TN 9.F28 Cornell university Library and nnineral ind CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOAVMENT FUND GIVEN IN 189I BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE ENGINEERING LIBRARY Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004095273 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRANKLIN K. LANE, Sacntary BUREAU OF MINES tVAN. H. MANNING, Dlnetor Bulletin 95 A GLOSSARY OF THE MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY BY ALBERT H. FAY [Raprintad tram tMO aditlon, without ehangw] UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON i 1947 BuUelin 95 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRANKLIN K. LANE, Sbckbtakt BUREAU OF MINES VAN. H. MANNING, Dirbctos A GLOSSARY OF THE MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY By ALBERT H. FAY WASHINGTON OOVKRNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1920, FOREWORD Since 1918, Albert H. Fay's Glossary of the Mining and Mineral Industry has been the authoritative dictionary of technical and local terms relating to metal mining, coal mining, quarrying, metallurgy, and other mineral industries. Through, out the English-speaking world, it has helped to standardize the expressions and terms in common use by those associated with these industries. Because the demand for this glossary has been mounting steadily to the point where urgency is indicated, the Bureau of Mines has decided to republish the volume, which has been out of print for many years because the plates wore out from frequent use. In reprinting Fay's original work, it is recognized that new terms and expressions have come into the language; new usages have been applied to some of the old terms; and some of the old terms have become obsolete. The Bureau, therefore, will welcome and appreciate suggestions and comments from users of the glossary with respect to changes in definitions and explanations, as well as the inclusion of new words and phrases. It is hoped that, with their help, a new, revised, and improved glossary can be published at an early date. Director. May X9, 1947. A GLOSSARY OF THE MINING AND MINEEAL INDUSTEY. By Albert H. Fay. INTBODtrCTION. This glossary is published by the Bureau of Mines as a contribu- tion" to the mining Uterature in the belief that it will fill a long-felt need. It contains about 20,000 terms; these include both technical and purely local terms related to metal mining, coal mining, qaerty- ihg, petroleum, and natural gas, and metallurgical works; names of useful, important, and common minerals and rocks; and. geological terms. It presents in one comprehensive volume the available standard, technical terms relating to the mining and mineral in- dustry, as "well as provincialisms that have been or are now in use in 'English-speaking coimtries. The glossary also includes many terms relating to ceramics and the clay industry, glass making, foimdry practice, railway and build- ing construction, electrical installation and power-plant equipment, and chemical terms relating to metalliirgical practice. Complete lists of terms for each of these allied industries are beyond the scope of this glossary. Paleontological terms, although closely associated with geology, are far removed from mining and metallurgical opera- tions, and for this reason have been omitted. In a compilation of this magnitude, it is difficult, within a reasonable time to vieiify all definitions as to the latest usage. Much verifying was done and it is hoped, that the best and latest definitions have been used. Reference to the publications cited will enable the reader to determine approximately the period when the definition was used. Definitions in use by engineers of high national or international reputation are given first preference. When definitions from different sources are the same, credit is given to the earlier author as being the original or nearest to the original source. Immediately following each term the name of the locality wherein the word is jiresumed to have originated or is widely used is given, where such information is available. The name of the author or source from .which the defini- tion wais obtained follows the'definition, and serves as a key to the publications listed. The terms selected from the various glossaries and publications examined have been compared with the Webster, 8 4 INTKODUCTOBY. the Standard, and the Century dictionaries. A large number of the terms are of purely local usage and do not appear in the dictionaries; these words include many that have been originated and are used by miners and mine inspectors, as well as many Qthers that have been defined by courts, based on testimony given; before a jui^ or judge. It is difficult to determine when a word is obsolete. It may have been very much in vogue in a certain district, but with the exodus of a particular class or nationality, the use of the term may die out, hence become obsolete so far as that local usage is concerned, although it may continue to be used elsewhere. No attempt,' therefore, has been made to eliminate obsolete words, for the engineer doing re- search work wiU find such terms, and if he can not determine their meaning from the context he shoxild be able tb find them in a glossary or dictionary. The Spanish and Spanish-American terms were selected as being the most common terms that the engineer will encounter in Latin- American usage. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. In the compilation of this glossary the Bureau of Mines gives credit for each definition as indicated in the list of authors quoted. The author is indebted to J. W. Thompson, law examiner,. Bureau of Mines, for the definitions cited from court cases, compiled by him in connection with his work on the annotation and compilation of Federal and State mining statutes; also to former employees of the Bureau of Mines as follows: Messrs. E. S. Boalich and B. F. Tibbey for selecting words from the text of technical publications, and to Messrs. J. W. Kingsbury and E,. H. Seip for comparing the terms with and selecting additional terms from the. Standard Dictionary. The Spanish terms were verified by Emilio M. Amores, chief translator for the Pan American Union. The entire list of words defined was compared with the Webster and Century dictionaries by the author. The galley proof was read by James W. Paul and E. A. Holbrook, Boining engineers. Bureau of Mines, for mining terms; by O. P. Hood, chief mechanical engineer. Bureau of Mines, for mechanical terms; by Frank L. Hess and L. La Forge, geologists, U. S. Geological Survey, for terms relating respectively to mineralogy and geology, and much assistance was rendered by ^'""''e" Wlnchell, N. H. The Iron ores of Minnesota. Geological and natmal history survey of Minnesota. Bull. 6. 1891. (Includes a glossary of mining and geological terms.) ''^'Xxiso" Woodson, C. C. Fifth annual report of the State mine inspector of the State of Missouri, June 30, 1891. (Includes a glossary bf mining term* used in Missouri.) ^""'™ Worthen, A. H. Geology. Vol.1. Geological survey of Illinois. 1866. (Includes a glossary.) ^""PS Young, George J. Nomenclature of mining methods. Bnglnterina and Mining Journal. July 22, 191S. GEOGBAPHICAL ABBBEVIATIONS USED. The accompanying list of abbreviations shows the localities in which certain words are in common use or whence they may have been derived. These abbreviations are used throughout the text. Arg Argentina. -Ark Arkansas, U. S. A. Aust Australia. B. C British Columbia,Canada. Belg Belgium. Bol Bolivia. Braz Brazil: Brist Bristol coal field , Eng- land. Can Dominion of Canada. Cent. Am Central America. Ches Cheshire, England . Clev Cleveland iron district, England. Colom United States of Co- lombia. Corn Cornwall, England. Cumb Cumberland coal field, England. Derb Derbyshire coal field , England. Dev Devonshire, England . E. Ind East Indies. Eng England. Forest of Dean Forest of Dean coal field, England. Fr French. Ger German. Gt. Brit Great Britain. Glouc Gloucestershire coal field, England. Hid Hidalgo, Mexico. Hind Hindustan. Ill "... Illinois, U. S. A. Ir Ireland. It Italiau. L Latin. Lane Lancashire coal field, England. Leic Leicestershire, England . Mex Mexico. Mid Midland coal field, Eng- land. Newc Newcastle coal field, Eng- land. N. 3. W New South Wales, Aus^- tralia. N. Z New Zealand. No. of Eng North of England. No. Staff North Staffordshire coaJ field, England. No. Wales North Wales, England. Northumb Northumberland coa! field, England. Pac Pacific Coast, U. S. A. Pat Patagonia, South America,- Penn Pennsylvania, U. S. A. Port Portuguese (mostly i n Brazil). Prov Provincial, United States, unless other- wise specified. Pr Prussian. Russ Eussia. Scot Scotland. Shrop Shropshire, England. So. Afr South Africa. So. Am South America. So. Staff South Staffordshire, Eng- land. So. Wales South Wales, England. Som Somerset, England. Sp Spanish origin but not ne- cessarily used in Spain. Sp. Am Spanish America. Staff Staffordshire, England. Straits Set Straits Settlement. Sw Swedish. Trans Transvaal, South Africa. U. S United States of America. Veiiez Venezuela. W. Afr West Africa. War Warwickshire , England . Wis Wisconsin, U. S. A. York. Yorkshire, England. 9 A OI.OSSABT OF THB UtNlNO AND MINERAL IKBXJSTBT. Aa. A Hawaiian word especially in- .troduced into American usage to de- scribe jagged, scoriaceous lava flows. It is contrasted with pahoehoe. (Kemp) Abaco (Mex.). A Stone trough used to wash minerals. (Dwight) Abajador (Mex.). The workman In charge of tools furnished to miners underground. (Dwight). A stable boy in mines. (Vel.) Abajo! (Mex.). Lower! a signal for lowering a bucket or cage. (Halse) Abandonment. The act of abandoning ; relinquishment. (Webster) Abandonment of a mining claim may be by failure to perform work; by conveyance; by absence, and by lapse of time. The abandonment of a mining claim is a question of in- tent. (Kichen v. Davis, 148 P&cific, p. 1132;— 1915.) To constitute an abandonment of a mining claim, there must be a going away, and a relinquishment of Tights, with the intention never to return, and with a voluntary and Independent purpose to surrender the location or claim to the next comer. (Peachy v. Frisco Gold Mines Co., 204 Federal, p. 668, and Harkrader v. Carroll, 76 Federal, p. 475). (Mln. Stat, pp. 259-262) Compare Forfeiture. Abate. In metal working, to lower the temper of. (Standard) Abatis; Abattis (Leic). Walls or ranges of rough wood, e. g., cord- wood placed crossways to keep the undergrovyid roads op6n for ventila- tion, etc. (Gresley) Abb£ tube mill. A gear-driven tube mill supported on a pair of riding rings and distinguished by an Archi- medes spiral, through which the ore Is fed and discharged. Grinding Is effected by flint pebbles fed into mill. See Ball mill. (Llddell) Abertura de galeria (Sp.). 1. Tunnel- ing; driving. (Lucas) 2. The reopening of a vein. (Halse) Ablgarrado (Mex.). Variegated in color (applied to minerals). (Dwtght) AWation;. 1. The formation of resid- ual deposits by the washing away of loose or soluble minerals. (Kemp) 2. The wearing away of rocks, or the surface melting of gladers, (Standard) Abnormal. Not conformable to rule or system; irregular. (Webster) Abra (Mex.). Open fissure or cavity iu the rocks. (Dwight) Abradant. An abrading substance, as emery, sand, etc., used in grinding and polishing (Standard). See Abrasives. Abrade. 1, To rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction, as to abrade rocks. (Webster) 2. As used in the sharpening-stone industry; abrading means cutting, as the steel composing the tool is cut away rather than worn away. (Pike) Abrasion. 1. The act or process of rubbing or wearing away; as the abrasion of rock or earth by gla- ciers. 2. The resulting injury or other effects . of abrading; an abraided place; as the abrasion left by glacial action. (Standard) Abrasive. A substance used for abrad- ing, as for grinding and polishing. The principal substances used as abrasives are: Burstone, corundum, emery, garnet, grindstone, infusorial earth, millstone, novaculite, oilstone, pumioe* scythestone, tripoli, volcanic ash, and whetstone. Certain furnace products, as carborundum, etc., are also used as abrasives. Abrevadero (Sp. Am.). A mine, the openings of which are filled with water at the time of working. (Lu- cas) Abrldura (Mex.). Enlargement of a space, so that miners may work freely (Dwight). A synonym tot Abei^ura. U 12 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Abrigo (Mex.). 1- The width of a vein. (Dwlght) 2. A. del carMn (Peru). An argil- laceous rock forming the root and floor of coal Seams. (Halse) Abrlr (Sp.). To drive or open up, as a drift, gallery, tunnel, or to sink, as a shaft. (Halse) Abronceado; Abronziado (Sp.). Yel- low copper ore ; sulphides. (Lucas) Abronzado (Mex.). Chalcopyrite. (Dwlght) Ab^aroklte. A genfral.name^ven by Iddings to a group of igneous rocks In the Absaroka Range, in the east- ern portion of the Yellowstone Park. They have porphyritic texture with phenocrysts of olivine and auglte in a groundmass, that is either glassy o^ contains leiidte, ortho- clase or plagioclase, one or several. They are chemically, S10>, 46-52; AhOj, 9-12; MgO, 8-13; alkalies, 5-6.3, with potash in excess. The name is of greatest significance when. taken In connection with sho- shonite and banaklte. (Kemp) Absolute atmosphere. An absolute unit of pressure, equal to one million times the pressure produced on a square centimeter by the force of one dyne. Absolute pressure. That measure of pressure which includes atmospheric pressure. Pressure expressed In absolute measure, commonly- In ab- solute atmospheres (Century). Pressure reckoned from a vacuum. Absolute temperature. The tempera- ture . measured from the absolute zero ' of temperature on the abso- lute or thermodynamic scale of tem- perature. This scale dlfEers slightly from that of an air thermometer, and by the absolute temperature is often meant the temperature on the latter scale above the absolute zero. (Century) Absolute zero. That point of tempera- ture at which a body would be wholly deprived of heat, and at which a perfect gas would exert no pressure; supposed to be —273° C, —461° F., or —219° Rfiaumur ; used only on the thermodynamic scale. (Standard) Absorb, To drink in, to suck up, as a liquid by a solid like a sponge or fuller's earth (Rlckard). A term \i8ed In the flotation process. Absorbing well. An excavation In the earth through which surface water finds Its way to a permeable stra- tum and is drained away. (Stand- ard). A cesspool. Absorption. 1. The act or process of absorbing. Imbibing, swallowing, or engulfing mechanically. 2. A taking In or reception by molecular or chemical action. (Century) 8. The phenomenon observed , .when a pleochroic mineral is rotated in plane polarized light. In .certain positions the mineral is darker than In others, owing' to the absorptioit of light. (Luquer, p. 26) Absorption of gases. The action of Bome solids and liquids in taking- np or absorbing gases. (Century) Abstract. To absorb (the waters of n neighboring stream) by abstraction:, said of watercourses. (Standard) Abstraction. In geology, the with- drawal of a stream from a lower portion of its course by an adjoin- ing stream having more rapid cor- rosive action. (Standard) Abstrich (Ger.). The black or green- ish-brown mass (black litharge) appearing upon the bath of work- lead early In the cupeling process^ and gradually, as the process 'ad- vances, giving way to pure litharge. (Raymond) Abthellung ( Ger. ) . A fixed part or dis- trict of a mine assigned to the care of a fireman or deputy. (Gresley) Abysmal sea. That part of the sea which occupies the ocean basins proper. (Chamberlin, vol. 1, p. 311) Abyssal rocks- Plutonic, or deep-seatewight) 2. Drift composed of rounded rocks, pebbles and gravel. (Halse) JLocessory minerals. Those mineral constituents of a rock that occur in such small amounts that they are disregarded In its classification and definition. Opposed to essential min- erals. (La Forge) J&.cci6n (Mex.). Share in a mine, or other enterprise, usually 100 to the barra. Kight 'or ground of action in a suit. ( D wight )- ^cclonista (Mex.). Shareholder. (Dwlght) ^ccompt. 1. (Corn.) Account day; the usual settling day. 2. The place of meeting, or account house. (Davies) Accretion. The process by which in- organic bodies grow larger, by the addition of fresh particles to the outside. Accretion hypothesis. Any hypothesis of the origin of the earth which as- sumes that it has grown from a small nucleus by the gradual addi- tion of solid bodies, such as meteor- ites, asteroids, or planetesimals, formerly revolving about the sun in Independent orbits, but eventually drawn by- gravitation to the earth and incorporated with it. (La Forge) Aceite (Sp.). Oil, whether of vege- tal or mineral origin (Halse). See Petr61eo. Aceitera (Mex.). An oil c-up. (Dwight) Acei^drada (Peru). A whitish marl used in making cupelling furnaces. (Halse) ^cendrar (Peru). To- refine. (Dwlght) Acequia (Mex.). Canal or ditch. (Dwight) Aceqniero (Sp.). A man In charge of .1 ditch; a peOn who makes a ditch. (Halse) Jleerado (Mex.). Gray copper ore; any gray steely ore. (Dwight) Aoeriate (Fr.). To convert into stecjl, as by cementation. (Webster) Aeerillo (Peru). Finely crystalline galena sbowln^ steely fracture. Aocro (Mex.). Steel; A. eoU96, cMk steel. (Dwlght) Acetone. An inflammable liquid (CJI,0) with a biting . taste, ob- tained by the destructive distilla- tion of acetates and various Ofganlc compounds. It Is Used In making chloroform andi- as a solvent for fats, camphor, and resins. (Stand- ard) Acetylene. The most brilliant Illumi- nating gas (CJH.) ; it may be pro- duced synthetically from it^ ele- ments by Incomplete combustion of coal, gas, and commercially from calcium acetylld (CaCt) (Calcium carbide) by the action of water (Standard). Used much for under- ground lighting. Achaparera (Mex.). adze. (Dwight) Long-handled Achicador; Achichinqne (Mex.). Car- rier of water. See alto Achlcar. (Dwight) Achicar (Mex.). To remove water from a mine, generally by carrying it out in bags or buckets. (Dwlght) Achirite. Same as Dloptaso. (Stand- ard) Achroite. 'A colorless variety of tour- maline. (A. F. Rogers) Acicular. Needle-shaped ; slender, like a needle or bristle, as some leaves or crystals. (JVebster) Acid. 1. Sour, sharp or biting to the taste. Having acid-forming constit- uents prfesent in excess of the pro^ portion required to form a neutral or normal compound. (Webster) 2. In modern chemistry an acid may be regarded as a salt of hydrogen, or as a compound, containing one or more atoms of hydrogen^whlch may" be displaced by a metal, or by a radi- cal possessing to a certain extent metallic functions. (Century) Acid egg. A cylindrical cistern from whldi acid is forced by compressed air, as in the manufacture of sul- phuric acid. (Webster) Acidic. A descriptive term applied to those Igneous roqks that contain more than 65 per cent SiOj as con- trasted with intermediate* and basic. (L.1 Forge) Acido (Sp.). Acid; A. carbdnioo, car- bonic acid; A. negro (Mex.) in the patio process, spent mother liquor from the crystallizing vats. (Hals«) 14 eU>SSART OT MIKIHO AND MIHEBAli INDUSTRY. Aold yiooeu. ▲ method of making steel or homogeneous Iron In a Bessemer converter or open-hearth famace having an add, as opposed to a basic lining. (Standard) AeM rook. A term rather loosely used in llthology, generally to mean one of the following:-!. An igneous rock containing 60 per cent or more of silica, free or combined, in this sense being nearly equivalent to acidic. 2. An igneous rock in which miner- als high in silica, such as quartz, alkaline feldspar, and muscovite, are dominant 3. Very loosely, an Igne- ous rock composed dominantly of light-colored minerals. In all three senses contrasted with basic The term is misleading and unde- sirable and is going out of use. As used In the first sense it Is being re- placed by silicic or persilicic, and as used in the second sense it should be replaced- by felsic or by a term de- noting, the dominant mineral. (La Forge) See also Acidic. Aold salt. A salt In which the re- placeable hydrogen of the corre- sponding acid is only partly ex- changed for metallic atoms or basic radicals. (Webster) Add steel. Steel manufactured by a process in which the converter or open hearth is lined with siliceous material (Standard). See also Acid process. Addulae. Cold mineral waters, espe- cially those Impregnated with car- bonic acid. (Webster) Addnlons water. Mineral water charged naturally with carbon di- oxide ( Standard). Also applied to waters containing sulphur com- pounds, especially sulphates. Adirage (^Fr.). The process of elec- troplating a metal with iron or steel. (Standard) Adiral. An alloy containing 92 to 97 per ce^t aluminum and offered as a metal of strength and lightness and noncorrosive, suitable for use in the construction of automobiles, aircraft, military equipment, rail- road cars, valves, hardware, etc. It was discovered by M. de Montby. It is suitable for the manufacture of helmets. It is silver white, and has a specific gravity of 2.82 and a melt- ing point of 1,382° F. Ita tensile strength in castings is given as 30,- 000 pounds per square inch, and in rods and sheets as 28,000 to 64,000 | pounds and heat-treated as upward of 70,000 pounds per square Inch. (Mln. and Sd. Press, June 2, 1917) Afilnose. Granulated; like seeds; ap- plied to mineral texture. (Power) Aolarar (Sp.). To dear the tuyftre by passing a pointed bar through the bustle pipe. (Halse) Aclinic. Having no inclination or dip ; situated where the compass needle -does not dip, as the aclinic line, or magnetic equator. (Webster) Acmite. A brown or green sUicate of sodium and iron belonging to the pyroxene group. Essentially NnFe- (SiO)* '(Dana). £ree aI«o Aegirlte. Aomite-trachyte. A - trachyte whose pyroxene is acmite or aegirlte and whose feldspar is anorthoclase. It therefore differs from normal tra- chyte in its prevailing soda instead of potash. The acmite-trachytes are intermediate between the true tra- chytes and the phonolites. They were first described from the Azores and have also been found in the Crazy Mountains, Mont. (Kemp) Acomodana (Peru). Ore deposits. (D wight) Aooplos (Sp.). Waste heaps or dumps, (Lucas) Acqaia Creek beds- An obsolete < term for Potomac Series. Acre. 1. A measure of superficial area, usually of land. The statute acre of the United States and Eng- land contains 43,560 square feet (4,840 square yards or 160 square rods). The so-called Scotch acre contains about 6,150 square yards and the Irish acre 7,840. There are various special or local acres in Eng- land (as in Cheshire or among the hop-growers), varying from 440 to more than 10,000 square yards. (Standard) 2. (Quebec) A linear measure equal to the square root of 43,560, being approximately 208.7 ft. Sour ; acrimonious. Acre (Sp.). (Vel.) Acreage rent. Royalty or rent paid by the lessee for working and disposing of minerals at the rate of so much per acre. (Gresley) Aore-foot. The amount of water re- quired to cover 1 acre to a depth of 1 foot; equal to 43,560 cubic feet. Also used in estimating coal in GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 15 place; thus a horizontal bed of coal 5 feet thick covering an area of 1 acre would contain 5 acre-feet of coal. A-OTopping (Scot). Toward the out- crop. {Barrowman) Acrotomoas. In mineralogy, having a cleavage parallel with ^m base or top. (Standard) ActlBiolite. A light-green calcium-mag- ■nesrum-lTon amphibole, 3Mg(Fe)0. C!airpen (tools). (Dwight) Atnacl6n (Mex.). 1. Art or process of refining. Befintog works. i;Dwlght) 8. A. por cn^aUsacUin, the Pattin- son process. (Halse) Afinador (Mex.). A refiner (Hal»). A BsrmBB^m £or Refinador. Afinar iS^\. To refine gold asd i^ver (Hatee).. A synonym for B^inar. Aflao (Sik.). In tla smelting, melilBg the iB^s in leveitteratory furnaces and refinli^ t^ poling. A. de eobre, fusing copper nid^ an oxidizing at- mosphere. (Hflise) Aflojadero (Mex.). Soft part of a vein. (DwI^t) Aflojar el eanalfin (Sp. Am.). To treat the material that has accu- mulated In the ground sluice, by washing away the lighter' and allow- ing the heavier mineral to settle. (Halse) 'Afloramiento (Mex.). Outcrop of vein. (Dwight) Afreehera (Peru). Finely dfvided amalgam produced vrith insufficient mercnry. (Dwight) Afrentar un liilo (Ciolom.). To ttake a perpendicular cut in a lode or vein to ascertain its thickness, dip, and strike. (Halse) Afrold (Fr.). In a cold state, i. e., not afterward subjected to the firing process: said of painting and other decoration in ceramics. (Standard) Afterdamp; After gases. The mixture of gases which remain in a mine after a mine fire or an explorion.of fire damp. It consists of carbonic acid gas, water vapor (quickly con^ densed), nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, and in some cases free hydrogen, but usually consists prin- cipally of carbonic acid gas and ni- trogen, and is therefore irreqitlrable. See also JSiack damp. Aftergases. Gases produced by mine explosions or mlde fires. Agachadero (Mex.). Place in a level where the roof is low. (Dwight) Against the air. In a direction oppo- site to that in which the air current moves. To fire shots " against the air," is to fire shots in such an order that the shot firer travels against the air. (Steel) Agalite. Fibrous talc, pseudomorph- ous after enstatite. (A. F. Rogers) Agaimatollte. Essentially a hydrous silicate of aluminum and potassium, corresponding closely to miiscovlte. A secondary or alteration product. See also Pinlte ' (Dana). A soft waxy mineral used for carvings by the Chinese. Also called Lardstone. Agamasar (Sp.). To make mortar; to cement with mortar. (Halse) Agaphlte. A . conchoidai variety of Persian turquoise. (Standard) Agaric mineral. 1. A soft, light, pul- verulent, hydrated silicate of magne- sium found in Tnscany, from -which floating bricks can be made. (Power) 2. A light, chalky deposit of ctAclwri carbonate, sometimes called rock milk, formed in caverns or fissures of limestone. (Webster) Agate. A variegated waxy quarts In which the colors are in bands, la clouds, or in distinct groups; ^»>, a gem or precious stone made from this mineral. (Standard) A varie- gated ' chalcedony. Agate losper. An agate consisting of Jasper containing velnings of chalce' dony. (Dana) Agate opal. Opallzed agate. Agate ware. 1. An enam/ried iron or steel ware used for household uten- sils; Used extensively as table equlpmeilt in miners' camps, and boanling houses. 2. Pottery, veined and mottled to resemble agate. (Standard) Afatized wood. See Wood, 2. Age. 1. Any great period of time In the history of the earth or the nia- lerlal universe marked by -special phases of physical conditions or or- ganic development; an eon; as the age of mammals. Called also EU». 2. One of the minor subdivisions of geological time, a subdivision of the epoch corresponding to stage or formation; recommended by the International Geological CJongress, (Standard) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 19 Aged. Approaching base-level. For- merly used In topography, geology, and physiography, and applied to the configuration of ground. (Standard ) Agent (Eng.). One to -whom the gen- eral laying out and supervision of the mine Is Intrusted by the owner or lessee. See also Viewer (Gres- ley). The manager of a mining property. Agente (Mex.). Agent; A. de mineria, a mining agent appointed by the gov- ernment in each district to receive documents, give possession, etc. ; A. de correos, a postmaster. (Halse) Agglomerate. 1. A -breccia composed largely or wholly of fragments of volcanic rocks. More specifically, a heterogeneous mixture of fragments of volcanic and other rocks filling the funnel or throat of an exfinct or quiescent volcano. (La Forge) 2. To wind or collect into a ball ; hence to gather Into a mass; to cluster. (Webster) Aggradation. 1. In geology, the nat- ural filling up of the bed of a water- course by deposition of sediment. 2. Specifically, the building up by streams in arid regions of fan-like graded plains, by reason of the shift- ing streams and the loss of the water in the dry soil. Contrasted with Degradation. (Standard) Aggradation plain. A plain formed by aggradation in arid districts. It begins by the building up of the hol- lowed bed of a stream, at the foot of a declivity, forming a plain with a nearly straight longitudinal profile, that may become a very broad plain of deposition. (Standard) Aggregate. 1. To bring together; to collect or unite Into a mass. 2. Com- posed of a mixture of substances, separable by mechanical means. (Webster) 3. The mineral material, such as sand, gravel, shells, slag, or broken stone, or combinations thereof, with which cement or bituminous mate- rial is mixed to form a mortar or concrete. "Fine aggregate" may be % considered as the material that will pass a i-inch screen, and " coarse aggregate " as the material that will not pass a i-lnch screen. (Bacon) Aggregate polarization. The polariza- tion displayed by extremely small grains of doubly refracting minerals. (Dana) Aggregate structure. A coqfused mass of separate little crystals, scales, or grains all extinguished under the polarizing microscope at different times. (Luquer) Ai^tation. In metallurgy, the act or state of being shaken, stirred, or moved with violence. Agitation ratio. The ratio hetween the mnximum diam'eter of a gangue particle and the diameter of the mineral particle that travels with It on a vanner. (Richards, p. 665) Agitator. 1. An implement or appara- tus for shaking or mixing. (Web- ster) 2. A mechanical apparatus employed in- refining petroleum to keep the oil in constant motion when it is treated with sulphuric acid. Agita- tion on a large scale is now per- formed by means of compressed air. (Mltzakis) 3. (Pac.) See Settler. 4. A vat in which ore pulp is main- tained In constant movement by com- pressed air, or mechanical means. Agnesite (Corn.). An early name for bismutite. Agonic line. A line passing through points on the earth's ■ surface, at which the direction of the ma.gnetic needle is truly north and, south ; a line of no magnetic declination. (Standard) Agricolite. Ah adamantine colorless or yellow bismuth silicate, liUSisOn, crystallizing in .the monoclinlc sys- tem. (Dana) Agrimensor (Dwlght) (Mex.). Surveyor, Agua (Sp.). Water. A. arrimanda (Colom.), water brought along the side of a ravine to be used in min- ing. A. de alimefitacidn, feed water for a steam engine. A. de cantera, natural moisture In stones. A. del- gada, water containing a small quantity of salts in solution. A. dulce, fresh water. A. gorda, water containing a large quantity of salts in solution. A. llovediza, rain water. A. potable, drinking water. A. fuerte, nitric acid. (Halse) Aguador (Sp.). One in charge of the water supply of a mill. (Halse) Agua fuerte (Halse) (Sp.). Nitric acid. 20 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Agnas de cabeza (Peru). Water filter- ing Into the mine, due to rain. (Halse) Agnilarite. A sectile silver selenide, Ag2S.Ag2Se occurring in skeleton dodecahedral crystals. (Dana) Aguja (Sp.). 1. (Colom.) A leader or narrow vein. A branch. (Lucas) 2. A mountain peak. 3. A compass needle. 4. A "blasting needle. 5. A switch rail. (Halse) Aguja magnetica (Mex.). Magnetic needle. (Dwight) • Agujero (Mex.). Drillhole. (Dwight) Agiij6n (Mex.). Surveying instru- . ment with compass. (Dwight) Agulhas (Braz.). Oxides of titanium associated with diamonds. ■ (Halse) Aguzar (Mex.). To sharpen (drills). (Dwight) Ahogarse. To pinch out, as a vein. (Lucas) Ahogarse el oro (Colom.). To lose gold by Its being carried off by the water. (Lucas) Ahondar (Sp.). To sink; to deepen. (Min. .Tour.) Ahonde (Mex.). A shaft to establish raining title (Dwight). A discovery shaft. Alch's metal. See Gun metal. Mgullle (Fr.). 1. A very sharp peak; used especially of certain peaks, or clusters of needle-like rocks near Mont Blanc, i. An instrument for boring holes, used in blasting. (Webster) Ukinite. A blackish lead-gray sul- phide of lead, copper, and bismuth, 3(Pb,Cu.)S.Bi.S8, that crystallizes in the orthorhombic system ; needle ore. (Dana) Ailsyte. A name Berived from Ailsa Craig,' Scotland, and suggested for a microRranite containing consider- able riebeckite. (Kemp) Ainalite. A variety of cassiterite con- taining tantalum pentoxide. .( Stand- ard) Air. 1. The mixture of gases that sur- rounds the earth and forms its at- mosphere ; composed by volume of 21 parts of oxygen and 78 of nitrogen ; l)y weight of about 23 parts of oxy- gen and- 77 of nitrogen. It contains nlso about 0.03 per cent of carbon dioxide, some aqueous vapor, and about 1 per cent argon. (Century) 2. The current of atmospheric air circulating through and ventilating the workings of a mine. 3. To venti- late any portion of the workings. (Gresley) Air adit. An adit driven for the pur- pose of ventilating a mine. (Mil- ford) Air blast. 1. A disturbance in mines accompanied by a strong rush of air thrpugh the workings. It is caused by the falling of large masses of roof in stopes, or by sudden crum- bling of pillars under the"^ weight of the rock above the mine workings, due to a stress en the rocks, which has produced a strain, and in mining operations this strain results in a violent rupture. Such a disturbance is sometimes called " quake," and the rock, "explosive rock." (Bng. and Min. Jour., vol. 105, p. 957) 2. A stream or current of air under pressure, especially that used In forges and furnaces. (Century) Air box. ■ 1. A rectangular wooden pipe or tube made in lengths of, say, 9 to 15 feet for ventilating a head- ing or a sinking shaft. (Gresley) '2. A box for holding air. 3. A flue for conducting air to a furnace, etc. (Webster) Air brick. A hollow or pierced brick built into a wall to allow the pas- sage of air. (Ries) Air bridge. 1. A furnace bridge so constructed as to admit heated air to the gases passing over it and thus facilitate their combustion. (Cen- tury) 2. See bvercast. Air cook. A cock for letting off air. (Barrowman) Air compartment. An air-tight portion of any shaft, winze, raise, or level, used for ventilation. (C. and M. M. P.) Air compressor. A machine for com- pressing air to a pressure sufficient to actuate machinery. (Weed) Air condenser. A surface condenser cooled by contact "with air instead of - water. ' (Webster) Air course., A passage through which ail* Is circulated. Particularly a ■ Ions pa,ssageway driven parallel to the workings to carry the air cur- rent. Entry air course, a passage for air parallel to an entry. Slope air course, an ,air course parallel with a slope. (Steel) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINBHAL INDUSTRY. 21 Air crossing. A bridge or overcast where one current of air passes an- other without coming in contact With it. (Roy) Air cushion. An air-tight inflatable cushion ; also .a device for arresting motion without shock, by confined air. (Webster) Air door. A door placed in a mine passage to prevent the air from tak- ing a near way to the outcast, or return, without making a circuit of the workings. (Tucker) Air drain. A passage for the escape of gases from a mold while the molten metal Is being poured in. (Stand- ard) Air drift. A drift connecting a venti- lation shaft with the fan. (Power) Air drill. A rock drill criven by com- pressed air, as distinguished from a drill driven by, steam. (Century) Air dry. Dry to such a degree that no further moisture is given up on ex- posure to the air. Most air-dry substances contain moisture that can be expelled by heating them or placing them in a vacuum. (Web- ster) Air duct. See Air box, 1 and S. Aire (Sp.). 1. Air or wind. 2. Fire damp, explosive or inflammable air. 3. Foul air. (Halse) Air-end way (Eng.). Roadways or levels in the coal seam driven paral- lel with a main level, chiefly for re- turn air in mine ventilation. (Gres- ley) Air furnace. 1. A furnace that de- pends on natural draft and not on blast. A furnace for heating air. (Webster) 2. A reverberatory furnace in which to smelt lead. Also a reverberatory melting furnace used in the manu- facture of malleable cast iron. Air gas. A combustible gas made by saturating air with the vapor of some volatile hydrocarbon mixture, as gasoline, and used for lighting and heating. (Webster) Air gate. 1. (Mid.) An underground roadway used principally for ven- tilation. (Gresley) 2. An air regulator. 3. In molding, an orifice through which the dis- placed air and gases escape from the mold while the molten matter is filling It. (Century) Air hammer. A pneumatic hammer. Air head, or Air heading. (So. Staff.) A smaller passage, driven parallel with the gate road and near its roof, to carry the ventilating cur- rent.. It is connected with the gate road at intervals by openings called spouts (Raymond). See also Air- way. Air hoist. Hoisting machinery oper- ated by compressed air. (Century) Air hole. 1. A hole drilled in advance to improve ventilation by communi- cation with other workings or with the surface. (C. and M. M. P.) 2. A flaw in a casting. (Standard) Air jig. An apparatus for sepai-atlng ores without water, by intermittent puffs of air. (Lawver) Airless end. The extremity of a stall in long-wall workings in which there is no current of air. The air is kept sufficiently pure by diffusion, and by the ingress and egress of tubs, men, etc. (Gresley) Air level (Eng.). A level or airway (return airway) of former work- ings made use of in subsequent deeper mining operations for ven- tilation. (Gresley) Air lift. An arrangement for raising water or other liquid from a well or sump, air under pressure being in- troduced near the foot of an open- ended pipe having a certain sub- mergence. The column of liquid or mixture of solid and liquid in the pipe, because of the introduction of the air, is made lighter than the sub- mergence column outside and an upward flow within the pipe results. Air lock. 1. (Aust.) A passage, closed at both ends by doors, be- tween airways along which currents of different pressures are flowing. Persons desirous of passing from one airway to the other can do so without personal inconvenience or interference with the system of ven- tilation. (Power) 2. An air chamber between the outer air and the working chamber of a pneumatic caisson. (Webster) Air machine. A machine for forcing fresh air into and withdrawing bad air from a mine, as a fan. (Hanks) Air man. A synonym for Brattice man. Air motor. A motor driven by com- pressed air. (Webster) Alrometer. An instrument for meas- uring the rate of flow of air; an air meter. (Webster) 22 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Air oven. A heated chamber for dry- ing samples of ore, etc. (0. and M. M. P.) Air pipes. Pipes for conveying air for ventilation or for other purposes. (Hanks) Air pit (Eng.). A mine shaft used ^5)ressly for ventilation. (Gresley) Air propeller. A device, as a rotary fan for circulating air, as for venti- lation. (Webster) Air pump. A pump for exhausting air from a vessel or closed space. Also a pump for compressing air. (Web- ster) Air receiver. A strong vessel, into which air from a compressor is de- livered. It serves as a reservoir to equalize the pressure before the air is used. It also cools the air, collects moisture, which may De drawn ofC, and eliminates the pul- sating effect of the piston strokes. Air-reduction process. See Boasting and reaction process. Air saddle. (Aust.). A surface sad- dle or depression produced by erosion at the top of an anticline. Air shaft. A shaft used for ventilating mines; It may either receive or dis- charge the circulating current. (Roy). See Upcast, also Downcast. Air shot. A shot prepared by loading (charging) in such a way an air space is purposely left in contact with the explosive for the purpose of lessening its shattering effect. (Du Pont) Air shrinkage. The decrease in volume which a clay undergoes in drying. (Ries) Air-slaked. Slaked by exposure to the air; as air-slaked lime. (Webster) Air slit (York.). A short heading driven more or less at right angles to and between two headings or levels for ventilation. (Gresley) Air sollar. A compartment or passage way carried beneath the floor of a lieading or of an excavation in a coal mine for ventilation. (Cen- tury). See also Sollar. Air split. The division of the main current of air in a mine into two or more parts. (Roy) Air stack (Penn.). A chimney used for ventilating a coal min.e. (Cen- tury) Air trap. A trap for shutting off 'or carrying off foul air or gas from drains, sewers, etc. (Webster) Air trunk. A large pipe or shaft for conducting air, as for ventilation, or to a furnace. (Webster) Air tub. The cylinder on a blowing engine that pumps the blast of wind or air. (Willcox) Air valve. A valve to regulate the Ingress or egress of air. (Web- ster) Air vessel. A chamber connected with a pump and partly filled with air to regulate the flow of water find lessen shocks (Barrowman). Also an air receiver. Air volcano. A miniature crater re- sembling a true volcano in shape and ' often provided with a cone ; produced by explosions of gas and the emission of mud. (Century) Airway. Any underground gallery or passage through which a portion of the ventilation passes. (Gresley) Airy's spiral. A four-rayed spiral curve, named after the discoverer and shown when sections of right- handed and left-handed crystals are placed together in a polariscopc. (Dana) Aitch-plece. See H-piece. Aixtrle (Scot). An axle. (Barrow- man) Ajkite. A resin related to succinite, from Ajka, Hungary. See also Suc- cinite. (Bacon) Ajuste (Sp.). 1. Contract. 8. Adjust- ment (of parts of a machine). (D wight) 3. A timber Joint or connection made by notching or scarfing. (Hailse) Akerite. A variety of syenite, consist- ing of orthoclase, considerable pla- gloclase, biotite, augite, and some quartz. (Kemp) Akins' classifier. A classifier consist- ing of an Interrupted-flight screw conveyor, operating in an inclined trough. Alabandite. Hanganblende. M a n • ganese sulphide, MnS. (Dana) Alabaster. Compact flne-grained gyp- sum, white or delicately shaded. See also Gypsum. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Alabasterlne. Of, pertaining to, or like, alabaster. (Webster) OliOSSARY OF MlIflNO AND MIVB&AL INDOBTRY. 28 Alabaitro (Sp.). Jour.) Alabnster. (Min. AlaorAn (Mex.). A wheel or pair of wheels sometimes used In turning (stirring) the ore In the patio pro- cess. (Halse) Ala de Kosoa (Peru). Granite or very hard rock. (Dwlght) Alajites (Mex.). Altered rhodonite. (Dwlght) Alallte. A Ught-green variety ot diop- slde from the Ala Valley, Tyrol. (Webster) Alambre (Sp.) Wire of any metaL (Vel.) Alandler (Fr.). In ceramics, a special fireplace at the basie of a porcelain kiln, fed from the outside. (Stand- ard) Alarlfe (SO. Mine mason. (Dwlght) Alaikite. Any igneous rock consisting essentially of quartz and alkalic feldspar, without regard to texture. Albanil (Sp.) A mason; a bricklayer. (Halse) AlbafUIerfa (Sp.). Walling of masonry. (Halse) Albfini stone (.L.). The peperino of the Italians; a well-known volcanic rock, much used at Rome before building with marble became com- mon. See Peperino. (Page) Albarinm (L.). White lime used for stucco and obtained by burning mar- ble. (Standard) All)arrad6ii (sp,). A dike. (Halse) Albata (L.). . A' white alloy resembling German silver,, consisting of uickel, copper, and zinc. (Standard) Albayalde (Mex.). White lead, lead carbonate. (VeL) Albert ooai; Albertlte' (Eng.) An asphaltic mineral occurring at Hills- boro. New Brubswlck. It fills a fis- sure that cuts the associated strata almost vertically, and is from 1. to 16 feet thick. Albertl f-nr^ace. A continuously work- ing revCTberatory furnace for the roasting of qoicksUv^r ores, with condensation of the mercury in\iron tubea and brick cltamtKars. (Kay- inoa^) AXbenite. A Jet-black, plteblike, brittle hydrocarbon with concholdal frac- ture, dliferlng from irfdinary- as- phalt in being oiily partly (about 30 per cent) soluble in turpentine and in very Imperfect fusion whim heat- ed (U. 8. Oeol. Surv.). Aim called Albert coal In Nova. Scotia. Albion metal (Bug.). A combination made by overlaying lead with tin and causing the two to adhere by passing them under pressure, b^ tween rollers. (Century) Alblrupean. An obsolete geological term for Potomac series. Alblte. An end member of the plaglo- clase series of feldspars, contalnlbg no calcium and consisting (^'sodium- aluminum silicate; sodi«m feld^ar. Less common than, the intermediate members, which rpay be considered as mixtures of alblte with the other end member, anorthlte. (Ransome). Compare Anorthite. Alblte la*. A mode of twinning -In which the twinning plane is the brachypinacoid. It is common with the mineral alblte, and gives rise to the fine striatlons oh. Its cleavage surface (Webster) Albitieatidn. The production, in a rock, of alblte as a secondary min- erai, (Webster) Albitophyre. A dike rock containing large polysynthetlc phenocrysts of alblte. In the gi-ontidinass are ml- crolites .qt the same, mineral, to- gether with chlorite' and .llinonlte. (Kemp) Albo-carbon. A solid riesiduum of creo- sote.- (Century) Albolite; AlboUth. A kind of plastic cement. Or artificial stone, consisting chiefly of magne^a and silica. (Webster> Alboranlte. A vaHety of hyperstheae- andesite, poor ip ■ soda, from the is- land of Alboran, east of the Straits of Gibraltar. (Kemp) Albrecbt condenser. A condenser used in petroleum diStllla'tfon, to separate the distillate Into its vari- ous fractions. (MItE'akis) Albrecht viscometer. See 'yiscometer. Albronz. A durable alloy . of copp^p ; and aluminum, used, for telescope bearings, etc. , (Standard} Alcalde (Sp.),, !< A Justice «f the peace. S, A/^ty mayor. (Halse) lleall (Sp.). AlkaU. (Vel.) Aloance; Saldo (.Sp.), 1. Balance due (Dwlght) 2; Extent of nndergrOuiht wotfengik 8. (Ofitle)' A ricU- Mme. (Dana) Alligator. 1. See Squeezer. 2. A rock breaker operating by jaws. (Ray- mond). 8. (Aust.). A self -tipping tank, used for raising rock or coal. (Power) 26 GLOSSARY OP MUTING ABTD MINERAL INDUSTRY. .AlU^ator wrench. A kind of pipe- wrench having a fixed flaring Jaw with teeth on one side. (Webster) Allingite. A fossil resin from Switzer- land. See also Succinite. (Bacon) All-mine pig. Iron smelted entirely from raw ore. (Standard) Allochroite. A calcium-chromium gar- net. (Dana) AUoclasite; Alloclase. A steel-gray, cobalt-arsenic-bismuth s u 1 p h i d e , usually with part of the cobalt re- placed by iron, Co(AsBl)S, that crystallizes In the orthorhombic system. (Dana) Allomorph. In mineralogy, a pseuao- morph formed without change of chemical composition, as calclte after aragonite. (Standard) AUopalladlum. A nearly silver-white palladium, found in hexagonal plates in the Harz Mountains, (Germany. (Dana) ^ AUophane. A hydrous silicate of aluminum, amorphous, translucent, and of various colors, often in in- crustations or stalactitlc forms; AUSIO, + 5HaO. (Webster) AUothigene. In geology, produced from elsewhere; said of the ingred- ients of clastic rocks, or of the clas- tic ingredients of any rock: con- trasted with Anthlgene. (Standard) Allotrlomorplile. An adjective coined by Rosenbusch in 1887 to describe those minerals in an igneous rock that do not possess their own crys- tal faces or boundaries, but which have their outlines impressed on them by their neighbors. They re- sult when a number of minerals crys- tallize at once so as to interfere with one another. They are espe- cially characteristic of granitoid textures. The word was unneces- sary, as xenomorphic had been sug- gested for the same thing, but it is in more general use than xenomor- phic. See also Anhedron. Opposed to Idiomorphlc. (Kemp) Allotrope. One of the forms assumed by an allotropic substance; as the diamond is an allotrope of carbon. (Standard) Aliotropy; AUotroplsm. The capacity of existing in two or more condi- tions, that are distinguished by dif- ferences in propetties. Thus carbon occurs crystalline as in the diamond, and amorphous as In charcoal. (Webster) All over. End of a shift; when the breaker at a colliery shuts down for the day It Is said to be " all over." Allowance (Eng.). 1. Refreshment of bread, cheese, and beer supplied by the lessees or owners of a mine to surveyors. 8. Ale glyen^to workmen on having to work under unusual conditions, for example, when they are wet through. (Gresley) Allowance coal (Eng.). See Colliers' coal. Alloy. 1. A compound of two or more metals, usually produced by fusion. When composed of two, three, or four metals or elements it is called respectively Binary alloy. Ternary alloy and Quarternary alloy. 2. The baser metal that reduces the commercial value of the compound or mixture as Its proportion is in- creased ; as, the • alloy used for hardening gold and silver coins. (Standard) AUoyage. The act or process of alloy- ing: specifically, in minting, of al- loying the precious metals with, baser ones to harden them. (Stand- ard) Alloy balance. An adjustable balance that is in equilibrium when the metals in the scale pans are in the proper proportions for forming an alloy. (Standard) Alloy cast-iron. Cast-iron alloyed with some other- metal. (Webster) Alloy steel. Steel that contains one or more elements other than carbon in suflicient proportion to modify or im- prove substantially and positively some of its useful properties. (Hlb- bard) e. g., Manganese steel. Alloy-treated steel. A simple steel to. which one or more alloying elements have been added for curative pur- poses, but In which the excess of the element or elements is not enough to make it an alloy steel. (Hibbard) AU-sllming. Crushing all the ore in a mill to so fine a state of subdivi- sion that only a small percentage will fail to pass through :-. 200-me8h screen. All-ups (Leic). A mixture *f every quality of coal, excepting fine slacli, raised from one seam, and sold as such. (Gresley) Alluvial. 1. Of or pertaining to allu- vium. Relating to deposits made by flowing water. 2. Gold-bearing de- posits of alluvium. QLOSSARY' OF MINING AND MiNBRAti INDUSTBT. 27 AllnvlU epoeh. The latter part of the Ghamplain period (Quaternary), overlying the Diluvial period, and characterized by the more qttlet fluvial and lacustri depositions. (Standard) Now obsolete.' AUavial fan. The outspread sloping deposit of lAiwlders, gravel, and sand left by a stream where it. spreads from a gorge upon a. plain or open valley bottom. (Bahspme) Alluvial gold. Gold found in associa- tion with water-worn material. mmercial or^s «f aluminum are cryolite, a fluoride of sodium and aluminum, found in Greenland ; bauxite, a hydrous comikrand ot almumina, ferric oxide, and silica, found in Arkansas, Georgia, and Tennessee. Aluminum silver. A bright alloy of aluminum and silver, used in in- struments where lightness Is an ob- ject, the lightness increasing with the proportion of aluminum. ( Stand- ard) Alaminum solder. An alloy ur gold, silver, and copper, with some- times a little zinc. Used for solder- ing aluminum bars. (Standard) Alumocalcite. A variety of opal with alumina and lime as impurities. (Dana) Alum salts. Natural salts from whicli alUm.can be made. iSee also Halloy- site, Kaolinite. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Alum schist, shale, or slate. A clayey rock containing carbonaceous ma- terial and marcaslte that when de- composed yields by efBorescence common alum. (Standard) See also Aliim. shale. Alum shale. Shale charged with alum, that in favorable localities may be commercially leached out and crystallized. The alum results from the decomposition of pyrite, be- cause the sulphuric acid, thus pro- duced, reacts on the alumina present, yielding a double sulphate. (Kemp) Alum slate. See Alum schist, and Alum shale. Alum stone. An Impure siliceous alu- nite. (A. F. Rogers) Alundum. An artificial abrasive used In the manufacture of oilstones and grinding wheels. Made by fusing the natural mineral bauxite in elec- tric furnaces. Alundum has the linme chemical -omposition as the natural mineral corundum. (PIko) Alunlte; Alumstone. A hydrous sul- phate of aluminum and potasaliuu, K(A10),(S0.),.3EM>, contalntng 11.4 per cent potash, KiO. (Uj :S. Geol. Surv.) Closely resembles kao- linite and occurs In similar Ibi^a- tlons. Generally the result of the action of water, containing sul- phuric acid, on feldspathic rocks,' as when pyrite in granite porphyry Is oxidized. (Ransome) Alnnogen. A hydrous aluminum sul- phate, Al,(SO.),-f-18HjO, frequent- ly found on the walls of mlnes^ud quarries. Also called Feather alum and Hair salt. (Webster) Alurgite. A purple to red vacletjT of manganese, mica ;0;on» St Mapcel, Piedmont. (Dana) Alutacidn (Sp.). A nugget, or a. layer of. gold in. grains found at or .4^r the surface of the ground. (Halse) Alnvl6nes (Sp.). Alluvial deposits. ;( Lucas) Alvar& (Port). A definite title or pat- ent for a concession. (Halise) Alvecas (Peru). A name given to Qic three tubes leading from the furnace to the aludeles. (Halse) Alveo (Port.). The bed of a river; ( Halse > Alza (Bol.). Separating gold from sand in a washer. (Halse) Alzador (Mes.). Workman emplcfyed in loading wagons, etc. (Dwlght)' Alzas (Peru). The upper portion o£ a mine. (Halse) Amagamiento (Sp. Am.). Rlvulef; ra- vine ; torrent. (Lucas) Amain (Eng.). With gi'eat force or speed.' Wagons or tubs are said to run amain, if by accident they go over an incline, bank, or dump, with- out the rope being attached; or through the rope becoming detached or broken. (G. C. Greenwell) Amalgam. 1. A native compound of silver and mercury. In which the percentage of silver ranges from 27.5 to 95.8. Native gold amalgam carrying 39 to 42.6 per cent gold has also been found. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) 2. An alloy or union of mercury with another metal. Amalgams are made by bringing mercury in. con- tact with another metal, a salt of another metal, or by placing the metal in a salt of mercury. X In gold metallurgy, an alloy of gold so CHXiSSABY OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY. and TuiTcary, usually obtained by allowing gold-bearing minerals, after crushing, to come In contact with mercury In stamp batteries, sluices, or mercury-dMted copper plates. The alloy (amalgam) Is collected and the mercury Is driven off by dis- tillation, the gold remaining in the retort Amalgama (Sp.). Amalgam. (Dwlght) Amalgamar (Sp.). To amalgamate. (Lucas) Amalgam arc. An arc In a vacuum tube having electrodes of mercury amalgamated with zinc, cadmium, or other metal. The spectra of such arcs contain the bright lines of the metals In the electrodes. (Webster) Amalgamate. 1. To unite (a metal) in an alloy with mercury. 2. To form an amalgam with ; as, mercury easily amalgamates with gold. (Stand- ard) S. To merge two or more corpora- tions Into a single body. (Webster) Amalgamated claims (Bng.). Mining claims adjoining one another that ' have been grouped into one claim for more economical worliing. (Dur- yee) Amalgamating-barrel. A short cylin- drical vessel or barrel with solid ends turned to fit bearings. The barrel is used for amalgamating battery accumulations and other material. It is run with intermittent charges, and contains a load £)t steel balls or pebbles to effect comminu- tion arid to bring the mercury Into contact with the metal to be amal- gamated. Charging and discharging are done through suitable doors. Amalgamation. 1. The production of an amalgam or alloy of mercury. 2. The process in which gold and sil- ver are extracted from pulverized ores by producing an amalgam, from which the mercury is afterward ex- pelled. See also Retorting. (Ray- mond) Amalgamatloa-paa. A pan In which the process of amalgamation or combination with mercury Is effect- ed (Eicliard). Used in gold and silver metallurgy. Amalgamator. An apparatus useOi.2SOi.7H,0. (Dana) Amarillo (Sp.). Yellow. A. de mon- tana, yellow earth; orcherous clay. (Halse) Amarrar las aguas (Sp. Am.). To clear the mine or pit of water, by means of trenches. (Lucas) Amas (Sumatra). Grold; A. ^Achin, nugget-gold ; 4. Muda, inferior gold ; A. Supayang, vein-gold; A. Urei, gold dust (Lock) Amatista (Sp.). Amethyst. (Vel.) Amatito. A red pigment prepared from hematite; formerly used 4n frescoing. (Standard) Amatrioe. See Yariscite. Amausite. Same as Pctrosllex. (Standard) Amazonlte. See Amazon stone. Amazon stone; Amazonlte. A green ml- crocllne. A variety of orthoclaso. Used as a gem. (Dana) Ambar. The Russian najne given to excavations dug around a derrick forming small reservoirs, where the sand raised- from the bore-hole Is deposited. Also used as a temporary ' reservoir for oil. (Mitzakls) Ambar (Sp.). Amber; A. negro, Jet. (Halse) Amber. A hard, brittle, translucent, fossilized vegetal resin, of a clear yellowish - brown or light - yellow color. Called In mineralogy Succi- nite. (Standard) Amber forest A fossil forest from which amber ha^ been formed. (Webster) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 31 Amblygonite; Hebronite. A fluo-phos- phate of aluminum and lithium L1(A1F)P04. Used in the manufac- ture of lithium preparations In medi- cine. (Dana) Amblystegite. A dark brownish-green to black magnesium-iron metasili- cate, (Mg.Fe)Si08, that crystallizes in the orthorhomblc system, and Is closely related to hypersthene. (Standard) Ambrite. A greasy, yellowish-gray fossil resin, resembling Kauri-gum, foiind In New Zealand ; sometimes used as jewelry. (Standard) Ambroid. A reconstructed ambei', made by heating and uniting by pressure fragments of amber. (Standard) Ambroslue. A yellowish to clove- brown resin found in the phosphate beds near Charleston, S. 0. ; It may be a modern resin that has been subjected to the action- of salt wa- ter. (Bacon) Amercement (Derb.). A fine in the barmote court, imposed on a miner for violation of the laws. (Mander) American-Belgia'n furnace. A direct- fired Belgian furnace employed in tlie United- States, conforming essen- tially to the Li6ge design, but pre- senting minor differences because of local adaptation. (Ingalls, p. 433) American forge. See Catalan forge; Champlain forge. American paraffln-oil. An English term for kerosene of American origin. (Bacon) American pump. A special kind of bailer, used in oil fields for clean- ing out wells (Mitzakis). See also Bailer. American system of drilling. See Cable system. American vermilion. A basic chro- ma te of lead. (Webster) Amethyst. A purple or bluish-violet quartz, SiO,. Used as a gem. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Amethystine quartz. A phenocrystal- line variety of quartz colored pur- plish or bluish- violet by manganese (Standard). See also Amethyst. Amlanthinite. Asbestos. (Standard) Amiantho (Port.). Same as Araianto. Amianthus. One of the finer and more silky varieties of asbestos. Called also Earth-flax and Mountain-flax. (Standard) Amlanto (Sp.). Amianthus; a fine silky variety of asbestos. (Halse) Amiantoid. 1. Having the appearance of asbestos. 2. An ■olive-green, coarse, fibrous variety of asbestos. Called also Byssolite. (Standard) Ammite. OSlite ; roestone. (Standard) Ammonal. An explosive consisting of a mixture of powdered aluminum. (1 part), and nitrate of ammonium (8 parts). Ammonia. A colorless gaseous com- pound of hydrogen and nitrogen (NHa) with extremely pungent smell and taste. Sp, Gr. as com- pared with air, 0.589. (Webster) Amonia gelatin. An explosive con- sisting of blasting gelatin, ammo- nium nitrate, and charcoal. (Web- ster) Ammonia oil. An oil suitable for the lubrication of the cylinders of am- monia compressors. Low cold-test is essential for this purpose. (Bacon) Ammonite. Ammonium nitrate explo- sives, containing from 70 to 95 per cent ammonium nitrate, besides com- bustUe components, which are so- called carbon carriers, as resin, meal, naphthalene. (Brunswig, p. 305) Amo. 1. (Sp.) An overseer. 8. (Mex.) An owner of a mine, (Halse) Amojonar (Mex.). To set monuments or landmarks. (Dwight) Amollnar (Sp. Am.). To wash the auriferous alluvion in a wooden trough. (Lucas) Amonedar (Sp.). To coin. (Min, Jour.) Amoniaco (Mex.). Ammonia. (Dwight) Amontonar (Sp.). To pile up; to make into heaps. (Halse) Amorfo (Mex.). Amorphous. (Dwight) Amorphlsm. The state or quality of being amorphous ; especially, the ab- sence of crystalline structure. (Standard) Amorphous. Without form ; applied ' to rocks and minerals having no definite crystalline structure. (Roy. Com.) Amorphous phosphorus. A reddish- brown, nontoxic, allotropic modifica- tion of phosphorus obtained by heat- ing common phosphorus to about 32 GliOSSAKy OF MINING AND MINEKAL INDITSTKY. 450° F. In alr-tlght vessels; largely used for safety matches. Called also Red phosphorus. (Standard) Amortizatidn. The repayment of a debt, principal and interest, in equal annual installments. Frequently used in finance as the extinction of a debt, regardless of the means em- ployed. (B. B. Skinner, p. 114). Important in connection with min- ing finance. Amortization schedule. In finance, a table so constructed as to show the principal remaining due or out- standing immediately after the an- nual payment, the Interest for the interval, and the amount of princi- pal repaid. (E. B. Skinner, p. 121) Amortize. To clear off, liquidate, or otherwise extinguish, as a debt. To extinguish by periodically charging off a portion so as to bring the value to par at maturity. (Webster) Amparar (Mex.). 1. To cover (title). (Dwight) 8. A. en- la posesidti, to maintain In possession. (Halse) Amparo (Sp.). .Continued possession of a mine to secure title; keeping the necessary number of men at work in accordance with raining laws. (Crofutt) Ampelite. 1. A name, specially cur- rent among the French, for shales, charged with pyrite and carbonace- ous matter, that may yield alum- shales. (Kemp) 2. Cannel coal; also carbonaceous schist. (Webster) Amperage. The strength of an elec- tric current measured in amperes. (Century) Ampere. The practical unit of elec- tric current; the current produced by 1 volt acting through a resistance of 1 ohm. (Webster) Ampere foot. One ampere flowing through 1 foot of an electric con- ductor. A wire 20 feet long con- ducting a current of 6 amperes is said to have 120 ampere feet. (Standard) Ampere hour. The quantity of elec- tricity delivered in 1 hour by a current whose average strength is 1 ampere. (Webster) Ampere meter. An instrument for measuring in ampefes the strength of an electric current'; an ammeter. (Standard) Ampere turn. A unit equal to the product of one complete convolution of a coiled conductor Into 1 am- pere current. Thus a conductor having 5 convolutions with i am- pere current is said to have 2i am- pere turns. (Webster) Ampere volt. A watt. (Standard) Amphibole. The generic name for the group of bisilicate minerals whose chief rock-making member is horn- blende. It is often prefixed to those rocks that have hornblende • as a prominent constituent, as amphibole- andesite, amphibole-gabbro, amphi- bole-granite, etc. (Kemp). See also Hornblende. Amphibolite. A metaraorphlc rock consisting chiefly of hornblende, or of some member of the amphibole group. It is, as a rule, a synonym of hornblende schists, but is preferable to the latter, when the schistoslty is not marked. (Kemp) Amphibolization. Metamorphic altera- tion of other material into amphi- bole. ( Standard ) Amphigftne. Leuclte, K20.Al203.4SiOa. (Dana) Amphigenite. Lava containing araphi- g6ne. (Standard) Amphimorphic. In geology, formed by a two-fold process, as the action of mineral-bearing thermal springs upon sedimentary argillaceous de- posits during deposition. (Stand- ard) Ampllacl6n (Mex.). The enlargement of a mining claim. (Dwight) Ampollosa (Mex.). Rock structure containing cavities. (Dwight)' Amurang (Ceylon). Gold ore. (Lock) Amygdaloldal. Relating to an amyg- dule. Amygdaloid. A vesicular or cellular igneous rock, .ordinarily basaltic, in which the vesicles have been partly or wholly filled with a secondary de- posit of calcite, quartz, epidote, na- tive copper, or zeolites. (La Fotge). The term is used in the form of the adjective, amygdaloldal, and prop- erly should be limited to this. As a noun it Is also employed for second- ary fillings of the cavities, which are usually calcite, quartz, or some member of the zeolite group. Amyg- daloldal rocks are of chief interest in America because certain basaltic lava sheets on Keweenaw Point, GLOSSABIr OF MINlliris A»D MINERAL INDUSTRY. 33 lAke Superior, hate their amygdules filled with ntttlve copper and ore imtwrtant aonrCes of the metal. Amj'gdaloldal cavities are Umitud to the upper and lower portions of lava sheets. The name Is derived from tiie Greelc word for almond. ( Kemp ) Amygdnle. A small globular cavltjr In an eruptive rock caused by steam or vapor at the time of its eruption and generally lined afterwards with (WCODdary minerals. (U. S; Oeol. Surv. Bui. 521, p. 162) Anabranch (Aust.). An effluent of a stream that rejoins the main stream, forcing an island between the two watercourses. ( Standard ) AnacUnal. Descending In a direction opposite to the dip of the strata, as an anacUnal river. Opposed to Cata- clinal. (Webster) Atagna (Arg.). A shrub used as fuel in high deserT regions. (Halse) Analolte. A hydrous sodlum-aluml- num siUcate, NaAlSl>0<+H,0, be- longing to the zeolite group. (Dana) Analelte-basalt. A variety of basalt whose feldspar Is more or less re- placed by analcite. The analcite is In places In such relations as to give reason for thinking it an original mineral and not an alteration prod- uct from feldspar. Analclte-basalts occur In the Highwood mountains, Mont. Analcite-diabase has been found in California. See also Tes- chenite. (Kemp) Analolte-tingnaite. Tlnguaite (iohich tee) with considerable analcite. (Kemp) Analeltite. PIrsson's name for the oUvine-free analclte-basalts. (Kemp) Anallzar (Mex^). . To analyze. (Dwlght) Analysis. Spectflclally, In chemistry and mineralogy, the determination, by chemical methods^ of the nature and proportionate amounts, and sometimes also of the manner of combination, of the elementary con- stituents of a compound substance, as a mineral or a rock. Also, loosely, a tabular statement of the result of such an analysis. (La Forge) Analyzer. That part of a pdlarlscope that receives the light after pol- arization, and exhibits Its properties. (Webster) 744010 O— 47 3 Anameslte. An old name suggested by von Leonhard In 1832 for those finely crystalline basalts that textur- ftlty stand between the dense typical basalt and the coarser dolerites. The name is from the Greek for "in the middle." (Kemp) Anamotphlc zone. . A zone correspond- ing to the zone of rock-flowage. It is especially characterized by sili- catlzation involving decarbonatlon, dehydration and deoxidation ; the processes are constructive. See also Katamorphic zone. (Watson) Anamorphism; Anamorphosis. Meta- morpbism at considerable depths in the earth's crust and under great pre^ure, resulting in the formation of complex minerals frolh simpler • ones. (La Forge) Anatase (Fr.). ' Same as Octahedrite. (Standard) Anatexis. A refusion Of igneous rocks. (Daly, p. 309) Anohl euteetic. Magmas which are in- capable of undergoing notable difCer- entiation. (Daly, p>360) Ancho (Sp.). Wide. See Anchura. (Halse) Anchor. An iron plate used In with- drawing coke from a coke oven. (Standard) Anchor bolt. A foundation bolt; a drift ^ike, or other device used for holding any mechanism or structure down. It may or may not be threaded. Anchor lee. See Ground ice. Anchor oven. ' An oven from which coke Is removed with an anchor- shaped rabble. (Standard) Anchnra (Sp.). 1. Width or thickness of a mineral deposit. 8. The widen- ing of a vein. 8. The width of a gallery, etc. (Halse) Anchor 6n (Sp.). A large room opened in massive ore deposits. (Halse) Ancla (Mex.). Anchor; hook. (Dwlght) Anc6n de tierra (Mex.). A projecting or salient comer of a mining claim. (Dwlght) Andalnslte. An aluminum silicate Al-SiOi. Sometimes used as a semi- precious stone. (Dana) 34 GL0S8ABY OP MINING AND MINERAL INOUSUBX. AndaluBlte-hornstone. A compact con- tact rock containing andaluslte. It is usually produced from shale or slate by intrusions ol granite. (Kemp) Andamio (Mer.). 1. Builders' Jack. 2. A scaffold. (Uwight) Andarivel (Sp.). An overhead cable- way. (Lucas) And6n (Sp.). 1. A path tot horses around the shaft, as at a horse whim. (Dwight) 2. A railroad station platform. (Halse) Andendlorite. A Tertiary quartz-au- gite-dlorite that occurs in areas like islands in the midst of the vol- canic rocks of the Chilean Andes. The quartz crystals are remarkable for their Inclusions of glass and of fluids with salt crystals. , (Kemp) Andengranite. A biotlte-bearing, horn- blende-granite, similar In occurrence and microscopic features to Anden- dlorite. (Kemp) Andesine^ One of the plagloclase feld- spars. Intermediate between albite and anorthite (Dana). A silicate of sodium, calcium, and aluminum, with the sodium In excess of the calfclum. An Important constituent of andeslte and diorite. (Ransome) Andesita (Mez.). Andeslte. (Dwight) Andeslte. A volcanic rock of porphy- ritic or felsltic texture, whose crys- tallized minerals are plagioclase and one or more of the following: biotite, hornblende, and auglte. The name was suggested by L. von Buch in 1836, for a certain rock from the Andes resembling trachyte, but whose feldspar was at first thought to be albite, and .later oligoclase. (Kemp) Andradite. The common calclum'-lron garnet, OaiFei (Si04)t. (Dana). Anegada (Mex.). Drowned; over- flowed ; left to fill with water. (Dwight) Anemometer. An instrument for meas- uring the velocity 6t air currents; specifically, in mines, a common form consists of a small delicately mounted disk fan connectetl by means of gears with indicating dials. Especially useful when air current is over 100 feet per minute. Anemometry. The process of deter- mining the pressure or velocity of the wind (air) by means of an anemometer. (Century) Aneroid barometer. An Instrnment foi showing the pressure of the atmos- phere by means' of the movements of the elastic top of a metallic box from wWch the air has Jieen, partly exhausted. The most sensitive an- eroids show the variation of pressure due to a difference of height of n few feet; hence the Instrument 1b mudi used In measuring altitudes (Standard). See alto Barometer. Anlbollta OSp.) Amphlbolite. (Lucas) Angle. 1. The figure formed by twp meeting lines (plane angle), two meeting planes (dihedral angle), or tltfee or more planes meeting In a point (solid angle). 2. The differ- ence in direction of two lines. 3. A projecting or sharp corner. (Web- ster) Angle beam. A two-Umbed beam used for turning angles in .shafts, etc. (C. and M. M. P.) Angle brace. A brace used to pre- vent ' mine timbers f roin riding or leaning (Sanders, p. 156). . A brace across an Interior angle.- Angle of dip. A synonym for Dip. Angle of incidence. The angle formed by the 'line 'of incidence and a line drawn from the point of contact perpeildicular to the plane or sur- face on which the incident ray or body impinges. (Century) Angle lion. A bent piece of Iron used for joining two or more parts of a composite structure at an angle Also a rolled shape largely used In structural work. Angle of nip. The angle between tan- gents drawn to an ore particle at the point of its contact with the surface of the rolls. (Richards) Angle of polatliatlon. That angle whose tangent is the index et re- fraction of a reflecting substance, (Dana) Angle of pull. The angle between tjbe vertical and an Inclined plane bounding the area affected by the subsidence beyond the vertical. Ap* pUied to slides of earth. (Watson) Angle of rest or repose. The angle with a horizontal plane at whick loose' material will stand on a hori- zontal 'base without sliding. It is often between 30* and 86*. (Web- ster) GliOSSABY OF iiVSmHQ AlTD MINEBAL mDtrsXBT. 86 Angle of lUde. The slope, measured In degrees of deviation from the hori- zontal on which a slide of material will start (Watson). It is slightly greater than the angle of rest • Anglesite. Lead sulphate, PbSOi, con- taining 68 per cent lead. (Dana) Angleur furnace. A furnace for the distillation of zinc. (Ingalls, p. 448) Angostnn (Sp.). Narrowness; a nar- row mountain pass. (Halse) Angulo (Mex.). Angle. (Dwight) Angus Smith eompotltlon. A protec- tive coating for valves, fittings, and pipe used for underground work. It Is composed of coal tar, tallow, resin, and quicklime, and must be applied hot. (Nat. Tube Co.) AnhedraL Having a form determined by the surrounding crystals ; allotrio- morphlc ; xenomorphic ; said of min- erals in a granular igneous rock. Contrasted with Euhedral and Sub- hedral. (La Forge) Aahedron. A name proposed by L. V. Firsson for the individual mineral components of an igneous rock that lack crystal boundaries, and that can not therefore be properly called crystals according to the older and most generally accepted conception of a crystal. Xenomorphic and allo- triomorphic ai^e adjectives implying the same conception. The name means without planes. (Kemp) Anhydride. An oxide of a nonme- tallic body, or an organic radical, capable of forming an acid by unit- ing with water, or of being formed from an acid by the abstraction of the water, or of uniting with basic oxides to form salts. (Webster) Anhydrite. . Calcium sulphate, CaS04, or GaCSOi. Contains 41.2 per cent lime and 58.8 per cent sulphur tri- oxide. Usually associated with gyp- sum, to which it alters. Differs from it in being harder and In lack- ing water of crystallization. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Anhydrons. Destitute of water, espe- cially water of crystallization. (Webster) ASllado (Sp.). An indigo-colored cop- per ora (Halse) Anillo (Mex.). Ring; collar; loop on the end of a rope. In the plural, a set of shaft-timbers ; shells for crush- Ing-rolU. (Dwight) Anlmlkean tyitem. TUm middle division of the Proterozoic era, some- times known as the Upper Huronlan or Penokean. (Chamberlin, vol. S, p. 183) Animiklte. A white to gray silver antimonlde, AgiSb, that is found in fine granular masses in the Lake Superior region. (Standard) Anlsometrlc. Having unsynunetrical parts. Not isometric. (Webster) Anisotropic. Not having the same properties in all directions with re- gard to light; characteristic of all crystalline minerals except those of the isometric system. (Power) Ankerlte. A white, red, or grayi^ calclum-magnesium-iron carbonate, CaCOi(Mg,Fe,Mn)CO> (Dana) Ankylostomiasis. A disease due td the presence of parasites in the smi^ll intestines. When present in larie numbers, by sucking the blood ftom the intestinal walls they produce a severe anemia (Webster). AI90 called Miner's worm; Hookworm'; Tunnel disease. Anna. An Kast Indian money of ac- count, one-sixteenth rupee, or about two cents. (Webster) Annaherglte. A hydrous nickel arse- nate, NliAsiOt.8HiO. (U. S. Qeol. Surv.) Anneal ?. To heat, fire, bake, olr Aise, as glass, earthenware, ore, etc. jt. To heat, as ^ass, earthenware; or metals in order to fix colors. S. To treat, as glass, earthenware, or m^- als, by beating and gradually cool- ing, so as to toughen them and '.re- move brittleness. (Century) Annealed iteeL Sted that has been subjected to an annealing operation. (Hibbard) Annealed wire rope. A wire rope made from wires that have been softened by annealing. (C. M. P.) Annealing. 1. The process by \»hMh glass and certain met^s are heat^ and then slowly cooled to make them more tenacious sli^ less brittle. Im- I)ortant In connection with the manufacture of steel castings, forc- ings, etc. S. See Malleable castings. Annealing-arch. The oven In wl^ch glass is annealed. (Century) Anneaiing-box. A box in which ar- ticles to be annealed are enclosed while in the furnace (Standard). Also called Annealing pot 36 6E.0SSABY or MIBUNG AUTJ MimSKAL INDUSTRY. AB]iealinK>coI«r; The kue taken by steel In anneaUng.~ (Standard) Annealiag-fnmaoe. . See Annealing oven. Annealing-oven. An oven or furnace for beating and gradually cooling metals or glass to render them less brittle (Standard). *lso called An- nealing furnace. Annealing-pot. A closed pet in which articles are placed to be annealed or subjected to the heat of a fur- nace.*" They are thus enclosed to pKvent the formation of oxide upon their surfaces (Century). Also called Annealing-box. Annerodite. A submetallic black ura- nium-yttrium pyroniobate, crystal- lizing in the orthorhombic system. (Dana) Aannal labor. Same as Assessment work on mining claims. (U. S. Hln. Stat., V. 232-253) Annuity. 1. An annual allowance, payment, or Income. 2. The return from an investment of capital with Interest In a series of yearly pay- ments. (Standard) Annular borer. A tool with a tubular bit for removing a cylindrical core as a sample. Used in prospecting ( Standard ) . Compare Diamond drill ; Adamantine drill ; Shot drill. Annular kiln. A kiln having compart- ments. ( Standard ) Anode. The positive terminal of an electric- source, or more strictly the electrode by which the current en- ters an 'electrolyte on Its way to the other pole. Opposed to Cathode. (Webster) Anode copper. Crude-copper plates, usually east from the converter, used as anodes la the riectrolytic process of refining copper. Aaodo (8p.). A^ode. (Halae) Anogene. An old name for rocks that have come up from below ; i. c, erup- tive rocks. (Kemp) AnnnaUet. As applied to crystals, re- fers to lack of harmony of optical phenomena with apparent symmetry of external form. .i(Dana) Anomlte. A variety of blotlte. (Stand- ard) ABMrtUe. In crystallography, same as triclinlc. (Standard) Anorthite. An end-member of the plagloclase feldspar series, the one consisting of calcium-aluminum sili- cate and containing no sodium. The intermediate plagloclases may be re- garded as mixtures of anorthite with the other end-member, alblte (Ran- some). Compare Alblte. Anorthite rock. A coarsely crystalline granitoid igneous rock that consists almost entirely of anorthite. It was observed on the Minnesota shore of Lake Superior. The rock is a felds- pathlc extreme of the gabbro group, practically an anorthosite formed of anorthite. (Kemp) Anorthoclase. A triclinlc feldspar closely related to the orthoclase group. Chlefy a soda-potash feld- spar. (Dana) Anorthosite. A name applied by T. Sterry Hunt to granitoid rocks that consist of little else than labradorlte and that are of great extent in east- ern Canada and the Adirondacks. The name Is derived from anorthose, the French word for plagloclase, and is not to be confused with anor- thite, with which it has no necessary connection, although anorthosite Is used as a general name for rocks composed of plagloclase. The rocks are extremes of the gabbro group into whose typical members Oiey shade by insensI1;ile gradations. (Kemp) Anqueria (Pern). Silver ore which has the appearance of cubical ga- lena. (Dwight) Anquerlta (Mex.). Ankerlte. (Dwight) Anta (Peru). Copper; 4. charca, a copper mine. (Halse) Antecedent. 1. Pertaining to or char- acterizing the Internal movements of the earth concerned In the ele- vation of continental masses and their exposure to degradation. Con- trasted with consequent. 2. Estab- lished previous to the dlsplsicement of a terrane by faulting or fold- ing; as an antecedent valley, afite- cedent drainage. Contrasted with consequent and superimposed, Epl- genetlc. (Standard) Antecedent streams. Streams that hold their early courses In spite of changes since their courses were as- sumed. (Chamberlln vol. 1, p. 161) Anthraoifeioni. Yielding anthracite. (Webster) GLOSSABY 09 MISTING AKD MINBBAL INDUSTBY. 37 AntliTacite; Hard coal. A hard black lustrous coal containing 85 to 95 per cent carbon as against 70 to 85 per cent In bituminous . or "soft" coal. See. also Coal. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Characterized by "its small percent- age of volatile matter, high specific gravity, hardness, nearly metallic luster, rich black color, and semi- conchoidal fracture. It ignites with difficulty, produces an intensely hot fire, giving off no smoke, and burns with a very small blue flame of car- bonic oxide (produced by incomplete combustion), which disappears after the coal is thoroughly ignited. Vol- atile matter is usually less than 7 per cent. (Chance) Anthracolite; Same as Anthraconite. (Standard) Anthraconite. A coal-black bitumi- nous marble or -limestone usually emitting a fetid smell when rubbed. Also called Stinkstone and Swine- stone. (Webster) Anthracosis. Chronic inflammation of the lungs, produced by inhaling par- ticles of solid matter, as cpal dust; the 'blacklung' of coal workers. (Standard) Anthracozenlte. A black powder ob- tained from a resinoid material in the coal beds of Brandeisl, near Schlaib.'in Bohemia. The resin is treated with ether which dissolves the schlanite, leaving tiie insoluble portion, anthracoxenlte. (Bacon) Anthrax. A gem stone of the an- cients; probably identical with the carbuncle. (Standard) AnthraxolUe. A black combustible coal-like substance of varying com- position, occurring in Ontario and Quebec. (Bacon) Anticaustic. 1. Checking or prevent- ing the corrosive action of caustics; 2. Any remedy for arresting or miti- gating the action of caustics. (Standard) AntlcltaaL Of. or pertaining to, an anticline. (Webster),. The crest of an anticlinal roll may be the apex of a vein. (Tonopah Min. Co. v. West End Cons. Min. Co. 158 Pacific, p. 881) Anticlinal flexnrt; Anticlinal fold. See Anticlinal; Anticline. ' Anticlinal line or axis. In geology, the medial line of a folded struc- ture from which, the strata dip on either side. (Century) Anticline. A fold or arch of roclt strata, dipping in opposite direction from an axis. (Webster) Anticlinorlnm. A series of anticlines and syncllnes, so grouped that- taken together they have the general out- line of an arch; opposed to Syncli- norium. (Webster) Antifriction metal. Any alloy havtag a low coefficient of friction : used for bearing surfaces. ' (Standcoiit) Antigos (Braz.). *'01d men," or old workings (Halse). Compare An- tiguo. Antlguo, ffua (Mex.). A mine wpcked . by Spaniards or Mexicans at a time so remote (from 50 to SOO yeacs) that particulars have been forgotten. (Weed) Antimonlal silver. Same aa Dyseca- slte. (Standard) Antimonlde. A binary chemical com- pound of which, . aptimony is one constituent. (Webster) Antimonio (Hex.). Antimony; A. bianco, valentlnite; A. rojo, kerme- site. (D wight) Antimonite. The native sulphide of antimony; stibnl'te. (Century) Antimony. An e)emen;t of metallic iW?. pear^nce and crystalline structure, tin-wyte io color, h£>pd, and brittje. Occurs in fr^ tate /»i»4 combined in various minerals.' Symbol,, Sp ; Atomic wejjght, 120.2. Specific grav- ity, 617. (Webster) Antimony bfende. Same as Kerme^te. Antimony blovm. A synonym, ^ iV^lr entinlte, which, is often f onnd as an efflorescence (Chester). SbiO>. Antimony glance. Synonym for Stlb- nite. (A. F. Rogers) Antimony ochei. A synonym for Stil)- iconite, Oi and the eUor- apatite 41 per cent P>Oh (U. S, Geol. SUrv.) Apeador. A land surveyor. (Halse) Apeadnra (Sp.). Surveying. (Halse) Apelmasado (Mex.). Compressed ground. (Dwlght) Apeo (Sp.). 