Cornell University Library HD4973.M47 1915 Wages and hours of labor in the manuf act 3 1924 000 681 928 N.Y. S. SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL & LABOR RELATIONS THE LIBRARY OF THE NEW YORK STATE SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR RELATIONS AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000681928 ^UREAu OF sr^tijffici^"\ •- CHARLES- F.GEjT|;MY;pirliVo>./' / if . '■'. :■%/ -^i} LABOR B;?^i]^5&]pl!^^^ (Beisg Psrt VI ol the Annual ii^p^ og_ti)».S^tiBtlca of Labor for 1916) Wages and Hours of Labor IN THE Manufacture of Paper Products IN Massachusetts 1..19ff - . ■■"._ BOSTON J'''0 v-^": WRIGHT & P6TTJER PRINTINO e^OMBANy^ ST>^TE PRINTERS ' -- ORGANia^TION AND EUNCTtQN^ ^Si' TflE MASS ACHIJ- /Rq^n|W'250^2]S8,' state .HdHraefBpsfton -,^, . '' ' ---:'^-' Division, ctaxged tritir supervisojy diities in relfljipn to-tte several diviskiilQsVSrDi'fie!; .•iaSflr.DMsipw^eng^gq.^ fpijoatipn f elAfiflig.tp matte^, affecyiig labiw=%ndslte eon^itioS of ihe wcHfkiiig;peogl|, as w€Bl:^s-t[jieatipns"of generaijsBOnd^o^nd^gpciaT mt|test|' S.^^iP' Maw^iB5?Mr|S^/ ZKwsM)?}, wMc&jColleets ali(|;tatlilates St'atSticsj'OfJ^fenjrfatfcures; JvThe &*wctg^t; DjOTsion, w£ioh''cpiKtranditabi4ate&S^^^ pal accpimts afidUnsMlsiJiccOT^^gsysji^^ aiid to^^iis, and «ugervfee^ JSr" Ksuance^pltby^ motes";' 5.^$hejFree.^»i^^ ; iitration/of t}i| St»te , jypet Einplpy|n'wi Of&ces,,,,oiE T^Meh tkesce-arplfour,; located ,j^g)eptiyel3P'at 8 iQi^and Street^, 'fe^ton| 47 jife Steeet/ Springfield; 41 Nbrtii.3 Main Street, Pa,U RJYer ;,'. and i§-i&2- 4vepA- Street/ |yprceltef;<'Bffijng4lie-5)erip)d' of -i taking and compiling the Cen|u8 a Ij^h diwsio|i;' tlie;jG|«Hi»i'® '©iwstojit iS; ofgaaked. ^ ThelBottctions of thp Biare8U;and me ;<}TitieS of ;^fiec Dfeecfe^^aie summaj ijsgd -^nj' Section 1 of Cliipter|7i.(J;tliB #ts o!190iti entitled "Sn AT5t*pTBPyi4pforJ. JBureau^l of Statistics/' flSiollows: 4 -r^ /-""-' '-,-'^:. '-^J.^ -=."^--^ ,:;v ■ ■./'■.7 --'' -^ "'^'i- ^'^'T : ■ vS^CSipN li Tiid-e shiaffl^ bl'^a iBiqipa^ which gh^Cbatp -' collect, £^gt}t§,;arra,ngei aridpatiliBh statilstioai infcnnalJpB relative to the.comEaPrejdl); industrial, Bpeial;;*di!fation£iIj . Jind ^anit^irj^:- condition of the people, the prgiucti'vp ind^itries of,the ..Cpmnionweatth, ai^ the fiiMicial^airs,<)f ^the cities^fmi tpwns; to- restablish.^and iiftiiintain irpe prnploy^pntvOJiaces '. , ':. '; tand 46 take thp^- DecennW-;^ Censtis pf the Coteppawealth^TrequirM; ty the J3^ thereof m sijoh manner ^ ,thp:Gegp£al. GpW may deternHne. ; • , ' r- , :. - :Ap)Pii6v5BiJ BY Tto'SrAJM BoiiiD,or PoblicAtion.! BUREAU OF STATISTICS t^HARLES F. GETTEMY, Director Wages and Hours of Labor IN THE Manufacture of Paper Products IN Massachusetts LABOR BULLETIN No. 109 (Being Part VI of the Annual Report on the Statistics of Labor for 1915) JULY 1, 1915 BOSTON WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING COMPANY STATE PRINTERS 1915/' CONTEJ^TS. I. Introduction and General Summary, II. Nature of Data and Method of Presentation, 1. Location of Establishments, 2. General Organization of the Labor Force, III. Earnings of Employees as shown by the Pay-rolls, 1. Introductory, . . . . . . . 2. Weekly Earnings, . . A. Comparative Earnings, Classified by Sex and Age of Em- ployees, B. Earnings of Employees with Reference to Time Worked, C. Classified Weekly Earnings of Time and Piece-workers, D. Classified Weekly Earnings and Average Hours Worked: By Principal Occupations, ... 3. Hourly Earnings, IV. Hours of Labor, . . ... . . 1. Introductory, . . 2. Customary Weekly Working Hours, 9 9 10 12 12 12 13 17 21 26 31 42 42 42 3. Actual Hours Worked in a Representative Week, . 44 V. The Manufacture of Paper Products, . . 52 1. Paper Box Making, .... 52 2. Envelope Making, . . 56 VI. Detailed Statistical Tables, .59 Table A. — Customary and Actual Working Time, with Reference to Full Time, Overtime, and Undertime, .... 61 Table B. — Customary and Actual Working Time, with Reference to Time and Piece-work, 64 Table C. — Earnings and Working Time, with Reference to FuU Time, Overtime, and Undertime, 67 Table D. — Earnings and Working Time, with Reference to Time and Piece-work, . . .... 74 Table E. — Actual Weekly Earnings: By Occupations, . . . 81 Table F. — Actual Hourly Earnings : By Occupations, . . . 104 Table G. — Customary and Actual Weekly Working Time: By Occu- pations, . 126 VII. Specimen Form of Schedule used in this Inquiry, . . . 146 [VI. 3) WAGES AND HOUES OF LABOE IN THE Manufactuee of Paper Products IN Massachusetts. • INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL SUMMARY. This inquiry into the earnings and hours of labor of wage-earners in estabhshments engaged in the manufacture of paper products in Massa- chusetts has been made by the Bureau under the law governing its gen- eral duties and pursuant to a policy adopted several years ago of making an annual study of wages paid and hours worked by different groups of wage-earners in this Commonwealth. The report here presented supple- ments in a measure the investigation made at the same time and along similar lines in the paper and wood pulp industry in Massachusetts, the results of which have already been published in Labor Bulletin No. 103. The information sought for the basis of this report was secured di- rectly by our Special Agents who visited each establishment in the indus- tries studied and in most cases personally copied the desired data from the pay-rolls. The employers were asked to submit a complete pay-roll of amounts paid to their employees together with their hours of labor in a representative week.^ The week for which the pay-rolls were taken was in all cases intended to be normal, with the mills running full time and employing their usual number of workers. It should be understood, therefore, that the general conditions shown may be regarded as those existing in the establishments in this industry during periods of full activity. Where employees worked considerably more or less than a full week, it is because it is the usual condition for employees to work frequently other than the regular schedule of hours in the establishments. I The term "representative week" as used in this report means the week covered by this inquiry, i.e., the week for which the data were taken from the pay-rolls of the establishments by the agents of this Bureau. [VI. 5] VI. 6 STATISTICS OF LABOK — 1915. [L- B. In order to arrive at more representative weekly earnings for piece- workers, who would naturally have no fixed weekly rate of pay, the actual earnings of this class of workers were obtained for three weeks. In all such cases where three weeks' earnings were secured the individual earn- ings have been divided by three in order to reduce them to a weekly basis for ready comparison. The information here presented shows conditions existing in October, 1912, but it is of utmost importance to understand that the data also represent to a very considerable degree the conditions existing in 1915, as shown by a supplementary inquiry made by this Bureau in February, 1915, covering the same establishments considered in 1912.^ As the nature of the industries forming the basis of this study was somewhat diversified, the statistical results are presented in three main groups: (1) Paper Box Making; (2) Envelope Making; and (3) Other Paper Products. The term "paper box factory" as used in this report includes not only those manufacturing establishments which are devoted exclusively to making paper boxes, such as candy and shoe boxes, folding boxes, etc., but also the factories engaged primarily in producing other goods and carrying on the manufacture of paper boxes in connection with their main work, such as shoe factories, candy factories, wooden box factories, etc. From the latter group of establishments data were obtained for those departments only in which the processes connected with the making of paper boxes were carried on. The term "envelope factory" refers to factory departments engaged solely in the manufacture of envelopes. Data for the departments of these establishments occupied in making paper boxes or other paper goods have been tabulated under those particular industries. 1 The result of this inquiry showed that the general factory conditions as related to earnings and hours of labor of employees had not materially changed since the investigation in 1912. Special increases in wages in the case of employees showing an increased proficiency, or increases naturally coming from length of service, may tend to make pay-rolls a little higher from year to year — this is always a possible factor in any period of years — but, making allowance for these tendencies, they would appear to affect only slightly the general results shown in this report. Of the 170 different factories covered in this inquiry 95, or 65.0 per cent, employing 5,594, or 45.8 per cent of the total number of wage-earners considered, reported no general change whatever in wages or hours of labor of their employees during the period reviewed. Only 29 mills, or 17.1 per cent, employing an aggregate of 3,884 wage- earners, reported increases of varying amounts in wages since 1912, benefiting 2,511, or 64.6 per cent of their em- ployees. As to changes in hours of labor during the period in question, certain manufacturers reported some curtail- ment. It is quite probable, however, that under normal business conditions but slight variations from the general results shown in this report would be observed in the schedules of working hours in these mills. By the provisions of Chapter 831, Section 8, Acts of 1913, which became effective September 1, 1913, minors under 16 years of age were prohibited from working in factories and certain other establishments for more than 48 hours in any one week and in other respects their hours of labor were also regulated. Certain establishments considered in this report found it necessary, in conformity with the provision cited, either to reduce the hours of labor of such minors employed by them or to replace them with older workers. NO. 109.] WAGES AISTD HOURS — PAPER PRODUCTS. VI. 7 The term "other paper products factory" is applied to those establish- ments engaged in the manufacture of divers paper goods, such as labels, tags, bags, cups, cones, tubes, tubs, blank books, writing tablets and pads, stationery (not including envelopes), library supplies, calendars, valentines, paper novelties, wall paper, waterproof paper, etc. It should be borne in mind that this presentation does not take ac- count of rales of wages, i.e., the amount of money paid to an employee for a specified period of time, if on time-work, or for a specified quantity of work, if on piece-work, but shows the actual earnings, that is, the sum actually received by the employees, whether they were employed full time or not, in the representative week for which the data were taken from the pay-rolls of the mills by the agents of this Bureau. The material as secured from the pay-rolls has been tabulated in detail form in a series of general tables classified by occupations and follows the text of this report. Considerable difficulty was encountered in connection with the classification of occupations owing to the fact that many occupations are known by different names in the several mills, and in some establishments the managers were unable to state exact names of a few of the occupations. The occupations for which data have been tabulated have, however, been selected as representative of the industry. This detailed information has also been summarized for use 'in connection with the following text discussion. The statistics herein presented were gathered from 170 establishments and cover 12,203 wage-earners of whom 5,924 were engaged in the manu- facture of paper boxes, 2,532 in envelope making, and 3,747 in the manu- facture of other paper products. According to the common use of the word "wage-earners", oflBce clerks, stenographers, bookkeepers, superin- tendents, etc., do not rightfully come under this designation, and for this reason data relative to wages and hours of labor of such persons employed by the above establishments were not included in this report. For the three groups of industries considered collectively, the average weekly earnings of the 4,848 male wage-earners employed in the different establishments, regardless of occupation or of time worked, were found to be $13.04 as compared with an average of $13.30 for the 57.0 per cent of these male employees who earned full-time pay during the representa- tive week for which pay-rolls were copied. The corresponding averages for the 7,249^ female employees, 43.9 per cent of whom worked full time, were $7.3'5 a week for all females as compared with $7.59 for those working full time. These average earnings included the wages of 1,542 children 1 Not including 106 wage-earners for whom information concerning individxial earnings was not available for the reason that they paid their own assistants from their earnings as recorded on the manufacturers' pay-rolls. VI. 8 STATISTICS OF LABOE — 1915. [L- B. (357 boys and 1,185 girls) under 16 years of age. To what extent these minors have depressed the general average earnings is a factor of some interest. By eliminating the data for minors under 16 years of age the result shows that the average weekly earnings of all males 16 years of age and over were $13.63, which was greater by 59 cents than the corre- sponding rate for all males, while the average earnings of females 16 years of age and over were $7.80, which was greater by 43 cents than the corresponding rate for all females. The highest average earnings for male employees in any one of the groups of industries considered were $14.54 in the envelope making in- dustry, while the box making industry revealed the highest average earn- ings ($7.61) for female employees. It should be noted that the term "average earnings ", as used through- out this report, does not express the average earnings of employees as individuals, but the average earnings for all wage-earners in the industry in a representative week. Where groups contain large numbers of em- ployees the tabulation of classified earnings fairly represents the amounts usually earned by the different classes of employees. The significance of average weekly earnings paid to the employees must be judged to a certain extent in its relation to the average hours actually worked^ in a representative week by these employees. This average of hours actually worked by all male employees, regardless of occupations, was found to be 54.2, a figure very closely corresponding to the average customary hours^ (54.4) which prevailed in the different mills when operating under normal conditions. Similar computations made for all female employees resulted in the following averages: 50.1, actual hours, as compared with 53.3, customary hours. As the highest average earnings for all male employees were found in the envelope industry, so in this industry were also found the highest average hours (54.8) actually worked by male employees. This industry also showed the maximum average actual hours of labor (51) for females. 1 The terms "customary working time" and "customary hours" as used in this report mean the regular full- time hours, while the term "actual hours" means the number of hours actually worked in the representative week for which pay-rolls were obtained in this inquiry. NO. 109.] WAGES AND HOURS — PAPER PRODUCTS. VI. 9 II. NATURE OF DATA AND METHOD OF PRESENTATION. 1. LOCATION OF ESTABLISHMENTS MANUFACTURING PAPER PRODUCTS. The following record shows the distribution, by districts and munici- palities in the Commonwealth, of the number of establishments engaged in manufacturing paper products covered bj^ this investigation. Number of Number of LOC.U-ITY. Estab- LOOAHTT. Estab- lishments lishments The State. 170 Needham, 1 New Bedford, 2 Boston and Vicinity. 44 Newburtport, 3 Boston, 30 North Attleboroughi 1 Cambridge, 6 Norton, 1 Cetelsea, 5 Pepperell, . 2 Everett, I Salem, 2 Medford, I Stoneham, 3 SOMEHVILLE, 1 Wakefield, I Walpole, , 1 Waltham, I Brockton and Vicinity. 16 Bridgewater, 1 Worcestsr. 11 Brockton, 7 Other Municipalities in Worcester Middleborough, 1 County. 13 KaQdolpli, Rockland, 1 1 Brookfield, 1 Weymouth, Whitman, . 3 2 FiTCHBDRG, Grafton, . Leominster, 4 1 3 Haverhill. 9 Milford, 1 Spencer, 2 Lynn. 6 Webster, 1 Other Uunicipalities in Eastern Holyoke. 9 Massachusetts. 39 Springfield. 14 Ashland. . AtTLEBOBOTjGH, 1 1 Other Municipalities in Western Bevehlt, . 1 Massachusetts. 9 Fau, River, 2 Buckl^nd, 1 Framiiighain, 1 Chicopee, 1 Hudson, 1 Dalton, 1 Latfhence, 3 Greenfield, 1 Lowell, . 6 North Adams, 1 Marbl^head, 1 Northampton, 1 Mablbohough, 2 PiTTSFIELD, 1 Medway, 1 South Hadley, 1 Natick, 1 Westfield, 1 The establishments are quite widely scattered over the State; what concentration there is in the industry is found in Eastern Massachusetts. Of the 170 establishments included in the above classification there were 21, in each of which were manufactured more than one of the three classes of products treated, for statistical purposes, as a separate industry in this report. To facilitate, therefore, the comparison between similar occupa- tions, it was deemed advisable to separate the information relative to wages and hours of the employees in these 21 establishments according VI. 10 STATISTICS OF LABOR — 1915. [L- B- to departments and to tabulate it under its specific industry. Accord- ingly, five of the establishments are represented in each of the three industries and 16 of them in each of two industries, making in all 196 distinct departments represented in the inquiry. 2. GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF THE LABOR FORCE. In order that a greater individuality of treatment might be afforded, the labor force engaged in the manufacture of paper products has been considered as consisting of three groups: (1) Productive occupations, (2) General occupations in the producing departments, and (3) Power, mechanical, and yard force. (1) Productive occupations are those peculiar to the manufq,cture of the several kinds of paper products studied. The work of this group is specialized to a certain extent so that the skilled or the semi-skilled workers are dependent to a considerable degree upon this special industry for employment. The largest proportion of wage-earners naturally falls within this group. (2) General occupations are those not closely connected with the pro- ductive processes, but which are necessary in order to secure successful operation in the producing departments. This class includes stock clerks, laborers, printers, packers, shippers, etc. The duties attached to these occupations, in the majority of cases, are not peculiar to the manufacture of paper products, but might be found as well in any other industry. (3) The power, mechanical, and yard force is chiefiy concerned with keeping in proper working condition the various appliances and machines used in the process of manufacture, in operating the engines which furnish power to the entire plant, and in transportation of materials and of finished product. To secure, further, a proper understanding of the labor situation in the industry, the data regarding wages and hours of labor have been classified with regard to time-workers and piece-workers. Of the 12,203 wage- earners considered in this investigation, 4,950, or 40.6 per cent, were piece-workers and 7,253, or 59.4 per cent, were time-workers. The pro- portion of piece-workers was much greater among women than among men. The following table shows the relative importance, as to numbers, of the various classes of employees in the three different industry groups. NO. 109.] WAGES AND HOURS — PAPER PRODUCTS. VI. 11 Table 1. — Number and Percentage of Time-workers and Piece-workers m the Three Groups of Industries, Classified bij Sex and General Character of Work. Paper Box Making, Number of Employees in — Percentage of Employ- ees IN — Percent- age of Em- ployees in Each Class Classification. All Occupa- tions Produc- tive Occupa- tions General Occupa- tions, Produc- ing Depart- ments Power, Mechan- ical, and Yard Force Produc- tive Occupa- tions General Occupa/- tions, Produc- ing Depart- ments Power, Mechan- ical, and Yard Force Both Sexes. Time-workers, Piece-workers, . Hales. Time-workers, . Piece-workers, Females. Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 5,924 2,765 3,159 1,733 1,568 165 4,191 1,197 2,994 4,972 1,959 3,013 1,000 886 114 3,972 1,073 2,899 818 672 146 699 548 51 219 124 95 134 134 134 134 83.9 70.9 95.4 57.7 56.5 69.1 94.8 89.6 96.8 13.8 24.3 4.6 34.6 34.9 30.9 5.2 10.4 3.2 2.3 4.8 7.7 8.6 100.0 46.7 53.3 100.0 90.5 9.5 100.0 28.6 71.4 EnTelope Making. Both Sexes. 2,532 1,650 702 180 65.2 27.7 7.1 100.0 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, 1,450 1,082 723 927 547 155 180 49.9 85.7 37.7 14.3 12.4 57.3 42.7 Hales. 890 300 410 180 33.7 46.1 20.2 100.0 Time-workers, Piece-workers, . 867 23 289 11 398 12 180 33.3 47.8 45.9 52.2 20.8 97.4 2.6 Females. 1,642 1,350 292 82.2 17.8 100.0 Time-workers, Piece-workers, . 583 1,059 434 916 149 143 74.4 86.5 25.6 13.5 35.5 64.5 Other Paper Products. Both Sexes. 3,747 2,646 926 175 70.6 24.7 4.7 100.0 Tune-workers, . Piece-workers, . 3,038 709 2,030 616 833 93 175 66.8 86.9 27.4 13.1 5.8 81.1 18.9 Hales. 2,225 1,318 732 175 59.2 32.9 7.9 100.0 Time-workers, Piece-workers, . 2,111 114 1,234 84 702 30 175 58.5 73.7 33.2 26.3 8.3 94.9 5.1 Fern ales. 1,522 1,328 194 87.3 12.7 100.0 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 927 595 796 532 131 63 86.0 89.4 14.0 10.6 60.9 39.1 VI. 12 STATISTICS OF LABOR — 1915. [L- B. III. EARNINGS OF EMPLOYEES AS SHOWN BY THE PAY-ROLLS. 1. INTRODUCTORY. The statistics of earnings are presented in this report on an hourly and a weekly basis. Hourly earnings afford a basis for more ready comparison because of the definite time element considered, while weekly earnings show the effect of working-hours on earnings. In obtaining the wage data sought, the field agents were instructed to secure actual earnings for a given representative week from the pay-rolls of the manufacturers. In addition they were directed to transcribe the hours worked. Naturally, a more complete record of "hours worked" is kept for time-workers, but in the case of employees paid by the piece for the performance of definite tasks, many firms keep no adequate records of hours. Occasionally, employees working on a piece-work basis hire their own assistants and pay them from the gross earnings received from the employers; in all such cases it was found impossible to ascertain the compensation of the assistants. As the amounts entered on the pay-rolls for 106 such workers did not represent individual earnings, they could not be included in the tables treating of earnings. 2. WEEKLY EARNINGS. The data as to earnings, obtained in this inquiry, are presented for 12,097 wage-earners, of whom 4,848, or 40.1 per cent, were males and 7,249, or 59.9 per cent, were females. These numbers were distributed through the industries under review in the following proportions: Paper box making, 1,733 males and 4,085 females; envelope making, 890 males and 1,642 females; manufacture of other paper products, 2,225 males and 1,522 females. Variations in weekly earnings are to a certain extent due to differences in the time schedules maintained by the different establishments. Due consideration should therefore be given to the average number of hours actually worked in making comparisons of earnings. In copying the desired wage data from the manufacturers' pay-rolls, it was found that in some instances no record could be procured of the actual hours worked by a certain number of employees; especially was this true in the case of piece-workers. Therefore, although information as applied to earnings was complete, such employees could not be in- cluded in those tabulations where earnings were shown in conjunction with the number of hours worked. NO. 109.] WAGES AND HOURS — PAPER PRODUCTS. VI. 13 Detailed tables^ have been prepared so as to show the classified weekly earnings of all groups of employees for whom records of weekly hours of labor were available. The facts are shown for all occupations aggregated, and separately for productive occupations; general occupations in the producing departments; and power, mechanical, and yard occupations. For each wage group the average number of hours worked in the repre- sentative week are given. These averages were computed by adding the data for individual employees and dividing the resulting total by the number of employees. It will be seen by reference to the above-mentioned tables that the group $12 to $12.99 represents the median wage group for the total number of males employed in paper box making as well as in the manufacture of "other paper products", while the group $14 to $14.99 represents the median wage group in the envelope making industry. For the female employees, the group $7 to $7.99 represents the median wage group both in the box making and the envelope making industries, while in the manu- facture of "other paper products" the median wage group is $6 to $6.99. The number of wage-earners falling in the lower wage groups include not only those paid at a comparatively low rate and working full time (many of them children under 16 years of age), but also others paid at a higher rate and falling in this group because they had been absent from work at some time during the week. A. CoMPAHATiVE Earnings, Classified by Sex and Age of Employees. For a brief survey of the earnings of employees, a table of cumulative percentages affords an easy method for bringing out clearly the wage level of the various employees. In the following table the employees, male and female, are divided into two age groups, those under 16 years of age and those 16 years of age and over. In all branches of the work specified the difference between the earnings of males and of females 16 years of age and over is pronounced, and in nearly all branches the earnings of boys under 16 years of age are greater than those of girls of corresponding ages. It should not, however, be concluded that for identical work the males received a higher rate of pay than females. On the contrary it was found that in but few instances were the males engaged on precisely the same kind of work as females. It will be seen that the range of actual wages for females as well as for males under 16 years of age is much the same in the various occupa- tions, although it will readily be noted that considerably larger percent- ages of girls than of boys are found in the lower wage groups. 1 See Tables C and D on pages 67 to 80. VI. 14 STATISTICS OF LABOR — 1915. [l. B. Table 2. — Average Weekly Earnings and Percentage of Employees Earning less than Specified Amounts a Week, Classified by Age Groups and Industries. Paper Box Making. Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Earn- ings Peroentaoe of Employees Eahning a Week — Classification. Under $5 Under $6 Under $8 Under $10 Under $12 Under $15 $15 and over All Occupations. 1 5,818 $9. OS 13.6 23.4 44.0 65.3 78.4 90.6 9.4 Males. 1,7SS is4r i-i e.e 1S.8 m.9 4^.9 71. S ««.« Under 16 years of age, . 16 years and over, 131 1,602 5.68 13.03 37.4 1.7 54.2 2.7 86.3 7.6 98.5 21.0 98.5 38.3 100.0 69.5 30.5 Females. H,08S r.ei 17.i so.e Be.9 81.6 9S.B 9S.e 1.4 Under 16 years of age, . 16 years and over, 607 3,478 5.04 8.06 57.5 10.4 78.4 22.2 92.2 60.8 97.2 78.9 99.1 92.5 100.0 98.3 1.7 Productive Occupations. > 4,866 8.51 15.1 26.0 48.7 71.7 84.6 93.7 6.3 Males. 1,000 11.91 B.8 8.9 18.1 Si.O Bl.O 74.9 IS.l Under 16 years of age, . 16 years and over. 106 894 5.58 12.67 37.7 2.0 67.5 3.1 87.7 9.8 98.1 26.4 98.1 45.4 100.0 71.9 ■ 28.1 Females. I S,S66 7.6S 17.B S0.6 ee.6 81. S 9S.S 98.5 l.B Under 16 years of age, . 16 years and over. 553 3,313 5.02 8.06 59.1 10.6 78.8 22.4 91.9 60.7 96.9 78.9 99.1 92.3 100.0 98.3 1.7 Qeneral Occupations, Producing Departments. 818 11.53 6.4 11.5 23.2 36.9 62.0 76.5 23.5 Males. 199 IS. 09 S.O 4.0 8.8 19.7 SB.i es.s SI. 7 Under 16 years of age, . 16 years and over. 25 674 6.09 13.40 36.0 1.6 40.0 2.4 80.0 6.7 100.0 16.2 100.0 32.6 100.0 66.9 33.1 Females. B19 7.27 IS.S Sl.O es.e Si.O 97. S 99.1 0.9 Under 16 years of age, . 16 years and over. 54 165 6.21 7.94 40.7 7.3 74.1 .18.2 96.3 51.5 100.0 78.8 100.0 96.4 100.0 98.8 1.2 Power, Mechanical, and Yard Force. ' 134 13.85 0.7 0.7 0.7 6.0 15.7 64.2 35.8 16 years and over, . ' . 134 13.85 0.7 0.7 0.7 6;0 15.7 64.2 35.8 Envelope Making. All Occupations. 2,532 $9.90 8.0 19.8 44.4 66.0 74.3 83.3 16.7 Males. 890 14.B4 1.9 B.B 11.9 22.2 SI. 9 BS.l 46.9 Under 16 years of age, . 53 5.39 20.8 64.2 96.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 _ 16 years and over. 837 15.12 0.7 1.8 6.6 17.3 27.6 50.3 49.8 Females. l,e4B 7.S8 11. S S7.e 8$.0 89.8 97.S 99.6 0.4 Under 16 years of age, . 189 5.14 40.7 85.2 98.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 16 years and over, 1,453 7.68 7.5 20.1 67.2 88.4 96.9 99.5 0.5 Productive Occupations. 1,650 8.91 9.9 23.6 52.2 76.3 83.9 89.7 10.3 Males. SOO 1S.90 O.S S.7 6.7 IB.O 2i.S 4B.7 Bi.S Under 16 years of age, . 14 5.75 7.1 64.3 92.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 _ 16 years and over. 286 16.39. - 0.7 2.4 10.8 20.6 43.0 67.0 Females. l.SBO 7.se IB.l 28.0 62.4 89.9 97.2 99. B O.B Under 16 years of age. 159 5.09 42.1 84.9 99.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 _ 16 years and over, 1,191 7.66 8.1 20.4 57.4 88.6 96.8 99.4 0.6 General Occupations, Producing Departments. 702 10.59 5.6 16.1 37.0 57.4 67.5 81.3 18.7 Males. 410 IS. 78 S.9 9.S BO.B S4.9 4e.i 68.0 S2.0 Under 16 years of age. 39 5.26 25.6 64.1 97.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 16 years and over. 371 13.57 1.6 3.5 12.4 28.0 40.4 64.7 35.3 Females. S92 7. SI 7.9 2B.7 eo.s 89.0 97.6 100.0 Under 16 years of age. 30 5.38 33.3 86.7 96.7 100.0 100.0 100 16 years and over. 262 7.75 6.0 18.7 56.1 87.8 97.3 100.0 Power, Mechanical, and Yard Force. 2 180 16.28 1.1 5.6 12.2 31.7 68.3 16 years and over. 180 16.28 1.1 5.6 12.2 31.7 68.3 1 Not including 47 employees under 16 yeara of age and 59 employees over 16 years of age whose actual weekly earnings could not be determined. 2 xil males. NO. 109. WAGES AND HOURS — PAPER PRODUCTS. VI. 15 Table 2. — Average Weekly Earnings and Percentage of Employees Earning less than Specified Amounts a Week, Classified by Age Groups and Industries — Concluded. other Paper Products. Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Earn- ings Pebcentaqe op Employees Earning a Week — Classification. Under $5 Under $6 Under $8 Under $10 Under $12 Under $15 $15 and over All Occupations. 3,747 $10.38 11.1 19.7 39.3 56.2 67.5 80.5 19.5 Males. s.sss ' 1S.8S i.s 7.6 16.8 SI. 6 47.S 67. « SB.i Under 16 years of age, . 16 years and over, 173 2,052 5.48 13,50 28.9 2.2 54.9 3.6 94.8 10.2 100.0 25.8 100.0 42.8 100.0 65.1 34.9 Females, 1,S2S e.7« Sl.O S7.4 7».S 9S.S 97.0 99.1 0.9 Under 16 years of age, . 16 years and over, 389 1,133 5.46 7.16 38.3 15.1 66.1 27.5 89.5 66.4 99.7 89.8 100.0 96.0 100.0 98.8 1.2 Productive Occupations. 2,616 9.40 12.7 22.6 46.6 65.9 76.8 87.1 12.9 Males. 1,S18 U.li 4.9 8.8 m.t SS.l SS.B 74.4 16.6 Under 16 years of age, . 16 years and over. 124 1,194 5.55 12,83 26.6 2.6 50.8 4.4 95.2 12.4 100.0 31.7 100.0 50.8 100. 71.7 28.3 Females. i.ses 6.68 no.e S6.S 7«.S 93.6 98.0 99.7 O.S Under 16 years of age, 16 years and over, 324 1,004 5.65 7.02 34.9 15.9 60.8 28.4 87.3 68.1 99.7 91.6 100.0 97.3 100.0 99.6 0.4 Qeneral Occupations, Producing Departments. 926 11.95 8.4 15.0 25.7 38.0 51.0 70.6 29.4 Males. 73« IS. 26 i.i 7.1 U.S m.o 40.4 64.11 se.s Under 16 years of age, . 16 years and over. 49 683 5.30 13.83 34.7 2.0 65.3 2.9 93.9 8.6 100.0 20.6 100.0 36.2 100.0 61.6 38.4 Females. m 7.00 U.i U.8 es.e 8S.5 90.7 94.8 S.B Under 16 years of age, 16 years and over, 65 129 4.62 8.26 55.4 8.5 92.3 20.9 100.0 52.7 100.0 75.2 100.0 86.0 100.0 92.2 7.8 Power, Mechanical, and Yard Force.' 175 16.80 0.6 06 1.7 5.7 13.7 33.1 66.9 16 years and over, 175 16.80 0.6 0.6 1.7 5.7 13.7 33.1 66.9 1 All males. Paper Box Making. Of the total number of male employees in paper box factories only 131, or 7.6 per cent, were boys under 16 years of age. The average weekly earnings for this age group were $5.68, while the actual earnings of nearly one-half (45.8 per cent) were $6.00 or over in the representative week. The average weekly earnings, as determined for the 1,602 males 16 years of age and over in the industry, were found to be $13.03; approximately one-third (30.5 per cent) were paid $15.00 and over. If the average earnings ($12.47) of all the male employees be compared with the average ($13.03) for those only who were 16 years of age and over, the effect of the wages of boys under 16 years upon the general average earnings of males becomes apparent. Slightly over one-seventh (14.9 per cent) of the 4,085 female employees whose earnings were reported were under 16 years of age, their average weekly earnings being $5.04. The proportion of this group of workers in the lowest wage group is seen to be large, 57.5 per cent earning less than VI. 16 STATISTICS OF LABOR — 1915. [l. B. $5.00 during the week studied. Of the 3,478 females 16 years of age and over engaged in paper box making, practically one-half (50.8 per cent) earned less than $8.00; over three-quarters (78.9 per cent) earned less than $10.00 as compared with only 21.1 per cent earning $10.00 and over. The average weekly earnings for this group of workers (16 years of age and over) were $8.06. Envelope Making. The proportion of male employees under 16 years of age engaged in this industry was very small, the average weekly earn- ings of the 53 reported being $5.39. The average weekly earnings of the 837 males 16 years of age and over were $15.12, the actual earnings of nearly one-half (49.8 per cent) of this number amounting to $15.00 and over. , Considering the 1,642 female employees in the industry, we find that 189, or 11.5 per cent, were under 16 years of age, their weekly earnings averaging $5.14 per employee. Of the 1,453 female workers 16 years of age and over, more than one-half (57.2 per cent) earned under $8.00 in the representative week, while 88.4 per cent earned under $10.00. The difference, amounting to 30 cents, between the average obtained from the earnings of females 16 years of age and over ($7.68) and the average for all females regardless of age ($7.38) represents the effect of the wages paid to girls under 16 years of age upon the general average for females en- gaged in envelope making. Other Paper Products. Of the 2,225 male employees engaged in the manufacture of the different paper products in this industry group, 173, or 7.8 per cent, were boys under 16 years of age. The average weekly earnings for this age group were $5.48, while the actual earnings of nearly one-half, or 45.1 per cent, were $6.00 or over during the week under review. The average weekly earnings of the 2,052 males 16 years of age and over were $13.50, the actual earnings of approximately one-third (34.9 per cent) of this number being $15.00 and over. Female employees under 16 years of age formed 25.6 per cent of the total number for whom data were obtained in this industry group, their average earnings being $5.46 in the representative week. Of the 1,133 females 16 years of age and over, 66.4 per cent earned under $8.00; 89.8 per cent earned under $10.00, the remaining 10.2 per cent earning $10 and over. The average weekly earnings for this group of workers (16 years of age and over) were $7.16. NO. 109.] WAGES AND HOURS — PAPER PRODUCTS. VI. 17 B. Earnings of Employees with Reference to Time Worked. In view of the fact that a large proportion of the employees worked other than the customary hours in the several establishments, it will be of interest to compare the average amounts actually earned in a repre- sentative week by those employees who worked the normal week and those who worked overtime and undertime. In order to permit of a ready com- parison, the average earnings of males and females, without regard to age, are presented in the following table for the productive occupations, the general occupations, and the power, mechanical, and yard occupations. It is clear, from general principles, that the larger the numbers upon which averages are based the more representative, and therefore valu- able, is their character. Table 3. — Average Weekly Earnings and Number of Employees Who Worked Full Time, Overtime, and Undertime in a Representative Week, Classified by Sex and Industries. Paper Box Makln^r. Regardless OF Time Full Time Overtime Undertime Time not Reported Classification. Number of Em- ployees Average Weekly Earn- ings Number of Em- ployees Average Weekly Earn- ings Number of Em- ployees Average Weekly Earn- ings Number of Em- ployees Average Weekly Earn- ings Number of Em- ployees Average Weekly Earn- ings All Occupations. 1 5,818 $9.06 2,947 $9.74 278 $13.72 1,908 $7.69 685 $8.01 Males, Females, 1,733 4,085 12.47 7.61 1,173 1,774 12.66 7.82 240 38 14.67 7.70 290 1,618 9.95 7.29 30 655 12.09 7.82 Productive Occu- pations. 1 4,866 8.51 2,333 9.14 154 12.51 1,726 7.52 653 7.93 Males, Females, 1,000 3,866 11.91 7.63 681 1,652 12.32 7.83 124 30 13.66 7.74 177 1,549 9.15 7.34 18 635 11.89 7.82 General Occupa- tions, Produc- ing Depart- ments. 818 11.53 495 11.65 111 15.08 180 9.35 32 9 66 Males, Females, 599 219 13.09 7.27 373 122 12.95 7.68 103 8 15.66 7.56 111 69 11.25 6.28 12 20 12.40 S.Ol Power, Mechan- ical, and Yard Force. 134 13.85 119 13.67 13 16.38 2 8.44 Males, 134 13.85 119 13.67 13 16.38 2 8.44 - 1 Not including 106 female employee whose actual weekly earnings were not matters of record on the pay-rolls ; 22 of these employees worked full time and 84 undertime. VI. 18 STATISTICS OF LABOR 1915. [l. B. Table 3. — Average Weekly Earnings and Number of Employees Who Worked Full Time, Overtime, and Undertime in a Representative Week, Classified by Sex and Industries — Concluded. Envelope Making. Regardless or Time Full Time OVEBTIMB Undertime Time not Reported Classification. Number of Em- ployees Average Weekly Earn- ings Number of Em- ployees Average Weekly Earn- ings Number of Em- ployees Average Weekly Earn- ings Number of Em- ployees Average Weekly Earn- ings Number of Em- ployees Average Weekly Earn- ings All Occupations. Males, . Femalea, Productive Occu- pations. Males, . Females, General Occupa- tions, Produc- ing Depart- ments. Males, Females, Power, Mechan- ical, and Yard Force. Males, 2,532 890 1,642 1,650 300 1,350 702 410 292 180 •180 $9.90 14.54 7.38 8.91 15.90 7.36 10.59 12.78 7.61 16.28 16.28 1,132 485 647 716 • 203 513 317 183 134 99 99 $10.95 15.47 7.56 10.11 16.60 7.64 10.91 13.30 7.66 17.16 17.16 222 222 49 49 136 136 37 37 $14.83 14.83 16.36 16.36 14.02 14.02 15.79 15.79 643 178 465 432 46 386 167 88 79 44 44 $8.62 11.71 7.43 8.06 12.68 7.51 8.45 9.71 7.05 14.70 14.70 535 5 630 453 2 451 82 3 79 $7.17 11.66 7.12 7.02 6.60 7.02 7.99 15.20 7.72 Other Paper Products. All Occupations. 3,747 $10.38 1,862 $10.61 618 $15.07 1,259 $7.69 8 $17.87 Males, Females, 2,226 1,522 12.88 6.72 1,103 759 13.03 7.09 592 26 15.40 7.56 622 737 9.63 6.31 8 17.87 Productive Occu- pations. 2,646 9.40 1,314 9.74 323 14.40 1,005 7.31 4 19.12 Males, . Females, 1,318 1,328 12.14 6.68 654 660 12.60 7.02 302 21 14.88 7.65 368 647 9.12 6.31 4 19.12 General Occupa- tions, Produc- ing Depart- ments. 926 11.95 460 12.03 225 15.15 237 8.68 4 16.61 Males, Females, 732 194 13.26 7.00 361 99 13.25 7.59 220 6 16.32 7.56 147 90 10.11 6.33 4 16.61 Power, Mechan- ical, and Yard Force. 175 16. 80 88 16.07 70 17.86 17 16.17 Males, . 175 16.80 88 16.07 70 17.86 17 16.17 - Paper Box Making. The average earnings during the representative week, as computed for 1,733 male employees in all occupations in this industry, whether working full time, overtime, or undertime, were $12.47, as compared with an average of $12.66 for the 67.7 per cent of these employees who were reported as working full time. Overtime and under- time workers were found in nearly equal numbers among the males; the average weekly earnings of those who worked overtime were $14.67, while the average for those who worked undertime was $9.95. NO. 109.] WAGES AND HOURS — PAPER PRODUCTS. VI. 19 If the three main groups of occupations into which the labor force is divided in this report are studied, it will be observed that the average weekly earnings of male employees engaged in paper box making were higher in the power, mechanical, and yard occupations ($13.85) than in either the productive occupations ($11.91) or the general occupations in the producing departments ($13.09), and were everywhere higher in the general than in the productive occupations. During the week studied the average earnings of the 4,085 female em- ployees were $7.61, while the average earnings of the 43.4 per cent of these employees who were reported as working a full-time week were $7.82. Of the 38 employees working overtime the average weekly earnings were $7.70, and of the 1,618 working undertime, $7.29. The earnings of female employees were higher in the productive occupations than in the general occupations. Envelope Making. The average earnings of the 890 males employed in this industry in the representative week were $14.54; for the full-time workers, who formed 54.5 per cent of the total number, the average earnings were $15.47; for the 222 overtime workers, $14.83, and for the 178 undertime workers, $11.71. The general level of earnings of male employees was higher in the power, mechanical, and yard occupations than in either the productive occupations or the general occupations in the producing departments, and was higher in the productive than in the general occupations. If the total number of females employed in the envelope mills be con- sidered, it will be seen that the average weekly earnings were $7.38, while the average earnings of those who worked full time during the week were $7.56, and, of those who worked undertime, $7.43. With the exception of the group of undertime workers, the average earnings of female employees were higher in the general occupations, pro- ducing departments, than in the productive occupations, this latter group forming 82.2 per cent of all the female envelope makers. Other Paper Products. Full-time employment was reported for 49.6 per cent of the 2,225 male employees reported in this group of industries, the average full-time earnings being $13.03 for the representative week covered by this inquiry. The average weekly earnings as calculated for the male employees who worked overtime were $15.40, and for those working undertime, $9.63. The proportion of males who were reported as working undertime (23.5 per cent) was found to be nearly equal to the percentage of those working overtime (26.6). As in the paper box industry, the average weekly earnings of the males employed in this group of industries were higher in the power, mechani- cal, and yard occupations ($16.80) than in either the productive ($12.14) VI. 20 STATISTICS OF LABOR 1915. [l. B. or the general occupations, producing departments (113.26), and were higher in the general than in the productive occupations. Full-time workers and undertime workers among the jemale employees in this industry group were found in about equal numbers during the representative week. The average weekly earnings of the 759 employees who worked full time were $7.09 and of the 737 who worked undertime, $6.31. Only 26 women, or 1.7 per cent, worked overtime, their average weekly earnings being S7.56. The following table briefly summarizes the average weekly earnings of all males and females whether working full time, overtime, or undertime in selected localities, and also presents comparative average earnings for all those employees working full time during the week under review. Table 4. — Average Weekly Earnings of All Employees and of Those Who Worked Full Time in a Representative Week, Classified by Industry, Sex, and Localities. / Paper Box Making. Males Females EMPLOYEES EMPLOYEES ALL EMPLOTEE8 WHO WOBKED ALL EMPLOYEES WHO WORKED FULL TIME PULL TIME Average Average Average Average Number Weekly Earnings Number Weekly Earnings Number Weekly Earnings Number Weekly Earnings All Occupations. 