 ham, and at Metfleld, and a peculiar form of it is seen about a quarter of a 
 mile north of Metfield church. Under clay of the normal type is fine brown 
 and grey streaky loam with small grains of chalk. As the Glacial sands are 
 wanting hereabouts, this loam is possibly the representative of the Lower 
 Boulder Clay. 
 
 A quarter of a mile south-east of Syleham church the base is seen to consist 
 of black clay, overlying gravel and sand. South of Monks Hall the clay lies 
 in a hollow eroded in the underlying beds. 
 
 Far up the Worlingworth side- valley, Boulder Clay is worked for brick- 
 making, about three quarters of a mile eastward of Athelington. At Worling- 
 worth, some 700 yards north-west of the church, it has the unusual form of 
 sand and clay, with beds of angular stones ; a bed of grey sand being seen at 
 the bottom of the section. 
 
 The brickyard a mile north-west of Needham shows 8 feet of stiff brown 
 and blackish loam over ordinary Boulder Clay, and the well here reaches 
 sandy gravel. 
 
26 UPPER BOULDER CLAY. 
 
 There are two outliers, one very minute, above Wortwell, showing the 
 former extension of the clay over the ridge eastward of Reddenhall. 
 
 Going up the Starston Valley, the base of the series, at the brickyard half a 
 mile west of Reddenhall church, is a sandy brickearth under dark blue Boulder 
 Clay, which weathers nearly white. 
 
 At Harleston a saw-pit, on the premises of Messrs. Knights and Stacey, 
 showed a confused mixture of grey loam, coarse sand, and gravel. 
 
 There are no other exposures worthy of note in the Starston Valley, which 
 have not been already mentioned in connection with lower beds ; the brickyard 
 at Mill Mount, Pulham South Green, and that N.E. of Starston, showing 
 only Boulder Clay. 
 
 W. H. D. 
 
27 
 
 CHAPTER 4. 
 
 Post-Glacial Deposits. 
 
 The older Post-glacial deposits (using the term in the restricted 
 sense of beds formed after the cessation of glacial conditions, but 
 before the minor existing geographical features took origin) consist 
 in this district of certain gravels and loams, in the production of 
 which the present rivers had little or no part, even if they existed. 
 They are known only within the area drained by the Waveney, 
 and are of very limited extent. 
 
 Wtybread, Sfc. 
 
 The gravel overlying the Boulder Clay at Weybread Brickyard 
 has already been described (p. 19). A better section occurs a 
 little further up the hill, on the top of which the Boulder Clay 
 re-appears, so that we have here a shelf in the clay, piled with 
 gravel, a thin spread of which lies yet higher up to the west. 
 
 The patch on the high road south-west of Harleston, described 
 on p. 23, is very similar in its structure and position, and the two 
 may have been continuous at a time when the brooks from the 
 Southelmhams, Metfield, Fressingfield, Worlingworth, and Ked- 
 lingfield fed, not the Waveney, but the Little Ouse, as indicated 
 by the westward trend of their channels, and by the slight difference 
 of level between Mendham and Lopham Ford (in Sheet 50, N.W.) 
 
 Hoxne. 
 
 At Hoxne the junction of three of these Post-glacial streams 
 produced a lake, in which gravels and loams were deposited, whilst 
 Palaeolithic man lived on its shores and flung his rude stone 
 weapons at passing game, in such quantity that many bushels are 
 said to have been found in the gravels of the brickyard, a state- 
 ment hardly confirmed by their rare occurrence in recent years. 
 The sequence of beds in this deposit has been much studied, in 
 consequence of the discovery of these flint implements. 
 
 Mr. John Fbeke first described the brickyard-section, which 
 in his day was as follows* : — 
 
 Feet. 
 Vegetable earth - -14 
 
 Clay - - - 74 
 
 Sand, with shells and bone - 1 
 Gravel, with flint implements - 2 
 
 The literature of palaeolithic implements contains many refer- 
 ences to Hoxne, t but we shall note only such as refer to strati- 
 
 * Archaologia, vol. xiii., p. 206 (1800). 
 
 f We may instance Dr. J. Evans' Flint Implements in the Drift, Archaologia 
 1862 ; The Ancient Stone Implements Weapons and Ornaments of Great Britain, 
 1872, by the same author; and Sir J. Lubbock's Prehistoric Times, 1878. 
 
 i 50060. C 
 
28 POST-GLACIAL BEDS. 
 
 graphical details. Prof. Prestwich examined the ground very 
 thoroughly in 1859, 60, and recorded many details. A full 
 abstract of his observations will now be given.* 
 
 The south-western corner of the brickfield showed the following sections 
 in 1859 :— 
 
 Feet. 
 
 a. Surface soil, traces of sand and gravel ... 1-2 
 
 b. Brown and greyish clay, not calcareous, with an irregular 
 central carbonaceous or peaty seam. Two flint-implements 
 had been found, one just below this seam, the other near 
 
 the bottom of the bed. Bones of Bos and Elepkas - 10-12 
 
 c. Yellow subangular and sometimes clayey flint-gravel, 
 with some small chalk-pebbles and a few pebbles of sand- 
 stone of quartz and of other old rocks. Bones of mammalia. 
 Like b., this thins out westward - - - - 0-1 
 
 . d. Bluish and grey calcareous clay, in places very peaty ; 
 the lower part with sand-partings. Contains remains of 
 Oak, Yew, Fir, Bilberry, land and freshwater' shells, 
 Cyprides,J and mammalian bones (deer, horse, and ele- 
 phant). There were sandy partings with shells of the fol- 
 lowing mollusca in a perfect but very friable condition : — 
 tArionater, Linn, (some calcareous grains); Bythiniaten- 
 taculata, Linn. ; Helix hispida, Linn. ; Limnaea palustris, 
 Mull, j L. truncatula, Mull. ; Planorbis albus, Mull. ; P. 
 spirorbis, Mull.: Succinea putris, Linn.; Valvata piscina- 
 lis, Miill. ; Zonites (Helix) nitidulus, Drap. ; Pisidium 
 amnicum, Mull.; Sphaerium (Cyclas) corneum, Linn.'; 
 and Unio (fragmentary) .... 3-4 
 
 e. Gravel like c, but finer, more worn, and with more 
 
 chalk pebbles - - 1-2J 
 
 /. Calcareous grey clay, more or less peaty, with fresh- 
 water shells. Bottom not reached by boring - - to 17 
 
 A trench on the eastern side of the field gave this section . 
 
