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 NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE 
 ITHACA, N. Y. 
 
.I!\^ veterinarian 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
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 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
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THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 DK. CHAS. J. KORINEK 
 
 Graduate of Ontario Veterinary College of University of Toronto. 
 
 Ex- State Veterinarian of Oregon. Ex t President 
 
 Oregon State Veterinary Medleal Board. 
 
 Hon. Member Ontario Veterinary 
 
 Medical Association 
 
 SECOND EDITION 
 Price $2.50 
 
 i-fi^nAW' 
 
^?)k^LtJAJ 2X-, 19 Si. ^ 
 
 MVi %/V 
 
 Copyrighted 1915 
 BY . 
 
 CHAS. J. KORINEK, V. S. 
 
 British Copyrights Secured 
 all rights reserved 
 
 K84' 
 
 U-' :&^f^'. 
 
 JiUf 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 THIS treatise on the diseases of domestic 
 animals has been written with the pri- 
 mary purpose of placing in the hands of 
 stock owners, a book of practical worth ; hence, 
 all technical language or terms, as used by the 
 professional veterinarian, have been eliminated 
 and only such language used as all may read and 
 understand. 
 
 The treatment suggested in each case is one I 
 have used and found efficient in my many years 
 of priactice. 
 
 If my readers will study and follow these di- 
 rections carefully, they will save themselves 
 much unnecessary loss. My confidence in 
 this accomplishment is my reward for my labor 
 in behalf of our dumb friends — the domestic 
 aniiaals. T^j, AuTHOK 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGP 
 
 Chaptee I Diseases of the Hohse . _ . 9 
 
 ^Chapter II Diseases of Cattle ' - - ' 87 
 
 "Chapter III Diseases , of Swine ... lel 
 
 Chapter IV Diseases of Sheep and Goats - 193 
 
 Chapter V Diseases of Poultry - - - 219 
 
 Chapter VI Miscbllaneolts - .... 245 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Points of Hoese - - 10 
 
 Hacenet Stallion - - ... 33 
 
 Clydesdale Stallion - 38 
 
 Arabian Hoeses - - - Si 
 
 Belgian Stallion . . - 44: 
 
 Saddle Stallion - - - - - 56 
 
 Percheeon Stallions ... 73 
 
 Points oe Daiet Cow ... 88 
 
 Daiet Heed - - - - 98 
 
 ■Galloway Bull - - 108 
 
 Jersey Cow - - 116 
 
 Hereford Bcjll 122 
 
 Guernsey Cow ' - 128 
 
 Shoethoen Bull '- 136 
 
 A.YESHIEE Cows - -, - 146 
 
 Holstein Cow 156 
 
 Points of Hog 162 
 
 Chestee Whites 170 
 
 DuROC Boar - 174 
 
 Poland China Boar - 180 
 
 Beekshiee Boar ' - 188 
 
 Points of Sheep .... - 194 
 
 Delaine Merino Eam and Ewes 200 
 
 Shropshire Eam - - ... 2O8 
 
 CoTswoLD Ewes - - - 214 
 
 White Plymouth Eocks - 220 
 
 Buff Orpington Hen - - - 226 
 
 Plymouth Eock Cock - ... 330 
 
 White Leghorn Hen - - -. - 234 
 
 Coi/XJMBLiN "Wyandotte Cock - - - 240 
 
f" ' "» III! II Illlllllllll 1 1 
 
 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiniiiiiiu 
 
 DISEASES OF THE 
 HORSE 
 
 Causes, Symptoms and 
 Treatments 
 
 ?llilllllllllillllllll[||llllllllllllllllllll[IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIII<llllllllllllllllllllllllllNlllllllllllllllllllllllU 
 
CHAPTER I 
 
 ABORTION IN MARES 
 Cause : Quality and quantity of food, poorly lighted, 
 ventilated or drained stables, mare falling or slipping, 
 sprains, kicks, hard, fast work or eating poisonous vege- 
 tation. 
 
 Symptoms: Mare will show signs of colic, the outer 
 portion of the womh will be swollen, and if the colicky 
 symptoms continue "there will be a watery discharge 
 and the membranes covering the foetus or foal will 
 become noticeable. The animal strains when lying down 
 or getting up. 
 
 Tbeatment: Place the animal in comfortable quar- 
 ters and blanket if chilly. When colicky pains are 
 present treat the same as for spasmodic colic. To stop 
 the straining and labor pains, give Tincture Opii one 
 ounce, placing in gelatin capsule and give with capsule 
 gun every two hours. One to two doses, however, are 
 generally sufficient as the mare will either abort or the 
 'dangerous period will have passed. Keep the animal 
 quiet and feed good nutritious food and pure water with 
 chill taken off in small quantities but often. Disinfect 
 the mare's quarters thoroughly. A good general tonic 
 should be used in this condition, one that will strengthen 
 and assist nature to throw off impurities from the blood, 
 such as Sodium Hyposulphite, eight ounces; Potassi 
 Ibdide, one ounce. Make into eight powders and give 
 one powder two or three times a day in drinking water. 
 
 ABSCESS 
 Cause : Bruises and injuries.. Abscesses ai;e also seen 
 in complications with various diseases, perhaps the most 
 common being distemper, laryngitis, etc. 
 
12 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 Symptoms : Symptoms will vary, of course, according 
 to the development of the disease. It may not be noticed 
 at first, but upon careful examination small tortuous 
 lines will be observed running from the point of irrita- 
 tion. In many cases a swelling is noticed which is hot, 
 painful and throbbing and enlarges rapidly. In two or 
 three days the soreness and heat gradually subside, but 
 the abscess continues to grow. The hair falls from the 
 affected parts and in a short time the abscess discharges, 
 and the cavity gradually fills up and heals by granula- 
 tion. 
 
 Treatment : In all cases hasten the repairing process 
 as much as possible by applying hot water packs or hot 
 bran, flaxseed or vegetable poultices. It is common with 
 veteriiiarians to lance an abscess as soon as possible, but 
 this requires skill and practice. I could not advise stock- 
 owners to perform this operation, as it requires exact 
 knowledge of anatomy. It will usually be found a safe 
 plan to encourage the full ripening of an abscess and 
 allow it to open of its own accord, as it will heal much 
 better and quicker and you take no chances of infection 
 with an instrument. When opened do not squeeze the 
 abscess to any extent, but press gently with clean hands 
 or cloth, to remove the clot, and after this simply keep 
 open by washing the abscess with a three per cent Car- 
 bolic Acid solution or Bichloride of Mercury, one part 
 to one thousand parts of water. When an animal has 
 abscesses it is well to give the following blood purifiers 
 or internal antiseptics: Hyposulphite of Soda, eight 
 ounces ; Potassi Iodide, one ounce. Mix well and make 
 into eight powders and give one powder twice daily in 
 drinking water, or place in gelatin capsule and admin- 
 ister with capsule gun. This prescription will prevent 
 the absorption of impurities from the abscess into the 
 blood. 
 
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 13 
 
 ANEMIA 
 
 Cause : Insufficient quality and quantity of food, in- 
 saijitary surroundings, overwork, lack of exercise, drains 
 on the system from acute or chronic diseases, worms; 
 and can also be brought about by excessive heat, cold or 
 pressure and lessening of the calibre of the arteries, 
 poisons in the blood, suppurating wounds, repeated 
 purging or bleedings. 
 
 Symptoms: The visible mucous membranes of the 
 nose, eyes and mouth are pale and sometimes have a 
 yellow appearance. There is weakness, temperature of 
 the body is lower than normal ; pulse weak, legs cold to 
 the feet, cold sweats are often present, breathing is 
 quickened, especially in its last stages, animals tire 
 easily, appetite and digestion become poor, swelling of 
 the legs and the under surface of the abdomen, sheath 
 and udder; the skin becomes rough and dry. 
 
 Treatment : Remove the cause if possible in its first 
 stages, or when first noticed. Give a physic of Calomel, 
 two scruples; Aloin, two drams; Pulv. Gentian, two 
 drams ; Ginger, two drams. Place in gelatin capsule and 
 give at one dose with capsule gun. Also, administer the 
 following': Arsenious Acid, one dram; Ferri Sulphate, 
 three ounces; Pulv. Gentian, three ounces; Pulv. Fenu- 
 greek Seed, three ounces, and Pulv. Anise Seed, three 
 ounces. Mix well and make into twenty powders. Give 
 one powder three times a day in feed, or place in gelatin 
 capsule and give with capsule gun. Endeavor to build 
 up the condition of the animal by the proper quantity 
 and quality of food. Give pure water to drink, also pro- 
 vide sanitat-y conditions, as pure air, sunlight if possible. 
 Turn out to grass when the weather is favorable. . This 
 treatment should be continued until the animal shows 
 sign of improvement. HoA\^ever, the administration of 
 physics should be given with great care so as not to pro- 
 duce superpurgation of the bowels (scours), as physics 
 in this condition would tend to weaken the animal. 
 
14 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 It is to be borne in mind that pure water and nour- 
 ishing food play a very important part in the treatment 
 of Anemia. 
 
 APHTHAE 
 
 (Sore mouth and tongue — Pustular Stomatitis) 
 
 Cause: Superficial eruptions of the mucous mem- 
 branes of the mouth and tongue. Frequently seen dur- 
 ing convalescence of intermittent fever. This condition 
 may also follow diseases of the digestive system, as In- 
 digestion, etc., due to the blood absorbing toxic materials 
 which break out in the form of pustules about the mouth 
 and the whole alimentary canal (stomach and intes- 
 tines). 
 
 Symptoms : The appetite is impaired, the mouth hot, 
 the pulse not much affected as a rule, the temperature is 
 slightly elevated, the animal is unable to masticate, and 
 small vesicles appear and eventually terminate into pus- 
 tules and burst and discharge a small amount of pus at 
 the parts where the sores are the deepest. 
 
 Teeatmeitt : Remove the > cause if possible. Feed 
 clean, soft food that is easily digested, as hot wheat bran 
 mashes and steamed rolled oats, vegetables, etc. For a 
 mouth- wash dissolve the following: One dram of Cop- 
 per Sulphate, one dram of Chlorate of Potash, one dram 
 of Boracie Acid in clean hot water, and syringe out the 
 mouth two or three times a day. To the drinking water 
 add one ounce of Hyposulphite of Soda twice a day. 
 Where the appetite is impaired, administer the follow- 
 ing : Pulv. Nux Vomica, Pulv. Gentian Root, Pulv. Iron, 
 Pulv. Nitrate of Potash each two ounces. Mix and make 
 into sixteen capsules and give one capsule three times a 
 day with capsule gun. 
 
DISEASES OF THE HOESE 15 
 
 AZOTURIA 
 
 Cause: This disease is usually diie to work after a 
 period of idleness, during which the animal has been 
 liberally fed. It is found principally among highly-fed 
 draft horses, and never in animals which are regularly 
 worked. , Light breeds of horses are also susceptible to 
 this disease. 
 
 Symptoms: Attack is sudden and usually appears 
 when the horse has traveled a short distance after hav- 
 ing been stabled for a few days. The characteristic 
 symptoms pf this disease in an animal are : Excitability 
 without apparent cause ; actions seem to indicate injury 
 of the hind quarters or loins. Animal has a peculiar 
 goose-rumped look, owing to the muscles over the 
 quarters being violently contracted, and are hard on 
 pressure. One hind limb is generally advanced in front 
 of the other, and on attempting to put weight on it, the 
 hind quarters will drop until at times the hocks almost 
 touch the ground. Sometimes a front leg is affected. 
 The breathing is hurried. Animal is bathed in sweat, 
 and is in such agony that it will seize almost anything 
 with its teeth. Although the pulse is hard and frequent, 
 the internal temperature, even in severe cases, seldom 
 rises to any marked extent. The urine is dark-red to 
 dirty-brown color. Owing to the stoppage of the worm- 
 like movement of the bowels, there is generally constipa- 
 tion and retention of the urine. Sometimes the symp- 
 toms are milder than here described. In other cases 
 the animal soon falls to the ground and continues to 
 struggle in a delirious, half -paralyzed state until he dies. 
 Sometimes this disease is mistaken for colic or acute 
 indigestion, but it can be readily distinguished by the 
 color of the urine. 
 
 Treatment: At the first symptom, stop and blanket 
 ihe animal and let stand from one to three hours. Then 
 move to the nearest shelter, keeping the animal as quiet 
 and comfortable, as possible, as excitement aggravates 
 
16 THE VETEEINARIAN 
 
 the disease. Give Aloin, two drams ; Ginger, two drams, 
 in capsule, and administer with capsule gun. Also, give 
 the following prescription: Potassi Nitrate, eight 
 ounces ; Sodii Bicarbonate, eight ounces ; Potassi Iodide, 
 one and one-half ounces. Mix well and make into thirty- 
 two powders. Give one powder in drinking water every 
 four hours, or in capsule, and give with capsule gun. 
 Injections of soap and warm water per rectum are bene- 
 ficial. Immerse a blanket in hot water and place over 
 loins, then covering with a dry blanket, or, if this is 
 impossible, apply the following liniment: Aqua Am- 
 monia Fort., two ounces ; Turpentine, two ounces ; Sweet 
 Oil, four ounces, and rub in ,like a shampoo over the 
 loins. It may be necessary to draw off the urine, which 
 is sometimes retained, and it is best to secure the services 
 of a skilled veterinarian if such is the case. Allow the 
 animal to drink often, though in small quantities, of pure 
 water with the chill taken off. If he is unable to stand 
 on his feet it is well, to turn him from side to side every 
 six hours. It is also advisable to fill bags with hay and 
 place against his shoulders to prevent him from lying 
 flat on his side, as this may cause congestion of the lungs. 
 Avoid drenching — ^it is dangerous. Should the animal 
 show signs of uneasiness, give one ounce of Potassi 
 Bromide in the drinking water every four hours until the 
 excitement has subsided. 
 
 BARRENNESS 
 (Failure to Breed) 
 
 Cause : Contraction of the neck of the womb, growths 
 on or in the ovaries, Whites or Leucorrhea. The first is 
 the only form of barrenness which responds readily to 
 treatment. 
 
 Symptoms : A mare may come in heat normally, or 
 stay in heat continually, or not come in heat at all. 
 
 Treatment: Wash the hands in some antiseptic 
 solution, such as Carbolic Acid or Bichloride of Mer- 
 
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 17 
 
 cury, and see that the finger-nails are smooth. Grease 
 the hand and arm with vaseline and proceed to dilate 
 the neck of the womb. It may be difficult at first to in- 
 sert the finger, but the opening will gradually enlarge. 
 Work slowly and carefully until three .fingers may be 
 inserted. Breeding should follow about three hours 
 after the womb has been dilated. 
 
 BLEEDING. AFTER CASTRATION 
 If bleeding is from the little artery in the back portion 
 of cord, it will generally stop of its own accord, but if 
 it should continue to bleed for thirty minutes, ,throw 
 clean, cold water against the part. 
 
 When bleeding is from the large artery in front of 
 the cord, it is considered dangerous. The artery should 
 be tied with a silk thread if possible, or twisted with a 
 pair of forceps. Occasionally the artery cannot be 
 found, in which case the hole in the scrotum shoiald be 
 plugged with a clean cloth saturated with Tincture of 
 Iron, which will clot the blood and thus close the artery. 
 
 BLOOD POISONING 
 
 (Septicaemia or Pyemia) 
 
 Cause: By the popular term, "Blood Poison," is 
 meant a state of constitutional disturbance brought on 
 by the entrance of putrid products — usually from a 
 wound — into the blood. As a rule some pressure or 
 inoculation' is necessary for the introduction of poison 
 into the circulation; hence, the necessity of free drain- 
 age and thorough disinfection of the wound, and the only 
 hopeful eases are those in which by this means the 
 supply of poison may be cut short. 
 
 Symptoms: ' It is introduced through any wound or 
 abrasion, whether due to injury, disease or by an oper- 
 ation. Signs of septic poison are heat, pain and 
 swelling. 
 
 Tbbatment: It is necessary to see that the wound 
 
18 THE VETERINAEIAN 
 
 has good drainage, and wash with Carbolic Acid, one 
 tablespoonful to one pint of distilled water or Bichlo- 
 ride of Mercury perhaps is the best in an infected wound. 
 Apply one part to one thousand parts water. Also, give 
 internally, Potassi Iodide, one ounce; Sodii Hyposul- 
 phite, eight ounces. Make into eight powders and give 
 one powder two or three times a day in their drinking 
 water or in capsule, and give with capsule gun. This is 
 an intestinal antiseptic which is very valuable in the 
 treatment of Blood Poisoning. Peed soft, laxative food 
 and green grass, if possible. i 
 
 BONE SPAVIN 
 
 Cause: Sprains of the hock from falling, slipping, 
 jumping, pulling, traveling on uneven roads, falling 
 through bridges, etc. 
 
 Since Spavin is due to causes which come into exist- 
 ence after birth, it cannot be regarded as an hereditary 
 disease. Hereditary predisposition, however, is largely 
 accountable for its appearance. In the first place, tlie 
 process of evolution in the horse, which is a single-toed 
 animal, descended from a five-toed ancestor, predisposes 
 him to suffer from union of the bones of the hock, just 
 as it predisposes him to splints. The weaker the bones 
 of the hock in comparison to the weight of the body the 
 more inclined will the animal naturally be to contract 
 Spavin. 
 
 Symptoms: Spasmodic catching up of, the spavined 
 limb, the moment the heel of the foot touches the ground, 
 something after the manner of string-halt. At times the 
 stiffness can be observed only when the animal is pushed 
 from one side of the stall to the other. Spavin may 
 often be detected when riding a horse down a steep hill 
 from the fact that he drags the toe. 
 
 The time of all others when a spavined horse will be 
 apt to show his lameness will be the day following a 
 hard day's work, and when he makes his first move from 
 
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 19 
 
 the stable in the morning is the proper moment for ex- 
 amination. Therefore, you should be prepared to form 
 judgment quickly in these cases,' for the longer the 
 animal is trotted up and down the less lame will he 
 generally become. 
 
 We may have a visible sign of Spavin, swelKng and. 
 hardness of the part, without lameness. If there be heat 
 and tenderness on pressure, lameness will almost always 
 be present. A careful comparison should be made of 
 the hocks. 
 
 Tbeatment : An important factor in treating Spavin 
 is keeping the animal quiet. This call be accomplished 
 by placing* the animal in a very narrow stall, carrying 
 his feed and drinking water for a month pr six weeks, 
 and apply the following ointment : Red Iodide of Mer- 
 cury, two I drams; Pulverized Cantharides, three drams; 
 Turpentine, thirty minims ; Pine Tar, two drams ; lard, 
 two ounces. Mix well and rub in well for twenty minutes 
 every forty-eight hours until three applications have 
 been applied. Repeat this treatment again in two weeks, 
 and grease well with lard. 
 
 To cure a bone spavin it is necessary to unite two or 
 more bones of the hock, and a fractured bone cannot' 
 unite if moved frequently. The same thing exists in 
 bone spavin as in a fractured bone, only we have no 
 ragged edges like that of a fractured bone to unite; 
 therefore, keep the animal quiet. The younger the ^ 
 animal the easier the spavin is to treat, because the bones 
 hardened with age contain more mineral matter and less 
 flexible animal matter. While treating the animal, feed 
 food that is easily digested. 
 
 BOG SPAVIN 
 Cause : Faulty conformation, slipping, falling through 
 a bridge or culvert ; large loosely built draft horses are 
 prone to this blemish. Bog Spavin is hereditary, and' 
 you should, therefore, select a good type of animal for 
 breeding purposes. 
 
20 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 Symptoms : A puffy swelling located in front and on 
 the inside of the hock, varying from the size of a walnut 
 to that of a man's fist. It very seldom causes lamenfess, 
 but is a serious disfigurement and blemish. 
 
 Treatment: Treatment is not satisfactory unless 
 taken in its first stages and when the animal is young. 
 If there is heat, pain and swelling, apply cold water or 
 ice packs until the inflammation has left the parts. Then 
 use the following prescription : Tincture of Iodine, two 
 ounces ; Gum Camphor, two ounces ; Gasolene, one pint. 
 Mix and shake well before applying with a nail or tooth 
 brush twice a week. 
 
 I may add that I have derived some wonderful results 
 in treatment of Bog Spavin with the above mentioned 
 prescription in both young and old animals, and per- 
 haps it will be well to use it on both young and old 
 animals in both acute and chronic forms of Bog Spavin. 
 
 BOTS 
 
 (Gastrophilis) 
 Effect of Bots on the Health of Horses 
 
 Although the presence of bots inside of a horse can be 
 of no possible advantage to him, their presence, when 
 in small numbers, as a rule produce very little or no ill 
 effect in the horse, but if their number be large they 
 cannot help being a source of debility and irritation. In 
 practically all cases they produce indigestion, especially 
 among young horses, also loss of condition, colic and 
 even death. 
 
 Cause : By the bot flies, which lay their e^gs during 
 the autumn on the skin and hair of the horses. These 
 eggs on becoming hatched (in from 20 to 25 days) pro- 
 duce small worms which irritate the skin by their move- 
 ments and thus cause the horse to lick them off and to 
 take them into his mouth, with the result that they gain 
 access to various parts of the intestinal canal. The bot 
 
DISEASES OF THE HOESE 21 
 
 having selected its place of residence, attaches itself to 
 the membranes lining the stomach and intestines, and 
 derives its sustenance during its stay from the wound 
 made by its hooks. In the summer the larva, after 
 living inside the horse for about ten months, quits its 
 h6ld and is expelled with the feces. Having concealed 
 itself near the surface of the ground it becomes changed 
 into a chrysalis from which the gadfly issues after an 
 inactive existence of f^-om thirty to forty days. The 
 female fly becomes impregnated, lays her eggs on those 
 parts of the horse from which they can be most easily 
 licked off, and thus completes her cycle of existence. 
 
 Symptoms : Membranes about the eyes and mouth are 
 very pale, as though the animal had lost a large quantity 
 of blood; they will also be subject to colicky attacks, hair 
 faded, dull, rough appearance, appetite poor and mani- 
 fests a pot belly. 
 
 Peevention : The best means of prevention are spray- 
 ing your horses with the following fly repellant : Crude 
 Carbolic Acid, 10% ; Oil of Tar, 25% ; Crude Oil, 65%. 
 Mix thoroughly. > This prevents the gadfly from depos- 
 iting her eggs on the animals. 
 
 Teeatment : Withhold all food for twenty-four hours, 
 then administer Oil of Turpentine, one ounce; place in 
 a gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. Follow 
 this in six hours with a physic consisting of Aloin, two 
 drams ; Ginger, two drams. Place in a gelatin capsule 
 and give with capsule gun. Repeat the above treatment 
 in a week or ten days to insure the expulsion of Bots 
 that might have escaped the first treatment. 
 
 BRONCHITIS 
 
 Cause: It may be the result of debility, constitu- 
 tional diseases, inhalation of impure air, smoke, or 
 gases. Sometimes brought on by drenching by the 
 escape of liquid into the windpipe; remember, a horse 
 cannot breathe through his mouth. It may also be 
 
22 
 
 THE VETEEINAKIAN 
 
 caused by sudden chill, foreign bodies in windpipe, micro 
 organisms, or it may be associated with influenza, glan- 
 'ders, lung fever, etc. 
 
 Symptoms: Sore throat, loss of appetite, thirst, ani- 
 mal appears dull, membranes of the mouth, eyes and 
 nose are reddened; urine is scanty and highly colored; 
 cough dry and husky. After two or three days the 
 
 Hackney Stallion :^agthokp Sdltan, First International Show. 
 Owned by Henry Fairfax of Virginia.. 
 
 cough becomes looser and. a frothy, sticky mucus of a 
 yellowish color is present. This gradually becomes pus- 
 like, after which the animal seems somewhat relieved. 
 In the first stages the pulse is soft and weak, but fre- 
 quently the temperature is high, ranging from 105° F. 
 
DISEASES OF THE HOESE 23 
 
 to 106° F.; the breathing is quick and more or less 
 difficult. 
 
 Tbeatment : Place the horse in a clean, comfortable, 
 well ventilated stall, exclude drafts, blanket if the 
 weather is chilly. Also, hand rub the legs and bandage 
 them. Inhalations from steam of hot water and Turpen- 
 tine are beneficial. Also administer Chlorate of Potassi, 
 two ounces ; Nitrate of Potash, two ounces ; Tannic Acid, 
 oi^e ounce. Mix this with a pint of. black-strap molasses 
 and give about one tablespoonful well back on the tongue 
 with a wooden paddle every six hours. In severe at- 
 tacks of Bronchitis it is well to apply a liniment consist- 
 ing of Turpentine, Aqua-Ammonia Fort., and raw Lin- 
 seed Oil, each four ounces; mix well and apply to the 
 throat and down the windpipe once or twice a day. The 
 animal should be fed on soft food, such as hot bran 
 mashes, grass, carrots, kale, apples or steamed rolled 
 oats. After the acute symptoms of the disease disap- 
 pear, give Pulverized Gentian Eoot, one ounce; Nux 
 Vomica, two ounces; Nitrate of Potash, three ounces; 
 Pulverized Fenugreek Seed, six ounces. Mix and give 
 one tablespoonful three times a day in the feed or in a 
 gelatin capsule and administer with a capsule gun. 
 
 CAPPED KNEE 
 
 Cause : Bruises from pawing or striking objects with 
 the knee, falling on the ground, etc., are perhaps the 
 most common causes. 
 
 Symptoms : It may be a simple bruise, or it may be 
 a severe wound. There is always swelling, heat and 
 pain present. The joint becomes stiff and interferes 
 with the movement of the leg. Under careful treatment 
 the swelling and enlargement disappear. 
 
 Tebatmbnt: Believe the inflammation and clean the 
 wound by fomenting with hot water, to which add a few 
 drops of Carbolic Acid. If the wound is very large, trim 
 off the ragged edges with a pair of scissors and apply 
 
24 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 the following : Boraeic Acid, two ounces ; Iodoform, one 
 ounce ; Tannic Acid, one ounce. Powder finely, mix and 
 apply two or three times a day. If the skin is not 
 broken, apply cold water or ice packs until the inflam- 
 mation has subsided; then use the following: Tincture 
 of Iodine, one ounce; Camphor, two ounces, and Gaso- 
 lene, eight ounces. Apply with nail or toothbrush every 
 thirty-six hours until the enlargement has disappeared. 
 
 CAPPED HOCK 
 
 Cause: Some horses have the habit of rubbing or 
 striking their hocks against the partition of their stalls. 
 May also be produced by kicks from other horses, or 
 hocks may be bruised by the singletree. 
 
 Symptoms : An enlargement at the point of the hock, 
 which may run up along the tendons and muscles of the 
 leg. Repeated injuries cause the hock to enlarge and 
 become flabby, and in some cases it contains a bloody 
 serum or pus. 
 
 Treatment : Do not attempt to lance the puffy swell- 
 ing on the point of the hock, as you may produce an open 
 joint, which is very difficult to treat, and chances a're 
 that you would lose the animal. 
 
 The treatment that I would recommend is to find out 
 the true cause and remove it. "When the puffy swelling 
 is swollen, hot and painful, apply cold water or ice packs. 
 When the heat and pain have subsided apply the follow- 
 ing: Tincture of Iodine, two ounces; Grum Camphor, 
 two ounces, dissolved in one pint of Gasolene. Shake 
 the contents of the bottle before using each time and 
 apply with a nail or toothbrush every forty-eight hours. 
 This is very penetrating and will remove the enlargement 
 or absorb fluids that might have accumulated from the 
 result of the bruise. 
 
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 25 
 
 CHOKING 
 
 This term applies to obstruction of the gullet as well 
 as that of the windpipe. 
 
 Cause : Too rapid eating, by which pieces of carrots 
 or other roots, or a quantity of dry food become lodged 
 in the gullet. Although obstructions of the windpipe 
 caused while drenching, or food entering t|ie lungs, will 
 kill an animal in a very short time, obstructions in the 
 gullet may not prove fatal for several days. 
 
 Treatment: No time should be lost in attempting 
 to remove the obstruction from the gullet. It may be 
 dislodged by gently manipulating the gullet. If unsuc- 
 cessful in dislodging the obstruction in this manner, 
 secure the. services of a competent veterinarian. He 
 will use a probang, an instrument made for this pur- 
 pose, or inject Sweet or Olive Oil into the gullet with 
 a hypodermic syringe, or give hypodermic injections of 
 Arecoline. In administering drenches with the object 
 of dislodging obstructions in the gullet, you must re- 
 member that the liquids used are apt to go the wrong 
 way, that is to say, enter the lungs, and give rise to lung 
 complications, as lung fever, bronchitis, etc. Obstruc- 
 tions of solid substance in the windpipe generally cause 
 death very shortly. When liquids enter the lungs, death 
 is not so apt to occur, as the animal may live several 
 days, and sometime^ even get well. They should be 
 treated the same as for lung fever. 
 
 CRACKED HEELS 
 
 Cause: There is little doubt in my mind that am- 
 monia, which is so plentifully found in ill-kept stables, 
 is the chief cause of cracked heels. The action of am- 
 monia on the skin renders it soft and pulpy, and dimin- 
 ishes its strength by separating the layers of which it 
 is composed. 
 
 Symptoms : When inflammation is set up in the part, 
 the secretion of natural oil is interfered with and cracks 
 
26 THE VETERINAEIAN 
 
 usually occur in the place where the skin becomes 
 wrinkled when the pastern joint is bent. The discharge 
 from cracked heels has an offensive smell. In early 
 stages there is extreme heat and swelling, there is pain 
 and lameness, which usually disappear as the case, 
 becomes chronic. 
 
 Treatment: Keep the affected parts clean as pos-^ 
 sible, if there is extreme inflammation present. Apply 
 hot poultice made from bran or flaxseed meal. ' When 
 the inflammation subsides, apply Zinc Ointment twice 
 daily. Before applying each application of ointment, 
 wash with Warm Water and Castile Soap. Feed carrots, 
 green grass, if possible, also hot bran mashes or steam 
 rolled oats each morning. Sometimes it is well to give 
 a physic, and I would recommend Aloin, one and one-half 
 drams ; Ginger, two drams. A physic has very good 
 effect in reducing the swelling of the legs. 
 
 COFFIN-JOINT LAMENESS 
 
 (Navicular Disease) 
 
 Cause: Driving young animals on hard roads. Al- 
 ways found in the front feet, owing no doubt to the fact 
 the front feet support largely the weight of the body. 
 
 Symptoms: The symptoms are very hard to detect. 
 As a rule the animal will point the affected foot when 
 at rest even before there is any lameness present. While 
 at work he apparently goes sound, but when placed in 
 the stable, or when stopped on hard ground, one foot 
 will be set out in front of the other and resting on the 
 toe. It will be noticed that the animal takes a few lame 
 steps and then goes well again. Again he may be lame 
 for a day, or he may leave the stable in the morning 
 apparently well and sound and go lame during the day. 
 In the course of time he will develop a severe case of 
 lameness, which may last for five or six days. These 
 spells are intermittent and finally he becomes perma- 
 
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 27 
 
 nently lame, and the more he is driven the greater the 
 lameness, and he steps short, wears the toe of the shoe, 
 stumbles, falls on his knees when the road' is rough. 
 Sometimes both front feet are affected and the shoulders 
 will be stiff. When put to work he sweats from pain; 
 there will be extreme heat about the foot, and he will 
 flinch from pressure. 
 
 Comparatively few recoveries are made from this dis- 
 ease. 
 
 Treatment: First remove the shoe. If the foot is 
 inflamed, poultice with hot bran or flaxseed meal. 
 After the inflammation disappears, clean the foot well, 
 clip the hair from around the top of the hoof and use 
 the following : Red Iodide of Mercury, two drams ; Pul- 
 verized Cantharides, four drams; Turpentine, thirty 
 drops; Lard, two ounces. Mix well and apply every 
 forty-eight hours, rubbing in well for twenty minutes 
 each time. After three or four applications have been 
 applied," turn the animal out to pasture. Repeat this 
 treatment again in a month or so. Animals affected 
 with this disease should be put to slow and easy work 
 on soft ground," and carefully shod. This disease is un- 
 satisfactorily treated and only a few cases recover when 
 the best care is taken. 
 
 CORNS 
 
 Cause: Dry feet, increased pressure from ill fitting 
 shoes, or high heeled shoes, which tend to contract the 
 heels and produce corns. Wide flat feet are predisposed 
 to bruises which terminate in corns. 
 
 Symptoms: Lameness, or as the old saying goes, 
 "The animal will go tenderf ooted. " When standing the 
 animal is generally very restless, they paw their bedding 
 behind them at fiight. Tapping or pressure on the foot 
 will assist in locating a corn. 
 
 Treatment : Discover the true cause of the corn and 
 
28 
 
 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 remove it if possible. Take away all pressure from over 
 the corn and turn the animal out in some damp pasture. 
 If this cannot be done, put on a flat "bar" shoe, packing 
 the sole of the foot with Pine Tar and Oakum ; then place 
 a leather between the foot and shoe. Repeat this appli- 
 
 Clydesdale Stallion Sik Eveeaku (5353). 
 
 Sire of Famous Baron's Pride (9122), who earned $300,000.00 in the Stud, 
 
 who Sired Baron O'Buehlyvie, who was sold for $45,000.00, the 
 
 Highest Price ever paid for a Draft Stallion'. 
 
 cation every two weeks, as this will keep the sole soft 
 and flexible, and with proper shoeing your animal will 
 be relieved of corns. 
 
 Frequently coffin-joint lameness or navicular disease 
 is mistaken for corns. 
 
DISEASES OF THE HOESE 29 
 
 CONSTIPATION 
 
 Cause: Indigestible foods, irregular feeding, lack' of, 
 or too much, exercise, insufficient secretion of digestive 
 materials, strictures, ruptures, pa:^alysis, worms, folding 
 and twisting of tlie intestines, which, frequently occurs 
 in old age. 
 
 Symptoms: The animal cannot expel the contents of 
 the intestines, which frequently causes colicky pains. 
 Death from this form of constipation is generally due 
 to rupture of the intestines, when due 'to indigestible 
 foods or irregular' feeding. Lack of, or too much,, exer- 
 cise seldom produces death, although the animal may not 
 pass any fecal matter for a week. 
 
 Treatment: Give a capsule containing Aloin, two 
 drams, and Pulverized Ginger, twO' drams, every eighteen 
 hours until the animal has a movement of the bowels. 
 Then give the following tonic : Pulverized Nux Vomica, 
 two ounces; Pulverized Gentian Eoot, two ounces; Pul- 
 verized Fenugreek Seed, four ounces. Mix well and give 
 one tablespoonful in feed three times a day. If the 
 animal refuses to eat it in the feed, place one tablespoon- 
 ful in gelatin capsule and administer with capsule gim. 
 This will stimulate the worm-like movement of the bowels 
 and strengthen the heart action. 
 
 Give the animal all the water it will drink. If the 
 water is cold, take the chill off by warming or adding 
 warm water. If the animal will eat, feed food that is 
 easily digested, such as grass, carrots, turnips, potatoes 
 and apples, but do not feed too large a quantity at one 
 time^. Hot bran mashes or steamed rolled oats are very 
 nourishing and easily digested. Eectal injections of 
 Soap and Turpentine in small quantities, added to warm 
 wat^r, are very beneficial, and I would recommend their 
 use. It is advisable to elevate the animal's hind parts 
 when giving rectal injections, as compelling the animal 
 to stand with its head lower than its hind parts will 
 cause the animal to retain the injection much longer, 
 consequently it does its intended work much better. 
 
30 THE VETEEINARIAN 
 
 If due to worms, fast the animal for twenty-four hours 
 and give Barbadoes Aloes, three drams; Calomel, one 
 dram; Ferri Sulphate, two drams; Antimony Tartrate, 
 two drams. Place in gelatin capsule and give with cap- 
 sule gun. This dose should be repeated in ten days to 
 insure the expulsion of newly hatched worms. 
 
 COLD 
 
 (Nasal Catarrh) 
 
 Cause: Atmospheric changes common in the spring 
 and fall ; animal allowed to chill when standing in a draft, 
 or driven when the system is in a poor condition. It is 
 also produced by inhaling irritating gases, smoke, 
 drenching through the nose, dusty hay or grain that 
 contains infectious matter. 
 
 Symptoms : Animal is stupid, does not take food very 
 freely, hair stands and looks dusty, throat becomes sore,, 
 pulse is not greatly affected. There may be a slight rise 
 of temperature, say 101° F. to 103° F. After a day or 
 two there will be a discharge of mucus from the nostrils 
 which may be offensive to the smell. There is generally 
 an increased flow of urine. The breathing is not much 
 affected. 
 
 Teeatmbnt : Make the animal as comfortable as pos- 
 sible by placing in a clean stall with pure air, but avoid 
 drafts. Blanket if the weather is chilly and give the fol- 
 lowing , prescription : Chloride of Potash, two ounces; 
 Nitrate of Potash, four ounces. Mix these well in a pint 
 of Pine Tar and place about one tablespoonfiil of the 
 mixture as far back on the tongue as possible every six 
 hours. Relief is very certain if this treatment is given 
 in the first stages. If not it will become chronic and ter- 
 minate into nasal gleet, or lung complications. 
 
 COUGH , 
 
 (Acute and Chronic) 
 As a cough is a symptom of various diseases^ these in 
 addition to the cough should be treated. 
 
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 31 
 
 Kinds op Cough: Many writers give several dif- 
 ferent varieties, but for sake of convenience I will divide 
 them into two forms, namely: Acute and Chronic. 
 
 Cause: Acute Coughs are generally due to sudden 
 exposure to cold, drafts and are the forerunning symptom 
 of a disease of the organs of breathing. 
 
 Chronic Coughs are associated with, and often a result 
 of, sore throat, lung fever, pleurisy, bronchitis, broken 
 wind, influenza, nasal gleet, catarrh, glanders, heaves and 
 distemper. 
 
 Tbeatment: Under each disease of which a cough is 
 a symptom, I have also prescribed to include its sup- 
 pression. The following prescription is reasonable in 
 price, yet very effective in all forms of cough: Tannic 
 Acid, one ounce ; Potassi Chlorate, four ounces ; Potassi 
 Nitrate, four ounces. Powder well and mix with Black 
 Strap Molasses, one pint; placing container retaining 
 the above in hot water assists in dissolving. When this 
 is thoroughly mixed add Pine Tar one pint, and place 
 one tablespoonful well back on the tongue with a wooden 
 paddle every three or four hours, according to the 
 severity of the cough. 
 
 Sometimes a ,liniment applied to the throat and wind- 
 pipe has a good effect, and I would recommend the fol- 
 lowing on account of its penetrating qualities: Aqua 
 Ammonia Fort., two ounces; Turpentine, two ounces; 
 Raw Linseed Oil, four ounces. Mix and apply twice 
 daily, shaking the contents of the bottle well before 
 using. 
 
 COLT CONSTIPATION 
 
 Cause: Improper digestion of its mother's milk, es- 
 pecially wh^n overheated or not allowed to nurse enough. 
 
 Symptoms : The colt appears stupid ; does not care to 
 move about, but lies flat on either side and shows signs 
 of great pain. 
 
32 THE VETEEINAEIAN 
 
 Treatment : Give two tablespoonfuls of Cascara Sa- 
 grada. Great care must be exercised in administering the 
 medicine to place it well back on tbe tongue ; do not hold 
 the nose high or some of the liquid may enter the lungs ; 
 it is much better to waste some of the medicine. One 
 of the most important factors in the treatment of Colt 
 Constipation is rectal injections ; they relieve tempera- 
 ture, gases, and pain, promoting the worm-like action 
 of the bowels and liquefying their contents. 
 
 COLT DIARRHCEA 
 
 Cause: Specific infection, the action of which is fa- 
 vored by insanitary conditions, irregular feeding, or per- 
 mitting the colt to nurse when the mother is overheated 
 or out of condition. 
 
 Symptoms: Frequent watery discharges, sometimes 
 tinged with blood, and as the disease progresses the colt 
 shows signs of great pain. If not treated promptly, the 
 disease will terminate fatally in the course of six or 
 ten days. 
 
 Teeatment: Determine the exact cause, if possible, 
 and remove it. If the colt has not been weaned, atten- 
 tion should at once be given the mare, and if anything 
 is wrong with her, it may b^ best to take the little 
 patient away from its mother and feed it on cow's milk 
 sweetened with sugar. Give two tablespoonfuls of Cas- 
 tor Oil on the tongnie ; this will remove the irritant within 
 the bowels. The following prescription is a very reli- 
 able remedy: Protan, three ounces; Pulv. Ginger, four 
 drams; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, four grains. Mix and 
 make into twelve powders; give one powder on the 
 tongue every four hours, effecting a cure within a few 
 days. Do not pull the tongue, or hold the head too high. 
 Permit the animal to swallow slowly. Eemember that 
 sanitary surroundings are essential in the treatment of 
 all diseases. 
 
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 33 
 
 CURB 
 
 Cause: Faulty conformation of the hind legs; that 
 is to say, if an animal has crooked legs, a slight sprain 
 from slipping or jumping will produce Curb. In cases 
 where an animal has well proportioned limbs, and is 
 aflBicted with Curb, it is caused by a rupture of the small 
 ligament or cord situated just back of the hock. 
 
 Symptoms: A swelling will be noticed on the back 
 part of the hock. At first the animal is' lame and the 
 enlargement is hot and painful. After a few days' rest 
 the inflammation will partially subside and the enlarge- 
 ment can be plainly seen. When the animal is walked 
 about he may.be very lame at the start, but this will dis- 
 appear as he is moved. 
 
 Teeatment : When the Curb is hot and painful, it is 
 well to apply ice packs or cold water to the part. When 
 the inflammation subsides, apply Red Iodide of Mercury, 
 two drams ; Ilard, two ounces. Mix and rub in well for 
 twenty minutes; repeat every forty-eight hours until 
 three applications are applied. If the Curb is of long 
 standing it is more difficult to treat, in which case the 
 above treatment should be repeated again in two or three 
 months. Do not use the animal in drawing heavy loads, 
 or drive on slippery roads, for six months. Give the 
 blister time to strengthen the ruptured tendons. A high- 
 heeled shoe is often valuable in relieving tendons of . 
 
 their tension. <- 
 
 DIARRHCEA 
 
 Cause : Sudden change of food, frozen food, soft food, 
 unwholesome food, stagnant water, or drinking large 
 quantities of water at one time, purgative medicines, or 
 it may be associated with blood diseases, lung and in- , 
 testinal affections, or produced by micro-organisms. 
 Many horses, particularly slack loined, slight, "washy" 
 animals, purge if worked or excited, as may be observed 
 among race horses when taken to a race course. Diar- 
 rhoea may also be due to worms, or it may be merely 
 
34 
 
 THE VETEEINAEIAN 
 
 
DISEASES OF THE HOESE 35 
 
 an effort on the part of nature to e?:pel some irritant 
 matter from tke bowels or from the blood, in which case 
 it should on no account be prematurely checked. 
 
 Symptoms: Frequent loose evacuations of the intes- 
 tines, with or without pronounced abdominar pain ; gen- 
 erally, loss of appetite, animal looks gaunt and the hair 
 rough. 
 
 Tkeatment: Kjeep the animal quiet, comfortably 
 stabled and warmly blanketed. Give pure water to 
 drink, often, but in small quantities.. If the animal will 
 eat, feed moderately on clean food, as rolled oats and 
 dry bran. Also, give the following prescription: Pro- 
 tan, three ounces; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, ten grains; 
 Creosote, one dram ; Powdered Ginger, two ounces ; Pow- 
 dered Gum Catechu, six drams; Powdered Gum Cam- 
 phor, one-half dram. Mix and make eight powders. 
 Place one powder in gelatin capsule and give with cap- 
 sule gun, or the same sized dose dissolved in a pint of 
 water and used as a drench. However, be very careful 
 when drenching an animal. It is dangerous. This pre- 
 scription will not only check the diarrhoea, but will tone 
 the muscular fibres of the intestines which aid in throw- 
 ing off these irritant matters from the system. If the 
 horse shows colicky pains, administer the same treat- 
 ment a^ that recommended for colic. ^ It is well to give 
 the following treatment in the convalescing stages of 
 diarrhoea: Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces; Ferri Sul- 
 phate, four ounces ; Pulv. Nux Vomiqa, four ounces ; Pulv. 
 Fenugreek Seed, eight ounces. Mix and give one heap- 
 ing tablespoonful three times daily in feed. This facili- 
 tates digestion by stimulating the flow of gastric juices. 
 
 DISTEMPER 
 
 Cause : Distemper is placed among the germ diseases, 
 
 and is produced by the Streptococcus of Schutz. It is 
 
 contagious and a number of animals in the same stable 
 
 may become affectejl at the same time. It is supposed 
 
36 THE VETERINAEIAN 
 
 to attack an animal but once, but it may be contracted a 
 second time. May occur at any time of the year. 
 
 Symptoms: The animal will first appear dull, and 
 show loss of appetite, and the hair will look dull and 
 rough. There will be a watery discharge from the nose, 
 and in a day or so a lump will appear between the jaws ; 
 the animal keeps his head in a peculiar position ; saliva 
 runs from its mouth ; the pulse will be a little faster than 
 normal. The breathing will become more rapid and the 
 lump between the jaws will get larger. This lump, or 
 tumor, may form in other parts of the body, on the 
 shoulder, in the groin, lungs or intestines. It usually 
 causes death if it cannot be absorbed. This is called 
 irregular distemper. A determined effort should be 
 made to draw the lump, or tumor, to a head as soon as 
 possible. 
 
 Treatment: Place the horse in a clean, well-ven- 
 tilated and lighted stall, excluding all drafts, blanket the 
 animal, hand rub the legs and bandage them ; give inha- 
 lations of steam from Hot Water and Turpentine. A 
 good method for heating water for this purpose is to. 
 place hot stones or bricks in the water and Turpentine. 
 This will relieve the hard breathing. Eemember a horse 
 cannot breathe through his mouth, therefore, liquid 
 drenches are dangerous. A paste made 'from Potassi 
 Chlorate, two ounces ; Potassi Nitrate, two^ ounces, dis- 
 solved in a pint of warm molasses and given well back 
 on the tongue in tablespoonful doses every two or three 
 hours is very beneficial. A liniment made from equal 
 parts of Aqua Ammonia Fort., Turpentine and Sweet Oil 
 should be applied every morning over the enlargement 
 that appears in the region of the throat. If the enlarge- 
 ment fails to come to a head, secure the services of an 
 accomplished veterinarian, who will use a clean instru- 
 ment for lancing purposes. 
 
 After an attack of distemper your l^orse is generally 
 run down in condition. Give the following: Potassi 
 
DISEASES OF THE HOESE 37 
 
 Nitrate, four ounces ; Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces ; 
 Pulv. Anise Seed, eight ounces. Make into thirty-two 
 powders and give one powder three times daily in feed. 
 
 DROPSY 
 
 (Of the Belly, Chest, Sheath, Udder and Legs) 
 
 Cause: Poor circulation; kidneys not working prop- 
 erly; lack of exercise; diseases of the lungs, liver, heart, 
 -womb or sheath. Mares heavy with foal often have 
 dropsical swellings. 
 
 Symptoms: Swelling seldom contains fluid, although 
 sometimes a sticky serum oozes through the skin; fin- 
 gers pressed against the swollen parts leave impressions. 
 
 Tebatment: Avoid giving physics in this condition 
 ■when possible, especially to mares with foal. Feed laxa- 
 tive food, as hot bran mashes, green grass, carrots, pota- 
 toes, etc.; also the following mixture: Potassi Iodide, 
 two ounces ; Potassi Nitrate, four ounces ; Chloride of 
 Potash, two ounces. Mix and make into sixteen powders. 
 Place one powder in their drinking water three times a 
 day. Exercise the animal as much as possible and you 
 wall derive go'od results from this treatment within a 
 week or so. 
 
 I may add that in the above affection it is a bad prac- 
 tice to apply hot applications, as the chances are it would 
 produce a sloughing of the skin. 
 
 ECZEMA 
 Cause: Anything that interferes with the healthy 
 action of the skin, as checked swea,ting, irritation from 
 dirty blankets or harness, or from accumulation of dirt 
 on the skin through want of grooming, errors in feed- 
 ing, overheat, or by infection. In some cases the cause 
 seems to be constitutional ; in others, local. Though the 
 disease is not parasitic in character, it is probable that 
 when once contracted the diseased parts may be become 
 infected. 
 
38 THE VETEEINAEIAN 
 
 Symptoms: Slight dryness and eruptions that may- 
 affect the head, ears, neck, shoulders, flanks, inside of 
 thighs and root of the tail, followed by vesicles or pim- 
 ples which burst and discharge, or the contents may be 
 absorbed. The animal will rub against the stall, manger, 
 or any other object he can reach, until the parts are very 
 sore, or if worked, he will rub himself violently, when 
 unharnessed. 
 
 Treatment: Give Fowler's Solution of Arsenic, one 
 tablespoonful morning and night on their feed ; also give 
 a physic consisting of two drams of Aloin and two drams , 
 of Pulverized Ginger in gelatin capsule. Give at one 
 dose. One physic is all that is necessary to. cool out the 
 blood, which will assist materially in treating Eczema. 
 Also, apply Zinc Ointinent twice daily over the vesicles 
 or pimples which will appear on the skin. Also, feed 
 easily digested food if possible, such as carrots, apples, 
 grass, hot bran mashes and steamed rolled oats, and keep 
 the animal clean and groom carefully with clean combs 
 
 and brushes. 
 
 EYE DISEASES 
 
 Conjunctivitis, or Inflammation of the superficial 
 structure of the eye. 
 
 Cause : Direct or indirect injury to the eye, as a blow 
 from a whip, dust, sand or chaff in the eye, or it may be 
 due to extreme cold, heat, or foul air. 
 
 Inflammation of the Membrane of Nictitans 
 
 The membrane of nictation is an accessory eyelid 
 common to all domestic animals, the purpose of which 
 is to remove foreign substances from the eye in much. 
 the same manner as we use the hand. 
 
 Symptoms: Conjunctivitis and inflammation of the 
 membranes of nictitans are very much the same. A par- 
 tial or complete closure of the eye, and a watery dis; 
 charge due to overstimulation of the lachrymal glands,' 
 the fluid being secreted so abundantly that it is impos- 
 
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 39 
 
 sible for the tear duct to carry it away ; hence, there will 
 be a continuous overflow of tears down the horse's face. 
 The formation of a film or scum over the eye need not 
 cause alarm if the eye shows no sign of puncture. 
 
 Treatment: Examine the eye carefully and remove 
 any foreign body with clean cloth or feather and apply 
 the following : Yellow Oxide of Mercury, three grains ; 
 Lanolin, one ounce. Mix well together and apply to the 
 eye three or four times daily. Avoid the use of liquid 
 medicines, as they are hard to apply, and the animal 
 throws them out by shaking the head. 
 
 FISTULOUS WITHERS 
 
 Cause : . Fistulous "Withers are seen mostly in horses 
 that have a thick neck as well as those that are very 
 high in the withers, or among saddle horses, those that 
 are very low on the withers, the saddle here riding 
 foj^ward and bruising the parts. They are often caused 
 by ill-fitting collars or saddles, by direct injury from 
 blows, and from the horse rolling upon rough, sharp 
 stones. In this location, the ulcer of the skin or a sim- 
 ple abscess, if not properly and punctually treated, may 
 terminate into Fistula. The pus burrows and finds 
 lodgment deep down between the muscles, and escapes 
 only when the sinuses become surcharged when, during 
 motion of the muscles, the pus is forced to the surface. 
 