1,733 $12.47 1,173 $12. 6S 1 4,085 $7.«1 2 1,774 $7.S2 Boston and vicinity, ' 400 12.18 377 12.85 1,405 7.41 640 7.37 Brockton and vicinity, * . 137 12.21 116 12.45 299 8.36 121 9.73 Haverhill, 91 13.00 78 13.13 171 8.11 71 9.48 Lynn, .... 70 13.07 67 13.06 172 8.82 94 8.81 other municipalities, in Eastern Massachusetts, 568 12.93 325 12.49 879 7.81 344 7.91 Worcester County, . 204 11.63 87 11.40 425 6.87 186 7.07 Western Massachusetts, 173 12.48 123 13.08 734 7.47 31S 7.68 Envelope Making. All Occupations. 890 $14.64 485 $15.47 1,642 $7.38 647 $7.56 Springfield, Worcester, Other municipalities, 324 239 327 15.36 14.13 14.03 169 171 145 16.06 14.86 15.50 734 428 480 7.31 6.90 7.93 149 245 253 8.57 6,77 7.74 Other Paper Products. AU Occupations. 2,225 $12.88 1,103 $13.03 1,622 $6.72 769 $7.09 Boston and vicinity, ^ 293 13.05 199 14.03 276 6.16 167 6.77 Holyoke, . 277 11.96 123 12.59 194 7.87 115 8.73 Springfield, 236 11.68 166 12.47 80 7.48 36 7.84 Eastern Massachusetts (not including Boston and vicinity). 1,098 13.07 519 12.74 618 7.02 305 6.93 Worcester County . 313 13.65 92 13.72 294 5.23 132 5.94 Berkshire County, 8 17.14 4 20.75 60 8.81 14 9.57 1 Not including 106 employees whose actual weekly earnings could not be determined. 2 Not including 22 employees whose actual weekly earnings could not be determined. 3 Includes Cambridge, Chelsea, Everett, Medford, and Somerville. * Includes Bridgewater, Middleborough, Randolph, Rockland, Weymouth, and Whitman. NO. 109.] WAGES AND HOURS — PAPER PRODUCTS. VI. 21 C. Classified Weekly Earnings of Time and Piece-workers. Of -the 12,097 paper product mill employees in Massachusetts for whom statistics of earnings are here presented, 7,253, or 60.0 per cent, were time-workers and 4,844, or 40.0 per cent, were piece-workers. Classified weekly earnings of time and piece-workers of each sex are presented in the following table. The data are arranged so as to show the proportion of all workers and of full-time workers, separated into occupa- tion groups, whose earnings in a representative week fell within certain specified limits. A survey of this table for the several industries reveals very few marked differences in the average earnings of piece and time-workers; nevertheless, piece-work affords to the skilled individual worker a greater opportunity to earn considerably more than the average worker. Table 5. — Average Weekly Earnings and Percentage of Employees Whose Earnings in a Representative Week fell within Specified Limits, Classified by Industries and General Character of Work. Paper Box Hakin? . All Employees. Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Earn- ings Percentage of Employees Earning a Week- Classification. Under f6 Under Under $10 Under $12 Under $15 $15 and over $20 and over $25 and over All Occupations. ' 5,818 «9.06 23.4 44.0 65.3 78.4 90.6 9.4 2.0 0.5 Males. 1,73S IB. 47 e.e 1S.6 te.9 4^.9 71.8 S8.$ e.e 1.8 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 1,568 165 12.48 12.41 6.5 7.3 13.6 13.9 27.2 24.2 42.7 44.8 71.4 75.8 28.6 24.2 6.8 4.2 1.9 0.6 Females. 1 4,08e 7.61 so.e 58.9 81.6 9S.5 98.6 1.4 - Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 1,197 2,888 6.53 8.06 49.3 22.8 68.8 62.0 87.9 79.0 95.2 92.7 98.7 98.5 1.3 1.6 Productive Occupa- tions. > 4,866 8.51 26.0 48.7 71.7 84.6 93.7 6.3 1.4 0.4 Males. 1,000 11.91 S.9 18.1 S4.0 51.0 74.9 B5.1 e.8 1.9 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 886 114 11.92 11.86 8.8 9.6 17.9 19.3 34.1 33.3 61.1 50.0 74.8 75.4 25.2 24.6 7.2 3.6 2.1 Females. 1 s.see 7.es S0.5 (6.6 81.5 os.e 98.5 1.5 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 1,073 2,793 6.46 8.08 51.8 22.3 69.4 51.7 88.0 78.9 94.8 92.7 98.6 98.5 1.4 1.5 Non-productive Oc- cupations. 952 11.86 10.0 20.1 32.6 46.8 74.8 25.2 4.8 1.3 Males. 7SS IS. US S.i 7.4 17.B SI. 8 67.5 se.5 6.S i.e Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 682 61 13.20 13.64 3.5 2.0 7.8 2.0 18.2 3.9 31.7 33.3 66.9 76.5 33.1 23.5 6.3 5.9 1.6 2.0 Females. H19 7.m SS.O e«.e 84.0 97.S 99.1 0.9 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 124 95 7.17 7.39 27.4 37.9 63.7 61.1 87.1 80.0 99.2 94.7 99.2 98.9 0.8 1.1 ^ Not including 106 female piece-workers whose actual weekly earnings were not matters of record on the pay- rolls. VI. 22 STATISTICS OF LABOR 1915. [l. B. Table 5. — Average Weekly Earnings and Percentage of Employees Whose Earnings in a Representative Week fell within Specified Limits, Classified by Industries and General Character of Work — Continued. Paper Box Making — Concluded. Employees Who Worked Full Time. Total Num- ber of Em- ployee? Aver- age Weekly Earn- ings Pehcentage of Employees Eakning a Week — Classification. Under *6 Under $3 Under $10 Under $12 Under $15 $15 and over $20 and over $25 and over All Occupations. 1 2,947 $9.74 19.6 35.7 S6.7 70.7 87.1 12.9 2.5 0.7 Males. i.irs 11. ee 4.4 10.4 B3.B S8.6 70.3 19.7 6.e 1.8 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 1,130 43 12.66 12.62 4.6 2.3 10.5 7.0 23.6 20.9 38.7 37.2 70.2 74.4 29.8 25.6 6.4 2.3 1.9 Females, 1 l,77i 7.SS S9.4 se.s 78.6 $1.9 98.S 1.7 - Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 879 895 7.01 8.62 42.8 16.3 63.7 41.5 85.0 72.4 94.0 89.8 98.2 98.3 1.8 1.7 - Froductlve Occupa- tions. 1 2,333 9.14 23.0 41.0 64.6 78.2 90.6 9.4 2.3 0.7 Males. 681 ie.se 6.3 14.5 30.7 46.0 7S.1 B7.9 7.8 S.6 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 638 43 12.30 12.62 6,6 2.3 15.0 7.0 31.3 20.9 46.6 37.2 71.9 74.4 28.1 25.6 8.2 2.3 2.7 Females. 1-1,851 7.83 S9.9 SI. 9 78. S 91.6 98.S 1.8 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 793 859 6.94 8.65 45.0 16.9 64.1 40.7 85.2 72.3 93.4 89.8 98.1 98.3 1.9 1.7 Non-productive Oc- cupations. 614 12.04 6.0 15.6 26.9 42.0 74.1 25.9 3.3 0.7 Males. m 13. IS 1.8 4.7 13.6 US. 6 67.9 SS.l 4.1 0.8 Time-workers, . 492 13.13 1.8 4.7 13.6 28.5 67.9 32.1 4.1 0.8 Females. m 7.68 es.o 69.8 80.3 96.7 99. S 0.8 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 86 36 7.60 7.88 22.1 25.0 60.5 58.3 82.6 75.0 98.8 91.7 98.8 100.0 1.2 Envelope Making. All Employees. All Occupations. 2,532 $9.90 19.8 44.4 66.0 74.3 83.3 16.7 6.3 1.9 Males. 890 14.64 6.6 11.9 ««.« 31.9 63.1 46.9 16.1 6.S Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 867 23 14.47 17.19 5.7 11.9 13.0 22.5 13.0 32.3 17.4 53.4 43.5 46.6 56.5 14.8 26.1 6.1 13.0 Females. i,64e 7.38 S7.6 62.0 89.8 97.S 99.6 0.4 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 683 1,059 7.19 7.49 34.1 24.0 64.2 60.8 90.4 89.4 96.2 97.8 99.1 99.8 0.9 0.2 Productive Occupa- tions. 1,650 8.91 23.6 52.2 76.3 83.9 89.7 10.3 4.3 1.5 Males. 300 16.90 3.7 6.7 16.0 S4.S 46.7 64.3 S3.7 8.3 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 289 11 15.91 15.64 3.8 6.2 18 2 14.9 18.2 24.6 18.2 45.7 45.6 54.3 64.6 24.2 9.1 8.3 9.1 Females. 1,360 7.36 18.0 es.i 89.9 97.2 99.6 0.6 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 434 916 7.25 7.41 34.3 25.0 62.9 62.1 89.4 90.2 95.4 98.0 98.8 99.8 1.2 0.2 Non-productive Oc- cupations. 882 11.75 12.8 29.7 46.8 56.2 71.2 28.8 7.1 2.5 Males. 690 13.86 6.4 u.e es.9 36.8 66.9 43.1 10.7 3.7 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 578 12 13.76 18.60 6.6 14.7 8.3 26.3 8.3 36.2 16.7 57.3 41.7 42.7 58.3 10.0 41.7 3.5 16.7 Females. $92 7.61 B6.7 eo.s 89.0 97.6 100.0 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 149 143 7.05 7.99 33.6 17.6 67.8 62.4 93.3 84.6 98.7 96.5 100.0 100.0 1 Not including 22 female piece-workers whose actual weekly earnings were not matters of record on the pay-rolls NO. 109.] WAGES AND HOURS — • PAPER PRODUCTS. VI. 23 Table 5. — Average Weekly Earnings and Percentage of Employees Whose Earnings in a Representative Week fell within Specified Limits, Classified by Industries and General Character of Work — Continued. Envelope Making — Concluded. Employees Who Worked Full Time. Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Earn- ings Percentage op Employees Earning a Week- Classification. Under $6 Under $8 Under $10 Under $12 Under $15 $15 and over $20 and over $25 and over All Occupations. 1.132 $10.95 17.2 38.4 60.3 66.8 75.1 24.9 8.7 3.6 Males. 4SS 16.47 e.o 11.3 21.6 27.6 4S.1 66.9 20.4 8.6 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 473 12 15.34 20.57 6.1 11.4 8.3 22.0 8.3 28.1 8.3 43.8 16.7 56.2 83.3 20.1 33.3 8.0 25.0 Females, 647 7.66 U.7 68.7 89.S 96.1 99.1 0.9 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 446 201 7.40 7.92 31.2 13.4 61.2 53.2 89.5 89.1 95.5 97.5 98.9 99.5 1.1 0.5 Productive Occupa- tions. 716 10.11 20.0 44.0 68.0 74.4 81.6 18.4 8.2 3.2 Males. SOS 16.60 4-4 6.9 1S.8 21.2 S7.9 62.1 29.1 11.3 Time-workers, Piece-workers, . 196 7 16.52 18.73 4.6 6.1 14.3 21.9 38.8 14.3 61.2 85.7 29.6 14.3 11.2 14.3 Females. BIS 7.S4 te.l 69.1 S9.B 96.6 98.8 l.S Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 344 169 7.44 7.76 31.1 16.0 60.2 56.8 89.0 90.5 94.8 97.0 98.6 99.4 1.5 0.6 - Non-productive Oc- cupations. 416 12.40 12.5 28.8 17.1 53.6 63.9 36.1 9.6 4.3 Males. ««« 14. 6S 7.1 16.2 27. S S2.S 46.8 63.2 14.2 6.4 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, 277 6 14.50 23.15 7.2 15.2 20.0 27.4 20.0 32.5 20.0 47.3 20.0 62.7 80.0 13.4 60.0 5.8 40.0 Females. ISi 7.65 US. 9 67.6 8S.8 98. « 100.0 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 102 32 7.30 8.78 31.4 64.7 34.4 91.2 81.3 98.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Other Paper Products. All Employees. All Occupations. 3,747 $10.38 19.7 39.3 56.2 67.5 80.5 19.5 6.2 2.3 Males. 2,225 12.88 7.6 le.s 31.6 47.2 67.8 32.2 10.4 3.8 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 2,111 114 12.90 12.43 7.8 3.5 16.7 18.4 31.6 30.7 47.1 49.1 67.6 71.9 32.4 28.1 10.7 4.4 4.0 0.9 Females. 1,622 6.72 S7.4 72. S 92.3 97.0 99.1 0.9 0.1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 927 595 6.19 7. 56 46.9 22.6 81.0 58.7 95.1 87.9 98.0 95.6 98.9 99.3 1.1 0.7 0.1 Productive Occupa- tions. 2,646 9.40 22.6 46.6 65.9 76.8 87.1 12.9 4.5 2.0 Males. 1,318 12.14 8.8 20.2 38. 1 66.6 74.4 26.6 9.0 4.1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 1,234 84 12.15 11.99 9.1 4.8 20.0 22.6 38.2 35.7 55.5 54.8 74.1 77.4 25.9 22.6 9.4 3.6 4.3 1.2 Females. 1,S28 6.68 se.s 72.8 93.6 98.0 99.7 O.S Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 796 532 6.04 7.65 48.0 18.8 83.2 67.3 96.9 88.7 99.0 96.4 99.6 99.8 0.4 0.2 Non-productive Oc- cupations. 1,101 12.72 12.7 21.9 32.9 45.0 64.7 35.3 10.3 2.8 Males. 907 13.94 6.8 11.9 22.1 36.3 68.2 41.8 12.3 3.4 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 877 30 13.95 13.68 6.0 12.1 6.7 22.2 16.7 35.3 33.3 68.3 56.7 41,7 43.3 12.5 6.7 3.5 Females. 194 7.00 U-S 68.6 83.5 90.7 94.8 5.2 0.6 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 131 63 7.10 6.80 40.5 64.0 67.9 69.8 84.7 81.0 91.6 88.9 94.7 95.2 6.3 4.8 0.8 VI. 24 STATISTICS OP LABOR 1915. [l. B. Table 5. — Average Weekly Earnings and Percentage of Employees Whose Earnings in a Representative Week fell within Specified Limits, Classified by Industries and General Character of Work — Concluded. Other Paper Products — Concluded. Employees Who Worked Full Time. Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Earn- ings Pehcentage of Employees Eabninq a Week- Classification. Under $6 Under $8 Under $10 Under $12 Under $15 $15 and over $20 and over $25 and over All Occupations. 1,862 $10.61 14.S 37.4 55.2 66.8 80.1 19.9 6.2 3.0 Males. 1,103 IS.OS e.4 U.l m.s ie.7 07.1 SS.B lO.S e.i Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 1,068 35 13.06 12.11 5.5 2.9 14 .-0 17.1 29.6 37.1 46.6 48.6 67.0 80.0 33.0 20.0 10.8 2.9 5.1 2.9 Females. 7S9 7.09 B7.7 71. S gg.o 9S.9 98.6 l.i - Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 531 228 6.80 7.77 30.9 20.2 74.4 64.0 94.4 86.4 97.2 93.0 98.7 98 ..2 1.3 1.8 - Productive Occupa- tions. 1,314 9.71 IS.l 44.2 64.1 75.6 86.3 13.7 4.6 2.9 Males. esi 1:1. SO e.i 16.1 S4.S Bi.l 7S.1 B6.9 9.B e.s Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 629 29 12.52 11.96 5.4 4.0 15.7 24.0 34.0 40.0 54.2 52.0 72.8 80.0 27.2 20.0 9.4 4.0 6.9 4.0 Females. eeo 7.01 se.8 7S.1 9S.e 87.0 99.4 0.6 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 452 208 6.69 7.72 31.2 17.3 75.7 64.4 96.2 88.0 98.2 94.2 99.3 99. S 0.7 0.5 Non-productive Oc- ' cupations. 548 12.68 10.6 21.0 33.8 45.4 65.3 34.7 10.2 3.3 Males. US IS. 80 S.6 11.1 ts.i S5.9 S9.S 40.8 le.s 4.0 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 439 10 13.83 12.48 5.7 11.4 23.2 30.0 35.8 40.0 58.8 80.0 41.2 20.0 12.8 4.1 Females. 99 7.59 S3.S es.7 80.8 88.9 92.8 7.1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 79 20 7.41 8.29 29.1 50.0 67.1 60.0 83.5 70.0 91.1 80.0 94.9 85.0 5.1 15.0 ~ Paper Box Making. As shown by this inquiry, nearly all male em- ployees in the paper box industry were time-workers, only 9.5 per cent having worked on a piece-work basis. It will be observed that the weekly earnings of these time-workers were quite generally higher, although only in a slight degree, than the earnings of the piece-workers. Somewhat over one-fourth (28.6 per cent) of the male time-workers, whether working full time, overtime, or short time, earned $15 or over, as compared with 24.2 per cent of the piece-workers in the same wage group. A consideration of the average weekly earnings of male time-workers ($12.48), as represented by 1,568 individuals, shows that they were but seven cents higher than the average earnings ($12.41) computed for the 165 piece-workers employed in the several establishments. Considering the earnings of the female employees in the paper box mills we find that by far the largest proportion (70.7 per cent) were paid by the piece. This class of employees included some of the most skilled NO. 109.] WAGES AND HOURS ^ — PAPER PRODUCTS. VI. 25 workers in the trade. The average weekly earnings of piece-workers were $8.06, as compared with $6.53 for time-workers. Envelope Making. Although the number of piece-workers among the male employees in the envelope mills formed but a very small proportion of the total number employed, it is of interest to note from the foregoing table the somewhat marked difference in the earnings of the two classes of workmen. Less than one-half (46.6 per cent) of all the male time- workers were in the group of employees earning $15 and over, as com- pared with 56.5 per cent of the piece-workers falling in the same wage group. Average weekly earnings ($17.19) as computed for all male piece- workers were $2.72 higher than the corresponding average for time-workers ($14.47). An examination of the relative earnings of time and piece-workers among the female employees engaged in envelope making reveals no very marked contrast. The highest percentage of time-workers (34.1) earned less than $6 while the highest percentage of piece-workers (36.8) was found in the group of workers who earned $6 but under $8. The average weekly earnings ($7.49) of the 1,059 piece-workers in the industry were but 30 cents higher than the average earnings computed for the 583 time-workers ($7.19). Other Paper Products. The level of wages of the 7nale time-workers employed in all branches of the industries grouped under this caption was higher than those of the piece-workers, 32.4 per cent of the time-workers earning $15 and over against 28.1 per cent of the piece-workers. Here again, however, is to be noted the very small proportion of male employees working on the piece-work basis. The average earnings of all males, whether classified as time-workers or piece-workers, were $12.88 for the representative week studied. In connection with this fact, it is of significance to add that the weekly earnings of 231 men, or 10.4 per cent of the total number of males em- ployed, were $20 and over, 24 of the men (1.1 per cent) earning $30 and over. Comparing the weekly earnings of female employees, the difference between the earnings of time-workers and piece-workers becomes some- what more apparent than such a comparison for males. The highest per- centage of time-workers (46.9) earned under $6, and the highest percent- age of piece-workers (36.2) earned $6 but under $8 a week. VI. 26 STATISTICS OF LABOE 1915. [l. B. D. Classified Weekly Earnings and Avekage Hours Worked: By Principal Occupations. The numerous processes involved in the manufacture of the various kinds of paper products covered by this study have naturally led to the creation of a well-defined classification of occupations in the trades. The following table summarizes the weekly earnings and the hours actually worked by employees, the principal occupations selected as representative of the industries being listed alphabetically. The rates of wages paid in the same occupations in different establishments not infrequently vary according to the amount and quality of the product of the mills, and the location of the establishments is also an important factor in determining the rates of wages. Table 6. — Average Weekly Earnings, Average Hours Actually Worked, and Number of Employees Whose Weekly Earnings fell within Specified Wage Groups, Classi- fied by Industries and Principal Occupations. Paper Box Making. Males. Note. — The differences between the numbers in columns one and eight represent the number of employees whose actual hours of labor were not recorded on the manufacturers' pay-rolls. Number of Em- ployees for Whom Weekly Earn- ings were re- ported Average Weekly Earn- ings NuMBEB OF Employees Earning A Week — Number of Em- ployees for Whom Actual Hours Worked were reported Average Hours Actually Worked Occupations. Under $5 $5 and under $10 $10 and under $15 $15 and under $20 $20 and over Productive Occupations. Corner cutters, Coverers, .... Creasing machine operators, . Enders, . ... Foremen, Helpers, general. Scorers, . Stayers, . Tiers, other occupations, General Occupations, Pro- ducing Departments. Cutters, stock. Laborers, Packers, . Printers, Shippers, other occupations, Power, Mechanical, and Yard Force. Engineers, Machinists, . Teamsters Other occupations. 1,000 43 43 30 109 94 178 1.54 81 101 167 599 228 37 24 178 62 80 134 19 13 77 2S $11.91 9.06 11.26 11.08 12.19 20.49 8.73 14.38 11.63 9.10 10.93 13.09 13.99 10.62 11.63 13.74 13.71 10.28 13.85 16.02 18.52 12.47 14.04 58 1 3 1 22' 4 8 19 18 1 1 2 7 7 1 1 282 25 9 6 21 89 8 20 52 52 100 16 12 5 29 7 31 7 6 1 409 16 31 17 69 6 61 70 41 36 62 291 127 23 11 72 27 31 78 3 2 59 14 183 1 3 4 18 37 6 69 14 5 26 154 72 1 6 51 13 11 38 11 6 12 9 68 51 7 2 8 36 12 19 5 10 4 5 1 982 43 43 28 104 94 178 154 80 100 158 587 226 36 22 178 52 73 134 19 13 77 26 54.4 52.4 58. 8 50.2 54.7 56.7 53.6 55.4 53.6 55.2 53.2 54.4 54.5 53.6 55.3 54.6 55.7 53.3 57.3 54.6 57.8 66.3 62.4 NO. 109.] WAGES AND HOURS — PAPER PRODUCTS. VI. 27 Table 6. — Average Weekly Earnings, Average Hours Actually Worked, and Number of Employees Whose Weekly Earnings fell within Specified Wage Groups, Classi- fied by Industries and Principal Occupations — Continued. Paper Box Making — Concluded. Females. Number of Em- ployees for Whom Weekly Earn- ings were re- ported Average Weekly Earn- ings NuMBEH OF Employees Earning A Week — Number of Em- ployees for Whom Actual Hours Worked were reported Average Hours Actually Worked Occupations. Under $5 $5 and under $10 $10 and under $15 $15 and under $20 $20 and over Productive Occupations. Bench workers, Boxmakers, n. s., . Closers, Coverers Finishers Folding machine operators, . Forewomen, Gluers, . . . . Helpers, general. Liners, hand Machine operators, n. s.. Stayers, . Toppers Trunmers, Turners-in, .... Wrapping machine operators. Other occupations. General Occupations, Pro- ducing Departments. Cutters, stock, Labelers, Other occupations, 3,866 954 310 117 945 207 44 67 107 157 33 129 165 162 37 61 153 218 219 16 121 83 $7.63 7.81 7.47 5.63 7.85 7.67 5.91 11.59 6.94 4.69 11.08 6.95 8.42 8.00 7.47 4.25 8.86 7.88 7.27 9.22 7.28 6.89 678 131 50 67 101 19 11 21 117 1 23 17 16 9 44 6 45 34 1 15 18 2,471 641 215 37 666 162 33 . 13 79 39 11 94 103 115 23 17 97 126 ISO 5 87 58 660 172 42 9 173 25 42 7 1 16 11 38 28 5 48 43 33 9 18 6 67 10 3 4 5 1 12 5 1 7 3 2 4 2 1 1 3,337 717 274 117 828 206 44 67 96 176 33 126 123 128 14 61 129 198 199 15 103 81 50.4 50.6 49.6 50.0 60.7 49.0 46.4 63.3 51.7 50.8 48.0 51.5 50.2 60.5 50.6 49.6 49.9 60.6 49.6 62.7 49.6 49.1 Envelope Making. Males. Productive Occupations. 300 $15.90 1 44 92 92 71 298 54.1 Envelope cutters. Foremen, Helpers, general. Machine adjusters. Other occupations. 127 20 23 72 68 15.54 22.06 9.60 18.68 13.38 1 11 12 1 20 46 1 10 22 13 55 5 1 17 14 15 14 32 10 127 20 23 72 56 54.2 53.9 54.2 54.7 53.2 General Occupations, Pro- ducing Departments. 410 12.78 16 127 136 89 42 407 54.8 Packers, . Printers, Shippers, Stock clerks, . Other occupations. 82 167 35 31 95 12.85 13.63 14.06 11.57 11.16 1 4 1 2 8 18 63 2 13 31 40 26 20 8 42 20 44 9 7 9 3 30 3 1 5 82 165 35 31 94 55.2 53.4 61.7 52.4 64.4 Power, Mechanical, and Yard Force. 180 16.28 10 47 102 21 180 56.2 Engineers, Machinists, Other occupations. 10 109 61 19.49 17.18 14.14 2 8 21 26 7 72 23 3 14 4 ; ■ 10 ;■ 109 61 57.3 52.8 62.1 VI. 28 STATISTICS OF LABOR 1915. [l. B. Table 6. — Average Weekly Earnings, Average Hours Actually Worked, and Number of Employees Whose Weekly Earnings fell within Specified Wage Groups, Classi- fied by Industries and Principal Occupations — Continued. Envelope Making — Concluded. Females. Number Number of Employees Earning Nirmber of Em- ployees for A Week- - ployees for Occupations. Whom Weekly Earn- ings were re- ported Weekly Earn- ings Under $5 $5 and under $10 $10 and under $15 $15 and under $20 $20 and over Whom Actual Hours Worked were reported Hours Actually Worked Productive Occupations. 1,350 $7.36 163 1,051 129 7 899 50.8 Boxers, 174 6.88 19 144 11 _ 174 51.9 Clasp attachers, 81 6.13 14 66 1 13 54.0 Counters, 24 7.73 1 21 2 - 24 51.5 Edge tinters, .... 39 9.36 1 22 15 1 39 44.1 Envelope machine operators, 602 7.56 50 611 41 - 345 50.5 Folders, liand, 273 6.80 65 181 27 158 50.8 Sealers, hand, 47 7.85 2 40 5 - 36 53.1 Other occupations. 110 8.29 11 66 27 6 110 51.2 General Occupations, Pro- ducing Departments. 292 7.51 23 237 32 213 51.5 Die stamp machine operators. 22 5.69 7 15 _ 22 60.8 Packers, . 22 7.51 - 20 2 22 53.8 Printers, 193 7.78 n 158 24 114 51.6 Other occupations, 55 7.28 5 44 6 55 50.8 Other Paper Products. Males. Productive Occupations. 1,318 $12.14 64 438 478 219 119 1,314 53.4 Calendermen, 53 9.81 6 23 19 6 1 53 49.6 Coaters 130 11.24 7 60 39 19 5 130 57.2 Coated paper mill employees. n. e, B., 89 11.58 6 18 49 11 5 85 54.0 Color mixers, .... 52 13.40 2 18 18 5 9 52 65.5 Cutters, . 159 13.07 6 35 61 43 14 159 63.3 Foremen, 65 22.60 - 1 g 18 38 65 54.1 Helpers 60 7.87 15 29 15 1 60 52.0 Macliine operators and tend- ers, . ... 228 12.02 4 72 90 52 10 223 53.8 Pressmen, 160 12.60 5 43 72 25 15 160 49.0 Printers, wall paper. 43 12.72 1 26 4 12 43 66.6 Heelers, 70 9.74 2 29 36 3 70 55.1 Rulers, ... 42 14.61 - 6 17 16 3 42 52.4 Other occupations, 167 10.11 11 78 54 17 7 167 53.0 General Occupations, Pro- ducing Departments. 732 13.26 31 159 280 186 76 728 52.7 Packers and shippers, . 127 12.38 4 25 64 31 3 127 54.6 Printers, 186 15.23 3 18 61 83 21 186 52.3 Truckers, 53 11.52 2 14 29 7 1 53 55 4 Other occupations, 366 12.81 22 102 126 65 51 362 5117 Power, Mechanical, and Yard Force. 175 16.80 1 9 48 81 36 176 59.0 Engineers, 17 19.60 1 8 8 17 61.3 Machinists 59 18.89 - - 9 31 19 59 54' 1 Other occupations. 99 15.07 1 9 38 42 9 99 61 !5 NO. 109. "WAGES AND HOURS PAPER PRODUCTS. VI. 29 Table 6. — Average Weekly Earnings, Average Hours Actually Worked, and Number of Employees Whose Weekly Earnings fell within Specified Wage Groups, Classi- fied by Industries and Principal Occupations — Concluded. Other Paper Products— Concluded. Females. Number of Em- ployees for Average Ntjmber of A Employees Earning Week — Number of Em- ployees for Average Occupations Whom Weekly Whom Hours Ky\^^^ KJS^ ^\^^±KJA^^, Weekly Earn- ings were re- Earn- ings Under $5 $5 and under $10 $10 and under $15 $15 and under $20 $20 and over Actual Hours Worked were Actually Worked ported reported Productive Occupations. 1,328 $6.68 273 970 81 4 1,328 49.0 Binders, ... 52 7.92 5 33 14 52 51.2 Cone and tube makers, 85 7.07 3 82 85 53.5 Cutters, . 129 8.16 5 111 13 _ 129 48.6 Forewomen, 21 9.76 1 10 8 2 21 50.9 Inspectors 138 5.77 61 71 6 _ 138 48.4 Machine operators and tend- ers, ... 196 7.09 24 162 9 1 - 196 49.0 Paper novelty workers, . 244 5.89 64 172 8 244 48.0 Pasters and labelers. 53 5.97 14 38 1 _ - 53 49.9 Sealers and banders, 54 8.35 5 40 8 1 54 48.3 Sorters and counters. 135 5.13 77 61 7 _ 135 43.5 Other occupations, 221 6.88 14 200 7 - 221 51.4 General Occupations, Pro- ducing Departments. 194 7.00 4T 115 22 9 1 194 49.0 Packers, . 86 5.06 38 46 2 _ _ 86 48.5 Other occupations, 108 8.56 9 69 20 9 1 108 49.4 Paper Box Making. The average earnings of male employees, varying according to the character of the work performed in the producing de- partments of the paper box factories, ranged from $8.73 for general helpers, working an average of 53.6 hours, to $14.38 for scorers, working an average of 55.4 hours in the representative week. These occupations, it will be noted, represented the two largest groups of workmen in the productive departments of the factories. The average earnings of fore- men, as computed for 94 men working an average of 55.7 hours, were $20.49. The level of wages was higher among the general occupations in the producing departments than among the productive occupations, while the average number of hours worked was practically the same. Referring to the female employees in this industry, it will be seen that the average weekly earnings represented by 16 different occupations in the productive departments of paper box factories varied from $4.25 for turners-in to $11.08 for hand liners. The average weekly earnings of forewomen were $11.59, the average hours of labor being 53.3. Among the occupations peculiar to paper box making the numerical importance of bench workers and coverers is shown by this table. The average weekly VI. 30 STATISTICS OF LABOR — 1915. [L- B. earnings as computed for 954 bench workers were $7.81 and for 945 coverers, $7.85; the average number of hours worked by each of these groups of workers was practically the same, being 50.6 and 50.7, respec- tively. Envelope Making. It will be observed that the average earnings of the 20 foremen reported in the envelope industry were $22.06, and the average number of hours worked in the representative week was 53.9. The next highest average earnings of the male employees in the productive departments were $18.68 as computed for 72 machine adjusters; of this number 32, or 44.4 per cent of the total, earned $20 and over. Of the 1,350 female employees in the productive departments of the mills, envelope machine operators, the largest occupation group, formed 44.6 per cent of the total number. The average earnings of these oper- ators were found to be $7.56 in the representative week, 6.8 per cent of them earning $10.00 but under $15.00. The occupation affording the highest average earnings for female workers was edge tinting, the average being $9.36 for the 39 edge tinters for whom data were obtained. Not only did this occupation show the highest average earnings but the lowest average number of hours actually worked in the industry during the week (44.1) was found for this group of workers, a fact of significance when considering the hourly rate of wages paid to female workers in the industry. Other Paper Products. Although the character of the finished paper products manufactured in the establishments considered in this industry group was often dissimilar, the nature of the work performed by many of the employees was deemed of suflBcient similarity to permit of a com- parative study of the wages and hours of labor in certain occupations. A survey of the average earnings of the male employees in the productive departments in the several establishments for the week studied shows a variation from $7.87 for helpers to $14.51 for rulers. For the 65 foremen for whom data were obtained the average weekly earnings were found to be $22.50, over one-half (58.5 per cent) earning $20.00 and over. In the coated paper mills the average weekly earnings of the 130 coaters em- ployed were $11.24, while the average number of hours worked was 57.2. For the female employees studied, the average weekly earnings of the largest group of workers (paper novelty workers) were $5.89, and the average number of hours worked was 48 in the representative week. The average earnings of the second largest group, machine operators and tenders, were $7.09, while the average number of hours worked was 49. A study of the actual working time of female employees in the various occupations shows that the number of hours worked was well under the legal NO. 109.] WAGES AND HOURS — -PAPER PRODUCTS. VI. 31 maximum prescribed for women in this State. Of the 21 forewomen re- ported in this group of industries the average weekly earnings per person were $9.76 and the average number of hours worked was 50.9. 3. HOURLY EARNINGS. In the foregoing pages, weekly earnings, showing the bearing of work- ing hours on wages, have been discussed. For exact comparisons earnings reduced to an hourly basis are, of course, much more satisfactory. The reduction of the earnings of all the employees to an hourly basis entailed much computation. The hourly earnings were computed by dividing the actual amounts received by the employees during a representative week by the number of hours actually worked, and must not be confused with hourly rates. In considering the data relative to earnings it must be borne in mind that differences shown are due to the net effect of short time and overtime as well as to differences in hourly rates. The hourly earnings of all male and female employees whose hours of labor were reported are shown below for all occupations, and separately for productive occupations, general occupations in the producing depart- ments, and for the power, mechanical, and yard force. Table 7. — Number and Percentages of Employees Earning Specified Amounts per Hour, Classified by Sex and Industries. Paper Box Making. All Occupa- Phoductive Oc- General Occupa- tions, Produc- Potter, Mechanical, and Classified Hourlt tions CUP-ATIONS ing Departments Yard Force Earnings. Number Percent- age Number Percent- age Number Percent- age Number Percent- age Males. 1 1,703 100.0 982 100.0 687 100.0 134 100.0 Under 10 cents, 66 3.9 66 5.7 10 1.7 - 10 to 11.9 cents, 56 3.3 60 5.1 6 1.0 - - 12 to 13.9 cents. 67 3.9 50 5.1 14 2.4 3 2.2 14 to 15.9 cents, 118 6.9 76 7.7 41 7.0 1 0.8 16 to 17.9 cents. 171 10.1 116 11.8 46 7.8 9 6.7 18 to 19.9 cents. 141 8.3 86 8.8 47 8.0 8 6.0 20 to 24.9 cents. 490 28.8 256 26.1 177 30.2 67 42.5 23 to 29.9 cents. 319 18.7 140 14.2 140 23.9 39 29 1 30 to 39.9 cents. 227 13.3 123 12.5 90 15.3 14 10.5 40 cents and over, 48 2.8 29 3.0 16 2.7 3 2.2 Females. '3,430 100.0 3,231 100.0 199 100.0 Under 10 cents, 581 16.9 560 17.3 21 10.5 10 to 11.9 cents. 496 14.5 455 14.1 41 20.6 12 to 13.9 cents. 468 13.6 429 13.3 39 19.6 - 14 to 15.9 cents, 496 14.6 469 14.5 27 13.6 16 to 17.9 cents. 499 14.6 471 14.6 28 14.1 18 to 19.9 cents, 341 9.9 326 10.1 15 7.5 20 to 24.9 cents. 415 12.1 388 12.0 27 13.6 23 to 29.9 cents, 101 2.9 101 3.1 - - 30 to 39.9 cents, 33 1.0 32 1.0 1 0.5 1 Not including 30 males whoae hourly earnings could not be determined. * Not including 761 females whoae hourly earnings could not be determined. VI. 32 STATISTICS OF LABOR 1915. [l. B. Table 7. — Number and Percentages of Employees Earning Specified Amounts per Hour, Classified by Sex and Industries — Concluded. Envelope Making. All Occupa- Productive Oc- General Occupa- Power, Mechanical, and Classified Hourly tions cupations ING Departments Yard Force Earnings. Number Percent- age Number Percent- age Number Percent- age Number Percent- age Males. >88S 100.0 298 100.0 407 100.0 180 100.0 Under 10 cents, 18 2.0 _ _ IS 4.4 10 to 11.9 cents, 31 3.6 11 3,7 20 4.9 12 to 13.9 cents. 30 3.4 3 1.0 27 6.6 - - 14 to 16.9 cents, 39 4.4 9 3.0 22 5.4 8 4.4 16 to 17.9 cents. 77 8.7 16 5.4 56 13.8 5 2,8 18 to 19.9 cents, 31 3.5 7 2.3 21 5.2 3 1.7 20 to 24.9 cents. 177 20.0 53 17.8 92 22.6 32 17.8 25 to 29.9 cents. 149 16.8 69 19.8 61 15.0 29 16,1 30 to 39.9 cents. 245 27.7 91 30.5 63 16,5 91 50,5 40 cents and over. 88 10.0 49 16.5 27 6.6 12 6.7 Females. " 1,112 100.0 899 100.0 213 100.0 Under 10 cents. 89 8.0 77 8.6 12 6,6 10 to 11.9 cents, 189 17.0 148 16.4 41 19.3 - 12 to 13.9 cents, 218 19.6 167 18.6 51 23.9 14 to 15.9 cents. 199 17.9 165 18.3 34 16.0 16 to 17.9 cents. 221 19.9 179 19.9 42 19,7 18 to 19.9 cents. 88 7.9 70 7.8 18 8,5 20 to 24.9 cents. 83 7.5 68 7.6 15 7.0 - 26 to 29.9 cents, 17 1.5 17 1.9 - 30 to 89.9 cents. 8 0.7 8 0.9 Other Paper Products. Males. = 2,217 100.0 1,314 100.0 728 100.0 175 100.0 Under 10 cents. 72 3.3 44 3,3 28 3,8 _ _ 10 to 11.9 cents. 86 3.9 70 5,3 15 2,1 1 0.6 12 to 13.9 cents, 107 4.8 77 5,9 30 4,1 - 14 to 15.9 cents. 162 7.3 113 8,6 41 5,6 8 4.6 16 to 17.9 cents. 280 12,6 196 14.8 68 9.3 17 9.7 18 to 19.9 cents. 160 7.2 107 8.2 50 6,9 3 1.7 20 to 24.9 cents. 468 21,1 280 21,3 163 22.4 25 14.3 25 to 29.9 cents. 384 17,3 203 15,6 133 18.3 48 27 4 30 to 39.9 cents, 360 16,3 156 11,9 154 21.2 50 28.6 40 cents and over, 138 6.2 89 5,2 46 6,3 23 13 1 Females. 1,522 100.0 1,323 100.0 194 100.0 Under 10 cents. 261 17,1 236 17,0 35 18,0 10 to 11.9 cents. 363 23,9 305 23.0 68 29.9 12 to 13.9 cents. 313 20,6 288 31,7 25 13,9 14 to 15.9 cents, 181 11,9 160 12,0 21 10.8 16 to 17.9 cents, 190 12,5 178 13,4 12 6,2 18 to 19.9 cents. 95 6,2 81 6,1 14 7.2 20 to 24.9 cents. 96 6.3 78 5,9 18 9.3 26 to 29.9 cents, 13 0.8 10 0,7 3 1,6 30 to 39.9 cents. 9 0,6 2 0,2 7 3,6 40 cents and over, 1 0,1 1 0,6 Paper Box Making. Considering the employees in the paper box in- dustry, regardless of occupations, we find that over one-half, 1,036, or 60.8 per cent of the male workers^ earned 20 cents but less than 40 cents ' Not including five males whose hourly earnings could not be determined. 2 Not including 530 females whose hourly earnings could not be determined. 3 Not including eight males whose hourly earnings could not be determined. NO. 109.] WAGES AND HOURS — PAPER PRODUCTS. VI. 33 an hour (28.8 per cent earning 20 cents but less than 25), and that 1,959, or 57.2 per cent of the female employees, earned 10 cents but less than 18 cents an hour. In each of the occupation groups for males the largest number of employees was concentrated in the group earning 20 cents but under 40 cents an hour, the percentages being 52.8 in the productive oc- cupations (26.1 earning 20 cents but less than 25 cents), 69.4 in the gen- eral occupations, producing departments (30.2 per cent earning 20 cents but less than 25), and 82.1 in the power, mechanical, and yard occupa- tions (42.5 per cent earning 20 cents but less than 25 cents). Somewhat over one-half of the female employees in each occupation group earned 10 cents but less than 18 cents an hour, the percentages being 56.5 for productive occupations and 67.9 for the general occupations, producing departments. Of the three industries studied the level of hourly earnings for females was highest in this industry group, 25.9 per cent receiving 18 cents or over an hour as compared with 17.6 per cent in the envelope industry, and 14.0 per cent in the manufacture of other paper products. Envelope Making. In a consideration of the male employees in this industry, regardless of occupations, we find that 571, or 64.5 per cent, earned 20 cents but less than 40 cents an hour and 10.0 per cent earned 40 cents or over an hour, these two classes of employees forming nearly three-fourths (74.5 per cent) of all the male workers. In each of the specified occupation groups the largest number of males was found to be earning 20 cents but less than 40 cents an hour, the percentages being 68.1 in the productive occupations, 53.1 in the general occupations, pro- ducing departments, and 84.4 in the power, mechanical, and yard occu- pations. Of the three industries considered the level of hourly earnings for males was by far the highest in the envelope industry, over one- fourth (27.7 per cent) receiving 30 but less than 40 cents an hour as compared with 13.3 per cent receiving the same amounts in the paper box industry, and 16.3 per cent in the manufacture of other paper products, while 10.0 per cent earned 40 cents or over an hour in this industry as compared with 2.8 per cent in the paper box industry and 6.2 per cent in the manufacture of other paper products. Among the female employees, considered without regard to occupa- tions, we find that 74.4 per cent earned 10 cents but less than 18 cents an hour, and in both the productive occupations and the general occupa- tions, producing departments, the largest number of female workers was found in the same group, the percentages being 73.2 and 78.9, respectively. Other Paper Products. Considering the employees engaged in the manufacture of other paper products we find that over one-half, 1,212, or VI. 34 STATISTICS OF LABQR — 1915. [L. B. 54.7 per cent of the male workers earned 20 cents but less than 40 cents an hour, and that 1,047, or 68.9 per cent of the female employees, earned 10 cents but less than 18 cents an hour. Of the male employees engaged in the productive occupations, 639, or 48.7 per cent earned 20 but less than 40 cents an hour, and nearly one-third (31.6 per cent) earned 14 but less than 20 cents an hour. The percentage of females earning 10 cents but less than 18 cents an hour in the productive occupations was 70.1. Of the employees in the general occupations, producing depart- ments, 61.9 per cent of the males earned 20 but less than 40 cents an hour, and 59.8 per cent of the females earned 10 cents but less than 18 cents an hour. In the power, mechanical, and yard occupations 70.3 per cent of the employees earned 20 cents but less than 40 cents an hour, over one-fourth (28.6 per cent) of all the employees in this occupation group earning 30 cents but less than 40 cents an hour. The following summary table illustrates the distribution of the em- ployees by classified hourly earnings. Table 8. — Number and Percentage of Employees Earning Specified Amounts per Hour, Classified by Sex, Age, and Industries. Paper Box Making. Both Sexes Males Females Pehcentage DiSTEIBtlTION Percentages or Total HOUBLT EaBNINGS. 16Years and over Under 16 Years 16Years and over Under 16 Years Both Sexes Males Fe- males Males Fe- males Totals. Under 10 cents, . 10 to 11.9 cents, 12 to 13.9 cents, . 14 to 15.9 cents, 16 to 17.9 cents, . 18 to 19.9 cents, . 20 to 24.9 cents, . 25 to 29.9 cents, 30 to 39.9 cents, . 40 cents and over. 1 5,133 647 552 635 614 670 482 905 420 260 ■ 48 1,678 13 32 44 104 162 140 490 318 227 48 125 63 24 23 14 9 1 1 2,846 232 383 426 464 472 332 403 101 33 584 340 113 42 32 27 9 12 100.0 12.6 10.8 10.4 12.0 13.0 9.4 17.6 8.2 6.1 0.9 100.0 3.9 3.3 3.9 6.9 10.1 8.3 28.8 18.7 13.3 2.8 100.0 16.9 14.6 13.6 14.6 14.6 9.9 12.1 2.9 1.0 33.2 10.2 10.1 12.6 19.2 25.6 29.3 64.1 76,0 87.3 100.0 66.8 89.8 89.9 87.5 80.8 74.5 70.7 45.9 24.0 12.7 Envelope Making. Totals. 2 1,997 834 61 969 143 100.0 100.0 100.0 44.3 55.7 Under 10 cents, . 107 2 16 38 51 6.4 2.0 8.0 16,8 83.2 10 to 11.9 cents, . 220 8 23 117 72 11.0 3.5 17.0' 14,1 85.9 12 to 13.9 cents, . 248 20 10 204 14 12.4 3.4 19.6 12,1 .87.9 14 to 15.9 cents, . 238 38 1 196 3 11.9 4.4 17.9 16,4 83.6 16 to 17.9 cents, . 298 76 1 219 2 14.9 8.7 19.9 25,8 74.2 18 to 19.9 cents, . 119 31 - 87 1 6.0 3.6 7.9 26,1 73.9 20 to 24.9 cents, 260 177 - 83 - 13.0 20.0 7.5 68.1 31.9 26 to 29.9 cents. 166 149 - 17 - 8.3 16.8 1.6 89.8 10.2 30 to 39.9 cents, 253 246 - 8 - 12.7 27.7 0.7 96.8 3.2 40 cents and over, 88 88 4.4 10.0 100.0 1 Not including 30 males and 761 females whose hourly earnings could not be determined. 2 Not including five malra and 530 females whose hourly earnings could not be determined. NO, 109.] WAGES AND HOURS — PAPER PRODUCTS. VI. 35 Table 8. — Number and Percentages of Employees Earning Specified Amounts per Hour, Classified by Sex, Age, and Industries — Concluded. other Paper Products. Both Sexes Males Females Percbntaqb DlSTRIBtTTION Percentages or Total Hourly Earnings. 16 Years and over Under 16 Years 16 Years and Over Under 16 Years Both Sexes Males Fe- males Males Fe- males TotaU. Under 10 cents, . 10 to 11.9 cents, . 12 to 13.9 centa, . 14 to 15.9 cents, . 16 to 17.9 cents, . 18 to 19.9 cents, . 20 to 24.9 cents, . 25 to 29.9 cents, . 30 to 39.9 cents, 40 cents and over. 1 3,739 333 449 420 343 470 255 664 397 369 139 2,044 8 25 73 154 274 160 468 384 360 138 m 64 61 34 8 6 1,133 100 244 275 141 164 91 95 13 9 1 389 161 119 38 40 26 . 