iJ47 .^'> r^* ; ^*"> >.: -<^ »-»S . - -^r -'^ \ ■•— . SVt^ 4,#-; U;X" M,' * *->>*''. ••■>^/_^*!^v\-VJ r-%%*^r W ^s.^ -f""^ > jltl)ata, £}eni loth THE GIFT OF •bonfvuaui' ^rOTAjdjjXKuy\ QB 6.047"^°'"*" ""'"""V Library "I"&.^Sj,S?.!SSy? Of Stars, rev. from 3 1924 012 303 800 ■:^g5J^v,^.>. lb ULUGH BEG'S CATALOGUE OF STARS Revised from all Persian Manuscripts Existing in Great Britain, with a Vocabulary of Persian and Arabic Words BY Edward Ball Knobel Treasurer and Past President of the Royal Astronomical Society The Carnegie Institution of Washington Washington, 1917 x^ Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924012303800 ULUGH BEG'S CATALOGUE OF STARS Revised from all Persian Manuscripts Existing in Great Britain, with a Vocabulary of Persian and Arabic Words BY Edward Ball ^obel Treasurer and Past President of the Royal Astronomical Society The Carnegie Institution of Washington Washington, 1917 ^^ CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON Publication No. 250 PRESS OF GIBSON BROTHERS WASHINGTON PREFACE. The present work forms a sequel to the volume on Ptolemy's Catalogue of Stars. Dr. Peters most carefully studied the printed editions of Ulugh Beg's cata- logue and devoted much care to the identification of the stars. He computed the positions of the stars for the epoch 1437.5 from Piazzi's catalogue with Maedler's proper motions. Some 300 of the stars have been re-reduced from the recent catalogues of Danckwortt and Neugebauer with modern proper motions, but the resulting corrections are very small. Peters examined three Persian manuscripts at Paris in 1887, but his collation was incomplete; no doubt it was curtailed by want of time, as he was then more particularly engaged on the Ptolemy manuscripts. I much regret that on account of the war I have been prevented from visit- ing Paris to investigate completely the five or six codices of Ulugh Beg in the Bibliotheque Nationale. England, however, is particularly rich in manuscripts of Ulugh Beg, and in the present investigation twenty-two Persian and Arabic manu- scripts have been carefully examined and collated and I believe that all the informa- tion on the subject in this country is now practically exhausted. From the care with which they have been written, probably the most important of these codices are those at the British Museum numbered 11637 and 16742. Nevertheless, as is explained in the following pages, it is doubtful whether it is possible to accurately reproduce the original catalogue. My endeavor has been to make this investigation as exhaustive as possible, and by giving the full collation of the manuscripts examined to place all available material at the disposal of astronomers. No attempt has been made to give the Persian or Arabic names of stars, a subject which has been so fully dealt with by Ideler in his classic work. Dr. Peters prepared with much care a vocabulary of Persian words found in the description of the stars. This I have revised and amended and it will be found in pages 95 to no. I acknowledge with much gratitude the generosity of the Carnegie Institution of Washington in publishing this work, which completes the long labors of Dr. Peters and myself on the ancient catalogues. Edward B. Knob el. 32 Tavistock Square, London. June 16, IQ16. CONTENTS. PAGE. Preface 3 Historical 5 Drawing in Persian Manuscript, Brit. Mus. Add. 7702 12 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars, Catalogue 1 25 Catalogue II 52 Notes to the Catalogue 75 List of Manuscripts Collated 85 Collations of Manuscripts 86 Appendix: Persian and Arabic Vocabulary 95 4 HISTORICAL. From the time of Ptolemy in the second century until the middle of the fif- teenth century, there exists no catalogue of stars mac^e from original observations. In the year 1437 Ulugh Beg published his catalogue made at the observatory of Samarkand. Some account of this observatory and of Ulugh Beg and his assistant astronomers has been given by Hyde in his edition of the catalogue, by Delambre (Hist, de I'Astronomie, Moyen Age), by Sedillot (Prolegomenes des Tables d' Oloug Beg), and by Baily in his edition of the catalogue (Royal Astronomical Society Mems., Vol. XIII). The astronomy of the Arabs is not rich in original observations of position. The three most important possessions in observational astronomy which the Arabs have left to posterity are : (i) The Hakemite tables of Ebn lounis, which contain numerous observations of eclipses (discussed by Newcomb); some 54 observations of conjunctions of planets with each other and with stars; determination of the mean motions of the Sun, Moon, and planets; and several observations of the Equinox. (2) The Uranometria of Abd Al Rahman Al Sufi, which must always be considered a work of the highest value. (3) The catalogue of stars of Ulugh Beg, which, having been made mainly from origi- nal observations, thus possesses a unique interest. Mirza Ulugh Beg bin Shahrukh bin Timiir Kurgan was the most famous as he was the last conspicuous representative of Arabian astronomy. His biographer, Abu Muhammad Mustapham, thus describes him: "Fuit Rex Justus, doctus, per- fectus, praesertim in mathematicis, scientiam et ejusdem cultores dilexit." The observations embodied in Ulugh Beg's Tables (commonly designated as Zij Ulugh Beg, also as Zij i SiiltanI Kurghani, Zij jadid i Sultani, and Zij jadid i Kurghani), were commenced, as the author states in the preface, by his master, Salah ud-Din Musa, called Kazi-Zadah Rumi, and by Ghiyas ud-Din Jamshld. The latter, however, having died in the early stage of the work, and the former before its conclusion, it was carried on and completed with the assistance of a youthful astronomer, 'Ali bin Muhammad Kushji, whom Ulugh Beg calls his beloved son. Another author states that there was a fourth astronomer named Mu in ud-Din. The building of the observatory northeast of Samarkand is recorded by the contemporary author of the Matla' us-Sa'dain among the occurrences of A. H. 823 . Ulugh Beg does not expressly state the date of his composition, but it was probably A. H. 841= A. D. 1437, consequently the observations were carried on from A. H. 823 to 841 (A. D. 1420 to i437)-* Ulugh Beg, the grandson of Tamerlane, who was of Mongol extraction, was himself a Turk. The question has been raised whether he wrote his astronomical tables in Turkish, Persian, or Arabic. No Turkish manuscript of them is known. D'Herbelot says that the tables were originally composed in Arabic and were translated into Persian by Mahmoud bin Muhammad, surnamed Mirem, in the year A. H. 904 = A. D. 1498, who de dicated them to the Sultan Bajaset II (1447-15 12), *Rieu, British Museum, Catalogue of Persian Manuscripts. 6 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. and he adds that they were translated into Persian by Ali Al Kushji (1445). This question was investigated by M. L. A. Sedillot, who came to the conclusion that they were written originally in Persian and were translated into Arabic. There exist at the Bibliotheque Nationale four manuscripts of Ulugh Beg's tables in Arabic, which are now considered to be translations from the Persian, though formerly the opposite view was held. M. Sedillot remarks particularly on the Paris Arabic Manuscript 2460 (now 2535), which is well written and complete. All of this manuscript is in Arabic except the catalogue of stars, which is in Persian. From this we should infer that as the catalogue would be the most difficult part of the work to translate, the scribe merely copied it from the original, and this offers additional evidence that the original work was in Persian. The Bodleian Library possesses two manuscripts of Ulugh Beg, E. D. Clark 18 and Marsh 578, both in Arabic. In the codex Clark 18, of the sixteenth cen- tury, it is stated that it is the Arabic version made from the Persian by Yahya bin Ali Al Zamai, who was induced to do it by Shams-eddin bin Abulfath As-Sufi, who lived about A. D. 1450 (Ulugh Beg died 1449). Unfortunately the manu- script is incomplete and does not contain the catalogue of stars. Codex Marsh 578, of a much later date, is only fragmentary, and likewise does not contain the catalogue. St. John's College, Oxford, possesses an Arabic manuscript of Ulugh Beg, being No. 91 of their collection. It is incomplete and does not contain the catalogue. On the second page is written "Astronomia Ulug Beigi in linguam Arabicam conversa, transcripta fuit pars prima codicis nostri anno Hejira 939, i. e., A. D. circ. 1532." The statements in D'Herbelot conffict with Bodleian Manuscript Clark 18 and St. John's College 91, and the general presumption is that the original was in Persian. Ulugh Beg's work entitled "Zij Ulugh Beg" consists of a Preface to the tables in four parts. The chapters of this which are given below have been taken from M. L. A. Sedillot (Prolegomenes des Tables d'Oloug Beg) and confirmed by reference to the Royal Astronomical Society Persian manuscript, which is com- plete; and a series of tables of which the titles as here given have been translated from the above manuscript. PREFACE. Preface to the Tables and Knowledge of the Stars. First Part. 1. Explanation of eras, months, and their subdivisions. 2. Determination of the era of the Arabs called the Hegira. 3. Determination of the era of the Greeks (Seleucidae). 4. Determination of the Persian era (Yezdegird). j. The concordance of eras. 6. On the era Meliki (Gelalaean). 7. The era of the Khatai'ens (Chinese) and the Oigours (Oriental Turks). 8. Determination of years and their subdivisions. 9. Determination of the Medkhal (initial day of the year). 10. Determination of the Medkhal (initial day of the month) from the mean motions. 11. Determination of the Hissah (proportional part) of the Sun and Moon. 12. Determination of the equation of the Sun. Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. 7 First Part — continued. 13. Determination of the equation of the Moon. 14. Determination of the beginning of the months in any year, and of the year to which the month Jun (Chinese intercalary month) belongs. 15. Determination of a fourth cycle. 16. On the concordance of this era with those preceding. 17. On the Ferial days in different eras. Second Part: 1. On the interpolation of the tables (equation of the interlineation). 2. On the determination of sines and versines. 3. On the shadow. 4. On the obliquity of the ecliptic to the equator (declination of points on the ecliptic). 5. Determination of the distance of a star from the equator. 6. Determination of the height and depression of a star. 7. Determination of the equatorial co-ascendant. 8. Determination of the equation of the day, the angle of the same day (semi-diurnal angle) and the hours of the day. 9. Determination of the co-ascendant of a terrestrial place. 10. Inverse calculation of the return of the co-ascendants (calculation of ascendants from co-ascendants). 11. To determine the co-ascendant of the transit and the degree of the transit of a star. 12. The co-ascendants of the point of ascension and disappearance of stars. 13. Determination of azimuth by the altitude, or the depression. 14. Determination of the altitude by the azimuth. 15. To trace a meridian line. 16. Determination of the longitude and latitude of a terrestrial place. 17. Determination of the latitude of the climate of apparition (the height of the pole of the ecliptic above the horizon). 18. To determine the distance of two stars or planets. 19. To determine the azimuth of the Kibleh and its decHnation. 20. To determine the ascendant from the altitude. 21. To determine the altitude or the depression of a star from the ascendant. 22. To determine the ascendant from the time. Third Part. 1. On the equation of the days. 2. Determination of the mean longitude of the planets. 3. Determination of the true places of the seven planets and of the Head and Tail (of the Dragon), that is, the Moon's ascending and descending nodes. 4. On the latitude of the Moon and the Planets. 5. Determination of the distance of the Sun and Moon from the center of the World. 6. On the zones of conversion and of the stations of the planets. 7. Interpolation of the true angular motion of the planets in longitude and latitude. 8. Determination of the syzygies of the planets and their return to the fixed stars. 9. On eclipses of the Moon. 10. On eclipses of the Sun. 11. Determination of the time of appearance of the new Moon and of the appearance and disappearance of the planets. 12. To determine the Twelve Celestial Houses. 13. To determine the places of the fixed stars in longitude and latitude. Fourth Part. On horoscopes and nativities. TABLES. Table of the rising of the signs for latitudes 0° to +50°. Table of the rising of the signs for the Equator. Table of the rising of the signs for the latitude of Samarkand. Table of the motion of the Sun. Table of the equation of the Sun for each sign of the Zodiac. Table of parts of intervals of the centers of the two circles. 8 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. Tables — continued . Table of the variation of the appearance of the Sun. Equation of days and nights. Table of the mean motion of the Moon in years and months with respect to the head of the Dragon (the ascending node). Table of the second equation of the Moon. Tables of the longitude and latitude of cities and their obliquity, taken from the astro- nomical tables of the Shahi (Nassir Eddin Ilkhanic tables). Table of the hours of the day from the degrees of the Sun in latitude 30°. Motion towards the head (of the Dragon) for the year A. H. 850, by Ibn Alaalam. Table of the rising of the heavenly bodies from the beginning of Capricornus (the colure) with the inclination, by Ibn lounis Al Mizree. Table of sines. Table of the first shadow, called the inverted shadow or vertical shadow. Table of the second shadow, called the even shadow. Table of the first inclination. Table of the second inclination. Table of the hour of mid-day for the latitude of Samarkand. Table of the longitude and latitude of cities in various countries. Table of planetary influences (astrological). Table of eclipses of the Moon. Appearance of the Moon in different longitudes and latitudes. Table of eclipses of the Sun. Table of the mean motion of Saturn. Table of the mean motion of Jupiter. Table of the mean motion of Mars. Table of the mean motion of Venus. Table of the mean motion of Mercury. Table of the conjunction of the Moon with the planets. Tables of the first and second inclinations from observations at Samarkand. Table of sines. Table of the conjunction of the planets. Catalogue of stars. Table of the Meliki. The only information we possess of the formation of the Catalogue of Stars is contained in the thirteenth chapter of the third part of the Preface, of which the following is a translation : "Determination of the Places of the Fixed Stars in Longitude and Latitude. "Before the time of Ptolemy 1,022 fixed stars had been observed. Ptolemy has given them in a catalogue in the Almagest. The stars are distributed in six magnitudes; the largest are of the first and the smallest of the sixth magnitude. Each magnitude is divided into thirds, and in order to recognize the stars, 48 figures or constellations have been imagined, of which 21 are north of the ecliptic, 12 in the Zodiac, and 15 south of the ecliptic. The larger number of the stars are within the figures, the others are in the neighbourhood, and are designated as unformed stars of the constellation. "Abd Al Rahman Sufi composed a treatise on the stars which all learned men have received with gratitude. Before determining by our own observations the position of these stars, we have laid them down on a sphere according to this treatise, and we have found that the greater part of them are situated diflPerently from their appearance in the heavens. This determined us tt) observe them ourselves with the assistance of Divine Providence, and we have found that they were advanced from the epoch at which Sufi's work was written, so that on giving them, according to this general observation, their absolute positions, we no longer found any difference from their appearance to the eye. "It is on this principle that we have reobserved all the stars already determined, with the exception of 27 which are too far to the south to be visible at the latitude of Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. 9 Samarkand, namely the 7 stars in the constellation Ara; 8 in Argo Navis, stars 36 to 41, and 44 and 45; 11 in Centaurus, from the 27th to the end; and one star, the tenth in the constellation Lupus; and we have taken these 27 stars from the work of Abd Al Rahman Sufi, taking account of the difference of epoch. "Besides these there are 8 stars mentioned by Abd Al Rahman Sufi in his book, of which Ptolemy gives the positions, but which Abd Al Rahman Sufi could not find, and which notwithstanding all our researches, we have been unable to discover. For that reason we do not indicate those stars in the present catalogue. These Ptolemy stars are the 14th of Auriga, the i ith of Lupus, and the 6 unformed stars of Piscis Austrinus. "In our catalogue we have given the position of the stars for the beginning of the year 841 of the Hegira, so that at any time we may be able to find the place of any stars on the supposition that they advance one degree in seventy solar years." The earliest investigation of Ulugh Beg's catalogue of stars was made by John Greaves, Savilian professor of astronomy at Oxford, 1643. This he prepared for press under the title "Tabulae integrae longitudinis et latitudinis stellarum fixarum juxta Ulug Beigi observationes." He collated these observations with five manuscripts, in order to render his edition as correct as possible; and he left the work in the hands of Archbishop Ussher, but it was never published.