 Symptoms: These of course will vary according to 
 the progress made by the Fistula. Following an injury 
 we may often notice soreness or stiffness of the front 
 legs, and upon careful examination of the withers we 
 will see small tortuous lines running from the point of 
 irritation downwards and backwards over the region of 
 the shoulder. "The stiffness of the limbs may disappear 
 at this time, and heat and soreness of the parts may be- 
 come less noticeable, but the swelling of the shoulders 
 continues to enlarge. The swelling may often have the 
 form of a running ulcer, or its contents may dry up and 
 
40 THE VETEEINARIAN 
 
 leave a, tumor, which gradually develops the common 
 characteristic of a fistulous tumor. - "When the enlarge- 
 ment has an opening, we should carefully examine the 
 pus cavity, as upon this condition will wholly depend our 
 treatment. 
 
 Treatment : Keep the animal as quiet as possible, as 
 any movements of the limbs cause the pus to spread 
 between the lines of the muscles and form larger ab- 
 scesses or tumors. When the bone becomes diseased, it 
 is very difficult to effect a cure, especially where the pus 
 burrows back of the Scapula (Shoulder Blade). In case 
 the abscess is newly formed, and close to the surface,, 
 syringing out with a solution made from Bichloride of 
 Mercury, five grains to one ounce of water, generally 
 causes the white fibrous tissue to slough away and the 
 parts to heal rapidly. If the abscess is deep, and the 
 bones become diseased, the pus will have a very offensive 
 odor, and I would recommend the services of a compe- 
 tent Veterinarian to remove all disjeased portions of 
 
 bone or muscle. 
 
 FILARIAE 
 (Thread-like Worm) 
 
 Cause : Drinking stagnant water, or eating hay gath- 
 ered from swamps or marshy land. When full grown, 
 the worm measures from two to six inches in length ; the 
 tail is more or less curved. They are found in the lung 
 cavity, the heart sac, and' the intestinal cavity, from' 
 which they sometimes descend into the sac containing i| 
 the testicles. Animals said to have a snake in the eye--' 
 have been exhibited as curiosities ; in all cases the simu- 
 lated snake was nothing more than the Filariae. 
 
 Symptoms: Colicky spells; poor appetite, indiges- 
 tion, pot-belly, rough coat; swelling of the sheath, legs, 
 and the lower surface of the belly. 
 
 Treatment: Prevention is the only treatment, for 
 when the worms once enter the digestive ' canal, it is 
 impossible to remove them. 
 
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 41 
 
 FOUNDER 
 
 Cause: Overeating or drinking— in fact, any irrita- 
 tion of the stomach or intestines is liable to be followed 
 by Founder, owing to the similarity in the sensitive 
 structure of the foot, skin, and mucous membranes. 
 Horses with weak feet are predisposed to Founder, but 
 it may also occur in strong-footed animals. Founder is 
 also produced by driving an animal on a hot summer day 
 and then placing in the stable where th« sweat is sud- 
 denly checked by drafts, etc. 
 
 Symptoms : The Ifbrse is stiff, and moves with great 
 difficulty; he will generally, though not always, remain 
 standing. Throws weight upon the heel of the foot to 
 relieve the toe, and if an effort is made to back him he 
 will drag his feet. ^Excessive heat is present at the top 
 of the hoof, and a throbbing of the arteries may be felt. 
 When the fore feet only are affected, the horse will re-^ 
 lieve them of as much weight as possible when walking 
 by placing the hind feet T^ell under the body, which 
 results in a peculiar jumping motion. Founder may oc- 
 cur in all four feet, but the fore feet are more often 
 affected than the hind ones. Mares sometimes founder 
 after giving birth to a colt, due to inflammation of the 
 womb ; symptoms correspond to those of common Foun- 
 der. Founder may be mistaken for disease of the lungs 
 or kidneys, owing to the standing position and arched 
 back. Veterinarians have been known to mistake it for 
 ,lung fever; the services of such men are dangerous and 
 should be avoided. 
 
 Tbbatment : In all cases of Founder, administer Po- 
 tassi Iodide, one ounce ; Soda Bicarbonate, four ounces ; 
 Potassi Nitrate, four ounces. Mix and give one table- 
 spoonful in drinking water every six hours. If the 
 animal will not take it in its water, place in gelatin cap- 
 sule and give with capsule gun. 
 
 Find out the true cause of the disease, if possible, and 
 perhaps a physic will be indicated, containing Aloin, 
 
42 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 two drams; Ginger, two drams; place it in a capsule 
 and give with, capsule gun. If desired results are not 
 obtained in eighteen hours, repeat the dose until there 
 is an action of the bowels. Founder following excessive 
 irritation of the stomach and intestines, or mares heavy 
 with foal, should not receive physics. Feed food that 
 is easily digested, as carrots, kale, apples, potatoes, hot 
 bran mashes, or steamed rolled oats, etc. 
 
 It is well to elevate the hind quarters and give rectal 
 injections of Warm Water and Grlycerinel Stand in 
 mud or water, or apply bags containing mud, bran or 
 ice; in fact, anything that will have a cool, moist effect 
 on the feet. 
 
 After the inflammation of the feet has subsided, and 
 the animal walks fairly well, you should apply a blister 
 containing Red Iodide of Me|rcury, two drams ; Lard, two 
 ounces, around the top of the hoofs, and rub in well 
 twice forty-eight hours apart. In some cases of Foun- 
 der it is recommended to bleed the animal in the foot. 
 If this is attempted, good disinfectants should be used, 
 as lock-jaw might follow. 
 
 GALLS 
 
 Cause: Injuries from ill-fitting collars, saddles, har- 
 ness, hobbles and scalping-boots. 
 
 Teeatment : Remove the cause. Never wash a Gall 
 with water, as this prevents its healing, nor use oils or 
 salves, as they accumulate dirt, dust and germs, which 
 may cause infection. The following application makes, 
 a very valuable dressing for Galls: Boracic Acid, one 
 ounce; Corn Starch, one ounce; Tannic Acid, one-half 
 ounce ; Iodoform, one dram. Powder finely and place in 
 sifter-top can. Dust on Gall before going to work and 
 on retiring., This heals i and refreshes the Galls and 
 wounds by forming a smooth surface over the part, which 
 permits it to heal while the horse works. 
 
DISEASES OF THE HOESE 43 
 
 GREASE HEEL 
 
 Cause : Parasitic fungi invading cracked heels. 
 
 Symptoms : Offensive discharge from the glands un- 
 ier the skii^, knd if not properly treated, red spots will 
 appear, and the yellow discharge will form a hard crust 
 sticking to the roots of the hair. 
 
 ^ Treatment: Cleanliness is one of the most impor- 
 tant measures. Also, good nourishing food. If the skin 
 is swollen and tender, poultice with hot Flaxseed Meal or 
 bran. After the swelling and tenderness have abated, 
 wash well with good Castile Soap and Warm Water. 
 Dry with clean cloth and apply the following mixture : 
 Calomel, one dram ; Iodoform, one dram ; Boracic Acid, 
 one ounce. Mix well and apply two to three times a day. 
 Feed green grass, carrots, kale, apples, or potatoes if 
 possible, also feed hot bran mashes. In all ceases of 
 Grease Heel give the following physic: Aloin, two 
 drams ; Pulv. Ginger, two drams. Place in a capsule and 
 give with capsule gun. A physic has a very good effect 
 on the blood, which assists materially in healing the 
 cracks and nodules that appear in Grease Heel. 
 
 GLANDERS OR FARCY 
 
 Cause: Due to a specific germ called the Bacillus 
 Malleii, or Bacillus of Glanders. Glanders, or Farcy, is 
 very contagious, and is transmissible to man as well as 
 animals. Cattle and sheep alone are immune. The dis- 
 ease may be contracted at watering troughs, stables, 
 horseshoeing shops, in boats, trains and by harness, bits, 
 curry combs, bedding, pails, etc., as well as by direct con- 
 tact with a diseased animal. 
 
 Symptoms : Animal does not thrive although the ap- 
 petite is good at times; loss of flesh, and is subject to 
 sweats, the hair looks rough, the temperature increasing 
 slightly, perhaps two degrees, a cough is generally 
 present. Legs and abdomen are swollen; discharge 
 from the nose, sometimes tinged with blood and very 
 
44 
 
 THE VETERINAEIAN 
 
 sticky, the membranes of the nose look dusty, and ulcers 
 or spots are visible if closely examined. The glands 
 under the back of the ears' and between the jaws are 
 hard, lumpy and swollen. 
 
 In addition to the above symptoms, Farcy affects the 
 skin by producing swellings, or nodules, varying from 
 
 Belgian Stallion Belvedere, Fiest Prize Winner. 
 Owned by Crawford & Griffin, Newton, Iowa. 
 
 the size of a pea to that of a hickory nut (called Farcy 
 buds, or Farcy buttons), which are found inside of the 
 hind legs under the abdemen, on the side of the chest, 
 shoulder and neck, also around the nose, lips and face. 
 Generally there is a discharge of greenish-yellow pus,' 
 which is very sticky. 
 
DISEASES OF THE HOESE i 45 
 
 Glanders, or Fai^ey, may be mistaken for nasal catarrh, 
 nasal gleet, ulcerated teeth, nettle rash, lymphangitis, 
 distemper, etc. Fortunately, this dreaded disease is not 
 very prevalent in this country, as every precaution has 
 been taken to stamp it out. 
 
 No Treatment : If at any time you have reason to/ 
 think one of your animals has the disease, or even a 
 neighbor's, or a transient horse, exhibits the symptoms, 
 it is your duty to report the fact to the State Veterina- 
 rian at once. You will do this if you have your own 
 welfare and that of your neighborhood at heart, 
 
 HEAVES 
 
 (Emphysema of the Lungs) 
 Cause: Fast or heavy work. It may follow Lung 
 ■ Fever or Pleurisy, or the animal may inherit weakness 
 in the walls of the air-cells of the lungs. A very com- 
 mon cause is feeding dusty or dirty hay, or bulky food. 
 Horses that are accustomed to eating ravenously are 
 often victims of Heaves. 
 
 Symptoms: Disease may develop slowly or rapidly. 
 When the animal is at rest, the air is taken into the lungs 
 in a more or less normal manner, but is expelled by two 
 distinct efforts, the abdominal muscles aiding the lungs 
 in expiration, as may be seen by the heaving of the 
 flank ; the* movement of the ribs in breathing is scarcely 
 noticeable in a heavy horse. A healthy animal, when at 
 rest, will throw the air from the lungs in a single, effort. 
 The difficulty in breathing is constant and increases in 
 proportion to the amount of food in the stomach and 
 intestines. At the beginning of the attack there is a 
 spasmodic cough, which is more or less intermittent; 
 this develops later into a short, weak, suppressed cough, 
 as if the animal lacked strength in his chest to expel 'a 
 full breath, often accompanied by expulsion of wind 
 from the anus, which is somewhat protruded. 
 
 Treatment : Feed good, nourishing food, but nothing 
 
46 THE VETERINAEIAN 
 
 that is of a bulky nature. Feed more grain and less 
 hay, which should be dampened with water if dtisty. Do 
 not feed dusty, musty or bulky food, but give plenty of 
 potatoes, apples, kale and green grass. Have your drug- 
 gjist make you up one quart of Fowler's Solution of 
 Arsenic, omitting the Tincture of Lavender. This is 
 soothing to the organs of breathing, and should be given 
 two tablespoonfuls three times a day on the feed. After 
 a week or ten days you might increase the dose slightly. 
 Although this will make the horse work much better, do 
 not give it with the hope of effecting a complete cure, 
 as very few cases recover fully from this disease. ' 
 
 HORSE DENTISTRY 
 
 This is a very important branch of Veterinary Science, 
 although, if I were to go into detail on the subject, it 
 would require the writing of an individual volume. This 
 science requires considerable practice. The price of spe- 
 cial' costly instruments would prohibit the average stock- 
 man from doing his own dentistry. 
 
 My advice is to secure nothing but the services of a 
 qualified Veterinarian, who has had privileges of a thor- 
 ough knowledge of Veterinary Science. 
 
 The art of animal dentistry has been abused by the 
 owners of stock allowing the services of irresponsible 
 men in the veterinary profession, who do not look to the 
 betterment of the animal's condition. The owner of the 
 animal, not being able to see the condition of the animal's 
 teeth for himself, is persuaded into having the animal's 
 teeth worked on regardless of whether it is needed or 
 not. The quack or transient Veterinarian will pull and 
 crack healthy, sound teeth, and also lacerate the poor 
 animal's mouth. Be sure the Veterinarian employed for 
 this purpose is competent. 
 
DISEASES OF THE HOESE 47 
 
 I 
 
 INFLUENZA 
 (Pink Eye — Epizootic Catarrh) 
 
 Cause: Influenza is a specific and infectious fever, 
 which shows a marked tendency to rapidly spread over a 
 large area of country. It generally appears suddenly, 
 without preliminary symptoms, and may become fully 
 developed in twenty-four hours. - 
 
 Symptoms: The usual symptoms are those of Ca- 
 tarrh, although the bowels, lungs and brain complica- 
 tions may be present, either singly or combined. It 
 always gives rise to great weakness. The distinguish- 
 ing , characteristics of Influenza from Distemper, Sore 
 Throat, and other diseases affecting the organs of 
 breathing, are the suddenness of the attack, rise of tem- 
 perature, varying from 103° F. to 106° F., pulse feeble 
 and fast, and a pinkish, swollen appearance of the in- 
 side of the eyelids. The animal is dull, in some cases 
 almost unconscious. Sometimes the legs are very stiff 
 and swollen, and there is great difficulty in moving about. 
 
 Teeatment : Place the affected animal in a clean, well 
 ventilated stall, avoid drafts, give pure water to drink 
 with chill taken off, in small quantities but often. 
 Blanket if the weather is chilly, hand rub the legs and 
 bandage, give Quinine, two drams, in a gelatin capsule 
 with capsule gun every four hours. In addition to the 
 above, administer the treatment recommended for Acute 
 and Chronic Coughs. 
 
 Feed good, nutritious food that has a laxative effect 
 on the bowels, as it is dangerous to give horses physic 
 with this disease. Hot bran mashes, steamed rolled pats 
 and vegetables are very beneficial. 
 
 LAMPAS 
 
 Cause : In young horses it is commonly caused by cut- 
 ting teeth. In older animals it is usually due to indi- 
 gestion. 
 
 Symptoms: A puffy swelling and redness of the 
 gums. The animal toay have difficulty in eating. 
 
48 THE VETERINAEIAN 
 
 Teeatment: In young animals, wben cutting teeth, 
 let nature take its course, but when an animal is five 
 years or over, place two drams of Aloin, and two drams 
 of Pulv. Ginger, in a gelatin capsule and administer with 
 capsule gun. Then tone up the digestive organs by mix- 
 ing one ounce of Pulv. Gentian Eoot, one ounce of Pulv. 
 Nux Vomica, four ounces of Bicarbonate of Soda. Make 
 into eight powders and give one powder in feed twice 
 daily, or place in gelatin capsule and administer with 
 capsule gun. 
 
 LEECHES 
 
 (Hcemopis) 
 
 The leeches which suck the blood of the horse may be 
 divided into two classes, the external parasites which 
 attach themselves to the skin of the legs and adjacent 
 parts of the horse, and the Hsemopis Sanguisuga, and 
 others of this class, which, not being able to penetrate 
 the skin, endeavor to enter the mouth or nostrils of the 
 horse when he is drinking or grazing in wet and 
 leech-infected pastures. They sometimes cling to the 
 mucous membrane of the eyes. The hqrse leech, which 
 Jives in the water, usually gains access to the mouth and 
 nostrils of the animal, when young and not more than 
 one-tenth of an inch long. They rarely go beyond the 
 air and food passages, generally fastening themselves 
 to the walls of the windpipe and gullet, where they cling 
 till the animal dies from loss of blood or suffocation. 
 They often cause bleeding from the mouth and nostrils, 
 and may be seen by close examination. 
 
 Teeatmeht : Endeavor to build up the condition of 
 the animal with suitable food. Also feed liberal quan- 
 tities of stock salt. Where 'the leeches cling tightly to 
 the mucous membranes of the mouth and nostrils, it is 
 well to cause the horse to inhale the vapor from hot 
 water containing turpentine. 
 
DISEASES OF THE HOESE 49 
 
 LOCK-JAW 
 
 (Tetanus) 
 
 Cause : The bacilli of Tetanus are widely distributed 
 and can be found in practically every part of the globe. 
 Their favorite place of production, however, is in barn 
 yards and marshy ground. They are frequently swal- 
 lowed by stock along with forage, and can often be found 
 in recently expelled feces. The most favorable temper- 
 ature for their development is about 70° F. They act 
 by means of extremely virulent poisons which they pro- 
 duce, and which causes the terrible symptoms that are 
 characteristic of the disease. 
 
 Symptoms: The muscles of expression are usually 
 the first brought under the continual spasm of tetanus, 
 and when thus affected give the face of the animal a 
 pinched and drawn-in appearance. The other muscles 
 of the head and those of the neck are next attacked. The 
 mouth is closed, the nose poked out, the head elevated. 
 The muscles of breathing, and those of the limbs, be- 
 come contracted so that the neck is hollowed, and the 
 tail is raised, the horse stands with outstretched limbs. 
 The animal shows great stiffness or rigidity in attempted 
 movements. The eyes are sunken, and when startled 
 or excited, the breathing is quickened and the flanks 
 have a wrinkled or corrugated appearance. Death piay 
 quickly occur from continuous spasms of the muscles of 
 the throat. Another sign is the flying up of the accessory 
 eyelid when the animal is excited. 
 
 Tkeatment : If noticed in its first stages, and if the 
 animal is able to eat, secure the services of an accom- 
 plished Veterinarian and insist on the use of fresh vac- 
 cine. This disease is almost impossible to cure, and 
 about ninety per cent die. 
 
50 THE yETEEINARIAN 
 
 LUNG FEVER 
 
 (Pneumonia) 
 
 Cause : Predisposition is largely accountable for this 
 disease, wMcli is more common to young horses than 
 old; also, changes of temperature, introduction of for- 
 eign bodies or liquids into the trachea (windpipe) and 
 the bronchial tubes, inhalation of smoke or irritating 
 gases, excitement, exposure to cold after clipping, turn- 
 ing out to pasture from a warm stable, or injury to chest 
 or ribs from being struck with a pole, etc. 
 
 Symptoms : Dullness in spirit ; animal usually shivers 
 or trembles; when this ceases the temperature rises to 
 perhaps 103° to 106° F., pulse increases to sixty or 
 ninety per minute, full and bounding; breathing short 
 and labored and abnormally quick, increasing to per- 
 haps fifty inspirations per minute, whereas in health it 
 does not exceed twelve or thirteen per minute. A cough 
 is also likely to be present, and the animals remain stand- 
 ing until they are on the road to recovery, or until death 
 takes place. Other symptoms are constipation, feces 
 covered with mucus or slime ; urination frequent, scanty 
 and dark in color ; appetite poor, but thirst great ; the 
 eyes look glassy and the membranes have an inflamed 
 appearance. It is a good sign if the animal looks about 
 freely. When the critical stage is past the temperature 
 and pulse gradually fall, the appetite returns and the 
 urine becomes more abundant, and takes on its natural 
 color, the cough loosens, and the discharge from the 
 lungs is profuse, and of a yellowish color, and the 
 breathing becomes normal. 
 
 TfeEATMENT: Good carc is of the utmost importance. 
 I'lac^Jythe horse in a comfortable, well ventilated stall, 
 being 'tJa^^ful to exclude drafts. Hand rub and bandage 
 the legs with "woolen cloth. Blanket the animal, give 
 plen'ty.of'bed^ng ^nd keep pure water before him at 
 all times,. Iriterngily ^administer Quinine, two ounces; 
 Iodide- ot" Ammoiiia;' two' ounces ; Ammonia Bicarbonate, 
 
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 51 
 
 two ounces. Mix well and make into sixteen powders. 
 Place powder in gelatin capsule and give with capsule 
 gun every four hours. It is quite necessary that the 
 above remedy should be placed in capsule, as drugs of 
 this nature tend to irritate the throat. Do not give 
 physics, as it is much safer to give laxative food, as hot 
 bran mashes, steam rolled oats or some vegetables, in 
 fact anything the animal will eat, i. e., that has food 
 values. It is advisable to apply over the chest the fol- 
 lowing liniment; Aqua Ammonia Fort., four ounces; 
 Turpentine, four ounces ; Eaw Linseed Oil, four ounces. 
 Mix and shake well before applying each time over the 
 chest cavity. 
 
 In case the animal is constipated, give rectal injec- 
 tions of soap and warm water containing a few drops of 
 
 Turpentine. 
 
 MANGE 
 (Scabies) 
 
 Cause: Mange is a contagious disease, produced by 
 the presence of a small parasite that varies in length 
 from a fiftieth to a hundredth of an inch, according to 
 the species, of which there are three : Sarcoptes, which 
 generally affects the withers; Symbiotes Communis, af- 
 fecting the legs, and the Psoroptes Communis, which 
 affects horses about the root of the tail and mane. The 
 latter is the one most commonly found affecting horses. 
 They multiply rapidly and are spread from diseased to 
 healthy hqrses by their bodies coming in contact with 
 one another, or by corrals, stables, railroad cars, etc., 
 recently occupied by mangy horses. 
 
 Symptoms : The mange mite attacks the skin _ 
 duces a thickness of its outer surface, coverji 
 crusts and scabs, with a consequent 
 tense itching accompanies the 
 horses continually bite and rub 
 
 Psoroptic Mange commences^ 
 or at the roots of the mane 
 
52 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 gradually spreads over the back, up to the head, over 
 the sides, and finally affects the entire body. In cases of 
 long standing the skin becomes ulcerated, the animal 
 becomes greatly weakened, emaciated and finally dies. 
 Teeatment: When a large number of horses are 
 affected (in one locality) it is best to prepare a vat and 
 dip them, under the supervision of the United States 
 Bureau of Animal Industry. When just a few horses 
 become affected, the following has proven very effective : 
 Sulphur, eight ounces; Oil of Tar, eight ounces; Sweet 
 Oil, two quarts. Mix and apply liberally to the parts 
 affected. A few applications are generally sufficient to 
 eradicate the disease. 
 
 MONDAY MORNING DISEASE 
 
 (Lymphangitis) 
 
 Cause: This ailment is common with hard working 
 horses, and is caused by confining them in the stable and 
 allowing their usual amount of food. More nutriment is 
 consumed than can be taken up by the system, which 
 causes an irritation. It is frequently found in certain 
 stables on Monday morning, hence its name — ^Monday 
 Morning Disease. 
 
 Symptoms: Swelling and lameness, most usually af- 
 fecting the hind leg inside of the thigh and extending 
 down the leg in a hard ridge. It will pit on pressure, 
 and cause intense pain; the horse will have difficulty in 
 extending the limb forward, the swelling may surround 
 the leg entirely. Pulse will be fifty to sixty per minute, 
 temperature 102° to 104° F., breathing will be faster 
 than normal. The animal has great thirst, but the appe- 
 tite is very poor ; usually remains standing ; if he lies 
 down will have great difficulty in getting up. 
 
 Treatment: In this particular disease apply hot 
 fomentations to the affected limb or limbs, for one hour, 
 then rub dry and apply Camphorated Liniment. Give 
 
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 53 
 
 Nitrate Potassi, Chlorate of Potassi, Iodide Potassi, 
 each four ounces. Mix and make into thirty-two pow- 
 ders. Give one powder three times a day in drinking 
 water or in a gelatin capsule and give with capsule 
 gun. 
 
 In most eases it is advisable to give a physic : Aloin, 
 two drams ; Pulv. Gentian Root, one dram ; Ginger, one 
 dram. Place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule 
 gun. 
 
 " MUD FEVER 
 
 Cause : Horses driven over muddy roads during the 
 day and exposed to freezing weather at night, or driving 
 them over muddy roads, then washing the limbs and not 
 drying them properly, often produces a superficial in- 
 flammation of the legs. 
 
 Symptoms: The legs are swollen, extremely hot and 
 tender, the horse is stiff, the hair comes off the legs easily 
 and if the cause is not removed severe complication may 
 follow, as the secretions of the skin become greatly af- 
 fected. 
 
 Treatment: Prevention. Horses that are driven 
 over muddy, wet roads should have their legs rubbed dry 
 when stabling them for any length of time. When the 
 legs are badly swollen wash them with clean warm water 
 and castile soap and dry them well with a clean soft cloth. 
 Then apply Zinc Oxide Ointment or a lotion made from 
 Acetate of Lead, one ounce ; Zinc Sulphate, one-half 
 ounce. Place in a quart of clean water and apply twice 
 daily. Either application is very beneficial in the treat- 
 ment of Mud Fever. Feed the animal wheat bran mashes, 
 steamed rolled oats, vegetables, etc., as they have a very 
 good effect on the system which aids in relieving the in- 
 flammation of the skin. 
 
54 THE VETERINAEIAN 
 
 NASAL GLEET 
 
 (Chronic Catarrh) 
 
 Cause: Exposure to cold followed by neglect, and 
 lack of nourishing food ; bruise or fracture of the frontal 
 bones of the head ; injury of the blood-vessels inside the 
 bones, or an ulcerated tooth. May also be caused by 
 tumor, or foreign substance or liquids in the nasal cavi- 
 ties. Sometimes dried pus in the nostrils, resulting from 
 a cold, will cause nasal gleet. 
 
 Symptoms : A white or yellowish discharge from one 
 or both of the nostrils, the quantity varying with the 
 severity of the attack and the length of time the disease 
 has been established. If, when tapping over the nose 
 below the eye, a dull sound is produced, it is safe to con- 
 clude that the cavities are filled with pus ; to make certain, 
 compare the sick animal with a healthy one; in some 
 eases you will notice that even the bones of the nose below 
 the eye are slightly elevated. The lining of the nose may 
 be of a red or yellow color but not ulcerated in spots, as 
 in Glanders. The animal may continue in pretty good 
 spirits and work well for a time but as the case develops 
 he becomes lean in flesh and what is termed hide-bound. 
 Always examine the teeth. In a ease of long standing, 
 the discharge has a fetid smell, differing in this respect 
 also from Glanders. 
 
 Treatment : If not due to fractured bones of the head 
 or ulcerated teeth, the animal will, in most cases, recover 
 with proper medical treatment. When due to injury to 
 the bones of the head, tumors, ulcerated teeth or dried 
 pus in the nasal cavities, it is best to secure the services 
 of a skillful Veterinarian, one whose professional knowl- 
 edge renders him thoroughly competent. In the mild 
 forms of nasal-gleet or chronic catarrh, administer the 
 following: Ferri Sulphate, Potassi Iodide, Nux Vomica, 
 each four ounces. Mix well and make into thirty-two 
 capsules. Give one capsule three times daily and feed- 
 food that is nourishing and easily digested. 
 
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 55 
 
 NAVEL STRING INFECTION 
 
 (Umbilical Pyemia) 
 
 Cause and Nature : While the unborn foal (foetus) 
 is in the womb of its mother, it is surrounded by envelop- 
 ing membranes which constitute the after-birth on deliv- 
 ery. These membranes are attached to the~ wall of the 
 womb and are connected to the foetus by means of the 
 navel-string (umbilical cord) which is provided with two 
 arteries and a vein for the nourishment of the young 
 creature and for the removal of its waste products. 
 
 It also has a narrow canal (the urachus) which serves 
 to remove the urine of the foetus ; in fact the subsequent- 
 ly formed bladder takes its. origin from a dilation of the 
 urachus. Under normal conditions when the foal is born, 
 respiration takes place, the lunbilical arteries and veins 
 become quickly blocked up, urine is discharged through 
 the urethra (which communicates with the penis or va- 
 gina, as the case may be), the foal enjoys a separate 
 existence and the wound caused by the division of the 
 umbilical cord leaves a scar which is known as the navel. 
 
 It is usually supposed that the germ of navel-string 
 infection gains admittance into the body through the ex- 
 posed surface before the wound is closed.. However, I 
 am of the opinion that the mother is the bearer of the 
 infection in a great many cases for in the uterine secre- 
 tions of mares whose foals fell with navel-string infec- 
 tion, the same characteristic germs were found as were 
 present in the joints of the affected foals. The infec- 
 tious inaterial is, by the act of covering, conveyed from 
 mare to mare, so that the mucous membranes of the 
 womb becomes the habitat of the specific germ. By in- 
 oculation of these germs into the blood stream of foals an 
 illness is produced which in the smallest particular can- 
 not be distinguished from that arising in naturally af- 
 fected foals. It is a strange fact that when the infected 
 germs are transmitted by the mother, their presence does 
 not produce any disturbance in her. 
 
56 
 
 THE VETEEINARIAN 
 
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DISEASES OP THE HORSE 57 
 
 This is a very common malady in most places. I have 
 known several instances on particular farms where they 
 were unable to raise either foals or calves, but if the 
 mother were removed to another farm immediately after 
 or before foaling, the foal or calf lived and was reared 
 without difficulty, and although constitutional debility 
 plays an important part, the presence of specific germs 
 constituting an infected area is, I believe, the most im- 
 portant factor in producing this disease. 
 
 According to my observation, about seventy-five per 
 cent of the cases die within the first three weeks after 
 birth. This high rate of mortality would be considerably 
 diminished if proper treatment was adopted. 
 
 Symptoms : The attack usually comes on during the 
 second or third week after birth and almost always be- 
 fore the closure of the navel opening, which, in affected 
 animals, will be found to be in a wet and suppurating 
 Condition. Occasionally foals two or three months old 
 which have the urachus closed and are in an apparently 
 healthy condition contract this disease in a form of pain- 
 ful swelling of the joints. The first symptoms are gen- 
 erally dullness; more or less fever; lameness which is 
 often attributed to rheumatism or to injury caused by 
 the mare treading on the foal ; the disinclination to move 
 or even to stand. Upon examination the patient will be 
 found to have a soft, gelatinous swelling of one or more of 
 the joints of which the hock, elbow, fetlock, stifle and hip 
 usually manifest the enlargement most clearly. 
 
 These swellings are hot and painful to the touch ; they 
 tend to suppurate and frequently cause intense lameness. 
 In very rare cases open urachus may exist without any 
 joint inflammation. In this disease, inflammation of the 
 joints and open urachus are almost always co-existent. 
 
 Animals that recover from a bad attack are seldom 
 worth the trouble of rearing, because as a rule their con- 
 stitution becomes permanently impaired and one or more 
 of their joints becomes stiffened by the attack. 
 
58 THE VETEEINAEIAN 
 
 Treatment : In the treatment of this disease, we have 
 to attend to constitutional disturbances, inflamed joints, 
 open uraehus and complications such as constipation and 
 diarrhoea. The comfort of our little patient must be 
 studied under all circumstances. If the weather be at all 
 cold it should be covered by a warm sheet. Should the 
 foal have any difficulty in rising from the recumbent 
 position, an attendant should assist it to rise and see that 
 it is regularly fed. It is only in extreme cases that the 
 animal refuses to suck its dam. During warm weather, 
 and especially if the ground is dry, such a patient is al- 
 ways better off for a little sunshine, but on no account . 
 must it be left out during extreme heat, as in this state 
 it is very liable to sunstroke. The best food for the 
 mare is grass, which, during the day, she can generally 
 have. The inflamed joints of the foal should be rubbed 
 lightly with the following, after being thoroughly mixed : 
 Eed Iodide of Mercury, two drams ; Vaseline, two ounces, 
 every forty-eight hours, which, when applied to the skin, 
 appears to have a well-marked antiseptic action on the 
 underlying tissues. An inflamed joint should on no ac- 
 count be bathed with warm water, fomented or poulticed 
 because the application of moist heat would be the best 
 possible means for promoting the development of the in- 
 fective germs which are the cause of the local and gen- 
 eral disturbance. The open navel-string should not be 
 ligatured because that operation is generally followed by 
 an increased inflammation of the part, and by an aggrava- 
 tion of the other symptoms apparently on account of this' 
 outlet for deleterious products becoming blocked up. If 
 the navel-string has been ligatured and is in an inflamed 
 state, the ligature should be removed without delay. If 
 the foal is constipated give two to three ounces of Castor 
 Oil; also, administer the following: Zinc Sulphocarbo- 
 lates, one-half dram ; Hyposulphite of Soda, four ounces. 
 Mix and make into thirty-two powders. Give one powder 
 well back on the tongue every four hpurs. 
 
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 59 
 
 As a supplement to the food, we may give brown sugar 
 or treacle, both, of which are easily digested and are yery 
 nourishing. Four or five eggs daily will also aid in keep- 
 ing up the strength, 
 
 NAVEL RUPTURE 
 
 (Umhilical Hernia) 
 Cause: Hereditary predisposition is well marked in 
 this complaint. It may exist at birth, but so-called con- 
 genital rupture may very probably be the result of the 
 pulling which the navel-string underwent at the time of 
 foaling. However, umbilical hernia usually occurs during 
 the first two or three months after birth ; that is to say, 
 while the opening at the navel is becoming obliterated and 
 the tissues at that place are becoming consolidated. They 
 can, however, appear later and may result from more or 
 less violent strains sustained when the foals are jumping 
 or playing. At other times these strains are induced by 
 intestinal irritation accompanied by diarrhoea or consti- 
 pation with straining. But, however the strain may 
 take place, the abdominal muscles contract and push the 
 intestines towards the wall of the belly. Then if they 
 find an opening or even a weak spot, like the ring of the 
 navel while it is undergoing the process of becoming 
 blocked up, they select it and a rupture is produced. 
 
 Symptoms: This rupture, the situation of which 
 clearly shows its character, may vary in size from that 
 of a hen's egg to that of an ostrich's egg. If pressed 
 upon with the hand, especially if the animal is placed on 
 its back, the rupture will disappear, to return, however, 
 when the pressure is removed. If it be composed of in- 
 testines it will be soft and elastic when the bowels are 
 empty, but when they are full of semi-solid food they 
 will be doughy. In any event, the tumor will feel elastic 
 when composed of intestines, but when formed of its con- 
 necting membranes, will naturally not vary in consist- 
 ence. If intestines be present, movements and ab- 
 dominal rumblings may be detected in it. This rupture 
 
60 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 rarely gives rise to serious consequences because its 
 contents are composed of large intestines and omentum, 
 either of which is, in this position, not liable to become 
 strangulated. > It may, however, become engorged and 
 inflamed from injury. Its existence naturally depreciates 
 the value of an animal suffering from it. 
 
 Treatment : In the majority of cases, they will dis- 
 appear with their own accord in two or three months. In 
 case the rupture shows no signs of diminishing in size it 
 is well to apply a bandage around the abdomen or secure 
 the services of a competent veterinarian and he will pre- 
 scribe a treatment or operate, which will apply directly 
 to your colt's or horse's particular case. 
 
 OPEN JOINT 
 
 Cause: Injuries such as a kick from a sharp shoe, 
 wire cuts, punctures from snags, or from probing a wound 
 near a joint. Open joint is one of the most serious ac- 
 cidents that may happen to a horse, for the sufferer is 
 apt to die from the ensuing constitutional disturbance, 
 and even if he recovers the joint will, in all probability, 
 be permanently stiff. 
 
 Symptoms : If the joint is opened or severely injured 
 the wound will have an ordinary appearance except that 
 there may be a flow of joint oil from the injured oil sack. 
 However, the discharge gradually becomes more un- 
 healthy until finally it is mixed with pus and blood and 
 assumes a fetid odor. After two or three days the joint 
 swells and becomes very painful and a high fever sets in. 
 In unfavorable cases the animal dies from exhaustion 
 very shortly, or at best recovers with a permanently stiff 
 joint. 
 
 Treatment: Never probe a wound near a joint. If 
 the injury is small and noticed immediately, apply Red 
 Iodide of Mercury, two drams; Vaseline, two ounces. 
 Mix and rub in well over the wound. This will set up 
 sufficient inflammation to close the opening and kill any 
 
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 61 
 
 infection that may be present, as it possesses powerful 
 antiseptic properties. If the wound is large, wash with 
 Bichloride of Mercury, one part to one thousand parts 
 distilled water. The wound should be washed twice a 
 day with this solution. Then dust the wound with Tannic 
 Acid, one ounce ; Iodoform, one ounce ; Boracic Acid, one 
 ounce ; Calomel, one dram. Mix and place in sifter top 
 can and apply this after washing each time. Then band- 
 age the wound by first placing clean absorbent cotton over 
 the wound. Do not attempt to syringe a solution into an 
 opening or some of the solution may gain entrance into 
 the joint. Keep the animal as quiet as possible and feed 
 
 laxative food. 
 
 PALESADE WORM 
 (Strongulus Armatus) 
 
 This parasite thrives on marshy ground and is com- 
 monly found in the United States and Canada. The body 
 of the worm is gray in color, more or less stiff and 
 straight and thicker in the front than in the hind part ; 
 it varies in length, the male measuring from three-fourths 
 of an inch to one inch and the female from one to two 
 inches. It may occur in an adult or an immature state. 
 In the former it implants itself on the mucous mem- 
 brane of the large intestines by means of its armed 
 mouth, while in the latter it lives in cysts underneath the 
 mucous membrane of the intestines and is sometimes 
 found in the brain, testicles and liver. The immature 
 worms which do not issue directly from the cysts get into 
 the arteries and are carried by the force of the blood to 
 all parts of the body. 
 
 Symptoms : Same as in Red "Worm with the exception 
 of colicky pains caused by the worms blocking the ar- 
 teries which carry blood to the intestines, thus interfering 
 with the process of digestion. Where the worms enter 
 the arteries of the limbs it results in lameness. It is a 
 good plan to examine your animals once or twice a year 
 to insure them against this pest. 
 
 Tebatment : Same as for Eed "Worm. 
 
62 THE VETEBINAEIAN 
 
 PLEURISY 
 
 Cause : Exposed to a sudden change of temperature, 
 confinement in ill-ventilated, damp stables, wounds pen- 
 etrating the chest, fractured ribs, heart diseases. It also 
 occurs in conjunction with Bronchitis, Influenza, etc. 
 
 Symptoms: Grenerally only one side of the lungs is 
 affected and that being the right, although it may affect 
 both sides at the same time. First you will notice the 
 animal distressed, uneasy, shivering, the affected side is 
 painful to pressure of the hand. The breathing is short 
 and quick, and the flanks heave — which shows that the 
 animal tries to breathe as much as possible, by the action 
 of the muscles of the abdomen and not by the movement 
 of the ribs. The nostrils are dilated. There is usually 
 a short, dry, painful cough present, which is repressed 
 by the animal as much as possible, so as not to shake the 
 inflamed parts. Often when expelling air from the lungs 
 the horse gives a painful grunt especially when made to 
 move. The pulse is generally hard and faster than 
 usual. The temperature in early stages may rise from 
 104° to 106° F. If the ear is applied to the affected side a 
 dry crackling or friction sound can be heard; a groove 
 along the lower portion of the ribs will extend back to 
 the flank. Within two or three days the pulse will be 
 softer and weaker, temperature will fall to 101° or 102° 
 F. and there will be fluids form and the painful short 
 breathing will disappear. The liquids may now undergo 
 absorption if properly treated, and the case terminate 
 favorably in a week or ten days. 
 
 Frequently large quantities of fluid accumulate in the 
 chest cavity that cannot be absorbed, the breathing be- 
 comes more difficult, short and quick, pulse becomes weak 
 and rapid and the animal dies from exhaustion. 
 
 Teeatment : Place the animal in a comfortable, roomy 
 stall; blanket if the weather is chilly, permit fresh air, 
 but no drafts, as this is very important. Apply a paste 
 
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 63 
 
 made from Mustard and cold water over the chest cavity. 
 Internally, administer Ammonium Iodide, Chlorate of 
 Potash, Nitrate of Potash, each four ounces. Make into 
 thirty-two powders and give one powder every two or 
 three hours in gelatin capsule and administer with cap- 
 sule gun. The diet is a proper means of keeping up the 
 animal and is very important. Coax the animal to eat 
 grass or vegetables, hot bran mashes or steam rolled 
 oats. If there is a cough present, give the same treat- 
 ment as recommended for Acute and Chronic Coughs. 
 
 PIN WORM, THREAD OR MAW WORM 
 
 ■ (Oxyuris Curvilis) 
 
 This worm when full grown is about one and three- 
 quarter inches in length; its tail is thin and whip-like 
 and head thick and terminating in a curve somewhat re- 
 sembling the crook of a stick. The presence of these 
 parasites may be detected by a light-yellow substance 
 (the eggs of the worms) which adheres to the skin below 
 the anus. Pin Worms like Round Worms frequently come 
 away with the feces. 
 
 Treatment: Dissolve four tablespoonfuls Common 
 Salt in one gallon of warm water and inject it into the 
 rectum. When this has been expelled, follow with an in- 
 jection per rectum of Turpentine, four ounces, to one-half 
 gallon Linseed Oil. Elevate the horse 's hind quarters so 
 as to retain the injection longer. This will expel the 
 worms and their eggs that cling to the walls of the rec- 
 tum. The worms sometimes make their way so far for- 
 ward that it is impossible to reach them with an injec- 
 tion. In this case treat same as for Round worms. 
 
 Where there is irritation produced about the tail the 
 horse continually rubs and it is well to apply Mercurial 
 Ointment to both tail and the anus. 
 
64 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 POLL EVIL 
 
 Poll Evil is so-called because it occurs in the region of 
 the poll. It is not a constitutional disease, but comes, 
 no doubt, from well marked causes, as from inflammation 
 set up and involving the bones and muscles in the region 
 of the poll, and perhaps of the larger ligament. Owing 
 to the low vitality of the palrts and the action of the head 
 in taking food, etc., the pus is apt to burrow deep into the 
 muscles. 
 
 Cause: Direct or indirect injury. A common cause 
 is striking the head against a low doorway or an ill-fitting 
 halter or bridle. 
 
 Symptoms : Swelling just back of the ears on one or 
 both sides of the head. The animal stands with the nose 
 out; slight heat in the parts, pain on pressure. In the 
 first stages, it is merely inflammatory action. The second 
 stage is suppuration, or there may be great swelling in 
 some cases when there is but little pus formed. 
 
 In other cases there is profuse suppuration and the 
 pus makes its way out and discharges to the surface and 
 sinuses are formed, which extend in various directions. 
 Any abscess in this region is called Poll Evil. 
 
 Teeatment: When the enlargement is first noticed- in 
 the region of the poll, I would advise the following: Red 
 Iodide of Mercury, four drams ; Lard, four ounces, rub 
 in well over the enlargement and perhaps this will pre- 
 vent sinuses from forming, but when the cases are long 
 standing and so-called pipes are formed, I would advise 
 that you secure the services of an accomplished Veteri- 
 narian. 
 
 PETECHIAL FEVER 
 (Purpura Haemorrhagica) 
 
 Cause: Constitutional weakness following some de- 
 bilitating disease such as Distemper, Pink Eye, Catarrh 
 and even following operations, when an animal becomes 
 weak and from want of exercise, in which case it generally 
 appears during his recovery. It is not infectious and 
 cannot be transmitted by inoculations. 
 
f DISEASES OF THE HORSE 65 
 
 Symptoms: There is a slight swelling of the limbs, 
 more likely to be about the hocks. The swelling may- 
 disappear by exercising, but will soon return. The swell- 
 ings present a very abrupt appearance, nearly the same 
 as if a string were tied around the limbs and swell very 
 quickly, and symptomatic of Purpura. Exudations take 
 place in which, if on white limbs, you will see little red 
 spots, from which a liquid is oozing. The swelling is 
 very painful and the entire limb may be swollen. Small 
 vesicles appear on the limbs and also in the mucous mem- 
 branes, and it is well to look at the mucous membranes 
 before giving your opinion, as you will, no doubt, detect 
 these spots, which may extend into the lungs. These 
 spots increase and may run into each other. The mucous 
 membranes of the nose may become a mass of corrupt 
 matter. The upper lip may hang pendulous, which is 
 due to, the want of nervous stimulus. If the nostrils are 
 swoUen very badly, there is difficulty in breathing and if 
 the,animal is not able to take food, the symptoms are con- 
 sidered very bad. The pulse varies much in some cases ; 
 although the swelling is very great, the pulse may not be 
 more than forty or fifty per minute. The temperature is 
 elevated one to three degrees above normal, there may 
 be a coughing and a brownish colored discharge from the 
 nostrils. The mouth and eyes become affected and, to- 
 gether with the discharge from the nose, the horse is a 
 loathsome looking object. In milder cases the appetite 
 is retained, or the animal may take food one day and the 
 next refuse it. The bowels are constipated as a general 
 thing in the first stages of the disease and the urine may 
 be of a dark color, may even contain blood. There may 
 be a peculiar dropsical swelling of these petechial spots 
 or it may show itself in connection with the eyes and 
 there may be blood extravasation without outer symp- 
 toms. This disease may affect the bowels, liver, lungs, 
 etc. The animal usually stands, perhaps from the diffi- 
 culty in moving the limbs. It is necessary to watch the 
 
66 THE VETEEINABIAN 
 
 case closely for flies will attack Mm and he will be filled, 
 with maggots. Sloughing may take place ; the entire 
 sheath or patches upon the body may slough off and 
 there may be paralysis of the penis. 
 
 Treatment : Place the animal in a clean, light, com- 
 fortable stall. If the weather is cold, blanket. The fol- 
 lowing medicine is recommended because of its particular 
 effect on the blood in this disease : Chlorate of Potash, 
 eight ounces; Iodide of Potash, eight ounces; Quinine 
 Sulphate, eight ounces. Make into thirty-two capsules 
 and give one capsule every six hours. Also administer 
 one ounce capsules filled with Spirits of Turpentine three 
 or four times a day. Moisten the capsules with Sweet 
 Oil and give with capsule gun. Feed hot bran mashes 
 containing two or three ounces of pure Flaxseed meal. 
 Also, feed vegetables, green grass, if possible. 
 
 QUITTOR 
 
 (Fistula of the Foot) 
 
 Cause: Injuries. Horses working on rough stony 
 roads are subject to punctures, pricks, bruises, corns, 
 treads, etc., which end in pus formation' which does not 
 get a pendant opening and destroys the tissues with which 
 it comes in contact. Finally it bursts, forms sinuses and 
 pipes, as commonly called, at the top of the hoof. 
 
 Symptoms: Extreme lameness, heat, pain and swell- 
 ing will show themselves about the top of, the hoof. As 
 a rule a Quittor develops slowly and is more or less pain- 
 ful during the first stages. After the sinus is formed and 
 the pus discharges, the inflammation generally subsides. 
 Its healing process is often delayed due to the diseased 
 portion of the cartilages inside the horny hoof. 
 
 Treatment : Apply Flaxseed or hot Bran poultices to 
 relieve the inflammation and hasten the formation of 
 sinuses or pipes. Then with an ordinary syringe inject 
 the following: Silver Nitrate, ten grains; Water, one 
 ounce. Inject fifteen to twenty drops twice daily. Keep 
 
DISEASES OF THE HOESE 67 
 
 the food clean and the animal as quiet as possible. It is 
 very disagreeable, as stated before, and the healing is 
 very slow, but this must be naturally expected, as we are' 
 unable to provide the sinuses with good drainage. 
 
 RED WORM 
 
 (Strongylus Tetr acanthus) 
 
 The Red Worm varies in length from one-third to three 
 and one-quarter inches, and is sometimes white though 
 it usually appears to be red because of the blood it con- 
 tains. This parasite is found in all parts of the world. 
 Its favorite haunt is marshy land. 
 
 Symptoms: Paleness of all visible membranes, eyes 
 watery and inflamed, swelling of the sheath, legs, and 
 lower surface of the belly; fetid diarrhoea, dullness, de- 
 bility, emaciation, rough coat, and the presence of worms 
 in the feces. The worms when first passed are bright 
 red in color but after being exposed to the air they turn 
 dark and may easily escape the notice of the casual ob- 
 server. 
 
 Treatment : "Withhold all food for twenty-four hours, 
 then place the following drugs in a gelatin capsule : Cal- 
 omel, two drams, Barbadoes Aloes, three drams; Ferri 
 Sulphate, two drams. Give with capsule gun. Also 
 place the following tonic in their feed: Pulv. Quassia, 
 one ounce ; Ferri Sulphate, two ounces ; Pulv. Anise Seed, 
 two ounces. Mix and make sixteen powders. Give one 
 powder two or three times a day in the feed. 
 
 RHEUMATISM 
 
 Cause : Exposure to cold rains, drafts, lying on damp 
 ground when the blood is in poor condition. Also due to 
 over-stimulating food. 
 
 Symptoms : Lameness, swelling or soreness which may 
 shift from one place to another, then finally locate in or 
 near one of the joints of the limbs. 
 
 Treatment : , Take away all grains and feed laxative 
 
68 THE VETEEINAEIAN 
 
 foods such as potatoes, carrots, apples, kale and good 
 hay. If the weather is warm turn out to pasture, but 
 confine in warm stable at night. It is advisable to give 
 a physic, as Aloin, two drams ; Gentian, one dram ; Gin- 
 ger, one dram. Place in gelatin capsule and give at one 
 dose with capsule gun, as its action on the blood has a 
 very good effect. When the swellings are' painful, apply 
 Camphorated Liniment once or twice daily. Also, ad- 
 minister the following tonic : Potassi Iodide, one ounce ; 
 Nitrate of Potash, two ounces; Chlorate of Potash, two 
 ounces; Pulv. Gentian Eoot, one ounce; Perri Sulphate, 
 one ounce ; Pulv. Anise Seed, four ounces. Mix well and 
 make into twenty powders. Give one powder three times 
 a day in bran or place in capsule and give with capsule 
 
 gun. 
 
 RING BONE 
 
 Cause : Faulty conformation-^as a narrow or straight 
 pastern joint is considered faulty. Be very careful in 
 selecting a sire when breeding, as faulty conformation is 
 hereditary. Ringbone may also result when young an- 
 imals are put to work on hard roads or running in stony 
 pastures sometimes produces Ringbone before the bones 
 have become properly hardened. Other causes are in- 
 jury to tendons or ligaments, bruised joints, blows, calk- 
 ing, or picking up a nail. 
 
 Symptoms: Lameness will manifest itself when the 
 horse first starts out in the morning; this may become 
 less noticeable or even disappear temporarily as the an- 
 imal works. They gradually grow lamer and examina- 
 tion will disclose an enlargement at or around the top of 
 the hoof. This may appear in one or more feet, but 
 the front feet are more often affected. 
 
 Treatment: If the Ringbone is very much inflamed,, 
 reduce the heat by applying cold water or ice packs to 
 the part. Clip ofif all hair from around the top of the 
 hoof and rub in well for twenty minutes the following: 
 Red Iodide of Mercury, two drams ; Pulv. Cantharides, 
 
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 69 
 
 two drams; Turpentine, one dram; Pine Tar, two drams, 
 and mix in two ounces of Lard. This applied every two 
 days for a week and repeat same treatment in two weeks. 
 Keep the animal as quiet as possible as it assists in pro- 
 ducing a recovery. If the animal is comparatively young, 
 recovery is certain, although the enlargement may never 
 
 disappear. 
 
 ROUND WORM 
 (Ascaris Megalcephala) 
 
 Resembles the Earth "Worm somewhat in shape, yellow- 
 ish-white in color, stiff and elastic. When full grown, it 
 varies in length from six to sixteen inches. These worms 
 are usually found in the small intestines, although they 
 sometimes invade the stomach, and when numerous se- 
 riously disturb the animal's health. 
 
 Symptoms : The animal's general health is affected as 
 is evident from the morbid state of his appetite, rough 
 coat, pot-belly, liability to colic and slight diarrhoea. 
 Some of these worms are often expelled with the feces. 
 As they increase in number, they block up the small in- 
 testines, giving rise to colic, and may in time kill the 
 horse. They sometimes cause perforation of the bowels. 
 
 Tebatmbnt : Withhold all food from eighteen to twen- 
 ty-four hours, then administer the following: Ferri 
 Sulphate, two drams; Antimony Tartrate, two drams; 
 Pulv. Quassia, two drams. Place in gelatin capsule and 
 give with capsule gun. Follow this from six to eight 
 hours with Aloin, two drams; Ginger, two drams, and 
 give as above directed. It is a good plan to repeat the 
 above treatment in ten days to insure the removal of any 
 worms which may have survived the first treatment. 
 