4 1 100.0 8.9 12.0 11.2 9.2 12.6 6.8 15.1 10.6 9.9 3.7 100.0 3.3 3.9 4.8 7.3 12.6 7.2 21.1 17.3 16.3 6.2 100.0 17.1 23.9 20.6 11.9 12.5 6.2 6.3 0.8 0.6 0.1 59.3 21.6 19.2 25.5 47.2 69.6 62.7 83.0 96.7 97.6 99.3 40.7 78.4 80.8 74.6 52.8 40.4 37.3 17.0 3.3 2.4 0.7 1 Not including eight males whose hourly earnings could not be determined. Paper Box Making. The total number of employees in the paper box industry for whom the actual hours worked were recorded on the pay- rolls was 5,133, of whom 1,578, or 30.7 per cent, were males 16 years of age and over, 125 were males under 16 years of age, 2,846, or 55.5 per cent, were females 16 years of age and over, and 584 were females under 16 years of age. Of the 5,133 employees in this industry, over one-fifth (22.4 per cent) earned 12 cents and under 16 cents an hour, and the same percentage of employees (22.4) earned 16 but less than 20 cents an hour; one-fourth (25.8 per cent) earned 20 cents but less than 30 cents an hour; and 5.1 per cent earned 30 cents but less than 40 cents an hour. The 1,199 employees who received less than 12 cents an hour formed 23.4 per cent of the total number of employees, and the 48 who received 40 cents or more an hour formed less than one per cent (0.9); the two classes of employees receiving these extremes in wages formed 24.3 per cent of all the employees. Envelope Making. The total number of employees engaged in the manufacture of envelopes for whom the actual hours worked were re- corded on the pay-rolls was 1,997, of whom 834, or 41.8 per cent, were males 16 years of age and over, 51 were males under 16 years of age, 969, or 48.5 per cent, were females 16 years of age and over, and 143 were females under 16 years of age. Over one-third (39.2 per cent) of the 1,997 wage-earners earned 12 cents but less than 18 cents an hour; 6.0 per cent received 18 but less VI. 36 STATISTICS OF LABOR 1915. [l. B. than 20 cents an hour; 13.0 per cent received 20 but less than 25 cents an hour; 8.3 per cent received 25 but less than 30 cents an hour; and 12.7 per cent received 30 cents but less than 40 cents an hour. The 327 employees who received less than 12 cents an hour formed 16.4 per cent of the total number of employees, and the 88 employees who received 40 cents or more an hour formed 4.4 per cent; the two classes of em- ployees receiving these extremes in wages formed 20.8 per cent of all the employees. Other Paper Products. The total number of employees engaged in the manufacture of other paper products for whom the actual hours worked were recorded on the pay-rolls was 3,739, of whom 2,044, or 54.7 per cent, were males 16 years of age and over, 173 were males under 16 years of age, 1,133, or 30.3 per cent, were females 16 years of age and over, and 389 were females under 16 years of age. One-fifth (20.4 per cent) of the 3,739 wage-earners in this industry earned 12 cents but less than 16 cents an hour; 19.4 per cent received 16 but less than 20 cents an hour; one-fourth (25.7 per cent) received 20 cents but less than 30 cents an hour; and 9.9 per cent received 30 cents but less than 40 cents an hour. The 782 employees who received less than 12 cents an hour formed 20.9 per cent of the total number of employees, and the 139 employees who received 40 cents or more an hour formed 3.7 per cent; the two classes receiving these extremes in wages formed 24.6 per cent of all the employees. The summary table which follows shows, by cumulative percentages, the proportion of employees whose hourly earnings were less than the amounts specified per hour. NO. 109.] WAGES AND HOURS — PAPER PRODUCTS. VI. 37 Table 9. — Percentage (Cumulative) of Employees Earning Specified Amounts per Hour, Classified by Sex, Industry, and General Character of Work. Paper Box Making. All Employees. Total Number of Em- ployees Pehcentaqes Earning per Hour Classification. Under 12 cents Under 14 cents Under 16 cents Under 18 cents Under 20 cents Under 25 cents Under 30 cents 30 cents and over All Occupations. 1 5,133 23.4 33.8 45.8 58.8 68.2 85.8 94.0 6.0 Males. 1, 70S 7.1 11.1 18.0 B8.1 36.4 65. S 83.9 16.1 Time-workers, .... Piece-workers, 1,566 137 7.1 8.0 11.2 9.5 18.5 13.1 28.7 21.2 36.8 30.7 65.3 63.5 84.0 81.8 16.0 18.2 Females. S,4S0 31.4 41.0 69.5 74.1 84.0 96.1 99.0 1.0 Time-workers, .... Piece-workers 1,195 2,235 51.6 20.6 64.2 34.8 73.4 62.1 85.8 67.8 91.2 80.1 98.2 95.0 99.7 98.7 0.3 1.3 Productive Occupations. 4,213 26.6 38.0 50.9 64.8 74.6 89.9 95.6 4.4 Males. 982 10.8 ie.9 ns.e 35.4 U-S 70.3 84.5 IS. 6 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 886 96 10.7 11.5 16.1 13.5 24.4 16.7 36.2 28.1 44.7 39.6 70.5 67.7 84.5 84.4 15.5 15.6 Females. S,SS1 31.4 U.7 69. S 7S.8 83.9 95.9 99.0 1.0 Time-workers Piece-workers, .... 1,071 2,160 54.2 20.1 65.5 34.4 74.2 51.8 86.4 67.5 91.8 80.0 98.0 94.8 99.8 98.6 0.2 1.4 Non-productive Occupations. 920 8.5 14.6 22.1 31.1 38.7 67.1 86.5 13.5 Males. ni e.B 4.6 10.4 18.0 Be.7 58.1 82.9 17.1 Time-workers, .... Piece-workers, 680 41 2.4 4.9 10.7 4.9 18.8 4.9 26.6 9.8 58.4 53.7 83.4 75.6 16.6 24.4 Females. 199 Sl.l 50.7 64.3 78.4 85.9 99.5 99.5 0.6 Time-workers Piece-workers, 124 75 29.8 33.3 52.4 48.0 66.1 61.3 80.6 74.7 86.3 85.3 99.2 100.0 99.2 100.0 0.8 Employees Who Worked Full Time. All Occupations. ! 2,947 23.6 33.7 43.8 56.3 65.0 83.4 93.2 6.8 Males. 1,173 6.6 10.7 16.5 16.8 S4.e 63.7 83.6 16.4 Time-workers, .... Piece-workers, 1,130 43 6.8 2.3 10.9 7.0 16.7 9.3 26.9 23.3 34.7 32.6 63.5 69.8 83.5 86.0 16.5 14,0 Females. 1,774 34.8 48.9 61.8 75.9 85.1 96.4 99.5 0.5 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 879 895 48.1 21.8 61.7 36.4 70.6 53.2 84.1 67.8 90.0 80.3 97.6 95.3 99.7 99.4 0.3 0.6 Productive Occupations. 2 2,333 27.7 38.7 50.0 63.6 72.5 87.9 94.6 5.4 Males. 681 9.7 15.1 n.5 34.1 42.0 67.7 82.4 17.6 Time-workers, .... Piece-workers 638 43 10.2 2.3 15.7 7.0 23.4 9.3 34.8 23.3 42.6 32.6 67.6 69.8 82.1 86.0 17.9 14.0 Females. 1,662 S6.S 48.4 61.4 75.7 86.1 96.2 99.6 0.4 Time-workers Piece-workers, 793 859 50.1 21.4 62.0 35.7 70.9 52.6 84.6 67.5 90.4 80.2 97.5 95.1 99.7 99.4 0.3 0.6 Non-productive Occupations. 614 8.0 15.0 20.0 28.8 36.5 66.3 88.1 11.9 Males. 49B i.4 4.7 8.1 16.7 U.4 58.1 86.4 14.6 Time-workers, 492 2.4 4.7 8.1 16.7 24.4 58.1 85.4 14.6 Females. m 30.3 58.6 63.0 77.9 85.2 99.2 99.2 0.8 Time-workers Piece-workers 86 36 30.2 30.6 68.1 62.8 68.6 66.7 79.1 75.0 86.0 83.3 98.8 100.0 98.8 100.0 1.2 1 Not including 30 males (two time-workers and 28 piece-workers) and 761 females (two time-workers and 759 piece-workers) whose hourly earnings could not be computed on account of incomplete information, 2 Not including 22 female piece-workers whose weekly earnings could not be determined. VI. 38 STATISTICS OF LABOE — 1915. [l. B. Table 9. — Percentage {Cumulative) of Employees Earning Specified Amounts per Hour, Classified by Sex, Industry, and General Character of Work — Continued. Envelope Making. All Employees. Total Percentages Earning per Hour — Classification. Number of Em- ployees Under 12 cents Under 14 cents Under 16 cents Under 18 cents Under 20 cents Under 25 cents Under 30 cents 30 cents and over AH Occupations. 1 1,997 16.4 28.8 49.7 55.6 61.6 74.6 82.9 17.1 Males. S8S B.5 8.9 IS.S n.o BS.B iB.B es.s S7.7 Time-workers Piece-workers, 867 18 6.7 9.0 5.6 13.5 5.6 22.4 5.6 2B.0 5.6 46.3 11.1 63.1 27.8 36.9 72.2 Females. l.M U.O U.e ee.s 8B.i ■ 90.S 97.8 99. S 0.7 Time-workers, .... Piece-workers, .... 583 529 33.1 16.1 54.5 33.7 70.8 63.3 88.0 76.2 92.3 88.1 98.8 96.6 99.7 98.9 0.3 1.1 Productive Occupations. 1,197 19.7 33.9 48.5 64.7 71.2 81.3 87.6 12.4 Males. «9« S.7 i.l 7.7 13.1 IB.i ss.e BS.O 47.0 Time-workers, .... Piece-workers 289 9 3.8 4.8 8.0 13.5 15.9 33.9 11.1 53.6 33.3 46.4 66.7 Females. 899 BB.O is.e ei.9 81.8 89.6 97. B 99.1 0.9 Time-workers, .... Piece-workers, .... 434 465 33.2 17.4 63.6 34.4 69.1 55.3 87.1 77.0 91.5 88.0 98.4 96.1 99.5 98.7 0.5 1.3 Non-productive Occupations. 800 11.4 21.1 29.1 42.0 47.3 64.6 75.9 24.1 Males. 587 e.B 11.1 le.s se.e S0.7 Bl.S 67.1 SB.9 Time-workers Piece-workers 678 9 6.6 11.1 11.1 16.3 11.1 26.9 11.1 31.0 11.1 62.4 11.1 67.8 22.2 32.2 77.8 Females. BIS H.9 JfS.S ei.s 84. s 9S.0 100.0 100.0 Time-workers, .... Piece-workers, .... 149 64 32.9 6.3 57.7 28.1 75.8 39.1 90.6 40.6 94.6 70.3 100.0 89.1 100.0 100.0 - Employees Who Worked Full Time. All Occupations. 1,132 20.3 33.7 45.9 58.7 63.1 72.3 80.6 19.4 Males. 48B 7.8 10.7 14.6 Bl.O B4.B S6.9 BB.S •«.7 Time-workers, .... Piece-workers, 473 12 8.0 10.8 8.3 14.8 8.3 21.4 8.3 25.0 8.3 37.6 8.3 66.2 16.7 43.8 83.3 Females, 647 B9.7 CO. 9 69.4 86.9 9B.0 98.8 99.6 O.B Time-workers Piece-workers, .... 446 201 33.9 .20.4 65.2 41.3 71.1 65.7 87.2 86.1 91.9 92.0 98.7 99.0 99.6 99.6 0.4 0.5 Productive Occupations. 716 23.5 37.6 52.6 66.1 70.4 78.5 85.1 14.9 Males. BOS 4.9 e.4 9.4 IS.S iB.a BS.l 48.8 Bl.B Time-workers Piece-workers 196 7 6.1 5.6 9.7 13,8 15.8 29.1 60.0 14.3 50.0 86.7 Females. BIS S0.8 BO.S 69.6 88.9 BB.B 98.4 99.4 0.6 Time-workers Piece-workers, .... 344 169 34.0 24.3 64.1 42.6 69.6 69.8 86.3 88.2 91.6 93.5 98.3 98.8 99.4 99.4 0.6 0.6 Non-productive Occupations. 416 14.9 26.9 34.6 46.9 50.5 61.5 72.8 27.2 MaUs. ««« 9.9 14.B 18.4 16.6 Sl.B 4S.S B9.9 40.1 Time-workers Piece-workers 277 5 10.1 14.4 20.0 18.4 20.0 26.7 20.0 31.4 20.0 43.7 20.0 60.6 20.0 39.4 80.0 Females. 1S4 BB.4 BS.O 68.7 8B.1 91.0 100.0 100.0 Time-workers Piece-workers, .... 102 32 33.3 68.8 34.4 76.6 43.8 90.2 76.0 93.1 84.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 - 1 Not including five male and 530 female piece-workers whose hourly earnings could not be determined, NO. 109.] WAGES AND HOURS — PAPER PRODUCTS. VI. 39 Table 9. — Percentage (Cumulative) of Employees Earning Specified Amounts per Hour, Classify hy Sex, Industry, and General Character of Work — Concluded. other Paper Products. All Employees. Total Percentages Earning pee Hour — Classification. Number of Em- ployees Under 12 cents Under 14 cents Under 16 cents Under 18 cents Under 20 cents Under 25 cents Under 30 cents 30 cents and over All Occupations. 1 3,739 20.9 32.1 41.3 53.9 60.7 75.8 86.4 13.6 Males. «,«7 7.e m.o 19.3 S1.9 S9.1 eo.B 77.B ei.B Time-workers, .... Piece-workers, 2,111 106 7.2 4.7 12.0 10.4 19.4 17.0 32.2 26.4 39.5 32.1 60.1 63.2 77.4 81.1 22.6 18.9 Females. i,sn 41.0 ei.e 7S.5 8S.0 9S.e 98. S 99.S 0.7 Time-workers, Piece-workers 927 595 53.5 21.5 74.9 40.8 85.1 55.3 93.9 73.6 95.8 86.6 98.8 98.0 99.4 99.3 0.6 0.7 Productive Occupations. 2,642 24.4 38.2 48.6 62.7 69.8 83.3 91.4 8.6 Males. l,SH s.e H.6 «S.i S7.9 46.1 67.4 8S.9 17.1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 1,234 80 8.8 6.3 14.6 13.8 23.3 21.3 38.5 30.0 46.9 33.8 67.5 66.3 82.6 87.5 17.4 12.5 Females. 1,S2S ^0.0 61.7 7S.7 87.1 9S.e 99.1 99.8 o.« Time-workers, Piece-workers, 796 532 54.8 17.9 76.6 39.3 86.8 54.1 96.0 73.9 97.5 86.8 99.6 98.3 99.9 99.8 0.1 0.2 Non-productive Occupations. 1,097 12.5 17.5 23.9 32.7 38.8 57.6 74.4 25.6 Males. 90S i.9 S.« is.e ss.o SS.9 49.7 69.8 so.e Time-workers, Piece-workers, 877 26 5.0 8.4 13.9 3.8 23,3 15.4 29.0 26.9 49.6 53.8 70.0 61.5 30.0 38.5 Females. m i7.9 eo.8 71.6 77.8 SS.O 94.S 9B.9 4.1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 131 63 45.8 52.4 64.1 54.0 74.8 65.1 80.9 71.4 85.5 84.1 93.9 95.2 96.2 95.2 3.8 4.8 Employees Who Worked Full Time. All Occupations. 1,862 21.7 34.9 43.9 56.2 62.1 76.2 85.1 14.9 Males. 1,103 8.S 1S.6 19.7 ss.e 40.3 60.9 75.5 Si. 5 Time-workers, .... Piece-workers, 1,068 35 8.3 5.7 13.5 17.1 19.7 20.0 32.5 34.3 40.4 40.0 60.5 74.3 75.0 91.4 25.0 8.6 Females. 7B9 4l.e 61.9 79. B 90.6 93.8 98.4 99.1 0.9 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 531 228 47.6 26.3 71.4 53.1 83.2 69.7 94.0 82.9 95.7 89.5 98.7 97.8 99.4 98.2 0.0 1.8 Productive Occupations. 1,314 25.0 41.3 51.2 65.4 71.2 83.5 90.9 9.1 MaUs. 654 9.S ie.9 le.o S7.8 47.1 67.6 8B.0 18.0 Time-workers, .... Piece-workers, 629 25 9.2 8.0 15.6 24.0 21.8 28.0 37.7 40.0 47.4 40.0 67.4 72.0 81.4 96.0 18.6 4.0 Females. 660 40.8 66.6 80.B 91.7 95.2 99.2 99.7 O.S Time-workers, Piece-workers, .... 452 208 48.5 24.0 72.6 63.4 84.6 70.7 96.2 85.1 97.3 90.4 99.3 99.0 99.8 99.5 0.2 0.5 Non-productive Occupations. MaUs. 548 449 13.7 6.9 19.5 lO.S 26.5 16.S 34.3 S4.9 40.3 SO.B 58.8 51. B 71.4 66.1 28.6 33.9 Time-workers, Piece-workers Females. 439 10 99 7.1 10.5 61.6 16.6 72.7 25.1 20.0 76.8 30.3 40.0 84.8 60.6 80.0 92.9 65.8 80.0 94.9 34.2 20.0 5.1 Time-workers Piece-workers, 79 20 43.0 60.0 64.6 60.0 75.9 60.0 81.0 60.0 86.1 80.0 94.9 85.0 97.5 85.0 2.5 15.0 1 Not including eight male piece-workers whose hourly earninga could not be determined. VI. 40 STATISTICS OF LABOE 1915. [L. B. Payer Box Making. Of the 1,703 male employees, including both skilled and unskilled, employed in the manufacture of paper boxes, 65.2 per cent earned less than 25^ cents an hour. There was but very little difference between the hourly earnings of the male time-workers and of the male piece-workers, 65.3 per cent of the former and 63.5 per cent of the latter earning less than 25 cents an hour. Over one-^half (59.5 per cent) of the female employees earned less than 16^ cents an hour and 84.0 per cent earned less than 20^ cents an hour. The difference between the hourly earnings of the time-workers and of the piece-workers was much greater for the females than for the males, 73.4 per cent of the time- workers earning less than 16 cents an hour and 91.2 per cent earning less than 20 cents an hour, as compared with 52.1 per cent of the piece-workers who earned less than 16 cents an hour and 80.1 per cent who earned less than 20 cents an hour. It will be seen that the level of hourly earnings of the male employees who worked full time was slightly higher for the time-workers, 16.5 per cent earning 30 cents or over an hour, and 14.0 per cent of the piece- workers earning 30 cents or over an hour, while 63.5 per cent of the time- workers and 69.8 per cent of the piece-workers earned less than 25 cents an hour. The hourly earnings of the female employees in this industry who worked full time were higher for the piece-workers, 53.2 per cent earning less than 16 cents an hour as compared with 70.6 per cent of the time-workers, while 80.3 per cent of the piece-workers earned less than 20 cents an hour and 90.0 per cent of the time-workers earned less than this amount. Envelope Making. Of the 885 male employees, both skilled and un- skilled, employed in the envelope making industry, 45.5 per cent earned less than 25 cents an hour. There was a great difference in the hourly earnings of the male time-workers and piece-workers, 46.3 per cent of the time-workers earning less than 25 cents an hour, while only 11.1 per cent of the piece-workers earned less than this amount. Considerably over one-half (62.5 per cent) of the female employees earned less than 16 cents an hour and 90.3 per cent earned less than 20 cents an hour. The hourly earnings of the female employees were somewhat higher for the piece- workers, 53.3 per cent earning less than 16 cents an hour as compared with 70.8 per cent of the time-workers, and 88.1 per cent of the piece- workers earning less than 20 cents an hour as compared with 92.3 per cent of the time-workers. 1 This rate (25 cents) is cited here because it is the prevailing rate paid for unskilled manual labor for males in Boston and vicinity. 2 The prevaihng rate paid to female day-workers in unskilled domestic service for washing is 15 cents an hour and for cleaning, 20 cents an hour. NO. 109.] WAGES AND HOURS — PAPER PRODUCTS. VI. 41 For the male employees who worked full time in this industry the level of earnings was very much higher for piece-workers than for time-workers, 83.3 per cent of the piece-workers earning 30 cents and over an hour as compared with 43.8 per cent of the time-workers. Over one-third (37.6 per cent) of the time-workers earned less than 25 cents an hour and only 8.3 per cent of the piece-workers earned less than this amount. For the female employees who were employed full time there was but little differ- ence in the earnings of the time-workers and piece-workers, 71.1 per cent of the time-workers and 65.7 per cent of the piece-workers earning less than 16 cents an hour, while 91.9 per cent of the time-workers and 92.0 per cent of the piece-workers earned less than 20 cents an hour. Less than one per cent both of time and piece-workers earned 30 cents and over an hour, the percentages being 0.4 and 0.5, respectively. Other Paper Products. Of the 2,217 male employees, including both , skilled and unskilled, employed in the manufacture of other paper prod- ucts, 60.2 per cent earned less than 25 cents an hour. There was but little difference between the earnings of male time-workers and piece- workers in this industry, 60.1 per cent of the former and 63.2 per cent of the latter earning less than 25 cents an hour. Nearly three-fourths (73.5 per cent) of the female employees earned less than 16 cents an hour, and 92.2 per cent earned less than 20 cents an hour. There was an ap- preciable difference in the earnings of the female time-workers and piece- workers, 55.3 per cent of the piece-workers earning less than 16 cents an hour as compared with 85.1 per cent of the time-workers who earned less than this amount, and 86.6 per cent of the piece-workers earned less than 20 cents an hour as against 95.8 per cent of the time-workers who earned less than 20 cents an hour. The level of hourly earnings of the male employees who worked full time in this industry was considerably higher for the time-workers, 25.0 per cent earning 30 cents or over, as compared with only 8.6 per cent of the piece-workers who earned 30 cents or over, while 60.5 per cent of the time-workers earned less than 25 cents an hour as compared with 74.3 per cent of the piece-workers who earned less than this amount. The hourly earnings of the female employees who worked full time were but slightly higher for the piece-workers than for the time-workers, 83.2 per cent of the time-workers earning less than 16 cents an hour and 95.7 per cent earning less than 20 cents an hour, the percentages of the piece-workers earning less than these two amounts being 69.7 and 89.5, respectively. VI. 42 STATISTICS OF LABOR — 1915. [l. B. IV. HOURS OF LABOR. 1. INTEODUCTORY. Closely related to the subject of earnings is that of working hours, for which reason a detailed study of the hours of labor of the workers in these industries was made. Facts relative to the customary working hours and the hours actually worked in the various establishments during the representative week covered by this inquiry are presented here for all wage-earners for whom such information was available from the pay- rolls of the manufacturers. The data relative to customary working hours are here tabulated for 12,203 wage-earners in the three groups of industries studied, while tables of actual hours are shown for 10,975 employees, or 89.9 per cent, the difference, 1,228, representing the number of workers for whom no records of hours worked were kept at the mills. 2. CUSTOMARY WEEKLY WORKING HOURS. The table which follows shows the number and percentage of employees of each sex classified by the customary number of full-time working hours per week in all occupations and in each of the three departmental branches of the several industries considered in this report. Although the so-called 54-hour law is legally applicable only to the employment of women and minors in manufacturing and mercantile establishments, it has, nevertheless, effected a corresponding reduction in the hours of labor of men in many of the establishments in which both men and women are employed, thus establishing the 54-hour schedule as a standard working week for men as well as for women. Of the 1,733 males engaged in paper box making, it was found that 43.5 per cent were customarily working 54 hours a week; for 44.1 per cent the full-time hours were over 54 a week; and for only 12.4 per cent were the working hours less than 54 a week. In the envelope making group 64.4 per cent of the 890 males customarily worked 54 hours a week, 31.6 per cent worked over 54 hours, when fully employed, and only 4.0 per cent worked less than 54 hours a week. The corresponding per- centages for the 2,225 males employed in the manufacture of other paper products were 24.9 per cent customarily working 54 hours, 27.1 per cent working over 54 hours a week, and 48.0 per cent working less than 54 hours a week. NO. 109.] "WAGES AND HOURS — PAPER PRODUCTS. VI. 43 The customary hours of labor of nearly three-fourths (71.3 per cent) of the females employed in the pa'per box industry were found to be 54 a week. Only 0.5 per cent customarily worked 48 hours a week, while over one-fourth (28.2 per cent) had a full-time week of over 48 but under 54 hours. Practically all the females engaged in envelope making (95.6 per cent) worked customarily 54 hours a week, only 4.4 per cent working less than 54 hours when fully employed. Considering the female em- ployees engaged in the manufacture of other paper products we find that somewhat over one-half (58.0 per cent) had a full-time week of 54 hours, 41.5 per cent customarily working over 48 but under 54 hours a week, and only 0.5 per cent working 48 hours or under. Table 10.- - Number and Percentage of Employees Customarily Working Specified Number of Hours a Week, Classified by Sex and Industries. Paper Box Making. All Occupa- Phoductive Oc- General Occopa- POWEH, Mechanical, and Classified Cubtomaht ING Departments Yard Force Weekly Hodbs. Number Percent- age Number Percent^ age Number Percent- age Number Percenl^ age Males. 1,733 100.0 1,000 100.0 599 100.0 134 100.0 48 hours and under, . 123 1.3 2 0.2 . 21 3.5 _ _ Over 48 and under 54 hours, 192 11.1 92 9.2 97 16.2 3 2.2 54 hours 754 43.5 468 46.8 235 39.2 51 38.1 Over 54 and under 60 hours. 740 42.7 435 43.5 243 40.6 62 46.3 60 hours, .... 17 1.0 3 0.3 3 0.5 11 8.2 Over 60 and not over 72 hours 4 0.2 4 3.0 Over 72 and under 84 hours. 3 0.2 3 2.2 Females. 4,191 100.0 3,972 100.0 219 100.0 48 hours 19 0.5 17 0.4 2 0.9 Over 48 and under 54 hours, 1,184 28.2 1,118 28.2 66 30.1 54 hours, 2,988 71.3 2,837 71.4 151 69.0 Envelope Making. Males. 890 100.0 300 100.0 410 100.0 180 100.0 Under 48 hours, 21 2.4 6 2.0 14 3.4 1 0.6 48 hours - - - - - - - - Over 48 and under 54 hours , 14 1.6 4 1.3 10 2.4 - - 54 hours 573 64.4 208 69.4 249 60.7 116 64.5 Over 54 and under 60 hours. 246 27.6 78 26.0 127 31.0 41 22.8 60 hours, .... 17 1.9 4 1.3 5 1.2 8 4.4 Over 60 and not over 72 hours, .... 9 1.0 - 3 0.7 6 3.3 Over 72 and under 84 hours. 1 0.1 1 0.3 - - 84 hours and over, 9 1.0 1 0.3 8 4.4 Females. 1,642 100.0 1,350 100.0 292 100.0 Under 48 hours. 54 3.3 46 3.4 8 2.7 48 hours, . - - - - - - Over 48 and under 54 hours. 19 1.1 19 1.4 - - 54 hours. 1,569 95.6 1,285 95.2 284 97.3 1 Tlie customary hours of labor were less than 48 a week for only one employee. VI. 44 STATISTICS OP LABOE 1915. [l. B. Table 10. — Number and Percentage of Employees Customarily Working Specified Number of Hours a Week, Classified by Sex and Industries — Concluded. other Paper Products. All Occupa- Productive Oc- Genebal Occupa- tions, Produc- Power, Mechanical, and tions cupations ing Departments Yard Force Weekly Hours. Number Percent- age Number Percent- age Number Percenl^ age Number Percent- age Males. 2,225 100.0 1,318 100.0 « 732 100.0 175 100.0 Under 48 hours, 2 0.1 1 0.1 - - 1 0.6 48 hours 65 2.5 19 1.5 36 4.9 - - Over 48 and under 54 hours, I,OU 45.4 474 36.0 463 61,9 84 48,0 54 hours 554 24.9 353 26,8 162 22,1 39 22.3 Over 54 and under 60 hours, 377 16.9 292 22,2 62 8,5 23 13.1 60 hours 156 7.0 127 9,6 19 2,6 10 5.7 Over 60 and not over 72 hours 57 2.6 51 3.7 6 3.4 Over 72 and under 84 hours. 13 0.6 1 0.1 12 6.9 Females. 1,522 100.0 1,328 100.0 194 100,0 - Under 48 hours. 6 0.4 3 0.2 3 1.0 - 48 hours 2 0.1 1 0.1 1 0.5 - Over 48 and under 54 hours, 632 41,5 567 42.7 65 33.5 54 hours, . 882 68.0 757 57,0 126 64.4 ~ 3. ACTUAL HOURS WORKED IN A REPRESENTATIVE WEEK. The term "actual hours" means the number of hours actually worked by employees in the representative week for which pay-rolls were ob- tained in this inquiry. As already explained, a record of the actual hours spent at work was available for but 89.9 per cent of all the wage-earners considered in this report. In all manufacturing establishments in Massachusetts the maximum number of hours which may be legally worked in a week (exclusive of meal periods) by women and minors under 18 years of age is 54. Since the data herein presented were obtained the working hours for minors under 16 years of age have been further reduced to 48 a week. In the case of males 18 years of age and over the hours of labor are not limited by statute. Occasionally in the course of this inquiry pay-rolls indicated an excess over 54 hours of labor for female employees. This apparent violation of the law may, no doubt, be explained as due to the method of figuring pay for extra or special work. Credit for special work — such as cleaning of work-rooms or offices — is often entered on pay-rolls, not at a higher rate of pay, but as time and one-half, double time, etc., although the actual number of hours worked may be well within the law. For a special grade of work it sometimes happens that a week of five and one-half days of NO. 109.] WAGES AND HOTJES PAPER PRODUCTS. VI. 45 nine hours each is paid for at the rate of one and one-quarter days for each of six days. This explanation will doubtless account for any appar- ent excessive number of working hours for women that may be shown in the following tables. Facts as to the number of hours worked are brought out more forcibly when presented in tabular form. In the following table the average customary working time and the average hours actually worked in the representative week covered by this investigation are shown for each of the various classes of employees for whom weekly hours of labor were ascertained. We find in each of the three groups of industries that the average number of hours actually worked by nearly all of the important classes of employees during the week covered by this inquiry were some- what less than their average customary full-time weekly hours. For the male time-workers in a few cases the average actual hours per em- ployee showed an excess over the average regular hours for that class of workers. Table 11. — Average Customary Working Time and Average Hours Aclually Worked in a Representative Week, Classified by Industries. Paper Box Making. Males Females Classification. Average Customary Working Hours Average Hours Actually Worked Average Customary Working Hours Average Hours Actually Worked All Occupations. Under 16 years of age, . . . . 16 years of age and over, . Employees who worked: Full time, Overtime, . . . . Undertime, . . Time-workers, Piece-workers, 55.1 S3. 5 55.3 55.3 54.2 55.2 55.2 54.8 54.6 49.8 55.0 55.3 61.5 46.4 54.8 52.3 53.3 63.6 ■ 53.3 53.6 50.9 53.3 53.3 53.4 50.4 50.5 50.4 53.6 55.2 46.9 60.8 50.2 Envelope Making. All Occupations Under 16 years of age, 16 years of age and over, Employees who worked : Full time, , Overtime, Undertime, Time-workers, Piece-workers, 50.7 51.0 VI. 46 STATISTICS OF LABOR 1915. [l. B. Table 11. — Average Customary Wiyrhing Time and Average Hours Actually Worked in a Representative Week, Classified by Industries — Concluded. other Paper Products. Males Females Classification. Average Customary Working Hours Average Hours Actually Worked Average Customary Working Hours Average Hours Actually Worked All Occupations. Under 16 years of age, ... 16 years of age and over, Employees who worked: FuU time ... Overtime, .... ... Undertime, . . Time-workers, . . Piece-workers, . 53.8 63.1 53.8 64.1 63.3 63.4 63.8 63.2 S3.6 60.0 63.9 64,1 61.3 43.9 63.7 60.7 52.7 53.1 52.6 52.8 61.7 62.6 52.4 53.0 49.0 49.9 48.7 62.8 64.3 44.3 48.5 49.6 The following table has been prepared in order to show how widely the number of working hours varies for the several classes of employees considered. When these percentages are examined in connection with the column of average hours worked by each class of wage-earners they afford a significant showing as to the proportion of employees working over or under the average number of hours for their respective class. The facts are shown for those employees only whose actual hours of labor were matters of record on the manufacturers' pay-rolls. Table 12. — Average Hours Actually Worked and Percentage of Time-workers and Piece-workers Working Full Time, Overtime, and Undertime, Classified by Number of Hours in a Representative Week, and by Sex and Industries. Paper Box Making. Total Number of Em- ployees Average Hours Worked Pebobntaqe op Employees Whose AornAL Hours OP Labor were — Classification. 48 and . under Over 48 and under 54 54 Over 54 and under 60 60 Over 60 but not over 72 Over 72 All Occupations. Males. Fulltime, Overtime, Undertime, . . FemaUa. Fulltime, Overtime, Undertime, 1 5,239 1,70S 1,173 240 290 s.sse 1,796 38 1,702 61.8 6i.6 56.3 61.5 46.4 CO.i 63,6 65,2 46,9 15,2 e.4 0,8 34,6 19.5 0,1 40T3 32,7 U.e 9,3 3,7 44,6 41.4 24,4 26,3 69,6 36,9 Sl.9 45,6 2,6 6,6 S8.9 75,6 47,4 0,1 12,6 SS.l 42.7 44,2 14.6 0.1 10,5 0,6 1.8 1,2 7.1 z- 2,6 1,7 S.l 0,2 34,6 0.1 13,2 0,4 l.g 0,2 7,9 1 Not including 30 males and 655 females whose actual hours of labor were not reported. 2 0.03 per cent. NO. 109.] WAGES AND HOURS — PAPER PRODUCTS. VI. 47 Table 12. — Average Hours Actually Worked and Percentage of Time-workers and Piece-workers Working Full Time, Overtime, and Undertime, Classified by Number of Hours in a Representative Week, and by Sex and Industries — Continued. Paper Box Making — Concluded. Total Number of Em- ployees Average Hours Worked Percentage of Employees Whose Actoal Houbs OP Labor were — Classification. 48 and under Over 48 and under 54 54 Over 54 and under 60 60 Over 60 but not over 72 Over 72 Time-workers. 2,761 53.1 9.4 21.3 41.7 22.5 1.1 3.2 0.8 Males. 1,566 Bi.8 e.i IB.S SS.7 S9.S 1.9 ff-.S l.S Full time, Overtime, Undertime, 1,130 227 209 55.3 61.8 44.9 0.8 41.1 9.6 1.3 37.8 44.9 2.2 7.7 43.0 46.3 13.4 1.2 6.6 0.3 35.2 0.2 8.4 Females. i,m SO. 8 IS.S ss.e ee.s o.» 0.1 O.i Fulltime, Overtime, Undertime, 879 33 283 63.4 65,3 42.2 0.2 57.6 30.6 24.2 42.4 69.2 61.6 6.1 3T0 15.2 - Piece-workers. 2,478 50.3 21.7 45.3 31.5 1.3 0.1 0.1 Males. m es.s 10. B 40.9 iS.S SI. 9 i.e «.« Full time, Overtime, Undertime, 43 13 81 56.2 56.2 50.2 17.3 46.1 61.7 65.1 7.7 3:7 34.9 7.7 17.3 15.4 23.1 Females. IMl SO.S BS.4 iS.B S2.0 0.1 - Full time, Overtime, Undertime, 917 5 1,419 53.7 54.6 47.9 36.9 18.5 40.0 63.0 81.5 20.0 0.1 40.0 - Envelope Making. All Occupations. 1 1,997 62.7 15.3 20.7 46.3 11.1 0.9 4.5 1.2 Males. SSI Si.S 9.6 u.s S9.S S6.0 S.l lO.S S.7 Full time. Overtime, Undertime, 485 222 178 54.8 61.3 46.8 3.9 36.5 2.9 48.3 68.7 7.9 19.2 51.8 7.3 1.8 4.5 1.4 37.4 2.1 6.3 Females. 1,11s 61.0 19.9 es.s 61.9 Full time, Undertime, 647 465 53.4 47.6 8.3 36.9 2.5 64.1 89.2 Time-workers. 1,450 53.6 12. G 13.5 49.9 14.9 1.3 6.2 IS Males. 867 6i.9 9.2 11. S S9.S SJ,.9 S.S iO.i S.S Full time. Overtime, Undertime, 473 221 173 54.9 61.3 47.0 3.6 36.4 3.0 48.0 69.1 &.1 18.8 51.6 7.5 1.9 4.5 1.5 37.6 2.1 6.3 Females. sss 61. e 17.6 17.0 66.6 - - Full time. Undertime. 446 137 53.2 46.4 10.8 39.4 3.6 60.6 86.8 - - - Piece-workers. 547 50.2 22.5 39.9 36.7 0.9 Males. IS 60.1 ts.i 18.7 ss.s S7.8 - Full time. Overtime, Undertime, 12 1 5 53.3 68.0 40.8 16.7 40.0 60.0 50.0 33.3 100.0 "" Females. 619 60.B IS.6 io.e S6.9 - - - '- Full time, Undertime, 201 328 53.8 48.0 3.0 34.6 66.5 97.0 1 Not including five males and 530 females whose actual hours of labor were not reported. VI. 48 STATISTICS OF LABOR — 1915. [l. B. Table \2. — Average Hours Actually Worked and Percentage of Time-workers and Piece-workers Working Full Time, Overtime, and Undertime, Classified by Number of Hours in a Representative Week, and by Sex and Industries — Concluded. other Paper Products. Total Number of Em- ployees Average Hours Worked Percentage OF Employees Whose Actdai, Houbs OF Labor were — CLAaSIFICATION. 48 and under Over 48 and under 54 Si Over 54 and under 60 60 Over 60 but not over 72 Over 72 All Occupations. ' 3,739 51.7 17.3 36.8 22.5 11.7 3.7 6.5 1.5 M&les. «,«7 es.6 IS. 4 S2.1 IB.S 19.2 e.s 10.9 2.8 Full time, Overtime, Undertime, 1,103 592 622 54.1 61.3 43.9 0.7 56.2 41.4 8.4 39.3 28.7 3.6 1.3 20.3 30.6 4.0 5.1 14.0 0.2 2.6 36.0 1.2 7.4 Females. i,sn 49.0 2S.1 4S.6 sa.e 0.7 - Full time. Overtime, Undertime, 759 26 737 52.8 54.3 44.8 0.8 46.8 34.3 42.3 63.2 64.9 15.4 42.3 _ - Time-workers. 3,038 52.2 15.7 36.3 19.4 14.3 4.5 7.9 1.9 Males. 2,111 B3.7 IS.O SI. 6 U.8 20.0 6.5 11.4 2.7 Full time, Overtime, Undertime, 1,068 677 466 54.1 61.5 43.4 0.7 57.1 42.7 6.8 36.7 26.7 3.6 1.5 21.0 30.9 4.5 5.0 14.4 0.2 2.7 36.7 1.2 7.6 Females. m 48.S n.o 47.e 29.7 1.1 - Fulltime, Overtime, Undertime, 631 20 376 52.4 54.6 42.8 1.1 62.7 47.7 36.0 47.3 61.2 16.0 50.0 - Piece-workers. 701 49.8 24.1 38.7 36.1 0.6 0.4 0.1 Males. loe 60.7 ^O.S 4S.4 29. S 2.S «.« 1.0 Full time. Overtime, Undertime, • . 35 15 56 64.4 53.7 47.6 39.3 2.8 73.3 60.7 88.6 20.0 8.6 6,7 Females. m 49.6 14.7 S7.8 S7.S 0.2 - Full time, Overtime, Undertime, 228 6 361 63.9 63.5 46.9 40.7 3.1 66.6 69.3 96.9 16.7 16.7 1 Not including eight males whose actual hours of labor were not reported. Paper Box Making. During the representative week for which data were obtained a large majority of the 1,703 male employees in paper box factories worked the stipulated full-time hours of the several mills. The average number of hours worked by this class of employees was 55.3, the largest percentage (45.6) working 54 hours a week. The extent of over- time work in the industry, as determined for the week under review, was not conspicuous and was confined almost entirely to time work. Pay- rolls showed that but 240 males, or 14.1 per cent of the total number in the industry for whom information was secured, worked overtime; the largest proportion of these overtime workers (44.2 per cent) worked in excess of 54 hours but less than 60, while the second largest group (34.6 per cent) worked over 60 but not over 72 hours. The average number of NO. 109.] WAGES AND HOURS — PAPER PRODUCTS. VI. 49 working hours for male employees who worked overtime was 61.5, or seven hours more than the regular full-time average (54.5 hours). ^ Nearly one-half (44.5 per cent) of the male employees who worked undertime in the paper box mills worked over 48 but under 54 hours, while the average number of hours for this class of undertime workers considered as a whole was 46.4. The average amount of undertime per employee was found to be 8.8 hours less than the customary hours.^ Slightly over one-half (50.8 per cent) of the 3,536 female employees, for whom information was obtained as to actual number of hours worked in the paper box factories, worked full time. Of this number 75.5 per cent worked 54 hours, the legal maximum of working hours for women and minors in the Commonwealth. Overtime work among the female workers considered in this study was but a small factor. Although, as already stated, this table would seem to reveal the fact that the working hours of women exceeded in some few cases the legal maximum, this apparent excessive working time may be attributed to the practice of crediting special work on the pay-rolls at the rate of double time, time and one-half, etc., M^hereas the total hours actually worked would not exceed the legal limits. Nearly one-half (48.1 per cent) of the total number of females worked undertime in the representative week; of these employees who worked undertime the proportion of piece-workers was very large. The average number of hours lost per employee, as computed for all the females who worked undertime, was 6.4.^ Envelope Making. Practically all work done by male employees in the envelope industry was found to be on the time-work basis. Over one-half (54.8 per cent) of the 885 male employees in the industry worked full time in the week covered by this inquiry. By far the largest pro- portion (68.7 per cent) of these full-time workers worked 54 hours, a figure closely corresponding to the average number of hours worked (54.8) as computed for this class of workers as a whole. Overtime work was reported for 222 male employees, or 25.1 per cent of the total number. The largest proportion of this number (51.8 per cent) worked over 54 but under 60 hours; the next largest group (37.4 per cent) worked over 60 but not over 72 hours. The average amount of overtime work per em- ployee was 6.8 hours over the average normal working time (54.5 hours) of these employees. ^ Male employees who worked undertime formed 20.1 per cent of the total number in the industry, the average undertime per employee amounting to 7.7 hours.^ Over one-third (36.5 per cent) of these undertime workers worked 48 hours or less; 48.3 per cent worked over 48 but under 54 hours. 1 See Table A on pages 61 to 03. VI. 50 STATISTICS OF LABOE 1915. [L. B. Considering the 1,112 female employees for whom records of the actual number of hours worked were available, we find that 647, or 58.2 per cent, worked full time in the representative week, as compared with 41.8 per cent who worked undertime. No overtime work was reported for female employees in the industry. Of the full-time workers 89.2 per cent worked 54 hours a week, the average number of hours actually Worked by this class of employees being 53.4. Undertime work was more noticeable among the female piece-workers than among the time-workers. For the total number of females who worked undertime the average num- ber of hours was 47.5, or 6.5 hours less than the customary working week.^ Other Paper Products. Nearly one-half (49.8 per cent) of the male employees in this group of industries worked full time in the representa- tive week. The average number of hours worked by these employees was 54.1, while the largest proportion (41.4 per cent) were employed over 48 but under 54 hours; 28.7 per cent, the second largest group, worked 54 hours. Overtime work among the male employees was found almost entirely among the time-workers. Pay-rolls showed that 592 males, or 26.7 per cent of the total number considered in this industry group, worked overtime. The largest proportion (36.0 per cent) worked over 60 but not over 72 hours, while 7.4 per cent worked over 72 hours. The average number of hours for all male employees working overtime was 61.3, or eight hours over the regular full-time average (53.3 hours). ^ Nearly one-fourth (23.5 per cent) of the male employees worked under- time, the average undertime per employee amounting to 9.5 hours during the week under review.^ Over one- half (55.2 per cent) of these undertime workers worked 48 hours or less. Of the 1,522 female employee? considered in this industry group, nearly one-half, or 49.9 per cent, worked full time, the largest proportion (64.9 per cent) working 54 hours a week. The average number of cus- tomary working hours as computed for all the females who worked full time was 52.8. Approximately one-half (48.4 per cent) of the female employees worked undertime in the representative week, the amount of undertime averaging 7.7 hours. ^ There is some variation according to locality in the hours of labor maintained in the different factories. This point is brought out in the following summary table. The information is given principally by geo- graphical divisions, but statistics are also shown for a few cities which were considered as the more 'mportant manufacturing centers of the special industries studied, the measure of importance being the number and size of establishments. 1 See Table A on pages 61 to 63. NO. 109.] WAGES AND HOUES — PAPER PRODUCTS. VI. 51 Table 13. — ■ Average Customary Working Time and Average Hours Actually Worked in a Representative Week, Classified by Industries and Localities. Paper Box Making. Males Females Locality. Average Customary Working Hours Average Hours Actually Worked Average Customary Working Hours Average Hours Actually Worked All Occupations. Boston and vicinity, ... Brockton and vicinity, Haverhill, ... ... Lynn, Other municipalities in Eastern Massachusetts, Worcester County, . . . . Western Massachusetts, S5.1 56.7 64.0 55.9 54.7 54.0 55.7 54.4 54.6 54.7 63.7 55.3 64.3 54.7 66.8 53.6 53.3 53.0 54.0 64.0 63.0 62.9 53.9 63.9 50.4 60.0 51.6 52.6 51.0 49.8 61.0 50.1 Envelope Making. All Occupations. Springfield, ... . . Worcester, . . ... Other municipalities, 54.7 64.8 54.8 64.6 54.8 54.1 54.3 65.9 53.8 64.0 63.9 63.3 51.0 52.1 61.3 50.1 Other Paper Products. All Occupations. 53.8 53.6 52.7 49.0 Boston and vicinity, .... 52.5 60.4 61.4 49.1 Holyoke, 64.2 64.0 64.0 51.0 Springfield 56.1 54.0 64.0 61.4 Eastern Massachusetts (not including Boston and vi- cinity), 62.8 53.2 51.9 48.6 Worcester County, 56.1 57.4 64.0 48.1 Berkshire County, 65.0 66.4 54.0 47.2 According to the above table it appears that in nearly all localities the average number of hours actually worked per employee (male and female) in each of the three groups of industries during the representative week was slightly less than the average number of regular full-time working hours. It will be observed that the maximum average customary number of hours of labor for males (56.7) was found to be in the group of paper box factories located in Boston and vicinity. The average number of hours actually worked, however, during the week under review, by the male employees of these establishments, was 54.7, or two hours less than the normal working time. The average customary number of hours worked by female employees varied from 51.4 in Boston and vicinity, for those engaged in the manu- facture of paper goods grouped under the caption "Other Paper Products", to an average of 54, the legal maximum which prevailed in several locali- ties represented in each branch of the paper products industries covered by this report. VI. 52 STATISTICS OF LABOR 1915. [l. B. V. THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER PRODUCTS. 1. PAPER BOX MAKING. The manufacture of paper boxes has become an important and growing industry. For the most part the work is done by women and girls, but the heavier work, such as machine work, the handling of large sheets of box board, and the shipping, is done by men, while boys serve as errand boys and operate simple machines.