* Baily's statement of the work of Greaves refers to the 98 stars from the cata- logue which he translated and incorporated in the " Canicularia " of Bainbridge, 1648.1 Thomas Hyde, Bodley's Librarian, not knowing anything of the researches of Greaves, published the same observations in 1665, from three codices at Oxford: one in St. John's College library (No. 151), the second belonging to Pocock (Bod- leian Pocock No. 226), and the third in the Savilian collection (Bodleian Savile No. 46). A second edition of Hyde's translation was published by Gregory Sharpe in 1767, in his collected edition of Hyde's works. It is stated by Delambre that M. J. J. Sedillot translated the catalogue of Ulugh Beg, but it was never published. A revision of Sharpe's edition, with notes, was published by Francis Baily in 1843 (Royal Astronomical Society Memoirs, Vol. XHI). In this edition the stars were for the first time identified with modern catalogues. The next investigation was made by the writer in 1879, when he published a collation of the catalogue, with notes, translated from the Persian codex belonging to the Royal Astronomical Society,J which included a complete list of the star magnitudes in that manuscript compared with Hyde. So far as can be ascertained, Dr. Peters first turned his attention to Ulugh Beg in 1881, when in March of that year he published in the Astronomische Nach- rickten a comparison of the star magnitudes in Ulugh Beg, Sufi, and Ptolemy. Peters* subsequent researches were confined to consideration of the printed editions of Hyde, Sharpe, and Baily, which are all from the same sources. He computed from Piazzi's catalogue the positions of all the identified stars for the epoch 1437.5, which enabled him to correct several of Baily's identifications and to indicate some possible errors in the manuscripts. Later on, in 1887, he examined, but •Miscellaneous works of Mr. John Greaves, London, 1737. tThe positions of 3 stars differ from Hyde or Sharpe, indicating a different origin. t"On a Persian manuscript of Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars belonging to the Royal Astronomical Society." Mon. Nets., vol. XXXIX, 1879. lo Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. only partly collated, three Persian codices in the Bibliotheque Nationale. He prepared a draft catalogue to which he appended several brief notes and com- ments, all of which are taken account of in the "Notes to the Catalogue." Dr. Peters has left no investigation of the mean errors, or any inquiry as to how the catalogue was formed, and the large extent of Ulugh Beg's derivations from Ptolemy seems to have escaped him. In addition, Peters prepared a valuable vocabulary of Persian words found in the descriptions of the stars. No such vocabulary has ever been published; it has been revised and now forms an Appendix to the present work (pp. 95-109). Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars, as found in the codices, consists of 1,018 stars, of which 27, as he states, were not observed, but reduced from Ptolemy by the addition of a constant to the longitudes; and also one star, the eleventh of Lupus, not found. Ulugh Beg states that he has not indicated the position of this star in his catalogue, but all the codices give it reduced from Ptolemy. The present investigation shows that the longitudes of four other stars were not observed, but were reduced from Ptolemy to the epoch by the same constant. In addition to these, there are at least 82 pairs of stars, of which the longitude of one component only was observed, and the other was obtained by the addition or subtraction of Ptolemy's difference of longitude. The latitudes of 68 stars were simply copied from Ptolemy, and there are at least 44 pairs of stars, of which the latitude of one component only was observed, and the other was obtained by the addition or subtraction of Ptolemy's difference of latitude. We thus deduce that the longi- tudes of about 900 stars and the latitudes of about 878 stars were actually observed. There is, however, a strong suspicion that the original observations should be still more reduced. There are some 40 or 50 stars whose deviations in some cases, and large errors in others, resemble the errors of Ptolemy, and thus suggest a derivation from the Almagest. Thus it is probable that in the whole catalogue only about 700 stars have both elements determined from original observations. The lists of stars referred to above will be found in Tables III to V. As in the case of Ptolemy's catalogue, Ulugh Beg made his observations gener- ally by constellations, and not indiscriminately. He was guided throughout by Sufi, and did not intentionally observe any other stars than those described by Sufi. All the observations were made at Samarkand, the latitude of which Ulugh Beg determined as 39° 37' N., which is a close approximation to the latitude 39° 38' 50" determined by Struve. Dr. Peters early remarked that the minutes of the longitudes in Ulugh Beg's catalogue are of the form 3n-|-i, whereas the minutes of latitude are of the form 3«. He concluded that all cases which departed from these forms were errors in the manuscript. His collation of the Paris codices was practically confined to those cases. The present investigation shows that that view can not be entirely sustained, for it escaped Dr. Peters' attention that Ulugh Beg, as has been already mentioned, derived many places of stars directly and indirectly from Ptolemy (Sufi). It is difficult to suggest a theory of reduction which would produce the minutes of longitude from original observations in the form ^n+i. The minutes Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. n of latitude indicate clearly that the instrument used was graduated to 3 minutes of arc; and if a similarly graduated instrument was used for the longitudes, there must have been applied a correction, probably for precession, of which the unit was i, 4, or 7. As has been mentioned, the observations extended over a period of 17 years, but this does not help to a solution. No Arabian or Persian writer gives any sufficient description of the method of observation and reduction by which the longitudes and latitudes were deter- mined. Ulugh Beg based his tables on the Ilkhanic tables of Nassir Eddin Al Tusi, which were constructed at Maraghah in the middle of the thirteenth century, and it is probable that his methods were those pursued by Nassir Eddin. Unfor- tunately, the Arabic manuscript " On the instruments employed at the observatory of Maraghah," which was translated by M. Jourdain,* throws little light on the subject. Delambre gives extracts from this memoir, but no information is given given as to the degree of accuracy attainable. The Arabian author, believed by Jourdain to be Mouiad Al Aredhi of Damascus, says: "We now speak of the astronomical instruments which we have made for the observa- tory of Maraghah, before and after the year A. H. 660 (A. D. 1261) under the inspection of the celebrated Nassir Eddin." The only information relating to the determination of longitudes that can be gleaned from this manuscript is the following rule : "Taking the altitude of a star, and its azimuth, the ascendant [i. e., the point of the ecliptic situated on the eastern horizon] is known; and when the altitude of a star, its azimuth, and the ascendant are known, it is easy to deduce its position in longitude and latitude." The Ilkhanic tables were probably based upon the Hakemite tables of Ebn lounis (A. D. 1007), as these were based upon the tables of Al Battani (A. D. 918). In Delambre's discussion of Ebn Iounis,t and in Nallino's important translation of Al Battani,! we find rules: (i) To determine the degree of the ecliptic which culminates with a star. (2) To calculate the longitude of a star from its declination and the point of the ecliptic which culminates with it. (3) To calculate the longitude of a star from its latitude and declination. (4) To determine the dechnation from the latitude. (5) To find the longitude and latitude from the right ascension and declination; all of which have been fully investigated by Delambre. Ebn lounis gives several observa- tions of the equinox. The British Museum contains a Persian manuscript (Add. 7702) by Abd ul Munim 'Amili, which was written at Ispahan A. H. 1112 = A. D. 1700. It is a treatise on the instruments used for astronomical observations, especially in the observatories of Alexandria, Maraghah, and Samarkand. The instruments are minutely described and illustrated by drawings and diagrams. Some of them, from the description and drawings given by L. A. Sedillot in his memoir on the ♦Magazin Encyclopedique, tome vi, 1809. tAl Battani, Opus Astronomicum, 1899-1907. tHist. de rAstronomie, Moyen Age, 12 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. astronomical instruments of the Arabs,* seem to be those described by Mouiad Al Aredhi in the work cited above from the translation of M. Jourdain. It is difficult to glean information as to the methods of observation. One of the most interesting drawings, of an instrument for determining azimuths and altitudes of stars, is here reproduced, which shows that the Arabs employed the diagonal scale for measuring subdivisions of the graduations, of which no mention has been found in any author. British Museum Persian Manuscript 7702. Ulugh Beg states that he has taken 27 stars from Ptolemy, the longitudes of which he has corrected for difference of epoch, and that the value for precession used was 1° in 70 solar years; which is the value adopted by Ebn Alaalam, Ebn lounis, and Nassir Eddin. The catalogue shows that he has corrected Sufi's longitudes of the above 27 stars by the addition of 6° 59'. Sufi's catalogue is simply that of Ptolemy, in which the longitudes are brought up to the epoch by the addition of 12° 42'. The epoch of Sufi is 1276 Alexander = A. H. 353 = A. D. 964. Ulugh Beg's epoch is A. H. 841 = A. D. 1437.5. The difference is therefore 473.5 solar years. The correction of 6° 59' gives an annual precession of 53'' I, or 1° in 68 solar years, which is a value never used; whereas 1° in 70 solar years gives an annual precession of 51 ''43, and the correction to Sufi should be + 6° 46'. There is a possible explanation of this discrepancy. All manuscripts of Ulugh Beg have the words "hefted sal shemsi," meaning "70 solar years," *Memoires de I'Academie presentes par divers savants. Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. 13 equivalent to the "70 Persian years" of Ebn lounis. But the difference between Sufi and Ulugh Beg in Hegira years is 841 - 353 = 488 years. Now, 488 X SI -43 =6° 58' 18". It would seem, therefore, that in making these corrections with the constant 6° 59', Ulugh Beg's assistants, while adopting the annual value of 1° in 70 solar years, had taken the interval with Sufi in Hegira years by mistake for solar years. In investigating the longitudes, in a large proportion of cases, amounting to 119, the minutes are 55'. Some of these, as will be seen in Table III, are due to indirect derivation from Ptolemy. There are also 117 cases in which the unit of the minutes is i. As Ulugh Beg's catalogue is based entirely upon Sufi, in which the unit of the minutes of longitude is (with few exceptions) 2, this suggests that the correction + 6° 59' may have been applied to Sufi's longitudes of some of these stars, and it will be seen in the following cases that the longitudes of 10 Cephei, 15 Andromedae, 17 Leonis, and 10 Virginis, have been so derived. Longitude U.B.-6°S9' Sufi. Ptolemy + 12° 42' (correction to Sufi). 10 Cephei 15 Andromedae 17 Leonis 10 Virginis / 2 29 32 H3 2 177 2 / 2 29 32 145 42 (error) 177 2 / 2 29 32 143 2 177 2 In "Ptolemy's Catalogue of Stars" attention has been directed to the most potent cause of errors in the positions of stars in various manuscripts, namely, that the scribe would have nothing to guide him as to the correctness of the figures he copied. Some explanation was given of the nature of the errors that occur in the Neskhi writing of Arabic, but these errors are rather accentuated in the Nastalik writing of Persian, which is common to most of the Persian manuscripts examined. Besides numerous errors of 10 and 50 in combination, the most fre- quent confusion is between 10 and 40 in combination. This arises from the fact that in writing the Mim = 40 in combination, the upper part of the letter is fre- quently written with merely a thickening of the stroke instead of a loop, making confusion with the Ya = 10 very probable.* There are many instances of the common confusion of 6 and 7; between 7 and 4, and between 10 and 30 in combina- tion; between 2 and 4 in combination; and some between 2 and 7, all of which are very possible. The probability of such errors casts doubt upon many positions. It will be thus appreciated that it is extremely doubtful whether the original cata- logue of Ulugh Beg can be accurately reproduced. It is unfortunate that no copy of the catalogue in Arabic exists in England, as some doubtful points might thus be elucidated. In this uncertainty it is desirable to make the investigation as exhaustive as possible and accordingly the collation of all manuscripts is given fully, so that every information for constructing the original catalogue may be available. *Vide description of Bodleian Codex Gravius j. 14 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. The descriptions of the stars in Ulugh Beg's catalogue are entirely those of Sufi translated from the Arabic into Persian. In Hyde, Sharpe, and Baily the Latin translation of the Persian is given. It has seemed best to give the descrip- tions direct from Sufi, as found in Schjellerup's valuable translation, with some amendments and abbreviations. The erroneous descriptions, in Sufi and Ulugh Beg, of stars in Piscis Austrinus, to which Baily calls attention, are here cor- rected. Ptolemy's first star in this constellation was not included by Sufi or observed by Ulugh Beg, but its description is given to Sufi's first star, which is Ptolemy's second. The descriptions which follow are consequently against the wrong stars, and to adjust the mistake Sufi gave to his eleventh star the descriptions of both Ptolemy's eleventh and twelfth stars. Ulugh Beg did not observe the magnitudes of any stars, and those he gives were simply copied from the magnitudes in Sufi's catalogue. The catalogue magnitudes of all manuscripts of Sufi and Ulugh Beg show many errors of the copyist, and it has not seemed of importance to give these variants, seeing that Sufi in his text describes the magnitudes in words which are not liable to much misunderstanding; and it is these magnitudes which should always be used in preference to those in the catalogue, and they are accordingly given in the present catalogue of Ulugh Beg. Table I. — Mean errors of Ulugh Beg's longitudes from comparison with modern observations reduced to A. D. 1437.5, omitting all probable deviations from Ptolemy. Longitude, Ulugh Beg. No. of stars. Sums. Mean value. A/ Ab A/ Ah Northern. / f f M+i8'.4 0- 20 16 -3S4 +366 — 22.1 +22.9 - 3-7 20- 40 18 -44S +278 -24.7 + 15-4 - 6.3 40- 60 17 -477 +416 -28.0 +24- S - 9-6 60- 80 10 -339 + 35 -33-9 + 35 -I5-S 80-100 6 + 49 + 108 + 8.1 + 18.0 +26. s 100-120 9 — 121 + IS -134 + 1-7 + 5-0 120-140 13 - 69 + 71 - 5-3 + 5-5 +13. 1 140-160 6 -181 + 29 -30.1 + 4-8 -II. 7 160-180 10 -193 — 106 -19-3 — 10.6 - 0.9 180-200 8 - 41 - 5 - 51 - 0.6 + 13-3 200-220 10 + 23 + IS + 2.3 + 1-5 +20.7 220-240 19 — 236 + 67 — 12.4 + 3-5 + 6.0 240-260 28 -231 - 97 - 8.2 - 3-5 + 10.2 260-280 II -257 +158 -23-3 + 14-3 - 4-9 280-300 19 -803 + 7 -42.3 + 0.4 -23.9 300-320 18 -392 + 33 -21.8 + 1.8 - 3-4 320-340 14 -19s +144 — 14.0 + 10.3 + 4-4 340-360 10 -188 + 185 -18.8 + 18. s - 0.4 242 -4450' -4450' = -18. '4 242 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. Table l.—Mean errors oj Ulugh Beg's longitudes from comparison with modern observations reduced to A. D. 14.37.5, omitting all probable demotions from Ptolemy — continued. 15 Longitude, Ulugh Beg. No. of stars. Sums. Mean value. A/ Ai M At Zodiacal. r / / 1 / A/+z^.'o f 0- 20 13 -S17 + 213 -39-8 + 16.4 -25.8 20- 40 13 -4SO + 137 -34-6 + 10. s — 20.6 40- 60 20 —631 + S29 -31-5 +26.4 -17.5 60- 80 18 — 240 + 149 -13-3 + 8.i + 0.7 80-100 8 + 3 + 160 + 0.3 +20.0 + 14-3 100-120 9 + 12 + 106 + 1-3 + 11.8 + IS-3 120-140 11 + 121 + 11. + 14.0 140-160 IS -134 + 143 - 9.0 + 9-S + S-o 160-180 10 — 121 + 78 — 12. 1 + 7-8 + 1.9 180-200 14 - 41 + 106 - 3-0 + 7-6 + 11.0 200-220 8 -116 - 31 -14s - 3-9 - o-S 220-240 IS + II + 99 + 0.7 + 6.6 + 14-7 240-260 14 + 2S - 39 + 1.8 - 2.8 +15-8 260-280 13 - 19 + 49 - i-S + 3-7 + 12. s 280-300 IS -194 - 94 — 13.0 - 6.3 + I.O 300-320 IS - 8S -173 - 5-7 -II. s + 8.3 320-340 28 -779 +207 -27.8 + 7-4 -138 340-360 10 — 200 + 73 — 20.0 + 7-3 - 6.0 249 -3476' -3476' . - _T,i 'n 249 — — 14*0 Southern. M+4'2 0- 20 7 -26s + IS7 -37-8 +22.4 -33.6 20- 40 18 -546 + I4S -30 3 + 8.0 — 26.1 40- 60 10 -116 + 28 — II 6 + 2.8 - 7-4 60- 80 43 — 276 +356 - 6 4 + 8.3 — 2.2 80-100 16 — 130 + 7 - 8 1 + 0.4 - 3-9 100-120 18 +221 + 95 + 12 3 + 5-3 + 16.5 120-140 16 +217 + 132 + 13 5 + 8.2 + 17-7 140-160 6 + 148 - 8 +24 - 1-3 +28.2 160-180 9 + S3 + 55 + 5 9 + 6.1 + 10.1 180-200 9 + 91 + 6 + 10 I + 0.7 + 14-3 200-220 IS + 144 + 38 + 9 6 + 2.S + 13-8 220-240 16 + 64 + 185 + 4 + n.S + 8.2 240-260 260-280 nil 10 - 17 + 158 — I 7 + is-8 + '2:5' 280-300 300-320 nil 2 - 92 + 40 -46 +20.0 -41.8 320-340 3 -136 + 117 -45 3 +39.0 -41.1 340-360 S -224 + 152 -44.8 -864'_ +30-4 -4f2 —40.6 203 -864' 203 i6 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. Table II . — Average errors of Ulugh Beg's latitudes in each constella- tion {omitting all derivations from the Almagest), compared with those of the same stars in Ptolemy-Hipparchus. Constellations. Northern. Ursa Minor Ursa Major Draco Cepheus Bootes Corona Borealis . Hercules Lyra Cygnus Cassiopeia Perseus Auriga Ophiuchus Serpens Sagitta Aquila Delphinus Equuleus Pegasus Andromeda Triangulum Zodiacal. Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpius Saggitarius Capricornus. . . . Aquarius Pisces Southern. Cetus Orion Eridanus Lepus Canis Major. . . . Canis Minor. . . . Argo Navis Hydra Crater Corvus Centaurus Lupus Ara Corona Australis Piscis Austrinus. No. of stars. 7 32 27 9 18 7 25 9 IS 13 25 8 27 18 5 12 10 4 17 17 4 17 38 16 10 31 27 13 21 27 23 38 32 20 34 29 II 19 2 28 22 5 5 18 17 II 9 Average error. Ulugh Beg. 15.0 10.2 17.8 8.9 16.6 12.4 II. I 12 13 33 19 22 17 12.8 II. 4 20.7 10.7 145 20.7 25-4 27.2 22.2 20.8 17.2 14-3 II. 4 7-3 20.1 12.8 13-7 13-3 18.6 19. 