 SCROTAL RUPTURE 
 
 (Inguinal Hernia) 
 Cause: Abnormal size of the upper ring through 
 which a part of the intestines or its connecting mem- 
 brane descends into and through the canal leading from 
 
70 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 tlie abdomen to the scrotal cavity. There is little danger 
 of strangulation from this form of rupture which may 
 occur at birth and disappear with age. A careful exam- 
 ination should therefore be made of the scrotum before 
 castration. 
 
 Symptoms : In most cases, this condition is easily de- 
 tected. The scrotum will be somewhat enlarged. Some- 
 times the intestines will become strangulated and colicky 
 symptoms appear. When a young male colt shows signs 
 of colic, examine him for Scrotal Rupture. 
 
 Treatment : The, trouble usually disappears with age 
 although in some cases it is well to operate. Where col- 
 ioky symptoms are present, roll the colt on its back, 
 jnanipulating the scrotum. Diet carefully. 
 
 SHOE BOIL 
 
 (Capped Elbow) 
 
 Cause : Injuries, bruises or pressure when lying on a 
 rough floor. Sharp heeled shoes and kicks also have a 
 tendency to produce it. 
 
 Symptoms : A hot painful swelling of the Elbow joint 
 when first noticed. When neglected, it takes on a white 
 fibrous or callous growth. 
 
 Treatment: First remove the cause. Do not lance 
 the enlargement ; let it come to a head of its own accord, 
 by applying Red Iodide of Mercury, two drams; Pulv. 
 Cantharides, three drams; Lard, two ounces. Mix well 
 together and apply twice a week. When the swelling is 
 hot and painful it is well to apply cold water or ice packs 
 before applying the above mentioned prescription. 
 
 SPLINTS 
 
 Cause : This disease is chiefly produced by trotting or 
 running on hard ground, etc. It is evident that horses 
 with high knee action and heavy bodies are more liable 
 to this disease. Jumping is also a common cause of 
 splints, but the more accustomed a horse is to jumping 
 
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 71 
 
 the less liable lie is to, throW splints, because practice 
 teaches the animal to regulate his movements so as t6 
 more or less diminish the disagreeable' if not actually- 
 painful effect of concussion. 
 
 Symptoms: A splint is detected by grasping the 
 horse's leg with the fingers upon one side and the thumb 
 upon the other, and tracing the inner and' outer splint 
 bones from their heads downward to their tapering ex- 
 tremities. Any actual enlargement will at once arrest 
 the hand ; any rising or irregularity will create suspicion 
 and lead to close examination. Horses, especially young 
 ones which have lately been put to work, not infrequently 
 develop splints before any swelling appears. For this 
 reason, in examining a case of obscure lameness, partic- 
 ularly if the animal is young, do not fail to look for the 
 sign of splint lameness, namely : that the lameness is ab- 
 normally greater at a trot than at a walk and that the an- 
 imal usually fails to bend the knees freely and grows 
 worse with exercise. The last mentioned condition is 
 also present with corns, but an examination of the foot 
 will determine the question of their existence. In young 
 horses splints are sometimes mistaken for coffin-joint 
 lameness or navicular disease. To avoid this error, it 
 should be remembered that, when brought on by navicular 
 disease, the action of the limb improves with exercise; 
 also that horses of five years of age or less very rarely 
 suffer from coffin-joint disease. Some horses, owing to 
 unusual development of the inner splint bones of the fore 
 legs Inay appear to have splints, although careful ex- 
 amination may prove both limbs to be free from any bony 
 depdsit. When deciding such a point, note if the two 
 inner splint bones are of the same size. Any swelling 
 perceptible in a limb recently affected with splint-lame- 
 ness is usually attended by heat and pain. 
 
 Treatment: If there is heat present, foment with 
 hot or cold water ; when heat has subsided, apply the fol- 
 lowing ointment: Red Iodide of Mercury, two drams; 
 
72 
 
 THE VETERINAEIAM 
 
DISEASES OF THE HOESE 73 
 
 Turpentine, twenty drops, and mix. Apply every forty- 
 eight hours until three applications have been applied. 
 Eub in for twenty minutes each time. 
 
 During this treatment use the horse for slow work on 
 soft roads, etc. As a rule the splints will not disappear at 
 once, but will gradually. I may add that common splints 
 are not considered an unsoundness. 
 
 SPASMODIC COLIC 
 
 Cause : Horses seem to be predisposed to this form of 
 colic on account of the great length of their intestines 
 which are apt to be telescoped, twisted or their circular 
 muscular fibers spasmodically contracted. Perhaps the 
 principal cause is a change of food, sudden change of 
 temperature, constipation, drinking cold or too large a 
 quantity of water, especially if the animal is warm ; over- 
 loading the stomach with frozen or mouldy food. Worms 
 frequently produce colic. 
 
 Symptoms : If the animal is tied it will become uneasy, 
 paw, point its nose to the flank, twitch the tail, lie down 
 and get up frequently. If the animal is loose it will walk 
 around, paw, kick at its belly with the hind feet, make 
 attempts to lie down, roll on its back and remain in that 
 position for a while. The pulse increases with the pain, 
 temperature rises from one-half to one degree, breathing 
 labored and fast, the animal sweats in spots, there may 
 be diarrhoea present, but this does not frequently occur. 
 
 Unfayorable symptoms of spashiodic colic ate cold 
 legs to the feet, point of the ears cold, trembling of the 
 muscles, cold sweats, mucous membranes of the nose, 
 mouth and eyes have a dark color due to the congestion. 
 
 Treatment : In all eases of spasmodic colic, except 
 where there is diarrhoea present or mares heavily in foal, 
 give Aloin, two drams; Gringer, two drams. Place in 
 gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. It is advisa- 
 ble to give rectal injection of Warm Water and Grlycerine. 
 They are soothing and cooling to the intestinal canal. 
 
74 THE VETEEINAEIAN 
 
 Also give the following prescription : Pulv. Nux Vomica, 
 four ounces ; Carbonate of Ammonia, four ounces ; Asa- 
 foetida, four ounces. Make into six powders ; place one 
 powder in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun 
 every two hours until relieved. The former prescription 
 removes the cause as it is a physic. The latter contains 
 medicines blended so as to counteract the spasmodic con- 
 tractions of the bowels. It is also a heart" stimulant, 
 just what is needed in colic to keep up the animal's 
 vitality. Beware of colic remedies that are given in drop 
 doses. They contain drugs to only relieve the pain and 
 not remove the cause. When their effects are worn off, 
 the disease has progressed; the animal's heart action 
 has been weakened and chances are that the animal will 
 die. If drenching is resorted to, it must be done with 
 great precaution. Eemember a horse cannot breathe 
 
 through his mouth. 
 
 SIDE BONES 
 
 Cause: The chief causes of Side Bones are: Depri- 
 vation of frog pressure, injuries, high heeled shoes, the 
 use of which is almost entirely confined to draft horses. 
 A high-heeled shoe prevents the frog from resting on 
 the ground which is its natural support. 
 
 Symptoms : Enlargement just above the hoof, usually 
 affecting the front feet, or may affect only one side of 
 one of the feet. The pain which produces the lameness 
 is due to pressure on the soft tissues between the newly 
 formed side bone and the hoof. Sometimes the enlarge- 
 ment has a tendency to spread the hoof. In such a case 
 the lameness is not so severe. 
 
 Treatment : Clip the hair from over the Side Bone 
 and rasp the foot below the enlargement, so that the hoof 
 will be flexible On pressure from the fingers. Then apply 
 the following to both the enlargement and the rasped 
 surface on the hoof : Red Iodide of Mercury, two drams ; 
 Pulv. Cantharides, four drams. Mix well in two ounces 
 of Lard and apply every forty-eight hours until three 
 applications have been applied. 
 
DISEASES OF THE HOESE 75 
 
 If you must work the animal, put it to some easy work 
 where it has soft ground to walk upon. 
 
 STAGGERS 
 
 (Forage Poisoning — Inflammation of the Brain) 
 
 (Cerebral Meningitis) 
 
 Cause: Certain plants or stagnant water are most 
 commonly instrumental in producing staggers; fre- 
 quently seen in the early autumn months when th6 grass 
 in the pastures becomes dry and certain forage remains 
 green which contains toxic principles. These plants are 
 ravenously eaten by horses on account of being green and 
 tender. This is one of the common causes of the disease, 
 although mouldy, indigestible or highly nitrogenous foods 
 are frequently producers of staggers. This form of stag- 
 gers is not contagious, although what produces staggers 
 in one horse will also produce it in another. In this way 
 several horses may become affected with staggers at the 
 same time. Inflammation of the brain may occur as a 
 complication of some infectious or digestive disease. 
 Other causes are blows to the head, tumors in or on the 
 brain, which cause the animal to naturally stagger, as 
 the brain controls the horse's organs of locomotion. 
 
 Symptoms: Vary to a certain extent, but a careful 
 observer will detect some trouble connected with the 
 nervous system, as the animal walking unsteadily, step- 
 ping high and keeping the legs spread apart, bracing it- 
 self to keep from falling. There is also great depres- 
 sion, as dullness and sleepiness with little or no inclina- 
 tion to move about. The head may be placed against a 
 wall or fence and the legs kept moving as if the horse 
 were trying to walk. As the disease progresses and no 
 attempts are made to relieve it, they will become frac- 
 tious, nervous, easily excited, pawing and eventually fall, 
 keeping the feet moving as if walking, throwing their 
 iieads about in a delirious manner and eventually death 
 
76 THE VETEEINAEIAN 
 
 follows. The horse as a rule eats and drinks ravenously 
 when the first signs of staggers are noticed, but in its 
 latter stages the tongue and gullet become paralyzed and 
 although the animal attempts to eat and drink he can- 
 not swallow. The pulse varies. It is strong, but sub- 
 normal when the first symptoms of staggers are noticed, 
 that is to say, it is as slow as twenty to twenty-five 
 beats per minute. As the disease progresses, however, 
 it becomes weaker and faster. Constipation frequently 
 accompanies this disease, also paleness tinged with yel- 
 low about the mucous membranes of the mouth and eyes. 
 In many instances I believe that the poisonous forage 
 eaten by horses depresses the heart action to such an ex- 
 tent that it results in the brain not r,eceiving the proper 
 blood supply, causing dizziness or staggers. 
 
 Tbeatment: Place the animal in a clean, dark stall, 
 keeping the surroundings as quiet as possible. In its 
 first stages it is easily treated, but as the horse becomes 
 easily excited and his swallowing becomes difficult, treat- 
 ment becomes more difficult. When the first signs are 
 noticed, administer a physic as : Aloin, two or three 
 drams ; Gringer, two or three drams, according to the size 
 of the animal. Place in gelatin capsule and give with 
 capsule gun. This physic removes the irritant from the 
 intestines and prevents its absorption into the blood. 
 Also administer the following: Bromide of Potassium, 
 twelve ounces ; Nitrate of Potash, four ounces ; Iodide of 
 Potash, three ounces. Make into twenty-four capsules 
 and give one capsule every four hours. 
 
 My method of administering medicine to animals places 
 me in a position to treat them and compel them to take 
 the medicine even though paralysis may exist. When 
 animals will eat, feed food that is easily digested, as hot 
 wheat bran mashes, steamed rolled oats and vegetables 
 and give sn^all quantities, but often, of clean fresh w^ter. 
 It is necessary to give stimulants and tonics as soon as 
 they are on the road to recovery, as Pulv. Nux Vomica, 
 
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 77 
 
 four ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces; Sulphate 
 of Iron, two ounces. Make into sixteen capsules and give 
 one capsule three times daily. 
 
 STIFLE JOINT LAMENESS 
 
 (Dislocation of the Patella) 
 
 Although dislocations are infrequent, this is the most 
 common form which occurs in the horse. 
 
 Cause: Young loose jointed horses are predisposed 
 to dislocation of the stifle on account of the comparative 
 want of strength of their ligaments. They are much 
 more liable to this accident than older horses, especially 
 if they are in poor health or in rough hilly pastures ; the 
 nature of which would naturally make them susceptible 
 to this injury, which, however, may take place as a result 
 of accident at any age. Young horses that suffer, off 
 and on from dislocation, , often lose their liability with 
 increasing strength and age. This dislocation may be 
 partial or complete. In the former instance and the most 
 common is where the patella, or the little stifle bone that 
 glides in the groove composed of the lower hip and upper 
 thigh bones, has become partially dislocated or removpd 
 from its natural position. 
 
 Symptoms: When the dislocation is complete the af- 
 fected limb is drawn forward, while the foot from the 
 pastern down is drawn backward, and the animal may 
 throw weight on it when made to move, which is accom- 
 plished with great difficulty. When the dislocation is 
 partial, the symptoms are about the same as mentioned, 
 only the limb is less rigid. If the horse is moved, the 
 stifle makes a klick sound. In this form, you may have 
 both limbs affected. 
 
 Treatment: In partial dislocation, the stifle bone 
 may be replaced by drawing the leg forward, and with 
 the hand pressing in on the stifle. In complete disloca- 
 tion, tie a rope around the pastern of the affected leg, 
 then draw the rope through a collar placed around the 
 
78 THE VETEEINAEIAN 
 
 horse's neck and draw forward as far as possible and 
 tie. Then press with both hands inward. After the 
 stifle is placed back into position use the following lini- 
 ment : Aqua Ammonia Fort., four ounces ; Oil of Tur- 
 pentine, four ounces ; Raw Linseed Oil, four ounces. Mix 
 and apply well over the stifle joint once or twice a day for 
 two or three days. Feed nourishing food and put the 
 animal to slow, easy work or turn out to good pasture. 
 
 In old chronic cases of Stifle Joint Lameness, treat- 
 ment is of no value, therefore, care for the animal as 
 soon as the catch in the walk or lameness appears. 
 
 STRING-HALT 
 
 Cause : Several theories have been put forth as to the 
 cause of String-Halt which is generally supposed to be a 
 nervous disease ; a condition opposite to paralysis. The 
 exact cause of this disease is hard to determine, but it is 
 likely to occur in highly nervous horsed. It sometimes 
 follows an injury which may have irritated the nerves 
 in some way. I believe that castration causes it in many 
 instances, due to the severe struggle when being thrown, 
 or pulling down severely on the spermatic cord when re- 
 moving the testicle. 
 
 Symptoms j Spasmodic contraction of one or both 
 limbs. This sign varies, as sometimes it is very violent, 
 while in others it may be so slight that it is hard to detect 
 when stepping the horse forward, but on backing or turn- 
 ing the horse around the signs are easily noticed. All 
 symptoms are better marked in the winter than in the 
 summer, as some show it in the winter that do not show 
 it in the summer at all. 
 
 Teeatment: Very unsuccessful, although an opera- 
 tion proves beneficial in some eases, but if this is at- 
 tempted, the services of a competent Veterinarian should 
 be secured. 
 
 The feeding of laxative foods that are easily digested 
 relieves String-Halt in many instances. 
 
DISEASES OF THE HOESE 79 
 
 SORE THROAT 
 
 (Pharyngitis—Laryngitis) 
 Cause: Exposure to cold weather or rain when the 
 animal is not accustomed to it ; drenching with irritating- 
 medicines or inhaling irritating smoke or gases. 
 
 , Symptoms : At first the animal generally chills, the 
 legs and ears are cold, but eventually they become very 
 warm as the temperature increases, coughing, grinding of 
 the teeth, saliva oozing from the mouth ; the animal will 
 hold its head in a stiff straight position, moving it as little 
 as possible. There will be great difficulty in masticating 
 and swallowing, as the food will come from the mouth in 
 the form of wads, and as this soreness of the throat pro- 
 gresses food will also come from the nostrils. This is a 
 bad. sign, as extensive inflammation is no doubt present. 
 Water, also, runs through the nostrils freely when the 
 animal attempts to drink, due to the swollen condition of 
 the throat. The animal forces the water back into the 
 mouth, but is unable to swallow and hence the water 
 gushes out through the nostrils. The animal evinces 
 great pain when pressure is applied from the outside 
 and he breathes with great difficulty. Although the 
 pulse is not much affected at this stage, the temperature 
 is elevated from one to two degrees above normal. The 
 urine becomes scanty and highly colored, the eyes blood- 
 shot and discharging. Eventually the throat becomes 
 greatly swollen and abscesses may form and discharge. 
 As a rule constipation is associated with this disease. 
 
 Treatment: Mild attacks of sore throat are easily 
 treated, but when serious cases develop, it is unsuccess- 
 ful. Place the animal in a clean, comfortable stall ; per- 
 mit as much fresh air as possible, but avoid all drafts. If 
 "the weather is chilly, blanket the animal, hand rub th^ 
 legs and bandage with woolen cloths or bandage. Ad-' 
 minister a mixture made from Chlorate of Potash, three 
 ounces; Nitrate of Potash, three ounces; Tannic Acid, 
 one-half ounce; Molasses, one-half pint; Pine Tar, one- 
 
80 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 half pint. Mix well and place about one tablespoonful . 
 on the tongue every two hours in severe cases; in mild 
 attacks, give less frequently. When they Avill eat, feed 
 food that is easily digested, as hot wheat bran mashes and 
 steamed rolled oats containing two or three ounces of 
 pure ground flaxseed. It is always necessary to apply 
 strong liniments to the throat, as they relieve inflamma- 
 tion and stimulate the formation of an abscess. The fol- 
 lowing liniment will be found very beneficial : Aqua Am- 
 monia Fort., four ounces ; Oil of Turpentine, four ounces ; 
 Sweet Oil, six ounces ; shake well and apply two or three 
 times daily. If the swelling is extreme between the jaws, 
 so as to interfere with the animal's breathing, it is well to 
 lance the abscess if a soft spot can be found. Just cut 
 through the skin with a knife ; then use a clean blunt in- 
 strument to locate the pus cavity. Otherwise, severe 
 hemorrhage may be produced. 
 
 SURFEIT 
 
 (Nettie-Rash — Urtecaria) 
 
 Cause : The usual cause of Surfeit is supposed to be 
 due to a character of food consumed which upsets the 
 animal's digestive organs, the skin being continuous with 
 the mucous membranes lining the intestinal canal. A dis- 
 turbance of the one structure is readily communicated to 
 the other. Apparently, owing to the extreme dry nature 
 of the forage during the greater part of the year, horses 
 in the United States frequently suffer from Surfeit. 
 
 Symptoms: Surfeit is a term applied to an eruption 
 of small irregular lumps or boils which are more or less 
 painful to the touch and which break out suddenly as a 
 rule on the horse's body and neck, and in rare cases on 
 the legs. A favorite seat of Surfeit is the parts covered 
 with the harness or saddle and along the neck and with- 
 ers. Surfeit is very troublesome and annoys both the 
 horse and driver, especially when the horse perspires, as 
 he will rub violently when coming in contact with any 
 object. 
 
DISEASES OF THE HOESE 81 
 
 Treatment : Give two to four ounces of Epsom Salts 
 in hot wheat bran mashes every morning. Feed as much 
 sloppy food as possible, vegetables, etc. Avoid feeding 
 dry woody hay, as it irritates the intestines and aggra- 
 vates the disease. 
 
 SWEENEY 
 
 (Atrophy) i 
 
 Cause: An ill fitting collar, one tug longer than the 
 other, striking an object when pulling, like a stone or a 
 corner of a building, slipping, kicks, or the animal may 
 have a splint, sprain, ringbone, sidebone, coffin-joint 
 lameness, curb, corns, stifle lameness, in fact anything 
 that tends to make an animal favor the use of certain 
 muscles. It is not a disease, just a lack in the develop- 
 ment of the muscles, which waste away or shrink when 
 not used as nature provided. For instance, perhaps you 
 have had or have seen persons that had a fractured leg 
 or arm and on account of not being able to use the leg or 
 arm the muscles wasted away (Atrophy), until they were 
 used normally for sometime, when the muscles again came 
 back to their normal size. , 
 
 Symptoms : First locate the cause. The animal may 
 be very lame although I have seen Sweeneys where lame- 
 ness was very hard to detect, being those which were 
 usually due to ill fitting collars. Eemember you can have 
 a Sweeney of the hip as well as the shoulder, and keep 
 in mind the above mentioned causes. 
 
 Treatment : When you have an animal affected with 
 Sweeney, find the true cause and remove it if possible. 
 
 • Unless the Sweeney is an old chronic one, it is success- 
 fully treated with Aqua Ammonia Fort., four ounces; 
 Turpentine, four ounces; Sweet Oil, four ounces. Mix 
 and apply well over wasted muscles once a day. If the 
 application is too irritating, as some horses have thin- 
 
 'ner skins than others, it is advisable to add more Sweet 
 Oil than above mentioned. 
 
82 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 TAPEWORM 
 
 (Taenia) 
 These worms have been found in the horse, but so 
 rarely that they need not be' considered. 
 
 THOROUGHPIN 
 
 Cause: Generally due to some irritation of the hock 
 joint such as severe sprains ifrom animal jumping, slip- 
 ping, kick or falling through a culvert or bridge or it is 
 frequently hereditary; so be very careful in choosing a 
 sire when breeding. 
 
 Symptoms: Sometimes there is lameness when the 
 Thoroughpin is first noticed, but it will gradually disap- 
 pear as soon as the inflammation ceases. There will be 
 a puffy, soft enlargement which occurs at the upper and 
 back part of the hock, beneath the great tendons. Gen- 
 erally both sides are enlarged and puffy, but occasionally 
 it happens that one side is only involved. Thoroughpin 
 is also a forerunner of Bog Sipavin as they generally are 
 connected, as you are aware that the hock contains joint 
 oil as all other joints do, retained in place by a thin, white 
 fibrous membrane. Irritation of the hock joint' tends to 
 develop an extra large quantity of joint oil, and the hock 
 is less protected by tendons where a Thoroughpin or Bog 
 Sp^avin occurs — Whence those puffy swellings are filled 
 with joint oil and are connected. If you press on one 
 side of a Thoroughpin, you will see the other side bulge 
 out. If you press on a Bog Spavin and there is a Thor- 
 oughpin present, you will see it bulge on either side of 
 the Thoroughpin — or vice versa. ^ 
 
 Treatment : If on an old horse and the Thoroughpin 
 is of long standing, treatment is unsatisfactory, but on 
 the other hand if the animal is young it can be success- 
 fully treated with Tincture of Iodine, one ounce; Gum 
 Camphor, two ounces ; Gasolene, one pint. Mix well and 
 rub in with nail or tooth brush twice a week. Keep the 
 animal as quiet as possible as the results will be accom- 
 
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 83 
 
 plished much sooner. Never attempt to open or lance a 
 puffy swelling about a joint as it contains joint oil. The 
 result would be an open joint. 
 
 THRUSH 
 
 Cause: The two main causes of Thrush are lack of 
 pressure on the frog and the decomposing effect of filth 
 and fermentation of organic matter which accumulates' in 
 the cleft of the frog. 
 
 Symptoms: The animal in some cases is lame; there 
 will be a swelling accompanied by a very fetid discharge ; 
 in some cases the frog has practically rotted away; there 
 will be more or less inflammation in the foot. The legs 
 may even swell. Thrush is more frequently found in the 
 hind feet because of the manure' and filth with which they 
 must come in contact. 
 
 Teeatment : Cut away all loose pieces of horn from 
 over the frog and apply a Flaxseed meal poultice and 
 leave it on for twenty-four hours, after which wash well 
 with Soap and warm water. Then apply Calomel to the 
 groove in the frog. Keep the foot clean. Do not allow 
 the animal to stand in filth. 
 
 WIND COLIC 
 
 (Flatulent Colic) 
 Cause : This dangerous form of Colic is a distension 
 of the bowels with gas, resulting generally from the de- 
 composition of undigested food in the bowels. It some- 
 times follows Spasmodic Colic, in which there is first 
 spasms due to the irritations set up by the presence of 
 undigested matter, and subsequently this food decom- 
 poses and forms gas. I may conclude that Flatulent or 
 Wind Colic is usually caused by errors in feeding and 
 watering' horses. Perhaps the animal has been given 
 large quantities of rank grass, watery roots, which on 
 account of its moist nature is quickly swallowed without 
 being properly masticated. 
 
84 THE VETERINARIAN i 
 
 Symptoms: The signs resemble those of Spasmodic 
 Colic, except that they are less violent. ^ In most cases 
 there is general accumulation of gas, the abdomen dis- 
 tended to a considerable size before the animal shows 
 signs of uneasiness. In cases where the animal swells 
 on the right side, it is the large intestines filled with 
 gas. In other cases where both sides are equally swollen, 
 the stomach and small intestines contain gas. The 
 horse's back will have an arched appearance, passing of 
 gas from the anus frequently, the horse will make at- 
 tempts to vomit. In some cases actual vomiting takes 
 place. This is a bad sign, as rupture of the stomach 
 usually occurs at this stage. 
 
 Tbeatment: Give Aloin, two- drams; Ginger, two 
 drams, in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. 
 However, this is a physic and should not be given to, 
 mares heavily in foal. Also apply to the abdominal cav- 
 ity, liniment consisting of Aqua Ammonia Fort., four 
 ounces; Oil of Turpentine, four ounces; Sweet Oil, four 
 ounces. Mix and rub in well over the abdomen. 
 
 To mares heavy with foal, apply the above liniment 
 and give rectal injections of Glycerine and warm water 
 frequently. 
 
 The following remedy should be administered to all 
 cases of Colic, including mares heavy with foal : Aro- 
 matic Spirits of Ammonia, six ounces; Turpentine, six 
 ounces. Mix well together and place one ounce in gelatin 
 capsule and give with capsule gun every hour. Punctur- 
 ing the intestines is advisable in some cases to relieve 
 them of gas. This requires a special instrument for the 
 purpose and no one should attempt to perform the opera- 
 tion unless they know the anatomy of the part, as the ar- 
 teries of the intestines may be penetrated and produce 
 internal hemorrhage or infection of the intestines, or 
 abscesses may follow. 
 
DISEASES OF THE HORSE 85 
 
 WIND GALLS 
 
 Cause : By concussions from fast work on hard roads 
 and from sprains from slipping. 
 
 Symptoms: When concussions alone are responsible, 
 the suspensory ligament and the back tendons will at first 
 be in a normal condition, and the swelling will probably 
 be confined to both the inside and outside of the leg, and 
 may be felt in the form of a puffy swelling on each side 
 of the fetlock by placing the fore finger and the thumb 
 on the joint. In more serious cases resulting from 
 sprains, the vacant space between the back tendons and 
 the suspensory ligament may also become filled with 
 fluids. In other words, a Wind Gall has formed. In some 
 cases the animal may be lame. 
 
 Treatment : When there is heat present apply cold, 
 wet packs until the heat disappears. Then apply Tinc- 
 ture of Iodine, one ounce; Gum Camphor, two ounces; 
 to one pint 'of Gasolene. Apply every three days with 
 nail or tooth brush. Shake contents of the bottle well 
 each time before applying. 
 
 I may add that this is a very difiicult blemish to treat 
 and is not always successful, so do not be discouraged if 
 the enlargements do not disappear, but the above pre- 
 scription has proven the most successful of any treat- 
 ment I have personally used in my private practice. 
 
 WOLF OR SUPERNUMERARY TEETH 
 Wolf Teeth are comparatively small in size and have 
 
 only one root and are found just in front of thre upper 
 • molar teeth. Sometimes they do harm, but that is an 
 
 exception arid not the rule. They can be easily removed 
 
 with a pair of small forceps or they may be punched out 
 
 in some instances. 
 
 I think they interfere with the eyes, causing them to 
 
 become watery and inflamed due to the tooth exerting 
 
 some influence upon the ophthalmic division of the fifth 
 
 nerve. 
 
86 THE VETEBINARIAN 
 
 Supernumerary Teeth : Tooth substance may develop 
 in almost any part of the body. These are called Super- 
 numerary Teeth and are most commonly found in the 
 testicles, ovaries and sinuses of the head, etc. 
 
 WOUNDS 
 
 Wounds caused by external injuries have a general re- 
 semblance, and whether clean-cut, punctured, lacerated, 
 poisonous, gunshot, etc., require practically the same 
 treatment. 
 
 Treatment: Wash with a Carbolic solution, one ta- 
 blespoonful to one pint of distilled water. 
 
 Sewing of Wounds : I cannot say that I am in favor 
 of sewing wounds unless they are gaping or wide open. 
 
 After the wound is washed, dust with Iodoform, Bo- 
 racic Acid and Tannic Acid, each one ounce. Powder finely 
 and place in a sifter top can and apply twice daily. 
 Cord or heavy thread may be used for sewing the wound 
 after being saturated in a Carbolic Apid solution, using 
 a large darning needle. If the animal. is vicious, place a 
 twitch on his nose or it may be necessary to throw him. 
 
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 DISEASES OF CATTLE 
 
 Causes, Symptoms and 
 Treatmehts 
 
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CHAPTER II 
 
 ABSCESSES 
 
 Cause : Bruises and injuries. They are also seen in 
 complication with various other diseases, as Laryngitis, 
 Pharyngitis, Tuberculosis, Lump Jaw, -Blood Poison or 
 Pyemia and Septicemia. 
 
 Symptoms : Symptoms will vary according to the na- 
 ture of the disease or injury. It may not be noticed at 
 first, but upon careful examination swollen lines will be 
 observed running from the point of swelling. In many 
 cases a swelling is noticed which is hot, painful and 
 4:hrobbing, which enlarges rapidly in two or three days. 
 The swelling and heat gradually disappear but the 
 Abscess continues to grow. The hair falls from the 
 point of swelling and in a short time breaks and dis- 
 charges pus. The cavity gradually fills up and heals 
 by granulation. 
 
 Tkeatment : In all cases, hasten the ripening process 
 ■as much as possible by applying hot water packs or hot 
 bran, flaxseed or vegetable poultices. It is common with 
 Veterinarians to lance an Abscess as soon as possible, 
 but this requires considerable skill and practice and I 
 would advise stock owners to be very cautious when 
 performing this operation, as there is great danger of 
 cutting arteries which would cause excessive bleeding. 
 A very good plan is to encourage the full ripening of 
 an Abscess, as above stated. When opened, do not 
 squeeze the Abscess to any extent, but press gently with 
 clean hands or cloth to remove the core or clot. After 
 this, just simply keep the Abscess open by washing with 
 a three per cent Carbolic Acid solution, or Bichloride of 
 Mercury, one in one thousand solution. Hyposulphite 
 of Soda in ounce doses should be given two or three 
 
90 THE VETEEINAEIAN 
 
 times a day in their drinking water. This will prevent 
 the absorption of impurities from the abscess into the 
 
 blood circulation. 
 
 ABORTION 
 (Non-Contagious) 
 
 Cause: Injuries from slipping or falling on icy 
 roads, in box cars, and deep gutters; receiving blows 
 on the body, keeping the animal in insanitary stables, 
 eating poor food that may be irritating or poisonous, 
 etc. In such cases, the cow's vitality is low so that the 
 foetus dies and is expelled as a result. Losing large 
 quantities of blood also produces Abortion, or a cow 
 heavy with calf, on being placed in the same quarters 
 with the cows that retain their afterbirth, is liable to 
 abort. Intestinal worms, lung worms, liver fllikes, caus- 
 ing an excessive drain upon the system or producing 
 irritation of the digestive organs, in consequence of 
 which cow gets very poor and emaciated. The above 
 mentioned are perhaps the most common causes of 
 "Non-Contagious Abortion." 
 
 Symptoms: The cow is uneasy, becomes separated 
 from the herd, the bag and vagina may be slightly in- 
 flamed and perhaps the latter discharging. If a cow 
 heavy with calf craves the chewing and eating of dirt, 
 rags, nails, etc., this is a sign of a lack of iron or phos- 
 phorus in her system and food containing these elements 
 should be provided. 
 
 Peeventi^e Treatment: Provide clean, warm, com- 
 fortable quarters, good food, pure water, to drink, do 
 not subject her to any injuries, do not permit her com- 
 ing in contact with cows retaining their afterbirth. 
 
 The above mentioned is very imp(3rtant, especially if 
 the cows are valuable and a large yield of milk is ex- 
 pected. If they have worms, treat the same as under 
 their special heading. If they have a loss of blood or 
 a lack of mineral matter in their system, tlje follo-\ving 
 is very efficient: Pulv. Ferri Sulphate, four ounces; 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE ' 91 
 
 Pulv. Nux Vomica, two ounces ; Pulv. Fenugreek Seed, 
 four ounces. Mix and m'ake into sixteen powders. Give 
 one powder two or three times a day in feed or place in 
 a gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. 
 
 AMAUROSIS OF THE EYE 
 
 Cause: Paralysis of the optic nerve. 
 
 Symptoms: Pupil fully dilated and of a glassy ap- 
 pearance. This condition is sometimes called "Glass 
 Eye." The cow carries the head high and steps high. 
 This condition is very uncommon in cattle. 
 
 Teeatment : Nothing can be done for a cow if she is 
 blind, but this condition may be prevented if detected in 
 its early stages of development by the proper feeding 
 of nourishing food, good clean surroundings and the ad- 
 ministration of nerve tonics, as Pulv. Nux Vomica, four 
 ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root, 'four ounces; Potassium 
 Iodide, three ounftes. Make into twenty-four powders 
 and place one powder in feed two or three times daily; 
 or make into twenty-four capsules and give one capsule* 
 two or three times a day with' capsule gun. 
 
 ANTHRAX 
 
 Anthrax is a very contagious disease and is com- 
 municable to all warm blooded animals and man. 
 
 Cause: Due to the presence of a germ called the 
 Bacillus of Anthrax and is one of- the oldest diseases 
 attributed to germs. These Bacilli thrive in warm 
 climates, although found in cold countries. The infec- 
 tion is carried to various parts of the world by box-cars, 
 ships, hides, hoofs, horns, wool and hair taken from sick 
 or dead ahimals affected with Anthrax. Thi^, perhaps, 
 is the most common method of spreading the disease. 
 
 Symptoms: Loss of appetite, grinding of the teeth 
 indicating great pain, trembling of the muscles, tem- 
 perature elevated to 104° or 106° F., breathing very 
 rapid, pulse fast and weak, hair rough. There are some 
 
92 THE VETERINAEIAN 
 
 cases where the animals are seized quickly with the 
 disease and die very suddenly. This form resembles 
 apoplexy. Carbuncles or Abscesses are seen on the sur- 
 face of the body in nearly all cases, also a bloody dis- 
 charge from the mouth and nose. The animal may 
 stamp the ground, rear in the air, run and finally go into 
 convulsions and die. This is termed "the furious form 
 of Anthrax." 
 
 Teeatment: Prevention is the most important. 
 Fields or pastures that are infected with this disease 
 should be burned every summer if possible, to destroy 
 the germs. The animals that succumb to the disease 
 should be buried deeply and quicklime thrown upon 
 them, also any blood stains upon the ground should have 
 a strong disinfectant thrown upon them. The hide of 
 such an animal should not be used as the person remov- 
 ing it is likely to contract the same disease, especially 
 ■if an abrasion is present on the hand, or such a hide or 
 any portion thereof is likely to spread the infection after 
 reaching the tannery, etc. 
 
 Medical Teeatmbnt or Serum Treatment : This is 
 the only thorough method of eradicating the disease, and 
 when this disease once becomes prevalent in a locality 
 the services of a competent Veterinarian should be se- 
 cured and all the animals inoculated. 
 
 . BARRENNESS 
 (Failure to Breed) 
 
 Cause : Wasting or Atrophy, chronic inflammation of 
 the mucous membrane lining the organs of generation. 
 Whites, absence or excessive secretions of the organs 
 of generation, contraction or displacement of the womb, 
 horns being telescoped or twisted, cysts or growths of 
 the ovaries, in-breeding or being a twin, are the predis- 
 posing causes of Barrenness. 
 
 Treatment : Unsuccessful as a rule. Unless the cow 
 is very valuable, treatment is not advisable. A careful 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 93 
 
 examination, kowever, is recommended. If due to con- 
 traction of the neck of the womb it can be readily dilated 
 by the use of the hand, after being- greased with Car- 
 bolated Sweet Oil before attempting to perform the oper- 
 ation. 
 
 BLACK LEG 
 (Symptomatic Anthrax — Blach Quarter) 
 
 Cause : ^ Due to germs. The Bacillus of Black Leg 
 perhaps gains entrance to the blood by wounds of the 
 skin or the mucous membranes lining the mouth and' the 
 intestines. This disease principally affects cattle, al- 
 though sheep and goats may become affected with the 
 same disease. 
 
 Symptoms: This disease affects cattle that are in 
 good condition between the ages of six months and two 
 years. In most cases death is very sudden, and perhaps 
 the animal is found dead. The first symptoms are High 
 temperatures from 104° to 108° F., loss of appetite, the 
 animal stops chewing the cud, breathing considerably 
 hurried, the joints of the limbs become swollen, also the 
 chest and shoulders. All the swellings are painful on 
 pressure and spread very rapidly over the body. The 
 affected animals move with great difficulty and lie down 
 frequently. If the hand is passed over the body, there 
 is a peculiar crackling sound due to the gas developing 
 under the skin. At the most distended portions of the 
 swellings, the skin becomes dry and the animal apparent- 
 ly has no sense of feeling. If the skin is punctured at 
 this place, there will be a dark-red, frothy discharge 
 which has a very disagreeable odor. There will be a 
 shivering of the muscles and the animal dies from con- 
 vulsions. 
 
 Teeatment: Remove non-affected animals to non-in- 
 fected pastures, and confine affected animals to as small 
 a territory as possible. The carcasses of the dead ani- 
 mals should be buried deep and covered with lime or 
 burned', being very careful that all bipod stains on the 
 
94 THE VETEEINARIAN 
 
 ground where the animals have been skinned are 
 thoroughly disinfected. Inoculation is necessary, and is 
 the best form of treatment in localities where Black Leg 
 exists. Inoculate or vaccinate the calves when six 
 months old or over, although after the animal' reaches 
 the age of two years or over they generally become im- 
 mune from this disease. 
 
 BLEEDING 
 
 (Hemorrhage) 
 
 Cause: Sometimes bleeding follows dehorning, cas- 
 tration, and wounds due to various other causes. 
 
 Tbeatment: When bleeding from a large artery, it 
 should be tied with a clean silk or linen thread or twisted 
 with a pair of J^orceps or cauterized with a hot iron. 
 Sometimes compression by the use of tightly bound 
 bandages proves effective, although the former appli- 
 ances are more practical. Tincture Chloride of Iron ap- 
 plied to small arteries or veins causes the blood to clot 
 in the arteries or veins and hence stops the Hemorrhage. 
 It is very essential that all wounds should be treated 
 antiseptically and I cannot say that I favot washing a 
 wound with water only in cases where the wound is very 
 filthy, and I prefer powder applications in preference to 
 any other antiseptics. The following will be found very 
 effective in the treatment of the majority of wounds: 
 Boraeic Acid, two ounces; Iodoform, two drams; Tan- 
 nic Acid, one-half ounce; Calomel, one dram. Powder 
 finely and mix well. Place in sifter top can and apply 
 two or three times daily. 
 
 BLOATING 
 
 A very common disorder in cattle and characterized 
 by a puffed up appearance of the left flank. The cow 
 has four stomachs of which the rumen is the largest, 
 its capacity being about fifty gallons in the average cow> 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 95 
 
 9.nd it is this stomach which fills with gas when a coW 
 bloats. 
 
 Cause: Eating green clover or alfalfa; even when a 
 cow is accustomed to this diet, it may cause bloating if 
 wet with dew or rain; cured alfalfa, moldy or, frozen 
 mangles will also produce bloating; the above mentioned 
 foods undergo a process of fermentation which causes 
 excessive formation of gas, and death may result very 
 quickly and may be due to rupture of the stomach or the 
 diaphragm (muscle separating the abdominal and lung 
 cavities), but is more often due to suffocation caused 
 by the distension of the stomach which becomes so large 
 that it presses the diaphragm forward against the lungs 
 in such a manner as to stop their movement and the ani- 
 mal smothers. When the cow falls, it indicates that one 
 of these possibilities has occurred and death follows 
 quickly. 
 
 Symptoms: Cattle usually bloat suddenly and with- 
 out warning; the left flank becomes abnormally swollen; 
 back is arched, breathing labored ; sometimes the tongue 
 hangs out and the animal bellows. When rupture or 
 suffocation occurs the animal reels, staggers, and falls, 
 after which nothing more can be done. 
 
 Tbeatment : No time should be lost. Where the 
 stomach is enormously distended with gas so as to cause 
 the animals to stagger and breathe very rapidly, they 
 should be gagged. This can be easily accomplished by 
 taking a piece of wood about two inches in diarheter, and 
 eight inches to one foot long, placing it in their mouth 
 and retaining it in that position by tying a string on each 
 end and placing it back of the ears. If this does not give 
 relief immediately, puncture the left flank about five 
 inches downward and forward from the angle of hip bone. 
 However, puncturing should not be resorted to only in 
 cases where death threatens the animal, as abscesses, 
 infection and severe hemorrhage may follow. A very 
 reliable medical treatment for this condition should be 
 
96 THE VETEEINAEIAN 
 
 in the medicine chest of every stockman, such as Pulv. 
 Asafetida, Oil of Turpentine, each one ounce. Place in 
 gelatin capsules. This is a very efficient remedy for the 
 eradication of excessive fermentation of gases in the 
 stomach or bloating. 
 
 BLOOD POISON 
 
 (Pyemia — Septicaemia) 
 
 Cause : Due to a septic infection taken into the blood, 
 frequently found in cows with retained afterbirths, fol- 
 lowing inflammation of the womb or intestines, wounds 
 and bruises of the skin and frequently found in calves 
 affected with Joint 111. 
 
 Symptoms: High temperature 103° to 107° P., pulse 
 rapid and feeble, breathing increased, grinding of the 
 teeth, the animal refuses to eat in most cases and ceases 
 to chew the cud, although there may be great thirst 
 present. Abscesses may form in various ■ parts of the 
 body, the membranes of the eyes and mouth will be in- 
 jected with blood, giving them a dark-red appearance, 
 although in the latter stages of Blood Poison this may 
 change to a yellowish tinge. Constipation or Diarrhoea 
 may be connected with the disease. The animal dies by 
 general emaciation from four to six days after the first 
 symptoms are noticed. 
 
 Teeatment : Unsuccessful, as when the infection once 
 becomes absorbed in the blood it is always certain that 
 death will follow. If due to injuries or wounds, wash 
 them with Bichloride solution, one part to one thousand 
 parts of water, but if due to retained afterbirth or in- 
 flammation of the womb, inject one gallon of distilled 
 water containing five per cent Carbolic Acid. If in young 
 calves, treat the same as under the heading of Joint HI. 
 If due to inflammation of the intestines, give Hyposul- 
 phite of Soda, two ounces; Potassi Iodide, one dram, 
 two or three times a day in their drinking water. When 
 abscesses form, lance them with a clean, sharp knife. If 
 
DISEASES OP CATTLE 97 
 
 the animal is constipated place two drams of Aloin, two 
 drams of Pulv. Gentian Root in a capsule and give with 
 capsule gun. If Diarrhoea is present give Gum Catechu, 
 two drams ; Protan, three drams ; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, 
 one grain. Place in gelatin capsule and give with cap- 
 sule gun. Feed warm wheat bran mashes, steamed 
 rolled oats, vegetables and green grass, if possible. 
 
 BLOODY FLUX 
 
 (Dysentery) 
 
 Cause: Chilling of the outer surface of the body. 
 Improper feeding, as contaminated food or water, some- 
 times connected with parasitic diseases of the intestines. 
 
 Symptoms : Dysentery is a sign of some irritation of 
 the intestines terminating into increased contractions of 
 muscular fibers of the bowels. The fecal matter, if fre- 
 quently expelled, at first consists of a thick feces, but 
 as the disease progresses the fecal matter becomes very 
 thin and watery and tinged with blood and very of- 
 fensive. When the first signs are noticed the animals 
 show no constitutional disturbances, but later they ex- 
 hibit abdominal pain by looking around to the flank. At 
 this stage they are very weak, throwing the feet well to- 
 gether, giving the back an arched appearance, and are 
 very uneasy although they may lie down frequently. 
 Temperature elevated from one to three degrees. The 
 animal becomes emaciated and eventually dies. 
 
 Treatment: Determine the cause and remove it if 
 possible. Keep the animal quiet. Give pure water to 
 drink in small quantities but often. If the animal will 
 eat, feed steamed rolled oats, etc. Flaxseed tea is very 
 beneficial, as it is soothing to the intestines and assists 
 in removing the irritations. Pour one quart of boiling 
 water on one-half pint of pure Flaxseed, allowing it to 
 cool, then compel the animal to drink it. The follow- 
 ing prescription will be found very effective in all forms 
 
98 
 
 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 of Diarrhoea : Tannic Acid, one ounce ; Protan, two 
 Qunces ; Gum Catechu, two ounces ; Beechwood Creosote, 
 four scruples; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, eight grains. 
 Make into eight capsules and give one capsule every 
 three or four hours with capsule gun. 
 
 Daiky Herd at Oaklawn Paem, Wayne, Ills. (Dunhams.) 
 BLOODY MILK 
 
 Cause : Bloody Milk may be the result of injury, con- 
 gestion, inflammation of the udder. Feeding on rich 
 milk-producing food suddenly may produce it. Bloody 
 Milk is also produced in a cow by excitement when in 
 heat or from eating resinous plants or shrubs. 
 
 Treatment: It is advisable in most cases to give a 
 physic consisting of two drams of Aloin and Gringer 
 two drams. Also administer Potassium Nitrate, four 
 ounces ; Potassium Chlorate, two ounces, made into eight 
 capsules and give one capsule twice daily with capsule 
 g-un. If due to rich food, reduce it. If due to eating 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 99 
 
 resinous plants, remove them from the pasture contain- 
 ing such shrubbery. Where congestion or inflammation 
 of the bag is thought to produce it, apply Hot Water 
 Packs, then dry and apply Blue Ointment and Cam- 
 phorated Ointment, equal parts, two ounces. Mix well 
 and rub on thoroughly two or three times a day. 
 
 BLUE MILK 
 
 Cause : This condition is due to a germ (the Bacillus 
 Cyanogenes) which may occur in rich milk or cream 
 immediately after being drawn or the germ may find 
 its way into the opening of the teat. 
 
 Treatment : Injections into the teat of a solution 
 composed of the following: Hyposulphite of Soda, two 
 drams ; Boracic Acid, one dram, dissolved in one pint of 
 boiling water. Permit to cool and inject a small quan- 
 tity in each teat once or twice a day for three or four 
 days. This will destroy the Blue Milk producing germ 
 "without any injuries to tl^e cow, udder or teats. 
 
 BRONCHITIS 
 
 Cause: Inhaling irritating gases or foreign bodies. 
 It is commonly seen after drenching from liquid escap- 
 ing into the windpipe instead of going down the gullet. 
 Animals exposed to cold, wet weather when not accus- 
 tomed to it frequently develop Bronchitis. 
 
 Symptoms: Loss of appetite, chilling, temperature 
 elevated two or three degrees above normal, ears and 
 legs cold, nose hot and dry, breathing short and labored, 
 painful coughing, slight discharge from the nostrils and 
 saliva oozing from the mouth. If the ear is placed 
 over the lower portion of the neck, a crepitating sound 
 can be heard. 
 
 Treatment : Place the animal in a clean, comfortable 
 stall where there is pure air and light but no drafts. 
 Clothe the body if the weather is cold. Hand rub the 
 legs and bandage with woolen cloths. Give inhalations 
 
100 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 of steam from Hot Water and Pine Tar for twenty min- 
 utes two or three times a day. Also administer Nux 
 Vomica, four ounces; Ginger, four ounces; Nitrate of 
 Potash, four ounces. Make into sixteen capsules and 
 give one capsule every four hours. Applications of the 
 following liniment are of some value: Aqua Ammonia 
 Fort., three ounces; Oil of Turpentine, three ounces; 
 Sweet Oil, six ounces. Apply over the region of the 
 windpipe the full length of the neck. 
 
 CALF SCOURS 
 
 (Cholera — White Scours — Bloody Flux) 
 Cause : It is produced by a specific germ and is com- 
 municated by direct or indirect contact with the germ 
 which may gain entrance into the blood by the umbilical 
 cord at or shortly after birth or through the digestive 
 canal by drinking milk or eating food contaminated 
 with the disease-producing germ. The more common 
 means of spreading the disease is through pails, drink- 
 ing troughs, etc. 
 
 Symptoms : One of the most deadly forms of Diar- 
 rhoea. This usually appears a few days after birth, al- 
 though in some cases it takes several days for it to de- 
 velop. Every sign of Diarrhoea is present, as frequent 
 passages of feces of a yellowish-white color, frothy and 
 very offensive in odor. The calf is very dull, weak, back 
 arched, hair rough, eyes glassy and sunken back in their ' 
 sockets, belly retracted, breathing short and fast. The 
 calf finally lies flat on the side, head resting on the floor 
 or ground with a temperature generally below normal. 
 The calf finally becomes unconscious and death follows. 
 Tkeatment : Give Protan, three ounces ; Zinc Sulpho- 
 carbolates, eight grains; Gum Catechu, powdered, two 
 ounces; Ginger, one ounce; Beechwood Creosote, one 
 dram. Make into eight capsules and give one capsule 
 every two hours until relieved. When the calf will take 
 its feed, if not nursing its mother, see that the milk is 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 101 
 
 pure and the utensil containing it thoroughly scalded 
 with hot water. Keep the animal in clean, sanitary 
 quarters, as quiet as possible for a few days, and if the 
 disease is not too far advanced a good recovery will 
 follow. 
 
 CALVING 
 
 Signs of Normal Calving are firmness and enlargement 
 of the udder, extending well forward following the milk 
 veins. The teats as a rule discharge a thin milky fluid, 
 relaxation of the muscles on each side of the croup or 
 the base of the tail. The outer surface of the womb be- 
 comes swollen and inflamed, discharging sticky, stringy, 
 transparent mucus. The cow becomes uneasy, stops eat- 
 ing, and if in a pasture becomes separated from the rest 
 of the herd ; will lie down and get up alternately as if in 
 great agony. When birth pains start, the back is arched, 
 and a severe straining follows the contraction of the 
 abdominal muscles. The membranes covering the foetus 
 will be the first to make their appearance, engorged with 
 a fluid from the womb. This is commonly known as the 
 water bag, which eventually bursts and the two fore feet 
 can be seen, and, as the animal continues to strain, the 
 nose and head will be next to be seen. When the calf's 
 shoulders are exposed, the cow as a rule rises suddenly 
 to her feet and the entire calf is expelled, also the mem- 
 branes surrounding it, but the membranes next to the 
 womb, as a general rule, remain longer and sometimes 
 require artificial assistance to remove them. (See Re- 
 tention of the Afterbirth.) Destroy the foetal mem- 
 branes by burning or burying them deeply. Do not per- 
 mit the cow to eat them. Wash the calf's navel with 
 Bichloride of Mercury, one part to one thousand parts 
 water, once or twice a day until the navel is thoroughly 
 dry, as an infection may follow, producing Joint 111 or 
 Scours, from which death may result. 
 
 Abnormal Calving: This is a condition where the 
 
102 THE VETEEINAEIAN 
 
 foetus is not normally presented, as that just described. 
 Their feet may be presented in a normal manner, but 
 the head and neck twisted back or to one side, or the 
 head and one fore foot may be presented normally, while 
 the other fore foot is doubled back, or there may be a 
 breech presentation as the rump of a foetus with both 
 hind feet thrown close to its body. This is a very diffi- 
 cult presentation, especially if in a young animal. A 
 foetus abnormally presented requires good judgment 
 and cleanliness, also lubrication of the walls of the womb 
 with unsalted Lard, Cotton or Sweet Oil. Endeavor to 
 place the foetus in as near a normal position as possi- 
 ble before any force is used in its delivery, although 
 where both hind feet are presented, it is advisable to re- 
 move it in this position. The hands and ropes should be 
 clean and washed with a five per cent solution of Carbolic 
 Acid. It is not only dangerous to the animal, but to the 
 operator as well, if proper antiseptic precautions are not 
 practiced. 
 