^ Supervisory and accounting clerks and mechanics and their helpers are also required in large numbers, while the transportation of supplies and of the finished product furnishes em- ployment to many drivers and chauffeurs. Many establishments own their own transportation equipment, but in some cases this work is done under contract. In some of the large establishments extensive plants are maintained for supplying heat, light, and power, necessitating the em- ployment of engineers and firemen, but in the smaller factories gas or electricity as power is purchased directly, thereby rendering unnecessary the maintenance of a distinct power plant — an important item in the cost of production of the large establishments. The development of the business has been accompanied by inevitable changes in methods, the manufacture having been transformed from a hand to a machine industry. In the earlier days a box maker was a trained worker, handling few tools and capable of performing every operation required in making a box. To some extent hand work still lingers in the trade, and, although it now constitutes a comparatively small part of the process of paper box making, it can hardly be dispensed with entirely, because very little machine work is done in the making of the best grades of boxes, such, for instance, as are now used as containers for the highest priced candies and for expensive jewelry. Boxes of irregu- lar shape or of unusual character are also made by hand. The tremendous increase in the use of paper boxes, creating a demand for cheaper goods and for more rapid production, has led to the very general introduction of machinery. This increased demand is of comparatively recent growth. Innumerable articles which formerly were wrapped in paper or put into paper bags are now boxed before they are put on sale. Shoes, hats, clothing of nearly every kind, candy, crackers, and biscuits, phonograph records, electric-light bulbs, breakfast food, toilet articles, cigarettes, and a bewildering variety of other goods are now packed in paper boxes, often as soon as manufactured. In fact, the box has become such an important part of the finished product that in many cases a box-making 1 See Bulletin issued by tl . r^;..iB rr^n^a T?,l,i NO. 109.] MANUFACTURE OF PAPER PRODUCTS. VI. 53 department has been installed in establishments engaged in making articles for the retail trade, this method having been found more satisfactory than having the boxes made at a regular factory. In order to keep pace with the growing demand, machinery has been devised and improved until now, in a highly organized factory, the workers are principally engaged in tending machines, the operation of which demands manual dexterity, but no great amount of skill or muscular strength. Accordingly, there has resulted a quite general employment of women and juveniles. Of late years the restrictions provided in the child labor law in this Commonwealth have resulted in the employment of older children than were formerly employed in the box-making industry. One employer reported that it had been his custom to employ children without much regard to age during the summer vacation period, but now, because of the necessity of procuring employment certificates, etc., he no longer employs any minors under 16 years of age. The young people are first employed as strikers and helpers and from these occupations are transferred to the better-paying positions as fast as they show aptitude for the work. Those employees known as "bench workers" or "table workers" constitute the most skilled workers in this industry, as they are employed in making the expensive boxes of an unusual character which are made mostly by hand. It is in this occupation, as a rule, that one finds the worker, often an elderly woman, who has had the training and possesses the artistic as well as the mechanical ability to perform the work required on special kinds of boxes. Practically all bench workers in this line are well paid. There is constant demand for novelties in the shape of hand- made boxes. The bench worker, therefore, enjoys a freedom from that monotonous work which attends the constant operation of machines pro- ducing the standard products. The working conditions in paper box factories are not altogether unpleasant. The almost continuous handling of paste or glue in some of the operations, with the occasional smearing of hands and clothing, is in itself somewhat disagreeable, but in their efforts not to spoil the goods on which they are working the operators become extremely skilful in handling these adhesives, and usually their clothing is protected by large aprons. The odor of glue and paste, which is so disagreeable to those unaccustomed to it, exists in many factories, but is minimized in a great measure by proper ventilation and by care in the heating of the glue. Two conditions in the industry which affect the general health and welfare of the employees are the use of dangerous machinery and the fact that many of the machine operators are obliged to stand while VI. 54 STATISTICS OF LABOR — 1915. [L- B. working. The "stayer" is probably the most dangerous of the machines on which women work, no practical device having yet been perfected by which accidents on this machine may be prevented. In some establish- ments steel finger protectors, similar in appearance to a thimble but covering more of the finger, are in use by operators of staying machines. These protectors do not entirely prevent accidents, but do tend to lessen their ill effects. The older workers object somewhat to wearing the pro- tectors because they tend to diminish the speed of operation and so reduce earnings. The corner cutters, too, generally operated by men, are another source of accidents, but these machines can be, and in many places now are, protected by safety guards. In operating one machine, the operator (usually a woman or girl) is obliged to balance herself on one foot while using the other to trip a lever, and to continue this work for the entire day. More than five years ago the inspectors of the United States Depart- ment of Labor, after investigating the conditions of woman and child labor in the box-making industry in this State, reported that it was then possible to equip the dangerous machinery with practical safety devices; nevertheless, many machines now in use are not so equipped. The ex- pense of installing the devices and the fear of a reduced production by machines equipped with them has been largely responsible for the delay on the part of the employers in making these improvements, and the employee, also, is naturally averse to using any device which would tend to reduce earnings. There is, however, some indication that conditions are improving in this respect, one manufacturer of box-making machinery having recently reported that for some months all of the new machines leaving his factory had been equipped with modern safety devices. The laws of this State, as well as of many other States, require that seats be provided for women engaged in certain occupations, and the general adoption of a law of this nature will, in time, bring about the construc- tion of seats on all machines which are now operated while the worker stands. Nearly all of the male employees in paper box factories are paid on a weekly basis, but many of the female employees (more than 50 per cent) are paid on a piece-rate basis. In some establishments the operators on certain machines engage their own helpers and make their own bargain with them as to compensation, but this is by no means a general practice. The work is somewhat seasonal, the rush periods depending upon the kinds of goods manufactured. Generally there is a busy season, varying from a few weeks to two or three months before Christmas, and a shorter rush period just before Easter. The period following the Christmas rush NO. 109.] MANUFACTURE OF PAPER PRODUCTS. VI. 55 and the summer months are usually dull periods. In those factories where the principal articles manufactured are staple, such as shoe or cigarette boxes, the work is practically non-seasonal, but where novelties or fancy boxes are made there are apt to be well-defined rush and slack seasons. In order to hold their working forces together during the dull seasons the larger establishments find it to their advantage to make up work during the dull months and to store the finished goods until wanted by the consumer. Although the various processes of box making are very, much the same in all establishments, the work devolving upon the different em- ployees differs according to the size of the establishment and the style of box made. In the smaller factories one employee may be engaged on several processes while in the larger establishments a single process may be performed by two or more workers. Likewise the names of the various occupations differ in the several establishments, consequently there are more occupation names than distinct occupations. The two standard types of paper boxes are what are known as the "stiff" box, such as those in which candy is packed, and the "collapsible" or folding box, such as are used for ice cream and crackers. Some estab- lishments specialize in one or the other type, but seldom is the manu- facture confined to a single type. The folding box is not only cheaper than the stiff box but is decidedly less bulky, and in some cases requires no further operation than the simple creasing or shaping by machine. These boxes are shipped from the factory in large bundles in "knocked- down" condition and are opened and shaped as needed. Some folding boxes have one glued edge which is fastened by machine and these, like the unglued boxes, are shipped "flat", in quantities. The stiff box involves more processes in manufacture than the col- lapsible box and it varies greatly in style. The cost varies according to the materials used, the difficulty in manufacture, and the durability, size, etc., of the boxes. Thus an expensive candy box is much more difficult to manufacture than an ordinary shoe box, the former being more artistic than durable, while of the latter the reverse is true. Some boxes are made entirely by hand, others by machinery; some are made almost entirely out of one piece of material, while others are made from separate pieces. Those boxes which are designed for only temporary use or as containers for boxes of better quality are not covered or trimmed, while those which are for more permanent use are often covered with white or colored paper, and in some cases are finished in an expensive and artistic manner. The stock used in the manufacture of paper boxes is newsboard, made VI. 56 STATISTICS OF LABOR — 1915. [L- B. from old newspapers; strawboard, made from straw; wood-pulp board, made from wood; and chipboard, made from the shavings and chips gathered in the paper-box factories and worked over into stock at the mills. These various kinds of boards are commonly termed "box board." Such stock is shipped in large sheets, or in the case of thin material, in large rolls, directly from the producing mills or from dealers. It may be purchased already "lined", that is, with one side covered with white or colored paper, or it may be lined at the factory. This lined surface forms the inside of the box and serves as a finish. 2. ENVELOPE MAKING. Following the introduction of cheap postage in Great Britain and in the United States, about 1840, the use of envelopes for the purpose of enclosing personal correspondence became quite general. Prior to 1844 comparatively few envelopes were used and those were all made by hand, the blank forms being cut, folded and gummed without the use of any machinery whatever. In 1844 a patent was granted in England for an envelope-making machine, and about five years later the machine was patented in the United States. Since that time the machinery has been so perfected that the making of envelopes has become almost wholly a mechanical operation, thereby greatly reducing the cost of manufacture. The demand for a great variety of envelopes has led to the use of many grades and colors of paper in their manufacture. The largest envelope factories in Massachusetts are located in Spring- field and Worcester, the latter city being the acknowledged center of the industry in the United States. In manufacturing envelopes the forms or blanks are cut directly from the paper, generally a ream at a time, by a steel die driven by steam pressure. These blanks are fed automatically to the envelope machine where they are folded, the margins being gummed, the proper edges being pressed together, and the gum, known as the seal, on the loose or upper flap being dried. These operations are rapidly performed while the envelopes pass through the machine and, when thus completed, the envelopes pass on an endless belt to the front of the ma- chine and are deposited in packages of twenty-five envelopes each. The operator then bands each package with a narrow strip of paper, and packs it in a box ready for shipment. From five to six thousand envelopes an hour can be made on each of these machines. When the envelopes are of unusual size or character, it is necessary to make them by hand, in which case the envelopes, after being blanked in the usual way, are folded and the flaps are gummed and sealed at the bench. For the purpose of NO. 109.] MANUFACTURE OF PAPER PRODUCTS. VI. 57 enclosing second class mail matter, which is subject to examination or for office filing purposes, certain envelopes are made with the upper flap ungummed. Such envelopes are usually equipped with clasps of metal or with extension cords, which prevent the contents from falling out yet admit of ready examination. Frequently envelopes are addressed or printed during the process of manufacture, consequently the printing department is often an important department in an envelope factory. All printing is usually done on the blank before it is folded, and for this purpose very rapid automatic presses are generally used. As nearly all of the operations in the manufacture of envelopes are performed by automatic machines, the majority of the employees in an envelope factory are women and girls. Men operate the cutting ma- chines on which the shapes or blanks are cut, adjust the delicate mechan- ism of the envelope machines, set them for the various sized blanks, and keep them in proper running order, but women do all the bench work on hand-made envelopes, tend the machines on which the envelopes are folded and sealed, and perform many of the operations in the printing department. No great skill is required of a machine operator, and the work in an envelope factory is generally -clean and free from danger. The female employees are not required to do heavy lifting, are not subject to severe eye strain as in some industries, and are not required to handle any dirty material other than gum or mucilage. Women known as "clasp at- tachers" or "claspers", who operate the machines by which are attached the different devices for fastening the unsealed envelopes, are required to use some care in operating their machines so as to avoid accidents to their hands and fingers, but, otherwise, no dangerous machinery is oper- ated bv women in the manufacture of envelopes. VI. DETAILED TABLES. Table A. — Customary and Actual Working Time, with Reference to Full Time, Overtime, and Undertime. Table B. — Customary and Actual Working Time, with Reference to Time and Piece-work. Table C. — Earnings and Working Time, with Reference to Full Time, Overtime, and Undertime. Table D. — Earnings and Working Time, with Reference to Time and Piece-work. Table E. — Actual Weekly Earnings: By Occupations. Table F. — Actual Hourly Earnings: By Occupations. Table G. — Customary and Actual Weekly Working Time: By Occu- pations. [VI. 59] TABLE A. — CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WORKING TIME, WITH REFER- ENCE TO FULL TIME, OVERTIME, AND UNDERTIME. Paper Box Making. . Regardless of Time WOBKED FcLL Time Overtime Undertime Classification. Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Cus- tomary Work- ing Hours Aver- age Hours Actu- ally Worked Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Hours Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Cus- tomary Work- ing Hours Aver- age Hours Actu- ally Worked Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Cus- tomary Work- ing Hours Aver- age Hours Actu- ally Worked All Occupa- tions. > 5,924 53.9 51.8 2,969 54.2 278 54.0 60.6 1,992 63.6 46.8 Males. IJSS 65.1 5i.e 1,173 55. 3 B40 54.5 61.6 290 55. e 46.4 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 1,568 165 65.2 54.8 64.8 62.3 1,130 43 65.3 65.2 227 13 54.6 62.2 61.8 56.2 209 81 55.3 65.0 44.9 50.2 Females. 4,tsi es.s 504 1,796 53.6 38 50.9 55.1 1,702 63.3 46.9 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 1,197 2,994 63.3 53.4 50.8 60.2 879 917 53.4 63.7 33 5 50.8 61.6 55.3 54.6 283 1,419 63.5 53.2 42.2 47.9 Productive Oc- cupations. 2 4,972 63.7 51.3 2,355 54.0 154 54.0 60.4 1,810 53.5 47.0 Males. 1,000 51.1 SU. SSI 55. B m 54.7 61.6 )77 55.S 46.1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 886 114 55.2 64.8 64.5 52.8 638 43 66.2 55.2 118 6 54.8 62.3 61.9 66.3 130 47 65.4 54.9 44.6 50.2 Females. 3,97^ SS.i 50.4 1,674 ss.e 30 51. B 65.7 1,6SS 6S.3 47.1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, . 1,073 2,899 53.4 63.4 60.9 50.2 793 881 53.4 63.7 26 4 61.2 51.3 66.0 53.8 252 1,381 53.5 53.3 42.4 48.0 General Occu- pations, Pro- ducing De- partments. '818 54.2 53.2 195 54.5 111 53.6 60.5 180 54.1 45.3 Males. S99 5i.7 H.4 373 5i.S lOS SS.9 61.0 111 65.1 47.1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 548 61 64.7 54.9 54.7 51.3 373 64.8 96 7 54.0 52.1 61.4 56.0 77 34 55.0 55.2 45.6 50.3 Females. ei9 5S.0 49.0 m S3.S a 49.9 63.6 69 51.5 4t.3 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 124 95 53.1 52.8 50.1 48.9 86 36 63.4 53.8 7 1 49.4 63.0 53.0 58.0 31 38 63.3 51.9 40.3 43.9 Power, Mechan- ical, and Yard Force. <134 57.1 57.3 119 57.1 13 57.0 63.7 2 60.0 32.0 Time-workers, . 134 57.1 57.3 119 67.1 13 57.0 63.7 2 60.0 32.0 Envelope Making. All Occupa- tions. i 2,532 54.1 52.7 1,132 54.0 222 54.5 61.3 643 54.1 47.3 Males. 890 S4.7 54.8 485 54.8 IBB 64.5 61.3 178 54.6 46.8 867 ,54.7 54.9 473 54.9 221 54.5 61.3 173 54.6 47.0 Piece-workers, . 23 63.1 60.1 12 53.3 1 55.0 58.0 5 51.6 40.8 Females. 1,642 63.8 61.0 647 63.4 - 466 64.0 47.5 583 63.4 61.6 446 53.2 - 137 64.0 46.4 Piece-workers, 1,059 54.0 60.2 201 53.8 328 64.0 48.0 1 Including 30 males and 665 females for whom actual hours worked were not reported. 2 Including 18 males and 635 females for whom actual hours worked were not reported, s Including 12 males and 20 females for whom actual hours worked were not reported. * All males. 5 Including five males and 530 females for whom actual hours worked were not reported. [VI. 61J VI. 62 STATISTICS OF LABOE — 1915. [L. B. TABLE A. — CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WORKING TIME, WITH REFER- ENCE TO FULL TIME, OVERTIME, AND UNDERTIME — Continued. Envelope Making — Concluded. Regardless op Time Worked Full Time Overtime Undertime Classification. Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Cus- tomary Work- ing Hours Aver- age Hours Actu- ally Worked Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Hours Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Cus- tomary Work- ing Hours Aver- age Hours Actu- ally Worked Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Cus- tomary Work- ing Hours Aver- age Hours Actu- ally Worked Productive Oc- cupations. 1 1,650 53.8 51.6 716 53.6 49 S4.3 58.8 432 54.1 47.7 Males. soo H.S H.l m Si.O 49 H.S S8.S 46 S4.7 49.4 Time-workers, , Piece-workers, . 289 11 54.2 54.5 64.1 64.3 196 7 64.0 54.4 48 1 64.3 65.0 68.8 68.0 46 1 64.7 55.0 49.4 60.0 Females. 1,SS0 es.s eo.s SIS BS.4 - - SS6 14.0 47.4 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 434 016 53.3 54.0 51.6 60.1 344 169 63.2 63.8 - 90 296 63.9 54.0 45.7 48.0 General Occu- pations, Pro- ducing De- partments. = 702 54.1 53.7 317 53.9 136 54.6 62.2 167 54.2 46.3 Males. 410 a.s H-S m 14.1 ise U.e ««.« 88 54.4 U.7 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 398 12 64.4 51.9 65.0 45.9 178 6 64.2 61.6 136 64.6 62.2 84 4 64.6 50.8 45.0 38.8 Females. «9« es.8 S1.6 ISi 63.6 - - - 79 S4.0 4S.0 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 149 143 53.7 64.0 61.7 51.2 102 32 63.6 64.0 - ~ - 47 32 64.0 64.0 47.8 48.3 Power, Meclian- ical, and Yard Force. "180 56.4 56.2 99 57.8 37 54.6 61.3 41 54.6 48.2 Time-workers, . 180 66.4 56.2 99 67.8 37 64.6 61.3 44 64.6 48.2 Other Paper Products. All Occupa- tions. * 3,747 53.3 51.7 1,862 53.6 618 53.3 61.0 1,259 52.9 44.4 Males. g,S2B B3.8 BS.6 I.IOS B4.1 B9S ss.s 61. S B2S es.4 4S.9 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 2,111 114 63.8 53.2 53.7 60.7 1,068 35 54.1 64.4 677 15 63.4 51.0 61.6 53.7 466 56 53.8 52.1 43.4 47.6 Females. 1,BU es.7 49.0 719 BB.S «8 B1.7 B4.S 7S7 B2.B U.8 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 927 695 62.4 63.0 48.5 49.6 631 228 62.4 53.9 20 6 51.9 61.0 54.6 63.5 376 361 62.6 52.6 42.8 46.9 Productive Oc- cupations. 5 2,646 53.5 51.2 1,314 53.8 323 54.3 61.3 1,005 52.9 44.5 Males. 1,S18 S4.4 es.4 654 Bi.e S02 B4.4 61.7 SB8 BS.9 44-1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 1,234 84 54.5 63.3 63.6 50.9 629 26 54.6 54.7 291 11 64.6 61.0 62.0 54.3 314 44 64.1 62.4 43.7 47.8 Females. 1,328 es.7 49.0 660 Bl.9 Bl B1.9 B4.8 647 B2.4 U.7 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 796 632 62.4 63.0 48.6 49.7 452 203 52,6 53.9 15 63.2 61.0 55.2 53.6 329 318 62.4 62.4 42.8 46.8 1 Including two males and 451 females for whom actual hours worked were not reported. 2 Including three males and 79 females for whom actual hours worked were not reported. ' All males. * Including eight male piece-workers for whom actual hours worked were not reported. ' Including four males for whom actual hours worked were not reported. NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 63 TABLE A. — CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WORKING TIME, WITH REFER- ENCE TO FULL TIME, OVERTIME, AND UNDERTIME — Concluded. other Paper Products — Concluded. Regardless of Time WOBKED Full Time Overtime Undertime Classification. Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Cus- tomary Work- ing Hours Aver- age Hours Actu- ally Worked Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Hours Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Cus- tomary Work- ing Hours Aver- age Hours Actu- ally Worked Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Cus- tomary Work- ing Hours Aver- age Hours Actu- ally Worked Qeneral Occu- pations, Pro- ducing De- partments. Male>. Time-workers, Piece-workers, . Females, Time-workers, . Piece-workers, Power, Mechan- ical, and Yard Force. Time-workers, . 1926 7Sg 702 30 m 131 63 2 175 175 52.3 6S.ll 62.1 53.0 Si.7 52.4 53.4 S5.6 65.6 51.9 «.7 52.7 60.3 iS.O 48.8 49.6 69.0 69.0 460 sei 361 10 99 79 20 88 S3 62.3 Bl.S 52.3 63.7 51.9 63.1 67.4 57.4 225 no 216 4 6 6 70 70 51.6 ei.e 61.6 61.0 51.0 61.0 54.1 64.1 59.6 69.7 69.8 52.3 6S.e 62.6 64.1 64.1 237 U7 135 12 90 47 43 17 17 52.8 61.4 62.6 51.3 6S.i 63.3 53.6 52.5 52.5 43.8 41.8 42.5 46.8 43.0 48.0 46.2 46.2 1 Including four males for whom actual hours worked were not reported. 2 All males. VI. 64 STATISTICS OF LABOR 1915. [l. B. TABLE B. — CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WORKING TIME, WITH REFER- ENCE TO TIME AND PIECE-WORK. Paper Box, Making. , Cus- tomary CC)or Actual (A) Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Hours Pbkcentage op Employees Whose Weekly HouKS OP Labob were — Classification. 48 and under Over 48 and under 54 54 • Over 54 and under 60 60 Over 60 but not over 72 Over 72 All Occupations. { c A 5,924 5,239 53.9 51.8 0.7 15.2 23.2 32.7 63.1 36.9 12.5 12.5 0.3 0.6 0.1 1.7 0.1 0.4 Males. { C A IJSS 1,703 se.i si.e l.S 8.4 11.1 I4.S 4S.S S2.9 42.7 SS.l 1.0 1.8 0.2 5.1 0.2 1.2 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, , C A C A 1,568 1,566 165 137 55.2 54.8 54.8 52.3 1.5 6.1 10.2 10.1 12.2 20.6 40.9 43.8 33.7 40.6 23.3 43.1 39.5 38.8 21.9 1.1 1.9 1.5 0.2 5.3 2T2 0.2 1.3 Females. { C A s,es6 SS.S 604 O.B 19. S 2S.2 41.4 71.S S8.9 0.1 1- 0.1 Time-workers, , Piece-workers, . ! C A C A 1,197 1,195 2,994 2,341 53.3 50.8 53.4 60.2 0.2 13.8 0.5 22.4 31.0 33.2 27.2 45.5 63.8 52.3 72.3 32.0 0T2 0.1 oTi o'.i Productive Occupa- tions. { C A 4,972 4,319 53.7 51.3 0.6 16.6 24.3 35.9 66.5 37.4 8.5 8.5 0.1 0.3 1.1 0.2 Males. { C A 1,000 982 es.i H.4 0.2 7.0 9.2 14.0 4e.s SS.l 43.5 S7.B o.s 1.2 4'.8 0.9 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, , . C A C A 886 886 114 96 55.2 54.5 64.8 52.8 0.2 6.5 U.5 8.7 12.0 13.2 32.3 45.9 35.7 53.5 30.2 44.8 38.7 33.3 22.9 0.4 1.1 2.1 5.0 1.0 1.0 Females. { C A S,972 s,ssr es.4 S0.4 0.4 19.4 28.11 42.S 71.4 S8.0 0.1 2_ 0.2 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . C A C A 1,073 1,071 2,899 2,266 53.4 60.9 53.4 50.2 0.3 13.4 0.5 22.2 31.4 34.1 26.9 46.2 68.3 51.7 72.6 31.6 0.2 0.1 0.5 Oeneral Occupations, Producing Depart- ments. C A 818 T8S 54.2 53.2 2.8 10.4 19.9 20.0 47.2 35.2 29.7 28.0 0.4 1.1 4.3 1.0 Males. { C A 599 B4.7 H.4 S.5 6.8 16.2 18.1 S9.2 29.3 40.8 S7.3 O.B 1.5 5.8 1.4 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . i C A C A 548 546 51 41 64.7 64.7 64.9 51.3 3.8 6.6 7.3 14.2 14.8 37.2 61.0 41.8 31.0 11.8 7.3 39.6 38.6 61.0 19.5 0.6 1.6 5T9 4.9 1.5 Females. { C A 219 199 6S.0 49.6 0.9 21.1 SO.l 25.6 69.0 52.8 0.5 ,. Time-workers, . Piece-workers, i C A C A 124 124 95 75 53.1 50.1 52.8 48.9 16.9 2.1 28.1 27.4 25.8 33.7 25.3 72.6 57.3 64.2 45.3 1.3 Power, Mechanical, and Yard Force. i { A 134 134 57.1 57.3 0.7 2.2 3.0 38.1 32.1 46.3 48.5 8.2 7.6 3.0 5.2 2.2 3.0 Time-workers, . { C A 134 134 67.1 67.3 0T7 2.2 3.0 38.1 32.1 46.3 48.6 8.2 7.5 3.0 5.2 2.2 3.0 1 0.03 per cent. 2 0.02 per cent. 3 0.04 per cent. ■* All males. NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 65 TABLE B. — CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WORKING TIME, WITH REFER- ENCE TO TIME AND PIECE-WORK — Continued. Envelope Making. Cus- tomary (C)or Actual (A) Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Hours Percentage op Employees Whose Weekly Hours of Labor were — Classification. 48 and under Over 48 and under 54 54 Over 54 and under 60 60 Over 60 but not over 72 Over 72 All Occupations. { 2 2,532 1,997 54.1 52.7 3.0 15.3 1.3 20.7 84.6 46.3 9.7 11.1 0.7 0,9 0.3 4.5 0.4 1.2 Males. { 5 890 8SS li.r 64.S S.4 9.5 1.6 11. S ei.4 S9.S S7.6 S5.0 1.9 2.1 1.0 lO.i 1.1 $.7 Time-workera, . Piece-workers, . A / c I A 867 867 23 18 54.7 54.9 53.1 50.1 2.0 9.2 17.4 22.2 1.6 11.2 16.7 64.6 39.3 56.5 33.3 27.7 24.9 26.1 27.8 2,0 2,2 1.0 10.4 1,1 2.8 Females. { s l,64i 63.8 61.0 S.S 19.9 1.1 2S.S 95.6 61.9 Time-workera, . Piece-workers, . A I A 583 583 1,059 529 53.4 51.6 54.0 50.2 8.2 17,5 0.6 22.5 3.3 17.0 40.6 88.5 65.5 99.4 36.9 - - - Productive Occupa- tions. ( 1 1,650 1,197 53.8 51.6 3.2 16.9 1.4 24.3 90.5 50.1 4.7 7.6 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.1 Males, { s soo S9S 6i.S 64.1 5.7 1.3 9.4 69.4 60.0 m.o 30.5 1.3 1.4 S.7- 0.3 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . / c \ A 289 289 11 9 54.2 54.1 54.5 54.3 2.1 5.9 1.4 9.3 11.2 69,9 50.2 54.5 44.4 25,2 30.1 45.5 44.4 1.4 1.4 2,8 0,3 Females. { 2 1,360 899 63.8 60.8 3.4 S0.6 1.4 B9.S 95.1 60. S . - Time-workers, , Piece-workers, . I A 434 434 916 465 53.3 51.6 54.0 50.1 9.2 18.2 0.7 22.8 4,4 15.4 42.2 86,4 66.4 99.3 35.0 General Occupations, Producing Depart- ments. M 702 620 54.1 53.7 3.2 13.9 1.4 15.8 75.9 41.9 18.1 14.5 0.7 1.1 0,4 10.7 0.3 2,1 Males. { s iio 407 64.3 54.8 S.4 IS. 3 S.4 11.6 60.7 SS.9 Sl.O BS.l 1.2 1.7 0.7 16. S o.e 3.2 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . / c A / c A 398 398 12 9 54.4 55.0 51.9 45.9 2.5 11.5 33.3 44.5 2.5 11.3 22,2 60.8 33,2 58,4 22.2 31.7 22.4 8.3 11.1 1.2 1,7 0,8 16.6 0,5 3,3 Females. { 2 i9i US 63. 8 61. S 1.7 16.9 13.9 97. S 69. S Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . / c A I 2 149 149 143 64 53.7 51.7 54.0 51.2 5.4 15.4 20.3 21.5 29.7 94.6 63,1 100,0 50.0 - - - Power, Mechanical, and Yard Force, i { I 180 180 56.4 56.2 0.6 9.4 13.9 64.5 35.6 22,8 22.2 4.4 4.4 3.3 8.9 4.4 5.6 Time-workers, . { s 180 180 56.4 56.2 0.6 9.4 13.9 64.5 35.6 22,8 22,2 4.4 4.4 3.3 8.9 4,4 5.6 1 A 1 males. VI. 66 STATISTICS OF LABOR 1915. [l. B. TABLE B. - CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WORKING TIME, WITH REFER- ENCE TO TIME AND PIECE-WORK — Concluded. other Paper Products. Cus- tomary (C)or Actual (A) Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Hours Pebcektaqe of Employees Whose Weekly HOUBS OF Laboh weke — Classification . 48 and under Over 48 and under 54 54 Over 64 and under 60 60 Over 60 but not over 72 Over 72 All Occupations. ( C A 3,747 3,739 53.3 51.7 1.7 17.3 43.9 36.8 38.3 22.5 10.1 11.7 4.2 3.7 1.5 6.5 0.3 1.5 Males. I C A 1,1115 g,S17 es.8 SS.6 B.6 1S.4 iS.4 32.1 24-9 16.6 18.9 19.2 7.0 6.S 2.8 10.9 0.8 2.8 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . i C A C A 2,111 2,111 114 106 53.8 53.7 53.2 50.7 2.7 13.0 20.8 46.3 31.6 47.4 43.4 24.1 14.8 40.4 29.2 17.7 20.0 2.6 2.8 6.9 6.5 9.6 2.8 2.7 11.4 1.0 0.6 2.7 FemaUs, { C A i,5n ss.r 49.0 o.e $S.l 41.6 is.e 68.0 S2.e 0.7 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . i C A C A 927 927 595 596 52.4 48.5 53.0 49.6 0.9 22.0 24T7 47.9 47.2 31.6 37.8 51.2 29.7 68.4 37.3 1.1 0.2 : _ Productive Occupa- tions. { C A 2,646 2,642 53.5 51.2 0.9 18.7 39.3 35.4 42.0 25.1 11.0 11.2 4.8 3.6 1.9 4.9 0.1 1.1 Males. { C A I.SIS H4 BS.i 1.6 14.1 se.o 28.4 28.8 18. e 22.1 21.7 9.8 7.1 S.9 10.0 0.1 2.1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . C A C A 1,234 1,234 84 80 54.5 63.6 53.3 50.9 1.6 13.6 21.2 35.3 27.6 45.2 42.5 26.8 15.9 41.7 27.5 23.4 22.9 3.6 .3.8 9.7 7.4 9.6 3.8 4.1 10.4 1.2 0.1 2.3 Females. { C A i,sm 1,S2S 62.7 p.o O.S SS.S 42.7 42.4 B7.0 SS.S 0.7 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . C A C A 796 796 532 532 52.4 48.5 53.0 49.7 0.6 22.7 24.1 48.9 46.0 33.6 37.0 50.6 30.2 66.6 38.7 1.1 0.2 - - General Occupations, Producing Depart- ments. 1 C A 926 922 52.3 51.9 4.3 15.2 55.9 42.6 31.0 16.9 6.7 12.4 2.1 3.7 8.5 0.7 Males. { C A 72S 62.7 4.9 1S.6 ei.9 40.2 22.1 14.4 8.6 16.6 2.8 4.1 10.7 1.0 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . C A C A 702 702 30 26 62.1 62.7 53.0 60.3 5.1 13.3 19.2 62.3 40.0 63.3 46.2 21.5 13.7 36.7 34.6 8.8 16.1 2.3 4.8 10.0 11.1 1.0 Females. { C A m m Bi.7 49.0 2.1 21.7 3S.B 61.6 S4.4 28.3 0.6 _ Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . , C A C A 131 131 63 63 62.4 48.8 63.4 49.6 3.0 17.5 30.2 42.0 56.0 16,9 44.4 55.0 26.7 84.1 25.4 0.8 - Power, Mechanical, and Yard Force. ' { C A 175 175 55.6 59.0 0.6 7.4 48.0 26.3 22.3 12.0 13.1 16.4 6.7 6.9 3.4 19.4 6.9 12.6 Time-workers, . { C A 175 175 55.6 59.0 0.6 7.4 48.0 26.3 22.3 12.0 13.1 16.4 5.7 6.9 3.4 19.4 6.9 12.6 1 All males. NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 67 TABLE C. — EARNINGS AND WORKING TIME, WITH REFERENCE TO FULL TIME, OVERTIME, AND UNDERTIME. Paper Box Making. CiiAssipiED Weekly Earnings. So. 99, S6.99, S7.99, S8.99, $9.99, All Occupations. Males. Under S3, S3 to $3.99, $4 to $4.99, $5 to $6 to $7 to $3 to S9 to $10 to $10.! $11 to $11.99, $12 to $12.99, $13 to $13.99, $14 to $14.99, $15 to $15.99, $16 to $16.99, $17 to $17.99, $18 to $18.99, $19 to $19.99, $20 to $24.99, $25 to $29.99, $30 and over. Under $3, $3 to $3.99, $4 to $4.99, $S to $5.99, $6 to $6.99, $7 to $7.99, $8 to $8.99, $9 to $9.99, $10 to $10.99, $11 to $11.99, $12 to $12.99, $13 to $13.99, $14 to $14.99, $15 to $15.99, $16 to $16.99, $17 and under $20, Earnings not stated, Productive Occupa- tions. Males, Under $3, $3 to $3.99 $4 to $4.99 $5 to $5.99 $6 to $6.99 $7 to $7.99 $Sto $3.99 $9 to $9.99 $10 to $10.99 $11 to $11.99, $12 to $12.99, $13 to $13. $14 to $14. $15 to $15. $16 to $16. $17 to $17. $18 to $18. $19 to $19. $20 to $24. $25 to $29..., $30 and over. Number o£ Em- ployees 21 15 41 35 68 60 74 155 167 102 249 151 91 142 79 48 84 18 82 21 10 65 168 388 459 435 455 455 374 233 164 101 50 29 26 15 13 106 17 12 29 30 45 44 51 106 106 60 128 66 41 69 31 28 46 6 48 11 Average Hours 20.7 33.3 49.6 49.5 50.3 52.1 55.1 55.2 55.4 55.2 65.6 65.3 57.7 55.9 56.7 57.1 56.0 57.3 56.9 57.8 56.6 60.4 25.8 45.4 60.1 50.2 60.6 50.5 51.4 52.2 52.1 52.2 62.7 51.9 52.6 52.6 SI. 4 52.0 52.1 51.3 H.4 22.6 36.1 61.6 60.7 51.5 62.6 64.8 55.4 55.5 66.0 55.7 55.4 57.8 66.1 56.8 57.6 54.9 54.8 56.4 66.4 56.1 Number of Em- ployees 2,969 i,ns 3 24 25 38 32 47 107 * 118 59 202 114 56 109 55 37 65 9 52 14 7 1 60 234 237 213 196 238 226 137 7 22 2,355 681 3 17 23 32 24 38 72 74 30 103 51 24 60 25 22 37 Average Hours 54.2 ss.s 46.0 53.6 54.4 53.9 64.4 55.3 55.4 56.6 54.7 56.6 55,4 66.3 56,4 55.7 56.2 55.0 52.9 55,2 56.1 55.9 ss.e 54.0 53.3 53.6 53.6 53.6 53.5 53.6 53.6 53.6 53.8 53.6 53.4 53.9 53.6 54.0 54.0 54.0 54.0 SS.S 46.0 63.7 54.4 54.2 54.8 55.2 55.7 55.7 54.9 55.3 55.5 56.0 55.3 55.8 55.3 54.7 62.7 65.3 64.9 55.9 Overtime Number of Em- ployees 278 3 154 m 1 6 4 13 13 18 11 7 Average Hours 60.6 ei.s 63,0 56.0 59.8 59.4 60.8 59.5 60.2 61.8 57.6 66.0 60.6 64.1 63.7 62.1 64.6 62.9 65.3 58.0 SS.S 67.3 56.2 65.2 58.5 63.4 52.0 63,3 61.5 60.4 61.6 53.0 56.0 59.8 68.3 62.2 61.2 60.2 62.9 68.4 64.8 62.3 59.3 66.2 58.3 61.5 63.6 71.0 58.0 Undertime Number of Em- ployees 1,992 SBO 21 12 16 10 19 23 15 26 27 24 14 12 10 5 2 7 1 1,70S 64 115 145 222 217 257 206 147 93 66 36 20 6 84 1,810 177 17 9 11 7 12 15 9 21 19 12 14 1 Not including 30 males and 655 females for whom actual hours of labor were not reported. 2 Not including 18 males and 635 females for whom actual hours of labor were not reported. VI. 68 STATISTICS OF LABOE ■ 1915. [l. B. TABLE C. — EARNINGS AND WORKING TIME, WITH REFERENCE TO FULL TIME, OVERTIME, AND UNDERTIME — Continued. Paper Box Making — Continued. ^^^ Totals Full Time Overtime Undertime CLASSIFIED Weekly Earnings. Number of Em- ployees Average Hours Number of Em- ployees Average Hours Number of Em- ployees Average Hours Number of Em- ployees Average Hours Froductive Occupa- tions — Con. Females. S,SS7 SO. 4 i,e74 S3.6 SO 55. 7 i,ess 47.1 Under $3, 69 26.2 1 54.0 - - 58 25.7 $3 to S3. 99, 163 46.6 50 63.3 2 57.0 111 42,0 $4 to S4.99, 368 50.3 224 53.5 8 66.6 136 44,7 $5 to $5.99, 426 60.2 219 63.6 - - 207 46.7 S6to $6.99, 401 50.6 189 53.6 6 65.2 207 47.7 87 to S7.99, 425 50.6 175 63.5 2 68.5 248 48.3 $8 to SS.99, 428 51.4 224 • 63.6 6 54.0 199 49.0 $9 to 89,99, 360 62.1 215 53.6 1 52.0 144 50.0 510 to $10.99, 221 52.1 129 63.6 3 63,3 89 49.8 $lltoS11.99, 161 62.0 86 53.7 - - 65 49.8 $12 to $12.99, 99 62.7 62 53.6 2 61,6 35 50.5 $13 to $13.99, 48 61.8 28 53.4 ~ - 20 49.6 $14 to $14.99, 29 62.6 20 53.9 1 52,0 8 49.6 $15 to $15.99, 26 52.6 18 53.6 - - 8 50.5 $16 to $16.99, . 16 51.4 6 64.0 - - 9 49.7 $17 and under $20, 12 51.8 6 64.0 1 64.0 6 48.8 Earnings not stated. 106 52.1 22 54.0 - - 84 51,6 General Occupations, Producing Depart- ments. 1786 53.2 495 54.5 Ill 60. S 180 45,3 Males. es7 H.i 873 H.S IDS 61.0 m 47.1 Under S3, 4 12.3 - 4 12.3 $3 to $3.99, . 3 22.3 - - ■r- — 3 22.3 $4 to S4.99 11 47.5 7 53,4 - 4 37.0 $5 to $5.99 5 42.8 2 64,0 3 35.3 $6 to S6.99 13 46.4 6 62,2 7 41.4 $7 to S7.99 16 60.7 8 53,4 - - 8 48.0 $8 to $8.99 22 66,9 8 65,4 8 60.0 6 61.0 $9 to S9.99 43 64,3 30 64,4 8 69.1 5 45.8 $10 to 810.99 61 66,0 34 55,4 9 67.1 8 60.6 $lltoS11.99 39 63,9 26 64,6 1 61.0 12 61.9 $12 to 812.99 82 64,8 63 65,2 6 60.8 13 49.9 S13toS13.99 69 64,8 47 54,8 12 67.2 10 52.3 $14 to $14.99 40 65,9 24 65.2 8 62.4 8 51.5 $15 to $15.99 63 65,3 41 66.1 7 59.1 6 61.6 $16 to $16.99 40 57,3 23 55.4 10 65.4 7 52.0 S17 to $17.99 19 66,4 14 64.8 6 60.8 - $18 to $18.99 31 67,3 22 64.6 7 66.3 2 56.0 $19 to 819.99 10 56,0 6 63.0 3 62.3 1 55.0 $20 to $24,99 27 67,7 10 63.9 13 63,0 4 49.8 825 to $29.99 7 58,0 2 52.5 4 63.0 1 49.0 $30 and over 2 58,0 - - 2 68.0 - Females. m 49.6 m S3.S 8 5S.6 69 4fl.s Under $3, 6 22.2 - _ 6 22.2 $3 to $3.99, . 6 37.8 - - 1 58.0 4 32.8 $4 to $4 99 20 46.9 10 53.2 1 64.0 9 39.1 85 to $5 99 33 49.5 18 63.6 - - 15 44.7 $6 to 86 99 34 50,6 24 63.4 10 44.0 $7 to $7 99 30 60,7 21 53.5 - - 9 44.2 88 to $8 99 27 61.8 14 53.6 6 62.8 7 47.1 $9 to $9 99 14 62.6 11 63.0 3 61.3 $10 to 510 99 12 53.0 8 63.4 4 62.3 $11 to Sll 99 13 53.7 12 64.0 1 60.0 $12 to 812 99 2 63.5 1 54.0 1 63.0 $13 and under $19, . a 54.0 3 64,0 1 Not including 12 males and 20 females for whom actual hours of labor were not reported. NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 69 TABLE C. — EARNINGS AND WORKING TIME, WITH REFERENCE TO FULL TIME, OVERTIME, AND UNDERTIME — Continued. Paper Box Making — Concluded. Totals Full Time Overtime Undertime Classified Weekly Earnings. Number of Em- ployees Average Hours Number of Em- ployees Average Hours Number of Em- ployees Average Hours Number of Em- ployees Average Hours Power, Mechanical, and Yard Force. 1134 57.3 119 57.1 13 63.7 2 32.0 M to $4.99, . 1 15.0 _ _ 1 15.0 $8 to $8.99, 1 58.0 1 58.0 _ _ $9 to $9.99, 6 56.8 5 57.0 1 56.0 $10 to $10.99, . 10 55.7 10 55.7 $11 to $11.99, 3 54.7 3 64.7 _ _ _ _ $12 to $12.99, . 39 56.8 36 57.0 2 58.5 1 49.0 $13 to $13.99, 16 57.2 16 57.2 $14 to $14. 99 10 64.0 8 60.8 2 77.0 $15 to $15.99, 20 56.5 18 56.6 2 56.0 $16 to $16.99, . 8 57.4 7 56.1 1 66.0 $17 to $17.99, 1 57.0 . 1 57.0 $18 to $18.99, 7 57.7 6 58.0 1 56.0 $19 to $19.99, . 2 71.0 2 71.0 $20 to $24.99, . 7 56.9 6 57.0 1 56 $25 to $29.99, 3 62.3 - 69.0 1 69.0 Envelope Making. All Occupations. 2 1,997 52.7 1,132 54.0 222 61.3 643 47.3 Males. S8S Si.S m Bi.S 12B ei.s 17 8 46.8 Under $3, 5 16.0 5 16.0 S3 to $3.99, 5 35.2 - ~ 5 35.2 $4 to $4.99, 7 42.9 4 52.3 3 30.0 So to $5.99, 32 49.8 25 53.0 - - 7 38.4 S6to $6.99, 24 50.6 13 53.8 3 55.0 8 43.6 $7 to $7.99, 31 51.7 13 53.6 5 58.2 13 47.2 SS to $8.99, 43 51.0 23 54.0 4 58.5 16 44.6 $9 to $9.99, 49 53.8 27 53.6 8 57.5 14 52.0 $10 to $10.99, 48 54.2 18 54.0 15 58.5 15 50.3 Sll to $11.99, 37 56.5 11 54.1 18 61.5 8 48 8 $12 to $12.99, 72 56.4 26 55.6 34 60.8 12 45.5 $13 to $13.99, 59 56.0 23 54.3 26 60.8 10 50.3 $14 to $14.99, 57 57.1 26 56.2 15 64.9 16 51.2 $15 to $15.99, 76 57.5 47 57.6 18 63.2 11 48.1 $16 to $16.99, 74 57.4 51 55.0 16 67.3 7 51.9 $17 to $17.99, 48 57.0 26 58.2 11 59.0 11 62.2 $18 to $18.99, 57 56.1 38 54.6 .14 62.1 5 50.2 $19 to $19.99, 28 55.3 15 55.1 8 59.1 49.6 $20 to $24.99, 86 55.5 58 54.2 22 61.0 6 48.0 $25 to $29.99, 32 54.4 26 53.9 5 60.0 1 40.0 $30 and over, . 15 52.4 15 52.4 - - Females. l.llS 51.0 ep BS.i - 46S 47.5 Under $3, 14 25.7 1 54.0 - 13 23.5 $3 to $3.99, 21 42.5 2 64.0 19 41.3 $4 to $4.99, 78 48.3 45 62.1 33 43.2 $5 to $5.99,, 169 51.4 118 53.3 51 47.1 $6 to $6.99, 186 51.1 103 53.5 83 48.1 $7 to $7.99, . 186 51.7 111 53.6 75 48.8 S8to $8.99, 216 52.3 135 53.6 81 49.9 $9 to $9.99, 121 52.4 63 53.4 58 51.3 $10 to $10.99, 58 51.7 31 53.3 ,27 49.8 $11 to $11.99, . 25 50.8 13 54.0 12 47.3 S12 to $12.99, . 23 51.3 14 53.4 9 48.1 S13 and under $19, 15 51.5 11 54.0 4 44.0 1 All males. 2 Not including five males and 530 females for whom actual hours of labor were not reported. VI. 70 STATISTICS OF LABOK 1915. [l. B. TABLE C. — EARNINGS AND WORKING TIME, WITH REFERENCE TO FULL TIME, OVERTIME, AND UNDERTIME — Continued. Envelope Making — Continued. Classified Weekly Earnings. Productive Occupa- tions. 83.99 S4.99 95.99 S6.99 $7.99 $8.99 S9.g9 53 to 54 to ■J5 to S6 to $7 to S8 to $9 to ,. $10 to $10... $11 to $n. 99 $12 to $12.99 $13 to $13.99 $14 to $14.99 $15 to $15.99 $16 to $16.99 $17 to $17.99, $18 to $18.99, $19 to $19.99 $20 to $24.99 $25 to $29.99, $30 and over Females. Under $3, $3 to $3.1 $4 to $5 to $6 to $7 to $8 to $9 to $10 to $10.! $11 to $11.! $12 to $12.! $13 and under $19, General Occupations, Froduclng Depart- ments. Totals Number of Em- ployees MaUs, Under $3, $3 to $3 $4 to $5 to $6 to $7 to $8 to $9 to . $10 to $10 $11 to $11 $12 to $12 $13 to $13 $14 to $14 $15 to $15 $16 to $16 $17 to $17 $18 to $18 $19 to $19. $20 to $24. $25 to $29... $30 and over 99, 99. 10 2 5 11 14 19 9 23 21 20 24 20 18 18 12 46 19 13 17 66 131 148 152 177 95 46 18 22 14 2 620 407 5 4 7 22 21 25 24 35 23 22 37 32 20 34 25 8 17 5 25 Average Hours 51.6 64.1 24.0 52.7 52.0 48.0 51.5 53.6 54.1 55.1 52.7 55.8 53.2 55.7 64.2 66.5 54.2 54.8 64.9 54.4 54.2 BO.S 25.8 43.1 48.3 51.2 51.1 51.7 52.3 52.1 51.6 49.6 61.2 61.3 H.8 16.0 37.8 42.9 48.5 50.8 52.7 61.9 53.8 54.4 67.5 58.0 67.0 60.6 59.5 69.9 55.4 58.2 57.4 66.1 64.6 50.4 FtTLL Time Number of Em- ployees Average Hours 716 1 2 39 92 82 87 112 44 24 7 13 10 317 ISS 4 16 12 11 10 20 6 7 10 S3. 6 52.6 54.0 64.0 64.2 63.4 64.0 54.0 54.4 54.3 64.2 54.2 53.7 54.2 54.0 64.4 54.3 63.9 54.2 13.4 54.0 54.0 62.0 53.1 63.6 63.6 53.6 63.1 63.7 64.0 53.4 64.0 S3. 9 H.l 52.3 63.2 53.8 53.5 53.7 53.6 54.0 64.1 64.7 54.2 53.0 58.1 64.1 54.0 54.4 54.4 63.8 60.4 Overtime Number of Em- ployees 49 49 3 56.3 2 66.5 3 68.7 6 57.5 6 59.8 1 56.0 4 , 63.0 3 58.3 6 68.0 2 69.6 H 58.7 8 59.0 2 68.5 136 lae 3 5 3 6 11 12 23 17 11 13 4 10 2 Average Hours 58.8 68.S 62.2 es.B 56.0 58.2 59.0 58.0 67.5 62.3 61.7 61.1 65.5 63.8 71.1 60.0 65.3 69.8 61.4 63.5 Undertime Number of Em- ployees 432 46 1 1 1 3 2 4 6 2 sse 12 15 27 65 65 61 22 11 1 Not 2 Not including two males and 451 females for whom actual hours of labor were not reported, including three males and 79 females for whom actual hours of labor were not reported. NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 71 TABLE C. — EARNINGS AND WORKING TIME, WITH REFERENCE TO FULL TIME, OVERTIME, AND UNDERTIME — Continued. Envelope Making— Concluded. Classified Weekly Earnings. General Occupations, Froducins Depart- ments — Con. Females. Under $3, S3 to t3. {4to J5 to S6 to 17 to S3 to {9 to $4.99, ts.w, $6.99, $7.99, $S.9» $9.99, $10 to $10.99, $11 to $11.99, $12 to $12.99, $13 to $13.99, Power, Mechanical, and Yard Force.' $6 to $6.99 $7 to $7.99 $8 to $3.99 $9 to $9.99, $10 to $10.99, $11 to $11.99 $12 to $12.99 $13 to $13.99, $14 to $14.99, $15 to $15.99 $16 to $16.99 $17 to $17.99, $18 to $13.99, $19 to $19.99 $20 to $24.99 $25 to $29.99, $30 and over. Totals Number of Em- ployees 1 4 12 26 12 7 1 1 17 18 29 22 22 11 15 4 2 Average Hours 61. S 25.0 40.0 48.7 52.0 51.2 51.6 52.0 53.6 52.2 53.7 54.0 54.0 45.0 44.0 47.4 54.0 55.0 58.6 66.0 57.6 56.1 57.4 68.9 55.9 54.7 56.4 64.3 54.0 Full Time Number of Em- ployees m Average Hours es.e 6 62.8 26 53.7 21 53.4 24 63.7 23 53.7 19 64.0 7 62.1 6 54.0 1 64.0 1 54.0 5 60.2 2 65.0 9 60.9 10 63.2 21 56.6 12 63.0 13 55.5 7 55.9 10 53.6 3 54.0 2 64.0 Overtime Number of Em- ployees 37 Average Hours 2 65.5 3 61.0 6 60.6 3 60.7 3 62.0 1 55.0 4 65.5 3 60.3 fi 59.7 1 68.0 4 64.0 1 66.0 Undertime Number of Em- ployees 79 1 4 6 12 17 10 16 7 5 1 Other Paper Products. All Occupations. Males. Under $3, $3 to $J.99 $4.99 $5.99 S6.99 $7.99 $J.99 $9.99 $4 to $5 to $6 to $7 to $8 to $9 to . $10 to $10 $11 to $11. $12 to $12. $13 to $13.99, $14 to $14.99 $16 to $15.99 $16 to $16.99 $17 to $17.99 $13 to $18.99. $19 to $19.99, $20 to $24.99 $25 to $29.99, $30 and over 2 3,739 51.7 1,862 53.6 618 61.0 1,259 «,«/ es.e 1,103 ei.i BSt 61. S JM 30 17.2 '1 11.0 29 22 35.1 2 54.0 20 44 42.3 14 52.9 - - 30 73 47.6 43 52.7 2 58.5 28 104 49.3 49 54.1 12 57.7 43 101 50.2 46 53.1 7 68.0 48 128 51.1 40 52.9 20 57.3 68 200 54.7 134 56.3 37 58.4 29 207 63.9 116 54.2 43 60.3 48 141 54.6 70 55.3 32 61.0 39 202 55.1 122 64.4 47 62.5 33 145 54.3 67 62.9 50 59.3 28 109 56.5 40 56.2 51 60.0 13 142 57.0 83 65.4 45 63.0 14 118 56.0 59 52.6 46 62.3 13 81 68.6 18 57.2 53 61.0 10 96 55.0 61 53.0 26 61.7 9 46 57.9 22 63.2 23 62.8 1 143 57.8 60 53.3 72 63.0 11 61 57.6 40 53.3 19 67.3 2 24 65.8 16 64.3 7 60.6 1 i All males. 2 Not including eight male employees for whom actual hours of labor were not reported, 8 Sunday watchman, paid for but one day's work. VI. 72 STATISTICS OF LABOR — 1915. [l. B. TABLE C. — EARNINGS AND WORKING TIME, WITH REFERENCE TO FULL TIME, OVERTIME, AND UNDERTIME — Contintjed. Other Pai >er Produ cts — Continued. Totals Full Time Overtime Undektime Classifii Eab JD Weekly xt ™u ployees Average Hours Number ot Em- ployees Average Hours Number of Em- ployees Average Hours Number of Em- ployees Average Hours All Occupa tions — Con. Fei nales. l.SM 49.0 rm 52.8 ne 54. S 737 U.s Under 13, 63 24.9 2 64.0 61 23.9 1 S3 to $3.99 89 40.6 3 54.0 _ _ 86 40.1 Wto $4 99 168 47.7 37 52.7 2 54.0 109 44.9 $5 to J5 SS , . 