1 26 13 10 12 6 13 14 8 10 9 13 14 36 20 Ptolemy- Hipparchus. 17.2 29.8 23.8 14. 1 24-5 II. I 14.2 17.0 II. 5 38 19 26 17 9 18 18 15-3 10.7 9.6 17.0 14.0 12.2 23.2 19.0 21.8 26.0 14.2 9.8 14-7 14.4 12.4 26.8 23.2 36.0 17. 1 28.2 16.0 23-5 26.8 20.9 14.0 16.4 14.0 31-2 47.1 41.2 Range in longitude U. B. 80-133 104-169 227-122 356- 54 171-208 211-221 210-264 278-293 294-333 22- 50 46- 64 69- 83 234-265 219-278 294-299 280-297 306-311 315-316 324- 6 o- 36 29- 36 26- 46 43- 81 83-1 II II 3-1 24 128-170 166-212 216-232 234-259 263-289 294-318 303-349 340- 21 355- 37 64- 86 IS- 68 64- 80 70-105 104-108 82-156 1 22-21 1 165-177 182-189 201-226 221-238 268-276 310-324 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. 17 Table III. — Pairs of stars in Ulugh Begs catalogue which have the same difference oj longitude as Ptolemy {Sufi). [Doubtful cases are indicated by an asterisk (*).] Baily's No. 10 21 12 14 16 18 17 27 33 42 SO SI S6 62 7S 85 94 95 9S 100 106 log 119 141 174 321 182 187 192 212 198 200 200 217 204 -,07 253 254 263 275 St ar. Ursa Major 2 Do. 13 Ursa Major 4 Do. 6 Ursa Major 8 Do. 10 Ursa Major 9 Do. 19 Ursa Major 25 Ursa Major Ex. 7 Draco 7 Do. 8 Draco 13 Do. 19 Cepheus i Do. II Bootes 7 Do. 8 Bootes 8 Do. 13 Bootes 19 Do. 22 Hercules i Do. 23 Cygnus 17 Pegasus 9 Cassiopeia 6 Do. II Perseus 3 Do. 23 Perseus 9 Do. II Perseus 1 1 Perseus Ex. 2 Perseus 15 Do. 18 Ophiuchus 22 Do. 23 Serpens 3 Do. 15 Longitude, Ulugh Beg. *io5 43 "S 43 106 25 108 25 112 49 121 19 118 31 142 31 ISO 31 119 31 294 10 290 40 13 31 62 31 54 55 8 55 *205 16 *205 46 205 46 206 46 205 19 191 19 247 55 230 55 332 10 346 10 47 25 35 25 52 31 58 31 56 43 50 43 SO 43 64 43 46 40 62 10 239 46 242 16 223 34 257 4 Longitude, Sufi. 98 32 109 2 98 52 100 52 105 12 113 42 III 42 135 42 144 52 "3 52 285 2 281 32 5 32 54 32 47 42 I 42 198 22 198 22 198 22 199 22 198 184 240 22 223 22 324 52 338 52 39 42 27 42 45 22 51 22 49 42 43 42 43 42 57 42 39 32 SS 2 232 32 235 2 217 2 250 32 o / 10 30 2 O 8 30 24 o 31 o 3 30 49 o 46 o 14 17 14 12 6 6 C- U. B. 14 o 15 30 2 30 33 30 - 20 + 6 + 7 + 9 - 6 + 2 + 26 + 10 -116 -218 - 42 + 56 + 25 - 40 Notes. - 30 + 16 - 10 + I + 23 - 4 - 224 - 55 - 28 - 36 - 19 - 41 - 48 - S3 - S3 - 15 - 36 - 30 - 4 - 29 + 73 + 29 Minutes of 10 were prob- ably 13'. Lat. derived from Ptol- emy. Ptolemy's latitude. Minutes of Ulugh Beg probably the same ; con- fusion in Persian of 10 and 40; thus Bootes 7 was 205° 46'. Ptolemy's latitude. Ptolemy's latitude. Ptolemy's latitude. Ptolemy's latitude. Ptolemy's latitude. i8 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars, Table III. — Pairs of stars in Ulugh Beg's catalogue which have the same oj longitude as Ptolemy (Sufi) — continued. [Doubtful cases are indicated by an asterisk (*).] twerence Baily's No. 265 269 281 28s 284 292 293 297 296 298 322 324 Star. 339 370 348 349 349 352 3SI 362 37S 376 362 363 373 383 412 417 422 424 427 428 434 440 421 45° Serpens Do. Sagitta Aquila Aquila Do. Aquila Ex. Do. Aquila Ex. Do. Pegasus Do. Andromeda Aries Andromeda Do. Andromeda Do. Andromeda Aries Triangulum Do. Aries Do. Aries Ex. Taurus Taurus Ex. Do. Gemini Do. Gemini Do. Gemini Gemini Ex. Gemini Cancer 10 12 7 II 16 17 17 20 19 3 3 4 Longitude, Ulugh Beg. 221 25 224 25 296 25 29s 25 297 31 282 31 293 I 289 I *287 49 *28o 19 347 13 341 13 8 34 38 34 36 SS 34 SS 34 SS 29 SS 31 28 30 28 36 7 36 37 3 4 30 30 28 58 I 6 30 S3 43 43 3 8 72 77 43 43 2 4 105 97 SS 55 7 106 I 8 lOI I 14 2 8S 8S 55 55 I 5 102 120 43 43 Longitude, Sufi. 214 2 217 2 288 32 287 32 289 52 274 52 286 22 282 22 280 52 273 52 339 42 333 12 2 22 32 22 29 52 27 52 27 52 22 52 24 42 23 42 29 2 29 32 23 42 24 12 23 22 46 22 66 42 71 42 99 22 91 22 99 22 94 22 79 12 79 12 96 114 o / 3 o I o IS o 4 o 7 o 30 o 2 o 5 o I o 30 30 23 o 5 o 8 o 5 o 18 o C- U. B. + 29 - 14 - SI - 48 - 19 - 33 - 25 - 120 - 17 + 28 - 8 - 17 - 17 - 78 - 23 - 12 - 31 - 55 - 12 + 4 - 55 - 56 o - 8 - 27 - 19 - 12 o - 19 - 24 - 18 + 9 Notes. Minutes of longitude were probably the same; confusion in Persian of of 10 and 40. Possible error in the copy of Sufi used by Ulugh Beg of 42' for 12' or vice versa. Schjellerup gives 14 instances of such errors. Ptolemy's latitude. Lat. derived from Ptolemy. Lat. derived from Ptolemy. Lat. derived from Ptolemy. Ptolemy's latitude. Lat. derived from Ptolemy. Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. 19 Table III. — Pairs of stars in Ulugh Beg's catalogue which have the same difference oj longitude as Ptolemy {Sufi) — continued. [Doubtful cases are indicated by an asterisk (*).] Baily's No. 454 488 476 477 494 498 495 502 521 525 534 541 546 563 576 587 579 580 599 603 609 614 612 618 613 615 649 66s 656 658 658 660 666 681 672 674 683 68s Star. Cancer Leo Ex. Leo Do. Virgo Do. Virgo Do. Virgo Ex. Do. Libra Ex. Do. Scorpius Do. Sagittarius Do. Sagittarius Do. Capricornus Do. Capricornus Do. Capricornus Do. Capricornus Do. Aquarius Do. Aquarius Do. Aquarius Do. Aquarius Pisces Pisces Do. Pisces Do. 9 3 18 19 I 5 2 9 2 6 I 8 4 21 10 21 13 H 2 6 12 17 15 21 16 18 24 40 31 33 33 35 41 II 2 4 13 15 Longitude, Ulugh Beg. 116 43 156 43 152 19 151 19 166 31 168 31 166 25 190 25 188 10 204 10 225 55 230 55 234 55 255 55 277 31 *276 3 1 281 25 281 S5 *296 49 "297 19 300 I 305 I 309 34 312 34 306 55 304 55 337 332 Longitude, Sufi. 341 55 340 55 340 55 342 25 332 55 6 55 343 49 347 49 12 55 12 55 no 150 HS 144 303 306 I 12 12 2 2 159 42 161 42 159 42 183 42 181 42 197 42 218 52 223 52 228 42 249 42 270 22 270 22 275 2 275 32 290 22 291 22 294 22 299 22 301 22 299 22 330 22 325 22 335 22 334 22 334 22 335 52 325 52 359 52 336 52 340 52 5 42 5 42 o 40 1 O 2 O 24 O 16 O 5 o 21 O 30 c- U. B. 5 o 3 o 2 o 5 o I o I 30 34 o 4 o - 18 - I - 29 - 20 - 14 + 41 - 57 - 2 + 12 - 3 - 8 - 8 + 23 + 15 + II — 2 Notes. + 5 + 25 + 8 - 13 + 15 - I - 31 - 21 - 7 - 14 - 14 - 66 - 46 - 37 - 19 - 25 - 54 - 87 Ptolemy's latitude. Ptolemy's latitude. From the common con- fusion between 6 and 7 in Persian and Arabic the longitude of 21 was probably 277° 31'. Probably the minutes of both stars were origi- nally the same. The common confusion of 10 and 40. Latitude derived from Ptolemy. Ptolemy's latitude. Lat. derived from Ptolemy. Lat. derived from Ptolemy. Lat. derived from Ptolemy. Ptolemy's latitude. 20 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. Table III. — Pairs of stars in Ulugh Beg's catalogue which have the same difference of longitude as Ptolemy {Sufi) — continued. [Doubtful cases are indicated by an asterisk (*).] Baily's No, 686 689 686 702 69s 701 710 715 736 744 783 789 803 807 807 808 825 828 859 860 861 863 868 870 869 87s 893 897 938 939 940 943 941 948 943 957 945 952 973 975 St ar. Pisces Do. Pisces Do. Pisces Do. Cetus Do. Orion Do. Eridanus Do. Lepus Do. Lepus Do. Canis Major Do. Argo Navis Do. Argo Navis Do. Argo Navis Do. Argo Navis Do. Hydra Do. Centaurus Do. Centaurus Do. Centaurus Do. Centaurus Do. Centaurus Do Lupus Do. 16 19 16 32 25 31 2 7 6 14 IS 21 I 5 5 6 II 14 14 15 16 18 23 25 24 30 3 7 7 8 9 12 10 17 12 26 14 21 5 7 Longitude Ulugh Beg 15 55 21 55 15 55 20 55 20 46 16 46 36 55 26 55 86 16 76 16 34 33 67 40 67 10 67 10 64 10 94 40 105 10 120 55 122 25 125 43 126 43 145 25 148 25 143 55 138 55 124 28 132 28 208 25 217 25 218 34 212 44 221 16 226 46 212 44 202 4 214 55 2" 55 232 37 230 7 Longitude Sufi. 9 52 15 52 9 52 14 52 14 22 10 22 30 22 20 22 79 69 211 206 27 32 26 32 62 22 61 52 61 52 58 52 88 52 99 22 114 52 116 22 ''119 12 120 52 138 52 141 52 136 42 131 42 118 2 126 2 201 52 2IO 52 52 2 214 42 220 12 206 2 195 22 207 52 204 52 225 42 223 12 o / 6 o 5 o 4 o 10 o 10 o I o 30 3 o 10 30 I 30 I o 3 o 5 o 8 o 9 o 5 50 5 30 10 40 3 o 2 30 C- U. B. - 40 - 24 - 40 + 2 - 16 - 58 - 27 - 44 - I - 55 - 60 - 54 + H + 22 + 22 + I - 51 + 25 + 22 + 43 + 32 + 81 + 19 + 9 + 4 - 3 + 15 + 27 + 21 + 36 + 17 + 12 + 36 -141 + 18 + 3 - 19 - 19 Notes. The Copenhagen and Paris 2489 MSS. of Sufi have 52' for both stars. Copenhagen and Paris 2489 MSS. of Sufi have minutes 52'; St. Peters- burg MS. 12'. Ptolemy's latitude. Usual error in Arabic of 12 for 52, vide 686. Ptolemy's latitude. Lat. derived from Ptolemy. Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. 21 Table III.— Paw of stars in Ulugh Beg's catalogue which have the same difference of longitude as Ptolemy (Sufi) — continued. [Doubtful cases are indicated by an asterisk (*).] Baily's No. Star. Latitude, Ulugh Beg. Longitude, Sufi. A C- U. B. Notes. 997 999 999 1003 1008 1009 1017 1018 Corona Aust. 3 Do. 5 Corona Aust. 5 Do. 9 Piscis Aust. I Do. 2 Piscis Ai'st. 10 Do. II / 272 16 27s 16 275 16 274 16 320 40 324 10 310 25 310 25 / 265 52 268 52 268 52 267 52 313 22 316 52 303 42 303 42 / 3 1 3 30 + 49 + 27 + 27 - 4 - 82 - 43 - 62 - S3 Lat. derived from Ptolemy. Table IV. — Latitudes in Ulugh Beg's catalogue taken from Ptolemy. [Doubtful cases are indicated by an asterisk (*).] Baily's No. Star. Latitude, Ulugh Beg. C- U.B. C-P. Notes. 2 Ursa Minor 2 1 +70 / - 8 -14 22 Ursa Major H +36 + 3 - 7 SO Draco 7 +78 IS -19 - 9 54 Do. II +83 - 7 - 9 57 Do. 14 +80 30 + 25 +21 59 Do. 16 +Bo IS +22 + 12 82 Cepheus 8 +62 30 + 6 — 2 84 Do. 10 +61 IS - 7 — 10 86 Cepheus Ex. I +64 + 11 + 9 87 Do. 2 +59 30 + I — 2 106 Bootes 19 +28 - 5 + I 107 Do. 20 +28 + 10 +22 109 Do. 22 +25 + 13 + 17 III Corona Borealis i +44 30 - 7 + 2 130 Hercules 12 +53 30 — II — 2 140 Do. 22 +72 -10 + I 148 Lyra I +62 -IS - 9 160 Cygnus 3 +54 30 — II - 3 166 Do. 9 +74 — 10 - 3 200 Perseus II *+26 + 3 -60 As Bodleian Arabic Almagest. 217 Perseus Ex. 2 +31 +40 +30 219 Auriga I +30 +48 +41 225 Do. 7 +20 40 + 12 + 2 230 Do. 12 + 8 30 + 19 + 7 25s Ophiuchus 24 - 45 -56 -45 259 Ophiuchus Ex. 4 *+26 + 10 - 9 As Bodleian Arabic Almagest. 339 Andromeda 7 +41 — 2 346 Do. 14 +32 30 + I — 2 368 Aries 9 + 2 30 +20 + 11 401 Taurus 24 — I + 11 + 2 425 Gemini 5 + 5 30 + 12 + 4 433 Do. 13 - 6 + 19 + 8 434 Do. 14 — I 30 +33 +22 22 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. Table IV. — Latitudes in Ulugh Beg's catalogue taken from Ptolemy — continued. [Doubtful cases are indicated by an asterisk (*).] Baily's Star. Latitude, c- C.-P. Notes. No. Llugh Beg. U. B. 435 Gemini 15 / - I 15 +22 + 13 442 Gemini Ex. 4 — I 20 +24 + 14 454 Cancer 9 — 10 30 + 10 + 2 482 Leo 24 + I 15 +26 +24 489 Leo Ex. 4 — 30 + 17 + 11 498 Virgo 5 + 10 +31 +29 512 Do. 19 - I 30 + 9 + 14 532 Libra 7 + 4 45 -18 — 10 540 Libra Ex. 7 - 7 30 - 4 + 6 543 Scorpius I + I 20 -IS - 5 548 Do. 6 + 30 -18 - 3 549 Do. 7 - 3 45 — 12 — 2 574 Sagittarius 8 + 45 -33 — 22 577 Do. II + 20 -30 -17 6i6 Capricomus 19 -31 — 21 623 Do. 26 -39 -30 626 630 Aquarius Do. I 5 *+i5 45 *+ 6 IS — 22 -15 -16 - 6 >See note on these stars. 649 Do. 24 — I 10 -30 -25 650 Do. 25 — 30 +20 -24 683 Pisces 13 *— 10 - 4 - 5 See note on this star. 775 Eridanus 7 — 26 +57 +49 792 Do. 24 -42 30 - 6 -14 796 Do. 28 -51 45 - 8 -17 803 Lepus I -35 + 13 + 2 822 Canis Major 8 -42 30 + 7 — 2 831 Do. 17 -53 45 + 18 + 7 835 Canis Major Ex • 3 -58 45 + 11 \ 858 Argo Navis 13 -55 30 + 4 - 4 863 Do. 18 —60 + 15 + 7 877 Do. 32 -51 IS + 4 + I 903 Hydra 13 — 26 - 6 — 12 904 Do. 14 -23 15 + 3 — II 935 Centaurus 4 — 20 + 9 956 Do. 25 —41 -81 -72 Table V. — Pairs of stars in Ulugh Beg's catalogue which have the same difference of latitude as Ptolemy. [Doubtful cases are indicated by an asterisk (*).] Baily's No. Star. Latitude, Ulugh Beg. Latitude, Ptolemy. A C- U. B. Notes. 10 14 98 lOI 127 128 168 170 Ursa Major 2 Do. 6 Bootes 1 1 Do. 14 Hercules 9 Do. 10 Cygnus I I Do. 13 / +43 48 +51 18 +45 48 +42 48 +53 39 +52 39 +52 +55 / +43 +50 30 +45 30 +42 30 +54 +53 +52 10 +55 10 / 7 30 3 1 3 +44 - 7 + 11 -52 + 3 + 7 - 21 - 4 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. 23 Table V. — Pairs of stars in Ulugh Beg's catalogue which have the same difference of latitude as Ptolemy — continued. [Doubtful cases are indicated by an asterisk (*;.] Baily's No. Star. Latitude, Ulugh Beg. Latitude, Ptolemy. C- U. B. Notes. 197 199 226 227 290 291 289 320 32s 328 340 3SS 347 3SI 378 380 394 395 427 428 437 438 448 45° 46c 464 503 514 530 531 594 595 618 619 624 629 656 658 675 676 676 677 V Perseus Do. Auriga Do. Aquila . Do. Aquila Pegasus Pegasus Do. Andromeda Do. Andromeda Do. Taurus Do. Taurus Do. Gemini Do. Gemini Do. Cancer Do. Leo Do. Virgo Do. Libra Do. Sagittarius Do. Capricomus Do. Capricomus Aquarius Aquarius Do. Pisces Do. Pisces Do. 8 10 8 9 7 8 6 8 13 16 8 23 IS 19 I 3 17 18 7 8 17 18 3 5 2 6 10 21 5 6 28 29 21 22 27 4 31 33 5 6 6 7 +27 27 +26 S7 + 18 + 18 +31 +34 +28 30 +26 30 +14 IS + 15 IS +41 42 +43 42 +27 36 +27 36 - 6 24 - 8 S4 - 4 30 - 3 o + 2 45 + 2 45 - 7 12 - 10 12 - I IS - o 15 + 8 o + 9 o + 8 45 + 8 45 - I 46 + I 9 - 5 30 - 5 30 - s 15 - S o + 2 48 + 8 48 - II 30 -14 30 + 7 + 4 + 4 + 3 + 7 + 8 + 8 + 8 — II -14 + 7 + 4 + 4 + 3 +27 50 +27 20 + 18 o + 18 o +28 40 +26 40 +31 30 +34 30 + 15 + 16 +42 +44 +28 +28 -60 - 8 30 - 5 o - 3 30 + 2 40 + 2 40 - 7 30 -10 30 - I 10 - o 10 30 30 30 30 - I 40 + I IS - 4 50 - 4 SO - 4 45 - 4 30 + 2 so + 8 so o o 30 30 30 30 I 30 30 I 30 3 I I 2 55 15 6 3 3 I +32 +17 + 4 - I + 15 + 2 +25 + 16 + 15 +27 o + 2 + 10 + 17 + 25 + 3 + 12 +28 + 17 + 9 +23 + 3 +26 + 18 - 9 -14 - 5 +53 - I + 7 + 9 + 6 + 19 + 12 -SO - 9 +29 - S + 14 +28 +28 +26 24 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. Table V. — Pairs of stars in Ulugh Beg's catalogue which have the same difference of latitude as Ptolemy — continued. [Doubtful cases are indicated by an asterisk (*).] Rally's No 707 708 732 733 739 740 771 783 816 817 817 819 826 830 836 838 846 848 866 874 878 879 898 899 918 920 926 927 941 957 942 943 951 955 997 1006 1013 St ars. Pisces Ex. Do. Orion Do. Orion Do. Eridanus Do. Canis Major Do. Canis Major Do. Canis Major Do. 3 4 2 3 9 10 3 15 2 3 3 5 12 16 Canis Major Ex. 4 Do. 6 Argo Navis Do. Argo Navis Do. Argo Navis Do. Hydra Do. Crater Do. Corvus Do. Centaurus Do. I 3 21 29 33 34 I 3 2 3 10 26 Centaurus Do. Centaurus Do. Corona Aust. Do. Piscis Aust. Do. II 12 20 24 3 12 6 7 Latitude, Ulugh Beg. o / — 6 12 — 6 12 -16 45 -17 15 — 7 IS — 7 IS -29 54 -23 54 -34 45 -36 IS -36 15 -39 45 -46 15 -55 IS -56 SI -55 21 —42 42 -45 12 -57 49 -43 39 -63 54 -65 24 -15 9 -14 39 — 22 42 -17 42 -19 15 -18 IS 6 6 — It. -46 Latitude, Ptolemy. - S 30 - 5 30 -17 o -17 30 - 8 IS - 8 15 -29 SO -23 SO -35 o -36 30 -36 30 -40 o -46 10 -55 10 -57 o -55 30 -42 30 -45 o ■57 40P -43 30s -63 o -64 30 ■15 20 ■14 50 ■23 ■18 19 40 ■18 10 -IS: -46. 15 45? / o 30 6 I 30 3 30 9 I 30 2 30 14 10 I 30 30 5 I 30? 28? c- U. B. -f29 +26 +39 +22 - 4 - 6 + 4 - I - 2 -29 -29 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 4 -24 + 4 -fl2 - 5 -fi9 + I -13 - 9 +20 - I + 6 Notes. Ptolemy's latitude 57° 40'; Sufi 57° o'. This was probably 19° 45'. Ulugh Beg claims to have which was not visible at observed the latitude of Centaurus 26, Samarkand. The longitude was derived from Ptolemy. Latitude in Copenhagen MS. of Sufi is —46 45. It is probable that in his copy of Sufi this was 46 15 by the common error of 15 and 45. Thus the latitude was derived by difference from Centaurus 10. 21 15 28 45 30 40 20 30 16 16 45 16 IS -20 so -28 20 -30 20 -40 20 -20 20 -IS SO -15 10 ■14 40 7 30 10 4 30 30 +20 +28 -24 - 5 +46 — 22 +75 +35 CATALOGUE I. ULUGH BEG'S CATALOGUE OF STARS FOR THE EPOCH A. D. 1437.5. The first column gives the number of the star in Baily's edition; the second gives Ulugh Beg's number and the description of the star in French, taken with some amendments from Schjellerup's translation of Abd Al Rahman As Sufi; the third gives the modern name; the fourth and fifth the longitude and latitude, and the sixth the magnitudes taken from Sufi's text. An asterisk (*) is appended to those longitudes and latitudes which are prob- ably derived from Ptolemy. An asterisk is also appended to magnitudes taken from Sufi's catalogue (2 codices), not found in the text. Stars not observed by Ulugh Beg in italics. No. m Baily. Ulugh Beg. Modern name. Long. Lat. Mag. 9 10 II 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Northern Constellations. URSA MINOR. 1. L'etoile qui est a I'extremite de la queue 2. Celle qui est apres sur la queue 3. Celle qui est apres avant la racine de la queue 4. La meridionale du cote anterieur du quadnlatere 5. La boreale du meme cote 6. La meridionale des deux etoiles qui sont dans le cote posterieur 7. La boreale du meme cote EXTRA HANC FIGURAM. I. La plus meridionale en ligne droite avec les deux veaux (/3and t) URSA MAJOR. 1. L'etoile au bout du museau 2. La precedente des deux sur les yeux 3. La suivante de celles-la 4. La precedente des deux sur le front 5. La suivante de celles-la 6. L'etoile a I'extremite de I'oreille anterieure 7. La precedente des deux sur le cou 8. La suivante de celles-la 9. La plus boreale des deux sur la poitrine ID. La plus meridionale 11. L'etoile sur le genou gauche. 12. La plus boreale des deux du pied gauche 13. La plus meridionale 14. L'etoile au-dessus du genou droit 15. L'etoile au-dessous du genou droit. 16. L'etoile du dos, qui est sur le quadrilatere 17. Celle de ces etoiles qui est sur le flanc. 18. Celle de ces etoiles qui est sur la racine de la queue. . 19. La restante qui est sur la cuisse gauche de derriere.^ 20. La precedente des deux sur le pied gauche de derriere. . 2S la. . 23S.. 22 £. 16 f. 21 JJ . 7/3. 13 y ■ SA. 1 o . 2 A. 4 11^ 8p. 24 d . 14 r. 23 h . 29 u.. 25 e.. 91.. 12 K.. 18 f.. IS/.. SO a . 48^. 695.. 647. 33 ^• 20 19 22 25 o SS 17 43 22 SS 4 S 25 4 13 SS 4 o SS 14 SS 15 43 16 34 16 25 17 43 *3 18 25 3 19 43 *3 22 49 *3 28 31 *4 I 19 3 29 22 3 24 SS *3 25 43 3 25 16 3 2S 25 7 II 2S 37 23 25 22 31 II 40 +66 27 *7o o 73 45 7S 36 78 o 73 o +7S 9 +71 4S +40 IS *43 48 43 45 47 54 47 SI *Si 18 44 42 44 54 42 39 38 o 34 45 29 21 29 o *36 o 33 21 49 24 45 9 51 30 47 15 + 29 45 3 4 4 4 S-4 4 S 5 5 5 S 4-5 4 4 4-5 3 3-4 3-4 S-4 5-4 2 3-2 3-4 3-2 3-4 26 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. Catalogue I — continued. No. in Baily Ulugh Beg. Modern name. Long. Lat. Mag. 29 21. 30 22. 31 23- 32 24. 33 25- 34 26. 35 27. 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 S3 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. 7- 10. II. 12. 13- 14. 15- 16. 17- 19. 20. 21. 