 Space does not permit me going into details on various 
 foetal presentations nor does it permit me to explain the 
 exact methods or operations I would use in each par- 
 ticular case. Nevertheless, good judgment and cleanli- 
 ness axe important. Do not hurry. Take your time, and 
 you will be successful in most cases. 
 
 When the foetus is removed, and the afterbirth does 
 not come away within twelve or eighteen hours, remove 
 it. (See Retention of Afterbirth, which will describe its 
 means of attachment and its removal.) 
 
 CASTING THE WITHERS 
 
 (E.version of the Womb) 
 Cause: Failure of the womb to contract after Calv- 
 ing. If the womb contracts naturally and the afterbirth 
 expelled, the cavity of the womb is nearly closed and 
 the neck of the womb becomes so narrow that the hand 
 cannot be inserted. "When the womb fails to contract, 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 103 
 
 one or both horns of the womb become so relaxed that 
 they fall into the cavity causing straining and contraction 
 of the abdominarmuscles, forcing the womb out grad- 
 ually until the organ is turned inside out. The womb 
 can be easily distinguished from the other membranes 
 on account of the presence of sixty to eighty mushroom- 
 like bodies (cotyledons) two to four inches in diameter 
 attached to the walls of the womb by a narrow neck. 
 The womb when hanging out becomes engorged with 
 blood and inflamed until it is as large as a grain sack, 
 very dark in color, tears and bleeds with the slightest 
 touch. Later it becomes lacerated and gangrenous. 
 
 Symptoms: At first, the general health is not very 
 much interfered with, but the inflammation which is 
 marked by an elevation in temperature becomes very 
 noticeable, accompanied by severe straining and exhaus- 
 tion. The animal lies down, but continues to strain until 
 death, unless relief is afforded the animal at once. 
 
 Treatment: Great care must be exercised. The 
 parts of the womb coming in contact with the cow's hips, 
 tail or floors must be thoroughly washed with a five per 
 cent solution of Carbolic Acid, using a soft cloth or 
 ■ sponge to remove dirt, clots, etc. Place the cow in a posi- 
 tion so as to have her hind quarters much higher than 
 the head, and then endeavor to replace the womb. After 
 washing as stated above, bandage the tail with a clean 
 cloth ; have an assistant hold up the womb and the opera- 
 tor use gentle manipulation and pressure with clean 
 hands; this perhaps is the best method of replacing the 
 womb. Then follow by flushing out the womb with a 
 weak Carbolic Acid solution and luke warm water. This 
 has a tendency to straighten out the horns of the uterus 
 and prevent infection. If the cow continues to strain, 
 give Potassium Bromide in ounce doses every two or 
 three hours in her drinking water, or place in capsule 
 and give with capsule gun. 
 
 Sometimes stimulants and tonics are necessary and 
 
104 THE VETERINAEIAN 
 
 the following will be found very effective: Pulv. Nux 
 Vomica, four ounces; Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces; 
 Pulv. Ferri Sulphate, fouT ounces. Make into sixteen 
 capsules and give one capsule every six hours with cap- 
 sule gun. 
 
 It is well to compel the animal to stand or lie with 
 the hind parts elevated, until the signs of straining have 
 
 ceased. 
 
 CATARACT OF THE EYE 
 
 Cause : Is due to deep seated inflammation of the eye ■ 
 produced by an injury or weakened condition of the optic 
 nerve. 
 
 Symptoms: If the pupil of one of the eyes appears 
 larger than the other it is well to make a careful ex- 
 amination, as this is the tirst sign of Cataract. If such 
 a condition is neglected, partial or complete blindness 
 will follow and a white, pearly deposit can be seen on 
 the lens of the eye. 
 
 Teeatmbnt: Very unsatisfactory unless treatedcare- 
 fully when the first signs are noticed. Place the animal 
 in a darkened stable. Feed clean, sloppy food and it 
 may be necessary to give a physic consisting of two 
 drams of Aloin, two drams of Pulv. Ginger, placed in a 
 capsule and given with capsule gun. The following oint- 
 ment, Yellow Oxide of Mercury, four grains ; Lanolin, 
 one ounce, should be mixed well and applied to the eye 
 two or three times a day. 
 
 CATARRH 
 
 Cause : 111 ventilated stables, inhalations of irritating 
 gases or sudden exposure to cold, wet weather, after 
 being accustomed to warm stables. Most commonly seen 
 in the Spring or Fall. 
 
 Symptoms : Chilling and temperature elevated one or 
 two degrees, pulse not much affected, breathing hurried 
 to some extent, sneezing, coughing, dullness and the ap- 
 petite is slightly impaired. In the first stages the nos- 
 
\' DISEASES OP CATTLE 105 
 
 trils are very dry and considerably inflamed, but in the 
 course of a few days the fever subsides and a profuse 
 discharge from the nose is observed. 
 
 Teeatment : Place the animal in dry, well ventilated 
 stall, blanket well and supply a good quality and quantity 
 of bedding. Give inhalations from steam and hot water 
 and Pine Tar. If the animal is constipated, give rectal 
 injections of Soap and Warm Water two or three times a 
 day. Also administer Potassium Nitrate, Pulv. Nux 
 Vomica, ea,ch four ounces;. Capsicum, two ounces, and 
 Pulv. Ginger two ounces. Make into twenty-four cap- 
 sules and give one capsule three or four times a day. This 
 should not be neglected, as neglected Catarrh is liable to 
 be followed by Laryngitis, Bronchitis, Pneumonia, Pleu- 
 risy or other diseases of the organs of breathing, which 
 are very serious and sometimes cause the death of the 
 animal. 
 
 CHAPPED TEATS 
 
 Cause : Anjrthing that tends to irritate them. A sud- 
 den chilling of the teat in cold weather after the calf 
 has just let it go, or after the operation of milking with 
 wet hands or from an animal wading through "deep water 
 or tall wet grass. Also filth or irritants coming in con- 
 tact with teats when lying down. 
 
 Tbeatment: Remove the cause if possible and dry 
 the teats well after each milking and apply Zinc Oxide 
 ointment. Feed laxative food that is easily digested, 
 as it has a very good effect on the blood, consequently 
 it promotes the healing of wounds. 
 
 CHOKING 
 
 (Obstruction of the Esophagus) 
 Cause : An obstruction of the Esophagus (gullet) pro- 
 duced by an animal attemi)ting to swallow apples, pota- 
 toes, roots, dry grain, etc. 
 
 Symptoms: A stringy discharge of saliva from the 
 
106 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 mouth, violent coughing, wrendhing of the head and neck. 
 The animal will bloat very quickly if the Esophagus oi' 
 gullet is completely obstructed. 
 
 Tbeatment: The obstruction as a rule is easily lo- 
 cated, and as quickly as possible withdraw the obstruc- 
 tion by inserting the hand and extracting the object. Do 
 not attempt to push the object down into the stomach, 
 except as a last resort, as there is a great deal of danger 
 of rupturing the Esophagus or gullet. Push the object 
 upward by gentle manipulation from the outside. If this 
 fails, a smooth piece of hose about eight or nine feet long, 
 well greased with Lard, Butter or Oil, should be passed 
 down the Esophagus or gnillet. A block of wood about 
 two inches in diameter with a hole bored through the 
 center just a little larger than the hose, placed in the 
 mouth, will prevent the animal from biting the hose, and 
 make the operation easier. 
 
 When the animal is bloated severely, puncture with a 
 knife about four or five inches from the point of the hip 
 downward and forward. 
 
 CHRONIC DYSENTERY 
 (Bacterial Dysentery — Jones Disease) 
 
 Cause : Acid-fast Bacillus resembling the Tubercular 
 Bacillus that invade the intestines by the way of the 
 animal drinking water or eating food containing the 
 Acid-fast Bacteria. 
 
 Symptoms : Diarrhoea, loss of flesh, although the ap- 
 petite is good, hair becomes dry and harsh, temperature 
 remains about normal. The Diarrhoea becomes persist- 
 ent and tinged with blood. The animal becomes ema- 
 ciated and anemic, exhausted, and death follows. This 
 disease may continue for a month or even a year before 
 death takes place. However this is very uncommon. 
 They generally die very shortly. 
 
 Treatment: Separate the affected cattle from the 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 107 
 
 healthy ones. All fecal matter should be deeply buried 
 or burned, the stalls, barnyards, also thoroughly disin- 
 fected. Administration of medicine thus far has been 
 unsatisfactory, although a treatment should be directed 
 toward the intestines with internal antiseptics such as 
 Zinc Sulphocarbolates, one and one-half grains ; Protan, 
 three drams ; Pulv. Nux Vomica, one dram ; Bismuth Sub- 
 nitrate, one dram. Place in gelatin capsule and give with 
 capsule gun. This dose should be repeated three or four 
 times a day. Feed a good quality of food, such as wheat 
 bran mashes or steamed rolled oats and see that the 
 water supply is fresh and non-contaminated. 
 
 COLIC 
 
 Cause : Drinking large quantities of cold water when 
 overheated. However, this disorder is very uncommon 
 in cattle owing to the fact that they are not worked, seldom 
 overheated and drink water very slowly. 
 
 Symptoms : Kicking or raising of the feet to the belly. 
 Lying down and getting up alternately. Distention of 
 the stomach or paunch with gas. The animal chills or 
 shivers, etc. 
 
 Treatment: Strong stimulants or tonics as the fol- 
 lowing will give immediate results if administered in its 
 first stages : Pulv. Nux Vomica, two ounces ; Pulv. Gin- 
 ger, two ounces ; Pulv. Capsicum, two ounces. Make into ' 
 eight capsules and give one capsule every two hours 
 until relieved. Give the capsules with capsule gun. If 
 severe bloating accompanies a case of Colic in cattle 
 place one ounce dose of Oil of Turpentine in ounce cap- 
 sules and give with capsule gun. 
 
 CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS 
 Cause: Cattle permitted to stand in drafts when 
 warm after being driven, etc., irritating drugs escaping 
 into the lungs when drenching, as it is very difficult for 
 cattle to swallow when their heads are elevated. 
 
 \'\ y ', ' - r I 
 
108 
 
 THE VETEEINARIAN 
 
 >^ 
 
 'I •! \' 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 109 
 
 Symptoms: Dullness. The animal loses its spirits,' 
 so to speak, usually shivers or trembles. When this 
 ceases, the temperature rises to perhaps 105° or 106° F. 
 The ears and legs grow cold, the nose hot and dry, pulse 
 rapid but firm, breathing short and labored, a short hack- 
 ing cough will be present. Such animals generally re- 
 main standing. 
 
 Other symptoms are constipation, the feces covered 
 with mucus or a slime, great thirst. The eyes are in- 
 flamed and look glassy. The secretions of milk are sup- 
 pressed, if these symptoms develop in milking cows. 
 
 Treatment: Place the animal in clean, warm, com- 
 fortable quarters permitting light and as much pure air 
 as possible, but avoid drafts and blanket the animal if 
 chilly. Hand rub the legs and bandage with woolen 
 cloths. Administer Pulv. Carbonate of Ammonia, four 
 ounces ; Pulv. Nux Vomica, three ounces ; Quinine, two 
 ounces ; Nitrate of Potash, two ounces ; Potassium Iodide, 
 one ounce. Make into twenty-four capsules and give on,e 
 capsule every four hours with capsule gun. Also apply 
 a paste made from Mustard and cold water over the lung 
 cavities just back of the fore legs. Apply once a day 
 and perhaps one or two applications will be sufficient. 
 
 If this disease is treated when the first symptoms de- 
 velop, a good recovery will follow. Feed easily digested 
 food as hot wheat bran mashes or steamed rolled oats, 
 vegetables and green grass if possible. 
 
 CONTAGIOUS ABORTION 
 
 (Infectious Abortion) 
 
 .Cause: Due to a germ (Bacillus Abortus) coming in 
 direct contact with the genital organs of a bull or cow 
 and can be indefinitely transmitted from one herd to an- 
 other by infected bulls serving healthy cows, or infected 
 cows when served transmit the infection to healthy bulls. 
 Healthy cows become infected by their genital organs 
 
110 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 coming in contact with litter on floors when lying down or 
 rubbing against fences, walls or posts previously soiled 
 by aborting cows. Cattle licking one another is also a 
 prolific cause. 
 
 Symptoms: The signs of calving are not so well 
 marked as in normal calving, especially where the abort- 
 ing animal is a heifer and the gestation period has not 
 exceeded three or four weeks. In cows, especially where 
 the gestation period has advanced to five or seven 
 months, the symptoms are easily detected as a rule by a 
 swelling of the udder, or what is commonly termed ' ' mak- 
 ing bag," the outer portions of the womb swollen and 
 inflamed as in normal calving. As the period of abor-' 
 tion approaches, there will be a discharge of mucus and 
 blood from the womb. Labor pains are not as severe as 
 in normal calving, owing to the absence of hair on the 
 foetus and being smaller; although the afterbirth (foetal 
 membranes), may be retained the same as in normal 
 calving. 
 
 Pbeventive Treatment: This perhaps is the cheap- 
 est and best method of treating Contagious Abortion. 
 When purchasing bulls or cows, ascertain whether the 
 farm you purchased from has Contagious Abortion. An 
 investigation of this kind often saves labor, time and 
 money. 
 
 Medical Treatment: When once Contagious Abor- 
 tion makes its appearance, separate infected from non- 
 infected animals, remove all litter, manure, etc., from 
 barns, corrals, and burn or bury deeply. The convey- 
 ances used should be tight so as to prevent scattering. 
 Scrub and disinfect floors, fences, walls of barns and rub- 
 bing posts with a solution made from three pounds of 
 Copper Sulphate to ten gallons of water, permitting it 
 to thoroughly dissolve before using. Use an ordinary 
 barrel and cover so as to prevent any cattle drinking 
 same, as it is very poisonous. When a cow aborts, re- 
 move the calf and' afterbirth in a tight receptacle that 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 111 
 
 will prevent any portion from being scattered, and burn 
 , or bury deeply ; disinfect the floor and walls of stall where 
 the abortion took place as long as the cow is discharging 
 any fluids from the womb. A gallon of distilled or boiled 
 water'containing about one per cent Carbolic Acid should 
 be injected into the womb with an ordinary hose and 
 funnel. This should "be repeated once a day for a week. 
 Use a solution of the same strength for washing the tail 
 and parts around the outer part of the womb, or in fact 
 any part that the discharge of an aborting cow may come 
 in contact with. 
 
 Internally, give Methylen Blue in thirty grain doses, 
 every other day for two weeks. This is an exceptionally 
 disagreeable drug to administer as it stains everything it 
 comes in contact with. Place it in a gelatin capsule or 
 have your druggist prepare six or seven capsules contain- 
 ing thirty grains each. Then administer with capsule 
 gun. Insist on pure Methylen Blue, accept no substitute. 
 This treatment has proven very effective in many lo- 
 calities where strict aseptic precautions were carried out, 
 as washing out the womb or any parts that the discharge 
 of an aborting cow may come in contact with and proper 
 cleanliness and disinfection of stables, etc. Cows should 
 not be bred for several weeks following abortion or as 
 long as there is a discharge present. Bulls should be 
 treated in much the same way, as administering Methy- 
 len Blue in same size doses for the same length of time 
 as that of the cow. But in addition to this, use a one per 
 cent solution of Carbolic Acid for injecting into the bull's 
 sheath, holding the end of the sheath while the solution is 
 being injected, nntil it is well distended; holding the 
 opening of the sheath allowing the solution to remain as 
 long as convenient. Also, wash belly, muzzle, etc., with 
 a solution of the same strength. 
 
112 THE VETERINAEIAN 
 
 COUGH 
 
 (Acute and Chronic) 
 
 As a coTigli is a symptom of various diseases, these 
 in addition to the cough should be treated. 
 
 Kinds of Cough: Many writers give several dif- 
 ferent varieties, but for the sake of convenience I will 
 divide them into two forms, namely : Acute and Chronic. 
 
 Cause : Acute coughs are generally due to sudden ex- 
 posure to cold, drafts and are the forerunning symptom 
 of a disease of the organs of breathing. 
 
 Chronic Coughs are associated with, and are a result 
 of sore throat, lung fever, pleurisy, bronchitis, catarrh 
 and tuberculosis. 
 
 Treatment : Under each disease, of which a cough is 
 a symptom, I have also prescribed to include its suppres- 
 sion. The following prescription is reasonable in price, 
 yet very effective in all forms of cough: Tannic Acid, 
 one ounce; Potassi Chlorate, four ounces; Potassi Ni- 
 trate, four ounces. Powder well and mix with Black 
 Strap Molasses, one pint, placing container retaining the 
 above in hot water, which assists in dissolving. When 
 this is thoroughly mixed, add Pine Tar, one pint, and 
 place one tablespoonful well back on the tongue with a 
 wooden paddle every three or four hours, according to 
 the severity of the cough. 
 
 Sometimes a liniment applied to the throat and wind- 
 pipe has a good effect, and I would recommend the fol- 
 lowing on account of its penetrating qualities: Aqua 
 Ammonia Fort., two ounces; Turpentine, two ounces; 
 Raw Linseed Oil, four ounces. Mix and apply twice 
 daily, shaking the contents of the bottle well before using. 
 
 COWPOX 
 
 (Variola) 
 Cause: Investigations lead us to believe that it is 
 due to a protozoa. So far, the true micro-organism has 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 113 
 
 not been discovered. This disease is very contagious and 
 is transmitted by direct communication but not through 
 the air. Perhaps the most common way of transmitting 
 the disease is by the hands of the milker. 
 
 Symptoms: A slight raise in the temperature, espe- 
 cially that of the udder and teats. They are red, swol- 
 len and tender and after three or four days small pim- 
 ples or pustules will appear on the teats about the size of 
 a pea. The pimples or pustules become larger and within 
 a few days may attain the size of one-half inch in diame- 
 ter. At the end of the second week the pimples or pus- 
 tules burst and discharge an amber colored fluid leaving 
 raw sores, which cause the animal to suffer intensely 
 when being milked. The supply of milk is also markedly 
 decreased in this condition. 
 
 Peevention : A person should not milk both healthy 
 and diseased cows unless the hands are thoroughly 
 washed in a Carbolated Solution; the clothes that are 
 likely to come in contact with the udder, coat sleeves, 
 etc., changed. 
 
 Treatment : It is advisable to give a physic as it has 
 a very good effect on the blood, such as Aloin, two drams, 
 and Ginger, two drams, which is easily prepared and ad- 
 ministered by placing in capsule and giving with capsule 
 gun. 
 
 Also, the application of Zinc Ointment two or three 
 times a day affords immediate relief and causes the 
 sores to heal rapidly. Good results are also obtained by 
 feeding food that is easily digested, as bran mashes, 
 steamed rolled oats and vegetables. 
 
 CUD CHEWING 
 
 (Physiology of Rumination) 
 
 The cow when eating grass or hay merely moistens it 
 with saliva and swallows, then it passes into the rumen 
 or paunch which acts as a storehouse or reservoir for 
 
114 THE VETEEINAEIAN 
 
 food. After tile pauncla or rumen is filled, the cow finds 
 a comfortable place to stand or lie down an^i she regur- 
 gitates it into the mouth by a contraction of the muscles 
 of the walls of the esophagus in small quantities or pel- 
 lets from the rumen or paunch back into the mouth and 
 is there masticated. When it is chewed finely she swal- 
 loAvs and it passes into the second stomach and is there 
 digested for assimilation. 
 
 DIARRHOEA 
 
 Cause: Giving rich succulent foods after being fed 
 on stimulating diets for some time, and such a case may 
 be a benefit to the animal instead of an injury. Turnips, 
 carrots, etc., especially if frozen slightly, are apt to pro- 
 duce it. Also impure and stagnant water which acts as 
 a poison or some irritant in the food, as sand, clay, etc., 
 or it maj^ result from excitement, as driving cattle or 
 shipping cattle in cars when not accustomed to it. Or, 
 it may be the result of an overdose of irritating medi- 
 cines. Diarrhoea as a rule is not fatal. It is often an 
 effort of nature to relieve some disease, as poison in the 
 blood. The easiest way to get rid of it is by way of the 
 bowels. 
 
 Symptoms: It is easily detected. An animal passes 
 large amounts of feces wkich are of a liquid nature. At 
 first the pulse is but little affected, but after a day or 
 two it becomes weak and slightly increased. If it con- 
 tinues for a few days the pulse increases, the ears and 
 legs get colder than normal, there are slight gripping 
 pains in some cases due to slight irritation or perhaps 
 to slight spasm of the intestines. These pains may in- 
 crease and result in inflammation of the bowels, espe- 
 cially if the cause is due to stagnant water or irritating 
 drugs. 
 
 Treatment : In many cases all you have to do is to 
 change the food and clothe the body according to the 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 115 
 
 temperature. Do not let the animal drink large quantities 
 of water at one time. Give pure water in small quantities, 
 but often, and it may be necessary to give medicines. 
 Endeavor to find out the cause and if due to some irritant 
 in the intestines, prepare Flaxseed tea by pouring a 
 quart of boiling water on a !half pint of pure Flaxseed, 
 allowing it to cool. Compel the animal to drink it. This 
 is very soothing to the bowels when irritated and also 
 beneficial in removing the irritant; in cases where the 
 Diarrhoea continues foj some time, it is necessary to 
 stop it by administering Gum Catechu, two ounces ; Pro- 
 tan, two ounces; Zinc Sulphocarbolates, eight grains. 
 Mix and make into eight capsules and give one capsule 
 every four hours with capsule gun. Keep the animal as 
 quiet as possible and feed non-irritating food that is 
 easily digested, as steamed barley or oats. 
 
 DEHORNING 
 
 Dehorning is not considered a cruelty as some people 
 hold it, as horns on cattle do not only add discomfort to 
 themselves but add to the owner's risk. It is much bet- 
 ter, safer and I think more humane to prevent the growth 
 of horns on calves after they are three or four days old 
 by rubbing the elevations where the horns make their 
 appearance with a pencil of Caustic Potash after being 
 moistened with cold water. Repeat this application two 
 or three times, which is generally sufficient. 
 
 Wben dehorning cattle with clippers or saw, it is well 
 to remove about one-half inch of the flesh of the horn. 
 This gives their head a much better appearance after the 
 horns are removed and healed. When a horn is' freshly 
 amputated, apply Oil of Tar occasionally, as it is an an- 
 tiseptic and prevents infection and the annoyance of flies. 
 However, this should be performed during the season 
 when the flies are less numerous. 
 
116 
 
 THE VETEEINAEIAN 
 
 DROPSY 
 
 (Ascities) 
 
 Cause: Usually seen in old. animals or cattle fed on 
 poor food where the blood becomes so poor, so to speak, 
 that Dropsy follows. The presence of worms frequently 
 stimulates excessive secretions of fluid, producing 
 Dropsy. 
 
 Symptoms: The abdomen is abnormally increased in 
 
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 Champion Jersey Cow Grey Poktia. 
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 size, flanks are gaunt, paleness of the membranes of the 
 mouth and eyes and a general weakness. Pressure with 
 the hand on the abdominal walls will produce a splashing, 
 watery sound. 
 
 Tbeatment : The cause at first should be determined 
 and the disease treated accordingly. If due to worms, 
 withhold all food for twenty-four hours. Place two 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 117 
 
 ounces of Oil of Turpentine in gelatin capsules and give 
 with capsule gun. Follow this in six hours with two 
 drams of Aloin, three drams of Ginger in gelatin capsule 
 and give with capsule gun. Feed nourishing food as 
 wheat bran mashes and one cup of Flaxseed meal once a 
 day. In their drinking water place one dram of Potas- 
 sium Iodide two or three times a day. See that this 
 water is drunk and give no other until this is consumed 
 
 by the animal. 
 
 ECZEMA 
 
 Cause : Insanitary surroundings, as warm, damp sta- 
 bles. Overfeeding, swills, decomposed vegetables. Ap- 
 plying irritating drugs to the skin. 
 
 Symptoms: Bedness of the skin and the animal rubs 
 itself; is usually confined to a small area at first, 
 but eventually spreads. Considerable inflammation is 
 present, also eruptions of the skin which discharge white, 
 serous, sticky fluid, terminating in scabs and thickness 
 of the skin. Sometimes suppuration or formation of pus- 
 tules containing pus is present. These symptoms do not 
 always occur in regular succession ; in some cases the 
 serums oozing from the skin will be mbre prominent than 
 in others. 
 
 Treatment: Determine the cause and remove it. If 
 due to poor food, improve the quality. Also feed laxative 
 food, as hot bran mashes, steamed rolled oats. If the 
 bowels do not act freely, administer Aloin, two drams, 
 and Ginger, three drams. Place in gelatin capsule and 
 give with capsule gun. An ointment made from the 
 following is very effective as an application in this con- 
 dition: Blue Ointment, one ounce; Zinc Oxide, three 
 ounces. Mix well and apply two or three times a day. 
 A tonic usually has a very good effect in the treatment 
 of this disease, and I would recommend the use of the 
 following: Pulv. Gentian Boot, four ounces; Potassium 
 . Nitrate, four ounces ; Ferri Sulphate, four ounces. Mix 
 and make into twelve capsules and give one capsule two 
 or three times a day with capsule gun. 
 
118 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 ERGOT POISON 
 
 (Ergotism) 
 
 Cause: Ergotism is produced by cattle eating fun- 
 goid growths which, attack kernels and seeds of rye and 
 blue grass, etc. These kernels or seeds grow dark in 
 color and become abnormally large and curved in shape. 
 The infected grass or hay when eaten by cattle contract 
 the arteries, especially those of the legs, just above the 
 feet, although all the arteries in the body are contracted 
 to a certain extent. This disease is frequently seen in 
 Spring and Summer. 
 
 Symptoms: Ergot is prescribed in cases of bleeding, 
 because of its contracting effect upon the arteries (clos- 
 ing or stopping the flow of blood) where the blood sup- 
 ply is the weakest, as in the extremities. It is cut off and 
 this, of course, causes the skin just above the hoofs to 
 break or crack as though it were cut with a knife. This 
 shuts off the entire supply of blood to the foot, which 
 mummifies, and the lower portion becomes gangrenous 
 and eventually sloughs off. One of the first effects of 
 Ergot Poison in pregnant cattle is abortion, due to the 
 blood supply to the womb being shut off by its contracting 
 effect on the arteries. Cattle are particularly susceptible 
 to Ergotism. 
 
 Tbbatment: When Ergotism is so advanced as to 
 produce sloughing of the feet it is best to destroy the 
 animal. If other animals are affected slightly, find out 
 the cause and remove it. Look to the hay or pasture as 
 the producer. Administer one-half ounce of Chloral 
 Hydrate, two or three times a day in their drinking water 
 or mix it with sufficient quantity of Flaxseed meal to 
 fill an ounce gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. 
 If the skin is slightly broken above the foot, wash with 
 five per cent solution of Carbolic Acid. Where the feet 
 have become gangrenous amputation of the foot or feet 
 is necessary, which is not advisable unless the animal is 
 very valuable. 
 
DISEASES OF CATTI^E 119 
 
 FLUKE 
 
 (Liver and Lungs) 
 
 Cause : This disease is contracted by cattle grazing 
 on marshy lands. There are two different species of 
 Fluke that affect the liver and lungs of cattle. They 
 are both flat, leaf -like worms. The Common Liver Fluke 
 is about one-half inch long, while the so-called American 
 Fluke is somewhat larger. In their life history these 
 Flukes depend on snails as intermediate hosts. , At a 
 certain stage of development the young Flukes live on 
 snails. They become encysted on stalks and blades of 
 grass which are finally swallowed by grazing cattle. This 
 ■ disease is most frequently seen in young cattle. 
 
 Symptoms: The animal shows no marked signs at 
 first, but eventually the appetite diminishes, rumination 
 or chewing of the cud becomes irregular, the animal be- 
 comes dull, hide-bound, hair standing, the visible mucous 
 membranes of the mouth and eyes become pale and 
 bloodless, the eyes discharge watery fluids oozing down 
 the face, temperature varying from two to , three de- 
 grees above normal and milk supply, if in aged cattle, 
 remarkably reduced. In all cases there is great thirst 
 and the animal becomes very much emaciated and refuses 
 to eat. Swellings about, the belly and breast, etc. Diar- 
 rhoea at first, alternating with constipation, but finally 
 becomes continuous. The diseased animal succumbs to 
 the malady in from two to six months. 
 
 Treatment: Medical treatment is unsatisfactory. 
 The disease will be prevented to a considerable "extent 
 by giving animals plenty of salt and in the marshes con- 
 taining' pools of water introduce or plant carp, frogs and 
 toads into the infected tracts. These will destroy the 
 young parasites and feed upon the snails which serve as 
 their intermediate hosts. Or, prevent the cattle from 
 grazing upon swampy marshes by fencing them out. 
 
120 THE VETERINAEIAN 
 
 FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE 
 
 (Infectious Aphtha — Episootica Eczema) 
 
 Cause: This disease is produced by a specific agent 
 or germ, the exact nature of which is not known. It will 
 pass through the Berkf elt filter, which is the most minute 
 filter known to science, and is therefore known as a filter- • 
 able virus. This is an eruptive fever and belongs to the 
 class of Exanthematous diseases such as smallpox, 
 measles, scarlet fever, etc. Every outbreak starts from 
 some pre-existing infection. The infection is distributed 
 by manure, pastures, barnyards, hay, drinking troughs, 
 box-cars, ships, boats which have been previously oc- 
 cupied by animals affected with this disease, travel over 
 public highways or man may carry the infection of this 
 disease on his clothing and transmit it to healthy cattle, 
 etc. Foot and Mouth Disease not only affects cattle but 
 attacks a variety of animals, as the horse, sheep, goat, 
 hog, dog, cat, also wild animals as buffalo, deer, antelope, 
 and man himself is not immune from this disease. Children 
 also suffer from Foot and Mouth Disease, resulting from' 
 drinking unboiled milk from infected cattle. Therefore, 
 when purchasing cattle be very careful, as you may be 
 buying an infectious disease. Keep the newly purchased 
 animals to themselves for two or three weeks, if possible. 
 This will give ample time for the majority of infectious 
 diseases to develop. 
 
 Symptoms: The disease usually makes its first ap- 
 pearance in three to six days after being exposed, by 
 chilling, rise of temperature, and in a day or so pustules 
 varying in size from that of a pin head to that of a pea 
 appear. They appear upon the inner surface of the lips, 
 gums and upper surface of the tongue. The feet also be- 
 come affected between the digits. The udder usually be- 
 comes affected, especially in milking cows. As soon as 
 this disease becomes well established the affected animal 
 evinces great pain when attempting to eat. The animal 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 121 
 
 generally refuses food. In many instances they shut and 
 open the month with a smacking sound owing to the 
 stringy saliva flowing from the mouth. The ulcers in 
 the mouth continue to enlarge until they attain the size 
 of one-half to two inches in diameter. The mucous mem- 
 brane covering these ulcers breaks and a watery dis- 
 charge escapes. In a few days the surface of the ulcers 
 takes on a whitish appearance. The same changes take 
 place in the feet and the animal becomes very lame and 
 the udder very much swollen, the ulcers discharge, etc. 
 
 Peevbntion : When any of the above mentioned symp- 
 toms are noticed, non-affected animals should immedi- 
 ately be removed to non-affected quarters. This disease 
 is not communicated through the atmosphere but by the 
 animal coming into direct contact with the infection or 
 virus; hence it is not necessary to move unaffected an- 
 imals any great distance but merely to clean, sanitary 
 quarters which have not been subjected to any possible 
 infection from the diseased animals. It must be borne in 
 mind that the attendant or helper cannot be too careful in 
 the matter of his own actions and dress as the infection 
 is easily carried through clothes, fecal matter, etc., adher- 
 ing to shoes or any matter or articles, such as buckets, 
 brushes, rubrags, blankets, etc. 
 
 The existence of this disease should at once be reported 
 to your nearest Veterinarian, He will report to the State 
 Veterinarian of your State or to the United States Bu- 
 reau of Animal Industry at Washington, D. C. 
 
 Tkeatmekt: I cannot recommend any treatment as 
 being satisfactory or a cure, for although under some 
 treatments the animal appears to make a good recovery, 
 jn the majority of cases the feet are disfigured and crip- 
 pled, the udder permanently injured with growths, an-, 
 imal unfit for milking purposes, and the mouth, tongue 
 and teeth left impaired ; the mouth and tongue strictured 
 from wounds and the teeth loosened from the gums. 
 Furthermore, should an animal make apparent recovery, 
 
122 THE VETEEINAEIAN 
 
 it is not immune from a recurrence of the disease. In 
 treating the disease, there is not only danger of spreading 
 the disease to other animals, but to man. The flesh or 
 milk from animals apparently cui;ed should never be 
 used unless first examined by a qualified Veterinarian. 
 Without question, all animals showing severe symp- 
 toms as above described should be at once slaughtered 
 
 Hereford Bull. 
 Owned by C. A. Tow, Norway, Iowa. 
 
 and buried six feet or deeper, covering cai'cass with 
 Quicklime and then promptly filling grave, according to 
 the Grovernment regulations, which should be followed 
 explicitly. Be careful to disinfect scene of slaughter, as 
 bloodstains, etc. The United States Bureau of Animal 
 Industry regulates the disinfectants to be used and the 
 strength thereof, and as these are subject to change from 
 
DISEASES ,0F CATTLE 123 
 
 time to time, I must refer you in this matter to the 
 proper Government authorities. 
 
 Medical, Treatment : If . permitted by, Government 
 authorities, I would suggest the following treatment as 
 being beneficial: In mild attacks of Foot and Mouth 
 Disease benefits may be derived by cleanliness and the 
 applications of antiseptics as placing Boracic Acid, one 
 dram; Potassium Chlorate, two drams, in a bucket of 
 water, compelling the animal to drink it. Repeat this 
 dose two or three times a day. Also compel the animals 
 to stand in tubs or troughs containing a one in one thou- 
 sandth solutiop of Bichloride of Mercury for at least five 
 minutes, twice daily. When other parts of the body be- 
 come affected, as the cow's udder, apply Carbolated 
 Vaseline twice daily. This treatment should be continued 
 until all ulcers have ceased to discharge. Always keep in 
 mind that this disease is contagious and is transmitted 
 to other animals, as well as to man. For disinfecting 
 corrals, barns, clothing, hands and anything which the 
 diseased animal might come in contact with, I would rec- 
 ommend Coal Tar products, diluted one part to fifty 
 parts warm water. Spray, sprinkle or scrub. 
 
 FOOT ROT 
 
 (Foul in Foot) 
 
 Cause : Due to filth or from hard substances accumu- 
 lating between the two digits, producing irritation and 
 inflammation and suppuration. 
 
 Symptoms: Lameness. On examination the foot is 
 swollen, hot and painful to the touch. When the case is 
 of long standing, suppuration occurs and pus will ooze 
 from between the digits, and is very offensive in smell. 
 This condition causes the digits to slough off, if no attempt 
 is made to relieve it. 
 
 Treatment: Cleanliness. Where there is considera- 
 ble inflammation present, apply Hot Bran or Flaxseed 
 
124 THE VETERINAEIAN 
 
 poultices. Keep clean and treat as an ordinary wound. 
 The following prescription will be found very effective 
 in Foot Eot : Oil of Origanum, four ounces ; Oil of Pisis, 
 four ounces; Oil of Turpentine, four ounces. Saturate 
 oakum or cotton with the above liniment placing between 
 the digits and bandage. Feed laxative food, as hot wheat 
 bran mashes and vegetables. 
 
 FOUNDER 
 
 (Laminitis) 
 
 Inflammation of the internal, sensitive structure of 
 the foot. 
 
 Cause: Overfeeding, overheating, driving on rough, 
 stony soil. Cattle confined to stand on hard floors with- 
 out exercise frequently suffer from Founder. 
 
 Symptoms : The animals lie do^yn a great part of the 
 time. Feet hot and tender and if made to walk they do so 
 with great difficulty. One or all four feet may become 
 affected, although it is more frequently found in the 
 front feet. The temperature is somewhat elevated, vary- 
 ing from 104° to 106° F., breathing very rapid, appetite 
 fairly good and there will be great thirst. Founder in 
 cows reduces the milk secretion, owing to the great fever 
 that is present. 
 
 Treatment: Apply cold packs to the feet, ice packs 
 preferred. If the animal can be made to stand in a 
 stream of water having a soft bottom, it, perhaps, is the 
 best method of cooling out the feet. Give a physic of 
 Aloin, three drams; Pulv. Gentian Root, two drams. 
 Place in a gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. To 
 their drinking water add two or three drams of Potassi 
 Nitrate three or four times daily. Animals suffering 
 with Founder should be provided with soft ground to 
 stand on, as their feet will be tender and subject to the 
 chronic form of the disease. 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 125 
 
 GARGET 
 
 (Congestion of the Udder) 
 
 Cause : Very common in heavy milkers before or just 
 after calving when the bag is very much enlarged and 
 very sensitive ; exposure to chilling or standing in drafts 
 or even neglected for too long a time in milking. Injuries 
 may also cause Garget. 
 
 Symptoms : The bag is very much enlarged, showing 
 signs of inflammation. The swelling extends well for- 
 ward following the milk veins. The cow has great diffi- 
 culty in walking due to sensitiveness of the bag. When 
 milked for two or three days the swelling disappears 
 after the secretion is fully established, but as a rule is 
 tinged with blood. Sometimes small clots of milk or 
 cheese-like particles are ejected with the milk. 
 
 Treatment: Give a physic consisting of Aloin, two 
 drams ; Pulv. Ginger, three drams. Place in gelatin cap- 
 sule and give with capsule gun : Hyposulphite of Soda, 
 sixteen ounces ; Nitrate of Potassi, four ounces. Mix and 
 make into sixteen powders. Give one powder three times 
 a day in drinking water or place in gelatin capsule and 
 give with capsule gun. Also dissolve Bichloride of Mer- 
 cury, two grains ; Boracic Acid, two drams, in one quart 
 of boiling hot water. When this solution cools to about 
 hlood temperature, after stripping all milk fluid or pus 
 from the affected teat or teats, inject with an ordinary 
 l3ulb injection syringe after placing a teat tube into the 
 end from which the air escapes when the bulb is pressed. 
 Now, place the end of the syringe retaining, the teat tube 
 in the affected teat, the other end place in a bottle or 
 vessel containing the solution and gently press the bulb 
 and inject about a pint of the solution in each affected 
 quarter. Leave the solution in the teat for only fifteen to 
 twenty minutes and milk out thoroughly. Eepeat this 
 treatment two or three times a day. 
 
 For an external application the following ointment has 
 
126 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 ^iven remarkably good results : Blue Ointment and Zinc 
 Ointment, equal parts. Mix well and apply two or three 
 times daily. 
 
 HARD MILKERS 
 
 Cause: A thickness or contraction of the mucous 
 membranes lining the teat or growths inside the teat. 
 
 Tkeatment : All antiseptic precautions should be car- 
 ried out in this operation, as boiling the instrument^ and 
 then covering them with Garbolated Vaseline. Then with 
 a hidden bistoury or a knife concealed in a tube, force up- 
 ward into the teat, then press out the little blade and 
 draw the instrument down the teat, making about four in- 
 cisions equal distance apart around the inner surface of 
 the teat. The use of self -retaining teat dilators prevents 
 the contraction of the cut surface, permitting them to 
 remain in the teat for two weeks, removing them only 
 when the milk is being stripped from the teat. Always 
 place them in boiling water and cover with Garbolated 
 Vaseline before inserting. 
 
 HOLLOW HORN 
 
 Horns of the cattle tribe are normally hollow, although 
 a core extends well into the horn. This, however, is 
 merely a prolongation of a porous bone of the head which 
 affords a point for the horns' attachment, consequently 
 when a cow is sick and the temperature is elevated, the 
 horns are naturally hot, it being the symptom of a disease 
 and not a disease of itself, and which should be treated 
 under its special heading. 
 
 The supposed disease "Hollow Horn" once upon a 
 time was treated by boring a hole into the horn with a 
 small gimlet and pouring Turpentine into the opening. 
 This treatment is useless and harmful. It produces in- 
 flammation of the frontal sinuses of the head and 
 chances are death of the animal will follow as a result of 
 the treatment and not of tha disease. 
 
DISEASES OF C^VTTLE 127 
 
 INDIGESTION 
 
 Cause : Animals with a voracious appetite, will over- 
 load their stomachs with food that is hard to»digest or is 
 decomposed, causing the organs of assimilation to become 
 weakened, sluggish and incapable of doing their proper 
 work. 
 
 Symptoms: The animal ceases to ruminate (chew its 
 cud) ; stands quietly, hair rough, nose dry, temperature 
 elevated one to two degrees, breathing usually faster than 
 normal with slight grunts at each -expiration of air from 
 the lungs. The secretions of milk are suddenly dimin- 
 ished. If the hand is placed against the left side and 
 quickly removed, a marked depression or pit will remain, 
 which shows that the paunch is full of undigested food. 
 Bloating is also frequently accompanied by indigestion. 
 
 Teeatment: Administer Aloin, three drams; Ginger, 
 three drams. Place in capsule and give with capsule gun. 
 Permit the animal to drink all the water possible. If 
 bloating is present give two-ounce capsules filled with 
 Turpentine with capsule gun. A tonic is quite necessary 
 in this condition, and the following I am sure will be 
 followed by good results if the case is not of too long a 
 standing : Sodium Bicarbonate, eight ounces ; Pulv. Nux 
 Vomica, four ounces ; Pulv. Gentian Boot, four ounces ; 
 Pulv. Ginger, four ounces. Place two tablespoonfuls in 
 gelatin capsule and give with capsule gtm every six hours, 
 Very good results are also obtained from rectal injections 
 of soap and warm water. Feed good nourishing food 
 sparingly, compelling the animal to exercise, etc. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE BAG 
 
 (Simple Mfimmitis) 
 
 Cause: Injuries, as blows, kicks, etc.; lying on cold, 
 rough ground or floor, standing in drafts, sudden change 
 of weather. Derangement of the system is likely to af- 
 fect the udder; poorly milked or stripped coavs are often 
 
128 
 
 THE VETERINAEIAN 
 
 victims of Mammitis. Infections in the teat from insert- 
 ing dirty instruments, as using a bicycle pump for the 
 treatment of Milk Fever. Cows with a retained after- 
 birth are likely to infect the udder by switching their tail. 
 This condition is very common in heavy milkers follow- 
 ing calving. 
 
 Symptoms: The animal chills, hair stands, tempera- 
 ture elevated from one to three degrees above normal; 
 ears, horns and legs cold, which may suddenly become 
 
 Guernsey Cow Muene Cowan 19597 A. E. 1906. Sire Fan- 
 tasia's JE-rt^ELLBR 7259; Dam Janet Bkown 12403. 
 
 (Tear's record 24008.0 lbs. Milk; 1098.18 lbs. Butter Pat.) 
 
 Owned by O. C. Barber, Akron, Ohio. 
 
 very hot; pulse rapid, breathing hurried, bag hard and 
 swollen and very tender on pressure. When attempts are 
 made to milk, a watery substance comes away, almost 
 colorless at first, but later becomes tinged with blood and 
 pus and has a fetid odor. The cow's muzzle is dry, appe- 
 tite poor, but great thirst exists. This condition may 
 affect one or more quarters of the udder. Abscesses may 
 form and the udder break and a thick yellowish pus oozes 
 out or the milk glands may solidify and cause hard, lumpy 
 growths in the udder. 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 129 
 
 Treatment : Prevention. If an animal is once slightly 
 affected with inflammation of the bag, it is likely to de- 
 velop a bad case of Mammitis from the slightest injury 
 or' exposure as stated above, which depreciates a cow 
 considerably as a milk producer, especially on the mar- 
 ket. Great care should be exercised when purchasing a 
 cow for milking purposes. See that the teats and udder 
 are sound, free from lumps, etc. 
 
 Medical Treatment: Hyposulphite of Soda, sixteen 
 ounces ; Nitrate of Potassi, four ounces. Mix and make 
 into sixteen powders. Give one powder three times a day 
 in drinking water or place in a gelatin capsule and give 
 with a capsule gun. Also, dissolve Bichloride of Mercury, 
 two grains ; Boracic Acid, two drams, in one quart of 
 boiling hot water. When this solution cools to about 
 blood temperature, after stripping all milk fluid or pus 
 from the affected teat or teats, inject with an ordinary 
 bulb injection syringe after placing a teat tube into the 
 end from which the air escapes when the bulb is pressed. 
 Now, place this end of the syringe retaining the teat tube 
 in the affected teat ; the other end place in a bottle or ves- 
 sel containing the solution and gently press the bulb and 
 inject about a pint of the solution into each affected 
 quarter. Leave the. solution in the teat for only fifteen 
 to twenty minutes and milk out thoroughly. Repeat this 
 treatment two or three times a day. 
 
 For an external application, the following ointment 
 has given remarkably good results : Blue Ointment, two 
 CTinces ; Lard, two ounces. Mix well and apply twice daily. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE EYE, 
 
 (Conjimctivitis) 
 
 Cause: Injuries, irritating gases, from an animal 
 standing in dark and poorly ventilated stables or foreign 
 bodies in the eye, as chaff, etc. 
 
 Symptoms : A constant flow of tears from the eye run- 
 ning down the animal's face, which are due to the inflam- 
 
130 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 mation of the lining membranes of the eye. The eye is 
 partially or completely closed. 
 
 Teeatment : If due to a foreign body, remove it. In 
 order to accomplish this, the animal must be placed in 
 a stanchion, the head twisted and the eyelid turned back. 
 Do not use burned alum as this will only make the condi- 
 tion worse. Use Boracic Acid, thirty grains; distilled 
 water, one ounce. Apply to the eye three or four times 
 daily, using an ordinary eye-dropper. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE HEART SACK 
 
 (Pericarditis) 
 
 Cause: Cattle being ruminants, therefore, not mas- 
 ticating their food finely before swallowing, consequently 
 foreign bodies, such as nails, wire, etc., are picked up 
 Avith the food and taken into the rumen or paunch. These 
 sharp objects penetrate the walls of the paunch, rumen 
 or first stomach and pierce the membrane or sack sur- 
 rounding the heart, which produces an inflammation 
 of the heart sack, or Pericarditis. 
 
 Symptoms : Symptoms develop very slowly or indica- 
 tions of indigestion will be present as the appetite is 
 variable, temperature elevated, breathing labored, the 
 animal avoids walking down hill as it causes pain 
 from the stomach and intestines pressing the lungs 
 against the heart. The symptoms, however, are so slight 
 that they may easily escape the notice of a casual ob- 
 server. The animal eventually becomes poor, emaciated 
 and dies. If you open the heart sack, it will be found full 
 of watery pus. 
 
 Treatment: Unsuccessful, as this disease is seldom 
 diagnosed correctly, and if it is an operation is neces- 
 sary and this does not prove successful in the majority 
 of cases. 
 
DISEASES. OF CATTLE 131 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS 
 •" Cause : Injuries in the region of the kidneys, exposure 
 to cold weather, especially* in cows soon after calving. 
 Eating poisonous plants, decomposed food or drinking 
 stagnant water, irritating medicines given ignorantly of 
 their bad effects are frequently followed by inflammation 
 of the kidneys. 
 
 Symptoms : The attack will first be noticed by slight 
 shivering or chilling followed by an increased tempera- 
 ture, breathing increased. The animal attempts to uri- 
 nate frequently and the amount passed is small and^ of a 
 dark amber color and may be flaked with blood. There 
 will be stiffness and straddling of the hind legs which is 
 always present during urinary disorders. There may be 
 slight swelling and tenderness over the kidneys. As the 
 disease progresses the animal grows weak and finally 
 dies if prompt relief is not afforded. Fortunately this 
 disease is not common among cattle. 
 
 Teeatment : Clothe the animal if the weather is cold. 
 Mild physics are beneficial, as Aloin, one and one-half 
 drams; Ginger, two drams; Nux Vomica, two drams, 
 placed in a gelatin capsule and given with capsule gun. 
 Also, the following, which is very soothing to the urinary 
 tract : " Potassium Acetate, Potassium Bromide, each four 
 ounces, made into sixteen powders. Give one powder 
 every four hours in their drinking water. Feed nitrog- 
 enous food as hot wheat bran mashes, steamed rolled 
 oats, and see that the animal has pure water to drink. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE PENIS 
 
 Cause: Injuries received from snags, walking 
 through the underbrush, jumping fences, etc. 
 
 Symptoms: Arched back, swelling of the sheath and 
 in some cases a discharge. It may be serious enough to 
 affect the appetite and cause fever. 
 
 Tbeatment : Wash out the sheath two or three times 
 
132 THE VETEEINAEIAN 
 
 daily with a three per cent solution of Boracic Acid. If 
 the inflammation extends pretty well back in the sheath, 
 it is advisable to inject this solution with a syringe, care- 
 fully, as far back as possible. Withdraw the syringe, 
 holding the opening of the sheath so as to retain the solu- 
 tion for a few minutes before allowing it to escape. 
 
 Feed laxative food and supply the animal with fresh 
 water to drink. If there is considerable fever, administer 
 Potassium Nitrate, Pulv. Nux Vomica, each two ounces. 
 Make into eight capsules and give one capsule two or 
 three times a day. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB 
 
 Cause : Injuries, as bruises, laceration, sustained dur- 
 ing calving, especially where the cow is assisted with 
 instruments or hands that are not thoroughly aseptic, an 
 animal retaining the afterbirth which undergoes putre- 
 faction, and consequently sets up an inflammation of the' 
 womb, or perhaps the animal may become infected dur- 
 ing the act of removing the afterbirth if the operator is 
 neglectful about washing his hands or washing the womb 
 out thoroughly. 
 
 Symptoms: The animal will chill, the temperature 
 elevated two or three degrees, the back will be arched, 
 stiffness of the hind parts, legs, ears and horns cold, nose 
 hot and dry, grinding of the teeth, the cow usually re- 
 mains standing, ceases to chew her cud, the secretions of 
 milk will be markedly reduced and a day or so after the 
 symptoms appear, there will be a discharge from thfe 
 womb of a reddish lumpy nature. This becomes thick 
 and yellow containing small particles of flesh, showing 
 that the inner lining of the womb is sloughing. This 
 discharge is very offensive in odor. A cow in this condi- 
 tion requires the best of care or she will die as the de- 
 composed substance in the womb may be absorbed into 
 the circulation and produce Pyemia or Septicemia (Blood 
 Poison). 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 133 
 
 Treatment: Give Aloin, two drains; Pulv. Ginger, 
 three drams, place in a gelatin capsule and give with 
 capsule gun. Flush out the womb thoroughly with a 
 tablespoonful of Carbolic Acid to one gallon of water 
 two or three times a day. A convenient instrument for 
 flushing out the womb can be made from an ordinary 
 funnel and a clean hose about four feet long. This an- 
 swers the purpose of an injection syringe very well. In 
 their drinking water add the following : Hyposulphite of 
 Soda, sixteen ounces; Potassium Iodide, two ounces. 
 Make into sixteen powders and give one powder two or 
 three times a day. 
 
 In addition to the above treatment it is necessary to 
 give alterativfes and bitter tonics to build up the condi- 
 tion of the animal as soon as possible. The following 
 will be found very effective : Pulv. Gentian Eoot, four 
 ounces ; Pulv. Ferri Sulphate, four ounces ; Nitrate of 
 Potash, four ounces. Mix and make into sixteen powders 
 and give one powder three times a day. Place in a 
 gelatin capsule and administer with a capsule gun. 
 
 My reasons for giving animals medicine in capsules 
 are: 
 
 1. There is no danger of liquids, as in drenching, 
 escaping into the lungs. 
 
 2. Any drug having any beneficial effects as a tonic 
 is very bitter, consequently the only way the animal will 
 take it is by pTaeing in capsule. 
 