1. Timbering; A. flor estacaa, piling, spiles. S. Surveying. (Halse) Aperadox (Mex.). Stordteepeh (Dwlght) Aperos (Mex.). A, general tern, fttr mining supplies. (Dwlght) Apex. 1. The tip, point, or angnUir summit ot anything, as the .apes o(a mountain. The end, edge, or CKst of a vein nearest the surffice.- (Web- ster) S. The highest poMt of a Btratute, as a coal seam. (Standard) ' S. In geology, the top of an aptl- ciinal fold of strata. This term, as vsea in United States Revised Stat- utes, has been the occasion of muth litigation. It is supposed to< mean, something nearly equivalent to out- crop. (Century) «. The highest point at which thr ore' or rock Is found In place or between the walls of the vein, and not a " blow-out " or part of the vein OliOSSABT OF UrSlTStQ AKD MIKBttAL INDtTSTRT. 39 broken down outside the vi-alls. In case the vein outcrops at the sur- face, any portion of such outcrop Is the top, or apex. If the vein does not reach the surface, then the high- est point to which the vein, or lode, can be traced is the apex — ^not neces- sarily the nearest point to the sur- face, but the absolute highest point. It Is reasonable to believe that the top or apex was used ihstead of the word "outcrop," In order to cover "Mind lodes," which do not crop out. Xhe conception of an apex, which is properly a point, was probably taken from the appearance of a blind lode in a cross-section,- where the walls appear as lines and the upt^er edg« as a point. The term may also have been Intended to cover the imagi- nary case of an' ore deposit that terminates upward in a point. We may, however, dismiss from consid- eration the case of a Simple point, and safely assume that the apex is tile same as a top, and is either a line or a surface (Raymond). ' The top or apex of a vein, within the meaning of the law, is ijie high- est point of such vela where It ap- proaches nearest, to the surface of the earth, and where it is broken on its edge BO as to appear to be the beginning or the end of the vein. (Stevens v. Williams, 23 B"ederal CJas., p. 46.) The top or apex of a vein or lode is the end or edge or terminal of such vein or lode: nearest the sur- face of the earth. It is not neces- sary that it should be on or near or within any given distance of the sur- face, but If found at any depth a^id the locator can define on tt>e surface the area that will enclose it, then the vein or lode may beheld bx sycb location. (Iron SU,ver MIn. Co. v. Mun)hy, 8 Federal,, p. 373,) The apex or top of a vein is the point where it ceases to continue in the direction of the surface. (Slo^s- Sheffleld Steel and Iron Co. v. Pijrne, 64 Southern, 617.) The apex of a vein or lode is; nift necessarily a point, but may be a line of great length, and U a por- tion is found within the limits of a claim It is a sufficient discovery to enable the locator . to obtain title. (Poplar Cree^ Copsol, Qua,rtp Mlnf , In re, 16 Land Decisions, p. 2) tttr- kln V. Upton, 144 TT. S., p. 20; Deb- ney v. Ilea, 8 Alaska, *. 451.) i An apex of a vein Is that part or portion of the terminal edg* ot a vein from which the vein has ex- tension downward in the direction of the dip and the definition involves the elements of terminal edge and downward course therefrom. (Stu- art Mm. Co. t>. Ontario Mln. Co., 237 U. S., p. 860.) (Additional cases are cited in U. S. Mln. Stat, p. 105.) Aphanite. An old name, now prac- tically obsolete, for dense dark rocks, whose components are too small to be distinguished with the eye. It was chiefly applied _to finely crystalline diabases. An adjective, aphanltlc, is still more or less In current usage. (Kemp) Aphanltlc. Having a texture so fine that the individual grains or ccys* tals can not be distinguished with the naked eye. (Ransonle) Aphanojthyrlo. Containing phenocrysts in an aphanltlc groundmass ; said of some liorphyrltic ' Igneous rocks. (La Forge) Aphrlte. A foliated or scaly white pearly calclte. Called also Bartli foam and Foam spar. (Standard) Aphriilte. A black variety of tourma- line. (Standard) Aphrodite. A hydrous silicate of mag- nesium, in appearance much like meerschaum. (Chester) A^hrosiderite. A chlorite^llke mineral of scaly structure and olive-green color, near pennlnite in composition. (Chester) Aphthitallte. A white saline potas- slnm-sodluM sulphate, (KNft)a SO.. crystaUiaing in the rhombohedral system. (Dana) - Aphthoaite. A steel'gray argentlfer^ OQS variety of tetrahe4rlte. (Stand- ard) Apllat (dp.). To form a heap or pile. (Halse) i,pilttfc (Mex.). Vertical. (Dwight) Apique (Oolom.). 1. Shaft. 8. Winze. S. In alluvial mines, the point where the pump is placed. (Halse) Apireo (Chile). Transporting ore on men's shoulders. See also Haplre. (Halse) Aplrei (Peru). Ore carriers in mines. (Dwight) Aplanador (Sp.). t. A blacksmith's flsitter. (Dwlgbt) S. An ingot hammer. >. A riveter. (Halse) 40 GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Aplite. A term chiefly applied to finely crystalline miiscovlte-granite tluit occurs In dikes. Its original appJi- ' cation was to granites poor or lack- ing mica. The name is from the Greeli for simple. (Kemp) Apo. The Greek preposition meaning 'from,' suggested by F. Bascom as a prefix to the names of various volcanic rocks to describe the de- vitrlfled or sUiclfied varieties, that indicate their originals only by the preservation of characteristic tex- tures, its apobsldian, aporhyoUte, apobasalt, etc. Many rocks called by the old Indefinite name petrosilex are of this character. (Kemp) Apobsldian. Obsidian that has been deTltrlfied by metaniorphlsm. (Standard) Apolvillado (Hex.). 1. Ore of a su- perior grade (Dwlght) 2. A second-class ore from the Veta Mndre, Giiiinii.luato, Mex., yielding about 750 ounces of silver per short ton. ('Halse) Apophyllite. A calclum-liydrogen, sili- cate sometimes containing potassium and fluorine, K,0.8Ca0.16SiOi.- 16HjO. Occasionally used as a gem. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Apophysis. A branch from a vein or dike to which it is attached; an eplphesls is the same, but not at- taclied. (MIn. and Scl. Press, vol. 116, p. 694) AporhyoUte. Rhyolite that has been more or less . devltrlfled by meta- morphism. (Standard) Aporreador (Chile). A sledge ham- mer; a maul. (Halse) Appalachian. Of, or pertaining to, a system of mountains In the eastern United States, also Incorrectly called Allegheny from Its western range. (Webster) Appalachian coal field. The coal-pro- ducluK area extending from north- ern I'eiuisylvanla to Alabama in and adjacent to the Appalachian moufi- tains. Apparatus (No. of Bng.). 1. The screening appliances upon the pit bank ( at or near a mlue) . ( Gresley ) 2. Any complex device or machine designed or prepared for the accotn- plishment of a special purpose; also a collection of tools, appliances, ma- terials, etc., as that necessary to the pnrsiilt of a profession, as surgical or chemical apparatus. (Standard) Apparent superposition. The actual or visible order in which strata lie In any locality. (Standard) Apple coal (Scot). See Yolk coal. Appliances of transportation. As ap- plied to a coal inlne, these include the motor tracks, roadbed, cars, and mo- tors used for the removal of coal from the mlue. (Jaggle v. Davis Colliery Co., 84 Southwestern, p. 941) Appolt oven. An oven for the manu- facture of coke, differing from the Belgian in that It Is divided into vertical compartments. (Raymond) Approved. Accepted as suitable by a compet^t committee, board, or or- gaulzatlon designated by those adopt- ing the rules. (H. H. Clark) Ap- plies to permissible explosives, safety lamps, motors, etc., as passed upon by the Bureau of Mines. Apron. 1. A canvas-covered frame set ut such an angle in the miner's rock- er that the gravel and water in passing over it are carried to the heod of th4 mo^chlne. S. An amal- gamated copper plate placed below the stamp battery, over which the pulp passes. The free gold con- tained In the pulp is caught by the quicksilver on the plate (Hanks). See also Copper plates. 3. A hinged extension of a loading chute. Commonly called Lip in Ar- kansas. (Steel) 4. A. broad shallow vat for evaporat- ing. 8. A receptacle for conveying rock by means of a cable-way and trolley. 6. An endless belt for con- veying material of any kind ; called also a Traveling apron. 7. A shield of planking, brushwood, or other material, below a dam, along a sea- wall, etc. (Webster) 8. A sheet of sand and gravel lying for some distance In front of the terminal moraines of a glacier. Called also Frontal apron and Mo- rnlnal apron. (Standard) Apron fila.it. The large amalgamated plate, of copper or slivered copper, that receives the discharge from a stamp mill, or other crushing or screening apparatus, but sometimes placed In a separate building. Apron roll. One of the rolls that car- • rles a troveling apron. (Webster) Apurador (Mex.). 1. One who looks for particles of ore in waste waters. S. Men who re wash the ore from, the tinat, or patio process. (Halse) GLOSSARY OF UISINQ AISTD VXNKRASj INDUSTRY. 41 Apundora (Sp.). 1. Long drills used ID finishing a borehole, ft. A lairge vat used in the patio process in which the bateas are washed. (Halse) Apurar; FnrillMr (Sp.). 1. To purify metals. >. io clean up orea St To consume. ( Halse ) Apuro (Sp.). A cast-iron settling pot used In the patio process. (Halse) ApyMu*. Not changed by fextfemfe heat, as mica: distinguished from Refractory. (Standard) A^aa fortis. Nitric acid. Applied eec>ecially to the weaker grade of the commercial acid, (Webster) Aqoamarlna. A transparent, light JUu*- ish^greea beryl. Used as a gem. (U. S. Oeol. Surv.) Aqua regia. A mixture of nitric knd hydrochloric acids. By the action of ;Uie chlorine evolved it dissolves gold or tilatinum. (Wi^bstfer) A^eduoi An artificial elevated way for carrying water. (C. and M. M. P.) A^tleO'trlMlkl. Of, oi pertaining to, or resulting from, the combined action of lee and water. (Webstev) Aan«o-iglieAiiii. Of, Of P6rtaittlbK t:o, bi* resulting fram the joint influence of heat and water. (Webster) Aqueotti iniion. Melting In the Wftter of crystallization. ^ Webster) A44Mtti lava. The firad lava formed by the mixture of volcanW Ush with condensing Tolcaalc Vajpor or other water. (Standard) Aqveottt rooki. Sedimentary rpcka. See also Sedimentary. Aquifer. A porous rorik Mratum that carries water. (Lowe) Aquilatar (Sp.). See QullatAr, Aragonitt, OrthorhoUblc calclntd Carbonate, CaCOi. See also Oalclte. (t>ana) AniRMitfl group. Afagonite, bromlite, witherite, strontianlte, and cerusite. (Standard) Aragotlte. A peculiar kind of bitumen found In the Sulphur Springs district of Caltftornia. hhd al«6 in the duiek- Bllver mines of Lake, Yolo *nd Santa OlAra counties, In the teme State. Not to be-cofifttsid With Aragonlte. (AIltzBkls) Aralo-Caiplan. In physical geography, a term implied to the extensive basin or depressed area occupied by the Aral and Caspian Seas, and which is a true "basltt of continental streams," having no communication With the wsbkn. (t>age) Araneel (Peru). A list of fees pay- able to Onvernment engineers, for aurveying, marking oUt boundatleii, etc. (fiaise) Arborescent. Applied to minerals When aai^uming a tree-like forht^ •motie «speeially When fairly mas- aive; if so>thin as to resemble the painting of a tree they are generally termed Dendrites. (Power) Amanite. Siime as Aphthltaiite. (Dana) Aafthi 1. (C!orn.) A portion of a lode left standing when the rest is ex- tracted, to support the hanging wall or because It Is too poor for profit- able extraction. (Raymond). Ground unworked near a riiaft, (fialnbrldge) S. One oi the fire chambers of a brick kiln ; also the fire chamber in certain kinds of furnaces and ovens, from the Ari!faed roof. (Webstet) •• The roof of A reterberatory fur- nace. (Raymond) Aralueaa; Arohean. AUeient. ¥he term Is sometimes used as the equiv- alent of Pre-(jambrlan, but is re- stricted by the U. S. Oeol. Surv. and most American geologists to the old- est stratified rocks. Aroh briok. 1. Commonly applied to those brick taken from the arches of a kiln. Thi^ are usually over- burned. (Ries) % A Wedge'lUiAped brick used ifl building na arch. (WebMer) Arched (Oirn.). Said of the roads In a mine, wheA bUilt With Mtones of bricks. (Mm. Jour.) Arohemy. A variant of Alchemy. (Century) Aroheosotc. 1. The era during whicn, or during the later part of which, the oldest system of rocks was made. (Chamberlln) S. Belonging to the last of three sub- divisions Of Archean time, when the lowest forms of life probably ex- isted. (Standkrd) Archetto (Iti). A Wire stretched on a forked or bent stick for smoothing potter's clay In molding. (Stand- ard) 42 GLOSSARY OP MIWIITG ASD MINBftAt INDtTSTBT. Archimedean screw. ■ A spiral screw, fitting closely In a tube, for raising water or other liquids ; often used as a screw conveyor for grain, sand, gravel, and fine ore. Archimedes limestone. One of the sub- ordinate beds of the lower Carbonif- erous series. (Emmons, 1860) Arching (Eng.). Brickwork or qtone- work forming the roof of any under- ground roadway. (Gresley) Archolithic. Of or pertaining to the earliest sedimentary rocks, as the Laurenthian and Silurian. (Stand- ard). The term is not in common usage. Aroilla (Mex.). Clay (Dwlght). Kao- lin. Arcilloso (Mex.). Argillaceous. (D wight) Arcose. Same as Arkose. (Standard) Arc welding. See Electric welding. Ardennite. A yellow to yellowish- brown vanadlo-silicate of aluminum and manganese that crystallli!es-in the orthorhombic system. (Dana) Area (Sp.). A square of 10 meters on each side, equivalent to about 143 sq. varas. (Halse) ' Areal geology. That branch of geol- ogy which pertains to the distribu- tion, position, and form of the areas of the earth's surface occupied by different sorts of rock or different geologic formations, and to the mak- ing of geologic maps. (La Forge) Areia (Port.). Sand, gravel; A. nio- vedica, quicksand ; A. preta, black sand (Halse). Compare Arena. Arena (Sp.) Sand or grit; A. de oro, gold-bearing sand; A gorda, coarse sand or gravel. (Halse) Arenaceous. An adjective applied to rocks that have been derived from sand or that contain sand. (Kemp) Not to be confounded with siliceous. Arendalite. A dark-green crystalline epidote. (Standard) - Areng (Borneo). A yellowish gravelly earth, sometimes containing dla- - monds. (Lock) Arenilitic. Of or pertaining to sand- stone. (Standard) Arenllla. 1. (Sp.) Fine sand. 2. (Venez.) Black, magnetic-Iron sand. 8. (iColom.) Tltanlferoua iron ore. 4. (Chile) Copper mntte mixed with Slag; also specular iron ore. (Halse) i (Mex.). Tailings; refuse earth. (Dwlght) Arenisc^ (piedra ar6nisoa)' (Mex.); Sandstone. (Dwlght) Arenose. Full of grit or fine sand; gritty. (Standard) Arenoso (Sp.). Sandy ; gravelly:; gritty. (Vel.) Areometer. An instrument for meas- uring the specific gravity of liquids ; a hydrometer. (StB;ndard) Arents tap. An arrangement by which the molten lead from the crucible T)f a shaft furnace la drawn through an Inverted siphon into an exterior basin, from which it can be' ladled without disturbing the furnace. (Raymond) Arfvedsonite. A slightly basic meta- silicate of sodium, calcium, and fer- rous iron. One of the amphibole group. (Dana) Argal. See Argol. Argall furnace. A , reverberatory roasting furnace of which the hearth has a reciprocating movement whereby the ore is caused to move forward by the action of rabbles ex- tending across the hearth. . (Ingalls, p, 116.) Argall tubular furnace. A tubular roasting; furnace consisting of 4 brick-lined steel tubes 30 feet- long nested together, inside two steel- tires,' which revolve upon steel- faced carrying rolls., (Ingalls, p. 12L) « Argamasa. 1. (Sp.). Lime mortar. (Dwight) 8. A..hidr&ulica, cement mortar or hydraulic cement. 3. (Sonora, Mex.) A cement gravel, or conglomerate containing mica, hematite, black sand, and quartz cemented with cal- otte. (Halse) Argental mereuiyi ' A silver amalgam. (Standard) Argentiferous, Containing- silver. Argentina. In. ceramics, unglazed por- celain coated by a chemical process with gold, silver, or copper. (Stand- ard) Argentine. 1. A lamellar variety of ' oalcite with a pearly white luster. (Chester) S. Silver-coated, white metal. S. A finely divided tin moss or sponge obtained from a solution of tin by precipitation with einc. .(Standard) Argentine flowers of antimony. The tetroxide of antimony. (Century) aL06SAST of MliriirG A^D ntll^BtlAL IITDTTSimtk 43 t>hlde, AgtS. ContAIAs 87 pet Ct containing cia.; and Sand. (Eiand- ard) Argfillo-calcareous. Composed of or containing clay and lime; (Rtaiid- ard) AtgiUo-osleits. A clayey caleiteL (Standard) Argillo-f erruginoui. ; COittpMed M Or containing clay and Irom (Stand- ard) ArKlUo-magneslan. Composed of or containing clay attd mAgneSitt dr tUagnbslUU. (Standard) ArglroBB (Sp.). Dark ruby silver. (Halse) ArgeL tJnreflned.or crude tartar. A hard crust of potassium bltartrate formed on th6 Sides Of veBSels Ih which wine has been fermented. Also written, Argftl, Argoll, Argall, Orgal (Century). tTsed extensively In aAsaJrlhg ta» Its t^c>;tln!^, tt^Wfei*. Argon. A colorless odorless gas In the hir, of Which it constitutes ftlM88t 1 per cent by volume. BJrtnlWli A ; atomic weight, 80.88i Specific . grav- iiy, 1.4. (Webster) Aigrrtte. Same as Argentlta Also called Argyrose. (Standard) Attyropyrlt«. A sll'v«Mrod sblpHM^ AgiFerSit, sTmllkir to afgehtopyrtte, that crysthlllzes' In the hexagonal syst(em (Standard). Probably the same as Argetltopyrite. Arg)rt4Be. Same as Argentlte. (StbhSt- ard) Argyrythhtn. Sanie As ^yrHfR^lte. (Standard) Arid. Parched with heat; without moisture; very dry; barren; specifi- cally, having little or no rainfall and requiring artificial Irrigation. (Standard) AMegtte. A name given by A. LAcmx to a special family of granitoid rocks, consisting primarily of mono- cltnlc pyroxene hnd spinel. Bub- Vbribtles result from the pf^Cnce of amphlbole and garnet. The rocks are found In the French Pyr^tees) in the department ot Arlege, from which they take their name. They are most closely related to the py- roxAtiltiSs. (Kemp) Arista (SpO* The intersection line of two planes. (Dwight) Arltei A nickel mineral intermediate between nlccoUte and brelthauptlte. (Dana) Arkansas itifbe. A tone novacuUte {see NovacuUte) used as an oilstone for sharpNilBg tools or instruments. Found in the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas. (Pike) Arkansite. A variety of brookite from Magnet Cove, Arkansas^ (Century) Arkite. A name based on the common abbreviation Ark, for Arkansas, and given by H. B. Washington to a rock that occurs near the Diamond JO ArkOM. 1. A sAhdlstOhe rich In feld- spar fragments, as dUtingdlatied from tiie more commoh rtchijr quam- ose varieties. (Kemp) 8. A sedimentary rock composed of material derived from the disinter grAtlon Of granite, trAhsboi^ted hiiit redeposited with little soltihg. (La Forge) Arkosijik Having wholly or la part the character of arkose. Arleftulaes (ilex,)« Precious opals. (Lucas) Aries, or Itries (No. of Bug.) Harn- est money formerly allowed to col- liers at the time of hiriing thetn. (Oresley) 44 GLOSSAEY OP MINING AND MINEEAI. INDUSTRY. Arm. 1. The inclined member or leg . of a set or frame of timber. (Ray- mond) 2. An Inlet of water from the sea or other body of water. (Webster) Armar (Mex.). To erect or fit up ma- chinery, etc. (Dwight) Armature. 1. A piece of soft iron or steel used to connect the poles of a magnet or of adjacent magnets. 2. That part of a dynamo-electric machine carrying the conductors whose relative movement through the magnetic .field between the pole pieces causes an electric current to be induced in the conductors (as in a dynamo) ; or which by having a current passed through them are caused by electro-magnetic induction to move through this field (as in a motor). (Webster) Armaz6nj Armadura (Sp.). Any. framed structure, truss, trestle, etc. (Dwight) Armenian stone. An old name for azurite, alluding to a locality in which it is found. (Chester) Armenite (Armenia). A synonym for Azurite; Armenian stone. (Ches- ter) Aromatic componnds. Compounds de- rived from the hydrocarbon benzene (C«H.), distinguished from those de- rived from methane (OH.). (Stand- ard) Aromatite. A bituminous stone re- sembling myrrh in color and odor. (Standard) Arquerite (Chile). Silver amalgam, containing only a small proportion of mercury. (Chester) Arrage. A sharp edge or corner In a • drift. Called also Arris. (Standard) Arranqne (Sp.). Breaking ground, winning, or mining; A. mec&nico, rock drilling by machinery; A. tra- hajo, a working place. (Halse) Arrastrador (Mex.). Slag-pot puller. (Dwight) Arrastrar (Mex.). 1. To drag along the ground; to haul or convey. 2. ,To unite as veins and form one. A. et agua. To remove the water from a sump or working. (Halse) Arrastre fSp.). 1. A^pparatus for grinding and mixing ores by means of a heavy Stone dragged around upon a circular bed. The arrastre is chiefly used for ores containing free gold, and amalgamation is com- bined with the grinding. Sometimes incorrectly written arraster, arrai- tram, or raster (Raymond). A. de cuchard, an arrastre driven by rough Impact waterwheel, ihe blades of which are called cucharas. A. de marca, a large arrastre. A. de mula, mule-power arrastre. A. de mano, a hand arrastre for sampling purposes. 2. Haulage or conveyance. A. interior, underground haulage. S. A. de uncriadero, footwall or floor pf-a deposit. (Halse) Arrastrero. One who works an ar- rastre. (Halse) Arreador; Arriero. 1. (Mex.) The mule driver on a hoisting whim. (Dwight) 2. (Bol.) A man who follows ore carriers to see that they do not steal ore. (Halse) Arrebol (Mex.). The jerking of a rope as a signal to miners under- ground. (Dwight) Arrested anticline. A term applied by Orton to a gentle monocline in the natural-gas fields of Ohio. (Ore Dep., p. 11) Arriero (Mex.). Muleteer. (Dwight) Arrinonada (Sp.). Botryoidal. (Dwight) Arris. Same as Arrage. Arris-cleat (Aust.). A strip of wood having a triangular cross-section used for keeping brattices In posi- tion. (Power) ArroUa (Mex.). (Dwight) Twenty-five pounds. Arroyo (Sp.). A small stream, or its dry bed; in geology, a deeii dry gully. (Standard) Arrngia (Sp.). ■ A deep gold mine. (Halse) Arsenic. A solid brittle element of tin-white to steel-gray color and me- tallic luster, occurlng free and also combined in various minerals. Syro- bol. As; atomic weight, 74.96. Specific gravity, 5.7. (Webster) Arsinico ( Sp. ) . Arsenical nickel. coUte. Arsenic. (Dwight) A synonym for Nlc- Arsenical pyrite. A synonym for Arsenopyrite. (A. F. Rogers) Arseniclte. Same as Pharmacolite. (Standard) Arseiilous. Pertaining to, or contain- ing, arsenic ; said of compound^ in which arsenic Is trivalent (Web- ster) iSLOaSAKS OP HINUTQ AND MINBBAIi Iin>^8TBY. 46 . AfMBlte. Same as Arsenolite. Anenolamprl^. A metallic lead-grf^y variety of native arsenic containing bismuth. (Standard^ AnenoUte. A wlilte arsenlous oxide, As>0>, wltli occasional yellow or red tinge, cryatallldng in the Isometric ftystem. (Standard) AruiBopyiite; Kisplfekel. A sulph-ar- senide of Iron, FeAsS. Contains 46 Iter cent, arsenic, equivalent to 57.7 pec cent white arsenic, AsiOi. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Anentine plate. German silver. (Standard) ArtUae (Russ.). A. measure of vor«d well, even where pump- ing is necessary, as In an ordinary driven well. (Standard) Artlllclal mlneraL A mineral formed artificially, as in the laboratory, and so distinguished from one found in nature (Standard). A synthetic mineral. Artiflcial soft porcelain. Porcelain with a body resembling glass con- sisting chiefly of alkaline salts and coated with a lead glaze, as the early tender porcelain of Sirvres. (Standard) Artiflcial ftone. A stony substance formed from certain basic natural materials -which in the course of manufacture undergo chemical changes whereby an entirely new material is created. This new sub- stance is then crurtted, graded, molded Into desired shapes and baked under intense heat In kilns or ovens. Often used as an abrasive. (Pike) Aroppukarans. A gold-washing caste in Madras. (Lo'!k) Arvoaian zoek. A rock consisting of quartz-felsltes, liftlleflintas, and brec- cias, characteristic of the Cambrian or an earlier period in Wales. (Standard) Aibcstifonn. Formed like or resem-. bllhg asbestos; fibrous: said of stones. (Standard^ Aibesto (Sp.). Asbestos; A. lefloso, Ugniform asbestos; A. de ooreho, mountain cork. (Halse) , Asbestos. White, gray, or green-gray fibrous variety of amphibole, usually one containing but little aluminum, as tremolite or actinollte; also, im- properly, a fibrous serpentine or chrysotile. Called also Earth-flax, Mountain - cork, and Amianthus. (Standard) Asbolite. An earthy manganese min- eral (wad) containing oxide of co- balt, which sometimes amountd to 32 per cent. (Dana) Ascendents (Sp.). Working upward. (Lucas) Ascensional ventilation (Eng.). The arrangement of the ventilating cur- rents so that the vitiated air shall rise continuously until reaching the surface. Particularly applicable to steep coal seams. (Gresley) Ascension, infiltration by. The theory of infiltration by ascension in solu- tion from below considers that ore- bearing solutions come from ,the heated zones of the earth, and that they rise through cavities, and at diminished temperatures and pres- sures deposit their burdens. (Ore Dep., p. 40) Ascension theory. The theory that the matter filling fissure veins was intro- duced in solution from below. (Ray- mond) Asehafflte. A name suggested by Giim- bel for a dike rock occurring near Aschaffenburg, Bavaria. It Is de- fined by Rosenbusch as a dioritic dike rock containing quartz and plagioclase, with biotite as the chief dark silicate. (Kemp) Asehlstlc. A term applied by Br8gger to dikes that are direct branches from larger intrusive masses and have essentially the same composi- tion. (Daly, p. 39) Asentador (Sp.). 1. A stonemason. 2. A settler used in ore dressing. (Halse) Asentar el hoyo (Sp. Am.). To wa^ away the overburden. (Lucas) Aseatar planes . (Colom.). To place dies or other resisting material be- low the stamps preliminary to crush- ing. (Halse) Aserrador (Sp.). A sawyer. (Halse) Aserrar (Sp.). To saw. (Dwight) 46 GLOSSARY OF MnriKG ASH HTSBRkL JUTOVSTBt. ■Acfalto (Sp.). A«pb«lt. (Dwlgbt) Aih; Tolcanie aih. Toff tbat in color, texture, and general appearance re- sembles ashes. (La Forge) Ash-ball ( Shrop) . A fixture of small , fragments of greenish day, quartz, etc. (Gresley) Ash-bed. A deposit of volcanic ash. Ash-bed' diabase. A rock on Kewee- naw Point, Lake Superior, resem- bling a conglomerate, but which is Interpreted by Wadsworth as a scorlaceons amygdaloldal sheet into which mnch sand was washed in its early history. (Eemp) Aihes. The earthy or mineral part of combustible substances remaining after combustion, as of t^ood or coal. (Webster) Ath furnace. A furnace or oven for fritting materials for glass making. (Webster) Ashlar. 1. A block of Stone, as brought from the ^narry. i. A squared stone. 8. Mason work of squared stones. (Standard) 4. A facing of cut Stone applied to a backing of rabble or rough ma- sonry or brickwork (C. and M. M. P.) Also called Bastard ashlar. B. A thin brick made especially for facing walls. (Webster) Ash oven. An ash furnace. (Stand- ard) Ash pit. The receptade for ashes un der a grate. Ash's furnace. A furnace for r^ning spelter. (Ingalls, p. 671) Asiderite. Daubree's name for stony ' meteorites that lack metallic iron. (Eemp) Aslento (Mex.). 1. The concentrate In panning. S. A, mineral, mineral region. (Dwlght) Asln (Philippines). Salt (Stand- ard) Aslope (Corn.). In a slanting posi- tion. (Crofutt) Asmanite. An orthorhomblc variety of silica found In meteoric Iron. (Standard) Asombrarse (Sp.). Said of a lode .when it varies its dip so as to be- come almost horizontal. (Lucas) Aspa. I. (Peru) Intersection or Junc- tion of two veins. (Dwight) 2. (Sp.). In gold milling, a tappet. 8. Two timbers in ' the form of a cross to operate an endless chain device for hoisting water. See also Norla, 1. (Halse) Asparagui stone. A greenish-yellow variety of apatite. (Power) Asperite. A collective name sngiSeBtM Uy O. r. Becker for th^ rough celln- lar lavas whose chief feldapar Is plagiodase, but of which It is im- possible to speak more closely without microscopic determlnatloD. The name is intended for general field use much as trachyte ^as em- ployed in former years. It Is coined from the Latin word foe rou|^ (Kemp) AsperoUte. A variety of Chrysocolla, containing more than the 'ustial per- centage of water. (Chester) AsperOn (Mex.). Sandston*; Oriiifl- stone. (Dwight) Asphalt: 1. A complex iijoiAponnd' of varioos hyidrocarbons, part of whidi are oxygenated. B«lated in ori^ to petroleum. Is brown or brown- ish black in color, melts at 90* to 100° F.,~ and Is mostly or wholly soluble in tntl>eQtine. BeH aUo Albertlte, Elaterlte, Gllsonite, 6ra- hamite, Impsonite, Nlgilte, Wnrtsll- Ite (TT. S. Geol. Surv.). Also called Mineral pitch. Same as Asphaltum. 3. To cover or treat with asphalt Asphalt-base petroleum. Asphalt-base oils contain asphalt and no paraffin. They are distllleU to asphalt, and the distillates are cut according to gravity; such oils do not yield steam-refined cylinder stock or par- affin wax. See also Paraffin-aspbalt petroleum . (Bacon) Asphalt-blook pavemeat A pavement having a- wearing course of previ- ously prepared blocks of aapbaltic concrete. (Bacon) Asphalt eenie»t. A fluxed or unfluxed asphal^c material, especially pre- pared as to quality and oonsistency; suitable for. direct use In the manu- facture of asphaltie ' pavements. (Bacon) Asphalted.- Coated ally Gallfornijin asphaltlc base), or elaterlte are right consistence temperature that coating is used. with asphalt Vsu- oll (which has an coal tar, gllsonite added to give the to suit the average prevails when the (Nat Tube Co.) Asphaltenes. The components of the bitumen ' in petroleum, petroleum products, malthas, -asphalt cements, and solid native bitumens, that are soluble in carbon disulfide, but In- soluble In naptha (petroleuin spirit) See also Petrolene. (Bacon) Asphalt furnace. A portable furnace in which asphalt Is hented for use in roofing, paving, etc. (Cenfitry.) WifmiJn OF xuravG tJsm mxrasLAi, iijiDVBTnt, 47 AtphfiUlo. SiniUc ,to, oc ^sendallf _ oo)BiR08ea of , fiiWhalt. ^BAqofx) Aiphaltto ntx. Sise TWiHi 2. the tatiikme flttx Is dlffereutlated ft-bm paraffin flux and (tem^dsplittUK! flux by A greater denglty, peaply tbat ojC water; by tbe; absence of hard par- affin scale, and by the fact that the unsaturated hydrocarbons predoml- htfte. {t yleldi^ A iiitg6r aBitni&t ^ ftsn-'tree restdtial stock held by shareholders. (HtTukS) 9. See Assessment work. Assessment work. The annual work Vipon an unpatented mining claim on the public domain necessary under the United States law for the main- tenance of the possessory title there- to. Same as Annual labor. (Min. Stat., pp. 233-253) Asta (Sp.). A shaft qr spindle; A. de l)oml>a, a pump rod; A. de bandera, flagstaff. (Halse) Astatki; Ostatki. A Russian name for a petroleum residue now nsed as fuel. Until 1870 it was considered a .useless article, and was disposed of by burning in open pits near the refineries. (Mitzakis) Astel. Overhead boarding or arching in a mine gallery. (Raymond) Asterlated quartz. A phenocrystalline variety of quartz having whitish or colored radiations within the crys- tals: called also Star-quartz. (Stand- ard) Asterlsm. The name given to the pe- culiar starlike rays of light ob- served in certain directions in some minerals. (Dana) 48 GLOSSABT OF MIKIKG AND imKBRAI/ UrDtTSTItT. Aitlaei (Port.)- The sides or walls of an oven. (Halse) AitlUero (Mex.). A place In a forest where firewood Is cut; aa open forest; a pasture for mules, etc, (Raise) Astral. 1. The stage In earth growth when It glowed with incandescent heat, lilse a star. (Lowe) 3. Pertaining to the earliest of three subdivisions of Archeun time, that of the fluid globe surrounded by a heavy vaporous cnveloi)e. (Stand- ard) Now obsolete. Astrallne. A Russian petroleum prod- uct possessing the specific gravity 0.8.')(>-0.860, a flash point not less than 60° C. (122° F.), and of a pale yellowish color. (Bacon) A-stretchlng (Scot). In the line of the strike of the strata; level course. (Barrowman) Aitrlngent. A taste that puckers the mouth (George). Said of certain minerals. Astyllen. 1. (Corn.) A mine stop- ping to prevent the flow of water; a dam. 2. A Wall to separate ore from waste. (Pryce) Asymmetrloal. 1. Without proper pro- portion of parts; unsynjmetrlcal. 2. Crystals not divisible into similar halves by a plone; trlcHnic (Stand- ard). Also used In geology In de- scribing structural features. Asymmetric class. The OiCli, found near Tolca- noes. (Standard) Aterrar (Port.). To fill with waste; to pack- (Halse) Aterro (Port). Attle; waste rock. (Halse) Atierret (M^x.). Waste rock In t mine. (Dwlght) Atincsr (Sp.). Refined tincsBi}; borax of commerce. (Halse) Atlnconar (Sp.) To secure the walls provisionally with stulls. (Halse) Atlz (Colom.). Poles for lagging. , (Halse) Atlzador (Sp.). 1. A man who at- tends the furnace; a stoker. S. A dresser of magistral. 8. (Oplom.) A battery feeder. (Halse). Atlasite. • A cupric carbonate contain- ing chlorine. Probably a mixture of atacamite and azurite. (Standard) Atmosphere. I. The whole mass of air surrounding the earth. 2. The pres- sure of air at the sea level used as a unit. See aUo Atmospheric pres- sure. (Webster) Atmospherio pressure. The pressiue of air at the sea level, exerted equally in all directions. The standard pres- sure is that under which the mercury barometer stands at 760 millimeters. It la equivaleut to about 14.7 pound* to the square Inch. (Webster) Atoll. A coral island of circular form, inclosing a lagoon. Atom. According to the atomic theory, the smallest particle of an element that can exist either alone or in combination with similar particles of the same or of a different element; the smallest particle of an element tha): enters into the composition of A iholecule. (Webster) Atomic weight. The weight of an atom of a chemical element as com- pared with that of an atom of hydro- gen. (Standard) OZXIBBABT OF MIWING AWD MIWBRAl. INDUSTRY. 49 INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC WEIGHTS, 1918. On Recount of the difficultieB of correspondence between its mem- bers, due to the war, the International Committee on Atomic Weights has decided to make no full report for 1918. Although a good num- ber of new determinations have beeii published during the past year, none of them seems to demand any immediate change in the table for 1917. That table, therefote, fiaay stand as oi^cial during the year 1918. F. W. Clarke, Chairman. Atomic Symbol. weight. Aluminum Al 27. 1 Antimony Bb 120.2 Argon A 39.88 Aisenic As 74.96 Barium Ba 137.37 Bismuth .' Bi 208. Boron B 11.0 Bromine ....Br 79.92 Cadmium Cd ' 112.40 Caesium Cs 132.81 Calcium Ca 40.07 Carbon C 12.005 Cerium Ce 140. 25 Chlorine CI 35.46 Chromium Cr 52.0 Cobalt.-. Co 58.97 Columbium Cb 93.1 Copper Cu 63.57 Dysproeium Dy 162. 5 Erbium Er 167.7 Europium Eu 152.0 Fluonne F 19.0 Gadolinium Gd 157.3 Gallium Ga 69.9 Germanium Ge 72.5 Glucinum Gl 9.1 Gold Au 197.2 Helium '. He 4.00 Holmium Ho 163. 6 Hydrogen H 1.008 Indium i In 114.8 Iodine I 126.92 Indium Ir 193.1 Iron *'e 55.84 Krypton Kr 82.92 Lanthanum 1^ 139.0 Lead Pb 207.20 Lithium -Li 6.94 Lutecium Lu 175.0 Magnesium Mg 24-32 Manganese ^ M.yi Mercury -.Hg 200.6 74401(>(>— 47 4 Atomic Symbol. weight. Molybdenum Mo 96.0 Neodymium Nd 144.3 Neon ■ Ne 20. 2 Nickel Ni 58.68 Niton (radium emanation) Nt 222. 4 Nitrogen N 14,01 Oaniiuni Os 190.9 Oxygen O 16.00 Palladium Pd 106.7 Phosphorus P 31.04 Platinum Pt 195.2 Potaflsium . . .' K 39.10 Praseodymium Pr 140.9 Radium Ea 226.0 Rhodium Rh 102.9 Rubidium Rb 85. 45 Ruthenium Ru 101.7 Samarium Sa 150,4 Scandiimi Sc 44.1 Selenium Se 79.2 Silicon Si 28.3 Silver ..Ag 107.88 Sodium Na 23.00 Strontium Sr 87.63 Sulphur S 32.06 Tantalum Ta 181.5 Tellurium Te 127.5 Terbium Tb 159.2 Thallium Tl 204.0 Thorium Th 232.4 Thulium Tm 168.5 Tin Sn 118.7 Titanium....^ ,..Ti 48.1 Tungsten W . 184.0 Uranium , U 238.2 Vanadium V 5L0 Xeno.... Xe 130.2 Ytterhiuni(Neoytter!»ium)Yb 173. 5 Yttrium Yt 88.7 Zinc Zn 65.37 Zirconium Zr 90.6 50 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDTTSTRT. Atomization. 1. The "method by which a jet of steam, or compressed air, is made to finely divide a fluid, as In an oil-burning furnace. 8. A patent process for producing a metallic dust, as zinc dust. Atomizer. An apparatus for convert- ing liquid into spray. See also Ato- mization. Atrancar (Mex.). To drill (for blast- ing) at a very acute angle. (D wight) Attal. See Attle. Attle; Attal. 1. (Corn.) Rubbish; rock containing too little ore to be worth working. (Whitney) S. (No. of Bpg.) To arrange or set- tle, as an account. (Gresley) Atreol. A petroleum product produced by the action of sulphuric acid on certain petroleum distillates. Prop- erly refined and combined with am- monia, it produces the active prin- ciple of atreol, — ammonium atreo- late. It is soluble in water and al- cohol, and is miscible with petro- leum and lanolin. . Attrition. Act of rubbing together ; . friction ; act of wearing, or state of being worn ; abrasion. (Webster) Aturdir (Mex.). To subdivide, me- chanically, the quicksilver - in a torta so as to quicken its action upon the mineral treated. (D wight) Anerlite. A silico-phosphate of tho- tlum containing about 70 per cent thorium. Like zircon in form. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Aufre (Sp. Am.). A very hard yellow stone; sulphur-like rock. (Lucas) Augen. The German word for. eyes; used as a prefix before various rock names, but more especially gneiss, to describe larger minerals or aggre- gates of minerals, that are in con- trast with the rest of the rock. In the gneisses, feldspar commonly forms the augen. They are lenticu- lar with the laminations forking around them, in a way strongly sug- gesting an eye. The term Is seldom used in any other connection than with gneiss In America. (:p[emp) Auger. An Instrument for boring or perforating soils or rocks. A car- I)enter's tool for boring wood (Web- ster). A tool for drilling holes In coal for blasting. Auger machine. A machine for the manufacture of zinc-distillation re- torts. Similar to machines used for manuf actuWng ■ drain pipes. (In- galls, v. 234) Anger-nose shell (Eng.). A clearing tool used In boring for coal, etc., having an auger-shaped end (Gres- ley). See also Wimble. Anger stem. The iron rod to which the bit is attached in well drilling. (Standard) Anger-stem guides. See .Sinker-bar guides. Anget; Augette. A priming tube, used •in blasting. (Raymond) Augite. The commonest rock-making pyroxene. As distinguished from other pyroxenes augite refers to the dark varieties with considerable alumina and iron. The name is used as a descriptive prefix to many rocks that contain the mineral, as for instance augite-andesite, augite- diorite, augite-gneiss, augite-granlte, augite-syenite, etc. (Kemp) , Angltlte. Non-feldspathic, porphyrittc rocks consisting essentially of a glassy groundmass, with dissemi- nated augite and magnetite. Vari- ous minor accessories also occur. (Kemp) Angltophyrlc. In petrology, contain- ing distinct crystals of augite. (Standard) Augustin process. The treatment of silver ores by chloridizing roasting, lixiviation with hot brine, and pre- cipitation on copper. (RaymoM) Anmento (Bol.). In the patio process, the apparent increase in the amount of mercury used when treating ores containing a large percentage of sil- ver; in reality due to loss of mer- cury. (Halse) Anquis (Peru). Rock drillers In mines. (Dwight) Anralite. Altered iolite. (Standard) Aureola azul (Sp.). The blue cap or halo of a candle or lamp in an at- mosphere containing fire damp. (Halse) Aureole. The area that is affected by contact metamorphism around an igneous intrusion. (Kemp> Anri-argentlferons. Containing both gold and silver ; applied to minerals. (Standard) Auric. Of, pertaining to, or contain- taining gold, especially when com- bined in its highest or triad valency, as auric chloride, AuCSi. (Stand- ard) Aurichalcite. A basic carbonate of zinc and copper, 2(Zn,Cu)C0r S(Zn,Cu) (OH), (Dana) QL0S8ABT Of UmiSQ ASV MlKEBAL INOUBTBT. 61 Awlfero (Sp.). (fiVWfeht) Oold-bearlng. AifUgtov*. Oooteltlltig.gdldi Ittriferomi jtyHtei. ^It«; contaUiIng gold. (Standard) AnriirerotaB. dold-bearlugj aUirtfqtiouii. (Standard) Jini'iprftl. pf,,terWttJjftg>9, pi-dadg- nELtlfig tiae, jaecpna gr^un of E'^leossolc strata jn ttie Jiowef SUurlhh of the fflrtgjnw axctten pf jtiie.PeijnaylTanIa Survey (Standard). Nott obsoiete. Ailisoi>at«ii (Gtei*.). ^e jtitichdii of iMleH. (DaVles) Attitrian rarmlUoii^ A baalG ehi^ate of lead. (Webster) Anailmmem (Oer.). TtmbeUng. (Da vies) AutlilMliMs. Ah kajectlfd coined by Kitlkoit'Bky to describe ttioSe Mn- fefals wHlCh fotm lb gedlttlentB dfter their d^iMsition^ as, for Instance, dbring metainottlhlBm; THe flttme empbaslzes (b Its etymology the local origin of the inlneraW as (Jonti'ttsted with that of the other compouebts, the latter having been brought from a distance, (^ebit)) Anthlgealo. Produced where fonnd; said of the Ingredients of crystalline rocks, or Of crystalline IngredlAits of rocks. (Standard) Antoohthoaont. An adjective derived from two Greek words, meaning Indigenous. It is applied to those rockti that have originated in «it«, such as rock 6<, stillagmitlc lime- stones, peat, etc., but it Is of rare use. (Kemp) Antoolaitio. Having a clastic or frag- mental structure due to crushing or to dynamic metamorphism instead of to sedimentation: Mild of Intrafor- mafl6nal conglomerates. (La Forge) Autogenetlo AtAiAkge. Drainage due to erosion cbused by the waters of the constituent streams. (Stand- ard) Antogenetlo topogi'sphy. Conforma- tion of land due to the physical ac- tion of fain and streamfil. (Stabd- ard) Autogenic soldering. The process of uniting pieces at mrtal by inef^y fuislng thetn together. (Webstef) Antomatio mine-doors. Doors on a hauMge road thiit Mk abtaiaatl^ cally flpflded bjr an apt)Mttehlng^lp paislntr omt a Invert and that cloBB autoteatlcfllly after the trip' has passed through, thus maklbg the services, of a doorr , or trfipper-bor Unnecessary. Aatemorphla. Xhe eoatrastcd .term with xenomorphle or allotrlpmor^hlc, end is used to describe those . injbD- erals In rocks which have their ojira oystai boundiirieB.1 1?he,latef, njig- gested word, Ididmorphu, Ineans the same thing and Is ^mewbat more widely usedj (Kemp) Autnnlte. Oaldhm nranite. ▲ fey- dlrous phosphate of uranium aad cul- cliumi Oa(UOi)iPtOa+8HiO.- Oon- talM e2:7 per cent UOi, eqnliraient to 61.6 per cent UiOi HDantty. Xbe mineral lii radloectlte. Antan .riiaie tiL Ainam^ apiilli^ji^ a certain kind of liiuminaqng. a|i,j so called through being extracted fivm the bifumlhoUa bhale fdttftd •! A4- tub in V^tince. (MltsflKUi) Avalanehes. 1. Masses of snow, that being detadied frtini'^^t hfeiiMs in the moUiitalns, ac^bli'e Mbililibns bulk by«fl-cigh aCCbtbtilatlbns M they descend; and when th6)r fait Into the vUleys belo*w, often cause great destractldni (Da vies) 9. Falling masse* Of rock and earth,, sometimes called avalanches, are- better designated landslides. (Stand- ard) Avallte< An IrapUre variety of masco- vltd cobtaining chromium oxide. (Standard) Atanotf (Poft). "She ibAlU lev^l fol- lowing the Utrike. ^fialsci) AYasitei A blacky massive, hydrated iron Mllcatei probably only slllceona Umonlte. (Standard) AveM (S|>.). OAfs. (Dwlght) Aventaderoj 1. (Sp< .Am;) A slide of loose ground oontalbing alluvial gold. (I>ncas) 2. (Colom.) A plaCer higher than a ittbana. S. (Per'd') Ad auflferbbs deposit or iriacer; (Sdtse) Aventnrlae. 1. A kind of glass con- tainibg gold-coloTed spdhglM K A variety of translucent qqartii, e^n- gled throughout With scales of ibica bt other mineral. (Webster) S. A variety of f^dspar contaiidiic; Shining particles. (Standard) 52 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. ATenturine feldspar. A name for sun- stone, which may be orthoclase, .il- blte, or oUgoclase (Chester). Dana confines this term to the oUgoclase variety. Aventurlne quartz. See Aventurlne, 2. Average clause (Eng.). A clause that, In granting leases of miner- als (coal, ironstone, and clay In particular), provides that lessees may, during every year of the term, make up any deficiency in the quan- tity of coal, etc., stipulated to be worked, so as to balance the dead or minimum rent. (Gresley) Average igneous rock. According to Clarke, the arithmetic mean of all the good analyses should give a fair chemical average for the outermost ten-mile shell of the earth, which represents the composition of an average igneous rock. Authorities differ somewhat from above man- ner of securing result. (Daly) Average produce (Corn.). The quan- tity of pure or fine Copper in one hundred parts of ore. (Raymond) Average standard (Cor'n.). The price per ton of the fine copper in the ore, after deducting the charge for smelt- ing. (Whitney) Average weight (Eng.). The mean weight of a car of coal for a certain period, on which wages are calcu- lated. (Bainbi-idge) Avezadte. A name given by a La- croix to a peculiar cataelastic rock found in veins or dikes in a peridotlte at Avezac-Prat, in the French Pyrenees. The rock is dense, black, and brittle, but contains large basaltic hornblendes and yellow sphenes. In a fine-grained mass, which, on microscopic examination is resolved into^ cataelastic aggre- gate of apatite, sphene, tltanlfer- ous magnetite, llmenite, hornblende, augite, and rarely olivine and bio- tite. It is supposed to have resulted from the crushing of basic pegma- tltlc veins or dikes. (Kemp) Avlado (Sp.). One who works a mine with means fumlsjied by another (Standard) ' Avlador (Sp.). A person who habili- tates a mine; that Is, who furnishes the money for working it by a con- tract with proprietors. (Raymond) Avio (Sp.). Operating funds fur- nished to the liroprietors of a mine by another person, the aviador. Contrato de avio, a contract between two parties for working a mine by which one of the parties, the avia- dor, furnishes the money to the pro- prietors for working the mine. (C. and M. lif. P.) Avlos (Sp.). Tools ; implements. (Halse) Aviso. 1. (Mez.). Announcement on. a bulletin board, at the mining agency, of application for claims, etc. 8. (Colom.) Notice of a de- nouncement given before an alcade. (Halse) Avogadrp'a law. One of the funda- mental chemical laws that equal volumes of all gases and vapors con- tain the same number of ultimate particles or molecules at the same temperature and pressure. (Lld- dell) Avoirdupois. The system of weighto used in England and the United States for the ordinary purposes of trade, of which the fundamental unit is the pound of 16 ounces or 7,000 grains (Standard). The avoirdu- pois pound is equivalent to 14.583 troy ounces, 453.6 gra.ns, and 1ms a fine-gold value of $301.4375 or £61.97.- Avulslon. A sudden change in the course of a stream by which a por- tion of land is cut off, as where a river cuts across, forming an " Ox bow;" (Shamel, p. 30^) Award (Forest of Dean). A grant or lease of certain minerals. See alio Gale, 1. (Gresley) Awaruite. A native alloy of nickel and Iron. It has the formula FeNl,. (Dana) Axe store. A species of Jade. It Is a silicate of magnesia and alumina. (Duryee) Axes of elasticity. Those axed in crys- tals that represent the directions of greatest, mean, and least Indices of refraction. (Dana) Axes of reference. Co-ordinate axes to which crystal faces are referred. (A, F. Rogers) Axial angle. The angle between the two optic axes of a biaxial crystal. (LuqUer, p. 5) Axial elements. The axial ratio and the angles between the axes of a crystal. (A. F. Rogers) Axial figure. Sec Interference figures. GL9SSART OE MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. S3 Aslal plaae. 1. A crystallographlc plan6 that includes two of the cry- stallographlc axes. (Dana) 1 As Iipplled to folds, is a plane that Intersects the crest or trough in such a manner that the IlmbS or sides of the fold are more or less symmetrically arranged with refer- ence to it (Lelth) Axial ■ ratio. The ratio obtained by comparing the length of a crystal- lographlc axis with one of the lat- eral axes talcen as Unity. (Dana) Azlaltc. A borb-siUcate of aluminum and calcium with varying amounts of Iron and manganese. Exact com- position doubtfuL (Dana) ixloUte. A term coined by Zirlcel in hid report on Microscopical Petrog- raphy, for the TJ. S. Geol. Survey along the Fortieth Parallel, 1876, to describe those t^hemlltlc aggregates that are- grouped around an axis rather than around a point The application comes ' in microscopic work rather than in oirdinary de- termination. Compare Sphernlite. (Kemp) Axis. 1. A straight line, reel or imagi- nary, passing through a body, on which It revolves or may be sup- posed to revolve^ a line passing through a boAy or system around which the parts are symmetrically flirranged. (Webster) 3. In 'Crystallography, one of the Imaginary lines In a oystat wlilch ate used as coordinate axes of ref- erence in determining the positions and symbols of the crystal planes. (La Forge) S. See Anticlinal axis, and Synclinal axis. Often used synonomously with anticlinal; thus the "Brady's bend axis" for Brady's bend anti- clinal. (Chance) 4. In geology the central or dominat- ing, region of a mountain chain, or the line of which follows the crest of a range and thus, indicates the position of the most conspicuous part of the uplift (Century) Axis of a crystal. See Axis, 1 and 2. Axlf of elevation. Line of elevation. (Hitchcock) Axis of rotation. The imaginary line about which all the parts of a ro- tating body turn. (Century) Axis of synunetry. An Imaginary line in a crystal, about which It may be ratated a certain number of degrees 00 as to occupy the same position In tfiM* aa before. (La Forge) Axle. A transverse bar or shaft con- necting the opposite wheels of a car or carriage. (Webster) Axletree. An axle made of wood ; th^ center shaft of a horse gin. (Bar- rowman) Axmaxi; Axeman. In surface survey- ing, one who clears the ground and drives the stakes for the rodmau. (Standard) Azotomous. In crystallography, hav- ing cleavage perpendicular to an axis: said of minerals. (Standard) Ayate (Mex.). Coarse fiber-cloth for carrying ore, rock, etc. fDwlght) Ayr stone. A fine-grained stone Used In polishing marble and giving a fine surface to metal work, particularly iron and steel, also as a whetstone. Called Aso Scotch stone, Water of Ayr. (Standard) Ayuda (Mex.). A small l)onus to tributets who fail to make expenses (Dwight). Metales de ayuda, ore containing lead, used to assist in smelting other ore. (Halse) Ayvdante (Mex.). Assistant; A. de fundici6n, a master smelter. (Halse) Azahache (Mex.). Jet. (Dwight) Azad6n (Sp.). Pick, mattock, hoes (Vel.) Aza'noa (Sp.). Subterranean spring. (Halse) Azaracfin (Sp.). Red lead; A. nativo, minium. (Halse) Azimut (Mex.). Azimuth-bearing. (Dwight) Azimuth. The azimuth of a body is that arc of the horizon titiat, is In- cluded between the meridian circle at the given place and a vertical plane passing through the body. It is measured (In surveying) from due north around to the right (C. and M. M. P. ) . In astronomy, it is meas- ured from the south to the right i. e. clockwise. Azimuth circle. An instrument for measuring azimuth, having for its chief characteristic a graduated horizontal circle. (Standard) Azimuth compass. A magnetic com- pass supplied with sights, for meas- uring the angle that a line on the earth's surface, dr the vertical circle through a heavenly body, makes with the magnetic meridian. (Standard) 54 QLOSSABT OF HnmU'O AKD KIITEB^L IITDTTSTRT. AsoK«do (Hex.)' Poisoned by mer- cury. (Dwlght) Acogrue (Sp.)- !■ Quicksilver. 3. Ore amenable to amalgamation; free milling ore. (Halse) 3. (Mex.). Common name for third- class silTer ore, generally carrying 85 to 150 ounces per ton, which will pay for mining and shipping (Dwlght). A. apolvillado, good ore suitable for amalgamation. A. eomHn, common ore suitable for amalgamation. A. en caldo, quicli- sllver. A. ordinario, ' ordinary ore suitable for amalgamation. (Miu. Jour.) Azoguerla (Sp.). 1. The amalgamatr lug works. 2. The process of amal- gamation. (Raymond) §. A storehouse for qulcksllTer. (Dwlght) Aioguero. 1. (Mex.). The amalga- mator, or person who superintends the process of amalgamation. 2. (Sp.) A dealer in qulcksil\er. (Halse) S. (Mex.). The "mud-chemlBt" (also, the metallurgical foreman) in patio-annex. (Dwlght) AzOgnei. (Sp.). Common or inferior ores. (Raymond) Aioie. Formerly, that part of geologic time represented by the pre-Cam- brlan stratified rocks ; also the rocks formed during that time. Later re- stricted to the period and system now generally called Archean. Now practically obsolete. (La Forge) Aiorite. A synonym for Zircon. Azotate. A nitrate. (Standard) Asote. A name formerly given to nitrogen, because it is unfit for respiration. (Century) Azoth. Mercury: the name given by the alchemists. (Standard) Azotlne. An explosive consisting of sodium nitrate, charcoal, sulphur and petroleum. (Webster) Azotize. , To nltrogenize. (Webster) AzAoar (Colom.). A soft wbite granu- lar rock in which calcite predomi- nates, forming a- gangue in which native gold occurs. (Halse) Aauela (Mex.). Adze. (Dwlght) ^Unfrado. 1. (Colom.) A yellow ocher found in veins. (Halse) . S. In Peru, the general term azu- frados is used for sulphide ores. (Dwlght) Aznfrai (SpO. Bee Solfatai-a. Aznfte (Sp.). 1. Sulphur. A. natU)a, native sluiihuf. S. (Colom.). A yellow stone of ^eat hardness fre- quently found Iti gold pla Back filUiti;. 1. BMugh rndtfiflal form- ing the bttctt rtf * masonry wall. 2. The fflllrig tH again of a place from' whicli the earth has been re- moved; the earth so filled In. (CentiUT) Back-fiUlngr qrBtem. See Overhand stoping; also Square-set stoping. Back holes. In shaft sinking, raising or drifting, the round Of holes which is shot last. (Du Pont) Back horse (So. Staff.). The horse that draws the loaded skip from the loaders to the place (wagon • hole) where the tramway ends. (Min. Jour.) Backing. The tiilabers fixed across the top of a level, supported In not/^hes cut in the rock. (Davles) Backing deals (Eng.). Planks driven vertically ibehind the timbering In a shaft. (Chance) Baekjolnt. 1. A Joint plane more or less parallel to the strike of the cleavage, and frequently vertical. (O. and'M. M. P.) 8. In masonry, a rabbet or chase left to receive a permanent slab or other filling. (Webster) 56 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDTJSTET. Backlash (Eng.) 1. The return or counterblast, as the recoil or back- ward suction of the air current pro- duced after a mine explosion. (Gresley) 2. The reentry of air into a fan. (Steel) 3. The lost motion in gearing due to poorly fitting parts. Back leads. A term applied to black sand "leads" on coast lines which are above high-water mark. (Dur- yee) Back lye (Scot.). A siding or shunt on an underground tramway. (Gres- ley) Back of a lode> The portion of a lode lying between a level driven In a lode and the surface (Davies). Bee also Back, 1. Back of ore. The ore between two levels which has to be worked from the lower level (C. and M. M. P.). See also Back, 1. Back overman (No. of Bng.). A man whose duty it is to look after the condition of underground workings and the safety of the men. (Gres- ley) Back plate. The amalgamated plate inside and at the back of the mortar box of. a stamp mill. Back pressure. The loss, expressed in pounds per square inqh, due to fail- ure of getting the steam fut of the cylinder after it has done its work. (Ihlseng) Back-pressure valve. A valve similar to a low-pressure safety valve but capable of being opened independ- ently of the pressure, thereby giving free exhaust. (Nat Tube Co.) Backs. The ore above any horizontal opening, such as a tunnel or drift (Duryee). See Back, 1. Backs and cutters. Jointed rock struc- tures, the backs (Joints) of which run in lines parallel to the strike of the stratum, the cutters (cross Joints) crossing them about at right angles. (Standard) Backshlft (No. of Bng.). A second shift or relay of miners who begin cutting coal after another set has begun to load It at the same place. (Century) Back shot. A shot used for widening an entry, placed at some distance from the head of an entry. (Steel) Back sight 1. The reading of a level- ing staff in its unchanged posi- tion when the leveling Instrument has been taken to a new position. 2. Any sight or bearing taken in n backward direction. (Webster) 3. An observation made for verifica- tion from one station to the one be- hind it; the converse of foresight (Standard) 4. The rodman who indicates, by means of a range rod, leveling Staff, or plumb line, the exact location of the backsight station, i. Also the station sighted, and in plane-table trlangulation, the line of the plane- table sheet by means of which the table is orientated by sighting back to the station from which the line was drawn as a foresight. Back skin (Newc). A leather cover- ing worn by men in wet workings. (Raymond) Back-stope. In geology, the less slop- ing side of a ridge. Contrasted with Escarpment, the steeper slope. Called also Structural plain. (Standard) Back splinting (Scot). A system of working a seam of coal over the goaf and across the packs of a lower seam taken out in advance by the long- wall method. (Gresley) , Backstay. -A wrought-iron forked bar attached to the back of cars when ascending an inclined plane, which throws them off the rails if the rope or coupling breaks (C. and M. M. P.). See (tZ«o Dragbar ; Drag, 1. Back stope. To mine a stope from working below. (Century) Back stoping. See Overhand stuping; Slirlnkage stoping. Back switching. A zigzag arrange- ment of railway tracks by means of which it is possible for a train to reach a higher or lower level by a succession of easy grades (Bowles) See also Switchback. Back-vent (Scot). An alrcourse alongside the pillar In wide rooms. (Barrowman) n Back work. 1. (Ark.) Loading coal, laying track, and other work of drlvlfig an entry and not done at the ' ' ' ' extreme face. , (Steel) See alto Backbye work. 8. (Scot) See Back -coming, and Back splinting; GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEEAL. INDUSTRY. 57 Baokworkiiig (Scot.). Working a coal bed back or toward a shaft. (Century) Bacon stone. An old name for a va- riety of steatite, alluding to Its greasy appearance. (Chester) Bad air. Air vitiated by powder fumes, noxious gases or Insufficient ventilation. (Weed) Baddeleyite. Zirconium dioxide, ZrOi. Badlands. A region nearly devoid of vegetation where erosion, Instead of carving . hills and valleys of the or- dinary type, has cut tiie land into an Intricate maze of narrow ravines and sharp crests and. pinnacles. Travel across such a region is al- most imiposslble, hence the name. (U. S. GeoL Surv., Bull. 613, p. 182). Specifically, the Badlands of the Da- kotas. Bad place. Within the meaning of a contract between the United Mine Workers and an Employers' Associa-. tion, a place in which the roof can not be made reasonably safe by the ordinary propping usually done by the miner. (Duncan Coal Co. v. Thompson, 162 Southwestern, p. 1140) Baff $nds (Eng.). Long wooden wedges for adjusting linings in sink- ing shafts. (C. and M. M. P.) Baffie. l.That which defeats or frus- trates, hence in the flotation process, the projections or wings that divert or Interrupt the flo>w of pulp in a Vessel. (Blckard) 2. (Mid.) To brush out or mix fire damp with air. (G-resley) 3. See Baffle plate. Baffle plate. A metal plate used to direct the flames and gas of a fur- nace to different parts so that all portions of it will be heated ; a de- flector. (Century) Baffler. 1. (No. Staff.) tHe lever by which the throttle- valve of 'a wind- ing engine' is worked. CGH-esiey) 2. A partition in a furnace so placed as to aid the convection of heat; a baffle plate. (Centuiry) Baff week (No. of Eng.). The week next after the pay week, when wjiges^ are paid fortnightly, idtmerl Bag. 1. A paper contalneji J to 2 Inches In diameter and 8 to 18: inches long, used for jUacItog *n Inert material such as sand, clay, etc.. Into a bore hole for stenrtnlng or tamping. Also called a Tamping bag. (Du Pont) 2. (So. Staff.) A quantity of fire damp suddenly given off by the coal seam. (Gresley) 3. A cavity in a mine containing gas or water. (Standard) 4. (or Bagglt) (Scot). To swell or bulge. (Barrowpan) Bagazo (Mex.). Waste from hand-jig- ging. Mud from drill hole. (Dwight) Bag coal (Eng.). Coal put into coarse canvas bags and sold in small quan- tities. (Gresley) Bag house. A larg^ room or chamber, or series of -ooms at metallurgical blast-furnace plants in which 3,000 to 4,500 bags are suspended for filtering furnace gases. Also used for the recovery, of oxides, as arse- nic, zinc, etc. Bag of foulness (No. of Eng.). A cavity in a coal seam filled with fire damp under a high -pressure, which, when cut into, is given off with much force. See also Bag, 2. (Gresley) Bag of gas (Eng.). A gas-filled cavity found in seams of coal. Sise also Bag, 2. (Q. C. Greenwell) Bag process. A method of recovering fiuedust and also sublimed lead whereby furnace gases and fupies are passed through bags .suspended in a bag-house. The furnace gases are thus filtered and the particles in suspension collected. (Hofman, p. 131) Bag room. A dust chamber in which bags are suspended for filtering, the furnace gases in the bag process. See also Bag house. Bagshot sands (Eng.). A series of Lower Tertiary beds consisting chiefly of siliceous sand, and oc- cupying extensive tracts round Bag- shot in Surrey, and in the New Forest, Hampshire. (Page) i^ahar (Malay). A unit of weight equal to 4 cwt. (Lock) BHlkerinlte. A thick tar-like fluid at 15*C., which constitutes 82.61 per cent of baikerlte. (Bt^n) BaUcerlte. A- wax-like mitieral from the vicinity of Lake Baikal ; it Is apparently about 60 ' peir cent ozocerite. (Bacon) s^ dtOS^ABY OF MINt^d AND MiNEftAL ISMTSIST. Bin. i. To dip or i^qW 6tit; as. to Sail wAter. 2. To ae#r of water y'dipiiing <}r thrdtslng.lt out; as to feail a bbati "(.Siaiidfttd) 3. The handle qf a'Kiiic'ltet tis,ed,f6r hoisting ore, roik, water, etc, ffom amine. Bailer. 1. A long ej^lln^eal sheet- Iron -yessjel. fitted .with ft Tftl^!? at Us loWer i^treiijity, used. ">r ralBUife tfieoil itrom the bottom of the well to the surface, fifee. aZsd' American pump; (MitzaklB) 9. A. person wh© removes wnter from a mine by dipping it up' Viitb a bucket. (Steel) S. A metal tadk, or skip, wl^ 'a valve In the bottom, used for un- Waterlng a mine^ Bailer shop. A term used in ti\ Rus- sian oU fields, for a sbop/in which bailers are made and kc»pt in repair ' for use at oil wells. (Mltzakls) Bailiff (Eng.). A name formerly used for manager of ai mine. (Gresley) Bailing. 1. Ode of the most common ways by wblch the petroleum that has collected at the bottom. of a well is brought to the- siirfabe. See Bailer, 1. (Mltzakls) 2. Un watering a mine. Siee Bailer, 2 and 3. Bailing drum. A U^t winding drum from 10 to 18 feet in circumference, fixed in the derriik, uBualiy driven by belting from a irjptbr, around whl<:h the bailer rope' is colled. (Mttzakls) Bailing tub. A wooden tank abbut 6 feet in diameter by 6 feet In height placed on trestles over the moutli of an oil well, and into which the bailer Is emptied. (Mltzakls) Bain (Scot.) Old form of Ben, 1, which see. (Barrowman) Bait (No. of Eng.). Food t»ken by a miner during his shift. (iSreisley) Bait-poke {No. of Eng.), A bag foi carrying a miner's lundi. ( Greisley ) Bait time (£ to a bank claim. (Da vies) 62 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Banksman. 1. (Eng.). The man in attendance at the mouth of a shaft who superintends the work of sort- ing and loading the coal (Gresley). Sometimes called Lander. 2. (Aust.). 'See Banker-off. Bankswoman (Bng.). A woman em- ployed at the mine, to pick rock from, and clean the coal for the market. (Gjresley) Bank to Bank. A shift The period included between the time a miner arrives at the working face and the time he leaves it. Bank-work (York.). A system of working coal in South Yorkshire. (Gresley) Bannock. 1. (So. Staff.) To hole on the top of a seam. 3. (Shrop.). Brownish-gray clay suitable for making into fire brick. (Gresley) Banc (Mez.). Bxcess of mercury added to the torta to collect amal- gam. (D wight) Bafios (Mez.). Water collected in old .mine workings. (Halse) Banqne (Sp.). Underhand stoping. (Halse) Banquear (Colom.), To level ground; to grade for building purposes,, or for depositing ore. (Halse) Banqueo (Colom.). Ground leveled for building purposes, or for deposit- ing ore. (Halse) Banquerla (Bol.). In alluvial mining, a thick bed of blocks of granite, schists, and quartz. (Halse) BanqulUog (Sp.). Stools on which the marquetas are placedi' (Mln. Jour.) Bant (Derb.). A certain number of men, usually three or four, who, prior to the introduction of cages, used to ride up and down a. shaft sitting in short loose pieces of chain attached to a hemp rope, with, their knees pointing inward toward the center of the shaft. There were usually two bants, the lower or bottom bant which, was composed of men, and the upper or foaley bant which was made up of lads a few feet above the heads of the men (Gresley). Compare Bont, 1; also Tacklers. Bar. 1. A drilling or tamping rod. 2. a vein or dike crossing a lode. (Hanks) 8. A bank of sand, gravel, or other material, especiaUy at the mouth of a river or harbor. «. A placer de- posit, generally submerged. In the slack portion of a stream (Web- ster). Accumulations of gravel along the banks of a stream, and, which, when worked by the miners for gold, are called Bar diggings (Hanks) 6. A length of timber placed hori- zontally for supporting the roof. (Gresley). Synonym for Cap-piece in Australia. 6. See Sinker bar. Baraboo. A Monadnock which has been buried by a series of strata and subsequently reezposed by the partial erosion of these younger strata. (Lahee, p. 322) Barha (Mex.). Fire-bridge. (Dwight) Barbados earth. .£ deposit consisting of fossil radiolarians. See Tripoli (Chamberlin, vol. 1, p. 630) Barbados tar. The dark green or black petroleum of Barbados, which was formerly widely used in medicine. (Bacon) Barbotine. A thin clay paste used in low relief ornamentation of pottery. (Standard) Bar diggings (Pac). Gold-washing claims located on the bars (shallows) of a stream, and worked when the water is low, or otherwise, with the aid of cofferdams (Raymond). See alio Bar, 4, and Diggings. Bardiglio marble. An Italian stone obtained on Montalto, on the south- ern borders of Tuscany. (Merrill) Bar drill. A drill similar to the tripod drill, but mounted on a bar sup- ported by four legs. (Bowles) Bare (Eng.). To strip or cut by the side of a fault, boundary, eta- (Gresley). To make bare. Bareqnear ( Colom. ) . In placer mining, .■ to extract as mudi of tiie pay gravel as possible, without methml, leaving the overburden untouched. (Halse) Bareqneo (Colom.). Extracting the rich ore by crude means. (Halse) Bareqnero (Colom.). A placer miner who uses crude methods of alluvial washing (Halse). A spoiler. (Lu- cas) Barfe Saturday (N«. of Eng.). The Saturday upon which wagea are not -paid. (Gresley) BarlTs process. A method of protect: Ing iron from rusting by oxidizing it with superheated steam, (Web- ster) QliOSSABY OF MINING AND MIKEBAL INDUSTBY. 63 Bargain. Portion of mine worked by a gang on contract. (G. and M. M. P.) Bargain-men (Newc). Men who work by tJhe bargain or contract (Min. Jour.) Bargain-work (No. of Eng.). Under- ground work done by contract, e.g. driving headings, road laying, etc. (Gresley) Barges (Scot.). Sheets of iron, zlac, or wood, used In wet shafts or work- ings, for diverting the water to one side. (Barrowman) Barilla. An impure sodium carbonate and sulphate obtained by burning various species of land or marine plants; soda-ash. Used In matdng glass, soap, etc. (Standard) Baring. 1. A making bare ; an uncov- ering (Webster). See Stripping, 2. 2. The surface soil and useless strata overlying a seam of coal, clay. Iron-stone, etc., which has to be removed preparatory to working the mineral. (Gresley) 8. The small coal made in under- cutting a coal seam. (Webster) Barite. Sulphate of barium, BaSO<; also called Heavy-spar, from its high specific gravity. When finely ground it is used as an ingredient in certain paints, especially in place of white lead. Also called Parytes. Barlo (Mex.). Barium. (Dwlght) Baritina (Sp.). Heavy spar; barite (Lucas) Barinm. A chemical element belong- ing to the group of metals whose oxides are the alkaline earths. It is yellowish white, somewhat mal- leable, fusible at high temperature, burning easily when heated in air. Sp. gr. 3.6; atomic weight, 137.37; symbol, Ba. (Century). The com- mercial minerals are barite and wither! te. Barium sulphate. Barite, BaSO<. Barkeviklte. A variety of amphibole dose to arfvedsonlte in composition. (Dana) Barley; Barley coal. A steam size of anthracite known also as buckwheat No. 3, sized on a round punched plate. It passes through J-lnch holes. At some mines it has to pass over A-lnch holes and at others over A-lnch holes. The American Soci- ety of Mechanical Engineers has rec- ommended that with a screen with circular holes, barley shall pass through A-incb holes and pass over A-lnch boles. Barmaster (Derb.). A mining official who collects the dues or royalties, presides over the barmote, etc. (From Germ. B&rffmei»ter). (Ray- mond) Bar mining. The mining of river bars, usually between low and high waters, although the stream is sometimes deflected and the bar worked below water level (O. and M. M. P.). Bee also Bar diggings: Barmote. (Derb.). A hall or court, in which trials relative to lead mines are held. (Min. Jour.) Barney. A small- car, or truck, at- tached to a rope and used to push cars up a slope or inclined plane (Raymond). Also called Bullfrog, Donkey, Ground hog, Larry, Ram, Mule, and Truck. Barney-pit. A pit at the bottom of a slope or plane, into which the barney is lowered to allow the mine car to run over It to the foot of the plane. (Chance) Bamhardtite. A massive orange-yel- low copper and iron sulphide. (Standard) Bar of ground (Eng.). An intersecting vein of different mineral substances (Balnbrldge). A horse. Barolite. Wadsworth's name for rocks composed of barite or celestite. (Kemp) Barometer, An Instrument f9r deter- mining the weight or pressure of the atmosphere, and hence for judging of probable changes of weather, or for ascertaining the height of any ascent, etc. (Webster) Barometer holiday (Derb.). Any day on which no work is carried on underground, owing to the very low state of the barometer (for instance, when it drops below say 29 Inches), as much fire damp may be expected to be given o£C In the mine. (Gres- ley) Bar6metro (Dwight) Barguin (Sp.). A large bellows used in iron works. (Halse) Barquina (Sp. Am.). A large furnace. (Halse) Barra (Mex.). 1. Bar or ingot. 2. A share in a mine. (The ancient Spanish laws considered a mine as divided into- 24 parts, each of which was called a harra.) B. viu4as or aviaHas are non-assessable shares. ( Mex. ) . Barometer. 64 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. which participate In the profits, but not In the expenses of mining. S. B. azuela, a bar with a chisel bit. 4. B. de platd, silver In bars. 5. B. pica, or B. de punta, a bar with a diamond-shaped point. 6. B. de una, a claw bar for drawing spikes. (Dwlght) Barracks shale. One of the principal oil-shale seams of Scotland. (Ba- con) Barrad-ora (Sp. Am.), the sluice; scraping. EaWng Into (Lucas) Barranca (Sp.). A ravine; a washout made by a heavy fall of rain. (Hanks) Barrandite. A bluish, reddish, green- ish, or yellowish-gray hydrous fer- ric aluminum phosphate, (Al Fe)- P04-H2H20, found in spheroidal con- centration. (Standard) Barrel. 1. The water-cylinder of a pump. 2. A piece of small pipe in- serted In the end of a cartridge to carry the squib to the powder. 3. A vessel used in amalgamation. (Ray- mond) 4. The body of a windlass or a cap- stan about which the cable winds. (Webster) Barrel amalgamation. See Barrel process. Barrel chlorinatlon. Bee Barrel proc- ess. Barrel copper. Native copper occur- ring in small masses, separated easily from the matrix and shipped in barrels to the smelter (Webster). See also Barrel work; Barrllla, 1 and 2. Barrel process. A process of extract- ing gold or silver by treating the ore in a revolving barrel, or drum, with mercury, chlorine, cyanide so- lution or other reagent. (Webster) Barrel guartz. A term applied tO cer- tain corrugated velnlets of gold- bearing quartz found in Nov^ Sco- tia. (Ore Dep., p. 399) Barrel-work (Lake Sup.).. Native cop- per occurring in pieces of a size to be sorted out by hand in sufficient purity for smelting without me^ chanlcal concentration (Raymond). Also called Barrel copper. Barren. Not containing mineral of value (Duryee). Not productive. Barrena (Mex.). A hand drill, for blasting. B. viva, a sharp drill; B, muerta, a dull drill. (Dwlght) Barfenar (Mex.). To drill; to fire a round of holes. (Dwlght) Barrenarse (Mex.). To connect with each other (as two mines or work- ings). (Dwlght) Barren contact. A contact veih, or a place in the contact vein, which has no mineral. (Crofutt) Barrenero (Sp.). 1. A driller. 2. A boy who attends the boring tools. (Halse) Barren ground. Strata containing seams of coal that are not of a workable thickness. In metal min- ing, groiind that does not contain ore. Barren measures. Coal measures with- out workable seams. (Standard) Barreno (Mex.). 1. A drill hole. 2. A communication between two mine workings. 3. B. en agua, a down- ward hole. 4. B. en seco, an up- ward hole. (Dwlght) 5. B. 6 tech (Webster) 2. To reduce by erosion to or to- ward a base level. (Standard) GLOSSABY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 67 Base line. A line taken as the founda- tion of operations in trigonometrical and geological surveys (Emmons). See also Base, 4. Basement complex. A series of rocks of great obscurity and complexity beneath the dominantly sediment- ary rocks. They are at the bottom of the known series, but since they are not the true base or foundation, they are properly termed the Ar- chean complex (Chamberlin). The rocks of the Archean system. Base metal. Any metal as Iron, lead, etc., which is altered by exposure to the air, etc., in contrast with the noble or precious metals. (Web- ster) Baseness. 1. Liability to rust. 2. Inferiority due to alloy. (Stand- ard) Bash (So. Wales). To' fill with rub- bish the spaces from whicfi the coal has been mined. (Gresley) Basic. 1. In chemistry, performing the office of a base in a salt; hav- ing the base In excess. 2. Having more than one equivalent of the base for each equivalent of acid. (Century) 2. In geology, a general descriptive term for those igneous rocks that are comparatively low in silica. About 55 or 50 per cent is the su- perior limit. Compare Acidic. (Keinp) 3. Iij furnace practice, a slag In which the earthy bases are in excess of the amount required to form a neutral slag with the silica present. (Raymond) Basic lining. A lining for furnaces, converters, ' etc., formed of non- siliceous material, usually limestone, dolomite, lime, magnesia, or iron oxide. (Raymond) Basic-lining process. An Improvement of the Bessemer process, in which, by the use of a basic lining in the converter and by the addition of basic materials during the blow, it is possible to eliminate phosphorus from the pig iron, and keep It out of the steel. (Raymond) Basic price. As applied to- the price of metals, it is that figure at which the price is a minimum. See Nor- mal price. (H. C. Hoover, p. 36) Basic process. See Basic-lining process. Basic Took. A term rather loosely used in litholofey. generally to mean one of the following: (a) An igneous rock containing less than 55 per cent of silica, free or combined. (6) An Igneous reck in which minerals com- paratively low In silica and rich In the metallic bases, such as the amphl- boles, the pyroxenes, blotlte, and olivine, are dominant, (c) Very loosely, an igneous rock composed dominantly of dark-colored minerals. In all three senses contrasted with acid. The term Is misleading and unde- sirable and is going out of use. As used in the first sense above It Is be- ing replaced by subsilicio and as used In the second sense It should be replaced by mafic or by some term denoting the dominant mineral or minerals. (La Forge) See Basic, 2. Basic salt. A salt in which the acid part of the compound Is not suffi- cient to satisfy all the bonds of the base. (Dana) Basic slag. The slag produced in steel making In the Thomas furnace. In which a basic calcareous or mag- neslan lining Is used in the con- verter, and lime, either alone or with oxide of Iron, is added to the charge of metal. Phosphorus is re- tained in the slag and carried oft. (Standard) Basic steel; Steel made by the basic process." (Standard) Basin. 1. A large or small depression in the surface Of the land, the low- est part of which may be occupied by a lake or pond. 2. An area or tract haying certain common feat- ures throughout, particularly a tract where the strata dip from all sides toward a. center. (Webster) 3. A natural depression of strata containing a coal b6d or other stratified deposit. 4. The deposit Itself. (Raymond) Basining. In geology, a settlement of the ground In the form of basins, in many cases, at least, due to the solution and transportation of un- derground deposits of salt and gypsum. Such basining produces numerous depressions, "from those of a few square yards to those 50 square miles In area. In tiie high- plains region east of the Rocky Mountains. ( Standard ) Basis; Base. A term employed to de- scribe that part of a fused rock mag- ma that in cooling fails to crystallize as recognizable minerals, but chills as a glass, or related amorphous aggregate. It differs thus from groundmass, which Is the relatively 68 GLOSSABT OF MINING AND MINKEAL, INDUBTBT. fine portion of a porphyrltic rock as distinguished from the phenocrysts. (Kemp) Basker (Eng.). Old cloth use to cover wet holes to prevent splashing while drilling. (Balnbridge) Basket (So. Stalt.). 1. A shallow pan Into which small coal is raked for loading into cars. 2. (Lelc.) A measure of weight (2 cwt]^ occa- sionally used in East Lancashire. (Gresley) 3. A group of several wooden stakes placed in the form of a small circle to mark and protect a point used in surveying. Basonomelan. A variety of hematite containing titanium oxide. (Stand- ard) Basque. A llniijg for crucibles or fur- naces; generally a mixture of clay, etc., with charcoal dust (Ray- mond) Bass; Batt. Same as Bind. iSee also Bat, 3. Basset. (Derb.) 1. An outcrop; the edge of a stratum. (Raymond) 2. The shallow or rise side of a work- ing. (Gresley) 3. To incline upward stf as to ap- pear at the surface ; to ' crop' out. (Webster) Basset edge (Eng.). The actual out- crop of a seam or bed, where it ap- pears at the surface. (Gresley) Bassetlng. 1. Outcropping. 2. The cropping out or appearance of rock on the surface of a stratum, or series of strata. (Century) Bastard. 1. Of unusual make or pro- portion; of abnormal shape. (Web- ster) 2. A hard massive bowlder or rock. Bastard granite. A quarry term for gnelsslc granites. (Ries) Bastard quartz. A miner's term for a white, glassy quartz without other mineralization. Bastard whin (Eng.). Very hard rock, but not so flinty as to be called whin. (G. C. Greenwell) Bastlmehto (Hex.). Miner's lunch- eon. (Dwlght) Bsstlte. Schiller spar. An altered enstatite or bronzite having approxi- mately the composition of serpen- tine. (Dana) Bastnasite. A greasy, wax-yeHow, flne- carbonate of cerium melals, crystal- lizing in the monocUnic system. (Dana) Bastonlte. A greenish-brown mica that is closely related to phiogc^te. (Standard) Basara de plomo (Mex.). Lead drosa (Dwlght) Bat. 1. A plate of gelatin used In printing on pottery or porcelain over the glaze. (Webster) 2. (Lelc, So. Staff.) See also Bed, 1 and 2. 2. The arrangement of coke, ore, flux, etc., in layers for Storage or treatment. Bedding fault. In geology, a disloca- tion- which follows jpianes of strati- fication. (Standard) Bedding planes. The planes or sur- faces separating the individual la- mlnse or beds of a sedimentary rock. (La Forge) See also Stratification planes. Bede. A miner's pickaxe. (Raymond) 72 6L0SSAEY OF MINIKG AND MUSTERAL INDUSTBY. Bedford Umestone. A Ught-colored oSUtlc limestone from Bedford, Indi- ana (Webster). Much used as a building stone. Bed joint. A horizontal joint (Web- ster). See also Bedding JBane. Orl^nally horizontal, hut may be found inclined due to later upUftlLg. Bedplate. 1. An iron plate forming the bottom for a furnace. 2. A heavy plate for supporting an engine or other heavy machinery. (Web- ster) Bedrock. The solid rock underlying auriferous gravel, sand, clay, etc., and upon which the alluvial gold rests (Roy. Com.). Any solid rock underlying soil, sand, clay, etc. Beds of passage. Beds in which the fossils or rocks, from their resem- blance to those contained either In the bed above or the bed below, in- dicate the transition . character -of the deposit. (Standard) Bedstone. In milling, tLc lower or sta- tionary millstone. (Century) Bed vein. See Bedded vein. Bedway. An appearance of stratiflca- cation, or parallel marking. In granite. (Raymond) Beech coal. Charcoal made from beech wood. (Century) Beeches (Scot). Strips of hardwood fastened to pump rods to save them from wear at the collars. (Barrow- man) Beehive coke. Coke made in a beehive ' oven. (Webster) Beehive oven. An oven for the manu- facture of coke, shaped like the old- fashioned beehive (Raymond). The volatile products as tar, gas, and ammonia fl re not saved. Beekite. A crytocrystalllne variety of quartz, resembling- chalcedony, formed by the replacement of lime- stone, as coral, or shells, with silica. (Standard) Beele (Prov. Eng.). A mining pickax with both ends sharp. (Standard) Beerhachite. A name given by Chelius to certain small dikes, asociated with and penetrating large, gabbro masses, and having themselves the composition and texture of gabbro. The name was coined in the attempt to carry out the questionable sepa- ration of the dike rocks from large, Plutonic or volcanic masses of the same mineralogy and structure. (Kemp) Beer stone (Elng.). An argillaceous and siliceous freestone dug from quarries at Beer, ten miles west of Lyme Regis, at the passing of the chalk into the greensand. (Roberts) Beetle (Eng.). A small compressed- air locomotive employed on the haulage-ways at Newbottle Collier- ies. (G.C. Green well) Beetle-stone. A nodule of coprolltlc Ironstone, so named from the re- semblance of the Inclosed coprolite to the body and limbs of a beetle. (Century) Before breast. Rock or vein material, which still lies ahead. (C. and M. M. P.) Behead. In geology, to cut off and capture by erosion the upper portion of a watercourse: said of the en- croachment of a stronger stream upon a weaker one. (Standard) Bekko ware. A yeUow-brown splashed pottery made in Japan. It resem- bles tortoise shell. (Century) Belgian oven. A rectangular oven with end doors and side, flues for the manufacture of coke. (Ray- mond) Belgian process. A process most com- monly employed in the smelting of zinc. Roasted zlnce ore, mixed with a reducing material, as coal or coke, is placed in retorts which consist of cylindrical pipes of refractory material closed at one end, of a length and diameter convenient for charging and cleaning them. -A number of these retorts are placed slightly Inclined in a properly con- structed furnace. The open ends of the retorts are covered with a sheet- iron hood to which are connected short conical' sheet-iron pipes dis- charging the molten zinc downward. (Groesel) Belgian zinc-furnace. A furnace In which zinc is reduced and distilled from calcined ores in tubular re- torts (Raymond). These furnaces may be classified as direct-fired and gas-fired, but there Is no sharp division between these systems, which merge Into one another by dtf- flculty definable gradations. Each class of furnace may be subdivided Into ' recuperative and nonrecupera- tlve, but heat recuperation in con- nection with direct firing is rare. (IngallB, p. 428). (JLOSSAKT OF MINING AND MINERAL INDTTSTBY. 