22. Northern Constellations — continued. URSA MAJOR — continued. L'etoile qui suit celle-ci L'etoile sur le plie gauche La plus boreale des deux sur le pied droit de derriere La plus meridionale de ces deux La premiere des trois de la queue qui est apres la racine Celle qui est au milieu de ces etoiles , La troisieme qui est a I'extremite de la queue. . EXTRA HANC FIGURAM. L'etoile au-dessous de la queue, loin de celle- ci au sud L'etoile plus obscure qui la precede La plus meridionale de celles qui sont entre les pieds de devant de I'Ours et la tete du Lion . . L'etoile plus boreale de celle-la La suivante des trois restantes et obscures Celle qui la precede L'etoile qui la precede plus loin L'etoile entre les pieds de devant et les Gemeaux. 66 23 DRACO. L'etoile sur la langue L'etoile dans la gueule L'etoile au-dessus de I'ceil L'etoile de la machoire L'etoile au-dessus de la tete La plus boreale des trois en ligne droite sur le cou dans la premiere courbure La meridionale de ces etoiles Celle du miUeu de ces etoiles La suivante de celles-la dans la region orientale du quadrilatere qui est dans la courbure suivante La meridionale du cote anterieur La boreale du cote anterieur La boreale du cote posterieur La meridionale du cote posterieur La meridionale du triangle qui se trouve dans la courbure qui suit La precedente des deux restantes du triangle . . . La suivante de ces etoiles La suivante des trois du triangle suivant qui est le triangle precedent La plus meridionale des deux restantes de ce triangle La plus boreale de ces deux restantes La suivante des deux petites etoiles qui se trouvent pres de ce triangle La precedente de ces deux etoiles La plus meridionale des trois etoiles en ligne droite apres celle-ci Celle du milieu de ces trois etoiles 34 M 52^ 54" 53 ^ 77 e. 79 f 85 'Z 12 Can. Ven. 8 Can. Ven . 40 Lyncis . . . 38 Lyncis. . . 10 Leo Min. . IX IIS VIII 245 ... . 31 Lyncis. . . 21 /i 24 1/ 23^ 32? 337 39^ 46 c ASd 470 58 IT 575 63 e 67 P 61 a- 52 u 60 T 31 1^ 44X 43 'P 27/ 28 w 18 g 19 A S o ' 4 13 7 4 20 46 5 o 7 5 o 25 "5 o 31 5 8 4 5 19 10 5 16 ss 5 10 4 4 4 I 4 2 37 4 5 40 4 5 10 3 29 31 3 19 31 7 17 31 8 2 40 8 3 I 8 18 ss 8 21 SS 9 15 10 *9 24 10 *9 20 40 10 10 40 11 27 I o ID 13 o 2S 10 *o 13 31 25 13 1 12 ss I 16 34 3 4 13 J 5 55 *2 2 31 4 II 40 4 o 25 5 28 I 5 27 31 4-28 42 35 15 26 o 24 45 54 9 56 12 +54 9 +40 15 40 39 17 33 19 42 20 18 23 45 20 IS +23 o +76 IS 78 21 75 30 80 o 75 o 82 9 *78 IS 80 33 81 24 81 45 *83 o 79 9 77 36 *8o 30 82 o *8o IS 84 12 83 24 +84 42 87 15 8645 81 57 +84 o 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 2 2 2 3 S 4 4 6 4 6 6 S 4 3-4 4-3 2-3 5 S 5 5 3-4 4 4-3 5-4 5-4 5-4 5-4 4 4 6 6 S 5 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. Catalogue I — continued. 27 No. in Baily. 88 89 Ulugh Beg. 67 24. 68 25- 69 26. 70 27. 71 28. 72 29. 73 30- 74 31- TS I. 76 2. 77 3- 78 4- 79 S- 80 6. 81 7- 82 8. 83 9- 84 10. 85 II. 86 I. 87 2. 90 3 91 4 92 5 93 6 94 7 95 8. 96 9- 97 10 98 II. 99 12. 100 13- lOI 14. 102 I"?- 16. 103 104 17. Northern Constellations — continued . DRACO — continued. La plus boreale de ces etoiles La plus boreale des deux etoiles qui suivent immediatement apres celles-la vers I'occident La plus meridionale de ces deux etoiles Celle qui suit celle-la vers I'occident dans la courbure proche de la queue La precedente des deux etoiles assez eloignees de celle-la La suivante de ces deux etoiles Celle qui suit ces deux-la pres de la queue La restante de ces deux etoiles a Textremite de la queue CEPHEUS. L'etoile sur le pied droit Celle sur le pied gauche L'etoile au-dessous de la ceinture au cote droit Celle qui touche en dessus I'epaule droite Celle qui touche en dessus le coude droit Celle qui touche en dessous le meme coude. . . . L'etoile qui est dans la poitrine Celle qui est sur le bras gauche La meridionale des trois qui sont sur la mitre . Celle de ces trois qui est au milieu La boreale de ces trois etoiles EXTRA HANC FIGURAM. La precedente de celles qui sont sur la mitre . . . La suivante de celles-la BOOTES. La precedente des trois qui sont dans la main gauche •.•••••. ; .• ■ La mitoyenne des trois, qui est la plus meri- dionale La suivante des trois Celle qui est sur le coude gauche Celle qui est sur I'epaule gauche Celle qui se trouve dans la tete Celle qui est sur I'epaule droite ^ L'etoile qui est plus boreale que celle-la, et qui se trouve sur la houlette Celle qui est plus boreale que celle-ci et au bout de la houlette ■ La plus boreale des deux sous I'epaule, et dans le verge de la houlette L'etoile qui en est la plus meridionale. . Celle qui est a I'extremite de la main droite . . . La precedente des deux du poignet La suivante de ces etoiles L'etoile qui est au bout de la poignee de la houlette Celle qui est sur la ceinture et que Ptolemee a placee dans la cuisse droite La suivante des deux situees sur la ceinture . . . Modern name. 22 f. 147;. 136. 12 t. 10 I. 11 a. SK. I X. I K. 35 7- 8^. S«- 3 V- 2d. 17 «■ 32 I. 23 «• 21 f. 22 X. 13 M- 27 S. 17*. 21 I.. 23 e. 19 X. 277. 42/3. 495. SI M Long. 2 T) Cor. Bor. I o Cor. Bor . 45 f 43'^ 46 b 41 w 36 e. 28 . 51 f 58, 52, 2 Sag?. 13 f 8 ^) ■ 58 w. 60A. 59^- 62 c. 8 7 55 8 9 19 8 9 25 8 13 I 8 17 55 8 19 28 8 18 31 8 16 31 *8 IS 55 8 19 55 8 IS 7 8 19 31 8 23 49 8 26 58 8 27 13 8 28 25 8 25 S2 9 4 9 2 9 5 9 S 7 31 19 7 43 31 8 55 9 10 49 *9 II 25 *9 II 55 9 15 13 9 19 10 9 17 7 9 12 16 9 14 40 9 I 6 31 5 31 7 46 8 43 8 25 SS 9 16 55 9 14 25 9 18 7 9 18 55 9 18 2S 9 19 7 Lat. / -IS IS 18 SI 19 IS 20 o 19 21 16 18 16 o 13 33 -13 54 -13 39 6 4S - 4 IS - 7 6 12 45 II 12 + '+ O 18 45 54 45 o IS o 3 IS 4 6 6 IS 5 24 6 o -I- I 48 - I 54 3 6 18 o o 22 18 18 36 13 18 13 21 20 39 * 5 30 * 5 30 6 9 -70 Mag. 3 4 4 3-4 3 3-4 3 3 3-4 4-S 5 5 3-4 3 3-2 3 4 3 4-3 neb 4 4 4-3 5-6 4-S 4-5 6 5-6 6 s-^ rS S-6 4-3 3 4-S 4-S 3-4 4-S 4-S S S S S Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. Catalogue I — continued. 41 No. in Baily. Ulugh Beg. Modern name. Long. Lat. Mag. 598 S99 6CX3 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 6IS 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 63 s 636 637 638 639 640 641 Zodiacal Constellations — continued . CAPRICORNUS. 1 . La boreale des trois qui sont dans la corne posterieure 2. La mitoyenne des trois 3. La meridionale des trois 4. L'etoile qui est dans la corne anterieure 5. La meridionale des trois qui sont dans le mufle. 6. La precedente des deux restantes 7. La suivante de ces deux 8. La precedente des trois qui sont au-dessous de I'oeil droit 9. La boreale des deux qui sont sur le cou 10. La meridionale des deux 11. L'etoile qui est au-dessous du genou droit 12. Celle qui est sur le genou gauche resserre 13. Celle qui est sur I'epaule gauche 14. La precedente des deux contigues qui sont au- dessous du ventre 15. La suivante de ces deux 16. La suivante des trois qui sont dans I'interieur du corps 17. L'etoile obscure des deux restantes et precedentes 18. La boreale de ces deux 19. La precedente des deux qui sont sur le dos 20. La suivante de ces deux 21. La precedente des deux qui sont sur la branche meridionale 22. La suivante de ces deux 23. La precedente des deux a la racine de la queue. 24. La suivante de ces deux 25. La precedente des quatre qui sont dans la partie boreale de la queue 26. La meridionale des trois restantes 27. La mitoyenne de ces etoiles 28. La boreale de ces etoiles, a I'extremite de la queue AQUARIUS. 1. L'etoile qui est dans la tete 2. La luisante des deux sur I'epaule droite. ....... 3. L'etoile obscure qui est au-dessous de celle-ci. . . 4. Celle qui est sur I'epaule gauche 5. Celle qui est au-dessous de la precedente, dans le dos presque sous I'aisselle 6. La suivante des trois sur la main gauche 7. La mitoyenne de ces trois 8. La precedente de ces trois 9. Celle qui est sur le bras droit :•••■•. 10. La precedente des trois dans la main droite .... 1 1 . La precedente des deux restantes et meridionales 12. La suivante de ces deux. 13. La precedente des deux contigues qui sont a la racine de la cuisse 14. La suivante de ces deux 15. L'etoile qui est sur la fesse droite. 16. La plus meridionale des deux qui sont sur la fesse gauche __ ^v 9^ Hi?'+2r).. 12 O 10 IT 11 P I (iV^+HT^) IS" 16^ 18 CO 24 A 34f 36fc 28 ^ 25 X 22 r7 n6 32 I 39 « 43 K 40 7 49 5 42 ^ SI M 48 X 46^1 25 = 28 o '' 28 o 26 4S ' + 2S O + 31 18 *+44 30 46 24 48 21 50 45 44 27 44 42 46 o +49 30 Computed for A. D. I437-S- Long. 55 20 +75 25 52 14 64 34 27 52 71 6 % ^ 68 55 356 42 71 42 357 II 73 55 16 25 65 44 25 39 62 36 5 13 59 58 6 14 61 8 8 IS +61 54 2 O 9 53 171 56 173 II 174 36 179 4 189 46 196 19 205 12 205 16 204 S3 209 II 208 42 207 22 20s 38 207 2 205 54 200 13 195 58 194 54 205 9 191 26 190 8 191 20 196 24 214 22 211 IS 211 32 214 18 216 S9 219 8 221 14 221 7 Lat. +64 II +59 31 + 58 54 58 51 60 12 54 40 49 33 54 II 49 I 53 27 57 12 46 SI 45 59 40 32 42 14 41 56 40 13 40 39 42 9 42 28 27 55 28 10 26 34 +25 14 +31 7 +44 23 46 6 48 36 SO 31 44 34 44 SO 46 8 +49 13 C.-U. B. Long. + 25 - 17 + IS + 28 + 17 + I + IS + 35 - 42 - 47 - 40 — 10 + 28 + + 32 28 9 - 9 - 6 - 4 - 30 - 21 + 94 + II - 33 - 68 + 7 - 94 - 45 - 18 + 14 - 10 - 17 + 7 + I — 12 - 25 + 22 + 38 + 31 + 22 Lat. + + + 19 24 — 20 + 4 - 9 + 19 + 9 4 I 6 — 2 - 7 + 12 + 11 + I + 9 o - 21 - 5 + 9 + 16 + I o - 3 +24 + 11 -73 +53 -52 -29 - 9 o + 25 - S + 10 - II + 13 — II - 7 -18 + IS -14 + 7 + 8 + 8 -17 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. Catalogue II — continued. 55 No. in Ulugh Beg's No. and Baily. modern name. 119 120 121 122 123 124 I2S 126 127 128 129 130 132 134 13s 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 HS 146 147 148 149 ISO 151 152 153 1 54 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 HERCULES. I. 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. 7- 8. 9- 10. II. 12. 13- 14. IS- 16. 17- 18. 19- 20. 21. 22. 23- 24. 25- 26. 27. 28. 64 a 27/3 20 7 7« 65 S 76 X . ... 86/* 103 o 94 " 92 ^ • • • 40 f 58 e S9d XVII 3 c. 67 TT 6g e 75 P- ••• 91 e. . . . 85' 74 77 X 82 y 44 'J 35 <^ 22 T II Ip 6v. . .. IX EXTRA HANC FIGURAM. I. 24 W LYRA. I 2 3 4 5- 6. 7 8 9 10 I. 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. 3 ti i (4*^+5*^) • 1(6^+7^)- 12 5* 20 )j 21 B 10 /3. 9 »^. 147- iSX- CYGNUS. 6^ 12 (p 21 rj 37 7 50 o l85 Mag. H. R. Long. 4-5 •14 •7 .1 •5 •5 •5 .410 .1 V .1 ■3 .1 3-2 4.8 4.0 2.3 1-3 30 '247 55 233 40 230 46 227 49 246 19 252 37 258 13 264 46 262 25 261 55 234 10 240 25 241 7 242 4 244 46 246 I 247 52 260 40 252 55 244 13 245 49 249 10 "230 55 225 31 216 46 214 37 211 25 210 52 234 13 278 19 280 55 281 10 284 55 293 10 293 31 i'282 25 281 55 285 7 285 13 294 25 298 10 305 16 318 28 328 46 309 7 Lat. +37 9 248 18 42 54 233 IS 39 27 231 20 37 227 51 47 45 246 54 49 15 252 3 SI 48 257 27 52 21 264 52 S3 39 261 37 52 39 261 21 53 9 233 42 S3 30 240 27 55 45 240 7 58 36 241 45 59 SI 244 12 60 15 24s 5 60 12 247 35 60 51 260 38 69 15 251 59 70 12 242 41 71 18 244 43 ' 72 249 41 60 36 230 51 63 9 225 19 65 48 216 26 63 48 213 43 64 30 210 23 +60 IS 210 16 Computed for A.D . 1437.5. Long. +35 15 *+62 o 62 30 60 45 59 48 60 48 59 30 56 21 55 15 55 24 +54 36 +49 12 50 39 * 54 30 57 SI 59 42 +64 30 Lat. 233 42 277 26 280 49 280 18 283 52 292 17 292 45 281 5 280 47 284 7 284 20 293 27 297 9 305 9 317 5 327 36 308 31 +37 22 42 46 40 4 37 17 47 47 49 22 51 18 52 16 53 42 52 46 53 8 53 19 55 58 58 32 59 37 60 II 60 2 60 46 69 20 5 16 C.-U. B. Long. 69 71 71 SO 60 22 63 13 65 S3 63 SO 64 22 +60 14 +35 14 +61 45 62 24 60 24 59 23 60 44 59 38 56 3 55 16 55 5 +54 30 +49 2 50 41 54 19 57 10 59 55 +64 28 + 23 - 25 + 34 + 2 + 35 34 + + 46 6 48 34 28 2 60 - 19 - 34 - 56 - 17 - 2 - 56 - 92 - 66 + 31 - 4 - 12 - 20 - 54 - 62 - 36 31 53 6 52 63 S3 46 80 68 60 S3 58 61 7 83 70 36 Lat. + 13 — 8 +37 + 17 + 2 + 7 -30 — 5 + 3 + 7 — I — II + 13 + 3 -14 — 4 — 10 — 5 + 5 -67 — 2 — 10 -14 + 4 + 5 + 2 — 8 — I -15 - 6 - 21 -25 - 4 + 8 -18 + I -19 - 6 — 10 + 2 — II -41 + 13 — 2 S6 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. Catalogue II — continued. No. in Ulugh Beg's No. and Baily. modern name. Mag. H. R. Long. Lat. Computed for A. D. 1437.5. Long. Lat. C.-U. B. Long. Lat. 164 i6s 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 I7S 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 19s 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 CYGNUS — continued. 9 10, II 12 13 14 IS 16, 17 13^ 10 t IK S3 « S4^ 64 f 58 c 62? 1(30+31).... 32 I (0,1+0,2+0,'). EXTRA HANC FIGURAM. I. 2. 9 10, II 12 13 I 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 65 T. 67 0-. CASSIOPEIA. i7f 18 a Hi) 27 T 375 4S e 60 t [33 e 1.30M 34 «' 8 <7 iSK II i8 7p PERSEUS. 7X--- IS 1J. . . 23 T- •• 136... 18 T. . . 18 Hev. 33 a-.- SS.r... 37 l^--- 39 a... 27 K. . . 26/3. .. 28 O) . . . 25 p. . . 22 TT. . . 72 b. . . 47 X... 48 c . . . SI M- ■ ■ 4 3 4 2 4 3 4 3 3 4.2 Group 3-8 4-3 9 I 2 I 2 9 S 3 I o IV 4V 6 312 25 311 SS 308 40 320 4 322 16 32s 43 328 31 333 34 321 28 322 7 *332 10 330 43 332 4 28 28 30 25 33 10 36 25 40 19 *47 25 SO 46 33 37 37 46 22 7 *3S 25 28 I 23 40 46 19 SI 25 *S2 31 47 4 50 37 51 40 SS 7 SS 19 *S6 43 57 SS *So 43 48 SS 48 40 47 37 *46 40 64 46 62 16 *62 10 63 34 +69 42 71 6 *74 o 49 18 o o o -52 *SS 56 42 63 27 64 24 +64 21 +50 12 +51 27 +43 4S 46 o 46 30 48 30 45 4S 46 51 47 36 44 30 44 48 49 30 SI 42 50 48 +51 o +40 37 34 31 34 o 9 6 30 o 30 33 29 21 *27 27 27 IS *26 57 *26 o 22 O 20 45 20 21 21 9 28 51 28 36 25 36 + 26 39 310 54 310 16 307 13 319 S3 321 59 325 16 328 23 333 4 320 20 322 5 328 26 330 46 332 3S 27 16 29 S9 32 19 36 9 40 S 46 57 S4 25 33 S9 32 55 37 43 22 21 34 49 27 16 23 16 46 27 5° S3 52 12 46 47 50 5 51 22 54 IS 54 47 55 55 56 58 49 SO 48 20 48 32 47 4 46 4 63 S8 61 SS 61 40 62 57 +69 38 71 29 73 SO 49 27 SI 39 43 44 54 56 56 36 63 41 64 19 +64 19 +50 32 +51 31 +44 40 46 34 47 7 48 47 46 23 47 30 48 55 43 5 43 34 45 3 49 23 52 14 SI 14 +51 7 +40 42 37 25 34 28 31 35 34 18 30 36 30 4 27 59 27 54 27 14 26 3 22 23 20 54 20 32 21 40 28 23 28 49 26 10 +26 38 - 91 - 99 - 87 - II - 17 - 27 - 8 ■ 30 - 68 - 2 -224 + 3 + 31 - 72 - 26 - 51 - 16 - 14 - 28 +219 + 22 + 42 3 14 36 45 24 + 8 - 32 - 19 - 17 - 32 - 18 - 52 - 32 - 48 - 57 - S3 - 35 - 8 - 33 - 36 - 48 - 21 - 30 - 37 - 4 +23 - 10 + 9 - 21 +44 - 4 - 6 + 14 - 5 - 2 +20 + 4 +55 +34 +37 + 17 +38 +39 +79 -85 -55 +15 - 7 +32 +26 + 7 +42 + 16 +22 + S + 18 + 3 +43 +32 +29 + 17 + 3 +23 + 9 + 11 +31 -28 + 13 +34 — I Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. Catalogue II — continued. 57 No. in Ulugh Beg's No. and Baily. modern name. Mag. H. R. Long. Lat. Computed for A. D. 1437.5. Long. Lat. C.-U. B. Long. Lat. 209 210 211 212 213 214 21S 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 22s 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 PERSEUS — continued. 20. 21. 22. 23- 24. 25. 26. 53^^- 58^. 41 V. 45 «■ 46 |. 38 o. 44f- EXTRA HANC FIGURAM. I- 52/ 2. 14 Hev. CameL . . 3- 16^' I 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 I. 2. 3- 4- S- 6. 7- 8. 9- 10. II. 12. 13- 14. 15- 16. 17- 19. 20. 21. AURIGA. 33 S 30 I 13 a 34/3 32 J/ 37^ 7« 10 ij 8f 3 '•••••••••.• 23 7 = /3 Tauri. 25 X 24 V OPHIUCHUS. 55 a.. 60 i3.. 62 7 . . 25 t..., 27 K. . . 10 X. . 1 s. .. 2 e 57 M--. 64 V . . . 69 T . . . 3S'7- ■• 4o^ . . 36 A... 42 9 . . . 44 ^^ . . . 51 c... 58 2 Sag. 52 13 f-- 2,ip... IX--- •9 •5 •9 .0 .0 •9 •9 4-9 51 4-3 9 9 2 I 2 7 2V 3 9 9 8 9 3 2.1 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 3 5 2 4 5 3 4 4 (^ 6 2 4 4 3 6 5 3 6 5 3 4 3 9 ?) 6 7 4 64 10 66 7 56 28 *S8 31 57 37 54 22 56 25 61 49 *64 43 44 28 82 22 81 55 74 43 83 52 80 28 82 43 I 34 55 10 71 71 71 69 75 " 76 40 76 25 40 13 19 7 255 13 257 10 258 49 242 25 243 238 234 25 23 s 43 256 16 262 263 250 37 253 4 252 40 253 43 254 19 254 55 256 19 242 10 241 4 240 16 +24 45 18 54 21 48 18 54 14 33 11 30 + 10 45 + 18 54 * 31 o + 20 24 + 30 o 31 o 22 42 21 30 14 48 13 33 20 40 18 9 18 9 10 12 5 15 8 30 + 10 54 +35 SI 28 9 25 36 32 33 32 o 23 48 17 15 16 24 14 45 13 15 14 36 6 I 3 2 o + 45 48 9 9 18 — o 12 + I 30 " 45 5 30 + 3 18 63 47 65 44 55 59 57 50 57 8 53 18 55 17 61 18 64 28 43 58 82 4 81 18 74 o 82 5 80 26 82 5 71 o 71 36 70 47 68 48 74 43 76 19 75 22 254 34 257 39 258 46 242 47 244 I 237 44 234 27 235 38 256 28 261 55 262 57 250 7 253 1 252 14 253 33 254 29 25s 38 258 18 257 13 256 26 241 22 240 49 240 8 +24 33 18 56 22 5 19 3 14 52 12 7 + 11 16 + 18 52 31 40 +20 54 +30 48 32 12 22 52 21 27 15 39 13 43 20 52 18 13 18 8 10 24 5 21 8 49 + 11 9 +35 56 28 I 26 12 32 35 31 55 23 38 17 19 16 30 15 17 13 45 15 20 7 15 + 27 - 3 17 46 52 - o 36 + 47 I 31 I 21 II 28 5 + 3 16 18 23 23 29 41 29 64 68 31 15 30 - 18 - 37 - 43 - 107 - 2 - 38 - I + 2 - 68 - 22 - 28 - 21 - 63 - 39 + 19 - 3 + 22 + 21 - 29 + 2 - 5 + 12 - 24 - 10 - 30 - 3 - 26 - 10 + 10 + 43 + 119 + 54 + 7 - 48 - 15 - 8 — 12 + 2 + 17 + 9 + 19 +37 +31 — 2 +40 +30 +48 +72 + 10 - 3 +51 + 10 + 12 + 4 — I + 12 + 6 + 19 + 15 + 5 - 8 + 36 + 2 - 5 - 10 + 4 + 6 +32 +30 +44 -30 + 19 - 8 + 23 -34 -24 + 17 + I - 9 -17 -14 o 58 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. Catalogue II — continued. No. in Ulugh Beg's No. and Baily. modem name. Mag. H. R. Long. Lat. Computed for A. D. 1437 -S- Long. Lat. C.-U. B. Long. Lat. 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 27s 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 OPHIUCHUS — continued. 22. 4 ^ 23. 9 w 24- SP I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10, II 12 13 14, 15 16 17 18 EXTRA HANC FIGURAM. 66 W 67 6%k 70 P 72 J- SERPENS. 21 I 38P 41 7 28 jS 35 K. . .. 44 ^r 13 S 27 X 24 a 37 f 32/* 3 V Oph . S3 " SSI 560. . . . 57 f ■ •■ 587; 639 SAGITTA. 12 7. 8f. 75. 6^. AQUILA. 63 T 60 i3 53 '^+35'^)- 37 ^' 390 41 TT 43 <^ HP 46 u H54^^+SS^=)- 61 g 56/ h (47x'+49x') 1(51^1+52/^^). 42 \^ 40 T 38 f. hi^'+e^)- I 58 w 60 A 59* 62 c CAPRICORNUS. H5a'+6a')-. 8y 9/3 Hi?'+2?).. 12 10 TT 11 P 7j='). Lac. 7909 XVIII 250 f XVIII 291 5 XVIII 205 |8 XVIII 300 a XVIII 2807 XVIII2306 XVIII 222 y XVIII 142 X Lac. 7748 XVIII 850 9 io< II PISCIS AUSTRINUS. 17/5 22 7 23 s 18 e I4M f 16 X 12 ij 10 9 9 '••■••.