 Post-Glacial -« 
 
 Ochreous sand and gravel, passing down into 
 white sand - - - - - 
 
 Seams of fine white and ochreous gravel 
 Light-grey sandy clay ... 
 
 Coarse yellow gravel, with a flint implement - 
 Grey and brown clay, with abundance of 
 Bithinia .... 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Boulder Clay - 
 
 Another trench, also on the eastern side of the field, showed : — 
 Yellow sand, with a few flints, passing into - 3J feet. 
 Ochreous gravel - - - - 1 „ 
 
 Grey clay - - - - 1 „ 
 
 Gravel full of water. 
 
 A trench on the southern side of the field exposed : — 
 
 Ochreous drift sand and gravel - - 3 to 4 feet. 
 Brickearth - - -4 „ 
 
 Fine gravel, mostly small chalk-pebbles - 2£ „ 
 Grey clay. 
 
 * Phil. Trans., vol. cl., pp. 304-308, pi. xi. 
 
 t Added in a later paper, Phil, Trans,, vol. cliv., p. 283 [1864]. 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
POST-GLACIAL BEDS. 29 
 
 The several trenches shown, on the plate of Prof. Prestwich's paper, as 
 crossing the east and west section-line, are as follow : — 
 
 1. 250 yards west of the park -fence — 
 
 Sand, 2 ft., on Boulder Clay. 
 
 2. 50 yards west of the park-fence — 
 
 Sandy loam, 13 ft. Gravel, 1 ft. 
 
 3. In brickyard pit, 12 yards east of road-fence — 
 
 Boring through d, e, and 17 ft. of/. 
 
 4. 100 yards east of road-fence — 
 
 c and d 5 ft. on/. 
 
 5. Trench and bore 140 yards east of road-fence — 
 
 c 5 ft., d,f 8 ft. 
 
 6. 10 yards east of 5, is the 11 ft. trench described above. 
 
 7. 50 yards west of Goldbrook, reaches Boulder Clay under a foot or two 
 
 of sand and gravel. 
 8 and 9, below and above the clay-pit east of the brook, show, like it, only 
 Boulder Clay under the sandy wash. 
 
 A trench in the meadow on the north of the brickfield, close to the road, and 
 18 chains from Fairstead Farm, showed Boulder Clay at the surface. A. space 
 of about 10 chains wide is shown on the section between the older Post-glacial 
 deposits of the brickfield and the slightly newer gravels that extend to Gold, 
 brook. _ No indication of this intervening belt of Boulder Clay is visible now, 
 and it is probably narrower, and possibly not continuous on the surface with 
 the main sheet of Boulder Clay to the east. 
 
 In 1876 Mr. T. Belt undertook to establish the inter glacial 
 age of the Hoxne palaeolithic gravels and loams.* He lays much 
 stress on the occurrence of the sandy and clayey rainwash, alike 
 on the Boulder Clay and other beds, which he calls trail, and 
 regards as a true formation and of Glacial, age. He denies the 
 similarity, not to say identity, of the Boulder Clay of the clay-pit, 
 with that constituting the surrounding country, and asserts that 
 the clay-pit is in Lower Boulder Clay, that the gravels and loams 
 of the brickfield are Middle Glacial, and that the clay b of Prof. 
 Prestwich's account is the Upper Boulder Clay ! The mere 
 presence of land and freshwater shells, bones, and plants would 
 suffice to disprove this correlation with any part of the Glacial 
 series, which is wholly of marine origin ; whilst the absence of any 
 similarity of the beds b, d, or-f, of Prof. Prestwich's section, 
 with the Boulder Clay, and the identity in character of the under- 
 lying chalky clay with that widespread formation are merely 
 additional arguments in favour of Prof. Prestwich's reading of 
 the evidence. It may be added that Mr. Belt refers to d as red 
 brick-earth, and f as white brick-earth, local terms denoting the 
 colour of the resulting bricks, &c, not that of the raw clays. The 
 carbonaceous matter in the lower bed reduces any iron that may 
 be present to colourless protoxide, carbonate, or silicate, whilst in 
 d no such reduction takes place, but peroxidation occurs. 
 
 W. H. D. 
 
 In 1880 Mr. S. V. Wood, Jun., came to the conclusion " that 
 the Hoxne palaeolithic brick earth is of the age of the 
 
 * Quart. Journ. Sci., n. 6er., vol. vi., pp. 289-304. 
 
 O 
 
30 POST-GLACIAL BEDS. 
 
 Chalky [Boulder] Clay itself, though of the latest part of it," 
 regarding the deposit as having been formed in an ice-dammed 
 lagoon* 
 
 Me. H. B. Woodwaed, noting Me. Belt's record of " traces 
 of Chalky Boulder Clay on the Hoxne Beds," adds, " Me. Reid, 
 and myself subsequently observed two tiny traces of this Boulder 
 Clay on the brickearth in the pit in the park."t In the 
 present year my colleague describes these traces as " small 
 pockets "; but cautiously remarks that " in the present state of 
 the evidence it is not safe to say that any Palaeolithic Imple- 
 ments have been obtained in East Anglia from beds older than 
 the main mass of the Chalky Boulder Clay, or from that Clay 
 itself."* 
 
 Me. Dalton suggests that any such small patches of Boulder 
 Clay may have been brought into their present position by man, 
 a view which one may regard as within the bounds of possibility ; 
 although Me. Bjgid writes that " they seemed to have been there 
 for a long while, for they were grassed-over, and, if I remember 
 rightly, an oak-tree was growing on one." Neither Ms. Dalton 
 nor myself had the good fortune to see any Boulder Clay over the 
 loam, and we both think the latter, with its freshwater shells, 
 more like a Post-Glacial than a Glacial deposit. 
 