73 Belt 1. Overhanging rock of bell-like form, not securely attached to the mine roof. " Pot " la the common Arkansas term. (Steel) 8. A gong used as a signal at mine shafts. 3. To signal by ringing a belk Belland. 1, (Eng.) Dust^ lead ore. (Balnbrldge) 2. A form of lead poisoning to which lead miners are subject (O. and M. M. P.) Bell-and-hopper. See Cup-and'-cone. Bell-and-spigot joint. The usual term for the joint in cast iron pipe. Each piece is made with an enlarged di-. ' ameter or bell at one end into which the plain or spigot end of another piece is inserted when laying. The joint is then made tight by cement, • oakum, lead, rubber, 'or other suit- able substance which is driven In or calked Into the bell and around the spigot (Nat Tube Oo.) Bell crank (Scot), A triangular Iron frame used to change the direction of .reciprocating motion. (Barrow- man) Belled (Eng.) Widened. Said of the enlarged portion of a shaft at the landing for running the cars past the shaft, and for caging. (Gres- ley) Belleek porcelain. An extremely thin ware, decorated with a nacreous luster suggesting the interior of shells, made originally in Belleek, Ireland, and since successfully imi- tated in Trenton, N. J., and else- where. (Standard) Bell holes. 1. Holes dug or excava- tions made at the section joints of a pipe line for the purpose of re- pairs. (Moore v. Hole Natural Gas Co., 66 Southeastern, p. 565) 2. A conical cavity in a coal-mine roof caused by the falling of a large concretion; or, as of a bell-mold. Bellies. Widenings in a vein (Power). See (Uso Belly. Bellite. An explosive consisting of five parts of ammonium nitrate to one of metedinitrobenzene, usually with some potassium nitrate. (Web- ster) Bell metal. A hard bronze, contain- ing sometimes small proportions of iron, zinc, or lead, but ordinarily consisting of 78 parts Copper to 22 tin. (Baymond) Bell-metal pre. (Corn.) An early name for tin pyrites, so called on account of its bronze icolor. (Ches- ter) Bell-mold; Bell-monld; BeUmouth (Som.). A conical shaped patch of a mine roof, probably originating with the fossils called sigiUaria, or the roots -of trees (Gresley). See also Bell, 1. Bellows. An instrument or machine for blowing fires or for ventilating purposes. (Webster) BeU-pit (Derb.). A mine worklpg argillaceous ironstone by a system called. Bell- work (Gresley). See also Bell- work.. Bell process.. S^e Bell's dephosphoriz- ing process. Bells. Signals for lowering and hoist- ing the bucket skip, or cage in a shaft Usually given by bells, the number of strokes indicating the nature of. the load, the place for stopping, etc. (Weed) Bell screw; Screw bell. An internally threaded bell-shaped iron bar, for recovering broken or lost rods in a deep bore hole. See also Biche. (Gresley) Bell's dephosphorizing process. The removal of phosphorus from molten pig iron in a puddling furnace, lined With iron oxide and fitted with a mechanical rabble to agitate the bath. Red-hot iron ore is added. See also EIrupp'a washing process. (Raymond) Beil-sneave (Aust); A sheave in the shape of a truncated cone, used in connection with the maln-and-tail system of rope haulage at curves, so as to keep the rope close to. the ground. (Power) Bell-work, li (Derb.). A isystem of working an iron-stone measure' by upward underground excavations, around the shafts (raises) lii the form of a bell or cone (Gresley). Compare Milling. 2. A method also used in working salt deposits. (Standard) Belly. A bulge, or mass of ore iiI. a lode.' (Skinner) Belly-helve (Eng.). A forge hammer, lifted by a cam which acts about midway between the fulcrum and the head. (Raymond) Belly-pipe. A flaring mouthed blast pipe in an iron furnace. (S'tand- ard) 74 GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINEBAL, INDUSTRY. Belonesite. A white transparent mag- nesium molybdate, MgMo04, crystal- lizing in the tetragonal system. (Dana) Belonite. A rod-shaped or club-shaped microscopic embryonic crystal in a glassy rock. (Kemp) Belt. 1. A zone or band of a particu- lar kind of rock strata exposed on the surface (Roy. Com.). Compare Zone. 2. A continuous strap or band for transmitting power from one wheel to another, or (rarely) to a shaft, by friction. (Standard) Beluglte. A name based upon the Beluga Biver, Alaska, and suggested by J. B. Spurr for a transition group of plagioclase rocks between his diorltes and diabases. Spurr re- stricts the name diorite to those plagioclase rocks (without regard to the dark silicate) whose plagio- clase belongs in the andesine-ollgo- clase series. The diabase group, on the other hand, contains those whose plagioclase belongs in the labrado- rite-anorthite series. . Belugites with a porphyritic texture and a fine- grained or aphanitic groundmass are called Aleutites. (Kemp) Ben. 1. (Scot). Inward ; toward the workings; the workman's right to enter the pit. 2. The day's work of a youth, Indicating the proportion of a man's task which he is able or al- lowed to put out, Is termed quarter- ben, half-ben, three-quarter-ben. (Barrowman) S. A mountain peak: a word occur- ring clUefly in the names of many of the highest summits of thj moun- tains of Scotland, as Ben Nevis. (Century) Bench. 1. One of two or more divi- sions of a coal seam, separated by slate, etc., or simply separated by the process of cutting the coal, one bench or layer being cut before the adjacent one. 2. To cut the coal in benches. (Ea^mond) S. A terrace on the side of a river or lake, having at one time formed Its bank. (Power) See also Benches. 4. A small tram or car of about 7 cubic feet capacity used for carry- ing coal from the face to the chute dOvm which it is dumped to the gangway platform for reloading Into larger cars. 5. (Lelc). To wedge the bottoms up below the holing. (Gresley) •. A level layer worked separately ••' a mine. 7. A gronp of retorts In an oven or furnace; also the com- plete oven or fui^nace containing a set or group of retorts for generat- ing illuminating gas. (Webster) 8. (Eng.). A ledge left. In tunnel construction work, on the edge of a cutting in earth or in rock. (Simms) 9. (Scot). A landing place. (Bar- rowman) ilench-andl-bench (Ark.). . That plan of mining coal in a room, which re- quires the blasting of the two benches of coal alternately, each a little beyond the other (Steel). Also called Bench working. Bench diggings. Rivec . placers ak^t subject to overflows (G.and M. MuP;) iSee also Bench filacers. Benchers (Eng.), l(Ien employed, In the mine at the, bottom of inclined planes. (Gresley) Benches. A name applied to ledges'Of all kinds of rock that are shaped like steps or terraces. They may be developed either naturally in' the ordinary processes of land degrada- tion, faulting, and the like; or by artificial excavation In mines and quarries. (Kemp) Bench gravel (Yukon and Alaska). Gravel beds which occur on the sides of the valleys above the present stream bottoms, representing parts of the bed of the stream when it was at a higher level. Regarded by Ty- rell as the terminal moraines of small glaciers. (Ore Dep., p. 393) Benching, 1. (Eng.) See holing. To break the bottom coal with wedges when the holing is done In the middle of the seam. 2. (Ches.) The lower portion of the rock-salt' bed worked in one operation. (Gres- ley) 3. See Bench, 8. (Simms) 4. (Eng.). Benches collectively as in a mine (Webster). See also Bench, 6. Benching shot (Scot) A shot placed in a hole bored vertically downward in an open face of work. (Barrow- man) BencUng-up (Newc). Working on the top of coal. (Raymond) Bench mark, a mark, the elevation ol which is known or assumed and used as a reference point by a surveyor. Bench placers. Placers In ancient stream deposits from 50 to 300 feet above present streams. (U. S. G«oL Surv., Bull. 259, p. 83) GliQ^SABY 0? MIHrSTG A9tD ICUraRALf .QFDUSTBT. 76 BcMh tton«. ,A rectangular atone neBBuring fcom 4 to 8 or 9- inches ,long by ai^oxlmat^y 2 Inches wide and varying in thicknesses. In use it generally rests on the artisan's bench, whence ' its name. ' . Some bench stones are made circular for those who.ptefer the rotdty motion In sharpening' chisels and similar In- struments. (Pike) Bench working. The system of work- ing 'one or more seams or beds of Qilneral by open, working or strip- ping, in stages or steps . (C. . and M. M. P.)- ^^so called Bench-and- bench. .Benohy. Foiling fteqflent beoiehes:. said of a lode, f Standard) Bend (Corn.). Indurated clay 1 a term applied by the miner 'to any hard- ened argillaceous substance. See also Bind, 1. (Whitney) . Ben4 away; or. Away (Mo. of Eng.). An. exclamation meaning taralse the cage in, the shaft. (Gresl^y,) Bmder (Bug.) An iron loop on pump cylinderis^.fbr attaching a hoisting rope. (Balnbridge) Bending stress. The stress produced in the outer fibers of a rope by bend- ing over a sheave or drum. (C. M. P.) Bends. See Caisson disease. Bend up; Bend up. a bit (Eng.) An order to raise the cage 'slowly, so that it may be instantly stopped on the order "Hold" behi? given. (G. O. Greeflwell) Beneficiacidn (Sp.). Ais used in,EngUsh usually means the reduction of ores. (Raymond) Beneficlar (Sp.). 1. To work or im- prove a mine. . 2, To derive profit from working a mine. (Halse) 8: (Mex.) To treat ores for ex- traction of metallic contents; to beneflciate. (Dwlght) ■ Beneflciate. iTTo work or improve, as a mine. 2. To reduce, as ores. (Standard) Beneficiatlon. The reduction of ores. (Webster) Beneflclo (Sp.). 1. The working of mines. 8. Profit derived from work- ing a mine. 3. Metallurgical proc- esses. B. de cano, the caldron or hot amalgamation process. B. de hierro, amalgamation reduction with the addition of fragments of iron. B. de 4iolpai,the patto procesa wltli oolpa in ; lleii : of .' magittrah ■■ B. de peUla de. Plata, anudigamation reduc- tion with tlie addition of Efllver amal- gam. B. de,paHo,:Vbia patUi or eold amalgamation process. B. de tone- les, the IVeiberg or biirrel amalga^ matlon process; B. par otiBMiiraoUn, the cyanide process. B. por clot%- raicMin,, the chlorlnation procesis. B. por fuego, reduction by Aneltlhg. 4. B. de nietales, mechanical prepa- ration of ores; ore dressing. . (Halse) Ben-Eeyl (Com.). A stream, wliere tin ore is found. (Da vies) Benltotte. 'A -bine barinm-titatalmn silicate, BaTlSiiOi, so far found only in California. Used as a gem. (V. 5. Geol. Surv,) Benk (Eng.). The^worklng face of a coal bed (Balnbridge), A variation of Bench.' Bent. 1. (Scot). The oubsldenee of roof niear. working face, e. g. a bent roof. (Gresley) . 8. A framed section placed together on the ground, and afterwards raised to a vertical position. (Web- ster) 3. (Derb.). An offshoot from a vein. (Hooson) Bentonite, A bedded plastic day whlcli. swells very greatly upon wet- ting. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Benzine. A colorless. Inflamtiiabie and volatile liquid obtained from petrp;^ leum by fractional distillation An Inspector of mines. (Oresley) leirKielinuid (Oer.). In geology, a rifting and faulting in a solid mass SSABY OV mSlSQ AND MlNBBAIi INDUSTBT. 77 Bsthell proeeii. A process of timber preservation In which a heavy coal- tar oil is used. Bee alto Gallatin. Betiiir (Malay) A qnartzose-gold matrix. (liock) Mton (Ft.). Concrete made after the French fashion by mixing gravel or other material with a mortar of cement and sand. (Webster) Betrlehsfvhrer (Pr.). The mining engineer or manager of a coal mine, who is personally responsible for the safety of the workings. (Greis- ley) Betrlebspian (Pr.). A sketcn or rough plan of underground workings, to be developed during the nextl2 months. (Oresley) Betninked. Deprived of its trunk or miain body; ,i^ld of certain river systems, whose tributaries in the dry season, for ' lack of sufBclent wtiter, iail to unite in a main trunk, but are dissipated In tiie arid ground. (Standard) Bettemen. Fineness of gold and sli- ver above the standard. ( Standard ). Bctti lead-refining prpcesA An elec- trolytic proems using PbSiF. acidu- lated with hydrofluoric acid as the electrolyte. (Liddell) Betfin (Sp.) Bitumen; asphaltum. B. marga, bituminous marl. (Halse ) Beadantite. A ferric lead sulphate or arsenate occurring in green to black rhombohedral crystals. (Shaller, Wash. Ac. Scl., voL>l, p. 112; 1911) Benheyl (Com.) A live stream (vein), that is, one rich in tin . (Pryce). Also spelled Ben-Heyl. BctcL 1. The angle which one sur- face or line -makes with another when they are not at right angles. B. An instrument consisting of two arms Joined together and opening to any angle, for drawing angles or ad- justing the surfaces of work to a given angle. 8. To slope or slant (Webster) Bevel gear. A gear wheel whose teeth are inclined to the axis of the wheel. (Steel) Beveliiient The replacement of an edge of a crystal by two planes equally inclined to the adjacent faces. (Standard) Bevel wheeL Bee Bevel gear. Bewkarplaatsen (South Afr.). A site for depositing ore. (Skinna^) Basel. A facet of a gem. (Standard) Blard. Bee Bearers, 2. Blat; Byat (Eng.). A timber stay or beam In a shaft (Gresley). Bee alto Bearers, 2. Biaxial. Having two optic axes or lines of no double refraction. (Web- ster) Bibbles (Derb.). A soft water-bear- ing stratum encounter^ during shaft sinking. /Hooson) Bibbley rock (So. Staff.). A conglom- erate or pebbly rock (Gresley) Bibllollte. A laminated schistose rock; a bookstone. (Standard) Biea (Braz.). An inclined portion of a sluice. (Halse) Bicarbonate. A salt of carbonic add in which but one of the hydrogen atoms Is replaced by a base; as bi- carbonate of soda NaHCOi, called also Monocarbonate, Primary car- bonate, Supercarbonate. ( Standard ) Bicharra (Peru). A small furnace with an inclined stack. (Dwight) Blche (No. of Eng.). A hollow coni- cal-headed tool for extricating broken rods from bore holes (Gres- ley). Bee also Beche. Bichloride. A salt in which there are two atoms of chlorine, as bichlo- ride of mercury, HgCh. (Standard) Bichromate. Same as dlcromate. (Standard) Bichromate cell. A zinc-carbon cell having as the exciting fluid an acid bichromate solution and provided with the means of raising the z}nc, or both zinc and carbon, from the fluid when not in use. E. M. F. about 2 volts. (Webster) Biddix (Com.). A double pick, with spoonbill points, used for excavating alluvial or. surface earth. (Stand- ard) Bldrl. 1. (Anglo-Ind.) A process of damaskeening with silver on a ground consisting of an alloy of copper, leadj and tin, blackened by the application of a solution of sal ammoniac, saltpeter, salt, and cop- per sulphate. 2. Articles made by the foregoing process; bldrlware. Called also Blddery; BIddery-ware ; Bldery ; Bldri-work ; Bidry. (Stand- ard) . Blebente. A vitreous, flesh-red to rose-red hydrous cobalt sulphate, HuCkiSOu, crystallizing In the mono- cUnlc system. (Dana) 18 GLOSSABY OF SillTIKG AND MINEBAL ISDVSIXS. BJelzlte. A brittle, reslnoas, brownlsb black hydrocarbon mineral from Transylvania ; It has a specific grav- ity of 1.249, and dissolves in consid- erable part In carbon dlsulphlde and chloroform. (Bacon) Blfiircacl6n (Sp.). 1. Tlie branching of a vein. 2. A branch road. (Halse) Siftircate. To divide Into two brioches (Webster). Said of an ore vein. Blgglng (No. of Eng.). A tN>lU-np pillar of stone or other debris in a working place or heading' to sup- port the roof, e. g. "blgglng the gob" m^ns, building a pack in -a -worked-out place. (Oresley) Blgometa (Sp.). A small anvil. (Min. Jour.) BlgoTitla (Mex.). Anvil. See also Yunque. wight) Blgote (Sp.). A semicircular tephole in a furnace. (Halse) Biloa (Peru). A rawhide receptacle in which filtered mercury collects. (Pfordte) Sljl timah (Malay). Small nodules in clay deposits Bildar (Hind.). A digger^ an exca- vator. (Webster) Bildas (or Buildhouse) (So. Staff.). The shift working from 6 A. M. till 9, and sometimes 10 o'clock, is termed a bildas. This was orl^ally denominated Buildhouse, from the fact of the butty. (Contract miner) making so much money that he was able to build many houses from the exactions thus made upon the poor men, who receivied Inadequate re- muneration. (Min. Jour., 1871) Blldsteln (Or.). A soft stone; agal- inatolite. (Standard) Bilitrones (Sp. Am.). A communica- tion between wasUng troughs. (Ln-' CHS) Bill day (No. of Eng..). That day on which colliery accounts ,aFe ex- amined. (Gresdey) Billet. 1. Iron or steel, clrawu from a pile, bloom, or ingot into a small bar for further manufacture. 2. A small bloom. (Raymond) 8. (Som.). A short timber prop. (Gresley) Billeting rolL A set of rollers having flattening and edging grooves, used in Foiling iron into merchantable bars. (Century) Billon (Fr.). 1. In colnftgi^; dn all«y of gold or silver with some baser metal, generally 'copper or tin; spe- cifically, a low alloy of jdlver with a large proportion of copper « use^ in making token and medals, and,, In ^me countries, , especially Atsltria, coins. 2. Coin struck from such an alloy. (Standard) Billot (Fr.). Gold or silver in the mass or ingot 'ntended for coinagle. (Standard) BiUy. 1. (Forest of Dean). . A box for holding Ironstone, carried by a boy in the mine. 2, See Billy play- fair. (Gresley) S. (Aust.) A name used in the Oler- mont district of Queensland, for a bed of quartzlte that caps th^'coal measures. (Power) Billyboy. A boy who attendsl^ Elllly playfahr. (G. and M. M. F.) BiUy playfair; Fair-play . (Wales). A mechanical contrivance for weigh- ing small coal which passes throngh the screen. (Gresley) Bimbalete (Peru). A crude ' ore-mill operatec^by two men. The grinder Is a large stone with a transverse bar by which a rocking njotlbn Is given. Also called Qulmbalete. fDwight) Bimetall'sm. The concurrent use Of both gold and silver as money at a fixed relative value, estabUdied by law; also, the doctrine advocating such use. (Standard) Bin- A box, frame, crib, or indoaed place used as a receptacle foi ady commodity aa coal, ore, etc. (Webster) Blna (Eng.): Hard clayey substadie (Balnbridge). A variety of bind. Binary granite. A term more or less used In older geological writings'for those varieties of granite that are chiefly quartz fmi feldspar. It has recently been .aK>lled to granites containing two imicas. (Konp) Blnohes (Arg.). tliystals . of pyrlte occurring i^ ,&^ gald,-bea];li)g .colb- glomerate. (Halse) BinchlAg. 1. (Soip,), The stone upon which a bed ^f coal rests. (Grei- ley) Bind; Bindi; Bend (Dert).). I. I&du- rated ar^llaceous shale or dWt very commonly ijprmlng.tbe foof^ a coal seam and. frequently c6nta&- Ing clay ironstone, t, (JHo.^ HittL) To hire. (Gresley) GLOSSARY or MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTBY. 79 Binder. 1. (Corn.). Beds of grit In shale, slate, or clay. See also Bind, 1 (Power). A streak of impurity in a coal seam, usually difBcult to remove, 2. (Corn.). An underground carpen- ter. (Da vies) 3. Anything which causes cohesion in loosely assembled substances, as cement in a wall, crushed ^tone In a macadam road, fire clay in a graphite crucible, etc. (Webster) 4. The course. In a sheet-asphalt pavement, frequently used between the concrete* foundation and the sheet-asphalt mixture of' graded sand and asphalt cement. (Bacon) Bindheimite. A hydrous antlmonate of lead; an oxidation product of Jamesonite. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Binding. 1. (No. of Eng.). Hiring of men for pit work. (Gresley) 2. A band of , masonry so laid as to fasten together or strengthen ad- joining parts. (Webster) Binding bolts (Scot). Boits used to secure machinery to the foundations. (Barrowman) Binding coal. Coal which cakes on burning. (Bacon) Bin feeder. A man who rods or bars ore that sticks as it passes through the bin door. (Willcox) Bing. 1. (No. of Eng.). A pile or heap of anything. Specifically: A heap of metallic ore, etc. 2. The kiln of a furnace for making char- coal used in metal smelting (obso- lete). (Standard) 3. ?!ight hundred weight of ore. (Raymond) 4. (Eng.). The best quality of lead ore. (Webster) 5. (Scot.). A place where coal is stocked, or debris is piled at the sur- face. 6. To put coal in wagons or in stacks at the surface. (Gresley) Sing-hole (Defb.). A hole or chute through which ore is thrown. (Ray- mond) Blng ore (Derb.). The largest and best kind of lead ore. (Hunt) Bingplace (Derb.). The place where ore Is stored for smelting. (MIn. Jour.) Bingstead (Eng.). 1. The place where lead ore Is dressed. (Hunt) 2. A place for storing ore, coal, etc. Compare Bing, 1 and 5. Bing-tale (No. of Eng,). A synonym for Tribute. Bin man. One who pokes down ore in bins to keep it feeding through the chutes. (Willcox) Blnnite. A dark steel-gray metallic copper sulpharsenite, CusAs^Si, that crystallizes in the Isom^trlc-tetrahe- dral system. (Dana) Biotite. A magnesium-iron mica. The common black mica. Often used as a prefix to many names of rocks that contain this mica ; such as biotitie- andeslte, blotlte-gneiss, blotite-gran- Ite, etc. (Kemp) Bipyramid. In crystallography, a double-ended pyramid. (A.- F. Rogers) Biquartz. A quartz plate of two sec- tions which turn the plane of polar- ization in opposite directions. It is used with a polariscope. (Webster) Bird's eye marble. A local name given to several varieties of marble in which the markings assume the appearance of a bird's eye. (Mer- rill) Bi-refringence. The property possessed by crystals belonging to other than the isometric system of splitting a beam of ordinary light into two beams which traverse the crystal at different speeds, and as they pass out of it produce characteristic op- tical effects that are recognizable with the proper Instruments or, In some cases, by the eye alone. Bi- refringence is also known as Double "ef Faction. (Ransome) Blrmite. See Burmite. Bischoflte. A crystalline-granular and foliated, colorless to white hydrous magnesium chloride, HwMgClsOi. (Dana) Biscuit. In ceramics, ware baked once, but not glazed; bisque. (Standard) Bisectrix. A line bisecting the angle between the optic axes of a biaxial crystal. See Acute bisectrix; also Obtuse bisectrix. (Webster) Blsmlte. Bismuth trioxide, Bl^Ot. oc- curring as^ a straw-yellow earth, and as pearly white scales. (Dana) Bismath. One of the elements. A brittle, reddl white metal. Sym- bol, Bi, atomic weight, 208.0. Spe- cific gravity, 9.8 (Webster). The reddish-color is possibly due to ox- idation. Bismuth blende. Same as Eulytite. (Standard) 80 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY. Bismuth bronze. An alloy of bismuth vclth tin. (etandard) Bismuth inx. A mixture of one part potassium Iodide, one part acid po- tassium sulphate, and two parts of sulphur. Also made by mixing equal parts of potassium Iodide and sulphur. Bismuth glance. See Bismuthlnlte. Bismuthinite. Bismuth trlsulphide, BUS,. Contains 81.2 per cent bis- muth. (Dana) Bismnthite. Bee Bismutlte. Bismuth ocher. See Bismlte. Bismuth silver. 1. Same as Chllenlte. 2. Same as Schapbachlte. (Stand- ard) Bismutlte. A basic bismuth carbonate of doubtful composition. Perhaps B1j08.COiHjO. Contains 80 per cent Bismuth. (Dana) Bismuto (Mex.). Bismuth. (Dwight) Bismutospharite. A yellow, spherical, fibrous bismuth carbonate, BiaCO., usually found as an alteration prod- uct of bismuthinite. (Dana) Bisphenoid. In crystallography, a form apparently consisting of two sphenoids placed together symmetri- cally. (A. F. Rogers) Bisque. In ceramics, biscuit; blscult- ware, as In statuettes, dolls, etc. (Standard) Bit. 1. A drilling chisel. Compare Auger-stem. (Chance) 2. The cutting end of a boring im- plement (Raymond) 3. A pointed hammer for dressing hard stone, as granite. 4. The blade of an ax. 5. The copper head of a soldering iron. (Webster) Bitches (Scot). A set of three chains for slinging pipes in a mine shaft. (Barowman") Bites (Colom.). Slime produced by grinding or stamping ore. (Halse) Bitter. Applied to minerals having the taste of Epsom salts. (Dana) Bitter earth. Magnesia. Bittern. The bitter mother liquor that remains in salt works after the salt has crystallized out. (Webster ) Bitter spar. A pure, crystalline dolo- mite. It consists of one part or equivalent of calcium carbonate and one part of magnesl,um carbonate. Also called Pearl spar. (Roy. Com.) Bitnlithlc. A kind of paving consist- ing of broken stone cemented with bitumen Or asphalt (Webster) Bitumastic. A kind of bituminous paint or cement (Webster) Bitumen. See Asphalt A general name for various solid and semisolid hydrocarbons. In 1912 the term was used by the American Society for Testing Materials to include all those hydrocarbons which are solu- ble in carbon bisulphide, whether gases, easily mobile liquids, viscous liquids, or solids. ■ (U. S. Oeol. Surv.) Bitumenized. Converted into bitumen. (Hitchcock) Bituminate. 1. To cement or cover with bitumen. 2. To charge or mix with bitumen. (Standard) Bituminiferous. Yielding or contain- ing . bitumen. ( Standard ) Bituminoso (Mex.). Bituminous. (Dwight) Bituminous. 1. Containing much or- ganic, or at least carbonaceous mat- ter, mostly in the form of the tarry hydrocarbons which are usually de- scribed as bitumen. (Kemp) 2. Having the - odor of bitumen. Often applied to minerals. (Dana) Bituminous cement. A bituminous material suitable for use as a binder, having cementing qualities which are dependent mainly on its bitumi- nous character. (Bacon) Bituminous coal. Ordinary soft coal. See Coal. Bituminous limestone. A limestone Impregnated with bituminous mat- ter and emitting a fetid odor when rubbed. Called also Stinkstone and Swinestone. (Standard) Bituminous pavement, A pavement composed of stone, gravel, sand, shell or slag, or combinations there- of, and bituminous, materials, thor-. oughly incorporated. (Bacon) Bituminous sandstone. See Sandstone. Bituminous shale. A shale contain- ing hydrocarbons or bituminous ma- terial : when rich In such substances It yields oil or gas on distillation. Called also Pyroschlst or Oil shale. (Standard) Bituminous surface. In paving, a superficial coat of bituminous mate- rial, with or without the addition of stone or slag chlpsT gravel, sand, or material of similar character. (Bacon) ULOSSAIIY OF MtStlNG A»& MSfHRAL iSTOX^STBy. 81 Bituminous y/robi, A Tiirlety of brot«ii coal much resembling woo^, (Ches- ter) Bltusol. Trinidad asphalt. It Is said to be a^true bltusol— ^hat, Is to 6a,y, dispersed, solid colloids In solution in bitumen. (Bacon) Bivalent. Having a valence of two. See also Valence. (Webster) Blzen ware. Fine, hard, unglazed pottery, usually grayish- white; made in Blz^, Japan. (Webster) Bizet. In gem cutting, the part of a brilliant ' (diamond) between the table and the girdle, occupying one- third of Its depth and having 82 facets. (Standard) KfifiTf alta. An argillaceous schist, found in the New Almaden quick- silver mine, Santa Clara County, Oallfornia. (Hanks) Black amber. A name given by amber- diggers to jet which is founa with amber. ' It becomes faintly electric when rubbed. (Oldham) Black and gold marble. '■ See Porto marble. Black ash. A solid black mixture 'of sodium carbonate and calcium sul- phide produced by fusing sodium sulphate, limestone, and coal to- gether In Boda-a^ manufacture. Called also Soda-ball and British barilla. (Standard) Blaokband. An earthy carbonate of iron, accompanjrlng coal beds. Bx- tensively worked as an' iron ore in O^at Britain, and somewhat in Ohio. (Raymond) Black bat. A lylece of bituminous shale embedded in the rock imme- diately over the coal measure and liable to fall of Its own weight when the coal beneath it has been removed (Cinkovltch v. Thistle Coal Co., 143 Iowa, p. 597, 121 Northwestern, 1036). Compare Ket- tle bottom ; Bell-mold. Black butts. Discolored and imperfect coke, .usually found at the bottom or side of the oven because of excessive moisture existing there; may also result from Improper manipulation of the oven. Also called Black ends. Black chalk. 1. A variety of bluelsh- black day containing carbon. (Skin- ner) . ^ ,. 8. A slate sufficiently colored by car- bonaceous particles to answer the purpose of black lead in pencils for 744010 0—47 6 coarse work, mich as ftiarktng stafhik (Century) Black coal (Scot). Coal aUgttfly burned by igneoqs rocl; (Barrowr man). See Nattoral' coke; Blind coal, 1. Black copper.. A name given to tte more or less impure metallic confer produced in blast-furnaces when running on oxide ores or roasted sul|*ide( mlaterlal. It is alwajrs lib alloy of _ coftper w'lth one or more other metals generally containing several per cent of iron, often lead, and many other in^uritles. It also contains from 1 to 3 per cent Sul- phur. (Peters, p. 2X7) Black copper ore. See Melacodite; Tenorite. Black coring. The developmenjt of black or bluish-black cores in bricks, due to Improper burning. fRlesI Black cotton (India). Soil from, Q to 10 feet In thickness overlying the coal measures, which In dry weather shrinks and produces, mud cracks. (Oresley) Black ^mp. A term generally applied to carbpn dioxide. Strictly speak- ing, a mixture of nitrogen,' and car- bon dioxide. The average black damp contains. 10 ,to l5 per. cent car- bon dioxide, and 85 to 90 per cent nitrogen. It Is formed by mine fires and the explo^on «f ' flife dnnl)> In mines, and hence forms a inrt of the afterdamp. An atmosphere de- pleted of oxygen rather than cosj- talning an excess of carbon dioxide. Black diamond. 1. A variety of dia- mond, opaque, dark colored, and without cleavage. (MoSes) S. A term frequently applied to coa}. (Gresley) Black earth. A kind of coal whidi is pounded fine and used by painters in fresco. (Century) Black-ends (Eng,). See Black butts. Blackening. In founding, the process of coating the faces of a mold with charcoal or similar fine powder, or with a mixture thereisg apparatui. An apparatus for automatically dis- charging a sand tank having a cen- tral bottom opening. It consists of a central vertical shaft carrying four ' arms fitted with round plow disks. Sand is plowed toward a central opening and discharged on a conveyor belt (Liddell). Also called Blaisdell vat excavator. Blaisdell sand distributer. An appara- tus for loading sand tanks. It con- sists of a rapidly revolving disk with curved radial vanes. The disk is hung on a shaft in the center of the tank, and as sand is dropped on tfie disk it la distributed ovpr the entire area. (Liddell) Blalae (Scot,). Bee Bl^e, Blake enufte*. Tb« origlnfll braJdier of Jaw type. A crusher wltB line fixed Jaw t>late and one j^v^^rted at the top 80 as to give the j^test movement ii»l the smtdleM Itt^p (RldiardB, p: 1200). Motloli is toa- parted to the lowM*' end ' ctf the crnshlni! Jaw by toggle jobit op- erated by eccentric; Blake inmaee. A furnace, the. baartb of which consists of terraces rlsliw from the outer edge t6 fhe'ti^t^ The hearth is circoJar alitd retolves when In operktion. (IngaQs, p. 116) Blan.e.. In ceramics, an pji^ecprated piefCiB of pottery; (St^daid) Blano flze. A barium sulphate- formed artifldaUy as a heavy, 'white; in- soluble precipitate. Used as .a :iriff- ment. Also called B^yti^ white; Permanent white. (Webster) Blanch, 1. (Bng.) Lead ore,' .golxBd vrlth other minerals. (Baymimd) 2. To cover sheet iron with a oqat- ing of tiQ. .(Webster) Blanched copper.' Aii alloy AZ'cbpper and arsenic. (Baymond) Blandnra (Sp,). Soft, crumbly giound. (Hals») Blanket 1. A piede of cloth used In blanket slsices. (Webstef) - 2. Bee Blanket deposit; JSlai&et vein. 3. A bituminous surface of apprecia- ble thickness generally., forBM^..o(i top of a roadway by. the. applica- tion of one or niore coats of bitumi- nous m^e^ial ,an$. aapd, Oacw). Also called Carpet Blanket deposit. A flat deporit at pcp of which the length and breadtl^ are relatively grisat as compared nrith the thickness. The tetrm. is, current among miners, but it has qo very fflcact seleQtiflc meaniog, l|ore or less synQnymous terms . ai:9 i fiat sheets, bedded > veins, beds or ^at masses. Such deposits are. fre- quently intercalated between rocks of different lithologlcal character and origin, and; may haVe been .deposited in a regular sedimentary series, or subseQuently introduced t>etween the beds or impregnating them (Cen- tui7) ' £fee aZ 1^9 process iiiyolved In defini- tion 1. 84 GLOSSARY OP MIKIBTQ AND MiNEEAIi INimSTBT. Bhtnket shooting. Also termed Buffer ■booting or Shooting against tbe bank. A term aK>Iled to a method of blasting on a face not exceeding ao or 35 feet In height It involves leaving at the quarry face a mass of shattered rock . several feet in thickness that serves as a biifler, preventing the rock from being thrown far from Its source, and also rendering the shot more effective. (Bovles) Blanket «lnlce. . A sluice in which coarse blankets are laid, to catch tbe fine but heavy particles of gold, amalgam, etc., in the slime passing over them. The blankets are te- moved and washed' from time to time, to obtain the precious metal. (Raymond) Blanket table, or strake (Aust.). A sloping board or table covered with baize for catching gold. (Davles) Blanket vein. A horlsontai vein or deposit Sheet ground. A sheet de- posit' "A- vein, in which the ore body covers the entire area within the limits of the surface lines of a mining location. The apex of a blanket vein is coextenslvs with the q)ace between the side lines' of a mining location." (Homestake !Mln. Ca, In re, 2& Land Decisions, p. 6E^ ; Belligerent, etc.. Mining Olalms, In re, 35 Land Decision, p. 22.) (U. S. Mln. Stat, p. 106). See also Blanket deposit BUntou earn. A device used for lock- ing the cam' on the camshaft In a Btamp-mlU. A wedging action Is in- sured by means of a brass taper bushing. Blart. 1. The operation of blasting, Or rending rock or earth by means of explosives. S. The air forced Into a furnace to accelerate com- bustion a. The period during which a blast furna«e Is in Must, that is. In <^ra1Mta. (Raymond) «. An explosion of gas (or dUst) In k mlaie. (Webster) 5. (Scot). A fall of water in the dowTi-«ast shaft to produce or quicken ventilation. (Barrowinan) 6. To give (a kiln) a specially hot Bring at i!he last (Standard) Blan ^fOL. A chamber Into ar through which the air of a blowing engine IMsSeK (Gento^^y' Blsft araft. The draft jprodUcefd by i blower, as by bltfwlui' In air be- neath a fire, or drawing out the gases tr6tA above 'tti A foreed ' draft. (Webster) Blasted. 1. A term applied to a miner who has been injured by an ex- plosion of dynamite or gunpowder. (Weed) 8. Bent by an explosive. (Webster) Blast fnrnace. A furnace In which combustion IS forced by a current of air under pressure, especially for smelting ores. A blast furnace is designated as hot-blast or cold-blast according to the temperature of tiie air used for the blast. The furnace Is usually vertical, 'but varies greatly in size and shape (Webster) Blast hearth. A hearth In connection with which a blast is used, as in re- ducing lead ore. (Webster) Blast-hole (Eng.). 1. The holes through which the water enters the bottom of a pump (Ure), See alto Snore hole. S.-A hole for a blasting-charge. (Standard) Blast-hole machine, A drilling ma- chine of the Keystone type, used to drill holes 6 in. diameter and 35 to 40 ft. deep for the purpose of blasf- ing down a large amount of ore or waste in advance of the steam- shovels. It Is used in all of the great excavations of the dissemi- nated copper deposits. (Mln. and Sci. Press, voL 113; p. 946.) Blasting. 1. The operation of splitting rocks by gunpowder or other ex- plosives (Century) : as In mining and quarrying operations. 2. A method of loosening or shat- tering masses of solid matter, en- countered durlbg boring, by means of explosive ' compounds. Where petroleum occurs in a dense hard rock, recourse must sometimes be had to the use of explosives, the effect of these being to set up a sub- terranean dlAurbance, Which may thus be the means of giving freer movement to the oil. (Mitzakis) .'Blasting barrel. A piece of Irbn pipe, usually about i inch in diameter, used to provide a smooth passage- /^ay through the stemming for the miner's squib. It is recovered after each blast and used until destroyed. (Du Pont) Blasting eap. A' copper shell closed at one end and (MAtAlnIng a charge of detonating compound, which Is ig- nited from the spark of the tose. Used for detonatling nigh eiploslves. (Du Pont) GLOSSAKY or MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 85 Blasting cartridge. A cartridge con- taining an explosive to be used in blasting. (Webster) Blasting circuit. The leading wires, connecting wires and connected elec- tric blasting caps, when prepared for the firing of a blast. (Du Pont) Blasting compounds. Explosive sub- stances used in blasting. (Century) Blasting fuse, A slow burning fuse used for igniting blasting charges. (Webster) Blasting gelatin. A high explo^ve, consisting of nitroglycerin and nitro- cotton. It is a strong explosive, and is a rubber-like, elastic substance, unaffected by water. (Du Pont) Blasting machine. A portable dynamo, in which the armature is rotated by the downward thrust of the rack- bar or handle, used for firing blasts electrically (Du Pont). Also called Battery. Blasting mat. A tightly woven cover- ing of heavy manila rope or wire rope, or chain, made in various sizes, for covering the material to be blasted and preventing the flying of small fragments of rock. (Du Pont) Blasting r.eedle. A needle-like instru- ment for making an opening for a fuse (or squib). (Webster) Blasting oil. Same as Nitroglycerin. (Century) Blasting powder. A powder contain- ing less nitrate, and in its place more charcoal than black powder. Its composition is 65 to 75 per cent potassium nitrate, 10 to 15 per cent sulphur and 15 to 20 per cent char- coal. In -the United States sodium nitrate is largely used in place of the potassium salt. Compare Black powder. (Brunswig, p. 302) Blasting stick. A simple form of fuse. (Raymond) Blasting supplies. A term used to in- clude electric blasting caps, ordi- nary blasting caps, fuse, blasting machines, galvanometers, rheostats, etc., in fact, everything used in blasting, except explosives. (Du Pont) Blasting tube. An India rubber tubing used for holding nitroglycerin. (Web- ster) Blait U4uor. A liquid for bleaching, as a solution of cliioride of lime. (Webster) Blast meter. An anemometer for measuring the force of a blast. (Webster) Blast nozzle. A fixed or variable out- let of a blast pipe. (Webster) Blast pipe. A pipe for supplying air to furnaces. (C. and M. M. P.) Blast-roasting. A generic term given by A. S. Dwight to a process of forcing air through finely divided metallic sulphides with, the object of roasting and agglomerating in a single operation. The process which originated with Huntington and Heberlein in 1889 was confined to a galena concentrate, limestone being added to serve both as a di- luent to keep separate the particles of galena that they might be thor- oughly oxidized, and as a flux that the partly roasted ore might be ag- glomerated by the formation of a sinter. In the original Huntington and Heberlein process the galena concentrate, mixed with limestone, is given a preliminary rough-roast, in order to oxidize some of the sul- phide and thus reduce its calorific power, before it Is moistened and charged into the converting pot. In the later Savelsberg process the moistened galena-limestone mix- ture is blown direct without having been subjected to a rough-roast In the third modification, the Car- mlchael-Bradford process, the mode of operating is the same as with the Savelsberg, only limestone is re- placed by dehydrated gypsum. These three established processes, as well as some other modifications, are characterized as the up-draft opera- tions and are usually Intermittent; the Dwight-Lloyd process is the lead- ing representative of the down-draft operation which is usually continu- ous. (Hofman, General Metallurgy, pp. 411-^12) Blatt (Ger.). A flaw or fault. Bleacher. A settling tub used in re- fining petroleum. (Standard) Bleaching clay (Com.). Kaolin, used with size, to whiten and give weight and susbtance to cotton goods. (Raymond) Bleaching powder. A powder for bleaching, as chloride of lime, or calcium oxychlorldeCaOCla. (Web- ster) Bleb.- A vesicle or bulla containing a serous fluid ; a bubble as in water, glass, etc. (Webster) 86 0£X)SSAB¥ OF MmiKO AND MIKBKAIi mOUSTBT. Blcek. 1. (Na of Bag.) Pitch or tar apon ropes. (Gresley) 2. A black, fluid or semifluid Bub- IBtance^ as blacking fo|r leather, i^as^ on an axle, etc. (Staiddard) Bleed (Bng.) To give off water, or gas, as fro^ coal or other stratum. (Gr^ley) Bleeder. 1. An escape valve. for gas' at the top of a furnace or along the gas line, t6 reUeVc ezcesli pres- sure or flow of gas. (Wlllcox) S. A small cock or valve .to draw off \(;ater of condensation from a rahge of piping. (Nat Tube Co.) Bleeding. The exudation of bitumi- nous material on the roadway sur- face after construction. (Baccm) Bleeding valve. A cock, aa In an air brake mecfaanlsn), th^ opening of which releases air (Standard). See also Bleeder. Blelherg furnace. Bee Garlnthlan fur- nace. Blenda (Mex.). Zincblende. (Dwlght) Blende. Without any qualification means zincblende or the sulphide' of zinc, which has the luster and often_ the color of common reslh, and' yields a wUte streak and powder. The darker vartetles are c?llM blackjack by the English mtaiera. Other minerals' having this luster are also calleC blendes, as antimony blende, ruby blende, pltchblei^e, hornblende (Boy. Com.). It is often found In brown shining' ciys- tals, hence its name among the Gw- man miners, from tb» word blenden to dazzle. Bllck (Qer.). The Itrlt^t^nlng or iri- descence appearing on silver or gold at the end of the cupping or refin- ing process. (Raymond) Bllkhnls (So. Afr.). A amUl bouse of galvanized Iron- erected on a gold, field o^ In a diamond compound. (Standud) Blind. 1. Not appearing. In an out- crop at the surface; applied tOiinln- eral veins. (W^Mter) >. (Forest of Dean.) See After- damp. S. (Scot). To erect a stop- ping In a crosscut or other under- ground roadway. , (Oresley) Blind ooal (Eng.). 1. Ooal altered by the heat of a trap dike so as to re- semble anthracite. (Gresley) S. Anthracite and other kinds of ooti that bum without flame. (Power) BUttd ereek (Aust). A creek that 11! dry. exc^t In^ wet weather; (Dife- vles) Blind drift.. A horizontal , passim in a mine, not y«t:Conneeted with the othtr workings (Ifalseos). £fee «l«o Blind IflveL 3Un4e.,, Same as Blende. (Stapilard) Blinded (Scot). Not oppoEdte. ' Two ends (drifts o^ jsntijles) .,drlve]n,troi;i' .oipposlte^des,:'o£. ft, Plane and U9t o|>p68lte each other, out nieajirly ijo, are said to be blinded. (Burrow- man). Mind fla!nce. i :Qang« used to close the, 9nd of a' i4p0. ':it jRroduces a i>iind md wl^ich 1,8 also <^nd. % dead end. ' (Nat Tube Co.) Blind jeint An obscura. ti«4dlng plana. (0,. and H. M., J?;,) Bliae lead; BUnd lode. A ir^n having no outcn^). (Ihlsehg) Blind level. 1. A level not yet con- nected With (Vther working.. *. A level for drainage, having «• shaft at either end, and acting as an In- verted siphon. (Raymond) Blind lode. , A liode Rowing no sat- face outcrop, and ohie that can not be found by any surface indications. See also Blind lead. (Skinner^ BUttd-pii (Irftnc,). £^ee Drop-staple. BUnd road; BUnd way (Mid.). Any underground roadway not in use, having stoppings placed across it (Oresley) Blind roastet. A muflte furnace. (Webster) BUnd teami. Incipient JolntK (Rte«) BUnd shaft A ^s^aft which, doe* not open to dayllgUt. A winze.; Si3e,. See also: Blow-out, 3. Blow-off. 1. To let off excess of steam from a boiler. (C. and M. M. P.) ' 2. To blow out, by means of a special valve, the suspended and; precipi- tated impurities collected in a steam boiler. Blow-out. 1. To put a blast furnace out of blast, by ceasing to charge fresh materials, and continuing the blast until the contents of the fur- nace have been smelted. 2. A large outcrop, beneath which ttie vein-is smaller, is called a blow-olit. 3. A shot or blast is Eiald to blow out when' it ^oes off like a gun and does not shatter the rock (Raymond).' A blown-out or windy shot. ■4. A 'Sudden or violent escape of gas, or air. 6. The cleaBthil of boiler flues by a blast of steani. (Web^^ ster) 6. The rupture of a boiler tub^, steam pipe, pneumatic tire 'or other , container thtough faulty construc- tion, excessive pressutte or other "catise. '•'.■■ Blow-over. The excess of glass in making blown objects, prwlecting be- yond the mold and aftef'ward broken off. (Standard) Blo'wpipe. A tube through .which air. is forced into a flame, to direct it and increase its intensity. •''' In the compound blo'wpipe, two jets of gas (one of which may be air.) are united at the point of combustion. (Raymond) "'■.,' Blowpipe reaction. A 'decomposition of a compound wlien heated befom the blowpipe, resulting in some characteristic reaction, as a color- ing of the flame pr a colored crust on a piece of charcoal (Standard). A useful method of analysis in min- eralugy. Slqyia (Lelc). Frequevt. and sudden risings of quicksand in sinking through water-bearing ground. (Gresley) Blowtorch. A small automatic ,blnat lamp, or tordh. (Webster) Blowtiibe. A' long wroughf-lroh tube, on th6 end bf which the wdrkmin gathers a quantity of riiOlten glsite, and. through, whicl) he blows to ex- pand or shape it. (Webster) Blowup. 1. (Bag.) An explosion of .fire damp<;ln,ia.,'mine.' 3. T^t.alloiiK atmospheric air access tQ cer- tain places In coal mines, so as to generate Keidt, and -"ultiihatay t*' cause gob fireS; 'i(Gi'esley) Blow Wells (Bng.). A loical term for, Artesian wells, in the. eastern coast of Lincolnshire, so called,, b^piwaa- the water often rushes up violehtly.' Blue. Aurassayer's term for a' solu- tion of copper sulphate. . (idicketts) Blue asbeijltos. iSee CrocidoUte. Blue .hsiaS. ' A bluish band of ' slate from one to fouMnches thick occur- ring 18 to 24 inches from the bottom of the No. 6 coal seam in Illinois. Bliie-'bllly (Eng.). The •'residilmn- e solid state in finely divided bluish powder. ( lugalls, p. 205 ; Hofman, p. 500) Blue print. A blue photograph. See mpanies that do not Intend to do a fair and honest business. Blue ipar. Laznlite ; aziire-spar. (JDeTb.). A break or split In a vein. Mander) Ida (Sp.). A ball; B. de grata, a alaH>alL (Halse) Be|ai. 1. (M!bx.). More or less rounded masses of silver-gold ore. 8. (Sp.). Fine mercury ore- molded into bricks. S. Sphemlltes. 4. Balls of day used In tamiflhg, (Halse)' Bolderberg bcdi (Belg,). The sands and gravels- of the BOlderberg hill, r^resentati'Tes of the Middle or Eocene Tertlaries, and often re- ferred to by geologists. .). An old ledd works. A place on high ground' and ex- posed to the Wind, \riiere smelting has been carried on. (Hunt) S. A friable earthy day higjtiy colored by iron oxide. 3. An old Scotch measure of about 4 bushel& Bee alto Boll. '(Webster) Boieite. A deep blue pseudo-Isbmetrlc .hydrous oxyddoride of lead, copper, and silver &om Boleo, Lowef Cali- fornia. A tetragonal form of oercy- Ute. (Dana) Boleo (Mes.). 1. A duinp for waste rock, a FloM-mIner:.l. S. A kid- ney of ore. (Dwlght) Boleta (Sp.). 1. A schedule. % A ticket for the sale of ore. 3. A ^ondier. 4. A tax receipt. (Halse) BoUdiar (Mex.).: To treat ore In a Inmhalete. (Halse) Bollohe. 1. (Peru). A dolly-tub. 2. (tlLex,). A small ore mill like a timbalete. (Dwlght) t. In Spain, a' small revei-beratory fnmace for smelting lead ores. (Halse) BoUvar (Venezuela). A silver coin equal to 1 franc, 9id., or 19.3 cents. (LodE) BoU. 1. (No. of Eng.). An ancient measure for coal, containing 9676.8 cubic indies. (Gresley) S. See Bole, 3. BoUito (It). The frit or calcined in- gredients from which glass is made. (Standard) Bollo (Pern). 1. A pocket oi ore. 2. A triangular block of amalgam. (Dwlght) Bolsarna tpaf. Bee Bolognian stone. toolognUn stone. A sulphate; of barium octmrring in rbuudlsh masses and which is phosphorescent after cal- cination (€re.) Also called Bologna stone, Bologna spar. Boisa (Peru), A rich body of ore; literally a purse. (Pfordte) Bolsada (Sp.). A rich pocket of ore. In a general sense, an irregular de- posit (Halse) Bolsilla (Sp.). A small pocket of ore. (Halse) Bo1b6b. 1. (Sp.). A flat-floored desert valley that drains to a central evaporation pan or plana. (Ban- some) 2. (Mex.). A pocket of ore. (Dwlght) BolEonada (Peru). A pockety Tfeln. (Dwlght) Bolt. 1, A nearly horizontal cylinder or prismoidal frame, usually, rotat- ing, covered with silk or other fabric with very regular meahes, for sifting and separating flour of wheat from the hull or , bran. Usually different sections of its length are covered with gradually decreasing sizes of mesh. Used in the talc and fuller's earth industries, etc. 2. To sift or separate by pass- ing through a bolt. (Standard) 8. (So. Staff.). A short narrow heading, connecting two Others. Also called Bolt hole. (Gresley) 4. In glass-blowing, a cylindrical mass; as a bolt of melted gl^ss. (Standard) Bolt hole (So. Staff.). A sfliort nar- row opening made to connect the main workings with the air head or ventilating drift of a coal mine (Century). Also called Bolt. Bolt oil. A viscous neutral oil hav- ing a gravity of 30" B6. and a Say- bolt viscosity of 220. Used in cut- tlug nut and bolt threads. (Bacon) Boltonite. A colored variety of for- sterite, MgiSlOt, crystallizing in the orthorhombic system. (Dana) Bonib. 1. In geology, a more or less rounded mass of lava, anywhere from a few Inches to several feet in diameter, generally vesicular, at least Inside, thrown from the throat of a . volcano during an explosive eruption. (La Fprge) 5. The combustion chamber of a calorimeter fltted for use in maUng explosive 'combustlqos. S. A missile containing an explosive, as dyna- mite. (Webster) 94 GLOSSABT OF iOSlSQ AJSTD IiCpr^$RAI. IBSUSI^T. Bomte (Spb). 1. ^.pump. 2. (Venez.). A patcb or. pocket of ore. S. A vol- canic bomb. (Halse) Botnbear. 1. (Golom.) To bring a large yolume of Vater to the chan- jtkel or ground dulce, 2. To dis- charge a miner or pe6n. (Halse) Bomblccite. A transparent, colorless mineral, found in lignite in Tus- cany; it fuses at 75* O., volatilizes at a higher temperature, and is solu- ble in carbon diaulpblde. alcohol and ether. (Bacon) BombUIo (Mez.). Oartirldge (aa Af dynamite). (Dwlght) Bonanza (8p.). Literally, fair weather. In miners' phrase, good luck, or a body of ri-o consecutive rails oif an ^ec- •iriq railway using the rails fijs a part Of the return clrciiit 6. A linlt of chemical attraction. ' See Vqilence. 7. To give or sec;ure an option upon k- mine or other property by a bond tying up the property untilthe op- tion has expired. (Webster) 9. The material which holds or binds together the crystals which make up a sharpening stone or grinding w>heel,' more commonly «poken of in connection with artifi- cial abrasives. (Pike) 9. A certificate of owneriAlp In a definite portion of a. debt due from a government, a city, a business cor- poration, or an indlvidnal. in Its simplest form It IS a promise to pay a stipultited sum on or after a given date, and to pay Interest or divi- dends at a specified rate arid at definite intervals. (E. B. Skinner, p. 127) Bond«r, In masonry, a stone or brick extending through a wall and bind- ing It together; a binding-stone. Also called Bondstone. (Standard) BoAdmiader; Kolleyman; Koadman (UngO. A man In charge of the roUey way, or main gangway. (Bedmayne) Bondstone. Same as Bonder< Bone; Bone ooal; Bony. Slaty or ar- gillaceous coal, or carbonaceous Shale occurring in Coal seains (Chance) Bone at h. The white, porons resldtte from, calcined bones, composed chiefly of calcium phosphate, used for making cupels and for cleaning jewelry (Wet>ster). Called also Bone earth. Bone bed (Eng.). A tenq appUed to several thin strata ,or layers, from their containing iniiamerable frag- ments of fossil bonesi scales, teeth, coproUtes, and other organic remains (Page). Bee also Fish bed^ Bone blaok. The black, carbonace- ous substance into whicb bones are converted by calcination in closed vessels ; also called Animal black or Charcoal., (Webster) Bone breeda. A deposit of bones, earth, sand; eftc. (Webster) Bone ooaL See Bone. Bone earth (Eng.). . The earthy oi mineral part of bones, which con- sists Ghlefiy of; caldnm phosphate. (Page) Bone phosphate. The calcium phos- pbate,t>btaiited from bones; also, t/x conim^ce, applied to calcium phos- phate obtained from phosphatlc rocks^ as of North Carolina. (Stand- ard) ^ Bone: il|oreeIalnw A ceramic ware hav- ' ing bone du^t as one of Its constitu- ehta (Standard) Bonete (Mex.). A hat used to catch v0ry rich ore aA it IS picked down With a sharp bar. (Dwlght) Bongkal (Straits Set). A gold weight equals 832.84 gr. ; 20 bongkals eqaalB 1 catty. (Lock) Bongo (Oolom.). A wooden box in which the sand from the mill Is deposited for subsequent treatment (Halse) Benlaite. A glassy phase of andesite with bronzlte, augite, and a little oli- vine, from the Benin. Islands,' Japan. (Kemp) Bonlto (Ikfez.), Flrstclasti silver ore, i. e., assaying over 1,000 oz. per. ton. (Dwlght) Bonnet. I. A covering over a mine cage to shield It from objects fSU- ing down the shaft (|Utymohd) ii Aoover for tba-ganse of a saMgr lamp. (Steel) CttiOSSABY QF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 95 t. A cap-piece for an upright tim- ber. (O. and M. M. P.) 4. (Corn.). The cover of the steam chest of an engine. (Crofutt) 1. See Bell mold. . A heavy cylindrical piece of Iron (usually cast or steel) Into the top of which the stamp stein fits and into the bottom of which the shoe Is Inserted. It is the body of the hammer into which 'the handle fits and which also gives heft to the blow. Also called Top h€ad. (Rlck- ard) 9. (Scot). Hollow. The waste or exhausted workings of any mineral. To hole or undercut. (Barrowman) 10. A cushion or pad, as of soft leather or silk, used for smoothing or making uniform the colors ap- plied with oil In i>orcelaln and glass making. (Webster) Boss driver. One In charge of meq or boys who are driving horses or mules for hauling coal, rock, or ore at mines. Bossing. 1. (Scot.). The holing or undercutting of a thick seam, as. of limestone,, the height of the under- cutting being sufficient for a man to work in. (Barrowman) 2. In ceramics, the proqess of inak- Ing a coat of color uniform, by dust- ing the color on boiled oil, or apply- ing it plentifully mixed with oil. and tapping to smoothness with a boss or pad ; ground-laying. See Boss, 10. 3. A coating of oil to be em- ployed as above. (Standard) Boss miner. 1. A contract miner. 2. In Ohio, 18S3, a mine boss. (Roy) Boss process. A continuous pan-amal- gamation process for silver extrac- tion. (LiddeU) Bostonlte. A rock occurring In dikes, and having the mineraloglcal and chemical composition of trachyte or porphyry, except that anorthoclase (and therefore soda) is abnormally abundant, and dark silicates are few or lacking. The name was sug- gested by its supposed presence near Boston, Mass., but Marblehead, 20 miles or more distant. Is its nearest locality. It has been found around Lake Champlaln and In the neigh- boring parts of Canada. (Kemp) Beta (Mex.). 1. A bucket made of one or more ox skins, to take out wateu. (Dwlght) 2. B. chica, a small leather bag; B. grande, a large leather bag, worked by horse whims, for hoisting water. (MIn Jour.) Botch. A worthless opal. (Power) Bote (Mex.). 1. A boat 2. A can. 3. An ore bucket. (Dwlght) Botryogen. A vitreous hyacinth-red, translucent, hydrous magnesium fer- ro-ferrlc sulphate, crystallizing In the monoclinlc system. (Dana) Botryoidal. Having the form of a bunch of grapes (Webster). Said usually of minerals. Botryollte. A radiated, columnar da- tolite with a Iratryoldal surface. (Standard) Bott. 1. A plug of clay at the end of a bar, to stop the flow of melted metal from a cupola. (Standard) 2. A cast-iron or forged-steel plug mounted on long steel rod that fits inside (if the cinder tap (Willcoz). A blast furnace term. Bottlng. Thrusting a bot into the tap hole to stop a run of slag or metal. (Wlllcox) Bottle coal (Scot). Gas coal. (Bar- rowman) Bottle Jack (Eng.). An appliance for raising heavy weights in a mine. (Gresley) , Bottle stone. An old name for chrysolite, or any other mineral, which can be melted directly into glass (Chester). See also Bouteil- lensteih. Bottom. 1. The landing at the bottom of the shaft or slope. 2. The lowest point of mining operations. 8, The floor, bottom rock, or stratum un- derlying a coal bed. (McNeil) 4. Low land formed by alluvial de- posits along a river. 6. (Aust). The dry bed of a river of Tertiary age, containing alluvial gold, often covered to a great depth by vol- canic matter or detritus. Also called Gutter. 6. To underrun with a level for drainage, etc., as a gold deposit which is to be worked by the hydraulic method. (Web- ster) 7. To break the material and throw it clear from the bottom or toe of the bore hole. (Du Pont) 8. A mass of Impure copper formed below the matte. In matting copper ores (Weed). See also Bottoms, 2. Bottom board (E^ng.). The bottom of a wagon or tmcl-. which Is un- fastened by knocking off a catch when the wagon is required to be discharged. (G. 0. Greenwell) Bottom break. Same as Floor break. (Bowles) GLOSSABY OF MIKIKO AND MINKKAL IKDUSTBY. 99 Bottom eager. A man at the bottom of a shaft In a mine to superintend the operation of the raising and lowering of the cage. (Illinois Third Vein Coal Co. v. Cloni, 215 Illinois, p. 583.) See also Cager. Bottom eanch. See Canch, 2. Bottom eoal. Coal below the nndercnt. It may or may not be removed. Bottom digger. A workman who digs out the bottom in an entry In thin coal, to give sufficient height for the haulage way. Bottomer (Eng.). The man stationed at the bottom of a shaft in charge of the proper loading of cages, sig- nals for hoisting of cages, etc. A cage or skip tender (Raymond). Also called Bottom eager. Bottom flUer. A man who fills a nar- row with ore, coke, or stone,, weighs it and places it on the cage, or elevator to be hoisted to top of the furnace. (Wlllcox) Bottom ice. Ground Ice; anchor Ice. (Century) Bottoming. 1. The ballasting material for making a roadbed; ballast. 2. The act of fitting with a bottom or performing some basal operation. (Standard) Bottoming hole. The opening at the mouth of a furnace, before which a flint glass article, in process of manufacture, is exposed for soften- ing. (Standard) Bottom Joint. A joint or bedding plane, horizontal or nearly so. (C. and M. M. P.) Bottom lift. The deepest lift of a mining pump, or' the lowest pump. (Baymond) Bottom Ufter. One who digs up the bottom of a drift, enti^, or other haulage way to gain head room; also called Brusher ; Dirt scratcher ; Groundman; Ripper, and Stoneman. Bottom pillars! Large blocks of solid coal left unworked around the shaft See also Shaft pillar. (Gresley) Bottom plate. A plate supporting a mold. (Webster) Bottoms. 1. (Corn.) The deepest mine workings. 2. In copper smelt- ing, the impure metallic copper, or cupriferous alloy, which separates from the matte, and is found below it, when there is not enough sulphur present to retain in combination all the copper. (Raymond) Bottom-set beds. The layers of . finer material carried out and deposited on the bottom of the sea or a lake In front of a delta. As the delta grows forward they are covered by the fore-set beds (La . Forge). See Fore-set beds and Top-set beds. Bottom .settlings. Earthy matter. In- ert organic matter, or, in the case of Pennsylvania petroleum, an emul- sion of amorphous parafiin wax and water, which accompanies crude oil. (Bacon) Bottom stewards (Tork). Under- ground mine officials. (Gresley) Bottom stone. See Fire clay. Bottom water. In oil wells, water that lies below the productive sand, and is separated from It, Compare Top water; Edge water. (U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 658, p. 44.) Bouoharde (Fr.). A marble-workers tool with which the surface of mar ble may be roughened or furrowed. (Standard) Bongard . marble. A dark-gray and white mottled stone with streaks and clouds of yellow, brown, and pink; - from Nassau, Germany. (Merrill) Bonking ( Scot. ) . i . Segments of wood or other material used for increas- ing the diameter of a drum. 2. To coil unevfflily on a drum, as the rope or cable is not houking well. (Bar- rowman) Boulangerlte. A massive metallic, blu- ish-gray lead-sulphur-antimony min- eral, Pb.Sb.Su. (Dana) Boulder. See Bowlder. Bonlet (Fr.). A briquet. Bonleur (Belg.). A small girl who^ .col- lects coal into heaps in the working places undierground. (Gresley) Bounce, t. A sudden -spalling off of the sides of ribs and pillars due to excessiye pressure; a bump, (C. M. P.) 2. An explosion, or the noise of one. (Webster) Bonnd (Corn.), An area taken up for tin mining; a tin-bound. (Stand- ard) Boundary. 1. A line between areas of the earth's surface occupied by rocks or formations of different type and age; especially used in connection with geologic mapping, hence, also, a line between two formations or car- 100 OLOSSARV OF MINIKO AND MINERAI. INDUSTRY. togiiqaMc bd'*"» on i> geologl'' map. (La Forge) S. That which Indicates or nxes a limit or extent or marks a honnd, as of territory. (Webster) Boundary pillar. A pillar left between adjoining properties In mines. (Roy) Bounder. 1. (Corn.) The owner of a small patch of ground cAUed a " bound." (Da vies) 2. One who, In early Omes, yearly fixed or marked the bounds of tin mines In Cornwall. (Standard) Boumonite. A sulphide of lead, anti- mony, and copper. Approximately PbCuSbS.. Sometimes called Wheel ore. (Dana) Bourse. The Stock Exchange of Paris or other cities of Continental Europe. (Webster) Bouse (No. of Eng.). Ore mixed with veinstone; second-clasS ore, w&lch must undergo further preparation before going to the smelter. Also Spelled Boose. (Century) Bouse-team (No. of Eng.). The place where bouse is deposited outside of a mine, ready to be dressed or pre- pared for the smelter.' (Century) Bout. 1. (Mid.) A coil of rope upon a drum. 2. (Leic.) A' dinner or other jollification given by the owners or lessees of a colliery to their workmen in honor of some special event (Greeley). Also called Do. S. (Derb.) A measure of lead ore; twenty-four dishes. (Raymond) Bottteillenstein; Bottlestone. A pecu- liar green and very pure glass, found as rolled pebbles near Moldau, Bo- hemia.' It is also called Moldavite and Pseudochrysolite, the latter from its resemblance to olivine. It Is not certainly a rock, as it may be prehistoric slag or glass. (Kemp) 'Bontgate. 1. (Scot). A road by which the miners can reach the sur- face. 2. A passage around a shaft at a landing. 3. A traveling road from one seam to another. (Bar- rowman) Bouton (Scot). 1. /. mass of roof con- sisting of stone or shale. (Gresley) 2. (Scot). A projecting stone in a shaft or underground road. (Bar- rowman) B6Teda (Sp.) 1. A flue leading to stack. 2. An arch of a furnace. (Dwlght) S. A cave or cavern. 4. A chamber deposit (Halse) BoTedwiei (Peru). Large vMaHed stOpes or caves. (Dwlght) Bovey coal.' A kind of brown coal (of the Miocene period) burning t^tb a weak flame and generally a dis- agreeable odor. Pound at Bovey, England. (Webster) Bow. 1. A short, stout, bowed piece of wood with a cutting vrire stretched between Its ends: used in working clay in brick making. (Standard) 2. (Eng.). The bent iron bar or handle of a mine bucket. (Gresley) Bowesite. An unusually hard mas- sive, apple green or greenish-white variety of serpentine. (Dana) Bower-Barfl process. A process for producing, upon articles of iron or steel, ,an adherent coating of the magnetic oxide of iron, which is not liable to corrosion. (Webstier) Bowk (So. Staft.) 1. A small wooden box in which iron ore is hauled un- derground. (Raymond) 2. (Aust) An iron bucket used for raising rock, etc., while sinking. (Power) 3. A report made by the cracking of the strata owing to the extraction of the coal beneath. See also Thud. 4. The noise made by the escape of gas under pressure. (G. C. Greenwall ) Bowlder, or Boulder. A fragment of rock brought by natural means from a distance (though this notion of transportatiqh from a distance is not always, in later usage, involved) and usually large and rounded In shape. Cobble stones taken from river-beds are. In some American localities, called bowlders. (Ray- mond) Bowlder-belt. A belt of glacial bowl- ders of many kinds, derived from distant sources and lying transverse to the direction of glacial movement (Standard) Bowlder-clay. The stifC, bard, and usually unstratifled clay of the drift or glacial period, which contains bowlders scattered through it; also called Till, Hardpan, Drift-clay, or simply Drift (Roy. Com.). See also Till. Bowlder-cracker. A heavy iron rod to be dropped upon a rock encountered by the drill in a deep well boring. (Standard) Bowlder-fan. A series of bowlder- trains whose lines of direction are divergent. (Standard) OIX)SSABrT or lOBTtro JOSV MnfTEBAZi INDUSTBT. 101 Wnrldertng-stone. Smooth tntiislii:- cent flint ifebbles. fOanct Ib gravel- pits and used' to smooth the faces «f emery wheels and glazera by abrading any large grains of emery «r other powder on tl)elr surfaces. (Centuiy) Bowlder motlpa. (Local, U. S.)- A aarface quarry wor^d ofily in de-. tached masses of rock overlying the solid rock: sometimes contracted to Vbxtiian. (Standard) Bewlder-^pavement. A zone of bowl- ders, naturally arranged along a beAdk, and derived from contiguous beds of bowlder-clay. (Standard) Boiwlder pop. An alarm ^ven when a bowlder is to be broken up by a pop shot (Batesell v. American, Zinc, Lead, etc. Op^, 190 Missouri App., p, 236) Bowlder qaarry. A quarry in which the Joints -are {njmeroifs and irregu- lar, so that the stone ' is naturally broken up into comparatively small blocks (Rles). In Tenhessee a 16cal term applied to certain marble quar- ries in the region Of Khoxville, where erosion has formed' many large cavities and cracks, between which the roek stands up as piUr nades. The cavities are now filled with day. (Bowles) Bowlder-train. A train or line of gla- cial bowlders of the same sort of roc^ eztenditag from the source or parent ledge, perhaps for many mU<8, in the direction of the Ice movement (La Forge) Bowl metal. The impure antimony ob- tained firom doubling. See Doubling, 1 (C. and ail M. P.) Bowte; Bouse; Booze (Dert).). Le^ ore as cut from the lodef. (Ray- mond) Bes 1. The part of a wheel which fits the axle. 2. The threaded nut for tie sere* of a mounted auger drill. More cbmmonly called bpx.- ing. (Steel) ^ ■ ^ 3. A flash or frame for sand mold- ing. (Webster) 4. (Eng.). A vehicle in which coal is conveyed from the working places along the underground road- ways and up the shaft A hutch. (Gresley) Box barrow. A large wheelbarrow with upright sides. (Webster) ■o]('bJm A tool used in deep boring ior slipping over and recovering broken rods. (Raymond) Box bottoms (Leic). The small cool or slack produced by breakage In transit underground, and by sorting at the surface. (Gresley) Sox canyon. A eahyon, from the bot- tom of which four almost vertical walls appear on all four sides, as a result of the canyon's 'iigzag course. Boxed-off. Inclosed or protected by a wooden pipe or partition. (Ores- ley) Boxes (Penn.); Wooden partitions for .conducting the ventilation froD) t>Iace to place. (Gresley) Box-groove. A closed groove between two rolls, formed. by a collar on one roll, fitting between collars on -an- other. (Raymond) Box liardenlng. A process of ease hardening by cementation in an iron box. (Webster) Boxing. A method of securing shafts solely by slabs and wooden pegs^ (G, and M. M. P.) Bex metaL . A brass, bronze, or antl- foiction alloy used for the Journal boxes of axles or shafting. (Cen- tury) Box timbering. Same as Plank tim- bering. (Raymond) ' Boya (Peru). A rich vein or pocket of ore. (Dwlght) Brace. 1. (Oorn.) The mouth of a shaft. (Webster) 2. The platform, collar, or landing at the mouth of a ^aft (Roy. Com.) , . S. A rigid piece, as of timber, to hold something, as parts of a frame, firmly in place. Espscially, a framed diagonal piece In an angle; a strut (Standard) 4. (Scot). An o)d measure of weight The Hurlet brace was equal to 4 cwt (Barrowman) Brace head. A cross-attachment at the top of the column of rods, in deep boring, by means of which the rods and bit are turned after each drop. (Raymond). Same as Topit Brace key. Same as Bra<» bead. Brachy axis. The shorter lateral axis in the crystals of the orthorhomblc and tricllnlc systems. (Webster) Brachydiagonal. In crystallographjr, 1. Of or pertaining to the shorter lateral axis. 2. The shorter lateral axis. See Brachy axis. (StandwO) 102 GiLOBSABT Or MISVSQ AKD lOZHBRAIi WDUSIBXl Bnehydoine. In cryBtallograpby, a dome par&llel to the brachydiagonal. (Standard) Brachypinaoold. A plilacold p&ratlel to tbe vertical and brachydiaeonal axes. (Standard) Bradhypyrainid. A pyramid whose 'In- tercept on; the brachy diagonal Is less than unity. (Standard) Braehytypons. In crystanogra^hK comparatively short (Standard) Bracket. A platform over a shaft en- trance. (Stapdard). Bradenhead. In oil-well drUHbg, an Iron or steel hekd screwed into the top of the casing. , The Inner, p^pp I projects up through It "and iiii*c?;fea with some pllaKIe substance, prefer- ably rubber. Th6 ,bi:ad,enhead , Is used to confine gas betwefen Vie tlib- lngv«nd casing, or ,i»etwe«;i . jt^P strings of casing, and has an outlet through which gas mpy ;. be. piped away. More commonly called Stuf- fing-box: 'Caslnl^'hiead. Bradenhead gai. , tn oil welfs, nati^ral gas Inclosed or' confined by a. braden- ' head. It applies to! all tUe gas tMt lies above the oU ADd: through Which the drill must go to reich the lower «nd more profitable loll sands. Bradford preferential separation proe- ess.. A flotation process for the treatment of mixed ' sulphides, lb which Is added certain mineral salts, such as thiosulphates, to 'the water used in the flotation cells. The addition of the salt causes the eine sulphide to be "wetted " while the lead sulphide and pyrlte float The separation of the zinc mineral from the gangue is effected later. (Megraw) Brae (Scot). 1.. A hlUsIde, a sl<)pe, a bank, a hill. 2. An Inclined roadway, more cbm- monly used In the .cprnpoiind form, e. g., p'uiley-brne, ciiddy-brae. (Balripwman)' S. Wood imperfectly bnmed'lit a Charcoal pit. (Wciister) Braguetilla (Peru). A smelttng. fur- nace; the simplest being merely a hole In the ground. (Dwtght) Braird (Scot). To Increase the height of the holing or undercutting. (Barrowman) Brairding (Scot.). The height 6f holing or undercutting at front (Barrowman) Brait. A rough diamond. ( Standard) Bralae. A variant ot dust of! charcoal whldi aotaiBiilitai arouna the fumaoes'Of . chaftpal W0rks; coal dust t'oake dOBt (Otn- tury> Brake. 1. (Eng.) A stQi^t. ffooden lever tr which boring rodis are at- tached. It lis worked Uy' Me ttr taaii men, t. (No. Staffi). Ttt lower trams on dips by taieansi bf'a 'MilBel add rttpe. (Or^e^) S. Any device for letairaing-'dtr Mop- ping Ity.ficlction, .|i9,iir bHw^ levw oi;,l>4nd,.,«ppUad tq .^e rim ot > ]^(ead Qt ,diuw> ok jth9 axl«! fft a whceL CVKelwter) BiiMte .l)e«up. .TittQ: beam V^ eoDnseto tbe , brake, bkxcka ot(qp(pqaita,wli««I& XWeU^erV Brake blii<^ Tllat i the torce.«xei;ted on a iCrlctic- brake, (2) .tti« «ffecUve rad^uB q£ thlafotce, and : (3)r the apeeA at the flmrheel ipi! bisake wheel,: . <,Wetast»),; , Brakeman. 1. A iaiin in - cnarge '^ a brake or brakes, as oaii;a-«flliMtf car OP. in a mine, . (StandaM). ' a. (ling.) The man In vbaigi: of a winding (hoisting), engine fur a : mine. . Brakeman Is usually, -used In the United States ;: bBakeaman: Is British usage (Webster), Ttte,jp^ In Charge ot hoisting engines, espe- cially in the ,United States* la fsu- ally called a hoisting engineer. ' ' Brajce ipower. fiTee Brake horse twwtfr. Brake shoe. That part of i a- brake which rubs .againi^t.spme part ot-tbs . machine, or spme object oittsldedf the Hiachlne having .q,..reliinv9 mo- tion, tp pie ^hpe|' 'sif i^. wbeel or the ground. Brake flevej .A.Jlggeri'iope^ted Iqr a hand lever. (RaymMi.d)' iSrakespian (XJng,), Se^ Brakemah. Brake staC- (IBng.).' fiee Brakes' 1; also Breafcataffj!. Brake wheel. 1. A band wheel for operaJtlw a brak«ir as '09,4. vehldfB^ S. A wked or . piMley on. which a , friction brake acts. S. A heavy wheel {iroVlded with cams for'«iA- trolling the movement oC a trip ham- mer. (Webster) ' GZOSSABY OS MINIira A^V MINSKAL INDUSTRY. loa Biaacwi. Bee Brasses, 1. Branch. 1. (Soin.) An underground road or heading driven Ip coal measures. 2. An underground road- way, turned from a level, etc. (Gresley) S. (Goru.). A small Tela departing from the main lode, and in some cases returning. (Raymond) Braaehite. A hydrocarbon mineral from ithe brown coal of Mt Vaso in Tuscany, Oaoon) BraMh rope ( Aust) . See' District roj^e. Branders (Scot). Furnace Dalrs. Brandrio (Perb.^ Ah. iron guide at the. foot. of a pump. to make the c^in enter- .and,. previent weeriog. BcaiuMritc. A: complex) black opaciue titanate of uranittmand ottier ele- nfente tn which, the weight af:Uran- .lum exceeds that of-titbniBm.', Bx- oeptiiig :pitchblende, it is the- most radioactive opaque mineral* known. It contains ' ai^oximately '48.8 per cent uranium oxideSi. 39 per. ioent titanium oxide, 3.9. -p^ c^nt yttrtft eat;tbs, 4.1 per cent ^hprl^i a^d ,sni$ill quantities , of , s^^yer^l , other oxidies. Fron) tb,e' placers of Stanley ^a)ii, Idaho. . , ,' l^^i^ed for Dr, i.C»: ^rsuiaev. Bfiard^ .proaess. ,4,, method i^dopt^.l^f M. fijc&i'i to discover in a. short time i&e, . restive., resistance . pfteve&.-Jby Attt^^vX kinds of j<;>ck to the aic^pn of .qiol^turie .^nd. :^rost; and ti^efefore to.:deteixQln9 fb^r durablUty inth refetrencetQ expq9U|ife< {P&ge) Brasca (S'p.).> Brasque; -ji 'mixture j of powdered, cliajifcoal . , and ^firactqrjr ea^, used as a furhttce-Jiottoih^h- Injj. (Halse) Brash. 1. A mass c^,l«>a«^ or l)r'?^u fragments of rocks resulting fron^ tveatheWng' of disintegration «* th* s^t \2. Brimd' ■ (CefaturyV iniiihy., ttfi^mtUhg; or, ili,9 ualure,of bi-^sh or brokeii f ra^ents ; CriiiUtily. .(.lYebster) r, . BrasquV ^ A pa^te. made by -mlx- .: lug powdered charcoal) cpal,. eif coke iwlth cW,: mplasses, tajr, ur, other suitable substance. It is used for lining hea:rths,; crucibles,: etc. ,;A>so .called Steep. (Webster) Braiqned crucible. 'A crucible lined Trftti ■ .rfiarcoal or ' lampblack, isad used for the reduction of oxides: of metals to the metallic state. The omclUe la prepared by ramming it Ml of laa«>black or charcoal, and then excavating a portion of its con- tents and polishing the lining wlthr a burnisher. (Jackson) Bran. 1. An alloy of copper and zinc. (ttaytDbnd) 8. See Brasses, 1. Brass balls. NoduJar pyrlte. (Power) Brass binder «:k»rn.). A thin pyritouc grit. (Power) Brasses. 1. (Eng. and Wales). Py rite (sulphide of irony in coal. (Bayt miDuid) . 2. Fittings of brass In bearing blocks, etc.,,for diminishlDg the.fric- tibfl of revdlving journals that''r«rt upon them. (C. and M. M^ P.) Biassfonndsr's ague, A faklng prop. BxcakfBg-down machine (Eng.>i A mechanical appliance, worked by (cmnpreated air, or by hydtatiUc pdve&e^ for bringing down the coal after holing. (Gresley) Breaking-down TolU. The first set of rolls ' through whlc^ h term. itooqeatello. i^ Italian word tot a bMk!clated knd vitriegated marble (Kemp). Mee alto Brocatelle, Die French, team; Broelwntitai A basic sutphate of cap- per. GuSOi.4K3a (OB) » (U. S. GeoJ. 5nry.) irSlgerlte. Jl , nuUoaotlTe mineral proTlsipnally claaslfied as a variety of uraninlte. It occurs in octahedral ■crystals. ' Sp. f., O.OS. (Webster) ^T^ {(Corn.), A collection of loose ro<^ f rm$;meots usqaUy discolored by oxidation, and indicating the pres- «tae of a. mineral vein ben«ith ; out* crop; gossan «;3entncy). Also spelled Bryle, Broyl. Brokan. 1. (Eng.). That part of a mine where the mineral has already been partly worked away, and where the. remainder Is in coniae of b^ng extracted. (Oresley). S. The dltfocatton of .a vein oy faulting. (Weed) Broken ashlar. Ashlar in which l^e stones are rectangular, but of dif- ferent sizes and shapes. (Webs^r) BTokcm eharge. A diarge of explosive in a drill hole divided into two or ■lore parts that are separated t)y stemming. (Bowles) . Broken eoaL 'In anthracite only; coal that is small enough to pass through a S8 to 4-lnch (square) aperture, but too ,- large to pass through a 2} pr 2Hnch mesh. Smaller than steamboat, and larger tiian egg coal, (Chance) Broken gromnd. I. Rock strata where the walls are poorly defined and the general formation shattered. (Weed) S. ( Eng. ) . Faulty or unproductive measures. (Oresley) Brsken^mire wotk.. Masonry -work made of squared stones in courses of uAeven heights. (Standard) ftroiwii ddp (Aust). A skip (car) fkvm wiiich some of the coal has fftflen off In transit leaving only a part of a skip load. (Power) BroMtrgyiliii. Hee Bromyrtte. Broioinc;. 'One of the ielemente, • which is at ordinary temperature, ^ deep reddish-brown caustic liquid of a very disagreeable odor. Symbol/ Br; atomic weight. 79.92; specific gravity, 8.2. (Waster) It does' not occiir native but is de- rived in large quantities from brines. Its form of occurrence In the brln^ is unknown. (U. S. Geol. Survi) Bronil^te. Same as Brpiuyrlt^. Bromlite. A barium-Caldnm carbo- nate (Ba,Qa)COi front Bromley Bill, Eng. Also called Alstohite. (WdF ster) Bromyrite. A silver bromldei AgBr, containing 57 per cent, silver, (n. S. OeoL Surv.) Bronce (Sp.). Iron or copper pyrites. Brpiize.. Any i^neral'Uke bronze or brass in appearance. (Balse) Bronco (Mex.)., Wild, loose. Roof;' rock, liable 16 falL (Dwlgbt) Brengnlarditc; A lead-silver sul- phantlmdnide, PbAgiSbiSi. Contains 2^2 per oent silver. (U. S. GcoL Surv.) Bronqnear (Mex.). To hammer pr pry with hammer or gad in rock which is loose ian'd liable to fall. (Dwight) iairoatbllth. A meteoric stone t a thnn- der-stpne. (Standard) Browse. An alloy of copper and tin. (Raymond) Bronce--gold, Any bronze resembUog gold in color. (Standard) Bronze mica. A synonym for Pblogo- Pltc. Bronze steel An allpy pf copper, tin, and iron: used as gun m^taL (^tan MnrasAi* amv&saxi Brood (Com)r The beayier.kincto of w»i;te }n tin, find cppper pves (Ray- mond). A mlztore of fin and cotH per iftce. .(¥^TCp) ' BFOoUte. -Tltiinlum dioxide, TIO,. IdentlcEd' In conipositlon with rutile, but occurs in brawn translucent or- thorlKMUblc crystals. (Dana) Krogneliro (Sraz.). A miner, borer, or driller. (Halse) . . Brora (En^). In Sutherland, the lm7 perfect Coal it the lower part of the OSilte'formation. (Roberts) B^ralag; Brbslxg tlaie CScbt)! iSeaX time. (BairtowiHan). Biotazdn de veta (Mex.). Apex of vein; ciropplngs. (DWlght) BrouM (Derbi.). A sort of-^oarae stop- ping,, qjade of small boughs of tree;, ehd idaced back' of shaft 'timbers to pire'vefiit rock from fkillng.. (Hqo- Bon) Brow, 1. (Lanii.y Ah nhdergr'mlhd roadway 'leading to d' working place, driven either 'to the rise or. to tte dip. 2. A low place In the roof of ft -mine,' giving insufficient head- room. (Gresley) 8. .The edge or projecting upper pa;j: Qif a steep place, as the brow of ti precipice ,or 1^1. (Webster) Br«v, bar. (Mid,), A massive, curb or beknii bf tinker fixed In the watt of the shaft aci-oss the top oif an Inset or 'station; :(Ore8ley). Also called Brow piece.. Bro^a day-lronitone. Ciompacti often nodular' 'masses of limonite with cla^ impurities, (^oses) Brown coal. Lignite. A fuel . Inter- mediate .between peat and bitumi- nous ojal. (Steel) Brown-face. Gossan of the tin lodes of Tasmania. (Vogt) Browai hematite. Limonite. Bee also Brown iron ore. Bifwa hen (Derb.). A bard, brown clay which sticks to the ore,. making the ore look poor, to the disadvan- tage of the miner. (Haoson) Brown horseshoe furnace. A furnace of .the annular turret type for cal- cining sulphide ores. (Peters, p. 218; Hofman, p. 182; Ingalls, p. 85) Brown Iron ore; Limonite; Brows hematite; Bog iron ore. Its ap- proximate formula is . 2FeiiO«jSHiO, eqnlvalent to about 5QS per cent Iron, Probably a mixture of hy- drous Irink oxide*. (U. 3. Oedt- Snrv.) Brown lead we. AQTvarly name for brown pyromorpblte. . (Cheater) Brown mullle fnmaoe. A merchanlcally- raked roasting furnace of Uie straight-line type with a series of longitudinal combustion fliies placed under the hearth.: (Ingalls, p. 139) Brown-O'Eara fnmace. 'A long,' hori- zontal, double-hearth furnace for the treatment, of lead. ores.. (Hof- man, p. 190). Brown panel system. Sam6' 4iB"PilIut- and-breast.in coal mlnlngi Brown petrolerim: ' A 'natural' sbliOr.'or semi-solid product produced by the action (tf air npon fluid. WtumnS (Bacon) Brown Bpar.r Any lif^.cftrbonater eol- ored brown by tlie presence of Iron oxide, as anierlte, dblbihlte, ma|^ nJesJIte, or slderlte. (Standard) ' Brawn ttose (Au^.); Detforaposed ' iron pyrlte. (Power) Brownstone. A dark-brown sandstone frbm quarries in the ' O^asfflct, es^ peieially from the CJorinectlcut River Valley. ; Osed as a buHdfhg stone (Centu^). See aUd Sandstone. B^own tank. ' A eylindrltel taiik.'or vat, tall in proportion to its diame- ter, with the .bottom ending^iq, a^.