• K = 7 Gruis 257 21 260 I 255 51 250 21 254 51 254 41 250 31 268 7 271 34 *272 16 273 52 *275 16 276 ID 276 I 27s 34 *274 16 274 I 271 269 268 25 7 I *320 40 *324 10 324 55 324 46 315 55 322 7 318 47 315 22 311 19 *3io 25 *3io 25 —22 40 25 45 26 30 JO 20 34 10 33 20 -34 o — 22 o 21 18 *20 30 19 SI 18 18 17 18 16 12 15 15 15 12 14 39 15 o *i6 o -18 36 -21 30 23 30 23 48 17 45 21 o *i6 45 *i6 15 15 30 16 54 18 33 -23 15 268 271 273 274 29 275 43 276 12 276 17 275 46 274 12 273 44 271 2 268 38 268 41 9 38 5 319 18 323 27 324 19 323 28 314 14 321 45 317 32 314 24 310 45 309 23 309 32 — 22 29 20 27 19 44 19 IS 17 47 16 41 JS 14 14 19 14 12 14 24 15 9 16 22 -18 59 -21 20 23 37 23 37 17 14 20 2 IS 30 15 40 15 14 16 30 18 17 ■23 o + 2 + 4 + 49 + 37 + 27 + 2 + 16 + 12 - 4 - 17 - 23 - 29 + 40 - 82 - 43 - 36 - 78 - lOI - 22 - 75 - 58 - 34 - 62 - S3 -29 +51 +46 +36 +31 +37 +58 +S6 +60 + 15 - 9 — 22 -23 + 10 - 7 + 11 +31 +S8 +75 +35 + 16 +24 + 16 + 15 NOTES TO THE CATALOGUE. 1. Long. The authorities give 20° 19' and 20° 15'; the first is adopted. In B. M. 7699, 19' has been altered to 15'. 2. Lat. Copied from Ptolemy. 4. Long. The minutes adopted are from Paris 164, 366, and R. A. S. 5. Long. The minutes adopted are from Paris 172. Peters thought with much probability that the degrees should be 22° as agreeing better with Ptolemy, but all codices have 24°. There are, however, several instances of confusion between 4 and 2 in combination. Longitude 22° 55' is adopted. 10. Long. The large error is similar to Ptolemy and suggests a derivation from him. If the minutes are 13' instead of 43', which is a very common error, then the longitude was obtained by Ptolemy's difference with 21. The latitude was derived by difference from 14. 17 and 18. In his description Sufi follows the order in Ptolemy, but in the catalogue they are reversed, and in this he is followed by Ulugh Beg. The error is here corrected. 31. Long. This is 1° too large. Ptolemy's longitude is right. 41. Baily identifies as 42 Lyncis. 42. Lat. Hyde gives 25° 15' in Persian, and 29° 15' in Latin, which Baily has copied. All manuscripts without exception give 20° 15'. Sufi does not describe the position of this star. Baily identifies as 41 Lyncis. 58. Lat. The large error compares with a corresponding large error in Ptolemy and suggests a derivation from the Almagest. Pocock 226 gives 80° o'. The latitudes of the adjacent stars are both copied from Ptolemy. 63. Long. The error is very large, but the star is near the pole of the ecliptic. 84. Long. This was not observed, but was taken from Ptolemy (Sufi) by the addition of the same constant used for other stars designated by Ulugh Beg as "not observed." 86. Baily does not identify. 94. Long. The numerous cases of derivation by Ptolemy's differences suggests that the minutes should be 46' instead of 16'. 97 and 99 to 102. The identifications of these stars are involved in much doubt; those given in P. and K.'s Ptolemy are adopted. The authorities do not all agree. 97, longitude, Gravius 5, 26° 36', R. A. S. 27° 17'. 98, latitude, Paris 172, and I. O. 878, 45° 41'. 100, latitude, Savile 46, 41° 25'. loi, longitude, Pocock 226, 25° 55'. 102, longitude, Bodleian 548, 20° 28'. 131. Long. Peters suggests the longitude may have been 0° instead of 1°. AH codices agree in the latter. The Persian character for o is unlikely to be mistaken for i. 132. 14 Herculis. There appears to be some confusion in the name of this star. In P. and K.'s Ptolemy it is designated as Fl. 61 c, as Baily and Peters had it. This is erroneous; it should be described merely as "c," but the computed position and magnitude there given are quite correct for Bayer's star c. The mistake dates back to Flamsteed. He observed the small 6.5 mag. star, No. 61 in his catalogue (B. A. C. 5763, Piazzi, XVI 295), and called it c, but it is not Bayer's 5th mag. star c, which 75 76 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. Flamsteed did not observe at all. Ptolemy's and Ulugh Beg's 14th star in Hercules is Bayer's star c = B. A. C. 5788, PiazzI XVII 3 and Harvard Revised Photometry 6377. In the Uranometria Nova, Bode's Atlas, Harvard Photometry, and Ambronn, the two stars, Fl. 61 and c, are correctly discriminated. In Baily's Flamsteed, the B. A. C, the maps of the S. D. U. K., and all Greenwich catalogues, Fl. 61 is erro- neously called "c." Bradley, following Flamsteed, did not observe c. 137. Long. This appears to be 1° too large. 138. Ptolemy's deviations in both elements are quite similar. Probably the star was derived from the Almagest and not observed. B. M. 7699 had long. 4° 53' altered to 7° 53'. Baily identifies as 77 x. 139. Baily identifies as 82 y. 140. The position agrees well with 82 y; the latitude was copied from Ptolemy. Baily identifies as 88 z. 155. Baily identifies as 8 v^. 160. Long. The small error —7' does not compare with the large errors common to the longitudes of Cygnus, and suggests a derivation from Ptolemy, perhaps by difference from 168 if the minutes of the latter were 46'. Peters suggests an error of 5° for 6°, but this is quite unlikely in Persian. The latitude is copied from Ptolemy. 164. Lat. All authorities have 4-69° 42', Gravius 69° 44'. Sharpe gives wrongly 69° 52' which Baily has copied. 174. Long. There is a group of three stars Fl. 43, 45, and 46; the computed positions are: Long. Lat. Long. Lat. 43 w' 327° 54' +64° 42' C.-U.B. -256' +21 45 w^ . . . . 328 19 +64 4 -231 -17 46 w^.... 329 5 +64 II —187 —10 Ptolemy's longitude is also largely in error. Ulugh Beg's longitude was obtained from Pegasus 9, by applying Ptolemy's difference of longitude. The above identifications are from the maps of the S. D. U. K. In Harvard Revised Photometry, adopted in P. and K.'s edition of Ptolemy, Fl. 45 is w^ and 46 is w^ which is probably incorrect. The star is probably the group i (co^+w^+oj'). Ptolemy describes it as ve which Baily copies, but all authorities, without exception, have 29° 34'. 453. Long. The large error in longitude, — 1 19', is unexplained. All codices agree. There is no other star. Fide 445. 457 and 458. The descriptions of these stars are in their right order, but in all manu- scripts the positions are reversed; this is here corrected. 467. Hyde gives translation as "borealior," but the Persian in all codices is australior. 469. Long. The longitude is i" too large, likewise that of Ptolemy. Ulugh Beg prob- ably derived it from Ptolemy, and it was not observed. 475. Long. This longitude was not observed, but is derived from Ptolemy TSufi) by the addition of the same constant used for other stars designated by Ulugh Beg as "not observed." 479. 21 Leonis. This star in P. and K.'s Ptolemy could not be identified. Ulugh Beg, following Sufi, did not observe Ptolemy's star. There is some uncer- tainty as to the latitude. Hyde, Sharpe, and several manuscripts give 16° 45', as in Baily, but L O. 429, 878, and 893 give 17° 45'. Hyde underlines the 16°, implying a doubt. Ulugh Beg's star is identified as Fl. 72, as Baily has it. 483. Ulugh Beg did not observe Ptolemy's star. Sufi's description is at variance with Ptolemy's text. Baily's identification is correct. Hyde underHnes the degrees of latitude, but gives no variant. All manuscripts agree. 498. Both longitude and latitude derived from Ptolemy, thus explaining the large errors. With reference to Baily's note on the name "Min Al Auwa," this name belongs to the stars 5, 6, 7, 10, and 13 Virginis. 501. The large error of +59' in longitude compares with a similar large error in Ptolemy and suggests that the star was not observed in longitude, but derived from the Almagest. 503. Long. This longitude was not observed, but is derived from Ptolemy (Sufi) by the addition of the same constant used for other stars designated by Ulugh Beg as "not observed." 509 to 512. These four stars, 16, 17, 18, and 19 Virginis are described in Ptolemy, Sufi, and Ulugh Beg, as forming a quadrilateral. It is obvious, from their positions, that they do not form that figure. The error has been explained in P. and K.'s Ptolemy and the positions and identi- fications of 19 and 20 Virginis should be interchanged, and they have accordingly been so changed in the present catalogue. Peters noticed the bad quadrilateral, but the explanation escaped him. 512, now 513. Schjellerup identified this star as the variable R. Virginis, discovered by Schmidt, which is XHI 126 and LI. 25086, and called by Gould Y Virginis. The Harvard Revised magnitude is 5.8. Gould's esti- mate of its variability is 5.7 to 6.3 mag. 514. Lat. Peters remarks on the large error of latitude corresponding with a similar large error in Ptolemy, but Ulugh Beg's error is explained from having derived the latitude from Ptolemy's difference with 503, 10 Virginis. o 80 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. 525. Lat. Ulugh Beg's large error in latitude corresponds with a similar large error in Ptolemy. All authorities agree. The common error of 7° for 6'^ would explain it, but it was probably derived indirectly from Ptolemy, and does not represent an observation. Baily identifies as Fl. 73. 530. Lat. All authorities agree with —1° 46', but this being inconsistent with the form 3M, suggests a mistake or a derivation. 538. Lat. All authorities agree, and it is clear that Ulugh Beg observed a different star to Ptolemy. He was perhaps misled by Sufi, and observed 44 r; instead of Ptolemy's star, 43 k. 539. Peters identifies this star with the variable O*" Arg. 14782, which agrees with Ptolemy's position and description. This is open to grave doubt, as the star has not been observed brighter than Mag. 9. Sufi's descrip- tion indicates without doubt 43 k mag. 5.0, which Baily has. All codices agree in the position (except Gravius 5, longitude 18° 25'), which for 43 k gives a latitude error of +88'. The probable view is that there is a mistake in latitude in all authorities. 543 . Lat. The latitude is copied from Ptolemy. 553. Baily does not identify. 554. Long. Most codices give 6° 19', except B. M. 7699, which has 6° 49'; this has been adopted. Still better would it be if we could assume a mistake in the Persian of 6 for 7 and adopt 7° 19'. 555. Baily identifies as jn. 556. Lat. The latitude is too far north and the deviation in Ptolemy is precisely similar. 561. Lat. This is about i" too far south. Paris 366 has —16° 18'. 564. Baily does not identify. 574. Identified as | (32j'^-|-3SJ'^), described by Ptolemy as SixXoOs. Latitude copied from Ptolemy. 575. Baily identifies as 36 ?^. 581 and 582. 15 and 16 Sagittarii. The large errors in longitude of these two stars conform with the large errors in Ptolemy and suggest a derivation from the Almagest. All authorities agree, but possibly there is some mistake in the copies. 592. Baily identifies as 6. 612. Baily identifies as Fl. 35. 624, 625, and 629. The large error in latitude is explained by derivation from Ptolemy. 629, the 3rd magnitude star, 4 Aquarii Fl. 22 j8, was observed, and the latitude of the sth magnitude star 624, 27 Capricorni Fl. 48 X, was obtained from Ptolemy's difference. The longitude is also erroneous about 1°, likewise Ptolemy. As Ptolemy's difference of longitude between 624 and 625 is 1°, and Ulugh Beg's difference is 1° 3', the suggestion arises that there is a mistake in the codices and that the minutes of both stars should be the same. Baily gives 624 X Capri- corni as Fl. 49 instead of 48. 626 and 630. The latitudes of these stars in Ptolemy are +15° 45' and +6° 15', respect- ively. Ulugh Beg's latitudes, +15° 15' and +6° 45', suggest that Ptolemy's latitudes have been copied. Mistakes of 10 and 40 are so frequent that this inference is highly probable. R. A. S. gives for 630 latitude 6° 15'. This may explain the large latitude error of 630. 631. If the position is right, then Ulugh Beg (misled by Ptolemy's error of 2° in longi- tude), observed Fl. 7 Aquarii and did not observe Ptolemy's star 13 y. 638. Lat. The latitude is nearly 1° too small. Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. 8i 642. Ulugh Beg, misled by the wrong latitude in his copy of Sufi (4° o' instead of 0° 15'), observed Fl. 30 instead of Fl. 38^. Baily questions his identifica- tion of Fl. 36. 648. 23 Aquarii. Ptolemy has here another star and so on until 30 Aquarii. Baily identifies as Fl. 78. 649. 24 Aquarii. From the description, this is following No. 23. The Persian word is "ta.hi"== sequitur. All codices give the longitude 2° 4' and that of 648, 23 as 4° 31'. The longitude 2° 4' must be erroneous and is probably a mistake in all the copies of 2 for 7, of which several examples have been noted. The longitude thus corrected is adopted. It is then found to have been derived from Ptolemy's difference with 665, 40 Aquarii. The suspicion that the position is derived from Ptolemy is supported by the latitude having been copied from the Almagest. Sufi describes the star Fl. 83/1 clearly, but gives the magnitude 4-5. H. R. is 5.6. Baily identifies as 73 X. 650. Long. This is about 1° too small. As the latitude was copied from Ptolemy, it is probable that the longitude was indirectly so derived. 652 to 654. These three stars were observed in accordance with Sufi's directions. 656 and 657. As Ptolemy has 31 Aquarii south of 32, Peters suggested that the latitude should be reversed, but the latitude of 3 1 was obtained by Ptolemy's difference with 658, 33 Aquarii. 660. Sufi's description points to Fl. 108, but Ulugh Beg's position agrees better with Fl. 107. 679. Long. The minutes are not of the form 3 n + i- All codices agree. 683. Lat. In all manuscripts of Ulugh Beg and Sufi, as well as in many Greek manu- scripts of the Almagest, the latitude of 13 Pisces is given as —6° o'. This is an error in the Greek of ?• =6° o', for f ' = ^ = 0° 10'. This error appeared in the Greek Almagest translated by Sufi. It is clear that Ulugh Beg did not observe this latitude, but he copied it from Sufi. Baily remarks: "Although the manuscripts and printed copies have the latitude 6° south, yet there can be no question, from the de- scription of the position of this star, that it is erroneous and that it is very near the ecliptic." He accordingly corrects the latitude to 0° o', which was adopted by Peters; but the true explanation escaped both, and the latitude should be —0° 10'. 684. Long. This is about 1° too large, likewise in Ptolemy. It was therefore probably derived from Ptolemy and not observed. 685. Long. Nearly 1° too large. Derived from 683 by Ptolemy's difference. 686. Lat. This latitude deviates similarly to Ptolemy. 702. All codices give the longitude 20° 55', except Marsh 396, and R. A. S. 20° 15'. It was derived from Ptolemy by difference with 686. The latitude seems 1° too far north. 706. Long. This seems about 1° too small. 713 and 714. 5 and 6 Ceti. The identification of these stars in P. and K.'s Ptolemy is left undecided. Ulugh Beg's positions, though in fair harmony with Ptolemy, do not help to their identifications. All codices agree, except Marsh 396, which gives for 713 longitude 29° 16', and I. O. 431, for the latitude of the same star, -18° 9'. Baily identifies 713 as Fl. 78J', which gives errors of longitude +46' and latitude —69'; and for 714, he has 73^S which gives an error of over 3° in longitude. The probable solution is that 713, 5 Ceti is Fl. 78?', with a very large error in latitude compared with other stars in Cetus; and that 714, 82 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. 6 Ceti, is Fl. 87m Ceti, which gives errors of longitude +56' and latitude +54'. Thus 714, 6 Ceti, is the same star as 372, 13 Arietis. Peters came to no conclusion on these points. Schjellerup identifies 713 as ^^ which gives errors longitude —9', latitude +135'^ ^^^ 7^4 as/x. Baily remarks upon the description of 713 in two manuscripts as "Quae est e regione duorum oculorum," and in one manuscript "Quae est in supercilio et oculo." I. O. 429, which is written very clearly, has the words "ibru wa cheshm," meaning "supercilium et oculus," as Hyde. 715. Long. All codices give 27° 55', which gives the large error of —104'. The identi- fication of the star is correct, and Ptolemy's position is good. It is probable that there is the very common confusion in Persian of 6 and 7, and the longitude should be 26° 55', and so it is adopted in the catalogue. Thus corrected it is found to have been derived from 710 by Ptolemy's difference. 725. Baily identifies as 22^^. 726. Lat. The latitude is too far north, likewise in Ptolemy. The codices agree, except I. O. 431, and 878, which give 12° 12' (confusion of 2 and 7, see note to 649), and Marsh 396, 16° 12' (confusion of 6 and 7, see note to 715). Baily does not identify. 727. Lat. The latitude is nearly 1° too far south. Baily does not identify. 728. Baily identifies as Fl. 18. 731. The description in Hyde's translation is: "Borealis ilia in capite Gigantis; illae autem sunt tres sibi invicem propinquae ad instar punctorum literae The." Baily's note is entirely wrong. He says: "The Persian letter The is like the Greek Lambda," but it has no resemblance. The Persian letter The has over it three diacritical points in the form of a triangle, precisely like the three stars referred to, which are Fl. 37, 39, and 40 Orionis. 738. Long. This is somewhat large; Ptolemy deviates in the same way. 742. Long. B. M. 7699, and 11637 have 23° 56'. L O. 429, 13° 16'. Baily gives X^ as Fl. 57 instead of 62. 744. Long. The large error is explained from the longitude being derived by Ptolemy's difference with 736, 6 Orionis. 749. The identification of this star is correct; there is no other. The position shows the same deviation in longitude and latitude as Ptolemy. It is probably derived from Ptolemy, but the exact way has not been discovered from the codices examined, which all agree. Baily identifies as Fl. 6 g. 752. Long. Almost all codices give 4° 13'; St. John's College 151, 5" 13'. Sharpe gives 4° 31', probably a printer's error. 759. Long. This is about i" too small. All authorities agree. 775. Peters remarks that "the longitude and latitude deviate similarly to Ptolemy"; but the latitude is copied from Ptolemy. 783. Long. Ulugh Beg and Ptolemy both too large. The longitude of the former derived from Ptolemy's difference with 789. 785. The arguments for identifying this star as W. B. 2^ 788 are given in P. and K.'s Ptolemy. The question of its variability deserves attention. Baily's star a is merely an assumption. The minutes of longitude are not of the usual form. I. 0. 431 and Paris 164 have 0° 12'; Paris 366, 0° 4', all others 0° 14'. 