 Through the kindness of Dr. J. Evans we are enabled to 
 reproduce two excellent woodcuts of flint implements found at 
 Hoxne, in Figs. 7, 8.§ The tool shown by the former of these 
 was found by Dr. Evans himself, in the disturbed upper soil of 
 the worked-out part of the pit, into which it had probably been 
 thrown by the workmen : the other, also in his collection, is 
 remarkable for the extent of twist, as seen in the edge- view. In 
 each case a side view, an edge view, and a section through the 
 broadest part is given. 
 
 The specimens found by Mr. Feere are in the collection of the 
 Society of Antiquaries. Others may be seen in the British 
 -Museum, in the Blackmore Museum (Salisbury), in the Wood- 
 wardian Museum (Cambridge), and in the Ipswich Museum, and 
 some were kept by the late Sie E. Kekeison (the landowner) 
 and are still at Oakley Park. 
 
 W. W. 
 
 * Quart. Journ. Geol. Hoc, vol. xxxvi., p. 497 (and vol. xxxviii, p. 669). 
 t Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc, pt. ii, p. 62 (1879). 
 
 * The Geology of England and Wales, Ed. 2, p. 515. 8° Land. 
 
 § Figs. 449, 450 of his " Ancient Stone Implements ... of Great Britain." 
 
POST-GLACIAL BEDS. 
 
 31 
 
 Figures 7, 8. Flint Implements from Hoxne. Dr. J. Evans. 
 
32 POST-GLACIAL BEDS. 
 
 The brickyard at Athelington, now in work, can hardly be on the same site 
 as in I860, when, as Prof. Prestwich states, a freshwater deposit, like that 
 of Hoxne, was seen under 8 feet of ochreous gravel and sand.* No such gravel 
 could be seen when the Geological Survey was in progress, nor any freshwater 
 loams. 
 
 River Gravels. 
 
 The gravels lying at various levels on the slope below Billing- 
 ford and about Thorpe Abbots offer no special features. They 
 are, of course, older, looked at as a whole, than the level terraces 
 which fringe the borders of the alluvial flats of the Waveney at 
 intervals, now on one bank, now on the other, and sometimes 
 simultaneously on both. But these older gravels are doubtless 
 of various ages, representing, in their sloping beds and surfaces, 
 the gradual erosion of the valley-floor, too uniform to admit the 
 production of shelves or terraces, except on a scale too small to be 
 now perceptible : a series of minute terraced steps rapidly changing 
 by cultivation and rainwashing to a regular slope. 
 
 Where the Boulder Clay is the material on which such slight 
 shelves have been formed there might be detected belts of varying 
 degrees of humidity in the overlying gravel, but the latter would 
 still form a continuous draping, though not of precisely the same 
 age throughout. 
 
 The same remarks may be applied, in a few cases, to the more 
 recent gravels. The broad terrace of Shotf ord Heath, for instance, 
 is a good deal higher than the narrow terrace at Weybread Cottage, 
 yet the two gravels are hardly separable east of Heath House. 
 
 W. H. D. 
 
 Mr. C. Reid has noted the nature of the beds in the terraces at Homersfield 
 and Wortwell (Reddenhall) as follows : — 
 
 " At Homersfield, north of the church, coarse gravel, principally of flints, 
 roughly bedded, was seen to the depth of about 10 feet." 
 
 "At Wortwell, north of the Railway Station, coarse flint gravel, 7 feet thick, 
 was seen resting on white sandy false-bedded gravel, dug to the thickness 
 of about 10 feet." 
 
 A pit, which Mr. Reid notes as " three-quarters of a mile S.W. of Homers- 
 field Station," and which therefore must be close to the last, " gave a good 
 section in 1876 though the junction was not well shown, of unworn flint 
 gravel, 10 feet-thick, over pebbly sand (Bure Valley Beds) to over 5 feet." 
 
 A third pit, " 3 furlongs west of Homersfield church, had coarse ferruginous 
 gravel in the upper part and white sandy gravel in the lower." 
 
 Another near by, " 3 furlongs S.W. of Homersfield Station, seems again to 
 be in unworn flint-gravel over pebbly sand (Bure Valley Beds)." 
 
 In the valley of the Blyth but two small tracts of river-gravel 
 have been noticed, fringing the marsh on the right side at Wen- 
 haston, and on the left side just below Holton, and forming nearly 
 flat ground rising gently from the marsh-level. 
 
 Phil. Trans., vol. el., p. 808. 
 
POST-GLACIAL BEDS. 33 
 
 Alluvium. 
 
 Of the deposits forming the marshe3 of the present streams 
 little can be said, as sections are not made in them, except for 
 ditches. 
 
 The ditch on the Southwold Railway, just above Mills Bridge, Holton, at 
 one spot illustrates the washing down of gravel over the alluvium, which 
 process causes a slight rise above the marsh-level. 
 
 The railway-ditches just below Mills Bridge show the peaty margin of the 
 gravel bordering the alluvium, and then the -peaty alluvium itself, which was 
 also seen in the ditches S.W. of Blythford' church. 
 
 The topography of the Map S. of Bulchamp Union Farm, and at the junction 
 with 49 N., is bad. One could not survey the alluvium properly, and had to 
 go by the hill-shading (which is the best part of the Map) in drawing the 
 line between the Crag and the gravel. 
 
 W.W. 
 
34 
 
 APPENDIX. WELL-SECTIONS. 
 
 The measurements are in feet. 
 
 NORFOLK. 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 45 
 
 45 
 
 10 
 
 55 
 
 15 
 
 70 
 
 LiMMEB=Sunk and communicated by Mr. W. Limmer of Dickleburgh. — 
 (F. J. Bennett). 
 
 Billingford. Rectory. (Limmer. — F. J. B.) 
 Water rose 4 feet. 
 
 rr<i„-;„! t..:at f Gravel and sand - 
 [Glacial Drift] --[^^ . 
 
 Chalk - 
 
 Dickleburgh. Rectory. (Limmer. — F. J. B.) 
 Sand (water rose 4 feet), 20 feet. 
 
 Dickleburgh. Mr. Smith's. N. of house, at the mill. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Smith. — (F. J. B.) 
 
 Shaft, 35 feet ; the rest bored. 
 
 A strong spring of water (ferruginous), rose 55 feet. 
 
 Sand, 70 feet. 
 