249 50.8 148 52.8 4 55.0 97 47.5 $6 to $6 99 306 51.3 206 52.8 4 54.5 96 48.1 S7to $7 99 , . 225 51.0 125 32.9 6 36.0 94 48.2 «8to J8 99 , . 177 50.6 82 52.6 4 . 52.5 If 48.6 19 to {9 99 , . 128 51.2 75 53.1 2 53.5 48.4 $10 to tlO 99 . 49 60.9 19 52.4 4 53.3 26 49.4 Sll to Sll 99 23 51.7 11 63.5 _ 12 50.2 $12 to J12 99 26 51.9 16 33.0 10 50.1 $13 to $13 99 , . . . 5 53.6 . 4 54.0 1 52.3 $15 to $13 99 3 53.0 3 53.0 - $16 to $16 99 5 51.0 3 52.0 _ 2 49.5 $17 to $17 99 2 54.0 2 64.0 _ $18 to $18 99 3 54.0 3 34.0 _ _ _ $22 to $22 99 , . . . 1 60.0 - - 1 50.0 Productiv e Occupa- tlo QS. 1 2,612 51.2 1,314 53.8 323 61 3 1,005 US M ules. I,3i4 BS.i 6Si S4.6 SOB 61.7 S58 «.« Under $3, 21 18.4 _ _ 21 18.4 S3 to $3.99 15 37.9 2 54.0 13 35.5 $4 to $4 99 28 41.6 7 34.0 _ - 21 37.5 $5 to $5 99 52 46.3 26 53.0 2 38.5 24 38.1 $6 to $6 99 76 50.6 37 54.5 12 37.7 27 42.0 $7 to $7 99 74 50.5 33 53.5 6 58.5 35 46.4 $8 to $8 99 93 51.1 23 33.0 16 57.6 54 48.3 $9 to $9 99 143 55.0 96 35.9 22 58.9 25 48.0 $10 to $10 99 131 54.3 76 55.2 21 62.0 34 47.7 $11 to $11 99 98 55.0 54 55.6 18 61.8 26 49.0 $12 to $12 99 113 54.9 66 54.5 25 62.4 22 47.5 $13 to $13 99 88 54.4 39 53.6 28 60.1 21 48.3 $14 to $14 99 48 55.5 19 52.5 21 60.7 8 48.9 $15 to $15 99 75 66.6 54 33.2 15 64.5 6 50.2 $16 to $16 99 52 57.6 23 52.4 23 64.5 6 51.3 $17 to $17 99 30 59.2 8 58.8 18 61.7 4 49.3 $18 to $18 99 37 66,9 22 54.2 U 63.1 4 34.0 $19 to $19 99 22 59.2 9 53.9 12 63.8 1 30.5 $20 to $24 99 64 59.0 22 34.8 38 62.3 4 48 3 •$25 to $29. 99 39 57.9 26 34.0 11 68.3 2 51.0 $30 and over 15 55.9 12 34.8 3 60.0 Fen ales. 1,3S8 iB.O eeo se.9 21 S4.8 e47 U.7 Under $3, 54 24.1 1 64.0 53 23.6 $3 to $3.99 67 39.7 2 64.0 _ _ 65 39*3 $4 to $4.99, 152 47.5 52 52.6 2 54.0 98 44.6 $5 to $5.99, 209 50.5 122 52.7 3 56.0 84 47.2 $6 to '$6.99, 277 51.4 183 32.9 4 54.3 90 48!l $7 to $7.99, 208 51.0 116 33.0 3 55.4 87 48^2 $8 to $8.99, 158 50.6 74 52.7 1 57.3 83 48^6 $9 to $9.99, 118 51.3 68 53.3 2 53.5 48 48.3 310 to $10.99, 39 50.8 13 62.9 4 53.3 22 49 1 $11 to $11.99, 19 62.0 9 54.0 10 50^2 60.0 52.3 $12 to $12.99, 18 52.3 12 53.3 6 1 $13 to $13.99, 5 53.6 4 64.0 $15 to $15.99, 1 34.0 1 64.0 $16 to $16.99, 1 54.0 1 54.0 $18 to $18.99, 2 54.0 2 54.0 - . ' Not including four male employees for whom actual hours of labor were not reported. NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 73 TABLE C. — EARNINGS AND WORKING TIME, WITH REFERENCE TO FULL TIME, OVERTIME, AND UNDERTIME — Concluded. other Paper Products — Concluded. Totals | Full Time Overtime Undertime Cl.\bsified Weekly Eaknings. Number o£ Em- ployees Average Hours Number of Em- ployees Average Hours Number of Em- ployees Average Hours Number of Em- ployees Average Hours General Occupations, Producing Depart- ments. 1922 51. 9 460 52.3 225 99.6 237 43.8 Males. 7«8 5i.7 set S$.S HO 19.7 147 p.s Under $3,. 8 14.6 8 14.6 $3 to $3.99, . 7 29.1 - — 7 29.1 $4 to $4.99 16 43.6 7 51.7 - 9 37.1 $5 to $5.99 21 50.6 17 52.1 - - 4 44.3 $6 to $8.99 27 45.5 11 52.7 -^ - 16 40.5 $7 to $7.99 26 49.2 12 62.3 1 55.3 13 45.8 $8 to $8.99 33 61.0 15 62.9 4 58.3 14 46.8 $9 to $9.99 52 54.1 37 63.6 12 57.3 3 47.0 $10 to $10.99 67 53.1 35 52.0 21 58.2 11 47.0 $11 to $11.99 38 53.4 14 54.1 12 59.5 12 46.5 $12 to $12.99 76 53.6 47 52.6 18 61.2 11 46.3 $13 to $13.99 47 53.8 23 52.0 18 57.2 6 50.2 $14 to $14.99 50 54.5 13 51.8 27 58.7 10 46.3 $15 to $15.99 47 55.2 19 52.2 21 61.6 7 44.6 «16 to $16.99 47 53.7 27 51.4 16 68.9 4 47.8 $17 to $17.99 35 56.6 9 62.9 23 59.1 3 49.0 $18 to $18.99 44 53.9 29 61.9 12 60.5 3 46.0 $19 to $19.99 13 58.5 5 51.8 8 62.9 - - $20 to $24.99 53 56.2 26 61.7 21 63.5 6 49.7 $25 to $29 99 17 53.3 13 51.5 4 59.0 - - $30 and over 4 54.5 2 52.5 2 56.5 Females, m p.o 99 5«.« S M.6 90 41.4 Under $3, 9 29.4 1 54.0 8 26.4 $3 to $3.99, 22 43.1 1 54.0 21 42.6 $4 to $4.99 16 49.7 5 54.0 - - 11 47.7 $5 to $5.99 40 52.0 26 63.3 1 52.2 13 49.4 $6 to $6.99 29 50.8 23 51.5 - - 6 48.2 $7 to $7.99 17 50.3 9 61.4 1 69.0 7 47.4 $8 to $8.99 19 50.2 8 61.8 3 60.7 8 48.5 $9 to $9.99 10 50,5 7 60.7 - - 3 50.0 $10 to $10.99 10 51.2 6 51.2 4 51 5 $11 to $11.99 4 50.5 2 51.0 - 2 60.0 $12 to $12.99 S 50.9 4 51.5 4 60.3 $15 to $15.99 2 52.5 2 52.5 - - - $16 to $16.99 4 50.3 2 61.0 2 49.5 $17 to $17.99 2 54.0 2 54.0 - - $18 to $18.99 1 54.0 1 54.0 - ~- ~ $22 to $22.99 1 60.0 - 1 60.0 Power, Mechanical, and fc. Yard Force." 175 59 88 57.4 70 64.1 17 46.2 Under $3, . . 1 11.0 M 11.0 . . 1- $6 to $6.99 1 51.0 1 51.0 $7 to $7.99 1 61.0 1 61.0 $8 to $8.99 $9 to $9 . 99 2 5 52,5 64.6 2 1 52 5 64.0 3 59.7 1 40.0 $10 to $10.99 $11 to $11.99 9 5 62.8 56.8 5 2 66.2 64.0 1 2 69.0 63.0 3 1 41.7 49.0 $12 to $12.99 $13 to $13.99 13 10 66.3 56.7 9 6 63.4 61.2 4 4 69.3 62.8 1 50.0 $14 to $14.99 $15 to $15.99 $16 to $16.99 $17 to $17.99 $18 to $18.99 $19 to $19.99 $20 to $24.99 i25 to $29.99 $30 and over 11 20 19 16 15 11 26 5 5 70.4 62.6 57.4 61.8 53.9 64.6 88.6 69.8 66.6 8 10 9 1 10 8 12 1 2 71.9 62.6 56.3 84.0 53.3 53.3 53.8 58.0 52.5 3 9 7 12 ^ 13 4 2 66.3 64.0 62.6 63.7 61.0 68.3 63.8 73.0 65.0 1 3 3 2 1 1 49.0 48.7 46.3 46,5 46.0 48.0 ' Not including four male employees tor whom actual liours of labor were not reported. 2 All males. ' Sunday watchman, paid for but one day's work. VI. 74 STATISTICS OF LABOR 1915. [l. B. TABLE D. — EARNINGS AND WORKING TIME, WITH REFERENCE TO TIME AND PIECE-WORK. Paper Box Making. All OoctrpATioNS Time-workers Piece-workers Classified Weekly Earnings. Number of Employees Average Number of Employees Average Number of Employees Average Hours Hours Hours All Occupations. 1 5,239 51.8 2,761 53.1 2,478 50.3 Males. i,ros si.e i.see H.s 1S7 BB.S Under $3, ... 21 20.7 19 20.4 2 23.0 $3 to S3. 99, 15 33.3 12 28.5 3 52.7 $4 to S4.99 41 49.6 37 49.5 4 60.8 S5to S5.99 36 49.6 33 49.8 2 46.5 $6 to $6.99 58 60.3 54 60.4 4 49.8 J7to S7.99 60 52.1 56 62.4 4 47.8 S8to S8.99 74 55.1 69 56.3 5 52.4 89 to $9.99 155 65.2 145 65.4 10 51.8 $10 to $10.99 167 55.4 166 55.5 11 53.8 $11 to $11.99 102 56.2 86 66.6 16 62.9 $12 to $12.99 249 55.6 231 65.7 18 64.1 $13 to $13.99 151 56.3 139 56.6 12 51.7 $14 to $14.99 91 57.7 80 58.2 11 53.5 SIS to $1S.99 '. 142 55.9 128 56.0 14 64.4 S16 to $16.99 79 56.7 76 56.9 3 51.3 $17 to $17.99 48 57.1 42 57.2 6 56.7 $18 to $18.99 84 56.0 78 56.3 6 52.2 $19 to $19.99 18 57.3 18 67.3 $20 to $24.99 82 56.9 77 57.1 6 62.8 $25 to $29.99 21 57.8 20 68.2 1 ■ 49.0 $30 and over 10 56.5 10 56.5 Females, s.sse eo.4 i,m m.s l,SU eo.2 Under S3 65 25.8 46 20.8 19 38.0 $3 to $3.99, . . . . 168 46.4 97 46.2 71 44.3 $4 to $4 99 388 50.1 245 52.1 143 46.7 $5to S5 99 469 60.2 201 52.5 258 48.4 $6 to $6 99 436 50.6 128 52.6 307 49.8 S7to $7 99 465 60.5 105 52.1 360 50.0 $S to $8 99 466 51.4 106 52.2 350 51 2 $9 to S9 S» 374 62.2 123 63.1 251 51.7 $10 to $10 99 233 52.1 60 63.0 173 61.8 $11 to $11 99 164 62.2 28 53.4 136 &i,9 $12 to $12 99 101 52.7 33 63.8 68 52.1 $13 to $13 99 50 51.9 4 51.3 46 51.9 $14 to $14 99 29 62.6 4 53.5 25 52.5 $15 to $15 99 26 52.6 10 63.6 16 52.0 $16 to $16 99 16 61.4 3 64 12 50.8 $17 and under $20, 13 52.0 3 54.0 10 51 4 Earnings not stated, 106 52.1 106 52:1 Productive Occupations. 2 4,319 51.3 1,957 52.5 2,362 50.3 Males. 9SS Si-i sse 6i.6 96 52.8 Under $3, 17 22.6 16 22.2 1 30.0 S3 to $3.99, . 12 36.1 9 30.6 3 52.7 $4 to $4.99 29 51.6 25 51.7 4 50 is S5 to $5.99 30 50.7 28 61.0 2 45.5 $6 to $6.99 45 51.6 41 51.6 4 49^8 $7 to $7.99 44 62.6 40 53.0 4 47^8 $8 to $8.99 61 64.8 47 55.1 4 bl.Z $9 to $9.99 106 65.4 96 65.8 10 51 8 $10 to $10.99 106 55.6 99 66 6 7 54^0 54.5 $11 to $11.99 60 56.0 52 56.3 8 $12 to $12.99, 128 55.7 118 56.7 10 56.0 $13 to $13.99, 66 55.4 57 55.8 9 53 "0 $14 to S14.99, 41 57.8 36 68.4 6 54.5 $15 to $15.99, 69 56.1 58 66.4 11 54 7 $16 to $16.99, 31 65.8 29 56.0 2 5215 54.8 50.8 $17 to $17.99, 28 57.6 24 68.1 4 $18 to $18.99, 46 54.9 42 65.3 4 $19 to $19.99, « . 6 64.8 6 54.8 $20 to $24.99, 48 66.4 45 66.5 3 55 3 $25 to $29.99, 11 56.4 11 56.4 $30 and over 8 56.1 8 66.1 1 Not including 30 males (two time-workers and 28 piece-workers) and 656 females (two time-workers and 663 piece-workers) for whom actual hours of labor were not reported. 2 Not including 18 male piece-workers and 635 females (two time-workers and 633 piece-workers) for whom actual hours of labor were not reported. NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 75 TABLE D. — EARNINGS AND WORKING TIME, WITH REFERENCE TO TIME AND PIECE-WORK — Continued. Paper Box Making — Continued. All Occupations TlME-WOHKEHS PlECE-WORKEHS Classified Weekly Eaknings. Number of Average Number of Employees Average Number of Employees Average Employees Hours Hours Hours Productive Occupations — Con. Females. s.ssr SO. 4 1,071 60.9 S,S66 60. g Under J3 59 26.2 42 21.2 17 38.5 $3 to $3.99, . 163 45.6 95 46.6 68 44.3 J4 to J4.99, 368 60.3 230 62.4 138 46.8 $5 to $5.99, . 426 50.2 188 52.4. 238 48.5 $6 to $6.99 401 60.6 104 52.7 297 49.9 $7 to $7.99, . 425 50.5 84 52.7 341 49.9 $8 to $8.99, 428 51.4 87 52.2 341 61.2 $9 to $9.99, 360 52.1 112 63.2 248 51.7 $10 to $10.99, 221 62.1 54 53.0 167 61.8 $11 to $11.99, . 151 52.0 19 53.2 132 51.9 $12 to $12.99, 99 52.7 33 53.8 66 62.1 $13 to $13.99, 43 51.8 4 51.3 44 51.8 $14 to $14.99, 29 52.6 4 53.6 26 52.5 $15 to $15.99, 26 52.6 10 63.6 16 52.0 $16 to $16.99, . 15 51.4 3 54.0 12 60.8 $17 and under $20, . 12 61.8 2 84.0 10 51 4 Earnings not stated. 106 52.1 106 62.1 General Occupations, Produc- ing Departments. 1786 53.2 670 S3. 8 116 49.7 Males. 687 14-4 646 64.7 41 61. S Under $3, ... i 12.3 3 11.0 1 16.0 $3 to $3.99, . . . . 3 22.3 3 22.3 $4 to $4.99, 11 47.6 11 47.5 $5 to $5.99, 5 42.8 5 42.8 $6 to $6.99, . 13 46.4 13 46.4 $7 to $7.99, 16 60.7 16 60.7 _ _ 22 55.9 21 55.8 1 57.0 $9 to $9.99 43 64.3 43 64.3 $10 to $10.99, 51 55.0 47 55.1 4 63.5 $11 to $11.99, . 39 53.9 31 64.5 8 51.4 $12 to $12.99, . . . . 82 54.8 74 55.1 8 51.6 $13 to $13.99, . 69 64.8 66 56.2 3 47.7 $14 to $14.99, 40 55.9 35 66.4 5 52.4 $15 to $15. 99 53 55.3 60 65.4 3 53.3 $16 to $16.99, . 40 67.3 39 67.5 1 49.0 $17 to $17. 99 19 56.4 17 55.9 2 60.6 $18 to $18.99, . 31 67.3 29 67.4 2 56.0 $19 to $19.99, . 10 56.0 10 66.0 - - $20 to $24.99, ... 27 67.7 25 58.4 2 49.0 $25 to $29.99, . . . 7 58.0 6 59.6 1 49.0 $30 and over, 2 58. 2 68.0 - - Females. J99 49.6 114 60.1 76 48.9 Under $3, 6 22.2 4 16.6 2 33.6 $3 to $3.99, . 5 37.5 2 28.5 3 44.0 $4 to $4.99, . £0 46.9 16 47.3 5 45.6 $5 to $5.99, 33 49.6 13 63.7 20 46.9 $6 to $6.99, . 34 60.6 24 52.0 10 47.4 $7 to $7.99, . 30 60. ( 21 60.0 9 52.4 $8 to $8.99, . ... 27 61.8 18 52.5 9 50.3 $9 to $9.99, . 14 52.6 11 62.6 3 52.7 $10 to $10.99, . . . 12 53.0 6 53.0 6 53.0 $11 to $11.99, 13 63.7 9 54.0 4 63.0 $12 to $12.99, . 2 53.5 - - 2 63.5 $13 and under $19, 3 . 54.0 1 54.0 2 54.0 i Not including 12 males (two time-workers and 10 piece-workers) and 20 female piece-workers for whom actual hours of labor were not reported. VI. 76 STATISTICS OF LABOR 1915. [l. B. TABLE D. — EARNINGS AND WORKING TIME, WITH REFERENCE TO TIME AND PIECE-WORK — Continued. Paper Box Making — Concluded. All Occupations TiME-WOBKEKS PlECE-WOHKEHS Classified Weekly Eahxings. Number of Employees Average Number of Employees Average Number of Average Hours Hours Employees Hours Power, Mechanical, and Yard Force. 1134 57.3 134 67.3 $4 to $4.99, 1 15.0 1 15.0 S8to $8.99 1 58.0 1 58.0 - S9to $9.99 6 56.8 6 56.8 _ $10 to $10.99 10 55.7 10 55.7 _ $11 to $11.99 3 54.7 3 54.7 $12 to $12.99 39 56.3 39 56.8 $13 to $13.99 16 57.2 16 57.2 - - $14 to $14.99 10 64.0 10 64.0 $15 to $15.99 20 56.5 20 56.5 $16 to $16.99 8 67.4 8 57.4 — $17 to $17.99 1 57.0 1 57.0 _ $18 to $18.99 7 57.7 7 57.7 $19 to $19.99 2 71.0 2 71.0 $20 to $24.99 7 56.9 7 56.9 $25 to $29.99 3 62.3 3 62.3 Envelope VL&king. All Occupations. 2 1,997 52.7 1,450 53.6 547 50.2 Males. 88S 64.8 867 54.9 18 BO.l Under $3, 5 16.0 6 16.0 $3 to $3.99, 5 35,2 5 35.2 $4 to $4 99 7 42.9 7 42.9 $5 to S5 99 32 49.8 32 49.8 _ $6 to $6 99 24 50.6 24 60.6 J _ $7 to $7 99 31 61.7 30 51.6 1 55.0 $8 to $8 99 43 51.0 43 51.0 $9 to $9 99 49 53.8 49 53,8 $10 to $10 99 48 54.2 48 64.2 $11 to $11 99 37 66.6 37 56.5 _ _ $12 to $12 99 72 56.4 71 56.9 1 21.0 $13 to $13 99 59 56.5 56 56.6 3 55.0 $14 to $14 99 57 67.1 56 57.2 1 60 $15 to $15 99 76 57.5 75 57.6 1 51.0 $16 to $16 99 74 67.4 72 57.5 2 54.0 817 to $17 99 48 67.0 47 57.1 1 55.0 $18 to $18 99 67 56.1 56 56.1 1 55.0 $19 to $19 99 28 65.3 26 55.4 2 64 $20 to $24 99 86 55.6 84 55,8 2 42,5 $25 to $29 99 32 54.4 31 54.5 1 54 $30 and over 15 52.4 13 53.2 2 47,5 Females. 1,112 Sl.O ess Bl.e 6B9 eo.e Under $3, 14 25.7 7 15.4 1 36 $3 to $3.99, . 21 42.5 6 39.2 16 43,7 $4 to $4 -- 99 78 48.3 66 49.4 22 45,7 15 to $5 99 169 61.4 130 61.8 39 50,3 $6 to $6 99 186 61.1 93 52.0 93 50,2 $7 to $7 99 186 51.7 82 52,6 104 50,9 $8 to $8 99 216 52.3 107 53,3 109 51,2 $9 to $9 99 121 52.4 46 53,0 75 62,0 $10 to $10 99 68 61.7 30 62,3 28 51 $11 to $11 99 26 60.8 4 54,0 21 60,1 $12 to $12 99 23 61.3 12 53.8 11 48 6 $13 and under $19, 15 51.5 10 54.0 5 46^2 1 All mal^. ' Not including five male and 530 female piece-workers for whom actual hours of labor were not reported. NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 77 TABLE D. — EAENINGS AND WORKING TIME, WITH REFERENCE TO TIME AND PIECE-WORK — Continued. Envelope Making — Continued. All Occupations TiME-WORKEHS Piece-workers Classified Weekly Earnings. Number of Average Number of Average Number of Employees Average Employees Hours Employees Hours Hours Productive Occupations. 1 1,197 51.6 723 52.6 474 50.2 Males. 198 H.l m 54.1 9 64. S S3 to $3.99, 1 24.0 1 24.0 $4 to S4.99, _ $5 to S5.99, 10 52.7 10 52.7 $6 to $6.99, 2 52.0 2 52.0 $7 to $7.99, 5 48.0 5 48.0 $8 to $8.99, 11 51.6 11 51.5 $9 to $9.99, 14 53.6 14 53 6 $10 to $10.99, 19 64.1 19 54.1 $11 to $11.99, 9 55.1 9 55.1 $12 to $12.99, 23 52.7 23 52 7 _ _ $13 to $13.99, 21 55.8 19 55.7 2 56.5 $14 to $14.99, 20 53.2 19 53.4 1 50.0 $15 to $15.99, 24 55.7 24 55.7 $16 to $16.99, 20 64.2 19 54.2 1 54.0 $17 to $17.99, 18 55.5 17 55.5 1 55 $18 to $18.99, 18 54.2 17 64.2 1 55.0 $19 to $19.99, 12 54.8 10 55.0 2 54.0 $20 to $24.99, . 46 54.9 46 64.9 $25 to $29.99, 19 54.4 18 54.4 1 54.0 $30 and over, 6 54.2 6 54.2 Females. 899 S0.8 m si.e 481 50.1 Under $3, 13 25.8 6 14.0 7 36.0 $3 to $3.99, . 17 43.1 3 39.7 14 43.7 $4 to $4.99, 66 48.3 45 49.5 21 45 8 $5 to $5.99, 131 51.2 95 51.5 36 50.6 $6 to $6.99, 148 51.1 63 52.3 85 50.1 $7 to $7.99, 152 51.7 61 52.9 91 60.9 $8 to $8.99, 177 52.3 84 63.4 93 51.3 $9 to $9.99, 95 52.1 31 52.8 64 51.7 $10 to $10.99, 46 51.5 23 52.3 23 50,7 $11 to $11.99, 18 49.6 3 54.0 15 48.7 $12 to $12.99, . 22 61.2 11 53.8 11 48.6 $13 and under $19, . 14 51.3 9 54.0 5 46.2 General Occupations, Produc- ing Departments. 2 620 53.7 547 54 1 73 50.5 Males. m 14.8 S98 SS.O 9 4e.9 Under $3, 5 16.0 5 16.0 $3 to $3.99, 4 37.8 4 37.8 $4 to $4.99, 7 42.9 7 42.9 $5 to $5.99, . . 22 48 5 22 48.5 $6 to $6.99, 21 50.8 21 50.8 _ _ $7 to $7.99, 25 52.7 24 52.6 1 55.0 $8 to $8.99, 24 51.9 24 51.9 - - $9 to $9.99, 35 53.8 35 53.8 $10 to $10.99, 23 54.4 23 54.4 $11 to $11.99, 22 57.5 22 57.5 - - $12 to $12.99, 37 58.0 36 59.0 1 21.0 $13 to $13.99, , $14 to $14.99, " 32 57.0 31 57.2 1 52.0 20 60.6 20 60.6 - - $15 to $15.99, 34 59.5 33 59.8 1 51.0 S16 to $16.99, 25 59.9 24 60.1 1 54.0 $17 to $17.99, 8 55.4 8 55.4 - - $18 to $18.99, 17 58.2 17 68.2 $19 to $19.99, 5 57.4 5 57.4 - - $20 to $24.99, 25 56.1 23 67.3 2 42.5 $25 to $29.99, 9 54.6 9 64.6 - - $30 and over 7 50.4 5 61.6 2 47.5 1 Not including two male and 451 female piece-workers for whom actual hours of labor were not reported. 2 Not including three male and 79 female piece-workers for whom actual hours of labor were not reported. VI. 78 STATISTICS OF LABOR 1915. [l. B. TABLE D. — EARNINGS AND WORKING TIME, WITH REFERENCE TO TIME AND PIECE-WORK— CoNTiNTJED. Envelope Making — Concluded. — — — All Occdpations Time-workers Piece-workers Classified Weekly Eaknings. Number of Employees Average Number of Employees Average Number of Average Hours Hours Employees Hours aeneral Occupations, Producing Departments — Con. Females. 21S ei.B H9 SI.7 6i Sl.B Under $3, ... 1 25.0 1 25.0 - - $3 to $3.99, 4 40.0 3 38.7 1 44.0 t4to S4 99 12 48.7 11 49.1 1 44.0 S5to $6 99 38 52.0 35 52.5 3 45.7 S6to $6 99 38 51.2 30 51.4 8 50.6 S7to J7 99 34 51.6 21 52.0 13 51.2 $8 to $8 99 39 52.0 23 53.2 16 50.3 $9 to S9 99 26 63.6 15 53.5 11 53.6 $10 to $10 99 12 52.2 7 52.0 5 52.4 $11 to $11 99 7 63.7 1 54.0 6 53.7 $12 to $12 99 1 54.0 1 54.0 - - $13 to $13 99 1 64.0 1 54.0 - - Power, Mechanical, and Yard Force. 1180 56.2 180 SG.2 - - $6 to $6.99 1 45.0 1 45.0 - - $7 to $7.99 1 44.0 1 44.0 - - $8 to $8.99 8 47.4 8 47.4 - $9 to $9.99 - - - $10 to $10.99 6 64.0 6 54.0 - $11 to $11.99 6 55.0 6 55.0 $12 to $12.99 12 58.6 12 S8.6 - $13 to $13.99 6 56.0 6 56.0 ~ $14 to $14.99 17 67.6 17 67.6 - $15 to $15.99 18 56.1 18 56.1 - $16 to $16.99 29 57.4 29 57.4 - $17 to $17.99 22 58.9 22 68.9 $18 to $18.99 22 56.9 22 55.9 $19 to $19.99 11 54.7 11 54.7 $20 to $24.99 16 56.4 15 56.4 $25 to $29.99 4 54.3 4 54.3 $30 and over 2 54.0 2 54.0 Other Paper Products. All Occupations. 2 3,739 51.7 3,038 62.2 701 49.8 Males. «,«ir ss.e g,m 5S.7 loe 50.7 Under $3, ... 30 17.2 30 17.2 _ $3 to $3.99 22 35.1 21 34.8 1 42.2 $4 to $4.99 44 42.3 44 42.3 $5 to $5.99 73 47.6 70 47.4 3 50.7 $6 to S6.99 . 104 49.3 98 49.5 6 45.7 $7 to $7.99 101 50.2 90 60.2 11 49.7 $8 to $8.99 128 51.1 123 51.1 5 60.4 $9 to $9.99 200 54.7 191 54.9 • 9 60.8 $10 to $10.99 207 63.9 201 54.0 6 47.5 $11 to $11.99 141 54.6 127 66.1 14 50.4 $12 to $12.99 202 55.1 192 65.2 10 52.5 $13 to $13.99 145 54.3 133 54.5 12 62.3 $14 to $14.99 109 56.5 106 56.6 3 53.3 $15 to $15.99 142 67.0 132 57.4 10 61.4 $16 to $16.99 118 66.0 112 56.2 6 62.3 $17 to $17.99 81 58.6 78 68.8 3 52.7 $18 to $18.99 96 65.0 92 55.2 4 61.8 $19 to $19.99 $20 to $24.99 46 57.9 45 68.0 1 53.1 143 57.8 142 67.9 1 61.2 $25 to $29.99 61 67.6 61 57.6 $30 and over 24 55.8 23 55.9 1 64.0 1 All males. 2 Not including eight male piece-workers for whom actual hours of labor were not reported. NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 79 TABLE D. — EARNINGS AND WORKING TIME, WITH REFERENCE TO TIME AND PIECE-WORK — Continued. other Paper Products — Continued. 1 All Occupations TiME-WOHKERB PlECE-WORKEHS CLASsmED Weekly Eabnings. Number of Average Number of Average Number of Employees Average Employees Hours Employees Hours Hours All Oo cupations — Con. Females. i,5!SS 49.0 9S7 48.6 m 49.8 Under $3, 63 24.9' 44 22.3 19 30.9 J3 to $3.99 , . . . . 89 40.6 65 38.2 24 47 $4 to $4.99 , ■ . . . 168 47.7 128 47.2 40 49 1 15 to $5.99 249 50.8 198 50.9 51 60.1 $6 to $6.9! 306 61.3 206 51.6 100 50.9 $7 to $7.99 225 51.0 110 51.5 115 50 6 $8 to $8.99 . . . . . 177 60.6 80 61.6 97 49 7 $9 to $9.99 128 61.2 51 62.4 77 60 4 $10 to $10.99 49 50.9 20 51.2 29 60.7 $11 to $11.99 23 61.7 6 52.2 17 51.5 $12 to $12.99 26 51.9 9 51.7 17 62.0 $13 to $13.99 5 63.6 5 53'g $15 to $15.99 3 53.0 3 63.0 $16 to $16.99 , . . . 5 51.0 6 51.0 $17 to $17.99 2 64.0 2 54.0 $18 to $18.99 . . . . . 3 64.0 1 54.0 2 54.0 $22 to $22.99 1 60.0 1 50.0 Produc tlve Occupations. ' 2,642 51.2 2,030 SI. 6 612 49.8 MaUs. 1,S14 SS.i i,m ss.e 80 60.9 Under $3, 21 18.4 21 18.4 _ $3 to $3.99 15 37.9 14 37.6 1 42.2 $4 to $4.99 . . . . 28 41.6 28 41.6 $5 to $5.99 52 46.3 49 46.1 3 60.7 $eto $6.99 76 60.6 70 51.0 6 46 7 $7 to $7.99 . - 74 60.6 65 60.6 9 49.7 $8 to $8.99 93 51.1 88 51.1 5 60 4 $9 to $9.99 143 55.0 137 55.2 6 49.0 $10 to $10.99 131 54.3 128 54.6 3 43.7 $11 to $11.99 98 65.0 85 56.7 13 50 6 $12 to $12.99 113 54.9 106 55.0 7 52.6 $13 to $13.99 88 64.4 79 54.7 9 51.9 $14 to $14.99 48 55.5 46 65.6 3 53.3 $15 to $15.99 75 66.6 70 56.6 5 67.0 $16 to $16.99 52 57.6 49 67.6 3 57.7 $17 to $17.99 30 69.2 28 59.7 2 62.5 $18 to $18.99 37 56.9 35 57.2 2 51.5 $19 to $19.99 22 59.2 21 69.6 1 53.1 $20 to $24.99 64 59.0 63 59.1 1 51.2 $25 to $29.99 39 67.9 39 67.9 $30 and over 15 65.9 14 56.0 1 54.0 Females. 1,328 49.0 798 4S.S sss 49.7 Under $3, 54 24.1 39 23.0 15 27.1 $3 to $3.99, 67 39.7 56 38.6 11 45.3 $4 to $4.99, 152 47.5 122 47.4 30 47.9 $5 to $5.99, 209 50.5 165 60.7 44 50.0 $6 to $6.99, 277 51.4 180 51.6 97 61.0 $7 to $7.99, 208 51.0 100 51.5 108 50.6 $8 to $8.99, 158 50.6 66 51.6 92 49.9 $9 to $9.99, 118 51.3 43 62.6 75 60.6 $10 to $10.99, 39 60.8 14 51.9 25 50.2 $11 to $11.99, .... 19 52.0 3 53.7 16 51.7 $12 to $12.99, 18 62.3 5 62.8 13 62.2 $13 to $13.99, 6 53.6 - -. 5 53.6 $15 to $15.99, 1 54.0 1 64.0 - $16 to $16.99, 1 64.0 1 64.0 _ _ $18 to $18.99, .... 54.0 1 54.0 1 64.0 1 Not including four male piece-workers for whom actual hours of labor were not reported. VI. 80 STATISTICS OF LABOE 1915. [l. B. TABLE D. — EARNINGS AND WORKING TIME, WITH REFERENCE TO TIME AND PIECE-WORK — Concluded. other Paper Products — Concluded. All Occupationb TiME-WOHKEHS Piece-workers Classified Weekly Eaknings. Number of Employees Average Number of Employees Average Number of Average Hours Hours Employees Hours General Oc cupations, Produc- ins Departments. > 922 51.9 833 52.1 89 49.8 Mahs. 7$S es.7 701 62.7 26 BO.S Under S3, 8 14.6 8 14.6 S3 to $3.99, 7 29.1 7 29.1 S4to $4.99, 16 43.6 16 43.6 S5to S6.99, 21 50.6 21 50.6 $6 to S6.9g, 27 46.5 27 45.6 - - S7to S7.99, 26 49.2 24 49.1 2 49.5 SSto $3.99, 33 51.0 33 51.0 - - 89 to S9.99, 52 54.1 49 54.1 3 54.0 $10 to $10.99, 67 53.1 64 63.2 3 51.0 $11 to $11.99, 38 63.4 37 53.5 1 49.2 $12 to $12.99, 76 53.6 73 53.7 3 62.7 $13 to $13.99, 47 63.8 44 53.8 3 53.7' SU to $14.99, 50 54.5 50 64.5 - - $16 to $15.99, 47 65.2 42 56.4 5 45.8 $16 to $16.99, 47 53.7 44 54.1 3 46.7 $17 to $17.99, 35 56.6 34 56.8 1 52.2 $18 to $18.99, 44 53.9 42 54.0 2 52.0 $19 to $19.99, 13 58.5 13 58.5 - - $20 to $24.99, 53 56.2 53 66.2 $25 to $29.99 17 53.3 17 63.3 $30 and over 4 54.6 4 54.5 Females. 194 49.0 m 4S.8 6S 49.6 Under $3, 9 29.4 5 16.8 4 46.3 S3 to $3.99 22 43.1 9 35.3 13 48.5 $4 to $4.99 16 49.7 6 44.8 10 52.6 $5 to $5.99 40 52.0 33 52.3 7 50.3 $6 to $6.99 29 50.8 26 61.2 3 46.7 $7 to $7.99 17 50,3 10 51.8 7 48.0 SSto $8.99 19 50.2 14 51.7 6 46.0 S9to S9.99 10 50.5 8 50.8 2 49.5 $10 to $10.99 10 51.2 6 49.7 4 63,8 $11 to $11.99 4 50.6 3 50.7 1 49.4 $12 to $12.99 8 50.9 4 50.3 4 51 5 $15 to $15.99 2 52.5 2 52.5 - - S16 to $16.99 4 50.3 4 60.3 - _ S17 to $17.99 2 54.0 - 2 64.0 $18 to $18.99 1 64.0 - - 1 54.0 $22 to $22.99 1 60.0 1 60.0 - - Power, Mec hanical, and Yard Force.! 175 69.0 176 59.0 Under S3, 1 11.0 1 11.0 86 to $6.99 1 51.0 1 51.0 - $7 to $7 99 1 51.0 1 51.0 SSto $8 99 2 52.5 2 52.5 $9 to $9 99 6 54.6 5 64.6 $10 to $10 99 9 52.8 9 62.8 $11 to SU 99 5 56.8 5 66.8 $12 to $12 99 13 65.3 13 66.3 $13 to $13 99 10 55.7 10 55.7 $14 to $14 99 11 70.4 11 70.4 S15 to $16 99 20 62.6 20 62.6 $16 to $16 99 19 67.4 19 57.4 _ $17 to $17 99 16 61.8 16 61.8 _ $18 to $18 99 15 63.9 15 63.9 _ „ S19 to $19 99 11 64.6 11 54.6 $20 to $24 99 26 58.6 26 68.5 $25 to $29 99 5 69.8 5 69.8 $30 and over 5 56.6 6 66.6 1 Not including four male piece-workers for whom actual hours of labor were not reported. 2 All males. NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 81 TABLE E. — ACTUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS: BY OCCUPATIONS. Paper Box Making. Males. Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- a5:e Weekly E-*irn- ings Number of Employees earning a Week — Occupation Cla&sifi- CATION. Under $5 $5 and under $6 and under $8 $8 and under $10 $10 and under $12 $12 and under $15 $15 and under $20 $20 and over ALL OCCUPATIONS. 1,733 $12.47 77 37 121 231 277 501 375 1.114 PRODUCTIVE OC- CUPATIONS. 1,000 11.91 58 31 92 159 170 239 183 68 Comer Cutters. 43 9.0S 1 1 IS 9 7 9 1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers. . 42 1 8.93 14.62 1 1 15 9 7 8 1 1 _ Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities. 17 26 10.37 8.21 1 1 1 14 2 7 5 2 6 3 1 _ Full time, 27 9.26 9 e 5 7 Time-workers, 27 9.26 - 9 6 5 7 Boston and vicinity, Otlier municipalities. 11 16 10.68 8.29 - - 1 8 2 4 3 2 5 2 - Coverers. 43 11.26 1 8 18 13 3 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 37 6 11.12 12.08 1 8 16 2 U 2 2 1 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. 14 29 10.50 11.62 1 4 4 S 13 5 8 3 FuU time, 22 It.U S 7 « 2 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 19 3 10.77 13.49 5 6 1 7 1 1 1 Boston and vicinity, Other municipaUties, 11 11 10.59 11.70 . 3 2 3 4 5 3 2 Creasing Machine Operators. 30 11.08 3 1 5 5 12 4 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 27 3 10.87 12.96 3 1 4 1 5 U 1 3 1 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. 10 20 11.59 10.83 3 1 1 4 2 3 5 7 1 3 FuU time. IS 12.77 r 1 9 2 Time-workers, 13 12.77 - - 1 1 9 2 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. 3 10 11.33 13.21 - - 1 1 2 7 2 Enders. 109 12.19 1 1 4 16 18 51 18 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 84 25 12.20 12.16 1 1 3 1 13 3 13 5 37 14 16 2 Boston and vicinity, Haverhill, Other municipaUties, 21 18 70 11.67 13.15 12.14 1 1 4 4 1 11 2 1 15 10 13 28 3 3 12 : FuU tims. 78 12.27 S IS 11 S7 li - Time-workers, Piece-workers, 65 13 12. n 12.75 3 12 1 10 1 27 10 13 1 Boston and vicinity, Haverhill, . Other municipalities, 15 13 50 12.13 13.42 12.01 - - 3 4 1 8 1 10 7 9 21 3 3 8 Foremen. 94 20.49 - - 1 5 37 51 Time-workers, . 94 20.49 - 1 5 37 51 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. 22 72 20.61 20.46 _ 1 5 8 29 14 37 Full time. 79 20. ei S SO 46 Time-workers, 79 20.61 3 30 46 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, . 22 57 20.61 20.61 3 8 22 14 32 1 Including 31 employees earning $25 and over. VI. 82 STATISTICS OP LABOE 1915. [L. B. TABLE E. — ACTUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS: — CONTINTJED. Paper Box Making — Continued. Males — Continued. BY OCCUPATIONS Total Aver- NuMBEK OP Employees eahning a Week — OccttPATioN Classifi- cation. Num- ber of Em- ployees age Weekly Earn- ings Under $5 and under $6 $6 and under $8 and under $10 $10 and under $12 $12 and under $15 $15 and under $20 and over Helpers, General. 178 $8.73 22 12 30 47 36 25 6 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 170 8 8.89 6.29 17 6 12 28 2 46 1 36 25 6 _ Boston and vicinity, Otker municipalities. S4 124 9.09 8.67 7 15 12 8 22 17 30 12 24 6 19 4 2 Full timet ISS 9.U 7 11 H V) «S n 6 - Time-workers, Piece-workers, 136 3 9.18 7.20 7 11 22 2 39 1 28 1st, 6 Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities. 47 91 9.61 8.89 4 3 U 6 18 16 24 11 17 6 16 4 2 Scorers. 154 14.38 2 6 15 55 69 7 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 150 4 14.29 17.61 2 6 15 64 1 67 2 6 1 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, 63 91 14.64 14.19 2 3 3 7 8 20 35 30 39 3 4 Full time. m U.BO 1 S 10 47 B7 « Time-workers, Piece-workers, 122 2 14.43 18.83 1 3 10 47 56 1 6 1 Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . 55 69 14.88 14.19 1 2 1 4 6 19 28 27 30 3 3 Stayers. 81 11.63 4 1 7 12 17 24 14 2 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 46 36 10.96 12.48 2 2 1 4 3 7 5 11 6 16 8 5 9 2 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. 11 70 13.07 11.40 4 1 1 6 1 11 2 15 4 20 2 12 1 1 Fulltime, 49 U.OS S 8 10 18 10 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 32 17 11.30 13.39 3 6 2 6 4 13 6 4 6 - Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities, 9 40 12.73 11.87 1 2 8 2 8 4 14 2 8 - Tiers. 101 9.10 8 12 15 25 23 13 5 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 91 10 8.59 13.72 8 11 1 15 23 2 22 1 12 1 5 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities. 51 60 8.62 9.68 4 4 4 8 9 6 18 7 14 9 1 12 1 4 Full time. 70 8.S8 B 11 11 18 17 8 ^ Time-workers, Piece-workers, 67 3 8.41 7.63 6 10 1 11 16 2 17 8 Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . 36 34 8.72 8.02 1 4 3 8 5 6 14 4 12 5 1 7 Other Occupations. 167 10.93 19 4 17 31 30 32 26 8 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 146 21 10.97 10.65 18 1 3 1 13 4 27 4 25 5 31 1 22 4 7 1 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, 40 127 9.26 11.45 12 7 4 4 13 4 27 4 26 9 23 7 19 8 Fulltime, 81 11. m 8 1 S 16 IS n 16 1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 79 2 11.15 13.19 8 1 6 16 14 1 19 16 1 1 Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . 21 60 11.67 11.04 4 4 1 6 2 14 3 12 6 13 6 10 1 NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 83 TABLE E. — ACTUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS: — Continued. Paper Box Making — Continued, Males — Continued. BY OCCUPATIONS Total Aver- Number of Employees earning a Week — Occupation Classifi- cation. Num- ber of Em- ployees age Weekly Earn- ings Under $5 $5 and under $S $6 and under $8 $8 and under $10 $10 and under $12 and under $15 $15 and under $20 $20 and over GENERAL OCCUPA- TIONS, PRODUCING DEPARTMENTS. 599 $13.09 18 6 29 65 94 197 154 36 Cutters, Stock. 228 13.99 1 1 4 11 25 102 72 12 Time-workera, . Piece-workers, . 212 16 14.06 13.08 1 1 4 11 19 6 94 8 70 2 12 Boston and vicinity, Brockton and vicinity, . HaverliiU, Lynn, Other municipalities. 51 28 13 14 122 14,39 13.46 14.12 14.64 13.86 1 1 4 2 1 8 7 3 1 1 13 17 19 7 3 56 19 4 5 9 35 5 2 5 Full time. m li.lS S 6 15 77 57 B Time-workers, 167 14.13 3 6 15 77 57 9 Boston and vicinity, Brockton and vicinity, . Haverhill, . Lynn, . Other municipalities, . 41 25 13 14 74 14.75 13.53 14.12 14.54 13.91 3 1 1 4 5 1 1 1 7 14 19 7 3 34 16 3 6 9 24 5 2 2 Laborers. 37 10.62 1 1 11 14 9 1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 34 3 10.45 12.47 1 1 11 13 1 7 2 1 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities. 7 30 10.26 10.70 1 1 3 8 3 11 1 8 1 Full time. 10 lO.JiS 8 8 S / Time-workers, 20 10.43 8 8 3 1 Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . 5 15 10.20 10.50 2 6 2 6 1 2 1 Packers. 24 11.63 2 2 3 7 4 6 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 21 3 11.20 14.63 2 _ 2 3 6 1 3 1 5 1 Boston, .... Other municipalities, 1 23 10.30 11.69 2 - 2 3 1 6 4 6 FvXltime, « 11.08 1 1 i « - Time-workers, Other municipalities, . 8 8 11.08 11.08 1 1 1 1 4 4 2 2 Printers. 178 13.74 7 3 12 14 26 46 51 19 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 160 18 13.68 14.28 6 1 3 12 14 22 4 39 7 48 3 16 3 Boston and vicinity, Lynn Other municipalities. 42 10 126 12.31 12.46 14.32 4 3 1 2 4 8 3 4 7 4 1 21 11 2 33 14 3 34 1 18 FuU time. 91 12M « « S 8 IS 28 SI 1 Time-workers, 91 12.98 2 2 3 8 15 28 32 1 Boston and vicinity, . Lynn Other municipalities, . 24 10 57 13.21 12.45 12.97 1 1 2 3 3 4 1 2 1 12 8 2 18 10 3 19 1 Shippers. 52 13.71 - 2 5 9 18 13 5 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 51 1 13.67 15.75 2 5 9 18 12 1 5 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, 16 36 13.80 13.67 - 1 1 5 5 4 6 12 2 11 2 3 VI. 84 STATISTICS OF LABOR 1915. [l. B. TABLE E. — ACTUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. Paper Box Making — Continued. Males — Concluded. Total Aver- NuMBEK OF Employees eabning a Week — Occupation Classifi- cation. Num- ber of Em- ployees age Weekly Earn- ings Under $5 $5 and under $6 $6 and under $8 $8 and under $10 $10 and under $12 $12 and under $15 $16 and under $20 $20 and over Shippers — Con. Full time, S9 SIS.SS e s 8 U 22 a Time-workers, 39 13.33 2 3 8 12 12 2 Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . 14 26 13.32 13.33 1 1 3 5 3 5 7 2 10 1 1 Other Occupations. 80 10.28 2 8 21 13 18 11 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 70 10 9.86 13.25 2 8 20 1 10 3 14 4 9 2 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities. 25 55 10.75 10.07 2 3 5 5 16 7 6 9 9 1 10 Full time, 48 9.89 6 13 10 u s Time-workers, 48 9.89 5 13 10 14 2 Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . 19 29 10.68 9.45 - 2' 3 4 9 6 4 6 8 1 1 POWER.MECHANICAL, AND YARD FORCE. 134 13.85 7 13 65 38 10 Engineers. 19 16.02 _ 2 11 4 Time-workers, . 19 16.02 2 11 4 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities. 5 14 17.80 15.38 1 _ 1 1 2 9 2 2 Full time, U 16.71 - 1 9 3 Time-workers, 14 16.71 1 9 3 Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . 5 9 17.80 16.11 1 1 2 7 2 1 Machinists. 13 18.52 2 6 5 Time-workers, . , 13 18.52 _ 2 6 5 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, 9 4 17.83 20.06 - 2 3 3 i 1 Full time, 10 18.10 1 5 4 Time-workers, 10 18.10 - 1 5 4 Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . 8 2 18.50 16.50 1 3 2 4 Teamsters. 77 12.47 6 10 49 12 Time-workers, . 77 12.47 6 10 49 12 Boston and vicinity, Brockton and vicinity, . Other municipalities. 21 16 40 12.48 13.28 12.14 1 1 4 4 6 13 10 26 3 5 4 Fulltime, 7S 1S.4S - S 10 49 11 Time-workers, 75 12.46 - ^ 5 10 49 11 Boston and vicinity, . Brockton and vicinity,. Other municipalities, . 21 16 38 12.48 13.28 12.11 1 1 3 4 6 13 10 26 3 5 3 Other Occupations. 25 14.04 1 2 12 9 Time-workers, . 25 14.04 1 2 12 9 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. 10 15 13.77 14.23 1 1 1 4 8 3 6 Fulltime, to 1S.8S 1 « 9 r Time-workers, 20 13.85 1 2 9 7 Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . 10 10 13.77 13.93 1 1 1 4 5 3 4 - NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 85 TABLE E. — ACTUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS: — Continued. Paper Box Making — Continued. Females. ^ BY OCCUPATIONS Total Aver- NUMBEB OP Employees earning A Week — Occupation Cl.\ssipi- CATION. Num- ber of Em- ployees age Weekly Earn- ings Under $5 and under $6 and under $7 and under $8 and under $9 and under $10 and under $12 and under $15 $15 and under $20 ALL OCCUPATIONS. 4,085 $7.61 712 536 517 561 548 459 485 208 59 PRODUCTIVE OCCU- PATIONS. 3,866 7.63 678 500 480 S31 518 442 456 204 57 Bench Workers. 954 7.81 131 129 110 127 126 149 128 44 10 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 249 705 7.40 7.96 37 94 43 86 25 85 22 105 26 101 61 88 32 96 2 42 2 8 Boston and vicinity, Brockton and vicinity, Haverhill, Lynn, Other municipalities, 423 60 21 14 446 8.09 8.38 7.86 9.61 7.43 63 6 72 42 3 2 82 45 4 1 60 56 7 4 60 66 3 3 64 66 39 2 2 40 87 2 38 16 1 1 1 25 2 1 2 5 Full time, .... 400 8.38 H i9 SI S9 70 85 6i «S 7 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 187 213 7.97 8.74 12 22 33 16 16 16 16 23 20 50 59 26 28 34 2 21 2 5 Boston and vicinity, Brockton and vicinity, . Haverhill, Lynn, Other municipalities. 155 41 8 13 183 8.42 9.22 8.59 9.66 8.06 17 17 8 1 40 14 1 16 18 4 15 27 2 2 39 24 39 1 2 19 44 1 1 16 3 1 1 1 17 1 2 4 Boxmakers, n. s. 310 7.47 50 43 44 44 48 36 31 11 3 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 50 260 5.67 7.82 16 35 14 29 12 32 1 43 4 44 3 33 1 30 11 3 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, 91 219 6.76 7.77 15 35 18 25 21 23 8 36 15 33 6 30 7 24 1 10 3 Full time 109 7.69 IS 16 18 IS 17 13 U 5 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 37 72 6.03 8.39 6 7 12 4 11 7 1 12 3 14 3 10 1 13 5 Boston and vicinity, Other municipaUties, 57 52 7.08 8.15 6 8 13 3 14 4 5 S 10 7 3 10 6 8 1 4 Closers. 117 5.63 67 23 5 8 1 - 3 6 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 92 25 4.70 9.07 59 8 21 2 4 1 6 3 1 - 2 1 6 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. 93 24 4.60 9.63 62 5 21 2 2 3 5 3 1 - 2 1 6 Full time, . 71 6.51 37 SO 4 4 1 - t « Time-workers, Piece-workers, 62 9 5.22 7.50 32 5 19 1 4 4 1 - 2 2 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, . 64 7 5.07 9.51 36 1 19 1 2 2 4 1 ~ 2 2 Coyerers. 945 7.85 101 117 137 147 164 101 125 18 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, 132 813 6.28 8.11 36 65 26 91 20 117 20 127 8 156 12 89 5 120 6 43 Boston and vicinity, Brockton and vicinity, HaverhiU, Lynn, Other municipalities. 256 69 55 81 484 7.52 9.41 8.01 8.83 7.63 37 4 3 57 30 6 9 7 65 32 6 8 10 81 50 8 3 13 73 43 13 12 14 82 26 9 6 13 48 27 19 13 13 63 11 6 1 6 25 2 3 1 Data for 106 female employees whose individual weekly earnings were not recorded on the pay-rolls were not included in this tabulation. VI. 86 STATISTICS OF LABOE 1915. [l. B. TABLE E. — ACTUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. Paper Box Making — Continued. Females — Continued. Total Aver- Number of Employees earning A Week — Occupation Classifi- CATIOK. Num- ber of Em- ployees age Weekly Earn- ings Under $5 and under $6 $6 and under $7 $7 and under $8 and under $9 $9 and under $10 $10 and under $12 $12 and under $15 $16 and under $20 Coverers — Con. Full time 4oe $8.11 m 61 87 66 62 BS eJ, $6 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 106 299 6.76 8.69 17 10 24 27 20 47 18 38 7 66 10 42 6 69 6 20 Boston and vicinity, Brockton and vicinity, . Haverhill, Lynn Other municipalities. 113 17 21 39 216 7.80 10.61 9.34 8.41 7.90 11 2 14 13 3 36 18 3 6 40 21 1 1 5 28 14 4 6 8 31 13 4 3 6 26 17 5 8 9 25 6 2 1 16 Finishers. 207 7.67 19 35 29 38 29 31 15 10 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, 19 188 6.77 7.76 19 9 26 1 28 3 36 4 26 1 30 16 1 9 Boston and vicinity, . Brockton and vicinity, Haverhill, Lynn Other municipalities. 57 60 16 31 44 7.21 7.90 9.47 9.06 6.34 6 3 1 9 10 14 1 10 8 S 1 12 14 9 3 7 6 9 5 2 8 6 6 9 3 12 2 5 7 2 1 5 2 2 1 Full time 68 8.67 i 4 7 11 9 10 6 7 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 6 62 8.72 8.56 4 4 7 2 9 2 7 1 9 6 1 6 Boston and vicinity, Brockton and vicinity, . Haverhill, . Lynn, Other municipalities. 2 15 12 13 16 7.60 9.62 10.09 8.97 6.26 1 3 1 3 2 5 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 2 4 1 4 2 3 1 2 2 1 4 2 1 - Folding Machine Operators. 44 5.91 11 9 13 6 3 2 . _ Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 11 33 4.64 6.37 4 7 6 4 2 11 6 3 2 - - Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, 23 21 6.42 6.44 6 5 4 5 10 3 3 3 3 2 - - Full time U 6.7i « 6 B 2 - - - _ Time-workers, Piece-workers, 6 6 5.63 6.86 2 6 1 1 1 2 - - - - Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. 4 8 6.05 6.58 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 _ - - _ Forewomen. 67 11.59 - - 1 _ 7 6 19 23 12 Piece-workers, 66 1 11.64 8.31 _ - 1 - 6 1 6 19 23 12 Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities. 22 46 11.81 11.49 - - 1 - 1 6 5 8 11 11 12 2 10 Full time ei 11.70 - - - - e 6 IB 22 12 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 63 1 11.76 8.31 _ _ - : 5 1 5 19 22 12 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, . 21 43 11.79 11.66 - - - - 1 6 6 8 11 10 12 2 10 Gluers. 107 6.94 21 16 16 24 IS 8 4 3 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 46 61 6.13 7.56 13 8 9 7 6 10 9 15 7 8 2 6 4 3 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, 49 68 6.65 7.28 16 6 10 6 3 13 7 17 6 9 2 6 2 2 3 - NO. 109. DETAILED TABLES. VI. 87 TABLE E. — ACTUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. Paper Box Making — Continued. Females — Continued. Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Earn- ings Number of Employees earning A Week — Occupation Classifi- cation. Under $5 $5 and under $6 $6 and under $7 $7 and under $8 $3 and under $9 $9 and under $10 $10 and under $12 $12 and under $15 $15 and under $20 Gluers — Con. Full time 69 te.ss U 9 8 IS // I S - • Time-workers, Piece-workers, 38 21 6.29 7.80 9 3 8 1 4 2 8 5 7 4 2 3 3 ~ _ Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, . 35 24 6.27 7.63 11 1 7 2 1 5 7 6 6 5 2 3 1 2 - Helpers, General. 157 4.59 117 14 11 6 5 3 1 - Time-workers, . Piece-workers, 124 33 4.47 5.04 96 21 10 4 8 3 3 3 4 1 3 1 : - Boston and vicinity, Brockton and vioinity. Other municipalities. 63 20 74 3.97 3.94 5.29 55 19 43 5 1 8 1 10 6 2 3 3 1 - - Full time 89 i.es 87 9 8 S 1 i t - - Time-workers, Piece-workers, 84 5 4.55 6.37 65 2 8 1 6 2 1 1 2 1 ~ - Boston and vicinity, Brockton and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . 39 5 45 4.26 4.53 5.01 34 4 29 4 1 4 6 3 1 2 1 I Liners, Hand. 33 11.08 1 2 2 3 2 2 10 6 5 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 4 29 6. 88 11.66 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 10 6 5 All municipalities, 33 11.08 I 2 2 3 2 10 6 5 Fulltime S 8.87 / - - 1 - - - Time-workers, 3 6.67 1 - - 1 - - - All municipalities. 3 6.67 1 - - 1 - - - Machine Operators, n. a. 129 6.95 23 19 27 30 17 7 4 1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, . 54 75 5.68 7.86 21 2 12 7 8 19 6 24 1^ 7 4 1 Boston and vicinity, Brockton and vicinity. Other municipalities. 11 19 99 8.73 8.97 6.36 23 19 1 26 3 7 20 5 4 8 6 1 2 1 1 1 FuU time 77 8.SB 17 IS 19 9 11 S S 1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 46 31 5.89 8.27 17 9 4 7 12 6 3 7 4 3 3 1 Boston and vicinity, Brockton and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . 5 7 65 8.92 9.94 6.36 17 13 19 1 8 4 1 6 _ 3 1 1 1 1 Stayers. 165 8.42 17 23 22 20 18 20 18 20 7 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 43 122 6.05 9.25 7 10 14 9 7 15 6 14 4 14 4 16 1 17 20 7 Boston and vioinity. Other municipalities. 66 99 9.98 7.37 3 14 3 20 7 16 6 14 7 11 9 11 12 6 14 6 5 2 Full time 61 8.S7 4 IS 7 7 7 7 6 S 2 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 36 25 6.69 10.93 3 1 11 2 7 6 1 4 3 4 3 1 4 9 2 Boston and vioinity. Other municipalities. 22 39 9.71 7.61 1 3 1 12 1 6 3 4 3 4 4 3 3 2 5 4 1 1 VI. 88 STATISTICS OF LABOR 1915. [l. B. TABLE E. — ACTUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS: — Continued. Paper Box Making: — Continued. Females — Continued. BY OCCUPATIONS Total Aver- Number oe Emplot£es earning a Week — Occupation Classifi- cation. Num- ber of Em- ployees age Weekly Earn- ings Under $5 and under $6 $6 and under $7 and under $8 and under $9 $9 and under $10 $10 and under $12 $12 and under $15 $15 and under .$20 Toppers. 162 $8.00 16 17 22 32 20 21 24 3 Time-workers, Piece-worlcers, 19 143 6.73 8.30 6 10 4 13 4 18 1 31 1 19 3 21 24 3 Boston and vicinity, Brockton and vicinity, Haverhill, Lynn, Other municipalities. 82 23 16 24 48 8.49 8.80 8.44 7.68 7.09 4 1 5 6 2 1 1 3 10 6 4 1 6 6 10 7 6 1 8 6 5 3 7 12 2 3 7 11 4 3 2 4 1 2 Full time, 62 S.iS S 8 10 7 S 10 IS S Time-workers, Piece-workers, n 51 6.97 8.74 3 3 5 3 1 6 1 8 3 7 11 3 Boston and vicinity, Brockton and vicinity, . Haverhill, Lynn, .... Other municipalities. 17 5 6 15 19 8.59 11.30 9.80 7.93 7.49 3 2 6 4 4 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 5 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 3 1 2 Trimmers. 37 7.47 9 3 3 5 5 4 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 7 30 8.30 7.27 2 7 3 3 6 2 3 3 1 Boston and vicinity, Haverhill, Other municipalities. 3 32 2 5.60 7.48 10.04 2 7 3 3 1 4 4 1 3 1 Full time, . 9 8.S8 S - - - 1 S Time-workers, Piece-workers, 6 3 8.02 9.09 2 1 : - - 1 3 Boston and vicinity, HaverhUl, . Other municipalities. 2 6 1 4.60 9.38 10.13 2 1 ~ ~ - ~ 1 2 1 Turners-in. 61 4.25 44 16 1 _ - _ _ _ Time-workers, Piece-workers, 45 16 4.23 4.33 33 11 12 4 1 _ _ - - - Boston and vicinity. Other municipahties, 5 56 3.68 4.31 6 39 16 1 _ _ - - - : Full time SI 4.S9 HO 10 1 - - - _ _ Time-workers, Piece-workers, 26 5 4,62 4.95 18 2 8 2 1 _ - : - - Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. 