* cone. Within the taA^ is A ionio'^ column extending from I ttte bottom to within abont 8 Inches from tte top. The appatatds works on th« air-lift principle, the aerated' palp in the ' tnbe flowing iq>ward, and dis- charging at tiie top while more polp flows in at the bottom to talce. itjB place. It is in reality' a pulp agi- tator. Also called Pach,uca tantt Brown umber. A brown earthy variety of limonite. (Power) Brow piece.. A. heavy timber used for underpinning in the opening of a station for h hew leviel lu a' tnitieL (Webster). See Bj^ow bar. Browse. Ore Imperfectly Bmrtted, , mixed with cinder and clay. : (Ray- mond) Brow-np (Laoc.). An IncU^ed Toad- way driven to th& TiP&: Also «4lled Brow or Up-browi (Oresley) rvoxbum oil shalie. 4t Scottish ■hale which yields 23. to,.S5 sals, of cmde oil and 36 to 40 lbs. of nimnffnliim sulphate per tfm*. (Biuom) Broyl (Ctom.). See Brott OXX}SSAKY OB^ IflKlKQ ami iSOt^iAXi IlFDOSTBTi 111 fcora (Batoidlas, M«z.): 1. On ctm- taming two-thirds native sltver and one-third calclte. 2. (emite) WftSte, rubbish. (Halae) 3. (Pern) Very poor ores wmch generally do not repay (iztractlon. (Dwlght) kroclies (Bol.). Men who break large stones in the mines. (Halse) Bnielte. Hydrated magneslnm oxide, MgO.HiO. (Dana) Brttokner eylinder (PacK A fOrmof revolving roasting furnace (Ray- mond). See Brlickner fvrnace. Brttokner furnace. A horizontal pre- TDMog, cylindrical fufttace- for roiist- Ing . prnveiized salphlde' ores. (Pe- ters, p. 196; Hofman, p. 198; Ih- gaaa, p. 121) Brfijnla (Mez.). Magnetic compass. (Dwlgiit) Briinnerlfe. A blue to Violet variety of calclte that is found both as cu- boid crystaji^ and massive. (Stand- ard) Bnmoiag (Ark. andl Mo,)., Pulling flnje ore down from the. working place,, eispeclftlly \vith the! hands. From its similarity to thjB tjiCtloq'of a beai'. (j".' J. JEtutled^iS') Sruno man (Ark., and Mo.)., . One who removed' fine "ore trbm' a working place, ei^ieclally when the work is dou6 with ;the hands. See aUo \ Brunoing. Btniistone. A .scotch form of brim- atone; (Century) Brntttoii. A, smalll pocket compfiss with Bights and a reflector aftacheci, used in sketching mine workings, as in mibe examinationB, or in preliminary surveys. Branton's sampler. A mechanical sampling device which automatically selects 1/625 part of the ore pass- ing through the sampler. (Hofmao. p. 57) Hfvih. 1. (Mid,) To mix gas v?lth air In the mine by' buffetting It With a Jacket. 8. (Forest of Deaii.) A rich brown hematite. (Gresley) t. aJo shoot or wedge down some of u Pont) X. A ^ot so placed ai9 to remove ft pbrtioQ of the toof to lnct«&se helghl^ at a hiaulage wkjr. See tOso Broshi 8. Brufildte. A taearly colorless acid phosphate at calcium; HOaPOi-H 2H]0, la slendtf crystals or maseivd. (Webster) Bf,usli ore. An iron ore in brusfhllke Or stalactitic forms (Webster). See also Briish, 2 Bruskins (Mid.)', Lumps of ,<»al weighing about one poui)d. each. (Gresley) Bryan mill. A threerroU (edge-roUer) mill of the Chilean type. 3ryle (Corn.). SeeBi-oll. B. 9, oil. A tetm applied to-cmde-oU tiink residues. See also Bottom' ^t- tllngs. (Ba Bounce, 1. The term is not in com- mon use among the miners in thla country,' and has been interpreted by many to indicate a sudden squeese^ or buckling of the floor or walls of the mine passage-ways. This is not the case, as the word is practically synonymous with " Jar." It has its origin in the shoclra accompanying earth movements. ((Seo. S. Rice, chief mining engineer, TT. S. Bur. Mines) Bumper. Bee Buffer, 2 ; (Satches, 8. Bumping and Jerking taUei. These machines use mechanical agitation to bring the light and heavy grains into their respective layers on a washing surface, and they use a bumping or Jerking action to con- vey the heavy grains to one- side or the other of the machine, while the current of surface water conveys the light grains to another side or end. They may be either side-bump, having the bump or Jerk at right angles to the flow of water, or end- bump, having the bump or Jerk in the opposite direction from the flow of the water. See also Rlttinger, Biltaars, Wilfley, Bartlett, and Over- strom. (Liddell) Bumping poBt A post placed as a buffer at the end of a ^ur of rail- road track. ( Webster ) Bumping trough. A sheet iron trough hung ftom plugs so that it may be swung backward and forward and used for handling ore in stopes where the dip is such that the ore vrtll not "' run." (H. 0. Hoover, p. 136) Bump kaeoker. Local term at Spadra (Arkansas) for a person who picks ■down portions of machine-mined coal which hav^ not been shot down by blasting. (Steel) Bnaoh. 1. A small quantity of ore in a pdmpact mass in the vein. (Whit- ney) 8. A portion of a pipe vein of greater thickness than the rest ( Standard) Buneh of ere (Com.). An ore body, usually a small one. (Raymond) Bnaehy. An ore body containing small scattered masses or bunches of ore. (Weed) Bunohy zeatt (Bo. Air.). A Bneoanlon of Uow% or ontcropi; following • certain connw (Power). Bee olto Blow, 2 and & 116 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. BundlBK- .A staging of boards on stuUs or stemples, to carry deads. See also StuU-covering. (Raymond) Bunk. A frame attached to a wall or partition, which serves as a bed or Bleeping place (Webster). Common in mining and lumber camps. Bunker coal. .V term applied to coal consumed by ocean steamers, tag% ferry-boats, or other steam water craft (Nlcolls). Also called Bunkers. Bunker Hill screen. A rotating screen shaped like a funnel. Ma^terlal is delivered Inside the funnel, the un- dersize passing through the screen, while the oversize Is discharged through the funnel neck. (Llddell) Bunker plate. An iron plate covering a hole in a ship's deck leading to the coal bunker. (Century) Bunkers (Wales). See Bunker coal. Bunky (111. and Wis.). In metal mines, a partner; called Buddy in coal mines. Bunney. See Bonny. Bunning (Eng.). In lead mining, a floor or staging of wood built across the lode over the miners' heads, and on which the refuse was thrown, so that the mine, originally begun as an open work, became covered over for its whole length except the wlai- lass opening ( Century ) . Also spelled Bunding. Bunter sandstone (Eng.). A sandstone at the base of the Trlasslc system In western Europe. (Cox) Buntons. Timbers placed horizontally across a shaft. They serve to brace the wall-plates of the shaft-lining, and also, by means of plank nailed to them, to form separate compart- ments ii)r hoisting or ladder-ways. (Ihlseng) Buoy. To keep from sinking; to keep afloat in a liquid. A term used In flotation. (Rlckard) Buqne (Mex.). A boy employed in ^ mine. (Dwlght) Bur; Burr. 1. A mass of flint rock In a softer rock. 2. A burrstone or bnhr. (Standard) Burbnja (Sp.). A bubble, bleb or blis- ter, (Halse) Burbnsco (Panama). Extracting the rich ore ; spoiling. (Lucas) Burbniero (Panama). A spoiler (Lu- caa). See aI«o Barequero, Burden (Corn.). 1. The tops or head, of stream-work, which lie over the stream of tin. 2. The proportion of ore and flux to fuel in the charge of a blast-furnace. (Raymond) 3. Valueless material overlying the ore, especially such as Is removed by stripping. Frequently called Over- burden. ( Webster ) 4. The distance between the charge and the free face of the material to be blasted. (Du Pont) Bure (Fr., Belg.). A coalpit. (Ores- ley) Bureau. A department or ofllce of the Government for the transaction of public business (Webster). As the Bureau of Mines. Burette. An apparatus used in chemi- cal laboratories for delivering meas- ured quantities of liquid or gas. (Webster) Burgy (Lane.). Slack, or small coal. (Oresley) Burled placers. Old placer deposlta which have become buried beneatii lava flows or other strata. (Shamd, p. 279) Buried rivers. River-beds which havs been buried below streams of basalt or alluvial drifts. (Duryee) Burilada (Sp.). A sample chipped from silver bullion, to be assayed. (Halse) Burk. A hard knot or lump in k vein. (Power). Possibly a corruption of burl which means a knot, lump or an excrescence. Burleigh. See Rock drill. Burmite. A fossil resin, resembling amber, but harder and tougher; it occurs in Upper Burma. (Bacon) Burned. Said of slate or other im- purity that adheres tightly to the coal. Similarly, coal is said to be "burned to the roof" when it Is hard to separate the roof rock from the coal. Burner; Burner man. A man who takes care of kilns for roasting ore, largely confined to plants roasting sulphur from Cornwall ores. (Will- cox) Burning. 1. Same as Calcining. See aUo Calcine. 2. (Derb.) An old method of working veins by soften- ing them with fire. See aUo Firing, 5. (Mander) raX)SSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 117 Bnrnlngr house. The furnace in which sulphide ores are calcined to mib- Ume the sulphur ; a kiln. (Century) Burning mountain. A volcano. (Web- ster) Bnrningr oil. A common name for kerosene. Bnming point. The temperature at which a volatile oil in an open Tea- sel will Ignite from a match held close to Its Surface: formerly used to determine the safety of kerosene and bther Uluminants. (Standard) Burnt alum. A white porous sub- stance obtained by heating ordinary alum to dull redness, thus expelling the water of crystallization and some of the sulphuric add. (Web- ster) Burnt brass. Blue v.^rlol. (Webster) Burnt coal (Scot). C!oal altered by an igneous rock Intrusion (Barrow- man). See aUo Natural coke. Burst copper. Oopper oxide. (Web- ster) Bufnt-in. In ceramics, said of colors that have been applied under the glaze, and are flr^ with it (CSen- tnry) Burnt Iron. 1. Iron whidb by long exposure to heat has suffered a change of structure and become brittle.- It can be restored by careful forging at welding-heat 2. In the Bessemer and open-hearth processes, Iron which has been exposed to oxi- dation until all its carbon Is gone, and oxide of Iron has been formed In the mass. (Raymond) Burnt ore. Roasted ore. Burnt stone. An antique carnellan such as is sometimes found in an- cient ruins and has apparently been acted on by fire. (Century) Burnt stuff. 1. (Mid.). Waste or refuse coal that has been thoroughly burned by spontaneous combustion. (Oresley) 2. (Aust). An Intensrfy hard, rocky stratum underlying the sur- face-soU. (Standard) Burnt umber. See Umber. Burr (Derb.). A hard knot or lump in a vein. A lump of ore that Is harder than the vein itself (Hoo- Bon). Also spelled Bur; Butk. SurreU gas detector. A device to ob- tain a safe, rapid and accurate de- termination for low percentages of methane Inside the mine. Complete combustion of the methane takes place within the apparatus, and the percentage is measured volumetrl- cally. Burrero (Mex.). A donkey boy. (D wight) Burro (Mex.). A windlass; a donkey; a carpenter's horse. (D wight) A heap of refuse. Burrow (Corn.). (Raymond) Burrstone. A cellular but very com- pact siliceous rock from which the best millstones are ma^e (Stand- ard). Also called Bur; Burr, and Buhrstone. Burster; Bursting shot 1. (Scot). A shot in a coal seam which has not been sheared or undercut (Barrow- man). Equivalent to "shot off the solid." 2. See Buster. Bursting charge. A small . charge of fine powder, placed In conta.ct with a charge of coarse powder to Insure the Ignition of the latter. (Cen- tury) Burst of whlnstone (Scot). A bed or mass of Igneous rock at the surface of the ground. (Barrowman) Burt Alter. A stationary. Intermittent filter in which tho, leaves are sus- pended vertically In a cylindrical vessel set on a considerable incline. The leaves are therefore ellipses. The slime cake is discharged by In- troducing air and water into the In- terior of the leaf. There is also a newer Burt filter of the continuous rotating-drum type. (Llddell) Burthen (Scot). The load of coal which the bearers carry on their backs. (Barrowman) Burton. Any of several kinds of tackle, usually one with a single and double block. See also TacUe^ 2. (Webster) Bury (Ireland). Soft shale or dayi fiucau. (Century) Bus bar. A (^pper or aluminum con- ductor used in electric lighting or power stations to receive the cur- rent from all the dynamos, or dis- tribute it to the motors, etc. (Cen- tury) Busca. 1. (Mex.). A quantity of on extracted by a campero or iutedn. (Dwight) 2. (Sp.). A search. Buscador. A searcher; an lnvesUga> tor (VeL). (Mln. Jour.). 118 GLOSaABY OF MINING AND MINBBAL INDtTSTRT. BnioaT (Sp.). To search for mines; to prospect. (Halse) Busc6n (Mex.). 1. A miner working In abandoned mines either to get and sell ore, or to obtain a reward for some valuable discovery. Prospect- or. See also Campero. (Dwlght) ii. A petty robber. (Vel.) Bushel. A measure of capacity, the Imperial bushel, of 2218.192 cubic inches, and the Winchester bushel, of 2150.42 cubic Inches, being di- vided Into 4 pecks. The bu»iel used in measuring charcoal and coal con- tains 5 pecks, or 2688 cubic Inches, being 20 pounds or less of charcoal, and. In various localities, 80, 76, or 72 pounds of coal (Raymond). The Winchester bushel is the standard for the United States. Bush hammer. A hammer having a serrated face, as of rows of pyram- idal points, for dressing stone. Bushing. A pipe fitting for the pur- pose of connecting a pipe with a fit- ting of larger size, being a hollow plug with internal and external threads to stilt the different di- ameters. (Nat. Tube Oo.) Bush metal. An alloy used for jour- nals, bearings of shafts, etc. (Cen- tury) Bnstamente furnace. A cylindrical shaft furnace for roasting quick- silver ores; divided by perforated arches Into two compartments, of which the upper receives the ore and the lower the fuel. The mercury- vapors are condensed in aludels. (Raymond) Bustamite. A grayish-red variety of rhodonite containing lime. (Dana) Buster (really Burster) (Eng.). A machine for breaking down c6al, without the use of explosives. (Gresley) Buster g&ot. Same as Breaking-in shot. Bustle. 1. (York.) Hurry in mining or working coal, or In performing other colliery work. (Oresley) S. A board put on the end of a car to keep coal on the car when going up or down a steep slope. Bustle pipe. A large pipe surrounding B blast furnace, which receives the blast from the stoves and delivers it to the tuySres. (Tleman) Bnt (Scot.). Outwards; toward the shaft (Barrowman). Ontbye. Butraoos (Sp.). Inclined shafts fol- lowing the dip of lead and Bine lodes. (Halse) Butt. 1. (Eng.). Of coal, a surface exposed at right angles to-^he face. See also End, 1. (Raymond) 2. The butt of a slate quarry is where the overlying rock comes in contact with an inclined stratum of slate rock. (Merrill) Butt cleat. A short, poorly defined cleavage plane in a coal seam usu- ally at right angles with the face cleat. Compare Face cleat. Butte. A conspicuous isolated Idll or small mountain, especially one with steep or precipitous sides. (Web- ster) Butt-entry. The gallery driven at right-angles with the butt cleat An end-on entry. Butterfly. 1. The name applied to cer- tain valves made after the design of a damper in a stove pipe. 8. In pumps this term signifies a doable clack-valve whose fiaps work on a diametral hinge, like the wings of a butterfiy. (Nat. Tube Go.) Butterfly valve. See Butterfly. Butter of tin. Stannic chloride. (Standard) Butters' filter. A stationary. Intermit- tent vacuum filter. The leaves are arranged in a box having a pyram- idal bottom. When the pulp is in- troduced a vacuum is applied until a cake from 1 to 2 in. in thickness is formed. The surplus pulp is then removed from the box and wash solution or water introduced and the cake washed. After removing the wash solution, either the box la filled with water, or the cake dropped and sluiced out. (Llddell) Butt heading. See Butt entry. Butt-joint. See Butt cleat Buttock (Eng.). That portion of a working face of coal, next to be taken down. (Oresley) Bnttooker (Eng.). One who breaks down the coal that has been under- cut by the holers. A getter. ( Bed- may ne) Button. The globule of metal remain- ing on an assay-cupel or in a cruci- ble, at the end of the fusion. (Bay- mond) Button balance. A small, very dellcata balance used for weighing assay bat- tons. (0. and- M. M. P.) GLOSSARY OF MINING AKD MINEBAL INDUSTRY. 119 Button metal. A variety of brass com- posed of one part copper and four parts zinc. (Webster) Button solder. A white solder com- posed of tin, brass and copper, used as a substitute for silver solder in making buttons. (Century) Bntt shot. In coal mining, a charge placed so that the face or burden Is nearly parallel with the bore hole. (Du Pont) Button strike. A strike- to compel every employee to join the union and to pay the dues regularly. On pay- ment of dues, each man Is given a button to wear on his hat. Buttweld. Welded along a seam that is not scarfed or lapped. (Nat. Tube Co.) Butty. 1. A comrade; a chum or partner. 2. (Eng.) In coal mining, one who takes a contract, or is a partner. in a contract for working out a certain area of coal (Cen- tury). Also spelled Buddy. S. (Mid.) A man who sorts and loads the coal, for which he is paid by the ton. Known as a Butty banksman. (Gresiey) Butty collier (Eng.). A foreman of a butty gang. (Standard) Butty gang (Eng.). A company of men who undertake work by con- tract and divide the profits among themselves. ( Standard) Buttyman (York). A contractor who mines coal. See also Butty. (Gres- iey) Buttyshlp (So. Staff.). The prevail- ing mode of working the " Ten-yard " coal seam. The contractor mAnes, loads, and delivers coal to place of sale, finding all tools, horses, skips, com, j:andles, powder, pit beet, etc. The masters find timber, engine- power, and loaders at the boats. (Gresiey) Butty system (So. Staf., No. Staff., Mid.). The working of a pit or mine by contract. See also Butty- ship. (Gresiey) ButyrelUte. A white or yellow waxy substance found in certain of the Irish and Scotch bogs. (Bacon) Buzamiento (Sp.). Hade, dip, inclina- tion, slope. (Lucas) Buco (Colom.). Divers who get al- luvial gold from the bottom of rivers with bateas. (Halse) Bnz6n (Sp). 1. A funnel-shaped hop- per. S. A winze. 3. A subsidence of upper workings produced by ■ funnel-shaped cave of ground below, (Halse) Byard. A leather breast strap used by miners in drawing carloads of ore or coal. (Standard) Byat. See Biat. Bye chains (Wales). Hauling ropes, or chains for dip inclined planes. (Gresiey) Byerite. A caking bituminous coal, from Middle Park, Colo. It resem- bles albertite in the large amount of gas and oil which it yields upon .distillation. (Bacon) Byerllte. An artificial asphalt made from petroleum by driving off the volatile products. (Webster) Bywork (Mid.). Odd work, or that which is paid for by the day, in con- nection with the underground roads. The men who perform it are called By-workmen. (Gresiey) By-lead. See By-wash. By-level. A side level driven for some unusual but necessary purpose. (C. and M. M. P.) By-pass; Bye-pass. 1. A short passage used to get by or around a place 't is not advisable to cross, e. g., a mine shaft. (Power) 2. A small passage to permit equal- ization of the pressure on the two sides of a large valve so that it may be readily opened or closed (Nat. Tube Co.). An extra gas pipe pass- ing around a valve of gas chamber used to prevent a complete stoppage of the flow of gas when the valve or chamber Is closed. ( Century ) By-pit. (Scot). A pit nearer the out- crop than the engine pit ; an air pit. (Barrowman) By-product. A secondary or additional product (Webster), e. j'. The more common by-products of coke ovens are gas, tar, benzol and ammonium sulphate. By-product oven. A coke oven consist- ing of a series of long narrow cham- bers arranged in rows, and heated by flues in which are burned a por- tion of the combustible gases gener- ated by the coking of the coal. All of the volatile products are saved and collected as ammonia, tar and gas, etc. 120 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUS136Y. A subsidiary road. By-road (Scot). (Barrowmati) Byimalith. A name suggested by J. P. Iddlngs for an Igneous intrusion tliat forms a liuge cylindrical mass or plug, with length and width ap- proximately the same, but of rela- tively great height (Kefflp) Bysollte. An olive-green fibrous va- riety of amphlbole. (Webster) Bytownite. A plagioclase feldspar having a composition between labra- dorlte and anorthlte. (Dana) By-wash. A chantiel cut to convey the surplus water from a reservoir or an aqueduct, and prevent over- flOifc. Also called By-lfead. (Cien- tury) O. Cab (Eng.). A hard ferruginous gouge or casing between the unaltered country rock and the ore. Bee alto Oaslng, 2. Oaballerlza (Mex.). Stable. (Dwight) Caballero (Sp.). A spoil bank. (Lucas) Caballete (Mex.). Ridge-beam, trestle, etc. C. de tension, tension station of a cable tram. (Dwight) Caballo (Sp.). 1. A miner's candle- stick. S. A rope sling for lowering men in a shaft (Dwight) 3. A horse. 4. Barren rock in a lode or vein. S. A grinding stone in an arrattri. 6. A cofferdam. (Halse) Cabbie. To break Up into pieces (as charcoal iron) preparatory to the processes of faggoting, fusing and rolling Into bars. (Centuty) Cabecedo (Mex.). The end-line of a (daim. (Dwight) iJai^ecelra (Braz.). 1. A horizontal portion of a sluice. 2. A level head- ing. (Halse) Cabecera (Max.). "Heads" obtained in ore concentration. (Dwight) /CabeolUa. 1. (Sp. Am.). Slimes or sand in the washing trough. (Lu- cas) S. Coarse ore which is reground. S. In the patio process the residue after washing the torta. (Halse) Cabeca. 1. (Mex.). Head or end. 8. 0. de ingenio (Pern), the shaft of a vertical water- whed. (Dwight) 8. (Oolom.) The upper extremity of a placer mine. 4. (Mex.) An outcrop. (Halse) Cabezada (Mex.). The end piece la shaft-tlmberfng. (Dwight) Cabezal (Mex.). A cap used in mine timbering. (Dwight) Cabez6n (Colom.). The point at which a current of water loses Its velocity, and deposits the suspended material. (Halse) Cabezuela (Mex.). Rich concentrates, usually containing both gold and silver, Mineral crushed to less than i in. in diameter. (Dwight) Cabin- A small room, either on the surface or underground, e. g^ a lamp cabin, or a deputy's cabin. (Power) Cable. 4. Rnme as cable-laid roi)4; a fiber cable consists of three hawsers laid up left-handed. (G. M. P.) S. A bundle of insulated Wires, insu^ lated by an outside wrapping, form- ing a water-proof electrical conduc- tor, as a submarine cable. (Web- ster) S. A steel rope for hoisting or for aSrial trams. Cable (Mex.). Cable or hoisting-rope; C. de porte; carrying rope; C. de traocUin, de motor, de miiit^il, trac- tion-rope; traveling-rope. (Dwight) C de cola, tail rope; G. rastrero, haulage rope; C. eUctrico, electric cable or wires. (Halse) Cable drill. Bee Chum drill. Cable-laid rope. Wire cables made of several ropes twisted together, eacA rope being composed of strands twisted together without limitation as to the number of strands or di- rection of twist A fiber cable-Md rope is composed of strands of haw- sef-lald rope, twisted right-handed. (C. M. P.) Cable's length. The length of a ship's cable, usually about 600 feet, or one-tenth of a nautical mile. (Web- ster) Cable system. One of the well-known drilling systems, sometimes desig- nated as the American or Rope sys- tem. The drilling is performed by a heavy string of tools suspended from a flexible manila or steel cable to which a reciprocating motion is Im- parted by its suspension from an oscillating "walking beam." One end of the walking beam Is above the mouth of the well when hori- zontal, and the other end is directly above a crank attached to the band- wheel shaft (Mltsakls) QLOSSABY OF -iOlSllNG AITD MINERAL INDUSTBT. 121 Cable tools. The apparatus used In drilling deep holes, such as artesian wells, with a rope, Instead of rods, to connect the drill with the machine on the surface. (Baymond) Cable-via aireo (Mex.). Atrial cable tramway. (D wight) Cabo (Hex.). 1. Handle.* 3. Stump of candle. 3. Sub-foreman, or boss. (Dwlght) Caboole. A compact rolled pebble re- sembling red jasper, supposed to be hydrous aluminum-calcium phos- phate: found in the diamond-pro- ducing sands of Bahia, Brazil. (Standard) Cabrerite. A hydrous arsenate of nickel, cobalt and magnesium, found In green crystals and in masses. (Dana) Cabrestante (Mex.). Capstan; winch. (Dwight) Casamba (Braz.). The bucket of a gold dredge. (Halse) Cache (Fr.). The place where pro- visions, ammunition, «tc. are cached or hidden by trappers or prospec- tors in unsettled regions. (Ray- mond) Cachetear (Mex.). To loosen a gad by striking It alternately on each Bide. (Dwight) Caohi (Peru). A "Quechua" word, meaning salt; also applied to all kinds of white gangue-rocks. (Dwight) Cacho (Colom.). A. piece of horn used in gold washing (Halse). A horn spoon. Caoholong. An opaque bluish-white or pale-yellow opal, containing a little alumina. (Dana) Caehucha (Mex.). A miner's cap. (Dwight) Caco (Braz.). A sugary quartz found in gold veins. (Century) Caeozenlte. A hydrous phosphate of iron, FePo.Fe(Oh).H-4iH20, occur- ring in yellow or brownish radiated tufts. (Dana) Cadena (Sp.). 1. Chain. A unit of linear measurement. (Dwight) 2. g, de rocas, a ledge or ridge of rocks. (Halse) Cadge (Derb.). To attach the hoist- ing rope to an ore bucket; also to fasten tools in the bucket with a rope to prevent them falling out. (Hooson) Cadger. A little, pocket oil can for miners. (Min. and Sci. Press, Aug. ?8, 1915) Cadmium. A tin-white, malleable, duc- tile metal, capable of a high polish and emitting a crackling sound when bent. Symbol, Cd; atomic weight, 112.40. Spedflc gravity, 8.6. (Webster) Cadmium ochre. The mineral green- ockite. (Standard) Caduear (Mex.). To forfeit a title through noncompliance with the stipulations contained therein. (Dwight) Cadncidad (Mex.). The act of for- feiting a title, etc. (Dwight). See also Caduear. Caen stone. A light cream-colored Jurassic limestone, chiefly from Caen, Normandy, largely used in carved architectural worki (Stand- ard) Caer de cruz (Mex.). The beginning of the action of the quicksilver in the process of amalgamation. (Dwight) Caesium. A soft, silvery metal, closely resembling rubidium and iiotassium. Symbol, Cs; atomic weight, 132.81. Specific gravity 1.84 (Webster) Cage. 1. A frame with one or more platforms for cars, used in hoisting in a vertical shaft. It is steadied by guides on the sides of the shaft 2. A structure of elastic iron rods slipped into the bore-hole in rod- boring to prevent vibration of the rods. 3. The barrel or drum of a whim on which the rope is wound. (Raymond) Cage cover (Scot), The Iron sheet* fixed above a cage to' protect its occupants (Barrowman). A hood. See also Bonnet, 1. Cage galdes. 1. Vertical pieces of wood, iron, or steel, fixed in a shaft between which cages run, and whereby they are prevented from striking one another, or against any portion of the shaft (Steel) 2. (Scot.) Shoes, usually cast iron, clasping the guides (see Cage guides, 1) in a shaft and guiding the cage in Its movements in the shaft (Barrowman) Cage iron. In foundry practice a core iron resembling a cage. (Webster) 122 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDTJSTBT. Gage of a whim (Corn.). . The barrel on which the rope Is wound (MIn. Jour.). A drum. Cager. 1. The person who puts the cars on the cages at the bottom of the mine shaft, or at Intermediate landings. (Steel) See also Top eager. 2. One who supervises weighing, and the sequence of sending up components of a furnace charge, keeps tally of the number of charges and signals to top filler when It is time to hoist. (WlUcox) Cage seat. Scaffolding, sometimes fitted with strong springs, to take the shock, and ou which the cage rests when reaching the pit. bottom, or other landing (Steel). See Gage shuts. Case shuts. (Som.). Short props or catches upon which cages stand during caging (Gresley). Called Fallers In Lancashire. See also Ohalrs; Dogs; Cage seat. Cage tail-chain (Scot). A chain fastened to the bottom of the shaft cage to haul a car out of a short dip road. (Barrowman) Gage-tender. See Cager, 1. Oageway, A cage guide, or the part of a shaft containing the guides. (Standard) Gaging (No. Staff.). The operation of changing the tubs or cars on a cage. (Gresley) Gaida (Mex.). A fall of ground. (Dwight) Caim&a (Mex). 1. An oreshoot S. A Stillson wrench. (Dwight) Galnozolc; Cenozolc. Containing recent forms of life: applied to the latest three divisions into which strata have been arranged with reference to the age of the fossils they include. It includes the Tertiary and Post- tertiary of the British geologists. (Century) Cairn; Cam (Gaelic). A mound or heap of stones erected for a me- morial or mark, as a sepulchral monument, or a landmark, or to indi- cate the site of a cache. (Standard) Cairngorm. A yellow or smoky brown variety of quartz found at Cairn- gorm, Scotland. (Webster) Gaisson. A water-tight box or cham- ber witliin which submarine con- struction Is carried on under great air pressure to keep the water out (Webster). Used also in excavating for foundations In the presence of great quantities of water. Caisson disease. A disease frequently Induced by remaining for some time in an atmosphere of high pressure, as in caissons, diving bells, etc., C!haracterized by neuralgic pains and paralytic symptoms (Webster). Also called Bends, Caja (Mex,). 1. Case; box; water- jacket of furnace; housing of cruder; C. Chica, furnace -tap jacket; C. fundida, C. quemada, a burnt-out furnace-jacket. (Dwight) 2. (Sp.). Wall of a vein. 8. The inclosure of a deposit between wails, or between the roof and floor. (Halse) Cajete (Mex.) A masonry basin to receive the pulp from an arrastre. (Dwight) Oaj6n (Peru). 1. Box; caisson. 2. Load of about 3 tons (variable in differ- ent localities). 3. Shoot. 4. Drain. 5. C. del tiro, shaft - compartment. (Dwight) 6. C. de granzas (Mex.), the pit to receive the crushed ore. 7. C. incli- nado (Sp.). A buddle; an inclined table. (Halse) 8. (Sp.) In the southwestern United States, a canon or narrow gorge with steep sides; a box gorge. (Standard) Cajonero. (Sp.). The man who re- ceives, registers and distributes the mine cars at the shaft mouth. (Dwight) Cake. 1. The solid residue left in a filter press after the solution has been drawn off. (C16nnell) 2. See Cake of gold. 3. To form in a mass as when ore sinters together in roasting, or coal cakes together in coking. (Duryee) Cake copper. See Tough cake. Cake of gold. Gold formed into a compact mass (though not melted) by distillation of the mercury from amalgam. Also called Sponge gold. Cakes of ore. Flat masses of ore. (Morine) Caking coal. See Coking coal. Cal (Mex.). Lime; G. apagadd, slaked lime; C. viva, quick or unslacked lime; C. en piedra, limestone or chalk. (Halse) Cal (Corn.). Wolframite; tungstate of iron and manganese (Whitney). Frequently associated with tin ore. Gala (Sp.). Prospectlng-pit (Dwight). See alto Cata. GliOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY^ 128 CalabasMng (Nigeria). Panning met- alliferous gravel with a calabash, or gourd. (Skinner) Calabrote (Hex.). A rope of large diameter. (D wight) Calaite. The mineral turquols. (Hum- ble) Calamaoo (Mex.). Large piece of rock, difficult to break up. (Dwlght) Calamln. To apply to (pottery) a wash made from the pigment cala- mine, (Standard) Calamlna (Sp.). Dry bone ;^ smlthson- ite (Lucas). See also Calamine. - Calamine. 1. A commercial, mining and metallurgical term comprising the oxidized ores of zinc, as distin- guished from the sulphide ores (blendes). Used also by mineralog- ists as the name of mineral species, American mineralogists commonly calling the hydrous silicate of zinc, HiO.2ZnO.SiOj, by this name, but in- asmuch as British mineralogists call the anhydrous carbonate, 'ZnCO., by the same name, some authorities ad- vocate discontinuance of the use of the name for distinct mineral species and the confinement of its use to a class of ores, which was the original use and still Is the commercial and technical use. (W. R. Ingalls, Trans. A. I. M. B„ vol. 25, p. 17.) 2. A special kind of so-called gal- vanized iron. Spelled also Kalamln. (Standard) Calamine stone (Eng.). A carbonate of zinc (Boberts). More properly, Smlthsonlte. Oalamlta (Sp.). 1. Loadstone. 3. A compass needle. 3. Slderite or spathic Iron ore. (Halse) Calamite. 1. An asparagus-green variety of tremollte. (Standard) CaUverite. A telluride of gold and silver, (Au. Ag) Te>. Variable In composition, but contains about 39.5 per cent gold and 3.1 per cent silver. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Oaleaire (Fr.). Limestone. (Stand- ard) Oalcalre grossler (Fr.). An extensive coarse limestone stratum, or rather series of strata, found in the Paris Basin, belonging to the Eocene se- ries. (Comstock) Caloaphanlte. A variety of diabase, with small kernels of calcium car- bonate embedded in the green ground mass. (Webster) Caloar. 1. Khid of oven, or reverbera- tory furnace used in the manufac- ture of glass for calcination of the batch into a frit. S. An annealing arch or oven. (Webster) Calcar (Mex.). To make a tracing of a drawing. (Dwlght) Calcarenlte. A name suggested by A. W. Orabau for a "limestone or dolo- nite composed of coral or shell-sand or of calcic sand derived from the erosion of older limestones." The name is from Latin for lime and sand. (Kemp) Calc&reo (Mex.). Calcareous. (Dwlght) Caleareoui. Consisting, of or contain- ing carbonate of calcium. (Web- ster) Calcareous grits. Sandy beds, Inter- mixed with calcareous matter. (Hitchcock) Calcareous sandstone. A sandstone containing a considerable propor- tion of calcium carbonate. (Bowles) Calcareous spar. Crystallized carbon- ate of calcium. See alsa Caldte. Calcareous tnfa. A spongy, porous or vesicular deposit of calcium car- bonate. When the carbonate of cal- cium is deposited In a solid form It Is called travertine or calc-slnter. Stalactites and stalagmites are of this nature. (Roy. Com.) Calcarone (Italy). A kiln used In Sicily in which sulphur is separated from the crude ore by heat. (Stand- ard) Calcedonla (Mex.). Chalcedony-. (Dwlght) Calcedony. See Ghalccdoiiy. Calcic. Of, pertaining to, or contain- ing calcium. Said especially of min- erals, particularly feldspars, of which calcium Is an Important con- stituent, and of Igneous rocks which are characterized by the presence of such mlnerala (La Forge) Calclferons. Bearing, producing, or containing, caldte, or carbonate of calcium. (Webster) Calcify. To make or become hard or stony by the deposit of calcium salts. (Standard) Calcigenons. Forming a calx: said of certalQ metals. (Standard) 124 GiiOSSABY OF Mimisra Aim ioirsBAi, industby. (Mollutlte. A name suggested by A. W. Oraban for a limestone or dolom- ite made up of calcareous rock fiour, the composition of wbicb Is typi- cally nonslliceous^ though many cal- cUutites have an Intermixture of dayey material. The word Is from the Latin for lime and mud. (Kemp) Oalein (Mex.). A roasting-fumace. (Dwlght) Oalelna (Sp.). Cioncrete. (Halse) CNklelnable. Capable of being calcined or reduced to a friable state by the action of fire. (Century) Oalelnar (Mex.). To calcine or roast. (Dwight) Oaloliiatlon. The reduction of ore or other material to a calx or friable condition by the action of fire (Hitchcock). iSee alto Calcine. Calolaatory, See Calciner. Calelne. To expose to heat, with or without oxidation; to roast Ap- plied to ores for the remoyal of wa- ter and sulphur, and the disinte- gration of the mass; to limestone for the expulsion of its carbon dioxide; etc. (Raymond) Calolner. A furnace or kiln fbr roast- ing. (Raymond) Caleining furnace. A furnace used 'for roasting ore In order to drive off certain impurities. (C. and M. M. P.) Also called Calciner. Oaloio (Sp.). Calcium. (Dwlght) Oaldocelestlte. A variety of celestlte coi^tainlng calcium. (Standard) Calclovolborthlte. ,A vanadate of cop- per and calcium. Contains about 38 per cent V.Oi. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Calolmdlte. A naine suggested by A, W. Grabau for a "limestone or dolomite composed of broken or worn fragments of coral or shells or of limestone fragments, the Intet- Btlces filled with calclte, sand, or mud, and with a calcareous cement." The word is derived from the Latin for lime and rubble. (Kemp) Oalclte. Hexagonal (rhombohedral) calcium carbonate, the more com- mon form of OaCOi. Contains 56 per cent lime, CaO. (U. S. Oeol. Surv.) Oaleltnuit. Refractoiy Said of certain ores. (Webster). Calelum. A silver-white, rather soft metal of the alkaline earth group. Symbol, Ca; atomic weight, 40.07. Specific gravity, 1.66. (Webster) Calciiiin carbide. . A crystalline solid, CaCi, colorless when pure, but often resembling gray limestone. It Is made by heating lime and carbon together In the electric furnace, and is used for the generation of acety- lene (Webster). Used in miners' lamps. Calciam carbonate. A solid, .GaCK)*, occurring In nature, as caldte, etc. (Dana) Calcium chloride. A compound, CaCl^ crystallizing usually wlQi six mole- cules of water. (Webster) Calcium fluoride. The compound, OaFi, occurring in nature as fiuorlte. (Webster) Calcium hydroxide. Slaked lime, Oa(OH),. (Webster) Calcium phosphate. Bee Apatite. Calcium sulphate. See Anhydrite; Gypsum. Calco (Mex.). A tracing on doth or paper. (Dwlght) Calcomalaehlte. A form of malachite containing caldte and gypsum ; used as an ornamental, stone. (Webster) Calo-iohlit. A schistose rock, rich In calclte or dolomite, forming Inter- mediate or transitional rock between the mica-schists and crystalline limestones. (Kemp) Calc-sinter. Limestone deposited from springs and waters containing It; travertine (Hitchcock). Also called Calcareous tufa. Calc-spar. A synonym for Caldte. (A. P. Rogers) Calo-tufa (Corn.). A spongy or porous deposit of carbonate of caldum. fifes also Calcareous tufa. Caloullfprm. Febble-shaped. (Web- ster) Caldear. 1. (Mex.). To glow with heat. (Dwight) S. (Sp.). To heat a furnace; to weld. (Halse) Caldera. 1. A very large crater pro- duced by a gigantic explosion. S. A crater produced by the fusion of the core of a volcano and the falling In of its summit (Webster) S. (Sp.). A kettle or caldron. 0. de vapor, a steam boiler. 4. A winze. 6. The bottom ot a abaft; a sump. (Halse) GLOSSARY OF MIKING JOSD MINERAL INDTTSTBT. 125 CalOerlsta; Calderero (Mex.). 1. A boilor-maker. (Dwlght) S. A blacksmith. (Halse) Galderlte. A variety of garnet. (Standard) GUSton bottom (Eng.). The fossil root of a^tree or fern lying on the roof of a seam of coal. It derives its name from the resemblance to the bottom of a caldron or pot. See Bell-mold ; also Cauldron. Gate (Mid.). A specified number of tubs taken Into a working place dur- ing the shift (Oresley) Galecero (Mez.). A man Who rides on holstlng-cage and gives the signals. (Dwlght) Caledonlte. A green basic sulphate of lead and copper of uncertain com- position. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Calentadnra (Mex.). 1. The first bar of lead treated by a lead-refining furnace. (Dwlght) S. Putting a furnace into blast, or the first heating of a furnace (Halse). "Blowlng-ln" a furnace. Calentar lot euerpot. 1. (Peru) The turning yellow of mercury in patlo- amalgamatlon. (Dwlght) 8. (Sp.) C. i(n homo, to blow in a furnace, or to put a furnace into blast (Halse) Cftteta (Mex.). Limekiln; calcining furnace. (Dwlght) Oalero (Mex.). Lime burner; roadter- man. (Dwlght) Cateia (Mex.). Buckets for ore or wa- ter. (Dwlght) OaUber. The Inner diameter or bore of a tube or pipe. (Nat Tube Co.) Calibrate. 1. To determine the caliber of, as the interior of a thermometer- tUbe. 2. To determine the relative value of ns different parts of an or- dinary scale. (Century) Callcanto. 1. 'Mex.) Masonry work. 8. Auriferou^. conglomerate in Chu- qulbamba, Peru. (Dwlght) Calloata (Sp.). A digging or trial pit (Baymond) OaUohal (Mex.). Second-class sllver- e-e (cpjrylng from 150 to 1000 oz. per ton) (Dwlght). At Pachuca, Hidalgo, the best or first-class ore Bemirated in the mine, the second- class being known as azoguei. (Halse) Caliche. 1. (.Chile and Peru). Impure native nitrate of soda. i. (Uco, Peru) A thin layer of clayey soil capping auriferous veins. 3. (Chile) Whitish clay In the selvage of veins. 4. (Mex.) Feldspar; a white clay. 5. (Mex.) A CQpipact transition limestone. S. (Colom.) A mineral vein recently discovered. 7. (Colom.) In placer mining, a bank composed of clay, sand and gravel. (Halse) 8. (^Mex. and Southwest V. S.) Gravel, sand, or desert debris ce- mented by porous calcium carbonate ; also the calcium carbonate Itself. A deposit of cali- OaUchera (Chile). che. (Halse) Calicheros (Sp.). Lime burners. (Mtn. Jour.) Calico marble. A local name for a Trlassic conglomerate used in the columns of the old Chamber of Rep- resentatives in the Capitol at Wash- ington. The source Is Frederick County, Md. (Merrill) Caliente (Mex.). Hot The condition when mercury flours in amalgama- tion. (Dwlght) Calientes (Mex.). Silver ores, gen- erally colorados, 1, with some sul- phate of iron, the result of decom- position. (Halse) Callfomlan onyx. A dark amber-col- ored and brown aragonlte, used -in ornamentation. (Standard) California pnifp. A rude pump made of a wooden box through, which an endless belt with floats is operated; used for pumping water from shal- low ground. (C. and M. M. P.) Callfornlte. A compact massive ve- suvlanlte. Used as an ornamental stone. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Caling (Mid.). (Conveying tubs into the stalls out of turn— Irregularly— so that each miner Is not supplied with an equal number during the day. (Gresley) Caliper; Calliper. An Instrument with two legs, usually bent fastened to- gether with a hinge or Spring, used for determining the thickness or di- ameter of Objects, distance between surfaces, etc. (Webster) Callza; Pledra caliza (Mex.). Lime- stone. (Dwlght) Calk, 1..T0 drive tarred oakum into the seams betwtten planks and fill with pitch. 2. A sharp-pointed piece of Iron or steel projecting from the bottom of a horseshoe (Webster) 126 GLOSSAKY OT TdlSlSQ AJSTD MIKEBAL INDUSTBY. S. In metal working, to strike a chisel,, or calking tool with a ham- mer, making, a slight indentation along the se&m. The effect of this is to force the edge of one plate hard against the other, and thus fill up any slight crevice between the plates which the rivets failed to close. Calking tool; Calking Iron. A blunt- ended chisel used In calking. See oJso Calk, 1 and 3. CalUinite. An apple- to emerald-green massive wax-like aluminum phos- phate, AlP0.-f21H,0. (Dana) Callali. A precious stone of green- ish-blue color, probably turquoise, referred to by Pliny, 77 A. D. (Pliny History, Bk. 37, 151). . Dana uses this is a synonym of callainite, an emerald-green, hydrated aluminum phosphate. Oallapos (Peru). Rude wooden steps at the mouth of a mine. (Dwlght) Oallen; Xallen. Irony; especially used when a lode is rich in soft Iron ocher. (Power) Caller (No. of Eng.). A miner who goes round the villages about two hours before work commences, to call the men who examine the mine In . the morning before the miners enter. (,<3resley) CaUey-stone (York.). In coal mining, a kind of hard sandstone, more or less argillaceous (Genturjr). See aUo Ganister, 8. CaUiard; GalUard (No. of Eng.). A bard, smooth, flinty grit-stone. (Oresley) CaUlmns. Loose, stony matter found In the cavities of eaglestone. (Standard) CaUlsg oourse (Eng.). The time for the men to go to work (Bain- brldge). See also Caller. Callow. 1. The baring or cover of open workings. (Gresley) 8. The stratum of soil over the sub- ■oil; the top 6r rubble bed of a quarry. S. .Low-lying marshy land. (Webster) Callow oone. A conical settling tank with vertical central feed, peripheral overflow, annular launder to collect and convey away the overflow, and a ■plgot In the form of a gooseneck to discharge the taUlngs. (Llddell) Callow prooeis. A flotation procen embodying the usual principles but In which agitation Is secured by air forced Into the pulp through the canvas-covered bottom of the celL (Megraw, p. 18) CaUow lore^n. A classifying screen using the traveling-belt, principle, the screen doth fonnlng the belt member. It passes over two dmma, or pulleys, oversize being discharged while aie belt travels under the drums. (Llddell) Callyi (Corn.). See Klllas. Calm; Caulm (Scot). White or light colored blaes. (Barrowman). See also Bla^s. CalomeL Horn quicksilver. Macu- rous chloride, HgiCIi, containing 86 per cent mercury. (Dana) Calor de frio (Mex.). In the patio process, steam issuing from the ore -mixture, especially In cold weather. Calorie. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree centigrade at or near the temperature of maxi- mum density. Called Small calorie. (Webster) Calorifloi. The science of heat The technics of artlflclal heating. (Web- ster) Calorimeter. 1. Any apparatus for measuring the quantity of heat gen- erated In a body or emitted by it, as by -observing the quantity of a solid liquified, or of a liquid vapor- ized, or the amount of heat absorbed by a certain quantity of water, under given conditions. 2. T.he combined area of cross-section of smoke flue* or passages, as in a locomotive boiler. Calp (Jr.). A bluish-black to grayish- blue limestone found In Ireland. (Standard) Cal viva (Sp.). Qulcklim& (Mln. Jour.) Calx. 1. Lime. 2. The friable resi- due left when a metal or mineral has been subjected to calcination. Metallic calxes are now called oxides. S. Broken and refuse glass returned to the pitts. (Webster) Calyx. A long cylindrical vessel of the- same diameter as the core-barrel, which guides the bit, and receives the debris resulting from the actloa of the cutter. Its action Is not nn- llke that of the diamond drill and necessitates the use of a powerfol water flush. The cutter, which GLOSSARY OP MINING AND HINEBAL INDUSTBT. 127 takes the place of the diamond crown, has a number of long teeth which produce a chipping action when rotated by hollow flushing rods In the presence of a constant flow of water. Used In a system of oil- well drilling, originating In Aus- tralia. The great advantage of this" system is that a core is extracted and preserved In a core-barrel and brought to the surface. (Mitzakls) Calza. 1. (Mex.). A shim; liner. (Dwight) 2. A stone for scotching a wheel. S. (Chile). A converter lining. 4. (Arg.) Lagging. (Halse) Calzar (Mex.). To sheath or face with metal. To shim;- to tamp. (Dwight) Cam. A rotating piece, either noncir- cular or eccentric: used to convert rotary into reciprocating motion: often of irregular outline, and giv- ing motion that is Irregular in di- rection, rate, or time. (Standard) In stamp mills the cam projects from a revolving horizontal shaft and raises the stamp by catching the lower surface of the tappet or collar surrounding the rod on which . the stamp-head is hung. The upper side of the cam has an easy curve, such as a parabola, so that when It strikes the tappet It may not jar it when the lifting movement begins. (Boy. Com.) Sometimes called Lifter or Wiper. Cambay stone. A variety of camelian from Cambay, India. Camblar (Mex.). To switch. (Dwight) CanbiaTla (Mex.). A turntable; a man who operates switch. (Dwight) Cambio. 1. (Mex.). Switch. (Dwight) 2. (Sp.). Alteration, change. 3. G. de naturaleea, variation in the quantity and class of material form- ing a sedimentary deposit. C. de potencia, change in the thickness of a deposit. (Halse) Cambrian. The oldest of the systems into which the Paleozoic stratified rocks are divided; also the corre- sponding geologic period. (La Forgef Cameo. A gem carved in relief, from onyx, sardonyx, a shell or other ma- terial usually having lajrers of dif- ferent colors. (Webster) Cameo ware. Fine pottery with figures In relief of a different color from the ground, as jasper ware (Stand- ard, See also Wedgewood ware. Camino. 1. (Mex.) A road ; a gallexy or shaft in a mine used for generid trafBc. 2. C. de Metro, a railway; a railroad. (Halse) Cammett table. See Wilfley table. Camoien (Fr.). See Cameo. Camdn. 1. (Mex.) The Iron tire of mill-wheel. (Dwight) 2. (Mex.) A section or segment of a crown wheel of a Chilean mllL 3. Pine boards forming the side of an arrastre. (Halse) Camp. A mining town. (Weed) Campaign. The period during whlcb a furnace is continuously in Oper- ation. (Raymond) Campan marble. A beautiful pale, yel- lowish-green stone mottled with white. A dark-green variety con- taining red blotches is known as Campan rouge. (Merrill) Campana. 1. (Mex.) A bell. £ree Ca- pellina; also Campanula. (Dwight) 2. (Sp. Am.) Nonproductive ground. (Lucas) Campanela (Mex.). An upper drill hole. (Dwight) Campanero (Mex.). A bellman, or station tender. (Dwight) Campanil (Sp.). Compact red hema- tite. (Halse) Campanula (Sp.). A bell-signaling ap- paratus. (Halse) Camper (Scot). Coal slightly altered by whin; dirty coal. (Barrowman) Campero (Mex.). The foreman In charge of Campos. A miner work- ing on tribute. (Dwight) Campistas (Sp.). Tributers. (Min. , Jour.) Campo. 1. (Mex.) A limited lease of a small section of ground in a mine. 2. A mining camp. See also Real, 1. (Dwight) 3. (Braz.) Undulating table-land. 4. (Mex.) A mine-working in pos- session of huscdnes. (Halse) Camptonlte. A name given by Rosen- busch to certain dike rocks at Camp- ton, N. H., having in typical cases the mineralogical composition of dlorites, i. e., with dark-brown horn- blende, plagloclase, magnetite, and more or less auglte. They are often porphyritic in texture, and may even have a glassy groundmass. Without the microscope .camptonltes usually appear as dark basaltic rocks with a few shining crystals of hornblende or auglte; their determination is es- sentially miscroscopic. (Kemp) 128 GLOSSABT OF MTNING AND MINERAL HTDUSTBT. CampjUte. A yellowish to brown va- riety of mlmetite crystallizing In barrel-shaped forms. (Dana) Cam shaft. In stamp milling, a strong horizontal revolving shaft to which a number of cams are attached In such a manner that no two of them shall strike the tappets at the same Instant, distributing the weight to be lifted. (Wlnchell) Camstone. 1. A compact, whitl'sh lime- stone. S. A blulsfa-white clay used for whitening purposes. (Stand- ard) Cafiada (Sp.). A ravine, or small ca&on. (Raymond) Canadian pole system. A system of oil-well drilling differing from the American cable system, in that wooden rods screwed together are used instead of a rope. ^Tbe Cana- dian -pole Is a nsefol all-round pros- pecting rig, and it is particularly suitable for regions where excessive caving makes it necessary to have some positive method of rotating the bit. (Mltzakis) ■ Canadol. A light petroleum ether of the specific gravity 0.650-0.700, which has been used for the pro- duction of local aneathesla by spray- ing, and as a solvent. (Bacon) Canal. 1. (Mex.) Channel. Spout; O. ie humo, a flue. 2. 0. del on, a gold-bearing channel. (Halse) Canales (Sp.). Deposits of manganlf- erous oxide of iron, formed by fill- ing crevices in limestone, and con- formable to its stratification. (Halse) Canallstas (Braz.). Gold dredging men Who work In the channel. (Halse) Oanal6n (Colom.). A ground sluice used in placer mining; a channel; a sluice. (Halse) Canary ore. A yellow earthy argentif- erous lead ore, generally pyromor- phite, bindheimlte, or massicot, more or less Impure. (Power) Canary atone. A somewhat rare yel- low variety of caimelian. (Power) Canasta (Mex.). A basket. (Dwight) Oanastlllo ( Mex; ) . A tramway-bucket. (Dwight) Canoh. 1. A part of a bed of stone Worked by quarrying. (Raymond) 9. (No. of Bng.). That part of the roof ot an underground roadway which has to be taken down, or of the floor to be broken up, in Order to equalize the grade of the road. If above a seam, it is termed a Top canch; If below, a Bottom canch. Also spelled Caunche, Gaunch. (Redmayne) Ranclia. 1. (Sp.) . A place for drying sllmffl or sorting ore. (Dwight) 2. (Peru). A mine dump. (PfOrte) Canchtro (Peru). A person in charge of dumping and sorting of ores. (Dwight)' Cancrlnlte. A silicate and carbonate of sodium, calcium and alumlniun HJfa.Ga)>Al,(S104)h (Dana) The name of the mineral Is some- timps prefixed to the names of rocks containing it, as cancrlnlte syenite. (Kemp) Cand (C!om.). Fluorspar, or fluorlte occurring as & vein stone ; called by the Derbyshire miners, Blue-John (Century). Also spelled Cann, Kann. Candelai (Braz.). A miner's lamp. fBensnsan) Candelero. 1. (Sp.). A candlestick. 2. (Peru). That part of drill hole re- maining after blasting. 3. (Mex.). A piece of clay on wblcfa retort sil- ver is laid for final heating. (Dwight) Candll (Mex.). (Dwight) An oil lamp. Candle coaL See Cannel coal. Candle-power. Illuminating power, aa of a lamp, or gas fiame, reckoned In terms of the standard light of a candle (Webster); The British standard candle is defined as a sperm candle, that burns at the rate of 120 grains of sperm per hour. (Century) Caileria (Sp.). A water pipe; an aqueduct C. de descarga, water discharge. (Lucas) Canfleldlte. A metalUc bla It Is in contact with a solid (as in a capillary tube) is elevated ov de- pressed. Capillarity depends on the relative attraction of the molecules of the liquid for each other and for those of the solid. See also Surface tension. (Webster) Capillary. Resembling a hair; fine, minute; having a very small bore. (Webster) Capillary pyrites. Same as Mlllerlte. (Standard) Capltacao (Braz.). A poll tax, or a tax fixed according to the number of men employed in mines, (Halse) GLOSSAKY. OF MISTING AHE MINERAIi "INDTTSTRY. 131 Capltan; Capataz (Hex.). A mine Cap- tain; C. de patio, a surface boss. (Dwight) Capitana (Peru). A. hemispherical stone vessel, 2 feet in diameter, for washing pulp. (Halse) Caple. (Corn.). A hard rock lining tin lodes (Duryee) See also Capel. Oapouazo (Mex.). A blow on me hand of the man holding a drill, due 'to fault of striker. (Dwight) Caporal (Sp. Am.). One who super- vises laborers; a boss. (Standard) Capote. 1. (Mex.). The bell-shaped Iron cover fitting over the capelUna, in retorting to confine the heat. (Dwight) 2. (Colom.) A superficial layer of vegetal earth. (Halse) Capotera (Colom.). A shallow placer. (Halse) Cappeau fnrnace. A modification of the Ropp ifurnace for calcining sul- phide ore. (Ingalls, p. 96) Capped quartz. A variety of quartz containing thin layers of clay. Capper. In brickmaklng, the man who receives ^he filled molds as they come from a brick machine; a molder. (Standard)' Cappice (Aust.). A horizontal stick of timber or bar of steel used for supporting a weak roof (Power). A variation of Cap or Gap piece. Cap piece. Same as Cap, 1. In Ar- ■ kansas, usually a piece of wood split from a log. (Steel) Capping. 1. The name glvea to a method by which the flow of a spput^ing oil well is- stopped or re- stricted. When a very strong dis- charge of petroleum is expected, strong valves are attached to the casing, which permit the flow to be controlled, and in order to prevent these valves from being blown away, they are firmly anchored to the ground by means of long, heavy bolts. (Mltzakls) 2. The separation of a block of stone along the plane of the bedding (Bowles) I 3. Sometimes used as a synonym for Over-burden. 4. See Cap, 1. Cap pot. In glass making, a crucible having a' lid or cap. (Century) Cap rock. 1. Barren vein matter, or a pinch in a vein, supposed to over- lie ore. (Raymond) 2. (Ark.) A hard layer of rock, usually sandstone, a short distance above a coal seam. (Steel) «. The layer of rock next overlying are, generally of barren vein mate- rial (Webster) Capsal. A capstan. (Standard) Cap ^IIC The upper horizontal beam In the timber framing of "a bridge, viaduct, etc. (Century) Capstan, a vertical axle usea for heavy hoisting, and worked by hori- zontal arms or bars. (C. and M. M. P.) Capstan tar. One of the levers by which a capstan is worked. (Web- ster) Capstone. In masonry, the uppermost or finishing stone of a structure. (Century) Capsnia (Mex.). A blasting cap. (Dwight) Captain (Cpm. and Wales). The offi- cial in immediate charge of the work in a mine (Raymond). iSee Mine captain. Captain dresser (Eng.). A manager of oie-dressing plant (Bainbridge) Capull (Peru). A kind of wood for mine timbering. (Halse) Car. 1. 'A vehicle adapted to the rails of a railroad. A vehicle moved on wheels. (Webster) 2. A vehicle used for the convey- ance of coal or ore along the gang- ways or haulage roads of a mlno (C. and M. M. P.). Also called Mine car, Tram car. Tub, Wagon, and Mine wagon. Cara (Sp.). The facet of a crystal. (Dwight) Caracas (Colom.). Thin, hard layer of gray or reddish clay, between the bed rock and pay gravel. (Halse) Caracol (Mex.). A curved, spiral, or shell-like structure exhibited by cer- tain silver ores of San Dlmas, Du- • range. (Halse) Caracolite. A colorless, l.ydrous, lead- sodium chlorosulphate, perhaps Pb- (0H)Cl.Na!S04. Occurs as crystal- talline Incrustations. (Dana) Caracoly. An alloy of gold,' silver, and copper used first by the. Caribs In making ornaments. (Standard) Carat. 1. A unit employed in weigh- ing diamonds, and equal to 3J troy grains (205 mg.). A carat-grain Is one-fourth of a carat. The inter-, national metric carat (abbr. C. M.) of 200 mg. has (1913) been made the 132 GLOSSABT OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTBY. Standard In Great Britain, France, Germany, Holland, and the United States (Webster). 2. A term em- ployed to distinguish the fineness of a gold alloy, and meaning one- ' twenty-fourth. Fine gold is 24-carat gold. Goldsmiths' standard Is 22 carats fine, i. «., contains 22 parts gold, 1 copper, and 1 silver. (Ray- mond) Carat-goods. Parcels of diamonds which (ire of an average weight of about one carat each. (Century) Carbenes. The components of the bitumen In petroleum, petroleum products, malthas, asphalt cements, and solid native bitumens, which are soluble In carbon dlsulphide, but insoluble In carbon tetrachloride. •See also Asphaltene and Petrolene. (Bacon) Carbide. 1. A binary compound of car- bon with some other element (Web- ster). 3. A commercial term for cal- cium carbide i:sed In miner's lamps. Carbide of silicon. An artificial abra- sive made by fusing coke, sand, salt and sawdust in electric furnaces. Discovered In an attempt to malce artificial diamonds (Pike). See Carborundum . CarbQCoal. A pulverulent product ob- tained by distilling coal at a moder- ate temperature. It ha^ but little resemblance to colce, but it Ignites more readily, supposedly because of the occlusion of an extraordinary amount of oxygen. (Hln. and Scl. Press, vol. 117, pp. 471 and 491.) Carbodynamite. A form of dynamite In which fine charcoal Is used as the absorbent. (Webster) Carbohydrate. Any of a group of com- pounds, composed of carbon, hydro- gen and oxygen and characterized by containing .six or a multiple of six carbon atoms combined with hydro- gen and oxygen in the proper pro- • portion to form water. (Webster) Carbolate. A salt of carbolic acid. (Webster) Carbolio. Of, pertaining to, or derived from carbon and oil ; of or pertain- ing to coal-tar oil. (Standard) Carbolic acid. A white crystalline deliquescent compound, GiHs.OH, with a burning taste and odor re- sembling that of creosote. It is a caustic poison. (Standard) Carbolite. A by-product In iron smelting,' consisting of calcium- alumlnum-sIUcon carbide, and used as a substitute for calcium carbide. (Standard) Carbdn (Mex.). 1. Charcoal. Alao called Carbfin de leiSa. 2. O. 4e piedra, mineral coal; C. crato, cok- ing coal; C. de g^», gas coal; 0. pardo, lignite or brown coal; Caeca, noncoklng coal. 8. Graphite. (Halse) Carbon. An elementary substance oc- curring native as the diamond and also as graphite or black lead and forming a constituent of coal, pe- troleum, asphalt, limestone and other carbonates, and all organic com- pounds. Symbol, C, atomic weight, 12.0. Specific gravity, 1.7 to 8.6. (Webster) Carbona (Corn.). An irregular de- posit or impregnation of tin ore, found in connection with a tin lode. (Raymond) Carbonaceous. Coaly, containing, car- bon or coal. Especially shale or rock containing small particles of carbon distributed throughout the whole mass. (Steel) Carbonado (Braz.). A black or dark- colored diamond, occurring in small irregular founded nodules. (Halse) Carbonate. 1. A salt formed by the union of carbonic acid with a base. 2. Any ore containing a large pro- portion of l^d cartonate. See alto Carbonates, 1. Carbonated springs. Springs of water, containing carbon dioxide gas.' They are very common, especlalls In vol- canic countries ; and sometimes con- tain so much gas, that if a little sugar be thrown Into fhe water it effervesces like soda water. (CJom- stock) Carbonated stone. An artificial stone in the manufacture of which steam and carbon dioxide are used to has- ten hardening. (Standard) Carbonate of barium. See Witherite. Carbonate of calcium. See Calcium carbonate ; also Calcite. Carbonate of strontium. See Strontian- Ite. Carbonates. 1. The common term in the West for ores containing a consider- able proportion of carbonate of lead. They are sometimes earthy or ocher- ous (soft carbonates), sometimes granular and comparatively free from Iron (sand carbonates), and sometimes compact (hard carbon- ates). Often they are rich in silver (Raymond). Salts of HjCO.. 2. (Bug.) Black, Imperfectly crys- tallized form of 'diamond used for rock boring. The diamond is set Carboaero. 1. (Mex.). A coke or coal wheeler. (Dwlght) 2. (Sp.). A coal miner. 9. A coal merchant 4. A colliery or coal nrine. 'See also Hullera. (Halse) Carbonet. See Briquet. Carbon flame. The characteristic white flame caused by burning carbon. It Issues from the converter only when all the silicon has been removed from the molten iron. (Webster) Carbonic acid gas. See Carbon di- oxide. Carbo]|ic oxide gai. See Carbon mo- noxide. Carbonlferons. In the nomenclature of the U. S. Geological Survey, and in general usage as well, the youngest of the systems into which the Paleo- zoic str atifled rocks are divided ; 'also the corresponding period of geologic time. (La Forge) Carbonlte. 1, A native coke, occur- ring at the Edgehlll mines, near Richmond, Va. ; it -is more compact than artificial coke and some va- rieties aiford bitumen. (Bacon) S. A permissible explosive. Carbpnlsatlon. The process of con- verting to carbon, by removing other ingredients, a substance containing carbon, as in the charring of wood or the natural formation of antiira- dte. (Raymond) Carbonlied. Converted into carbon. (Hitchcock) Carbon monoxide. A colorless, odor- less gas, CO. It is the product of incomplete combustion of carbon. It bums with a pale-blue flame form- ing COi. It is very poisonous to animals, since it combines with the haemoglobin of the blood, expelllag oxygen (Webster), Also known as White damp. Carbono (Sp.). The element carbon. (Dwlght) Carbon oil. A trade name for kero- sene. (B&con) Carbonolite. Wadsworth's name for carbonaceous rock^. (Kemp) Carbon spar. A name given to several mineral carbonates, as carbonate of magnesium, zlnci etc. (Century) Carbon spot. A black spot in'the body of a diamond. (Webster) Carbon steel. Steel deriving its quali- ties from carbon chiefly, without the presence of other alloying elements (Webster). Ordinary steel, as dis- tinguisheld from chrome steel, man- ganese steel, etc. -(Standard) See- also Simple steeli Compare Alloy steel. Carbon tube. A cylindrical glass vessel used In the calorimetric de- termfnatlon of carbon In steel (Web- ster. See also Combustion tube. Carborundum. A crystalline com- pound, Sic, consisting of silicon and' carbon. It Is produced in an elec- tric furnace and used as an abrasive (Webster). Silicon carbide. Carbornndtim machine. A machine provided with carborundum wheels designed to cut moldings, cornices, balusters, etc., from stone. (Bowles) Carboy. A large globular glass bottle enclosed in a box or in wickerwork ; used mainly for the transportation of corrosive acids and the like. (Standard) Carbuncle. A gem of a deep-red color, inclining to scarlet, found chiefly in East Indies. When held up to the sun it looses its deep tinge and be- comes the color of burning coal. Formerly believed to be capable of shining in darkness. A variety of garnet, though the n^me includes- also the ruby and the spinel. (Cen- tury) Carburet. A combination of carbon with a metal or other substance. A carbide. (Webster) Carbureted hydrogen. Any of several gaseous compounds of carbon and hydrogen, some of which are the constituents of illuminating gas. (Webster) Light carbureted hydro- gen is methane or marsh gas, OIL. It Is the chief constituent of fire damp. 134 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDXJSTRli. CaTbarizatlon. The process of Impart- ing carbon, as In making cement steel. (Raymond) Carburo (Mex.). Carbide. (Dwight) C&rcamo (Sp.). 1. A drain or conduit for carrying slimes. J8. A drain In •a mine. 3. (Mex.) A slime pit. 4. A penstock. (Halse) Carcao (Port.). A matrix in wWch gold occurs. (Halse) C&rcel. 1. (Sp.) The timber frame of a shaft. 2. (Mex.) Hitches or steps for timbers. (Halse) Card concentrator. A table made of two planes having a flexible joint between them dividing the table into two nearly equal triangles, forming a diagonal line along which concen- trates separate from the tailings. (Liddell) Cardenilla (Mex.), Proustlte; ruby silver. (Halse) Cardenillo (Mex.). Verdigris. (Dwight) Cardigllo marble (It). A gray, cloud- ed variety of marble obtained for . ornamental purposes from the Island of Corsica. (Page) Cardinal points.' The four principal points of the compass, as North, South, East, and West. (Webster) Car dumper. A mechanical devlcfe for tilting a riailroad hopper or gondola car over gidewise and emptying Its contents. (Wlllcox) Carena (Sp.). An upright stanchion fj)r supporting machinery. (MIn. Jour.) Carga. 1. (Mex.) A charge, as for a furnace. A mule load, generally of 300 lbs. Avoir., but variable in dif- ferent places. C. de arrastre, a charge for an arrastre; usually about 200 lbs. Avoir. (Dwight) 2. C. real, a land tax. 3. (Golom.) Stones, pebbles, and gravel occur- ring In placers. 4. (Peru) Over- burden Of a placer mlne^ (Halse) Cargada (Colom.). A placer contain- ing many large stones. (Halse) Cargador (Mex.). One who feeds a furnace; an ore carrier; a porter. (Dwight) Cargadora (Sp. Am.).- 1. The first washing trough (Lucas). 2. A charging vat (Halse). See also Tlaa. Cargar (Mex.). To charge a furnace (Dwight). To feed a mill. Cargo (Peru). The first portion of mercury added to an amalgamation diarge. (Dwight) Garguero. 1. (Mex.) , A charger for a furnace. (Dwight) 2. (Colom.) Stones, pebbles, etc., taken from placer workings In or- der to extract the gold. (Halse) Car haul. An endless chain or cable arranged to haul the cars automati- cally up a slope, froin the top of which the cars may travel by grav- ity. (Steel) Carinate fold. In geology, an Iso- clinal fold (Standard). See also Isoclinal. Carinthian farnace. 1. A small rever- beratory furnace with inclined hearth, in which lead ore Is treated by roasting and reaction, wood be- ing the usual fuel. (Raymond) 2.' A zinc-distillation furnace with small vertical retorts. (Ingalls, if. 393.) Carinthian process (sometimes spelled Corinthian). A metallurgical method for treating lead ore, the character- istics of which are : The smnllness-of the charge, the slow roasting, so that for every part of lead sulphide one part of sulphate hnd at least two of oxide are formed, the low temperature' at which all of the operations are . carried, on, and the aim to extract all the lead in the reverberatory. The hearth Is In- clined toward the flue and the lead Is collected outside of the furnace. (Hofman, p. 88) Carlsbad twin; Karlsbad. A twin oc- curring In the monoclinlc system with the vertical axis as the twin- ning axis. (Dana) Carmeloite. A name given by A. 0. Lawson to a group of eruptive rocks at Carmelo Bay, Calif., which are intermediate between the basalts and andesites. They range in silica from 52 to 60 per cent, have auglte and plagloclase for phenocrysts; and a peculiar, orthorhom'bic, hy- drated silicate of ,Iron, lime, mag- nesia, and soda, which Js a second- ary mineral after some original, probably ollvlnei, The secondary mineral has been called Iddingsite. (Kemp) Carmlohel-Bradford process. See Blast- roasting. Carmln (Sp. Am.). Ore containing a large amount of oxide or carbonate of iron (Lucas). Colorados ; gossan. OliOSfiABY OF MIIillKQ Aim MINBBAL IITDUSTBX^ 136 Oaimlntte. A carmine to tUe-red lead-lron-arsenate, perhaps PbiAsaOi.- lOFeAsdi. Found In clusters of fine needles; also In spheroidal forms;. (Dana) Carnalllte. A massive, granular, greasy, milk-white, soluble, hydrous, magnesium-potassium chloride, KMgCl<.6HiO, crystaUzing in the orthorhombic system. (Dana) Came de vaca (Peru). Coarse-grained galena, generally mixed ' with gray copper-ore. (Dwight) Carnellan. One of the varieties of chalcedony originally only the red, but now (1890) of any color (Boy. C!om.). Also called Gambay stone, from that locality in India. Carnotite. A canary-yellow mineral, somewhat variable in composition, containing uranium and vanadium, with either or both lime and potash. Is ordinarily a mixture of true carnotite 2UO..VsO..KjO+xH,0, and tyuyamunite, 2UOi.V,Oi.OaO-fxHiO. Is radioactive and is used as a source of radium. (U. S Geol. Surv.) Carnot's cycle. An ideal heat-engine cycle In which the working fluid goes through the four following suc- cessive operations, (a) isothermal expansion to a desired point; (b) adiabatic expansion to a desired point; (c) isothermal ' compression to such a point that (d) adiabatic compression brings it back to its Initial state. (Webster) Cai-not's function. A relation between the amount of heat , given off by a source of heat, and the work which can be done by it. (Webster) Carombi (Braz.). In placer mining, a shallow* wooden box for carrying gravel, and also for use in draining levels. (Halse) Carpet. A bituminous surface of ap- preciable thickness, generally formed on top of a roadway' by the aplica- tion of one or more coats of bitumi- nous material with gravel, sand, or stone chips added (Bacon). Also called Blanket. Carplntero (Sp.). A carpenter. (Min. Jour. ) Carqualse. • An annealing arch for plate glass. (Standard) Curack (Eng.). See Capel. Carrana (Peru). Lighc rawhide shovel ■for throwing taquia into a furnace. (Dwight) Carranohd (Oolom'.); 1. Decoihposea countty roeki gehferally granite, carrying auriferous pyrlte. 2. Soft, Bhaly or schistose country rock lii Which the veins are unproductive. (Halse) Carrara marble. A general name given to all the marbles quarried near Car- rara, Italy. The prevailing • colors are white to bluish, or white with blue veins* ; a flpe grade of statuary marble is here included. (Merrill) Carrascal (Mex.). Honey -combed quartz, generally barren. (Dwight) Carrelra (Sp.). A quarry. (Standard) Carreia (Mex.). A stroke, as of a piston. (Dwight) Carrero (Mex.). A charge-wheeler; a trammer. ^ Dwight) Carreta (Sp.) A wagon, cart, or wheelbarrow. (Halse) Carretero (Sp.).- A trammer. (Lucas) Carretilla; CarriUo de mano (Sp.). A wheelbarrow. (Min. Jour.) Carriage (Eng.). See Slope cage; also Carrlgal. Car rider. A brakeman or laborer em- ployed to ride on car to the dumper, or on cars pushed from cradle, to apply brake and prevent hard bumping (Willcox), A blast fur- nace term. Carrier. A catalytic by whose agency a transfer of some element or group is effected from one compound to another. (Webster) Carrlgal (Scot). A wheeled bogle or platform for the conveyance of coal cars or tubs, in a level position, on a highly-inclined roadway. (Barrow- man) Carrileros (Sp.). Ore carriers. (Min. Jour.) CarriUo (Sp.). 1. A small cart. 3, C. de mano, a wheelbarrow. 3. A pulley block. (Halse) Carrizo (Mex.). A small hole in rock for a wooden plug. See of«o Cho- col6n. (Dwight) Carro (Mex.). A charging buggy; mine car. (Dwight) Carrot (Bng.). A solid cylindrical specimen or core cut in a borehole. (Gresley) Carry. 1. (Scot.) The thickness of roof rock taken down in working a seam. 2. The thickness of seam which can be conveniently taken down at one working. (Barrowman) 136 GLOSSAST or MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Ganylner gate (Derb.). The main haulage road In a mine. (Hooson) Carse. A Scottish term applied to the flat lands In valleys. (St. John) Cart. 1. (Scot.) A measure of 12 cwt of screened coal (but In prac- tice varying from 12 to 15 cwts.), by which miners were formerly paid. (Barrowman) 8. (Som., S. Wales) A tram with or without wheels for conveying coal underground In thin seams. (Gresley) Carting (Som.). Hauling coal under- ground In thin seams. (Gresley) Cartographic. Pertaining to a map. In geology a cartographic unit is a rock or group of rocks that is shown on a geologic- map by a single color or pattern. (Ransome) Carton. A pasteboard- box containing high explosives, blasting-caps, or elec- tric blasting caps, a number of which are packed in a wooden case for shipment. (Du Pont) Cartridge 1. A cylindrical, waterproof, paper shell, filled with high explo- sive and closed at both ends (Du Pont). Used in blasting. S. Short cylinders (about 4 inchei) long and 2} Inches in diameter) of highly compressed caustic lime made with a groove along the side, used 'In breaking down coal. See also Lime cartridge. (Gresley) Cartridge pin. A round stick of wood on which the paper tube for the blasting cartridge Is formed. (Greene) Car trimmer. A person who adjusts the load in a railroad or mine car. (Steel) Cart trade (Som.). See Land sale. Cartnoho (Mex.). Explosive cartridge. (Dwlght) Carving (Leic). 1. A wedge-shaped vertical cut or cutting at the side of a stall. 2. An airway between the solid and a pack wall. (Gresley) Casa (Sp.). House; 0. de fundicidn, a smeltery; 0. de moneda, a mint. (Halse) Casar metales (Peru). To mix ores for amalgamation or smelting. (Dwight) Caseajal (Sp.). A gravel pit. (Cro- futt) Casoajero (Colom.). An alluvial mine already worked but which still con- tains gold. (Halse) Cascajo. 1. (Mex.) Gravel; waste rock ; oxidized free - milling ore. (Dwight) 2. (Peru) A large pocket of ore containing native silver In quartz mixed with yellow ocherous clay. (Halse) Cascalho (Braz.). 1. Coarse, gold- bearing gravel and sand and sub- angular rocks embedded in a fer- ruginous clay. 2. A mixture of clay and quartzose gravel found in river beds, and containing diamonds. (Halse) C&scara (Spain). Copper precipitate obtained from mine water ; cement copper. (Lucas) Case. 1. A small fissure, admitting water Into the mine workings. (Raymond) 2. One of the frames, of four pieces of plank each, placed side by side to form a continuous lining in gal- leries run on loose earth'. (Webster) 3. A wooden box In which dynamite, cartons of electric blasting caps, boxes of blasting caps or coils of fuse are shipped. (Du Pont) Case book (No. of Eng.). A book kept at a colliery in which the name and description of every horse or pony which Is off work for 24 hours, or longer, _ and the driver's name, is entered! (Gresley) Cased tin (Eng.). Fine tin ore that Is retreated by a gentle current of wa- ter flowing over the frame or table. (Hunt) Case harden. To convert Iron super- ficially into steel by partial cementa- tion; as case-hardened steel. (Ray- mond) Case hardening. A process of harden- ing (iron or steel) by carbonizing the surface ,thus converting soft iron into steel or mild steel into hard steel to a depth depending on the length of treatment. This is com- monly effected by cementation with charcoal or other cart)onaceous ma- terial, but for a mere skin of steel a short treatment with fused potas- sium cyanide suffices. (Webster) Case markings. The letters or figures stenciled or printed on the front of a case containing explosives indicat- ing the size, weight, kind, strength, date, and place of manufaetuVe (Du Pont) GLOSSABY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTKY. 137 Gates of spar (Eng.). Intersecting veins ot quartz. (Ba4nbrldge) Cash (Som.). Soft shale or bind In coal mines. (Gresley) Cashy blaes (Scot). Soft coaly blaes with little coherence. ( Barro wman ) Casing. 1. fCorri.) A partition or brattice, made of casing plank, in a shaft. 2. (Pac.) Zones of material , altered by vein action, and lying be- tween -the unaltered country rock and the vein (Raymond). See also Capel, Gouge, and Selvage. 3. Steel or iron tubing used to case an oil or gas well. (Nat. Tube, Co.) i. (Oliio) A local term applied to thin slabs of sandstone that split out between closely spaced joints. (Bowles) Casing clamps. Instruments generally manufactured from wrought iron, and used for raising or lowering casing. They are made in two pieces held by heavy bolts, which fit into corresponding holes, on the sides of the clamps. In Canada, heavy wooden clamps are used in- stead of iron ones. (Mitzakis) N Casing cutters. Instruments used in oil fields for cutting casing prior to raising it to the surface, after the' completion of a well. (Mitzakis) Casing dog. In well baring, a fishing Instrument provided with serrated pieces or dogs sliding on a wedge, to grip severed casing; also called Bull dog ; Casing spear. (Nat. Tube Co.) Casing elevators. In well-boring, a de- vice consisting of two semi-circular clamps, with a chain link on either, that are hinged together at one end and secured by a latch at the other. Used for raising and lowering cas- ing. See also Casing dog. (Nat. Tube Co.) Casing fitting. A fitting threaded with a casing Tthread. (Nat. Tube Co.) Casing head. 1. A fitting attached to the top of the casing of a well to separate oil and gas, to allow pump- ing, and cleaning out well, etc. It may have several lateral outlets, through which the flow of the oil can be controlled and led away to reservoirs by mean of pipes 2, In well boring, a heavy mass of iron screwed into the top of a string of casing to take the blows produced when driving the pipe. Also called Drive head. (Nat. Tube Co.) Casing-head gas. Natural gas rich In oil vapors. So named as it Is usu- ally collected, or separated from the oil, at the casing head. Frequently called Combination gas or Wet gas. Casing of a reef (Aust.). The abnor- mal vein stuff abutting on the solid reef (Duryee). See also Casing, 2, Casing shoe. A circular steel instru- ment having a cutting edge, fixed to- the bottom of each column of casing, to strengthen the casing, when, driven Into the ground. (Mitzakis) Casing spear. An instrument used for recovering casing which has ac- cidently fallen into the well. The "bull dog," which is the most simple- form of casing spear, consists of a steel body tapered at the top, on which slide two steel segments with- serrated edges. When lowered in- side the casing to be recovered the- steel segments are pushed upward,, along the narrow part of the body,, but when raised, the segments re- main stationary, and the weight of the casing forces the thicker part to- exercise a pressure on the segments- forcing them outward. The greater the pull, the greater is the corre- sponding lateral pressure (Mit- zakis). Also called Casing dog. Casiterita (Mex.). The tin oxide, cas- siterite. (Dwight) Casqnlllo (Mex.). A blasting cap. (Dwight) Cassel brown; Cassel earth. A brown pigment of varying permanence; con- sisting of Impure lignite. (Web- ster) Casserole.' A small round dish with a handle ; usually of porcelain. Used; In chemical laboratories. (Webster) Cassinite. A feldspar from Delaware- county, Penn., containing several per cent of baryta. (Century) Cassiterlte. Tin oxide, SnO«. Con- tains 79 per cent tin. The mineral from which practically all tin Is obtained. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Cast. 1. The form of a fossil preserve4 in some substance which has .filled^ the space left by the fossil. (Lowe) 2. To form in a particular shape- by pouring molten metal into a mold and letting it harden. 3. To forn* by throwing up earth; to emitter give out. (Webster) Cast-after-cast (Corn.). The throwing up of ore from one platform to an- other successively. See also Sham- bles. ( Raymond > 138 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Castanlte. A chestnut-brown hydrous ferric sulphate, Fft,0.2SO,.10H20. (Dana) Castaways. Sterile veinstone. (Power) Castellano (Mex.). 1. A small furnace about 48 Inches high, 10 Inches square, used for lead smelting. Prob- ably Introduced by the Spaniai-ds. (D wight) 8. An ancient Spanish coin. (Halse) Castellanos powder. A kind of blast- ing powder containing nitroglycerin and either nitrobenzene or- a picrate, mixed with other materials. (Web- ster) Casteth (Derb.). Said of a shaft when air issuing from it on a cool or frosty morning contains visiTble vapor. (Hooson) Cast gate. In founding, the channel through which the metal is poured into a mold. (Century) Casthole (Derb.). A prospect hole not exceeding about nine feet deep, the depth from which waste material may be thrown by hand. (Hooson) Cast house. The buildlBo in which pigs or Ingots are cast. (Raymond) To smooth or plane rocks or boards. Castigar (Mex.) surfaces of (Dwight) Castillite. An Impure variety of bor- nite, containing zinc, lead, and silver sulphides. (Dana) Castillo (Mex.). 1. The frame of a stamp mill. 2. A hoist ; a pulley frame. (Halse) Casting. Pouring or drawing fused metal from a blast furnace, cupola, crucible, converter, or ladle into, molds. (Raymond) Casting copper. Impure copper better suited for casting into various forms than for drawing into wires or roll- ing into sheets. (Weed) Casting ladle. An iron ladle with handles, used to pour molten metal into a mold. (Century) Casting over. A quarryman's term for an operation consisting 'of making a cut with a steam shovel, which, in- stead of loading the material on cars, moves it to one side, forming "a long ridge. (Bowles) Casting pit. TBe space In a foundry in which -the molds are placed and the castings made. In the Bessemer and open-hearth steel works it Is the space utilized foi* casting the molten steel into the cast-iron ingot-molds. (Century) Casting plate. A casting table used In glass making. (Webster) Cast-iron. Iron which has been cast, that is melted and run into a mold in which it assumes the desired form. Most cast-iron is pig Iron which has been remelted in a cu- pola furnace. Iron made from ore by smelting in the blast furnace is, in fact, cast-iron and its properties are not altered by remelting, but it is commonly known as pig iron, or pig. (Century) Castor. Same as Castorite. Cast, or fusible porcelain. Same as Cryolite glass. Called also Hot-cast porcelain. (Standard) CastoTit;. A transparent variety of pelalite that crystallizes in the monoclinlc system. (Dana) Cast scrap. Cast-iron scrap. Cast steel. 1. Steel which has been rendered homogeneous by remelting in crucibles or pots. (Century) - 2. Any malleable compound of iron produced by fusion, including both Bessemer and open-hearth steel, as well as crucible steel. (Standard) Cast-weld. To weld by heating as If for casting, as to cast-weld raili (Webster) « Caswellite. A bronze, copper-red, al- tered mica that is closely related to phlogoplte. (Standard) Cat; Cateh earth (So. Staff.). A hard fire clay. (Gresley) Cata. 1. (Sp.) A mine denounced, but unvforked. (Raymond) 2. (Mex.) A prospect-hole, or pit (Dwight) 3. (Braz.) A placer. (Halse) Cataclasm. A breaking or rending asunder; a violent disruption. (Standard) Cataclastlc. Having a fraginental tex- ture due to crushing during dynamic metamorphlsm : said of certain metamorphlc rocks (La Forge). Compare Autoclastic. Cataclinal. Extending in the direction of the dip : said of a valley. (Stand- ard) Cataclysm. 