792 and 793. Long. The deviations of these two stars quite similar to Ptolemy and suggest derivation. 798. Long. Ptolemy's longitude deviates in the same way. Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars, 83 799. 31 Eridani. This is Ptolemy's 3 2d star. 801. Long. This is too small. 810. Long. Hyde, Sharpe, Baily, Peters, and L 0. 431 have 11° 43'; all other codices 11° 40', which is adopted. 819. S Canis Majoris. The longitude of this star is largely in error, the origin of which has not been traced. All codices of Ulugh Beg agree. All codices of Ptolemy, except Sufi, are 5° in error. The identification is correct. 820. 6 Canis Majoris. The large error in longitude is unexplained. Baily identifies the star as Fl. 12 of Mag. 6.0, the longitude of which agrees better than Fl. 15 (it') which was certainly the star observed by Ptolemy, and being of Mag. 4.7 is much more conspicuous. Sufi describes the sixth star of Canis Major as a small star of the fifth magnitude, south of Sirius and of Fl. 20 (t), and about the same distance from each. This accords much better with Fl. 15 than with Fl. 12. 821. Lat. Hyde has in Persian 45° 19', which is copied by Sharpe and is a misprint. The Latin gives 41° 19', which accords with all codices. (Bod. 548 has 11° 19', error of 1 1 for 41.) The minutes are inconsistent with the rule3n. 822. Baily's identification as 6v is not correct and gives errors of —46' and +42', besides being of much smaller magnitude. 825. Long. The large error, similar to Ptolemy, is explained by the longitude being derived from 828 by Ptolemy's difference. Paris 172 has 3° 40'. 831. Long. This seems 1° too large, similar to Ptolemy. 855. Long. This is 1° too small, similar to Ptolemy. 856. Ptolemy seems to have observed a different star or group to Ulugh Beg. 864 to 867. All these stars have large errors in longitude. All codices agree in the positions given. The very large errors of 20 and 21 Argus are pre- cisely similar to those of Ptolemy. No doubt these positions were derived from Ptolemy. These errors make the identifications uncer- tain. The minutes of latitude of 866 are not of the form 3^ and lead to the suspicion of derivation from Ptolemy rather than to confusion of Persian letters. 887 and 888. The difference of longitudes is the same as in Ptolemy. 896. Lat. The large error in latitude makes it probable that it was derived from Ptolemy's difference from another star. 901. Lat. All authorities agree, but the large error in latitude can hardly be due to observation, but is most hkely derived from Ptolemy's difference from another star. Baily identifies as Fl. 28 A. 903 to 905. 13 to 15 Hydrae. Ulugh Beg gives the translation of Ptolemy's text in order, but the stars observed were: Ptolemy. Ulugh Beg. 13 = K 13 = v^ 14 = v^ 14 = v^ 15 = u^ 15 = ^> so that Ulugh Beg omits k, and Ptolemy omits X. 910. Hyde's erroneous latitude of -1° 21' is from Savile 46. 916. Baily identifies as Fl. i. 1 • r» j i^ > 917. The uncertainty of the identification of this star, commented on m P. and K. s Ptolemy, is not elucidated by Ulugh Beg's position. 1$ a Sextantis is the only conspicuous star, being two magnitudes brighter than 24 Sextantis, but it gives 2° or 3° error in longitude. Ulugh Beg's error is so similar to Ptolemy's that there can be little doubt that his position was derived from Ptolemy and not observed. 84 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. 931. Lat. The minutes 49' are not of the usual form and we should perhaps read 39', though all authorities agree. 941. Long. Baily has 11° 6', though Hyde and all codices (except St. John's College 151, 11" 46', error of 46 for 16), have li° 16'. 943. Long. Peters considered the longitude 2° 44' erroneous, as it does not conform to 3n4-i, but both longitude 2° 44' and latitude —28° 45' are derived by Ptolemy's differences with other stars. 954 and 955. The longitudes of both stars are too large; quite similarly in Ptolemy. 956. Lat. The large error is due to the latitude being copied from Ptolemy. 957. The latitude is given as —46° 6', and as Ulugh Beg declares that the latitude even of a Centauri —41° 10' was too low for his horizon, Peters inquires how he can claim to have observed 957. He did not observe the star at all, but derived both elements from Ptolemy, as shown in Tables III and V. 958 to 968. These were not observed, but the positions were reduced from Ptolemy. 961. 30 Centauri. All codices, following Sufi, omit description and position of this Ptolemy star, as Sufi could not find it. 978. Not observed, as it was too far south. 979. Ulugh Beg, as well as Sufi, could not find this star. The identification of Ptolemy's star presents much difficulty. Ulugh Beg reduced Ptolemy's longi- tudes by the addition of 19° 41'. The Arabic Almagest gives 6^ 20° o' for this star, instead of 6^ 22° o', which explains the longitude in the catalogue. Baily identifies as Lac. 1201 r. Peters remarks that Lac. 5709 is the only star near the position. 984. Baily identifies as Fl. 37. 985. Baily identifies as Fl. 5X, but Fl. 5 is x> and this star is more probably 984. 989. 2 Arae. Longitude reduced from Ptolemy. The Arabs adopted 8^ 0° 20', which plus 19° 41' gives the longitude in the catalogue. The Arab's transla- tion from the Greek was erroneous by mistaking r' = | = 2o' for r=3°. 995 to 1007. There is great discordance with Baily in the identification of the stars in Corona Australis. 1006 and ICX)7. Peters questions the correctness of the positions of these stars. All codices agree. The latitude of 1006 is derived from Ptolemy. Sufi's description of 12 Coronae Australis points to Lac. 7748, which is better than Baily's identification Lac. 7758 (1528 /c). 1012. Long. The large error suggests a mistake in copying, or a derivation from Ptolemy, but all codices agree. 1014. Long. The minutes 47', not being of the form 311+1, indicate some mistake. Peters suggested 46', and B. M. 7699 was first so written, but altered by erasure to 47'. 1018. Baily's notes on this star and on that numbered 1008 in his catalogue are confirmed by all codices, but the error was made by Sufi and not by Ulugh Beg, who copied all descriptions and magnitudes from Sufi without altera- tion. The errors in the descriptions are here corrected, and the ordinal numbers altered accordingly. Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. 85 LIST OF MANUSCRIPTS OF ULUGH BEG EXAMINED AND COLLATED. 1. Persian. British Museum Codex, Add. 7699 Zij Ulugh Beg 2. Persian. British Museum Codex, Add. 11637 " 3. Persian. British Museum Codex, Add. 16742 " 4. Persian. India Office Codex, TippuSaib 429 (Ethe 2236) . " 5. Persian. India Office Codex, TippuSaib 430 (Ethe 223 2) . Zij i Khakani 6. Persian. India Office Codex, Warren Hastings 431 (Ethe 223s) Zij Ulugh Beg 7. Persian. India Office Codex, Johnson 878 (Ethe 2233) . . 8. Persian. India Office Codex, Johnson 893 (Ethe 2234) . . 9. Persian. Bodleian Codex, Pocock 226 10. Persian. Bodleian Codex, Savile 46 11. Persian. Bodleian Codex, Gravius 5 1 2. Persian. Bodleian Codex, 548 13. Persian. Bodleian Codex, Marsh 396 14. Persian. St. John's College Oxford Codex, 151 ..... . 15. Persian. Crawford Codex, 709 16. Persian. Royal Astronomical Society Codex 17. Persian. Paris Codex, 164 (Blochet 785) 18. Persian. Paris Codex, 172 (Blochet 786) 19. Persian. Paris Codex, 336 (Blochet 787) 20. Arabic. Bodleian Codex, E. D. Clark 18 21. Arabic. Bodleian Codex, Marsh 578 22. Arabic. St. John's College Oxford Codex, 91 23. Persian. British Museum Codex, Or. 372 Zij i Shahjahani 24. Persian. British Museum Codex, Add. 14373. Zij Muhammad Shahi TREATISE ON INSTRUMENTS. 25. Persian. British Museum Codex, Add. 7702 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K P P P K K K K K K 86 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. MANUSCRIPTS COLLATED WITH THEIR DEVIATIONS IN LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE FROM BAILY. I . British Museum Codex, Add. 7699. Persian. Dated A. H. 1081 = A. D. 1670. It is written in small Neskhi. The manuscript includes a table showing times of midday and midnight for the latitude of Antioch, where it was probably written. The figures have been altered by erasure in numerous cases. Longitudes: r I, 20° is', alt.-i 219, 22° 22' f37S, ii°32'. alt.l 740, 21 40 1 from 20° 19' J 220, 2i°S4' •• from 1 1° 22' J 742,23=56' 53, 27° 40' f229, is° IS', alt.-! 401,39° 4' ;76i. 19° I9^ alt-j 77, 27° 36' I fromis°ii'; 449, 29° 34' I fromiS°i9 / f 81, 17° 10', alt.-! [248, 14° is', alt.l 540, 13° i' /763, 16° 24', alt.1 I from 16° 10' / I from 14° SS' J 553, 29° 13 ^ ^om 16° 25' / / 93, 16° 26', alt.-i 265, ii°3S' 554, 6° 49' f 765, 9° 4S'. alt.1 I from 16° 2S'/ f288, 23° 3', alt.-i r576, 4=31', alt.l I from 9° 25' / /138, 7°S3', alt-\ I from 23° 13' J I from 7° 31'/ 810, 11° 40' I from 4° 53'/ 300, 8° 4' 651, 9=24' 827,10° 4' 147, 25° 13' r3i2, 6°4o',alt.-| 653, 9=25' fgog, 20° 40', alt.1 fi8i, 10° 9', alt.-i I from 16° 40'/ 683, 12° 15' I from 20° 46'/ I from 10° 19' J f36o, 26° 4', alt.! 696, 16° 34' 914, 15° s,t,' 190,16° 9' l from 26° 13' J f 699, 16° 9', alt.l 941, 11° 16' 210, 7° 6' I from 16° 19' / 978, 25° 21' Latitudes: 37, 40° 29' fi88, si°48', alt.-i f5i2, 2° 14', alt.; 775,26° 5' 42, 20° 15' I from 50° 48' J I from 2° 54' J f782, 26° 14', alt.l f 83, 65° o', alt.T 208, 26° 39' 545, S° 26' t from 26° 9' / I from 60° o' J 239, 17° 24' 557, 19° 55' f8oo, 59° 39', alt.1 fi2o, 42° 59', alt.1 257, 26° 45' 585, 3° 40' ^ from 55° 39'/ I from 42° 54'/ 266, 42° 10' 588, 7° 5' 829, 51° 12' fi28, 53° 9', alt.1 305, 32° 54' 615, 2° 45' 842,57=54' \ from 53° 39' J 332, 26° 27' 648, 0° 8' (-851, 40° 42', alt.1 fi5o, 60° 15', alt.1 f340, 41° 44', alt.l 685, 6° 54' I from 47° 42' J I from 60° 45' J \ from 41° 49'/ (-715, 4° 25', alt.1 877,51=45' 164, 69° 42' 418, 7° 30' l from 4° 24' J 938, 27° 42' f 173, 64° 25', alt.1 419, 5° 30' 751, 14° 13' 1000, 16° 18' I from 64° 27' / f49i, 18° 12', alt.1 753, 17° 45' 1014, 16° 45' \ from 38° 32' J 2. British Museum Codex, Add. ii6^j. Persian. Saec. XVI, very carefully written; the scribe has frequently corrected erroneous figures — very few deviations from Baily. This manuscript is more correct than B. M. 16742. Longitudes : 19' /337, 13° 36', alt.1 742, 23° 56' 10 andl I from 13° 26' / 810, 1 1 40 10 J 449,29 34 941, II 16 54' 683, 6° o' 884,67=20' o 3. British Museum Codex, Add. 1674.2. Persian. Saec. XVI. Beautifully written in minute hand; mutilated at top throughout; numerous worm-holes. Longitudes: 108, 10° II' 449,29=34' 760, 15° 43' 978,25=21' 157, 15 43 514, 18 18 810, II 40 1015, IS 22 219, 22 22 683, 12 55 86s, 9 SS 306, 7 15 759," IS 941," 16 Latitudes: 42,20=15' 305,32=54' 884,67=20' 1015,16=30' 147, 30 IS 683, 6 o 973, 22 12 90,25" 7' 219, 22 22 280, 27 24 303, 9 /306, 7 I 6 Latitudes: 42, 20° is' 164, 69 42 305, 32" 558, 21 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. 87 4. India Office Codex 429 {Ethe 2236). Manuscript belonged to Tippu Saib. Persian. No date. Very clearly written, with diacritical points. 516, 26° 12' 590, 8 13 603, 27 49 634,29 19 638,3s 43 645,27 43 650, 8 18 666, 2 15 667,25 19 70s, 20 16 742, 13 16 746, 4 31 762,15 32 764,13 31 76s, 4 25 772, 3 13 479, 17° 45' 541, 8 45 55S, IS SS 5S8, 21 o 573, 3 14 589, 24 18 683, 6 o 728, 17 6 750. 12 40 793, 42 o 802.13 4S 806,35 18 807, 39 o Longitudes : I, 20° '15' IS, 19 13 31, 17 3S, 19 31 116, 6 31 136, 8 40 138, 4 4 143, 5 46 I4S, 8 25 146, 55 151, 14 15 181, 10 9 183, 20 26 196, 25 17 206, 2 36 213, 22 36 Latitudes : IS, 14° 42' 27, 17 IS 31, 26 8 34, 16 12 42, 20 15 43, 23 8 48,75 8 96, 17 15 124, 49 45 125, II 48 132, 18 36 164,69 42 173, 64 27 214, 26' '24' 219, 24 22 228, ID 9 244, 4 4 254, 2 46 2S9, 24 4 273, 14 25 275, 17 8 287, 24 12 449, 29 34 456, 15 55 461, 3 25 467, 22 24 471, 17 22 S07, 16 49 508, 9 55 199, 26» 55' 203, 20 31 223, 44 48 260, 32 31 278, 26 16 30s, 32 54 312, 24 34 345, 39 30 346, 32 32 358, 19 17 396, 2 49 433, 6 IS 453, 14 796, 24= 10' 810, II 40 811, 19 40 ;8i2, I fl 17° 43', alt ■} :om i6°43' 813, 16 48 814, IS 34 84Sr 18 24? 873, 18 37 ?, 18 32 887, 22 6 926, 3 18 941, II 16 956, 21 IS 96s, II 978,25 31 831, 58° 45' 8S2,47 22 884, 67 893, II 907, 26 923, 17 957, 46 980, 30 992, 35 994, 35 995, 24 1015,15 34 10 45 36 48 7 16 ID O O 5. India Office Codex 431 {Ethe 2235). Manuscript belonged to Warren Hastings. Persian. No date. Very small but neat and careful writing. Many instances of con- fusion between 10 and 40 in combination. Longitudes: 15, 19° 13' 484, 7° 4' 634, 29" 19' 850, 24° 24' 21,25 13 f504, 17 46 1 666, 2 IS 852,25 55 123, 6 29 {vanant m mar. 708,22 43 86s, 9 55 197,21 19 I 16 8 i 757,17 10 936,24 13 219, 22 22 529,13 58 772, 3 13 941, II 16 243, 2 37 590, 8 13 795,21 13 958, 23 I 404, 13 603,24 49 810, II 40 978,25 31 449,29 34 628, 24 24 813, 17 48 Latitudes: 5,75° 0' 81. 65° 15' 336, 30° IS' 713,18° 9' ID, 13 18 143,65 18 451, 21 726, 12 12 II. 13 45 164,69 42 463.11 13 736,41 15 14,11 18 253, I IS 501, 3 16 812,46 II 41,23 IS 261,37 IS 505,11 8 42,20 IS 305,32 54 683, 6 88 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. 6. India Office Codex 878 {Ethe 2233). Persian. Dated end of Dhu-alhijjah A. H 1072 = A. D. 1662. F; iirly written, but many errors due to filling in the columns ver- tically, and thus figures are misplaced. Longitudes: I, 20° IS' 326, 10° 18' 603, 24' 49' 921, 27° 37' 8, IS 358, 6 10 634,29 19 923,27 IS 54, 10 43 377, 8 S4 666, 2 IS 941,11 16 13s, 7 12 389, 29 13 708,22 43 942,11 36 188, 28 417, 17 13 744, 16 16 978,2s 41 190, 16 9 447,27 29 764, 13 31 982, 18 I 219, 22 22 449,29 34 772, 3 13 983,18 19 272, 28 7 453,23 27 795,21 13 985, 24 I 275, 16 456,1s 55 810, 1 1 40 991,14 Si 280,27 25 469,16 3S 894, 4 35 995, 27 8 281, 26 40 471,17 22 895, 5 55 1014, 28 47 282,27 34 485,13 19 916, 2 17 1017, 10 35 293, 23 7 535,22 42 920, 19 s Latitudes: 42, 20° IS' 171, s6° 12' 555, 15° 55' 948, 24° 14' 51,82 33 173,64 27 558, 21 953,32 42 57,82 30 243, 16 4S 683, 6 954,40 42 59,80 ss 305,32 54 724, 16 12 971,21 48 62, 85 42 307, 30 12 726, 12 12 972,21 48 84,61 4S 344,29 36 812,46 II 984, 20 21 99,45 41 345,39 30 837, 56 48 1013, 17 4S 112,46 27 436, 3 22 867, S2 30 1018, 23 3 s 148, 60 476, 12 6 927,18 SS 167,49 S8 479, 17 45 943, 18 4S 7. India Office Codex 893 {Ethe 2234). Persian. No date. Irregular writing. Much worm-eaten. Longitudes: I, 20° IS' 456, 15" 55' 666, 2° IS' 810, 11° 40' 48,21 IS 461, 3 2S 721, 14 7 907, I 10 III, 4 30 471, 17 22 757,17 10 941, II 16 219, 22 22 603,27 49 764,13 31 978,2s 21 449,29 34 634,29 19 795,21 13 Latitudes : 42, 20° is' 278, 26° s6' 479, 17° 45' 913, 31° 45' 135,69 IS 305,32 54 555,15 55 919,49 45 136,60 SI 337,32 32 558. 21 923,17 48 164,69 42 345,39 30 683, 6 199,26 ss 414, 6 34 806, 3S 18 8. Bodleian Codex, Pocock 226. Persian. Saec. XVI or XVIL Neatly written, with diacritical points. One of the manuscripts ; collated by Hyde for his edition, 1665. Longitudes: 37,10° 7' 390, I°22' 656, i°SS' 874, 16° 22' 48,21 is 418, 19 36 695, 20 16 880, 9 13 loi, 2S SS 449,29 34 705, 20 16 938,18 25 219, 22 22 450, 13 716, 22 30 941,11 16 250, 7 10 487,26 s,s, 799, 20 I 978,2s 21 273, 2 2S 514, 18 18 801, 24 378,17 10 589, 6 46 810, II 40 Latitudes: 28, 29° is' 164, 69° 42' 347, 27° 26' 806, 36° 38' 42,20 IS 179,46 32 403, 6 38 996,21 38 58, 80 184,44 34 683, 6 1000, 17 38 59,82 IS 277,20 38 720, 24 30 1013, 16 15 109, 25 s 305,32 54 728, 7 6 1018, 28 15 124,49 SS 336,32 45 745,20 19 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. 89 9. Bodleian Codex, Savile 46. Persian. No date. Well written. From the small number of difFerences with Baily, it is clear that Hyde based his edition more upon this codex than on Pocock 226 or St. John's College 151. Longitudes: 191, 25° 21' 434, zi-'ss' 449, 29° 34' 865, 9°ss' 219, 2 22 444, 15 43 524, 17 9 984, 25 55 350, I 41 Latitudes: ". i3"4S' 164, 69° 42' 664, 16° 17' 910, I" 21' 42,20 IS 305,32 54 683, 6 o 938,27 42 100,41 25 418, 7 30 884,67 20 952,34 ss 141, 60 16 419, 5 30 10. Bodleian Codex, Gravius 5. Persian. No date. Saec. XV or XVL Fairly but carelessly written. Much possible confusion between 40 and 10 in combination. The only difference in most cases is that the Mim = 40 is written as an even stroke, and the Ya = 10 as a pointed stroke. The manuscript has several marginal notes in pencil in the handwriting of John Greaves. Longitudes: 6, 25" 13' 276,13=22' 532, 16° 49' 865, 9°ss' 37, 20 4 351, I 23 556, 9 9 875, 18 15 42,24 31 388,28 56 570,23 25 892,10 25 97, 26 36 394, 915 655, IS 34 916, 2 s6 153, 23 39 396, 16 I 696, 16 34 926, 3 18 154,14 25 428, 8 I 719,27 43 941, II 16 219, 22 22 449, 29 34 826, 13 59 969, 16 7 Latitudes: I, 66° 26' S3, 81° is' 305,32°S4' 606, 3=26' 3,73 IS 64,85 45 337,32 36 683, 6 o II, 43 15 164, 69 42 487, 17 30 782, 26 19 12,44 54 177,43 IS 536, 8 14 787,30 39 40, 20 48 196, 29 30 537, 03s 957, 46 7 42, 20 15 237, 28 48 599, 6 26 11. Bodleian Codex ^48. Persian. No date. Fairly well written in rather small characters. The Dal = 4 has a peculiar form which might sometimes be mistaken for 17 or 13. The scribe has been careless; many errors of repetition. Longitudes i I 35, 19' '20' 71, 26 25 84, 2 I 96, 25 7 102, 20 28 200, 26 43 219, 22 22 Latitudes: 9,40° 45' 42, 20 IS 47, 80 30 70, 71 22 109, 25 5 III, 44 32 121, 29 27 146, 6s IS 189, SI 40 218, 20 29 308, 8' '26' 327, 29 55 449, 29 34 450, 13 484, 4 4 /S32, land II I9,\ 49/ II 232, 35" 55' 277, 20 38 300, 28 IS 305, 32 H 347. 27 26 359, 10 12 365, 2 45 392, 2 H 452, 10 55 482, I 55 530, 13° 36' 569, 27 20 621, 18 28 634, 29 S9 660, 12 35 722, 14 36 743, 16 IS 533, 2° 1/ 564, 4 39 591, 13 38 683, 6 694, 4 9 696, 20 IS 703, 14 704, 2 728, 16 29 810, 11° 40' 865, 9 55 871, 23 19 880, 19 43 887, 22 20 941, II 16 996, I 14 743, 9" '24' 810, 46 12 821, II 19 833, 22 45 851, 47 12 916, 22 9 920, 12 42 983, 15 IS 00s, 16 90 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. 