 JOINT ILL, NAVEL ILL 
 
 (Umbilical Pyemia and Septicemia) 
 Caxjse: This disease is produced by various germs 
 entering the navel cord of newly born calves when 
 dropped, the navel being freshly severed and its coming 
 in contact with filth and manure where germs are nu- 
 merous, consequently germs adhere and enter the blood 
 stream. Calf Scours as a rule is associated with' this 
 disease. 
 
134 THE VETEEINARIAN 
 
 Symptoms : Swelling of the joints whicli are very hot 
 and painful on pressure, and when the calf is made to 
 move it walks stiffly and slowly, does not care to nurse its 
 mother or take any food, temperature elevated from 
 105° to 108° F., breathing hurried, pulse very weak and 
 quick. There will be an offensive discharge from the 
 navel cord of a yellowish color and swollen joints finally 
 break and also discharge a thick yellow pus. The calf 
 becomes emaciated and finally dies from exhaustion. 
 
 Treatment : Prevention. Provide clean surround- 
 ings for cows when calving, and in addition to this have a 
 one in one-thousandth solution of Bichloride of Mercury 
 on hand. Wash the navel well in the solution once a day 
 until the cord is thoroughly dried. 
 
 Medical Treatment: Unsuccessful. Sometimes the 
 calf recovers, but at best the calf is badly stunted and is 
 very seldom worth keeping. However, the following 
 method of treatment has been followed with fairly good 
 results: Wash the navel cord well in a one-thou- 
 sandth solution of Bichloride of Mercury two or three 
 times a day and give Zinc Sulphocarbolates, one-fourth 
 grain ; Potassi Iodide, five grains, in a little water or milk 
 three or four times a day. Feed them three or four eggs 
 a' day, molasses, fresh milk. This will keep up the 
 strength and vitality and a good recovery may follow, 
 although it is an exception and not a rule. 
 
 LACERATION OF THE EYELID 
 
 Cause: An eyelid may be torn on the manger, rub- 
 bing post or barb wire fence, etc. 
 
 Treatment: Wash the lacerated portions of the eye 
 thoroughly with a five per cent solution of Carbolic Acid. 
 It may be necessary to take a few stitches in the woujid 
 or the torn edges may be cut off with a pair of sharp 
 scissors. If stitches have been taken, they should be re- 
 moved after the parts have united and the eye kept 
 clean. A very convenient application for the eye in this 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 135 
 
 condition is Boracic Acid, one dram; Distilled Water, 
 four ounces. Apply liberally to the eye. 
 
 LEECHES 
 
 (Blood Suckers) 
 
 Leeches which suck blood of cattle are sometimes taken 
 up by the animals when drinking water from ponds, 
 etc. The leeches attach themselves to the inner surface 
 of the mouth or nose, and sometimes reach the upper 
 part of windpipe or the gullet. Bleeding at the mouth or 
 nose may be noticed, the membranes where the leeches 
 attach themselves become congested and swollen, and as 
 a result of the loss of blood anemic condition follows. 
 
 Teeatment: If the leeches can be reached, they are 
 easily destroyed by cutting them in two with a pair of 
 scissors or they may be removed with a pair of forceps or 
 with the fingers after wrapping a piece *of cloth around 
 them so as to prevent slipping. 
 
 Steam from boiling hot water containing Pine Tar or 
 Oil of Turpentine may cause leeches to release their hold 
 if they cannot be removed by other means. In ponds 
 where leeches are numerous, eels should be introduced 
 as they feed upon blood suckers of this species. 
 
 LUMPY JAW 
 
 (Wooden Tongue, Big Head, Actinomycosis) 
 Cause: The Eay Fungus. This organism which oc- 
 curs in the tissues in the form of russets is directly 
 transmitted from one animal to another. It seems ap- 
 parent that the fungus is conveyed into the tissues of the 
 mouth by various food stuff through slight wounds of 
 the mucous membranes of the mouth or an animal that 
 has decayed teeth or during the shedding of milk teeth. 
 The Ray Fungus is found naturally vegetated or clinging 
 on the awns of barley, the spears of oats and on other 
 grains. Quantities of fungi have been found between 
 
136 
 
 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 137 
 
 the vegetable fibers of barley which had penetrated the 
 gums of cattle and on the awns of grain imbedded in 
 their tongues. 
 
 Lumpy Jaw can also be tra:nsmitted by coming in con- 
 tact with or eating food over which lumpy jawed cattle 
 have slobbered. A healthy animal eatiiig such food with 
 very slight bruises or abrasions of the mouth will eon- 
 tract the disease very readily. This disease is mislead- 
 ing as other organs are affected with the Eay Fungi or 
 the Bacillus of Actinomycosis, as the lungs and even the 
 digestive organs have been found to be affected with this 
 disease. 
 
 Symptoms : External symptoms or signs are the only 
 means by which to ascertain the disease. Its exact loca- 
 tion is on the lower jaw bone near its angle. It may also 
 affect the upper jaw, but this is an exception and not a 
 rule. Internally it may affect the tongue, mouth, throat 
 or lungs, but rarely the intestines. This enlargement 
 continues to grow until it reaches the size of that of a 
 man's head, breaks and discharges pus. The animal be- 
 comes poor and emaciated, the hair takes on a dull, 
 roughened appearance and in many cases it is very diffi- 
 cult for it to eat, especially where the disease separates 
 the gums and bone from the teeth and causes them 
 to become very loose or to drop out. The animal in 
 the latter stages of this disease generally dies from 
 starvation. 
 
 Treatment: Successful in its first stages. Soft, ni- 
 trogenous food should be fed, such as wheat bran mashes, 
 steamed rolled oats or barley, hay dampened with clean 
 water, so as to make it pliable. Hay containing woody 
 matter as stems, etc., should not be fed to an animal af- 
 fected with Lumpy Jaw as it tends to aggravate the dis- 
 ease. Internally in their drinking water give two drams 
 of Potassium Iodide morning and night. This treat- 
 ment, however, should be omitted when the animal's skin 
 becomes scaly or when an excessive watery discharge 
 
138 THE VETEEINABIAN 
 
 flows from the eyes. On the outer surface over the en- 
 largement apply the following ointment : Bed Iodide of 
 Mercury, four drams; Lard, two ounces. Mix well and 
 rub in briskly for twenty minutes every five or six days 
 for three weeks. The cure can generally be ascertained 
 by the animal gaining in flesh, although tlie lump may 
 remain. Where Lumpy Jaw is of long standing so as to 
 impair the use of the animal's tongue or teeth, it is best 
 to destroy the animal, as this lessens the possibilities of 
 infecting healthy animals. 
 
 LUNG FEVER 
 
 (Pneumonia) 
 
 Cause : Generally follows congestion of the lungs. It 
 may be due to parasitic organisms or exposure to cold, 
 drafts when warm after being driven, etc. Drenching 
 perhaps is the most common cause as it is very difficult 
 for a cow to swallow when the head is elevated ; inhaling 
 smoke, gases, etc., also tend to produce pneumonia. 
 
 Symptoms: Chilling or shivering, temperature ele- 
 vated to 105° or 106° F., nose hot and dry, horns and 
 legs cold. Pulse rapid though strong, breathing fast and 
 the appetite very good in some cases. The animal uri- 
 nates small quantities of urine but often, of a dark amber 
 color. A discharge from the nose follows, also a cough. 
 If the ear is placed back of the fore leg, a dry crackling 
 sound can be heard something on the order of rubbing 
 hair between the fingers. 
 
 Teeatmbnt: Place the animal in a dry, well lighted 
 and ventilated stable, but avoid drafts. Give Pulv. Iodide 
 of Ammonia, one ounce; Pulv. Potassium Nitrate, four 
 ounces ; Pulv. Nux Vomica, four ounces ; Pulv. Capsicum, 
 one ounce ; Quinine, one ounce. Mi^ well and make into 
 thirty-two powders. Place one powder in gelatin cap- 
 sule and administer every three or four hours with cap- 
 sule gun. Supply the animal with fresh water at all 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 139 
 
 times. Feed laxative food as hot wheat bran mashes or 
 steamed rolled oats. Also feed vegetables, such as pota- 
 toes, apples, carrots and kale. It is also advisable to ap- 
 ply the following over the region of the lungs just back 
 of the fore legs: Aqua Ammonia Fort., four ounces; 
 Oil of Turpentine, four ounces; Eaw Linseed Oil, six 
 ounces. Mix and shake well and apply two or three times 
 daily. It is also advisable to hand rub the legs and band- 
 age them with woolen cloths. 
 
 If the above treatment is properly carried out, the 
 animal will make a complete recovery in a week or ten 
 days. 
 
 LOSS OF CUD 
 
 Cause: This condition cannot always be traced to a 
 definite cause, as it is a symptom of all diseases where 
 the process of rumination is interfered with. The only 
 method by which a cow will again chew her cud is to re- 
 store her back to health by the proper medical treatment. 
 Artificial cuds are of no value and frequently are a det- 
 riment to the animal. Other symptoms aside from those 
 of the animal not chewing cud will always make their 
 appearance, as constipation, diarrhoea, elevation of the 
 temperature, etc. The animal should be thoroughly 
 examined and the disease treated under its special head- 
 ing. 
 
 MANGE 
 
 (Scabies) 
 Cause : There are four different parasites which pro- 
 duce Mange or Scabies in cattle. However, three of 
 these parasites are rarely seen. The Symbotis Com- 
 munis is the parasite commonly seen in American cat- 
 tle. These parasites multiply very rapidly and are con- 
 veyed from diseased animals to healthy ones by their 
 bodies coming in contact with one another and by healthy 
 animals rubbing against fences, walls, posts, etc., where 
 mangy cattle have previously rubbed. 
 
140 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 Symptoms: Scabs, loss of hair, intense itcMng, the 
 aaimals are constantly rubbing or licking themselves. 
 The parts showing the first signs of Mange are those 
 about the croup, or the root of the tail, the neck and 
 withers, but as the disease progresses and no attempts 
 are offered for its eradication, it finally spreads and 
 covers the entire body. The scabs become ulcerated, the 
 animal becomes weakened, emaciated and eventually dies. 
 
 Teeatment : Dipping in wood or concrete vats is the 
 most satisfactory method of treating Mange. The reg- 
 ular lime and sulphur dip as recommended by the United 
 States Bureau of Animal Industry is inexpensive and 
 effective. 
 
 MEASLY BEEF 
 Is produced by a larva of common tapeworm of man. 
 These small tapeworm cysts (taenia saginata) are about 
 the size of a pea and found in the flesh of cattle, which 
 become infected by eating food or drinking water which 
 has been contaminated by the feces of persons harbor- 
 ing adult tapeworms. Then again, the person becomes 
 infected by eating raw or rare flesh of cattle infected with 
 the larva stage of Measly Beef. Great care should be 
 exercised to prevent cattle from becoming infested with 
 this parasite. Persons' feces should not be placed where 
 it will infect food or drinking water that is consumed by 
 cattle. _- . 
 
 MILK FEVER 
 
 (Parturient Apoplexy) 
 Cause: Certain conditions predispose cows to Milk 
 Fever, as being heavy milk producers, cows having enor- 
 mous digestive power and being heavily fed on nitrog- 
 enous food naturally are in a good condition, conse- 
 quently at the time of calving, or shortly after, they are 
 likely to develop a case of Milk Fever. It is more com- 
 mon during summer months, although this condition may 
 develop at any time of the year in the type of cow de- 
 scribed above. 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 141 
 
 I 
 
 Symptoms : At or a few days after calving, the cow is 
 noticed hanging back in the stall, dull, languid, with an 
 unsteady movement of the hind legs. If the cow is made 
 to walk, she steps unsteadily or staggers, pays no atten- 
 tion to her calf; she finally becomes so paralyzed that 
 she falls and is unable to rise. The pupils of the eyes are 
 dilated and the membranes reddened or congested with 
 blood. The cow may lie on her breast or flat on her side, 
 but most likely upon her breast and her head turned in 
 the region of the flank. She apparently is sound asleep. 
 If the eyeball is touched with the fingers she does not 
 close the eye, nor will she evince any pain when being 
 pricked with a pin on any part of the body. The nose 
 is dry, the temperature is below normal in most cases. 
 Just how the name of this disease started by the name 
 of "Milk Fever" I cannot understand. 
 
 Treatment: When the above signs are noticed, 
 whether the cow is standing or lying down in a paralyzed 
 condition, obtain an ordinary bulb injection syringe ; in- 
 sert a tube in the end from which the air escapes. After 
 washing both syringe and teat tube' in a five per cent so- 
 lution of Carbolic Acid, milk or strip out all the milk 
 possible from the bag, then insert the teat tube that is 
 connected to the syringe in each teat, filling them well 
 with air, and repeat this treatment every hour until the 
 cow stops staggering, ot if lying down, stands on her 
 feet. It is necessary to strip the milk from the bag be- 
 fore giving an injection of air. If the cow is lying flat 
 on her side, prop her up by placing bags of hay or straw 
 against her side, also make her as comfortable as pos- 
 sible. If lying in the hot sun, provide shade by placing 
 a canopy over her made from burlap ; if the weather is 
 chilly, blanket ; if flies annoy her, use some fly repellant. 
 
 This disease is satisfactorily treated. Where ninety 
 per cent of the cows died at one time, ninety per cent 
 can be saved by the above treatment. It is a custom with 
 some people to use an ordinary bicycle pump for treat- 
 
142 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 ment of Milk Fever. This should not be practiced, as 
 there is great danger of infecting the bag and producing 
 serious complications. 
 
 Meutcax. or After Treatment : Never drench a cow. 
 Give a physic consisting of Aloin, two drams ; Ginger, 
 three drams. Place in a gelatin capsule and give with a 
 capsule gun. Also, give tonics as Pulv. Gentian Root, 
 two ounces ; Pulv. Capsicum, one ounce ; Pulv. Nux Vom- 
 ica, two ounces. Mix and place into eight gelatin cap- 
 sules. Give one capsule every eight hours. This tonic is 
 quite necessary, as it stimulates their appetite, braces up 
 their nervous system and prevents any complications 
 that might otherwise follow. 
 
 PARALYSIS 
 
 (Congestion of the Brain or Spinal Cord) 
 Cause: May be due to a morbid condition of the 
 brain or spinal cord, concussion of the spinal cord, 
 fractures of the bones of the spinal column, or violent 
 shocks or jars of the brain, or pressure due to fractures 
 of the skull, or dilated or ruptured blood vessels. Paraly- 
 sis also occurs in poorly fed, weak cows when exposed 
 to cold or wet weather during the latter stages of preg- 
 nancy. Sometimes the back portion of the bowels (the 
 rectum) becomes paralyzed so as to interfere with the 
 expulsion of the feces which becomes dry and more or 
 less impacted. This condition may also occur in connec- 
 tion with Ergot, Forage or Lead Poisoning, Milk Fever or 
 Parturient Apoplexy. 
 
 Symptoms: Appear very suddenly. The animal is 
 unable to stand, lies quietly and groans occasionally. 
 Constipation generally accompanies this condition. 
 Sometimes great pain is present, especially if due to 
 fracture or pressure, as above mentioned. 
 
 Treatment: If just due to weakness; exposure to 
 cold, wet weather; cows prior to calving; slight in- 
 juries or mild effect of poisons, it is successfully treated 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 143 
 
 by placing the animal in a comfortable, well lighted stall, 
 omitting drafts, feeding nonrisbing food, as warm wheat 
 bran mashes, steamed rolled oats or barley and linseed 
 meal ; tea to drink prepared as follows : Pour one quart 
 of boiling water on one-half pint of Pure Flaxseed, al- 
 lowing it to cool, and compel the animal to drink it. Ee- 
 peat this once or twice daily, especially if the animal is 
 pregnant. A physic consisting of Aloin, two drams; 
 Ginger, two drams ; prepared in capsule and given with 
 a capsule gun is very effective, but this, however, should 
 not be administered to heavily pregnant cows. Endeavor 
 to move their. bowels by careful feeding of laxative food 
 and rectal injections of soap and water. Nerve stimu- 
 lants are necessary and I have derived good results from 
 the following: Pulv. Nux Vomica, four ounces; Pulv. 
 Ginger, four ounces; Pulv. Gentian Eoot, four ounces. 
 Make into sixteen capsules and give one capsule every 
 four or six hours. Also apply powdered mustard, mois- 
 tened with a sufficient quantity of water to make a paste, 
 and rub over the full length of the spine about eight 
 inches in width. This should be covered with paper 
 which will adhere readily to the mustard and water. 
 This application can be repeated every twenty-four hours 
 until satisfactory results have been obtained. 
 
 RED WATER 
 
 (Hematuria) 
 
 Cause: Marshy pastures, water from rich decom- 
 posed soil. Vegetation also has a tendency to produce 
 it as cattle eating green shoots from oak, ash, hellebore, 
 hazel and other resinous plants, etc. 
 
 Symptoms: Bloody urine containing no blood clots. 
 This condition is not noticed as a general rule until the 
 cow loses flesh and the production of milk is considera- 
 bly decreased. One particular symptom of this disease 
 is the milk being exceptionally foamy and perhaps tinged 
 with blood. If the disease is left to run its course, the 
 cow will become emaciated and eventually dies. 
 
144 , THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 Treatment : Find out the cause and remove it if pos- 
 sible. See that the water supply, is clean, feed nitrog- 
 enous food, as wheat bran mashes or steamed rolled oats. 
 Do not permit the animal to eat resinous plants as stated 
 above. 
 
 Administer Pulv. Gentian Root, four ounces; Pulv. 
 Nux Vomica, four ounces; Pulv. Ferri Sulphate, four 
 ounces. Mix and make into sixteen capsules and give 
 one capsule two or three times a day with capsule gun. 
 If the animal is constipated, give two drams of Aloin, 
 three drams of Ginger. Place in capsule and give with 
 capsule gun. . . 
 
 RETAINED AFTERBIRTH 
 
 Caxtse: Retained afterbirth may follow normal or 
 abnormal calving where there has been more or less in- 
 flammation of the womb prior to giving birth, which 
 causes the afterbirth to adhere firmly to its attachments. 
 Cows in poor condition fed on poor food during cold 
 weather are very susceptible to this accident; also very 
 common in aged cows. 
 
 Symptoms: Very easily detected by portions of the 
 membranes (afterbirth) protruding from the "Womb or 
 Vulva, which becomes decomposed very shortly and offen- 
 sive in odor. This accident is very serious when ab- 
 sorption is produced, ill health, drying up of the milk in 
 addition to producing inflammation of the womb. Whites, 
 etc. It may produce blood-poisoning and chances are 
 you will lose your animal. 
 
 Prevention : Very important. Feed the cow on food 
 that is easily digested and supply her with fresh water 
 to drink that is not too cold. Flaxseed Tea is very bene- 
 ficial if given a day or so prior to calving and is pre- 
 pared by pouring a quart of boiling hot water on one- 
 half pint of Flaxseed, permitting it to cool of its own 
 accord. Then compel the animal to drink it. This ap- 
 pears to have a very good effect on separating the aft- 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 145 
 
 erbirtli from the mushroom-like bodies of the womb to 
 which it is attached. 
 
 Medical Tkeatment: The afterbirth should not be 
 pulled away by force, as it may tear, leaving small por- 
 tions unremoved that perhaps would result in Inflamma- 
 tion of the Womb or Whites. To remove the afterbirth 
 insert the hand and carefully detach it from its attach- 
 ments, being very careful that the cotyledons are not 
 torn off. After this has been carefully removed, wash 
 out the womb with Carbolic Acid solution about two and 
 one-half per cent. An instrument can be made for this 
 purpose very easily from' a clean piece of hose about 
 four feet long and an ordinary funnel. Sometimes it is 
 necessary to give'physics, as Aloin, two drams; Ginger, 
 two drams. Place in a gelatin capsule and give with 
 capsule gun. 
 
 In addition to the above, stimulants are also advisable 
 such as powdered Nux Vomica, powdered Capsicum, 
 powdered Ginger, powdered Nitrate of Potash, equal 
 parts four ounces. Make twenty-four capsules and give 
 one capsule three times a day. 
 
 RHEUMATISM 
 
 Cause : Exposure, especially when the animal is per- 
 mitted to lie on cold damp soils or floors. Another com- 
 mon cause is an animal exposed to cold drafts after per- 
 spiring or weakened after severe physical exercise. 
 
 Symptoms: Stiffness when walking, variable appe- 
 .tite, constipation, hair unthrifty looking. Passage of 
 urine is scant and of an amber color, usually slight ele- 
 vation in temperature and the animal lies down a great 
 part of the time. There are two forms of rheumatism — 
 muscular and articular. The former affects the muscles 
 of the body, while the latter affects the joints. There 
 will be swellings that are tender on pressure, which may 
 shift to different parts of the body. 
 
 Teeatment: Place the animal in warm dry quarters 
 
 10 
 
146 
 
 THE VETERINAEIAN 
 
 with a sufficient quantity of clean bedding. Feed foods 
 that are easily digested, as wheat bran mashes and 
 steamed rolled oats and vegetables. Keep pure, cold 
 water within the animal's reach at all times. The fol- 
 lowing prescription has been found very effective in the 
 treatment of this disease : Sodium Salicylate, six ounces ; 
 Nux Vomica, two ounces; Pulv. Grentian Root, two 
 
 Ayrshire Cows Lilt op Whlowmoor. 
 
 22,100 lbs. Milk; 888,70 lbs. Fat; 1046 lbs. Butter, 4.02% Fat. 
 
 Gerranton Dora II. 
 
 '21,023 lbs. Milk; 804.79 lbs. Fat; '947 lbs. Butter, 3.83% Fat. , 
 
 Owned by J. W. Clise, Eedmond, Wash. 
 
 ounces; Nitrate of Potash, two ounces. Mix and make 
 into sixteen capsules and give one capsule three times 
 daily with capsule gun. If the bowels are constipated 
 give Aloin, two drams; Ginger, three drams. Place in 
 capsule and give with capsule gun. When the joints or 
 muscles become swollen and inflamed, the following lini- 
 ment will be found very effective in reducing the swell- 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 147 
 
 ifigs: Aqua Ammonia Fort., two ounces; Oil of Tur- 
 pentine, three ounces; Sweet Oil, six ounces. Mix and 
 apply by rubbing in well two or three times a day. 
 
 RINGWORM 
 
 Cause: Due to a vegetable parasite. It affects the 
 hair and the outer layer of skin and is highly contagious, 
 being transmitted from one animal to another. 
 
 Symptoms : The disease usually appears in the form 
 of circular patches of the skin, which soon become denude 
 of hair. Sometimes a white sticky discharge and the 
 formation of scaly, brittle crusts on the patches appear, 
 silvery gray in color. They are generally confined to 
 the head and neck. It is a common disease among young 
 cattle in the Winter and Spring. This disease is at- 
 tended with more or less itching and is communicable 
 to man. 
 
 Teeatmeitt: Eemove the scabs or crusts with soap 
 and warm water. However, the surface of the body 
 should be well dried after washing each time. Apply 
 Tincture of Iodine with a camel-hair brush to the spots 
 denuded of hair. It is quite necessary that the barn and 
 rubbing posts be disinfected by spraying or washing 
 them with a twenty-five per cent solution of Carbolic 
 
 Acid.. 
 
 ROUND WORM 
 
 Cause : An animal swallowing the eggs of the parasite 
 in food or water which has been contaminated with the 
 feces of infected cattle. There are two species, the large 
 Eoundworm measuring from five to fourteen inches in 
 length, the other small Roundworm varying in size 
 from one-quarter of an inch to two inches in length. Both 
 the small and large Roundworms infest the intestines 
 of cattle and calves. These worms^ especially small 
 Roundworms, irritate the mucous lining of the intes- 
 tines, which may cause severe inflammation. 
 
 Symptoms: Anemia, appetite variable, diarrhoea, 
 
148 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 general weakness, dullness and excessive thirst; also a 
 paleness of the visible membranes of the mouth,' nose and 
 eye. Worms frequently pass with the feces and can be 
 readily seen by a close observer. 
 
 Pbeventive Treatment: See prevention of Twisted 
 Stomach "Worm. 
 
 Medical Treatment: Withhold all food from eigh- 
 teen to twenty-four hours. To calves, two to eight 
 months old, give two teaspoonfuls of Turpentine in a pint 
 of milk; to yearlings, give one tablespoonful. Place in 
 gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. To cattle one 
 year old and over place one ounce in a gelatin capsule 
 and give with capsule gun. This treatment is to be re-' 
 peated twice during the intervals of ten days or two 
 weeks, which insures the expulsion of the eggs of worms 
 that escaped the first treatment. Also keep salt where 
 cattle can lick it frequently. 
 
 RUPTURE 
 
 (Abdominal Hernia) 
 
 Cause : This disease occasionally occurs in calves by 
 receiving blows from the cow's horns on the right flank. 
 After such' an accident a swelling forms near the last 
 ribs. This swelling may be either hot and painful or soft 
 to the touch. It can be made to disappear by careful 
 pressure when the sides of the rupture through which 
 it has passed can be felt. On removing the pressure the 
 rupture soon regains its swollen appearance. Similar 
 conditions may also occur in aged cattle, usually due 
 to injuries, such as being kicked by a horse, etc., or due 
 to a weakness of the muscles that are ruptured some- 
 times during difficult birth. 
 
 Treatment : Feed the animal on laxative food and 
 feed sparingly on bulky food such as hay, straw and 
 grass. Round the edges of a block of wood a little 
 smaller, but the same shape as the rupture. After wrap- 
 ping with cloth nicely, place it over the rupture, then 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 149 
 
 place around the body. This permits the ruptured mus- 
 cles to grow together, providing the animal is properly 
 dieted as stated above. 
 
 Sometimes a rupture of long standing or a newly pro- 
 duced rupture may be treated by injecting strong solu- 
 tions of Common Salt around the torn edges of the mus- 
 cles. This causes swelling and inflammation, which re- 
 spectively forces the protruded intestines back and closes 
 the opening. There is some danger attached to' this 
 method of treatment, and if attempted I would advise 
 the services of a competent Veterinarian. 
 
 SCUM OVER THE EYE 
 
 Cause : See Inflammation of the Eye. 
 
 Symptoms : The eye has a smoke-colored appearance. 
 
 Treatment : Silver Nitrate, two grains, thoroughly 
 dissolved in one ounce of Distilled Water. Apply with 
 dropper two or three times a day. Feed the animal on 
 food that is easily digested and confine the animal to a 
 cool, clean, dark stall. 
 
 SORE THROAT 
 
 (Laryngitis and Pharyngitis) 
 Cause : Sudden cooling of the surface of the body, as 
 when cattle are exposed to cold weather or cold rain or- 
 the inhaling of irritating gases. 
 
 Symptoms: The muzzle is dry, temperature slightly 
 elevated and saliva dribbles from the corners of the 
 mouth. The animal either does not swallow, or swallows 
 with great difficulty, and holds its head in a stiff, straight 
 position, moving it as little as possible. The eyelids are 
 half-closed and bloodshot, and the animal occasionally 
 grinds the teeth. After masticating the food the animal 
 drops it out of its mouth as if to avoid the pain of swal- 
 lowing, and also evinces great pain when pressure is 
 applied from the outside. In acute attacks of sore 
 ihroat, the animal coughs with great difficulty and 
 
150 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 breathes very noisily. The nostrils ar6 dilated and nose 
 extended. 
 
 Treatment: Place the aninial in as comfortable a 
 place as possible, permitting as much fresh air as pos- 
 sible, but avoiding drafts. Blanket, the animal if the 
 weather is chilly, also hand rub the legs and bandage 
 with woolen cloths. 
 
 Administer Chlorate of Potash, two ounces ; Nitrate of 
 Potash, two ounces; Tannic Acid, one-half ounce; Mo- 
 lasses, eight ounces. Mix well and place one tablespoon- 
 ful on the tongue every three or four hours. Feed soft 
 food, as wheat bran mashes and steamed rolled oats, or 
 boiled vegetables. Give drinking water with the chill 
 taken off. 
 
 It is always necessary to apply liniments to the throat, 
 and I would advise the application of Aqua Ammonia 
 Fort., four ounces ; Oil of Turpentine, four ounces, and 
 Sweet Oil, four ounces. Apply and rub in well two or 
 three times a day. 
 
 STRINGY MILK 
 
 Cause: Cows wading or standing in stagnant pools 
 of water. Frequently stringy milk results from fungi 
 entering the udder. This takes on an infectious form, 
 and several cows may become affected at one time. 
 
 Symptoms : Although the milk appears perfectly nor- 
 mal when first milked, it becomes stringy after being let 
 stand for a few hours. If a needle is inserted in the 
 milk and slowly withdrawn, the milk will adhere to the 
 point and have a stringy appearance. If the cow is ex- 
 amined carefully, the temperature will be found to be 
 elevated a degree or two, the appetite poor and the 
 nose dry. 
 
 Treatment: Feed laxative food and see that they 
 have fresh water to drink. Also, place two drams of 
 Soda Bisulphite once or twice a day in gelatin capsule^ 
 and give with capsule gun. Do not permit the cow to 
 
DISEASES OF "CATTLE 151 
 
 come in contact with stagnant pools of water that carry 
 this infection. Perhaps the best plan is to fence out all 
 such stagnant pools of water. 
 
 SUPPRESSION OF MILK 
 
 (Absemce of Milk) 
 
 Cause : Unusually due to poor health, debility, ema- 
 ciated, chronic disease of the bag, or wasting of its 
 glands from various diseases or impure food. Some- 
 times this condition is produced without any apparent 
 cause. 
 
 Tbeatment: Determine the cause, if possible, and 
 remove it. Feed warm wheat bran mashes, steamed 
 rolled oats or barley. Administer Pulv. Anise Seed, one- 
 half ounce, two or three times a day. This has a very 
 good effect in this particular condition. Also rub the 
 bag and strip the teats often, and apply Oil of Lavender. 
 The majority of cases respond to this treatment if not 
 due to chronic disease of the bag. 
 
 TAPEWORM 
 
 Cause: Small portions of tapeworms, consisting of 
 one or more segments, are occasionally seen in the drop- 
 pings of infected cattle. The infection is undoubtedly 
 taken in with the food or water, infection being spread 
 by the eggs of the parasite, and being expelled with the 
 feces of an infected animal. The eggs being swallowed 
 by insects, worms or snails, which act as an intermediate 
 host, and which when swallowed accidentally by cattle 
 while grazing or drinking carry with them into the 
 animal's stomach the infectious stage of the tapeworm. 
 Aged cattle do not seem to suffer much from tapeworms, 
 but in calves these parasites cause scours and rapid 
 emaciation. 
 
 Symptoms : Emaciation, diarrhoea, loss of flesh, rave- 
 nous appetite, paleness of the mucous membranes of the 
 
152 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 mouth and eyes, and the segments of the tapeworms can 
 occasionally be seen in the droppings. 
 
 Tbeatment: Withhold all food from eighteen to 
 twenty-four hours, and to calves from two to eight 
 months old give two teaspoonfuls of gasoline in a pint 
 of milk. To yearlings, place one tablespoonful in a 
 gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. To cattle one 
 year and over, place one ounce in capsule and give with 
 capsule; gun. Repeat this treatment two or three times 
 during intervals of a week or two. 
 
 TEXAS FEVER 
 
 Cause: Due to a micro organism (Piropalasna Bi- 
 genium) which imbeds itself in the red blood corpuscles. 
 This disease is transmitted or scattered by means of a 
 tick which dropg from the affected animal. The disease 
 has various names, according to the locality in which 
 it appears. Among them are : Spanish Fever, Red 
 "Water, Black Water, Red Murrian, Australian Cattle 
 Tick Fever, etc. 
 
 Symptoms: Loss of appetite. The animal ceases to 
 ruminate, or does not chew the cud, and every sign of 
 unthriftihess is displayed ; a high temperature, and when 
 the animal is standing the back is arched, but the animal, 
 however, prefers to lie down most of the time and shows 
 desire for solitude. The urine is very dark in color, 
 hence the name "Red or Black Water." The disease is 
 usually fatal, the animal dies within a few weeks. 
 
 Teeatment: My advice is, when this disease once 
 develops, or an animal shows any of the particular signs 
 that I have mentioned, secure the services of a competent 
 veterinarian, who will immunize by the use of serums, 
 disinfectants, etc. 
 
 TICKS 
 
 Ticks are very difficult to kill, on account of their pro- 
 tected location, as ear ticks are not affected by dipping, 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 153 
 
 and remedies strong enough for this purpose are liable 
 to injure the animal, but these parasites may be expelled 
 by pouring into the ear Carbolated Sweet or Cottonseed 
 Oil with favorable results. 
 
 TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 Cause : The bacilli of Tuberculosis thrive in animals, 
 especially those in a weakened condition, or when ex- 
 posed to atmospheric changes, unwholesome food, dark 
 and poorly ventilated stables. They gain entrance into 
 the body through the lungs or the intestinal canal. They 
 lodge in various portions of the lungs or intestines, and 
 multiply very rapidly, causing irritations and forma- 
 tions, nodules, cysts or abscesses. They are the means 
 of the bacillus entering the blood, which carries the 
 infection to other parts of the body, as the spleen, liver, 
 udder, womb, etc. Cows affected with generahzed tuber- 
 culosis, that is to say, the infection is confined to not 
 only a small portion of the lungs, but also to any of 
 the above mentioned organs', etc., may give birth to a 
 calf having general tuberculosis at birth, or shortly 
 after, due to the cow's blood circulating through the 
 body of the calf before birth. 
 
 Symptoms : This disease may pass a casual observer 
 unnoticed, although in some instances we notice a slight 
 cough, unthriftiness, dullness. The coughing is best 
 marked after taking a drink of water in the morning 
 and then being exercised. Some animals keep up in good 
 condition and look perfectly healthy while some get 
 emaciated, have constipation, variable appetite, and 
 sometimes growths or abscesses can be felt or seen in 
 the udder or glands of the body and neck. 
 
 However, cattle showing any weakness, or the above 
 symptoms, should be tested for tuberculosis by a com- 
 petent veterinarian who has had the privileges of a 
 veterinary education and experience in the administra- 
 tion of tuberculin. 
 
154 THE VETEEINABIAN 
 
 Treatment : It is not advisable to treat tuberculosis. 
 Thus far, medicine has failed to relieve the affected 
 animal, or kill the bacillus of tuberculosis in a living 
 animal. The infected animals should be disposed of on 
 account of tubercular cows giving birth to tubercular 
 calves, the milk being unfit for human consumption, un- 
 less it is thoroughly pasteurized. Infected cattle should 
 be separated from healthy ones, as the disease spreads 
 very rapidly. Drinking and feeding troughs are a 
 means of spreading the infection, therefore, suspected 
 cases of tuberculosis should be tested and if the animals 
 react, they should be slaughtered, and if the disease is 
 localized, passed for human consumption. The meat of 
 animals suspected of having tuberculosis, or rteacting 
 from tuberculin test, should be well cooked. 
 
 . TWISTED STOMACH WORM 
 
 Cause: Cattle become affected with this worm by 
 grazing in pastures in which infested cattle have grazed 
 and scattered their droppings. The worms in the 
 stomach produce a multitude of eggs of microscopic size, 
 which pass out of the body with the feces. In warm 
 weather, these eggs hatch in a few hours ; if the temper- 
 ature remains about freezing point, they soon die. The 
 eggs are also destroyed by dryness, but, on the other 
 hand, moisture, if the weather is warm, favors their de- 
 velopment. The twisted worm measures one-half inch 
 to one and one-half inches in length. 
 
 Symptoms: General weakness, loss of flesh, anemia, 
 dullness, capricious appetite, excessive thirst, paleness of 
 the skin and mucous membranes of the mouth and eyes, 
 and dropsical swelling, especially that of the lower jaw. 
 Diarrhoea always accompanies this condition and if the 
 feces is carefully examined the small worms may be seen 
 wriggling about like little snakes, or when an animal 
 dies, and the fourth stomach is opened, these worms can 
 be seen in large quantities. 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 155 
 
 Treatment: Preventive measures are important, as 
 damp, marshy soil favors the development of the em- 
 bryos. High sloping ground is preferable for pasture. 
 If low ground is used it should be properly drained; 
 burning over the pasture will destroy most of the young 
 worms on the grass and on the ground. Cattle should 
 be supplied with water from flowing streams or wells 
 and not stagnant ponds. 
 
 Medical Treatment: Withhold all food for twenty- 
 four hours; then administer Oil of Turpentine, placing 
 it in an ounce capsule and give with capsule gun. Fol- 
 low in six hours with a physic consisting of Aloin, two 
 drams ; Ginger, two drams. Place in capsule and give 
 with capsule gun. When this worm develops in calves, 
 give as follows : One dram of Turpentine to a calf three 
 months old, four drams to a calf six months old, six 
 drams to a yearling. To cattle two years and over, give 
 equivalent dose, or an ounce. The physic should be 
 reduced in the same proportions as that of Turpentine. 
 
 VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS 
 
 (Lung Worms) 
 
 Cause: Due to worm or parasite called Strongylus 
 Micrurus, a small thread-like worm two to four inches 
 in length, found in the bronchial tubes, a portion of the 
 lungs. The life history of this parasite is not known, 
 but infection is apparently derived through the medium 
 of pastures where infested cattle have grazed. Young 
 cattle are more seriously affected than old animals, es- 
 pecially common in low marshy pastures. 
 
 Symptoms : This form of bronchitis usually affects the 
 entire herd; the animals become poor, unthrifty, hack- 
 ing, coughing, especially at night, and sometimes animals 
 actually cough up worms. 
 
 Treatment: Various treatments have been recom- 
 mended for Verminous Bronchitis, or Lung Worm, as 
 
156 
 
 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 injecting Turpentine into the windpipe or fumigating 
 animals by placing tliem in a closed shed or barn and 
 burning sulphur, compelling the affected animals to 
 inhale the fumes. This treatment perhaps is the safest 
 and the most effective. A person should remain in the 
 enclosed shed and when the fumes become so strong 
 that there is danger of suffocation, open the doors and 
 windows. This treatment should be repeated every week 
 until coughing ceases. 
 
 HOLSTEIN'COW FlNDEKNE PrIDE JoHANA EdE 121083. 
 28,403,7 lbs. Milk; 1,176.47 lbs. Butter Fatl 
 
 Somerset Holstein Breeders Co., Somerville, N. J. World's Eecord'Cow. 
 
 WARBLES OR GRUBS 
 
 Cause: By the heel-fly or warble-fly. They deposit 
 their eggs on the legs of cattle during the fall. The 
 animal, licking the parts, takes the eggs into its mouth. 
 These eggs gradually migrate into the gullet, where they 
 hatch and burrow through the tissues, and in the early 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 157 
 
 spring will be found in the region of the back in the form 
 iof small lumps under the skin. 
 
 Symptoms: Warbles are frequently seen under the 
 skin in the region of the back and over the loins, and 
 are very tender to the touch. "When they are fully de- 
 veloped they work their way through the skin, which 
 usually occurs in the early part of the summer. Ex- 
 amine your cattle in the winter and spring for the 
 presence of grubs. They can. be easily found by run- 
 ning the hand over the loins, by abrupt swellings or 
 bunches on the skin. Pressure on the swellings will 
 perhaps cause the grubs to pop out. 
 
 Tebatmbnt: Eemove the grubs by making a small 
 incision with a clean, sharp knife in the center of the 
 swelling. Then press them out and into each cavity 
 from which the grub has been extracted, or squeezed out, 
 should be injected a five per cent solution of Carbolized 
 Sweet Oil to prevent any further development of flies 
 or grubs. Cattle sprayed with fly repellants during the 
 spring and summer are very seldom bothered with war- 
 bles or grubs. However, this is not practical in range 
 cattle; dipping instead should be resorted to-, and it is 
 surprising what results will be derived from fly repel- 
 lants in a year or two. They will practically exterminate 
 the pest, and consequently the cattle are thrifty and look 
 much better. , ; 
 
 WARTS 
 
 Cause: Warts may appear on various parts of the 
 body, and are due to an abnormal growth of cells growing 
 upon the outer surface of healthy skin, or they may grow 
 upon skill that is deprived of the proper blood supply. 
 
 Treatment : If the wart is located where there is 
 hair surrounding it, cut away the hair, then wash the 
 wart and surrounding parts with a five per cent solution 
 of Carbolic Acid and clip the wart off with a sharp pair 
 of scissors or knife. After the wart is removed, eau- 
 
158 THE VETERINAEIAN 
 
 terize the cjit surface with, a hot iron. Caustic Potash 
 or Silver Nitrate should be applied two or three times 
 at the intervals of two or three days to insure the entire 
 extermination of the wart. This same treatment applies 
 to all classes of warts located in various places. 
 
 WHITES 
 
 (Leucorrhea) 
 
 Cause : Continual chronic inflammation of the womb, 
 or due to irritations from a retained afterbirth. Inju- 
 ries or wounds inflicted by hands or instruments in 
 difficult calving, diseases of the ovaries, etc. 
 
 Symptoms: A glarish, white discharge from the 
 womb. When cow is lying down it flows more abundantly, 
 soiling the tail, etc. The general health may not be much 
 affected at first, but if the discharge continues and is 
 putrid, the health fails, the milk shrinks, and there is , a 
 great loss of flesh. In some cases heat is more frequent 
 or intense than natural, but the animal rarely conceives 
 when served, and if she does, is likely to abort. 
 
 Treatment : Feed nitrogenous food. Wash the womb 
 out with a solution consisting of five grains of Perman- 
 ganate of Potash to one quart of water. This should be 
 repeated once or twice a day. If the animal is consti- 
 pated, give two drams of Aloin, three drams of Ginger. 
 Place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun. Also 
 place Potassium Iodide one dram, Hyposulphite of Soda 
 one ounce in the drinking water two or three times a 
 day. This not only diminishes the discharge, but has a 
 good effect on the blood, particularly where there is more 
 or less decomposition of the flesh. 
 
 WOLF IN THE TAIL 
 
 This condition is imaginary, although the muscles of 
 the tail relax or soften, especially those of its extremity, 
 due to ill health; consequently the condition of the cow 
 should be treated, and not the tail. 
 
DISEASES OF CATTLE 159 
 
 Treatment: Eemove the cause. Perhaps the animal 
 has indigestion, or a cold, etc. Determine the malady 
 by careful examination and treat the disease under its 
 special heading. 
 
 It has been a custom among the so-called cow doctors 
 to split the tail with a sharp knife, then fill the wound 
 with salt and pepper and bandage with a cloth. This is 
 a fallacy, and should not be tolerated. 
 
INTEREST TABLE 
 
 Six per Cent 
 
 Time. .Amt. 
 
 $1 
 
 $2 
 
 $3 
 
 $4 
 
 $5 
 
 $6 
 
 $7 
 
 $8 
 
 $9 
 
 $10 
 
 $100 
 
 $1,000 
 
 1 day 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 2 days .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 33 
 
 3 days 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 50 
 
 4 days .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 67 
 
 5 days .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 83 
 
 6 days .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 1.00 
 
 7 days .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 1.17 
 
 8 days .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 1.33 
 
 9 days .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 1.50 
 
 10 days .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 1.67 
 
 11 days .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 1.83 
 
 12 days 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 2.00 
 
 13 days 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 22 
 
 2.17 
 
 14 days .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 23 
 
 2.33 
 
 15 days .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 25 
 
 2.50 
 
 16 days 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 27 
 
 2.67 
 
 17 days .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 28 
 
 2.83 
 
 18 days 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 3.00 
 
 19 days 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 32 
 
 3.17 
 
 20 days 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 33 
 
 3.33 
 
 21 days 
 
 
 
 •■ 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 35 
 
 3.50 
 
 22 days 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 37 
 
 3.67 
 
 23 days 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 38 
 
 3.83 
 
 24 days .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 4.00 
 
 25 days 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 42 
 
 4.17 
 
 26 days 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 43 
 
 4.33 
 
 27 days 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 45 
 
 4.50 
 
 28 days 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 47 
 
 4.67 
 
 29 days 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 48 
 
 4.83 
 
 1 month . . . 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 50 
 
 5.00 
 
 2 months . . 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 1.00 
 
 10.00 
 
 3 months . . 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 1.50 
 
 15.00 
 
 4 months .. 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 2.00 
 
 20.00 
 
 5 months . . 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 23 
 
 25 
 
 2.50 
 
 25.00 
 
 6 months . . 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 30 
 
 3.00 
 
 30.00 
 
 7 months . . 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 25 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 35 
 
 3.50 
 
 35.00 
 
 8 months . . 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 4.00 
 
 40.00 
 
 9 months .. 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 23 
 
 27 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 41 
 
 45 
 
 4.50 
 
 45.00 
 
 10 months .. 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 45 
 
 50 
 
 5.00 
 
 50.00 
 
 11 months .. 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 22 
 
 28 
 
 33 
 
 39 
 
 44 
 
 50 
 
 55 
 
 5.50 
 
 55.00 
 
 1 year .... 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 24 
 
 30 
 
 36 
 
 42 
 
 48 
 
 54 
 
 60 
 
 6.00 
 
 60.00 
 
 From the above table of interest at six per cent one< can easily compute 
 what the interest on any amount would be at other rates of interest, viz., for 
 three per cent take one-half; for seven per cent add one-sixth; for eight per 
 cent add one-third, etc. 
 
 160 
 
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 DISEASES OF SWINE 
 
 Causes, Symptoms and 
 Treatments 
 
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CHAPTER III 
 
 HOG REGULATOR AND" TONIC 
 
 Nux Vomica, one pound; Hardwood Charcoal, two 
 pounds; Sulphur, two pounds; Common Salt, three 
 pounds ; Sulphide of Antimony, one and one-half pounds ; 
 Glauber Salts, two pounds; Bicarbonate of Soda, four 
 pounds ; Hyposulphite of Soda, four pounds ; Nitrate of 
 Potash, one pound; Quassia, one-half pound; Gentian 
 Root, one pound; Iron Sulphate, one pound; pulverize 
 and mix well. 
 
 To every one hundred pounds of hog weight, give one 
 tablespoonful in feed or swill once or twice daily. For 
 hogs weighing two hundred pounds, the dose would be 
 two tablespoonfuls ; for a hog weighing fifty pounds, one- 
 half tablespoonful. 
 
 Hogs, like other animals, require tonics, bowel regu- 
 lators and worm expellers. For these purposes, I have 
 prescribed under a number of the diseases of hogs, which 
 I cover in this chapter, the above general tonic and regu- 
 lator which I have used in my personal practice with 
 marked success, especially serving the purpose of aiding 
 hogs in their convalescence from debilitating diseases 
 and in their recovery from a general run-down condition. 
 
 Aside from its general tonic and regulative effect, this 
 prescription contains nerve tonics, intestinal antiseptics, 
 laxatives, worm expellers, and aids digestion, etc. 
 
 If regularly given to hogs, and sanitary conditions 
 are maintained, this tonic and regulator will largely 
 fortify them against contagious diseases. 
 
 163 
 
164 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 ABORTION 
 
 Cause: Sows may abort at any state of pregnancy 
 by slipping, falling, receiving kicks, or by being caught 
 while crawling through or under fences. Sows may also 
 abort when allowed to crawl into quarters where there 
 are other hogs. Contagious diseases, such as Cholera 
 and Pleuropneumonia also produce abortion. There is 
 also a contagious form of abortion in sows, but this is 
 very uncommon, as the disease spreads very slowly. 
 
 Symptoms : There is no warning given, as a rule ; the 
 sows expel their pigs before any signs of abortion are 
 noticed. 
 
 In other cases the sows refuse to eat, become uneasy, 
 shivering and trembling of the muscles, and straining or 
 labor pains are noticed. As a rule, when a sow aborts, 
 she will not prepare a bed, as she would normally. 
 
 Treatment: Preventive is the only safe and sure 
 treatment, although when the first sign of abortion ap- 
 pears, and there are no signs of the membranes coming 
 away, remove the sow to quiet, warha, clean quarters by 
 herself, and if straining, give one dram of Chloral- 
 Hydrate in her drinking water every two or three hours. 
 
 When a sow aborts, burn the pigs and afterbirth, and 
 disinfect the pens with a Coal Tar disinfectant. Keep 
 this up for several days, and do not breed until all dis- 
 charges from the vagina have ceased flowing. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINE TO HOGS 
 
 To administer medicine to hogs may seem easy, but, 
 nevertheless, it is a difficult task. Never lay a hog on 
 his back to drench him, as in so 'doing there is great 
 danger of strangling. The proper method is to stand 
 or set him on end, holding him up by the ears, and by 
 the use of a bottle with a piece of hose drawn over its 
 neck, give the medicine very slowly, so as not to allow 
 a large quantity to accumulate in the mouth or throat 
 
DISEASES OF SWINE 165 
 
 at one time. There is always danger of some of the 
 liquid escaping into the lungs and causing the hog to 
 strangle, and thus it may produce pneumonia. How- 
 ever, this is the best method of giving hogs medicine by 
 force. 
 
 Hogs will generally take medicine in their feed or 
 drinking water, unless they -are very sick, or the medi- 
 cine is extremely disagreeable to the taste. 
 
 BAG INFLAMMATION 
 
 Cause: Injuries, obstructed teats, accumulation of 
 milk in the sow's bag after the loss of part of or all of 
 her litter. Difficult birth, slight wounds in the bag per- 
 mit invasion of germs, which is frequently the common 
 cause of bag inflammation. 
 
 Symptoms: Heat, pain and swelling in one or more 
 teats. The general body temperature is elevated one or 
 two degrees above normal. The sow perhaps refuses 
 her feed, although she will drink water in large 
 quantities. 
 
 Treatment : Feed soft, sloppy food and vegetables. 
 Give Epsom Salts, two to four ounces, in milk or feed. 
 It is also well to milk the sow by hand, relieving her of 
 the milk three or four times a day. This is very nec- 
 essary. Camphorated Oil is very soothing, and I would 
 recommend its use freely only over affected teats. 
 
 BLACK TOOTH 
 
 Cause : Black Tooth, so called in swine, is principally 
 due to injuries to the teeth received by chewing hard 
 matter, such as bone, etc., which causes them to decay. 
 
 Symptoms: Toothache. Toothache in swine is sim- 
 ilar to that exhibited by man, in showing loss of appe- 
 tite, salivation,' or slobbering, hanging the head mostly 
 to the side which is affected, loss of fear of man, and 
 offensive breath. If the hogs are fed on strongly acid 
 food for any length of time, their teeth may become 
 
166 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 dark colored. As the teeth are not materially injured, 
 so long as decayed tooth substance cannot be noticed, 
 and while the appetite and chewing facilities of the hog 
 do not appear to be diminished, no interference will be 
 necessary. 
 
 It is customary with some people to examine the teeth 
 of hogs, and if one tooth is found darker colored than 
 the others, it is supposed to be the cause of the hog not 
 doing well, if he is in a poor condition, and the tooth is 
 hammered off flush with the jaw, leaving the broken 
 roots, lacerated gums and nerves to increase the hog's 
 suffering. If the hog recovers, it is often concluded that 
 this was a case of Black Tooth. 
 
 My advice is, if you are determined to have the toT)th 
 out, extract it properly. Do not break it off. When 
 your hogs are not thriving, give them the regulator and 
 tonic prescribed on the first page of this chapter. 
 
 BLOOD POISONING 
 
 (Pyemia Septicemia) 
 
 Cause : Due to the toxic substance produced by germs 
 that invade wounds, bruises, abscesses, or womb follow- 
 ing farrowing, if lacerated. 
 
 Symptoms: The seat of injury becomes swollen, pus 
 may adhere to the hair, temperature elevated, appetite 
 poor, hog moves about very slowly, becomes separated 
 from the rest of the drove, lies around in some cool, 
 quiet place, eventually becomes very weak and poor and 
 dies, if good attention is not given. 
 
 Treatment : Separate from the other hogs and re- 
 move to a clean, comfortable place and wash the seat. 
 of injury with some good disinfectant, as a five per cent 
 Carbolic Acid solution. In case of abscess, open it low 
 so as to assure good drainage. Keep clean, cool water 
 before your hogs at all times. Give mashes made from 
 wheat bran and hot water, or any good, substantial food 
 that is easily digested containing regulator and tonic 
 prescribed on the first page of this chapter. 
 