1. . Any overwhelming flood of water; especially, the Noachlan deluge. 2. Any violent and exten- sive subversion of the ordinary phe- nomena of nature; an extensive stratlgraphlc catastrophe. (Stand- ard) SLOSSASY 0* MTNIKQ AND MIHTERAL nTOTTSTBY. 13d Cataelysmal. See Cataclysmic, Cataclysmic. I. Accompanied with violet disruption. (Lowe) 2. Pertaining to or of the nature of a cataclysm ; characterized by a cataclysm or cataclysms. (Stand- ard) Catacorte (Colom.). A prospecting trench; a ditch. (Halse) Catalan forge. A forge, with a tuyfire, for reducing Iron ore, with char- coal, to a loup of wrought Iron; a bloomery. iSee also Champlaln forge. (Raymond) Catalysis. Berzellus describes it as a decomposition and new comblnatKMi produced among the proximate and elementary principles of one or more compounds by virtue of the mere presence of a substance or sub- stances which do not of themselves enter Into the reaction. (Ingalls, p. 194) Catalytic. An agent employed in catal- ysis, as platinum black, -aluminum chloride, etc. (Webster) Cat and clay (Eng.). Straw and clay worked together, laid between laths in building mud walls. (Webster) Cataplelte. A Ught-yellow to yel- lowish-brown, hydrous silicate, H.(Na2Ca)ZFei,OM, crystallizing in thin tabular hexagonal prisms. (Dana) Catar; Catear. 1. (Sp.). To search for minerals. 2. (Colom.). To pan; to dolly. (Halse) Catatlnite. A native alloy of iron and nickel, FejNi. (Standard) Catastrophe. 1. In geology, a sudden, violent change ip the physical con- ditions of the earth's surface; a cataclysm. (Standard) 2. In mining, a disaster In which many lives are lost or much property damaged, as by a mine fire, explo- sion. Inrush of water, etc. Catawbrite. A name given by O. Lieber to a rock in South Caro- lina that is an Intimate mixture of talc and magnetite. (Kemp) Cat bank (Eng.). An iron loop placed on the underside of the center of a flat corf bow (bucket handle), in . which to insert the hook. (G. C. Green well) Cat block. A pulley block. Catchall. A tool for extracting broken implements from drilled wells. (Webster) Catch basin. A reservoir to catch and retain surface drainage. (Webster) Catoh eartji. See Cat Catcher. .1. (Eng.). A safety or dis- engaging hook for preve^ntion ot overwinding. 2. (Lelc). See Cage shut. 3. Strong .beams In mine shafts to catch the rods of pumps In case of a breakdown.. (Gresley) Catches. 1. Catches or rests placed on shaft timbers, to hold the cage when It Is brought to rest at the top, bot- tom, or any intermediate landing. Also called Latches, Chairs, Keeps or Dogs. 2. Stops fitted on a cage to prevent cars from running off. (Woodson) 3. (Mid.) Projecting blocks of wood attached to pnmp spears to prevent damage in case of a breakdown. (Gresley) Catchment area. An intake area and all parts of the drainage basin wliich drain into it. (Melnzer) Catchment basin. The entire area from which drainage is received by a reservoir, river, or the like. (Web- ster) Catch pin (Eng.). A strong oak or iron pin fixed over and to the ends of the beam' of a pumping engine, which, in the event of a broken spear, prevents damage to the top or bottom of the cylinder. See alsQ Spring beams. (G. C. Green- well) Catch pit. A reservoir for saving tail- ings from reduction works (C. and ' M. M. P.). A catch basin. Catch scaffold (.Eng.). A platform in a shaft a few feet beneath a work- ing scaffold to be used In case of accident. (Gresley) Cat dirt (Derb.). 1. A hard fire clay. 2. Coal mixed with pyrlte. 3. A kind of earthy scoria not unlike lava. (Mln. Jour.) Cateador (Mex.). Prospector (Dwight) Catear (Sp.). To search for new mines. (Mln. Jour.) Cateo (Sp. Am.). Prospecting. (Halse) Catero (Sp.). A prospector (Halse) Cat face. A miner's term for glisten- ing balls or nodules of pyrlte in the face of coal. Cat-faced block (N. Y. and Penn.). A bluestoue quarryman's term for tt mass of waste situated between two closely spaced open joints. (BpwleB) 140 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Cat gold. An early name for gold- colored mica. (Chester) Cathead. 1. A small capstan. 2. A broad-bully hammer. See also Bully. (Raymond) S. (Prpv. Eng.) A nodule of Iron- stone containing fossils. (Stand- ard) Cathode. The negative terminal of an electric source,- or more strictly, the electrode by which the current leaves the electrolyte on its way back to the source. (Webster) Cat hole. A small hole dug in rock for the point of a tripod leg of a ma- chine drill. (Gillette, p. 99) CatUnite; Indian pipestone. A red clay found in southwestern Minnesota and formerly used by the Indians for making pipes. (U. S. ' Geol. Surv.) Catoctin. A monadnock or residual mountain or ridge which preserves on its summit a remnant of an , old peneplain. (La Forge) Catogene. A general term for sedi- mentary rocks, since they were formed by deposition from above, as of suspended material. Compare Anogene; Hypogene. Catrake. An hydraulic brake or con- troller of a Oornish pumping engine, first Introduced by Boulton and Watt. (Gresley) . Catrines (Mex.). A general name given by Indians to foreigners, and includes Spaniards (gachupines), French (gavdchos) and German^,. English, and North Americans (gringos). (Halse> Cats (Scot.). Burnt clay used for tamping in wet strata. (Barrow- man) Cat salt. A granulated salt formed from the bittern or leach brine used for making hard softp. (Century) Cat's brain. Sandstones traversed in every direction by little branching veins of calcite. (Power) Cat's-eye. A greenish, chatoyant, va- riety of chrysoberyl. (Dana) Cat's-head (Ireland). A nodule of hard gritstone in shale (Century). Compare Cathead, 3. Gat silver. A name sometimes given to a variety of silvery mica. (Cten- tury) Cat's qnartc. 1. Same, as Cat's-eye. >. A variety of quartz containing flbera of asbestos. (Standard) Cat-stane. 1. (Scot). A conical calm or monolith Supposed to mark the locality of a battle; ' 2. One of the- upright stones which supports the grate In a fireplace. (Century) Cattermole process. A fiotation proc- ess in which a quantity of oil, vary- ing from 4 to 6 per cent and 2 per cent soap was added to a flowing pulp, to oil the sulphides 'and make them stick together, forming large and heavy granules. These gran- ules are heavy enough to fall to the bottom and remain in a pulp cur- rent while the gangue is washed away. ' (Megraw, p. 15 ; T. J. Hoover^ p. 10) Catty. 1. An East Indian and Chi- nese weight of about 11 pounds Avoir., or 604.8 grams. (Webster) 2. (Straits Set.). A gold weight which equals 2.9818 lbs. troy. (Lock) Cauce (Mex.). A river channel; bed of a stream or river. (D wight) Cauf (No. of Eng). A coal bucket or basket. (C. and M. M. P.). See also Corf. Cauk. 1. (Eng. Scot.). Chalk; lime stone. 2. An English miner's term for barite, or heavy spar (Century). See Cawk, 1 acd 2. Cauld (Scot). A dam in a river; a weir. (Century) Cauldron; Cauldron bottoms (So. Wales). The fossil remains of the "casts" of the trunks of slgiUaria that have remained vertical above or below the coal seam ((3. and M. M. P.). See Bell-mold. Caulk. A variation of Calk. Cuiinch. See Canch. Caunter-lode (Corn.). A vein cours- ing at a considerable angle to neighboring veins. (Raymond) Caustic. Capable of destroying the texture of anything or eating away its substance by chemical action; burning; corrosive. (Webster) Caustic ammonia. Ammonia as a gas or in solution. Caustic lime. Calcium hydroxide, Ca- • (OH),, or slaked lime. Caustic potash. Potassium hydroxide. KOH. Caustic silver. Sliver nitrate, AgNOt. Caustic ioda. podium hyroxide, NaOH. GLOSSABT OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 141 Q«T«. 1. A natural cavity, recess, chamber, or series of chambers and galleries beneath the surface of the «arth, within a mountain, a ledge of rocks, etc.; sometimes a similar cavity artificially exca^fated. 2. Any bollow cavity. 8. A cellar or under- ground /oom. 4. The ash pit in a glass furnace. (Standard) 5. The partial or complete falling in of a mine. Called also Cave-In. (Weed) Cave deposits. Irregular deposits of material in the caves generally found in limestone. (Duryee) Cave earth. A deposit of sand, soil, etc., washed into caves. (Webster) Cave hole. A depression at the sur- face, caused by a fall of roof in the mine. (Greene) Cave-in. See Cave, 5. Cavel. A stone mason's ax. Cave man- One of a race of men of the early Stone Age, who dwelt largely In caves. (La Forge) Cave pearL A pearly Concretion, In composition like true pearl, formed in limestone caves by the agncy of water. (Webster) Caver. (Derb.). 1. One who steals ore or coal at a mine.. 2. An officer who guards a mine. (Standard) Cavern. A large natural underground cavity or cave; a den; any cavity. (Standard) Cavern limestone. Any limestone abounding in caverns, especially the Carboniferous limestone of Ken- tucliy; (Webster) Cavernous. Containing cavities or caverns, sometimes quite large. Most frequent In limestones .and dolomites. (Roy. Com.) Cavil. 1. (No. of Eng.). A lot, drawn quarterly by a miner for his work- ing place in the mine. (Gresley) 8. To draw lots at stated periods, by miners to determine the places in which they will work for the follow- ing period. (Power) CavilUng rules (No. of Eng.). Rules or by-laws in t'eference to cavils and wages. (Gresley) Caviag. 1. The falling in of the sides or top excavations. (Raymond) S. A system of mining developed in the Lake Superior district. See Caving system. Cavlni by raising. See Chute '■aving. Caving system. A method of mining in which the ore, the support of a great block being removed, is allowed to cave or fall, and in fall- ing is broken sufficiently to be handled; the overlying strata sub- sides as the ore is withdrawn. There are several varieties of the system. See Block caving; Top slicing and cover caving; Top slicing cbmbined with ore caving. Cawk. 1. (Eng.) Sulphate of barium heavy spar. (Raymond) 2. (Scot). Chalk; limestone (Stand- ard). Also spelled Cauk. Cayuse. An Indian pony. A common term in Western United States. (Webster) Cazar (Mex.). To ram with a piece of timber. (Dwlght) Cazeador (Sp.). Amalgamator. (Dwight) Cazo (Sp.). A caldron in which amalgamation is effected by heating ; used in Mexico and South America (Raymoiid). Any large copper or iron vessel. (Dwight) Cebar. 1. (Sp.). To melt rich ores, or lead bullion, etc., in the smelting furnace. To add small quantities of material, from time to time, to the bath in a furnace. Generally, to feed any kind of metallur^cal machinery or process. (Dwight) 2. C. el barreno, to prime a drill hole. 3. C. la bomba, to prime a pump. (Halse) Cebo (Sp.). 1. The second addition of mercury, to the torta in the patio process. 2. A charge for a smelt- ing furnace. 3. Primiflg, as of gun- powder. 4. (Colom.) Calcium Car- bonate deposited In veins. 6. (Mex.) Metal de cebo, very rich silver ore smelted In a refining fur- nace. (Halse) Cedarite. A fossil resin resembling amber, somewhat widely distributed in the alluvium of the Saskatche- wan River in Cant 3a. See also Suc- cinite. (Bacon) Cedazo (Mex.). Screen or sieve. See also Criba. (Dwight) Ceja (Mex.). In vanning with horn spoon or miner's pan, the heaviest streak or concentrate that appears at the edge. (Dwight) Celasa (Mex.). A cage. (Dwight) Celestite. Strontium sulphate, SrSO^ (Dana) 142 QLOSSABT OF MINING AHfD StlNEBAIj IKDUSTB7> Cell. A single Jar or element of a voltaic battery. There are many typea and varieties. Cellar stone. Small, irregular, rocli fragments. (Bowles) Cellular pyrite. Marcasite. (Power) Cement. 1. The material that binds togetlier the particles of a frag- mental rock. It is usually calcare- ous, siliceous, or ferruginous. 2. The word is also used in gold-mining regions' to describe various consoli- dated, fragmental aggregates, such as breccia, conglomerate, and the like, that' are auriferous. (Kemp) S. A substance used in a soft pasty state to join stones or brick in a building, to cover floors, etc., which afterwards becomes hard like stone ; especially a stropg mortar made with lime or a calcined mixture of clay and limestone. See also Port- land cement (Webster) 4. A finely divided metal obtained by precipitation. 6. The substance in which iron is packed in the proc- ess of cementation. (Standard) Cementation. 1. A process of causing a chemical change in a substance by heating it while embedded in a pow- dered mass of another substance, as in making steel by heating wrought iron in charcoal until it is carbu- rized, or in making so-called malle- able iron by heating cast iron in a bed of red hematite until it is partly decarburized. (Standard) e. The process of obtaining a metal by precipitation from a solution, as copper from a solution of blue vit- riol by means of metallic Iron. (Webster) 3. The process by which sediments, or sands, are consolidated into hard rock. Used In oil-well practice. Cementation-box. The box of wrought iron in which case hardening is ef- fected. (Century) Cement copper. Copper precipitated from solution. (Raymond) Cement deposits. The Cambrian con- glomerates occupying supposed old beaches or channels. Gold bearing in the Black Hills. (Ore Dep., p. 309) Cement gold. Gold precipitated in fine particles from solution. (Raymond) Cement gun. A mechanical apparatus for the application of cement to the walls or roof of a mine, or for the application of stucco to the walls of buildings. Cementing furnace. A furnace used in the process of cementation. ((3en- tury) Cementing material. See Cement, 1, 3 and 5. Cementing oven. An oven used for the same purpose as a cementing fur- nace. (Century) Cementlte. Iron combined with car- bon as It exists in. steel before hardening. (Standard) Cement mill. A mill for crushing and grinding cement stone; also a mill for grinding the cinder after it comes from the kiln. Cemento (Sp.). 1. Hydraulic lime oi cement. 8. In geology, the cement- ing material of a conglomerate or breccia. 3. A brown deposit ob- tained in the precipitation tank by the addition of iron sulphate in the chlorination process. (Halse) Cement rock. An argillaceous lime- stone used in the manufacture of natural hydraulic cement. Contains lime, silica, and alumina In varying proportions, and usually more or less magnesia. (U, S. Geol.' Surv.) Cement silver. Silver precipitate4 from , solution, usually by copper. (Raymond) "^ Cement steeL Steel made by cementa- tion; blister steel. (Standard) Cement stone; Cement rock. Any rock which is capable of furnishing .ce- ment when properly treated. (Cen- tury) Gendrada. 1. (Mex.) The cupel- hearth of a furnace in which silver is refined or rich lead cupelled. Made of finely-pulverized clay or other absorbent earth, mixed with ashes of bone or wood. (Dwlght) 2. (Sp.) Ashes or cinders at the bottom of- a furnace, and valuable for use in other smelting operations. (Raymond) 3, (Chile)' The crucible of a cop- per smelting furnace. (Halse) Cendradilla (Mex.). A small reverba- tory furnace for smelting rich silver ores in a rough way. Also called Oaleme. (C. and M. 1^ P.) Cenicero (Sp.). Asbpit; ash hole. (Halse) CeSido (Mex.). Narrowed. (Dwlght) Cenizas (Sp.). Ash; c.iider; Q, de hueso, bone ash. (Halse) GLOSSARY or MINING AJSTD MINERAL. INDUSTRY. 143 Cenozoic. The latest of the five eras Into which geologic time, as re- ■^ corded by the stratified rocks of the earth's crust, Is divided; it extends from the close of the Mesozolc era to and Including the present. Also the whole group of stratified rocks deposited during the Cenozoic era. The Cenozoic era Includes the periods called Tertiary and Quatern- ary in the nomenclature of the tr. S. Geological Survey ; some Euro- pean authorities divide it, on a dif- ferent basis. Into the Paleogene and Neogene periods, and still others ex- tend the Tertiary period to include the whole. (La Forge) Center country, (Aust). The rock be- tween the limbs of a saddle- reef. (Power). Center out. The bore holes, drilled to include a wedge-shaped piece of rock, and which are fired first in a heading, tunnel, drift, or other working place. -(Du Pont), See also Center shot. Centering; Centreing. A substructure, usually of timber or planks, on which a masonry arch or vault is built, and on which it rests until complete and therefore self support- ing. (Webster) Center of gravity. That point In a body or system of bodies through which the resultant attraction of gravity acts when the body or sys- tem of bodies Is in any position ; that point from which the body can be suspended or i)oised in equilibrium In any position. (Webster) Center of mass. A point in a body, or system of bodies, such that the sum of the moments of the component particles about any plane through the point equals zero. (Webster) Center of- symmetry. In crystallog- raphy, in general, the point In.whlch the axes or planes of symmetry In- tersect ; in the normal group of the tricllnic system, which has neither planes nor axes of symmetry, the point with respect to which equiva- lent opposite faces are symmentrical. (La Forge) Center shot. A shot In the center of of the face of a room or entry (Steel). Also called Center cut. Centigrade. Consisting of a hundred divisions. The centigrade thermom- eter has zero, 0", as the freezing point of water and 100° as the boil- ing point. To convert centigrade thermometer readings to Fahrenheit readings multiply the former by 1.8 and add 32°. (Goesel) Centigram. A weight equal to one hundredth part of a gram, or 0.15432 of a grain. See also Gram. (Web- ■ ster) Centner (Ger.). A commercial hun- dred weight in several continental countries, now generally fixed at 50 kg. or 110.23 lbs. (Webster) Centric. In geology, having the mate- rial more or less arranged either radially or concentrically around centers, a crystal often forming the center: said of rock texture. (Standard) Centrifugal force. A force directed outward when any body is . con- strained to move in a curved path; fiying away from the center. (Web- ster) Centrifugal pump. A form of pump which displaces fluid by whirling it around and outwardly by vanes ro- tating rapidly in a closed case. (Webster) Centripetal pump. A pump with a rotating mechanism that gathers a fluid at or near the circumference of radial tubes and discharges It at the axis. (Standard) Centre (Mex.). Center. (Dvight) Centroclinal. In geology, an uplift of strata which gives'them a partial quaquaversal dip. (Standard) Centrosphere. In geology, the central portion of the terrestrial globe. (Standard) Centrosymmetrical. In mineralogy, having symmetry around a center, but without plane or axis of sym- metry. (Standard) Cepillo (Hex.). A brush; C. cMoo, a shaper; O. gfande, a planer. (Dwlght) Cepo (Mex.). 1. A notch In. whicli timber is fixed. (Dwlght) 2. The cylindrical post In the bot- tom of an arrastre upon which the vertical post revolves. (Halse) Ceramic. Of or pertaining to pottery (including porcelain and terra- cotta) or its manufacture, fictile art, or ceramics in general. (Stand- ard) Ceramics, 1. That department of plastic art which includes the pro- duction of all objects formed by molding, modeling, and baking clay, such as terra-cotta, and pottery in general; fictile art. 2. The objects ; so mada (Standard) 144 GLOSSARY QF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Ceramist. A person devoted to the ceramic art, whether as a manu- facturer, a designer and decorator, or as a student or connoisseur. (Century) Ceramites. A term used by M. B. Wadsworth to Include all fictile ceramic minerals. (Power) Cerargyrlte; Horn silver. Silver chloride, AgOl. Contains 75 per cent silver. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Ceratophyre. See Keratophyre. Cerca (Chile). Bed j--.ck. Sometimes spelled Circa. (Halse) Cereslne. A trade name for refined ozocerite. (Mltzakis) Cerlte. A hydrous silicate of C3rium and allied metals occurring generally In brown masses. Hardness, 5.5; specific gravity, 4.86. See also Al- lanite. (Dana) Cerium. A rare metallic element re- sembling iron in color and luster, but is soft, malleable and ductile. Symbol, Ce ; atomic weight, 140.25. Specific gravity, 6.7. (Webster) Cerium metals. A group of related rare earth metals including cerium, lanthanum, praseodymium, and nee- dy mium. (Webster) Cermak-Spirek furnace. An automatic reverberatory furnace jof rectangular form divided into two sections by a longitudinal wall. Used for roast- ing zinc and quicksilver ores. (In- galls, p. 125) Cernidero (Colom.) The place where the screening and washing operation takes place in placer mines. (Halse) Cernldor. 1. (Hex.). Moving screen ; trommel. (D wight) 2. (Colom.). A buddler. (Halse) Cernidos (Peru). Small ore remain- ing on a i to i in. screen. (Pfordte) Cernlr (Sp.) To screen or separate. (Lucas) Ceroid, Waxlike. (Hitchcock) Cerraoho. (Peru). Mercury that col- lects on the top of the furnace charge. (Halse) Cerraz6n (Colom.). A portion of a placer deposit abounding in large stones. (Halse) Cerro. 1. (Sp.). A hill or mountain. (Raymond) 2, (Goltom.). ilfino de cerro, a placer mine near mountain tops or on high table-lands where water is scarce. (Halse) Certain rent. Same as Dead rent. Ceruleum. A blue pigment, consisting^ of protoxide of cobalt, mixed with stannic acid and sulphate of cal- cium. Ceruse. A name sometimes applied to white lead. (Ure) Ceruslta (Mex.). Cerusslte (Dwight) Cerusslte. Lead carbonate, PbCOj. Contains 77.5 per cent lead. ( Dana ) Cervantite. An orthorhomblc anti- mony oxide, Sb204. Infusible before the blowpipe. (U. S. Geoi: Sury.) Oeslo (Mex.). Caesium. (Dwight) Cesta. (Sp.). A basket ; C. de i;tinero a miner's bask^. (Halse) Ceylonite; Ceylanlte. A dark variety of spinel in wh'ich iron is present. From Ceylon. (Dana) Chabazlte. A hydrous silicate, essen- tially of calcium and aluminum. (Dana) Chacra. 1. (Bol.^ au inheritance of gold (Lock) 2. (Peru). A small tract of land owned by an Indian miner. 3. An Indian village. (Halse) Chacuaco (Mex.) A cupel furnace with absorbent hearth. (Dwight) Chacurruscar (Peru). To mix several kinds of ore. (Dwight) Chad (Eng.). Gravel; small stones which form the bed Qf a rivet. (Century) Chadaeryst. An Inclosed crystal; the smaller crystal of a poikilitic fabric. See also Oikocryst. (Iddlngs, p. 202). Chadger (Derb.). Anything made fast to a hoisting rope by a noose, as a largQ rock or piece of ore that can- not be placed in a bucket. (Hooson) Chafery. A forge fire for reheating. (From the Fr. Chaufferie.) (Ray- mond ) Chaffee work. A local term used In Colorado for annual labor on a min- ing claim. (Duryee) Chafl&n (Mex.). An inclined winze; bevel. (Dwight) Chain. 1. A unit of measurement used in surveying principally and equal to 66 feet. Called Guuter's chain. Usually divided into 100 links, each link being 7.92 in. long. 2. 'A series of links or rings, usually ot metal, connected or fitted Into one another. 3. A mechanical combination con- GLOSSARY OP MINnSTG AITD MINERAL INDTTSTRY. 145 ststlng of two or more links. 4.- A circuit as of a galvanic battery. 5. I^ chemistry, a number of atoms united serially. (Webster) 6. (or saw) The portion of the ma- chine that does the cutting in the work of undercutting coal at th« face of an entry. (Morris v. O'Gara Coal Co., 181 Illinois App., p. 312) Chain-breast^ machine. A coal-cutting machine, so constructed that a se- ries of cutting points attached to a circulating chain work their way for a certain distance under a seam ; when the limit is reached, the ma- chine is withdrawn and shifted to one side, where another cut is put in. (Power) Chain-brow way. An underground In- clined plane worked by an endless chain. (Gresley) Chain gpratc;. A feeding device for fur- naces. Chainman. 1. Either of the two men necessary to use a chain or tape in surveying. (Webster) 2. See Chain runner. Chain pillar. A pillar left to protect the gangway and airway, and ex- tending parallel to these passages. (Chance) Chain road. An underground haulage way operated by an endless chain system. (Oresley) / Chain runner; Chain boy; Chain man ( Scot. ) . : A person in charge of, and who accompanies, cars, trips, or trains in mechanical haulage. ' (Bar- rowman) Chain toags. A pipe-fitter's tool; a lever with a serrated end provided with a chain to embrace the pipe. (Nat. Tube Co.) Chainwall (Scott). 1. A system of working by means of wide rooms and long narrow pillars, sometimes called Room and ranee. 2. A long narrow strip of mineral left un- worked, e. g., along the low side of a level. (Barrowman) Chairs. Movable supports for the cage arranged to hold it at the landing when desired. Also called Catches, Dogs, Keeps. (Steel) Chalcanthite. A hydrous copper sul- phate, CuSO4+5a,0. Blue vitriol. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Chalcedony. A transparent or more generally translucent cryptocrystal- llne quartz. It often lines or fills cavities In rocks. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) 744010 O— 4T 10 Cfaalchlhultl (Mex.). Any green pre- cious stone (Dwlght). According to G. F. Kunz, the precious chalchihuitl is Jadeite. Also spelled chalcMgiiite and chaMmhwiiet. Chalqhnite. A blulsh-greeu lurquolse found In New Mexico, and, according to W. P. Blake, the same as Chal- chihuitl. (Dana) Chalcites. 1. A term used by M. E. Wadsworth to Include lime, mortar, cement, etc., used as building ma- terials. (Powe- ) 2. A decomposition product of either iron or copper pyrites, hence de- scribed as iron sulphate (green vit- riol), copper sulphate (blue vitriol), or Iron oxide (colcother). (Stand- ard) Chalcocite. A copper sulphide, GuiS. Contains 79.8 per cent copper. Cop- per glance. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) The mineral is the characteristic and most important product of the down- ward enrichment of copper ores and the chijBf source of copper in the Ray and Miami (Ariz.) districts. (Ran- some) Chalcodite. A scaly mica-like bronze colored variety of stilpnomelane. (Dana) Chalcomenite. A hydrous cuprlc sele- nlte, CuSeO,-f-2HjO. Occurs in small blue monocllnic crystals. (Dana) Chalcomorphite. A vitreous hydrous calcium-aluminum silicate. (Stand- ard) Chalcophanite; Hydrofranklinite. A hydrous manganese-zinc oxide (Mn,- Zn)0.2MnOj.2H,0. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Chalcophyllite. A highly basic arse- nate of copper, 7CuO.AsjOb.14HjO, of various shades of green, occurring In tabular crystals or foliated masses. (Dana) Ghalcopirita (Mex.). Chalcopyrite. (Dwlght) Chalcopyrite. A sulphide of copper and iron, CuFeSi. Contains 34.5 per. cent copper. Copper pyrites, yellow ' copper ore. (T7. S. Geol. Surv.) Chalcopyrrhotlte. A brownish, brass- yellow iron-copper sulphide, FciCuSi. (Standard) Chalooslderite. A light siskin -green hydrous Copper-iron, phosphate, CuO.3F&O..2Pj0iSH2O. Occurs In sheaf-like crystalline groups as in crustatlons. (Dana) 146 QLOSSABY OF MINIlirG AND MINEEAL IITOUSTRY. Chalcosina (Mex.). SulpUde of cop- per; chalcocite. (Dwlght) ChalcostlMte. A lead-^ray copper-an- timony sulphide, GuiS-SbiSi. Galled also Wolfsbergite. (Dana) ChalcotrlcUte. A variety of cuprite in wliicli tbe crystals are slender and hair-like. (Ransome) Chalder (Scot). A measure of weight The Perth chalder was 5 tons, the River Forth chalder 80 cwts;, the Hurlet chalder 2 tons (Barrowman). Chalder wagoa (No. of Eng.). See Chaldron. " Chaldron. Thirty -six bushels. In Newcastle 53 hundredweight avoir- dupois. Chaldron wagons, contain- ing this quantity, copvey the coal from the mine to the place of ship- ment (Raymond) Chalk. 1. A fine-grained, soft, white, friable variety of limestone com- posed of the shells of various ma- rine animals. (La Forge) 2. To mark with chalk. (Webster) Chalking deal (Eng.). A flat board upon which is kept an account of the work done by i^e miners in a certain district (G. X3. Greenwell). A bulletin board. Chalking on (No. of Eng.). Keeping an account of the number of tubs (cars) sent out of a stall or room. (Gresley) Chalnpa (Mex.). A hoist; a skip, (Halse) Chalybeate. Impregrnated with salts of iron. (Webster) Chalybite. See Siderite. Chamba (Colom.). A pit or trench, (Halse) Chamber. 1. gee Breast ; Room ; Stall. 2. See Springing. S. A body of ore with definite boundaries apparently filling a preexisting cavern. 4. A powder room In mine. (Webster) Chamber and pillar (Fenn.). See Breast and pillar. Chamber-and-plUar system, See Sub- level stoplng. Chamber deposit A cave filled with mineral (Power). See alto Cham- ber, 3. Chamber dust See Fluedust Chambered lode. So called when a portion of the wall of a lode is fis- sured and filled with ore (Power). See alto Chamber, 8. Chambered vein. A mineral vein fill- ing large areas of space In ruptured rocks. (Standard). A synonym for Stockwork and applied to mercuYy deposits at New Almaden (Ore Dep., p. 425). See also Chambered lode. Chambering. See Springing. Chamber kiln. A brick or tile kiln having chambers or compartments, sometimes so arranged that they can be heated successively. (Century) Chambni^o ((3olom.). A dyke or dam for retaining water at placer mines. (Halse) Chamfer. 1. A sma}l groove or fur- row. St. To cut at an angle or bevel. (Webster) Chamois. A soft, pliant leather pre- pared original^ from the skin of the chamois, but now also from the skin of a goat or sheep (Webster). Used for separating excess mercury from gold amalgam. Chamosite; Chamoisite. A compact or oSlitic greenish-gray to bltck hy- drous aluminum silicate. Contains Iron (FeO) with but little MgO. (Dana) Chamotte. 1. (Fr.). Burned clay used by zinc smelters. (Ingalls, p. 228) 2. The refractory portion of a mix- ture used in the manufacture of fire- brick, composed of calcined day or of reground bricks. (Standard) Champa (Peru). Turf. (Halse) Champion lode. The main vein as dis- tinguished from branches (Ray- mond). The term Is of Ornish ori- gin, and is little used in the United States. Also called Mother lode; Master lode. (Century) Champlaln forge; American forge. A forge for the direct producUon of wrought iron, generally used In the United States Instead of the Catalan forge, from which it differs In using only finely-crushed ore and In work- ing continuously. (Raymond) Chamnscar (Peru). A superficial roasting or calcination, to facilitate the grinding of ore. (Dwlght) Chanca (Peru and Chile). Ore sorting and spalllng. (Halse) Chaneadora (Sp.). Ore breaker. (Lucas) Chancados (Peru). Ores aitalled to a uniform size. (Pfordte) QLOSSABY 07 MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTBY. 147 Ohanoadua (Chile). OruBhlng with a rock breaker. (Halse) Ohanoar (Peru and Chile). To cob ores. (Halse) Chaaee. 1. In coal mining: The op- portunity a shot has to break the coal. S. The opportunity to put In a shot in a good position. (Steel) Chanoe-Claui proceia. An industrial process for recovering sulphur from waste containing sulphldies. It com- prises two steps: (a) Treatment of sulphide with carbon dioxide, form- ing HiS, and (b) oxidation of H]S to water and sulphur by air In the presence of a catalytic, as ferric oxide. (Webster) Chance measure (Bug.). Any seam or bed of coil or other rock occupying an unusual or foreign position in the strata. (Gresley) Change day. The day when a gang of miners Is transferred from day shift to night shift, or the reverse. (Weed) Change honie. A special building at mines or other works whtee laborers may wash, or change their clothes. Also called Dry house, 0|ianglng house, Moorhouse. Changer and grather (No. of TS^g.). A man whose duty it is to keep tiie pump buckets and clacks in working order about a colliery. (Oresley) Changrlng hronze. The process of changing tuyeres, plates, monkey, etc., at blast furnaces. (WlUcox) Changing house (Com.). Bee Change house. ChaSgknl (Sumatra). A miner's ham- mer. (Ijock) ChanneL 1. The deeper part of a river, harbor or strait where the current flows. 2. A closed course or conduit through which anything flows, as a tube, or duct; a gutter or trough. 3. Gravel — ^from being the material of which the river bed Is composed. 4. In metallurgy, a sow or runner. 6. A cut along the, line where rock or stone Is to be split (Webster). Channel bed (Scot). A bed of gravel. (Barrowman) Channeler. A machine for cutting stone In rock excavation where smooth sides are desired (Gillette, p. 661). A channellDg machine. Channeliag maohlae. Bee Channeler. Chanos (Chile). Pieces of metallic Iron or copper, reduced in blast fur- naces, and which solldfy in the fore- hearth. (Halse) Chanqnlxes (Pern). Ore sorters. (Halse) Chap. 1. (Scot). A customary and rough mode of judging, by sound, of the thickness of coal between two working places, by knocking with a. hammer on the solid coal. 2. To examine the face of the coal, et&r for the sake of safety, by knocking on it lightly. (Oredey) 3. A blow, rap, or knock. (Weib- ster) Chapa (Mex.). 1. A metal plate. 2. A lock. 3. Foliated structure. (Dwlght) Chapapate (Cuba). A kind of asphalt or bitumen. Also called Mexican asphalt (Century) Chapapote (Mex.). Mineral pitch; asphaltum. (Halse) Chaparral (Sp.). A thicket of dwarf evergreen oaks; any dense impene- trable . thicket composed of stifF, thorny shrubs, or dwarf trees. Characteristic of Mexico and South- western United States. (Webster) Chapean de fer. A -French term for an oxidized Iron outcrop; gossan or iron hat (Weed) Chapelet 1. A machine for raising water, or for dredging, by buckets on an endless chain passing between two rotating Sprocket wheels. 2. A chain pump having buttons or disks at intervals' along its chain ; pater- noster pump. 3. A device for hold- ing the end of heavy work, as a cannon, in a turning lathe. (Stand- ard) Chapeo (Port.). Gossan. See oUo Colorados. (Halse) Chapman shield. A pair of vertical plates of sheet Iron or steel arranged with a ladle between them, which can be moved longitudinally along the front of the furnace. Its main purpose is to protect the laborer from the furnace heat (Ingalls, p. 494)' Chaqneta (Mex.). A furnace Jacket. (Dwlght) Chaqnlres (Peru). Ore carrlem In mines. (Dwlght) 148 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Cliar. 1. To reduce to charcoal or carbon by exposure to heat. (Web- star) 8. (Corn.). To work by the day. (Crofutt). See (ilso Chare. 8. (Scot.). Coke; more usually, calcined Ironstone. (Barrowman) Charbon roux (Fr.) Brown charcoal, produced by an incomplete carbon- ization of wood. (Raymond) . Charco (Mex.). A pool of water. (Dwlght) Charcoal. 1. Amorphous carbon pre- pared from vegetal or animal sub- stances ; coal made by charring wood in a kiln or retort from which air is excluded. 2. To asphyxiate with charcoal fumes. (Webster) Charcoal furnace, or oven. A furnace in which charcoal is made by the dry distillation of wood or other sub- stance. (Webster) Charcoal iron. Iron made in a furnace In which charcoal is used as a fuel. (Webster) Charcoal pit. A charcoal furnace in the form of a pit, usually conical In shape. It is made by piling up wood and covering it with earth' and sod. (Century) Charcoal plate. Charcoal iron coated with tin (Standard). The best grade of tin plate. See also Tin plate. Charc6B (Colom.). A large pond or tank of water. (Halse) Chare; Char. To work by the day without being hired reguLarly ; to do odd jobs or chores. (Webster) Charge.' 1. The explosive loaded into a bore hole -for blasting; also any unit of an explosive, as a charge of nitroglycerin or a charge of deto- nating composition in the blasting cap. (Du Pont) 2. To put the explosive into the hole, to arrange the fuse, or squib, and to tamp it (Steel) 8. The materials Introduced at one time or one round into a furnace. (Raymond) Chargeman (Mid.). A man specially appointed by the manager to fire shots and to look after the men who drill the holes. (Gresley.) A shot- flrer. Charger (Corn.). An augerlike Im- plement for charging horizontal bore holes for blasting. (Raymond) Chargeur (Belg.). A woman or girl who loads coal Into cars In the mine. (Gresley) Charging. 1. The loading of a bore hole with explosives. (Du Pont) 2. The feedlng'of a blast furnace. Charging box. A box In which ore, scrap, pig-iron, fluxes, etc., are con- veyed to the furnace by means of a charging machine. (Century) Charging machine. A paachine for de- livering coal, ore, or metals to a fur- nace, gas retort, or coke-oven. (Cen- tury) Charging scale. A scale for weighing tlie various materials used- in a blast furnace. (Century) Chark. 1. To burn to charcoal; to char; to coke, as coal. 2. As a noun, charcoal, coke, cinder. (Web- ster) Charnocklte. A name given by T; H. Holland to an ancient series of hy- persthenic gneisses In India and only Intended for local use. (Kemp) Char-oven. A furnace' for charring turf. (Century) Charque (Bol.). Native copper In large wa'vy plates. (Halse) Charqueador (Mex.). 1. The striker in two-handed drilling. 2. The helper who, under the old system, sorted the material from ground worked down by the miner. See also Achicador. (Dwlght) Charquear (Mex.). To dip out water from pools -within a mine, throwing It into gutters or pipes which will conduct it to the shaft. See also Achlcar. (Dwlght) Charqueo (Sp.). Filling the baskets by hand. ' (Min. Jour.) Charring. The expulsion by heat of the volatile constituents of wood, etc., leaving more or less pure ■vege- tal carbon. (Raymond) Charter (Mid.). The tonnage price I)aid to contract miners. (Ciresley) Charter master (Staff.). A contractor who engages- to work a seam, or sometimes a small colliery, at a ton- nage price for the owner, or owners, the charter master finding and pay- ing -the underground labor (Red- mayne). See also Butty, 2. Chase; Chess the ropes (Eng.). To run the cages up and down the shaft after the winding engine has bieen standing for some time, to see that all is right before men are allowed to get Into the cage. (G. 0. Green- well) OlASSAST OF UTSmSlQ AKD IflNERAL. INDUSTRY. 149 Chaier. An edge wheel revolving In a trongh to crush asbestos mineral wlHiout destroying the fiber (Web- ster). Also called Edge runner, and U9pd In the pottery industry, and for fine crushing of ore. CliashB (Rnss.). A disintegrator for gold-bearing gravelly clays; similar to an arrastre except that It disin- tegrates instea^d of crushes. Chasing.. 1. Following a vein by Its range or direction (Duryee). 2. Act or art of ornamenting metals by means of chasing tools. 3. The process of finishing up the surface of castings by polishing and remov- ing small imperfections. (Webster) Obaslng the vein (Derb.). Following the vein along the surface by means ■ of cast holes or prospect pits. (Hoo- Bonl Chaim. 1. A yawning hollow or rent, as In the earth's surface; any wide and deep gap; a (ijeft; flssnre. (Standard) Chat6n ick. (Ray- mond) S. (Eng.). Projecting masses of coal. (Gtesley) Cheese box. A name given to a cylin- drical still, used in the distillation of kerosene in the United States. (Mitzakls) Cheese clack (Scot.). A temporary clack (valve) Inserted between two pipes. (Barrowman) . Cheeses (Derb.). Clay Ironstone in cheese-shaped nodules. (Gresley) Cheese weights (Aust). The circular cheese-shaped weights used to keep guide ropes taut. (Power) Cheestone (Derb.). A stone that by reason of a joint breaks further Into the wall than usual. (Hooson) Chemawlnlte. A resin related to succi- nite, occurring on a beach on Cedar LakOf near the mouth of the North Saskatchewan; it has a specific gravity of 1.055, Its color varies from pale yellow to dark brown, and it Is soluble to the extent of 21 per cent in absolute alcohol. (Bacon) Chemical mineralogy. The Investiga- tion of the chemical composition of minerals, their method of formation, and the changes they undergo when acted upon chemically. ((>ntury) Chemical legeneratton. A system of regenerative gaa firing Invented by 'Frledrich Siemens. (IngaUa, p. 364) Chemist. A person versed in chemis- try ; one whose business is to make chemical examinations or investiga- tions, or who is engaged In the op- erations of applied chemistry. (Cen- tury) Chemistry. The science that treats of the composition of substances and of the transformations which they undergo. There are two main groups. (a) Organic chemistry, which treats of the hydrocarbons and their derivatives, and (b) In- organic chemistry treats of aU other compounds, and of the elements. (Webster). See ' numerous text- books and dictionaries which have been published on this subject for details and definitions of chemical terms. Chemist's coal (Scot). An ancient ' term given to a particular kind of hard splint coal. (Gresley) Chemites. A word employed by M. E. WadsWorth to embrace all mineral chemical materials. (Power) ' Chenevlzite. A massive to compact dark -green to greenlslh-yellow hydrous arsenate, perhaps Cur (FeO).As,0.-l-aH.O. (Dana) Chenhall furnace. A gas-fired furnace for the distillation of zinc from zinc-lead ores. . (Ingalls, p. 395) Chenot process. The process of mak- ' Ing Iron sponge from ore mixed with coal dust and heated In vertical cylindrical retorts. (Raymond) Cherkers (Forest of. Dean). See Oat- head, 3. Cherry coal. A soft noncaklng coal which bu^ns readily. (Webster). A deep black, dull, or lustrous bitu- minous coal, with a somewhat conchoidal fracture, readily break- ing up iQto cuboldal fragments. It Ignites easily with a yellowish flame, making a hot, quick flee, and re- tains its shape antU thoroughly con- sumed. Its specific gravity is much less than anthracite, about 1.30. (Chance) Chert. A compact, siliceous rock formed of chalcedonlc or opaline silica, one or both, and of organic or precipitated orl^n. Chert occurs distributed through limestone, afr fording cherty limestones. V\£nt is GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDTISTBT. 151 a variety of <;hert. Chert is espe- cially common in the Oarbonlferous rocks of southwest Missouri (Kemp). __iSee also Hornstone. Cheny copper. Same as Chessylite; azurlte. (Century) Chessylite. A synonym for Azurlte. (A, F. Rogers) Chest. 1. A tight receptacle or box for holding gas, liquids, steam, as steam chest of an engine. (Webster) 2. (Scot). A tank or barrel in which water Is drawn from the sump. (Gresley) Chesting (Scot.). Drawing water by means of a chest .(Barrowman). Bee also Chest, 2. Chestnut coal. 1. In anthracite qnly — Coal small enough to pass through a square mesh of one Inch to one and one-eighth inch, but too large to pass through a mesh of five-eighths or one-half an inch. Known as No. 5 coal. (Chance) 2. (Ark.). Coal that passes through a 2-in. round hole and over a 1-in. round hole. ( Steel > Chews; Chows (Scot.). Coal loaded with a screening shovel; middling- sized pieces of coal. (Barrowman) Chiastollte; Uaole. A variety of anda- liisite, aluminum silicate, AliCSlOj, In which carbonaceous impurities are arranged- In a regular manner along the longer axis of the crystal, In some varieties like the X (Greek "chi"), whence the name (U. S. Geol, Surv.) Chlcadero (Sp. Am.). A dyke, a dam (Lucas). iSfee also Chamburgo. Chicar (Colom.). To bale water out of mines (Ealse). A synonym for .Achlcar. Chicken ladder. See Muesca. Chlculte (Sp.). See Chlqulchulte. Chldder. (Aust.). Slate and pyrlte mixed. (Power) - Chifladero (Mex.). An ore hopper. Chiflarse (Mex.). To waste itself (as the force of an explbslon, through a fissure in the rock). (Dwight) «hlfl6n (Mex.). 1. A narrow drift di- rected obliquely downward. 2. Any pipe from which issues water or air under pressure* or at high velocity. 3. A strong draft of air. (Dwight) Chile. 1. (Peru) The greatest depth of a mln& (Dwight) 2. A descending gallery following the dip of a vein. ?. (Mex.) A re- fractory clay. (Halse) Chilean mill; Edge mnner. A mill having vertical rollers running in a circular enclosure with a stone or Iron base or die. There are two classes: (a) those in which the rollers gyrate around a central axis, rolling upon the die as they go (the true Chilian mill) ; (b) those in which the enclosure or pan revolves, and the rollers, placed on a fixed axis, are In turn revolved by the pan. It was formerly used as a coarse grinder, but is now used for fine grinding, (LMdell) Chile bars. Bars of impure copper, weighing about 200 lbs., imported from Chile, corresponding to th? Welsh blister copper, containing 98 per cent copper. (C. and M. M. P.) Chllenlte. A soft silver-white amor- phous silver bismuth, Ag^I (Stand- ard). Bismuth silver. Chlleno (Mex.). A Chilian mill. (Dwight) Chile saltpeter. Sodium nitrate. Chill. 1. An Iron mold or portion of a mold, serving to cool rapidly, and so to harden, the surface of molten iron which comes In contact with It. Iron which can be thus hardened to a considerable depth is chilling iron, and is specially used for cast- iron railway car- wheels requiring hardness at the rim without loss of strength in the wheel. • (Raymond) 2. The hardened part of a casting, as the tread of a car wheel. (Web- ster) 3. (Derb.) To test the roof with a tool Or bar to determine its safety. (Hooson) Chilled casting. A casting which has been chilled, either by casting in contact with something which will rapidly conduct the heat from it, as a cool iron mold, or by sudden cool- ing by exposure to air or water. (Century) Chilled dynamite. The condition of the dynamite when subjected to a low temperature not sufficient to con- geal it, but which seriously affects the strength of the dynamite. (Du Pont) Chill hardening. See Chill. Chlluca (Mex.). A variety of por- phyry. (Dwight) Chlmenea (Sp.). 1. A chimney; smokestack. 2. A hearth ; a fire- place. 3. A vertical shaft; a winze. 4. (Peru). An ascending gallery fol- lowing the inclination of the vein. (Halse) 152 GLOSSARY. OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Chlmmlng (Com.). See Tossing. Chimney. 1. An ore shoot. Compare Chute, 2 (Kaymond). 2. A steep and very narrow cleft or gully In the face of a cliff or mountain. 3. A smokestack. 4. A natural vent or opening in the earth as a volcano. (Webster) 5. (Eng.). A spout or pit In the goaf of vertical coal seams. (Gres- ley) 6. A term used in Virginia for lime- stone pinnacles bounding zinc ore deposits. Chimney rook. A chimney-shaped body of rock rising above its surround- . Ings, or partly isolated on the face of a steep slope. (Webster). iSee also Chimney, 6. Chimney shot (N. Y.). A local term applied to the effect of an over- charge of explosive in a line of drill holes, the effect being to throw the rock to some distance, forming a deep trench. (Bowles) Chimney work (Mid.). A system of working beds of clay ironstone, In patches 10 to 80 yards square, and 18 or 20 feet in thickness. The bot- tom beds are first worked out, and then the higher ones, by the miners standing upon the fallen dfibris ; and so on upward in lifts. See also Rake (Gresley). Compote Over- hand stoping. China clay. Clay derived from decom- position of feldspar and suitable for the manufacture of china ware or porcelain. See Kaolin. China metal. Porcelain. (Webster) China stone. A semi-decomposed gran- ite, which has nearly the same com- position as china clay. (TJre) Chinese pump. Like a California pump, but made entirely of wood. (C. and M. M. P.) Chlngle. 1. (Scot.). A gravel free from dirt. See also Shingle. 2. That portion of the coai'seam stowed away In the goaves to help support the mine roof. (Century) Chink. 1. A small rent, cleft or fis- sure of greater length than breadth. (Webster) 2. (Scot.). A sharp, clear, metallic sound. (Century) Chlnley coal (Eng.). Lump coal which passes over a screen; usually the best coal. (O. 0. Green well) Chlno (Sp.). Iron or copper pyrites. (Mln. Jour.) Chlolite. A snow-white fluoride of so- dium and aluminum, 5NaP.3AlFt, crystallizing in the tetragonal sys- tem and also occurring In massive gra-^ iilar form. (Dana) Chipper (Derb.). One who chips the gangue from the ore. An ore dresser. (Hooson) ChlEpyr See Rock drill. Chlqulchuite (Sp.). A wiUow basket, .without a handle, used for carrying ore, etc., out of mines. Sometimes spelled Chlculte. Chiquero (Sp.'). Cribbing or chocks used In timbering wide seams or lodes. (Halse) Chirls; Churrels (Scot). Coal which passes through a screening shovel; small coal free from dross or dirt. (Barrowman) Chlrt; Chlrtt (Derb.). See Chert. Chisel. See Bit. Chisel draft. The dressed edge of a stone, which serves as a guide in cutting the rest. (Century) Chlspa (Mex.). 1. A spark. 2. Ore containing visible gold. A nugget 3. Native silver In thin leaves. (Halse) Chlspeada (Batopllas, Mex.). Ore con- taining about 33 per cent native silver. (Dwight) Chlsplador (Peru). A gold washer In river placers. (Dwight) Chltter. 1. (Lane.) A seam of coal overlying another one at a short dis- tance. .2. (Derb.). A thin band of clay ironstone. (Gresley) Chlva (Mex.). A bar with a claw for drawing spikes ( Dwight ) Chlviar (Mex.). To hunt for broke" ore In waste. (-Dwight) Chlviatite. A foliated, massive, me- tallic, lead-gray sulphide of lead and bismuth, 2PbS.3BI,S«. (Dana) Chloanthlte. A nickel diarsenide, NiAs2. (Dana) Chloralluminite. A hydrous aluminum chloride, AlCl«-f HaO, that occurs as a volcanic product. (Standard) Ohloralum. An Impure aqueous solu- tion of aluminum chloride used as an antiseptic- (Webster) GLOSSARY OP MIIJ-IITG AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 153 Chlorapatlte. See Apatite. OhIorastroUte. Not a definite mineral but probably a mixture of zeolites. Found as small, light bluish-green pebbles," with finely radiated struc- ture, on Isle Royale, Lake Superior. Used as a gem. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Chlorate powder. A substitute for black powder in which potassium chlorate Is used In place of potas- sium nitrate. This class of explo- sive has received little attention on account of greater sensitiveness to shock and friction. (Brunswig, p. 302) Chloride. 1. A compound of chlorine with another element or radical. A salt of hydrochloric acid. (Web- ster) 8. To follow a thin vein or discon- tinuous ore deposit by Irregular workings. Intent only on extracting the profitable parts and with no re- gard for development; usually said of a lessee, sometimes of one who works another's mine without permis- sion. The term is said to have originated at Silver Reef in south- western Utah when the rich silver- chloride ores were being worked. The thin seams were folloyifid by lessees with the least possilile han- dling of barren rock, hence the miner became a cUorlder, and his operations chloridlng. The words were later extended to similar workers and their operations in other fields. 0..3SIO>.5HiO. (Dana) Chlorophane. A variety of fluorspar which exhibits a bright green phos- phorescent light when heated. (Cen- tury) Chlorophyr. A name given by A. Dumont ^ to certain porphyritlc quartz dlorltes • near Quenast, Bel- glum. Chlorospinel. A Variety of spinel, grass-green In color, due to the pres- sence of copper. Contains Iron re- placing th6 aluminum ; MgO(Al,Fe)»- Oa, Also called Magnesium' - iron spinel. ' (Dana) Chlorotlle. A green, hydrated copper arsenate, Cu.(AsO0s.6H2O, that crys- tallizes in the orthorhombic system. (Standard) 154 OLOSSABT OF MINING AND MIKERAL INDUSXEY. CliooaT (Colom.). To break up the auriferous gravels, cement rock, etc., with water, using bars and other tools. In order that the loosened material may be conducted to the gro'ind sluice. (Halse) Chock. 1. A square pillar for sup- porting the roof, constructed of prop timber laid up in alternate cross- . layers, in log-cabin style, the center being filled with waste. Commonly called Orib in Arkansas (Steel). See Cogs, also Nog. 2. A square pillar constructed of short rectangular blocks of hard- wood, for supporting the roof. . Contains 68 per cent chromic oxide. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Chromlnm. A brilliant tin-white, com- paratively rare metal, hard, brittle, and refractory. Symbol, Cr ; atomic weight, 52.0. Specific gravity, 6.8. QLOSSABT OF MINIXQ AKD MINBBAL INDUSTRY. 166 Ohromium steel. An Iron-chromium al- loy that hardens Intensely^on sudden cooling, and is used for the manufac- ture of armor-plerdng projectiles, safe-plates, and crushing machinery. It contains about 16 per cent chro- mium ; does not rust under ordinary conditions and is also called Stain- less steel. Chromometer. An instrument for de- termining the color of petroleum and other oils. (Standard) Chromowulfenite. A red variety of wulfenite, containing some chromi- um. (Chester) Chrysoberyl. A gluclnum-alumlnum oxide, GlO-AljOa, known as cat'8-«ye when It has a chatoyant luster. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Chrysooolla. A hydrous copper silicate. Contains theoretically about 36 per cent of copper. (TJ. S. Geol. Surv.) Generally green or bine-green. Chrysolite. An iron-magnesium sili- cate of a yellowish-green, sometimes brownish or reddish. A common mineral in basalt and diorite. Com- monly called Olivine. When us^ as a gem It is 'called Peridot. Chrysoprase. An apple-green chalce- dony, the color of which is due to nickel. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Chrysotile. Fibrous serpentine. Ste 'also Asbestos. (U. S. Geol. Surv., Chtia (Bol. and Chile) A testing sau- cer. (Lucas) Chuck. 1. That part of a machine drill which grips or holds the drill. (GUlete, p. 99) 2. A device for holding an object so that it can be rotated, as upon the mandrel of a lathe or for fixing it in a drill-press, planer, etc. (Standard) Chuck block; Chock block. The Wooden block or board which Is attached to the bottom of the screen so as to raise the depth of the Issue and act as a false lip to the mortar, in stamp milling. (Rlckard) Chuga (Mex.). See Peruua. Chulano (Mex.). An upper drill hole. (D wight) Chulanista (Braz.). One who drills uppers. (Bensusan) Chumacera (Mex.). A bearing for the shaft of a machine. (Dwlght) Chnmbe. 1. (Mex. and Bol.) Zlnc> blende. 8. (Colom.) A strap of col- ored wool for carrying a sachel or purse. (Halae) Chumbo. 1. (Pott.) Lead. 2. (Braz.) Pyrite. (Halse) Chump (Bng.). To drill a shot hole by hand. (Gresley) Chumpe (Peru). Bee Chumbe. Chun (Derb.). A clay or soft gouge between two hard walls. (Hooson) Chunked-up. Built up with largo lumps of coal to Increase the cai (Century) Clamp kiln. A kiln built of soda for burning lime. (Century) Clamshell. A hinged, two leaved self- loading scoop used in dredges, coal- ore-, and ash-loaders, and hoisting machinery. (Century) Clanger (Eng.). See Clauncher, 1. Clanny (Eng.). A safety lamp.ln- vented by Dr. W. R. Clanny In 1813. (Gresley) Clapete. (Mex.). A clack valva. (Dwight) Clap sill. In hydraulic .engineering, , a miter sill ; the bottom part of the frame on which lock gates shut; a lock sill (Century) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 169 CUrifying tank. A tank for clarify- ing cyanide or other solutions and frequently provided with a filtering layer of sand, cotton waste, matting, etc. (Clennell, p. 280) Clark process. A process for softening water by the addition of slaked lime, which precipitates calcium bicar- bonate by forming with it the insolu- ble normal carbonate. (Webster) Clare (Sp.). An open space on the lode, from which ore has been- taken. (Orofutt) Claroline. A mineral oil used as a solvent for natural gases. (Bacon) Clasolite. A rock composed of other rock fragments. Bee Clastic. Clasp. 1. A snugly fitting ferrule for connecting pump rods. (Gresley) 2. Any of the "various forms of catch, for holding together two ob- jects or parts of anything. (Web- ster) Classifier. 1. A machine for separat- ing ore from gangue or for cleaning coal from slack. (Webster) 2. A machine for grading the feed to concentrators so that each indi- vidual concentrator will receive its proper feed. Classifiers may he hydraulic (Richards) or surface- current box classifiers (spltzkasten). Classifiers are also used to separate sand from slime, water from sand, and water from slime. (Richards) Clastic. A descriptive term applied to rock formed from the fragments of other rocks ; fragmehtal. (Kemp) Clat. See Glaut, 1. Cianncher. 1. (Bng.)^ A tool for cleaning blast holes (Balnbridge). Also called Clanger. 2. (Derb.). A piece of stone, that has a Joint back of It, which becomes loose and falls when the heading has been driven past it. (Hooson) Clausthalite. Lead selenlde, PbSe. (Dana) Claut. 1. (Scot.).. A scraper with a long handle. (Barrowman) 2. Mud or rubbish heaped toswther. (Standard) Clavar- (Mex.). To nail; to drive a stake. (Dwight) Clavo (Mex.). 1. Nail. 2. C. bueno, or rico, a rich pocket of ore. 3. O. de metal, an ore-shoot; pay-streak. (Dwight) Clavos. 1. (Sp.) Masses of ore, and of native metals. .(Davies) 2. Iron ore; in Mexican mines, a mass of rich ore. (Standard) 3. (Sp.) Inclusions of igneous rock in a sedimentary deposit. (Halse) Clay. A natural substance or soft rock which, when finely ground and mixed with water, forms a pasty, moldable mass that preserves its shape when air dried; the particles soften and coalesce upon being highly heated and form a stony mass upon cooling. Clays dlfEer greatly mlneraloglcally and chemically and consequently in their physical prop- erties. Most of them contain many Impurities, but ordinarily th^r base is hydrous aluminum silicate. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Clay band (Wales). Argillaceous iron- stone Jn thin beds. (Gresley) Clay bank. 1. A bank of clay. 2, A dun yellowish color. (Webster) Clay course. A clay seam or gouge found at the sides of some veins. (C. and M. M. P.) Clay dam. 1. (Mid.) A stopping made of puddled and well-beaten day, from 1^ in. to 36 In. thick, and ramjued into the .roof, floor, and sides of the excavation made to re- ceive it. 2. A stopping consisting of two walls of stout planks placed 18 to 24 inches apart, and supported on the outside by upright props, the in- tervening space being filled with clay. (Gresley) Clayer (Scot). A rod for forcing clay into Joints of strata In wet shot holes (Barrowman). See also Clay Iron. Clay gall. A dry, curled "clay-shav- ing" resulting from the drying and cracking of mud which Is later em- bedded and flattened in a sand stra- tum. (Lahee, p. 86) Clay gouge. A thin seam of clay sepa- rating ore, or ore and rock. (Weed) Clay gun. See Mud gun. Clay hog (Mid.). See Wash fault. Clay hole. A cavity, in a stone, filled with clayey or sandy materiaL (Gillette, p. 6) Claying. Lining a bore hole with clay, to keep the powder dry. (Gresley) Claying bar. A rod used for making a blast hole water-tight by driving clay into its crevices, in order to protect the charge. (Oentnrv^ 160 GLOSSARY OF MINIITG AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Clay Iron. An iron rod used for ram- ming clay Into wet drill holes (Webster). See Bull, 1; also Clay- ing bar. Olay-lronstone. CUayey carbonate of Iron. A heavy compact or fine grained clayey looking stone, occur- ring In nodules and uneven beds among carbonl^rons and other rocks. It contains only 20 to 30 per cent of iron, and yet much of the Iron produced by Great Britain Is made from It (Roy. C!om.) Clay kiln. A kiln or stove for burn- ing clay. (Century) Clay marl. A whitish, smooth, chalky clay ; ^ marl in which clay predomi- nates. (Webster) Clay mill. A mill for mixing and tempering clay; a pug mill. (Cen- tury) Clay pan (Aust.). A shallow depres- sion covered with a clayey deposit which prevents the water from sink- ing quickly into the ground. (Web- ster) Clay parting. Clayey material bound between a vein and its wall. Also called Casing and Parting. (Dur- yee) , , Clay pit. A pit where clay is dug. (Century) Clay pocket. A clay-filled eitislbn cav- ity in a rock ledge. (Bowles) Clay rock. A rock made up of fine argillaceous detrltal material and chiefly that derived from the decom- position of the feldspars; indurated clay, sufficiently hardened to be in- capable of using as a clay without grinding, but not chemically altered or metamorphosed. (Century) Also called Clay stone. Clay shale. Shale composed wholly or chiefly of argillaceous material, which again becomes clay on weathering. (La Forge) Clay slate. An argillaceous rock hav- ing a slaty or fissile structure. It differs from clay shale in that it has been altered by metamorphlsm. (Century) Clay stone.. 1. (Aust.) A soft, earthy, feldspathic rock occurring in veins, and having the appearance of in- durated clay. (Power) '2. One of the concretionary masses of clay frequently found in alluvial deposits. In the form of flat rounded disks either simple or variously united so as to give rise to curious shapes. They are sometimes almost as regular as if turned in a lathe. (Century) Clay-stone porphyry. An old and somewhat indefinite name for those porphyries whose naturally fine groundmass is more or less kaolin- ized, so as to be soft and earthy, suggesting hardened clay. (Kemp) Clead (Eng.). To cover with planks. (G.C. Greenwell) Cleadlng. A lining or covering of board planks, as the lagging on a winding-engine drum. (Webster) Clean. 1. (No. of Eng.) Free from fire damp or other noxious gases. 2. A coal seam free from dirt part- ings. (Gresley) 3. To undergo or perfoi-m the proc- ess of cleaning; to clean up; to make a clean-up. (Webster) Cleaner (Scot.). A scraper for clean- ing out a shot hole. (Barrowman) Cleaner cell. A flotation cell in which the concentrates from the rougher cells are again treated for a further reduction in the amount of gangue present Cleanser; Clanser (Eng.). An iron tube or shell, with which a bore hole is cleaned. (Gresley) Cleansing (So. Staff.). Clearing and making fit for traversing old gate roads; carrying out cuttings from the mine; clearing the sumps at bottom of shafts. (Min. Jour.) Clean toe. A sufficient shattering of the material that constitutes the toe, to make its entire removal pos- sible vrtthont " excessive secondary blasting. Compare Toe, 1 and 2. (Bowles) Clean-up: 1. The operation of collect- ing all the valuable product of a given period or operation in a stamp mill, or in a hydraulic or placer' mine. (Ilaymond) 2. The valuable material resulting from a clean-up. (Webster) 3. To load out all the coal a miner has broken. 4. An opportunity to clean up. (Steel) Clean-up majn. 1. Usually a pensioner who keeps yard cleaned up, pulls weeds, and does odd jobs at blast furnaces. (Willcox) a. The man wh6 performs the oper- ation described under Clean-up, 1. QLOSSABY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDtTSTBT. 161 Oleap. A cleaving crosswise of the bedding in a coal seam; a Cleat. (Standard) Clear. See Clean, 1 and 2. Clearance. 1. The space between the piston at the end of Its stroke and the valve face, or the end of the cylinder. (Ihlseng) 2. The space between the top or side of a car and the roof or wall. Clearer. 1. (Eng.) Miners who un- dercut the coal, working at distances of say three or four yards apart along th^ face. ( Gresley ) 0. A reservoir (In salt making) into which brine is conveyed. Clear-melting. The process of keep- ing the glass in a molten condition for a time sufficient to permit the Impurities or uncombined substances to settle. (Century) Cleat. 1. The main set of joints along which coal breaks when mined. (Webster) 2. A small piece of wood nailed -to two planks to keep them together, or nailed to any structure to make a support for something else. (Steel) 8.- (Mid.) A wooden wedge four or five inches square placed between the top of a post and the underside of a bar or cap. (Gresley) 4. (Eng.) A piece (or pieces) of wood fastened to pump spears for the purpose of steadying them, and preventing them from wearing where they pass through the collaring, and to prevent the edges of the spear plates and bolts from injuring the pumps. (G. C. Greenwell) Cleavage. 1. In petrology, a tendency to cleave or split along definite, parallel, closely spaced planes, which may be highly inclined to the bed- ding planes. It is a secondary struc- ture, commonly confined to bedded rocks, is developed by pressure, and ordinarily is accompanied by at least some recrystallization of the rock. 2. In crystallography, the property possessed by many crystalline sub- stances, of being rather easily split parallel to one or more of the cry- stallographic planes pjculiar to the- substance (La Forge). Cleavage should not be applied to the fractur- ing of rocks, which is jointing. Sec Jointing. dleavage plane. The planes along which the cleavage takes place. Compare Joint plane. 744010 0—47 11 Cleave (Scot). One of two or mpre divisions of a seam, usually Iron- stone._ (Barrowman) Cleavings (Eng.). Divisions of beds of coal, in the direction of the 1am- Inse, either horizontal or Inclined. Cleaving way (Corn.). A direction parallel to the bedding planes of a rock. Compare Quartering way. (Greenwell, p. 80) Gleavlandite. A white lamallar variety of albite. (Dana) Cledge (Eng.). Clay; stiff loam; also the upper stratum of certain beds of fuller's earth. (Webster) Cleek. 1. (Scot.) To load cages at the shaft bottom or at mid-workings. 8. (Scot.) A haulage clip. (Gres- ley) Cleek coal (Scot.). Coal as it comes from the mine (Barrowman). See -also Run-of-mine. Cleeksman; Cleekie (Scot.). An early term for the person who unhooked the baskets of coal at the shaft mouth. (Barrowman) Cleet (Derb.), See Cleat, 3. Cleugh; Cleuch. A cleft or gorge In a hill; a ravine; also a cliff or the side of a ravine. (Century) Cleve. (Eng.). A steep hillside; a cliff. (Standard) Cleveite. 'A variety of urananite con- taining a large percentage of UOi, and also rich in helium. Contains about 10 per cent of the yttrium earths. (Dana) CUff. 1. (Wales) Shale which is laminated, splitting easily along the planes of deposition. See also Bind, 1 (Gresley), Also called Clift. 2. A steep slope ; a precipice. (Web- ster) 3. The strata of rocks above or be- tween coal seams. (Standard) Cliff glacier. A glacier which occupies a relatively small depression in the side of a mountain or in the escarp- ment of a plateau. (Century) Clift. 1. (Eng.) Local term for shale (Redmayne). See also Cliff, 1. 2. A cliff (Standard). See also Cliff, 2. Cliftonlte. Carbon in minute cubic crystals (Dana). A form of graph- itic carbon occurring in cubic or cubo-octahedral crystals In the mete- oric Iron of Youngdegin, West Aus- tralia. (Century) 162 GLOSSAEY OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTBY. Clinch, or Clink bolts (Eng.). Cross bolts under spear bolts to prevent the pump rods from stripping. (G. C. Greenwell) Clinker. 1. The product of the fusion of the earthy impurities (ash) of cool during Its combustion. (Ray- mond) 2. See Cinder coal, 1. 3. A partially vitrified brick or mass of bricks. 4. Vitrified or burnt mat- ter thrown up by a volcano. 5. A> scale of black oxi^e of iron formed when iron is heated to redness in open air. (Century) Clinker bar. A bar fixed across the top of an ash pit for supporting the rods used for clearing the fire bars. (Century) Clinker brick. A very hard-burned brick. (Rles) Clinkstone. iSee Phonolite. Clinoazis. The diagonal or lateral axis In t^e monoclinic system ■which makes an oblique angle with the vertical axis. (Webster) CUnochlore. A silicate of aluminum and magnesium usually containing Iron. Normally, HsMgiAUSitOi.. (Dana) Clinoclase. 1. Oblique cleavage. 2. A basic copper arsenate. See Cllno- claslte. Clinoclasite. A hydrous copper arse- nate Cu^As208.3Cu(OH),or 6CuO.- AsaOtSHiO. Color, Internally, dark verdigris-green; externally blackish blue-green, and crystallizes in the monoclinic system. (Dana) Clinometer. A simple apparatus for measuring by means of a pendulum or spirit level and circular scale, vertical angles, particularly dips. (Raymond) Ollnozoisite. An epldote without Iron,' havlQg the composition of zolsite. (Dana) Cllaton ore. A red, fosslllferous, iron ore of the Clinton formation of the United States, with lenticular grains. Called also Dyestone, Fossil, or Flaxseed ore. (Standard) eUju A device similar to a clamp but tmaller and for the same purpose (C. M. P.). See also Haulage clip. Wppet (Bng.). A hook for attaching : the bn«ket to tlw cable. Used In ;^ Shaft sinking. (Bainbrldge) Clipper-off (Aust). A boy who un- fastens the clip connecting a skip to a haulage rope, (Power) Clipper-on (Aust.). A boy who fastens skips to a haulage rope with a clip. (Power) Clip pulley (Eng.). A vftieel contain- ing clips In the groove for gripping a wire rope. (Gresley) Cllvage (Peru). Cleavage. (Dwlght) Clive (Derb.). See Cllvlss. Cliviss (Bng.). A bit of turned Iron, with a spring, for fpsteping a bucket to a rope (Bainbrldge). Also called Clive; Cllvvy. A variation of Clevis. Cllvvy (Eng.). See Cliviss. A varia- tion of Clevis. Clod; Clot. 1, Soft shale or slate. In coal mines, usually applied to a layer forming a bad roof. (Ray- mond) 2. See Kettle bottom. A " clod of dirt " of greater or less diameter ; thin at the edges and increasing Ir thickness to the middle. (Missoairi & Illinois Coal Co. v. Schwalb, 74 Illinois, App., p. 569). Clod coal (Scot.). Strong homogene- ous coal. (Barrowman) Clod tops (Forest of Dean). Clay or shale beds overlying seams of coal. (Gresley) Clog (Mid.). A short piece of timber about 3 by 6 by 24 Inches fixed be- tween 'the roof and a prop. (Gres- ley) Clog pack (York.). See Chock, 1, and Nog, 1. Clorurar ij«iex.). To chloridlz& (Dwlght) Close connected. 'Applied to dredges in which the buckets are each connect- ed to the one In front without any intermediate link. (Weatherbe) Closed basin. A district draining to some depression- or lake within Its area, from which water escapes only by evaporation. (Webster) Closed fault. See Fault Closed fold. A fold In which the limbs (sides of the arch) have been compressed until they are parallel (Farrell) Closed form. A crystal form In which all the faces having- a like position relative to the planes, or axel, of aymmetijr yield an enclosed solid. (Dana) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 163 Closed front. An arrangement of the blast furnace without a forehearth. (Raj'mond) Closed season. That portion of the year when placers cannot be worked by reason of shortage of water, due to drought or cold. Closed top. See Gup-and-cone. Close-grrained. Having fine and Closely arranged fibers, crystals, or texture. (Webster) Close-jointed. A term applied to Joints that are very near togetlier. (Dale) Close mold. A two-part flask filled by pouring throueh ingates. (Stand- ard) Close place (Scot.). A narrow drift without a separate air return. (Barrowman) Close-pollng. The placing of poles or plank dose together. See also Pol- ing, 2. Close work. 1. Driving a tdnnel or drifting between two coal seams. 2. (Scot). See Narrow work, 3. fGresley) Closing apparatus (Eng.), Sllding- doors or other medianical arrange- ment at the top of an upcast shaft for allowing the cages to pass up and down without disturbing the ventilation of the mine. (Oresley) Clot. Same as Olod. Clothing (Eng.). Brattice constructed of a coarse, specially prepared can- vas. (Gresley) Cloth oil. A name given to one of the distillates of crude petroleum (specific gravity, 0.875) which is used for oiling wood. (Mitzakis) Clotting. The sintering or semi-fusion of ores during roasting. (Raymond) Clovr (Eng.). A small depression of roof extending Into the coal. (G. O. Greenwell) Clonstonlte. A. mineral related to asphalt, occnrring in patches In blue limestone and In blue flags at Inganess, Orkney. It Is soluble in benzol and at a red heat, gives off a large amount of illuminating gas. (Bacon) Cloj. A plaitlc cement mixture: ap- plied to any clay not a natural clay. (Standard) Clncking. The Breaking of a rock by curved fractures that pass beyond the limit of the desired plane of separation. (Bowles) Clnmper (Forest of Dean). A large mass of fallen stone. (Gresley) Clunch (Staff.). An English provin- cial term for any tough coarse clay. (Power) Clutch. A coupling for connecting two working parts, as shafts, shaft and pulley, permitting either to be thrown in or out at will, as by mov- ing a lever. (Webster) Clutch room (Aust). A chamber, gen- erally underground, in which there are friction clutches that control the different haulage ropes of the vari- ous districts. (Power) Coagulation. The state of a solute In a solvent, or of a colloidal gel, re- sulting from clotting or curdling; the act of changing to a curd-like condi- tion. (Blckard) Coak. 1. Same as Ooke. 2. Same as Oalk. (Standard) ■Coal. A carbonaceous substance formed from the remains of vegeta- tion by partial decomposition (U. S. Geol. Surv.) A solid and more or less distinctly stratified carbona- ceous substance varying in color from dark-brown to black, brittle, combustible, and used, as a fuel ; not fusible without decomposition and very Insoluble. In Its itormatlon the vegetal matter appears to have first taken the form of peat, then lignite, and finally bituminous coal. The latter by the loss of its bitumen has in some places been converted Into anthracite or hard coal. Lignite gives a brown pow- der, coal a black. Lignites contain a large percentage of water add ash. Coal apple (Aust). A spheroidal form of coal occasionally found In certain seams. (Power) Coal backer (Eng.). A man who la engaged In carrying coal on his back from a ship to wagons. (Century) Coal balls (Lane). Calcareo-carbon- aceous nodules, formed by the Infil- tration of water carrying calcium carbonate from the shells of an over- lying shale, down Into the bed of woody fragments where It segre- gatea (Power) Coal barge. A barge or lighter nsed In the transportation of coal by water. (Century) 164 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Coal basin. Depressions In the older rock formations, in which coal-bear- InR strata have been deposited. (Thompson) Coal bearer (Scot). See Bearers, 1. Coal bearing (Scot.). The ancient custom of emplo.ving women to carry coal out of the mine. (Gresley) Coal bed. A bed or stratum of coal. Coal seam is more commonly used in the United States and Canada. (Century) Coal blacking. Iron founders' blacking made from powdered coal. (Web- ster) Coal box (Aust). Large bins for stor- ing coal. (Power) Coal brass. Iron pyrite in coal seams (Gresley). Commonly used in the plural. Coal breaker. 1. A building containing the machinery for breaking coal with toothed rolls, sizing It with sieves, and cleaning It for market. (Raymond) 2. A machine for breaking coal. 3. A person employed to break coal. (Standard) Coal bunker. A place for storing coal, especially in steamships for furnace use. Coal car. A freight, car designed especially for carrying coal, usually made of iron, with a drop bottom. Coal carrier. One who or that which is employed carrying coal (Cen- tury). A railroad is a coal carrier. Coal chute. A trough or spout down which coal slides from a bin or pocket to a locomotive tender, or to vessels, carts, or cars. (Century) Coal clay. See Fire clay. Coal-cutting, machine. A machine worked by compressed air or elec- tricity, for undercutting or channel- ing a bed of coal. Coal digger. See Coal miner. Coal drawing (Bng.). The operation of raising coal at a colliery. Hoist- ing. (Gresley) Coal drop. A broad, shallow inclined trough down which coal is dis- charged from a wharf into the hold of a vessel. (Century). A coal chute. Coal duns (Forest of Dean). Coal- measure shales. (Gresley). Coal dust. A finely divided coal. There is a diversity of opinion as to what the term "coal dust" means ; that is, how finely must coal be divided to be termed dust. Home writers base the distinction on the point whether It can be carried to considerable distances by air cur- rents. Coal that will pass through lOO-mesh screens (100 wires to the linear Inch) is frequently accepted as representing mine dust. For testing explosives at the Pittsburgh station coal passed through 100- mesh is taken as standard. In the foreiign galleries the practice varies between this size and coal' that passes through 200-mesh. For the consideration of coal dust as it affects mining, the writer pro- poses tentatively a definition based on the capacity of the dust to propa- gate flame in the incipient stages of an explosion, as determined at the Pittsburgh station under certain specific conditions. By this defini- tion, coal particles passing through a 20-rhesh wire sieve (20 wires to the linear inch) will be termed dust In the Pittsburgh gallery-tests, only partial flame propagation was ob- tained under the prescribed condi- tions with coal that passed through the 20-mesh and remained on a 40- mesh sieve, but the partial propaga- tion was sufficient to indicate that under slightly more severe condi- tions, namely, a larger initiating charge of black powder, the propaga- tion might be complete. (Geo. S. Rice, Bull. 20, U. S. Bur. Mines, p. 33. ) This view was strengthened by subsequent large-scale tests In the Experimental mine, operated by the U. S. Bureau of Mines, near Pittsburgh, Pa. Coaler. 1. Anything wholly or chiefly employed in transporting or supply- ing coal, as a railway from coal- mining regions ; also a person em- ployed in coaling vessels. (Web- ster) 2. See Coalers. Coalers (CoUoq., U. S.). A financial term for the stocks of the anthracite coal-carrying railroads. (Standard) Coalescent. Joined together; running together. (Emmons) Coalette. A syponym for Briquet. Coal exchange. A market for the sale of coal ; especially a place for trans- actions In coal on a large scale. (Century) OLOSSABT OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 165 Ooal fkofl. The working face of a stall or room, composed wholly of coaL (Oresley) Ooftl factor. See Factor. (Seal fanld (Scot). A storage place for coaL (Gentury]t JBoal Held. A region I9 which deposits of coal occur. Also called Coal basin when of basln-llke struietare. (Web- ■ter) Coal fitter (Eng.). A coal factor (Standard). See also Factor. ^Soal fomiatlea. A terra generally un- derstood to mean the same as the coal measures. (Da vies) 4SdaI gat. Gas made from coal by dis- tilling bituminous coal In retorts, and used for lighting- and heating. (WdMter) Oeal: getter (Eng.). One who (hits, holes, hews, or mines coal ' In the mine (Gresley). A coal i^ner. C«al hagger (No. of Eng.).' One who Is employed in cutting or hewing coal in the mine (Oresley). A coal miner. Coal heaver. One employed in moving or shoveling of coal, in loading or discharging coal ehlps, in shoveling (^al from ships' b,unkers to the fur- naces : a coal passer. (Century) Coalhengh. 1. (Scot.) A mound of refuse about old mines. (Gresley) 8. (Scot.) A place where coal is 4ug ; a coal mine. (Barrowman) Coal hewer (Eng.). A person who digs coal; a collier; a miner. .(Bar- rowman) Coal hill (Scot.). Ground occupied at a pithead or mine mouth for colliery purposes. ,(Barrowmau) Coal hole. A hole for coal as a trap OT opening In a sidewalk; a com- partment for storing coal. (Web- l|*er) : Coal hulk. A vesel kept, usually at foreign stations for supplying steam- , «rs with coal. (Century) Oeallag l. The process of supplying or taking coal for use as in coaling a steamer, etc. (Century) «. (Mid.). Engaged In mining coal. (Gresley) Coalition 1. A voluntary Joining of nenooB or parties, for the purpose of combining their resources, as In the anpport of some plan or poUcy relating to mining operations; a eombinatlon. Coal land. Laud of the public domain which contains coal beds. (U. S. Mln. Stat, pp. 724-750) Coal master (Eng.). The owner or lessee of a coalfield or colliery. (Gresley) Coal measures. Those strata Of the Carboniferous system which contain coal. Coal metals (Scot.). Strata In which coal seams occur. (Barrowman) Ceal meter (Eng.). One appointed to superintend the measuring of coaL (Century) Coal mine. Any and all parts of the property of a mining plant, on the surface or underground, which con- tributes, directly or indirectly under one management to the mining or handling of coal! (Spring Valley Coal Co. V. Greig, 226 Illinois, p. 516; Hakason v. La Salle County Carbon Coal Co., 265 Illinois p. 167.) A colliery. Bee also Mine., Coal miner. One who digs coal. (Roy. Com.) Coal oil. 1. The crude oil obtained by the destructive distillation of bi- tuminous coal. 2. That distillate ob- tained from such a crude oil which is used for illuminating purposes — kerosene. 3. Crude petroleum. (Bacon) Coal passer. One whoEo duty it is to pass coal to the furnace of a steam engine. (Century) Coal pipe (Eng.). 1. The carbonized annular coating or bark of a fossil plant. 2. A very thin seam of coal. See also Coal shed. (Gresley) Coal, pit. 1. (U. S.) A place where charcoal is made. 2. (Eng.). A place where coal is dug. A coal mine. Coal plant. A fossil plant found Id association with or contributing by Its siibstance to the formation of coal beds. Strictly speaking, any plant species, the resiaue of whose individuals has entered under nat- ural geological conditions, into the composition of coal. fiCentury) Coal pocket. A structure for the storage jf coal. (Century) Coal prints (No. of Eng.). Thin films, or patches, of coal-like matter inter- bedded with shale. (GreMey) 166 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY. Coal puncher; Pick machine. A coal cutter of the reciprocating type, used for undercutting and nicking coal; (Power) Coal rake (Derb.). A seam or bed of coal. (Gresley) Coal ree (Scot.). Same as Coal rith. Coal rith; Coal ree; Coal fauld (Scot.) A sale place for coal other than at a colliery. (Barrowman) Coal road. 1. An underground roadway or heading in coal. (G. and M. M. P.) 2. A railroad whose principal busi- ness is the haulage of coal, as from mine to industrial centers. A working face In workings. (Bar- Coal room (Scot.), stoop-and-room rowman) Coal salad (Wales). A mixture of various sorts of coal. (Gresley) Coal seam. See Goal bed. Coal seat.