12. Bodleian Codex, Marsh 396. Persian. No date. Saec. XVI or XVII. Neatly- written, but with great carelessness. Diacritical points almost entirely omitted, thus no distinction between 50 and 10 in combination. Columns have been filled in vertically and several positions misplaced. Collation not extended beyond Cetus, as there was nothing to be gained. Longitudes: 7, 13° IS' 207, 2° 11' 350, i-'si' 565,17" 7' 9,14 IS 219, 22 22 443,17 18 600, 26 18 14, 18 20 227,11 35 449,29 34 638,20 43 93.25 46 308, 8 26 457, 2 19 676,15 56 178, 20 25 3iS,2i 27 479, 12 40 713,29 16 190, 17 19 327,29 IS 506, I 59 Latitudes: 5,7S° 0' 96, 56° IS' 367, 1° 9' 632,10° 9' 12,47 14 164,69 42 368, 2 32 645, 7 9 13,47 " 279, 9 IS 391, 5 55 683, 6 38,16 33 280, 9 9 436, 8 24 723,16 55 49. 80 9 290, 28 9 451, 21 726, 16 12 59,82 IS 305,32 54 486, 17 821, II 19 81, 6s IS 351,26 36 619, 7 917,10 17 13. St. John's College, Oxford, Codex iji. Persian. Described in Coxe's catalogue as a "compendium by AH bin Muhammad." This is AH bin Muhammad Kushji, one of Ulugh Beg's astronomers. It seems to have been recently quite unknown that this codex was an imperfect copy of "Zij Ulugh Beg." Belonged to Archbishop Laud. No date. Well and carefully written in Neskhi Arabic characters. This is undoubtedly the St. John's College manuscript collated by Hyde. Many of the variants are not found in any other codex. See description of St. John's College Codex 91. 810, 11° 40' 845, 18 24 865, 9 5S 908, 12 27 941,11 46 943, 2 42 945, 4 15 947, 12 24 991,11 21 773,26^48' 821, 41 19 870,60 55 881, 69 4S 884, 60 20 996, 21 48 1004, 19 39 14. Paris Codex 164 (Blochet 785). Persian. Saec. XVI. Neatly written. Colla- tion imperfect. Longitudes : 4, 17" 43' 449, 29° 34' 785, 0°I2' 941, II" 16' 219, 22 22 Longitudes: 26, 3° 25' 219, 22° 23' 449, 29° 34' 67,24 31 231,17 25 4561 have the po- 457[sitionsof46o, 458)461,462 75,24 IS 251, I 25 154,11 25 304, 10 52 158,24 IS 316,15 15 530, 13 6 165,11 15 331, 6 31 550, 2 56 185, 7 47 369,15 31 594, 18 4 190, 16 9 379,15 19 643, I 15 214,24 36 422,15 55 752, 5 13 Latitudes: 42, 20° is' 305, 32° 54' 667, 21" 34' 89,58 II 336,35 45 676, 6 90,60 37 341,43 25 683, 6 154,57 21 438, 10 2 700,11 ss 164,69 42 486, 14 5 709, 18 4 187, II 42 518, 45 725,15 16 239,17 24 591, 13 8 732,17 45 277,20 48 636, 8 8 Latitudes: 42, 20° 15' 305, 32° 54' Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. 91 15. Paris Codex 172 {Blochet 786), Persian. Saec. XVI. Beautifully written manuscript. Figures entered carelessly. Collation imperfect. Longitudes: 4, 17° 13' 104, 16° 56' 2S5, I" 14' 941, 11° 16' 5, 24 S5 219, 22 22 825, 3 40 Latitudes: 42, 20° is' 99,45° 41' 16. Paris Codex 366 {Blochet 787). Persian. Saec. XVII. Collation imperfect. Longitudes: 4, 17" 43' 298, 10° 49' 556, 9° 9' 941, II" 16' 134, 6 40 330, 1 1 24 78s, o 4 996, I 24 219,22 22 449)29 34 810,11 40 Latitudes: 42, 20° is' 138,70° 2' 164, 69° 42' 683, 6° o' 17. Crawford Codex 7og. Longitudes : 7, 13° IS' 13,18 43 58, 12 S2 68, 6 IS 75,24 IS 83,2s SS 91, 18 S4 93, IS 25 94, 24 16 123, o 19 I2S, 18 33 136, 9 40 137,12 IS Latitudes: 18, 42° 31' 23, 33 o 32,2s 4S 33, S4 2 42,20 IS 75,75 IS 77,71 SS 91, S4 IS 131, SS IS 139,71 48 164, 69 42 170, SS 43 Persian. Saec. XVII. Indifferently written. 198, 46° 43' 206, 2 36 219. 22 22 237, 16 13 248, 14 S9 273. 12 25 288.23 33 301, 8 49 303, 9 19 328,28 43 337.13 26 344.23 33 366, 10 21 181, 45° IS' 195.30 43 258,2s 4S 272, 13 52 275, 10 37 279,39 45 281, 18 4S 300,28 IS 304.31 IS 305.32 54 318.24 SS 336,30 IS 368, 23° 2S' 407, 22 46 449,29 34 476, 10 9 488, 6 13 500, 2 S3 523. 16 S 532. 17 19 535,22 16 600, 27 10 695, 20 26 716, 22 27 342, 17° 38' 344, 26 36 451, o 21 457, 6 o 532, 4 9 580, 6 SS 618, s 14 683, 6 o 708, 16 12 721, 21 o 723,16 55 807,39 10 729, 23° is' 745, 13 13 810, II 40 831, 10 7 843, 10 24 863, 6 o 865, 9 IS 871, 28 49 941, II 16 973,22 3S 978,2s 21 846, 42° 12' 847,13 33 875,43 55 884, 60 20 894, 15 9 911,31 12 926, 19 58 954,40 42 959,40 IS 966, SI 10 967,49 20 1014, 16 4S 18, Royal Astronomical Society Codex. Persian. Dated A. H. 1255 = A. D. 1839. The preface is well written in Neskhi characters, but the tables are very badly written, probably by a Parsee at Bombay. Preface and tables complete. Longitudes : 4, 17" 43' 9,14 15 54,10 33 77,27 17 87, 9 4 91, 28 IS 97,27 17 114, 3 28 147,25 13 219, 22 22 220, 21 25 328,28 33 330, II 22 372, 4 15 377, 8 IS 382.19 IS 385,23 24 417,17 13 419.20 33 432, 6 18 449,29 34 473,28 27 499.27 13 5". 18 IS 534,13 56 552.28 S3 559, 17° 15' 577, 8 IS 593, 18 25 611, 9 56 616, I 618, 2 34 632, 5 25 650, 8 18 681, 6 15 702, 20 15 708, 25 13 756, 14 37 757, 2S 25 759, II IS 801, o 24 810, II 40 848,18 13 850,2s 22 854,27 39 865, 9 55 914, 18 IS 940, 8 32 941, II 16 956,21 IS 987, 16 18 92 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. )ES: 7, 75° 41' 203, 21° 20' 392, 2° 52' 683, 6" 0' 22, 37 211, 21 18 471, 3 58 684, I 39 42,20 15 232,34 SI 513, I 9 719, 18 51 71, 60 21 252, 3 48 575, 12 728, 16 90, 60 23 271, 14 IS 577, 3 748, 8 54 93,54 24 303,36 51 578, 3 6 815,36 30 109, 25 5 305,32 54 640, I 55 833,22 45 112,46 34 323,27 IS 664, 16 17 886,60 15 164,69 42 325, 14 25 671, 10 54 949,34 48 194,31 347,27 16 682, I 52 973,25 52 195,29 33 361, 7 II 19. India Office Codex 430 {Ethe 2232.) Persian. This is stated in the catalogue to be "the first or original edition of the chronological and astronomical tables of Ulugh Beg, compiled under his superintendence by Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid. They are fre- quently styled Zij Ulugh Beg. They were completed as early as A. H. 816 = A. D. 141 3-14. Dated A. H. 905 = A. D. 1499-1500." As Ulugh Beg was born in A. D. 1394, it is highly improbable he should have completed his tables when only 20 years of age. Investigation shows that the above statement is entirely erroneous. The work is a copy of the Zij i Khakani, which is a discourse or commentary on the Zij i Ilkhani, which are the Ilkhanic tables composed by Nassir Eddin Al Tusi, A. D. 1269. 20. Bodleian Codex, E. D. Clark 18. Arabic. No date. Saec. XVI. This is an Arabic version of Ulugh Beg's preface and tables, which was made from the Persian by Yahya bin Ali al-Zamai. He says he was persuaded to do it by Shams ed-din bin Abulfath As-Sufi, who lived about A. D. 1450, about the time of Ulugh Beg's death. Apparently it contains all the preface to the end of chapter 2 of part IV, and most of the tables, but not the catalogue of stars. 21. Bodleian Codex, Marsh §78. Arabic. No date. This is a fragment of the above Arabic version, but much more modern in date. 22. St. John's College, Oxford, Codex gi. Arabic, well written. On the first page is written "Astronomia Ulug Beigi in linguam Arabicam conversa, transcripta fuit pars prima codices nostri anno Hejirae 939, i. e. A. D. circ. 1532." Belonged to Archbishop Laud, 1640. Contains several pencil notes from Alfergani in the handwriting of John Greaves. On the second page is written "Procured this, by good chance, of Mr. Stubs, from the relict of Dr. Greaves to complete the manuscript of Olog Beg in Arabic in St. John's College Library in Oxford, Nov. 2, 1682, E. Bernard." There appears to be no Arabic manuscript of Ulugh Beg at St. John's College. It is probable that Dr. Edward Bernard referred to St. John's College Codex 151, which, though in the Persian language, was evidently written by an Arab in the usual Arabic character, and thus might be mis- taken for an Arabic manuscript. 23. British Museum Codex, Or. 372. Persian. Saec. XVII. Written in fair Nastalik. Several errors of confusion between 10, 30, 40, and 50, and between 4 and 7, in combination. The astronomical Tables of Shahjahan by Farid Ibrahim Dihlavi, Court Astronomer. Entitled Zij i Shahjahani. Belonged to the kings of Oude. On ascending the throne the Mogul Shahjahan ordered new astronomical tables to be prepared; as there was not time for fresh observations, the work was based upon Ulugh Beg. The tables contain a catalogue of stars which is simply that of Ulugh Beg with the longitudes increased by 2° 30'; with Ulugh Beg's value of 51 ''4 for the annual precession, this makes the epoch of the catalogue A. H. 1021 = A. D. 161 2, agreeing with a statement in the preface to the catalogue. (The British Museum catalogue of Persian manuscripts gives the epoch erroneously as A. H. 1041.) Stars are numbered from i to 1018, and the magnitudes of both Ptolemy and Ulugh Beg are given. Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. 93 Longitude s (reduced): S> 23° 45' 9i, IS 35 95. 26 6 100, 27 6 103, 2S 58 ii6. 9 6 121, 21 6 133, S . 6 147, omitted 173, 21 57 183, 21 6 186, 22 190 to 2] tS, omitted Latitudes: 4 .74' '36' 12. .47 14 I4i .51 58 42 , 20 IS 59 , 80 55 71 ,60 21 89,58 II 120, . 12 54 125. , II 48 137. .69 5S H3 ,66 48 144; , 64 48 147. .30 15 219 to 226, omitted 227, 11° 15' 234. 18 39 253, I 46 290. 19 24 292 to 298, omitted 301, 89 331, 7 19 340,27 31 347, 6 30 390, o 44 397,27 34 400, 26 9 153, 19° 30' 154, 16 21 176, II 27 209,25 45 242, 14 16 276, 10 21 285, 26 15 292 to 308, omitted 319, 24 45 327, o 48 332,36 25 336,32 15 362, 30 9 413, 15 6 423, 12° 45' 425, 10 48 449, 29 34 457, 3 9 463,19 45 469, 9 55 509, 15 36 510, 16 49 S16, 29 52 524,37 19! 535, 23 6 608, 28 45 705, 21 26 713, o°i6' 751, I 810, II 865, 9 883, II 908, 12 47 941, II 16 978, 25 21 980, omitted 1014, 19 7 43 40 55 I 371, 1° 29' 377, 10 16 395, 3 4 474, 4 480, 9 29 558, 21 562, 33 33 563, 13 57 564, 33 39 592, 33 21 668, 16 37 683, 6 831, 13 45 839, 892, 893, 900, 901, 906, 909, 944, 982, 998, lOIO, 1014, lois, 17 IS 12 9 II 55 17 42 21 12 22 45 29 39 29 27 4 18 19 21 20 30 16 I IS 36 24. British Museum Codex, Add. 14373. Persian. Saec. XVIIL Beautifully writ- ten manuscript with care and attention to diacritical points. Several errors of confusion between 10, 30, 40, and 50, and between 6 and 7, in combination. The astronomical tables of Rajah Jai Singh Sawa i, entitled Zij Muhammad Shahi. In his preface the author states that finding the tables of Ulugh Beg, Nassir Eddin, and the Zij i ShahjahanI incorrect, the Mogul Muhammad Shah commanded him to construct improved instruments for an observatory. Those first made were such as had been erected by Ulugh Beg at Samarkand, which were of brass, but these not being sufficiently accurate, instruments were made in stone of such large dimensions that one minute of arc on the circle measured "a barley corn and a half" (half an inch). Jai Singh claims to have made daily observations of the positions of stars, and to have corrected the differences that existed between the computed and observed places; but the catalogue of stars he gives does not contain a single original ob- servation. It is simply the catalogue of Ulugh Beg with the longitudes increased by 4° 8'; with Ulugh Beg's precession this makes the epoch A. H. 1140 = A. D. 1727. The preface to the catalogue gives the epoch A. H. 11 38. The form of the catalogue is based upon the Zij i Shahjahani (No. 23). The stars are numbered i to 1018, and the magnitudes of both Ptolemy and Ulugh Beg are given. Longitudes (reduced): I, 20° 15' 28, 1 1 10 53,26 31 84, 6 55 III, 4 30 118, 10 31 128,20 55 219, 22 22 257, 22° 36' 666, 2° 15' 890, 18° 41' 275, 17 772, 3 13 907, 15 I 449,29 34 779, 12 31 908, 12 47 471,17 22 810, 1 1 40 941, II 16 590, 8 13 865, 9 55 978,25 21 603,27 49 872, 18 44 997, 3 16 618 to 625, omitted 883,11 I 634,29 19 889, 6 50 94 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. 758, 25° 26' 785,25 12 806, 35 18 829,51 52 835,18 45 889, 75 o 890,71 45 906, 24 10 923,17 48 25. British Museum Codex Add. 7702. Persian. Written at Ispahan A. H. 1112 = A. D. 1700, by Abd ul Mun im 'Amili. A treatise on the instruments used for astronomical observations, especially in the observatories of Alexandria, Maraghah, and Samarkand, with many drawings and diagrams. Latitudes : 42, 20° is' 272, 13^ 15' 464, 9° 45' 59,80 55 278,26 56 S14, 8 44 148, 60 305,32 54 555,15 55 150, 60 15 325,15 IS 558, 21 164,69 42 337,32 31 622, 55 173,64 27 363, 5 16 627, ID 19 180,43 30 387,12 35 683, 6 181, 45 44 4", I 35 690, 12 12 223, 14 18 414, 6 34 733,17 45 APPENDIX. PERSIAN AND ARABIC VOCABULARY FOR ULUGH EEC'S STAR CATALOGUE. PREPARED BY C. H. F. PETERS, REVISED AND AMENDED BY E. B. KNOBEL. The transliteration adopted from the Persian Dictionary of Steingass, 1892. NORTHERN CONSTELLATIONS. 1. Ursa Minor. JiAsi 00 diibb asghar. The Little Bear. (3'o dabb, to walk slowly, crawl, creep), jilo any animal that crawls slowly. I. cJLoo P- dumbdl, the tail ; (Arabic ,_x>j zanab). 3. ^^ p. bun^ the root (Arabic (Jw«\ asl, sometimes used by Ulugh Beg). 3. <_;i.Aj[ P. pesk, before ; ,jiMO, ^o der pesk, before. Used as adjective Cygnus 12, and Gemini 14. 4. exyiyi-> P- peshtn (adj.), the anterior, preceding. Canis Major 9. ^J>li»yo P. peshdni (subst.), the preceding, anterior, preceding side. 6. ij^AAAO P. pasm (adj.), the following. i_,«j>. ^t> der pas. Gemini, Ex. 7, (_,jj^, y, ber pas, Cygnus 2, after, behind. 7. xUi, p. zW (Arabic 2«/'), the rib, side (of a triangle). 4. xij^ ^':^^ ^' azld-y-murabba\ the sides of a quadrilateral. I Ex. ^l.jix*«l A. istiqdm, to rise and be upright, straight, correct. ^ a. ^a»«, to rise and stand upright, stand. I Ex. ev«\jU«*»! ji P- ber istiqamat, in a straight line. 3. ^ A. ^aV, after that, then, afterwards. ^ (5«'«^ and ^^ij <5«'fl^ (subst.), distance, interval, o^^ki bald, distant, far. J.i; <$«'««'« (verb), to remove to a distance, be far from. 2. Ursa Major. ^ 60 dzM akbar. The Great Bear. !. «*, P. -y^^, head, end, point. \, ^^ p. dim, the nose. Lupus 16. '2! ^ji^ p. ^^«J/^w, the eye. (Arabic ^jjh tarf, and e> a. taraf, side, part, end, extremity. ^^^ ic'^'^fy ** the side, towards, at the end of. 6- kJ^S 'f- gosh^ the ear. Serpens 3, Lepus i. 1- \joS 'f' gardan, the neck, throat. Draco 6, Cygnus 3, Serpens 4. 9. iXfyM P. Jf««, the breast, bosom. Cygnus 4. {^hxahic 1^^,^ ku'd, ^0j^ sadr, chest, thorax.) II' 9^ A. rukdaty the knee. »iK p. ^•aww. Pegasus 19. 12. ^j^ A. qadam^ioot. (^U p. /ay, also ^^^a?. ^, .0 rt'i?^ /««, on the foot of, i.e. following upon. Vide Ophiuchus 23. 16. e>- P- '^^^A *h^ ^^^"^ (^^^^ °'^ hand). 23. o'.'vj^ir P- ^«^'', the right (side). Arabic (j^\ ayman. Pegasus 18 ; e>Ji^L> bdld'ln (adj.), upper, above. ^\J)t) bala (subst.), the height, altitude, as adv. over. 1 5. c^^yi P- •^^^^j the descent ; adv. below ; t^j^ ^j der skid, beneath, Orion 4. 16. JXci- A. skakl, the figure, form. 19- *5C«i. P. shikam^ the belly (Arabic ^Jai bain). Capricornus 14. Pisces 32. jXil ji Leo 16. 19. ^ji p. «^rw, soft. j>/«^ nermek, 'idem '. 1 8. i^.O\i A. nazdtk, and t>y> ««^f^, near, at the side. 19. (j*^ •'^' (i5^f, those remaining, ' reliqua *. 19. o-ssi A. fakhiSy the loin or the thigh. 19. j^Y^ •*■ 1^'i^'^khar.f the hinder part of anything, following, posterior^ retarded, the rear. 22. o^V^ A. mdbiz, the back part of the knee, the hough, joint of the hind leg of animals. Perseus 18, 19, Andromeda 18, Aries 12, Gem. 13, Leo 24, Aquarius 1 9. (Ptolemy, aymXtj^ I Ex. o,% p. ztr and ^\ .0 der sir, more rarely j,% jt ber ztr, under, bdow. I Ex. ..o P' dilry distant, separated, far off. 1 Ex. yM P- saui the side i^y^ ^o der silly also {^y^ '\ az siil, towards or to the side of. 2 Ex. <^j^ P' tdrtk, dark, obscure. 3 Ex. (xvjl^ A. mabain, between, space between two bodies. 3 Ex. t/W» P- iniyafiy middle, and adv. between. e>^iL« ^/U/v miyan mabaitiy in the middle, between. Lyra 4. 5 Ex. "ij^ A. khafly concealed, occult, semi-obscure. Persian and Arabic Vocabulary. 97 3. Draco. txvX^ tinnin. The Dragon. !• Vifln P« zabaii, 2u6an, the tongue. 2. t/lAt5 P- dahdn, dihan ; also (jjfco dahati, the mouth. 4. <^9^ ^' '^^^'^^'' ^Muzi'^ the place, situation (Persian (^U^. /x»i P' V"^^^» ^^> ^^^> o"* 't f^^^s ; from ^^t>U*l u/iddan, to fall. 1 7- ^b> a. /fl3«', follower, successor. ^aJjU jubi <>^1 ?(/7^af tabi' y musallas, falls a follower of the triangle ; i. e. follows after the triangle. 20. Oys^ P. kkurdy small, minute. 28. ^\^ A. tamam, timdnt^ entire, complete, perfect, full. 28. evX^ttlo P. ddshten, to have, hold, bring (root .lo fl'«r, whence o*lt>> Draco 28 ; Hyde gives * habet '), 4. Cepheus. (jlaj«\jLv» qlfeus. Cepheus. 3. ^ p. kamar, the middle of anything, girdle, zone. 3. \^ p. paklu^ the side, flank, breast. 4- f^<^ A. mumdssy touching, contact (root ,^^\^ mas, to touch). Eridanus 18. 4. (.^JCu a. mankiby the shoulder, ' humerus '. Also (JuT a. -^a/i/", the shoulder blade. 5. ^Jiyo A. mirfaq, the elbow. 8. .^L> P. <5^^^, the arm, or the upper part of the arm. 9- 9^ P- kuldh, turban, helmet, any head gear (root jjr kalla, the head). 5. Bootes. Lc "«w«. The Howler. I- v>*x,t> P- fl^<«-f^, the hand. 8. JJU A. mdil, inclining to, inclined, curved. 8. \jas. A. 'asd, staff, rod. Orion 11. 8. ol^j A. zdt, possessor, provided with, having. 8- cJ^ A. i«/«($, a bent or hooked iron, a pot-hook. 8. v:^ A. kullab ; also ^^ i^//«^ (plur. ^)^ keldlU), hook, harpoon, spear. 9^ Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. 8. <_^^ -A. kildb, a plural of (_>)($' kelb, dog, hook. The above not to be confounded with Persian ^^ kildd, a reel or windle ; and lJ^ guldb, rosewater. 9- j^o^ A. mazkilr, mentioned, aforesaid (from Jj zikr, to mention, commemorate). 9- ^Jkl^ A. mushlarak^ common, in common with (from ^j^ shirk, to share, partici- pate). Auriga 1 1 ; Orion 35 ; Crater i ; Corvus i and 7. 13- *jajt^ A. mi'sam, plur. |»^\jm) mdasim^ the wrist, lower part of the arm. 13. ^^ySLi, A. ydnl, that is, that is to say, 'id est' (root ^_^ \ma^ he meant). 13- esVis- P. jay, the place ; ^j;!.-^ ji ber jay, in the place. Arabic ^yo mauzd). 13-1.^.^0,5 P. waranjan, a ring of gold or silver worn on the wrist or ankle; e^'^O ,j.sO,« dast waranjan, a hand-ring or bracelet (wrist) ; ^sO^ <_5\-a pai baranjan, a foot-ring or anklet. Arabic ^a^ ma'sam, the wrist, the bracelet place. Schjellerup, ' poignet '. Hyde translates ^.^sO^^ o^o ' in loco pericarpii '. 15. i^^oaJU a. maqbaz-, handle, haft, hilt of a sword. Orion 29. 1 6. iJjS P. guftat ; from ^^^y^ guftan, to say, speak, tell. Centaurus 30. 16. J\'\ A. izar, a long wrapper, veil, ^^yo mizar, 'idem'. (Ptolemy, irepli^cafia.) Andromeda 12 ; Virgo 15. 19. siA*iU P. pds/itna, the heel. (Arabic, i^^ kdb, the ankle, heel.) Orion 37. 2d. (jtUw A. sdq, the leg from the ankle to the knee, tibia. 6. Corona. (JaITI iklll. The Crown. (^jJilfci. P. kkwdndati, to read, call, explain. (jMi« » P' rauskan, luminous, bright, splendid. Joj a. naiyir, bright, shining, luminous ; also Jli nair. ^o P- dtgar, other, another. ♦Ai P. ^?fw, a half, the middle. (Arabic, i^jj^ii 7iasif) tfjjo A. dairat, circle, circumference, .sj^vi! P' dndak, little, few, small. Leo 10. ^UT ?