DISEASES OF SWINE 167 
 
 BRONCHITIS 
 
 Cause : Lung worms, poorly ventilated sleeping quar- 
 ters, sleeping in straw stacks, in manure heaps, over- 
 heated, filthy pens, where the animals inhale irritating 
 gases given off the bodies of other hogs, and from filth. 
 Smoke and dust are very common producers of, 
 bronchitis. 
 
 Symptoms : Breathing fast, appetite poor, slight rise 
 in temperature and coughing. The hog is dull and 
 stupid, refuses food, but drinks water frequently. 
 
 Treatment: Preventive; avoid the above named 
 causes, but when hogs become affected, move them to 
 clean, well ventilated quarters, avoiding dust and gases, 
 disinfect bedding and floors with some good disinfectant, 
 as Crude Carbolic Acid, sprayed. Also give large doses 
 of the hog regulator and tonic as prescribed on the first 
 page of this chapter. Feed vegetables, or any easily- 
 digested food, and hot wheat bran mashes. 
 
 In case the disease is due to lung worms, confine the 
 animals in a closed shed and permit them to inhale the 
 steam from Turpentine and water for a few minutes, by 
 placing water and Turpentine in a tin receptacle holding 
 about two gallons, and inserting heated bricks or stones 
 into the solution. 
 
 CASTRATION 
 
 This is generally understood by every stockraiser, 
 yet there are some points many do not know. For 
 instance, you should use in this operation an antiseptic 
 solution, as Carbolic Acid or Bichloride of Mercury. 
 Wash thoroughly with antiseptic yours hands and knife, 
 also the seat of operation and make your incision as low 
 as possible to permit the pus to drain out nicely. If this 
 is not practiced, the pus will become absorbed into the 
 blood, producing blood poison, which may produce death, 
 or at the best will cause the hog to become stunted, 
 whereaSj if the operation is performed properly, the hog 
 
168 THE VETEEINARIAN 
 
 will thrive; regardless of the shock from the operation. 
 I may add that it is much better to castrate pigs or 
 hogs when their stomach and intestines are empty, and 
 it is always good practice to feed laxative and easily 
 digested foods sparingly after this operation. 
 
 CHOKING 
 
 Cause: Vegetables, such as potatoes, etc., roots, as 
 carrots, turnips and sometimes pieces of bone or glass, 
 lodge in the gullet. Paralysis of the muscular fibres of 
 the gullet is a very common cause of choking in swine. 
 
 Symptoms : The hog is unable to swallow, producing 
 frothing at the mouth and, if the obstruction cannot be 
 dislodged, death occurs in a very short time. Some- 
 times the obstruction in the gullet may be felt from the 
 outside with the hand. 
 
 Teeatment: The administration of small doses of 
 Raw Linseed or Olive Oil, or Lard, will assist in dislodg- 
 ing the obstruction. Also careful manipulation of the 
 gullet from the outside with the hand assists in either 
 forcing it into the stomach or bringing it out through 
 hog's mouth. If vomiting can be produced, it will dis- 
 lodge the obstruction. If immediate results are not 
 obtained from the above treatments, I would recommend 
 butchering the hog for meat immediately. 
 
 COLD IN THE HEAD 
 
 (Nasal Catarrh) 
 
 Cause : Exposure to cold ; a very common condition 
 in cold, wet weather when hogs are allowed to sleep in 
 manure heaps, straw stacks, or pile up together, when 
 they become overheated and later chill. Nasal Catarrh 
 may also be due to inhaling dust or irritating gases. 
 
 Symptoms: The animal is stupid arid feverish, cough- 
 ing and sneezing frequently; appetite is poor, eyes 
 watery and inflamed; a discharge of mucus from the 
 nose will terminate in yellow pus and the nose, if ex- 
 amined, is found to be infla!med and ulcerated. 
 
DISEASES OP SWiNE 169 
 
 .^ ^ Tbeaxmekt : The best and safest treatment is to pro- 
 vide clean sleeping quarters, avoid overcrowding in 
 dusty, dirty sheds, especially during cold weather. Pigs 
 affected with cold in the head should be fed on laxative 
 food, such as boiled carrots, potatoes, apples, hot wheat 
 bran mashes and steamed rolled oats. 
 
 Medical, Treatment: Confine the affected hogs to a 
 shed, close windows and doors and any large cracks; 
 then compel them to inhale steam from the following 
 mixture : Turpentine, eight ounces ; Pine Tar, one pint ; 
 Water, two gallons. Place in tin receptacle in center of 
 shed and heat the above solution by adding hot bricks 
 or stones to the mixture occasionally. Compel the hogs 
 to inhale this steam for at least thirty minutes twice a 
 day. Grive Chlorate of Potash in twenty grain doses* 
 three times a day in feed or drinking water. This treat- 
 ment is very successful if the inflammation has not 
 extended to the lungs. 
 
 DIARRHOEA IN YOUNG PIGS 
 
 (Scours) 
 
 Cause: Decomposed foods, sloJ)s, etc., fed to the 
 mothers, causing them to give toxic milk. Poorly ven- 
 tilated, filthy, cold and damp pens, insufficient exercise, 
 lack of sunlight, raising pigs by hand or with other sow. 
 
 Symptoms : Frequent movement of the bowels, the 
 passage being of a grayish- white color and the odor very 
 disagreeable. At this stage of the disease, reliable reme- 
 dies must be given or the pig will die very soon. 
 
 The discharge from the bowels becomes very thin, the 
 tail and legs become soiled, loss of appetite, the pigs 
 become weak and dull, hair rough and it is difficult for 
 them to move about. In very yourig pigs, treatment is 
 of little value. 
 
 Treatment : As Scours in pigs is a disease frequently, 
 caused by faulty food and insanitary surroundings, a 
 
170 THE VETEEINAEIAN 
 
 preventive treatment is of great importance, and much' 
 better results are thus obtained than by the use of 
 medical agents. Medical treatment consists in first 
 cleaning away the irritant present in the bowels. For 
 this purpose give one to two tablespoonfuls of Castor Oil. 
 * At the time of farrowing all sows should receive a light 
 diet and be kept in clean, dry quarters. The pigs should 
 
 Chester Whites. 
 Owned' by C. A- Slepicka, Tobias, Nebr. 
 
 be allowed pure air, sunshine and exercise. If the sow 
 appears hot and feverish, give one to three ounces of 
 Castor Oil in milk or swill. Avoid feeding decomposed, 
 moldy food, or sour milk. To check the diarrhoea in 
 pigs, use the following after the irritant is removed or 
 cleaned out as above stated: Zinc Sulphoearbolates, 
 thirty grains; Protan, two ounces; Pulv. Grentian Boot, 
 
DISEASES OF SWINE 171 
 
 two ounces. Make into sixty capsules or powders and 
 give one, three or four times a day. The sow should 
 receive a dose ahout eight times the size of that of the 
 
 pigs. 
 
 HOG CHOLERA 
 
 Cause*.: By the Bacillus Sins; contaminated food, 
 stagnant water, filth, etc., all have a tendency to aid its 
 progress. I have seen farms, although located in sec- 
 tions where Cholera was prevalent, not in the least 
 troubled with the malady, perhaps due to careful feed- 
 ing of clean foods, care in watering, cleanliness about the 
 pens and sheds and disinfecting occasionally, but no 
 doubt a better explanation is that those hogs received 
 tonics, containing worm expellers, at least four times a 
 year. Many a case of supposed Hog Cholera is due to 
 worms irritating and producing inflammation of the in- 
 testines, followed by diarrhcea. A person not familiar 
 with the disease calls this "hog cholera." In other 
 cases, hogs which are fed swills from restaurants, hotels, 
 etc., containing soap, washing powders, small particles of 
 glass, etc., will die with symptoms leading a person to 
 think they had Hog Cholera, but if a thorough investiga- 
 tion is made the true cause of death can easily be discov- 
 ered. 
 
 Symptoms: In true Hog Cholera, the temperature 
 will be elevated two to four degrees above normal. 
 There will be a loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhoea, al- 
 though there may be constipation when the hog is first 
 affected. The hog wanders off by itself to some cool, 
 quiet place and lies down. When it walks it will stagger 
 and show great stiffness in its hind parts, due to sore- 
 ness of the intestines. The hair will have a roughened 
 appearance, the back arched, the eyes inflamed and dis- 
 charging pus, red blotches will show themselves back of 
 the ears, inside the legs and on the abdomen. At this 
 stage the diarrhoea is watery, dark and tinged with 
 blood", and very offensive in odor, breath is very fast and 
 labored. The hog ^rows very weak and dies. 
 
172 THE VETEKINARIAN 
 
 Treatment: Prevention must aUvays be borne in 
 mind. Do not feed filthy food. Always feed good, 
 wholesome food, and give clean water to drink. , Watch 
 the condition of hog's bowels and regulate them by feed- 
 ing. Burn manure. and bedding and disinfect carefully. 
 Do not permit your hogs to drink out of running streams 
 of water, especially if Hog Cholera is in your neighbor- 
 hood. When buying hogs, it is well to keep them off by 
 themselves for two or three weeks, as they may be dis- 
 eased. Do not permit neighbors, their stock or dogs on 
 your premises when Hog Cholera is raging, as the infec- 
 tion of Hog Cholera can be spread very rapidly by 
 matter from the affected hogs adhering to the shoes of 
 man, to the feet of stock and dogs, etc. 
 
 I am positive that if this method were properly prac- 
 ticed by all hog raisers and feeders. Hog Cholera would 
 be a very rare disease. 
 
 Seetjm Teeatment : This is successful in some cases, 
 and in others unsuccessful. The latter perhaps is due 
 to poor serums, or the disease being so far advanced in 
 its progress that the hogs are beyond recovery. Serum 
 treatment is very expensive and, as it requires a strictly 
 septic operation of injecting the serum, the average hog 
 raiser or grower is not qualified to administer the treat- 
 ment properly. An additional and necessary expense is 
 the services of a Veterinary Surgeon. Therefore, I 
 strongly urge adoption of preventive measures as stated. 
 Use sonae good disinfectant, such as Crude Carbolic Acid, 
 which destroys the Bacillus of Hog Cholera. Also ad- 
 minister hog regulator and tonic as prescribed on first 
 page of this chapter. This will expel worms, tone the 
 system, regulate the bowels and fortify your hogs against 
 
 Hog Cholera. 
 
 INDIGESTION 
 
 Cause : Worms are perhaps one of the most common 
 causes. Unwholesome, irritating food or swill contain- 
 ing soap or washing powder have a tendency to derange 
 the process of digestion. 
 
DISEASES OF, SWINE 173 
 
 Symptoms: Abdominal pain, vomiting, back arched, 
 breathing rapid and temperature elevated from two to 
 three degrees. There may be diarrhoea or the animal 
 may be constipated. Vomiting, as a rule, relieves acute 
 attacks by expelling the irritant from the bowels. When 
 it' takes a chronic form, the hogs become stunted. 
 
 Treatment: Endeavor to find out the cause and re- 
 move it. If constipated, give Calomel, fifteen to twenty 
 grains, or, if diarrhoea appears, give hog regulator and 
 tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter. Feed 
 with hot wheat bran mashes. This will expel all worms 
 and aid digestion. 
 
 JAUNDICE 
 
 (Yellows) 
 
 Cause: Liver flukes, intestinal worms, gall stones, 
 lack of exercise, overfeeding, or a stoppage of the bile 
 duct. 
 
 Symptoms: The white portions of the eyes take on 
 a yellow color, as do the membranes of the mouth, back 
 arched, hair looks rough, vomiting, temperature elevated, 
 constipation, although diarrhoea is sometimes noticed. 
 The urine is passed frequently, and is of a dark amber 
 color. 
 
 Tbeatment: This disease requires careful feeding 
 and plenty of exercise. Give Calomel, ten to twenty 
 grains, then follow with large doses of regulator and 
 tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter. It is 
 important in this disease, especially if due to worms. 
 Feed clean swill and vegetables. Give hogs all the pure 
 water they will drink. _ 
 
 KIDNEY CONGESTION 
 
 Catjsb: Hogs are subject to various injuries about 
 the kidneys, due to a large number of hogs piling up, 
 exposure to cold, wet rains, etc. 
 
 Symptoms : Small quantities of dark colored urine are 
 
174 THE VETEEINARIAN 
 
 passed frequently, appetite poor, no energy to move 
 about. Hogs lie around a great deal; at times they may 
 be paralyzed and drag.tbeir hind quarters. 
 
 Treatment: Apply cloths or blankets wrung out of 
 hot water over the loin ; also give Potassium Acetate in 
 twenty grain doses four or five times a day in drinking 
 water. Feed soft, sloppy food, containing regulator and 
 tonic as prescribed on the first page of this chapter. It 
 contains nerve stimulants, just what is required in 
 paralysis. 
 
 Grand Champion Dtjkoc Boae. 
 Economy Stock Farm, Shenandoah, Iowa. 
 
 KIDNEY WORM 
 
 Cause : Damp, filthy surroundings seem to favor the 
 growth of enibryos of this worm. They are taken into 
 the digestive canal with the food and eventually pass to 
 the region of the kidneys, where they find conditions 
 favorable in which to multiply. 
 
 Symptoms : May produce paralysis of the hind quar- 
 ters, in which case the animal would not exhibit such 
 
DISEASES OF SWINE ' 175 
 
 marked tenderness on being pressed over the loins with 
 the fingers as it would if the weakness of the hind quar- 
 ters was due to a sprain or to rheumatism of the loins. 
 Occasionally hogs may suffer from the presence of one 
 or more worms in the kidneys ; but the ailment is rarely 
 fatal, becoming so only after a long time of suffering 
 resulting in a degeneration of one or both kidneys. It 
 is almost impossible to diagnose the presence of worms 
 in the kidneys of hogs, except by chance through -a micro- 
 scopic examination of the urine. If worms are found in 
 the kidneys of a hog that has died or been slaughtered 
 for food it may then be reasonably supposed that other 
 hogs of the same herd not acting normal are infected 
 with worms of the same species. 
 
 TeeatWent : Teaspoonful doses of Turpentine in milk 
 •three times a week is the only treatment I could recom- 
 mend. Preventive measures is the only practical method 
 of treating a disease of this nature. Grive your hogs pure 
 water and food. Disinfect pens occasionally and keep 
 them clean. 
 
 LICE ON HOGS , 
 Dip, spray or scrub your hogs with some good Coal 
 Tar disinfectant, but whatever remedy is used it should 
 be applied more than once which, of course, causes con- 
 siderable work where there is a large number of hogs 
 infested, unless dipped, which is more quickly done. 
 The reason for repeated applications being necessary is 
 that although the lice which hogs pick up from the 
 ground, bedding and rubbing places, may be killed by 
 first application, it often does not affect the nits, which 
 remain intact and hatch within a week or ten days. A 
 new crop of Lice appears on the hog from this source. 
 Eemove all manure and bedding from pens and sheds 
 and burn it. Disinfect floors and spray sides of shed, 
 pens and rubbing places with disinfectants, one part to 
 seventy-two parts of water, once a month and you will 
 be handsomely repaid for your labor. 
 
176 THE VETEEINAEIAN 
 
 LUNG FEVER 
 
 (Inflammation of the Lungs) 
 Cause: Sudden changes, exposure to storms, piling 
 up of hogs during cold nights, or sleeping in manure 
 heaps, old straw stacks, etc. 
 
 Symptoms : Pig or hog- is taken with shivering spells, 
 is stupid, his back is arched, loss of appetite, temperature 
 elevated two to four degrees above norrhal, short hurried 
 breathing, generally accompanied with cough, which is 
 deep and hoarse. As a rule the hog is constipated. 
 
 Treatment: Place in good, clean, warm, well venti- 
 lated quarters, free from drafts. Keep water before 
 them at all times, adding Saltpeter, one teaspoonful to 
 every gallon of water. If constipated, do not give 
 physics; give injections of soap and warm water; also 
 administer about one-half teaspoonful of Pine Tar on 
 the tongue with a wooden paddle. This adheres to the 
 tongue and gradually dissolves and gives excellent re- 
 sults, as it is very soothing to the organs of breathing. 
 During the convalescent stage, give hog regulator and 
 tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter. 
 
 LUNG WORMS 
 
 Cause : By threadlike worms varying in length from 
 one-half to one and one-half inches and of a brownish- 
 iwhite color. They are found in the windpipe and tubes 
 leading into the lungs. The adult worms in the lungs 
 produce large quantities of eggs, which are coughed up 
 with mucus and become scattered over premises where 
 other hogs are permitted to walk. The hogs inhale the 
 dust containing the eggs into their lungs, where the eggs 
 find moisture sufficient for their development. 
 
 Symptoms: Severe coughing spells. Large quanti- 
 ties of mucus will escape from the nose and mouth. 
 The hog becomes stunted, although he may eat fairly 
 well, but if not relieved, the worms collect in the Bronchi 
 
DISEASES OF SWINE 177 
 
 and produce sudden death, due to suffocation, The 
 worms may set up an inflammation of the lining mem- 
 branes of the lungs, which is sometimes taken for Swine 
 Plague, or Cholera. This disease is not uncommon, es- 
 pecially in old, filthy, poorly drained hog houses and 
 pastures. 
 
 Treatment: Confine the affected hogs to a shed; 
 close the windows and doors and any large cracks, then 
 compel the hogs to inhale steam from the following 
 mixture : Turpentine, eight ounces ; Pine Tar, one pint; 
 Water, two gallons. Place in tin receptacle in center of 
 the shed and heat the above solution by adding hot 
 bricks or stones to the mixture occasionally. Compel 
 them to inhale this steam for at least thirty minutes 
 twice a day. Feed wholesome food to which add hog 
 tonic as prescribed on first page of this chapter. A 
 strong, vigorous hog may have worms, but it retains its 
 vitality so long as it is well fed. 
 
 MANGE 
 
 Cause : By the Sarcoptes Scabei. This parasite bur- 
 rows under the outer surface of the skin. 
 
 Symptoms: The parasite' usually manifests itself on 
 the skin under the armpits, thighs and inside of the 
 fore legs. At first small red blotches or pimples appear, 
 and these gradually spread as the parasites multiply and 
 burrow under the skin. 
 
 Treatment: There is no other way of curing this 
 disease, or of preventing it, than by killing the parasites 
 and their eggs ; not only on the pigs themselves, but also^ 
 on the sides of the pens, sheds, rubbing-posts, or any- 
 thing that an affected hog rubs against. 
 
 When treating this disease, the real aim must l?e to 
 
 .kill the parasite by the prompt and continuous use of 
 
 external remedies, such as washing or dipping, which 
 
 is better done with some good disinfectant, one part to 
 
 12 , 
 
178 THE VETEEINAEIAN . 
 
 seventy parts water. Repeat this every" ten days until 
 cured. Two dippings are generally sufficient. It is well 
 to feed cooling foods, such as clean slops and vegetables, 
 containing regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page 
 of this chapter. 
 
 NAVEL RUPTURE 
 
 (Navel or Umbilical) 
 
 Cause: Injuries. Pigs crowding through narrow 
 doorways or openings in fences, small pigs sleeping with 
 large pigs, and allowed to pile up, or being thrown about 
 feed troughs when feeding. Weakness and constipa- 
 tion also predisposes them to Navel or Umbilical 
 Eupture. 
 
 Symptoms: A soft, puffy swelling about the navel' 
 or umbilicus, varying in size from a hazelnut to that of 
 an ostrich egg. When a pig is placed on its back the 
 intestines will gravitate into the abdominal cavity, pro- 
 viding the intestines have not adhered to the walls of 
 the rupture. 
 
 Treatment: This is more difficult than the Scrotal 
 or Inguinal Eupture operation, as often times the, intes- 
 tines will adhere to the inner surface of the rupture and, 
 unless the operation is carefully performed,, there is 
 great danger. Great care must be exercised in prepar- 
 ing the pig by fasting it for twenty-four hours. After 
 this is accomplished, prepare an antiseptic solution, 
 Carbolic Acid, five per cent, or Bichloride of Mercury, 
 one in one-thousandths ; also have a needle and absorbent 
 silk or cat-gut ready. Place the pig on its back, with its 
 head downward. Now, wash the seat of operation with 
 either antiseptic solution. Then make an incision 
 tiirough the skin carefully; as stated before, intes- 
 tines sometimes adhere to the inner surface of the rup- 
 ture. If such is the case, wash the hands in the anti- 
 septic solution and with the fingers carefully break the 
 adhesions or separate the intestines from their adhe- 
 
DISEASES OF SWINE 179 
 
 sions. After this is accomplisl^ed, sew the inner lining 
 of the abdominal cavity with absorbent silk or cat-gut. 
 Then sew the outer skin with cotton or linen cord and 
 your operation is complete. Feed the hog sparingly for 
 a few days following the operation on easily digested, 
 laxative foods. 
 
 NETTLE RASH 
 
 (Urticaria) 
 
 Cause: Irritations of the skin produced by sprink- 
 ling hogs with irritating solutions and powders, or from 
 irritating dips when treating for lice, etc. Feeding 
 highly nitrogenous food predisposes hogs to this disease ; 
 also filth, poorly drained sheds and pens; is especially 
 common in young pigs. Nettle Rash is not contagious, 
 but what produces it in one hog may produce it in several 
 at the same time. 
 
 Symptoms: Red, swollen blotches appear on the skin 
 very suddenly, especially about the ears and the inside 
 of the thighs, perhaps due to the skin being thin and 
 deprived of hair. The hog rubs it on account of the 
 intense itching, and he will not thrive when in this con- 
 dition. In most cases there is a fluid oozing from the 
 blotches, causing dirt and filth to adhere to the hair. 
 However, if the disease is properly treated, a recovery 
 is sure to follow in about two weeks. 
 
 Teeatment: Prevention against this disease is most 
 important, and it consists in keeping shoats and pigs 
 in clean, well ventilated sheds and pens. Do not sprinkle 
 them with irritating solutions or powders, or irritating 
 dips, but when the disease once shows itself give each 
 pig/ or hog affected a dose of Epsom Salts, one ounce 
 to eyery twenty-five pounds of hog Veight, in feed, swill 
 or drinking water. If the weather is hot, keep them in 
 a clean, cool place, also purify their blood by feeding 
 regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this, 
 chapter. 
 
180 THE VETEEINARIAN , ' 
 
 Apply some good Coal Tar disinfectant, one part to 
 one hundred parts of water. TMs is non-irritating, and 
 will destroy hog lice, and will hea,l the pustules of nettle 
 rash. Apply twice ten days apart. It also must be 
 borne in mind that pens and sleeping quarters must be 
 disinfected; the old bedding and manure burned and 
 replaced with good, clean straw or hay. Feed, easily 
 digested food, slops, etc. 
 
 Champion Poland China Boab King Hadley 57722. 
 Owned by W. J. Baker^ Bieh Hill, Mo. 
 
 PARALYSIS OF THE HIND QUARTERS 
 
 Cause : There are a' great many things that may pro- 
 duce paralysis of the hind quarters. For instance, ship- 
 ping hogs in crates ; fractions of thigh bones ; Rickets, 
 due to deeding food that is deficient in m,ineral matter; 
 hogs piling up ; kicks or injuries to the back ; frequently 
 seen in sows nursing a litter of pigs and in a run-down 
 condition. Constipation and indigestion also produce 
 paralysis of the hind quarters. Some think it is caused 
 by worms in the kidneys; this is not always the case. 
 It is true that the presence of a parasite around the 
 
DISEASES OF SWINE 181 
 
 kidneys may cause irritation of the nerves of the spinal 
 column and result in paralysis. Yet, it is more often the 
 result of weakness and loss of nervous power of, the hind 
 parts. 
 
 Symptoms: Eegardless of the cause, the symptoms 
 in either case, for they cannot be distinguished, are 
 weakness of the back, wriggling of the hind parts, and 
 finally the hOgs sit down on their haunches. After some 
 effort, they get up and run in a straight line quite fast, 
 but swing to one side for a while and then go over to 
 the other side, and finally get down so that they cannot 
 rise, but drag themselves about. The appetite is good 
 until a day or two before they die. 
 
 Treatment: Place the hog in clean, comfortable 
 quarters, with plenty of fresh water to drink. Give sour 
 milk, fruit or vegetables, containing regulator and tonic 
 as prescribed on first page of this chapter. It contains 
 nerve stimulants and blood purifiers. If the hog is con- 
 stipated, add two to four ounces of Epsom Salts to its 
 feed. 
 
 Treatment of all such cases requires perseverance, 
 recovery being slow and not always certain. 
 
 PILES 
 
 (Prolapse of the Anus) 
 
 Cause: Although the pig may look well, he has a 
 weakness of the circular fibres of the intestines, due to 
 irritating foods that either constipate or produce 
 diarrhoea. 
 
 Symptoms : Very plain. A protrusion of the rectum 
 all the way from two to four inches. The pig irritates 
 the protrusion by rubbing it against the sides of pens, 
 etc. ; it cracks, bleeds and in warm weather will become 
 fly-blown and maggots accumulate in large quantities. 
 
 Treatment : In the first stages of this disease, wash 
 the protruded parts with an antiseptic solution of Car- 
 
182 THE VETERINAEIAN 
 
 bolic Acid, one teaspoonful to a pint of water. Give 
 rectal injections of Soap and Warm Water or Sweet 
 Oil, give about two ounces of Castor Oil internally and 
 f^ed soft, sloppy food. In chronic cases of long stand- 
 ing, remove the exposed portion of the intestine after 
 washing nicely with the antiseptic solution. Remove 
 the protrusion with a sharp knife and stitch the cut end 
 of intestine edges to the anus. Feed easily digested food, 
 such as wheat bran, mixed with flaxseed meal on which 
 boiling hot water has been- poured, cooling before feed- 
 ing. Also give regulator and tonic as prescribed on first 
 page of this chapter. 
 
 PIN WORMS 
 
 Cause : Hogs consume the eggs that encapsule well 
 matured embryonic worms with their food or drinking 
 water. These worms multiply very rapidly in the small 
 intestines and are from one-half to one inch in length. 
 
 Symptoms: No signs are noticed unless the worms 
 are very abundant, as they are small and difificult to see 
 with the naked eye. The principal point of attack is in 
 the back part of the small intestines, where considerable 
 inflammation is set up, especially when there are other 
 worms, such as the Roundworm, present. 
 
 Teeatment: Is of little value, as the worms in the 
 intestines are very dijfificult to get at, but as their pres- 
 ence causes very little disturbance, it is hardly worth 
 while treating; however, preventive measures should be 
 applied by disinfecting, burning manure and bedding. 
 
 The following has proven a very effective treatment 
 for Pinworms: Powdered Quassia, one pound; Sul- 
 phur, two pounds ; Glauber Salts, one pound ; Powdered 
 Tobacco, one-half pound; Sulphide of Antimony, one 
 pound; Hyposulphite of Soda, two pounds; Beechwood 
 Charcoal, one pound ; Common Salt, two pounds. 
 
 The above must be well powdered and thoroughly 
 mixed. Give one heaping teaspoonful to every one hun- 
 
DISEASES OF SWINE 183 
 
 dred pounds of hog weight. To small pigs, give doses 
 in proportion to weight. Place it in their feed or slop 
 twice a day. In addition to being a vermifuge, it is an 
 alterative and tonic that should be given pigs and hogs 
 which do not thrive properly. Best results are obtained 
 in treatment, of Pinworm when the principal food con- 
 sists of vegetables, mashes and slops. 
 
 PLEURISY 
 
 Cause: Exposure to cold, damp, chilly weather, es- 
 pecially to drafts, or by a large number of hogs being 
 allowed to pile up during cold nights, etc. 
 
 Symptoms: Chilling, temperature elevated two or 
 three degrees above normal; breathing fast. The hog 
 will show great pain when pressed over the lungs by 
 flinching, squealing or grunting; coughing suppressed, 
 ribs rigid ; breathing mostly with the muscles of the , 
 flanks ; appetite poor and eventually there will be fluids 
 accumulate in the lung cavities. At this stage, the 
 breathing is labored and difficult. If the ear is pressed 
 over the lungs, the fluids can be heard, and in the first 
 stage the sound will be similar to that of rubbing hair 
 between the finger and- thumb. 
 
 Treatment: Eemove the cause. The treatment is 
 satisfactory if applied in due time. Place in clean, com- 
 fortable shed, seeing that it is well ventilated, omit 
 drafts ; apply equal parts of Aqua Ammonia Fort., Tur- 
 pentine and Sweet Oil over the lungs and give two or 
 four ounces of Castor Oil in milk. Feed easily digested 
 food, such as hot wheat bran mashes, containing hog 
 regulator and tonic as prescribed on first page of this 
 chapter. It is also well to feed vegetables. 
 
 RHEUMATISM 
 
 Cause: Exposure, as in cold, damp houses. Over- 
 feeding also has a tendency to cause swellings of the 
 joints and muscles. 
 
184 a?HE VETERINARIAN 
 
 Symptoms : Lameness of one or more limbs, swelling 
 of the joints about the legs and feet. The hog does not 
 care to move, refusing its feed in most cases ; tempera- 
 ture slightly elevated; breathing quick and short; he 
 will drink water frequently if offered. 
 
 Teeatment: I am of opinion that Rheumatism in 
 hogs would be a very rare disease if they were properly 
 provided with clean, dry quarters, with a liberal quantity 
 of bedding. Do not allow hogs to pile up, as it is very 
 injurious to them. 
 
 Medicax, Teeatment : Consists of feeding sloppy food 
 to which add one-half dram of Sodium Salicylate two or 
 three times a day in their feed. Vegetables and green 
 grass are very beneficial in this disease, as they have a 
 cooling effect on the blood. The hog tonic and regulator 
 recommended on first page of this chapter is very bene- 
 ficial when given with food of a sloppy nature. 
 
 RICKETS 
 
 Cause: Food deficient in mineral matter or lime; 
 filth, lack of exercise, and crowded quarters, all tend to 
 produce a softening of the bones and swelling of the 
 joints. 
 
 Symptoms: The pigs affected generally appear in 
 good condition and seem to be doing well, but suddenly 
 they become paralyzed in the hind quarters, owing to the 
 weakened condition of the bones, which sometimes frac- 
 ture without receiving injury or any additional weight 
 to that of the pig itself. The bones of the snout, back, 
 limbs and feet bend and become deformed. The pigs 
 grow weak, poor and stunted and perhaps the best treat- 
 ment is to destiroy them. 
 
 Peevektivb Treatment: Careful feeding of good, 
 wholesome food. This disease is very seldom seen where 
 hogs are frequently fed corn. 
 
 Medical, Teeatment : When the first signs of Rickets 
 
DISEASES OF SWINE 185 
 
 appear, feed regulator and tonic as prescribed on first 
 page of this chapter. It contains the mineral matter 
 needed by the hog. ■ 
 
 ROUND WORMS 
 
 Cause: Is undoubtedly due to filth or hogs eating 
 food or drinking water contaminated with well developed 
 eggs or embryos of roundworms, thus taking them into 
 their digestive canal, where they multiply rapidly and 
 set up considerable irritation. This worm varies in 
 length from three to thirteen inches, and is of a reddish- 
 brown color. 
 
 Symptoms: The Eojindworm is generally passed 
 with the feces, and can be readily seen with the naked 
 eye. A hog infested with a large number of these worms 
 is generally restless, appetite varied. "When these 
 worms develop in large numbers, they obstruct the in- 
 testines. In other cases they irritate and inflame the 
 intestines causing inflammation and diarrhoea, and death 
 may be due to either obstruction or inflammation of the 
 bowels. 
 
 Treatment: Treatment is very satisfactory. With- 
 hold all food from eighteen to twenty-four hours. Then 
 place in one pint of finely ground feed. Calomel and San- 
 tonin, each five grains to every one hundred pounds of 
 hog weight. For instance, if the hog affected with round 
 worms weighs two hundred pounds, double the dose by 
 giving ten grains of each of the above, but if the hog 
 only weighs fifty pounds, give one-half the dose men- 
 tioned, or two and one-half grains of each. This treat- 
 ment should be repeated in a week or ten days to assure 
 the expulsion of worms that might have survived the 
 first dose. Feed sparingly on laxative food, as bran 
 mashes and vegetables, for a few days following each 
 treatment. 
 
186 THE VETERINAEIAN 
 
 RUPTURE 
 
 (Scrotal or Inguinal) 
 
 Definition: In the male the intestines pass through 
 the wide Inguinal Canal, through which the cord of the 
 testicle passes. It is not difficult to recognize this form 
 of rupture, as the scrotum that normally retains only 
 the testicles is usually enlarged by the bowels en- 
 tering it. Sometimes the scrotum almost reaches the 
 ground, and in this ease, both sides of the scrotum, or 
 the sack which contains the testicles, also contains intes- 
 tines. If the pig is held up by the hind parts, the in- 
 testines will gravitate back into the abdominal cavity, 
 but as soon as a pig lies down or stands they again return 
 into the scrotum. The testicles can be located at the 
 bottom of the enlargement. 
 
 Cause: Hereditary tendencies predisposes them to 
 rupture; pigs having large Inguinal Canals through 
 which the testicle passes; by pigs being crowded, in- 
 jured, squeezed at troughs, or passing through narrow 
 doorways. Weakness and severe straining from consti- 
 pation also produce rupture. 
 
 Symptoms: An enlargement of the sack containing 
 the testicles. Sometimes there may be a strangulation 
 of the intestines where they fold or twist. They be- 
 come inflamed and produce death. The pig dies in great 
 pain, but fortunately, strangulated ruptures in pigs are 
 very rare, as the scrotum and canal which the intestines 
 occupy relax and become very roomy. 
 
 Tkeatment : Operation is the only method of reliev- 
 ing or curing Inguinal or Scrotal Rupture. My advice 
 is to operate as soon as possible. Wlien the pigs are 
 small, there is less danger. The pig to be operated on 
 should be fasted for at least twenty-four hours, as it is 
 easier on both the operator and pig when the intestines 
 ar^ empty, or nearly so. 
 
 The operation which I have found to Ije very success- 
 
DISEASES OF SWINE 187 
 
 ful is as follows: Have an assistant hold the pig up 
 by its hind legs. Prepare an antiseptic solution of Car- 
 bolic Acid five per cent, or Bichloride of Mercury, one 
 in one-thousandths, in a pan. Have a needle threaded 
 with a medium sized absorbent silk or cat-gut suture. 
 Prepare a clean, sharp knife ; wash the seat of operation 
 with either antiseptic solution. Now, proceed to locate 
 the testicle by having the hind parts elevated. The in- 
 testines must be pressed back into the abdominal cavity. 
 The testicle will remain in the sack or scrotum; now 
 grasp the testicle between the fingers and make the in- 
 cision through the scrotum and to the lower portion. It 
 may be necessary to insert two fingers to withdraw the 
 testicle. When the testicle is located, withdraw it. Be- 
 fore cutting it off it is well to run a needle containing 
 a thread through^ the last covering of the testicle so as 
 to prevent the membrane from returning. After this 
 is securely done, remove the testicle and sew the inner 
 membranes that envelop the rupture and testicle with 
 what is called a "tobacco pouch suture." Draw it to- 
 gether firmly and tie and cut off suture about one- 
 half inch from the knot. Your operation is now com- 
 plete. Do not sew the outer incision in the scrotum, as 
 it would have a tendency to accumulate dirt and hold 
 pus. It should have a free drainage. Wash with one of 
 the above mentioned antiseptics twice daily until thor- 
 oughly healed. Also feed laxative foods that are easily 
 
 digested. 
 
 SORE FEET 
 Cause : Filth ; especially common in large hogs when 
 confined to hard floors or driven over rough, hard roads, 
 or continually kept in filthy pens. The tissues of the 
 feet become softened, especially those between the claws. 
 Irritation is set up by germs entering the abrasions. 
 
 Symptoms : The hogs will be noticed going very lame 
 and if closely examined the above named conditions will 
 be found. 
 
188 
 
 •THE VETEEINARIAN 
 
 Teeatment : Eemove the hogs to clean, dry pens con- 
 taining plenty of clean bedding, and wash the affected 
 parts with some good disinfectant, as five per cent solu- 
 tion of Carbolic Acid. Eepeat this treatment at least 
 once a day. In case the feet are badly inflamed, I would 
 advise the application of hot Flaxseed Meal poultices 
 to the feet. Feed easily digested food, as it aids mate- 
 rially in the treatment of infectious wounds. 
 
 Champion Beekshike Boar Longfellow's Successor. 
 Hood Farm, Lowell, Mass. 
 
 SORE MOUTH 
 
 Cause: Decomposed foods. Also slops or stagnant 
 water, washing powders, broken glassware, etc., from the 
 tables, fed in slops, barley or wheat beards, etc. 
 
 Symptoms: Difficult;y in eating, or refusal to eat at 
 all. Stringy secretions of saliva continually oozing 
 from the mouth. The mouth gives off very offensive 
 odor. 
 
DISEASES Oi: SWINE 189 
 
 Tbeatment : In this form of sore mouth, remove the 
 cause. Feed soft, wholesome food, such as wheat bran 
 mashes^ and vegetables. In cases where it is due to the 
 lodging of beards of wheat or barley, gag the hog's 
 mouth with a piece of wood and remove the beards with 
 forceps. Keep clean, cool water before them at all times 
 and avoid feeding dry, hard food. 
 
 SOWS EATING THEIR YOUNG 
 
 Cause : Insufficient lime or mineral matter fed prior 
 to farrowing; constipation is also a fruitful cause. 
 
 Pbevention : Careful feeding for a few days prior to 
 farrowing of slops, free from soap or washing powders ; 
 cool food, such as wheat bran mashes, with hog tonic and 
 regulator as prescribed on the first page of this chapter. 
 This is loosening to the bowels and also contains mineral 
 matter and blood purifiers which are very valuable in 
 the above mentioned condition. 
 
 SUN OR HEAT STROKE 
 
 Cause : Hogs that are very fat, and driven, hauled or 
 shipped to market when the weather is warm, are fre- 
 quently stricken with heat or sun-stroke. Sometimes 
 when hogs are overcrowded and not protected from the 
 rays of the sun, or from heat, they may become victims 
 of heat or sunstroke. 
 
 Symptoms: First they stagger when walking, then 
 they become very weak and temperature elevates three 
 or four degrees higher than normal. Prostration or 
 extreme depression, or sometimes involuntary spasms 
 or contractions of muscles occur. 
 
 Tbeatment: Prevention. Do not drive, haul or ship 
 during the hottest part of the day, hogs that are not 
 accustomed to exercise or extreme heat. Do not crowd 
 hogs in small pens or sheds during the hot months, as 
 their bodies give off considerable heat in addition to 
 that of the sun. See that they are protected from the 
 
190 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 sun. When hauling or shipping hogs, wet them occa- 
 sionally with water. It prevents heat stroke. In case 
 a hog is suffering from heat or sun-stroke, place it in a 
 cool, shady place and apply ice or cold water to the head 
 only. Also give Saltpeter in teaspoonful doses every 
 six hours diluted in one ounce of water. Also give 
 Alcohol, one teaspoonful, every three hours in one ounce 
 of water. Good recovery is often obtained from the 
 above treatment. 
 
 THORN-HEADED WORMS 
 
 Cause: A white grub that is found in old manure 
 heaps, straw stacks and hog lots carries eggs containing 
 embryos of the Thorn-headed Worm. The white grub 
 is eaten by the hog. The larvae of the Thorn-headed 
 Worm is liberated by the process of digestion and be- 
 comes a parasite in the intestines of the hogs, where it 
 develops into a fully matured worm. Large numbers of 
 hogs quickly become infested with this parasite, as they 
 multiply very rapidly. These worms vary from two to 
 twelve inches in length, and have a whitish color. 
 
 Symptoms: As a general rule, a worm can be seen 
 in the feces. Other signs are that the hog loses flesh, 
 appetite irregular, constipation, and then again there 
 may be diarrhoea, especially where there are large num- 
 bers of worms present. 
 
 TEEATME]sfT : First of all, burn all manure or decom- 
 posed vegetation that the hogs are liable to come in con- 
 tact with. Withhold all food from eighteen to twenty- 
 four hours and give one teaspoonful of Oil of Turpentine 
 to every one hundred pounds of hog weight, or if the 
 hog weighs less than one hundred pounds, doses should 
 be given in proportion. Follow this treatment for three 
 or four consecutive days. Turpentine is easily given to 
 hogs, as they will drink it in milk when well mixed. Per- 
 haps it is advisable, where a large number of hogs are 
 affected, to divide them into pens of five or ten hogs, 
 
DISEASES OF SWINE 191 
 
 as they are thus less likely to get an overdose. Feed 
 laxative food. Clean and disinfect troughs and feeding 
 floors. Also give prescription on first page of this 
 chapter. 
 
 THUMPS 
 
 Cause : Disorders of the digestive system from over- 
 loading the stomach and causing irritation of the nerves 
 leading to the diaphragm, which is the membrane that 
 separates the lungs and heart from the intestines, 
 stomach, liver and spleen. It is a spasm of thi& mem- 
 brane that causes a hog or pig to have "Thumps." In- 
 sufficient exercise; a large number of pigs may become 
 affected at the same time when closely confined. 
 
 Symptoms : Jerking of the flanks ; the pig or hog be- 
 comes very weak and stunted in a very short time. 
 
 Treatment: Eemove the cause. In pigs, when first 
 affected, careful feeding and exercise will generally 
 effect a cure. In some cases, where the pigs are very 
 small, it is well to take them away from the mother, per- 
 mitting them to nurse very little. Give them Castor Oil 
 in teaspoonful doses, and compel them to exercise. It 
 may be necessary to give them Chloral Hydrate ten to 
 fifteen grains two or three times a day diluted in a tea- 
 spoonful of water. Where the pigs will not eat mashes 
 or drink milk, give them medicine by force' with a 
 tea-spoon. 
 
 After Treatment: Give hog regulator and tonic as 
 prescribed on first page of this chapter. 
 
 WHIP WORM 
 
 This worm is very uncommon, but occasionally is 
 found in the large intestines. 
 
 Cause: The eggs become imbedded in the manure, 
 bedding, etc., and then mix with the feed and drinking 
 water and are taken into the digestive canal where they 
 develop into matured worms. This worm is from one to 
 
192 THE VETERINAEIAN 
 
 three inches in length, the hind extremity of which is 
 very thin, hence the name, "Whipworm." 
 
 Symptoms: They produce very little disturbance, 
 even though present in large quantities, except when other 
 worms assist in their irritating the lining membranes of 
 the large intestines. 
 
 Medical Treatment: Withhold all food from eigh- 
 teen to twenty-four hours, then give one teaspoonful of 
 Gasolene thoroughly mixed with milk, to every one hun- 
 dred pounds of hog weight. Small hogs, reduce the 
 dose in proportion to their weight. It is advisable to 
 follow this dose for two or three consecutive days. Eeed 
 food that is easily digested, and see that they have fresh 
 water to drink. 
 
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 DISEASES OF SHEEP 
 AND GOATS 
 
 Causes, Symptoms and ■ * 
 Treatments 
 
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CHAPTER IV 
 
 ABORTION 
 
 Cause: Is usually produced by injuries, or by the 
 ewes being poisoned from eating poisonous foods, plants, 
 etc. It has never occurred in infectious form in this 
 country, although sometimes an outbreak is thought in- 
 fectious on account of several ewes aborting about the 
 same time, but all such outbreaks have been traced to 
 some irritating poison which they had taken with their 
 food or drinking water. 
 
 Pbeventive Tbeatment: Eemove the aborted lambs 
 or kids and afterbirth from the yards, and also with- 
 draw the ewe or nanny and place her in comfortable 
 quarters. She requires care and extra nursing, or she 
 will become very poor and lose a large portion of her 
 fleece. 
 
 Medical Treatment : If due to poisonous plants, etc., 
 when the first symptoms of Abortion or poisoning are 
 noticed, give six to ten ounces of Castor Oil. Warm 
 the oil so it will run freely. Set the sheep or goat upon 
 its haunches and pour very slowly. Great care must be 
 exercised so as not to let any of the oil enter the lungs, 
 as it may produce fatal pneumonia. Feed food that is 
 easily digested and supply them with pure water to 
 drink. When the general condition is weak or run 
 down, so to speak, the following tonic is recommended: 
 Pulv. Grentian Boot, one ounce ; Pulv. Nux Vomica, one 
 ounce; Pulv. Potassium Nitrate, one ounce; Hyposul- 
 phite of Soda, three ounces ; Protan, three ounces. Mix 
 and make into twenty-four powders. Give one powder 
 two or three times daily well back on the tongue. 
 
 Eemember all tonics are bitter, therefore beware of 
 
 195 
 
196 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 any so-called tonics that the animals eat readily, as these 
 possess no real tonic values. 
 
 BLACK SCOURS 
 
 (Verminous Gastritis — Strongylosis) 
 Cause: Due to a worm (Strongylus Contortus) meas- 
 uring one-fourth to one inch in length, inhabiting the 
 intestines and the fourth stomach of- sheep and goats. 
 This disease is frequently seen in low, marshy pastures, 
 where animals infested with the worm pass the ova or 
 egg with the feces, the eggs developing" into an embry- 
 otio worm which is again taken with the food or water by 
 non-infected animals, whereby this disease again at- 
 tacks the intestines and fully matured worms develop. 
 
 Symptoms: Naturally, the symptoms vary according 
 to the violence of the attack. In well developed cases, 
 the animal strains to defecate, and passes shreds of in- 
 testinal mucous along with blood-stained feces. Finally 
 a severe dysentery takes place, the animal becomes cor- 
 respondingly weak, and death takes place in two or three 
 days. Some cases become chronic, in which death does 
 not take place for a month or more. However, the 
 latter is uncommon. Other signs are staggering gait, 
 trembling, eyes fixed, showing wild expression, neck 
 turned to one side. Then the animal appears as if in. 
 pain, and looks around at the flank frequently. There is 
 a chopping of the jaws, and a very free flow of stringy 
 saliva dropping from the mouth. When an animal dies 
 from the symptoms just described, it should be cut open 
 and carefully examined for this particular parasite, 
 which can be easily seen with the naked eye. 
 
 Treatment : Very successfully treated when the first 
 symptoms appear by administering one. ounce of Gaso- 
 lene with a pint of Milk. To lambs or kids give half 
 the dose. Every precaution should be taken so as to 
 ,prevent the drench from entering the lungs. Perhaps 
 the best method is to set the animal on its haunches and 
 
DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS . 197 
 
 pour the liquid slowly and carefully; if they cough, let 
 them down. Any drench entering the lungs produces 
 fatal pneumonia. Feed good nourishing food, and 
 supply them with fresh water to drink. 
 
 CATARRH 
 
 (Cold in the Head) 
 
 Cause: Atmospheric changes, sudden exposure to 
 cold, wet weather after being accustomed to warm, com- 
 fortable surroundings, inhaling dust, smoke and gases 
 or, in fact, anything that will produce an irritation to 
 the membranes lining the nose; commonly seen in the 
 spring and fall. 
 
 Symptoms: Chilling, elevation of temperature, nose 
 dry, breathing hurried, sneezing, coughing, dullriess, ap- 
 petite varied. In the first stages of the malady, the 
 nostrils are considerably inflamed, but in the course of 
 a few days the temperature subsides and a yellowish- 
 Avhite discharge flows from the nose continuously, 
 
 Teeatment: Keep the affected animals dry, omit 
 drafts, feed good, wholesome food, and provide bedding 
 for them to lie upon. In the first stages of this malady, 
 it is advisable to confine the animals in a barn, closing 
 the windows and doors and compelling them to inhale 
 steam from boiling hot water and Pine Tar. The best 
 method to accomplish this is by placing a tub about half 
 " full of water in the center of the barn and add about one 
 gallon of Pine Tar. Then heat bricks or stones and 
 place them into the tub. In this way a large number 
 can be treated at one time. The sheep should be com- 
 pelled to inhale this steam for thirty to forty minutes 
 twice a day. In addition to the above, the following is 
 very beneficial : Chlorate of Potash, one ounce ; Nitrate 
 of Potassi, two ounces. Make into sixteen powders and 
 give one powder to each sheep in its drinking water two 
 or three times daily. Feed hot bran mashes and vege- 
 tables if possible. 
 
198 THE VETERINAEIAN 
 
 DIARRHOEA 
 
 (Dysentery) 
 
 Cause : Diarrhoea, or Dysentery, is a sign of some 
 irritation of the intestines resulting in increased secre- 
 tions, or increased muscular contraction, or both. The 
 irritation is sometimtes the result of chilling from ex- 
 posure, improper feeding, as contaminated or frozen 
 foods, irritating foods, drinking cold or stagnant water, 
 indigestion, organic diseases of the intestines, or para- 
 sitic diseases. (See Strongylosis.) 
 
 Symptoms: Movements from the bowels are fre- 
 quent, at first consisting ,of thin fecal matter, but as 
 this malady progresses it becomes watery and offensive 
 in smell, and streaked with blood. At first the animal 
 shows no constitutional disturbances, but eventually it 
 becomes weak and shows signs of abdominal pain by 
 looking around to the flank, throwing the feet together, ' 
 lying down, or moving restlessly. Sometimes this dis- 
 tease is accompanied by fever, great depression, loss of 
 strength, rapid loss of flesh; terminating in death. 
 
 Treatment : Determine the cause and remove it if 
 possible. When the disease is due to irritating proper- 
 ties of food which have been fed the animal, it is well 
 to give a physic of Castor Oil in two to six ounce, doses, 
 according to the size of the animal. When there is 
 debility, want of appetite, and temperature normal, but 
 continuous water discharge from the bowels, give Pro- 
 tan, two ounces ; Gum Cathechu, one ounce ; Pulv. Ginger, 
 one ounce; Zinc Sulphocarbol^tes, eight grains. Make 
 into sixteen powders and give one powder on the tongue 
 every three or four hours, according to the severity of 
 the attack. Feed food that is easily digested, as wheat 
 bran mashes, steamed rolled oats, etc. See that the 
 drinking water is fresh and clean. 
 
DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS 199 
 FOOT ROT 
 
 (Foul in the Foot) 
 
 Cause : Foot Rot is produced by inflammation of the 
 soft structures of the foot between the claws or toes. It 
 may be due to an overgrowth and inward pressure, etc., 
 or from filth accumulating and hardening between the 
 claws, producing inflammation and softening or ulcer- 
 ation of the skin in the interdigital space (between the 
 claws). Under some conditions several sheep or goats 
 in the same drove become affected at the same 'time, 
 leading many to think that the disease is contagious. 
 When Foot Eot appears in a very short time, among 
 sheep or goats, this condition can almost always be 
 traced to filth, irritation, etc. 
 
 Symptoms: The animal is observed to limp when 
 walking. On car.eful examination of the foot we find it 
 hot, swollen above the claws and in the soft parts be- 
 tween them, frequently spreading the claws apart to a 
 considerable extent, or the inflammation may have ad- 
 vanced to softening and sloughing of the soft structure 
 betweeh the claws. If this condition is neglected at this 
 stage, deep abscesses form and the pus burrows under 
 the horny wall, and the joints within the hoof become 
 inflamed and destroyed, in which case the treatment is 
 difficult and recovery will be very arduous. 
 
 Treatment: In the early stages of the disease, be- 
 fore the pus burrows beneath the horny structures of 
 the foot, any foreign substances impacted between the 
 claws should be removed. Then place a trough about one 
 foot wide, six to eight inches high, and twelve to sixteen 
 feet long, and. fill with water and Coal Tar Dip, diluted 
 in proportions of one part dip to fifty parts of water. 
 Build a fence on each side of the trough, just wide enough 
 for one sheep to pass through, and compel every sheep 
 to walk through the solution slowly. 
 
 This treatment should be repeated once or twice a 
 
200 
 
 THE VETERINAKIAN 
 
 ; week until the lameness has disappeared. In cases 
 where deep sloughing has taken place under the horny 
 structures, saturate a piece of oakum or cotton in the 
 following liniment: Oil of Origanum, Oil of Pisis, Oil 
 of Turpentine, each four ounces. Place it between the 
 claws and hold it there by means of a bandage. Eepeat 
 this application every other day. The animals that do 
 
 Delaine Meeino Bam and Ewes. 
 
 not show signs of improvement under this treatment in 
 a few days invariably have the joints of the foot affected 
 and should not be driven. 
 