4 27 3.88 4.69 4 16 10 1 - - - - - Wrapping Machine Operators. 153 8.86 6 12 17 20 23 25 38 10 2 Time-workers, Piece-workers, . 19 134 6.49 9.19 4 2 5 7 2 15 3 17 2 21 2 23 38 1 9 2 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. 76 77 9.18 8.54 2 4 6 6 9 S 6 14 11 12 13 12 22 16 5 6 2 Fulltime, . 47 8.68 « 4 S 7 8 S 11 2 Time-workers, Piece-workers, S 39 5.91 9.23 1 1 3 1 1 4 3 4 8 8 11 2 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, . 35 12 8.68 8.62 2 2 2 4 1 4 3 8 6 3 9 2 1 1 NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 89 TABLE E. — ACTUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. Paper Box Uakin? — Concluded. Females — Concluded. Total Aver- age Weekly Earn- ings Number of Employees BAHNINQ A WeEK — OcxjuPATioN Classifi- cation. Ntun- berof Em- ployees Under »5 $5 and under $6 and under $7 $7 and under $8 $8 and under $9 $9 and under $10 $10 and under $12 and under $15 $15 and under $20 Other Occupations. 218 $7.88 45 22 20 21 33 30 29 14 4 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 93 125 7.36 8.27 33 12 5 17 4 16 4 17 14 19 13 17 10 19 9 5 1 3 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities. 65 153 6.96 8.69 34 11 3 19 6 15 6 15 6 27 6 24 5 24 14 4 Fulltime 95 7.S1 S9 7 6 3 11 15 U 10 « Time-workers, Piece-workers, 68 27 7.16 9.44 27 2 4 3 4 2 3 9 2 10 5 6 6 7 3 1 1 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities. 40 55 5.42 9.55 26 3 3 4 1 5 2 1 2 9 5 10 1 11 10 2 GENERAL OCCUPA- TIONS, PRODUCING DEPARTMENTS. 219 7.27 34 36 37 30 30 17 29 4 2 Cutters, Stock. 15 9.22 1 1 2 1 . 1 9 Time-workers, 15 9.22 1 1 2 1 _ 1 9 _ Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. 4 11 COO 10.39 1 1 2 1 - 1 9 - Full time, .... U 9. 69 - 1 S 1 _ 1 9 _ Time-workers, 14 9.59 - 1 2 1 _ 1 9 _ Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, . 4 10 6.00 11.03 - 1 - 1 - 1 9 : Labelers. 121 7.28 15 29 19 12 15 12 14 4 1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, . 36 85 6.45 7.63 6 9 10 19 6 13 4 8 4 11 6 6 14 4 1 Boston and vicinity, Haverhill, Other municipalities, 25 17 79 7.37 8.92 6.89 4 1 10 4 25 4 5 10 1 1 10 2 2 11 6 2 4 4 3 7 3 1 1 Full time H 7.iO S 15 n 9 8 7 fi S Time-workers, Piece-workers, 28 36 6.80 7.88 2 3 9 6 6 5 2 7 3 5 6 1 6 3 Boston and vicinity, Haverhill, . Other municipalities. 8 11 45 7.29 10.07 6.77 1 4 15 2 2 7 1 1 7 1 1 6 3 1 3 3 3 3 Other Occupations. 83 6.89 18 6 16 17 15 4 6 _ 1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 73 10 7.11 5.34 14 4 2 4 16 16 1 14 1 4 6 - 1 Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities. 21 62 6.31 7.09 9 9 1 5 2 14 1 16 5 10 1 3 2 4 - 1 Fulltime U 7.iS e e 11 11 6 S 5 - 1 Time-workers, 44 7.48 5 2 11 11 6 3 5 - 1 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. 13 31 7.41 7.51 2 3 1 1 2 9 1 10 4 2 1 2 2 3 - 1 VI. 90 STATISTICS OF LABOR 1915. [l. B. TABLE E. — ACTUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS: — Continued. Unvelopo Making. Males. BY OCCUPATIONS Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Earn- ings Number of Employees earning a Week — Occupation Classifi- cation. Under $5 $5 and under $6 $6 and under $8 $8 and under $10 $10 and under $12 $12 and under $15 $15 and under $20 $20 and over ALL OCCUPATIONS. 890 $14.54 17 32 67 92 86 189 283 131 PEODUCTIVE OC- CUPATIONS. 300 15.90 1 10 9 25 28 64 92 71 Envelope Cutters. 127 15.64 1 10 9 37 55 15 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 118 9 15.49 17.65 1 10 9 34 3 50 5 14 1 Worcester, Springfield, Other municipalities. 62 38 27 16.62 14.94 14.38 1 3 4 3 3 4 2 IS 7 12 29 IS S 9 4 2 Full time. 86 IS. 96 - r e m 4B 1« Time-workers, Piece-workers, 79 7 15. n 18.73 - 7 5 19 1 37 5 11 1 Worcester, Springfield, . _ . Other municipalities. 43 25 18 16.95 14.95 15.02 _ 1 3 3 2 3 11 4 5 22 12 8 7 3 2 Foremen. 20 22.06 1 5 14 Time-workers, . 20 22.06 - 1 5 14 All municipalities. 20 22.06 - 1 5 14 Pull time. m BS.Oe 1 S 14 Time-workers, 20 22.06 - 1 5 14 All municipalities, 20 22.06 1 5 14 Helpers, General. 23 9.60 i 3 5 6 4 1 Time-workeijs, . 23 9.60 4 3 5 6 4 1 Springfield, Other municipalities, 13 10 10.01 9.05 2 2 1 2 3 3 2 2 1 Full time. IS 9.05 4 / 4 S Time-workers, 13 9.05 4 1 4 3 Springfield, . Other municipalities, 8 6 9.32 8.61 2 2 1 - 2 2 2 1 Machine Adjusters. 72 18.68 1 8 14 17 32 Time-workers, . 72 18,68 1 8 14 17 32 Worcester, Springfield, Other municipalities, 37 31 U 18.33 19.68 18.12 ~ 1 4 2 2 11 1 2 7 6 4 15 11 6 FuU time. is 19. m - 1 - 4 6 12 IS Time-workers, 48 19.85 - 1 _ 4 6 12 25 Worcester, Springfield, . Other municipalities, . 21 19 8 19.98 19.47 20.41 1 2 2 4 1 1 4 5 3 11 10 4 Other Occupations. 58 13.38 1 6 4 10 5 8 14 10 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 56 2 13.62 6.60 1 6 2 2 10 6 8 14 10 Worcester, Springfield, Other municipalities, 19 13 26 11.20 14.08 14.61 1 4 1 1 3 1 4 6 2 1 2 1 2 5 3 5 6 2 2 6 Full time. se IS. SO S 1 8 2 4 8 S Time-workers, 36 13.50 5 1 8 2 i 8 8 Worcester, Springfield, . Other municipalities, . 11 10 15 8.10 15.92 15.86 4 1 1 4 4 1 1 1 3 1 5 2 2 6 NO. 109.], DETAILED TABLES. VI. 91 TABLE E. — ACTUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS: BY OCCUPATIONS — CONTINTJED. Envelope Making — Continued. Males — Continued. Total Aver- Number of Employees earning a Week — Occupation Classifi- cation. Num- ber of Em- ployees age Weekly Earn- Under $5 and $6 and $8 and and $12 and $15 and $20 and $5 under under under under under under ings $6 $s $10 $12 $15 $20 over GENERAT. OCCUPA- TIONS, PRODUCING DEPARTMENTS. 410 $12.78 16 22 46 59 46 90 89 42 Packers. 82 12.85 1 3 14 12 28 20 3 Time-workers, . 82 12.85 1 3 14 12 28 20 3 Worcester, 35 12.96 1 1 3 5 15 7 2 Springfield, 34 12.33 - 2 9 6 8 8 1 Other municipalities. 13 13.94 - 2 1 5 5 - Full time, SS 12.78 1 7 B 9 9 1 Time-workers, 33 12.78 1 7 5 9 9 1 Worcester, . 8 12.26 - - 2 3 2 - Springfield, . 20 13.02 1 6 2 3 7 1 Other municipalities, . S 12.65 - 1 1 3 ~ - Printers. 167 13.63 14 29 20 12 14 44 30 Time-workers, . 158 13.27 14 28 20 11 13 43 26 Piece-workers, . 9 20.02 - 1 - 1 1 1 6 Worcester, 45 14.43 2 7 1 6 4 17 7 Springfield, . . 61 12.85 2 10 13 2 2 12 8 Other municipalities. 71 13.68 10 12 6 4 8 15 15 Full time. 86 14.07 11 14 li S 4 U 17 Time-workers, 81 13.51 11 13 12 3 4 24 14 Piece-workers, 5 23.15 - - 1 - - - 1 3 Worcester, 23 16.35 1 2 - 1 2 12 5 Springfield, . 36 13.68 2 5 11 2 1 8 7 Other municipalities. 27 12.64 8 7 1 " 1 5 5 Shippers. 35 14.06 1 1 1 4 16 9 3 Time-workers, . 35 14.06 1 1 1 4 16 9 3 All municipalities, 35 14.06 1 1 1 4 16 9 3 FuUtime, 7 17. S5 1 1 « S Time-workers, 7 17.25 1 1 2 3 All municipalities. 7 17.25 - 1 1 2 3 Stock Clerks. 31 11.57 2 - 2 11 3 5 7 Time-workers, . 31 11.57 2 2 11 3 5 7 All municipalities, . 31 11 57 2 2 11 3 5 7 Full time. n 14. i7 1 « S 5 Time-workers, 12 14.47 1 2 3 5 All municipalities. 12 14.47 1 2 3 5 Other Occupations. 96 11.16 8 7 11 13 15 27 9 Time-workers, . 92 11.05 8 7 11 13 15 25 2 8 1 5 Piece-workers, . 3 14 34 - " ~ " Worcester, Springfield, . _ - Other municipalities. 19 24 52 13.00 9.50 11.25 2 3 3 1 1 6 3 5 3 5 8 1 3 11 5 5 17 5 2 2 2 3 FvXl time. is 11. sa S 6 e 9 4 9 6 S Time-workers, 45 11.28 3 5 6 9 4 9 6 3 Worcester, Springfield, • ■ Other municipahties, . 9 18 18 12.78 10.29 11.52 2 1 1 4 1 5 4 6 2 2 2 4 3 3 2 1 1 2 VI. 92 STATISTICS OF LABOR — 1915. [l. B. TABLE E. — ACTUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS: BY OCCUPATIONS — CONTINTJED. Envelope Making — Continued. Males — Concluded. Total Aver- NuMBEB OF Employees eahning a Week — Occupation Classifi- cation. Num- ber of Em- ployees age Weekly Earn- ings Under $5 and under $6 and under $8 $8 and under $10 $10 and under $12 $12 and under $15 $15 and under $20 and over POWER, MECHANI- CAL, AND TARD FORCE. 180 $1G28 2 8 12 35 102 21 Engineers. 10 19.49 - 7 S Time-workers, . 10 19,49 7 3 All municipalities, 10 19.49 7 3 Full time, s 18.88 - 7 2 Time-workers, 9 18.88 - 7 2 All municipalities, 9 18.88 7 2 Machinists. 109 17.18 2 4 17 72 14 Time-workers, . 109 17.18 2 4 17 72 14 Worcester, Springfield, Other municipalities, 71 19 19 16.93 17.11 18.19 _ 1 1 4 10 4 3 49 13 10 7 2 5 Full time. 64 18.04 - - 8 4S 11 Time-workers, 64 18.04 8 45 11 Worcester, Springfield, . Other municipalities. 35 18 11 17.72 17.32 20.22 : - " _ 4 3 1 26 13 6 5 2 4 Other Occupations. ei 14.14 - 2 6 8 18 23 4 Time-workers, . 61 14.14 - 2 6 8 18 23 4 Worcester, Other municipalities. 26 35 13.60 14.53 1 1 4 2 4 4 6 12 9 14 2 2 Full time. Be 14. SO - i 1 8 11 I Time-workers, 26 14.39 - 4 1 8 11 2 Worcester, . Other municipalities. 10 16 12.82 15.37 3 1 1 2 6 3 8 1 1 Females. Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Earn- ings Number of Employees eahning A Week . Occupation Classification. Under $5 $5 and under $6 and under $8 $8 and under $10 and under $12 and under $15 and under $20 ALL OCCUPATIONS. 1,642 $7.38 186 267 565 456 123 38 7 PRODUCTIVE OCCUPA- TIONS. 1,350 7.36 163 215 464 372 98 31 7 Boxers. 174 6.88 19 45 62 37 10 1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 109 65 6.37 7.74 14 5 37 8 39 23 16 21 2 8 1 Springfield, . . . . Other municipalities. 97 77 6.48 7.38 14 5 31 14 31 31 19 18 2 8 1 NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 93 TABLE E. — ACTUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS: — Continued. Envelope Making — Continued. Females — Continued. BY OCCUPATIONS Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Earn- ings N DMBEH OF Employees earning A Week — OcciTPATioN Classification. Under $5 $5 ana under $6 $6 and under $8 and under $10 and under $12 and under $15 and under $20 Boxers — Con. Full time m Se.91 7 3S 41 S4 4 1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, . 87 27 6.69 7.63 6 1 29 4 35 10 14 10 2 2 1 Springfield, Other municipalities, 74 40 6.70 7.30 6 1 25 8 27 18 15 9 1 3 1 Clasp Attachers. 81 6.13 14 30 26 10 1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 10 ■ 71 6.08 6.14 14 6 24 3 23 1 9 1 Worcester, 81 6.13 14 30 26 10 1 Fulltime, 13 6. SI 7 S 1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 10 3 6.08 6.66 6 1 3 2 1 Worcester, 13 6.21 7 5 1 Counters. 24 7.73 1 2 8 11 2 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 21 3 7.69 8.00 1 2 7 1 9 2 2 Spring6eld, . . . . Other municipalities, . 9 15 8.00 7.56 1 2 3 5 6 5 2 FuUtime, .... 17 8. IS - 1 e 9 2 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 16 1 8.05 9.24 1 5 8 1 2 Other municipalities. 8 9 8.15 8.10 - 1 2 3 6 3 2 Edge Tinters. 39 9.36 1 3 10 9 9 6 1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 4 35 7.12 9.61 1 1 2 1 9 2 7 9 6 1 All municipalities. 39 9.36 1 3 10 9 9 6 1 Full time, ... 6 8.4S - 1 4 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 2 3 8.25 8.54 1 2 2 All municipalities. 6 8.42 1 4 Envelope Machine Operators. 602 7.56 50 60 240 211 35 6 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 88 514 7.82 7.52 4 46 8 52 30 210 42 169 2 33 2 4 Worcester, Springfield, . Other municipaUties, 314 172 116 7.20 7.84 8.12 37 10 3 42 11 7 132 64 44 81 81 49 21 4 10 1 2 3 Full time, ... 148 7.91 S li H 88 S •* Time-workers, Piece-workers, 72 76 8.10 7.80 3 7 7 24 30 37 31 2 3 2 Worcester, Springfield, Other municipalities, 44 58 46 7.26 8.21 8.27 3 5 5 4 22 15 17 14 35 19 1 4 2 Folders, Hand. 273 6.80 65 48 77 56 20 7 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 69 204 6.41 6.93 23 42 16 32 11 66 14 42 2 18 3 4 Worcester, Springfield, . • Other municipalities, . 166 34 73 6.81 6.95 6.70 36 7 22 29 6 13 54 7 16 30 11 15 15 2 3 1 - VI. 94 STATISTICS OF LABOR 1915. [l. B. TABLE E. — ACTUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS: — Continued. Envelope Making — Continued. Females — Continued. BY OCCUPATIONS Number op Employees earning A Week Total Aver- Occupation Classification. Num- ber of Em- ployees age Weekly Earn- Under and $6 and and $10 and $12 and $15 and $5 under under under under under under ings $6 $8 $10 $12 $15 $20 Folders, Hand — Con. Fulltime m te.se «7 n SS BS 7 4 Time-workers, . 66 6.39 22 15 ID 13 2 3 Piece-workers, . 62 7.45 6 6 23 12 5 1 Worcester 41 7.18 5 7 16 10 3 1 Springfield, 11 8.68 1 2 6 1 1 Other municipalities. 66 6.35 22 13 16 9 3 2 Sealers, Hand. 47 7.85 2 10 11 19 3 2 Time-workers, 27 7.29 1 8 6 12 _ _ Piece-workers 20 8.60 1 2 6 7 3 2 _ Worcester 16 7.28 1 3 6 6 _ Springfield, . 16 6.95 1 7 2 6 _ _ _ Other municipalities, . 16 9.41 - 3 7 3 2 Fulltime u 7.70 1 6 B 10 1 1 _ Time-workers, . 20 7.27 1 6 4 9 Piece-workers 4 9.86 1 1 1 1 Worcester, . 2 8.01 _ _ 1 1 Springfield, .... 13 6.80 1 6 2 4 _ Other municipalities, 9 8.94 2 5 1 1 Other Occupations. 110 8.29 11 17 30 19 18 9 6 Time-workers, 106 8.26 11 17 27 19 18 9 5 Piece-workers 4 9.61 3 1 Worcester, . . , . 17 8.02 _ 4 8 _ 3 1 1 Springfield 34 7.61 6 7 8 6 4 2 1 Other municipalities, . 59 8.83 6 6 14 13 11 6 4 75 8.7S i 10 ill IS 11 7 6 Time-workers 72 8.70 4 10 19 15 12 7 5 Piece-workers 3 10.07 2 1 Worcester, 14 8.55 _ 1 8 3 1 1 X Springfield, .... 28 8.20 2 5 8 6 4 2 Other municipalities. 33 9.31 2 4 5 9 6 4 4 PRODUCINQ DEPART- MENTS. 292 7.51 23 52 101 84 25 7 Die Stamp Machine Operators. 22 5,69 7 7 7 Time-workers, .... 22 5.69 7 7 7 _ Worcester, .... 22 6.69 7 7 7 Full time 11 6.11 i 1 S _ Time-workers, . 11 6.11 4 1 5 Worcester, ... 11 6.11 4 1 5 _ _ Packers. 22 7.51 2 IS 1 1 Time-workers, 21 7 37 2 15 3 1 Piece-workers, 1 10.46 1 Springfield, .... 19 7.47 1 14 3 1 Other municipalities, . a 7.75 1 1 1 FuU time no 7.S9 _ « H S / Time-workers, . 20 7.39 2 14 3 1 19 7.47 1 14 3 1 ■Other municipalities, 1 6.94 1 - NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 95 TABLE E. — ACTUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS: — Continued. Envelope Making — Concluded. Females — Concluded. BY OCCUPATIONS Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Earn- ings Number op Employees earning A Week Occupation Classification. Under $5 and under $6 $6 and under $8 and under $10 $10 and under $12 $12 and under $15 and under $20 Printers. 193 $7.78 11 31 62 65 19 5 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 59 134 7.29 7.99 3 8 16 15 15 47 21 44 4 15 5 Worcester, Springfield Other municipalities. 105 29 69 7.76 7.20 8.09 7 2 2 15 9 7 43 4 15 25 12 28 10 5 FuUtime ee 8.09 IS 16 S9 8 Time-workers Piece-workers, . 38 28 7.59 8.78 13 6 10 16 13 3 5 Worcester, Springfield, Other municipalities, 15 13 33 8.40 7.19 8.45 8 5 9 2 5 3 7 19 3 1 4 Other Occupations. 55 7.28 5 12 17 15 S 1 Time-workers, Piece-workers 47 8 7.23 7.52 5 10 2 14 3 13 2 4 1 1 Worcester, ... Springfield, . Other municipalities, . 11 16 28 8.46 7.08 6.92 1 4 6 6 5 3 9 4 5 6 1 1 3 1 Fulltime 37 7.46 I 10 10 9 5 1 Time-workers Piece-workers, . 33 4 7.30 8.80 2 10 9 1 7 2 4 1 1 Worcester Springfield, Other municipalities. 8 14 15 8.52 7.14 7.19 1 1 6 4 4 1 5 2 5 2 1 1 3 1 Other Paper Products. Males. Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Earn- ings Number of Employees earning a Week — OccTJPATioN Classifi- cation. Under $5 and under $6 and under $8 and under $10 $10 and under $12 $12 and under $15 $15 and under $20 and over ALL OCCUPATIONS. PRODUCTIVE OC- CUPATIONS. Calendennen. Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . Holyoke, . Springfield, Other municipalities. Full time. Time-workers, Springfield, . Other municipalities, . 2,225 1,318 53 52 1 18 14 21 U 18 13 5 $12.88 12.U 9.81 9.73 14.38 10.47 11.96 7.82 11.97 11.97 12.49 10.60 96 64 5 5 5 73 52 3 3 1 2 205 150 5 5 1 4 1 1 1 328 236 15 15 10 1 4 S 3 1 2 349 229 12 12 6 4 3 e 6 4 2 457 249 7 6 1 5 2 S 5 5 486 219 5 5 3 1 1 B 2 1 1 1231 119 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Including 24 employees earning $30 and over. VI. 96 STATISTICS OP LABOR 1915. [L. B. TABLE E. — ACTUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. other Paper Products — Contiaued. Males — Continued. Total Aver- Number of Employees eahning a Week — Occupation Classifi- cation. Num- ber of Em- ployees age Weekly Earn- ings Under $5 $5 and under $6 and under $8 $8 and under $10 $10 and under $12 and under $15 and under $20 $20 and over Coaters. 130 $11.24 7 2 14 44 18 21 19 5 Time-workers, . 130 11.24 7 2 14 44 18 21 19 5 Springfield, Other municipalities, 29 101 9.23 11.82 3 4 2 8 6 12 32 18 2 19 4 16 5 Full time. 7S 11.8^ 9 SI 10 8 11 .* Time-workers, 73 11.82 9 31 10 8 11 4 Springfield, . Other municipalities, 26 47 9.95 12.86 - 8 1 12 19 10 2 6 4 7 4 Coated Paper Mill Employees, n. e. a. 89 11.58 6 2 9 7 23 26 11 5 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 84 5 11.20 18.07 6 2 9 7 23 25 1 8 3 4 1 Holyoke, . Springfield, Other municipalities, 10 19 60 10.52 9.84 12.31 6 1 2 1 4 4 2 2 3 4 2 17 3 1 22 4 7 1 4 Full time. 31 U.Si 1 2 1 9 n i $ Time-workers, Piece-workers, 30 1 12.50 13.85 1 2 1 9 11 1 i 2 Holyoke, Springfield, . Other municipalities, 1 8 22 13.85 11.74 12.77 1 2 1 2 7 1 11 3 1 2 Color Mixers. 52 13.40 2 1 17 9 9 S 9 Time-workers, . 62 13.40 2 1 17 9 9 5 '9 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, . Springfield, Other municipaUties, ,1 11 18.94 9.96 14.87 13.33 2 1 2 9 3 3 5 2 2 1 4 4 1 1 3 3 3 3 Full time. IS 17. SI - 1 S e « 6 Time-workers, 18 17.51 1 3 6 2 6 Boston and vicinity, . Springfield, . Other municipalitiea, . 4 10 4 24.75 16.08 13.88 1 2 1 1 4 1 2 3 3 Cutters. 159 13.07 6 4 11 20 26 35 43 14 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 134 25 13.42 11.17 6 4 6 6 16 4 19 7 30 5 40 3 14 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, . Other municipalities, 29 29 101 15.60 10.72 13.04 3 3 1 3 2 9 1 7 12 3 3 20 3 9 23 21 3 19 1 1 12 Fulltime, 84 lS.2i 1 S 9 9 U «S n S Time-workers, Piece-workers, 71 13 12.63 10.13 1 3 5 4 6 3 12 2 19 4 22 3 Boston and vicinity , . Holyoke, Other municipalities, . 23 19 42 15.33 11.26 11.00 1 1 2 1 8 1 6 3 2 2 10 3 6 14 16 2 4 1 1 1 Foremen. 65 22.50 1 3 S 18 38 Time-workers, . 65 22.50 - 1 3 5 18 38 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, 15 50 23.12 22.32 1 1 2 5 5 . 13 9 29 Full time, SO «.90 - S S 33 3/ Time-workers, 50 22.90 3 3 13 31 Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities, 14 36 23.39 22.71 - 1 2 3 4 9 9 22 NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 97 TABLE E. — ACTUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. other Paper Products — Continued. Hales — Continued. Total , Aver- Number of Employees earning a Week — Occupation Classifi- cation. Num- ber of Em- ployees age Weekly Earn- ings Under $5 $5 and under $6 $6 and under $8 $8 and under $10 $10 and under $12 $12 and under $15 $15 and under $20 $20 and over Helpers. 60 $7.87 15 6 9 14 8 7 1 Time-workers, . 60 7.87 15 6 9 14 8 7 1 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, . Ottier municipalities. 20 11 29 6.36 7.90 8.90 8 1 6 2 2 2 2 3 4 6 4 4 2 6 1 6 1 Full time. SO 7.61 « 4 B 9 B 1 Time-workers, 30 7.51 6 4 5 9 6 1 Bcston and vicinity, . Holyoke, Other municipalities, . H 5 11 6.64 9.26 7.82 6 1 1 2 1 4 4 3 2 3 1 Machine Operators and Tenders. 228 12.02 4 3 29 40 44 46 52 10 Time-workers, . Kece-workers, . 211 17 12.01 12.11 4 3 27 2 37 3 41 3 41 5 48 4 10 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, . Springfield, Other municipalities. 21 12 20 175 8.94 13.63 11.53 12.33 2 2 1 2 9 2 1 17 1 4 2 33 1 10 33 4 1 6 35 4 2 46 2 1 7 Full time. 111 11. SB - 1 U SS Sk ii m 1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 103 3 11.23 15.93 - 1 14 23 24 22 23 3 1 Boston and vicinity, . i^olyoke, Springfield, . Other municipahties. IS 1 16 76 9.72 9.45 11.76 11.68 - 1 8 6 1 1 1 20 10 14 4 4 14 4 22 1 Pressmen. 160 12.60 5 9 15 19 22 50 25 15 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 145 15 12.93 9.43 4 1 9 11 4 16 3 18 4 47 3 25 15 Boston and vicinity, Springfield, Other municipalities. Pull time. 61 14 85 6e 12.13 13.69 12.78 IS.ll 1 4 2 7 5 5 4 6 1 9 2 8 7 11 11 4 23 2 25 17 14 U 3 2 10 ■J Time-workers, 52 13.11 5 1 7 4 17 14 4 Boston and vicinity, . Springfield, . Other municipalities. 24 7 21 13.27 13.82 12.69 5 1 5 1 1 3 1 11 1 5 2 2 Printers, Wall Paper. 43 12.72 1 4 15 7 12 Time-workers, . 43 12.72 1 4 15 7 12 Boston and vicinity. Other municipahties. 10 33 20.25 10.43 1 4 1 14 1 6 - - 5 7 Full time. 10 eo.ss - 1 1 - - B Time-workers, 10 20.25 1 1 3 6 Boston and vicinity. 10 20.25 1 1 3 5 Keelers. 70 9.74 2 2 7 20 31 5 3 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 69 1 9.73 10.45 2 2 7 20 30 1 5 3 ^ Boston and vicinity, Springfield, . _ . Other municipalities. 6 38 26 11.42 9.13 10.24 2 2 4 3 3 10 7 1 19 11 1 4 1 1 1 - VI. 98 STATISTICS OF LABOR — 1915. [l. b. TABLE E. — ACTUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. other Paper Products — Continued. Males — Continued. Total Aver- NuMBEK OP Employees earning a Week — OCCDPATION ClAJSSIFI- CATION. Num- ber of Em- ployees age Weekly Earn- ings Under $5 and under $6 and under $8 $8 and under $10 $10 and under $12 and under $15 and under $20 $20 and over Reelers — Con. Full time, 49 tlO.U « 16 26 S 2 Time-workers, 49 10.14 2 15 26 3 2 Boston and vicinity, . Springfield, . Other municipalities, . 6 32 11 11.42 9.63 10.95 2 3 10 2 1 18 7 1 2 1 1 Rulers. 42 14.51 2 3 S 12 16 3 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 38 i 13.86 20.76 _ 2 3 5 12 13 3 2 1 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke Other municipalities. 13 23 6 15.05 14.40 13.80 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 4 5 3 5 9 2 1 2 Full time, «2 1B.61 - 1 2 7 8 S Time-workers, Piece-workers, 20 1 14.83 31.33 _ 1 2 7 8 2 1 Boston and vicinity, .. Holyoke, Other municipalities, . 5 10 6 16.00 16.51 13.80 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 4 2 1 2 Other Occupations. 167 10.11 11 16 33 29 28 26 17 7 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 151 16 9.98 11.39 11 13 3 30 3 28 1 27 1 22 4 14 3 6 1 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke Other municipalities. 12 37 118 9.18 11.20 9.87 11 3 4 9 4 8 21 2 6 22 6 22 1 5 20 1 6 10 1 ' 3 3 Fulltime, 107 9.56 « n 26 18 24 n 9 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 100 7 9.47 10.63 2 10 1 25 1 17 1 23 1 15 2 8 1 Boston and vicinity, . Holyoke, Other municipalities, . 7 25 75 6.79 9.99 9.66 2 3 3 6 3 7 16 3 15 3 21 1 5 11 4 5 GENERAL OCCUPA- TIONS, PRODUCING DEPARTMENTS. 732 13.26 31 21 53 85 106 174 186 76 Packers and Shippers. 127 12.38 4 1 7 17 26 38 31 3 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 121 6 12.37 12.56 4 1 7 16 1 24 2 36 2 30 1 3 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, . Springfield, Other municipalities. 9 18 32 68 12.21 12.52 11.65 12.71 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 7 9 3 4 7 12 3 7 7 21 1 4 6 20 1 1 1 Full time, 66 1B.S7 - « 14 IS 22 11 2 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 61 5 12.23 12.80 2 13 1 14 1 20 2 10 1 2 Boston and vicinity, . Holyoke, Springfield, . Other municipalities, . 7 10 20 29 14.14 13.71 12.22 11.36 2 1 6 7 2 2 5 6 3 4 5 10 1 3 3 4 1 1 Printers. 186 15.23 3 2 6 11 18 43 83 21 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 177 9 15.25 15.00 3 2 4 1 11 18 42 1 76 7 21 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, . Other municipalities. 27 12 147 15.56 14.64 15.22 1 2 1 1 1 4 1 10 2 16 6 3 34 16 3 64 2 3 16 NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 99 TABLE E. — ACTUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS: — Continued. other Paper Products — Continued. Males — ■ Continued. BY OCCUPATIONS Total Aver- NiJMBER OF Employees earning a Week — OCCDPATION CliSSIFI- CATIOIf. Num- ber of Em- ployees age Weekly Earn- ings Under $5 $5 and under $6 and under $8 and under $10 $10 and under $12 and under $15 and under $20 $20 and over Printers — Con. FullttTne, 79 tU.97 B S e i IS u 10 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 78 1 15.97 16.43 2 2 6 4 12 43 1 10 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, Other municipalities. 18 6 65 16.67 15.64 15.78 1 1 2 5 1 - 3 2 1 9 13 2 29 2 2 6 Truckers. 53 11.52 2 3 11 14 15 7 1 Time-workers, . 63 11.52 2 3 11 14 15 7 1 Holyoke, . Other municipalities. 14 39 10.89 11.75 2 1 2 1 10 6 8 2 13 1 6 1 Fulltime, n lO.iS 6 6 S - Time-workers, 17 10.45 6 6 6 Holyoke, Other municipalities, . 3 14 10.89 10.36 6 3 3 5 - Other Occupations. 366 12.81 22 18 38 46 48 78 65 51 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 351 15 12.79 13.33 22 18 37 1 44 2 45 3 74 4 62 3 49 2 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, . Other municipalities, 56 34 276 10.66 10.24 13.57 11 2 9 7 6 5 4 7 27 5. 3 38 2 5 41 13 4 61 8 6 61 6 1 44 FtM time. 199. 11. 7S 7 IS 19 S7 U ■M Si S9 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 195 4 12.76 11.09 7 15 19 25 2 24 42 2 34 29 Boston and ^inity, . Holyoke, Other municipalities, 43 22 134 11.85 10.49 13.37 4 3 6 6 4 2 ■ 4 13 4 2 21 2 3 19 13 3 28 6 5 23 6 23 POWER, MECHANI- CAL, AND YARD FORCE. 175 16.80 1 2 7 14 31 81 36 Knfoneers. 17 19.60 - - 1 8 8 Time-workers, . 17 19.60 - 1 8 8 Boston and ^icinity, Other municipalities, 1 16 18.00 19.70 - - - 1 1 7 8 Fulltime, 9 18.61 - - 7 S Time-workers, 9 18.61 - 7 2 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. 1 8 18.00 18.69 : - 1 6 2 Machinists. 59 18.89 - - 3 6 31 19 Time-workers, . 59 18.89 - 3 6 31 19 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, 4 55 20.35 18.79 - 3 6 1 30 3 16 Fulltime, SO 19.16 - 4 U IS Time-workers, 30 19.16 i 14 12 Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . 4 26 20.35 18.98 4 1 13 3 9 VI. 102 STATISTICS OF LABOB ■ 1915. [l. B. TABLE E. — ACTUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. other Paper Products — Continued. Females — Continued. Total Aver- NUMBEH OP Employees earning A Week — Occupation Classifi- cation. Num- ber of Em- ployees age Weekly Earn- ings Under $5 $5 and under $6 $6 and under $7 $7 and under $8 $« and under $9 $9 and under $10 $10 and under $12 $12 and under $16 $15 and under $20 Pasters and Labelers. S3 $5.97 14 11 16 4 4 3 1 _ Time-worlcers, Piece-workers, , 46 7 6.78 7.20 14 11 11 6 4 3 1 3 1 ; Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, ... Other municipalities. 17 11 25 6.00 6.10 6.57 9 3 2 3 3 6 3 3 10 1 3 4 1 2 1 - Full lime, . SS 8. IS 7 6 IS S S S - - Time-workers, Piece-workers, 33 2 6.13 6.13 7 6 11 2 3 3 3 - - - Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, Other municipalities. 10 9 16 6.30 6.31 6.54 4 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 7 3 3 1 2 - - Sealers and Banders. 54 8.35 5 1 5 14 9 11 5 3 1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 17 37 6.59 9.15 4 1 1 1 4 7 7 3 6 1 10 6 3 Holyoke, . Other municipalities, 15 39 8.41 8.33 2 3 1 3 2 2 12 9 3 8 3 2 3 Full time, . 18 8.S8 1 - 1 7 S 3 « _ Time-workers, Piece-workers, 11 7 7.63 10.07 1 - 1 6 1 3 1 2 2 - Holyoke, Other municipalities, 9 9 9.28 7.88 1 - 1 2 5 3 2 1 2 : Sorters and Counters. 135 5.13 77 17 20 5 6 3 3 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, 117 18 4.58 8.65 76 1 15 2 16 4 2 3 5 1 2 1 1 2 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, . Other municipalities. 2 38 95 5.50 7.06 4.34 5 72 2 4 11 15 5 4 1 4 2 1 2 2 1 Full time, . 4S 6.66 u 10 7 S S S 1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 32 13 5.55 9.02 14 8 2 3 4 \ 3 2 1 1 4 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, Other municipalities, . 2 14 29 5.50 8.47 5.71 14 2 2 6 4 3 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 Other Occupations. 221 6.88 14 46 72 32 18 32 6 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, 169 62 6.50 7.86 12 2 42 4 47 25 26 6 13 6 17 15 2 4 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, Springfield, Other municipalities, 40 60 14 117 6.98 8.07 8.12 6.54 4 2 8 10 4 1 31 19 9 2 42 5 10 2 15 2 2 6 9 18 3 11 4 1 1 - Full time, .... 161 r.Oi S SJ ei 17 IS SS e Time-workers, Piece-workers, 113 49 6.68 7.86 1 1 34 3 38 23 14 3 8 6 16 9 2 4 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, Springfield, . Other municipalities, . 36 31 8 87 6.26 8.97 8.10 6.67 1 1 10 2 1 24 18 4 1 38 5 2 1 g 2 2 3 6 16 1 8 4 1 1 - _ NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 101 TABLE E. — ACTUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. other Paper Products — Continued. Females — Continued. Total Aver- Number of Employees earning A Week — Num- ber of Em- ployees ago Weekly Earn- $5 $6 $7 $8 $9 $10 $12 $15 CATION. Under and and and and and and and and $5 under under under under under under under under ings $6 $7 $8 $9 $10 $12 $15 $20 Cutters. 129 $8.16 S 7 24 17 26 37 12 1 Timo-workera, . 34 6.83 1 6 16 4 6 3 - - Piece-workers, 95 8.63 4 2 9 13 20 34 12 1 Boston and vicinity, 14 6.97 1 2 4 3 3 1 - - Other municipalities, 115 8.30 4 5 20 14 23 36 12 1 Fulltime 49 7.8S - 4 IS •* 10 19 - - Time-workers, 24 6.80 - 3 12 3 3 3 - - Piece-workers, 25 8.91 - 1 - 1 7 16 - - Boston and vicinity. 7 7.01 - 1 2 2 1 1 - - Qther municipalities, . 42 8.02 - 3 10 2 9 18 - - Forewomen. 21 9.76 1 - 1 2 3 i 6 2 2 Time-workers, . 21 9.76 1 - 1 2 3 4 6 2 2 Boston and vicinity. 7 8.67 - - - 2 2 - 3 - - Other municipalities. 14 10.35 1 - 1 - 1 4 3 2 2 Fulltime n 10.00 - - i * S S 4 I t Time-workers, 17 10.00 - - 1 2 3 3 4 2 2 Boston and vicinity. 7 8.57 - - - 2 2 - 3 - - Other municipalities, . 10 11.00 ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 3 1 2 2 Inspectors. 138 5.77 61 17 28 10 10 6 4 2 Time-workers, 130 6.60 61 17 28 8 7 4 3 2 Piece-workers, 8 8.60 - - - 2 3 2 1 ~ Boston and vicinity. 77 4.90 53 10 10 1 1 - 1 1 Other municipalities. 61 6.87 8 7 18 9 9 6 3 1 Full time, .... {9 6.46 10 9 ei S 7 4 1 « Time-workers, 59 6.46 10 9 21 6 7 4 1 2 Boston and vicinity. 24 5. 48 10 4 7 1 1 - - 1 Other municipalities, . 35 7.13 " 6 14 4 6 4 1 1 Uachine Operators and Tenders. 196 7.09 24 27 40 41 4S 9 6 4 1 Time-workers, 111 6.37 22 22 27 19 14 4 2 - 1 Piece-workers, 85 8.03 2 6 13 22 31 5 3 4 - Boston and vicinity. 36 6.63 14 6 11 3 - 2 - 3 1 Holyoke, . Springfield, Other municipalities. 10 45 105 8.77 7.21 7.38 1 3 6 2 3 16 13 16 1 18 19 2 6 37 7 1 1 3 1 Full time es 7.411 S 9 11 18 16 4 1 S / Time-workers, 56 7.15 3 9 10 16 13 4 - 2 1 Piece-workers, 9 9.09 - - 1 2 3 ~ 1 ~ Boston and vicinity, 6 6.83 1 1 - 2 - 2 - - Holyoke, Springfield, . _■ Other municipalities, . 7 21 31 9.31 7.33 7.17 1 1 1 1 6 7 4 1 9 6 2 2 12 2 1 2 1 Paper Novelty Workers. 244 6.89 64 64 47 27 25 9 7 Time-workers, . 113 6.02 19 34 29 15 11 2 2 Piece-workers, 131 6.77 46 30 18 12 14 7 5 All municipalities, 244 6.89 64 64 47 27 26 9 7 Full tim^, . 111 e.os 18 S4 S4 IS B « « - Time-workers, 72 6.43 2 20 26 10 9 2 2 Piece-workers, 39 6.30 14 14 8 3 " " ~ ~ All municipalities. 111 6.03 18 34 34 13 9 2 2 1 VI. 108 STATISTICS OF LABOR 1915. [li. B. TABLE F. — ACTUAL HOURLY EARNINGS: BY OCCUPATIONS ■ — Continued. Paper Box Making — Continued. Males — Concluded. Occupation Classifi- cation. Teamsters — Con. Boston and vicinity, Brockton and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . Other Occupations. Time-workers, . Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, Full timet Time-workers, Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, . Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Number of Employees eabning an Hour — Under 10 cents 10 and under 14 cents 14 and under 16 cents 16 and under 18 cents 18 and under 20 cents 20 and under 25 cents 11 6 27 10 25 and under 30 cents 30 and under 40 cents 40 cents and over Females. Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Number of Employees earning an Hour — OcctrpATioN Classifi- cation. Under 10 cents 10 and under 12 cents 12 and under 14 cents 14 and under 16 cents 16 and under 18 cents 18 and under 20 cents 20 and under 25 cents 25 and under 30 cents 30 cents and over ALL OCCUPATIONS. 3,430 581 496 468 496 499 341 41S 101 33 PRODUCTIVE OCCU- PATIONS. 3,231 560 455 429 469 471 326 388 101 32 Bench Workers. 717 92 108 86 113 129 83 74 28 4 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 249 468 30 62 65 63 21 65 37 76 67 62 20 63 16 58 3 25 i Boston and vicinity, Brockton and vicinity, . Haverhill, Lynn, Other municipalities. 243 50 9 14 401 30 6 56 25 3 1 1 78 31 3 62 36 1 5 71 36 39 2 3 49 41 1 1 40 36 1 1 2 34 7 1 2 18 1 3 Full time. 400 41 es SS 67 97 ■ie SS 19 / Time-workers, Piece-workers, 187 213 16 25 39 19 13 20 24 43 63 34 17 29 12 26 3 16 1 Boston and vicinity, . Brockton and vicinity, Haverhill, Lynn, .... Other municipalities, . 155 41 8 13 183 20 21 15 1 1 41 13 2 18 28 1 6 33 26 39 2 3 27 29 1 16 20 1 I 14 4 1 2 12 1 Boxmakers, /». «. 260 44 24 33 43 29 27 38 9 3 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 50 200 27 17 2 22 12 21 3 40 5 24 1 26 38 9 3 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. 90 160 25 19 7 17 20 13 17 26 6 23 9 18 6 32 9 3 Full-time, 109 » S 19 M 11 a 14 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 37 72 18 9 2 6 10 9 3 19 3 8 1 7 14 - Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . 67 62 17 10 4 4 13 6 12 10 4 7 3 6 4 10 — NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 103 TABLE E. — ACTUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS: BY OCCUPATIONS — Concluded. • other Paper Products — Concluded. Females — Concluded. Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Earn- ings Number or Employees earning a Week — Occupation Classifi- cation. Under $5 $5 and under $6 $6 and under $7 $7 and under $8 $8 and under $9 $9 and under $10 $10 and under $12 $12 and under $15 and under $20 GENEEAL OCCUPA- TIONS, PRODUCING DEPARTMENTS. 194 $7.00 47 40 29 17 19 10 14 8 110 Packers. 8G 5.06 38 32 5 4 3 2 1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, 45 41 5.25 4.84 11 27 25 7 5 1 3 2 1 2 1 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. 7 79 6.71 4.91 38 2 30 4 1 4 3 2 1 Full time 4S e.os 7 M e S S « 1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 28 15 6.06 5.97 7 19 3 5 1 2 2 2 1 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, . 7 36 6.71 5.89 7 2 20 4 1 3 2 2 1 - Other Occupations. 108 S.56 9 8 24 13 16 8 13 7 '10 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 86 22 8.07 10.45 9 8 21 3 9 4 12 4 8 3 4 ■7 3 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, . Other municipalities. 44 20 44 8.31 7.96 9.07 4 3 2 5 3 6 9 9 5 1 7 8 8 5 3 1 6 4 4 12 Full time se 8.79 - 4 IS 6 e S S 7 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 51 5 8.15 15.24 _ '4 18 6 6 5 2 1 i 3 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, Other municipalities, . 31 12 13 8.45 9.86 8.62 - 4 6 7 5 4 1 1 6 3 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 Including one employee whose earnings were $22.50 a week. VI. no STATISTICS OF LABOE — 1915. [l. B. TABLE F. — ACTUAL HOURLY EARNINGS: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. Paper Box Making — Continued. Females — Continued. Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Number of Employees earning an Hour — Occupation Classifi- cation. Under 10 cents 10 and under 12 cents 12 and under 14 cents 14 and under 16 cents 16 and under 18 cents 18 and under 20 cents 20 and under 25 cents 25 and under 30 cents 30 cents and over Forewomen. 67 4 9 16 22 15 1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 66 I 3 1 9 16 22 15 1 Boston and vicinity, Otiier municipalities, 22 45 1 3 9 8 8 g 14 9 10 1 . Full time, ei - i 7 le «i IS 1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 63 1 3 1 7 16 21 15 1 Boston and vicinity, . Otlier municipalities, . 21 43 1 3 7 8 8 7 14 5 10 1 Gluers. 96 20 11 20 26 12 6 1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 46 50 16 4 6 5 13 7 9 17 2 10 6 1 - Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities. 38 68 16 4 6 6 1^ 8 18 1 11 1 6 1 - Fulltime, 19 IS 7 U U S S 1 _ Time-workers, Piece-workers, 38 21 12 3 5 2 11 3 8 6 2 3 3 1 Boston and vicinity, . Otlier municipalities, . 35 24 14 1 4 3 6 8 8 6 1 4 1 2 1 _ Helpers, General. 193 118 14 9 4 S 2 1 _ Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 122 31 100 18 8 6 6 3 2 2 5 1 1 1 Boston and vicinity, Brockton and vicinity, . Other municipalities, 59 20 74 56 20 42 1 li 9 1 3 1 4 2 1 - Full time. 89 73 e e 1 « 1 _ Time-workers, Piece-workers, 84 5 70 3 6 5 1 1 2 1 _ Boston and vicinity, . Brockton and vicinity, Other municipalities, . 39 5 45 37 31 1 6 6 1 2 1 Liners, Hand. 33 1 3 2 2 2 11 6 6 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 4 29 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 11 S 6 All municipalities, 33 1 3 2 2 2 11 5 6 Full time, S 1 / _ Time-workers, 3 1 1 _ All municipalities, 3 - 1 1 _ Machine Operators, n. 8. 126 20 33 21 29 10 4 8 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 64 72 19 1 • 18 15 9 12 7 22 1 9 4 8 - Boston and vicinity, Brockton and vicinity, . Other municipalities, 8 19 99 20 33 1 20 5 7 17 1 3 6 4 2 4 2 Full time. 77 18 BS U U S « e _ Time-workers, Piece-workers, 46 31 18 13 10 7 7 7 5 1 1 2 5 Boston and vicinity, . Brockton and vicinity. Other municipalities, . 5 7 65 18 23 1 - 13 4 1 7 2 2 1 3 1 - 1 NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 105 TABLE F. — ACTUAL HOURLY EARNINGS: — Continued. Paper Box Making — Continued. Males — ■ Continued. BY OCCUPATIONS Total Num- ber of NtTMBEK OF Employees earning an Hour — Occupation Classifi- Under 10 and 14 and 16 and Wand 20 and 25 and 30 and 40 cents cation. Em- 10 under under under under under under under and ployees cents 14 cents 16 cents 18 cents £0 cents 25 cents 30 cents iO cents over Foremen — Con. Full time. 79 1 10 j,e n Time-workers, 79 1 • 10 46 22 Boston and vicinity, . 22 - 1 17 4 Other municipalities, . 67 1 9 29 18 Helpers, General. 178 19 • 43 18 40 17 33 7 1 Time-workers, . 170 14 41 17 40 17 33 7 1 Piece-workers, . 8 5 2 1 - - - ~ ~ Boston and vicinity, 54 6 11 10 12 4 7 4 - Other munioipaUties, 124 13 32 8 28 13 26 3 1 FuU time. 138 8 Z1 18 i9 IS U 7 1 Time-workers, 135 8 35 15 29 IS 25 7 1 Piece-workers, 3 - 2 1 - - - ~ ~ Boston and vicinity, . 47 4 9 10 11 3 6 4 - Other municipalities, . 91 4 28 6 18 W 19 3 1 Scorers. 154 - 1 3 6 53 58 32 Time-workers, . 150 1 3 6 53 67 29 Piece-workers, . 4 - - ~ ~ ~ 1 3 Boston and vicinity. 63 - - 1 3 23 20 38 15 Other municipalities. 91 1 2 3 30 17 FuU time. m 1 « 6 Ifl 1,9 M Time-workers, 122 1 2 5 40 49 24 2 Piece-workers, 2 ~ ~ ~ ~ Boston and vicinity, . 55 - 1 2 19 21 19 30 13 13 Other municipalities, . 69 1 1 3 Stayers. 80 2 6 4 11 9 30 10 7 Time-workers, . 45 1 4 3 6 4 22 S 3 7 2 5 Piece-workers, . 35 1 2 1 5 5 Boston and vicinity, 11 - 1 - 1 10 2 4 26 1 9 1 6 Other municipaUties, 69 2 5 4 7 Full time, 49 S 3 7 B 20 « fi Time-workers, 32 3 3 4 3 3 2 15 5 2 4 2 3 Piece-workers, 17 ~ ~ Boston and vicinity, . 9 1 - 1 6 1 4 4 16 1 6 1 4 Other municipalities, . 40 2 3 Tiers. 100 17 17 17 15 13 15 2 1 Time-workers, . 91 17 16 17 13 2 13 14 1 1 1 4 Piece-workers, . 9 ~ 1 ~ Boston and vicinity. 50 6 11 10 7 13 4 12 3 8 5 1 14 2 4 Other municipaUties, 50 Fulltime, 10 u n 11 n 9 9 1 Time-workers, 67 14 13 1 11 10 2 9 9 1 Piece-workers, 3 ~ Boston and vicinity, . 36 3 7 7 10 1 9 3 6 3 1 8 1 Other municipalities, . 34 11 Other Occupations. 158 18 13 15 19 13 39 23 17 1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 146 12 17 1 12 1 15 18 1 9 4 37 2 21 2 16 1 1 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, 36 122 12 6 13 3 12 3 16 1 12 8 31 8 15 1 16 1 VI. 112 STATISTICS OF LABOR 1915. [l. B. TABLE F. — ACTUAL HOURLY EARNINGS: — Continued. Paper Box Making — Concluded. Females — Concluded. BY OCCUPATIONS Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Number or Employees earning an Hour — OocDPATioN Classifi- cation. Under 10 cents 10 and under 12 cents 12 and under 14 cents 14 and under 16 cents 16 and under 18 cents 18 and under 20 cents 20 and under 26 cents 26 and under 30 cents 30 cents and over Wrapping: Machine Operators — Con. Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, 82 77 2 2 7 10 8 6 9 10 21 5 10 15 20 I Fulltime, 47 « S IS S 10 7 8 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 8 39 1 1 2 1 5 8 3 10 7 8 Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . 35 12 2 1 2 9 4 3 8 2 5 2 7 1 Other Occupations. 188 37 18 14 28 24 24 32 4 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 93 95 32 5 5 13 4 10 13 15 9 15 U .13 17 15 1 3 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. 47 141 29 8 3 16 2 12 6 23 2 22 5 19 1 31 4 Pull time, BB 32 6 7 n n 7 15 2 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 68 27 29 3 3 2 3 4 9 2 7 5 4 3 12 3 1 1 Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . 40 55 26 6 3 2 2 5 3 8 2 10 3 4 1 14 2 GENERAL OCCUPA- TIONS, PRODUCING DEPARTMENTS. 199 21 41 39 27 28 15 27 1 Cutters, Stock. 15 1 3 1 1 9 Time-workers, . 15 1 3 1 1 9 _ Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, 4 11 1 2 1 1 1 9 - Fulltime, n t B 1 - 1 9 Time-workers, 14 1 2 1 - 1 9 _ Boston and vicinity, , Other municipalities, . 4 10 1 2 1 1 9 Lafaelers. 103 7 30 16 15 14 10 11 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 36 67 2 5 16 14 5 11 6 9 6 9 2 8 11 Boston and vicinity, Haverhill, Other municipalities. 17 14 72 1 6 3 2 25 3 1 12 2 2 U 6 2 6 2 2 6 5 e Full time, Bi e IS IS 9 r B e Time-workers, Piece-workers, 28 36 2 4 11 7 5 8 4 5 4 3 2 3 6 - Boston and vicinity, Haverhill, Other municipalities, . 8 11 45 1 5 1 1 16 2 1 10 1 1 7 2 2 3 1 1 3 5 1 Other Occupations. 81 13 S 22 12 13 5 7 1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 73 8 11 2 4 4 22 U 1 12 1 6 7 1 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities. 19 62 8 5 8 3 19 2 10 4 9 2 3 7 - 1 Full time. U 7 3 IS 5 4 4 S _ 1 Time-workers, 44 7 3 18 5 4 4 2 _ 1 Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . 13 31 3 4 3 3 15 2 3 3 1 2 2 2 - 1 NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 107 TABLE F. — ACTUAL HOURLY EARNINGS: — Continued. Paper Box Making — Continued. Males — ■ Continued. BY OCCUPATIONS Total Num- ber of NUMBKR OF Employees earning an Hour — Occupation Classifi- Under 10 and 14 and 16 and 18 and 20 and 25 and 30 and 40 cents cation. Em- 10 under under under under under under under and ployees cents 14 centt 16 cent! 18 cents iO cents 25 cents 30 cents 40 cents over Printers — Con. Boston and vicinity, . 24 1 3 1 1 8 7 3 Lynn 10 - - 2 2 1 1 1 3 - Other municipalities, . 57 2 3 1 1 6 18 16 8 2 Shippers. 52 2 7 3 17 14 8 Time-workers, . 61 2 7 3 17 14 7 Piece-workers, . 1 - - - - - 1 Boston and vicinity, 16 - 1 2 1 7 1 3 Other municipalities. 36 1 5 2 10 13 5 Full time, S9 « S S 11 IB S Time-workers, 39 2 5 3 11 12 5 Boston and vicinity, . 14 1 2 1 6 1 2 Other municipalities, . 25 1 3 2 6 11 3 Other Occupations. 73 4 7 12 12 10 19 5 4 Time-workers, . 69 4 7 11 12 9 18 4 4 Piece-workers, . 4 - - 1 - 1 1 1 - Boston and vicinity. 21 - 2 3 3 5 7 1 - Other municipalities, 52 4 5 9 9 5 12 4 4 Full time, 48 i S 6 8 S U « 1 Time-workers, 48 4 5 6 8 8 14 2 1 Boston and vicinity, . 19 _ 2 3 2 5 6 1 - Other municipalities, . 29 4 3 3 6 3 8 1 1 POWER, MECHANI- CAL, AND YARD FORCE. 134 3 1 9 8 57 39 14 3 Engineers. 19 2 9 6 Time-workers, . 19 2 9 6 Boston and vicinity. 5 - 2 1 Other municipalities. 14 ~ 7 5 Full lime, U - 7 4 Time-workers, 14 7 4 Boston and vicinity, . 