* Same as Fire clay. Coal shed (Bng.). A coal bed of only a few Inches in thickness, and there- fore unworkable. - (Gresley) Cbal-sheugh. See Sheugh, 2. Coal smits (York). Worthless, earthy coal. See also Goal smut. (Gres- ley) Coal smut (Eng.). An earthy coal stratum at or near the surface. The outcrop of a coal seam (Gres- ley). Also called Blossom of coal. Coal stone (Eng.). A kind of cannel coal. (Gresley) Coal tar. A tar obtained by the de- structive distillation of soft or bitu- minous coal, as in the manufacture of coal gas. It is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and other sub- stances. It is the source of many dyestufCs. (Webster) Coal-tar naphfha. The light oil pro- duced id the distillation of coal tar. (Bacon) Coal-tar pitch. The residuum from the distillation of coal tar. Most of the tar Is run to soft pitch with a melting point between 60° and 80° O. (Bacon) Coal trimmer. One who is employed to stow and trim or shift coal on board vessels, either as cargo or supply for furnaces. (Century) Coal vend. 1. (Eng.). The general sale of coal. 2. The Umited quan- tity of coal to which each colliery was restricted by a former com- bination of coal operators on the Tyne. (Century) Coal wall (Scot.). The coal face. (Barrowman) Coal warrant (Wales). A kind of fire- clay forming the floor of a coal bed. (Gresley) Coal washery. Bee Washery. Coal washing. iSiee Washing appa- ratus. Goal whlpper. A laborer or a machine that raises coal out of the hold of a ship. (Webster) Coal work. 1. (No. of Eng.). Head- ings driven in coal. (Gresley) 2. (Scot). A colliery. (Harrow- man) Coal workings. A coal mine with Its appurtenances; a colliery (Stand- ard). Goal works. Coaly rashings. Soft dark shale. In small pieces, containing much car- bonaceous matter. (C. and M. M. P.) Coarse; Coose. A name given to a vein or the material from it when it Is not rich, the mineral being only thinly disseminated through It (Power). Inferior,' faulty. Coarse Jigs. The Jigs used to handle the larger sizes and heavier grades of ore or metal. (Weed) Coarse lode. One not rich. See aim Coarse. (Skinner) Coarse metal. The regulus or copper matte obtained when smelting cop- per ore, containing 20 to 40 per cent copper. (Webster) Coarse roll. A large roll for the itre- liminary crushing of large pieces of ore, rock, or coal. Used in stage crushing. Coast and Oeodetio Survey. A bureau of the United States Government charged with the topographic and hydrographic survey of the coast and the execution of belts of pri- mary triangulation, and lines of pre- cise leveling in the interior. Coaster (Corn.), One who picks oN from the dump or abandoned mines. (Grofutt) Coave. A sled for transporting coal In mines. (Daddow) GLOSSAEY OF MINING AND MimEBAL INDTJSTBY. 167 Cob. 1. (Corn.) To break ore with hammers, so as to sort out the valu- able portion. (Whitney) 2. (Derb.) A small, solid pillar of coal left as a support for the roof. (Gresley) Cobalt. A tough, lustrous, nickel- white metal, related to and occur- ring with Iron and nickel. Symbol, Co; atomic weight, 58.97. Specific gravity, 8.6. Cobalt bloom. See Erythrite. Cobalt glance. See Gobaltite. Cobaltina (Hex.). Oobaltlte. (Dwight) Cobaltite. A sulpharsenlde of cobalt, CoAsS. Contains 35.5 per cent of cobalt. Cobalt glance. (U. S. •Geol. Surv.) Cobalt minerals. Minerals containing cobalt as hnnaeite, cobaltite"; erythrite; smaltite. Cobalt ocher. The mineral erythrite. (Standard) Cobalt pyrites. See Linnaeite. Cobalt vitriol. See Red or Rose vitriol. Cobbed ore (Eng.). Ore brokcti from veinstone by means of a small ham- mer. (HiTnt) Cobbing. 1. (Corn.) Breaking ore to sort out Its better portions. See also Spall. (Raymond) 2. Rubble, as from furnace bottoms, impregnated with copper. (Stand- ard) Cobbing board. A flat piece of wood used in cobbing. (Century) Cobbing hammer. A short double- ended hammer for breaking min- erals to sizes. (C. and M. M. P.) Cobble. 1. (Penn.) In metallurgy of iron, an imperfectly puddled ball which goes to pieces in the squeezer. (Raymond) 2. (Eng.) Small lump coal (Gres- ley). See also Cob coal. 8. See Cobblestones. Cobblestone. A smoothly, rounded stone, larger than a pebble and smaller than a bowlder. (La Forge) Cobbling (Eng.). Cleaning the haul- age road of coal which has fallen off the trams. (Gresley) Cobcoal. A large round piece of coal. (Century) Cobre (Sp.). Copper; C. abigarrado, bornlte; C. amarillo, clialcopyrite ; C azul, azurlte; C. gris, gray copper, tetrahedrlte ; C. negro, black or blis- ter-copper; O. roseta, rose-copper. Ingot-copper; O. rojo, red oxide of copper; C. verde, malachite; 0. vir- gen, native copper. (Halse) Cobrizo (Sp.). Coppery; cupreous; copper-bearing. (Ealse) Cob wall. A wall built of unburned clay, sometimes mixed with straw, or of straw, lime, and earth. (Cen- tury) Cocarde ore. See Sphere-ore. Coccolith. A minute calcareous body found in chalk and deep-sea ooze. It is supposed to be the secretion of a unicellular plant. (Webster) Cocer (Sp.). To burn lime; to roast ore. (Halse). Cocha (Peru). A settling tank (Pfordte). Also a lenticular ore de- posit. (Halse) Cochano (Venez.). A nugget. (Halse) Goche;' Cochina (Mex.). A rock- crusher ; a large anvil. (Dwight) Cochizo (Peru). Gray copper -ore (Dwight) Cockade ore. Cockscomb pyrlte; a form of marcasite. (Power) Cockermegs (Eng.). Timber props to support the coal while undercut- ting (Gresley). Also called Cockers. CTckerpole. A piece of timber placed horizontally between two inclined pieces which abut against the roof and floor. (Gresley) Cockers. See Cockermegs. Cockerspraggs. Same as Cockermegs Cockhead (Derb.). A pack to support the roof. It consists of slack or waste and is about 12 ft. in width, surmounted by a few lumps of coal. (Gresley) Cockle. 1. (Corn.) Schorl or black tourmaline. (Whitney) 2. Any mineral occurring in dark, long crystals, especially black tour- maline or schorl. (Webster) Cock metal. A soft alloy composed of two parts copper and one part lead. Used for making taps and cocks. (Century) 168 GLOSSABY OF MnWlirG AND MINBEAL INDUSTRY. Ceoksohnte (Weish). Hard siliceous beds passing into conglomerates In the Coal Measures of South Wales. (Power) Cockscomb pyrites. A variety of mar- caslte occurring In crestlike forms. (Webster) Coco (Colom.). A cocoanut vessel in which to deposit auriferous sands. (Raise) Cod (Newc). The bearing of an axle. (BJaymond) Code. 1. A unified and coordinated body of law; especially, reenact- ment, in improved and systematic form, of previously existing law, whether derived from statute, pre- scription, or judicial decisions. 2. A system of signals or of characters used to represent letters or words, or in any way to communicate in- telligence, as a cipher code, naval code, telegraphic code. See Tele- graph. 3. A system of rules and regulations generally approved and formally applied for conduct In par- ticular cases; as, the social code; the code of honor; the mining code. (Standard) Cidlgo (Sp), Code of laws; O. de minat, mining code; law of mines. (Halse) Cod piece (Aust.). A wooden fish- plate used for connecting the seg- ments of a curb In shafts. (Power) Coe (Eng.). A small cabin built over the shaft. (Hunt) Coefficient. In physics, a number com- monly used in computation as a fac- tor, expressing the amount of some change or effect under certain con- ditions as to temperature, length, time, volume, etc., as the coefficient of contraction, depression, discharge, displacement, efficiency, efflux, elas- ticity, expansion, fineness, friction, hysteresis, inertia, leakage; mobility, reduction, refraction, resistance, rigidity, safety, and velocity. (Web- Coestead (Eng.). \ A. small building. See Coe. (Bainbrldge) Coffee-pot lamp (Avfst). An ordinary coal miner's open oil lamp, similar in shape to a coffee pot. Coffer; Cofer. 1. (Derb.). To secure a shaft from leaking by ramming in clay behind the masonry or timber- ing. 2. (Corn.). See Mortar, i. 3. A rectangular plank frame, used in timbering levels. (Raymond) 4. A floating dock; a caisson. (Standard) . Cofferdam. 1. A water-tight Inclosnre, as 'of piles packed with clay, from which the wa,ter is pumped to ex- pose the bottom (of a river, etc.) and permit the laying of founda- tions, building of piers, dama, etc. (Webster) S. A double bulkhead, provided in tank steamers for the purpose of Iso- lating the oil cargo from the engine and boiler space or from holds used for other cargo, and to prevent leak- age Into the adjacent compartments. (Mltzakls) Coffering. The operation of securing the shaft of a mine from the Ingress of water by ramming cl^y In be- tween the casing and the rock. (Qentury) Cofin (Corn.). An old open-mine wojklng. In which the ore is cast up from platform to platform. (Stand- ard) Cog. 1. A rock Intrusion. 2. To con- solidate as by hammering or rolling j also to shape by rolling and re-roU- Ing, as In the manufacture of iron. (Webster) 3. See Cogs; Oliock; Nog. Cog-and-rnng gin. One of the earliest appliances for hoisting the coal and water from the mine. It was a windlass fitted with a cogwheel and pinion arrangement, and worked by a horse in much the same way as horse-gins are worked. (Gresley) Cogedor (Sp.). A collector; a sampler. (Halse) Cogger (Eng.). One who builds cogs (Gresley). See Cogs. Cogging; Coggln (So. Staff.). The propping of the roof in longwall stalls. (Gresley). See also Oogs; Nogs. Cogollos (Colom.). The superficial part of an ore deposit; C. de lot vetaa, an outcrop. (Halse) Cogs. See Nogs; only cogs are not squared, but simply notched where they cross each other. The interior of a structure of this kind and the spaces between the timber are usually filled with gob. They are called also Cobs, Corncobs, etc. (Raymond) Cohesion. That force by which mole- cules of the same kind or of the same body are held together, so that the body resists being pulled to pieces. (Rickard) . Cohetazo (Mex.). A shot with a match, squib or detonator Inserted. (Halse) QLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINBRAIi INDUSTBY. 169 Cohete (Mex,). A blasting cartridge, a rocket; applied to a blast within a mine or outside. (G. and M. M. P.) Coil drag. A tool to pick up pebbles, bits of Iron, etc., from the bottom of a drill hole. (Raymond) Coin silver (XJ. S.). The alloy of silver and copper which in the United States is accepted as the legal standard of fineness for the sliver coinage, counting 90 per cent of the former metal to 10 per cent of the latter. (Standard) Coir. Cocoanut-husk fiber (O. and M. M. P.) Used in certain metal- lurgical processes. Cok (Mex.) Coke. (Dwlght) Coke. Bituminous coal from which the volatile constituents have been driven off by heat, so that the fixed carbon and the ash are fused to- gether. Commonly artificial, but natural coke is also known. (U. S. Geol. Sntv.) Coke coal (No. of Bng.). Carbonized or partially burnt coal found on the sides of dikes (Gresley). See also Natural coke. Coke drawer. A mechanical device for drawing coke from an oven. (Ful- ton, p. 187) Coke iron. Iron made in a furnace using coke as a fuel. (Webster) Coke oven. An oven used In the manufacture of coke. See Beehive oven; also By-product oven. Web- ster) Coke-oven tar. Coal tar produced In by-product coke ovens in the manu- facture of coke from bituminous coal. (Bacon) Coke plate. Coke-smelted or puddled- Iron coated with tin (Standard). See also Tin plate. Coke scrubber. An apparatus fiUerf with coke moistened with oil, used to purify street gas, which is forced through it. (Century) Coke tower. A high tower or con- denser filled with coke, used in the manufacttire of hydrochloric acid to give a large surface for the union of a falling spray of water with the rising hydrochloric acid gas. (Cen- tury) Coke wharf (Aust.). A platform onto which coke Is pushed when dis- charged from an oven. (Power) Cokey (Joplin, Mo.). A shoveler; a mucker. Cokey herder (Joplin, Mo.). A fore- man of a shovel gang. Coking coal. The most Important of the bituminous coals, which burns with a long yellow flame, giving off more or less smoke, and creates an Intense heat when properly attended. It Is usually quite soft, and does not bear handling well. In the fire It swells, fuses, and finally runs to- gether In large masses, which are rendered more or less porous by the evolution of the contained gaseous hydrocarbons. (Chance) Coking plate. A plate at the door of a furnace which uses bituminous coal, on which fresh coal Is placed and allowed to coke before being spread on the fire. (Century) Coking stoker. A mechanical stoker or device for firing a furnace which permits the coal to coke before feed- ing It to the grate, thus burning the fuel with little or rtr- smoke. (Century) Col (Fr.). A saddle or gap across a ridge or between two peaks ; also, in a valley in which streams flow both ways from a divide, that part of the valley at the divide, especially if the valley slopes rather steeply away from the divide. (La Forge) Cola. 1. (Mex.) That part of a vein which terminates In depth; tali-end of a vtSn. 2. (Colom.) The lower end of a placer mine. The lower end of a ground sluice. 3. (Sp.) The bottom layer of slag below the charge In a smelting furnace. (Halse) Coladera (Mex.). A coarse screen. (Dwlght) Coladero. 1. (Sp.) A winze. 8. (Colom.) Any chute or pass for ore. (Halse) Colander shovel. An. open wirework shovel used for taking salt crystals from an evaporating brine. (Cen- tury) Colas (Sp.). Tailings from a stamp mill or any wet process. (C. and M. M. P.) Cold bed. A platform in a rolling mill on which cold bars are stored. (Raymond) Cold blast. Air forced Into a furnace without being previously heated (Raymond). See Gayley process. 170 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY. Cold chisel. A chisel of tempered steel, used in cutting cold metal. (Stand- ard) Cold-drawi. Drawn while cold or without the application of heat, as cold-dxawn steel tubing. (Webster) Cold furnace (No. of Eng.). A drift driven into an upcast shaft to con- vey the return air into it instead of passing It over the furnace flre. This is done to prevent the ignition of the gas in the return air. (Gres- ley) Cold nose. (Western U. S.). A mining expert who underrates the value of mineral properties. (Standard) Cold pit (Leic). A downcast shaft. Called cold because the fresh or cold air comes down it. (Gresley) Cold-roll. To roll while cold or with- out the application of heat. (Web- ster) Cold-short. Brittle when cold ; ap- plied chiefly to iron and steel (Ray- mond). Compare Hed-short. Cold-shot. 1. Small round particles of iron sometimes found in the chilled part of an iron casting. (Standard) 2. Chilled by the mold in casting, or Imperfect through such chilling. (Webster) Cold-stoking. . In glass making, the operation of lowering the tempera- ture of the oven until the glass at- tains the proper consistency for blowing. This operation follows that of clearing. (Century) Cold test. A name given to a test ap- plied to lubricating oils In order to ascertain their power of withstand- ing low temperatures without solidi- fying or depositing paraffin. (Mitza- kis) Colemanlte. A hydrous borate of cal- cium, 2CaO . SBjO. . SHaO. The com- monest source of borax in the United States. (U. S. Geol, Surv.) Colero (Mex.). A boss In charge of peones. (D wight) Colgantes (Mex.). Hangers for sus- pending sets in shafts. (Halse) fcolgar el canal6n (Sp. Am.). To pre- pare the sluice for washing; C. el mineral, to open a vein by driving levels; metal colgado, ore in sight; ore reserves. (Halse) Colina (Mex.). A small hill. (Dwight) CoUndantes (Mex.). Neighboring min- ing properties, not more than 100 meters apart. (Dwight) Collado (Sp.). A hill. (Min. Jour.) Collar. 1. See Cap. 2. The collar of a shaft is the horizontal timbering around the mouth. (Raymond) 3. (No. of Eng.) The mouth of a mine-shaft. (Gresley) 4. The mouth or opening of a bore hole. (Du Pont) 5. A flat ring surrounding anything closely. (Steel) 6. (Scot.) A frame to guide pump rods; the fastening of pipes in a shaft. (Barrowman) Collar crib (No. of Eng.). A strong polygonal wooden frame fixed in a shaft, upon which the crib or wood tubbing is bedded. (Gresley) Collared. Designating a drill hole in rock when the hole has gained suffi- cient depth to hold the drill from slipping. (Gillette, p. 120) Collaring (Eng.). Timber framing for supporting pump trees in a shaft. See also Chogs. (Gresley) Collar launder (Eng.). The pipe at the top of a lift of pumps for carry- ing water to a cistern. (Bain- bridge) Collar of shaft (Aust). The first wooden frame round tlie top of a shaft (Power). See Collar, 2 and 8. Collecting rope (Aust.). An endless rope used for bringing skips from where they are left by the main haulage system to the bottom of the shaft. (Power) Collier (Eng.). 1. Strictly speaking a man who mines coal with a pick though commonly applied to anyone who works in or about a colliery. 2. A steam or sailing vessel carry- ing a cargo of coal. (Gresley) 3. A coal merchant or dealer in coal. (Century) Collier's coal. A" tartain weight of coal allowed periodically (once in a month or six weeks) by the owners to the men employ on the works. (Gresley) Collier's lung. See Anthracosis. Collier's ton (Eng.). A weight of often several cwt. in addition to the standard ton of 2,240 lbs. In former times as much as 28 cvt. was reck- oned as one ion. (Gresley) Colliery (Eng.). 1. A place where coal is mined, including its machlnert and plant . (Gresley). See ol»o (Joal mine. 2. The coal trade. (Standard) GLOSSABY OF UnNING AKD MINBRAL IITOTISTBt. 171 CidUery balUlt (Derb). The snQerlta- tendent of the colUfery; (Mln. Jour; ) C'oIlieTy consnmptlbn. The amount of* fuel consumed in generating' steam and for other purposes In and about a. colliery. (Oresley) OoUlery waieaistga (-Blng.); Tele- graphic messages sent from signal- service stations to the principal colliery centers to warn mana^^ers of: mines when sudden falls of the barometer occur. (O. and M. M. P.) ColUmate. 1. To bring into line, as the axes of two lenses or of two telescopes; also to make parallel, as refracted or reflected rays. 2. To determine or correct the direction of the line of sight (of: a telescope) by use of a collimator, or by vertical reflection from the surface of a basin of mercury. (Standard) ColUmation axis. The straight line passing through the optical center of the object glass (of a transit) and the horizontal rotation axis perpen- dicular to the latter. (Webster) ColUmation plane. The plane described by the collimatlon axis during the revolution of a transit. (Webster) Collimator. A flxed telescope with spider-lines in its focus, used to ad- just a second telescope by looking through It in a reverse direction with the latter, so that images of the spider-lines are formed In the focus of the second telescope, as If they originated in a distant point. (Standard) Collision waves. Two waves that are propagated In opposite directions through the burned gases, and orig- inating at the point where two ex- plosion waves meet. (Mellor, Chemi- cal Statistics and Dynamics, p. 4©1. 1S09) Collodion. A solution of gun-cotton in ether and alcohol. It is deposited as a film on the evaporation of the ether, and Is used as a coating for wounds and for photographic plates. (Standard) Colloid. A state of matter supposed to represent a degree of subdivision into almost molecular dimensions, dispersed In a solvent. CbUoldal particles possess the property of carrying electric charges, and also of falling to diffuse through a mem- brane. tWs being the original dis- tinction between coUolds and crys- talloids. (Rlckard) Cirllom washer (Lake Sue.). ^ va- riety of Jig. (Raymond); Collophanlte. A dull, colorless or snow- white hydrous calcium phosphate, Ca.PiOe+H.0. (Dana) OolluTial. Consisting of alluvium In part and also containing angular fragments of the original rocks. Contrasted with Alluvial and Di- luvial. (Century). Also, talus and clift debris; material of avalanches. (Watson, p. 241) Colbgrne earth. An earthy, peaty mass of lignite, or partly fossilized wood, of a deep brown color, occui*- ring in an Irregular bed of from 30 to 50 feet thick, near Cologne. (Page) ColoUte. In geology, a substance ap- pearing to be the petrifled intestines of fishes or their contents, but more probably formed of worm casts. Frequently found in the lithographic slates of the Odlite. (Century) Colophonite. A coarse garnet of the variety andradite. So called by rea- son of its resinous luster and color. (Dana) Color (Sp.). 1. Color. The shade or tint pf the earth or rock which indi- cates ore. 2. A particle of metallic gold found in the prospector's pan after a sample- of earth or crashed rock has been "panned out.*' Pros- pectors say, e. g., "The dirt gav9 me so many colors to the panful." (Raymond) Coloradolte. A native tellurlde of mer- cury, found in Colorado. (Century) Colorados. 1. (Sp.). Ores impreg- nated with oxide of Iron, and In a state of decomposition. See alto Gossan. ( Raymond ) 2. (Mex.). The region of a. mineral vein which includes the oxidized portion. (Dwlght) 3. (Peru and Chile). Oxidized sil- ver ores colored by copper or In which malachite or azurlte predomi- nates. (Halse) Colors (Interference). In optical min- eralogy, the colors of doubly refract- ing substances as seen in polarized light. (A. F. Rogers) Colote (Mex.). A special basket used for handling earth, etc., by oarga- iorea; is slung on the back, and usually provided with a short tall- rope for quick dumping. (Dwlght) 172 GLOSSABY OF MINING ASV MINERAL INDUSTBY. CQlpa* 1- (Peru) Iron sulphate. 2. (Mex.) A natural mixture of sul- phate and peroxide of Iron (Col- cothar) In the patio process, and sometimes used In lieu of magistral. (Halse) S. (Peru) An ore containing ga- lena, tethrahedrlte and native sil- ver (Dwlght). Any mixture of ores for smelting purposes. Colpas (Chile). Lump-ore. (Dwlght) Colrake. A shovel used to stir lead ores during washing. (Raymond) Columbia group. A series of fluvlogla- clal marine and estuarial deposits of sand and gravel, overlying the Lafayette formation along the At- lantic coast of the United States south of. New York, formed In the Pleistocene during the final glacial retreat. Colnmbite. A variable columbate and ' tantalate of Iron and manganese containing preponderant columbium and grading Into tantallte. In which tantalum preponderates. '(IT. S. Geol. Surv.) Columbium. A metallic element of steel-gray color and brilliant luster. Tantalum, which it closely resem- bles chemically, is usually asso- cfated with it. Symbol, Cb; atomic weight, 93.1. Specific gravity, 7.06 to 8,4. (Webster) Column. 1. The rising main or length of pipe conveying the water from the mine to -the surface. 2. See Mo- tive column: 3. A solid core cut from a bore-hole. (Gresley) 4. A kind of ' supporting pillar. (Webster) 5, The water above the valve. In a set of pumps. (Greenwell) Columna (Mex.). A standard for a cable-tramway ; column ; vertical damper. (Dwlght) Columnar structure. 1. A mineralogl- cal structure made up of slender columns, as In some amphlbole. 2. A structure common in dikes, sills, and lava sheeti^, consisting of parallel, more or less regular, pris- matic columns, generally transverse to the rock J. (La Forge) Column pipe. The large cast-Iron (or wooden) pipe through which the water is conveyed from the mine pumps to the surface (Chance). A mounting pipe ; a rising main. Columns-of-ore. Deposits of ore In lodes having a small lateral, but considerable vertical oztent (Dur- yee). An ore-shoot Comagmatic, Having certain cbemlcal or mineral characters in common and hence regarded as derived from a common parent magma ; consangu- ineous; said of Igneous rocks in a district or region, but not necessarily including all igneous rocks of the district. (La Forge) Comagmatic region. Au area in which the Igneous rocks of the same gen- eral geologic age hav certain dis- tinguishing characters In common and are regarded as comagmatic; a petrographlc province. (La Forge) Comalillo. 1. (Mc-..). A damper in a furnace-flue. (Dwlght) 8. A double-hearthed reverberatory furnace for making magistral. (Halse) Comanche series. The Lower Cretace- ous series of limestones covering nearly all Mexico, and most of Tex- as. (Standard) Comb. The place, in a fissure which has been filled by successive deposi- tions of mineral on the walls, where the two se'ts of layers thus deposited approach most nearly or meet, clos- ■ Ing the fissure and exhibiting either a drusy central cavity, or an Inter- locking of crystals. (Raymond) Combed veins. See Banded veins; also Comb. Combination gas. Natural gas rich in oil vapors. Wet gas. Also called Casing-head gas. Combination longwall. See Longwall method. Combination of subsliclng and stoping. See Sublevel stoping. Combination shot. A blast made by dynamite and permlssibles or per- missible explosives and blasting powder in the same hole. It is bad practice and in many States Is pro- hibited by law. (Du Pont) Combination stoping. See Combined and underhand stoping. Combined carbon. That portion of the carbon in iron or steel which Is not visible as graphite, and Is supposed to be alloyed or chemically combined with the iron. (Raymond) Combined overhand and underhand stoping. This term signifies the workings of a block simultaneously from the "bottom to its top and from the top to the bottom. The modlfl- caUons are distinguished by the sup- port used — open stopes, stull-sup- ported stopea or plUar-supported GLOSSAET OP MIlSriNG AND MINBRAI, INDUSTRY, 173 stopes (Young). Also known as €!onibined stopes. Combination stop- ing. Overhand stoping and milling system, and Back and underhand stoptng mi:Ung system. Gomlilned shrinkage stoping and block MTing. Also called Overhand stop- ing with slylnkage and simultaneous caving. In this method the ore- body Is worked from the top down in successive layers of much greater thickness than in top slicing. The mass of ore Is weakened by a series of shrinkage stopes, which are ex- tended up between the ribs, pillars, or blocks, which are subsequently caved. The Intervening blocks are undercut and caved as in block cav- ing. The cover follows the caved ore. (Young) Combined side ' and longwall stoping. See Overhand stoping. Combined stopes. See Combined and underhand stoping. Oemblsed top slicing and shrinkage itopiag. In this method the orebody ill worked from the top down In suc- cessive slices. In the working of fiach slice the unit is worked as a shrinkage ste. The broken ore serves to give lateral support to the ■ides of the unit and also serves as a working platform from which the back is reached. After working a unit the cover is caved. No timber mat is used. (Young.) Also knows u the Klmberiy method. OoBUning weight. That proportional weight, referred to some standard) and for eaComing np to day. (Eng.). A common term used by miners for the word basset, or out- crop. (Gresley) 174 GLOSSABY OF MUnKG Ain> IdNSSAL IKDUSTBY. Comminute. To reduce to minute par- ticles, or to a fine powder; to pul- verize; triturate. (Webster) Common iron. Xhy poorest quality of commercial iron. (Standard) Commnnication road (Scot). An underground road between two coal mine shafts. ^Barrowman) Commutator. 1. A device for reversing the direction of an electric current, as through the prixnarjr circuit of im Induction med tim- bers nod planMng. ' Compass. 1. An iDstramait for 'de- termining dlredSons, usually ^ tbe peinMng of a magnetic needle free to turn In a borlxontal plane, as, for- exaaqde;, the ardJaaiy imrvejton compass tbongh sometimes having a clinometer attadied. Also, a dip- compass, for tracing magnetic iron ore, having a needle bung to mov« in a vertical plane. (Raymond) S. An Instrument for describing cir- cles, transferring measurements, etc. (Webster) Competent. In geology; 1. Combining supcient firmness and flexibility to transmit pressure, and by flexurct under thrust, to lift a superincum- bent load : said of strata or of rock structure. 2. Able to transport de- bris of a given size r said of water streams. (Standard) Complementary forms. In crystallog- raphy, two forms which, combing geometrically, produce a form with higher symmetry. (A. F. Rogers) Complementary rocks. A term sug- gested by W. C. BrSgger for the basic rocks, which, usually in the. form of dikes, accompany larges In- trusions of more acidic types, and "complement" them in a chemical sense. Compare Lamprophyre, OOcy- phyre, and Radial dikes. (Kemp) The diverse differentiation piq- uets of one common magma. (Stand- ard) Complex. In mineralogy, containing many ingredients ; compound or com- posite. Some geologists use the word as a noun to indicate a com- plex set of rocks folded together, or intricately mixed. Involved, compli- cated, or enlarged. (Roy. 0>m.) Complex fold. A fold which Is cross folded, that is, one of which the axial line is folded. 0, occurring renlform and massive, resembling malachite. (Dana) Conkllng magnetic separator. A con- veying, belt which i>asse8 under magnets, below which belts nm at right angles to the line of travel of the main belt. The magnetic particles are lifted up against these cross belts and are thus removix* (Liddell) Connarlte. .A hydrous nickel silicate perhaps, H C<9per barfllla (Bol.). Native copper In granular form mixed with sand. See C6ro-Cbro, oZ«o Barrilla^ Copper bath.' A solution of copper salt, as the sulphate used in electroplat- ing. (Standard) Ct^per bottoms. A metallic product of very indefinite composition, made (usually) in reverberatory furnaces by -smeltHig rich cupriferous sub- stances without sufficient sulphur to quite satisfy the copper present. (Peters, p. 227) <;opper glance. See Chalcocite. Copperization. Impregnation wltli copper, or some preparations contain- ing copper. (Century) Copper loss. Electric energy wasted in the copper conductors of a dynamo, motor or conducting system. (Web- ster) Copper minerals. Minerals containing copper, as atacamite, azurite, bornite, bournonite, brochantite, <^alcanthlte, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, chrysocolla, copper, covellite, cuprite, enarglte, malachite, melaconite, ollvenite, stannite, tetrahedrlte, and others. Copper nickel. See Niccollte. Clipper pickers (Mich.). Laborers who sort vein material in which there Is more or less native copper. (Sand.ers, p. 89) Copper plates (Aust. and Pac). The plates of amalgamated copper over which the auriferous ore is allowed to flow from the stamp battery, and upon which the gold is caught as nmalgam. (Raymond) Copper powder. A bronzing powder made by saturating nitrous acid with copper, and precipitating the latter by the addition of iron. The preciptate is then thoroughly washed. (Century) Copper pyrite. Same as Chalcopyrite. (Standard) Copper rain. Minute globules thrown up from the surface of molten copper, when it contains but little suboxide. (Raymond) C<9per slate. Slbte impregnated: wltlL copper minerals: (Dnryee)' Copper smoke.. The gases from the- ealclnatioa of sulphide copper ore (Raymond). Suli>hur dioxide la an Important constituent. Copper sulphate. See Chalcanthlte. Copper nranite. See Uranlte; Torber- nite. Copper vitriol. See Chalcanthlte. #■ Ccprolite. A. piece of petrified -dung ; a fossU excrement. Such remains are found in' many geological forma- tions. (Webster) Copt (Aust). A capsized or broken skip. (Power). Coqalmblte. A grannlar, massive, hy- drous ferric sulphate, Fe>(SO<)i-f 9HO. (Dana) Coqnina (Sp.). A coarse-grained, po- rous, ' friable variety of limestone, made up chiefly of fragment-s of shells of living; or reeentljr extinct species of mollusks and of coral, ce- mented together as rock. (Ia Forge) Coraeite. An alteration product of uraninite partly changed to gum- ' mite. (Standard) Corahnari (Peru). A green copper ore. (Halse) Coral. The solid secretion of coral polyps, composed almost wholly of calcium carbonate, which forms re^s and treelike and globular masses. (La Forge) Coral limestone. A limestope composed of coral fragments. Such a rock is much used in the Bermuda Islands. (Rles) CoralUne. Pertaining to, composed of, or having the structure of corals ; as coralline limestone. Coralloidal. Like coral, or consisting of interlaced flexuous branchings.^ (Dana) Coral mud. The sediment or mud formed by the disintegration of coral. (Century)' Coral ore. A curved, lamellar variety of liver-colored cinnabar from Idrla, Austria. (Standard) Coral rag (Eng.). The upper mem- ber of tlie Middle OOlite, so called because it consists, in part, of con- tinuous beds of corals, for the most part retaining the position in wblcb they grew, and sometimes forming masses 15 feet thick. (Page) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINKRAL INDUSTRY. 183 Coral Bone. The depth of the sea at which corals abound. (Century) Corhond. An irregular mass or "drop- per" from a lode. (Raymond) Cord. A cubic measure used especially for wood cut for fuel. It is, now legally in the United States, a pile 8 ft. long, 4 ft wide and 4 ft high, or 128 cii. ft (Webster) Cordean. A trade name for a type of detonating fuse consisting of tri- nitrotoluene inclosed In a lead tube. (Bowles) Corder (Eng.). The man who makes and repairs corves (small cars). (Bainbridge) Cordlerite. A magnesium-lron-aluml- num silicate. Sometimes used as a gem. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) A syno- nym of iolite or dlchrolte, employed as a prefix to those rocks that con- tain the mineral, as .:ordierite- gneiss. (Kemp) Cordillera. Strictly, . a continuous chain or range of mountains. Gen- erally, a whole mountain province, including all the subordinate moun- tain ranges and groups and the inte- rior plateaus and basins. Specifi- cally, (capitalized), the great moun- tainous region of western North America, lying between the Central Lowland and the Pacific Ocean, and extending from central Mexico into Ala.ska ; also called Cordilleran Province. (La Forge) Cordirie process. The refining of lead by conducting steam through it, while molten, to oxidize certain me- tallic Impurities. (Raymond) Cordite. An explosive of nitroglycerin and a dope, used chiefly as a pro- pellant (Standard) Cord of ore. About seven tons, but measured by wagon loads, and not by weight. The expression "cord" is a term used in some parts of Colorado, U. S., and applied only to low-grade ore; the smelting ore is reckoned by the ton. (Mllford) Cord6ii (Mex.). A rib or band of ore In a vein (Halse). Feeder. Core. 1. (Corn.) A miner's under- ground working-time or shift (Ray- mond). Also spelled Coor. S. A cylinder-shaped piece of rock produced by a core-drill. (Steel) 8. The central part of a rope form- ing a "cushion for the strands. In wire ropes it is sometimes made of wire, but usually it is of hemp, jute, or some like material, (a M. P.) 4. The portion of a, mold which shapes the Interior of a hollow cast- ing, or which makes a hole through a casting. (Webster) 6. A cone or V-shaped mass of rock that Is first blasted out In driving a tunnel. (Bowles) Core hit. A hollow (^lindrlcal boring bit for cutting out' a core in earth boring or rock drilling (Webster). In operation it is attached to and forms part of the core drill. (Jore box. The box In which the core, or mass of sand producing any hol- low part of a casting la made. (Century) Core drill. A diamond or other hollow drill for securing cores (C. M. P.) ; (Bowles V. Virginia Soapstone Co., 115 Virginia, p. -699). See also Diamond drill; Adamantine drlU; Shot drlU, and Calyx. Core iron. A strengthening iron grate In a core. See Core, 4 (Web- ster). A term used in foundry prac- tice. Core lifter. An Instrument used to bring up the core left by an annular bit in a boring. (Standard) Core sand. A sand suitable for mak- ing cores: composed of sand,' clay ' and horse-dung. (Standard) Core snatcher. A company man who collects and takes care of drill cores when the drilling is being done by contract. Corf bater; Corf hitter (No. of Eng.). A boy who cleans the dirt or mud oft corves. See Corf, 1. (Gresley) Corf; Corfe; Corve; Cauf (the last incorrect). 1. (Newc.) A large basket used in hoisting coal; from the Germ. Korb. 2. A wooden frame to carry coal. 3. A sled or low wagon for the same purpose. (Ray- mond) When used for bringing up the rock from a sinking shaft the corves are made without wheels, and are more like a basket. In early days corves were wicker baskets, having wooden bows or handles: they held about 4i cwt. of coal (Gresley). See Hutch, 1. Corf bow (Eng.). The handle of a corf. (Bainbridge) Coribronce (Mex. and Bol.). Chaicopy- rite. (Dwight) Corinddn; Corundo (Mex.). Corun- dum. (Dwight) 184 GLOSSABY OP MIBTING AISD MINEEAL INDTJSTBY. Corinthian prooess. See Carinthian process. Cork fossil. A variety of amphlbole or hornWende, resembling cork. It is the liglitest of all minerals. (Century) Oormano (Hex.) A loading ctiute. (Dwight) Oomainnsa(Peru). An earthen retort with a movable cover. (Dwight) Combrash (Eng.). A local name for certain beds in the 081ite forma- tion. It signifies a coarse frag- mentary rock which breaks up easily, and yields a soil useful for growing corn (Oldham). Also called Cornstone. C6mea (Peru). Horn silver. (Dwight) Comean (Eng.). An igneous rock, so called from its tough, compact, and 'horn-like texture; known also as Aphanite. (Page) Comer break. The separation of a block of stone from a solid I6dge by breaking it simultaneously along two faces meeting at a comer. (Bowles) Corner rackings (Scot.). Triangular pieces of wood inserted In the cor- ners of rectangular shafts to fix the barring. (Barrowman) Comers (Wales). Bands of clay iron- stone. (Gresley) Comet; Comett (Pr.). In assaying, a metallic bead flattened out and made into a roll for treatment with , add. (Webster) Coning (Scot.). Mealtime. (Barrow- man) Coming table. See Bilharz table. Cornish diamond. A quartz crystal from Cornwall. (Webster) Comish engine. A single-cylinder, single-acting beam engine using steam expansively and regulated by an hydraulic control (Webster). See Cornish pump. Comish mining ton. A ton of 21 hundred weight of 112 pounds each, or 2,352 avoirdupois pounds. (Web- ster) Comish pump. A pump operated by rods attached to the beam of a single-acting, condensing beam-en- gine. The steam, pressing down the piston in the vertical steam cylinder, lifts the i)ump rods, and these subse- quently descend by their own weight. (Raymond) Cornish stone. Ghlna-stone or kaolin. (Standard) Cornstone. A reddish or bluish-red concretionary limestone. Its decom- position is said to produce a good soil for the cultivation of corn, be- ing 80 different from the cold, stiff, clayey soils formed over the marls (Oldliam). Also called Combrash. Comnbianite. A name coined by Boase from the classic name for Cornwall, England, to describe a contact hornfels, consisting of an- daluslte, mica and quartz. It was proposed as a substitute for the earlier but indefinite term proteo- llte. Bonney suggests restricting cornubianite to tourmaline horn- fels. (Kemp) Comwalllte. An emerald-green, mas- sive, hydrous copper arsenate, Oui- As.O,.2Cu(OH).-)-H,0. (Dana) Coro-coro. A dressed product of copper-works In South America, con- sisting of grains of native copper mixed with pyrite, chalcopyrite, mispickel, and earthy minerals (Raymond). See Copper barrilla; also Rarrllla. Corona. 1. (Sp.) The boring bit or crown pf a diamond drill. 9. C. eortante, a cutting ring used in shaft sinking through watery strata. S. The crown wheel of a Chilean mill. 4. (Colom.). A wooden bevel wheel used In a native mill. (Halse) Coronadite. A manganate of lead and manganese. (Mn,Pb),Mn«OT. Re- sembles psllomelane in general as- pect. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Corpa (Peru). 1. An ore containing galena, gray copper and native sil- ver. S. Sulphate of Iron. (Dwight) Corporal (Mid.). A district foreman in charge of the underground haul- age ways. (Gresley), Corpuscle. iSee Electron. Corral. 1. (Mex.) A stableyard or an inclosure. (Dwight) 2. A complete set of props; crib- timbering. (Halse) Corrasion, The wearing away of the surface of the earth through the friction of solid material trans- ported by water or air. It is one form of erosion. (La Forge) Correa. 1. (Mex.) A leather strap. (Dwight) 2. Metal de correa, nearly pure cas- siterite. 3. Horizontal timbers which tie the rafters of a roof together. (Halse) GliOSSABY OF MIIflNG AND MimiBAI. IHDUSTBY. 185 Oorredero (Golom.). The bed of an ancient river ; a former channel of a ■treani. (Halse) Corrego (Port.). 1. A ravine. -/. An alluvial channel. 3. (Braz.) A stream where auriferous gravel is washed. (Halse) Correlate. To put In relation with each other; to connect as by the disclosure of a mutual relation. (Webster) Correlation. The determination of the equivalence in geologic age and strat- Igraphlc position of two formations or other stratigraphic units in sepa- rated areas; or, more broadly, the determination of the contempora- neity of events in the geologic his- tOTiysof two areas (La Forge). Fos- sils constitute the chief evidence in problems of correlation. Correo (Sp.). 1. A post man. 2. Post office. 3. Mail. (Halse) Corrldo. 1. (Sp.) The strike of a vein. (D wight) S. UetaL C, alluvial ore; Oro C, alluvial gold. (Halse) Corrlente. 1. (Peru) All the opera- tions required for extracting metal on a large scale from one class of ore. (D wight) 8. (Sp.) Current, as of a stream; O. de aire, an air current. (Halse) Corrode: To eat away by degress as by acids, caustics or other chemicals. To act corrosively; to undergo cor- rosion. (Webster) Corroded crystals. Phenocrysts that after crystallzation are more or less reabsorbed or fused again into the magma. (Kemp) Corrodlng-lead. Refined lead suffi- ciently pure for the corroding pro- cess, by which white lead is manu- factured. (Raymond) Corrois (Fr.). Clay walls built to Isolate a gob-fire. (Grcsley) Corrosion. The process of wearing away,* disintegrating or destroying by the gradual separation of small parts or particles, especially by the action of chemical agents, as an acid ( Century ) . Compare Cor rasion. Corrosive. Anything that corrodes especially a chemical agent, as an acid; anything that wears away or disintegrates. (Century) Corrosive subUmate. Mercuric chlor- ide HgCU Called alSo Bichloride Of mercury. It is a virulent poison. (Webster) Corrngated. When beds on a small scale are much wrinkled, folded or crumpled, they are said to be cor- rugated. On a larger scale they are said to he contorted. (Roy. (3om.> Corslte. A name applied by ZIrkel to the orbicular or spheroidal diorite from Corsica; synonym for Napo- leonlte. (Kemp) Cortada. 1. (Colom.) A straight cat made to connect two bends of a river in order to work the bed of the river as a placer at the intermediate bend. 2. (Chile) A cut or drift on a vein. 3. Any working driven to cut a vein; a crosscut (Halse) Cortador de lefia (Sp.). A wood chop- per (Halse). A synonym for Lefiador. Cortadores (Sp.). Woodcutters. (Min. Jour.) Ccrtafrio (Mez.). Cold chisel. (Dwlght) Cortar (Sp.). 1. To cut. 2. O.alturat, to cut a trench at the outcrop of a deposit, and then deepen it by under- hand stoplng. S. C. pilar (Mex.) To form a -rock support or pillar In a mine. (Halse) 4. C. sogas (Mex.) Literally, to- cut the ropes. To abandon a mine, taking everything useful or movable. (Dwlght) 5. C. el oro, to separate gold from the foreign matter. (Lucas) Corte (Sp.). 1. Edge of any cutting instrument. 2. Cut or opening In n mountain. 3. (Colom.) The work- ing portion of a placer, or vein at the surface; a stope. (Halse) 4. (Peru) Opening to .an ore-de- posit, either a shaft or drift. 6. (Peru) Pay-streak left clear so that ore can be knocked down with- out becoming mixed with waste. 6. C. de caja (Mex.) Balance sheet of accounts. (Dwlght) Corteza (Mex.). Crust. (Dwlght) CTortlandtlte. A special name given by G. H. Williams to a perldotite that consists chieliy of hornblende and olivine and that occurs in the so- called Cortlandt series of igneous rocks in the township of Cortlandt, Just south of Peekskill, on the Hud- son River. This rock had been pre- viously called hudsonite by E. Cohen, a name rejected by Williams because already used for a variety of pyroxeue. (Kemp) Corundollte. Wadsworth's name for rocks composed of corundum or emery. (Kemp) 186 GLOSSARY OF MINIKG AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Corandnm. 1. Aluminum oxide, AlaOi. The colored and the clear varieties form the gems, — sapphire, ruby, oriental emerald, and oriental topaz ; the granular Impure variety Is known as emery. (U. S. Gcol. Surv.) 2. The name of the mineral is some- times prefixed to the names of rocks containing It; as corundum-syenite. (Kemp) Ctrre. Se© Corf. Corrers (No. of Eng.). Carpenters who make corves (baskets). Also for- merly one who brought corves out of the mine, and kept them in repair. (Gresley) Cosalite. A sulphide of lead and bis- muth, PbiBUSi. Contains 42 per cent bismuth. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Coseoha (Chile). A clean-up at placer mines. (Halse) Cosmic. Of or pertaining to the celes- tial universe, especially to that part of It outside the solar system. (La Forge) Cosmites. A term used by M. E. Wadsworth to designate mineral decorative materials, ornamental stones, and gems. (Power) Costado (Sp.). The side of a pit, gal- lery, or' shaft (Halse) Costal (Mex.). An ore sack or bag made of the thread of the aloe. (Halse) Costalera (Mex.). Ore-sacks (collec- tively). (Dwight) Cost book (Corn.). A book used to keep accounts of mining enterprises carried ,on under the cost-book sys- tem, peculiar to Cornwall and Devon, and differing from both partnership and Incorporation. It resembles the mining partnership system of the Pacific States. (Ray- mond) Cost-boolc system (Eng.). The method of working a mine according to cer- tain regulations, by which the ad- venturers may at any time " sign off", and cease to be liable for any further expenditures in proving the mine. The plan is to insert In the "cost book" the name of each shareholder, and all expenses at- tached to the undertaking; a meet- ing of the proprietors is held every two months, at which the purser presents his accounts, and the share- holders are thus enablpd to judge of the state of the undertaking be- fore incurring any further liabili- ties. (Whitney) Costeable (Mex.). Sufficiently rich to pay expenses at least (said of ore, ground, stopes; etc.). (Dwight) Costean (Corn.). 1. To dig trenches or small pits through the surface soil or debris to the underlying rock in places for the purpose of expos- ing the outcrop of a mineral deposit and determining Its course. (Web- ster) 2. Fallen or dropped tin. From the Cornish, Cothas, dropped, and Stean, tin. (Hunt) Costean-pit (Com.). A pit sunk to bedrock in prospecting. (Stand- ard) Costearse (Mex.) To pay for itself. (Dwight) Costo; Costa; Coste (Sp.). 1. Cost or price. C. neto, net cost. 2. Ex- pense, working cost. C. del beneflcio, cost of reduction. (Halse) 8. 0. de los joumales, the labor working cost (Dwight) Costra (Chile). 1. A conglomerate of clay, gravel, and feldspar immedi- ately overlying caliche. 2. Scale, or portion of a lode or rock which breaks off in scales or flakes. (Halse) Coteau (Fr.) A hill or ridge, vrhlch may be moralnlc; also, a high plateau. (Standard) Cotense (Mex.). Miner's sash cloth, or breechclout. Coarse hempen cloth similar to burlap. (Dwight) Goto (Sp.). 1. In. surveying, a land- mark of rough stone. 2. C. minerb, a group of mines. (Halse) Cotter (Eng.). To mat together; to entangle. Frequently applied to a har^! cross-grained, tough stone or , coal, as cottered coal. (G. C. Green- well) Cotterite. A variety of quartz having a peculiar metallic pearly luster. (Standard) Cotton ball. /See Uloxitc. Cotton miner (Quebec). A n]jlner em- ployed in an asbestos mine.- Cotton rook. 1. (Missouri). A local name for a soft, fine-grained sili- ceous magnesian limestone of the Lower Silurian. (Century) Cotton stone. 1. A variety of mesollte (Power). 2. See Cotton rock. Cotunnite. A soft white to yellowish lead chloride, PbCU. Occurs in acl- cular crystals of the orthorhombic system and in se ulcrystalline masses. (Dana) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 187 Congas (Mex.). A black mineral wax or oil. (Halse) Coulch (Derb.). A piece of earth falling from tlie roof or side in soft workings. (Hooson) Coulee. 1. A solidified stream or stieet of laya extending down a volcano, often forming a ridge or spur. 2. A deep gulcli or water channel ; usually dry. (C. and M. M. P.) Coulomb. The practical unit of quan- tity in electrical measurements; namely, the quantity of elc:*ricity conveyed in one second by the cur- rent produced by an electro-motive force of one volt acting in a circuit having a resistance of one ohm. (Webster) Counter. 1. A cross -vein. 2. (Or counter - gangway.) A gangway driven obliquely upwards on a coal seam from the main gangway until it cuts off the faces of the workings, and then continues parallel with the main gangway. The oblique portion is called Run. (Raymond) 3. An apparatus for recording the number of strokes made by a pump, engine, or otlier machinery. Connterbalance ; Counterpoise. A weight used to balance another weight or the vibrating parts of machinery. (Ihlseng) Counter chute. A chute through which the coal from counter-gangway workings is lowered to the' gang- way below. (Chance) Counter coal. Coal worked from breasts or bords to the rise of a counter gangway. (Gresley) Counter gangway. A gangway driven obliquely across the workings to a higher level, or a gangway driven between two lifts and sending Its coal down to the gangway below through a chute. (Chance) Counterhead (Mid.). An underground heading driven parallel to another, and used as the return air course. (Gresley) Counterlode. A smaller vein running across the malh lode. (Skinner) Counterpoise. See Counter-balance. Countervein. A cross vein running at approximately right angles to the main ore body (Weed). See also Counterlode. Country (Corn.). The rock traversed by or adjacent to an ore deposit. See also Country rock, (Raymond) Country bank (Ark.). A small mine supplying coal for local use only. (Steel) Country rock. The general mass of adjacent rock as distinguished from that of a dike, vein or lode. (Ste- vens V. Williams, 23 Federal Cas., p. 44) Country sale (Scot.). Sale of coal at the mine; sale by cart, as dis- tinguished from disposal by rail or sea. (Barrowman) County of Durham system. A combina- tion of the panel and room-and-pillar method of mining. See also Room- and-plllar method. Coup. 1. (No. of Eng.). To exchange cavils (lots) with the consent of the foreman. (Gresley) 2. (Scot) A bank, or face of a heap where d6bris~is dumped. S. To overturn. (Barrowman) Couple. 1. A pair of equal forces, act- ing in opposite directions but not on the same potent. They can not be balanced by any single force, and their tendency is to produce motion. (Webster) 2. (Mid.). To conduct water down the sides of shafts into water curbs or garlands. (Gresley) Coupler (Eng.). A boy who couples or connects the cars of coal, ore or rock in order to form a trip or train. Coupling. 1. A threaded sleeve used to connect two pipes (Nat. Tube Co.) 2. A device for joining two rope ends without splicing. (C. M. P.) 3. (York) An attachment for Join- ing a chain to the end of a rope. (Gresley) 4. A link or chain for connecting mine cars. Coupling chains (Scot). Short chains conecting the cage with the wind- ing rope (Barrowman). See Bridle chains. Coupling tongs (Scot.)> A tool used in joining flanged pipes. (Barrow- man) Coup-oyer (Aust). Coup-up (Scot). A small chamber, into which an empty skip can be upset so as to allow a full skip to pass when there Is only a single line. (Power) Course. 1. To conduct the ven^latlon baclrward and forward through the workings, by means of properly ar- ranged stoppings and regulators. 188 QUOB&ASX or lOKIHO ASD UVSEtLAL INDUSTBT. S. (Bom.) A seam of coal. (Ores- ley) 5. The horizontal direction or strike of a lode, vein, etc. 4. Progress from point to point without change of direction. 5. A continuous layer of brick masonry, cement or con- crete. :Webster) 6. An Influx of water from one di- rection. (Standard) Conned rabble. Bubble In courses of differing breadths. (Standard) Coiine of ore. See Chute, 2; aUo Cioarse, S. Course of vein. Its strike. The hori- zontal line on which it cuts the coun- try rock. (Duryee) Counlttg. Ventilation In mines, as by doors, brattices and stoppings. (Standard) ^ Covrting the air. See Course, 1. Conning the waste. See Course, 1. Conrtsilite. A form of asphaltum allied to gllsontte. (Bacon) Consie (pronounced Cowssle) (Scot). A self-acting plane. (Barrowman) Consie wheel (Scot). The drum or pulley on a self-acting plane. (Bar- rowman) Consin Jack. A A>mmon lilckname for a Cornishman« (Raymond) CoTaoha (Max.). A cave or crevice. (Dwlght) CovelUte. An Indigo-blue copper sul- phide, CuS. Contains 66.4 per cent copper. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Cover. 1. (No. of Eng.) The total thickness of strata overlying the min'e workings (Gresley). Over- burden. Cover binding (Corn.). See vlao Plank timbering. Covering bords (York). A series of bords (rooms) formed on the side of a shaft pillar, from which long- wnll working is commenced. (Ores- ley) Cover work. Lumps of copper too large to pass the screen and which accumulate In the bottom of the mortar of a stamp. (Richards, p. 121). Covite. A name derived from Magnet Cove, Ark., and suggested by H. S. Washington for a leucocratlc, holo- crystalllne combination of ortho- clase (alkali -feldspar) and lew nephellte, with hornblende and aegirlte-auglte, and of granitic structure. The rock was previously described as a "flne-gralned syen- ite," by J. F. Williams. (Kemp) Cow. A kind of self-acting brake for inclined planes; a trailer. (Ray- mond). Compare Cousle. Cowl (No. of Bug.). A wrought-Iron water barrel, or tank for hoisting water. (Gresley) Cowp (Newc). 1. To overturn. To exchange working places, £fee also Coup. (Min. Jour.) ' Cowper-Siemens stove. A hot-blast stove of firebrick on the regenera- tive principle. (Raymond) Cow stone (Eng.). A. local term for green-sand bowlders. (Roberts) Cow sncker. A heavy piece of Iron attached to the end of the drilling cable in order to facilitate the de- scent of the latter when the tools are disconnected. (Mitzakls) Coyote (Mex.). A man who buys and sells mining shares. (Dwlght) Coyote hole. Same as gopher hole. A small tunnel driven horizontally Into the rock at right angles to the face of the quarry. It has two or more cross-cuts driven from It parallel to the face. It Is In the ends of these cross-cuts that the ex- plosive charge Is generally placed, and the remaining space In the- tunnel Is filled up with rock, sand, timbers, or concrete, to act as stem- mine or tamping. (Du Pont) Coyoting (Pac). Mining in Irregular openings or burrows, comparable to the holes of cbyotes or prairie- foxes (Raymond). Gophering. Coz. 1. (Mex.). A hitch for a stuU. (Dwlght) 2. (Colom.) The pointed end of a leg piece or post. (Halse) Crab. 1. A machine for moving heavy weights. Especially the engines employed for lowering into place the pumps, rods, pipes, etc., of Cornish pit-work. See also Crab- winch. ( Raymond ) 2. An iron rod forked at one end, attached to 'loadc I coal cars com- ing up out of a slope. (Roy) 8. A hoisting winch used to pult ladles, cars, or iron plate in boiler shop; also called Mule or Car dumper, (Willcox) GLOSSARY OF MINIK3 AKD MIlTBiBAIi DUSTBT. 189 Ciab hole (Aust). 1. Holes, appai> ently water-worn, found In the bed- rock under the drift. (Davles) 8. The hole burrowed by the Aus- tralian land crab, or crawfish; also the hollow form by caving In of one of these burrows. (Webster) Crab winoll. An Iron machine consist- ing of two triangular uprights be- tween which are two axles, one above the other. These machines are frequently used in connection with pumping gear where mine shafts are not deep. See also Crab, 1. (Duryee) Cracker. A, coal breaker. (Daddow) Cracker boss. The officer in charge of the screen room in a breaker. (Greene) Bracket '(No. of Eng.). A tool used by miners in mining coal. (Gres- ley) Clacking of oil. A naine given to the method by which hydrocarbons of one composition are reduced to lower membere of the same series, or converted into other hydrocar- bons during distillation (Mitzakis). It originated about 50 years ago by the stlUmen in the old Pennsyl- vania refineries and means just what its connotation conveys, namely a part alteration, as dis- tinguished from the more complete decomposition which would disrupt the molecule largely into carbon and permanent gas. Cracking simply alters the molecules to an extent that produces an amount of low- holling fractions that can not be ob- tained by simple distillation. It may not be accomplished by any considerable production of perma- nent gas, the product being largely a liquid condensate, but of different character from that obtained by simple distillation. (Min. and Sci. Press, May 1, 1915) Crackle ware. Pottery or porcelain covered with a delicate network of cracks produced In the glaze. (Standard) Cracks (Scot.). Vertical planes of cleavage In coal. Planes at right angles to the bedding. (Gresley) Cracks of gas. Puffs or explosions of gas in blast furnaces. (Willcox) Cradle. 1. (Eng.) .A movable plat- form or scaffold suspendM by a rope from the surface, upon which repairs or other work Is performed In a shaft 2. (Mid.). A loop made of a chain In which a man Is low- ered and raised in a shaft not fitted with a cage. (Gresley) 3. A wooden bo.r longer than 'wide, provided with a vtovable slide and hopper, and mounted on two rockers. It is used for washing gold-bearing earths (Roy. Com.). See also Rocker. 4. To wash gold-bearing material in a cradle. (Webster) 6. The part of a car dumper in which the car rests when It is dumped. (Willcox) Cradle damp. A tipple ^hich dumps cars with a rocking motion. (Harr) Cradling (Scot). 'Stone walling in a mine shaft. (Barrowman) Crag. 1. A fossillferous sandy marl of marine origin; generally used, capitalized, as part of the names of several formations of Pliocene age in eastern England. (La Forge) 2. A steep, rugged rock ; a rough broken cliff or projecting point of rock. 8. A detached fragment of rock. (Webster) Crampet (Eng.). A bracket (Baln- bridge). See also Cramp, 3. Cramp. 1. A short bar of metal hav- ing Its two ends bent downwards at right angles for insertion into two adjoining pieces of stone, wood, etc., to hold them together. (Duryee) 2. A pillar of rock or mineral left for support (Weed) 3. (Derb.). A fastening used to keep pumps in place (Hooson). See also Clamp, 1. Crampon. A form of hooked clutch or dog for raising stones, lumber, ice, etc. ; grappling irons. (Webster) Cranch (Derb.). A pillar of ore left to support the roof or hanging wall (Hooson). See also Cramp, 2. Crandall. A mason's tool for dressing stone. (Century) Crane. A kind of machine for raising and lowering heavy weights, and while holding them suspended, trans- porting them through a limited lateral distance. (Webster) Crane boarH (No. of Eng.). A return air course connected directly with the furnace. (Gresley) Crane brae (Scot.). A short incline in steep workings. (Barrowman) Crane ladle. A po^ or ladle, supported by a chain from a- crane, used for pouring molten metals into molds. (Century) 190 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Crane man. 1. (Eng.) One whose business It is to hoist coal with the crane. (G. 0. Greenwell) 2. A man who operates any type ot a crane. Crane post. The upright post on which the arm or jib of a crane worlcs. (Century) Crank (Wales). Small coal. (Gres- ley) Cranny. Any small opening, -fissure, or crevice, as in a wall or rock. (Duryee) Crate dam. A dam built of crates filled with stone. (Duryee) Crater. The basta-like or funnel- shaped opening which marks the vent of a volcano ; also the mouth of a geyser. (Webster) Ciaw-coal. See Crow-coal. Craw picker (Scot). One who picks stones from coal or shale. (Bar- rowman) Craza (Mex.). A vessel to receive molten metal. (Dwight) Craze; Creaze (Corn.). The tin ore which collects in the middle part of the buddle ; middlings. (Raymond) Cream. A rusty impure meerschaum. (Power) Crease. 1. (Forest of Dean) Moun- ta ; limestone workings. (Gres- ley) 9i Ar (. stream channel. (Lahee, p. 282; Creaze (Corn.). Middlings. See Craze. Creek. 1. In maritime districts, a small tidal inlet. 2. In inland dis- tricts, a small stream or branch of a river; a brook. (La Forge) Creek claim. A claim which includes the bed of a creek (Duryee). Un- der the statute of Oregon, a tract of 'land one hundred yards square, one side of which abuts on a creek or rather extends to the middle of the stream. (Chapman v. Toy Long, 4 Sawyer, p. 32; 5 Federal Cas., p. 497) Creek placers. Placers in, adjacent to, and at the level of small streams. (U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 259, p. 33) Creek right. The privilege of divert- ing water for the purpose of work- ing a creek claim. (Duryee) Creel (Scot.). A kind of basket in which coal and rock are conveyed from the mine. (Gresley) Creep. 1. (Eng.) A squeeze or crash forcing the pillars down Into the floor which often gives the miner the impression that the floor Is ris- ing, due to its being softer than the roof. Any slow movement of mining ground. Also called Squeeze; Pull. Compare Thrust 2. A gradual movement of loose rock material such as clay, due to alternate freezing and thawing, wet- ting and drying, or other causes. 3. To rise above the surface of a solution upon the walls of a vessel in which the solution is. contained as salt crystals in a voltaic cell. (Webster) 4. A very slow movement of a wind- ing engine, when the brake is not sufficiently applied to hold It (Gresley) Creeper chain (Aust.). A strong end- less chain. In which every few feet a horn is inserted, which catches the axle of a skip and draws It up an Incline. (Power) Creeping. (Eng.). The settling, or natural subsidence, of the surface, caused by extensive underground workings. (Gresley) Creeshy bleas. (Scot). Nodules of bituminous shale in the soft roof of some of the Scotch collieries. -So called from the sort of unctuous smoothness, which causes them to fall out when the coal is removed. Also called Greasy bleas. (Gresley) Creminel (Brit Guiana). A shovel used by the natives for removing the overburden of placer mines. (Halse) Crenltic. A word derived from the Greek for spring, and especially used by T. S. Hunt for those rocks, which were thought by him to have come to the surface in solution and to have been precipitated. He used the so-called 'crenltic hypothesis' to explain certain schists whose feldspars were supposed to have been originally zeolites, but his. views have received slight, if any, sap- port. Crenltic is also used by W. O. Crosby to describe those mineral veins which have been deposited by uprising springs. (Kemp) Creosote. 1: An oily anttseptic liquid obtained by the distillation of wood tar. Also a similar substance ob- tained from coal tar. S. To satu- rate or impregnate with creoBOte, ai timber to prevent decay. (Wab- ster) GLOSSARY OF SlIKING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY^ 191 Crept 'bord (Eng.). A bord or room more or lesS filled up from the ef- fects of creep. (Gresley) Crept pillars (Eng.). Pillars of coal which have passed through the vari- ous stages of creep. (G. C. Green- well) Gressed. Reduced about i inch in diameter for a short distance at ends. A foreign term, used on ar' tesian well casing. (Nat. Tube Co.) (Jresset (Eng.). A sort of lamp or torch; an iron basket or vessel for holding burning oil or other illumi- nant and mounted as a torch. (Web- ster) Cresting. Trimming used on the ridge of tiled roofs. Same as Hip roll. (Rles.) CTest6n (Sp.). The outcrop or apex of a vein. (Dwight) Creta. 1. (Sp.), Fuller's earth. See Greda, 1. 2., (Mex.). Impure lith- arge formed in a reverberatory furnace. (Halse) Cretaceous. 1. Of the nature of chalk ; relating to chalk. (Hitchcock) 2. The third and latest of the periods included in the Mesozolc era ; also the system of strata deposited in 'the Cretaceous period. (La Forge) Cretacio (Sp.). Cretaceous. (Dwight) Crevasse. 1. A fissure in the mass of a glacier. 2. A breach in the levee or embankment of a river. (Web- ster) Crevet. A crucible. (Raymond) Crevice (Pac). I. A shallow fissure in the bedrock under a gold placer, in which small but highly concen- trated deposits of gold are found. 2. The fissure containing a vein. (Raymond). ' As employed in the Colorado statute relative to a dis- covery shaft, a crevice is a mineral- bearing vein. (Bryan v. McCaig, 10 Colorado, 309; 15 Pacific, p. 413; Beals V. Cone, 27 Colorado, 500; 15 Pacific, p. 948; Terrible Mining Co. V. Argentine Mining Co., 89 Fed- eral, 583) Crevieing. Collecting gold that Is In the crevices of a rock. (Skinner) Criadero (Sp.). 1. An ore or min- eral deposit. C. detritico, alluvium ; C. en arbol, ramification ; C. en fll6n, a vein deposit of considerable ex- tensioD; C. en veta, a vein deposit of variable but not great dimen- sions; C. en capa, a stratified de- posit; C. en rinones, small irregu- lar deposits. (Halse) 2. (Mex.) Any mineral deposit. This is the more modern sense, and the word is so used In the mining laws at present (1902) in force in Mexico. (Dwight) • Crib. 1. See Curb, 1, Nog, Chock, Pack. 2. A structure composed of frames of timber laid horizontally upon one another, or of timbers built up as in the walls of a log cabin. 3. A miner's luncheon. (Raymond) 4. (Eng.) A cast-iron ring In a shaft upon which tubbing is built up. See Wedging curb. 5. (Eng.) A wooden foundation upon whic"h the brick lining or walling of a shaft is built. (Gresley) Criba (Mex.). 1. Screen or sieve; C. giratoria, revolving screen or trom- mel. See also Cedazo. 2. A hand- Jig. See also Harnero. (Dwight) Cribado (Sp.). Jigging or screening ore. (Lucas) Cribador (Mex.). An ore screener. (Dwight) Cribar (Sp.). To screen, jig, or sift. (Halse) Cribbing. 1. Close timbering, as the lining of a shaft. (Rowden v. Daniel, 151 Missouri App., p. 22) 2. The construction of cribs of tim- ber, or of timber and earth or rock to support the roof. (Steel) Cribble. A sieve. (Raymond) Cribwork. A construction of timber- ing jnade by piling logs or beams horizontally one. above another, and spiking or chaining them together, each layer being at right angles to those above and below it (Cten- tury). Se^ also Crib, 2. Crichtonlte. A variety of ilmenite in which the proportion of titanic oxide is less than normal. (Stand- ard) Crilley and Everson process. A fiota- tion process in which the ore is crushed to 50 mesh, and mixed with a thick black oil. Boiling water containing enough acid to give It a tart taste is then added. This process was tried at Baker City, Oreg., and at Denver, Colo., in 1889. (Liddell) Crimp. The . flattening made by a crimper near the mouth of a blast- ing cap for holding the fuse in place. (Du Pont) 192 WiOSSABY OP MINtNG MflD MINBBAl. IOT>TJSTBT. Ortmpw. A device used for crimping a cap about a piece of fuse. (Gil- lette, p. 443) Cripple. 1. Swampy or low wet ground; bog. S. A rocky, shallow place In a stream. (Webster) Prls6eola (Sp.). 1. ChrysocoUa. 2. Gold solder. 3. Borax. (Halse) .Crisol (Mex.). .An assay crucible; melting pot ; slag pot. (Dwlght) Crlsolada (Sp.). 1. A crucible full of molten metal. 2. A crucible charge. (Halse) Crlsolero (Mex.). A slag-pot puller. (Dwlght) Cristal (Sp.). A crystal; 0. de rooa, rock crystal. (Halse) CristaUno (Sp.). Crystalline. (Dwlght) Cristo-grahamite. Grahamite from the Cristo mine, Huasteca, Mexico. (Bacon) Critloal angle. The least angle of in- cidence at which total reflection takes place. (Webster) Critical density. -The density of a sub- stance at its critical point. (Web- ster) Critical pressure. The pressure neces- sary to raise the boiling point of a substance, in th'e liquid state, to the critical temperature; the pres- sure that will just liquefy gas at its critical temperature. (Webster) Critical temperature. Any tempera- ture marked by a transition ; the temperature above which a sub- stance can exist only in the ^seous state, no matter what the pressure. (Webster) Crocidolite. Blue asbestos. One of the monoclinic amphiboles. (Dana) Grocoite. Jiead chromate, PbO.OrO«. Contains 68.9 per cent PbO and 31.1 per cent CrO.. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Crocus. A term used in the Milford, N. H., quarries to denote gneiss or any other rock In contact with gran- ite. (Perkins) Cromo (Sp.,). Chromium. (Dwlght) Cronstedlte. A coal-black to brownish- black hydrous iron silicate, 4FeO.- 2Fei0..3Sito^H,0. (Dana) Crookeslte. A massive, compact me- tallic, lead-gray selenide of copper, thallium nnd sliver, (Cu,Tl,Ag)iSe. (Dana) Crap. 1. See Outcrop; al»o 5^"- 8. The roof coal or stone which bas to be taken down in order to secure a safe roof In the workings. (Gres- ley) 3. (Corn.) See Crop-tin. 4. To leave coal at the bottom of a bed. (Raymond). See Cropping coal, 8. (Eng.) To dock or fine by de- ducting a certain portion of the weight of coal in the car when there is an excess of refuse, or the like. (Webster) Crop coal. Coal of inferior quality near the surface. (Roy. Com.) • Crop fall. A caving in of the surface at the outcrop of the bed caused by mining operations. Applied also to falls occurring at points not on the outcrop of the bed. Synonomous with Day fall. (Chance) Crop ore (Local Eng.). First-quality tin ore, cleaned for smelting, (Standard) Crop out. To be exposed at the sur- face; referring to strata (Whitney). See also Outcrop. Cropper (Eng.). A shot placed at the highest side or edge of a shaft bot- tom, (Gresley) Cropping. An outcrop. (Standard) Cropping coal. The leaving of a small thickness of coal at the bottom of the seam in a working place, usu- ally in back water. The coal so left is termed " Cropper coal," (0. and M. M, P,). Cropping out. The natural exposure of bedrock at the surface. That part of a vein which appears at the sur- face is called the cropping or out crop. (Raymond) Croppings. Portions of a vein as seen exposed at the surface. (C. and M. M. P.) Crop tin. The chief portion of tin ore separated from waste in the princi- pal dressing operation. (Raymond) Crop upwards (Eng.), In miners' par- lance, to rise. (Roberts) Croquis (Sp.). A sketch; a rough draft, (Halse) Cross (Wales). See Crosscut. Crossbar. A horizontal timber held against the roof to support it, usu- ally over a roadway; a collar. (Steel) QLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINBBAIi INDUSTBT. 193 Ciosa-bedded. Characterized by minor beds or laminae oblique to the main stratification; cross-stratlfled. (Webster) Cross-be£di&g. Lamination, In sedi- mentary roclis, confined to single beds an^ Inclined . to the general stratification (La Forge). Caused by swift, local currents, deltas, or swirling wind-gusts, and especially characteristic of sandstones, both aqueous and eolian. (Kemp) Cross course. A seam, bar or belt of rock, not necessarily a lode, crossing a lode (Webster). A contra-lode. Cross-course spar (Corn.). Badlated quartz. (Whitney) Crosscut. 1. A small passageway driven at right angles to the main- entry to connect it with a ^parallel entry or air course. Also used In Arkansas instead of "break- through." (Steel) ■8. A level, driven across the course ^ a vein or in general across the direction ecC the main workings or i&eross the "grain of coal." (Ray- noadj) &asscut jne^od (combined with re- jnoval jif j>Jllars3. See Top, slicing and iCOKer saving. Crosscut metlifOd ^et working. See Ov^iamd istoping. Crossisat tuimel. A tiinhel driven at appraximatdy light angles to a main tunnel, or fisom the bottom of a shaft or otlier opajia^ across the forma- tion to an objeeave point (Duryee). The term " crosscut " would seem more appropriate as the term tunnel Implies being open to the surface at both ends, as a railroad tunnel. Crossed dispersion. In optical miner- alogy, the dispersion that produces an interference figure with color dis- tribution symmetrical to the center of Oie figure. (A, F. Bogers) Crossed nlcols. Two nicol prisms placed so that their vibration planes are mutually at right angles. (Lu- quer, p. 26) Crossed twinning. Repeated twin- ning after two laws. Shown in mi- crocliue. (Luquer, p. 37) Cross entry. An entry running at an angle with the main entry. (Roy) Crosses and holes (Derb.). In Derby- shire the discoverer of a lode se- cures It .temporarily by, making "crosses and holes? in the ground. (Dayies) 744010 0—47 13 Cross fault. An oblique or dip fault (Webster) Cross flucan. A name given by Cor- nish miners to clay veins of ancient formation (Ure>. See also Flucan. Cross frog. A frog adapted for rail- road tracks tliat cross at right angles. (Webster) Cross gates (York). Short headings driven on the strike and at right angles to the main gates or roads. (Gresley) Cross gateway (Aust.). A road, through the goaf, that branches from the main gateway. (Power) Cross-grained rock (Ohio). A local term for certain sandstone beds that eKhibit cross bedding. (Bowles) Crossbead. 1. A runner or framework that runs on guides, placed a few feet above the sinking bucket in or- der- to prevent it from swinging too Tioliently- (Power) 2. A beam or rod. stretching across the top of something ; ' specifically, the bar at the end. of a piston rod of a steam engine, which slides on the ways or guides fixed to the en- gine frame and connects the piston rod with the connecting rod. (Cen- tury) Cross-head' guide. A guide for making the crosshead of an engine move in a line parallel witJi the cylinder axis.- (Standard) Cross heading. A passage driven for ventilation from thte airway to the gangway, or from one breast through the' pillar to the adjoining working (Chance). Also called Cross hole,, CroaA gateway, and Headway, • Cross hole (Wales). A short cuti through communicating with two headings, for ventilation purposes. (Gresley) Crossing. 1. The place where two or- more lines of rails extending in dif- ferent directions cross each other. (Power) 2. (Eng.) See Air' crossing. 3. (AVales) A. crosscut (Gresley) Crossite. A blue amphibole found in the crystalline schists of California.* (Standard) Cross latches. See Latches, 1. 194 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Cross lode. A vein intersecting the true or principal lode (Webster). See Cross-vein. Cross-measure. A heading driven hori- zontally or nearly so, through or' across Inclined strata. (Gresley) Cross-off (Glev.). See Stack out Crossover. A short connecting track with a switch and Irog at each end, by which trains, (or cars) may he switched from either of two tracks to the other. (Webster) Crossplece. The short pieces of tim- ber in a wooden pillar or crib. iSee Edgers. (Sanders, p. 115) Crossroad (Scot.). A main road driven at a more moderate inclina- tion than directly to the rise of the strata. (Barrowman) Cross section. A cutting or section across; a section at right angles to an axis, especially the longer axis of anything; also a piece of some- thing cut off in a direction at right angles to an axis. (Webster) Cross-spur. A vein of quartz that crosses a lode. (C. and M. M. P.) Cross-stone. A synonym for Andalu- slte. (Chester) Cross stoplng. See Overhand stoping. Cross-stratification. Tn geology, the condition of having the minor lami- nations oblique to the plane of the main stratum which they help to compose. (Standard). See also Cross-bedding. Crosstie. A timber or metal sill placed transversely under the rails of a railroad, tramway or mine-car track. Cross vein. 1. An intersecting vein (Raymond). See Cross lode. % A vein which crosses the bedding planes of the strata. This usage appears unnecessary, and conflicts with the same name applied to cases wher» two veins actually Cross each other. (Shamel, p. 165) Crouan (Corn.). Granite. (C. and M. M. P.) See also Grouan. Crouch clay (Eng.). An old name toj: the white Derbyshire clay. (Cen- tury) Crouch ware. 1. (Staff.) A kind of line pottery made in the seventeenth century. 2. A salt-glazed stoneware made at Burslem, England. (Cen- tury; Grow-eoal. Certain earthy coal which contains very little bitumen and a large percentage of ash (Power). Also called Craw-coal, and Craws. Crowfoot; Crow. 1. A tool with a side- claw, for grasping and recovering broken rods in deep bore-holes. (Raymond) 2. An iron claw or fork, to which a rope is attached, and by which the rods are lowered and raised when changing the tools in deep bore holes. (Gresley) 3. (Tenn.) Zigzag, wavy or irregu- lar, dark lines characteristic of Ten- nessee marble. (Bowles) Crown arch. The arched plate which supports the crown-she t of the fire box of a boiler. (Century) Crown bar. One of the bars on which the crown-sheet of a locomotive rests. (Century) Crown formation (Aust.). A term used in Bendlgo for the outcrop of saddle reefs crowning the hills, from which points the reefs dip in oppo- site directions. (Power) CrOwn-gate. The head gate of a canal lock. (Century) Crown gold. (Sold eleven-twelfths (.917) fine, the standard for English gold coins since Charles II. (Web- ster) Crown-In (Ches.). The caving of the surface or cover of a rock-salt mine. (Gresley) Crownings-in (So. StafF.). The strata forming the roof or cover. (Gres- ley) Crown sheet. . The flat plate which forms the top of the furnace or Are box In an internally fired steam boiler. (Webster) Crownstone. 1. No. of Eng.) The top stone of the gable-e»d of a house. 2. A hard, smooth, flinty gritstone (Century). See also Canister. 3. Crown tree; Crown. A piece of 'timber set on props to support the mine roof. (O. and M. M. P.) Crown wheel. A cog-wheel having the teeth on the plane of the wheel's circle instead of upon its circumfer- ence. (Duryee) Croylstone. A variety of, finely crys- tallizeC barlte. (Standard) Crozle; Crozzle. To cake or harden with heat; to burn to a cinder^ A cinder (Webster). Said of coal. GLOSSARY OF imTIITQ AND MIKERAL UTDUSTBT. 195 Craoero (Sp.)> 1- GrosBcnt t. A raoss course; a cross-vein. S. End pieces of. a set of shaft timbers. (Halse) fltMeroB. i. (Chile) Minute veins, oblique to the lode, In both direction and dip, being the largest and richest at the junction. 2. (Spain) The two cross beaipa of the pulley frame of a malannte,. (Halse) Cmoes (Sp.) The cross^locea of an arrastre or grinding mllL (Mln. Jour.) Cmeible. 1. A melting pot. 2. The lovror part of a shaft furnace, In which fusion is effected and the molten bath Is contained. (Ray- mond) Crucible steel. Also crucible cast steel. A. superior but expensive kind of cast steel made by either melting blister steel in crucibles, or ^ by fusing together vyrought iron, carbon and flux In crucibles. . (Web- ster) nracite. Same as Andalusite. (Stand- » ard) Crude. 1. In a natural statie; not al- tered, refined or prepared for use by any process, as crude ore. (Web- ster) 2. A name tot crude petroleum, (isacon) . Crude oil. A name for crude petro- leum. (Bacon) Crude mlneral-olI. A name for crude petroleum. (Bacon) Crude naphtha. Unrefined petroleum- naphtha. (Standard) Crude ore-bin. An ore bin of crude construction. (Rlckard) Crude-ore bin. A bin, In which ore is dumped it comes from the mine. (Rlckard) Cmp. A gradual settling of the meas- ures overlying a mine caused by the weight crushing the piUars, or forc- ing them down into the fioor (Harr). A variation of creep. Crusader. A wooden sailing ship of 643 tons register. One of the first sail- ing vessels to be converted into oil carriers in 1885. The Crusader was fitted with 47 Independent tanks, arranged in three superimposed tiers, an arrangement which was found to work satisf^torily. (Mit- zakls) Crush. 1. A general settlement of tiM strata above a coal mine due to fkll> ure of pillars; generally accompa- nied by numerous local falls of root in mine workings. 2. A species of fault in coal. (Century) Crush-border. A microscopic granular structure sometimes characterizing adjacent feldspar particles in conse- quence of their having been crushied together during or subsequent to their crystallization. (Dale) Crush breceia. A breccia produced by the shattering of rocks along a fault. (Century) Crushed steel. Angular fragments of hard steel employed as an abrasive in sawing stone. (Bowles) Crushed vein. A mineralized zone or belt of Crushed material. The crush- ing is due to folding, faulting, or shearing. Crusher. A machine for crushing rock or other materials (Webster). As a gyratory crusher, jaw crusher, stamg mill, etc. Crusher rolls. See Rolls. Crush-conglomerate. A conglomerate produced by the crushing of certain rocks in the shearing movements following folding. (Standard) Crushing. 1. Reducing ore or quartz by stamps, crushers, or rolls. (Roy. Com.) 2. The quantity of ore so pulverised or crushed at a single operation. (Hanks) S. (Aust.) The equivalent of "miH- run." (Power) Qrushlng machine. A machine con- structed to pulverize or crush stone and other hard and brittle materi- als; a stone crusher. (Century) Crushing mill. The same as Stamp mill' (Wlncheil). See Crusher. Crushing rolls. A machine consisting of two heavy rolls between which ore, coal or other mineral is crushed. Sometimes the roUs are toothed or ribbed, but for Are their surface 1» generally smooth. (Century) Crushing strength. The resistance which a rock offers to vertical pres- sure placed upon it. It is measured by applying graduated pressure to a cube, one Inch square, of the rock tested. A crushing strength of 4,000 pounds means that a cubic inch of the rock withstands pressure to 4.000 pounds before crushing (Lowe). The crushing strength Is greater with shorter prisms, and r with longer prisms. 196 GIX)SSABT OF SOKING AITD aCIKKRAIj IKDUSTBX. Cnuh Une. In geology, a. Hue along which hkSsb, under great compres- sion, yield, usually with the produc- tion of schlstonty. (Century) Cmth moTement In geology, compres- sion, thrust, or lateral movement tending to develop shattered ssones. (Century) Crush plan«. In. geology, a plane Re- fining zones of shattering which re- sult from lateral thrust (C!entury) Craih zone. In geology, a - zone o^ faulting and breeciatlon la rocks. (Century) Omst. 1. The hard external covering of anything. An incrustation. (Web- ster) 2. The UthPSPhere, or solid ex-i terior portion of the earth, whose nature is partly known f roiti gieologic examination, or highly probable de- duction; contrasted with, the envel- oping, hydrosphere and atmosphere and with the unknown centrosphere or barysphere, whose nature Is con- jectural. (La Porg6) 8. (Shrop.). A fine-grained white sandstone. (Gresley^ Omst fractvre. An extended fi;acttire in the earth's crust, (Century) Crastiflcatlon. The English equivalent of a term suggested by "Ppsepny fftr those deposits of minerals and ores that are in layers or crusts and tiiat, therefore, have been distinctively- de- posited from 'solution. (E^emp) Crust movement. An extensive move- ment of the earth's ' crust, (pen- tury) Cntst-stress. Local strains and pres- sure within the rocks of the earth's crust. (Century) Cmst-torsion. A twisting stress in tfaft earth's crust. (Century) Crutt (No. Staff.), and 2. See Branch, 1 Cmz (Sp.). 1. CJross. S. Intersection of two ways. 8. Arms of a Rcale. (Dwlght) 4. A wall which divides the bed of Spanish reverberatory furnaces. (Halse) Crazada (Colom.). A crosscut. (Halse) Cnizado (Sp.). 4 lode or vein which is crossed by another. See jaUo Cruzador. (Halse) Cmzador (Colom.). 1. A cross vein or lode. 2. A vein crossed by another. (Halse) Crnsamleato (Sp.). 1. A exos^iag «( undei:i3»und roads. 