 FORAGE POISONING 
 
 Cause : This condition is produced by animals eating 
 various foliage (Grass or Shrubbery) at a time when 
 the peculiar poisonous principles are developed in it, as 
 
DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS 201 
 
 appears to happen in certain seasons. The disease is 
 liable to affect a large proportion of animals which are 
 Tinder the same grazing conditions. 
 
 Symptoms: Generally takes two or three days to 
 develop. The animal gradually becomes more or less 
 ■unconscious and paralyzed, staggers when forced to 
 walk, and it may have great difficulty in keeping on its 
 feet, it is extremely averse to going down, and leans for 
 support' against any convenient object. It breathes in a 
 snorting manner. The mucous membranes are tinged 
 with yellow, and the bowels constipated. In other cases 
 severe diarrhoea follows, and the animal becomes very 
 weak and dies in convulsions or spasms. Eecovery may 
 be expected in cases that are not marked by severe 
 symptoms. 
 
 Treatment : Endeavor to find out the true cause and 
 remove it if possible. Change range or pasture for a 
 short time ; this has successfully eradicated this malady. 
 The animal showing the above symptoms should receive 
 four to eight ounces of Castor Oil regardless of whether 
 there is diarrhoea or constipation. In either case the 
 irritation will be relieved by its laxative effect. In eases 
 where diarrhoea becomes chronic, after administering 
 the Castor Oil, the following will be found very efficient 
 in its control : Protan, three ounces ; Ginger, one ounce ; 
 Gum Catechu, two ounces. Make into sixteen powders 
 and place one powder well back on the tongue every four 
 or six hours. Feed clean, wholesome food and supply 
 clean, fresh water to - drink. Provide shelter for the 
 animal if the weather is hot. 
 
 GARGET 
 
 (Congestion and Inflammation of the Udder) 
 
 Cause: As a rule, in Garget or Congestion of the 
 Udder in heavy milking ewes, just before and after 
 lambing, the glands of the udder enlarge, become hot. 
 
202 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 tense and tender and a slight pasty swelling extends 
 forward from the glands on the lower surface of the ab- 
 domen. This physiological condition is looked npon as a 
 matter of course and disposed of in two or three days 
 when the secretions of milk have been fully established. 
 General breaking up of the udder may be greatly has- 
 tened by the sucking of a hungry lamb .and the kneading 
 it gives the udder with its nose is beneficial. The above 
 mentioned congestion or Garget may emerge into active 
 inflammation resulting from continued exposure to cold 
 weather, standing in cold drafts or injury to the udder 
 from stone, clubs, feet of other animals, overfeeding or 
 rich food, like cotton seed or soy bean, sore teats or a ewe 
 losing her lamb in the period of full milking; serious dis- 
 turbances of the animal's health is liable to fall upon the 
 udder. 
 
 Symptoms : The symptoms and mode of attack vary in 
 different cases. Following exposure to cold drafts or 
 cold, wet weather, there is usually severe chilling with 
 cold ears and limbs and general dryness and brittleness 
 of the wool. This is followed by a flush of heat, the ears 
 and limbs become unnaturally warm and the glands swell 
 up and become firm and solid in one or both sides of the 
 udder. The muzzle is hot and dry, temperature ele- 
 vated two or three degrees above normal, pulse firm and 
 quick, excited breathing, appetite and rumination sus- 
 pended, bowels constipated, urine scanty and the yield 
 of milk may be entirely suppressed in the affected side. 
 
 Treatment: Determine the cause and remove it if 
 possible. Move the affected animal to comfortable 
 quarters, supply liberal quantities of bedding for the 
 animal to lie upon. Give two to six ounces of Glauber 
 Salts dissolved in a pint of hot water. Permit it to cool. 
 Place the ewe on her haunches and drench carefully. 
 Feed laxative foods as hot bran mashes, steamed rolled 
 oats and vegetables, supplying the animal with pure 
 water to drink, to which add two drams of Hyposulphite 
 
DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS 203 
 
 I 
 
 of Soda, two or three times a day. In some cases it is 
 advisable to apply Camphorated Ointment to the udder 
 oiice or twice a day. 
 
 GID 
 
 (Sturdy) 
 
 Cause.: Gid is produced by a bladder worm, a larva 
 or an egg of the tapeworm infesting the intestines of 
 dogs, wolves and coyotes. The eggs of these tapeworms 
 are scattered over the range or pastures in the droppings 
 of infested dogs, wolves or coyotes, and these when 
 swallowed in the food or water by the sheep, hatch out 
 and the embryos migrate to the brain, spinal cord, etc., 
 where they develop into cysts, bladder worms or water 
 bags, etc. When the organs of sheep, thus infested, are 
 eaten by dogs, wolves or coyotes, the cyst worms are 
 also likely to be swallowed and then develop into ma- 
 ture tapeworms. 
 
 Symptoms: In case a large number of embryos be- 
 come lodged in the brain of sheep, the first signs will be 
 shown in about eight to twelve days. Bladder worms 
 produce a congestion of the brain which causes dullness, 
 dizziness, indicating an affection of the brain, walking or 
 turning in circles. If the left side of the brain is af- 
 fected, they will turn to the left ; if the right side is af- 
 fected, they will turn to the right. The head eventually 
 droops, the eyes become red and the vision is impaired, 
 the head very hot over the affected region, the affected 
 sheep become separated from the flock. Sometimes the 
 sheep are partially or completely paralyzed. 
 
 Peevention : Preventioii is the only method by which 
 this disease can be eradicated. Prevent the sheep from 
 becoming infected with these parasites. Stray dogs, wolves 
 or coyotes should be killed whenever found, and dogs too 
 valuable to kill should be kept free from tapeworm. Meat 
 should not be fed to dogs unless cooked or known to be 
 free from tapeworm cysts. 
 
204 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 GRUBS IN THE HEAD 
 
 (Head Maggot) 
 
 Cause : Grubs in the head of sheep are produced by 
 the Sheep Gadfly which is yellowish-gray in color with 
 five well divided rings around its body, covered over with 
 fine hair and the lower portion of the head white. This 
 fly is somewhat larger than the ordinary house fly. It 
 attacks sheep and goats during the Summer and Fall 
 and deposits its larva about the sheep's and goat's nos- 
 trils. This larva attaches itself to the mucous mem- 
 brane of the nostrils with two booklets by which it grad- 
 ually works into the air cavities of the head, remaining 
 there for about ten months. Then it again passes from 
 the nostrils, burrows into the ground and becomes a 
 fully matured Gadfly in six or eight weeks, which com- 
 pletes its life cycle, /the head of the sheep or goat being 
 its intermediate hpst where the newly born Gadfly again 
 attaches its larva. 
 
 Symptoms : When sheep or goats are attacked by this 
 Gadfly, they run, strike at the nose with their front 
 feet, rub the nose on the ground or against other sheep. 
 In case only three or four larvae gain entrance to the 
 sinuses of the head, they produce very little, if any, ill 
 effects, but where they become numerous, they cause the 
 animal to cough and sneeze continually, discharge from 
 the nose, which is occa:sionally tinged with blood. The 
 appetite becomes impaired, the animal shows signs of 
 emaciation, becomes very weak, raises the nose in the 
 air, but eventually becomes so weak it reels when walk- 
 ing and finally lies down. It becomes so weak it cannot 
 toss the head or rise, and dies. 
 
 Peevention Treatment : Very successful. Paint the 
 sheep's or goat's nose with Pine Tar, or better still, place 
 salt in a trough, covering it with boards, with holes bored 
 in them just large enough for the animal to insert its 
 nose. Smear Pine Tar about the holes once or twice a 
 
DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS 205 
 
 week. This treatment h^s proven very efficient in lo- 
 calities where sheep Gadflies are numerous. 
 
 Medical, Tebatment : After the animal once becomes 
 infected with these grnbs, bore holes (trephine) through 
 the skull with a sharp instrument made for this purpose 
 and remove the grubs. This requires considerable 
 amount of skill and should be attempted only by a com- 
 petent Veterinarian. 
 
 HOVEN 
 
 (Bloating — Acute Tynpanitis — Acute Ifidigestion) 
 Cause: Hoven is caused by various kihds of food 
 which produce indigestion or fermentation and resultant, 
 gases in the rumen or paunch. When sheep are first 
 turned into young clover, they eat so greedily of it that 
 bloating frequently results. Turnips, potatoes and cab- 
 bage may also produce it. Middlings and corn meal also 
 frequently give rise to it. In this connection it may be 
 stated that an excessive quantity of any food, before 
 mentioned, may bring on this disorder, or it may not be 
 due to excessive eating but to eating too fast. Sometimes 
 the quality of food is at fault. Grass, clover or alfalfa, 
 when wet with dew or rain soaked, frequently produce 
 digestive disorders and bloating follows. Frozen roots 
 or potatoes covered with white frost should be regarded 
 as dangerous. When food has been eaten too hastily or 
 when it is cold and wet, the digestive process is imper- 
 fectly performed and the food contained in the paunch 
 ferments, during which process large quantities of gas 
 are formed. This same result may follow when a sheep 
 is choking, as the obstruction in the gullet prevents the 
 eructation or passing of gas from the stomach so that 
 the gas continues to accumulate until severe bloating 
 results. 
 
 Symptoms : The swelling of the left flank is very char- 
 acteristic, as in well marked cases the flank at its upper 
 part rises above the level of the backbone and when 
 
206 . THE VETERINAEIAN 
 
 struck with the tips of the fingers emits a drum-like 
 sound. The animal has an anxious expression, moves 
 uneasily and is evidently distressed. If relief is not 
 obtained in time the sheep breathes with difficulty, reels 
 in walking or standing and in a short time falls down and 
 dies from suffocation. The distention of the stomach 
 or rumen may become so great that it pushes the dia- 
 phragm (the membrane separating the lung and intestinal 
 cavity) fbrward against the lungs, so as to squeeze and 
 stop their movements, thus preventing the animal from 
 breathing and in some instances the case may be compli- 
 cated by a rupture of the stomach. 
 
 Teeatment : Do not waste any time. Puncture about 
 three inches downward and forward from the point of 
 the hip bone with a clean sharp knife, or any instrument 
 that is clean and sharp. A special instrument made for 
 this purpose, the trocar, is a very useful instrument on 
 the farm. 
 
 Sometimes bloating becomes chronic, and if such is the 
 case dissolve two teaspoonfuls of Turpentine in one- 
 half pint of milk and drench the animal very carefully, 
 as some of this drench may escape into the lungs and 
 produce fatal pneumonia. Set a sheep upon its haunches 
 to give the medicine ; if it coughs let it down quickly to 
 prevent strangulation. 
 
 INDIGESTION 
 
 (Dyspepsia) 
 
 Cause: Irritant food, damaged food, overloaded 
 paunch or sudden change of diet may produce this dis- 
 ease. "Want of exercise predisposes an animal to it and 
 it is caused by woody or indigestible food. Food which 
 possesses astringent (drying) properties tends to check 
 the digestive secretions and may also act as an exciting 
 cause. Food in excessive quantity may lead to disorders 
 of the digestion and to this disease. It is very likely to 
 
DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS 207 
 
 « 
 
 appear towards the end of the protracted season of 
 draught, therefore a deficiency of water must be regarded 
 as one of the conditions which favors its development. 
 
 Symptoms: Appetite diminished; rumination, or 
 chewing the cud, irregular ; tongue coated, mouth slimy, 
 feces passed apparently not well digested and offensive 
 in odor, dullness and fullness of the flanks. This disease 
 may, in some eases, assume a chronic character, for in 
 addition to the above mentioned symptoms, slight bloat- 
 ing of the left flank may be observed. The animal 
 breathes with great difficulty and grunts with each res- 
 piration. The ears and legs alternately become hot and 
 cold. The rumination, or cud chewing, at this stage 
 ceases and the usual . rumbling sound in the stomach is 
 not audible. The passage of fecfes is entirely suspended 
 and the animal passes only a little mucuS occasionally. 
 Sometimes constipation and diarrhoea alternate ; there is 
 a rise in temperature in many cases. The disease con- 
 tinues for a few days or a week in this mild form, 
 Avhile the severe form of the disease may last for sev- 
 eral weeks. In the severe form the emaciation and loss 
 of strength may be very great. There is no appetite, 
 no rumination or rumbling sound in the stomach or 
 intestines. The mouth is hot and sticky, the eyes have 
 retracted in their sockets and the milk secretion has 
 ceased. In such cases the outlook for recovery is un- 
 favorable. The affected animals fall away in flesh and 
 become very weak, which is shown by the fact that one 
 finds the animal lying down. 
 
 On examination of sheep or goats which have died of 
 this disease, it is found that the lining membranes of the 
 fourth stomach and intestines, particularly the small 
 intestines, are red, swollen, streaked with deep red or 
 Ijlushed lines or spotted. The lining of the third stomach 
 is more or less softened and may be easily pealed off. 
 The third stomach contains dry, hard food masses, closely 
 adhering to its walls. In some cases the brain appears to 
 
 I i I 
 
208 
 
 THE VETERINAEIAN 
 
 become affected, probably from the pain endured and 
 "weakness and absorption of poisons generated in the 
 digestive canal. In sncli cases there is weakness and a 
 staggering gait ; the sheep or goats do not appear to see, 
 and will consequently run against obstacles. After a 
 time it falls down and gives up to a violent disordered 
 struggle. This delirious condition is succeeded by stupor 
 and death. 
 
 Champion Shropshire Eam. 
 Owned by McKerrow & Son, Pewaukee, Wis. 
 
 Treatment : Successful, if fed in its first stages on 
 small quantities of roots, sweet silage or select grasses 
 or hay. This should be offered several times daily. Very 
 little food should be allowed if the animal is constipated, 
 in which case give two to four ounces of Glauber Salts 
 dissolved in a pint of hot water. When it cools, set the 
 
DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS 209 
 
 animal on its haunches and pour slowly and carefully. 
 If they strangle or cough let them down, as some of the 
 drench may escape into the lungs and produce lung com- 
 plications. After the Glauber Salts have acted and if 
 there is a lack of appetite and the animal does not chew 
 the cud regularly, the following tonic will be found bene- 
 ficial : Pulv. Gentian Boot, one ounce ; Pulv. Nux Vom- 
 ica, one ounce; Pulv. Anise Seed, two ounces. Mix thor- 
 oughly and make into thirty-two powders. Give one 
 powder two or three times a day well back on the tongue. 
 The food must bfe rather laxative and of a digestible 
 character. After an attack of this form of indigestion, 
 ice cold water should be avoided. Food should be given in 
 moderate quantities, as any excess by overtaxing the 
 digestive functions may bring on a relapse. 
 
 JAUNDICE 
 (Liver Congestion — Inflammation of the Liver) 
 
 Cattse: Jaundice or Liver Congestion is due to con- 
 stipation where there is an inactive or torpid condition 
 of the bowels and the bile which passes into the intes- 
 tines is absorbed and produces a yellow staining of 
 Jaundice. Jaundice is merely a symptom of a disease 
 and ought to direct attention to ascertain if possible the 
 cause or causes which give rise to it. Inflammation of 
 the liver usually occurs as a complication of infectious 
 diseases. It may also occur as a complication of intes- 
 tinal catarrh, or in hot weather from overheating, eating 
 decomposed or irritating food or from drinking stagnant 
 water. 
 
 Symptoms: The signs are sometimes obscure and 
 their real significance is frequently overlooked. The most 
 prominent symptoms are the yellowness of the white of 
 the eyes and of the mucous membranes lining the mouth, 
 appetite poor, body presents an emaciated appearance, 
 the feces is' light in color, while the urine is likely to be 
 
 14 
 
210 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 unusually dark and there is great thirst present. The 
 gait is weak and the animal lies down more than usual 
 and while doing so frequently has its head around resting 
 on the side of its chest. Temperature is slightly elevated 
 above normal and breathing is somewhat hurried. 
 
 Teeatmbnt: Remove the cause if possible. Give 
 Glauber Salts in three to four ounce doses, diluted in a 
 pint of hot water permitted to cool and give at one dose. 
 "When drenching be very careful, as some of the liquid 
 may escape into the lungs and produce severe complica- 
 tions. Feed green food or hot bran mashes and supply 
 them with a liberal quantity of pure water to drink. 
 
 LIVER FLUKE 
 
 Cause: The parasite that produces Liver Fluke in 
 sheep has an oblong, flat, leaf-like body, brownish in 
 color, measuring from one-fourth to one-half inch in 
 length. Sheep become infected with this Liver Fluke 
 from grazing on low marshy pastures infected by the 
 larvae of Liver Fluke. 
 
 Symptoms: A sheep, when first infected with Liver 
 Fluke, generally thrives as the parasites tend to stimulate 
 the process of digestion, being located as they are in 
 the liver, but eventually rumination becomes irregular, 
 the sheep becomes anemic, weak and the visible mucous 
 membranes of the mouth, nose and eyes become pale, 
 bloodless, taking on a yellowish color as the disease pro- 
 gresses. Swellings will also appear under the jaw along 
 the neck and under the lung cavity. The process of 
 breathing becomes feeble and temperature irregular. 
 Pregnant ewes will generally abort and nursing ewes' 
 milk will become so deprived of its nourishing properties 
 that the lambs become emaciated, although not neces- 
 sarily affected with the Liver Fluke. 
 
 Prevention : Move to non-infected pastures, supply 
 the animals grazing on low marshy pastures with a 
 liberal amount of salt, also introduce frogs, toads, carp, 
 
DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS 211 
 
 etc., into the marshy ponds, as they destroy the parasite 
 ill its first stages of development, feeding on their inter- 
 mediate host, the snail. 
 
 Medical Tkeatment: This is of little value. After 
 an animal once becomes infected with the parasite, it 
 never makes a complete recovery, although Calomel ad- 
 ministered in ten grain doses every two or three weeks 
 appears to have a very good effect in some cases, if fed 
 freely on nitrogenous food and permitted to drink well 
 of pure running water. 
 
 LUNG FEVER 
 
 ('Pneumonia — Congestion of the Lungs — Pulmonary 
 Apoplexy) 
 
 Acute congestion and inflammation of the spongy tis- 
 sues of the lungs is frequently seen in sheep, the same as 
 in other animals. 
 
 Cause: Sheep that are overdriven are subject to 
 Lung Congestion in acute or chronic form and sometimes 
 Pulmonary Apoplexy, anid especially when in a plethoric 
 condition are predisposed to inflammation of the lungs. 
 The exciting cause is very much the same as in different 
 diseases of the air passage and it is not uncommon for 
 the inflammation to extend from these parts of the lungs. 
 However, there are a number of causes in addition to 
 those already mentioned. It frequently results when 
 sheep are accustomed to warm, comfortable quarters and 
 are changed to cold, drafty pens, ox shipping some dis- 
 tance in open stock cars during cold weather. In fact, 
 any sudden chilling of the body is a common cause of 
 lung disorders. Giving fat sheep too much exercise when 
 they are not accustomed to it is a very frequent cause of 
 Congestion and Inflammation of the Lungs. This may 
 occur when they are chased by dogs, etc., or when driven 
 to a distant market at too rapid a gait. I^xercise during 
 the hot summer months is apt to cause congestion of the 
 lung substance, as well as heat stroke. Dipping sheep 
 
212 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 during cold weather may chill the body and result in 
 this disease. 
 
 Symptoms : If due to severe exercise, the animal ap- 
 pears greatly exhausted and the Congestion of the Lungs 
 is marked. Death may occur in this stage of the disease. 
 Inflammation of the Lungs usually begins with a chill 
 and is followed by a high fever. The sheep stand most 
 of the time and may eat nothing, or very little. The 
 breathing is hurried at first, but when the lungs become 
 badly involved, it is also labored. The character of the 
 pulse beats varies, depending on the extent of the in- 
 flammation and the stage of the disease. In most cases 
 the pulse is full and quick during the early stages of the 
 disease. A very weak pulse is present in severe and 
 fatal cases of Pneumonia. The visible mucous mem- 
 branes have a red colored appearance and there may be a 
 slight discharge from the nostrils. The expression of 
 the face is anxious and distressed in severe cases and 
 rigors and chilling of the body occur. The respiratory 
 sounds are more or less normal. The cough at first is 
 deep and dry ; later it becomes loose and moist. It may 
 be accompanied by a hemorrhage during this stage of the 
 disease. Other respiratory sounds are revealed by plac- 
 ing the ear to the side of the chest walls and listening to 
 the sound of the lungs. This cannot be practiced in long 
 wooled sheep with satisfaction, as the chest walls are so 
 thick that the lung sounds are deadened, or the noise 
 made by the animal hides the respiratory murmurs in 
 the very early stages of Inflammation of the Lungs. A 
 crepitating or crackling sound can be heard in the dis- 
 eased parts and louder sounds than normal in the healthy 
 areas. Later when the engorgement of the lung sub- 
 stance occurs and the air cells become filled with an in- 
 flammatory serum, the respiratory sounds are deadened, 
 but on returning to the normal, a rattling sound occurs. 
 These symptoms help greatly in determining the animal's 
 condition and in watching the progress of the disease. 
 
DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS 213 
 
 The chances for the recovery depend on the extent and 
 the acuteness of the inflammation. Careless handling, 
 exercising, etc., lessen the chances for a favorable ter- 
 mination in the disease, but good care helps more to bring 
 about recovery than the medical treatment. The recov- 
 ery is more unfavorable in fat than in lean sheep, as the 
 inflammation is usually more severe in the former. The 
 course is from seven to twenty-one days and it may be- 
 come chronic if the irritation is kept up. In such cases, 
 unthriftiness is a prominent sign. 
 
 Teeatment : The preventive treatment in Pneumonia 
 must not be overlooked. Briefly, it consists in avoiding 
 such conditions as may predispose the animal to the dis- 
 ease or act in any way as an exciting cause. Careful 
 nursing is a very important part of the treatment. The 
 sheep should be given a comfortable, well ventilated shed 
 and kept as quiet as possible. If the bowels become con- 
 stipated, give two or three ounces of Castor Oil and feed 
 sloppy food. As one attack predisposes the sheep to a 
 second, it should be protected from severe cold, or the 
 ^her extreme, heat, for a month after making a com- 
 plete recovery. 
 
 The following prescription will be found very bene- 
 ficial : Iodide of Ammonia, one-half ounce ; Chlorate of 
 Potassi, one ounce ; Pulv. Nux Vomica, one ounce. Make 
 into twenty-four powders and give one powder every four 
 hours well back on the tongue. Continue this treatment 
 until the animal has recovered. 
 
 LUNG WORMS, LAMB DISEASE 
 
 (Verminous Bronchitis) 
 Cause: Due to a white thread-like worm (Strongylus 
 Filaria) varying in length from one to three inches. 
 These worms affect and live in the trachea (windpipe) 
 and bronchial tubes. Infected animals, in coughing, ex- 
 pel fertilized eggs which develop on the grass and stag- 
 
214 
 
 THE VETEEINAEIAN 
 
 nant -water. The larvae are again taken up either in the 
 'drinking water or in eating grass or hay gathered on 
 low marshy soil. Warm wet weather favors their devel- 
 opment. 
 
 Symptoms: This worm is liable to attack a number 
 of animals at the same time. The weakest sheep and 
 young lambs are the first to show signs by coughing 
 forcibly, distressing, hacking and convulsive in character. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 .^^flHk' ' " 
 
 
 Champion Cotswold Ewes. 
 Owned by F. A. Koser, Eickreall, Ore. 
 
 A stringy mucus is sometimes expelled during the spasm 
 of coughing. This mucus contains worms which can be 
 detected, or their ova observed under a magnifying glass. 
 In the latter stages of the disease, they cough severely 
 at night. These attacks have a sub-acute .character and 
 prove very exhausting. The parasite by becoming en- 
 twined in balls severely affects the animal's breathing 
 which is always remarkably labored in the latter stages 
 of the disease. The animal refuses to eat, becomes ema- 
 
DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS 215 
 
 ciated, anemic, mucous membranes of the eyes,, mouth 
 and nose become very pale and the sheep die in convul- 
 sions from suffocation. 
 
 Peeventive Teeatment : Avoid grazing your sheep on 
 low marshy soil, especially during warm wet weather. 
 Young lambs and weak ewes are especially susceptible to 
 this disease. 
 
 Medical Teeatment: The writer has tried various 
 treatments as fumigation with different substances and 
 injection of remedies into the windpipe by the use of a 
 hypodermic syringe, etc., but none have proven very suc- 
 cessful, from a practical standpoint. I would recommend 
 placing the affected animals in a tightly closed barn or 
 shed, in the center of which place a pan of red hot coals 
 and cover with Sulphur. 
 
 A person should remain in the barn or shed as long as 
 he possibly can and after the fumes become so irritating 
 that he cannot endure them any longer, he should im- 
 mediately make his exit. The sheep should be compelled 
 to stay a minute or two longer and then quickly open 
 the doors and windows. Eepeat this treatment once or 
 twice a week. Feed affected animals well. Give them 
 fresh water to drink and protect them from exposure. 
 This treatment, as above described, has given very good 
 results, providing the parasites were not too numerous. 
 
 SCAB 
 
 (Mange) 
 
 Cause : The mange mite (Psoroptes Communis). This 
 parasite is equipped with stylets which pierce the skin 
 at the seat where the mange mite penetrates the skin, 
 and produces small red spots followed by a blister filled 
 with serum, which ruptures, the serum drying and form- 
 ing a small scab. It is in this way that innumerable 
 mange mites cause the piling up of scabs thus producing 
 a very scaly condition. As Mange advances, the scaly 
 
216 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 patches eventually pile up until they attain the thickness 
 of one-half inch, unless these scabs have been severely 
 rubbed. 
 
 Symptoms : Very easily detected, as a bunch of sheep 
 that have been recently infected will be uneasy or rest- 
 less, rubbing against fences, posts,- brush, etc., causing 
 bunches of wool to loosen. The itching seems to be more 
 intense at night and during warm weather. The affected 
 animals will even make attempts to bite themselves, due 
 to the agony produced by the mange mite. If the skin is 
 examined by the aid of a magnifying glass, the mange 
 mite can be easily noticed, or by scraping the skin with 
 a knife and placing the scabs on a dark paper and ex- 
 posed to the warmth of the sun, the mange mite moving 
 about can readily be seen with the naked eye. Mangy 
 sheep become very poor and eventually die. 
 
 Peevention : This is important, for although the dis- 
 ease is treated with very good results, the mange mite 
 annoy the sheep until they become very weak and ema- 
 ciated and the loss of wool is enormous due to the affected 
 animal continually rubbing against fences, brush, etc. 
 
 Treatment : Consists of using various dips, as Lime 
 and Sulphur, which is recommended by the United States 
 Bureau of Animal Industry. This is very effective and 
 inexpensive. Scabby sheep should be dipped a week or 
 ten days after shearing; two dippings are necessary at 
 the interval of ten days. After dipping, move to non- 
 infected range or pastures. 
 
 TICK 
 
 (Louse Fly) 
 
 Cause : The tick that infects sheep has a very small 
 head sunken into its round body. The head possesses a 
 flexible trunk or snout that penetrates the skin. Through 
 this trunk, the ticks derive their nourishment by sucking 
 the blood from the body of the sheep. The tick is also 
 
DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS 217 
 
 provided with, three' pairs of legs. The female lays her 
 young in the form of a spun egg (cocoon) which is ob- 
 long in shape and brown in color. This egg is cemented 
 to the wool of sheep where young ticks are hatched in 
 about four to six weeks. 
 
 Symptoms: Long wooled sheep are more susceptible 
 to this tick as their wool provides shelter for both the 
 tick and its eggs. After shearing the sheep the ticks have 
 a tendency to leave the body and to migrate to the legs 
 or to unshorn lambs where their snouts or trunks pierce 
 the skin which appears to become infected, producing a 
 swelling and inflammation. The infected sheep run, 
 scratch and bite themselves. When these ticks become 
 developed in. large quantities, they produce a paleness 
 of the mucous membranes of the eyes, mouth and nose, 
 as the ticks suck large quantities of blood, which pro- 
 duces an anemic condition. The sheep become poor, weak 
 and unthrifty. 
 
 Treatment: Satisfactorily treated by dipping in- 
 fected sheep in Coal Tar dips or Emulsions of Crude 
 Petroleum. Shearing the sheep has a good effect, but 
 care must be exercised as the ticks then rapidly migrate 
 to the lambs. 
 
ANNUAL DEPOSIT OR INVESTMENT TO 
 ACCUMULATE $1,000 
 
 Amount of Money that mnst be Deposited or Invested 
 
 annually ia Advance, at Compound Interest, to 
 
 Amount to $1,000 in a given Number of Years. 
 
 Bate 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 % 
 
 Yeaks 
 
 Years 
 
 Years 
 
 Years 
 
 Years 
 
 Years 
 
 Years 
 
 3 
 
 84.69 
 
 52.20 
 
 36.13 
 
 26.63 
 
 20.41 
 
 16.06 
 
 12.88 
 
 3% 
 
 83.51 
 
 51.13 
 
 3.5.14 
 
 25.70 
 
 19..55 
 
 15.26 
 
 12.13 
 
 31/2 
 
 82.36 
 
 •50.07 
 
 34.17 
 
 24.81 
 
 18.72 
 
 14.49 
 
 11.43 
 
 3% 
 
 81.21 
 
 49.04 
 
 33.22 
 
 23.93 
 
 17.92 
 
 13.76 
 
 10.76 
 
 4 
 
 80.09 
 
 48.02 
 
 32.29 
 
 23.09 
 
 17.14 
 
 13.06 
 
 10.12 
 
 41/4 
 
 78.98 
 
 47.02 
 
 31.39 
 
 22.27 
 
 16.40 
 
 12.38 
 
 9.51 
 
 4y2 
 
 77.88 
 
 46.04 
 
 30.50 
 
 21.47 
 
 15.69 
 
 11.74 
 
 8.94 
 
 4% 
 
 76.79 
 
 45.08 
 
 29.64 
 
 20.70 
 
 15.00 
 
 14.13 
 
 8.40 
 
 5 
 
 75.72 
 
 44.14 
 
 28.80 
 
 '19:96 
 
 14.34 
 
 10.54 
 
 7.88 
 
 sy* 
 
 74.66 
 
 43.21 
 
 27.98 
 
 19.23 
 
 13.70 
 
 9.99 
 
 7.40 
 
 SVa 
 
 73.62 
 
 42.30 
 
 27.18 
 
 18.53 
 
 13.09 
 
 9.45 
 
 6.94 
 
 5% 
 
 72.59 
 
 41.41 
 
 26.41 
 
 17.85 
 
 12.50 
 
 8.95 
 
 6.50 
 
 6 
 
 71.57 
 
 40.53 
 
 25.65 
 
 17.20 
 
 11.93 
 
 8.47 
 
 6.10 
 
 6V4 
 
 70.57 
 
 39.67 
 
 24.91 
 
 16.56 
 
 11.39 
 
 8.01 
 
 5.71 
 
 6% 
 
 69.58 
 
 38.83 
 
 24.18 
 
 15.95 
 
 10.87 1 
 
 7.57 
 
 5.35 
 
 6-74 
 
 68.61 
 
 38.00 
 
 23.48 
 
 15.35 
 
 10.37 
 
 7.16 
 
 5.00 , 
 
 7 
 
 67.64 
 
 37.19 
 
 22.80 
 
 14.78 
 
 9.89 
 
 6.76 
 
 4.68 
 
 218 
 
'i ' " " ' ' '" ""I I niii Ill iiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiii I mil I I iiiiijg, 
 
 DISEASES OF 
 POULTRY 
 
 Causes, Symptoms and 
 Treatments 
 
 Hiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii[iiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiii[iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii(i[iiii[iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiii[iifiiiii[inmiiiiiKiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 
 
White Plymouth Eocks, Eayckoft Fabm, Adrian, Mich. 
 
CHAPTER V 
 
 AIR SAC MITE 
 
 Cause : Produced by a parasite called Cylodites Nu- 
 dus, which, bears a close resemblance to the parasite 
 causing mange or scabies in the domesticated animal. 
 Owing to the peculiar construction of their breathing 
 organs fowls are more susceptible, to parasites than 
 animals. In addition to affecting the lungs, the Air Sac 
 Mite may extend its operations to the intestines, kidneys, 
 liver and bones. 
 
 Symptoms: Unthriftiness is first noticed, but after 
 the parasites become numerous, the fowl shows signs of 
 difficult breathing, perhaps terminating- in bronchial 
 pneumonia. In some cases death occurs without appar- 
 ent cause. The bird will be inactive, becomes separated 
 from the rest of the flock, comb pale, head drawn close 
 to the body, wings hang pendulous, lose flesh, breathing 
 becomes hard, coughing, sneezing, and a rattling from 
 the' mucus in the .windpipe is heard. Death is produced 
 from suffocation. ' 
 
 Teeatment : Separate the sick from the healthy 
 fowls. Disinfect coops and runways of both sick and 
 healthy birds with Crude Carbolic Acid, undiluted. Also 
 fumigate the fowls in their coops with steam from hot 
 water and Pine Tar. This may be done by placing the 
 water and Tar in a pan and then inserting a hot stone 
 or brick in the solution. This perhaps is the simplest 
 method of fumigation. Also mix Sulphur in their feed 
 regularly. 
 
 221 
 
222 THE VETEEINAEIAN 
 
 APOPLEXY 
 
 (Hemorrhage of the Brain) 
 
 Due to the rupture of a blood vessel of the brain and 
 pressure from the escaping blood. 
 
 Cause: Mechanical injuries, straining when laying 
 eggs (hens are frequently found dead on the nest from 
 this cause), overfeeding, stimulating food, etc., all tend 
 to produce apoplexy. 
 
 Symptoms: Appear very suddenly, bird is seen to 
 walk unsteadily, falls, or perhaps is found dead. 
 
 Treatment : In mild attacks, apply cold water or ice 
 to fowl's head until thoroughly cooled. Give one-half 
 grain of Calomel, feed soft food, compel the bird to exer- 
 cise. Owing to the loss of blood a tonic Avill be necessary. 
 Pulv. Gentian Eoot, Pulv. Saltpeter, Capsicum and Ferri 
 Sulphate (Pulv.) equal parts one ounce. Mix and place 
 one teaspoonful in feed for every twenty-five fowls. 
 This tonic purifies and builds up the blood, just what is 
 needed in this particular condition. 
 
 BALDNESS 
 
 (Favus) 
 
 Cause : Due to fungi. 
 
 Symptoms: The first noticeable sign is the whitish 
 appearance of the comb due to gray spots about the size 
 of a pin head. As the disease progresses, this condition 
 spreads to other parts of the body; the feathers look 
 rough and dry and break easily. The fowl grows weaker, 
 refuses to eat and if not properly treated, dies. 
 
 Treatment: Remove the scabs by separating the 
 feathers and usiiig a brush. Apply Sulphur Ointment. 
 Repeat this treatment after two or three days. Great 
 care must be taken to prevent the fowl from chilling or 
 taking cold. 
 
DISEASES OF POULTRY 223 
 
 BEAK AND THROAT OBSTRUCTION 
 
 ^ Cause : Lodgment in, tlie beak or food canal of a for- 
 eign substance, such, as a kernel of corn, sunflower seed, 
 bone, etc. 
 
 Symptoms: Fowl jerks its head suddenly and fre- 
 quently attempts to swallow. If a close examination is 
 made the foreign body can be felt from the outside. 
 
 Teeatment: For the removal of such obstructions, 
 no special treatment is needed further than to use care 
 and avoid any injury to the beak or throat. Feed nutri- 
 tious food, as wheat bran mashes and vegetables and see 
 that they have a liberal quantity of good pure water at 
 all times. 
 
 BLACKHEAD 
 
 (Infectious Entero Hepatitis of Turkeys) 
 Cause : Due to a protozoa taken into the system with 
 the food or drinking water. This parasite enters the 
 caeca which becomes inflamed and discolored and the 
 liver is enlarged and studded with yellowish spots about 
 the size of a pea. 
 
 Symptoms: Although this disease is termed Black- 
 head, the discoloration of the head is not necessarily 
 present in all cases ; neither is this condition confined to 
 this particular disease. One of the first symptoms is 
 loss of appetite, followed in most cases by diarrhoea. 
 The fowl becomes weak and loses weight rapidly. Ex- 
 amination of the liver after death will determine whether 
 or not death has been caused by Infectious Entero Hepa- 
 titis. The dead birds should be burned to prevent the 
 spread of the disease. 
 
 Treatment : Prevention is one of the most important 
 factors as this disease is very contagious and the pro- 
 tozoa once implanted in the turkey runs is almost im- 
 possible to eradicate. Provide clean, well ventilated 
 coops and feed clean, wholesome food and good fresh 
 water to drink. 
 
224 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 Medical Teeatment: Give Bismuth Salicylate and 
 Quinine Sulphate each one grain two to three times a day. 
 Also mix Hjrposulphite of Soda in the proportion of 
 two to four grains to every fowl in their drinking water 
 twice daily. Disinfect coops and runs with Crude Car- 
 holic Acid, undiluted. 
 
 BODY LICE 
 
 Cause: Insanitary conditions. Communicated by 
 direct contact. 
 
 Symptoms: Young chicks become emaciated and die 
 quickly. Older birds withstand the parasite much longer, 
 but in time show signs of uneasiness by dusting them- 
 selves frequently. The comb and wattles become pale 
 and bloodless, the feathers rough, dry and brittle. The 
 birds grow weak, poor, and eventually die. 
 
 Treatment : Dust the birds with the following : Sul- 
 phur, one part; Napthaline, one part; Tobacco Dust, 
 twenty-eight parts and seventy parts of middlings. Pow- 
 der finely and mix well together and dust the birds once 
 daily. Also sprinkle freely in the dust baths. 
 
 BRONCHITIS 
 
 Cause : Exposure to dampness, cold drafts of air, in- 
 haling irritating gases, vapors or dust. The fowls should 
 be carefully examined, as bronchitis is occasionally 
 caused by the presence of gapeworms. 
 
 Symptoms: Loss of appetite, the bird moves about 
 slowly, breathing with difficulty and making a sort of 
 whistling sound accompanied by a cough. As the disease 
 progresses, there will be a peculiar bubbling sound from 
 breathing due to an excessive accumulation of mucus 
 in the windpipe. At this stage of the disease the bird 
 becomes very weak and if not properly treated and cared 
 for will rapidly lose strength, the feathers will become 
 rough, head and wings droop, and the bird dies. 
 
DISEASES OF POULTEY 225 
 
 Treatment: This disease is most satisfactorily 
 treated by placing the affected birds in warm, dry, well 
 ventilated quarters, admitting sunlight if possible, but 
 excluding all drafts of air. Feed stale bread, middlings, 
 etc. Also place the fowls in a moderately air tight coop 
 and compel them to inhale steam from hot water and 
 Turpentine. This is readily done by placing the water 
 and Turpentine in a pan and then insert a hot stone or 
 brick in the solution. Force them to inhale this steam 
 from twenty to thirty minutes twice a day. Also add 
 Chlorate of Potash to their drinking water, one teaspoon- 
 ful to erery twenty-five aged fowls. To chicks add one- 
 fourth teaspoonful to every twenty-five. If the weather 
 is favorable and the above treatment is followed, bron- 
 chitis yields very favorably. 
 
 BUTMBLE FOOT 
 (Corns — Deep Bruises — Abscesses) 
 
 Cause : Sharp-edged or narrow perches which bruise 
 the feet or where the perches are high, heavy fowls often 
 injure their feet by alighting on stones or other hard 
 objects. 
 
 Symptoms : The bird limps or hobbles about, moving 
 with great difficulty. Examination will show the foot to 
 be hot and tender to the toufeh. 
 
 Teeatment: Wash with clean, warm water and in 
 some cases it is advisable to apply Hot Flaxseed poul- 
 tices. "When soft spots or abscesses develop, lance them 
 with a clean, sharp knife. After abscesses and bruises 
 are opened, treat them antiseptically by washing with a 
 solution of Carbolic Acid, one teaspoonful to a pint of 
 water. The foot should be bandaged to keep out dust and 
 
 dirt. 
 
 CATARRH 
 
 Cause : Exposure ; poorly constructed coops which ad- 
 mit rain or drafts. Weak birds are very susceptible to 
 Catarrh. 
 
 15 
 
226 
 
 THE VETERINAEIAN 
 
 Symptoms: The bird is dull, moves about slowly, 
 cougliing or sneezing ; appeitit^ is poor, the mucous mem- 
 brane of the air passage becomes inflamed and the breath- 
 ing difficult, especially through the nose. The discharge 
 from the nostrils at first Avatery, becomes mucus-like and 
 
 Prize Winnixc Buff Orfingtox Cock. 
 
 thick and sticky, closing the nose, causing the bird to 
 breathe Avholly through the mouth with a wheezing sound. 
 Treatment: The cause of Catarrh shows the neces- 
 sity of clean and comfortable quarters for the fowls. 
 Keep the birds strong and vigorous by feeding clean, 
 nourishing food. 
 
DISEASES OF POULTEY 227 
 
 Medical Treatment: To each fowl administer in 
 their drinking water or feed: Chlorate of Potash, one 
 grain, twice daily. 
 
 CHICKEN POX 
 
 (Sore Head — Warts) 
 
 Cause : These diseases are due to low forms of para- 
 sites or fungi and occur most frequently in wet weather 
 especially if the coops are leaky and allow the rain to 
 fall on the droppings, causing mold or fungi. Poor ven- 
 tilation and lack of light also promotes the growth of 
 fungi. 
 
 Symptoms : The disease is usually confined to the head 
 and affects principally young chickens, pigeons and tur- 
 keys, but rarely ducks and geese. The infection appears 
 in the form of yellowish warts or nodules about the nose, 
 eyelids, comb, wattles, under the wings, or any unfeath- 
 ered place. The warts vary in size from that of a pin 
 head to the size of a pea and they discharge a fluid -\vhich 
 at first is thin and watery but as the disease progresses, 
 it becomes thick and sticky, yellow in color and letid in 
 smell. At this stage the appetite is poor, the feathers 
 appear rough, and where the eyelids are affected, as in 
 most cases, the bird cannot see, fails to eat, becomes ema- 
 ciated, loses weight and strength rapidly and if not prop- 
 erly treated, dies. 
 
 Treatment: This disease is very contagious, there- 
 fore the coops and runs should be disinfected with Crude 
 Carbolic Acid, undiluted. In the drinking water add 
 Hyposulphite of Soda in the proportion of one to two 
 grains to each fowl (one-half grain to chicks). Wash 
 the nodules or warts about the head with Carbolic Acid 
 solution, one teaspoonful to a quart of water. Feed 
 easily digested food, such as vegetables or warm bran 
 mashes. 
 
228 THE VETEEINAEIAN 
 
 CONGESTION OF THE LIVER 
 
 Cause: Lack of exercise, overfeeding, tainted or 
 moldy food, infection, or impure blood. 
 
 Symptoms : Birds suffering from this disease seldom 
 show signs of sickness and it is well to dissect the fowl 
 after death to ascertain the exact cause. If death is 
 caused by Congestion of the Liver, the organ will be 
 greatly enlarged and easily torn. 
 
 Tbeatment: If the fowls are fat and sluggish, com- 
 pel them to exercise by driving them about. Also give 
 fifteen to twenty grains of Epsom Salts to each affected 
 fowl. Feed laxative foods that are easily digested, as 
 vegetables and wheat bran mashes. They are cooling 
 and relieve congestion. 
 
 CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS 
 
 (Pulmonary Congestion) 
 
 Cause: Exposure; the bird chills, causing contrac- 
 tion of the blood vessels near the surface of the body, 
 thereby forcing a large quantity of blood to the internal 
 organs ; the small blood vessels in the lungs become dis- 
 tended with blood and rupture. 
 
 Symptoms : Eapid and difficult breathing ; the bird ap- 
 pears stupid and sleepy and does not care to move about ; 
 appetite poor, wings drooping, plumage ruffled, a thick 
 mucus, colored with blood, escapes from the mouth, comb 
 and wattles show a dark-red color from lack of oxygen 
 in the blood. This disease is of very short duration, the 
 bird dying within a few hours. It is very common among 
 young chicks and turkeys that are permitted to run out 
 in the early spring rains. 
 
 Treatment : Medical treatment is of no value, as the 
 disease progresses so rapidly that the bird dies shortly 
 after the first symptoms appear. Sanitary surroundings, 
 good light, pure air and exercise are essential. Do not 
 allow the birds to stand out in the cold or rains, espe- 
 
DISEASES OF POULTRY 229 
 
 cially during the molting season. Keep your poultry 
 strong and vigorous by feeding clean, nourishing food 
 and give them pure water to drink. 
 
 CONSTIPATION 
 
 (Intestinal Obstruction) 
 
 Cause : Irritation of the membranes lining the intes- 
 tines, caused by dry feed, glass or gravel; may also be 
 due to parasitic worms. Obstruction may occur in any 
 part of the intestines although the external opening is 
 the part most frequently affected. 
 
 Symptoms : Bird at)pears dull and stupid, walks with 
 difficulty and attempts frequently to expel the obstructing 
 material. The appetite is poor and the feathers rough. 
 By examination and manipulation the obstruction may 
 be located. Dried masses of excrement by adhering to 
 the feathers sometimes block the outer opening of the 
 intestines. 
 
 Tbeatment: Eemove the waste matter clinging to 
 the feathers with warm water or by clipping the feathers 
 off. If the Cloaca is obstructed, give injections of Sweet 
 Oil or Olive Oil with a small bulb syringe. Also give one 
 to two grains of Calomel and feed clean food and soft 
 mashes containing Pulv. Gentian Eoot, one grain to each 
 fowl twice daily. This stimulates the worm-like move- 
 ment of the bowels and assists in expelling their con- 
 tents. 
 
 CROP IMPACTION 
 (Obstruction, Paralysis, Inflammation, Catarrh) 
 
 Cause: Errors in feeding; birds that are not fed 
 regularly are predisposed to any of the above conditions ; 
 may also be due to swallowing large pieces of bone, 
 thread, nails, pins, glass, gravel, etc. 
 
 Symptoms: Loss of appetite, frequent attempts to 
 swallow, crop greatly distended and hard on pressure ; 
 eventually the food decomposes and a liquid may escape 
 
230 
 
 THE VETEEINARIAN 
 
 from the mouth and nose. The bird appears dull, 
 stupid and sleepy, comb pale, feathers rough, beak open, 
 owing to pressure on the windpipe. If caused by swal- 
 lowing sharp objects, they may penetrate the crop and 
 skin, causing a gangrenous condition. Grain in the crop 
 will sometimes send out sprouts of considerable lengths. 
 
 -y?^' 
 
 Pbizk Winning Plymouth Bock Cock. 
 
 Teeatmbnt : If no sharp objects are present, give two 
 teaspoonfuls of Sweet or Olive Oil. This will lubricate 
 the esophagTis and crop. Manipulate the crop upward, 
 forcing the food gently through the mouth, adding oil 
 occasionally. If, however, sharp objects penetrate the 
 crop it is best to remove them through an artificial open- 
 
DISEASES OF POULTRY 231 
 
 ing. Clip the feathers from around the intended seat of 
 operation and wash the clipped surface with a Carbolic 
 Solution, one teaspoonful to a pint of water. The inci- 
 sion should not be over one-half inch long and should be 
 made as high as possible and in the center of the crop. 
 After removing the contents, sew up with ordinary thread 
 and needle and wash occasionally with the above anti- 
 septic solution. The operation is not difficult and will 
 be successful if the parts are not too badly inflamed. 
 
 After-treatment consists of feeding very little food un- 
 til the crop is fairly well healed. Feed soft bran mashes 
 and vegetables. To the drinking water add Boracic 
 Acid, one grain, twice daily. It relieves the catarrhal 
 condition that is present, such as irritations of the crop 
 and intestines. 
 
 DIARRHOEA 
 
 (Gastro-Intestinal Catarrh — Enteritis) 
 
 Cause : Inflammation of the digestive organs can be 
 traced in every instance to the quality or quantity of food 
 and water consumed. The food or water may contain 
 parasites, or large quantities of mustard, pepper, or may 
 be moldy or tainted. 
 
 . Symptoms: Loss of appetite, the feathers appear 
 rough, the crop is sometimes paralyzed and distended 
 with gas, the bird moves slowly, the droppings vary in 
 color from a white to a yellow or a green and finally be- 
 comes tinged with blood ; at this stage there is a rise in 
 temperature accompanied by great thirst and signs of 
 pain. Mild cases of simple diarrhoea if not properly 
 treated when first symptoms appear, will develop the 
 same severe conditions described above. 
 
 Treatment: Determine the cause and remove it if 
 possible. See that the food is clean and nutritious, the 
 coops well ventilated, the runs well lighted. Simlight 
 is very beneficial. Avoid exposure, drafts and dampness. 
 Place oatmeal in their drinking water, also give two 
 
232 THE VETERINAEIAN 
 
 grains of Bismuth mixed with dough and make into a 
 small pill. Give one every six hours. 
 
 When in addition to the above symptoms a bloody dis- 
 charge is present, give six drops of Tincture of Catechu 
 every four hours. Warm mashes made of bran or oat- 
 meal are very nourishing and soothing to the intestinal 
 canal. 
 
 DIPHTHERITIC ROUP 
 
 (Diphtheria) 
 
 Cause : Due to a specific germ. The disease is very 
 contagious and is communicated by direct contact. Great 
 care should be exercised, therefore, when showing or 
 buying birds. Any new birds to be added to the flock 
 should be kept in separate pens for a week or two to 
 make sure they are in good condition. 
 
 Symptoms: The first symptoms are similar to those 
 of catarrh or cold. ' A clear, watery liquid escapes from 
 the eyes and nostrils, the head is drawn in toward the 
 body, the feathers appear rough, the breathing fast, the 
 temperature rises from three to five degrees above nor- 
 mal. The bird walks about as if blind, sneezing, swal- 
 lowing with difficulty, and showing signs of great weak- 
 ness. If the mouth is opened small white spots or ele- 
 vations will be seen on the back of the tongue. There 
 may be diarrhoea of a green or yellow color. As the dis- 
 ease progresses the discharge from the nose and eyes 
 becomes thick and stringy, obstructing the air passages 
 and gathering in large quantities between the eyelids. 
 The mouth, throat and tongue are very much inflamed 
 and swollen and in most cases it is impossible for the 
 bird to make a sound. Recovery is doubtful after the 
 disease has reached this stage. 
 
 Treatment : Isolate the affected birds in some clean, 
 warm, light, well ventilated quarters, excluding drafts. 
 Dissolve thirty grains of Chlorate of Potash in one ounce 
 of water and one ounce of Glycerine, and to the average 
 
* ^ DISEASES OF POULTRY 233 
 
 sized fowl give one teaspoonful three or four times a day. 
 To cMeks giye one-fourth, the dose. "When the scum 
 loosens in the back part of the tongue^ remove the 'scum 
 gently. Care should be taken so as to prevent bleeding. 
 Feed soft, nourishing food. 
 
 DOUBLE-YOLK EGGS 
 
 Eggs are frequently found with two yolks. This con- 
 dition is produced by two ovary capsules bursting at 
 about the same time and gaining entrance together into 
 the oviduct where they are concealed in the same shell. 
 Double-yolked eggs are larger than normal and may in- 
 jure the oviduct when expelled. When hatched, they 
 produce twins or abnormal chicks. 
 
 DROPSY 
 
 (Ascites) 
 Cause : Generally due to irritating, indigestible food, 
 causing inflammation of the membranous lining of the 
 . intestinal cavity. 
 
 Symptoms : The abdomen becomes enlarged, is tender 
 to the touch and contains a watery fluid, the moveinent 
 of which can be heard in most cases by pressure on the 
 swollen parts. The bird appears stupid, the comb pale 
 and the appetite poor. 
 