5 - 2 1 3 Other municipalities, . 9 1 5 ~ Machinists. 13 5 5 2 Time-workers, . 13 5 5 2 Boston and vicinity. 9 - 4 1 3 2 Other municipalities. 4 Full time. 10 - - i i Time-workers, 10 - 4 4 Boston and vicinity, . 8 - 3 1 3 1 Other municipalities, . 2 Teamsters. 77 1 1 5 7 44 19 Time-workers, . 77 1 1 1 6 7 44 19 Boston and vicinity. 21 1 - 4 11 27 6 9 Brockton and vicinity, . 16 - 1 ~ Other municipalities. 40 1 4 3 5 Full time, re : 1 4 7 U 18 Time-workers, 76 1 1 4 7 44 IS VI. 116 STATISTICS OF LABOE 1915. [l. B. TABLE P. — ACTUAL HOURLY EARNINGS: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. Envelope Making — Continued. Females — Continued. Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Number of Employees eaening AN Hour — Occupation Classifi- cation. Under 10 cents 10 and under 12 centE 12 and under 14 cents 14 and 16 and 18 and 20 and under under under under 16 cents 18 cents 20 cents 25 centE 25 and under 30 cents 30 cents and over Boxers — Con. Full time. m to .1,0 a »6 11 S « - Time-workers, Piece-workers, 87 27 8 2 34 6 20 2 16 10 6 5 2 1 1 1 Springfield, . Other municipalities. 74 40 6 4 28 12 15 7 18 8 6 5 1 2 2 Clasp Attachers. 13 7 5 1 - Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 10 3 6 1 3 2 1 - Worcester, 13 7 5 1 - FxiM time, IS 7 B 1 * - Time-workers, Piece-workers, 10 3 6 1 3 2 1 - Worcester, 13 - 7 5 1 Counters. 24 2 7 S 8 2 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 21 3 2 6 5 6 2 2 - Springfield, Other municipalities, 9 16 1 1 2 3 5 3 2 Full time. 17 « S e 2 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 16 1 2 3 5 1 2 Springfield, . Other muuicipalities, . 8 9 1 1 1 2 5 1 2 Edge Tinters. 39 1 2 4 3 3 6 11 5 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 4 35 1 2 3 1 .3 3 6 11 6 All municipalities, 39 1 2 4 3 3 6 11 6 Full time, e « / 1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 2 3 2 1 1 All municipalities. 5 2 1 1 Envelope Machine Operators. 345 8 29 72 80 97 43 15 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 88 257 1 7 7 22 24 4S 16 64 32 65 5 38 3 12 - Worcester, Springfield, Other municipalities. 57 172 116 6 3 12 10 7 18 29 25 14 62 14 8 47 42 26 17 6 10 Fulltime, m i 19 SI il S8 S 6 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 72 76 1 3 6 13 IS 13 15 26 24 14 5 3 3 3 Worcester, Springfield, . Other municipalities, 44 68 46 3 1 9 4 6 11 7 13 13 25 3 8 14 16 4 4 3 3 Folders, Hand. 168 43 28 21 22 24 8 12 _ Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 69 89 23 20 15 13 6 16 9 13 8 16 4 4 4 8 Worcester, Springfield, Other municipalities, 61 34 73 14 7 22 10 4 14 7 5 9 9 6 7 6 8 10 2 2 4 3 2 7 NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 109 TABLE F. — ACTUAL HOURLY EARNINGS: — Continued. Paper Box Making — Continued. Females — Continued. BY OCCUPATIONS Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Number of Employees earning an Hour — Occupation Classifi- cation. Under 10 cents 10 and 12 and under under 12 cents 14 cents 14 and under 16 cents 16 and under 18 cents 18 and under 20 cents 20 and under 25 cents 25 and under JO cents 50 cents and over Closers. 117 67 23 8 5 1 3 i 5 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 92 25 58 9 22 1 8 1 4 1 1 2 4 5 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, 93 24 63 4 20 3 6 2 1 4 1 1 2 4 5 Fulltitne, 71 41 17 6 1 1 S i Time-workers, Piece-workers, 62 9 35 6 17 6 1 1 _ 1 1 2 Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . 64 7 40 1 16 1 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 Coverers. 785 64 119 130 117 137 88 112 IS 3 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 132 653 33 31 42 77 21 109 12 105 13 124 3 85 8 104 15 3 Boston and vicinity, Brockton and vicinity, Haverhill, Lynn, Other municipalities, 166 69 25 81 444 29 1 34 20 6 3 9 81 ' 34 4 4 8 80 17 11 2 16 72 28 13 4 19 73 16 13 4 9 46 22 14 8 14 54 7 5 3 1 1 1 Full time. m S7 80 70 67 67 U 68 ; Time-workers, Piece-workers, 106 299 21 16 35 45 19 61 g 48 11 46 3 38 8 50 5 Boston and vicinity, . Brockton and vicinity, Haverhill, . Lynn, . Other municipalities, . 113 17 21 39 215 17 1 19 17 3 6 64 27 1 2 5 35 11 2 1 9 34 16 4 4 8 26 9 5 4 4 19 16 2 7 6 27 3 2 Finishers. 206 15 32 33 37 36 26 20 7 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 19 187 15 10 22 2 31 2 35 4 32 26 1 19 7 Boston and vicinity, Brockton and vicinity, . Haverhill, Lynn, Other municipalities. 56 ■ 60 15 3t 44 1 4 10 7 14 1 1 9 9 10 1 1 12 16 7 4 5 5 7 10 2 11 6 6 7 4 8 1 7 7 2 4 3 1 1 1 1 - Full time. 18 r « IS 7 11 9 7 S - Time-workers, Piece-workers, 6 52 7 2 2 10 1 6 2 9 9 1 6 3 Boston and vicinity, . Brockton and vicinity, HaverhUl, Lynn Other municipalities, . 2 15 12 13 16 1 6 1 1 1 3 1 7 1 1 3 2 3 2 4 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 Folding Machine Op- erators. 44 7 12 13 4 2 3 3 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 11 33 2 5 7 5 2 11 i 2 3 3 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. 23 21 6 1 5 7 8 5 3 1 1 1 3 3 Full time. 11 « 7 S ~ Time-workers, Piece-workers, 6 6 2 5 2 1 2 - Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . 4 8 1 1 2 5 1 2 VI. 122 STATISTICS OF LABOR 1915. [l. B. TABLE F. — ACTUAL HOURLY EARNINGS: BY OCCUPATIONS — CONTIN"UED. Other Paper Products — Continued. Males — Concluded. Occupation Classifi- C ATI OK. Truckers. Time-workers, . Holyoke, . Other municipalities, Full time, Time-workers, Holyoke, Other municipalities, Other Occupations. Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, . Other municipalities, Full time. Time-workers, Piece-workers, Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, Other municipalities, POWER, MECHANI- CAL, AND YARD FORCE. Engineers. Time-workers, . Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, Full time, Time-workers, Boston and vicinity. Other muuicipaUties, Machinists. 59 Time-workers, . 69 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities. 4 S5 F-uU time, SO Time-workers, 30 Boston and vicinity, . Other municipaiities, . 4 26 Other Occupations. 99 Time-worlcers, . 99 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, .... Other municipalities. 2 17 SO Full time. 49 Time-workers, 49 Boston and vicinity, . Holyoke, Other municipalities, . 1 8 40 Total Num- ber of Em- ployees 351 11 273 199 19S 4 43 22 134 Number op Emplotees earning an HotrR - Under 10 cents 10 and under 14 cents IS 18 14 and under 16 cents 16 and under 18 cents 18 and under 20 cents 20 and under 25 cents 25 and under 30 cents 30 and under 40 cents 35 2 27 16 15 1 3 1 12 16 16 5 11 11 11 4 7 12 7 64 11 5 29 25 20 S4 1 48 14 24 7 17 48 1 1 40 cents and over 20 20 20 8 27 27 5 22 11 11 51 2 5 42 4 5 24 SO 23 13 1 13 1 1 12 1 7 1 7 1 1 6 1 18 18 18 18 2 16 2 16 11 10 11 10 2 9 2 8 19 4 19 4 1 1 17 4 10 - 10 1 9 NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. Ill TABLE F. — ACTUAL HOURLY EARNINGS: BY OCCUPATIONS — • Continued. Paper Box Making — Continued. Females — Continued. Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Number of Employees earning an Hour — Occupation Classifi- cation. Under 10 cents 10 and under 12 cents 12 and 14 and under under 14 cents 16 cents Wand under 18 cents 18 and under 20 cents 20 and under 25 cents 25 and under 30 cents 30 cents and over Stayers. 119 17 14 18 20 11 14 19 3 3 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 43 76 12 5 10 4 11 7 3 17 5 6 1 13 1 18 3 3 Boston and vicinity, Other-municipalities, 38 81 2 15 2 12 5 13 5 15 6 5 3 11 12 7 1 2 2 1 Full time. 61 10 11 9 e 8 i 9 9 1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 36 25 9 1 9 2 8 1 3 3 5 3 1 3 1 8 3 1 Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . 22 39 1 9 2 9 3 6 2 4 5 3 2 2 5 4 1 2 1 Toppers. 126 U 15 22 20 30 12 8 4 1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 19 107 7 7 3 12 5 17 1 19 3 27 12 8 4 1 Boston and vicinity, Brockton and vicinity, . Haverhill, Lynn, . . . . Other municipalities, 27 23 7 24 45 5 9 3 6 6 7 4 1 3 7 3 8 2 I 8 S 1 3 13 1 2 1 4 4 4 2 2 1 1 2 1 Ptdl time. ei 8 7 10 9 IS 7 8 S 1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 11 51 3 5 - 4 6 1 8 3 9 7 6 2 1 Boston and vicinity, . Brockton and vicinity, Haverhill, Lynn, . . . . Other municipalities, . 17 5 6 15 19 4 4 5 1 4 2 2 2 1 2 6 1 1 4 1 1 2 3 3 1 2 2 1 Trimmers. 11 3 2 3 3 1 1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 7 7 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 Boston and vicinity, Haverhill, Other municipalities. 2 10 2 2 1 I 2 3 2 1 1 1 FuU time. 9 S - 1 1 3 1 - Time-workers, Piece-workers, 6 3 2 1 1 1 3 1 Boston and vicinity, . Haverhill, Other municipalities, . 2 6 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 Turners- in. 61 39 21 - Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 45 16 29 10 16 5 ~ Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, 5 56 5 34 21 : Full time. SI se 8 - Time-workers, Piece-workers, 26 5 20 2 6 2 : Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . 4 27 4 18 8 Wrapping: Machine Operators. 129 2 9 18 15 31 15 35 3 1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 19 110 1 1 6 3 11 15 4 27 1 14 35 3 1 VI. 126 STATISTICS OF LABOR 1915. [l. B. TABLE G. — CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WEEKLY WORKING TIME: BY OCCUPATIONS. Paper Box MakinK. Hales. Cus- tomary CC)or Actual Hours Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Hours NUMBEB OF Employees Whose Weekly HonKS OF Labor were — Occupation Classifi- cation. 48 and under Over 48 and under 54 54 Over 54 and under 60 60 Over 60 and not over 72 Over 72 ALT. OCCUPATIONS. (2 1,733 1,703 65.1 54. 6 23 109 192 247 754 560 740 649 17 31 4 86 3 21 PRODUCTIVE OCCU- PATIONS. {1 1,000 982 55.1 54.4 2 69 92 137 468 346 435 365 3 12 45 9 Comer Cutters. { 1 13 43 54.9 52.4 4 4 9 19 17 20 13 - Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . c A C I A 42 42 1 1 55.0 52.4 61.0 62.0 4 3 8 1 1 19 17 20 13 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, 1 A is 17 17 26 26 56.0 62.4 64.1 52.4 2 2 2 3 2 6 4 4 15 13 11 8 9 5 CoTerers. (2 43 43 56.8 68.8 3 12 7 31 22 4 6 1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . A C A 37 37 6 6 67.3 59.6 54.0 53.5 3 6 4 6 3 31 22 4 6 1 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, A C I A 14 14 29 29 58.5 58.2 56.0 59.0 3 12 7 14 14 17 8 4 6 1 Creasing Machine Operators. Time-workers, , Piece-workers, . (i / c A C I A 30 28 27 27 3 1 55.7 60.2 56.4 49.8 67.7 60.0 8 8 2 2 16 9 16 9 14 6 11 S 3 1 1 3 3 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, 1 A J c I A 10 8 20 20 67.4 61.9 54.8 49.5 2 6 2 16 9 10 3 4 2 1 3 Enders. {2 109 104 55.4 54.7 5 9 13 42 28 58 56 - 3 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . I A / c I A 84 84 25 20 65.2 54.7 66.2 64.8 3 2 9 11 2 28 21 14 7 11 9 3 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. / c A C 1 A 21 20 88 84 66.1 61.4 65.2 55.5 3 2 3 4 6 9 42 28 18 13 40 42 3 Foremen. {2 94 94 54.9 55.7 2 9 7 45 38 40 43 2 2 Time-workers, . (2 94 94 64.9 55.7 2 9 7 46 38 40 43 - 2 2 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities. \l 22 22 72 72 56.1 56.1 64.5 56.6 2 3 3 6 4 2 2 43 36 17 17 23 26 - 2 2 NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 113 TABLE F. — ACTUAL HOURLY EARNINGS: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. Envelope Making. Males. Total Num- ber of Number of Employees eahninq an Hous — Occupation Classifi- Under 10 and 14 and Wand 18 and 20 and 25 and 30 and 40 cents cation. Em- 10 under under under under under under under and ployees cents 14 cents 16 cents 18 cents 20 cents 25 cents 30 cents 40 cents over AT.T. OCCUPATIONS. 885 18 61 39 77 31 177 149 245 88 PBODUCTIVE OCCU- PATIONS. 298 14 9 16 7 53 59 91 49 Envelope Cutters. 127 3 6 1 23 39 45 10 Time-workers, . 118 3 6 1 22 37 40 9 Pieoe-worlfers, . 9 - - - 1 3 5 1 Worcester, 62 1 1 9 19 25 7 Springfield, 38 2 3 - 9 11 11 2 Other municipalities, 27 - 2 1 5 9 9 1 Full time. 86 -r 3 S I n es SI 8 Time-workers, 79 3 3 1 11 27 27 7 Piece-workers, 7 - - 1 5 1 Worcester, 43 1 - 5 14 18 5 Springfield, . 26 2 1 - 5 8 7 2 Other municipalities, . 18 2 1 1 6 7 1 Foremen. 20 1 10 9 Time-workers, . 20 1 10 9 All municipalities, 20 1 10 9 Full time. 20 1 10 9 Time-workers, 20 1 10 9 All municipalities. 20 1 10 9 Helpers, General. 23 4 2 5 3 9 Time-workers, . 23 4 2 5 3 9 Springfield, 13 2 2 2 6 Other municipalities. 10 2 - 3 3 Fulltime, IS i 1 1 6 Time-workers, 13 4 1 1 6 - Springfield, , 8 2 1 1 4 Other munioipaUties, . 5 2 ~ ~ 2 Machine Adjusters. 72 1 12 11 21 25 Time-workers, . 72 1 12 U 21 25 Worcester, 37 - - 9 4 13 11 Springfield, 21 1 1 2 4 3 4 4 10 4 Other municipalities. 14 - ~ Full time, is 1 6 8 IS 21 Time-workers, 48 - 1 - - 5 8 12 21 Worcester, 21 - - 4 2 7 8 Springfield, . 19 - 1 1 4 2 3 2 9 4 Other municipalities. 8 ~ " Other Occupations. 56 - 9 4 5 9 8 15 5 Time-workers, . 56 - 9 4 5 9 8 13 5 Worcester, 17 5 3 1 2 2 5 1 3 4 3 3 9 2 1 2 Springfield, . ■ Other municipalities. 13 26 3 1 1 4 Full time. se 6 4 i 4 S 9 S Time-workers, 36 6 4 4 4 5 9 3 Worcester, 11 5 3 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 1 3 5 - Springfield, . Other municipahties, . 10 15 1 1 3 1 2 VI. 132 STATISTICS OF LABOR- 1915. [l. B. TABLE G. — CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WEEKLY WORKING TIME: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. Paper Box Making' — Continued. Females — Continued. Occupation Classification. Cus- tomary (Oor Actual (A) Hours Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Hours Machine Operators, n. o. Time-workers, Piece-workers, Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, Stayers. Time-workers, Piece-workers, Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, Toppers. Time-workers, Piece-workers, Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, Trimmers. Time-workers, Piece-workers, Boston and vicinity, Haverhill, Other municipalities, Turners-in. Time-workers, Piece-workers, Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, Wrapping Machine Operators. Time-workers, Piece-workers, { 1 129 126 1 c 54 1 A 54 i c 76 1 A 72 / c 11 A 8 C 118 1 A 118 (i 169 123 / c 43 A 43 C 126 ' A 80 / c 66 A 38 C 103 ■ A 85 { 1 164 128 I c 19 A 19 C 146 I A 109 / C 52 1 A 27 1 c 112 1 A 101 [I 37 14 I c 7 A 7 C 30 i A 7 / c 3 A 2 C 32 A 10 C 2 A 2 { I 61 61 1 c 46 1 A 46 / c 16 I A 16 1. c 5 A 5 C 56 I A 56 { 1 153 129 i c 19 ■ A 19 C 134 \ A 110 53.6 Sl.S 53.5 51.7 53.7 51.3 52.5 52.6 53.7 51.4 53.S 50.2 53,3 49.4 53.5 50.7 63.1 61.2 53.7 49.8 S3.1 SO.S 53.8 48.2 53.0 50.8 51.6 49.0 63.8 50.8 54.0 50.6 54.0 52.6 54.0 48.7 54.0 54.0 54.0 50.3 54.0 49.0 64.0 49.5 54.0 49.5 54.0 49.3 54.0 52.2 54.0 49.2 53.5 49.9 63.6 50.1 53.5 49.8 Number of Employees Whose Weekly Hours op Labor were — Under 12 19 5 14 4 15 20 6 14 7 13 3 1 2 2 1 14 10 4 1 13 Over 48 and under 54 54 24 105 1 S3 60 15 39 18 32 - 9 66 1 35 28 7 4 7 1 - 17 101 1 46 69 _ 42 127 3 66 45 13 30 15 23 - 29 97 3 41 22 _ 31 35 2 21 11 _ 11 92 1 35 34 14 29 121 3 60 45 2 17 - 3 10 14 27 104 3 57 35 14 17 21 1 8 11 _ 12 100 2 52 34 - 37 2 9 7 6 - 30 2 3 3 2 - 32 2 6 " 2 1 - - 61 1 IS 31 _ 46 9 26 - - 16 1 6 5 - 5 4 ~ - 66 1 15 27 _ 37 116 5 53 40 - 6 14 2 6 7 - 32 102 3 48 33 NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 115 TABLE F. -ACTUAL HOURLY EARNINGS: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. Envelope Making — Continued. Males — Concludsd. Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Number of Employees earning an Hour — Occupation Classifi- cation. Under ID cents 10 and under 14 cents 14 and under 16 cents 16 and under 18 cents 18 and under 20 cents 20 and under 26 cents 25 and under 30 cents 30 and under 40 cents 40 cents and over POWER, MECHANI- CAL, AND YARD FORCE. 180 8 5 3 32 29 91 12 Engineers. 10 9 1 Time-workers, . 10 _ 9 1 All municipalities, . 10 - 9 1 Full time, 9 _ _ _ _ S Time-workers, 9 9 All municipalities. 9 9 Machinists. 109 22 70 10 Time-workers, . 109 . _ - 22 70 in Worcester, Springfield, Other municipalities. 71 19 19 - 14 4 4 47 13 10 5 1 4 Fulltime, 64 IS 40 8 Time-workers, 64 15 40 8 Worcester, . Springfield, . Other municipalities, . 35 18 11 - 10 4 1 21 13 6 3 1 4 Other Occupations. 61 8 S 3 25 7 12 1 Time-workers, . 61 8 5 3 25 7 12 1 Worcester, Other municipalities. 26 35 5 3 3 2 1 2 9 16 3 4 5 7 1 Full time, US - S B S 11 « « 1 Time-workers, 26 5 2 3 11 2 2 1 Worcester, . Other municipalities, . 10 16 3 2 2 1 2 3 8 1 1 2 1 Females. Occupation Classifi- cation. Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Number of Employees earning an Houb- .Under 10 cents 10 and under 12 cents 12 and under 14 cents 14 and under 16 cents 16 and under 18 cents 18 and under 20 cents 20 and under 25 cents 25 and under 30 cents 30 centa and over ALL OCCUPATIONS. PRODUCTIVE OC- CUPATIONS. Boxers. Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . Springfield, . . Other municipalities, 1,112 899 174 109 65 97 77 89 77 10 4 189 148 46 11 38 19 218 167 34 26 8 20 14 199 165 17 17 20 14 221 179 88 70 83 17 17 VI. 136 STATISTICS OF LABOR 1915. [l. B. TABLE G. — CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WEEKLY WORKING TIME: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. Envelope Making — Continued. Males — Concluded. Cus- tomary (C)or Actual Hours Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Hours Number of Employees Whose Weebx,y Houbs OF Labob weee — Occupation Classifi- cation. 48 and under Over 48 and under 54 54 Over 54 and under 60 60 Over 60 and not over 72 Over 72 POWER, MECHANI- CAL. AND YARD FORCE. Engineers. Time-workers, . All municipalities, . Machinists. Time-workers, . Worcester, Springfield, Other municipalities, Other Occupations. Time-workers, . Worcester, Other municipalities, C A { 2 { 2 {1 \i c A C A c A { 2 { 2 / c A C 1 A 180 180 10 10 10 10 10 10 109 1C9 109 109 71 71 19 19 19 19 61 61 61 61 26 26 35 35 56.4 56.2 57.2 57.3 67.2 57 3 .57.2 67.3 54.3 52.8 64.3 62.8 54.3 52.0 54 1 54.2 54.4 64.3 60.0 62.1 60.0 62.1 58.8 61.0 60.8 62.9 1 17 1 13 1 13 10 1 3 4 4 2 2 25 21 21 19 2 4 4 1 3 116 64 1 1 I 89 55 89 65 67 U 18 17 4 4 26 9 26 9 21 6 5 3 41 40 5 6 6 6 5 6 15 16 15 16 7 1 2 14 7 21 18 21 IS 9 21 9 8 8 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 4 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 6 16 5 15 5 15 3 6 12 8 10 1 1 1 8 9 8 9 4 5 4 4 Females. Cus- tomary (Oor Actual (A) Hours Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- W^kly Hours Number of Employees Whose Weekly Hours of Labor were — Occupation Classification. Under 48 48 Over 48 and under 54 64 ALL OCCUPATIONS. PRODUCTIVE OCCUPATIONS. Boxers. Time-workers, Piece-workers, . Springfield, Other municipahties. { 1 { 2 { 1 if / c A C 1 A 1,642 1,112 1,350 899 174 174 109 109 65 66 97 97 77 77 63.8 51.0 53.8 50.8 53.9 61.9 63.9 51.9 64.0 62.0 53.8 51.9 64.0 51.9 54 218 46 184 19 11 8 9 10 3 1 19 314 19 263 10 60 10 20 30 10 23 27 1,568 677 1,285 451 164 105 99 78 65 27 87 66 77 40 NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 117 TABLE F. — ACTUAL HOURLY EARNINGS: — Continued. Envelops Making — Continued. Females — Continued. BY OCCUPATIONS Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Number of Employees earpting an Hour — Occupation Classifi- cation. Under 10 cents 10 and under 12 cents 12 and under 14 cents 14 and under 16 cents 16 and under 18 cents 18 and under 20 cents 20 and under 25 cents 25 and under 30 cents 30 cents and over Folders, Hand — Con. Full time. 117 SO IS IS 17 16 7 8 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 65 52 22 8 15 8 5 11 8 9 7 9 4 3 Worcester, Springfield, . Other municipalities, . 41 11 65 8 22 8 1 14 6 1 9 8 3 6 a 4 6 2 1 4 - Sealers, Hand. 36 1 8 4 6 11 2 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 27 9 1 8 4 4 2 10 1 2 Springfield, Other municipalities. 16 20 1 7 1 2 2 1 5 4 7 1 1 Full time. H 1 6 i s 8 r Time-workers, Piece-workers, 20 4 1 '6 4 1 7 1 1 Springfield, . Other municipalities. 13 11 1 6 2 1 2 3 5 1 1 Other Occupations. 110 10 15 20 13 16 8 20 5 3 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 106 4 10 15 18 2 13 15 1 8 20 5 2 1 Worcester, Springfield, Other municipalities, 17 34 59 1 6 3 1 5 9 8 7 5 1 3 9 1 6 9 2 2 4 2 4 14 5 1 1 1 Full tim^. 75 8 8 17 e 9 7 IS 4 3 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 72 3 8 8 15 2 6 9 ' 13 4 2 1 Worcester, Springfield, . Other municipalities. 14 28 33 1 5 2 3 5 7 6 4 1 2 3 5 4 2 2 3 2 4 7 4 1 1 1 GENERAL OCCUPA- TIONS, PRODUCING DEPARTMENTS. 213 12 41 51 34 42 18 15 Die Stamp Machine Operators. 22 6 9 4 3 Time-workers, . 22 6 9 4 3 Worcester, 22 6 9 4 3 Full time. 11 4 S 2 S Time-workers, 11 4 • 3 2 2 - Worcester, 11 4 3 2 2 Packers. 22 - 2 11 6 1 2 - Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 21 1 - 2 11 6 1 Springfield, Other municipalities, 19 3 1 1 10 1 6 1 - - Full time. iO 2 10 6 1 - Time-workers, 20 2 10 6 1 - Springfield, . _ ; Other municipalities, . 19 1 1 1 10 6 1 - - VI. 142 STATISTICS OF LABOR — 1915. [l. B. TABLE G. — CUSTOMAHY AND ACTUAL WEEKLY WORKING TIME: BY OCCUPATIONS — CoNTiiroED. Other Paper Products — Continued. Males — Concluded. Cus- tomary (C)or Actual (A) Hours Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- Weekly Hours Number of Employees Whose Weekly Hoces OF Labob were — Occupation Classifi- cation. 48 and under Over 48 and under 54 54 Over 54 and under 60 60 Over 60 and not over 72 Over 72 Printers — Con. Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, . Other municipalities, A c A C 1 A 27 27 12 12 147 147 50.9 48.4 54.0 51.3 50.6 53.1 4 2 33 21 27 23 4 101 63 12 6 10 15 3 23 6 18 1 Truckers. {2 53 53 52.2 55.4 6 35 15 16 3 9 2 1 18 1 Time-workers, . {2 53 53 52.2 55.4 6 35 15 16 3 9 2 1 18 1 Holyoke, . Other municipal itie.s, C 1 A 14 14 39 39 54.0 53.7 51.6 55.9 3 3 1 35 14 14 3 2 1 8 2 1 5 13 1 Other Occupations. {1 3se 362 52.2 51.7 3 52 257 175 75 45 22 42 9 15 31 2 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . n 351 351 15 11 52.1 51.8 53.8 49.9 3 49 3 250 171 7 4 70 41 6 4 22 42 6 15 3 31 2 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, Other municipalities, I A c \ A 1 c I A 56 56 34 33 276 273 61.6 48.8 54.0 52.4 52.0 52.3 8 6 3 38 49 41 2 208 132 2 2 34 22 39 21 6 6 17 37 g 15 2 29 1 1 POWER, MECHANI- CAL. AND YARD FORCE. c A 175 175 55.6 59.0 1 13 84 46 39 21 23 27 10 12 6 34 12 22 Engineers. [l 17 17 57.2 61.3 4 2 3 2 5 5 2 3 3 3 2 Time-workers, . {1 17 17 57.2 61.3 4 2 3 2 5 5 2 3 3 3 2 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, C A C A 1 1 16 16 57.3 57.3 57.2 61.6 4 2 3 2 1 1 4 4 2 3 3 3 2 Machinists. {1 59 59 53.3 ■ 54.1 S 30 23 15 9 11 5 3 3 11 Time-workers, . (S 59 59 53.3 54.1 8 30 23 16 9 11 6 3 3 11 Boston and vicinity, ■Other municipalities. A C I A 4 4 55 55 54.8 54.8 53.1 54.1 8 30 23 3 3 12 6 1 1 10 4 3 3 11 Other Occupations. (2 99 99 56.7 61.5 1 6 50 21 21 10 7 17 5 6 3 20 12 20 Time-workers, . ( 1 99 99 66.7 61.5 1 6 50 21 21 10 7 17 6 6 3 20 12 20 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, Other municipalities, I A ■ C I A 2 2 17 17 80 80 65.6 62.0 56.4 62.1 56.7 61.3 1 1 4 60 21 1 1 12 4 8 6 1 1 2 5 16 2 5 4 1 4 3 15 3 4 9 16 NO. 109. DETAILED TABLES. VI. 119 TABLE F. — ACTUAL HOURLY EARNINGS: — Continued. other Paper Products — Continued. Males — Continued. BY OCCUPATIONS Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Number op Employees eabninq an Hour — Occupation Classipi- CATION. Under 10 cents 10 and under 14 cents Wand under 16 cents 16 and under 18 cents 18 and under 20 cents 20 and under 25 cents 25 and under 30 cents 30 and under 40 cents 40 cents and over Coaters. 130 12 28 40 7 21 12 8 2 Time-workers, . 130 12 28 40 7 21 12 8 2 Springfield, Other municipalities. 29 101 11 1 5 23 7 33 7 1 20 2 10 3 5 2 Full time. 7S 9 IS U 6 r « 7 2 Time-workers, 73 9 13 22 6 7 8 7 2 Springfield, . Other municipalities, . 26 47 8 1 5 8 7 15 5 1 6 2 6 3 4 2 Coated Paper Mill Em- ployees, n. e. s. 85 1 11 9 8 17 27 7 5 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 84 1 1 11 9 8 17 27 6 1 5 Holyoke, . Springfield, Other municipalities. 10 19 66 1 7 4 1 2 6 2 6 1 16 7 2 18 2 2 3 3 2 Full time. SI 1 « - « 7 12 4 S Time-workers, Piece-workers, 30 1 1 2 2 7 12 3 I 3 Holyoke, Springfield, . Other municipalities, . 1 8 22 1 2 2 7 11 1 2 1 1 2 Color Mixers. 52 4 3 14 1 15 4 4 7 Time-workers, . 52 4 3 14 1 16 4 4 7 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, . Springfield, . _ . Other municipalities. 7 16 12 17 4 1 2 1 9 2 2 1 1 6 5 4 1 3 1 1 2 3 2 2 Full time. IS 1 1 - 8 1 2 5 Time-workers, 18 1 1 8 1 2 5 Boston and vicinity, . Springfield, . ^ Other municipalities, . 4 10 4 1 1 - 1 6 2 1 1 1 3 2 Cutters. 159 2 13 9 11 10 43 34 35 2 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 134 25 2 9 4 6 3 9 2 9 1 33 10 30 4 34 1 2 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, . . _ , ■ Other municipalities, Fulltime, Time-workers, Piece-workers, 2S 29 101 Si 71 13 2 1 1 2 11 12 8 4 1 3 5 S 2 1 3 8 6 4 2 2 8 4 3 9 31 2i 19 6 9 4 21 18 17 1 16 4 15 16 16 2 Bo.^ton and vicinity, . Holyoke, Other municipalities, . 23 19 42 1 2 10 1 1 1 2 4 2 2 3 6 . 15 8 2 8 11 3 2 Foremen. Time-workers, . 65 65 1 1 6 6 8 8 19 19 31 31 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, Full time. Time-workers, 15 50 BO 60 - 1 1 5 6 6 1 7 6 6 5 14 11 11 8 23 28 28 Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . 14 36 1 4 1 6 4 7 8 20 VI. 146 STATISTICS OF LABOR — 1915. [l. B. NO. 109.] VII. SPECIMEN FORM OF SCHEDULE USED IN THIS INQUIRY [L-511 CONFIDENTIAL IDENTIFICATION No arijt (Hammatmsaitif of iMaaHailittBstta BUREAU OF STATISTICS LABOR DIVISION Charles F. Gettemy director RATES OF WAGES, EARNINGS, AND HOURS OF LABOR 1. Industry 2. Specific Product, . . . . 3. Number of employees when running full time during week ending, MiNOBS — • Under 16. Men. Women. Boys. Girls. Totals. (a) Time-workers, (b) Piece-workers, Totals, 4. Working hours. Total hours a week, (a) Full days a.m. to p.m minutes for lunch. (b) Saturdays a.m. to p.m minutes for lunch. 5. Wages and hours for week ending, 191 . Time Work- ers (T), or Piece- work- ers (P) Number of Employees j Full Time Actual Time Made AND Department AND Occupation. Men Women MINORS Days Week HOURS Earninos IN Week Rate of Pay per* Boys Girls 1 Day Week Hours Worked Earn- ings • Insert here the unit of payment. NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 121 TABLE F. — ACTUAL HOURLY EARNINGS: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. other Paper Products — Continued. Males — Continued. Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Number op Employees earning an Hour — Occupation CiAssin- CATION. Under 10 cents 10 and under 14 cents 14 and under 16 cents 16 and under 18 cents 18 and under 20 cents 20 and under 26 cents 2Sand under 30 cents 30 and under 40 cents 40 cents and over Rulers. 42 1 2 11 5 17 2 Time-workera, . Piece-workers, . 38 4 1 2 11 5 14 3 1 1 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke Other municipalities, 13 23 6 1 1 1 3 4 4 3 2 5 10 2 1 1 Full time, SI 8 1 9 S Time-workers, Piece-workers, 20 1 8 1 9 1 1 Boston and vicinity, . Holyoke, Other municipaUties, . 5 10 6 2 2 4 1 2 5 2 1 1 Other Occupations. 167 16 37 20 19 33 19 11 2 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 151 16 14 2 35 2 - 17 3 19 30 3 17 2 8 3 1 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke Other municipalities. 12 37 118 2 3 U 5 8 24 1 3 6 2 IS 2 17 2 9 22 8 11 1 1 9 1 1 Full time. 107 10 BS 6 IS u 20 U S Time-workers, Piece-workers, 100 7 9 1 27 1 6 12 1 14 17 3 13 1 2 '- Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, Other municipalities, . 7 25 75 2 2 6 4 8 16 2 4 1 12 14 1 5 14 7 7 2 QENEEAL OCCUPA- TIONS, PRODUCING DEPARTMENTS. 728 28 45 41 68 50 163 133 154 46 Packers and Shippers. 127 1 6 7 14 IS 41 27 IS 1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 121 6 1 6 7 13 1 14 1 38 3 27 14 1 1 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, . Springfield, Other municipalities. 9 18 32 68 1 1 1 4 1 3 3 2 2 10 1 1 5 8 5 6 13 17 1 4 2 20 1 3 6 6 1 Full time. 66 1 4 9 10 S3 9 9 1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 61 5 1 4 8 1 9 1 21 2 9 8 1 1 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, Springfield, . Other municipalities, . 7 10 20 29 1 2 2 1 2 6 1 3 6 4 4 8 7 1 1 2 6 1 3 3 2 1 Printers. 186 1 4 8 6 12 18 43 85 9 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 177 9 1 4 7 1 6 12 17 1 42 1 79 6 9 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, . ■ . • Other municipalities. Full time. Time-workers, Piece-workers, 27 12 U7 79 78 1 1 1 1 1 3 e 2 8 B 5 6 1 11 S 3 2 2 14 5 5 6 1 36 14 14 16 6 63 if 44 1 2 1 6 4 4 Boston and vicinity, . Holyoke, • ■ Other mumcipalities, . 18 6 55 1 2 5 1 2 1 1 3 3 11 12 4 29 1 3 VI. 122 STATISTICS OF LABOE — 1915. [l. B. TABLE F. — ACTUAL HOURLY EARNINGS: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. other Paper Products — Continued. Males — Concluded. Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Number of Employees earning AN Hour — Occupation Classifi- cation. Under 10 cents 10 and under 14 cent 14 and 16 and 18 and 20 and 25 and 30 and 40 cents under under under under under under and s 16 cents 18 cents 20 cents 25 cents 30 cents 40 cents over Truckers. S3 _ 1 7 11 21 8 1 _ Time-workers, . 53 1 7 11 21 8 1 Holyoke Other municipalities, 14 39 1 1 6 3 8 3 18 3 5 1 - Fulltime, 17 3 3 e 1 _ Time-workers, 17 3 3 9 1 Holyoke, Other municipaUties, . 3 14 3 3 - 2 7 1 Other Occupations. 362 26 34 19 37 19 83 55 53 36 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 351 11 26 34 19 35 2 17 2 80 3 54 1 51 2 35 1 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, .... Other municipalities. 56 33 273 14 3 9 5 8 21 2 1 16 4 6 27 2 3 14 12 7 64 7 48 6 5 42 4 32 Full time. 199 IS SS 9 16 10 iS Si SS 11 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 195 4 18 23 9 15 1 9 1 43 2 24 33 21 Boston and vicinity, . Holyoke, Other municipalities, . 43 22 134 8 3 7 4 6 13 1 8 3 1 12 1 2 7 11 5 29 7 17 4 5 24 4 17 POWER, MECHANI- CAL, AND YARD FORCE. 176 1 8 17 3 25 48 50 23 Engineers. 17 1 1 13 1 Time-workers, . 17 1 1 13 1 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, 1 16 _ 1 1 1 12 1 Full time. 9 - - 7 1 Time-workers, 9 _ 7 1 Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . 1 8 _ 1 1 6 1 Machinists. 59 3 20 18 18 Time-workers, . 59 - 3 20 18 18 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities. 4 65 _ 3 20 2 16 2 16 Full time. SO - - 8 11 10 Time-workers, 30 8 U 10 Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . 4 26 8 2 9 2 8 Other Occupations. 99 1 8 16 3 21 27 19 4 Time-workers, . 99 1 8 16 3 21 27 19 4 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, . Other municipalities. 2 17 80 1 3 5 6 11 3 20 5 22 1 1 17 4 Fulltime, 49 / 6 11 1 9 11 10 Time-workers, 49 1 6 11 1 9 11 10 Boston and vicinity, . Holyoke, Other municipalities, . 1 8 40 1 1 6 4 7 1 9 2 9 1 9 : NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 123 TABLE r. — ACTUAL HOURLY EARNINGS: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. other Paper Products — Continued. Females. Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Number op Employees earning an Hour — Occupation Classifi- cation. Under 10 cents 10 and under 12 cents 12 and under 14 cents 14 and under 16 cents 16 and under 18 cents 18 and under 20 cents 20 and under 25 cents 25 and under 30 cents 30 cents and over ALT. OCCUPATIONS. 1,522 261 363 313 181 190 95 96 13 10 PEODUCTIVE OCCU- PATIONS. 1,328 226 305 288 160 178 81 78 10 2 Binders. 52 2 14 11 4 5 5 11 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 25 27 1 1 10 4 8 3 3 1 1 4 1 4 1 10 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke Other municipalities, 8 37 7 1 1 1 11 2 2 7 2 3 1 5 1 3 1 10 1 Full time. 18 » 10 « 2 « 7 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 13 15 I 8 2 1 1 1 1 2 7 Boston and vicinity, . Holyoke, Other municipalities, . 3 23 2 4 1 2 7 1 1 1 2 2 7 Cone and Tube Makers. 85 2 13 37 30 3 - Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 23 62 2 13 7 30 30 1 2 - Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. 24 61 2 13 22 15 30 3 _ FtM time. 71 S IS S2 H 1 - Time-workers, Piece-workers, 22 49 2 12 7 25 24 1 Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . 24 47 2 12 22 10 24 1 Cutters. 129 16 16 16 37 22 21 2 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 34 95 14 2 9 6 4 12 6 31 1 21 21 2 Boston and vicinity, Other municipahties, 14 115 2 14 7 8 2 14 3 34 22 21 2 _ Full time. 49 - IS 8 8 U - - Time-workers, Piece-workers, 24 26 11 1 7 1 2 6 i 17 Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . 7 42 1 11 4 4 1 7 1 20 Forewomen. 21 1 1 3 4 2 8 Time-workers, . 21 - 1 1 3 4 2 8 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, 7 14 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 2 6 FulltiTne, n - 1 1 3 4 1 i Time-workers, 17 1 1 3 4 1 5 Boston and vicinity, , Other municipahties, . 7 10 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 2 3 1 1 Inspectors. 138 55 36 18 13 7 4 5 - Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 130 8 55 36 18 11 2 5 2 1 3 4 1 ~~ - Boston and vicinity. Other municipahties, 77 61 52 3 17 19 4 14 2 11 7 1 3 1 4 ~ Full time. B9 15 m 10 r 4 S Time-workers, 59 15 20 10 7 4 3 Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . 24 35 13 2 8 12 1 9 1 6 4 1 2 VI. 124 STATISTICS OF LABOR 1915. [l. B. TABLE F. — ACTUAL HOURLY EARNINGS: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. other Paper Products — Continued. Females — Continued. Total Num- ber of Em- ployees NuMBES OF Employees earning an HonR — Occupation Classifi- cation. Under 10 cents 10 and under 12 cents 12 and under 14 cents Wand under 16 cents 16 and under 18 cents 18 and under 20 cents 20 and under 25 cents 25 and under 30 cents 30 cents and over Machine Operators and Tenders. 196 23 23 53 33 45 10 6 3 Time-workers, . Piece-worlcers, . 111 85 23 20 3 41 12 13 20 10 36 2 8 1 5 1 2 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, . Springfield, Other municipalities. 36 10 45 106 13 2 2 6 7 1 2 13 13 1 22 17 1 1 13 18 2 1 4 38 1 9 3 3 Full time, es 7 9 SS IB 10 S Time-workers, Piece-workers, 56 9 7 8 1 21 2 10 2 9 1 3 1 Boston and vicinity, . Holyoke, Springfield, . Other municipalities, . 6 7 21 31 2 1 1 3 1 8 2 1 16 4 1 2 9 2 1 7 3 1 _ - Paper Novelty Workers. 244 70 73 43 21 18 13 6 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 113 131 27 43 46 27 16 27 15 6 6 12 2 U 1 5 All municipalities, . 244 70 73 43 21 18 13 6 Full time, 111 S7 41 18 10 2 S _ Time-workers, Piece-workers, 72 39 16 21 27 14 14 4 10 2 2 - All municipalities. 111 37 41 18 10 2 2 Pasters and Labelers. 93 17 11 13 4 6 1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 46 7 17 11 8 5 4 6 1 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, . Other municipalities. 17 11 25 11 3 3 4 3 4 3 10 1 3 1 2 3 1 - - Full time. 3S 12 6 9 S S _ iTime-workers, Piece-workers, 33 2 12 6 7 2 3 6 Boston and vicinity, . Holyoke, Other municipalities, . 10 9 16 6 3 3 3 1 2 3 6 3 1 2 2 - Sealers and Banders. 94 2 4 7 10 10 8 9 3 1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 17 37 1 1 4 3 4 6 3 7 & 9 3 Holyoke Other municipalities. 16 39 1 1 2 2 4 3 2 8 2 6 2 3 Full time, 18 1 1 « 4 1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, U 7 1 1 2 2 2 1 Holyoke, Other municipalities, . 9 9 1 1 1 1 6 2 2 1 Sorters and Counters. 135 39 90 26 5 7 2 1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 117 18 37 2 49 1 22 4 3 2 5 2 2 1 I - Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, .... Other municipalities, 2 38 95 2 37 2 3 45 19 7 3 2 6 1 1 1 1 NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 125 TABLE F. — ACTUAL HOURLY EARNINGS: BY OCCUPATIONS — Concluded. other Paper Products — Concluded. Females — Concluded. Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Number of Employees eabninq an Houk — OCCTJPATION Ct.ARSIFI- CATION. Under 10 cents 10 and under 12 cents 12 and under 14 cents 14 and under 16 cents 16 and under 18 cents 18 and under 20 cents 20 and under 25 cents 25 and under 30 cents 30 cents and over Sorters and Counters — Con. Full time, 45 18 S 7 4 2 Z 3 1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 32 13 17 1 7 1 3 4 3 1 2 2 3 1 Boston and vicinity, . Holyoke, Other municipalities, . 2 14 29 1 17 2 1 5 5 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 Other Occupations. 221 16 64 64 21 36 14 6 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 159 62 14 2 55 9 41 23 19 2 26 10 3 11 1 5 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, . Springfield, Other municipalities. 40 50 14 117 5 1 10 9 5 1 49 20 8 3 33 4 9 3 5 2 18 4 12 3 6 4 - 9 Full time, m » «» 50 10 «« 8 4 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 113 49 8 1 46 7 29 21 9 1 19 9 2 6 4 Boston and vicinity, . Holyoke, Springfield, . Other municipalities, . 36 31 8 87 2 1 6 9 3 1 40 20 3 2 25 3 1 i 2 16 2 8 3 1 4 4 _ GENEBAL OCCUPA- TIONS, PRODUCING DEPARTMENTS. 194 35 58 25 21 12 14 18 3 8 Packers. 86 30 38 7 5 2 3 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 45 41 1 29 34 4 7 2 3 2 3 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, 7 79 30 2 36 4 3 5 2 3 Fulltime, *J 10 19 e 4 S Time-workers, Piece-workers, 28 15 1 9 18 1 6 2 2 3 Boston and vicinity, . Other municipalities, . 7 36 10 2 17 4 2 4 3 Other Occupations. Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 108 86 22 5 5 20 20 18 17 1 16 12 4 10 8 2 11 6 6 17 10 3 3 8 5 3 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke Other municipaUties, Full time. Time-workers, Piece-workers, 44 20 44 66 51 5 4 1 / 1 8 9 3 U 14 5 6 7 11 11 10 6 7 7 2 8 4 5 6 5 4 1 11 1 1 1 2 3 3 2 5 2 3 Boston and vicinity, . Holyoke, Other municipalities, . 31 12 13 1 6 6 2 5 2 4 7 2 2 3 2 3 1 1 3 VI. 126 STATISTICS OF LABOR- 1915. [l. B. TABLE G. — CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WEEKLY WORKING TIME: BY OCCUPATIONS. Paper Box Making. Males. Cus- tomary (C)or Actual Hours Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Hours NnMBEK OF Employees Whose Weekly Houbs OF Labor were — Occupation Classifi- cation. 48 and under Over 48 and under 54 54 Over 54 and under 60 60 Over 60 and not over 72 Over 72 ALT. OCCUPATIONS. ( i 1,73J 1,703 5S 1 54.6 23 109 192 247 754 560 740 649 17 31 4 86 3 21 PRODUCTIVE OCCU- PATIONS. [1 1,000 982 55.1 54.4 2 69 92 137 468 345 435 365 3 12 45 9 Comer Cutters. {1 43 43 54.9 52.4 4 4 9 19 17 20 13 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . c t s 42 42 1 1 65.0 52.4 61.0 52.0 4 3 8 1 1 19 17 20 13 - Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, 11 17 17 26 26 66.0 62.4 54.1 52.4 2 2 2 3 2 6 4 4 15 13 11 8 9 5 CoTerers. {2 43 43 56 8 58.8 3 12 7 31 22 4 6 1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . A C I A 37 37 6 6 57.3 59.6 54.0 63.6 3 6 4 6 3 31 22 4 6 1 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, ii 14 14 29 29 58.5 58.2 56.0 59.0 3 12 7 14 14 17 8 4 6 1 Creasing Machine Operators. Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . [1 c A C A 30 28 27 27 3 1 65.7 50.2 55.4 49.8 57.7 60.0 8 8 2 2 16 9 16 9 14 5 U 5 3 1 1 3 3 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, [ c I A 1 c I A 10 8 20 20 57.4 51.9 54. 8 49.5 2 6 2 16 9 10 3 4 2 1 3 ~ Enders. [1 109 104 55.4 54 7 5 9 13 42 28 58 55 - 3 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . ! c A C 1 A 84 84 25 20 66.2 54.7 56.2 64.8 3 2 9 11 2 28 21 14 7 47 46 11 9 - 3 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, / A C I A 21 20 88 84 56.1 51.4 56.2 66.5 3 2 3 4 6 9 42 28 18 13 40 42 3 Foremen. (2 94 94 54.9 55.7 2 9 7 45 38 40 43 2 2 Time-workers, . (S 94 94 54.9 65.7 2 9 7 46 38 40 43 - 2 2 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, I A 1 c I A 22 22 72 72 56.1 66.1 64.6 56.6 2 3 3 6 4 2 2 43 36 17 17 23 26 2 2 NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 127 TABLE G. — CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WEEKLY WORKING TIME: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. Paper Box Making — Continued. Males — Continued. Cus- tomary (C)or Actual (A) Hours Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Hours Number op Employees Whose Weekly Hours op Labor were — OccTJPATiON Classifi- cation. 48 and under Over 48 and under 64 54 Over 54 and under 60 60 Over 60 and not over 72 Over 72 Helpers, General. (2 178 178 55.0 53 6 1 14 15 25 96 76 65 59 1 1 3 1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . A C I A )70 170 8 8 65.0 63.6 64.0 63.3 1 14 16 20 5 83 72 8 3 65 59 1 1 3 1 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, A C I A 54 54 124 124 67.2 55.2 54.0 62.9 4 1 10 8 7 7 18 2 1 94 74 44 42 21 17 1 1 3 1 Scorers. [1 1S4 1S4 55.1 55.4 7 13 18 63 54 76 66 2 2 5 2 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 1 c A C I A 150 150 4 4 55.5 56.4 54.5 52.0 6 1 13 17 1 61 62 2 2 74 66 2 2 2 6 2 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. I A / c I A 63 63 91 91 56.5 56.8 54.7 55.0 2 6 8 9 5 9 7 8 66 46 48 44 28 22 2 2 5 2 Stayers. { 1 81 80 55.3 53.6 7 2 13 38 28 41 27 2 3 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 1 c A C 1 A 45 45 36 35 55.3 64.4 55.4 62.3 2 6 1 5 1 8 21 18 17 10 23 16 18 11 1 1 3 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. / c I A J c I A 11 11 70 69 57.1 65.3 65.1 63.2 1 6 1, 2 12 1 1 37 27 10 8 31 19 2 3 Tiers. { 2 101 100 55.3 55.2 4 10 12 39 36 52 40 1 6 1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . A c ' A 91 91 10 9 65.6 65.6 52.8 51.8 3 1 5 7 5 5 35 33 4 3 51 40 1 1 6 1 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, A c ', A 51 50 60 50 56.7 54.9 63.9 55.4 3 1 3 6 7 6 4 4 35 32 44 36 8 6 1 2 4 1 Other Occupations. { 1 167 158 54.3 S3. 2 1 18 30 35 98 53 38 35 1 14 2 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 1 c A c A 146 146 21 12 54.3 53.4 63.6 50.8 1 16 2 22 29 8 6 88 62 10 1 35 33 3 2 1 13 1 2 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, / c A c A 40 36 127 122 66.0 49 3 54.0 54.4 9 1 14 6 16 29 6 6 92 48 20 13 18 22 1 3 11 2 VI. 128 STATISTICS OF LABOR 1915. [l. B. TABLE G. — CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WEEKLY WORKING TIME: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. Paper Box Making — Continued. Males — Continued. Cus- tomary (C)or Actual Hours Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Hours NtfMBEB OF Employees Whose Weekly Hours OF Labor were — Occupation Classifi- cation. 