 There is some doubt as to these two sections, the surface of the district being 
 Boulder Clay.— (W. W.) 
 
 Dickleburgh. Mr. Smith's (miller). £. of house. 
 Communicated by Mr. Smith. — (F. J. B.) 
 
 [Glacial Drift] { g°J der] Cky 
 
 20 feet. 
 6 „ 
 
 Dickleburgh. 200 yards E. of Mr. Smith's. 
 Communicated by Mr. Smith.— (F. J. B.) 
 [Boulder] Clay, to sand and water, 135 feet. 
 
 Dickleburgh. Mr. Simpson's, in the village. (Limmer. — F. J. B.) 
 Sunk 50 feet, and then bored 50 feet in [Boulder] Clay, 
 
WELL-SECTIONS. 
 
 35 
 
 Harleston. (LlMMER. — F. J. B.) 
 
 1. £. end of town ; 2. Market Place ; 3. New Malting by Railway Station ; 
 4. By the Swan Inn. 
 
 Sand 
 
 40 
 
 [Glacial Drift] -{^ der] C ' ay I 
 
 30 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 45 
 Touched 
 
 30 
 10 
 
 5. White House. Water rose 4 feet. 
 
 ^^^HKSntLdW : 93 
 
 Pulham St. Mary. The Hall. (Limmeb.— F. J. B.) 
 Water rose 4 feet. 
 
 c(n««ih»]{ES*a25 ; g 
 
 Pulham St. Mary. By Station. (Limmer F. J. B.) 
 
 Boulder Clay, to sand and water (water rose 55 feet), 60 feet. 
 
 Reddenhall. Well in sand-pit at Wortwell. 
 Communicated by Mr. D. Palmer. — (C. Reid.) 
 
 [Glacial Drift] {In^artn -" 17 
 To white clay [? chalk]. 
 
 Rushall. (Limmer. — F. J. B.) 
 
 1 . ? Locality. 2. Half Moon Inn. 3, 4. Longmoor Green, 
 
 south-westward of the village. (Water rose 9 feet). 
 
 [Glacial Drift] {e der] - Clay - Torched 
 
 (water). 
 
 15 
 
 60 
 Touched 
 
 50 
 Touched 
 
 Starston. The Green. (Limmer F. J. B.) 
 
 [Glacial W^gEjSffij. I % 
 
36 
 
 WELL-SECTIONS. 
 
 Stabston. A quarter of a mile E. of the church. (Limmer. — F. J. B.) 
 
 |" Gravel 
 [Glacial Drift] -< Sand and loam 
 TSSncl r" 
 
 •V 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 22 
 
 - 24 
 
 46 
 
 SUFFOLK. 
 DAY=Sunk and communicated by Mr. G. Day, of Eye. — (F. J. Bennett.) 
 
 Baddingham. 
 
 Rev. W. B. Clarke. Trcms. Oeol. Boc, ser. 2, vol. v., pt. 2, p. 377. 
 
 (1840) t , 
 
 Diluvial [Boulder] Clay, 80 feet. 
 
 Bramfield. Nearly a mile west of Hall. 1880. 
 
 About 120 feet above Ordnance Datum. 
 
 Sunk and communicated by Mr. T. Tilley, [and from samples]. 
 
 [Boulder Clay] - 
 
 [? Crag, over 53 
 feet.] 
 
 [Basement-ted of 
 London Clay.] 
 
 [Beading Beds, 
 36 feet.] 
 
 Chalk [soft] 
 
 Old Well 
 
 Brown sand [fine buff sand], dry 
 
 Red sandy loam [brown sand], 
 
 dry - - - - 
 
 Liv&sand with water [light-grey, 
 
 nearly buff, micaceous] 
 'Hard calcareous grit, with casts 
 
 of shells, as a crust over light- 
 
 gr)$y. shelly sand 
 Blue^dark grey-Jrday . - " - 
 Black [peaty] clajy'"- --'• | .'■--- 
 Blue clay [dark grey, partly 
 
 veined buff] - - - - 
 Green, sand and .flints [dark 
 
 green sandy clay] '-"• """- 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 70 
 8 
 
 70 
 
 78 
 
 14 
 
 92 
 
 31* 
 
 123* 
 
 61 
 
 6 
 
 S 
 
 130 
 136 
 141 
 
 23 
 
 164 
 
 2 
 
 84 
 
 166 
 250 
 
 Hoxne. (Day.— F. J. B.) 
 
 1. Abbey (water rose 6, feet). 2. Infant school (by church). 3. (water rose 
 6 feet) and 4. Pig Street. 5. , By Church (water rose 3 feet). 6. Lower 
 part of village. 
 
 j 
 
 1. 
 
 2.; 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 6. 
 
 (" [Boulder] clay - 
 TGlacial Drift] - •! Sand,, or - . - . «i 
 
 45 
 >;10. 
 
 50 
 15 
 
 50 
 10 
 
 18 
 6 
 
 35 
 
 15 
 (coarse) 
 
 20 
 
WELL-SECTIONS. 
 
 37 
 
 Hoxne. Burnt House. (Day.— F. J. B.) 
 Water rose 6 feet. 
 
 ([Boulder] clay 
 Kder]cla y ' 
 Sand - 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 50 
 
 4 
 
 54 
 
 Hoxne. Heokfleld Green. (Day.— F. J. B.) 
 
 r [Boulder] Clay - - 40] 
 
 [Glacial Drift] < Loam and sand, in layers • 10 > 70 
 LSand - - - 20J 
 
 Hoxne. (Day.— F. J. B.) 
 
 1 . Lion Inn, Cross Street, near the Abbey (water rose 20 feet). 2. Timber- 
 yard and saw-mill (water rose 14 feet). 
 
 {[Boulder] clay - 
 [Boeder] "clay! 
 To gravel 
 
 35 
 10 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 Hoxne. Oakley Park, W. of the village. 1877 P 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Bennett, of Ipswich. 
 
 An account of the old well, from Mr. G. Day, gives the section cjay 1 feet, 
 gravel 5, and clay 7, or 10 feet less than the depth marked below. This may, 
 however, be at a different site. 
 
 Old well 
 [Glacial Drift] 
 
 [? Crag and 
 ? Eocene.] 
 