 Tbeatment: Unless the bird is very valuable, treat- 
 . ment is not advisable. In case the bird is valuable, give 
 one grain of Potassium Iodide twice daily in the feed or 
 drinking water. Also feed nourishing food as beef- 
 scraps, vegetables, wheat bran mashes, etc. 
 
 EGG BOUND 
 
 (Difficult Laying; Obstruction of the Oviduct) 
 Cause : Due to the eggs being too large, the bird too 
 fat, or to the absence of the secretions lubricating the 
 oviduct. 
 
234 
 
 THE VETEEINAEIAN 
 
 Symptoms : The first signs are scarcely noticeable but 
 soon the feathers appear rough, the bird becomes dull 
 and moves sl6wly, making frequent efforts to expel the 
 
 egg. 
 
 Teeatment: Eemove the egg by injecting Sweet Oil, 
 assisting the bird with gentle pressure. In some cases 
 
 Pbize Winning White Leghobn Hen. 
 
 it is well to puncture the egg and collapse the shell. If 
 the bird is very fat, reduce by careful feeding. , If the 
 bird is of normal size, the trouble is probably due to the 
 absence of lubricating secretions of the oviduct, in which 
 case the following tonic should be given: Pulv. Ferri 
 Sulphate, Pulv. G-entian Boot, each one dram. Mix arid 
 
DISEASES OF POULTRY 235 
 
 make into thirty powders. Give one powder two or three 
 times a day in their feed for a week or ten days. 
 
 EGG EATING 
 _ Cause : Is usually due to lack of shell-building mate- 
 rial m the food; in such case the shell of the egg is thin 
 and easily broken and the fowl craving the lime contained 
 in the egg shell, naturally contracts the habit. 
 
 Tbeatment: Supply ground bone and oyster shells. 
 Feed green food such as cabbage, kale, potatoes, carrots, 
 etc. 
 
 EGGS WITHOUT SHELLS 
 
 (Soft-Shelled Eggs) 
 
 Cause : Deficiency of shell material ; or it is possible 
 that fright sometimes causes premature expulsion of the 
 eggs before the shell is formed. 
 
 Treatment: Feed ground bone, oyster shells. They 
 contain egg shell producing material. Perhaps the best 
 results "are obtained when mixed with wheat bran. Also 
 feed vegetables such as cabbage, potatoes and carrots. 
 
 FEATHER PULLING 
 
 (Feather Eating) 
 
 Cause : Irritation of the skin due to lice, mites or to 
 lack of exercise and improper food. ' 
 
 Tbeatment : Feed meat, ground bones and vegetables. 
 Place the food where the fowls are compelled to scratch 
 and work to obtain it. Dust the fowls with Powdered 
 Aloes. 
 
 If due to lice, treat the same as recommended under 
 the heading of Lice. 
 
 GAPES 
 
 (Verminous Trachea Bronchitis) 
 Cause: A red, parasitic worm, the male measuring 
 about one-fifth of an inch and the fem.ale one-half an 
 inch in length. Fowls become infected by eating worms 
 
236 THE VETERINAEIAN 
 
 containing this parasite or its eggs, and by coming in 
 contact with, other birds suffering from the disease. 
 
 Symptoms : The most noticeable symptom is frequent 
 gaping; the Gapeworms attach themselves by their 
 mouths to the walls of the windpipe where they suck the 
 blood which nourishes them; they cause irritation and 
 inflammation of the windpipe, bronchial tubes and lungs ; 
 breathing is difficult and the bird loses strength rapidly \ 
 windpipe eventually becomes totally obstructed and the 
 bird dies from suffocation and exhaustion. Young, weafc 
 chickens are more susceptible to this disease than strong 
 ones. 
 
 Treatment : Separate the sick birds from the healthy 
 ones. Clean and disinfect the coops and runs. Burn all 
 manure. Remove the worms from the windpipe by the 
 use of a feather, from which the fan has been stripped, 
 leaving only a small brush at the end. Dip the feather 
 into Oil of Turpentine or Coal Oil, removing the surplus 
 liquid by drawing the feather between the fingers. Now 
 insert the feather into the windpipe of the bird and by 
 turning gently you will dislodge the worms from their 
 attachments. Repeat this treatment once a day for two 
 or three days. Disinfect coops and runs with undiluted 
 Crude Carbolic Acid. Feed good nutritious food as 
 wheat bran mashes, etc. 
 
 HEAD LICE 
 
 Cause: Result of insanitary conditions and lack of 
 care. Communicated by direct contact with infected 
 birds, or by infected coops or brooders. 
 
 Symptoms : The head soon becomes denuded of feath- 
 ers, and also sore by being constantly scratched with 
 the feet. If not properly treated the chicks weaken and 
 die. 
 
 Treatment: An ointment made of one part Sulphur 
 and four parts Lard well mixed and applied two to three 
 
DISEASES OF POULTRY 237 
 
 times will exterminate the lice. If the fowl is run down 
 m condition, feed good nutritious food as wheat bran 
 mashes. 
 
 HOW TO FEED YOUNG POULTRY 
 
 Withhold all food for at least eighteen hours; then 
 feed stale bread moistened with boiled milk every three 
 hours. When they are three or four days old, feed rolled 
 oats, ground corn moistened with pure water, finely- 
 chopped meat and boiled vegetables. Feed them often 
 and you will be well repaid by their rapid growth, 
 strength, and the low death rate. After they reach the 
 age of one week or ten days, watch them closely and 
 regulate their feed to their apparent needs. 
 
 INCOMPLETE EGG 
 
 (Abortion) 
 
 Cause : Irritation of the oviduct ; improper secretion 
 of albumen or internal egg-producing material. 
 
 Tebatment: Careful feeding will overcome this con- 
 dition. Warm wheat bran mashes, ground bone, beef 
 scraps, all tend to allay the irritations of the oviduct and 
 stimulate the secretions of albumen. 
 
 JAUNDICE 
 
 Cause: Obstruction of the bile duct, due to rich, ni- 
 trogenous food and insufficient exercise. 
 
 Symptoms: Disease is not easily detected. The yel- 
 low color of the wattles and comb is the first symptom ; 
 th'e appetite is variable, the feathers appear rough and 
 dry, the head is retracted, and the bird finally dies owing 
 to the absorption of bile in the blood. 
 
 Tbeatment: Change food. Feed upon a vegetable 
 diet, also give one grain of Calomel, which is particularly 
 useful in a case of sluggish liver in poultry. Also give 
 one grain of Pulv. Gentian Root and one grain of Bi- 
 carbonate of Soda, twice daily in feed. 
 
238 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 MANGE 
 
 (Scabies of the Body) 
 
 Cause: Due to a parasite that resembles the mite. 
 
 Symptoms: When the affected bird is closely exam- 
 ined large quantities of scales or scabs are found in the 
 soft feathers. The appetite is poor ; the bird walks slowly 
 about showing signs of uneasiness. If the disease is al- 
 lowed to run its course, the bird grows weak and even- 
 tually dies. The disease is easily transmitted from one 
 bird to another and should be treated without delay. 
 
 Tbeatmekt : Disinfect roost, coops and pens with un- 
 diluted Crude Carbolic Acid. Apply to the irritations 
 that present themselves on the body of the birds : Sul- 
 phur Ointment twice a week and feed good nourishing 
 food as wheat bran mashes and vegetables. 
 
 PIP 
 
 (Inflammation of the Mouth) 
 Cause : Irritations, injuries, or micro-organisms. It 
 is sometimes caused by nothing more than a dry condi- 
 tion of the mucous membrane due to the bird breathing 
 through the mouth when suffering from respiratory dis- 
 eases. 
 
 Symptoms : Dryness of the mucous membrane of the 
 mouth; especially the part covering the tongue, which 
 becomes hard and ragged, forming rough edges along its 
 sides.. These dried portions become loose aiid partially 
 detached from the tongue, interfering with its move- 
 ments and causing more or less pain and annoyance. 
 
 Treatmestt : Do not forcibly detach these pieces, but 
 assist nature to remove them. This can be accomplished 
 by mixing Glycerine and Water, equal parts, and drop- 
 ping into the mouth with an ordinary syringe or dropper. 
 It is advisable to add Boracic Acid, one teaspoonful to 
 every gallon of drinking water, which will prevent the 
 entrance of parasites into the blood. 
 
DISEASES OF POULTRY 239 
 
 RED MITE 
 
 Cause: These grow spontaneously in favorable sur- 
 roundings, as the interior of poultry houses and brooders 
 containing numerous cracks and crevices. 
 
 Symptoms : This mite is a blood-sucker ; irritates the 
 skin and sometimes causes sores to form on the body of 
 the chick. The birds grow stupid and weak and die rap- 
 idly if hot properly treated. Older fowls withstand the 
 irritation of mites much longer, but do not thrive, or' lay 
 regularly, and will finally die if the insects become too 
 numerous. The insect may be transmitted to horses, 
 cattle, and even to man. 
 
 Treatment : Paint the roosts and spray the interior 
 of the coops and runs with Crude Carbolic Acid, undi- 
 luted, being very careful that the solution reaches the 
 bottoms of the cracks and crevices. Also paint the in- 
 terior of brooders with the same solution. 
 
 RHEUMATISM 
 
 (Leg Weakness — Gout — Paralysis) 
 
 Cause : Damp coops and pens, lack of ventilation and 
 improper food. 
 
 Symptoms: Fowl refuses to' stand or walk, and on 
 examination, the legs are found to be swollen and pain- 
 ful, especially about the joints. In some cases suppura- 
 tion of the joints takes place and they become open run- 
 ning sores. The bone finally becomes diseased and the 
 fowl dies. 
 
 Treatment : Preventive measures are first to be con- 
 sidered. See that the coops and pens are clean and dry. 
 Avoid drafts. Feed vegetables, also wheat bran mashes, 
 (jive internally Salicylic Acid, one-half grain, twice daily. 
 When the legs are swollen and sore apply Camphorated 
 Ointment once or twice daily. 
 
240 THE VETEEINAEIAN 
 
 SCALY LEG 
 
 (Scabies) 
 
 Cause : Due to a mite that burrows under the scales 
 of the leg. 
 
 Symptoms : White, scaly-looking scabs form about the 
 upper part of the foot. The feet and legs become swol- 
 
 _„^ — „ „_ — „ — __._^ — , , -, — — ,,j jn-TTTt 
 
 Prize Winking Columbian Wyandotte Cock. 
 
 len and painful as the disease progresses and if not 
 checked will result in lameness, inflammation of the 
 joints, and the toes may slough off. Great care is nec- 
 essary as the disease is very easily transmitted from 
 one bird to another. 
 
 Treatment: Use boiling water or Crude Carbolic 
 
DISEASES OF POULTRY , 241 
 
 Acid, undiluted, on the perches. Wash the feet and legs 
 with warm water and soft soap! Dry well and apply 
 Carbolated Ointment. Eepeat the above treatment every 
 other day for a week. 
 
 SORE MOUTH 
 
 (Aphtha; Thrush) 
 
 Cause : A vegetable parasite called Oidium Albicans. 
 
 Symptoms: Inflammation of the mucous membrane 
 lining the mouth, throat, gullet and crop, which finally 
 terminates in white ulcerations. Other symptoms are 
 swelling of the head, poor appetite and a rapid loss in 
 weight and strength. * 
 
 TRByMENT : Isolate the sick from the healthy fowls. 
 Give as much sunlight as possible, feed nourishing food, 
 such as warm oatmeal mashes, kale-, potatoes, etc. Add 
 one grain each of Chlorate of Potash and Boracic Acid 
 to a tablespoonful of water and give three or four times 
 a day or oftener if /they will drink it. A good disinfectant 
 must be used to prevent the disease from spreading and 
 I would recommend the use of uriciiluted Crude Carbolic "" 
 Acid about the coops and poultry runs. 
 
 TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 Cause : This dreaded disease is caused by the Bacil- 
 lus of Tuberculosis. Damp, ill-ventilated, and poorly- 
 lighted coops are favorable to the development of the 
 disease. 
 
 Symptoms: Except in advanced stages, this disease 
 is not easily detected as it affects various organs, and 
 considerable experience in post-mortems and a skillful 
 use of the microscope is required to successfully diagnose 
 a case. 
 
 ' Teeatment: Preventive measures should be prac- 
 ticed as the disease is incurable.- Do not expose the 
 fowls to cold wet weather. See that the coops are well 
 ventilated and lighted and feed no contaminated food. 
 
 16 
 
242 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 VENT GLEET 
 
 Cause: Constipation is perhaps the most common 
 cause, the hard droppings causing irritation of the vent 
 which is followed by inflammation and suppuration of 
 the lining membranes, rectum and oviduct. 
 
 Symptoms : Frequent straining due to irritation. As 
 the disease progresses a pus-like discharge is noticed. 
 The disease may extend into the rectum or oviduct. The 
 bird appears stupid, the plumage rough, the comb pale, 
 and if not properly treated, dies a lingering death. 
 
 Teeatment : Preventive treatment is the best. Feed 
 green food occasionally and warm bran mashes. This 
 prevents constipation. When the bird strains frequently 
 and a discharge is present the following solution should 
 be injected : Sugar of Lead, two drams ; Zinc Sulphate, 
 one dram. Mix with two quarts of water. Inject about 
 one ounce with a syringe twice daily until the discharge 
 has ceased. 
 
 WHITE DIARRHOEA 
 
 (Fowl Cholera) 
 
 Cause: Grerm (Bacilli of Fowl Cholera) gaining en- 
 trance to the body through the bowels, lungs or wounds 
 of the skin. Death results from toxic material pro- 
 duced while the germs are multiplying. 
 
 Symptoms: All poultry, cage or wild birds are sub- 
 ject to this disease. The first symptoms are loss of ap- 
 petite ; diarrhoea is present and the discharge is alinost 
 white in color and tinged with transparent mucus. The 
 affected bird becomes separated from the flock, seems 
 weak and stupid and appears to be asleep; feathers are 
 rough, the wings droop and the head is drawn in toward 
 the body; crop is generally full, owing to improper ci- 
 gestion. The comb is pale and l^loodless, the tempera- 
 ture raised from three to five degrees above normal and 
 the bird loses weight rapidly; it may die with convul- 
 sions and cries, or without a sound or struggle. 
 
DISEASES OF POULTRY 243 
 
 Tbeao^ment : To grown fowls, give Zinc Sulphocar- 
 Isolates in one-half grain doses three times a day in their 
 food or drinking water. To chicks, dissolve thirty grains 
 of Zinc Sulphoearbolates in two quarts of water. Satu- 
 rate feed, as stale bread, etc., and give three times a day. 
 Zinc Sulphoearbolates is an antiseptic especially pre- 
 pared for septic conditions of the intestines, and very 
 useful in treatment of White Diarrhoea and Fowl Chol- 
 era. In severe cases of diarrhoea, give Bismuth Salicy- 
 late, one grain, three times daily in feed or make, into a 
 pill with dough. When the fowls will eat, feed them 
 clean, nitrogenous food that they can digest easily, as 
 oatmeal mashes. It is also necessary to give them pure 
 water to drink at all times. Disinfection of the premises 
 is another essential factor in the treatment of this dis- 
 ease, and undiluted Crude Carbolic Acid is a disinfectant 
 that we can rely upon at all times. 
 
 I cannot recommend vaccination as the serum is very 
 diflBcult and expensive to produce and different breeds 
 of birds require varying doses, therefore, vaccinating 
 poultry for White Diarrhoea or Fowl Cholera is not at- 
 tended with any great degree of success. 
 
 WORMS 
 
 Cause : Few fowls are entirely fi^ee from worms. The 
 soil over which the chicks are permitted to run may be 
 infected, or the food may contain the eggs or embryos 
 of worms. 
 
 Symptoms : The presence of worms in fowls may not 
 be at once detected, since only a close observer would 
 notice them in the droppings. If the birds eat well but 
 remain poor, and the feathers appear rough and the 
 comb and wattles pale, there is reason to suspect the 
 existence of worms. 
 
 Teeatment : Preventive treatment is the best. Sprin- 
 kle the runs and coops regularly with Crude Carbolic 
 
244 THE VETERINARIAN • 
 
 Acid, undiluted. Give two drops of Turpentine in tTvice 
 this quantity of Sweet or Olive Oil. This dose should be 
 repeated in frdm six to eight days so as to insure the 
 expulsion of the newly hatched worms or those that may 
 have survived the first treatment. 
 
giiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiimiiii]iiiiLmii]|]iiiiiiiiiiiiii]iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii]i]iiiNiiiim 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii(iiiiii[iiiiiiiiiiiniiiiniiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiii^ 
 
 iiiiiimiiiiiiiiiii iii]iiiiiiiiiiiiiumiiiiiiii!iiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiniiiii]]iii!iiiii)ii!ii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiii 
 
 Some valuable facts and 
 
 figures summed up for 
 
 handy reference 
 
 |„iii ,1 ,1,1,1,111,1 , III!, Ill imiii iiiiiii 1 iiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiii I iimi I iimmniini i niiim » 
 
VALUABLE DRUGS AND THEIR DOSES FOR 
 DOMESTIC ANIMALS 
 
 In the list of doses, oz. stands for ounce, pt. for pint, 
 lb. for pound, gr. for grain, dr. for dram, dp. for drop. 
 
 Name of Deug 
 
 Cattle 
 
 Shkf.p 
 
 HOESES 
 
 4 oz. 
 
 1-2 oz. 
 
 2-4 oz. 
 
 3-4 dr. 
 
 40 gr. 
 
 2-4 dr. 
 
 2 oz. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 1-2 oz. 
 
 1-5 oz. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 1 oz. 
 
 1 oz. 
 
 2 dr. 
 
 .5-1 oz. 
 
 3 oz. 
 
 .5 oz. 
 
 2 oz. 
 
 3 dr. 
 
 20 gr. 
 
 1-3 dr. 
 
 4 oz. 
 
 1-2 oz. 
 
 2-4 oz. 
 
 1 oz. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 2-4 dr, 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 5-20 gr. 
 
 1 dr. 
 
 1 oz. 
 
 2 dr. 
 
 2-4 dr. 
 
 1-2 dr. . 
 
 10-20 dp. 
 
 .5-2 dr. 
 
 1 pt. 
 
 2-4 oz. 
 
 Ipt. 
 
 2 oz. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 .5-2 oz. 
 
 1-2 oz. 
 
 2-4 dr. 
 
 1-2 oz. 
 
 3-8 oz. 
 
 3-8 dr. 
 
 2-6 oz. 
 
 2 dr. 
 
 20 gr. 
 
 1 dr. 
 
 2-4 dr. 
 
 20-30 gr. 
 
 2-4 dr. 
 
 10-30 gr. 
 
 5-15 gr. 
 
 10-50 gr. 
 
 1 lb. 
 
 1-4 oz. 
 
 .5-1 lb. 
 
 5 dr. 
 
 5-20 dp. 
 
 2-4 dr. 
 
 5-8 dr. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 4-8 dr. 
 
 5-8 dr. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 2-8 dr. 
 
 1-1.5 lb. 
 
 1-4 dr. 
 
 .5-1 lb. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 10-25 gr. 
 
 .5-2 dr. 
 
 2 dr. 
 
 25 gr. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 2 oz. 
 
 .5 oz. 
 
 1 oz. 
 
 2-5 oz. 
 
 1-4 dr. 
 
 1-4 oz. 
 
 1 dr. 
 
 25 gr. 
 
 1 dr. 
 
 4-6 oz. 
 
 2 oz. 
 
 4-6 oz. 
 
 1-2 pt. 
 
 6-12 oz. 
 
 .5-1 pt. 
 
 1 oz. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 .5-1 oz. 
 
 3-8 oz. 
 
 1 dr. 
 
 1-2 oz. 
 
 2 dr. 
 
 30-40 gr. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 1-2 pt. 
 
 3-8 dr. 
 
 1-2 pt. 
 
 2-4 dr. 
 
 15-25 gr. 
 
 1-3 dr. 
 
 30 dp. 
 
 5-8 dp. 
 
 15-30 dp. 
 
 2 oz. 
 
 2-4 dr. 
 
 1-2 oz. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 5-10 gr. 
 
 50-60 gr. 
 
 1-2 oz. 
 
 1 dr. 
 
 1-2 oz. 
 
 1-3 dr. 
 
 .5-1 dr. 
 
 2-4 dr. 
 
 2 oz. 
 
 2-4 dr. 
 
 1-1.5 oz. 
 
 2 dr. 
 
 10-30 gr. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 3-4 oz. 
 
 1-2 oz. 
 
 2-4 oz. 
 
 2 oz. 
 
 1-4 dr. 
 
 1-2 oz. 
 
 Hogs 
 
 Dogs 
 
 Alcohol 
 
 Alum 
 
 Ammonia Aromatic. . . . 
 
 Aniseed 
 
 Arnica Tincture 
 
 Asafetida Tincture. . . . 
 
 Boracic Acid 1 . 
 
 Brandy 
 
 Calcium Phosphate. . . . 
 
 Calomel 
 
 Camphor Spirit 
 
 Carbolic Acid 
 
 Castor Oil 
 
 Chalk 
 
 Charcoal 
 
 Codliver Oil 
 
 Copperas 
 
 Copper Sulphate 
 
 Digitalis 
 
 Epsom Salts 
 
 Fowler's Solution 
 
 Gentian 
 
 Ginger 
 
 Glauber Salts 
 
 Iodide of Potash 
 
 Iron Sulphate 
 
 Jamaica Ginger '. . 
 
 Laudanum 
 
 Lead Acetate 
 
 Lime Water 
 
 Linseed Oil 
 
 Mustard 
 
 Nitre . . 
 
 Nui Vomica 
 
 Olive Oil 
 
 Pepper , - 
 
 Peppermint Oil 
 
 Potassium Bromide . . . 
 
 Quinine 
 
 Rhubarb 
 
 Saltpeter 
 
 Soda 
 
 Subnitrate of Bismuth 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Turpentine 
 
 1-2 oz. 
 40 gr. 
 1-2 dr. 
 1 dr. 
 
 1 dr. 
 
 2 dr. 
 15 gr. 
 1-2 oz. 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 5-20 gr. 
 
 15 dp. 
 5-15 dp. 
 
 2-4 oz. 
 
 1 dr. 
 
 2-4 dr. 
 
 2-6 dr. 
 
 10 gr. 
 20-30 gr. 
 3-10 gr. 
 
 1 oz. 
 5-20 dp. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 15-60 gr. 
 
 1 oz. 
 5-20 gr. 
 
 25 gr. 
 .5-1 dr. 
 1-2 dr. 
 20 gr. 
 
 2 oz. 
 5-10 oz. 
 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 1 dr. 
 
 10-20 gr. 
 
 2-6 dr. 
 
 10-20 gr. 
 
 3-7 dp., 
 
 2-4 dr. 
 
 5-10 gr. 
 
 1 dr. 
 
 .5-1 dr. 
 
 1-3 dr. 
 
 5-20 gr. 
 
 1-2 oz. 
 
 I'dr. 
 
 1-4 dr. 
 
 15 gr. 
 20-60 dp. 
 
 15 gr. 
 7-20 dp. 
 
 1 dr. 
 
 8-gr. 
 
 1-2 ^r. 
 5-20 gr. 
 
 1 gr, 
 10 dp. 
 3-8 dp. 
 1-2 dr. 
 
 .5-1 dr. 
 
 20-60 gr. 
 
 1-3 dr, 
 
 4 gr. 
 
 1-2 gr. 
 
 2 gr. 
 1-4 dr. 
 1-5 dp. 
 40 gr. 
 
 5-20 gr. 
 
 1-4 dr. 
 
 2-8 gr. 
 
 4 gr. 
 Vi-V2 dr. 
 
 20 dp. 
 
 1-2 gr. 
 
 1-8 dr. ' 
 1 oz. 
 
 20 gr. 
 5-20 gr. 
 
 1-2 gr. 
 
 2-4 oz. 
 4-10 gr. 
 
 1-5 dp. 
 5-50 gr. 
 
 1-2 gr. 
 5-10 gr. 
 2-10 gr. 
 20-50 gr. 
 3-10 gr. 
 
 1-4 dr. 
 20-50 dp. 
 
 246 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 
 RESPIRATION 
 
 The number of respirations per minute varies with the 
 different classes of animals; as a rule, the larger the 
 animal, the slower the respiration. 
 
 The Horse 8 to 10 
 
 Cattle '. . . . .12 to 15 
 
 Sheep and Goats 12 to 20 
 
 The Dog 15 to 20 
 
 Swihe 10 to 15 
 
 The Tate of breathing is increased from the processes 
 of digestion immediately after eating, or may increase 
 from exercise. 
 
 NORMAL TEMPERATURE OF THE HORSE 
 
 From 2 to 5 years old the temperature is 100.6° Fahr. 
 From 5 to 10 years old the temperature is 100.4° Fahr. 
 From 10 to 15 years old the temperature is 100° Fahr. 
 From 15 to 20 years old the temperature is 98.4° to 
 
 100.2° Fahr. 
 Sex appears to slightly influence temperature : 
 
 Stallion 100° Fahr. 
 
 Mare 100.8° Fahr. 
 
 Gelding .100.4° Fahr. 
 
 The time of day when temperature is taken is impor- 
 tant, the lowest body temperature being at 4 a. m., and 
 the highest at 6 p. m. New born foals ' temperature will 
 run from 102° to 104° Fahr. 
 
 TEMPERATURE OF CATTLE 
 
 Normal temperature is from 101.8° to 102° Fahr. 
 Compared with the horse, the daily variations are small. 
 
 TEMPERATURE OF SHEEP AND GOATS 
 In these animals the greatest variation in temperature 
 occurs, viz. : 100.9° to 105.8° Fahr. In the majority of 
 
 247 
 
248 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 cases the temperature probably will be between 103.6° 
 and 104.4° Fabr. The cause of this variation is unknown. 
 
 TEMPERATURE OF SWINE 
 The average temperature is 103.3° Fahr., varying from 
 100.9° to 105.4° Fahr. 
 
 TEMPERATURE OF THE DOG 
 
 The dog is subject to important variations depending 
 on the external temperature; it varies from ^9.5° to 
 101.7° Fahr., although in some localities it is as high as 
 100.9°, 101.3° and 101.7° Fahr. Feeding will increase 
 the temperature, and it is also higher toward evening. 
 
 PULSE THROBS PER MINUTE 
 
 Per Minute 
 
 The Horse 36 to 40 
 
 Cattle 45 to 50 
 
 Sheep and, Goats 70 to 80 
 
 The Dog 70 to 80 
 
 Swine ;. . . .90 to 100 
 
 The pulse in the young is much more rapid than in 
 the adult animal; that of a foal at birth beats 100 to 
 102 per minute, while that of a calf will go to 130 per 
 minute. In old age the pulsation becomes reduced and, 
 the arteries much weaker. The pulse rate in large 
 animals is less than in smaller ones, as for instance, an 
 elephant's pulse rate is from 25 to 28 beats per minute. 
 The more rapid the pulse, the greater the quantity of 
 blood in circulation. 
 
 AVERAGE PERIODS OF GESTATION OF 
 DOMESTIC ANIMALS 
 
 Mare 11 months Goat 5 months 
 
 Ass 12 months Sow 3I/2 months 
 
 Cow 9 months Bitch 9 weeks 
 
 Sheep 5 months Cat 8 weeks 
 
MISCELLANEOUS 249 
 
 AVERAGE PERIOD OF INCUBATION 
 
 Chicken ^ to 22 days Guinea Fowl 28 days 
 
 Cheese 28 to 34 days Pheasant 25 days 
 
 l^iick 28 to 30 days Ostrich. .*. . .40 to 42 days 
 
 Turkey 27 to 29 days Canary Bird 14 days 
 
 Pigeon 18 days 
 
 VETERINARY FACTS AND ADVICE 
 TO REMEMBER 
 
 1. Cleanliness of body and surroundings is a necessity 
 
 in the treatment of animals. 
 
 2. Pure air, avoiding drafts, is equally essential. 
 
 3. Light, excepting in the treatment of eye diseases, is' 
 
 greatly to be desired. Darkness, while soothing 
 to the eye, tends to prolong germ life and disease. 
 
 4. Keep dry — dampness breeds disease. 
 
 5. Keep warm — in chilly weather, blanket the sick 
 
 animal, hand rub limbs and bandage with woolen 
 cloths. 
 
 6. Exercise with care — excessive and insufficient exer- 
 
 cise are both injurious. 
 
 7. Feed with care — green grass, in m,edium quantity, 
 
 and vegetables are cooling to the blood, easily 
 digested and exert a slight laxative effect. Grain 
 feed is nutritious and strengthening, but it is not 
 required in any quantity by a horse not working. 
 Be sure that all feed is fresh and clean. 
 
 8. Drinking water must be pure — impure water carries 
 
 many disease germs. Also avoid giving water in 
 large quantities, especially if water is very cold. 
 
 9. Disinfectioii involves little time or expense, but is 
 
 invaluable. Coal tar products which emulsify in 
 water (1 part coal tar products to 50-75 parts 
 water) should be freely and occasionally sprinkled 
 about yards and buildings. 
 If only these few fundamental and common-sense prin- 
 
250 THE- VETERINARIAN 
 
 ciples were followed by stock raisers, a very large per- 
 centage of the ills and diseases of domestic animals would 
 be lastingly prevepted. 
 
 DRENCHING 
 
 Do not drench, an animal when you can administer the 
 necessary medicine in any other way. Drench only when 
 absolutely necessary. A horse, in contrast with all other 
 domestic animals, cannot breathe through its mouth. 
 Therefore, in treating , horses, drenching is especially 
 dangerous. While drenching- any animal, strangulation, 
 pneumonia, bronchitis, etc., are liable to be caused by 
 some of the drenching liquid escaping from the , mouth 
 into the lungs. This is a frequent occurrence in which- 
 the drenching proves to be the immediate cause of the 
 animal's death, as in case of strangulation, or the origi- 
 nating cause when drenched animals later succumb to 
 pneumonia, bronchitis, etc. 
 
 MEDICINE IN CAPSULES 
 
 In many of the treatments prescribed in the preceding 
 pages, the use of gelatine capsules has been advised in 
 preference to giving the medicine in any other form. 
 
 Capsules, made of gelatine, do not lie in the animal's 
 stomach, as commonly supposed, but dissolve readily; 
 the gelatine itself being beneficial in many cases, espe- 
 cially if the bowels or stomach be irritated. The animal 
 receives the intended dose fully. It avoids any un- 
 pleasant taste. With capsule gun, or by hand, medicine 
 in capsules is more easily and quickly given than to at- 
 tempt to hold animal's head up, as is necessary when 
 adnainistering liquid drenches, the danger of which has 
 been explained. 
 
 PREVENTION OF CONTAGIOUS DISEASES 
 
 Newly purchased animals or poultry should be segre- 
 gated for from ten days to two weeks to give opportunity 
 
MISCELLANEOUS 251 
 
 for any infectious diseases with which they may be 
 afflicted, or have been exposed to, to fully develop. This 
 precaution will often save the buyer from loss. 
 
 Avoid exhibiting in fairs, shows, etc., where the health 
 of your animals might be jeopardized, especially through 
 the presence of contagiously affected animals. If you 
 cannot be sure proper precautions are to be taken, 
 better forego your pride and possible prize ribbons. 
 
 HEREDITARY TENDENCIES 
 When breeding, it is of utmost importance to select a 
 good female as well as male, for the least faulty con- 
 formation in either will in all probability be transferred 
 to the offspring, viz. : an animal with a crooked hind leg 
 is subject to bone spavin, curbs, bog spavin, thoroughpin, 
 ring bone, etc., and is liable to transmit any of these dis- 
 eases, especially if exposed to slight exertion. A tuber- 
 cular cow will invariably give birth to a tubercular calf, 
 or at any rate the calf will contract tuberculosis from 
 the milk. 
 
 EVOLUTION OF STOCK 
 
 During the transformation which our country has un- 
 dergone, and is undergoing, no one industry has expe- 
 rienced such marked changes as the production and 
 raising of livestock. 
 
 At the earliest time of which we have any record, and 
 even up to within comparatively recent years, large 
 herds of horses and cattle ranged over our plains in a 
 wild state. At first no attempts were made to capture 
 or round up these herds, and later but one or two 
 attempts per year, when the young were branded and 
 grown animals shipped, if possible, or driven to avail- 
 able markets. 
 
 As the country became more thickly settled and popu- 
 lated these larger herds were broken up, the ranges 
 
252 THE VETERINARIAN 
 
 becoming divided and fenced. With this segregation, 
 attention to breeding and care of animals began to be 
 practiced, gradually causing the animal's evolution from 
 the wild to the domesticated state. 
 
 As this process of evolution progressed the animal 
 became farther and farther removed from its natural 
 condition of living, becoming more dependent on man for 
 food and shelter, and with this change the, animal's 
 former vitality and power to resist disease decreased 
 markedly. 
 
 With the advancement of agriculture, and their re- 
 sultant prosperity, the farmers and settlers improved 
 their stock by importing blooded or registered males 
 and females, particularly the former, until today our 
 country is second to none in the number of good con- 
 formated draft and speed horses ; beef and dairy cattle ; 
 quick-maturing hogs ; large wool and mutton-producing 
 sheep, etc. Poultry has likewise been improved for both 
 egg-laying land meat-producing qualities. The poultry 
 industry is yet in its infancy, and offers large induce- 
 ments to the practical raiser. Our importation of eggs 
 is enormous. 
 
 The average stock raiser and poultryma:n has jhst 
 begun to realize the value of proper care and treatment 
 of his stock, and how much unnecessary loss can be pre- 
 vented by the expenditure of a little time and even less 
 m,oney if given at the proper time. 
 
 Animals and poultry are subject, just as humans, to 
 many diseases but, unfortunately, when they become ill 
 are dependent on man to recognize the symptoms of 
 disease and diagnose. Therefore, it behooves all owners 
 of stock to know and practice the fundamental neces- 
 sities of their animals' health, not only for the welfare 
 of themselves, but also as an act of humanity to dumb 
 animals. 
 
INDEX 
 
 DISEASES OF HORSES 
 
 Abortion 11 
 
 Abscess 11 
 
 Acute cough 30 
 
 Anemia 13 
 
 Apthae ; 14 
 
 Asc^ris >.iegalcephala 69 
 
 Atrophy 81 
 
 Azoturia 15 
 
 Barrenness 16 
 
 Bleeding- after castration 17 
 
 Blood poisoning 17 
 
 Bog spavin 19 
 
 Bone spavin 18 
 
 Bots i 20 
 
 Bronchitis i , 21 
 
 Capped elbOTV 70 
 
 Cappedhock '24 
 
 Capped knee : 23 
 
 Cerebral meningitis 75 
 
 Choking 25 
 
 Chronic catarrh 64 
 
 Chronic cough i . . 30 
 
 Coffin joint lameness 26 
 
 Cold .-.! 30 
 
 Colic, flatulent S3 
 
 Colic, spasmodic .-....•.. 73 
 
 Colic, -wind 83 
 
 Colt constipation '. .. . . 31 
 
 Colt diarrhoea ^ 32 
 
 Conjunctivitis ' 38 
 
 Constipation 29 
 
 Constipation in colts 31 
 
 Corns 27 
 
 Cough 30 
 
 Cracked heels 25 
 
 Curb 33 
 
 Dentistry 46 
 
 Diarrhoea 33 
 
 Diarrhoea in colts 32 
 
 Dislocation of the patella 77 
 
 Distemper 35 
 
 Dropsy of belly 37 
 
 Dropsy of legs 37 
 
 Dropsy of sheath 37 
 
 Dropsy of udder 37 
 
 - Eczema 37 
 
 Emphysema of the lungs 45 
 
 Epizootic catarrh 47 
 
 Eye diseases 38 
 
 Failure to breed. 16 
 
 Farcy 43 
 
 iPllariae i, 40 
 
 Fistula of foot 66 
 
 Fistulous withers 39 
 
 Flatulent colic 83 
 
 Forage poisoning 75 
 
 Founder 41 
 
 Galls 42 
 
 Gastrophllis ■. 20 
 
 Glanders 43 
 
 Grease heels 43 
 
 Haeraopis 48 
 
 Heaves :.•••.-■• 45 
 
 Hernia, ingumal 69 
 
 Horse dentistry 46 
 
 Inflammation of the brain 75 
 
 Inflammation of the membrane of 
 
 nictitans 38 
 
 Influenza 47 
 
 Inguinal hernia 69 
 
 Lampas 47 
 
 Laryngitis 79 
 
 Leeches 48 
 
 ^ock jaw 49 
 
 Lung fever 50 
 
 Lymphangitis 52 
 
 Mange i 51 
 
 Monday Morning disease 52 
 
 Mud fever 53 
 
 Nasal catarrh 30 
 
 Nasal gleet : 54 
 
 , Navel rupture 59 
 
 Navel string infection 55 
 
 Navicular disease 26 
 
 ■Nettle rash 80 
 
 Open joint 60 
 
 Oxyuris curvilis 63 
 
 Palesade worm . ; 61 
 
 Petchial fever 64 
 
 Pharyngitis 79 
 
 Pink eye 47 
 
 Pin worm 61 
 
 Pleurisy 62 
 
 Pneumonia 50 
 
 Poll ievil 64 
 
 Purpura haemorrhagica 64 
 
 Quitter 66 
 
 Red worm 67 
 
 Rheumatism 67 
 
 Ring bone 68 
 
 Round worm 69 
 
 Rupture, scrotal 69 
 
 Scabies 51 
 
 Scrotal rupture 69 
 
 Septicaemia 17 
 
 Shoe boil j. 70 
 
 Side bones i 74 
 
 Sore throat .' 79 
 
 Spasmodic colic 73 
 
 Spavin, bog 19 
 
 Spavin, bone 18 
 
 Splints 70 
 
 Staggers s . . 75 
 
 Stifle joint lameness 77 
 
 String halt 78 
 
 Strongulus armatus 61 
 
 Strongulus tetracanthus 67 
 
 Supernumerary teeth 85 
 
 Surfeit 80 
 
 Sweeny 81 
 
 Tapeworm 82 
 
 Teeth, supernumeraiy 85 
 
 Teeth, wolf ' 85 
 
 Tenia 82 
 
 Tetanus 49 
 
 Thoroughpin 82 
 
 Thread-like .worm 63 
 
 Thrush \; 83 
 
 353 
 
254 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Page 
 
 Umbilical hernia 59 
 
 Umbilical pyemia 55 
 
 Urtecaria 80 
 
 Wind colic 83 
 
 "Wind galls 85 
 
 Wolf teeth 85 
 
 Worm, maw 63 
 
 Worm, palesade 61 
 
 Page 
 
 Worm, pin '. . 63 
 
 Worm, red 67 
 
 Worm, rotind 69 
 
 Worm, tape 82 
 
 Worm, thread 63 
 
 Worm, thread-like 40 
 
 Wounds 86 
 
 DISEASES OF CATTLE 
 
 Pags 
 
 Abdominal hernia 148 
 
 Abdominal rupture 148 
 
 Abnormal Calving 101 
 
 Abortion, contagious 109 
 
 Abortion, non-contagious 90 
 
 Abscesses 89 
 
 Absence of milk 151 
 
 Actinomycosis 135 
 
 Acute cough 112 
 
 Afterbirth retention 144 
 
 Amaurosis of the eye 91 
 
 Anthrax 91 
 
 Apoplexy, parturient . . ; 140 
 
 Ascities 116 
 
 Bacterial dysentery 106 
 
 Bag inflammation . . . ._ 127 
 
 Barrenness 92 
 
 Big head 135 
 
 Black leg 93 
 
 Black quarter 93 
 
 Bleeding 94 
 
 Bloating 94 
 
 Blood poison 96 
 
 Blood suckers '. 135 
 
 Bloody flux 97 
 
 Bloody flux in calves 100 
 
 Bloody milk -. . . 98 
 
 Blue milk 99 
 
 Brain congestion 142 
 
 Bronchitis 99 
 
 Bronchitis verminous 155 
 
 Calf cholera 100 
 
 Calf scours 100 
 
 Calving 101 
 
 Casting the withers 102 
 
 Cataract of the eye 104 
 
 Catarrh 104 
 
 Chapped teats 105 
 
 Choking 105 
 
 Chronic cough 1,12 
 
 Chronic dysentery 106 
 
 Colic 107 
 
 Congestion of the brain 142 
 
 Congestion of the lungs 107 
 
 Congestion of the spinal cord. . . . 142 
 
 Congestion of the udder 125 
 
 Conjunctivitis 129 
 
 Contagious abortion 109 
 
 Cough 112 
 
 Cow pox 112 
 
 Cud chewing 113 
 
 Dehorning 115 
 
 Diarrhoea 114 
 
 Dropsy 116 
 
 Dysentery 97 
 
 Eczema 117 
 
 Epizootiea eczema 120 
 
 Ergot poisoning 118 
 
 Ergotism 118 
 
 Eversion of the womb 102 
 
 Eye inflammation 129 
 
 Eyelid laceration 134 
 
 Failure to breed 92 
 
 f Fluke, liver 119 
 
 Fluke, lung 119 
 
 Page 
 
 Foot and mouth disease 120 
 
 Foot rot 123 
 
 Foul in foot ,. 123 
 
 Founder 124 
 
 Garget f 125 
 
 Grub 156 
 
 Hard milkers 126 
 
 Hematuria 143 
 
 Hemmorrhage , 94 
 
 Hernia, abdominal 148 
 
 Hollow horn ,. 126 
 
 Indigestion 127 
 
 Infectious abortion 109 
 
 Infectious aphtha , 120 
 
 Inflammation of the bag 127 
 
 Inflammation of the eye 129 
 
 Inflammation of the heart sack.. 130 
 Inflammation of the kidneys .... 131 
 
 Inflammation of the penis 131 
 
 Inflammation of the womb 131 
 
 Joint ill 13? 
 
 Jones disease lOS 
 
 Kidney inflammation 131 
 
 Laceration of the eyelid. 134 
 
 Laminitis - 124 
 
 Laryngitis ': . 149 
 
 Leeches 135 
 
 Leucorrhea , . . 158 
 
 Liver fluke '. . . .-. . • 119 
 
 Loss of cud 139 
 
 Lumpy Jaw 135 
 
 Lung congestion 107 
 
 Lung fever 138 
 
 Lung fluke 119 
 
 Mammitis, simple 127 
 
 Mange 139 
 
 Measley beef 140 
 
 Milk fever 140 
 
 Navel ill 133 
 
 Non-contagious abortion 90 
 
 Obstruction of the esophagus. .... 105 
 
 Paralysis 142 
 
 Parturient apoplexy 140 
 
 Penis inflammation 131 
 
 Pancarditis 130 
 
 Pharyngitis 149 
 
 Physiology of rumination ' 113 
 
 Pneumonia •.. 138 
 
 Pyemia 96 
 
 Red water 143 
 
 Retained afterbirth 144 
 
 Rheumatism 145 
 
 Ring worm 147 
 
 Round worm 147 
 
 Rupture, abdominal 148 
 
 Scabies 139 
 
 Scum over the eye 149 
 
 Septicaemia 96 
 
 Sore throat 149 
 
 Spinal cord congestion 142 
 
 Stringy milk i 150 
 
 Suppression of milk 151 , 
 
 Tape worm 151 
 
 Teats chapped .' 105 
 
 Texas fever \. 152 
 
INDEX 
 
 Ticta...., : ^.%\ 
 
 Tuberculosis '■ 153 
 
 Twisted stomach worm '. 154 
 
 Udder congestion 125 
 
 Umbilical Pyemia 133 
 
 Umbilical Septicemia 133 
 
 Variola 112 
 
 "Verminous bronchitis 155 
 
 Warts 157 
 
 "Warbles '..' isg 
 
 „« . Page 
 
 Whites IBS 
 
 White scours in calves 100 
 
 Wolf in the tail 158 
 
 Womb inflammation 131 
 
 Wooden tongue 135 
 
 Worm, lung 155 
 
 Worm, round 147 
 
 Worm, stomach 154 
 
 Worm, tape 151 
 
 DISEASES OF SWINE 
 
 Page 
 
 Abortion I64 
 
 Administration of medicine 164 
 
 Bag inflammation 165 
 
 BJack tooth 165 
 
 Blood poisoning 166 
 
 Bronchitis 167 
 
 Castration. 167 
 
 Catarrh 168 
 
 Choking 168 
 
 Cholera, hog , 171 
 
 Cold in the head 168 
 
 Congestion, kidney 173 
 
 Diarrhoea in young pigs 169 
 
 Heat stroke 189 
 
 Hind quarter paralysis 180 
 
 "Hog, administration of medicine. 164 
 
 Hog cholera -. 171 
 
 Hog lice ■ '. 175 
 
 Hog regulator and tonic 163 
 
 Indigestion 172 
 
 inflammation, bag 165 
 
 Inflammation, lung 176 
 
 Inguinal rupture 1S6 
 
 Jaundice 173 
 
 Kidney congestion 173 
 
 Kidney worms 174 
 
 Lice on hogs 175 
 
 Lung fever 176 
 
 Lung inflammation 176 
 
 Lung worm 176 
 
 Mange 177 
 
 Nasal catarrh 168 
 
 Navel rupture 178 
 
 Nettle rash 179 
 
 ^ Page 
 
 Paralysis of the hind quaiter-s. . . 180 
 
 Pig diarrhoea 169 
 
 Pig scours 169 
 
 Piles 181 
 
 Pin worm 182 
 
 Pleurisy 183 
 
 Prolapse of the anus 181 
 
 Pyemia 166 
 
 Regulator and tonic 163 
 
 Rheumatism 183 
 
 Rickets 184 
 
 Round worm 185 
 
 Rupture, inguinal 186 
 
 Rupture, navel 178 
 
 Rupture, scrotal 186 
 
 Rupture, umbilical 178 
 
 Septicemia ' 166 
 
 Scours in pigs 169 
 
 Scrotal ruptuie 186 
 
 Sore feet 187 
 
 Sore mouth ; 188 
 
 Sows eating their young 189 
 
 Sun stroke 189 
 
 Thorn headed worm 190 
 
 Thumps 191 
 
 Tonic and regulator 163 
 
 Urticaria , 179 
 
 "Worm, kidney 174 
 
 Worm, lung 176 
 
 Worm, pin 182 
 
 'Worm, round 185 
 
 TVorm, thorn headed 190 
 
 Worm, whip 191 
 
 Yellows 173 
 
 DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS 
 
 Page 
 
 Abortion 195 
 
 Acute indigestion 205 
 
 Acute typanlfis 2Q5 
 
 Apoplexy, pulmonary 211 
 
 Black scours .i- . 196 
 
 Bloating 205 
 
 Bronchitis 1 213 
 
 Catarrh 197 
 
 Cold in the head 197 
 
 Congestion of the liver 209 
 
 Congestion of the lung 211 
 
 Congestion of the udder , 201 
 
 Diarrhoea 198 
 
 Dysentery 198 
 
 Dyspepsia 20b 
 
 Poot rot 199 
 
 yorage poisoning 200 
 
 Foul in foot 199 
 
 Garget • ^01 
 
 Gastritis, verminous 196 
 
 Gid 203 
 
 Page 
 
 Grub in the head 204 
 
 Head grubs 204 
 
 Head maggot 204 
 
 Hoven 205 
 
 Indigestion 206 
 
 Indigestion, acute 205 
 
 Inflammation of the liver 209 
 
 Inflammation of the udder 201 
 
 Jaundice 209 
 
 Lamb disease 213 
 
 Liver congestion 209 
 
 Liver fluke 210 
 
 Liver inflammation 209 
 
 Louse fly 216 
 
 Lung congestion 211 
 
 Lung fever 211 
 
 Lung worm ■ 213 
 
 Mange 215 
 
 Pneumonia 211 
 
 Poisoning, forage 200 
 
 Pulmonary apoplexy 211 
 
256 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Page 
 
 Scab 215 
 
 Scours, tlack 196 
 
 Strongylosis 196 
 
 Sturdy 203 
 
 Tick 216 
 
 Typanitis, acute 205 
 
 Page 
 
 Udder, congestion of 201 
 
 Udder, inflammation of 201 
 
 Verniinous bronchitis 213 
 
 Verminous gastritis 196 
 
 Worm, lung 213 
 
 DISEASES OF POULTRY 
 
 Page 
 
 Abortion 237 
 
 Abscesses of the feet. : 225 
 
 Air sac mite 221 
 
 Apoplexy of the brain 222 
 
 Aptha 241 
 
 Ascites 233 
 
 Baldness 222 
 
 Beak and throat obstruction 223 
 
 Black head 223 
 
 Body lice 224 
 
 Body scabies 238 
 
 Brain apoplexy 222 
 
 Bronchitis 224 
 
 Bronchitis verminous 235 
 
 Bruises of the feet 225 
 
 Bumblefoot 225 
 
 Catarrh . . .' 225 
 
 Catarrh of the crop 229 
 
 Chicken pox 227 
 
 Cholera of the fowl 242 
 
 Congestion of the liver 228 
 
 Constipation 229 
 
 Corns 225 
 
 Crop impaction 229 
 
 Diarrhoea 231 
 
 Diarrhoea, white 242 
 
 Difficult laying 233 
 
 Diphtheria 232 
 
 Diphtheritic roup 232 
 
 Double yolked eggs 233 
 
 Dropsy 233 
 
 Egg bound ,. . 233 
 
 Egg eating 235 
 
 Egg incomplete 237 
 
 Eggs with two yolks 233 
 
 Eggs without shells 235 
 
 Enteritis 231 
 
 Favus 222 
 
 Feather eating 235 
 
 Featker pulling 235 
 
 Feeding of young poultry .... 237 
 
 Fowl cholera 242 
 
 Gapes 235 
 
 Gastro intestinal catarrh 231 
 
 Gbut 239 
 
 Page 
 
 Head lice 236 
 
 Hemorrhage of the brain 222 
 
 How to feed young poultry 237 
 
 Impaction of (he crop 229 
 
 Incomplete egg 237 
 
 Infectious entero hepatitis of 
 
 turkeys 223 
 
 Inflammation of the crop 229 
 
 Inflammation of the mouth 238 
 
 Intestinal obstruction 229 
 
 Jaundice 237 
 
 Leg weakness 239 
 
 Lice, body 224 
 
 Lice, head 236 
 
 Liver congestion 228 
 
 Mange 238 
 
 Mite, red , , j . . 239 
 
 Mouth inflammation 238 
 
 Obstruction of the beak and 
 
 throat 223 
 
 Obstruction of the bile duct 228 
 
 Obstruction of the crop 229 
 
 Obstruction of the intestines 229 
 
 Obstruction of the oviduct 233 
 
 Paralysis of the crop 229 
 
 Paralysis of the legs 239 
 
 Pip J... 238 
 
 Pulmonary congestion 228 
 
 Red mite 239 
 
 Rheumatism 239 
 
 Roup, diphtheritic 232 
 
 Scabies of the bjdy 238 
 
 Scabies of the legs 240 
 
 Scaly leg 240 
 
 Soft shelled eggs 235 
 
 Sore head 227 
 
 Sore mouth 241 
 
 Throat and beak obstruction 223 
 
 Thrush 241 
 
 Tuberculosis 241 
 
 Vent gleet 242 
 
 Verminous tracheo bronchitis.... 235 
 
 Warts 227 
 
 White diarrhoea 242 
 
 Worms 243 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 Average Period of Gestation 248 
 
 Average Period of Incubation 249 
 
 Deposit or Investment Table 218 
 
 Drenching of Animals 250 
 
 Evolution of Stock 251 
 
 Hereditary Tendencies 251 
 
 Medicine in Capsules. . , 250 
 
 Normal Pulse Throbs 248 
 
 Normal Respiration ; 247 
 
 Normal Temperature 247-248 
 
 Prevention of Contagious Diseases .-. 250 
 
 Six Per Cent Interest Table 160 
 
 Table of Valuable Drugs and their Doses 246 
 
 Veterinary Facts and Advice to Remember 249 
 
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