48 and under Over 48 and under 54 64 Over 54 and under 60 60 Over 60 and not over 72 Over 72 GENERAL OCCUPA- TIONS, PRODUCING DEPARTMENTS. h 599 687 54.7 54.1 21 39 97 106 235 172 243 219 3 9 34 8 Cutters, Stock. ( s 228 226 54.5 54.5 6 51 51 92 81 83 74 2 3 9 2 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, ■. A C A 212 212 16 14 54.6 54.7 53.9 50 6 6 1 43 39 8 12 90 81 2 77 73 6 1 2 3 9 _ 2 Boston and vicinity, Brockton and vicinity, . Other municipalities, / c A , C A C A 61 49 28 28 149 149 56.3 66.0 64.0 53.6 64.1 54.4 2 4 9 9 3 42 39 6 6 28 25 58 50 35 30 48 44 1 1 1 2 1 8 2 Laborers. { 1 37 36 54.1 53.6 5 6 5 24 15 6 5 1 3 2 1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 1 c A C \ A 34 33 3 3 54,4 63.7 61.0 51.7 5 3 3 3 2 24 14 1 6 5 1 3 2 1 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, \ A (2 7 7 30 29 65.4 54.4 53.8 63.3 6 2 3 4 2 24 15 5 3 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 Packers. { 2 24 22 54.6 55 3 2 3 4 14 3 7 11 1 1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . I A 21 21 3 1 54.6 65.4 64.3 53.0 2 3 3 1 12 3 2 6 11 1 - 1 1 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities. / c 1 A / c I A 1 1 23 21 61.0 48.0 64.7 65.6 1 1 1 2 4 14 3 7 11 1 1 Printers. (i 178 178 54.9 54.6 21 19 13 22 60 43 84 72 2 19 1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . / c A C 1 A 160 160 18 18 54.8 56.0 65.9 60.7 21 18 1 7 ■ 13 6 9 60 42 1 72 66 12 6 2 18 • 1 1 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, ' A 1 A 42 42 136 136 67.6 63.6 64.0 65.0 6 21 14 3 . 3 10 19 1 3 69 40 38 29 46 43 2 2 17 1 Shippers. [1 52 52 54.8 55.7 9 8 20 18 23 24 2 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 1 c \ A J c I A 51 51 1 1 64.8 55.7 61.0 52.0 8 7 1 1 20 18 23 24 2 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, / c A , C A 16 16 36 36 55.4 56.7 64.6 65.6 4 3 6 6 1 1 19 17 11 12 12 12 - 2 NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 129 TABLE G. — CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WEEKLY WORKING TIME- BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. Paper Box Making — Continued. Males — Concluded. OcctrPATiON Classifi- cation. Other Occupations. Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, POWEB, MECHANI- CAL, AND YABD FORCE. Engineers. Time-workers, . Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, Machinists. Time-workers, . Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, Teamsters. Time-workers, . Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. Other Occupations. Time-workel3, . Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. Cus- tomary (C)or Actual (A) Hours Total Num- ber of Em- ployees C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A 73 70 69 10 4 25 21 55 62 134 134 19 19 19 19 Aver- age Weekly Hours 54.9 53.3 54.7 53.1 56.4 55.5 56.5 54.7 64.2 52.7 57.1 57.3 56.7 54.6 66.7 54.6 58.0 58.0 66.3 53.4 57.2 67.8 57.2 67.8 58.2 57.3 65.0 58.8 56.2 56.3 56.2 56.3 67.1 67.1 55.8 66.0 60.2 62 4 60.2 62.4 62.3 63.3 58.7 62.5 Number of Employees Whose Weekly Houbs OF Labor were — 48 and under Over 48 and under 54 15 16 14 16 1 2 3 13 13 3 4 25 12 51 43 33 32 33 32 1 1 32 31 7 5 7 5 Over 54 and under 60 40 33 33 32 7 1 23 17 17 16 62 65 5 5 3 7 10 9 19 19 13 14 12 11 12 11 7 7 5 4 60 11 10 2 2 2 2 Over 60 and not over 72 Over 72 VI. 130 STATISTICS OF LABOR 1915. [l. B. TABLE G. — CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WEEKLY WORKING TIME: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. Paper Box Making — Continued. Females. Occupation Classification. Cua- tomary (C)or Actual CA) Hours Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Hours ALL OCCUPATIONS. PRODUCTIVE OCCUPA- TIONS. Bench Workers. Time-workers, Piece-workers, Boston and vicinity, Brockton and vicinity, . Other municipalities, Boxmakers, ib. s. Time-workers, Piece-workers, Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. Closers. Time-workers, Piece-workers, Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, Coverers. Time-workers, Piece-workers , Boston and vicinity, Brockton and vicinity, Haverhill, Lynn, Other municipalities, Finishers. Time-workers, Piece-workers , [l 4,191 3,536 [l 3,972 3,337 [l 9S4 717 1 G 249 A 249 C 705 A 463 C 423 A 243 C 50 A 50 C 481 A 424 {2 334 274 , c 60 A 50 G 284 A 224 / c 91 A 90 G 243 A 184 {2 117 117 / c 92 A 92 G 25 A 25 / c 93 A 93 G 24 1 A 24 (2 988 828 c 133 A 132 G 856 I A 696 C 256 A 166 G 112 A 112 G 55 A 25 O 81 A 81 G 484 A 444 (2 207 206 ; c 19 A 19 G 188 1 A 187 53.3 50.4 S3.4 50.4 53.4 50.6 63.4 60.9 53.3 50.5 53.1 50.2 54.0 53.2 63.5 60.6 52.8 49.6 52.3 60.8 52.9 49.4 53.3 50.6 62.7 49.1 53.5 50.0 53.4 49.9 54.0 50.4 53.4 50.0 64.0 49.8 53.6 50.7 63.6 61.3 63.6 50.6 52.9 50.3 54.0 51.1 64.0 52.9 63.2 60.8 63.8 60.6 52.9 49.0 52.7 51.3 63.0 48.8 Number of Employees Whose Weekly Hours of Labor were — Under 48 550 105 28 77 67 60 4 56 13 47 27 21 6 21 6 125 16 110 31 15 1 7 71 51 1 60 48 19 100 17 97 16 Over 48 and under 54 1,184 1,463 1,118 1,412 78 92 250 228 230 130 7 98 183 141 109 33 30 108 79 28 35 113 74 45 SO 45 40 10 45 11 206 331 33 30 173 301 137 61 3 32 61 37 168 87 110 7 12 80 98 54 2,988 1,374 2,837 1,269 626 271 171 124 455 147 193 71 60 41 383 159 193 85 17 14 176 71 63 38 130 47 72 39 47 30 25 24 7 782 353 99 84 683 269 119 81 112 27 65 21 49 18 447 206 120 86 12 5 108 31 NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 131 TABLE G. — CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WEEKLY WORKING TIME: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. Paper Box Making — Continued. Females — Continued. Cus- tomary (C)or Actual (A) Hours Total Num- ber of. Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Hours Number op Employees Whose Weekly HouBS OF Labor were — Occupation Classification. Under 48 48 Over 48 and under 54 54 Over 54 Finishers — Con. Boston and vicinity, Brockton and vicinity, . Other municipalities. / c t A J c / c I A 57 5? 60 60 90 90 51.3 44.3 54.0 61.7 63.3 50.3 35 2 14 5 2 51 13 43 36 64 6 2 60 15 54 19 1 1 Folding Machine Operators. { I 44 44 54.0 46.4 20 1 1 12 43 11 Time-workers, Piece-workers, { 1 { s 11 11 33 33 64,0 43.7 64.0 47.3 4 16 1 1 1 11 11 6 32 5 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, / c I A / c I A 23 23 21 21 54 46.0 54.0 46.8 g 12 1 - 10 1 2 23 4 20 7 Forewomen. { 1 ET 67 53.5 53.3 1 I 1 17 17 49 48 Time-workers, Piece-workers, I A c A 66 66 1 1 53.5 63.3 54.0 54.0 1 1 1 17 17 48 47 1 1 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. / c I A C A 22 22 45 45 63.0 53.1 53.7 63.4 1 1 •1 10 9 7 8 11 12 38 36 Gluers. I 2 107 96 53.6 61.7 10 5 2S 40 81 40 1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, I A 1 A 46 46 61 50 53.1 52.7 53.9 50.9 3 7 5 23 23 3 17 23 19 58 21 1 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities. C I A 1 A 49 38 58 68 53.2 63.1 53.8 50.8 1 9 6 23 19 3 21 26 17 55 23 1 Helpers, General. I 1 180 176 53.5 50.8 19 2 3 31 76 147 78 _ Time-workers, Piece-workers, \l 124 122 56 54 53.3 60.4 53.9 51.7 16 3 9 2 1 28 32 3 44 94 72 63 6 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. I A / c I A 63 59 117 117 52.8 48 2 53.9 62.1 11 8 2 1 2 27 17 4 59 34 30 113 48 Liners, Hand. ( 2 33 33- 51.0 48.0 8 5 33 18 2 _. Time-workers, Piece-workers, A C A 4 4 29 29 51.0 51.8 51.0 47.5 8 5 4 3 29 15 1 1 ~ All municipalities. { 2 33 33 51.0 48.0 8 5 33 18 2 ^ VI. 132 STATISTICS OF LABOR — 1915. [l. B. TABLE G. — CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WEEKLY WORKING TIME: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. Paper Box Making — Continued. Females — Continued. Cus- tomary (C)or Actual Hours Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- Wefkly Hours NuMBEB OF Employees Whose Weekly Hours of L.abor were — Occupation Classification. Under 48 48 Over 48 and under 54 54 Over 54 Machine Operators, n. s. [l 129 126 53.6 51.5 12 1 24 S3 105 60 Time-workers, Piece-workers, C A C A 54 54 75 72 53.5 51.7 53.7 51.3 4 8 1 16 18 9 35 39 32 66 28 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities. C A C A n 8 118 118 62.5 62.6 53.7 51.4 12 1 7 7 17 46 4 1 101 69 - Stayers. { I 169 123 53.5 60.2 19 3 42 56 127 45 Time-workers, Piece-workers, t 2 43 43 126 80 53.3 49.4 53.5 50.7 5 14 3 13 15 29 41 30 23 97 22 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. I A J G I A 66 38 103 85 63.1 61.2 63.7 49.8 4 16 2 1 31 21 11 35 35 11 92 34 Toppers. [l 164 128 53.1 50.S 20 14 3 29 60 121 45 Time-workers, Piece-workers, A 1 A 19 19 145 109 63.8 48.2 53.0 50.8 6 14 14 3 2 3 27 67 17 10 104 35 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, 1 A / c I A 52 27 112 101 51.6 49.0 63.8 60.8 7 13 14 1 2 17 8 12 52 21 11 100 34 Trimmers. {1 37 14 54.0 50.6 3 2 37 9 Time-workers, Piece-workers, H 7 7 30 7 64.0 62.6 54.0 48.7 1 2 2 7 6 30 3 Boston and vicinitj^ Haverhill, Other municipalities, A C A C A 3 2 32 10 2 2 54.0 54.0 64.0 50.3 64.0 49.0 2 1 _ 2 3 2 32 6 I Tumers-in. { 2 61 61 54.0 49.5 14 1 15 61 31 Time-workers, Piece-workers, / c A C A 45 45 16 16 64.0 49.5 64.0 49.3 10 4 1 9 6 45 26 16 5 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, \l 6 5 56 56 64.0 62.2 S4.0 49.2 1 13 1 15 6 4 56 27 Wrapping Machine Operators. {1 153 129 49!9 29 5 37 53 116 40 2 Time-workers, Piece-workers, { s C A 19 19 134 110 53.5 60.1 53.5 49.8 3 26 2 3 5 6 32 48 14 7 102 33 2 NO. 109. DETAILED TABLES. VI. 133 TABLE G. — CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WEEKLY WORKING TIME: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. Paper Box Making — Concluded. Females — Concluded. Cus- tomary (C)or Actual (A) Hours Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Hours NUMBE H OF Employees Whose Weekly Hours of Labor webe — Occupation Classification. Under 48 48 Over 48 and under 54 54 Over 64 Wrapping Machine Operators — Con. Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, A C A 76 62 77 77 53.5 52.5 53.6 48.1 5 24 1 4 27 18 10 35 49' 27 67 13 1 1 Other Occupations. {1 228 198 53.2 60.6 27 5 71 90 157 76 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 1 c A C I A 93 93 135 105 53.1 61 3 ,63.3 60.0 9 18 1 4 34 36 37 65 59 48 98 28 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. / c A , C ', A 65 47 163 151 53.2 61.9 53.2 60.2 2 25 2 3 27 17 44 73 38 26 119 60 - GENERAL OCCUPATIONS, PBODTJCINQ DEPART- MENTS. C A 219 199 53.0 49.6 39 2 3 66 61 161 105 1 Cutters, Stock. (i 15 15 54.0 62.7 1 15 14 Time-workers, ( 2 15 15 54.0 52.7 1 15 14 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. / c A C '. A 4 4 11 11 54.0 54.0 54.0 62.2 1 4 4 11 10 Labelers. { 1 121 103 63.2 49.6 24 2 1 24 18 96 60 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 1 I A / c I A 36 36 85 67 63.7 51.1 52.9 48.7 4 20 1 2 2 5 22 13 34 26 61 34 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, 1^ 25 17 96 86 50.8 42.1 53.8 51.1 9 15 2 1 17 2 7 16 6 6 89 64 Other Occupations. ( 1 83 81 52.5 49.1 14 2 42 33 41 31 1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, C A C A 73 73 10 8 62.6 49.0 61.8 50.0 14 1 1 32 27 10 6 41 31 1 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. \l 21 19 62 62 53.0 62.5 62.4 48.1 14 2 12 7 30 26 9 9 32 22 1 VI. 134 STATISTICS OF LABOE — 1915. [l. B. TABLE G. — CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WEEKLY WORKING TIME: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. Envelope Making. Males. Cus- tomary (C)or Actual (A) Hours Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- aee Weekly Hours Number of Employees Whose Weekly Hours OF Labor were — Occupation Classifi- cation. 48 and under Over 48 and under 54 54 Over 54 and under GO 60 Over 60 and not over 72 Over 72 ALT. OCCUPATIONS. (2 890 885 54.7 54.8 21 84 14 100 573 347 246 221 17 19 9 90 10 24 PRODUCTIVE OCCU- PATIONS. (2 300 298 54.2 54.1 6 17 4 28 208 149 78 91 4 4 8 1 Envelope Cutters. [1 127 127 54.2 54.2 2 7 1 9 96 73 25 32 3 1 5 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 1 c A C A 118 118 9 9 64.2 54.1 54.6 S4.3 2 7 1 8 1 92 69 4 4 20 28 5 4 3 1 5 Worcester, Springfield, Other municipalities. / c I A / c I A 1 A 62 62 38 38 27 27 64.3 54.1 54 2 55.0 64.1 63.1 3 1 2 3 4 1 1 4 69 42 29 23 8 8 10 8 10 17 12 3 1 2 3 Foremen. {1 20 20 53.9 63.9 2 2 1 1 4 4 13 13 - Time-workers, . { 2 20 20 63.9 63.9 2 2 1 1 4 4 13 13 All municipalities. {S 20 20 53.9 63.9 2 2 1 1 4 4 13 13 - Helpers, General. [1 23 23 53.8 54.2 2 4 2 18 10 2 5 1 Time-workers, . { 2 23 23 53.8 64.2 2 4 2 18 10 2 5 1 Springfield, Other municipalities. \l 13 13 10 10 64.6 66 7 62.7 61.0 2 4 1 1 10 7 8 3 2 3 2 - 1 Machine Adjusters. { 1 72 72 64.2 54.7 1 1 6 58 40 13 20 2 3 Time-workers, . { 1 72 72 54.2 54.7 1 1 6 58 40 13 20 2 3 Worcester, Springfield, Other municipalities, i c A C A C 1 A 37 37 21 21 14 U 54.0 64.8 54.2 64.3 64.5 65.0 1 4 1 2 37 21 14 13 7 6 7 6 6 7 7 1 1 3 OTHER OCCUPA- TIONS. (2 58 56 64.4 63.2 3 1 10 32 22 25 21 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 1 A / c I A 56 66 2 64.4 53.2 64.0 3 1 10 30 22 2 25 21 _ Worcester, Springfield, Other municipalities. i A C A i A 19 17 13 13 26 26 64.0 54.6 54.0 61.4 54.0 53,3 1 2 2 1 2 6 19 11 10 8 3 3 4 2 2 23 15 - NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 135 TABLE G. — CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WEEKLY WORKING TIME: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. Envelope Making — Continued. Males — Continued. Cus- tomary CO or Actual Hours Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- Weekly Hours Number of Employees Whose Weekly Houbs OF Labor were — Occupation Classifi- cation. 48 and under Over 48 and under 54 54 Over 54 and under 60 60 Over 60 and not over 72 Over 72 GENERAL OCCUPA- TIONS. PRODUCING DEPARTMENTS. C A 410 407 54.3 54.8 14 50 10 47 249 134 127 90 5 7 3 66 2 13 Packers. { I 82 82 54.1 55.2 1 4 1 9 70 29 9 31 5 3 Time-workers, . { S 82 82 64.1 65.2 1 4 1 9 70 29 9 31 6 3 Worcester, Springfield, Other municipalities, \ A / c I A 36 35 34 34 13 13 54.2 63.8 54.0 64.4 64.1 61.1 2 1 2 5 1 4 34 7 32 18 4 4 19 1 12 8 - 1 4 3 Printers. [1 167 165 54.0 53.4 4 21 8 26 129 65 24 26 2 1 26 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, I G I A C 1 A 158 158 9 7 64.1 53 8 51.2 44.3 17 4 4 8 26 126 63 4 2 23 26 1 1 2 1 26 Worcester, Springfield, Other municipalities, I A C A G A 45 43 51 51 71 71 54.3 63.3 63 9 51.9 53.9 64.6 4 5 4 12 7 8 16 3 43 22 37 23 49 20 9 6 7 18 10 2 1 26 Shippers. [1 35 35 54.9 61.7 3 1 2 4 2 29 5 I 2 16 S Time-workers, . {2 35 35 54.9 61.7 3 1 2 4 2 29 6 1 2 16 5 All municipalities. (S 35 35 64.9 61.7 3 1 2 4 2 29 6 1 2 16 6 Stock Clerks. ( 1 31 31 54.9 52 4 3 4 2 7 29 16 Time-workers, . { s 31 31 64.9 62.4 3 4 2 7 29 16 All municipalities, . { i 31 31 54.9 62.4 3 4 2 7 29 16 Other Occupations. { 2 95 94 54.8 54 4 9 19 6 44 31 36 12 1 3 3 19 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 2 c A 92 92 3 2 54.8 65.1 .54.0 61.5 9 19 4 2 41 31 3 36 12 1 3 3 19 Worcester, Springfield, Other municipalities, / A C A C 1 A 19 18 24 24 52 52 56.4 53 2 55.8 54.1 53.7 66 3 2 9 14 2 2 2 17 8 17 13 10 10 3 4 3 32 6 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 17 1 VI. 136 STATISTICS OF LABOR 1915. [l. B. TABLE G. — CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WEEKLY WORKING TIME: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. Envelope Making — Continued. Males — Concluded. Cus- tomary (C)or Actual Hours Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Hours Number of Emplotees Whose Weekly Houeb OF Labob weee — Occupation Classifi- cation. 48 and under Over 48 and under 64 54 Over 54 and under 60 60 Over 60 and not over 72 Over 72 POWER, MECHANI- CAL, AND YARD FORCE. 1 c 1 ^ 180 180 56.4 96.2 1 17 25 116 64 41 40 8 8 6 16 8 10 Engineers. { 2 10 10 67.2 S7.3 _ 1 S 6 3 3 Time-workers, . { 2 10 10 57.2 57.3 - 1 5 6 3 3 All municipalities, (2 10 10 57.2 57.3 1 5 6 3 3 - Machinists. {2 109 109 54.3 52.8 1 13 21 89 65 15 16 4 3 _ 1 Time-workers, . \i 109 109 54.3 52.8 1 13 21 89 55 15 16 4 3 - 1 Worcester, Springfield, Other municipalities. / c \ A J c \ A J c 1 A 54.3 52.0 54 1 54.2 54.4 64.3 10 1 3 19 2 67 34 18 17 4 4 7 1 2 14 7 4 1 2 - 1 Other Occupations. (2 60.0 62.1 4 4 26 9 21 18 1 2 5 15 8 9 Time-workers, . { s 60.0 62.1 4 4 26 9 21 18 1 2 5 15 8 9 Worcester, Other municipalities. c A ( s 26 26 35 35 58.8 61.0 60.8 62.9 2 2 1 3 21 6 5 3 9 21 9 1 2 3 5 12 4 5 4 4 Females. Cus- tomary (C)or Actual Hours Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Hours Number of Employees Whose Weekly Hours of Labor were — Occupation Classification. Under 48 48 Over 48 and under 54 54 ALL OCCUPATIONS. PRODUCTIVE OCCUPATIONS. Boxers. Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . Springfield, Other municipalities. { 1 { 1 { 1 \l 1,642 1,112 1,350 899 174 174 109 109 65 65 97 97 77 77 63.8 61.0 53.8 50.8 53.9 51.9 53.9 51.9 54.0 52.0 53.8 61.9 54.0 61.9 54 218 46 184 19 11 8 9 10 3 1 19 314 19 263 10 60 10 20 30 10 23 27 1,56S 577 1,285 451 164 105 99 78 66 27 87 65 77 40 NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 137 TABLE G. — CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WEEKLY WORKING TIME: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. Envelope Making — Continued. Females ^ Continued. Occupation Classification. Clasp Attachers. Time-workers, Piece-workers, Worcester, Counters. Time-workers, Piece-workers, Springfield, Other municipalities, Edge Tinters. Time-workers, Piece-workers, All municipalities. Envelope Machine Operators. Time-workers, Piece-workers, Worcester, . Springfield, Other municipalities. Folders, Hand. Time-workers, Piece-workers, Worcester, Springfield, Other municipalities. Cus- tomary (C) or Actual (A) Hours Sealers, Band. Time-workers, Piece-workers, C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A A C A C A C A c A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A Total Num- ber of Em- ployees 81 13 10 10 71 3 81 13 24 21 21 21 16 15 39 39 4 4 35 35 602 345 88 88 514 257 314 57 172 172 116 116 273 158 204 89 166 51 34 34 73 73 47 36 27 27 20 Aver- age Weekly Hours 54.0 54.0 54.0 54.0 64.0 64.0 54.0 54.0 53.9 51.5 51.9 51.6 54.0 50.7 53.7 62.8 54.0 60.7 54.0 44.1 54.0 48.8 54.0 43.5 64.0 44.1 53.9 50.5 53.9 62.0 53.9 50.0 54.0 51,2 63.9 60.6 53.7 50.0 53.2 50.8 60.7 50.5 54.0 51.1 54.0 62.4 54.0 49.2 50.9 50.5 54.0 53.1 54.0 63.5 54.0 52.3 Number of Employees Whose Weekly Houhb of Labor were - Under 48 2 26 6 58 28 6 24 36 36 12 35 Over 48 and under 54 5 148 5 14 134 7 5 90 51 3 20 5 U 7 VI. 138 STATISTICS OF LABOR — 1915. [l. B. TABLE G. — CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WEEKLY WORKING TIME: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. Envelope Making — Concluded. Females — Concluded. Cus- tomary (C)or Actual (A) Hours Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Hours Number of Employees Whose Weekly Hours of Laboh were — Occupation Classification. Under 48 48 Over 48 and under 51 54 Sealers, Hand — Con. WoroeBter, Springfield, Other municipalities, / c 1 A 1 c A C 1 A 16 5 16 16 15 15 64.0 52.0 54.0 53.6 54.0 62.9 _ 3 3 - 6 16 2 16 13 15 9 Other Occupations. { 2 110 110 53.7 51.2 5 22 2 20 103 68 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . / c A 1 c I A 106 106 4 i 53.7 51.2 54.0 51.8 5 21 1 - 2 20 99 65 4 3 Worcester, Springfield, Other municipalities. / c A / c I A I A 17 17 34 34 59 69 64.0 52.2 63.9 51.0 63.4 51.0 2 5 6 15 - 1 2 3 16 17 14 32 26 54 28 GENERAL OCCUPATIONS, PRODUCING DEPART- UENTS. C A 292 213 53.8 51.5 8 . 34 2 51 284 126 Die Stamp Machine Operators. { 1 22 22 54.0 50.8 4 _ 7 22 11 Time-workers, . { s 22 22 64.0 50.8 4 7 22 11 Worcester, I s 22 22 64.0 60.8 4 - 7 22 11 Packers. { 2 22 22 54.0 53.8 - 2 22 20 Time-workers, Piece-workers, i 2 J c I A 21 21 1 1 54.0 53.9 54.0 49.0 - 1 1 21 20 1 Springfield, Other municipalities, C 1 A 1 A 19 19 3 3 54.0 64.0 54.0 52.3 2 19 19 3 1 Printers. { 1 193 Hi 54.0 51.6 15 2 31 193 66 Time-workers, Piece-workers, C 1 A J c I A 69 59 134 66 64.0 52.0 54.0 61.2 4 n 2 15 16 69 38 134 28 Worcester, . ... Springfield, Other municipalities, { A \ A 105 26 29 29 59 69 54.0 52.5 54.0 51.7 54.0 51.2 4 11 1 1 10 7 14 105 M 18 59 33 Other Occupations. { 1 95 5S 53.1 50.8 8 15 11 47 29 Time-workers, Piece-workers, C \ A J c \ A 47 47 8 8 62.9 50.7 54.0 51.4 8 13 2 9 2 39 25 8 4 Worcester, Springfield, Other municipalities, / c A C I A i c I A 11 11 16 16 28 28 54.0 53.5 64.0 63.9 52.1 48.0 8 15 3 2 6 11 8 16 14 20 7 NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 139 TABLE G. — CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WEEKLY WORKING TIME: BY OCCUPATIONS — CoNTimjED. Other Paper Products. Males. Number op Emploteeb Whose Weekly HonBS Cus- Total Num- ber of Em- OF Labor were — tomary Aver- OccTiPATioN Classifi- cation. (C)or Actual (A) Hours age Weekly Hours 48 and Over 48 and 54 Over 54 and 60 Over 60 and Over ployees under under under not 72 54 60 over 72 ALT. OCCUPATIONS, { 2 2,225 2,217 53.8 53. e 57 296 1,011 712 554 344 377 426 156 140 67 242 13 57 PEODtJCTIVE OCCU- PATIONS. ( 1 1,318 54.4 20 474 353 292 127 51 1 1,3U 53.4 185 373 218 286 94 130 28 Calendermen. { 1 S3 53 56.9 49.6 14 15 17 16 15 20 5 2 2 Time-workers, . 1 s 62 62 56.9 49.5 14 14 17 16 15 19 5 2 2 Piece-workers, . I 2 1 1 60.0 53.7 " 1 - - 1 - - / c 18 64.1 _ _ 16 2 _ _ _ Holyoke, I A 18 63.8 1 14 _ 1 2 Springfield, 1 c 14 14 66,4 64.0 1 14 13 - - Otker municipalities, \ A 21 21 69.7 43.1 12 1 1 2 20 6 1 { 1 130 59.3 3 7 32 68 19 1 C caters. 130 57.2 15 8 5 28 27 42 5 1 c 130 69.3 _ 3 7 32 68 19 1 Time-workers, . i A 130 67.2 16 8 6 28 27 42 5 Springfield, A 29 2.9 66.7 62.8 3 ; - 29 26 ~ ~ ~ Other municipalities, C A 101 101 60.4 68.5 12 3 8 7 6 3 2 68 27 19 42 1 6 Coated Paper Mill Em- { 1 89 57.3 - - 15 29 19 26 - ployees, n. e. 8. 85 54.0 11 12 2 25 3 28 4 i C 84 68.4 _ _ 14 29 15 26 ._ Time-workers, . A 84 66.6 11 12 1 26 3 28 4 Piece-workers, . { 2 5 1 68.8 64.0 ~ 1 1 " 4 f c 10 64.0 _ _ 10 _ Holyoke, 1 A 10 49.4 2 6 1 1 Springfield, A 19 19 56.7 48.9 6 1 ~ 19 12 _ c 60 60.1 _ _ 6 10 19 26 ~ Other municipalities, { A 66 60.4 3 5 1 12 3 28 4 1 1 52 55.4 _ 8 16 26 2 _ Color Mixers. 52 55.5 3 21 22 4 2 { s 52 65.4 _ 8 16 26 2 - Time-workers, . 62 65.6 3 21 22 4 2 / c 7 67.3 _ - 7 Boston and ■vicinity, A 7 54.3 1 1 - 5 - c 16 64.0 - - 16 - Holyoke, . A c 16 12 62.0 66.6 14 ~ 2 12 " Springfield, A 12 57.1 - 12 - >«. c 17 65.1 — 8 7 2 — Other municipalities, 1 A 17 52.1 2 6 3 4 - { 2 159 53.5 5 59 69 18 8 _ Cutters. 169 53.3 11 55 46 25 9 13 / c 134 63.5 5 53 60 18 8 - Time-workers, . A 134 63.3 9 48 33 23 9 12 C 25 63.3 - 6 19 - - - Piece-workers, - I A 25 53.1 2 7 13 2 1 VI. 140 STATISTICS OF LABOR — 1915. [l. B. TABLE G. — CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WEEKLY WORKING TIME: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. other Paper Products — Continued. Males — Continued. OccTTPATioN Classifi- cation. Cutters — Con. Boston and vicinity, Holyoke Otiier municipalities, Foremen. Time-worlcers, . Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities, Helpers. Time-workers, . Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, Other municipalities, Machine Operators and Tenders. Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, . Springfield, Otlier municipalities. Pressmen. Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . Boston and vicinity, Springfield, Other municipalities. Printers, Wall Paper. Time-worlcers, . Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities. Cus- tomary (C)or Actual CA) Hours C A C A C A C A C A c A C A A C A C A C A C A O A C A C A C A C A C A C A O A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A Total Num- ber of Em- 29 29 29 29 101 101 65 65 65 65 15 15 50 50 60 60 60 60 20 20 11 11 29 29 228 228 211 211 17 17 21 21 12 12 20 20 175 175 160 160 145 146 15 15 61 61 14 14 85 85 43 43 Aver- age Weekly Hours 52.6 52.3 54.0 51.9 53.6 54.0 52.8 54.1 52.8 54.1 51.3 51.8 53.3 54,8 53.4 52.0 53.4 52.0 53.4 51.5 54.0 61.9 53.2 62.4 52.8 62.8 63,9 52,9 51,8 56,7 63.0 64.3 61.2 56.8 66,4 51,9 53,2 61,1 49,0 51.1 49.3 51.0 46.3 60.9 48,1 55,0 52.6 60,6 49.1 56.4 55.6 56.4 55.6 57.2 57.2 66,2 55,1 Number of Employees Whose Weekly Hours OF Labor were — 48 and under Over 48 and under 54 Over 54 and under 60 60 2 1 3 34 31 3 1 31 14 46 2 14 26 36 31 36 25 36 25 12 11 24 14 22 21 22 21 4 14 10 153 81 141 71 12 10 1 2 2 162 72 129 79 114 71 15 8^ 61 ' 38 16 16 25 18 25 18 10 3 10 11 10 11 10 4 5 1 7 4 38 50 38 49 20 17 4 7 27 14 15 14 15 26 23 26 23 10 10 16 13 Over 60 and not over 72 4 21 4 21 1 4 20 NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 141 TABLE G.— CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WEEKLY WORKING TIME: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. other Paper Products — Continued. Males — Continued. Cus- tomary (C)or Actual Hours Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Hours Number of Emploteeb Whose Weekly Hours OP Labor were — OcctJPATioN Classifi- cation. 48 and under Over 48 and under 54 54 Over 54 and under 60 60 Over 60 and not over 72 Over 72 Reelers. { 2 70 70 56.4 56.1 S 3 5 14 9 52 43 7 1 1 Time-workers, . { S 69 69 56.5 55.3 4 2 5 14 9 52 43 7 1 1 Piece-workers, . { S 1 1 51.0 41.8 1 1 - Boston and vicinity, Springfield, Other municipalities, c A C A C A 6 6 38 38 26 26 57.2 67.2 56.9 54.8 55.5 55.0 3 2 2 3 3 14 9 6 6 38 33 8 4 7 1 1 Rulers. { 2 42 42 53.2 52.4 7 13 14 23 10 6 8 2 1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . G A C I A 38 38 4 4 53.1 62.4 64.0 52.3 7 13 11 3 19 9 4 1 6 8 2 1 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, Other municipalities, / c A C A C I A 13 13 23 23 6 6 60.9 48.9 54.0 63.7 55.0 55.0 4 3 13 9 5 23 10 2 6 6 2 1 Other Occupations. \ A 167 167 53.4 53.0 24 48 36 103 83 14 10 2 4 5 S Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . A C A 151 151 16 16 53.4 53.3 53 4 60.6 20 4 44 81 4 6 94 76 9 7 11 10 3 2 4 6 5 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, Other municipalities, i A A C I A 12 12 37 37 118 118 52.0 60.1 54.1 55 6 63.3 52.5 2 1 21 8 6 7 40 23 4 4 33 25 66 64 4 10 10 2 4 1 4 3 2 GENERAL OCCUPA- TIONS, PRODUCING DEPARTMENTS. Packers and Shippers. C A ( 2 732 728 127 127 52.2 52.7 54.1 54 6 36 98 13 453 293 33 13 162 105 49 36 62 113 37 39 19 34 8 12 78 11 7 3 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . / c A , C A 121 121 6 6 54.1 54.6 64.0 53.2 13 33 12 1 43 31 6 5 37 39 8 12 11 3 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, Springfield, Other municipalities, / c A G A G A G A 9 9 18 18 32 32 68 68 62.4 45.3 M.O 53.2 65.1 63.5 63.8 66.6 2 3 4 4 6 3 2 2 28 6 3 3 18 10 1 1 27 22 1 1 31 22 5 16 2 2 8 8 1 10 1 2 Printers. I 1 186 186 50.9 52.3 33 27 128 90 22 21 3 23 6 18 1 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . 1 c A G A 177 177 9 9 50.9 62.6 51.0 48.9 33 25 2 119 83 9 7 22 21 3 23 6 18 1 VI. 142 STATISTICS OF LABOR- 1915. [l. B. TABLE G. CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WEEKLY WORlilNG TIME: BY OCCUPATIONS — Contintjed. other Paper Products — Continued. Males — Concluded. Cus- tomary (Oor Actual (A) Hours Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- Weekly Hours Number of Employees Whose Weekly Houes OF Labor were — Occupation Classifi- cation. 48 and under Over 48 and under 54 54 Over 54 and under 60 60 • Over 60 and not over 72 Over 72 Printers — Oon. Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, . Other municipalities, / c I A. C A C A 27 27 12 12 147 147 60.9 48.4 64.0 61.3 50.6 53.1 4 2 33 21 27 23 4 101 63 12 6 10 15 3 23 6 18 1 Truckers. (2 53 53 52.2 55.4 6 35 15 16 3 9 2 1 18 1 Time-workers, . { s S3 63 62.2 66.4 6 35 16 16 3 9 2 1 18 1 Holyoke, Other municipalities. A C A 14 14 39 39 64.0 63.7 51,6 55.9 3 3 1 35 14 14 3 2 1 8 2 1 5 13 1 Other Occupations. (2 366 362 52.2 61.7 3 52 257 175 75 45 22 42 9 15 - 31 2 Time-workers, . Piece-workers, . c A c I A 361 351 15 11 62.1 61.8 63.8 49.9 3 49 3 250 171 7 4 70 41 6 4 22 42 6 16 3 31 2 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, . Other municipalities. A c A C I A 66 66 34 33 276 273 61.6 48. S 64.0 52.4 62.0 62.3 8 6 3 38 49 41 2 208 132 2 2 34 22 39 21 6 6 17 37 9 15 2 29 1 _ 1 FOWEB, MECHANI- CAL, AND YAED FOBCE. C A 175 176 55.6 69.0 1 13 84 46 39 21 23 27 10 12 3! 12 22 Engineers. [1 IT 17 57.2 61.3 4 2 3 2 5 6 2 3 3 3 2 Time-workers, . { 2 17 17 67.2 61.3 _ 4 2 3 2 6 6 2 3 3 3 2 Boston and vicinitj'. Other municipalities. C A C A 1 1 16 16 67.3 67.3 67.2 61.6 4 2 3 2 1 i 2 3 3 3 2 Machinists. {1 59 59 53.3 - 54.1 8 30 23 15 9 11 5 3 3 11 - Time-workers, . { 2 69 69 63.3 64.1 8 30 23 16 9 11 6 3 3 11 Boston and vicinity, 'Other municipalities. / c A C A 4 4 55 55 64.8 54.8 63.1 54.1 8 30 23 3 3 12 6 1 1 10 4 3 3 11 Other Occupations. {i 99 99 66 7 61.5 1 5 50 21 21 10 7 17 5 6 3 20 12 20 Time-workers, , ( 2 99 99 .'i6.7 61.5 1 5 60 21 21 10 7 17 5 6 3 20 12 20 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, Other municipalities. A 1 c I A 2 2 17 17 80 80 65.5 62.0 66.4 62.1 66.7 61.3 1 1 4 60 21 1 1 12 4 8 6 1 1 2 5 15 2 6 4 1 4 3 16 3 4 9 16 NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 143 TABLE G. — CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WEEKLY WORKING TIME: BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. other Paper Products — Continued. Females. Cus- tomary CO or Actual Hours Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Hours Number of Employees Whose Weekly Hours of Labor were — Occupation Classification. Under 48 48 Over 48 and under 54 54 Over 54 ALL OCCUPATIONS. (2 1,522 1,522 52.7 49.0 6 341 2 10 G32 663 882 497 11 PRODUCTIVE OCCUPA- TIONS. {2 1,328 1,328 52.7 49.0 3 299 1 10 567 563 757 448 10 Binders. { 1 52 52 53.5 51.2 6 1 8 19 44 26 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 1 ^ c A 25 25 27 27 53.0 49.6 64.0 52.6 5 1 1 8 9 10 17 11 27 15 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, Other municipalities, C A C A C I A 8 S 37 37 7 7 50.9 48.4 54.0 51.8 54.0 50.9 2 3 1 1 8 5 10 4 1 37 23 7 2 - Cone and Tube Makers. { 2 85 85 53.8 53.5 2 2 14 83 69 Time-workers, Piece-workers, \l 23 23 62 62 53.4 53.2 54.0 53.6 2 2 1 13 21 20 62 49 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities. 1 c I A / c I A 24 24 61 61 53.4 53.4 54 53.5 2 2 U 22 22 61 47 Cutters. 1 A 129 129 52.2 48.6 42 75 52 54 35 Time-workers, Piece-workers, A 1 A 34 34 95 95 52.0 51.0 52.3 47.7 2 40 - 22 22 53 30 12 10 42 25 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities. C A 14 14 115 115 51.7 49,7 52.3 48.4 1 41 10 11 65 41 4 2 50 33 Forewomen. { 2 21 21 52.7 50.9 1 2 6 7 14 12 - Time-workers, { 2 21 21 62.7 60.9 1 2 6 7 14 12 - Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities , c A C A 7 7 14 14 51.3 51.3 53.4 50.7 1 1 1 3 3 3 4 3 3 11 9 Inspectors. { 2 138 138 51.7 48.4 25 i 105 88 33 24 Time-workers, Piece-workers, / c A C 1 A 130 130 8 8 51.8 48.4 51.0 48.3 21 4 1 97 84 8 4 33 24 Boston and vicinity. Other municipalities. \ A J c I A 77 77 61 61 51.2 47.8 52 3 49.2 11 14 1 71 59 34 29 6 7 27 17 VI. 144 STATISTICS OF LABOR 1915. [L. B. TABLE G. — CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WEEKLY WORKING TIME; BY OCCUPATIONS — Continued. other Paper Products — Continued. Females — Continued. Cus- tomary (C)or Actual Hours Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Hours Number op Employees Whcse Weekly HouKS OF Laboh were — Occupation Classification. Under 48 48 Over 48 and under 54 S4 Over 54 Machine Operators and Tenders. [1 196 196 52.3 49.0 43 1 4 111 100 84 44 5 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 1 c A C 111 111 85 85 52.3 49.1 52.2 48.9 20 23 1 4 59 47 52 63 51 35 33 9 5 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, Springfield, Other municipalities, A C A C A C A 36 36 10 10 4S 45 105 105 51.0 46.7 54.0 52.7 54.0 51.4 51.8 48. S 7 5 31 3 1 1 36 25 3 18 75 64 1 10 7 45 21 29 15 1 _ 4 Paper Novelty Workers. {1 244 244 52.1 48.0 67 2 152 127 92 47 1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 1 c A C I A 113 113 131 131 51.3 48.6 62.9 47.4 28 39 1 1 103 76 49 51 10 8 82 39 1 AU municipalities, 1 C I A 244 244 52.1 48.0 67 2 162 127 92 47 1 Pasters and Labelers. ( 1 S3 53 S2.2 49.9 10 30 26 23 17 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 1 c A C I A 46 46 7 7 62.2 50.2 51.9 48.4 7 3 - 26 4 20 17 3 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, Other municipalities, 1 C 2 17 17 11 11 25 25 51.4 48.7 54.0 53.1 52.0 49.4 3 1 6 15 12 1 15 13 2 2 11 9 10 6 Sealers and Banders. (2 54 54 52.9 48.3 16 2 19 26 35 10 Time-workers, Piece-workers, t A 17 17 37 37 52.4 47.8 53.2 48.6 5 11 2 9 9 10 17 8 3 27 7 Holyoke, Other municipalities, Is 15 15 30 39 54.0 60.0 52.5 47.3 3 13 2 3 19 23 15 9 20 1 - Sorters and Counters. { ! 135 135 S4.0 43.5 66 - 2 25 133 43 1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, \ A 117 117 18 18 53.0 42.1 54.0 52.9 66 - 2 20 S 115 30 18 13 1 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, Other municipalities, ! c A C A C 1. A 2 2 38 38 95 OS 54.0 54.0 64.0 49.0 63.9 41.1 7 69 17 2 8 2 2 38 14 93 27 1 NO. 109.] DETAILED TABLES. VI. 145 TABLE G. — CUSTOMARY AND ACTUAL WEEKLY WORKING TIME: BY OCCUPATIONS — Concluded. other Paper Products — Concluded. Females — Concluded. Cus- tomary (C)or Actual CA) Hours Total Num- ber of Em- ployees Aver- age Weekly Houra Number of Employees Whose Weekly Hours of Labor were — Occupation Classificatiox. Under 48 48 Over 48 and under 54 54 Over 54 Other Occupations. { 1 221 221 53.1 51.4 20 59 79 162 119 3 Time-workers, Piece-workers, ! c 1 A- / c I A 159 159 62 62 52.7 50.7 53.9 53.2 17 3 - 57 69 2 10 102 70 60 49 3 Boston and ^-icinity, Holyoke, Springfield. Other municipalities, / c I A C A 1 c t A 1 A 40 40 50 50 14 14 117 117 51.7 50.1 54.0 51.0 54.0 52.1 53.0 51.9 4 6 1 9 - 24 20 13 5 35 41 16 16 60 31 14 8 82 64 3 GENERAL OCCUPATIONS, PRODUCING DEPART- MENTS. C A 194 194 52.7 49.0 3 42 1 65 100 125 51 1 Packers. { 1 86 86 53.3 48.5 22 - 15 33 71 31 Time-workers, Piece-workers, \l 45 45 41 41 53.3 47.6 53.3 49.6 11 11 8 14 7 19 37 20 34 11 Boston and vicinity, Other municipalities, \l 7 7 79 79 60.0 60.0 53.6 48.4 22 7 7 8 26 71 31 Other Occupations. { 1 108 108 52.2 49.4 3 20 1 50 67 54 20 1 Time-workers, Piece-workers, 1 c I A i s 86 36 22 22 51.9 49.4 63.6 49.6 3 12 8 1 47 58 3 9 35 15 19 5 1 Boston and vicinity, Holyoke, Other municipalities, / c ' A / c A C \ A 44 44 20 20 44 44 50.6 49.9 54.0 49.7 53.0 48.9 3 6 4 11 1 39 37 4 11 26 2 2 20 12 32 6 1 VI. 146 STATISTICS OF LABOR — 1915. [l. B. NO. 109.] VII. SPECIMEN FORM OF SCHEDULE USED IN THIS INQUIRY lL-511 CONFIDENTIAL IDENTIFICATION No ®I|p CCummatimtaltlj at Hasaatliuafttfl BUREAU OF STATISTICS LABOR DIVISION Charles F. Gettemy director RATES OF WAGES, EARNINGS, AND HOURS OF LABOR 1. Industry, 2. Specific Product, . . . . 3. Number of employees when running full time during week ending, Minors — Under 16. Men. Women. Boys. GiBLij. Totals. (a) Time-workers, (b) Piece-workers, Totals, 4. Working hours. Total hours a week, (a) Full days, a.m. to p.m minutes for lunch. (b) Saturdays a.m. to p.m minutes for lunch. 5. Wages and hours for week ending 191 . Time Work- ers (T), or Piece- work- ers CP) Number of Employees I Full Time Actual Time Made AND Department AND Occupation. Men Women MINOKS Days per Week HOURS Earnings IN Week Rate of Pat per* Boys Girls Day Week Hours Worked Earn- ings * Insert here tlie unit of payment. PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS I. REPORT ON THE STATISTICS OF LABOR. (Public Document No. 15.) T ^^^%^fi* Annual Report on the Statistics of Labor was pubHshed in 1870, the first l.abor liuUetm m 1897, and Special Reports have been issued from time to time as occasion required. Beginnmg with the year 1913 aU of these several publications of tHe Labor Division of the Bureau have been styled "Labor Bulletins", and a certain number of copies have been set aside for bmding and pubhcation at the end of the year under the title of the "Annual Report on the Statistics of Labor." The Labor Bulletins are numbered consecutively as issued and each number contains matter devoted to one subject, concerning labor or the condition of the wage-earning popula- tion or questions of general economic or social interest. • J^ ^^j u^ ^^^ Bulletins issued since January 1, 1914, will be found below. Those indicated by an asterisk (*) are now out of print; those wliich remain in print will be mailed to apphcants upon receipt of postage to the amount specified. Persons or organizations desiring to receive the Labor Bulletins as issued will be placed upon the maihng list upon making apphcation. (A list of the Reports and Bulletins issued prior to January 1, 1914, will 6« furnished on application.) S°' V,' Sfbruary 13, 1914. Union Scale of Wages and Hours of Labor, October 1, 1913 (4 c). ~5°" oo *'^p''„'' I'l*- Thirteenth Annual Directory of Labor Orsanizations, 1914 (3 c). 101'! M ' 1 ^P"^^ '• ''^*- I™ii"srant Aliens Destined tor and Emigrant Aliens Departed from Massachusetts, No. 100, Juno 8, 1914. Labor Biblioj:raphv, 1913 (5 a.). No. 101, June 12, 1914. Industrial Home Work in Massachusetts (7 c). Jio. 102, July 21, 1914. Action affecting Labor during the Legislative Session of 1914. No. 103, August 3, 1914. Wages and Hours of Labor in the Paper and Wood Pulp Industry in Masaachu-' setts. No. 104, February 1, 1915. Handbook of Labor Laiva, 1914 (6 c). No. 105, March 1, 1915. Sixth Annual Report on Labor Organizations, 1913 (4 c). No. lOS, April 1, 1915. Fourteenth Annual Directory of Labor Organizations, 1915 (4 c). No. 107, May 1, 1915. Union Scale of Wages and Hours of Labor in Massachusetts, 1914 (4 o.) . No. 108, June 1, 1915. Immigrant Aliens Destined for and Emigrant Aliens Departed from Massachusetts 1914 (1 c.) . No. 109, JlUy 1, 191*r Wages and Hours of Labor Ln the Manufacture of Paper Products in Massachusetts (4 c). II. REPORT ON UNEMPLOYMENT OF ORGANIZED WAGE-EARNERS. The first Quarterly Report on Unemployment of Organized Wage-earners was published in May, 1908. A few reports for the following quarters are still available for distribution, and will be sent to any address, upon receipt of postage to the amount specified. 1913 —June 30 (1 c); September 30 (1 e.); December 31 (1 c.). 1914 — March 31 (1 c); June 30 o.); September 30 (I c); December 31 (2 c.). 1915 — March 31 (2 c). Annual summaries were published in the Annual Reports on Labor Organizations of which the following are still available for distribution: 1910 (3 c); 1912 (4 c); 1913 (4 c); 1914 (4 c). Persons or organizations desiring to receive copies of these reports will be placed upon the mailing list upon making application. III. REPORT ON THE STATISTICS OF MANUFACTURES. (Public Document No. 36.) The first Annual Report on the Statistics of Manufactures was published in 1886. Each report issued prior to 1907 contained comparisons for identical establishments, between two or more years, as to Capital Devoted to Production, Stock and Materials Used, Goods Made, Persons Employed, Wages Paid, and Time in Operation. Beginning with 1907 the comparisons for identical establishments were omitted, and all returns made to the Bureau were included in the tabulations. The twenty-eighth annual report covers the year 1913. It wiU be sent to any address, upon receipt of four (4) cents to cover the cost of mailing. IV. REPORT ON THE STATE FREE EMPLOYMENT OFFICES. (Public Document No. 80.) Free employment offices are maintained under the jurisdiction of this Bureau in Boston, BpriDgfield, Fall River, and Worcester. The first Annual Report on the State Free Employment Offices was published in 1907. The annual reports contain statistical tables and descriptive matter relative to the work of the offices, and, with the exception of the 1st and 4th (out of print), will be sent on receipt of five (5) cents each to cover the cost of mailing. The Eighth Annual Report was issued in January, 1915, and covered the year ending November 30, 1914. V. REPORT ON THE STATISTICS OF MUNICIPAL JFINANCES, (PubUc Document No. 79.) The first Rejiort on the Statistics of Municipal Finances was issued in September, 1908, and covered municipal fiscal years ending between November 30, 1906, and April'l, 1907. The reports for this and for later years contain tabular presentations showing the Cost of Municipal Govern- ment in Massachusetts, Summarized Statement of All Receipts and Payments, together with Analysis Tables and Definitions of Terms intended to promote uniformity in accounting and presentation of municipal reports. The first and second reports are now out of print. The seventh annual report covers municipal fiscal years ending between November 30, 1912, and April 1, 1913. Any of the reports now in print will be sent upon receipt of ten (10) cents to cover the cost of mailing. VI. THE MUNICIPAL BULLETIN. These Bulletins contain matter relating to municipal affairs, especially finances, and are intended to promote a sound and efficient administration of city and town government in Massachusetts. That indicated by an asterisk (*) is now out of print; those which remain in print win be mailed to applicants upon receipt of postage to the amount specified. No. 1. January, 1910. A Uniform Classification of Municipal Receipts and Payments Prescribed for the Cities and Town.s of Massachusetts as a Basis for a Standard System of Accounts and Reports (3 c). *No. 2. July, 1910. Recent Legislation relative to Town Finances and Municipal Accounts. (Superseded , by Bulletin No. 7.) No. 3. January, 1911. The Issue and Certification of Town Notes Under the Provisions of Chapter 618 of tlie Actsof 1910 (1 c). No. 4. March, 1911. Outstanding Indebtedness of Certain Cities and Towns of Massachusetts Against which no Sinking Funds are being Accumulated or for the Extinguishment of which no Annual Payments of Principal are being made (2 c). No. 5. July, 1913. Laws relating to Municipal Finances, including the Municipal Indebtedness Act of 1913, the Acts requiring the Certification of Town and District Notes, providing for the Auditing of Accounts, and the Installation of Accounting Systems by the Bureau of Statistics, making of Annual Returns of Financial Transactions, etc. (1 c.). (Superseded by Bulletin No. 7.) No. 6. July, 1914. Laws relating to Municipal Finances with amendments of 1914, {Superseded by Bulletin No. 7.) No. 7. Ji4y, 1915. Laws relating to Municipal Finances with amendments of 1914 and 1915. fSupersedes Bulletins Nos. 2, 6 and 6.) f VII. SPECIAL REPORTS. Special reports will be mailed upon receipt of the amount indicated to cover the cost of mailing. Those indicated by an asterisk (*) are now out of print. • January 4, 1911. A Special Report on the Cost of Retirement Systems for State and County Employees in Massachusetts (4 c.). • January 6, 1911. The Population of Massachusetts as Determined by the Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910 (3 c). April 15, 1912. Report of a Special Investigation relative to the Indebtedness of the Cities and Towns of the Commonwealth (8 c). March 5, 1913. Report of a Special Investigation relative to the Sinking Funds and Serial Loans of the Cities and Towns of the Commonwealth (2 c). August 1, 1913. A Directory of Massachusetts Manufactures, 1913 (8 c). August 1, 1914. Report on Power Laundries in Massachusetts, 1913 (2 o.). VIII. THE DECENNIAL CENSUS. The Decennial Census of the Commonwealth for 1905 was published complete in four vol- umes, now out of print. The Decennial Census for 1915 was taken as of the date April 1, 1915, and the returns are pow being tabulated. Cornell University Library HD4973.M47 1915 Wages and hours of labor In the manufact 3 1924 000 681 928