 Chalk 
 
 Light [-coloured clay] 
 Blue clay and sand 
 Shafp shingle and sand, like beach - 
 "Light-green crag and sand - 
 Light-green clay - 
 Light-green crag and sand - 
 
 Light-green clay. - 
 (.Mints 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 ^ _ 
 
 32 
 
 2 
 
 34 
 
 3 
 
 37 
 
 25 
 
 62 
 
 27 
 
 89 
 
 1 
 
 90 
 
 39 
 
 129 
 
 7 
 
 136 
 
 3l| 
 
 1374 
 
 169 
 
38 
 
 WELL-SECTIONS. 
 
 Hoxne. Rectory. 1877. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Bennett, of Ipswich. 
 An account of the old well, got by Mr. F. J. Bennett from Mr. G. Bar- 
 ham, of Winfarthing, shows 39 feet of clay over sand, to the depth of 45 feet, 
 or 5 less than marked below. 
 
 Old well - 
 
 [Boulder] clay and large flints. [Specimen of 
 brownish sandy clay, with bits of stone, at 70 feet] 
 'Loose running sand and crag (red) 
 Light-blue clay 
 
 Loose running sand and crag [many 
 specimens of Purpura lapitlus] - 
 Light-coloured clay 
 Flints - - 
 
 [? Drift, 
 ?Crag, 
 and 
 ? Eocene.] 
 
 Chalk - 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 — 
 
 SO 
 
 24 
 
 74 
 
 17 
 
 91 
 
 1 
 
 92 
 
 60 
 
 152 
 
 91 
 
 ii 
 
 1611 
 
 163 
 
 40 
 
 203 
 
 Saint Margaret Southelmham. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. D. Palmer. — (C. Reid.) 
 
 1. Mr. Freestone's. Two wells, not 200 yards apart, 120 feet of [Boulder] 
 Clay to sand. In one the water rose to within 60 feet of the surface. 
 
 2. The Rectory. About 80 feet of [Boulder] Clay. 
 
 3. Southelmham Hall. [Boulder] Clay 10 feet, sand 60 feet. 
 
 Sotheeton. Cottages about f mile S.W. of church. 
 Sunk and communicated by Mr. J. Dade, of Wrenthatn. — (W. W.) 
 About 4 feet of water. 
 
 [Glacial J" [Boulder] Clay - about 30 
 Drift.] LSand - - „ 40 
 
 }» 
 
 Westleton. From information on the spot. — W. W. 
 
 1 . Windmill at N. end of village. 80 feet of white sand. 
 
 2. House nearly half a mile E. of church, on northern side of road. .Said 
 to be the same ; but there must be some loam or Boulder Clay, and a little 
 gravel, at the top. 
 
 3. Windmill, marked on the map, nearly half a mile S.E. of the church, 45 
 feet of gravel, to sand and water. 
 
WELL-SECTIONP. 
 
 39 
 
 ^The following sections in districts to the south (Sheets 50, S.E., and 48, 
 N.W.) having come to hand since the Memoirs thereon were published, are 
 printed here. 
 
 Benhall. Mr. Holland's, Benhall Lodge. 1886, 87. 
 
 Made and communicated by Mr. F. Bennett (late Messrs. Bennett), of 
 Ipswich. 
 
 Old well 46 feet, the bottom 5 feet filled with concrete ; the rest bored ; 
 pipes carried 2 feet 2 inches above the concrete. 
 
 Water stood 2 feet 4 inches in the bore-pipe, above the level of the water in 
 the old shaft. 
 
 Old well [through Boulder Clay, and sand ?] 
 [Drift or Crag] Running sand 
 [B.ed Crag] - Shelly erag 
 [? London Clay, J London clay 
 35 feet.] \ Loamy sand 
 
 "Dark stiff clay 
 Mottled clay 
 [Reading Beds, Mottled loam 
 
 41 feet.] ■{ Light [-coloured] sand, or sandy loam - 
 London or blue clay 
 Dark brown clay 
 Flints (and chalk) 
 Upper Chalk, with flints at 210, 2141, 223, 255, 271, 278^ 
 and 284 - 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 
 46 
 
 6 
 
 52 
 
 22 
 
 74 
 
 26 
 
 100 
 
 9 
 
 109 
 
 5 
 
 114 
 
 4 
 
 118 
 
 9 
 
 127 
 
 3 
 
 130 
 
 17 
 
 147 
 
 2 
 
 149 
 
 1 
 
 150 
 
 151 
 
 301 
 
 Brantham. British Xylonite Company. On the Marsh by the side of 
 the Stour, and north of the railway, E.S.E. of Catawade Bridge. 1887. 
 
 Made and communicated by Messrs. Legrand and Sutcliff. With 
 some particulars from Mr. H. Miller, of Ipswich. 
 
 About 5 feet above Ordnance Datum. Bored throughout. 
 
 Water found at 10 feet in the Chalk, increasing in quantity as the boring 
 went on ; rose to 2\ feet above the ground ; and has been tested up to 20,000 
 gallons an hour. 
 
 [River] Gravel 
 
 Blue [? London] Clay 
 
 {Black and red sandy clay 
 Mixed clay and sand' 
 Silty clay and sand 
 Sand and flint 
 Soft chalk and flints - 
 
 According to a note in The Engineer, vol. briii., p. 362 (1887), the first 
 32 feet took several days in boring, but the rest was bored in 5 days, in one 
 of which no less than 50 feet of chalk and flints were penetrated. 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 2 
 
 25 
 
 2 
 
 27 
 
 13 
 
 40 
 
 20 
 
 60 
 
 2 
 
 62 
 
 100 
 
 162 
 
40 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 * Places thus marked are outside the district. 
 
 Aide, River and Valley, 1, 11, 18, 21, 
 
 24. 
 Alluvium, 33. 
 
 Altered Boulder Clay, see Weathered. 
 Antiquaries, Society of (Museum), 30. 
 Athelington, 25, 32. 
 
 Baddingham, 1, 2, 11, 18, 21, 36. 
 
 Barnaul, G., 38. 
 
 *Beccles, 2, 3. 
 
 Beddingfield, 2. 
 