• kandr, kendr, side, edge, margin, extremity. Cygnus 9 ; Pegasus 2 ; Andro- meda 21 ; Virgo i ; Crater 4, 5. ^Afty P. rakkna, break, fissure, cut, interruption. 7. Hercules. j^XAr, ^Jvc tii^^s^ /^.-^^ '^^^ rakbatihi. The Kneeling One. 3. a\L> P. (5«22^, arm, or the upper part of it. 13' \j»j}JM P. sarun, the buttock. Auriga 13 ; Lepus 11 ; Centaurus 23. Sufi has here the words 5^J.a». a. hurru qafat, 'fesse' (Schjellerup). Ulugh Beg uses the Arabic •j.iB "^ for buttock or hip, in Auriga 13, Leo 21, Virgo 15, and Aquarius 15, 16. Ptolemy has 'y\ovr6j9 A. qarn, horn, point, top. 5. LJyi A. skarq. East, Orient. ((_^i a. gkarb, West ; (_^^ maghrib, the western part of the earth.) 9. Cygnus. zisi.ls^.o dajdjat. The Fowl. 5^\.iL(5 A. dajdjat, a fowl. 4o dujj, a chicken, -^o -^o daj daj, a cry by which domestic fowls are called (Lane). 10. ^vlaj A. «a2fr, equal, similar, opposite, the Nadir. Hyde translates 'juxta'. Ptolemy's eV TO) a^K-wi/i are rendered here by Ulugh Beg (_^»yo ^^ks vi <5^r ;?rt2Jr marfiq ; by Sufi (^> A\ ^ks (^^Xc a la nazlr al marjiq ; which Schjellerup renders * dans la jointure ' ; Hyde, ' juxta cubitum '. (Root ^ nazr, to look at, to gaze upon, to turn the eyes or the mind towards.) 9" raXxs^ A. jandh, the wing. 12. >•* P- /^^' feather, plume, wing. 7>9>I2. 'ij^s. A. 'dskiral, the outer feather of a bird's wing. This word occurs only in Cygnus 7, 9, and 12. Ptolemy has here the word rapa-oi, a wing, but Ptolemy's description of Cygnus 1 2 shows that rapaos is different from TTTepu^, also that it does not mean the extremity. The descriptions of Ptolemy are 6 Cygni, Ptolemy 7. iv tw Se^iw raprrw, K Cygni, „ 9. eir' OLKpov rod Tapaou, ^ Cygni, „ 12. ev (XKpip Tw rapaw t^? apiarepa^ Ttrepvyog, which are translated by Ulugh Beg and Sufi (Schjellerup) thus : Vide Schjellerup, Al Sufi, page 75. loo Ulugh^^Beg's Catalogue of Stars. Ulugh Beg. Sufi (Schjellerup). ou«l^ Pr^ tf^iU J.J 7 qui se trouvent dans les plumes «^U de I'aile droite. ^.Ua. iJ^^U ^\-i^^> 9 V^ (J>> (^i ^ I'extrdmite des plumes. c_5lA^. i^jXiLi, ij^U (jfj^ r! ^'^ ^ I'extr^mite des plumes g^U s^Jh ^ de I'aile (>a>. >\-*^ )^ e>*ul u*^ gauche. Trapezuntius translates rapa-oi, and Hyde ij^U by ' pecten ', in all three places. Gerard of Cremona took the word to be j;ixz * ten ', and gives the descriptions thus : Cygnus 7. ' in decima ale dextre.' „ 9. 'super extremitatem ale.' „ 12. ' in extremitate decime ale sinistre.^ Ulugh Beg gives the explanation in 12 : (ji>>o v_i^r* t**** J'^'^^ perhal pish, i. e. the anterior feathers. The Arabs designate Cygnus as the Fowl or the Pigeon. The word IIuIj: ^asrd signifies a pigeon with white feathers in the left wing. 'asarat^ a white quill feather, * of 10. Cassiopeia. ",^il)l o>l^ zat al kursl. The seated one. T^S A. kurst, the throne, seat. 4. ^OJ^ P- ^^^ ''^^i ^^^^ of them, the one and the other. 10. oxix*; A. sa'id, the fore-arm. Taurus 10 ; Gemini 3, Ex. 6 ; Virgo, Ex. i ; Orion 6. 11. *JtU A. gatm, which stands, is upright, raised (platform). S^.lJi qalma, foot of a quadruped, hilt of a sword. 11. .AA/« A. »2?OT(5ar, pulpit, platform, elevated seat (root j^i «^(5/r, elevating, exalting). ykX/o 'i^\i gaimak-i-mimbar , the floor of the throne. 12. ,>iuM> A. masnad, cushion, pillow, back of the chair (root ^^ sa7tad, to lean upon, recline). 12. Law* a. wasat, middle, medium, between. II. Perseus. .^AjCiyj barshaush. Perseus. I. .^UXit.1 A. isktibdk, that which is entangled, complication, confusion (root X*.^ shabk, to mix, involve, entangle). I. ^_.»\.s^J^A, A. sahdb, doud. l^. ^^ A. ^^g/ or ghill, goblin, demon, ghoul (root tj\x ghdla, to cause to perish). 20. »Xo£ A. 'azalat, muscle. Hyde gives ' sura ' and Schjellerup ' moUet '. iLac 'uzlat, calamity, misfortune. 12. Auriga, 'ilc^i i^Cm.«/c rmimsik al-aynnet. The one who holds the reins. Si*».^ A. mumsik, who holds (root ,^Cau/« wa^^, to hold in the hand). jUsI A. ctynnit^ plural of ^^Uc y«««, the reins. Persian and Arabic Vocabulary. lOI 12. , 5.j\jiJ A. lifdfat, covering, bandage (root tj[j lefef, to wrap up, envelop). 12. »,jIs p. faba,z twisting, from ^^^VAiVs tdblden, to wind around, jub ciU pat-i Idba, the dress wound round the foot. Hyde translates ' fascia pedalis '. 13. jUi^-sw A. Ulugh Beg explains this expression, discussed under Hercules 13, -^ ^jp Vif jiyw yam sar sarHu, * ad supremam partem clunium '. 13. Ophiuchus. \2s^ /^awwa. The Serpent Charmer, 7, 10. ^JS P. ^af, the palm (of the hand) ; ey.^j^ (JLf kaf dest, palm of the hand. 23, 24. (^U p. pal, the foot, and also the leg. Ophiuchus 12 and Tg, e>^!i cjU. «^ rukbah-i pal rdst, the knee of the right leg. Also Ophiuchus 20, (^U (wJ\.*x. -ya^ ^«?, the tibia of the leg. 24. ,^^,£14.^.1 A. akhmas, the hollow of the sole of the foot, the sole. 5 Ex. t>Jtls> A. munfarid, alone, isolated. 14. Serpens, 'i^^ haiyat. The Serpent. 1. ^j P- zanakh, the chin, jawbone. 2. -il.fcw P- silrdkh, the hole. j_iA,j t_sl4^1 1^^ surdkh-hl blnl, the nostrils. 6. (j>4ii. A. jihat, face, side, form. 8. •^» ji P. 3^r wild , following in unbroken succession. Sufi has 51^1 ^^ 'ala al-tawdll. uninterrupted succession (Arabic root \\ wall, to follow). (Ptolemy, icpe^iji.) 15. Sagitta. <^4^ sa/im. The Arrow. 1. v:/V5usjt P- paikdH^ the point of the arrow. 2. 'ijcus a. qabzat, any handle, hilt of a sword : here the shaft of the arrow. Sufi has 8uxa» qasbat, a reed. (Ptolemy, KoXa/xoi.) 2. y^i P. /fr, the arrow. (Arabic ^^^ .) 5. >).****» P- sii/dr, notch (of the arrow). (Ptolemy, yXvcph.) Sufi has LJyUI al-fuq^ the notch of an arrow (root U* to open, slit, rend). 16. Aquila. o\.«£ '?^^a^. The Eagle. oUc A. 'uqdb, an eagle, especially black. {^ nasir is a vulture), olifi 'j)'i'«<5> punishment (root ^^^.s. 'aqaba, to strike or hit). 9. SJsvo A. majarrafy the milky way (root Jr^. to draw, drag, or trace). 17. Delphinus. ^^^o dalfln. The Dolphin. 4. sjy^ A. 5/^flM, similar, alike, equal, resembling (root ^^^ to make like, comparable). 4>6,8.iy^ A. mu'aiyan, determinate, specific, in Geometry the rhomb, rhombus. 18. Equuleus. ^^jJLiS Tij^i qit-at al-feras. The section of a horse. ^°2 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. 19. Pegasus. |».ticl Kj^ji f eras' dmm. The Greater Horse. 1. (jVi p. ndf, navel, 'umbilicus'. Leo, Ex. 3. vyo A. mar, a man. 2. (j>x« A. viatn, side of the back, or lower part of it, the back. 3- (^ p. tan, the body. Scorpius 7, 12. 3* ucV^ ^- ^^^('■dan, to come. 4. cJlxT A. kilf ox kalif, shoulder-blade, shoulder. Taurus 5 ; Sagittarius 21 ; Centaurus 7. (Ptolemy, wVoTrXaT)?.) 9, II, l5.^^.t>Jo P. yak-digar,ont another, each other. Scorpius 14. 13. ci/^ ^- '^'^' '•'^^ mane of a horse. In Cetus 7 Ulugh Beg has (^^ /J?/^/^. (Hyde translates both by ' juba '.) Ptolemy >} x"''"'''/. 17. sJlAsva. A. jahfalal, snout, muzzle, the lip of a horse. Sufi has the same word. (Ptolemy, p'yxo?-) Comp. Aries 3. ^.L^ k/ialm, same meaning. 19. -jK P. zdnii, the knee. Leo 14. Arabic 5;^ ritkbah is also used by Ulugh Beg for 'the knee'. Ophiuchus 12, 19. 20. Andromeda. jJuuJuu/* Slyo viardt musalsdla. The Enchained Woman. 15. cJ>Uc A. 'aiidq^ young she-kid, a lamb. 15. 04j\ a. ar2, earth, land, ground, country. 21. i^yo\o P- daman, skirt of a garment, the border. Virgo 22. (Ptolemy, (Tupua ; Sufi, (Jo.jJ! {^Jh icrcf al-zil, the border of a garment reaching nearly to the ground. Arabic root ^j^ to be long, have a train.) 21. Triangulum. .j^^Xx/o musallas. The Triangle. 2. »<>£\j A. qaidal, the base, foundation. ZODIACAL CONSTELLATIONS. I. Aries. J^^a^ liamal. The Ram. I. «^^ p. 52 dihcn, seems more to indicate the opening, mouth, orifice of a vase, vide Ursa IMajor i. 6. tj^i A. batn, interior, belly, abdomen (root J^LS to be hidden, secret). Persian and Arabic Vocabulary. 103 7. »uit> p. dnmbeh, the tail, the fat of a sheep's tail. Ulugh Beg, juit) u«-? >? = Sufi, ij.A)^j)\ Li»A^ ' la base de la queue '. 2 Ex. ij.^ji A. alyal, the rump, fat tail of certain sheep. 2 Ex. t^ A. qalan, portion of the body between the hips, loins. Lepus 11, Centaurus 23. 2. Taurus. ^ jJ| al-saur. The Bull. I. ^ai A. ^a/', the section, cut, interrupted, cease {vide Corona 8). 1 1 . j^J^ A. manUmr, nostril, nose. Cetus i ; Hydra i ; Ptolemy, o nmrrip. 14. *^j>? ^- biizurg, great. 14. ^yuo ^- surfdi', red. ^_^^^. siirM_y, redness. Ulugh Beg, o^-yyo ^J=^JJ^. tiS kill biizw'/chy mizcned. Sufi, ^.-inj^ \\ (_.nxaj> yazrib ila al-khusi {vide ' Ptolemy's Catalogue of Stars ', p. 105). 21. (_^.\.ils> A. 7nntaqarib, resembling, approaching (root C>J< to be near, to approach). Orion i . (Comp. Persian ^sjooy , Ursa Major 1 8 ; Draco 30 ; and ^^j^Aj, Pegasus 9, 1 1, and 15.) 29. X!iji A. sureiyd, Pleiades, cluster of lamps, chandelier (root Q to increase in number ; (Cp to be wealthy). 31. i^jW P- bdrik, thin, subtle, narrow. Ptolemy, arevoTUTo^, for which Sufi has (.Jtyyil A. azycj, the narrowest, from t_>Ui to be narrow, contracted ; iJiXa^ zaiyi], narrow, contracted. 3. Gemini, o^^.-oli tawainin. The Twins. I. "a a. tu'am, a twin ; plural l^jli lazudim, twins. 14. sjU p. /ajj/«, step, foot of a ladder. ^l^jU, /«;//«/, the sole of the foot. (Hyde translates 'vestigium'. Ptolemy, TrpoVoi;?.) 4. Cancer. (^Uj^^w saraldn. The Crab. I- VcV-'i' •'• •''■''^^^^^ (part, of shfideu), made, become, gone, passed. ffcv^i sliada, the beak (of a bird). I- c-'Vsviw A. sahab, cloud, nebulosity. ^j p. bahani, together, one with the other, coinciding. Ulugh Beg, ^_ ^^iyo mawza bahavi, a place coinciding. Ptolemy, auarpocp^. Sufi, ^Ux^il ishlibak, entwined, involved. I. kJ\x< a. ma'laf, manger, plur. ^Ksuo mddlif {root. JiJi dlaf, to feed, fodder). 4. _^\.i5>. A. himdr, ass, donkey. 6. tj^^V) P- ^"*^ A- ^itl>anj, the claws (of a crab, or scorpion). (Sufi has the same word thusbU\. Ptolemy, x'/^';-) J^yj v. zabdii, tht ionguQ. Draco i. I 104 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. 5. Leo. (J.^! asac/. The Lion. 8. iS^ A. maliki, royal. .XJu malik, a king. Ptolemy, fiacrtXla-KOi. 8. ,_^]l» a. ^«/i^, heart, mind, soul, centre, core, (^_^f a. kalb, a dog.) 9. \j,fcf p. gUya, which says, one would say, that is to say, ' quasi '. Scorpius 10; Aquarius 5; Cetus6; Canis Major, Ex. 6; Argo 22, 36; Hydra i, 3, 4, 5. 15. J,ij P. d asfk li, arm-pit. Sagittarius 22 ; Aquarius 5. (J,%i a- daghl^ a mule. 7 Ex. (>>K A. zald, redundant, additional, in excess (root o\\ zada, to exceed). 6 Ex. S^AJLi A. zajlrat, a braided lock, hair twisted or plaited. Ptolemy, TrAo'/ca/uo?. 8 Ex. o6*i*i» qasln, probably Ptolemy's Greek word Kia-a-tvoi. 8 Ex. (.JlLao a. ^/;?/", kind, species, genus, sort. 8 Ex. cVwU P- basliad, imperative, let it be, may it be. If 3rd person aorist, it may be. (Hyde translates 'quaedam '.) 8 Ex. ^^'^ ^- li^blqb, ivy. Latin ' hedera '. Sufi has ^j^k^^ J^Ci, ^ ^ (_^^JJ\ ev^ ULUs yfc * i^^yycuJil »0(»j hi fi shakl shablh be-warad aqashi wa hu synf min al /abldb, ' this in form is resembling to a leaf of Qasin, i. e. a species of ivy '. Schjellerup translates ' en forme de feuille de lierre qui est une plante grimpante ' 6. Virgo. J^ j^ 'azi^d. The Virgin. I. ^b p. tdrak, summit, top, vertex, crown of the head. 9. y^ A. dkhir, last, posterior, end, extremity, latter part. 13. cjUaiJ f»o.«/« A. ;;??^^aflWaw?^rt:/fl/", preceding the vintage. Ptolemy, 7r/)OT|Oi'7»;T)79. 14. jJlvCw A. sumbu/a/, e&r of corn. Spica, A. bi-alnihi, precisely, exactly. 8. Scorpio, ^jis. cCqrab. The Scorpion. !• 'M-J>^ A. j'abha, the brow, forehead. 8. ^jjM P. surkh, red. Vide Taurus 14. 12. tfjj^ A. kharaza, also used by Sufi, the joints (of the backbone). Ptolemy, arirovSvXot, vertebra. 19. ji^ p. nesA, the sting, especially of a venomous animal. Sufi, »^i^\ a. a/ liumet, the venom of a scorpion. 9. Sagittarius. ^\^ rami. The Archer. ^^^ gaus. The Bow. 3- \J^ P- kaman, the bow, anything bent. 7- ^^v^ P- sufar, the notch of an arrow. Vide Sagitta. 12, 16. >.i|.tj A. zu'dbai, anything that hangs down loosely ; the skin hung over a camel's saddle, thus, the skin that hangs over the shoulder of Sagittarius. Hair hanging loosely, whence i,i\^o^o suzudbat, a comet ; literally, who possesses hair hanging loosely. (Ptolemy, ecjjairrU from ecfxxirrw, to hang over. Schjellerup translates it ' ruban flottant' ; Hyde, ' tractus '. Trapezuntius, * interscapilium '. Montignot, ' manteau '. Gerard of Cremona, ' contactus '. ,_>>.l.t>3l < >Wi ^^ ^^J "^^^ zu'alb, name of nine stars disposed in a curved form (Lane). Orion 17 to 25.) 12. t-jViac A. 'isdb, cord, band, bandage (root ,_,^c 'asaba, to wind, twist, bind). (_yoa£ 'asb, a turban. 10. Capricornus. (^t>-ai. Jedt. The Goat. 12. (>^^ ''• gi't'iftan, to take, grip, contract, draw or join together. vJ.aS o».sw j> ^^,^1 ber khud giriftah ast, is contracted on itself, i.e. curved. 1 4- i^Ua/« a. mulaqdrin, associating, following, from ,^ qarin, to join one thing to another, to be in conjunction with (planet). Taurus 21 ; Aquarius 13, 31 ; Argo 25; Hydra 11 ; Centaurus 26. 21. ».ry.i A. ^^flz/ifl/, a thorn, prickle, spine (here the ' spina dorsalis'). Piscis29, 34; Piscis Aust. 6; (Ptolemy, nKavQa \ Trapezuntius, 'apud caudam'; Gerard of Cremona, ' in spina ' ; Schjellerup, * la branche '). 23. (JlIoI a. asl, root, origin, principle, foundation. II. Aquarius. AX\ al md. The Water-bearer. Ac> dalu. The Bucket. I. i_^\Zu A. sdkab, to pour out. 6. »w/sil^ p. jama, garment, robe, vest, bed. 9* /sl It) A. zird\ arm, fore-arm, cubit. io6 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. 23- lJ] p- ^^, water (Arabic \^ ma). ^3- oyif^ A. mzrabsad, Proot^i^ rabs, to flow or run out (Freitag, 'evulsit'). 23- '\^il A. 2i5^«y«, beginning, commencement, at first. Piscls 20. Persian ^UT «^«2' 25. (_5*>s^ P- khflnn, curve, bend, knot, curvature. Arabic 5.ila£ '^.(A^- 25. v:^j\j=Mi. hajab^ to cover, veil, protect. Ptolemy, dc^pJ?*, eyebrow, brow of a hill.) 6. ^yo P. mily, hair. Hydra 4 ; Sufi, tii, ^/z a;'-, hair of any animal not camels or sheep. (Ptolemy, Ojo/^.) 7. A3U> P- mananda, like, resembling. * In the Greek Almagest of Grynaeus, this is printed da-^ius, ' the hip ', which error has been copied by Montignot and Baily in their editions of Ptolemy's catalogue. Persian and Arabic Vocabulary. 107 1 •jLii A. ww^.^a;/', diacritical points of a letter (c^/flfe note to star 731, i Orionis). 3. ^^.uo.\ A. aisar, left, the left hand. ^.^ isar, left ; also ij^.>^, o;^**o. the left hand or side, to the left. II- vci'j P- zada (past. part, of ^^o*, zadan, to strike), accentuated, set ofF; thus an order, service, line, row, heap. Therefore here vo) ^i ber zadah, in line, or in a heap, rov/, banded together. 1 7- Ouufcii/« a. niuqatiwas, like a bow ((^j^»i a bow). ^7- oaXw^ p. dstln, a sleeve. Hyde, 'manica'; Sufi, ^| o^i;s5J\ cXss^\ (j> i^j'UAAi\ fi al-jild al-labis al-yad al-ysrl, on the skin that covers the left hand. Ptolemy, iv rrj Sopn ri}? nptarepai ■)^eip6<;. 18. i^Ow^jii. P- shumurdan {^ijjiy^Ji, in Hyde), to count, number. 29. ^^Jij,^ P. shamshlr, a sword, sabre (Arabic cJiX^l saif). 30. jti.Xrsv/o A. mujtam'i, congregated, cpllected, assembled. 3. Eridanus. ^j ?^«/^r. The River. 1. 'It^vo A. inabdd, beginning, origin, starting-point (root l.i«rp. gaslit, wandering, v/alking, creeps twiningly. ^::^JiS' '\.i> the winding (of the river Eridanus). 5- ^;/\.ASv*A P- hamckundn, in the same v/ay or manner, exactly thus. 10. ^^\Ju^ A, masdfai, distance, interval, space. 18. ^S'ri' ^' J^y^ ^ "^^'' (''^I'^bic j.^i nahr). Also a.^. 18. t/^- A. haiwdn, an animal, brute, beast. 23. (_yJJio^ P- guzashtan, to pass by, to precede. 25.. <^^sCl< A. nmn/iarif, changed, inverted, oblique ; mimkarafy trapezium. 4. Lepus. (_^ ,\ drnab. The Hare. 6. tfol^J nihdda, placed, put, position (part, of ^/ol^-i nihddan, to place). 5. Canis Major. yS\ ^^ kalb dkbar. The Great Dog. yij*, A. shdr, to understand, know, science. I. Uxci. or^jjytJi, A, shi'rd, Sirius. I. jy^ '^' ''^bur, act of passing over a stream. ^ a. 'abar^ to pass, pass away, die. "Uc 'abir, to weep, mourn. I. jy^ La^ 6"^2>« '«(5?7r. Schjellerup, ' Sirius qui a pass^ a travers la voie lactee '. 15. , J p. furo, below, under. ^°8 Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of Stars. 6. Cams Minor. Jus\ _>Xr kc.lb ass^har. The Little Dog. 7. Argo Navis. iLvAAl. saflnah. The Ship. I- 9>AAiw A. saflnah^ ship, boat (root J^i^ safana, to pare), 'a ship is called safinah because it pares (meaning skims) the surface of the water ' (Lane). 3- ^j-^^jii A- tiirJs, a little shield, from ,^;^/> turs, a shield. (Ptolemy, ua-TriSla-Kt].) 3- i^ij A. ^z/!.y^/, the stern or poop of a ship (' puppis '), the rudder. (Ptolemy, •n-pv/Ava.) 3- li^^ ''• kashll, a ship, vessel. 3- v:/^.?^^-? P- badban, the sail of a ship (Vela). II. ^-'^=>- ^- chub, a piece of wood, plank, rod, beam. (Ptolemy, rpoTris.) 11. (jIa.;^ p. ^««j/« shuja. The Serpent. filsv-Ci. A. shuja, courageous, brave, bold, a serpent. 12. Oyi A. fard, alone, isolated, the solitary one. 12. ouc A. 'unq, the neck. 1 9. '-io-s^i A. qdidat, base (of a column), foundation, pedestal. 19. s-aLW ^- baliya, earthen vessel in which wine is kept, flagon, tankard. Lj baii, a wine cup. 9. Crater. jUUl-.j baliya. The Cup. 6, 8.^ a. 'ztrwat, the handle of a jug or flagon. (Ptolemy, wrlov.) 4. tf^UT P. y^flwarrtr, limb, margin, side(Sufi, ^51.:^. /«4^^A "Margin, edge, rim. Root i^L. to enclose. Ptolemy, ireptcffepeia). 8 8 8 i8 21 34 Persian and Arabic Vocabulary. 109 10. CoRvus. i^\yi gkiirab The Crow. I • \xk/« A. mingar, the beak of a bird, !• ^-'Uc A. ghiirab, crow, raven. II. Centaurus. (juu.4.taAj» qanturis. Centaurus. 8. u-i>\ a. fnsdu, a man, j^y^i] z'nSy mankind, human being. j*Oy« P- mardtim, a man. A^\ A. rusugh, joint of the foot in animals, pastern, ankle, narrow part of the leg between the shank and the hoof, the frog of a horse. (Ptolemy, ^arpayiov — ^a.Tpayo a. jumlat gaus, the entire arc, the periphery. 8. iJjjoS P. guzashta, passed, passed by. 15. Piscis AusTRiNUS. ^^ ^^ hut janubl. The Southern Fish. 2. ^Tt)Ju,l A. w^^rf^;-, to move in a circle, encircling (root ^^o daur, going round, moving in a circle). 2. cyjl<>Xwl A. istadaret, circuit, circumference. .r, s,. ,x •■>«*:. V,/\. C'"^' -A.-V ^.^"rtk v>*- A^: >* -^ \ .v^. Kh -K <«^; r- !K^> »c :*< i^>^