 •Bedfield, 1. 
 
 Belt, T., 29, 30. 
 
 *Benacre, 2. 
 
 Benacrc Valley, 21. 
 
 *Benhall, 39. 
 
 Bennett, F. J., iv, 23, 34-37. 
 
 Bennett, Messrs., 37-39. 
 
 Billingford, 1, 2, 23, 25, 32, 34. 
 
 Blackmore Museum, 30. 
 
 Blyth, River and Valley, 2, 5-8, 13-15, 
 
 18, 21, 24, 32. 
 *Blythburgh, 18. 
 Blythford, 2, 5, 7, 15, 33. 
 Bones, see Fossils. 
 Boulder Clay, 2, 4-6, 8-16, 18-30, 32, 
 
 34-39. 
 BramBeld, 2-6, 13, 14, 21, 36. 
 Bramfield Valley, 5, 13, 24. 
 Brampton, 2, 21. 
 *Brantham, 39. 
 Brickearth, see Loam. 
 Brickyards, 6, 9, 12, 16, 18, 19, 24-29, 
 
 32. 
 Bristow, H. W., Notice by, iv. 
 British Museum, 30. 
 Brockdish, 16, 19. 
 Brandish, 1, 21. 
 Bure Valley Beds, 5, 9, 11, 14, 32. 
 
 Chalk, 2, 3, 34, 36-39. 
 Cheddiston,.7, 21, 24. 
 Chillesford Beds, or Clay, 5-7, 9-15, 18, 
 
 24. 
 Clarke, Kev. W. B-, 36. 
 Clay lumps, 16, 24. 
 Conglomerate of pebbles, 15, 17. 
 Consolidated sand and gravel, 21. 
 Contorted Drift, 20. 
 Cookley, 7, 21, 24. 
 Cookley Valley, 15. 
 Crag, 2-9, 12-15, 18, 22, 33, 36-39. 
 Cratfield, 2, 24. 
 Cromer Till, 18. 
 
 Dade, J., 38. 
 
 Darsham, 4, 12, 18, 21, 24. 
 
 Day, Q., 86, 87. 
 
 Decalcified Boulder Clay, see Weathered. 
 Denham, 1, 
 Dickleburgh, 25, 34. 
 Dissolving of shells, 3, 4. 
 Dovetailing of Boulder Clays, 19. 
 *Dunwich, 4-6. 
 Dunwich Valley, 5, 12. 
 
 Evans, Dr. J., 27, 30, 31. 
 *Eye, 1. 
 
 Flint Implements, 27, 28, 30, 31. 
 
 Flixton, 22. 
 
 Fossils, 3, 6, 8, 9, 15, 18, 19, 22, 28, 
 
 *Framlingham, 2, 3. 
 
 Frere, J., 27, 30. 
 
 Fre6singfield, 1, 27. 
 
 Geikie, A., Notice by, iii. 
 
 Glacial Drift, 2, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 15, 18, 
 
 34-38. See also Boulder Clay, etc. 
 Gravel, 4-23, 25, 27-29, 32-38. 
 Great Redisham, 2, 21. 
 
 Halesworth, 1, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 14, 15, 24. 
 
 Harleston, 1, 8, 17, 23, 26, 27, 35. 
 
 Haveningham, 6, 15, 18, 21. 
 
 Heights,' 2. 
 
 Holton, 7, 15, 21, 32, 33. 
 
 Homersfield, 1, 2, 32. 
 
 Hoxne, iii, 1-4, 22, 25, 27-31, 36-38. 
 
 Huntingfield, 6-21. 
 
 Ipswich Museum, 30. 
 Irbn-sahdstone, 3, 8. 
 Ironstone, 3, 7. 
 
 Kerrison, Sir E., 30. 
 
 Laxfield, 2, 24. 
 
 Legrand and Sutcliff, Messrs., 39. 
 
 Little Linstead, 2. 
 
 ♦Little Ouse, Biver, 27. 
 
 Limmer, W-» 84-36. 
 
 Loam, or Brickearth; 3, 5, 6, 8, 11, 13- 
 
 20,23,25-30,34-39. 
 London Clay, 3, 36, 39. 
 *Lopham Ford, 1, 27. 
 Lubbock, Sir J., 27. 
 
 Mendham, 16, 22, 25, 27. 
 Metfield, 1, 25, 27. 
 Middle Glacial, 21, 29. 
 
41 
 
 Miller, H., 39. 
 
 Minsmere, River and Valley, 2, 4, 5, 11, 
 
 12, 18, 21, 24. 
 Mitchell, Dr. J., 23. 
 
 Needharu, 20, 23, 25. 
 Norwich Brickearth, 14. 
 Norwich Crag, 3. 
 
 Palaeolithic Man, 27. 
 
 Palmer, D., 35, 38. 
 
 Peasenhall, 21, 24. 
 
 Pebbly Series, or Pebbly Gravel, 4-18, 
 
 24. 
 Pinnacle of consolidated sand and gravel, 
 
 21. 
 Plateau of Boulder Clay, 2, 25. 
 Post-Glacial Deposits, 2, 22, 23, 27-33. 
 Prestwich, Prof. J., 8, 11, 12, 28, 29, 32. 
 Pulhams, The, 1, 20, 26. 
 Pulham St. Mary, 35. 
 Pulham St. Mary Magdalene, 23. 
 
 Beading Beds, 3, 36, 39. 
 
 Bed Crag, 3, 39. 
 
 Beddenhall, 1, 20, 23, 26, 32, 35. 
 
 BedlingHeld, 27. 
 
 Eeid, C, iv, 17, 21-23, 30, 32, 85, 38. 
 
 Kiver Gravel, 22, 25, 32. 
 
 Bushall, 35. 
 
 St. James, Southelmham, 2. 
 
 St. Lawrence, Ilketsall, 22. 
 
 St. Margaret, Southelmham, 22, 25, 38. 
 
 Sancroft (or St. George, Southelmham), 
 
 22, 25. 
 Sand, 8-9, 11-18, 20-29, 32, 34-39. 
 *Saxmundhara, 2. 
 Shadingfield, 21. 
 Shells, see Fossils. 
 Slope of Chalk-surface, 2, 3. 
 Smith, — , 34. 
 Sotherton, 8, 21, 24, 38. 
 Southelmhams, The, 1, 25, 27. 
 *Southwold, 2. 
 Spexhall, 2, 21. 
 Spexhall Valley, 15. 
 
 Starston, 1, 20, 23, 35, 36. 
 Starston Valley, 26. 
 Stradbrook, 22. 
 Syleham, 16,25. 
 
 Terraces (of gravel, etc.), 32. 
 Thorpe Abbots, 32. 
 Thorington, 5, 13, 18, 21, 24. 
 Tilley, T., 36. 
 
 *Tivetshall St. Margaret, 1. 
 Tivetshall St. Mary, 2. 
 Tufa-pipes along rootlet-lines, 16. 
 Trail, 29. 
 
 TJbbeston, 2, 5, 21. 
 
 Valleys cut through Boulder Clay, 2. 
 
 Walpole, 6, 15, 18, 21. 
 
 Waveney, River and Valley, 1, 3, 8, 
 
 15-23, 25-27, 32. 
 Weathered, or Decalcified, or Alte: 
 
 Boulder Clay, 5, 9, 22, 24, 25. 
 Wells, 2-4, 6, 25, 34-39. 
 Wenhaston, 6, 9, 14, 15, 21, 24, 32. 
 Westhall, 2, 8, 10. 
 Westhall Valley, 8, 10, 15. 
 Westleton, 4, 5, 9, 11, 12, 38. 
 Westleton Beds, or Shingle, 5, 11, 12 
 Westwood Valley, 12. 
 Weybread, 1, 18, 19, 22, 25, 27, 32. 
 Wilby, 1. 
 Wingfield, 22. 
 Wisset, 2, 7, 21. 
 Wisset Valley, 15. 
 Withersdale, 1, 15, 16, 18, 22. 
 Wood, S. V., jun., 9, 11, 18-21, 29. 
 Woodward, H. B., 30. 
 Woodwardian Museum, 30. 
 Worlingworth, 1, 22, 25, 27. 
 
 *Yare, River, 1. 
 
 ♦Yarmouth, 1. 
 
 Yoxford, 4, 12, 18,21,24. 
 
liO M D OS : Printed by Eyre and Spottibwoodi 
 
 Printers to the Queen's most Excellent Majesty. 
 
 For Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 
 
 [6826.— 500.— 7/87.] 
 
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 BY THE FOLLOWING PUBLISHED IWAPS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 COAL-FIELDS OF ENGLAND AHD WALES. 
 
 1 Scale, one inch to a mile. 
 
 Anglesey, 78 (SW). 
 Bristol and Somerset, 19, 35. 
 Coalbrook Dale, 61 (NE & SE). 
 CU«iHiH,8S(NE, NW). - 
 
 Flintshire and Denbighshire, 7t (NE & SE), 79 (NE, SB). 
 Derby and Yorkshire, 71 (NW, NE 4SE),82 (NW &SW), 
 
 81 (NE), 87 (NE, SE), 88 (SE). 
 Forest of Dean, 43 (SE &SW). 
 SSrest of Wyre, 61 (SE), 65 (NE). 
 Janoasnire, 80 (NW),81 (NW), 89,88 (SW, NW). 
 1Eeioestershire,'7l (SW)',8S (NW). 
 
 Korthumberland & Durham, 103, U)6,106 (SE), 109(SW,SE). 
 ltifltajrordshire,7a(NW),72 (SWT,7S|NE),80 (SE),SHSW>. 
 S. Staffordshire, 54 (SW), 62 (SW). 
 Shrewsbury. -60 (NE), 61 (NW A SW). 
 South Wales, 36, 37, 88, 40, 41, 42 (SE. SW) . 
 WarwickshOT.62 (NE SE),6ii(N-W SW),js*(NB).,'iS (NW). 
 Jiorksliire, 88 (NE,SE),87 (SWJ.92 (SB),9s,(SW). 
 
 GEOLOGICAL MAPS. 
 
 Scale, six inches to a mile. 
 Hhe Coal-fields and other mineral districts of the N. of 
 England are: published on a scale of six inches to a mile, 
 - Mi 4*. to 6s. each. MS. Coloured Copies of other six-inch 
 maps, not in tet tded f or publication, are deposited for refer- 
 ence in the Geological Survey Office, 28, Jermyn Street, 
 London. 
 
 Lancashire. 
 
 Sheet. 
 
 15. Ireteth. 
 
 16. Riverstone. 
 
 17. Cartmel. 
 82. Aldingham. 
 
 47. Clitheroe. 
 
 48. Colne. 
 
 49. LaneshawBr, 
 55. Whalley. 
 66. Haggate. 
 B7. Winewall. 
 
 61. Preston. 
 
 62. Balderstone. 
 
 63. Accrington. 
 
 64. Burnley. 
 
 65. Stiperden Moor.'94. 
 39. Layland. 95. 
 
 70. Blackburn. 96. 
 
 71. Haslingden. 
 
 72. Cliviger, Bacup. 
 
 1. Byton. 
 
 2. Gateshead. 
 
 3. Jarrow. 
 
 4. S. Shields. 
 6. Greenside. 
 
 Todmorden. 
 Gnorley. , 
 Boft'on-Ie-Moors, 
 Entwistle. 
 Tottington. 
 Wardle. 
 Qvmskirk. 
 Standish. 
 Adlington. 
 Bolton-le-Moors. 
 Bury, Heywood. 
 Rochdale, See. 
 Bickerstafle. 
 Wigan. 
 
 WestHoughton. 
 Eadcliffe. 
 Middleton, 
 Prestwioh. 
 
 Durham. 
 
 6. Winlaton. 
 
 7. Washington. 
 
 8. Sunderland, 
 
 9. "" 
 
 10. Edmoudbyers. 
 
 Sheet. 
 97. Oldham. 
 100, Kinowsley. 
 ,101. Billinge. 
 
 102. Leigh, Lowten. 
 
 103. Ashley, Bccles. 
 
 104. Manchester, 
 
 Salford. 
 
 105. Ashton-under- 
 
 Lyne. 
 
 106. Liverpool. 
 
 107. Presoott, 
 
 108. St. Helen's. 
 
 109. Win wick. 
 
 111. Cheedale. 
 
 112. Stockport, 
 lis. Part of Liver- 
 pool. 
 
 11. Ebchester. 
 12: Tantoby. 
 
 15. Chester-le-St. 
 
 16. Himstanworfch. 
 
 17. Waskerley. 
 
 Sheet, 
 
 18. Muggleswick, 
 
 19. Lanchester. 
 
 Durham — continued. 
 
 Sheet. 
 
 25. Wolsingham. 
 
 26. Brancepeth. 
 
 Sheet.. 
 
 38. Maize Beck. 
 
 ,41. Cockfiep 
 20. Hetton*le-Hple. SO, Benny Seat. 42, Bp. Auckland 
 
 22. Wear Head, 
 
 23. Eastgate. 
 
 24. Stanhope. 
 
 32. White Kirkloy. 46. HswksleyHillfio. 
 S3. Hamsterley. 62. Barnard Castle. 
 84. Whitworth. 58. Winston. 
 
 Northumberland. 
 
 44. Rothbury. 
 
 45. Longframling- 
 
 ton. 
 
 46. Broomhitl. 
 
 47. Coquet Island: 
 64. Longhorsley. 
 55. TXJgham. . 
 
 66. Sruridge Bay. 
 
 63. Nethcrwitton. 
 
 64. Morpeth; 
 
 65. Newuiggin. 
 
 72. Bedlington. 
 
 73. Blyth. 
 
 80. Oramlington. 98. 
 
 81. Earsdon. 101. 
 
 82. NE.'if Gilsland,102. 
 S3. Coadley Gate. ■' 
 
 87. Heddon. , 103. 
 
 88. Long Benton: 105. 
 
 89. Tyneraoiuth. 106. 
 
 91 . Greenhead. 107. 
 
 92. Haltwliistle. 108. 
 
 93. Hayd.QiiBriage.109. 
 
 94. Hexham. -. ,110. 
 
 95. Corbridge. 111. 
 
 96. Horsley. , 112. 
 
 97. Newcastle. : 
 
 Walker. 
 
 Whitfield. 
 
 Allendale 
 
 Town. 
 Slaley. 
 Newlanda, 
 Blackpool Br. 
 Allendale. 
 Blanchland. 
 Shotleyfield. 
 Wellhope. 
 Allcuheads. 
 
 65. Searness. 
 
 66. Skidda,w. 
 
 63. ThacfttowSite. 
 
 64. Keswick. 
 
 2. Tees Head. 
 6. Dufton Fell. 
 
 ,7. Bedcar. 
 9.- — . — 
 12. Bowes. 
 18. Wyeliffe. 
 20. By the.' 
 
 24, KirkbyEavens 
 
 worth. 
 
 25. Aldborough. 
 82. Whitby. 
 
 S3. 
 
 S3. Marskc. 
 39. Eichmond. 
 
 47. Eobin Hood's 
 Bay. 
 
 53. Downholme. 
 
 68. Leyboiirne. 
 
 82, Kidstones. 
 
 81. E. Witton. 
 
 97. Foxup. 
 
 93. Kirk GUI. 
 
 99. Haden Garr. 
 100. Lofthouse. 
 116. Arncliffe. 
 
 Cumberland. 
 
 65. liockraye. 
 
 69. Buitennere 
 
 70. Qranse. 
 
 71. Helvellyn. 
 
 •Westmorland. 
 
 12. Pattordale. 25. Orasmsre. 
 18. Near Grasinere. 88. Kendai. 
 
 ■Yorkshire. 
 
 116. Oonisione 260. 
 
 Monr. 261. 
 
 133. Kirkby 262. 
 
 Mai ham. 263. 
 
 184. Dale End. SS64. 
 
 186. Kildwick. ija. 
 
 21)0. Keighley. 273. 
 
 201. Binalay. 274: 
 
 202. Calv'erley. 275. 
 
 203. Seacroff. 276. 
 
 204. Aberford. 281. 
 
 215. Peeko Well. 282. 
 
 216. Bl-ttdfofd. 283. 
 
 217. CalTOley. 
 
 218. L«erls. 284. 
 
 219. Eippax. 287. 
 
 231. Hahfajt. 288. 
 
 232. Btratol. ■ 289. 
 
 233. East Ardsley. 290. 
 
 234. Oastleford. , 203. 
 246. Huddersfield. 295. 
 247; Dewsbury. 206. 
 248. Wakefield: 
 
 24i'. Pontefradt, 209. - 
 
 250. Darrington. S00. HarthilL 
 
 74. Wastwat^r. 
 
 75, Stonetliwaite 
 Fell. 
 
 Honley. 
 
 Kirkburton. 
 
 Darton. 
 
 Hemsworth. 
 
 Campsall. 
 
 Holmin-th. 
 
 Peuistoroe. 
 
 Barnsliiy. 
 
 Darfield. 
 
 Brodsworfch. 
 
 Laugscll. 
 
 Wortley. 
 
 Watli upon 
 
 Dearna, 
 Conisborough. 
 Ijow Bradford, 
 Ecclesfield. 
 Eotherham. 
 Braithwell. 
 Hallam Moors. 
 Hands worth. 
 Laughton - en> 
 ,le-Morthen. 
 
 MINERAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Embracing tho produce of Coals, Metallic Ores, and other Minerals. By E. Hum. From 1853 to 1857, inclusive, 
 1*. 6<i. each. 1858, Part T.,ls. 6d.; PartlL, 5s. 1859,ls.6rf. 1860,3s.6d. 1861, 2s. s and Appendix, Is. 1862, 2s ed. 
 1863, 2s. M. 1864, 2*. 1866, 2s. 8d. 1866 to 1881, 2s. each. 
 
 (Thsse Statistics are no* published by the,Bom» Ojlce, as parts of the Reports of the Inspectors of Mines.) 
 
 THE IRON ORES OF GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 Bart I. The North and North Midland Counties of England {Out of print). Part II. South, Staffordshire. 
 
 -MtUl South Wales. Price Is. 3d. Part IV. The Shropshire Coal-field and North Staffordshire. ls.Sd. 
 
 •Price u. 
 

 
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