2. A craodtag of air currents ; an overcast S. ilSie crossing of two veins. (Btedse) Vry of tin. The peculiar cracfcUng noise produced in bending a pleco of metallic tin. (Raymond) Cryolite, A fluoride of sodium i^nd aluminum, 3NaF. AlFi. (IT. S. 6eoL Surv.) Cryolite glass. ' A seml-transpiirent or ■milky- white glass, inade of' silica and cryolite with oxide of zinc, melted together.. Also called Milk glass and IS'usible porcelain. (Cen- tury) Cty^tocla'stle. Compact. Made, of ex- tremely minute fragmentai par- ticles. (Webster) Cryptocrystalllne. Formed of crystals of unresolvable fineness, bi;'t not glassy. (Kemp) Cryptpgraphlo, In petrology, having a graphic structure of intergrowths so minute that it can not be resolved by a microscope. (Standard) Cryptohallte. A gray ammonium flu- oslUcate (NH.),,SiF^ that cryatal- lizec) In the Isometric system. (Standard) Cryptpperthlte, A variety of pertWte with structure so fine that It can not be discerned by the microscope. (Sljandaj^d) (Trys ground (Forest of Dean). 'Car- hQnUerou8,;limestone strata- contain- ing beds of iron ore. (Gresley) Ci7stal.i A regular polyhedral form; bounded by planes, which Is assumed by a chemical element or compound, under the action of its ihtermolecu- lar forces, when passing, under suit- able conditions, from the state of a li(juld or gas to that p'f a solid. A crystal Is characterizbd, first, by Its definite internal molecular struc- ture, and, second, by Its external form. (Dana) Cryitilllzed tin plate. Tin plate hav- ing crystals formed by the action of diluted nitric and hydrochloric acids (Sta;idard). A rather low grade of tin plate. See Tin plate. OrystalUfpm. Having a crystalline form. (Standard) Crystalline. Of or pertaining to the nature of a crystal, having regular moleci^lar structure. (Webster) (SLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINEKAL INDUSTRY. 197 Crystalline aggregate. An aggregate of crjrstalllne grains or fragments, as granite not showing well-deflired crystal- forms. (Webster) Crystalline limestone. Limestone com- posed largely or wholly of crystal- lized material, commonly as the re- sult of metamorphism. (La Fbrge) CijrstftUiiie rock. A roclc composed of closely fitting mineral crystals that have formed in the roclE. substance, as contrasted with one madie up. of cemented grains of sand or other material or with a volcanic glass. (Standard) Crystalline schists. Rocks that have been' entirely or, partly 'MoryistaJ- Ilzed by metamorphism. ! Tbey are named after their predominating mineral, as chlorite-schist, horn- blende-schist, mica-schist, etc. (Standard) OrystalUnic metamorphism. A. molecu- lar change which renders an amor- phous mineral body crystallilie ; as limestone to marble. (Sloan) Crystallites. Small, rudimentary or embryonic crystals, not reterablie to a definite species. (Kemp) Crystallitic. In petrology, of the na-. ture of or belonging to the class of crystallites., (Standard) Crystallization. The act or process of crystallizing. A form or body re- sulting from this act or process. Bee Crystallization systems. (Web- ster) Crystallization systems. The thirty- two possible crystalline groups,, dis- tinguished from one another by their symmetry, are classified und^r six systems, each characterized by the relative lengths and inclinations of the assumed crystallographlc axes. These are: (1) Isometric; (2) Tetragonal; (3) Hexagonal; (4) Orthorhombic ; (5) Moi 'linic; (6) TricUnic. (Dana) Crystallize. To convert liito a crystal ; to deposit crystals (Webster). To solidify, from a liquid or gaseous state-, in a crystalline form, with a tegular molecular structure. (La Forge) Crystalloblastic. A structure in schists due to relative perfection of crystal forms and arrangement. (Leith, p. 77 > Ciystallogeay. The science and the- ory of the production of ciyatal^ (Standard) Crystallography. The science of crys- tals treating of the system of forms among crystals; tbeir structure, and their forms of aggregation. A dis- course or treatise on crystallization. (Webster) Crystalloid. A substance which, in so- lution, diffuses readily through ani- mal membranes, lowers the freezing point of the solVent, and generally Is capable of being crystallized. Op- posed to colloid (Webster). Metal- lic saltSj sugar, oxalic acid are crys- talloids. Crystallology. The science of the structure ot crystals. It embraces ci:ystallbgraphy and crystallogeny. (Standard) Crystallurgy. The process of crystol- iization. (Century) Crystal optics. The science which trieats of the transmission of light Ih ci-ystals.^ fA. P. Rogers) ' Crystolon. A trade name for carbide of silicon. (Pike) Cuadrilla (Mte.). 1. A settlement. Compare Pueblo. (Lucas) 2. A gang or crew of laborers. (Halse) Cnadro (Sp.). 1. A. square set for stopes. 2. A bloclc of ground ready for stoplng. 3. (Colom.) A bunton, also a timber 5 to 20 in. square. (Halse) Cnajado (Mex.). 1. Argentiferous car^ bonate of lead. 2. Coarse galena. (Halse) Cuarclta (Mex.). Quartzite. (D wight) Cuarteador (Colom.). The miner who works cuarteo, 3. (Halse) Cuarteadnra . (Mex.). A fissure In rocks. (Halse) Cuartear (Sp.). To break large stones with a sledge hammer. (Halse) Cuartel (Colom.). 1. Barracks for miners. 2. An underground section, district Or group of workings. (Halse) Cuarteo (Colom.). 1. A transitory suspension of the rains in winter. 2. A night shift of peons. 3. A sys- tem of working mines by which tiie ore is bought of the miners by the company, the miners providing the supplies. (Halse) 4. (Mex.) Work on drill holes, paid for by the foot, yard, meter, ute. (Dwigbt) 198 GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDTJSTRT. Ovarto. 1. (Mex.) A shift; C. pri- mere, day-shift; C. segundo, atter- noon-shlft; C. tercero, night-shift. (Dwlght) 2. (Sp.) A room in a mine for keeping tools, lights, etc. 3. (M«x.) Uinero de C, an underground mine captain. 4. (Colom.) Overtime. (Halse) A large bowlder. Cnartan (Mez.). (D wight) Caarzo (Sp.). Quartz; C. ahumado, smoky quartz; 0. furuginoso, ferru- ginous quartz; C. lechoso, milky 'Quartz; C porfldico, (Peru) horn- stone; C. Rosado, rose quartz. agh (Turkey). HUI; mountain. (Crofutt) D^gner condenser. A series of muflle- ■ shaped pipes through which dis- tilled zinc is passed for condensa- tion. (Ingalls, p. 551) Dahamite. A name derived from Da- hamis, a place on the Island of So- cotra, and given by A. Pelikan to a dike rock of brown color, compact texture with red phenocrysts of tabular alblte or albite-oligoclase. The mineralogical composition as shown by recasting an analysis is alblte, 43.8; anorthite, 2.8; ortho- dase, 12.2; quartz, 31.5; rlebeckite, 6.8. The rock appears to be a va- .piety of paisanite. (Kemp) Daily Report See Boring Journal. Salama (Zambesi). Gold. (Lock) Dale. 1. (Scot) A measure by which coal was formerly sold in the east of Scotland. (Barrowman) ■2. A low place between hills ; a val- ley. .(Webster) Dalton'B law (multiple proportions). If two elements A and B form sev- eral compounds with each other, and we consider any fixed mass of A, then the different masses of B which combine with the fixed mass A bear a simple ratio to one another (Lid- dell). Thus, iron and oxygen unite In the proportion FeO, FeiOi and FeaOi. in which compounds (consider- ing the oxygen) 3 and 4 are simple multiples of one. Dam. 1. A barrier to keep foul air, or water, from mine workings (DaVles). iSee Stopping; also Bulk- head. 8. The wall of refractory . material, forming the front of the fore-hearth of a blast furnace. It is built un the inside of a supporting Iron plate ( dam plate ) . Iron is tapped through a hole in the dam, and cinder through a notch In the top of the dam. See also Lurmann front. (Baymond) Dama (Sp.). A dam or stone at the end of a fire hearth of a furnace. (Halse) Dunaged-grpiinfl rent (Bag.). Usually double agricultural rent for land oc- cupied by engines, heapstead, shops, houses, railways, etc. XG. C. Green- well) Damask. The etched or "watered" -surface produced on policed (welded) steel, by corrosion. (Ray- , mond) Damonrite. A hydrous muscovitiB. (Dana) Damonrite-sohlst. A schistose meta- morphic rock composed largely or wholly of damourlte. It comprises much of what was formerly called bydromlca schist. (La Forge) Samp. A general term for gaseous products formed In coal mines, etc., as distinguished from pure air. See a!«o Afterdamp ; Black damp; Choke damp; Fire damp; Stink damp; White damp. Damped (Eng.). Suffocated by gas or foul air In a mine. (Oresley) Damper. A valve in a flue or at the top of chimney to regulate the draft (Raymond) Dam plate. In a blast furnace, the cast-iron plate which supports the dam or dam stone in front (Cen- tury). See Dam, 2. Damposcope (Scot). An instrument Invented by Professor Forbes, Glas- gow, for detecting fire damp. (De- scribed In Trans. Min. Inst. Scot- land, vol. 1, p. 278.) (Barrow- man) Damp fheet (So. StafF.). A large 'sheet placed as a curtain or partition across a gate road to stop and turn an air current. (Raymond) Dampy (Mid.). Mine air mixed with so much carbonic acid gas as to, cause the lights to .burn badly or to go out (Gresley) Dam shale. A Scottish oil shale. (Bacon) Dam stone. The wall of fire brick or stone Inclosing the front of the hearth In a blast furnace. See also Dam, 2. (Century) Dan. 1. (Mid.). A tub or barrel, sometimes with and sometimes with- out wheels, In which mine water is conveyed along underground road- ways to the sump or raised to the surface. 2. A small box or sledge for carrying coal or waste in a mine. (Gresley) Danalite. A flesh-red to gray translu- cent sulpho-slllcate, (Be, Fe, Zn,- Mn)TSii<^S, mineral, usually mas- sive but sometimes crystallizing In the isometric system. (Standard) Danbnrlte. A pale-yellow to colorless, vitreous, translucent to transparent, calcium boro-sllicate mineral, CaBi- (SI04)i, ciTfitallizing In the orlho- rhombic system. (Dana) GLOSSARY 'OF MINING AND MINEKAL INDUSTRY. 205 Dander (Scot). A piece of dag, vit- rified refuse, or calcined cinder. (Webster) Sandered coal (Scot). Coal burned by, and generally mixed with trap rock (Barrowman). iSee also Nat- ural coke. Banforth's oil. See Naptha. Sanger board (Scot.). A board on which notice Is given, warning against entering a dangerous part of the mine workingB (Barrowman). See also Fire board. Danger signal. A signal consisting of a board, shovel, or other material with appropriate markings thereon, placed in the front of a room or entry containing an explosive mix- ture of fire damp. (Roy). Also, a placard " to Indicate the location of dangerous machinery, electric wires, explosives, mine openings, etc. Danks. Black shale mingled with fine coal. (Standard) Danks' puddler. A revolving mechani- cal puddler. See also Puddling. (Raymond) Dant. 1. (Newc.) Soft, Inferior coal ; mineral charcoal. (Raymond) 2. To reduce, as a metal, to a lower temperature. (Standard) Danty (No. of Eng.). Disintegrated coal. (Gresley) Dap. A notch cut in a timber to re- ■ ceive another timber. (O. M. P.) Daiapskite. A hydrous sodium nitrate and sulphate mineral, NaNO«.Na2S04- -fHjO. (Dana) Dar cuele (Mex.), To drive a level. (Dwight) Darg. 1. (No. of Eng.) A specified quantity or weight of mineral agreed by the managers and men to be produced during a shift for a certain sum of money. (Gresley) a. (Scot) To work by the day. 3. A days' labor; toll. 4. See Dag. Darger (Scot.). One Who works by the day. (Standard) ^ark rnby silver. See Pyrargyrlte. Darrlinge (Ger.). Residue of copper resulting from the process of sepa- rating silver from copper by liqua- tion. (Whitney) Sash (No. of Eng.). See Dad; Dashing (Eng.). Increasing the amount of air In mines to prevent explosions of mine gases. (Bain- bridge). See also Dad. Dash pot. 1. A device for cushioning or damping a movement to avoid shock, consisting essentially of a cylinder containing air or a liquid and a piston moving in it 2. A de- vice for closing the valves on a Cor- liss engine, actuated by atmospheric pressure or a spring. (Webster) Dass. 1. (Scot). A slice or cut taken off a pillar in stoplng. (Barrow- man) 2. A stratum. 3. To work in or cut out layers from the face of a cliff. A variation of Dess. (Webster) Datalling (Eng.). Blowing (blasting) down roof in a mine. (Gresley) Datlers (Lane). Men who work un- derground, and are paid by the day ; not contractors. (Gresley) DatoUte. A hydrous silicate of boron and calcium, Hj0.2CaO.B!0..2S102. The mineral Is used as a gem. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) DatoUte group. A group of minerals, the species of which are usually re- garded as orthosillcates, Hil'B"S10B, or R',R".(SiO.)2; V.'— Ca, Be, Fe, chiefly ; R"=Boron, the yttrium (and cerium) metals, etc. All of the minerals of this group crystallize in the monoclynic system. (Dana) Datum. 1. Any position or element in relation to Which others are deter- mined, as datum point ; datum line ; datum plane. 2. The mean low- water mark of all tides, assumed as a base of reckoning. (Webster) Datum level. The level (usually sea level or mean level of nearest con- siderable body of water) from which altitudes are measured In surveys. (Weed) Datnm water Uvel. The level at which water is first struck in a shaft (C. and M. M. P.) Daugh (Scot). Soft fire clay asso- ciated with a seam of coal, and in which the holing is usually made. (Barrowman) Dauk; Dawk; Douk (Eng.). Tough; compact; sandy cfay. (Power) Davis furnace. A long, one-hearth re- verberatory furnace, heated by lat- eral fireplaces for roasting sulphide ore. (Ingalls, p. 97) Davy; Davy lamp. A safety lamp In- vented by Sir Humphrey Davy In 1815 for ■ the protection of coal miners. Its safety feature consisted of a fine-wire gauze inclosing the flame to keep it from coming in con- tact with mine gas. 206 OLOSSABT OF MINIKO AND MIITBBAI. INDUSTBT. Davy van (Newc.). The man who trims and repairs the Davy lamps. (Min. Jour.) Oawling (Derb.). A falling ore body, both in quality and quantity. (Hoo- ■on) Dmwionite. A baste carbonate of alu-' minium and sodium, Na«AI(CC>>)>. 2Al(0H)i, mineral occurring in thin incrustations of white radiating bladed crystals. (Dana) Dawson producer. A furnace used for the manufacture of producer gas. (Ingalls, p. 305) Day. 1. A term used to signify the surface; thus, "driven to day," meaning to daylight, . therefore to the surface. (Chance) a. (Wales) The surface of the ground over a mine. Day level, — An adit. Day water — ^Water from the surface. (Raymond) S. (Derb.) Ore that is found near the surface. (Mander) Day-coal. The upper stratum of coal ; as nearest the light or surface. (Webster) Day drift. A drift with one end at ttie surface (Webster). An adit. Day eyes (Wales). Inclined planes driven from the surface to the coal bed. (Gresley) Day fall. See also Crop fall. Day hole. Any heading or level In a mine communicating with the sur- face. (Century) Day level (Scot). A level driven from the surface (Barrowman). An adit Daylight mine (Scot).. A mine or drift extending to the surface. (Barrowman) Day man. A coal mine employee paid by the day as distinguished from (hose paid by the piece, or by con- tract. Also called Company man. (Steel) Day pair (Corn.).> Miners who work underground during the day (Pryce). The day shift. Day tUf t. A group of miners, or other laborers, who work during the day. Bay itone (Eng.). A rock lying ex- posed in its natural state. (Web- ster) Day water. Surface water. (Web- ster) Daywork. All work other than tliat done by the piece or contract, sncb as repairing roads, handling car% etc. Also, called Company work and does not incliide work for which tb» men are paid by the month (Steel). Work performed by day men. Dead. 1. (Corn.) Unveutllated. 9. As to a vein or piece of ground, un- productive. (Raymond) 3. (Eng.). The creep, after sub- sidence or upheaval has taken place to the full extent. (Oresley) Dead air. The air of a mine when it contains carbonic-acid gas (black; damp), or when ventilation Is slug- gish. (Stewart) Dead coal (Kansas). A noncoklng" coal mined from stelp pits and used, for zinc Smelting. (Stewart) Dead-dipping. The act or process of imparting a dead, or dull, surface to brass or other metal by dipping it in an acid. (Webster) Dead end. An entry, gangway, level, or, other mine passage extending be- yond the mine workings into solid coal or ore ; a stub. See Stub entry. Dead end (of a pipe). The closed end of a pipe or system of pipes. (Nat. Tube Co.) Deadened mercury. See Floured. Deadfall. A dumping platform at the mouth of a mine. (Standard) Dead glacier. A stagnant glacier; a fossil glacier. (Century) Dead ground. 1. Rock in a mine, which, although producing no ore, requires to be removed in order to get at productive ground. (Boy. Com.) 8. A -faulty or barren area of coal strata. (Gresley) Deadhead. 1. An extra loigth given to a cast object, as a cannon, to put pressure on the molten metal below so that dross and gases may rise into it; a suUage piece; a sinking- head. 2. That part of a casting fill- ing up the ingate ; a sprue. (Staind- ard) Dead hole. A shallow hole in an lro» casting. (Standard) Deading (Glouc, Som.). Deadwork. Same as Dead-line. A row of marked empty powder kegs or other danger signal placed by the fire boss to warn miners not to enter worUnga c(H>- talnlng gas. (Steel) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINKRAL INDUSTRY. 207 Dead lode. A lode not containing valu- able minerals In paying quantity. Deadman. 1. A buried log, or the lilce, serving as an anchor, as for a guy rope. (Webster) 2. A wooden block used to guard the mouth of a mine against runaway cars. (Connors-Weyman Steel Co. V. Kilgore, 66 Southern, p. 612) Dead mens' graves (Aust). Grave- like mounds in the basalt underly- ing auriferous gravels. (C. and M. M. P.) Dead oil. A name given to those prod- ucts of distillation consisting of carbolic acid, naphthalln, etc., ob- tained in the distillation of coal tar, which are heavier than water and which come off at about 340° F., or over. (Century) Dead-plate. A nearly horizontal iron plate, at -the mouth of the furnace, under a steam boiler, on which the bituminous coal charges are laid to be partly coked before they are pushed upon the grate where their solid carbon is consumed. The gases evolved on the dead-plate pass over the grate and are burned. (-Eay- mond) Dead quartz. Quartz carrying no valu- able mineral. (Ihlseng) Dead rent. A 'certain, fixed, or mini- mum rent paid at specified times by a lessee, whether the mine is worked or not. (Vafldalia Coal Co. v. Un- derwood, 111 N. E. Rept, p. 330; New York Coal Co. v. New Pitts- burgh Coal Co., 99 N. E. Kept, 198) Dead riches. Base bullion. (Miller) Dead roas(. Roasting carried to the farthest practicable degree in the expulsion of sulphur. (Raymond) Dead rock. The material removed In the opening of a mine, that Is of no value for milling purposes. Waste rock. (Duryee) Dead rope (Aust.). Same as Buffer rope. Deads. 1. (Corn.) The waste rock, packed in excavations from which ore or coal has been extracted. (Raymond) 2. The barren rock which incloses the ore on every side. The wall rock. Dead small (No. of Eng.). The small- est coal which pssses through the screening or separating apparatus. (Gresley) Dead-stroke hammer. A power ham- mer striking an uncushloned or in- elastic blow. (Standard) Dead water. Standing or still water, (Webster) Dead weight. The unrelieved weight of anything inert. A heavy or op- pressive burden. (Webster) Deadwork. Work that Is not directly- productive, though It may be neces' sary for -exploration and future- production (Raymond). Unfinished- work. Deaf ore. (Derb.). Gouge containing small grains of valuable mineral. Considered as indicating that th» main orebody is not far away, (Hooson) Deal. 1. Plank used in shaft and gal' lery construction. (Raymond) 2. A board or plank of varying dl' mensions. In Canada it is a board 12 feet long, 11 inches wide and 2^ Inches thick; in England, a board not exceeding 3 inches thick and 9 Inches wide. (Standard) ■• Deal-end (Eng.). A plank less than' 6 feet long. (Standard) Dean (Corn.). The end of a level, (Raymond) Debacle. 1. A great rush of waters, which, breaking down all opposing barriers, carries forward the broken fragments of rocks, and spreads them in its course. (Comstock) 2. The breaking up of ice in a stream. A viojent dispersion or diS' ruption. (Webster) De Bavay process. A flotation process invented by Auguste J. F. De Bavay in 1904, in which a freely flowing pulp is brought to the surface of a vessel of water, where advantage Is taken of the surface tension of the liquid, and the sulphide floated. A film of carbonate on the sulphide, from weathering. Is detrimental, and is removed by soaking the ore in a weak solution of carbonate of ammonia, or by passing carbon di- oxide through the pulverized wet ore, or by friction. In the original process no oil or acid was ^sed. Later these were also used. (Lld- dell) D*bil (Mex.). Weak; a term applied to amalgam when very fluid. (Eg- leston) D£bris. Rock fragments, sand, earth, and sometimes organic matter, In a heterogeneous mass, as at the foot 208 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. of a cliil. S. The silt, sand; and gravel that flow from hydraulic mines; called in miner's parlance, tailings, slums, and sometimes slickens. See aUo Tailings. (Hanks. Also V. S. Min. Stat., p. 940) II6bTls deposits. Refuse from hydrau- lie mining operations, (U. S. Min. Stat., p. 933-S45) Decantation. The act of pouring off a liquid so as not to disturb a sedi- ment or precipitate. (Webster) Decanter. 1. A vessel used to decant liquors or for receiving decanted liquors, as in a laboratory. (Web- ster) 2. An apparatus for sorting and classifying tailings from gold-wash- ing operations. Deck. The platform of a cage upon which the cars and men ride. Cages are occasionally made with two, three, or four decks. (Gresley) Decken structure. A series of great overthBust folds with nearly parallel and horizontal axial planes. (Lieth, p. 117) Decking. The operation of changing the tubs on a cage at top and bot- tom of a shaft. Caging. (Gresley) Deck molding. Trimming made to match cresting or ridging, on clay- tiled roofs, and used for the purpose of covering the planes of a roof which has a flat deck. (Ries) Declaratory statement. In practical mining operations, a term applied to the statutory certificate of loca- tion and is a notice or statement of the location, containing a descrip- tion of the mining claim,, verified by the oath of the locator, perform- ing, when recorded, a permanent function, and is the beginning of the locator's paper title, is the first muniment of such title and is con- structive notice to all the world of its contents. (Gird v. California Oil Co., 60 Fed. Rept., p. 536; Pe- ters V. Tonopah Min. Co., 120 Fed. Rept., p. 589; Magruder v. Oregon, etc., R. Co., 28 Land Decisions, p. 171; Pollard v. Shively, 5 Colorado, p. 312 ; Metcalf v. Prescott, 10 Mon- tana, p. 284) Declared selling price (Aust). The nominal selling price of coal de- clared by the mine owners in the Newca,'=-tle district, N. S. W., every September, on which the payment to miners Is based. (Power) Declination. The angle which the magnetic needle makes with the geo- grnphical meridian. It is said to be east or vvest, according as the north end of the needle points to the east or west of the geographical me- ridian. Declinometer. An instrument, often self-registering, for measuring or re- cording the declination of the mag- netic needle. (Standard) Decompose. To separate .the constitu- ent parts of; to resolve into the original elements; to rot or decav. (Webster) Decomposing furnace. A furnace used in the conversion of common salt Into sulphate of soda, aided by the action of sulphuric acid. (Century) Decomposition, The breaking up or decay of compounds Into simpler chemical forms. (Roy. Com.) Decrepitate. To roast or calcine so as to cause crackling ; to crackle, as salt, from the presence of moisture, when heated. (Webster) Decrepitation. The breaking up with a crackling noise of mineral sub- stances when exposed to heat, as when common salt is thrown upon the fire. (Roy. Com.) Deeds (No. of Eng.). D6bris or waste thrown upon . the spoil bank (dump). (Gresley). A variation of Deads. Deep. 1. (Corn.) The lower portion of a vein ; used in the phrase "to the deep," i. e., downward upon the. vein. (Raymond) 8. Workings below the level of the pit bottom or main levels, extending therefrom. 3. (Forest of Dean; Lane.) A vein, seam, mine, or bed of coal or .ironstone. (Gresley) Deep coal (Eng.). Coal seams lying at a depth of 1,800 feet or more be- low the surface. (Gresley) Deep leads. Alluvial deposits of gold or tinstone buried below a consider- able thickness of soil or rock. (Duryee) Deep-level (Trans.). In South Africa, the first mining properties de- veloped from the surface were estopped from trespassing beyond their side lines projected down- ward. The next mine on the dip of the lode became known as the "deep-level" mine or "deep." Jour., Chem., Met. and Min. Soc, So. Africa, vol. 14, 1914, p. 361) GLOSSARY or MINING AND MINERAL INDTJSTBTk 20d Beep pit (Eng.). A shaft exceeding 400 or 500 yards In depth. (Gres- ley) Seep-Biaker (Aust.)- A tall drinking glass; also the drink It contains, so called in' fanciful allusion to the shaft of a mine. (Webster) Seep-well pump. A pump for oil 'shells, etc. (Standard) Seflcient coal (Ark.) Coal more dif- ficult to mine than the standard, and for which the miners are paid an extra price. (Steel) Seflcient place (Aust.). A working place in which men cannot make fair average wages, and for which they are given extra pay. (Power) Sefinite proportions law. One of the fundamental chemical laws that a chemical compound always contains the same elements In the same pro- portions by weight (Liddell). Com- pare Dalton's law. Seflagrate. To burn; burst into flame; specifically to burn rapidly, with a sudden evolution of flame and vapor, as a mixture of char- coal and niter thrown Into a red- hot crucible. (Century) Seflagrating mixture. Combustible mixtures generally made with niter, the oxygen of which is the active ingredient in promoting their com- bustion. (Century) Seflagratlon glohe. A large glass globe for deflagration experiments, as burning phosphorous in oxygen. (Webster) Seflagratlon spoon. A spoon with a long vertical handle, used In defla- gration experiments. (Webster) Seflatlon. The removal of loose ma- terial by the wind, leaving the rocks bare to the continuous attack of the weather. (Webster) Seflection angle. In railroad survey- ing, the angle formed at any point of a curve between the tangent and a chord of 100 feet, and is, therefore, one half the degree of curve. Beflocoulating agent. An agent which produces deflocculation, as for ex- ample the alkalis in certain concen- tration, and which therefore hin- ders settling. (Eng. and Mln. Jour., vol. 101, p. 431) rieflocculation. A relative term op- posed to flocculation, which see. 744010 0—47 14 Bef ormation ' of rocks. 1. Bestrictefflyi, distortion of- rock masses by pres- sure, evidenced by foliation, mutual Indentation :of pebbles in conglom- erate, distortion of fossils, stylo- lites, etc. (Standard) . S. Any change In the original shap9' of rock masses. Folding and fault- ing are common modes of deforijia- tion. (Sansome)f , Segradatlon. The general lowering of the surface of the land by erosive processes, especially by the removal of material through erosion and transportation by flowing water. (La Forge) Begrade. To wear dovm by erosion. (Webster) Segree. A division, space, or Interval marked on a mathematical or other instrument, as on a thermometer. (Wetjster) Segree of curve. In railroad survey- ing, that angle subtended, at the cen- ter of curvature, by a chord of 100 feet. It Is twice the deflection angle. Behne filter press. A standard plate- and-frame filter press. (Liddell) Behydrate. To render free from wa- ter. (Webster) Sell (Scot). A tool for unscrewing broken rods in a bore hole. (Bar- rowman) Belster table. A riffled table used in ore. dressing In which the angle be- tween the line of termination of the riffles and the direction of motion is not so acute as In the Wllfley. It is also wider and shorter. The top Is rhomboldal. (Liddell) Be jar respaldado (Peru). To leave valuable ore in the wall -rock. (Dwight) Belay electric blastlng-oap. A detonat- ing device with a delay element be- tween the priming and detonating composition. It detonates about one or two seconds after the electric cur- rent has passed through the bridge. They are made in two kinds — ^flrst and second delay — and are used in connection with regular, waterproof or submarine electric blasting-caps for blasting in tunnels, shafts, etc., where it is desirable to have charges flred in succession without the neces- sity of the blaster returning between shots. (Du Pont) 210 OLOSS^BT OF MIKING AJSTD MINERAX. INDUSTBT. SeUy eleotric-lgnlter. An electrical device using fuse as the delay ele- ment by which it Is possible with the use of a blasting cap on each fuse to detonate a number of charges In succession. (Du Pont) Selesslte. A chlorltlc mineral of scaly or short fibrous appearance filling cavities or seams in basic igneous rocks. (Dana) Self. I. (Forest of Dean, Lane.) A vein, seam, or bed of coal or Iron- stone. (Gresley) 8. (Eng. and Scot) A thing which has been dug; a mine; a quarry; a pit (Webster) Self man (Eng.). . A miner or work- man in a stone quarry. (Webster) Seliqnescent. Capable of becoming liquid by the absorption of water from the air. (Standard) Sellvery drift (Eng.). A drift or adit driven fromT low ground into the shaft to receive water pumped from a lower level. Also called 0£C-take drift. (G. O. Greenwell) Sellenite. A name proposed by Br8g- ger for an intermediate group of ef- fusive roc^s, between the dacites and the liparites (rhyolites). The name is derived from Dellen, Hel- Bingland, Sweden. Compare Tosca- nite. (Kemp) Selprat method. See Overhand stop- Ing. Selprat process. See Potter-Delprat process. Selta. An alluvial deposit at the mouth of a river (Webster). Usu- ally more or less triangular in form. Seltaficatlon. The process of forming a delta at the mouth of a river. (Century) Seltaio. 1. Pertaining to or like a delta. 2. Having or forming a delta. (Century) Seltaio deposits. Sedimentary deposits laid down in a river delta. (Ran- some) Selta-metal. A non-rusting, copper, einc, and Iron alloy resepibling Alch's - metal and sterro - metal. (Standard) Baltold dodecahedron. An isometric form of 12 faces, each a quadri- lateral, distributed as determined by the tetrahedral type of symmetry (Dana). Sometimes called ^elto- hedron. Sema (Sp.). 1. Timbers; lagging, t. A dry-stone wall. 3. (Colom.). Th» side of a ground sluice. (HaJse) Demagnetize. To deprive of magnetic! polarity. (Century) Semar (Sp. Am.). To timber; to con- struct the sides of channels and sluices. (Lucas) Demasia (Mex.). Unoccupied ground between two mining concessions, less than one pertenencia in extent. (Dwight) Semenge process. A process of hard- ening the face of a steel ingot by carburlzing one side in the casting mold. (Standard) Demurrage. A charge for the deten- tion of railway cars over a cer^n period allowed for loading or un- loading. Dendriform. Resembling a tree; ar- borescent ; dentritic (Century). Said of certain minerals. Dendrite. 1. A branching figure re- sembling a shrub or tree, produced on or in a mineral or rock by the crystallization of a foreign mineral, usually an oxide of manganese, as in the moss agate ; also the mineral or rock so marked. 2. A crystallized arborescent form, as of gold or silver; an arboriza- tion. (Webster) Dendritic. Branching like a tree ; said of minerals, as crystallized gold. Dendroid. Dentritic; arborescent Denounce (Mex.). To offer for rec- ord, legal notice of a claim for a mining concession, covering a de- scribed area, the mining rights of which are held by the government (Webster). See also Denuncia. Densimeter. An apparatus for deter- mining the specific gravity or rela- tive density of a substance. (Stand- ard) Density. 1. The ratio of the mass of any volume of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of some standard substance. For liquids and solids the standard substance la wa- ter. (Webster) 2. The quality of being dense, close, or compact S. The quantity of elec- tricity per unit of volume at a point In space, or the quantity of elec- tricity per unit of area at a point on a surface. (Century) Denndaol6n (Sp.). Denudation or ero- sion. (Halse) GLOSSABY OF lOinKO AlTD MIXTBBAL INDUSTBT. 211 9eandatlo&. 1. The washing down of anrface deposits so as to lay bare underlying formations. This wash- ing away In one place Is. associated with the Idea of deposition in. an- other. (Roy. Com.) S. In geology, the same as erosion, although there has been an efCort by some to restrict tpe term to the stripping away of overlying material from some particular rock or sur- face. (Ransome) ' Denude. To wear away or remove overlying matter ■ from and so ex- pose to view, as underlying rocks. (Standard) Denuded. In geoldgy, rocks exposed by the action of denudation. (Cen- tury) Dennncla (Sp.). 1. In Mexico and Spanish America, the judicial pro- ceedings by which a person claims and secures the right to a mine which he has discovered, or one the title to which has been lost or for- feited by the neglect of the owner to work it, or by his having violated the mining ordinances. 8. A simi- lar Judicial proceeding by which waste or abandoned lands may be preempted. (Century) Denunciador (Mex.). The denouncer of a mine. (Halse) Dennnclamiento (Sp.). In mining, the act of giving formal notice of a claim ; also, the claim itself. (Stand- ard) Aenunciante (Colom.). The denouncer of a mine or claim; a claimant. (Halse) Denunciar (Sp.). To denounce. To give Informatioii that a mine is forfeited for being insufficiently worked, or for a violation of some condition which imposes that pen- alty. This term is also applied to the giving notice of a discovery, for the purpose of registry. (Raymond) Denuncio (Mex.). Denouncement ; the act of applying for a mining conces- sion under the old mining laws. (Dwight) Departamento (Sp.). Department; a province, district or subdivision of a country. (Halse) Dependiente (Mex.). An inferior of- ficer or clerk. (Halse) DepMegmator, or separator. An Instru- ientused in the refining of petrjv leum to arrest the oil mechanically carried over by the vapor. (Mit- eakis) Depletion. The act of emptying, re- ducing or exhausting, as the deple- tion of natural resources (Cen- tury). In mining, speciflcally said of ore reserves. ,, ^ . Deposit. 1, Anything laid down. For- merly applied to (suspended) matter left by the agency of water, but now made to include also mineral matter In any form', and precipitated by chemical or other agencies, as the ores, etc., in veins.; (Winchell) 8. The term mineral deposit or ore deposit, is arbitrarily used to desig- nate a natural occurrence of a use- ful mineral or ore In sufficient extent and degree of concentration to Invite exploitation. (Raymond) Deposition. 1. The process of natural accumulation of rock material, as when thrown down or collected in strata by water, wind, or volcanic action : also material thus deposited. Opposed to denudation. (Standard) 2. The precipitation of mineral mat- ter from solution, as the deposition of gate, vein quartz, etc. Dep6sito (Sp.). X A deposit, generally ' sedimentary; a synonym of yaMr miento; D. de metal, an ore deposit; D. de minerales, a mineral deposit. 2. Cistern or tank. 8. (Mex.) An ore bin. 4. Depoaitos (Mex.). water collected in old workings. (Halse) Depp (Derb.). The continuance of ore with depth. (Mander) Depreciation. The loss In the value of physical property due to use. or otherwise, which cannot b6 made good by current repairs. (B. B. Skinner, p. 149) Depreciation fnnd. A 'fund set aside to replace a piece of depreciable property when it Is worn out (E. B. Skinner, p. 150) Depression. 1. A lowering, sinking or diminution. 2. The angular dis- tance of an object beneath the hori- zontal plane that passes through the observer. Used in surveying. (Webster) Deputy. 1. (No. of Bug.) A man who fixes and withdraws the timber sup- porting the roof of a mine, and who attends to the safety of the roof and sides, builds stopping, puts up bract- tlcing, and looks after the safety of the miners. 2. (Mid.) An under- ground official who looks after gen- eral safety of a certain number of stalls (rooms) or of a district, but who does not set the timber himself 212 QLOSSABY 07. iSlNlNQ AISTD MIITSRAIi TSJiVSTRY. although he has to see that It Is properly done. (Gresley) 3. A mine boss. (Boy) Deputy overman (Newc). The Irian who lays the plates and sets the tim- ber for the miners, and has charge of a portion of the mine. (Min. Jour.) Depnty surveyor; Kineral surveyor. A person appointed by the Surveyor General of the United States to make proper surveys of lode or placer mining claims, prior to the Issuing of a patent (U. S. Min. Stat, p. 577-581) Deputy system (No. of Bng.). The plan of having all the timbering in working places performed by spe- cially appointed deputies (Gresley). See aUo Deputy. Derbylite. A mineral, composed of antimonate and titanate of iron, oc- curring in black orthorhombic cry- stals. (Dana) Derbyshire spar; Derby spar. Flu6- rite, found abundantly in Derby- shire, Eng. (Chester). Fluorspar. Derecho (Sp.). 1. Law; equity. 2.* Derechos; taxes; dues; customs. (Halse) Derivative rocks. Rocks derived by erosion or comminution from exist- ent rocks or rock material, as a sedi- mentary rock and volcanic tufa. (Standard) Derrame de veta (Sp.). Fragments of ore scattered over the surface of the country near the lode. (Lucas) Derribar Sp.). To break ground. (Halse) Derrick. 1. The framework or tower over a deep drill hole, such as that of an oil well, for supporting the tackle for boring, hoisting or low- ering. 8. Any of various hoisting apparatus employing a tackle rigged at the end of a spar or beam. (Web- ster) 3. (Corn.) A digger; a miner. (Pryce) Derrick car. A wrecking car fitted with a derrick or cran& (Webster) Derrick crane. A crane in which the top of the post is supported by fixed stays in the rear and the jib is piv- oted like the boom of a derrick. (Century) Derricklng. Operating like a derrick, as regards the raising and lowering of the jib. (Webster) Derrooado (Mex.).. A mine in which the workings have caved. (Halse) Derrumbe. 1. (Colom.) A land slip. 2. (Peru) A small and narrow mountain pass. (Halse) A water pipe; Desagnador (Sp.). drain. (Dwlght) Desaguar (SpJ. To drain; to pump; to unwater. (Lucas) Desag&e (Mex.). Unwatering; mine drainage. (Dwlght) Desamparar (Sp.). To abandon, as a mine. (Halse) Desanehar. 1. (Sp.). To undercut 2. D. la veta (Mex.), to take down the soft wall of a vein and leave the lode for subsequent extraction. To gouge. (Halse) Desaplomar (Peru), In the patio proc- ess, to restore mercury.' (Halse) Desarenar (Colom.). To dear away the poor sand, as in placer mining, (Lucas) Desatlvar (Sp.). To free a mine from rubbish or waste. (Vel.) Desazogadera (Sp. Am.). A receptacle for the condensed quicksilver result- ing from the roasting operation. (Halse) Desbocarse el barreno (Peru). To re- main (as a drill hole) practically intact after firing. (Dwlght) Desbordar (Mex.). 1. To stope under- hand. 2. To rob mlde pillars, (Dwlght) Desborde (Mex.). An underhand stope. (Dwlght) Descapotar (Sp. Am.). To clear away a capping. (Lucas) Descargadora (Mex.). A discharging tank, from which the slimes are run off last. (Kgleston) Discargar (Sp.). 1. Literally, to un- load; 2>. un homo, to tear down a furnace. (Dwlght) 2. (Colom.) To take away stones In order to facilitate the washing of gold-bearing sands. (Halse) Desearguo (Mex.). The last ingot re- duced in a smelting furnace. (Rrockwell) Descension-theory. The theory that the material in veins entered from above. ( Raymond ) Desdoizlte. A vanadate of lead and zinc, found only in the oxidized parts of veins. (XT. S. Geol. Surr.) OliOS^ARt or MliriNd ASD taWBRAL IKDUSTBY. 213 DewogoIIar (Colom;). To taW awa:^ the upper part of a vein. (Halse) Deseostradorei (Sp.). Men employed in taking down any fragment which may remain after blasting. (Mln. Jour.) Detoiptive mineralogy. That branch of mineralogy devoted to the de- scription of the physical and chemi- cal properties of minerals. (Cen- tury) SesoabridoBa (Mex.). Discovery-mine; first mine in a district, or on a mineral deport, (D wight) Sesoubrir (Sp.). To discover, as mines. (Halse) Sciecho (Mex;). 1. The loss of mer- cury through chemical reactions duHng amalgamation. S. Lead- dross. 3. Assay waste. (Dwlght) 4. Very low-grade or poor ores. 5. Bubbish , from mines ; waste rock. (Halse) Deieneielar (Oolom.). To work the lode between two adits. (Lucas) Besengraaar (Mex./). To throw out ; of gear. (Dwlght) Iteienlodar (Sp.). To separate day from any mineral or ore. (Halse) Desert rat (West U.' S.). A prospec- tor, especially one who works and lives in the desert, or who has spent taduch time in arid regions. The Aame is derived frMn a small rodent coitamon throughout much of die ' Great Basin - and Southwestern United States. Ocfs^aehar (Sp. Am.). To get out the fine gravel or dirt. (Ludas) Jledceate. To dry up; to deprive or .exhaust of moisture ; to preserve by drying. (Webster) Dnlooator. A short glass jar fitted with an air-tight cover and contain- ing BOAie deslccatiiig substance as calcium chloride, above Which is pla. 461) Aesistlmtento (Hex.). The abandon- ment of a mining claim. (Dwlght) Setlave (Sp. Am.). TalUngs. (Lucas) Deslizarse el azoqne (Peru). The flouring of mercury. (Dwlght) Sesmenuzable (Sp.). Friable ore. (Halse) Desmine. See Stllbite. Sesmontar (Colom.). To remove over- burden; to strip. (Halse) Sesmonte (Colom.). The superficial layer above the auriferous gravel. (Halse) Desmentes (Mex.). Poor ores. (Dwlght) Desmoronos (Colom.). Surface dam- age caused by mine workings, for which the operator has to pay dam- ages. (Halse) Sesmorro (Mex.). Furnace barrings. (Dwlght) Desmosite. A banded contact rock de- veloped from shales and slates by intrusions of diabase. Compare Spilosite and Adinole. (Kemp) ^esnlvel (Mex.). Difference in a level. (Dwlght) Sespaehardores (Mex:). Men employed in filling manias with ore. (Halse) Sespacho (Mex.). 1. An office. 2. A commission, warrant, or patent. (Halse) Despajar (Mex.). To remove waste rock by concentration. (Dwlght) Sespaje (Mex.). Waste from a concen- tration plant. (Dwlght) Despensa (Mex.). 1. A storeroom for provisions. 2. A well-secured room for keeping rich ore. (Halse) Sesperdlcios (Sp.). Tailings. (Lucas) Oespilado (Sp.). 1. The removing of Irillars. .(Halse) Seipllar; Sespllarar (Mex.). To rob a mine; to remove pillars. (Halse) Sesplatar (Sp.). To desilverize. (Lu- cas) Sespoblado (Mex.). Ore with much gangua (Dwlght) DfespoblaT (Mex.). To suspend mining work. (Dwlght) Deipueble (Sp.). Abandoning the mine, or failure to keep the proper number of men .at work. (Mln. Jour.) 214 GI- ater) Detonating powder. Any powder or solid substance, which -when heated or struck explodes with violence and a loud report (Webster) Detonating primer. A primer exploded by a fuse, used to fire high explo- sives. (Webster) Detonation. The very sudden change of unstable substances from a solid or liquid to the gaseous state with the evolution of great heat and ac-' companied by a sudden report. Detonator. A term used to Include blasting caps, or any device used for detonating a high explosive (Du Font). An exploder, percussion cap^ or primer. Detonator tube. A eudiometer fitted for making explosions. (Webster) Detrital rock. A rock made up of the debris of other, rock. (Century) Detritus. A general name for inco- herent sediments, produced by the wear and tear of rocks through the various geological agencies. The name is from- the I^atin for "Worn." Rock wasta (Kemp) Deuterogenio. Formed from proto- genlc rocks. (Standard) Development 1. A geological torm, applied to those progressive changes in fossil genera, and species, which have followed one another during the deposition of the strata of the earth. (Roberts) 2. Work done in a mine to open up ore bodies, as sinking shafts and driving levels, etc. (Skinner). ' Sometimes used synonomously wlUi "annual assessmmt" work. Devil (Aust). An automatic ar- rangement for detaching. a set of skips from the maln-and-tall lope haulage system. . (Power) Devil's dice. Cubes of Umonlte, pseudd- morph aftet pyrlte. (Power) Devltrlfloatlon. The process by whldi glassy rocks break up into definite minerals. The latter are usually excessively minute but are dilefljr quartz and feldspar (Kemp). The change from a glassy to a crysta- Une state after solidification, GLOSSARY OP MINIMTQ JLSD MUrtlRAL KSTDUSTBY. 215 Sevonieii. In the ordinarily accepted classification, the fourth in order of age of the periods comprised in the Paleozoic era, following the Silurian and succeeded by the Carboniferous. Also the system of strata deposited at that time (La Forge). Some- times called the Age of fishes. Sewar-Redwood process. A method for cracking petroleum (1899) by the use of a suitable still and a con- denser in free communication with each other, t. e., without any, valve between them, the space in the still and condenser not occupied with liquid being charged with air, car- bonic acid gas, or other gas, under the required pressure and the con- denser being provided with a regu- lated outlet for the condensed liquid. A full description of the process is contained in Sir Bover- ton Redwood's standard worli on pe- troleum. (MItzakis) Beweyllte. An amorphous, resinous, whitish to brown, hydrous magne- slah silicate mineral, near serpen- tine, but with more water; formula^ perhaps, 4Mg0.3SIOa.6H,0. (Dana) Sezning. See Zur, also DIssuing. Siabantite. A chloritic mineral found filling cavities An basic eruptive rocks, like basalt and diabase. (Cen- tury) Siabasa (Mex.). Diabase. (Dwlght) Diabase. A basic igneous rock usually occurring ' allowing light to pass through. Used in describing mineral. Com- pare Transparent, Seml-transpar«it, Translucent, and Opaque. (Dana) Diaphanous. Allowing light to show or shine through. (Webster) Diaphorite. A mineral like freleslebe- nlte In composition, (Pb.Ag,)»Sb»Sji, or 5(Pb,Ag,)S.2Sb.S,, but ortho- rhombic in form. (Dana) Diario' (Colom.). 1. The daily quan- tity of amalgam produced by a mill. 2. The mill diary or record of hours, tonnage, etc. (Halse) Diaschlstio. Derived from a larger, parent Igneous mass, but differing therefrom In composition; said of certain dikes associated with igne- ous intrusions. Contrasted with Aschlstlc. (La Forge) Diaspore. An aluminum hydroxide mineral, Al,Oa.H,0. (Dana) Diastatic. Pertaining or due to the movements of the forces which pro- duce deformation of the earth's sur- face. (Standard) Diastrophe. In geology, an event char- acterized by a deformation of the earth's crust. (Standard) Dlastrophlsm. The process or processes by which the crust of the earth is deformed, producing continents and ocean basins, plateaus and moun- tains, flexures and folds of strata, and faults:, Also, the results of these processes. ^ (Webster) Diathermic. Allowing a free passage of heat (Webster) Diatom. A minute plant which Is pro- vided with a siliceous envelope. (Duryee) Diatomaceons earth. A friable earthy deposit composed of nearly pure sil- ica and consisting essentially of the frustules of the microscopic plants called diatoms; dlatomlte. Some- times wrongly called infusorial earth, which see. ■ (La Forge) Diatomic. Consisting of two atoms to the molecule. Bivalent Having two replaceable atoms or radicals. (Webster) Diatomite (Eng.). The silica of di- atoms dried to a fine powder and Used In the manufacture of dyna mite, pottery glaze, etc. (Stand- ard.) See also Infusorial eartb. GLOSSARY or MINIKQ AKD MINEBAti rsvt^TKi. 21*1 Statomous. Having a single, distinct diagonal cleavage, fi» to cM;aln crystals. (Webster) Diatom prism. A prism attached to a microscope to give the obllciue Illu- mination for observing very flae markings. ( Standard > Diatreme. A vent occurring, In a sur- face fissure in volcanic regions. (Daly, p. 252) Dibhole (Bng.). The lowest part of a mine, into which the water drains (Standard).' A sump. Dlbnjo (Sp.). A drawing; design or, draft. (Halse) ^ Dice coal (Lelc). Layers in a coal seam which naturally break or split into small pieces resembling dice. (Gresley) Dice mineral, A Wllsconsln tenn for small cubic galena. (Power) Dicey lode (Corn.). A lode possess- ing many horizontal joints. (Power) Dichroism; Pleooluroism. The property of exhibiting different colors In different directions by transmitted light. (Dana) Dichroite. A hydrated, alumlnum-mag- nesium-lron silicate mineral, Hi(Mg, Fe)iAIsSli(iOn. Synonymous vylth Iplite and Cordietrite. Dichromic. Containing two atoms or equivalents of chromium. (Web- ster) IMohroBCope. An instrument for ob- serving pleochroism in minerals. (A. F. Rogers) Dlckinsonite. A green, hydrous phos- phate mineral, chiefly of manganese. Iron and sodium. (Dana) Diolinic. A crystal having two of the three axes inclined to the third and ' perpendicular to each other. (Stand- ard) Dldymium. A supposed element an- nounced by Mosander in 1841. The most recent investigations have shown that it is a mixture of two elements, neodymium and praseo- dymium. (Century) Die. 1. A piece of hard iron, placed in a mortar to receive the blow of a stamp, or in a pan to receive the friction of the muUer. Between the die and the stamp or inuller the ore Is crushed (Raymond). At Clunea, Victoria, it Is cal&d tie Stamp bed. 8i A tool used 'for cutting threafls; usually at one passage. (Nat. intso Co.) Dle^earth (Eng.). A local term at Cbalbrook Dale for the Wenlock shale, because this stratum Ites ber neath all the mining ground of the district— the minerals "dying out," as it were, at this stratuin. (Page) Dlehl process. A modification of the cyanide process in which cyanogen bromide is added to the leaching so- lution. (Liddell) Diente. 1. (Sp.). A tooth or cog; D. de murci4lago, stlbnite in cavities In veins; D. de perro (Colom.), a crystallized and opaque quartz oc- curring in geodes. (Halse) 8. (Mex.) Binding stone in Mexi- can masonry. SeeTlzCn. (Dwlght) Diesel engine. An internal combustion engine In which only air is drawn in by the suction stroke, and the air is so highly compressed that the heat generated Ignites the fael which is automatically sprayed Into the cylinder under high pressur& (Webster) Die-stock. A contrivance for holding dies used in screw cutting (Cen- tury). See Die, 2. Difference of potential. The difference in electrical pressure existing be- tween any two points in an electri- cal system or between any point of such a system and the> earth, a^ de- termined by. a. voltmeter. , (Clark) Differential flotation. The floating of one flotative mineral only, wh^ there ace others present which are ordinarily flotative. See Selective flotation and Preferential- flotation. (O. C. Ralston, U. S. Bur. Mines) Differential pumping engine. . A com- pound direct-acting pumping en- gine, generally of the horizontal class. (Gresley) Differentiation. The process or procr esses whereby cooling magma sepa- rates Into rocks of diffetent kinds,, usually, connected by gradations. (Ransome) Diffraction. A mqAlAcation which light undergoes in passing by the edges of opaque bodies or . through narrow slits or in being reflected from ruled surfaces, in which the rays appear to be deflected producing fringes of parallel light and dark or colored bands. (Webster) 218 GLOSSABT OF MINING AND MINERAI. INDTJSTBY. Siflnnte. In chemistry, material which, In the process of dialysis, has diffused or passed through the separating membrane. (Webster) Mg. 1. To mine coal; applied to bituminous workings (Chance). See also Gouge, 3. S. To excavate; make a passage Into or through, or remove by tak- ing away material. (Century) Digger. 1. One who digs, as a miner; a seeker of gold. A tool for digging. (Webster) 2. A man who is paid by the ton, for coal produced. A miner in the stricter sense. Originally the digger mined or undermined the coal. The term is now applied to the man who merely shoots out the coal. (Steel) 3. A- machine for rembving coal from the bed of streams, the coal liaving washed down from collieries of culm' banks above. (C. and H. M. P.) 3>lgging. 1. Mining operations in coal or other minerals. (Hargis) 2. Region; locality; quarters; lodg- ing (Webster). See also Diggings. Diggings. Applicable to all mineral deposits and mining camps, but In usage In the United States applied to placer mining only (Raymond). See also Bar-Diggings. Xlhtdral. Having two sides, as a figure; having two faces, as a crys- tal. (Century) Xihydrlte. A dark emerald-green, hydrous copper phosphate, CujP>0«.- 2Cu(OH)z. mineral, crystallizing in the monoclinic system. (Dana) iOlke. 1. A long and relatively thin body of Igneous rock, which, while In a state of fusion, has entered a 'fissure in older rocks and has there <;hllled and solidified (Century). JJot to be confounded with vein. Also spelled Dyke. 2. A channel or ditch made for water by digging. S. A bank of earth or stone ; a levee. (Webster) JMkelet. A small offshoot or apophysis from a dike. (Standard) SlUue (Corn.). To sort (tin ore) by washing In a hand sieve. (Web- ster) Dinner (Corn.). A fine hair sieve for tin ore. (Century) DiUning; SlUeughing (Corn.). An operation performed in tin dress- ing upon the slimes of a certain part «f the process. It is like the opera- tion of panning, only performed with a sieve having a close haircloth bottom, and in a kieve of water which receives the tailings of the process. (Raymond) Dilly. 1. (No. of Eng.) A counts- balance mounted upon two pairs Of tram wheels by means of which the empty tubs are carried up an under- ground incline of a greater inclina- tion than 1 in 3. (Gresley). A short self-acting Incline where one or two tubs are run at a time. (0. and M. M. P.) 2. Any of various vehicles, as a light wagon, truck, water cart, etc. (Webster) Dllly boy. One who rides a dilly or attends it. Dilsh (Wales). Inferior coal in a thin stratum; culm. (Gresley) Blluent. That which dilutes, or makes more fluid; a fluid that weakens the strength or consistence of an- other fluid upon mixture. ((Cen- tury) Dlluir (Sp.). To dilute. (Dwight) Diluvial. 1. Pertaining to floods. 2. Related to or consisting of diluvium. (Century) Sllnviiim. 1. Sand, gravel, clay, etc., in superficial deposits. See Drift, 6. According to some authors, alluvium is the effect of the ordinary, and diluvium of the extraordinary ac- tion of water. The latter term is now passing out of use as not pre- cise, and more specific names for the different kinds of material are substituted. (Raymond) 2. A name formerly applied to the unsorted and sorted deposits of the Glacial period, as contrfisted with the iater water -sorted alluvium. Compare Alluvium. (Kemp) Dimension stone. Btone that is quar- ried or cut in accordance with re- quired dimensions. (Ries) Dimension work. Masonry consisting of stones whose dimensions are fixed by specification. (Century) Dimetian rock. A granitoid and schistose rock, found In Wales lower than the Arvonlan. (Standard) Dlmorfo (Sp.). Dimorphous. (Dwight) Dimorphism. Crystallization in two independent forms of the same chemical compound, as of calcium carbonate occurring as calclte and aragonlte. (Webster) GLOSSARY OF MUTING AXTD MINERAL INDUSTBY., 219 JMmorphlte. An orange-yellbw arsenic snlphide mineral that Is obtained as a volcanic product, and Is closely related to orplment. (Standard) Sinamlta (Sp.)> Dynamite. (Dwlght) Sinamo (Sp.)- Dynamo. (Dwlght) Sinantian. In the usage of many Eu- ropean authorities, the oldest of the three series of strata comprised In the Carboniferous system in Europe ; Iiower Carboniferous. Equivalent to tiiie Misslsslppian of North America. Also the corresponding epoch of geo- logic time. (La Forge) Slnas brick. A refractory brick, al- most entirely composed of sijica from the Dlnas clay in the Vale of Neath, England. (Ij^aymond) Slneral (Sp.). A standard of vrelght equal to 288 grains, used in assay- ing. (Halse) Sinero (Sp.). 1. Money. 2. A stand- ard weight of silver, the twelfth part of a dineral, and equal, to 24 grains. (Halse) Single (Eng.). A narrow valley be- tween hills. (Humble) Sing's magnetic separator. An ore separator on which the material is fed upward by a vibrating conveyor and passes through successive zones of magnetic separation. These zones are covered by the rims of rotating wheels which ^rry secondary mag- nets. These carry the magnetic par- ticles out of the fields, are demag- netized, and drop the concentrate. (Llddell) Sinife. An inodorous, tasteless, frag- ile mineral having the appearance of Ice, but with « yellow tinge, and very soluble In ether and carbon di- sulphlde ; It was found In a lignite deposit at Luniglana, Tuscany. (Bacon) Sinky. A' small locomotive used to move cars in and about mines and quarries. (Bowles) * Bint (Mid.). See Bate, 1. Siopside. A natural calcium-magne- sium silicate, CaMg(SiO.).. A va- riety of pyroxene. (U. S. Geoi, Surv.) Sioptase, A hydrous silicate mineral of cdpper, aCuSlO.. (Dana) Slorita (Sp.). Diorite. (Dwlght) Siorlte. A granitoid rock compos^ essentlaUy of hornblende and feld- ^lu!h is mostly or who^ Pja- ^oclase, with accessory bloUte and (or) augite. Minute grains of mag* netite and tHanite may be visible. Quartz may be present in consider- able amount, in which case the rock Is called quartz diorite. Quartz di- orltes grade into tonalites and granr odiorites. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Biorite - porphyrite. A porphyrlte whose groundmass Is a finely crys- talline diorite, and whose pheno- crysts are prevailingly plagioclase. It is contrasted with homblende- porpbyrlte, whose phenocrysts are prevailingly hornblende. (Kemp) Sip. 1. The angle at which beds or strata are inclined from the hori- zontal, while underlie is the angle formed between a vein and a verti- cal line. The first Is a geologist's term, the second a miner's. (Rc^. Com.) 2. To slope downward from the sur- face. 3. (Eng.) A heading or other underground way driven to the deep. 4. A dip entry, dip room, etc. A heading driven to the full rise in steep mines. (Gresley) Sip compass. See Dipping Compass. Sip cut. In cutting out blocks of stone, the cut which follows a line at right angles to the strike. (Bowles) Dip entry. An entry driven down hill so that water will stand at the face. If It Is driven directly down a steep dip it becomes a slope (Steel). See also Entry ; also Slope. Dip fanlt. S^ Fault. Dip-head. A heading driven down- ward on the dip of a coal seam. (Webster) Dip-head level? A mine level connect- ing an engine-shaft (hoisting shaft) with the rooms or chambers (Stand- ard). The main level, drift or slope. Dip joint. A vertical joint about par- allel with the direction of the deav- age dip (C. and M. M. P.). Se» also Dip slip. Dip needle. See Dipping compass. Sippa (Corn.). A small pit sunk ob a lode to catch water; a pit sunk on a bunch ore. (Duryee) Dipper (No. of Eng.). A downthrow, or a fault. (Gresley) Dipper dredge. A dredge In which the material excavated Is lifted by a single bucket on the end of an arm, in the same manner as in the ordi- nary steam ahoveL (Weatherbe) 220 aiiOSSABT OF MOriXTG AKD MINERAL iNDtTSTBY. Dippiag. !• (Waled). Sdme as Dip, 2. In Scotland It la called a dook. 3. In ceramics, the process of. coat- ing a coarse clay bodytrlth enamel or Edtp of a iBne quality by plunging the vessel into the liquid material for doating. (Century) Dipping eompan. A compass having the needte fixed to swing in a ver- tical plaue^ so it can be readily de- flected by magnetic rocks. (Wbed) Sipping needle. See Dipping compass. Dipiile (Eng.). Same as Dip, 3. Dip shift. The component of the shift (or slip) paraltel with the fault dip. (Lindgreur p. 122) Dip side; laigh aide (Scot). The low- est side of a room or wait. (Bar- rowman) Dip slip. The component of the slip paralM. with the fault dip* or its ' projection on a line in the fault Burfabe perpendicular .to the fault strlka (Lindgren, p. 121) D^-sllj) fault. See E'ault. Dip slope. £fee Escarpment. . Dip split. A current of Intake air di- rected into or down a dip. (Gres- ley) Dip iwlteh (Ark.). A slant or piece of track connecting the back entry or air course of a dipping coal seam with the main entry or gangway. (Steel) Dip throw. The component of the slip measured parallel with the dip of the strata. (Lindgren, p. 124) Dlpntaeibn de minerla (Mex.). A lo- cal board, fcH-merly elected in each district for the adm.&istration of all matters relating to the mining Industry,, abolished by the Law of li892 and substituted by agentea. CHalse) Dlpyr. A variety of scapolite, often used as a prefix to th» names of rocks that contain the mineral. (Kemp) Dlqne (Sp.). 1. A mineral dike. S. Dam. (Dwlght) Slreccl6B (Sp.). Course; direction; strike. (Halse) IMreot draft Having a single direct flue; applied to steam boilers. ((Cen- tury) IMxect Hrlng. The combustion of coal effected by burning directliy on a grate. (Ingalls, p. 26S) Olreotlon of strata. The strike, or line of bearing. (Hitchcock) Slre6t process. A process which yields metal fit for use by a single proc- ess from the ore. The dltect proc- ess for malleable iron Is an ancient method, which has been to a. con- siderable extent replaced by the in- diirect process in; which cast iron Is first made. (Webster) Dirt (Eng.)\ 1. Clay, bind, Co., 77 Fed Rept., p. 249 ; Mc- Shane v. Kenkle, 18 Montana, p. 208; 44 Pacific, p. 979; U. S. Mln. Stat, p. 23; pp. 66-70) IMiooTery claim. The first claim In wblch a mineral deposit Is found, and when this Is within a gulch or on a stream the claims are simply marked or numbered from the discovery claim either by letters or figures up or down the gulch or stream. Smith. V. Cascaden, 148 Feet. Rept, p. 793) Dlsfmte (Sp.). Exploitation of a mine; Obras de D., slopes, etc. IMsIi. 1. (Derb.) A rectangular box about 28 Inches long, 4 Inches deep, and 6 Inches wide In which' ore Is measured. 2. (Com.) A measure holding one gallon, used for tin ore dressed ready for the smelter. (Cen- tury) S. (Com.) The landowner's or land- lord's part of the ore. (Raymond) 4. (No. of Eng.) The length or por- tion of an underground engine plane> nearest to the pit bottom, upon which the empty tubs (cars) stand before being- drawn Inbye. (Gres- ley) Dl«b plate (Kag.). A plate or rail concaved to receive the front wheel's of a tub to secoro It while empty- ing. ster) Disintegration. The breaking asunda and crumbling away of a rode, due to the action of moisture, heat, frost, air, and the internal chemical re- action of the component parts of rocks when acted iq)on by these sur- face influences. (Roy. Com.) Disintegrator. A machine for breaking coal into ppwder. Di^k. 1. A flat circular plate as of metal or paper (Webster) 2. The protecting plate or collar on a ^mp shaft by which the cam lifts the shaft (Da vies). See also Tap- pet Disloeaoitfn (Sp.). A fault as, In a vein. (Dwight) DIslocar (Sp.). To displace; to fault (Halse), Dislocation. A shifting of the relative position of the rock on either side of a crack, or break. It may be up, down, or to one side. Equivalent to slip, slide, fault, throw, heave, up- throw, downthrow, trouble. (Roy. Cpin.) Dispersion. In optical mineralogy, the optical constants for different parts - of the spectrum. (A. F. Rogers) Dlspi;rsoid. A body that has been dis- persed in a liquid. (Rickard) Disphenoid. In crystallogrdphy, a solid flgure contained by eight Isosceles triangles. (Standard) Displacement. 1. The word "displace- ment" should receive no technical lueaniDg, but Is reserved for general lise; it may be applied to a relative movement of the two sides of the fault, measured In any direction, when that direction Is specified; for Instance, the displacement of a stratum along a drift In a mine would be the distance between the two sections of the stratum meas- ured along the drift The word "dislocation" will also be most use- ful In a general sense. (Llndgren, p. 119) 2. The displacement of an air com- pressor Is the volume displaced by the net area of the compressor pls^ ton, (A. I. M. E^ BuU. 140, p. 57) Displacement, horizontal. A term used by Tollman to designate Strike slip, which tee. (lilqdgren, p. 121) 222 GLOSSARY OF MHOKQ AKD KilIX!BAI< INDUSTRY. JHiplaeement, normal. A term used by Tolman to designate Dip slip, which see. (Llndgren, p. 121) IHipIacement, .total. A term used by Spurr and dolman to designate Slip, which see.' (Llndgren, p. 121) Disposal (Scot). The quantity of mineral sold. (Batrowman) IMimptiTe. A term implied to that kind of force exerted by an explo- sive that tends to shatter the rock into fragments. (Bowles) Dissected. Cut by erosion into hills and yalleyd or into flat upland areas ' separated by valleys. Applicable especially to plains or i>eneplaina In process of erosion after an up- lift (Bansome) ■dissection. In geology, the work of erosion in destroying the continuity of a relatively even -surface by cut- ting ravines or valleys into it (Ban- some) Olsseminated. To be scattered or dif- fused through; to be permeated with. (Boy. C!om.) Disseminated deposit. See Dissemi- nated ore. Disseminated ore. Ore carrying line particles of metallic minerals, usu- ally sulphides, scattered through rock or gangue matter, and without genetic significance. (Llndgren, p. 68) Dissociate. In chemistry, to resolve, through variation of some .physical condition, into simpler substances that are capable of reuniting to form an original one. (Centui-y) Dissociation. The act or process con- sisting in the reversible re-solution or decomposition of substances, with complex molecules, into those with simpler ones, when produced by a variiation in physical conditions; also the state resulting from such process. (Century) Dissolution. The act or process of dissolving or breaking up. A sepa- ration Into component parts. (Web- ster) Dlisolntion, space of. According to Posepny, a space or cavity in or be- tween rocks, formed by the dissolv- ing away of rock material. Con- trasted with Space of discission. (La Forge) Dissolving tank. A small tank used for dissolving solid cyanide and pre- paring a concentrated solution. (Clennell, p. 280) Dlssnlns (Corn.). Cutting oat thft selvage or gouge of a lode to fttdll- tate the extraction of ore. (Bay- mond). See also Zur. Distance blocks. Wooden blocks placed in between the main spears and the side pump rods by which the proper distance between them Is ad- justed. (Gresley) Disthene. Synonym for Kyanlte; sometimes used as a prefix In rock names. (Kemp) Distillate. The product at dlstiUatlonr as petroleum distillate. Distillation. Volatilization, followed by condensation to the liquid stata. (Baymond) Distillation furnace. A reverberatory^ heating furnace in which the chargft is contained in a closed vessel and does not come in contact with th» fiame. It has a combustion cham- ber in which the gases are burned around the retorts containing sine ore, the retorts resting on shelves Inside the chamber.'' (Ingalls, p. 381) Distillation, of petroleum. The proc- ess by which heat Is applied to th» crude oil in order that its constit- uents may pass off in vapor, and by suitable arrangements subse- quently collected In the form of a Uquid. (Mitzakls) Distortion. The act of distorting or twisting out of place, or out of , shape. ( Hitchcock ) Distributive fault See Fault Distributor. 1. A device for distribut- ing the charge when dumped into blast furnace; (Wlllcox) 2. An apparatus for distributing on electric current, either to various points in rotation, as in some mo- tors, or along two or more lines in parallel, as in a distributing sys- tem. (Webster) District 1. In the States and Terri- tories West of the Missouri (prior to 1880), a vaguely bounded and tem- porary division and organization made by the inhabitants of a min- ing region. A district has one codo of. mining laws, and one recorder (Baymond). Counties and county officer^ have practically taken the pface of these cruder arangements. 2. A limited area of underground workings. ". { Gresley ) District rope (Aust). A rope used for hauling skips In a district or section of a colliery. (Power) GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINEBAI. INDUSTBY. 223 Disturbance. The bending or faulting or a rock or stratum from Its origi- nal position. (Boy. Com.) Disturbed. Said of an orebody when lacking defined walls and settled character. (Weed) Ditch. 1. An artificial watercourse, flume, or canal, to convey water for mining. 'A. flume is usually of wood; a ditch, of earth. (Ray- mond) 2. (Leic.) To clog; to impede. (Gresley) Ditch drain. A gutter excavated in the floor of a gangway or airway to carry the water to the sump, or out to the surface. (Chance) Ditched top (Lelc). A coal seam which has a hard unyielding top, and is vrith diflficulty separated from . the roof, is said to have a ditched top. (Gresley) Ditcher; Circle cutting drill. .A drill mounted on a frame that rotates about a central axis. It is used to cut circular trenches for the pro- duction of large grindstones. (Bowles) Ditching. 1. Making of ditches. (Standard) 2. The digging or making of a ditch by the use of explosives. See alto Propagated blast. (Du Pont) Ditching oar. A car provided with derricks and scoops to excavate ditches, as in a railway cut. (Standard) Ditching machine. An excavating ma- chine for digging trenches. (Stand- ard) Ditch water. The stale or stagnant water collected in a ditch. (Cen- tury) Ditch wiring. The method of connect- ing electric blasting caps in such a way that the two free ends can be connected at one end of the line ^ of holes. (Du Pont) Dltrolte. A nephelite - syenite from Ditro in Hungary, especially rich in blue sodalite. (Kemp) Divide; Dividing range. The water- shed or h^ht-of-land from which the heads of streams flow in oppo- site directions. (Roy. Com.) Dividing slate. A stratum of slate separating two benches of a coal bed (Cbance). A parting. Dlvlnatorla. A divining rod. (Hoo- Bon) Divining rod; Dowsing rod (Com.)> A rod (most frequently of witch- hazel, and forked in shape) used^ according to an old but still extant superstition, for discovering mineral veins and springs of water, and even for locating oil wells. iRay■^ mond) Divisional planes. Planes which di- vide- rocks into separate masses,, large or small, in the same way a» Joints, fissures, and backs. (Roy.. Com.) Division rope (Aust). See Buffer rope. Dtzzue (Com.). See Dlssuing. D-llnk. A flat iron bar. attached t» chains, and suspended by a rope- from a windlass. It forms a loop In which a man sits when lowered or raised in a shaft or winze. (Gres- ley) Do (doo) (Leic, Derb.). See Bout, 2.. Doab. 1. A dark sandy clay found la the vicinity of many Irish bogs. (Power) 2. The tract of land between two streams immediately above their confluence. 3. The confluence of two streams. (Standard) Doak; Donk (Derb.-). Flucan.. (Power) Dear (Corn.). The earth; whence ore,, the earth of metals. (Pryce) Dobby wagon (York). A cart for con- veying waste material (rock, etc.> from a mine. (Gresley) 'Dobie. A term applied to the mud cajk or aiohe method of secondary blast- ' Ing. See also Mud cap. Dobla (Peru). Night shift (Dwlght). In Chile, a double shift. (Halse) Doblar (Sp.). To bend; to work two- shifts ia^ succession. (Dwlght) D6cil (Sp.). Docile; malleable; tree- milling. (Dwlght) Dock. 1. (N. Y. and Pa.) A local term among bluestone quarrymcn and dealers for yards where th» bluestone is unloaded as hauledl from the quarries, and reloaded for transportation bf rail or water to- its destination. (Bowles) 2. A crib for holding loose or run- ning rock from obstructing a track: or passageway. (Sander, p. 115) 224 QLOSSABY OF MISISQ ANH MIITEBAL INDUSTBY. Spdd 1>]iddle. A round table resembling lin operatloR a WUfl^y table, and a;iso like the Finder concentrator (w'Wc/i see) letcept that It Is convex iiffitead of .concave. Ttue table does mdt Fjev^lve but has a peripheral Jerfctag motion 'imparted to it cir- ■cumferentlally ^y means of a toggle auovement. (Llddell) BnflBnatiedial 'Cleoraige. In srystaUog- xaphy, cileavage paraiQel M tiie laces ■iff .the xbombic dodecaihedron. (Lia JKorge) BoflteaikeSTal merovrjr. Sfatl^ve amaH- gam contatning 75 per orait jmercuiry «Jul 25 per e&ast silver. ^Siantble) ^iidecaJiedsoii. X. la g'liole, A small opening frmn vm place In a coal mine to anoUiier; smaller than a breaktbroiosjh. (Steel) Dog l^ook. 1. (Eng.) A long hoaik for drawing an empty wagon. (Sainbridge) 2. A strong hopk or wrench for sepa> rating iron boring rods. 3. An iron bar with a bent proug, used In han- dling logs. (Century) Dog house. 1. (Joplln, Mo.) A wash- room; dry bouse; change house. 2. (Joplin) A box or platform on which a can or bucliet rests at the bottom of a shaft. 3. In furnace practice, See Forecht^mber. Dog Iron. A short bar of iron with both ends pointed and bent down so as to hold together two pieces of wood; into which the points are driven, or one end may be bent down and pointed, while the othei is formed into an eye, so that If the point be driven into a log, the other end may be used to attach a chain for hauling. (O. and M. M. P.) Dog-on; Dug-on (Scot). To put the hutches on the cage. This term probably had its origin In the hook- ing, of the bucket to the rope by means of a dog hook. (Barrowman) Dogs. 1. (Eng.) In the plural: Bits of wood at the bottom of an air door (Bainbrid^e). 2. See aX»o Cage shuts. 3. See Dog, for vari- ous other meanings. GliOSSAEY OF MXNINO ASV MINERAL IITDtrSTBT. 225 Dogstone. A rougli or shaped stone used for n millstone. (Century) Dogtooth spar. A variety of caiclte ■with shaip-pointed crystals. ( Stand- ard) Dogwatch eat out or ex- tinguish an ignited jet of fire damp (Gresley). Also spelled Douce. 2. To search for deposits of ore, for lodes, or water, by aid of the dous- ing or divining rod. (Century) Dowk (No. of Eng.). A dark-colored clayey material forming part of a vein (Standard). See also Douk. Down (Eng.). Ubderground ; in the pit (Gresley) Down brow (Lane). A dip incline un4erground. (Gresley) Downcast. 1. The shaft through which the fresh air is drawn or forced into the mine ; the ■ intake ( Steel i; Coal Run Coal Co, v. Jones, 127 Illinois, p. 381) 2. (Eng.) A fault which throws a coal seam downwards. See also Downleap. (Greeley) Downcomer. A pipe to conduct some- thing downward, as a pipe for . leading hot gases from the top of a blast furnace downward to the regenerators, boilers, ' etc. (Web- ster). Sometimes called Downcome. Downdraft, A downward draft as in a flue, chimney, shaft of a mine, etc. (Webster) Down-draft kiln. A kiln in. which the heat enters the chamber from the top and passes down, through the ware. (Ries) Downer (Som.). A fest or cessation from work, say half an hour, taken during a shift or turn. . (Gresley) Downfall (So. Staff.). A downthVow. (Mln. Jour.) Down holes. Drill holes that Incline downward. (H, C. Hoover, p. 100) Down-leap (Mid.). A dislocation of strata which has caused a coal seam to be aburptly cut off and brought below its original level. See also Downthrow. (Gresley) Downs (Eng.). The rounded, dry, and unwooded chalk hills of Kent, Sur- rey, Sussex, and adjacent counties. (Page) Downset (Scot). A short drift to the dip. (Barrowman) Down spoats (I 234 GLOSSABY OF MIlSriNG AND MINBRAIi INXHJSTBY. Drum head (No. of Eng.)- A short heading formed to the rise of a level, or bank head. In which the drum of a self-acting Inclined plane is fixed. (Gresley) Omm horns. Wrought-lron arms or spokes projecting beyond the surface or periphery of flat-rope drums, be- tween which the ropes coll or lap. (Gresley) Dramlln. An elongated or oval hill of glacial drift normally compact and unstratified, usually with its longer axis parallel to the direction of the movement of the transporting ice. (Webster) Drumming. The process of sounding the roof of a mine to discover whether rock is , loose. (Deep Vein Coal Co. V. Reney, 112 N. E. Kept., p. 397)" Dmmmy. Loose coal or rock that pro- duces a hollow sound when tapped with any hard substance (Dodd v. Pocahontas Consol. Collieries Co., 244 Fed. Eept, p. 151). Said es- pecially of a mine roof. Drum pulley. A pulley wheel used in place of a drum (Gresley). See also Koepe system. Drum rings. Cast-iron wheels, with projections, to which are bolted the staves or laggings forming the sur- _ face for the hoisting cable to wind upon. The outside rings are flanged, to prevent the cable from slipping off the drum. (Gresley) Drum sheave (Aust.). A cylindrical drum placed vertically on the inside of a curve, against which the main rope of a main-and-tall-rope system moves when rounding the^ curve. (Power) Dmsa (Sp.). Druse; geode. (Lucas) Druse. A crystallized crust lining the sides of a cavity (Raymond). See Geode, 1; also Vug. Drusy. Covered with minute crystals. Dry. 1. (Scot.) A Joint in the roof of a coal seam, which can not usu- ally be discovered until the roof falls. (Gresley) 2. (Scot.) An incipient crack, as in building stone. (Barrowman) . 8. (Corn.) See Change house. 4. To free from water. 5. A drying house. 6. That which is dry, as dry land. (Webster) 7. A metal containing too large a proportion of oxygen; not suiS- dently poled: said of copper in process of refining. (Standard) Dry amalgamation. Treating ores wltb ' hot dry mercury. (0. and M. M. P.) Dry blowing (Aust). A method of winnowing alluvial ore by allowing it to fall froni a height while the vrind Is blowing. (Standard) Dry-bone. A miner's term for an earthy, friable carbonate of zinc, smithsonite. Often frequently ap- plied to the hydrated silicate, so- called calamine. Usually found as- sociated in veins or beds in strati- fled calcareous rocks accompanying sulphides of zinc, iron, and lead. (Dana) Dry casting. A method of casting in which the molds are made of sand and afterwards dried. (Century) Dry coal. Coal containing but little hydrogen. (Gresley) Dry diggings. 1. Placers not subject to overflow (C. and M. M. P.) 2. Placer mines or other mining districts where water is not avail- able. (Standard) Dry distillation. See Destructive dis- tillation. Dryer white. A white scum which forms on brick during drying. (Rles) Dryer. An apparatus for drying ores, preliminary to smelting. Dryers are of various types as: revolving, cylindrical, zigzag, tower, and cast- iron plates. (Ingalls, p. 617) Dry gas. Jilatural gas obtained from sands that produce gas only. It does not contain oil vapors. Dry hole. A drill hole in which no water is used, as a hole driven up- ward (Standard). A well in whidi no oil or gas is found. Dry hone. An artificial razor hone In which the sharpening crystals or grains are so blended with the bond that good results can be obtained without the use of lubricants. (Pike) Drylng-off. The process by which an amalgam of gold is evaporated, as in gliding. (C!entury) Drying oven; Porcelain oven. An oven for firing porcelain. (Stand- ard) Dry man. A man in charge of the building in which workmen change their dothea GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 235 Dry method. 1. The method of mixing the raw materials of Portland ce- ment In a dry state. (Bowles) 2. In chemical analysis, the treat- ment of the compound with dry re- agents, as blow-plplng In qualita- tive analysis and assaying Mn quan- tatlve analysis. (Standard) Dry ore. An argentlferoui ore that does not contain enough lead for smelting purposes. (C. and M. H. P.) Dry pan. A circular revolving pan with perforated bottom. In which two large rollers revolve by friction against the pan floor. It Is used for grinding dry clays. (Ries) Dry-press process. A method of form- ing clay wares by using slightly moistened clay In pulverized 'form and pressing It into steel dies. (Rles) Dry process. A method of treating ores by heat as In smelting ; used In opposition to wet process where the ore Is brought into solution before extraction of the metal. See also Wet process. Dry puddling. A process of decarboni- zation on a siliceous hearth in which the conversion is effected rather by the flame than by the reaction of solid or fused materials. As the amount of carbon diminishes the mass becomes fusible and begins to coagulate (come to nature), after which It is worked together Into lumps (puddle-balls, loups) and re- moved from the furnace to be ham- mered (shingled) or squeezed In the squeezer, which presses out the cin- der, etc., and compacts the mass at welding heat, preparatory to rolling. Silicon, and phosphorus are also largely removed by puddling, pass- ing Into the cinder (Raymond). See also Puddling. Dry rods (Scot.). Pump rods outside the delivery pipes or rising main. (Barrowman) Drys. See Dry, 1 and 2. Dry sand. 1. Sand prepared for molds by thorough flrylng and baking. When special cohesion is required (as for cores) other substances, such as flour, molasses, etc., are mixed with It. (Raymond) 8. A stratum of dry sand or sand- stone encountered in well drilling. A nonproductive sandstone In oil fields. Dry separation. The elimination of the small pieces of shale, pyrlte, etc., from coal by a blast of air di- rected upon the screened coal. Bee also Wind method. (Qresley) Dry sharpening stone. A stone so con- stituted that its crystals break away from its binding material so rapidly that the particles of steel have no chance to fill the pores of the stone. Sandstone and coarse gritted scythe- stones are good examples. (Pike) Drystone. Composed of stones, not ce- mented with mortar, as a drystone wall. (Century) Dry sweating. A process by which impure blister-copper Is exjrased to a long, oxidizing heat below fusion point (Standard) Dry wall, A rock wall set up without cementing material. See Drystone. Diy-wall method. Bee Overhand stop- Ing. Dry wash. Bee Wash, 4. D-tnick (Aust.). A low side-opening truck, used for conveying coal for home consumption, and from which the coal has to be shoveled. (Power) Dualin. A variety of dynamite con- sisting of 4 to 5 parts nitroglycerin, 3 parts sawdust, and 2 parts salt- peter. (Webster) Dual rope (York.). A hemp capstan- rope upon which men ride In a mine shaft. (Gresley) Duck machine. An arrangement of- two boxes, one working within the other, for forcing air into mines. (C. and M. M. P.) Duck's nest. See Springing. (Du Pont) Dnck's-nest Tuyire. -A tuyfire having a cupped outlet. (Standard) Ducktownite (Tenn.). An Intimate mixture of the minerals pyrlte and chalcocite. (Chester) Ductile. Capable of being permanently drawn out or hammered thin. (Web- ster) Dudgeonlte. The mineral annaberglte with about one-third of the nickel replaced by calcium. (Min. Res., TJ. S. Geol. Surv., 1915, pt. 2, p. 744) Dudley rock. A fosslliferous limestone of the English Wenlock (Upper Si- lurian). (Standard) 286 CliOSSART OF MINIi^Q AND irflNBBAL IHDUSTBY. Due. The amount of royalty or ore payable to the lord of the manor or owner of the soil. (Davies) Sue bill. Same as Pay bill. Qnela (Sp.) ,1. The stave of a barrel or cask, etc. 2. Stone of a floor, etc. h. Flooring board. (Dwight) i»De&o (Mex.). Owner; shipper of ore. (Dwight) Dues (Corn.). See Due. Also called Dish. (Pryee) Dti« (Aust). The fine coal left after sepaMtrng the lumps (Power). Very fine screenings; dust. Dofler (Aust). See Shicer. Dult furnace. A furnace used for the manufacture' of producer gas. (In- galls, p. 305) Duffy (Scot). Soft; inferior. (Bar^ rowman) Dufrenite. A hydrous iron phosphate mineral. Contains approximately 27.5 per cent, P.Oi, 62 per cent FejOi, and 10.5 per cent HjO. Exact com- position doubtful.. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Dufrenoysite. A native sulpharseni'de of lead, PbiAsiS.. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Duggle (Ciorn.). See Troll Duln. A gold-washing dish used in Jashpur, India. (Lock) Dukeway (Som.). A method of hoist- ing coal on an incline from the working face to the pit-bottom by a rope attached to the winding-en- gine at surface in such a way that While the cage is going up, the empty trams are running down the IncliACkiand as the cage descends the loaded cars are brought up to the shaft. ^Gresley) Dukey. 1. (Som.) A large carriage or platform mounted upon wheels and used on an. Inclined track under- ground, for carrying a number of small cars of coal. 2. (So. Wales) Ab iaelined plane worked by engine power • (Oresley). See Dukeway. Dukey rider (Wales). "A boy who ac- companies the trams upon an In- cline plane. (Gresley) Di^an ■ (Borneo). A circular concave tray for washing gold. (Lock) Dna I. (Brist.). Slack ventilation; Insufflclenc air in a mine. (Gresley) S. Net keen in edge or point ; blunt. 8. Sluggish; slow in action. (Web- rter) 3. As applied to the degree of luster of minerals, means those minerals in which there Is a total absence of luster, as chalk, kaolin. Dumb bolts (Scot). Bolts at Joints of single-plated pump rods, at right angles. to those through the plates, to prevent the latter from tearing the wood. (Barrowman) Dumb'd. Choked or clogged, as a grate or sieve in which the ore is dressed. (Davies) Dumb drift An airway constructed to convey the ventilating curreht around the ventilating furnace to the upcast. Instead of passing it di- rectly through or over the Are. (Chance) Dumb fault. A break In strata caused by a current of water eroding a portion of It during the general period of its deposition. (Power) Dumb furnace. A ventilating furnace, designed so that the foul, inflam- mable air from the more remote parts of the mine enters the upcast above the hot gases from the flre. (Webster) Dumb screw (Scot.). A screw jack, (Barrowman) Dummy. 1. (No. Staff.) A low truck on four wheels running upon rails, and loaded with pig Iron or some other heavy material ; employed in steep coal beds as a .balance- weight to bring up an empty tub or car. (Gresley) .2. A paper bag flUed with sand, clay, etc., for tamping or for sepa- rating two ' charges In a double- loaded bore hole. (Du Pont) Dumortierite. A bright smalt-blu6 to greenish-blue, lavender or reddish, transparent to translucent, alumi- num silicate, perhaps 4AUOa.3SiOi, occurs as a mineral, usually In fibrous to columnar aggregates. (Dana) Dumonlln process. A method whereby copper is deposited on a rotating mandrel and later stripped off as a long strip, which Ms then drawn Into wire without recasting. (Llddell) Dump. 1. A pile or heap of ore, coal, culm, slate, or rock. 2. The tipple by which the cars are dumped. See Tipple. 3. To unload a cajr by tipping l| up. (Chance) 4. (Cal.) The fall Immediate below a hydraulic mine. (Hanks) 5. The fan available for disposal GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDURTET. 237 of refuse at the mouth of a mine. (C. G. W. Lock) 6. (Bng.) A deep hole in the bed of a stream or pond. (Webster) Dump oart. A cart or car having a body that can be tilted; or a bottom opening downward, for emptying. (Webster) Dumper. 1. A til ting-car used on dumps. ( Raymond ) 2. One that dumps or operates a dump cart. (Webster) 3. (Scot.) A tool for keeping a bore hole circular. (Barrowman) Dump hook. A chain grab hook hav- ing a lever attachment for releasing It from the object to which it is connected. (Webster) Dump house. The building where the loaded mine cars are emptied into the chutes. (Roy) Dump mnraine. A kind of terminal moraine consisting of material droppied either from the surface or' from the interior of the glacier. (Standard) Dump-skip. A skip with an attach- ment that dumps the load automati- cally. - (Standard) Dumpy level. A surveyor's level hav- ing a short telescope rigidly fixed to a table capable only of rotary move- ment in a horizontal plane. (Web- ster) Dune. A heap of blown sand (Roy. Ciom.). See alto Sand dune. Dunite. A variety of peridotite con- sisting essentially of olivine and chromite. It was named from the Dun mountains in New Zealand, the original locality, but it also occurs in North Carolina. (Kemp) Dunn bass (Lane). An argillaceous shale in coal mines. See also Bind. (Gregley) Dunnet shale. An oil shale, from 4 to 12 feet in thickness, found in Scot- land ; it yields from 24 to 33 gallons of crude oil per ton. (Bacon) Duns (Grlouc). Argillaceous shale. See Clitt, 1, and Bind, 1. (Gresley) Dunstone. 1. (Derb.) Ironstone In keds or seams. 2. (Wales) Hard kind of fire clay, or under-clay. (Gresley) 3. A local term for certain magne- slan limestones of a yellowish dun or cream color, occurring near Mat- lock, Derbyshire. (Page) I Hardness ; solidity. Dun whin (No. of Bng.). Any dun- colored, hard rock found in coal measures (Gresley). See a/so Whin. Duplex breaker. A breaker haying more than one crushing chamber. (Richards, p. 21) Duplex channeler. A type of channel- ing machine which cuts two chan< nela simultaneously. (Bowles) Duplex hammer. See Double hammer. Duplex wire. Two insulated-copper leading-wires wrapped together with paraffined cotton covering. (Du Pont) Duranglte. An orange-red fluo-arse- nate of sodium and aluminium, Na(AlF)As04, occurring in mono- clinic crystals. (Dana) Dnrbachite. A name given to a basic . development at the outer border of a granite intrusion in Baden. It has the general composition of mica sye- nite. (Kemp) Dnrdenite. A greenish-yellow hydrous ferric tellurite, Fej(TeO.)«+4HaOt. (Dana) Dureza (Sp.). (Halse) Durgy (Corn.). Anything low or short. (Da vies.) A variation of durgan, a dwarf. DurlTon. An acid-resisting alloy used in chemical works and laboratories. It consists of 14 to 14.5 per cent silicon, 0.25 to 0.35 per cent man- ganese, 0.2 to 0.6 per cent carbon, 0.16 to 0.2 per cent phosphorus, and tinder 0.05 per cent sulphur, the re- mainder being iron. Its melting point is from 2,500° to 2.550° F. The specific gravity is 7. (Min. and Scl. Press, vol. 114, 1917, p. 50.) Durmlente (Mex.). A railroad-sleeper. The sill of a set of timbers. (Dwight) Durn (Corn.). A frame of timber- ing, like a doorframe. (Raymond.) Also spelled Durns ; Durnz; Durnze. Dure (Sp.). Hard; Dvros (Mex.) 1. Hard copper ores in which quartz predominates in the matrix. 2. Badly calcined ores. (Halse) Diift (Ger.). The barren part of a. lode. (Da vies) Dust. Earth or other matter in very fine particles, so attenuated that they can be raised and carried by the wind ; finely comminuted or powdered matter (CJentury). See Coal dust. 238 CHiOSSAKY OP MIWrNQ AlTD MINBRAI, IMDUSTEY. Dust bell. The seal at the bottom of the dust catcher, dust leg, or water- scial valve, which Is opmed jieriodi- cally to drain flue dust from the system. (Wlllcox) Dust chamber. An Inclosed flue or chamber filled with deflectors, in which the products of combustion from an ore-roasting furnace are allowed to settle, the heavier and more valuable portion being left in the dust chamber and the volatile portions passing out through the chimney or other escape. (Cen- tury) Dnst-devil (India and Western XT. S.). A moving column of sand; a sand spout (Webster). See Dust storm. Dnster. 1. (Wales.) A man employed In cleaning tramways of dust and dirt in and about mines. (Gresley) 2- An unproductive boring for oil or gas. Dvst ezplosion. Ah explosion of car- bonaceous material as coal dust, flour, etc. Dust firing. The burning of coal dust iu the -laboratory of the furnace. (Ingalls, p. 269) Dnst gold. Pieces of gold under 2 to 3, dwt (C. and M. M. P.) Very fine gold. Dust-laying oils. Crude oils, heavy as- phalt oils, tars, solutions ot petro- leum asphalt in gas oils, liquid as- phalt, and emulsions of oils and water, used for laying dust on roads. (Bacon) Dustman. One who dumps the dust catcher or loads the dust at blast furnaces. (Wlllcox) Dustplate. ■ A vertical iron plate, sup- porting the slag runner of an Iron blast furnace. (Raymond) Dust storm. A violent, spiral convec- tional dust-laden whirlwind moving across an arid region (Webster). See Dust-devil. Dutch drop. A haulage term used at Anaconda, Mont, for flying switch. Dutch metal. An alloy of copper, 84.7, and zinc, 15.3 irer cent. (Ure) Dutch ocher. Chrome yellow and whit- ing. (Standard) Dutch oven. See Forechamber. Sutoh tile. A flat enameled earthen- ware tile painted in colors (usu- ally In blue) VTlth Inscriptions and designs: often used for deco- rating chimneypieces and fireplaces. (Standard) Dutch white. A pigment consisting i>( one part of white lead and three parts of permanent white. (Web- ster) Duty. 1. A measure of the effective- ness of a steam engine, usually ex- pressed in the number of foot-pounds (or kilogrammeters) of useful work obtained from a given quantity of fuel. (Raymond) 2. (of a Cornish pumping engln^) The number of pounds of water raised one foot high with a consump- tion of 112 lbs. of coal. (Gresley) S. (Derb.) That part of the on which belongs to the lord or owner of the mine, usually every thirteenth dish. See also Due (Hooson) Duty-ore ( Corn. ) . The landlord's share of the ore. (Raymond) Duxite. A resin from the lignite of Dux, Bohemia; It fuses at 246* 0., has a specific gravity of 1.133, and Is near walchowlte. (Bacon) Dyas. The permlan series of strata In part of western Europe, where It comprises two well-marked subdivi- sions. (La Forge) Dyestone. See Clinton ore. Dyestone fossil. Same as Dyestone; Fossil ore. Dyestone ranges. A term applied to the outcrop of Clinton iron ores ex- tending through Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and into T^messee. (Ore Dep., p. 117) Dying out. Applied to veins that grad- ually get narrower and narrower un- til they cease entirely (Power). Also called Tailing out Dying shift (Scot). The third or ten o'clock shift (Barrowman). See also Graveyard shift Dyke. See Dike. Dynamic geology, gee Geology. Dynamic head. That head of fluid which would produce statically the pressure of a moving fluid. (Stand- ard) Dynamic metamorphlsm. Metamor- phlsm produced by earth movements in regions of great dislocation, shear or crushing of rocks. Distinguished from chemical processes, but the former are seldoni unattended by the latter. GLOSSAKY OP MINING AND MINEKAl, INDUSTRY. 239 Synamlte. 1. Originally, an explosive made of 75 per cent nitroglycerin absorbed in 25 per cent kieselguhr; now any high explosive containing explosive ingredients and used for blasting purposes (Du Pont). A composition of detonating character containing nitroglycerin. "Detonat- ing character" Is used with inten- tion, because nitroglycerin enters into the composition of mixtures which are propellants, and which are not dynamite. There are other compositions of matter containing nitroglycerin which are not dyna- mite, but we cannot have a dynk- mite which does not contain nitro- glycerin. (C. E. Munroe, U. S. Bur. Mines.) The strength varies according to the percentage of nitroglycerin contained. Frequently called' Giant powder. 2. To charge' with dynamite. 3. To blow up or ' shatter with dynamite. (Webster) Dynamiter. One who uses, or is In favor of using, dynamite or similar explosives for unlawful purposes. (Century) Dynamo. A machine used for con- verting mechanical energy Into elec- trical energy by magneto-electric induction. (Webster) Dynamo metamorphism. Same as Dy- namic metamorphlsm. Dyne. In physics, the nnit of force in the centimeter-gram-second sys- tem, being that force which acting on one gram for one second gen- erates a velocity of one centimeter per second. (Century) Dyscraslte. A variable sliver anti- monlde mineral, including AgaSb. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Dysodlle, An Inflammable, flexible, slightly elastic, yellow or greenish gray hydrocarbon from Melili, Sicily, and from certain German lignite deposits; It has a specific gravity of 1.14 to 1.25 (Bacon). When burned It yields an odor Ulse asafOetlda. (Chester) Dysptoslnm. An element of the rare- earth group. Symbol, Dy; atomic weight, 162.5. (Webster) Dystome spar. A synonym for Datollte. (Chester) Dystomio. Having an imperfect frac- ture or cleavage. (Century) DysyntrlMte. A name given by O. tJ. Shepard, to a mineral or rock In St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., In which Is a hydrated silicate of aluminium and potassium, and Is related to pl- nlte ; the name means hard to crush. Compare Parophlte. (Kemp) Dzhu (Corn.). To cut ahead on one side of a face, so as to increase the efiiclency of blasting on the re- mainder. (Doubtless the same word as Dlssue.) See Dissulng. Also Hulk. (Raymond) Eaglestone. A concretionary podule of ironstone of the size of a walnut or larger ; aetites. The ancients be- lieved that the eagle transported these stones to her nest to facilitate the laying of her eggs. (Webster) Ear. 1. The Inlet or Intake of a fan. (Chance) 2. (Derb.) A small iron loop or ring fixed on the sides of tubs, etc., to which side-chains are attached. (Gresley) Earth. 1. The solid matter of the globe in distinction from water and air. The ground. The firm land of the earth's surface. 2. Loose mate- rial of the earth's surface; the dis- integrated particles of solid matter In distinction from rock; soil. S; In chemistry, a name formerly given to certain inodorous, dry, and uninflammable substances which are metallic oxides, but were formerly regarded as elementary bodies. (Cesntury) 4. A term used for soft shaly or clayey ground when sinking through the coal measures. (Gresley) Earth anger. An earth borer. (Stand- ard) Earth borer. An auger for boring into the ground. It works In a cylindri- cal box which retains the cut earth until the tool is withdrawn. (Stand- ard) Earth coal. 1. A name sometimes given to lignite. An earthy brown coal. (Gresley) 2. Mineral coal as distinguished from charcoal. (Webster) Earth onrrent. A current flowing through a wire the extremities of which are grounded at points on the earth differing in electrical poten- tial. The earth current is due to this difference, which is generally temporary and often very large. (Century) Earth din. An earth quake. (Web- ster) Earth fall. A landslide. (Webster) 240 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINBRAIi INDUSTBY. Earth flax. An early name for as- bestos (Chester). See aUo Amian- thus. Earth foam. The mineral aphrite (Chester). A foliated pearly va- riety of calclte near argentine. The softer varieties approach challs. Earth metal. Any metal whose oxide Is classed as an earth. (Webster) Earth movement. Differential move- ment of the earth's crust; local ele- vation or subsidence of the land. (Webster)' Earth of bone (Eng.). A phosphate of lime, sometimes termed "bone phosphate," derived from bones by calcination. (Page) Earth oil. Petroleum. (Webster) Earth pitch. Mineral tar; a kind of asphalt. (Webster) Earth-pvlsation. A slow undulation of the earth's crust so gradual and slight as to escape ordinary obser- vation. (Standard) Earthquake. A local trembling, shak- ing, undulating, or sudden shock of the surface of the earth, sometimes accompanied by Assuring or by per- manent change of level. Earth- quakes are most common in volcanic regions, but pften occur elsewhere. (Roy. Com.) Earth's crnst. The external part of the earth, accessible to geological Investigation. The use of this term does not necessarily Imply that the rest of the earth la not also solid. (Roy. Com.) Earth-tilting. A slight movement or displacement of the surface of the ground as in some forms of earth- quakes. (Century) Earth tremor, A slight earthquake. (Standard) Earth wax. See Ozocerite. Earthy brown-coal. A brown, friable mineral, sometimes forming layers in beds of lignite. In general, it is not a true coal, for a considerable part of it is soluble in ether and benzol, and often in alcohol. Bee Leucopetrite and Bathvillite. (Ba- con) Earthy calamine. An early name for hydrozincite. (Chester) Earthy coal See Earth (3oaJ, 1. Earthy fracture. A fracture resem- bling that of a lump of hard clay. (George) Earthy lead-ore. A variety of ceruBi site. (Power) Easement. An Incorporeal right ex- isting distinct from the ownership of the soil, consisting of a liberty, privlle^, or use of another's laud without profit or compensation; a right of way. (Standard; IT. S. Min. Stat, p. 608) Eat ont (No. of Eng.). To turn a heading or holing to one side in order to mine the coal- on the other side of a fault without altering the ' level course of the heading. (Ores- ley) Save tile; Starters. Roofing tile, closed underneath at the lower end and placed at the eave line. (Ries) Ebano. A trade name for a residual pitch from Mexican petroleum. (Bacon) Ebb (Scot). Shallow, not deep (Web- ster) . A coal seam is ebb when near the surface; the shaft is 'ebb which is sunk to it Ebb-and-flow structure. A stratifica- tion consisting of horizontally lami- nated layers, with others obliquely laminated, indicative of alternations of tidal currents during deposition. (Standard) Ebonite. A black variety of hard rub- ber capable of being cut and pol- ished ; vulcanite. (Webster) Ebofilement (Fr.).' A term adapted from the French for sudden rock falls and earth-slips in mountainous regions. (Page) Ebullition. Act, or process. of boiling or bubbling up; efCervescence. (Webster) Eccentric. A device for converting •continuous circular into reciprocat- ing rectilinear motion, consisting of a disk mounted out of center on a driving shaft, and surrounded by a collar or strap connected with a rod. Rotation of the driving shaft gives the rod a back-and-forth motion, (Standard) Eccentric bit. A modified form of chisel used in drilling, in which one end of the cutting' edge is extended further from the center of the bit than the other. The eccentric bit renders under-reaming tinnecessary. It is very useful in hard rock. (Mitzakis) GLQSSAKY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 241 Eodemlte; HellophylUte. A bright yel- low to green lead chlorarsenlte, per- haps PbtAs,OT.2PbCa», occurring as a mineral In crystal or massive form ana as a incrustation. (Dana) Eohadero (Mex.). Level place near a mine, where ore Is cleaned, piled, weighed? and loaded. Also called patio of the mine. (Dwight) Zcfaodo (Sp.). Inclination or dip of a vein. (Halse) Echar planllla (Mex.). Gobbing; packing; filling with waste mate- rial. (Dwight) Eologlte. A more or less schistose metamorphic rock, / consisting of a light-green pyroxene (omphacite), actinollte (var. smaragdite) and gar- net. Scarcely known In America. The name Is from the Greek "to select," in reference to Its attractive appearance. (Kemp) Economic geology. See Geology. Economic mineral. Any mineral hav- ing a commercial value (Boy. Com.). See also Ore. Economiier. An apparatus for utiliz- ing the heat that would • otherwise be wasted, as In a system of water tubes In the uptake of a boiler to heat the feed water. (Webster) Edenite. A light-colored, aluminous magnesium-calcium amphibole. A variety of the mineral hornblende. (Dana) Edge coal; Edge seam (Eng. and Scot.). Highly inclined seams of coal,'' or those having a dip greater than 30°. (C. and M. M. P.) Edge mill. A crushing or grinding mill for ore in which a pair of stones or metal rollers are rolled around at Uie' ends of a horizontal shaft turning ajbout a central verti- cal axis. (Webster) Also called , Edge runner, and Chaser. Edger. The long pieces of timber In a wooden pillar or crib. See also Crosspleces. (Sanders, p. 116) Edge rails (Scot.). Balls, of rolled iron or steel on the upper edge of which the wheels run. (Barrow- man) Edge runner. See Chilean mill; Edge mill; Chaser. Edge •stone (N. Y. and Pa.). A com- mercial term applied to bluestone that splits out in slabs thicker than flagging, and suitable for curbing. Bills, door caps, etc. (Bowles) 744010 0-^47 16 Edge water. In oil and gas wells, water that holds the oil and gas in the higher structural positions. Edge water usually encroaches on a field after much of the oil and gas has been recovered and the pressure has become greatly reduced. Com- pare Top water ; Bottom water. (U. S. Geol. Surv. Bufi. 658, p. 44) Edge wheel. See Edge mill. Edingtonlte. A white, ^grayish white or pink hydrous barium and alumi- num silicate mineral, perhaps BaAlr SUO„-f3H.O. (Dana) EdIsonite. Titanic acid, rutile, occur- ring In golden-brown, orthorohmbic crystals, named in lionor of Thos. A; Edison. (Chester) Eduction pipe. The exhaust pipe from the low pressure cylinder to the condenser. (Nat. Tube Co.) Eenie coal. (Scot). Coal slightly altered through nearness to whin, the broken ^ges of which show bright circular spots more or less distinct, like- eyes. (Barrowman) Effective rate. See Nominal rate. Effervesce, To bubble and hiss, as limestone on which acid is poured. (Webster) Efficiency miner. A term frequently applied to a boss miner, or a con- tract miner. Effloresce. To change on the surface, or throughout to a whitish, mealy or crystalline powder from the loss of water of crystallization on ex- posure to the air. (Webster) Efflorescent. In mineralogy, forming an Incru^atlon or deposit of grains or powder that resembles llchenji or dried leaves; not uncommonly due to loss of water of crystallization. (La Forge) Effluent. ^-PPU^fl by t>ana to those igneous magmas which discharge from a volcano by way of a lateral fissure. See Superflu^nt and Inter- fluent. (Daly, p. 131) Effluent streSte. 1. A stream whose upper surface Stands lower than the water table In the locality through which It flows, and which is not separated from the water table by any impervious bed.' (Meinzer) 2. A stream that flows out of another stream or out of a lake. (Century) Effosion (L.). The digging out from the earth, as of fossils, etc. (Hum- ble) 242 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINEBAI. INDUSTRY. Effngive. In petrology, poured oat or erupted on the surface of the earth in a molten state, before soUdiflea- tlon.; .extrusive: said of a certain class of volcanic Igneous rocka (La Forge) Effusive jperiod. The second and final stage of the solidification of por- phyrltlc rocks from fusion, when at the outpouring on the earth's sur- face the "groundmMs" Is supposed • to be formed. Compare Intra tel- luric period. (Standard) Efloreseeneia (Peru). An outcrop. (Dwlght) Efydd (Wales). Copper. (C. and M. M. P.) Egg coal. In anthracite only — ^known as No. 2 coal. Coal that Is small enough to pass • through a square mesh of 2) or 2} Inches, but too large to pass through a mesh of 2, Inches. (Chance) Eggette. See Briquet. Egg-hole. (Derb.) A notch cut In the wall of a lode to hold the end of a stempel (Raymond). A hitch. Egg stone. OSllte. (Webster) Eglestonlte. A native mercury oxy- cWorlde, Hg.C1.0. (U. S. Geol. Snrv.) Egyptian jasper. A brown jasper, found In i)ebbles and small bowlders In Egypt. (Chester) Egyptian . pebble. A synonym for Egyptian Jasper. (Chester) Ehrhardt powder. Any of a series' of explosive mixtures containing potas- sium chlorate, together with tannin, powdered nntgalls, or cream of tar- tar, and used for blasting, shells, etc' (Webster) Eiohhorn - Llebig furnace; A hand- worked mufBe furnace. (Ingalls, p. 130) Elsener hut. The German for Iron hat, or gossan. (Weed) Eje (Sp.). 1. Axle of a wheel. 2. Axis of a fold. 3. Ejet de oohre (Chile), copper matte containing 40 to 60 per cent copper. (Halse) ■teollte; Eleollte. A name formerly current for the nephellte of Pre-Ter- tlary rocks. It is best known In the rock-name eleollte-syenlte, a syn- onym of nephelite-syenlte, but the latter Is preferable. See Nephelite- syenlte. (Kemp) Elastic bitumen. See Elaterlte. Elastic limit. That point at which the deformation in the material ceases to be proportional to the stresses. (C. M. P.) Elastic mineral-pitch. Elaterlte. Elaterlte. A massive amorphous dark- brown hydrocarbon ranging from soft and elastic to hard and brittle. It melts in a candle flame without decrepitation, has a concholdal frac- ture and gives a brown streak. See also Wurtzllite (U. S. Geol. Surv.). Elastic bitumen. Elbow. 1. A fitting that makes an angle between adjacent pipes. The angle is always 90 degrees, unless other angle Is stated. Also called Ell. (Nat Tube Co.) 2. An acute bend In a lode. (Skin- ner) Electric air-drill. A l7pe of tripod drill operated by compressed air supplied by a portable . motor-driven compressor that accompanies the drill. (Bowles) Electrical calamine. Zinc silicate or calamine, so called, on account of its strong pyro-el'ectric properties and to distinguish it from Smlthsonite. See also Calamine. (Webster) Electrical precipitation. The removal of suspended particles from gases by the aid of electrical discharges. The electrical current used may be al- ternating or direct. The alternating current agglomerates the suspended particles Into larger aggregates caus- ing rapid settling, especially if the gases are quiescent The direct cur- rent is used when large volumes of rapidly moving gas, such as occur in smelter flues, are treated. The sus- pended particles within a strong electric field of constant polarity be- come charged and are then attracted to a plate (electrode) of opposite . charge. (Fulton, p. 69, Bull. 84, Bur. Mines) Electric blasting. The flring of one or more charges electrically, whether electric blasting caps, electric squibs, or other electric Igniting or explod- ing devices are used. (Du Pont) Electric blasting cap. A device for detonating charges of explosives electrically. It consists essentially of a blasting cap, into the charge of which a fine plptlnum wire la stretched across two protruding copper wires, the whole fastened In GLOSSARY OP MmiNQ AND MINBEAL "INDUSTBY. 243 place by a composition sulphur plug. The heating of the platinum wire bridge by the electric current ig- nites the explosive charge In the cap, which In turn detonates the high explosive. (Du Pont) Electric detonator. An electric blast- ing cap. (Du Pont) Electric drill. A mechanically oper- ated drill employing neither com- pressed air nor steam, buj; driven by. electric motor. It is used chiefly in mining operations. (Bowles) Electric exploder. A former designa- tion for Electric blasting cap. (Du Pont) Electric locomotlTe. A locomotive driven by electricity and carrying no passengers (Standard). Called also a Motor and used in mine haulage. Electric squib. A device similar to an electric blasting cap, but containing a gunpowder composition which sim- ply ignites but does not detonate an explosive charge; nsed for elec- tric firing of blasting powder. (Du Pont) Electric system. All electric apparatus pertaining to the operation of the mine, and under the control of the mine officials, that is connected elec- trically to a common source of po- tential or that is installed so that it can be thus connected. (Clark) Electric welding. A process of weld- ing in which the parts to be joined are heated to fusion by an electric arc (arc welding) or by the passage of a large current through the junc- tion; used in uniting steel rails, tub- ing, etc. Bee also Thermite. (Web- ster) Electrobronze. Electroplated with bronze. (Standard) Electrochemistry. The branch of chemistry that treats of electricity as active in effecting chemical changes. (Standard) Electrocopper. To plate or cover with copper by means of electricity. (Century) Electrode. Either terminal of an elec- tric source ; either of the conductors by which the current enters and leaves an electrolyte. See Anode; also Cathode. (Webster) Electrolygis. Act or process of chemi- cal decomposition by the action of an electric current; subjection to this process, as the electrolysis of salts of silica or nickel. (Webster) Electrolyte. 1. The solution in whlcSi electrolytic separation of metals 1b carried on. (Weed) 2. A chemical compound which can be decomposed by an electric cur- rent. (Standard) Electrolytic. Pertaining to electroly- sis or an electrolyte; deposited by electrolysis (Webster). As applied to copper, means copper made from impure metal by electrical decom- position and redeposition ; the bar of Impure copper is gradually, dis- solved and the pure metal rede- posited at the opposite pole of the battery, while other metals fall aa, black slime to the bottom of the tank in which the solution (electro- lyte) is held. (Weed) Electrolytic copper. The purest grade of refined copper, produced by the electrolytic process, and possessing the highest electric conductivity, (Skinner) Electrolytic process. A process em- ploying the electric current, either for separating and depositing met- als from solution, or as a source of heat in smelting, refining, etc. (Standard). The process, has many modifications and is used for re- covering metals, as tin from scrap, or refining as of copper for electro- plating recovering metal from ore as by a combination of leaching, and electrplytlc deposition. Electrolyze. To subject to electrolysis. (Webster) Electrometallurgy, That department of' metallurgy employing the elec- tric current, either for the electro- lytic, separation and deposition of mejtals from solutions, or as a source of heat in smelting, refining, etc I (Webster) Electromotive force. The force, whicb by reason of diiferences of potential, causes electricity to move along a conductor. Electron. One of those particles, hay- ing about one-thousandth the mass of a hydrogen atom, which are pro- jected from the cathode of a vacuun) tube as the cathode rays, and from the radioactive substances as the beta rays; also called Corpuscle. (Webster) Electroplate. To plate or cover with an adherent coating of metal, com- monly silver, nickel, or gold, by electrolysis. (Webster) 244 GLOSSARY e separated into substances different from . it- self, at least by ordinary chemical processes. (Webster) . Blevante (Mex.). AH overhand stope. (Dwight) Elevator. 1. A device for raising or lowering tubing, casing, or drive pipe, from or into well.- See Cas- ing elevator. (Nat Tube Co.) S. A mechanical' contrivance usually an endless belt or. chain with a series of scoops or buckets for transferring material, as grain, to an upper loft or bin for storage. S. A cage or platform and its hoist- ing Machinery in a warehouse, mine, etc., for conveying persons or goods fh>m one level or floor to another. Called a Lift in England. (Web- ster) Elevator pump. An endless band with buckets attached, running over two drums for draining shallow ground. (C. and M. M. P.) Elevator rope. A rope used to operate an elevator. (0. M. P.J Slie ruby (Sng.). A variety of py- rope found In small garngt-Uke grains in the trap-tuff of Kincralg Point, near Elie, in Flfeshlre. (Page) Sllhu Thomson process. ^ method of electric welding of Iron. (Goesd, .p. 110) CUftUftte. 1. TO Uquei'te; smelt. 2. Tp part by liquation. (Webster) EIliinatloB. See Liquation. Ellis vanner. A gyratory vanner. Elmore process. 1. (Old Process) A flotation process wherein the ore is tnlxed with several times its weight of water, and an equal, or greater weight of oil. The oil carries the auljAldes to the surface, and the gangue and water are removed from the bottom. This process was in- vented In 1898. 2. (Vacuum Proc- ess) A flotation process Invented by Francis B. Elmore in 1901. In which flotation is secured by the addition of a small quantity of oil, and by the liberation dt air in the pulp in a finely divided condition, this being accomplished by subject- ing the freely flowing pulp to a vacuum and simnltaneons heating. (Llddell) Elpasollte. A variety of cryolite, in which the sodium is partly re- placed by potassium. (Standard) Elutriate. To cleanse or Wash, or purify by washing, and straining or decanting. ,(Web$tef). Elntrlatlon. Purification by "washing and pouring' off the' lighter xoatter suspended in water, leaving the heavier portions behind. (Ray- mond) Eluvlal. Formed by the rotting of rock in place to a greater or less depth. (tJ. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 263, p. 26) Eluvium. Atmospheric accumulations Ch situ, or at least only shifted by wind, in distinction to alluvium, which requires the action of wa- ter. (Power) Elvan. The Cornish Uame for a dike of quartz-porphyry or of granite- porphyry. (Kemp) Elvaa course. A plutonic dike .2SiOjHjO, crystallizing in the monoclinic sys- tem. (Dana) Encrite. A name given by G. Rose to rocks and meteorites that consist essentially of anorthite and auglte. The term is practically obsolete. (Kemp) Eudiometer. An instrument for the volumetric measurement and analy- sis of gases. (Webster) Ettdyalite. Essentially a metasillcate of Zr, Fe (Mn), Ca, Na, etc., in red to brown tabular or rhombobedral crystals; also massive (Dana). The name of the mineral Is some- times prefixed to the rare nephelite- syenites that contain It. (Kemp) Ettgranitio. Same as Granitoid. (Standard) Euhedral. In petrology, bounded by its own crysts.1 faces ; automorphic : said of some' minerals in a crystal* line rock and contrasted with sub- hedral and anhedral. (La Forge) 254 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Xvktolite. A name derived from the Greek words (or "desired rock" and given by H. Bosenbusch to one which filled a gap ,in his classifica- tion of rocks. The same roCk had been previously named Venanzite. (Kemp) Enlysite. A name given by Erdmann to rocks interlamlnated with the gneisses of Sweden, and consisting of olivine, green pyroxene, and gar- net. (Kemp) Eulytite. A silicate of bismuth, BU- SijOu, occurring usually In minute dark -brown or grayish tetrahedral crystals. (Dana) Enosmite. An amorphous, 'brownish ■yellow, brittle, oxygenated hydro- carbon from clefts in brown coal at Baiershof, near Thumsenreuth, in the Flchtelgebirge ; it has a spe- cific gravity of 1.2 to 1.5, and dis- solves easily in alcohol and ether. .(Bacon) Euphotide. The name chiefly used among the French for gabbro. It was given by Hauy, and is derived from the Greek words for well and light, in allusion to its pleasing combination of white and green. (Kemp) Euphyllite. A white sodium-potassium mica that is Intermediate between paragonite and muscovite. (Stand- ard) Enrlte. Used among the French as a synonym for felsite, but also applied to compact rocks chiefly feldspar and quartz-, such as some granu- lltes. The name was first given by Daubisson to the groundmass of porphyries, because of their easy fusibility compared with hornstone or flint. (Kemp) E 01 opium. A metallic element of the rare-earth group, discovered in 1896. Symbol Eu; atomic weight, 152.0. I Webster) Eustatio. Pertaining to or designat- ing a land area which undergoes neither elevation nor depression. (Webster) Eutaxitlo. A general name for banded volcanic rocks. The banding is due 10 the parallel arrangement of por-. tions of the . rock that are con- trasted either in mineralogy or tex- ture (Kemp). Contrasted with Ataxitlc. Entectic. Of maximum fusibility ; said of an alloy or solution having the lowest melting point possible with the given components. (Webster) Eutomous. In mineralogy, having dta- tinct cleavage; cleaving readily. (Century) Eoxenite. In mineralogy, a niobate and titanate of yttrium, erbium, cerium and uranium. (Dana) Evansite. In mineralogy, a massive, colorless to milk white, hydrous aluminum phosphate, 2AlPo<.4Al- (0H).+12H,0. (Dana) Evaporar (Colom.). To retort amal- gam. (Halse) Evaporate. To convert into vapor, mni- ally by means of heat; vaporize; also, to remove and dissipate by this process. (Standard) Evaporating dish, or pan. A shallow dish, of glass, porcelain, or metal used In processes requiring evapo- ration. Evaporation gage. A graduated vessel of glass for determining the rate of evaporation of a liquid placed in it, in a given time and exposure. (Cien- tury) Everlasting lamps (No. of Eng.) Nat- ural jets of fire damp or small blowers which continue to burn at long as gas is given off. (Gresley) Everson process. An oil flotation proc- ess involving the use of from 6 to 20 per cent oil and usually less thanr 1 per cent acid. (Megraw, p. 8) Ezcamhion (Scot). An exchange of land or minerals. (Barrowman) Exoavar (Sp.). To excavate; to dredge. (Halse) Excavation. 1. In engineering, an open cutting, as In a railway in dis- tinction from a tunnel. 2. The act of digging out of material (earth, rock, etc.) by any means so as tfr form a cavity. ((Dentury) Excavator. A steam or electric power-machine for removing eartb, rock, etc., as a steam shovel, 'dredge^ etc. Excessive location. A mining claim is excess of the width allowed by law. (U. S. Mln. Stat, pp. 90, 538-«39) Exempted claim. A claim which, by the mining laws has been*allowed to remain idle, and for which an ex- emption certificate has been ob- tained (Morine). Common, espe- cially In Canada and Australia. ; Exfoliate. 1. To peel off In concentrie layers, as some rocks do by weathe^ Ing. In this way the concretionary GLOSSABY OF MnmSfQ IlSJ) MINBRAIi UTOUSTBY. 255 stmcture of some kinds of green- stones Is well brought out, the weathered surface showing rounded masses with the successive spherical layers falling off. (Roy. Com.) 2. To swell up and open Into leaves or plates like a partly opened hook. (George) Exhalation. 1. Any vapor or gaseous matter arising from substances or surfaces exposed .to the atpiosphere. (Power) 2. In geology, any gas or vapor formed beneath the surface of the earth and escaping either through a conduit or fissure or from molten lava or a hot spring; an emanation. (La Forge) Exhaust fan. A fan used for creating a draft by the formation of a par- tial vacuum In contradistinction to a blower. (Century) Exhaustion. 1. In chemistry, the proc- ess of completely extracting from a substance whatever Is removable by a given solvent. (Century) 2- In mining, the complete removal of ore reserves. Exhlbicidn (Mex.). Exhibition; as- sessment. (Dwight) Exomorphic. A descriptive term for those changes which are produced by contact-metamorphism in the wall rock of the intrusion ; the an- tithesis of endomorphlc. (Kemp) Exosmosis. See Endosmosis. Exothermic. Pertaining to a chemical reaction which occurs with the evo- lution of heat. (Webster) Exotic. That which has been Intro- duced from other regions. (Power) Expander. A device for expanding the end of a tube, In a tube-plate or as a casing in a well. Expansion bit. A drill bit that may be adjusted for holes of various Expansion joint. A device used in connecting up long lines of pipe, etc., to permit linear expansion or contraction as the temperature rises or falls. (Nat. Tube Co.) Expansion loop. Either a bend like the letter U or a coil In a line of pipe to provide for expansion or contraction. (Nat. Tube Co.) Expansion ring. A hoop or ring of U-section used to join lengths of pipe so as to i)ermit of expansion. (Nat. Tube Co.) Expansion tamping. A term used in quarrying when the drill hole above the powder charge is filled for sev- eral inches with hay, tow, or the like, followed by several Inches of clay lightly tamped and finaUy by well-packed stemming. (Gillette, p. 442) Expert. One who has special skill or knowledge in a particular subject, as a science or art, whether ac- quired by experience or study ; a specialist (Webster). Often ap- plied to a mining engineer, as a min- ing expert. Explode. To burst or expand violently and noisily, as gunpowder explodes, or as a boiler explodes (Webster), or as an explosion of gas, or coal dust. Exploder. A cap or fulminating car- tridge, placed in a charge of gun- powder or other explosive, and ex- ploded by electricity or by a fuse. Also called Detonator. (Raymond) Exploit. 1. To make complete use of; to utilize. 2. To make research or experiment; to explore. 3. To em- ploy or utilize selfishly, without re- gard to right or justice. (Century) Exploitation. The extraction and uti- lization of ore. Often confused with " exploration." (RIckard) Exploracifin (Sp.). prospecting. (Dwight) Explorar (Sp.). To prospect; to ex- plore. (Halse) Exploration. 1. The work involved in looking for ore. Often confused with " exploitation." (RIckard) 2. A mode of acquiring rights to min- ing claims. (Collins v. Bubb, 73 Fed. Rept, p. 739) Exploring mine (Scot.). A working place driven ahead of the others to explore the field (Barrowman). A prospect. Explosion. 1. A sudden Ignition of a body of fire damp, coal dust, or ex- plosives, as powder, dynamite, etc. (Steel) 2. The act of exploding; rapid com- bustion, decomposition, or other similar process resulting in a great and sudden development of gases, and consequent violent increase of pressure, usually accompanied by a loud report. 3. A sudden breaking apart, shattering or bursting in pieces by internal pressure, as that of gas or steam. (Standard) 1. Exploration; 2. A prospect 256 GLOSSABT OF MINING AND MINERAL INDTTSTBY. Xxplosion proof. The term "explosion- proof casing or iiKdosure" means an Inclosure that is so constructed and maintained as to prevent the ignition of gas surrounding it by any sparks, flashes, or explosions of gas that may occur within sudh Inclo- sure. (H. H. Clark, V. S. Bur. Mines) BK^OEion-proof motors. The Bureau of Mines has applied the term "ex- jilQsion iwoaf" to motors constructed so :as to ipceicent the igoiitlan of gas fiurroun^ng She motor 'by «ny «parks, flashes, or ^xploeflons of gas •ta .of gas aad isoal dust that may occur within the motor casing. JixploBioBS from mcflten lion. An ex- plosion caiused bymDlten toon escap- ing and coming In contact with ^crater or wet material. C^'llcox) 3Ejcplo«ion wave. From the French Onde ExploHve, and coined by Bertholet, sii^uftring that wave or "flame" which passes thiwugh a uniform gaseous mixture wi*ii a per- manent maximum velocity. The rate of the explosion wa^e is a definite physical constant for each mixture; the explosion wave travels with the velocity of sound to the burning gas which Itself is moving rapidly forward e» masse in the same direction, so that the explosion wave is propagated far more quickly than sound travels In the unburned gas. (H. B. Dixon, First Series, Brit.^ Ooal-Dust Experimients, 1008-^, p. 150) Explosive. Any mixture or chemical compound by whose decomposition or combustion gas is generated with such rapidity that it can be used for blasting or in firearms, for ex- ample, gunpowder, dynamite, etc. Explosive oil. Nitroglycerin. (Bruns- wig, p. 295) Explosive, permissible. See Permis- sible explosive. Explosive volcano. A volcano charac- terized by periodic eruptions of great violence and explosive force. (Standard) £xpIotacl6n de minas (Sp.). Mining; winning; working. (Lucas) Ezplotar (Sp.). To exploit, work, or win ; E. una mina, to work a mine. (Halse) Sxposure, In geology, the condition or fact of being exposed to view, either naturally or artificially; hence, also, that part of a rock, bed, or formation which is so exposed; an outcrop. (La Forge) Ezpropiar (Sp.). To expropriate. (Dwlght) Eztencteur (Fr.). An apparatus which discharges onto a burning mass of coal, watler charged with carbonic acid under a very high pressure. (Gresley) Extinction. In optical mineralogy, the arresting of a beam of light by polarization, by the imperfect trans- parency of the medium, or other- wise. (Century) Extinction angle. The angle through which a section of an anisotropic crystal must be revolved from the direction of a known crystallo- grapblc plane to that of maximum darkness under the polartscope. (XDatna) Extinctiim direction. In optical mln- eraHs^y, the position of extinction. (A, F. Boe^s) . ExtoSUtic. Ail oSlitie structure buUt up around a core trom within out- ward; a small concretion. Op- posed to ento5!itic. (Power) Extraccifin (Sp.). 1. Extcacflon; winding, or hoisting. 2. Output, ar production, as of a mine. (Balse:) Extraction. A designation for ttiEt part of the metallic content of tbe ore which is obtained by a final met- allurgical process, as the extraction was 85 per cent. Compare Recoveiy, Extracto (Sp.). Extract; extractoi (Mex.), a summary of an applica- tion for a mining concession, pub> lished on the bulletin board; ex- cerpts. (Halse) Extractor. One who or that which ex- tracts; as a drill-extractor. (Stand- ard) Extractor box. See Zinc-box. Extra dynamite. The present desl|^ nation of those explosives consisting of nitroglycerin, other explosive in- gredients and an active base absorb- ent. They are more easily affected by water than straight dynamite, but give off less noxious fumes, are less sensitive to blows, and they ig- nite less easily from sparks. (Du Pont) Extraer. 1. (Sp.) To extract, wind or hoist. 2. To pump. (Halse) Extrahazardous. Unusually danger- ous : specifically used in insurance in classifying occupational risks, as mining is extrahazardous. GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 257 Extralateral. Situated or extending beyond the sides; speciflcally not- ing the right of a mine owner to the extension of a lode or vein from his claim beyond the side lines, but within the vertical planes through the end lines. (Century) Extralateral right. In the United States Mining law, said of the right which one who locates on the pub- lic domain, a claim in which a vein comes to an apex, has to parts of the vein beyond the planes passed through the side lines of his claim, but lying within vertical cross planes passed through the end lines. (Web- ster ; also, U. S. Mln. Stat., pp. 133- 159) Extralite. ^An explosive mixture of ammonium nitrate, potassum chlo- rate; and naphthalene. (Webster) Extramorainic. Situated outside of or beyond the terminal moraine of a glacier. (Century) Extraordinary ray. That ray of polar- ized light which, in doubly refract- ing crystals, has a variable value and therefore does not obey the sine law. (Dana) Extraviado (Mex.). Astray in a mine. (Dwight) Extrlo (Sp.). Hand picking. (Lucas) Extrusive. A term applied to those igneous rocks which have cooled after reaching the surface" (Eies). A synonym for Effusive, and much used in America. (Kemp) Exudation-vein. See Segregation-vein. Exnde. 1. To discharge gradually through pores or small openings, as liquid, gum (oil or gas) ; give off or out by slow percolation ; as the pines exiide pitch. 2. To ooze or flow slowly forth through pores, cracks, or gashes ; -as gums exude from wounded trees, or gas (and oil) ex- udes from the underlying formation. (Standard) Eye. 1. The top of a shaft. 2. The opening at 'the end of a tuyfire of a blast furnace, opposite the nozzle. 3. The hole in a pick or hammer head which receives the handle. (Raymond) 4. The central or intake opening of a fan. Eye of a shaft. See Bye, 1. 744010 O— 47 17 Eyestone (Eng.). A variety of agate, which shows in the ceflter, a spot or spots more highly colored than the concentric layers. (Page) Ezterl (Sp. Am.). A green jasper with reddish veins; a kind of blood- stone. (Halse) F. Faber du Faur furnace. A cubical cru- cible furnace built Inio cast-iron framework, mounted on trunnions in order that the furnace may be turned over and the contents emp- tied. Used in the desilverizatlon of zinc crusts. (Hofman, p. 485.) Fabian system. See Freefall. May be described as the father of freefall drilling systems, all others having originated from It, although it is not now used in its original form. (Mitzakis) Fabric. In petrology, that factor of the texture of a crystalline rock which depends on the relative sizes, the shapes, and the arrangement of the component crystals. (Iddings) Face. 1. In any adit, tunnel, or stope, the end at which work is progress- ing or was last done. 2. The face of coal Is the principal cleavage-plane at right angles to the stratification. Driving on the face is driving against or at right angles with the face. (Raymond) 3. A point at which coal is being worked away, in a breast or head- ing; also working face. (Gliebas V. Spring Valley Coal Co., 159 Illi- nois App., p. 90) 4. The surface exposed by excava- tion. The working face, frpnt, or forehead, Is the face at the end of the tunnel heading; or at the end of the full-size excavation. (Simms) 5. A cleat or back. 6. (Lane.) To place a full tub in position for be- ing lowered on an incline. (Gres- ley) 7. One of the flat, more or less smooth, surfaces of a crystal. (A. F. Rogers) Face airing (No. of Eng.) That sys- tem- of ventilation in which all of the air sweeping through the mine, ventilates the working faces and main roads only. (Gresley) Face cleat. A well-deflned joint or cleavage plane in a coal seam. Compare Butt cleat. See Face, 2. 258 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEBAL, INDUSTRY. Pace entry. The gallery of a mine driven at right angles with the face cleat of the coal. (Boy) See also Face, 2. Pace-on. When the face of the breast Or entry is parallel to the face cleats of the seam. (Steel). See Face, 2. Face slip. The front slip ot a coal seam. (Kay) Pacet. The polished surface of a cut- stone. (A*. F. Rogers) Face wall. A wall built to sustain a face cut into the earth in. distinction to a retaining wall, which supports earth deposited behind It. (C. and M. M. P.) Fades. Variety; especially Applied to an igneous rock that In some re- spects is a departure froin the nor- mal or typical rock of the mass to which it belongs. Thus a mass of granite may grade into porphyritlc fades near its borders. (Ransome) Pacing. I. (Aust.) The main verlical joints often seen in coal seams ; they may be confined to the coal, or con- tinue Into the 'adjoining rocks (Power). See also Cleat. 2. Powdered coal or charcoal, ap- plied to the face of a mold or mixed with sand that forms it, to give a fine smooth surface to the casting. (Webster) Factor. 1. One who makes it his busi- ness to sell merchandise or property intrusted to him for that purpose, receiving a commission on the amount of sales ; a commission mer- chant; often in combination with the name of the merchandise; as, coal-/octor. Factors and brokers are both' and equally agents, but with this difference: the factor is In- trusted with the property which is the subject-matter of the agency; the broker is only employed to make a bargain in relation to it. (Stand- ard) 2. One of the several elements, cir- cumstances, or Influences which tend to the production of a given result. (Century) Faddom (Eng.). A fathom, 6 feet, commonly used as a measure by miners. (Hunt) * Faenas. 1. (Sp.) Work; labor; task. 2. (Mex.) Dead work, as putting up an air shaft, or unwatering a mine. (Halse) Faenero (Braz.). A common laborer. (Halse) Paenza white. In ceramics, a fine enamel of stannic oxide character- istic of some varieties of majolica- ware. (Standard) Fagot. See Pile, 1 and 2. Pahlband. A term originally used by German miners to indicate certain bands of schistose rocks impreg- nated with finely divided sulphides but not always rich enough to work, (W^atson, p. 606) Fahlerz (Ger.). A gray copper ore. Sometimes called Fahl ore. Fahlite. A variant of Fahlerz. (Ches- ter) Pahl ore. Same as Jahlerz. Pahlnnite. An altered form of lolite. (Dana) Fahrenheit. Designating a thermome- ter scale, on which the freezing point of water is 32° and the boiling point Is 212°. To convert Fahrenheit readings to centigrade readings, sub- tract 32' from th? former asd then divide by 1.8. (C, and M. M. P.) Pahrknnst (Ger.). An apparatus for lowering and raising men In a shaft iSfee also Man machine. (Gresley) Faikes; Falks; Fakes (Scot). Fissile ■sandy shales. (Power) Failed hple. A drill hole in which dynamite has been loaded and fails to explode. (Cook v. Cranberry Furnace, 76 S. E. Kept, p. 473) Fair-lead. A block, ring, or strip of plank with holes, serving as a guide for the running rigging or for any other rope, to keep it from chaf- fing or fouling (Webster). Origi- nally a nautical term but now also used In dredging. Fairy stone. 1. (Scot) A fantasti- cally-shaped calcareous or ferrugi- nous concretion fotmed in alluvial clays. (Power) 2. A stone arrowhead. (Webster) 3. A fossil sea-urchin or echinlte. (Standard) Paiscador (Mex. and Braz.). A placer miner; gold washer. (Halse) Palsqueira (Braz.). A place where gold is found; a placer. (Halse) Paixa (Port). 1. A band of ore. 2. A belt of rock. (Halse) Faja (Sp.). 1, A band of mineral In a vein. 2. A band or belt of rock. S. A horizontal cut In a vein. (Halse) GLOSSAEY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 259 Fake. 1. (Scot, and Eng.) See Falkes. 2. A soft soldering fluid used by jew- elers. (Century) Falda (Sp.). Slope; flank of hill. (Dwight) Faldeos (Bol.). Ancient gold-bearing alluvial deposits. (Halse) Taldlng furnace. A mechanically raked muflle furnace having three hearths with combustion flues under the lowest hearth. (Ingalls, p. 141) Fall. 1. A mass of roof or side which has fallen in any subterranean working or gallery, resulting from any cause whatever. 2. A length of face undergoing holing or break- ing down for loading. 3. (Bug.) To blast or wedge down coal,, etc., in the process of working it. 4. To crumble or break up from ex- posure to the weather ; clays, shales, etc., fall. (Gresley) 5. To break down; to collapse. 6'. A vertical or sloping descent of flowing water; a waterfall. 7. De- scent from a higher to a lower level. (Webster) Falla. 1. (Mez.). A vein of soft rock at right-angles to drift. (Dwight) 2. (Sp.) A fault; F. Falsa, an in- terruption in a bed or seam; a horse. (Halse) Fallers (Lane). A synonym for Cage shuts. Falling (Scot, and No. of Eng.). An overlying stratum which falls or comes down as the mineral is ex- tracted from under it. Sometimes called FoUovying. (Barrowman) Falling stone. A meteorite. (Web- ster) Fall line. A line characterized by nu- merous waterfalls, as the edge of a plateau In passing which the streams make a sudden descent. (Webster) Fall of ground. Rock falling from the roof into a mine opening (Weed). See also Fall, 1. Falls. Working by falls. A system of working a thick seam of coal by falling or breaking down the upper part after the lower portion has been mined. (Gresley). Compare Caving system. False amethyst. An early name for violet-colored fluorlte when cut as a gem. Other colors of the same min- eral were called false emerald, ruby, sapphire, or topaz. (Chester) False bedding. Current bedding. Lami- nations in sandstone parallel to each other for a short distance, but oblique to the general stratification ; caused by frequent changes in the currents by which the sediment was carried along and deposited (Power). See also Cross-bedding. False bottom. 1. A floor of iron placed in a puddling machine. (Da vies) 2. (Aust. and Amer.) A bed of drift lying on the top of other allu- vial deposits, beneath which there may be a true bottom, or a lower bed of wash resting directly upon the bed rock. (Skinner) 3. A flat hexagonal or cylindrical piece of iron upon which the ore la crushed In a stamp mill. The" die. At Clunes, Victoria, Australia, It is called Stamper bed. False cleavage. A secondary cleavage superinduced on slaty cleavage. (G. and M. M. P.) False Salena. Sphalerite. (Webster) False part. A part of a flask used temporarily Ih forming a mold. (Standard) False set. A temporary set of mine timber used until work is far enough advanced to put In a permanent set. (Steel) False stuU. A stull so placed as to offer support or reinforcement for a stull, prop or other timber. (San- ders, p. 44) False superposition. The actual or vis- ible order in which strata lie in any locality in ease of overturn, as the older rocks have been thrust over the newer ones. (Standard) False topaz. A yellow variety of quartz resembling topaz. (Dana) FaUo. 1. (Sp.) False; counterfeit. 2. ( Mex. ) Treacherous ground. See also Flojo. (Halse) Faulta de explosifin ( Sp. ) . Spent shot ; misfire. (Lucas) Faluns. A French term applied to some Tertiary strata, resembling the ■English crag. (St. John) Famatlnlte. A copper-antimony sul- phide, SCuaS.SbjSt, mineral contain- ing 43.3 per cent copper. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) 260 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. Jamp. 1. (Gunib.) Decomposed lime- stone, Imt In some other districts a very, fine - grained siliceous bed. (Hunt) 2. (Newc.) Soft, tougli, thin shale beds. (Raymond) Vftmnlla (Peru). A wedge; a gad. (Dwlght) Fan. A revolving machine, to blow air into n mine (pressure fan, blower), or to draw it out (suc- tion fan). (Raymond) Fancy lump coal. 1. Soft coal from which all slack and nut coal has been removed. 2. (Ark.) Semi-an- thracite coal of larger size than grate coal. (Steel) Fan drift. A sliort tunnel or conduit leading from the top of the air shaft to the fan. (Steel) Fanega (Mex.). A variable unit of dry nieasurp. usually 90.815 liters; of superficial measure usually 3.5663 hectares. (Dwight) Fang. 1. (Scot.) The power of a pump bucket to form a vacuum. Hence a pump has " lost the fang " when so much air passes the bucket that a vacuum can not be made until water is poured on the top of the bucket. (Barrowman) 2. (Derb.) An air course, cut in the side of the shaft or level, or, con- structed of wood. (Raymond) 3. (Wales) In the plural, cage shuts. (Century) Fanging; Fanging-pipes (Eng. ). Wooden air-pipes used in mine ven- tilation (Century). See Fang, 2. Fanner (Scot.). A small portable liand fan (Barrowman). /See Blow- george. Fan shaft. 1. A shallow shaft sunk beneath a fan connecting it with the fan drift. 2. The upcast shaft where a fan is in use. (Gresley) Fan structure. An arrangement of closely folded strata such that the axis planes of the folds dip on each side of a mountain pass or range toward the central-axis plane of the range itself, so that the whole has a structure, as exhibited in cross section, resembling that shown by an open fan held upright. (Cen- tury) Farad. The practical unit of electrical capacity; the capacity of a con- denser which, charged with one Cou- lomb, gives a difference of potential of one volt. (Webster) Faraday's law. 1. The quantity of substance liberated at the cathode or anode is proportional to the quantity of current passed. 2. The quantities of different substances liberated by the same quantity of current are proportioned to their chemical equivalents. (Webster) Farralldn (Peru). An outcrop project- ing above country-rock. (Dwight) Fare (Wales). Standing coal, or coal unholed or uncut. (Gresley) Farewell rock (Eng.). The Millstone grit, so called because no coal Is foiind, worth working, below it. It is used for furnace hearths, being highly refractory. (Webster) Farm (Eng.). 1. To let at a fixed rental : said of mineral lands. 2. (Corn.) That part of the lord's fee, generally one-fifteenth, which is taken for liberty to work In tin mines. (Mln. Jour.) Farrisite. A name derived from Lake Farrls in Norway, and applied by Brogger to a very peculiar rock, which is as yet known only in one small dike. The rock is finely granu- lar In texture and consists of some soda-bearing, but not sharply Identi- fied, tetragonal mineral related to melilite, together with barkevlclte, colorless pyroxene, biotite, serpen- tlnous pseudomorphs after olivine, magnetite, and apatite. (Kemp) Far set (Mid.). To timber and sprag the far end of a stall, preparatory to holing. (Gresley) Fascine (Fr.). A fagot; a bunch of twigs and small branches used for forming foundations on soft ground. (C. and M. M. P.) Fast. 1. (Lane.) The first hard bed of rock found after sinking through sand or quick ground, upon which a wedging crib is generally laid. 2. When a heading or bord end is not in communication with another one by a break through, but has only one open end, it is said to be fast or called a fast place. (Gresley) Fast-end. 1. The part of the coal bed next the rock. 2. A gangway with rock on both sides. See Loose-end. (Raymond) 3. The limit of a stall in one direc- tion, or where the face line of the adjoining stall is not up or level with, nor in advance of, It. (Ores- ley) ^ GLOSSABY OP M^INING ASH MINERAL. INDUSTRY. 261 Fait-in-the-foot (Scot). When the Buctlon holes of a pump are fined up, the pump Is said to be fast-ln- the-foot (Barrowman) ' Past JenUn (Eng;). See Jenkln. Sometimes spelled Jenklng. Past place (Scot). A drift or work- ing place In advance of the others. (Barrowman) Past shot (Newc). A charge of pow- der exploding without the desired effect (Raymond) Past side (Scot). The side not sheared in a room where shearing is done on one side only. (Barrow- man) Past wall (Eng.). The wall in which bearing doors ar^ placed. (O. C. Green well) Pat A white or yellowish substance forming the chief part of adipose tissue. It may be solid or liquid; It is insoluble in water ; when treat- ed with an alkali, the fatty acid unites with the alkaline base to make soap (Rickard). A term used in flotation. Pat coal; Oas coal. Coals containing much volatile oily matter. (Power) Pathom (Corn.). Six feet. A fath<»n of mining ground is six feet square by the whole thickness of the vein, or in Cornish phrase, a fathom for- ward by a fathom vertical. (Ray- mond) Pathomage (Scot). Payment made to miners per fathom driven or cut (Barrowman) Pathom-tale (Corn.). See Tutwork, 2. This namo probably arises from the payment for such work (tutwork) by the space excavated, and not by the ore produced. (Raymond) Patigne. 1. To weary with labor or any bodily or mental exertion. 2. The weakening of a metal bar by the repeated application and removal of a load considerably less than the breaking weight of the bar. (On- tury) Pat-lute. A mixture of pipe clay and Unseed oil, used for filling Joints, apertures, etc. (Century) Paneet. 1. A device to control the flow of liquid. Commonly called a tap and used in house plumbing to draw water. 2. Enlarged end of a pipe to receive the spigot end of an- other pipe, i. €., a bell end. (Nat Tube Co.) Panld. 1. The tymp-arch or working- arch of a furnace. (Raymond) S. (Scot) Same as fold. (Stand- ard) Paulding or foldlng-boards (Scot). Cage-catches or shuts in mid-work- ings. (Oresley) Pault 1. In geology, a break In the continuity of a body of rock, at- tended by a movement on one side or the other of the break so that what were once parts of one con- tinuous rock stratum or vein are now separated. The amoutt of dis- placement of the parts may be a few Inches or thousands of feet Various descriptive nanSes have been given to different kinds of faults as follows : Closed fault. A fault in which the two walls are in contact (Llnd- gren, p. 117). Dip. A fault whose strike is approximately at right angles to the strike of the strata (LIndgren, p. 120). Dip Slip. A fault In which the net slip is prac- tically in the line of the fault dip (LIndgren, p. 126). Distributive. See Slip fault Flaw. A rare type of fault, described by Luess, in which the strike is transverse to the strike of the rocks, the dip high and varying from one side to the other in the course of the iault, and the relative movement practically hori- zontal and parallel with the strike of the fault (LIndgren, p. 128). Gravity. See Normal fault Hinge. A faulting about an axis normal to the plane of faulting, which may produce a fault that on one side of the pivotal axis would be- called normal and on the other side re- verse, yet there may not be any dif- ferential movement in the center of the mass of the two parts of the fiaulted body (Leith, p. 32) . Horizon- tal. A fault, with no vertical displace- ment (Webster). Longitudinal. A fault whose strike is parallel with the general structure (LIndgren, p. 121). Normal. A fault In which the hanging wall has been depressed relatively to the foot wall (Lind- gtea., p. 126). ObUque. A fault whose strike is oblique to the strike of the strata (LIndgren, p. 120). ObUque slip. A fault in which the .net slip is between the direction of dip and the direction of strike (LIndgren, p. 126). Open. A fault in which the two walls are separated (LIndgren, p. 117). Overlap, A thrust fault in which the shifted strata double back over themselves (O. and M. M. P.). Parallel dis- placement, A fadlt in which all 262 GLOSSABY OP MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY. straight lines oa opposite sides of a fault and outside of the dislocated zone, that were parallel before the displacement, are parallel after- ward (Lindgren, p. 118). Pivotal. See Hinge fault. Reverse. A fault In which tlie hanging wall has been raised relatively to the. foot wall (Lindgren, p. 126). Rotary. A fault In which some straight lines on opposite sides of the fault and outside of the dislocated zone, parallel before the displacement, are no longer parallel, that is, where one side has suffered a rotation relative to the other (Lindgren, p. 118). Step. A series of closely associated parallel faults (Webster). Strike. A fault whose strike is parallel to the strike of the strata (Lindgren, p. 120). Strike slip. A fault In which the net slip is practically in the direction of the fault strike. J. Geike calls such faults "trftnscur- rent faults." Jukes-Brown desig- nates them "heaves" (Lindgren, p. 126). Thrust. A reverse fault (Leith, p. 32). Transourrent. See Strike slip fault. Translatory. See Rotary fault. Vertical. A fault in which the dip is 90 degrees (Lind- gren, p. 126). S. In coal seams, sometimes applied to the coal rendered worthless by Its condition In the seam (slate-fault, dirt-fault, etc.). (Raymond) Pault block." A body of rock bounded by faults. (Webster). Fault breccia. The breccia which is frequently found in a shear zone, more especially In the case of thrust faults. (I.iindgren, p. 118) Fault bundle. In geology, a group of faults. (Century) Fault coal (Aust.). A name used for Inferior .coal in the Clermont dis- trict, Queensland, which occurs not only near faults, but also away from them. (Power) Fault dip. The Inclination of the fault plane, or shear zone, measured from a horizontal plane. (Lind- gren, p. 118) Fault escarpment; Scarp. An escarp- ment or cliff resulting from a fault, or a dislocation of the rocks adja- cent (Century). Also called Fault scarp. Fault fissure. The fissure produced by a fault, even though Jt Is afterward filled by a deposit of minerals. (Century) Faulting. In geology, the movement which produces relative displace- ment, along a fracture, of adjacent rock masses. .(La Forge) Fault line. The intersection of a fault surface or plane with the surface of the earth or with aay artificial surface of reference. (Lindgren, p. 117). Compare Trend. Fault plane. A surface along which dislocation or faulting has taken place. - Fault rock. The crushed rock due to the friction of the two walls of a fault rubbing against each other. (Power) Fault space. ,The space between the walls of an open fault. (Lindgren, p. 117) Fault strike. The direction of the in- tersection of the fault surface, or the shear zone, with a horizontal surface. (Lindgren, p. 118) Fault surface. The surface along which dislocation has taken place. May be called a fault pX&ne it It is without notable curvature. (Lind- gren, p. 117) Fault terrace. A terrace formed by two parallel fault-scaips on tlie same declivity, " thrown " in the same direction. (Standard) Fault trace. The line of intersection of a fault plane with the surface. (Leith, p. 32). Compare Trend. Fault vein. . A mineral vein deposited in a fault fissure. (Century) Fault vent. A volcanic vent located on a fault. (Century) Fauna. The animals collectively of any given age or region. The plants are similarly called its' Flora. (Roy. Com.) Fansted ore (Eng.). Refuse lead ore, which undergoes a second dressing. (Balnbridge) Fausteds (Eng.). The waste left in the sieve as separated from the ore. (Hunt) Fauvelle. A system of drilllngi that was invented In 1846 by an English- man, Beart, and a French engineer, Fauveile, providing for the continu- ous removal of the detritus from the well by means of a water flush or current of water. All the water- flush systems now in use are modific.itions ot the Fauvelle sys- tem, which has long ceased to be employed In its original form. (Mlt- zakis) GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDtJSTBY, 268 Tavas (Braz.). Ifa the diamond fields, brown pfebbles, consisting of a hy- drated pbosphate, oi" of titanium »nd Kirconlum oxides, and regarded as good Indications. (Salse) Payallte. A silicate of Iron, Fe=SiO,, belonging to the chrysolite group. (Dana) Feasible ground. Ground that can be easily worked, and yet will stand without the support of timber and boards. (Pryce) feather. See Plug and feather. Feather alum. See Alunogen; Halo- trlchlte. Feather edge. The thin end of a wedge-shaped piece of rock or coal. (Steel) Feathered tin. Pure tin In a granu- lated condition ; granulated tin : pre- pared by pouring the molten metal into Cold water. (Standard) Feathering. See Plug and feather. Feather ore. An early German name under which were Included fibrous sdbnlte and jamesonlte, but now used only for the latter. (Chester) Featheirs. Two long wedge-shaped pieces of Steel or iron which are In- serted at the back of a drill hole In coal, between which a long ;v?edge is . driven up, forcing the feathers apart, and thereby breaking down or loos- ening the coal (Gresley). See Plug and feather. Feather shot. Copper granulated by being poured molten Into cold wa^ ter. < Webster) Feathers of litharge^ Crystals of litharge. (Ricketts, p. 102) Feather zeolite. An erroneous trans- lation of ■FasemeoUth, an- early name for a variety of natrollte. (Chester) Fee. 1. (Mid.) To load the coal, from a heading Into cars. (Gresley) 2. Reward or compensation for serv- ices rendered, or to be rendered; especially payment for professional services. 3. Property, as mineral land. (Webster) Feed< 1. Forward motion imparted to the cutters or drills of rock-drllllng or coal-cutting machinery, either hand or automatic. (Gresley) 2. The material, as ore, upon which a crusher or grinding mill operates. The material supplied to a furnace or other metallurgical process. 3. Ih stone cutting, sand and water employed to assist the saw blade in cutting. Feeder. 1. Small vein joining a larger vein. 2, A spring or stream. 8. A blower of gas, as In a coal mine. (Raymond) 4. A device for feeding ore uni- formly to a rock crusher. It usu- ally has a motion Imparted to it to aid in feeding the material. (Rich- ards, p. 71) Feed-water heater. Au apparatus fpr heating water before It is fed to a boiler. (Standard) Fee engineer. One who (usually a ttilhlng engineer) looks after the In- terests o' the owner of mineral rights. His specific duties are to check up the amount of ore mined by the lessor (opetator) i see that no undue waste is permitted, and that royalties are paid according to contract. Feel (So. Staff.). To examine the roof of a seam of coal with a stick or rod by poking and knocking It. (Gresley) Felgh (Newc, Derb.). Refuse washed from lead ore or coal. (Raymond) Feltor (Btaz.). An overseer. (Halse) Pekes (Scot.). Shale and slate. (Power) See also Falkes. Feldespato (Sp.). Feldspar. (Halse), Feldspar. A general name for a group of abundant rockrformlng minemls, the names and compositions of which are as follows : . Orthoclase, ft monoclinic potassium -aluminum silicate, K:,O.Al,p..6S102 ; yarlgtles are known as adularia and sanldln'e. ilUyraeline, a trlcUntc variety of the same composition as orthoclase. Afwrthoclase, a trlclinlc feldSpar containing both sodium and potas- sium. Plagioelaae fi.ldspars are a subgroup of trlclinlc minerals at one end of which Is alblte, a so- dium-aluminum silicate, Na:O.Alip>.- eSiOj ; and at the other eud an- orthite, a calcium-aluminum slKcate, CaO.Alj0..2S10.. Mixtures of these two molecules, which may Ije rep- resented by Ab and An, respec- tively, form; Oligoclise, AbsAnj to AbiAni. Andesine, Ab»Ani to AbiAui. Labradorite, AbiAuito AbiAUs. Biftownite, AbiAn« to AbiAue. GeUitin is similar to anorthite, but contains barium In place of calcium, 264 QLOSSAHY OF MINING AND MINBEAIi INDUSTRY, BaO.AIiOa.2Si03. HyalOpTiane is a monocllnic form containing barium and calcium. Feldspar is found in practically all igneous rocks. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) The name of tlie mineral is often prefixed to tlie names of those rocks that contain it, such as feldspar- porphyry, feldspar - basalt, etc. (Kemp) Feldspathization. Metamorphic alter- ation of other material into feld- spar. Feldspathic. Containing feldspar as a principal ingredient. (Raymond) Peldspathize. To change to feldspar: a term used In geology to describe this metamorphic process. (Cen- tury) Peldspathoids. Silicates of aluminum and an alkali or alkaline earth, that are practically equivalent to feld- spar in their relations In rocks. The principal ones are nephellte, leucite and mellllte, but sodallte, noselite, hauynite, and analcite could perhaps be also considered such, although their composition va- ries from the above. (Kemp) Fell. 1. One of the many names for lead ore, formerly current in Derby- shire, England. See also Riddle. (Duryea) 2. The finer pieces of ore which will pass through the sieve or riddle in sorting. (Standard) Fell heap (Derb.). A pile of ore and rock as it comes from the mine, placed in a convenient place for dressing. (Mander) Fells shale. A Scottish oil shale, which yields from 26 to 40 gal. of crude oil and from 20 to 35 lb. of ammonium sulphate per ton. (Ba- con) Felslo. A short term applicable to the group of feldspathlc minerals and quartz and to the rocks composed predominantly of these minerals. Compare Maflc. (Ransome) Felsita (Sp.). Felsite. (Halse) Felsite. The word was first applied in 3.814 by Gerhard, an early geolo- gist, to the fine ground-mass of porphyries. These were recognized to be fusible as distinguished from hornstone, which they resembled (Compare Eurlte). Felsite is now especially used for those finely crys- talline varieties of quartz-por- phyries, porphyries or porphyrites that have few or no phenocrysta, and that, therefore, give but slight indications to the unaided eye of their actual mineralogical composi- tion. The microscope has shown them to be made up of microscopic feldspar, quartz and glass. Petro- silex has been used as a synonym. (Kemp) Felsltio. 1. In petrology, pertaining to, characteristic of, or composed of felsite. 2. Almost or wholly crys- talline, but made up of crystals too small to be readily distinguished by the unaided eye : said of the tex- ture of some igneous rocks and pi-actically synonymous with Apha- nitic and Lithoidal. (La Forge) Felsitoid. Having a felsitic appear- ance, with an exceedingly compact aphanitic textu'-e: applied to meta- morphic rocks. (Century) Felsobanyite. A massive snow-white hydrous aluminum sulphate min- eral, 2A1jO,.SO8.10HjO. (Dana) Felsophyre. A contraction for felsite- porphyry (Kemp). A porphyr'ltic rock having a felsitic ground mass. (Webster) Felsophyric. Of porphyritlc texture with a felsitic groundmass. (La Forge) Felspar. iSee Feldspar. Felstone. A very compact and uni- form kind of feldspar (Davies). See also Felsite. Felsyte. See Felsite. Femic. In the Quantitative system of classification of igneous rocks, pertaining to or composed of the standard minerals of the second group, comprising minerals com- paratively low in silica and high in iron, magnesium, ' or calcium : often but incorrectly used in place of Maflc or Subsllicic. (La Forge) Fence (Aust). 1. An obstruction, such as a bar or cross-sticks, placed across an underground passage past which men have no right to travel. (Power) 2. To make a drive (trench) around the boundaries of an alluvial claim, to prevent wash dirt from being worked out by adjoining claim hold- ers. (C. andM. M. P.) Fence gnards (So. Staff.). Rails fixed around the mouth of a shaft, or across the shaft at a landing to keep people and objects from falling In. (Gresley) GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINBBAL INDUSTRY; 265 Fenda (Port). A Assure. (Halse) Fead-off; Fend-ofl bol) (Eng.). Abeajn hinged at one end (the other end having a free reciprocating motion) fixed at a bend in a shaft or upon an inclined plane, to regulate the motion of and to guide the pump rods passing round the bend. (Gres- ley) Perberite. An Iron tuhgstate mineral, FeWO.. AppUed to the wolframites which carry little or no manganese. Ferberite contains 76.3 per cent tungsten trioxirte. WO.. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Fergusonlte. A metacolumbate and tantalate of yttrium, with erbium, cerium, uranium, etc. Found In peg- matites. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Ferraris furnace. 1. An inclined re- verberatory furnace for calcining sulphide ore. (Ingalls, p. 21) 2. A gas-fired, heat-recuperati'i^ fur- nace for the distillation of zinc ore. (Ingalls, p. 466) Ferraris table. An ore-concentration table consisting of a plane rubber belt traveling between rollers fur- nished with broad flanges to keep the belt in Une. It has a slope from side to side. The feed is at the up- per corner, and washing is by jets directed across the table. (Liddell) Ferric furnace. A high, iron blast furnace, in the upper ipart of which crude bituminous coal is converted Into coke. (Raymond) Ferriferouii. Containing iron, as rocks. (Standard) Ferrilite. A variety of common trap ; ragstone. (Standard) Ferrlte. 1. An indeterminable red- dish decomiK>sltion product, in al- tered igneous rocks, usually consist- ing of hydrous iron oxide. (Stan- dard) 2. In Iron and steel, pure metallic iron. 3. Any of several compounds which may be regarded as metallic derivations of the ferric hydroxide, FeaO.(OH)2, analogous to alumi- nates. (Webster) 4. Microscopic crystals of iron oxide. (Kemp) Ferritlzatlon. Metamorphlc alteration ' of other material into ferrlte. (Standard) Ferroalloy. An alloy of Iron with some other metal. It ordinarily re- fers to alloys that are used In mak- ing steels. The principal ferroalloys and the approximate percentage of the alloying metal ordinarily added are: Perroalumimim: Contains about 10 per cent aluminum. Ferrocerium: Contains from 50 to 94 per cent cerium. It Is usually made from monazlte residues after the extrac- tion of thoria and, besides - cerium, , contains dldymiuui, lanthanum, and other rare earth metals In smaller quantity. Perrochromium or ferro- chrome: Contains 56 to 70 per cent chromium. Ferrooobalt: Contains about 50 per cent cobalt. Ferro- manganese: Only iron-manganese alloys carrying 45 per cent or more of manganese are known as ferro- manganese. The iron alloys con- taining 7 to 45 per cent manganese are known as " spiegel " or " spie- geleisen," also as " mirror iron " or " specular pig iroft." " Standard fer- romanganese " contains 80 per cent manganese. Alloys containing as much as 70 per cent manganese are made in the blast furnace. The electric-furnace product contains 70 to 83 per cent manganese. " Silico- spiegel" is a blast-furnace spiegel- eisen carrying 17 to 22 per cent man- ganese and 6 to 12 per cent silicon. In European practice an alloy is made that contains 20 to 25 per cent silicon and 50 to 55 per cent man- ganese. FerromolyMenum; Con- tains from 45 to 80 per cent molyb- denum. Ferronickel: Contains 25 to 75 per cent nickel according to order. Ferronickel has seldom been used as nickel is readily soluble in molten steel, and is easily added without loss. J'erropftospftoTMs: Although not strictly an alloy Is generally con- sidered as one of the ferroalloys. It contains 10 to 25 per cent phos- phorus. Ferrotungsten: Contains from 70 to 92 per cent tungsten. Most ferrotungsten is made in the electric furnace and ordinarily con- tains 70 to 82 per cent tungsten and 0.3 i)er cent or more carbon. The sulphur and phosphorus must be kept down to the percentage allow- able in steels, i. e. about 0.05 per cent sulphur and about 0.05 per cent phosphorus. Ferrotungsten Is also made by chemical processes, being precipitated as a powder and con- taining 87 to' 92 "per cent tungsten. Ferrotitamum: Contains 10 to 50 per cent titanium. " Ferrocarbon-tl- tanium" is the trade name for the electric furnace product That made by the alnmlno-thermlc proc- ess Is free from carbon but contains aluminum. Ferrosilicon: Contains T to 92 per cent silicon. Grades carry- 266 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINEEAL INDtJSTKY. ing 7 to 16 per cent silicon are made In blast furnaces but higher silicon content Is obtained only In the elec- tric furnace. Ferrosillcon contain- ing 85 to 92 per cent or more of silicon is used for mailing hydrogen gas. Ferrovanadium: Contains 20 to 50 per cent vanadium. Under pres- ent practice the tendency is toward 35 to 40 per cent vanadium. Fer- vour anium: Contains between 20 and 40 per cent uranium. Ferrozircon- ium: Contains 20 to 50 per cent zirconium. Numerous experimental alloys have been made, such as ferroboron, ferroboron-slllcon ferrocobalt-chro- mlum, ferromagneslum, ferrocal- cium, ferronicliel-sillcon, ferrosodi- um and ferrotantalum, but their use has not been standardized. There are three principal proc- esses of making ferroalloys, viz : The blast furnace, the electric furnace, and by alumlno-thermic smelting. Ferroalloys can be made In the blast furnace only when the alloy has a comparatively low melting point. The alumino-thermlc process gives an alloy free from carbon but leaves some aluminum In the alloy. Either of the other processes gives nlloys containing a certain percentage of carbon, though under good practice the carbon can be Isept compara- tively low In most ferroalloys. (Frank L. Hess.) Perrocalclte. A variety of calcite con- taining ferrous carbonate. (Dana) Ferrocarril (Sp.). Railway, railroad ; F. airo, a rope way. (Halse) Ferrogoslarite. A variety of goslarlte containing ferrous sulphate. (Stand- ard) Ferrolite. Wadsworth's name for rocks composed of i ron or es. ( Kemp ) Ferromagneslan. In petrology, con- taining iron and magnesium. Ap- plied to certain dark silicate min- erals, especially amphlbole, pyrox- ene, biotlte, and olivine, and to Ingenous rocks containing them as dominant constituents. (La Forge) Ferromagnetic. Magnetic in a high degree, as irou, nickel and cobalt. (Webster) Ferruglnoua. Containing iron, (Ray- mond) ferruginous sandstone. A sandstone rich in Iron as the cementing ma- terial, or as grains, or both. (Bowles) I Ferrule. 1. A metal ring or cap on the end of a cane, handle of a tool, post, or the like, to strengthen or protect it. 2. A bushing or thimble inserted in the end of a boiler tube or the like, to spread it and make a tight joint. 3. A short pipe-coupling. (Standard) Ferrum (L.). Iron, for which the chemical symbol Is Fe. Fetid. Having the odor of sulphur- eted hydrogen or rotten eggs. The odor Is elicited by friction from some varieties of quartz and lime- stone. (Dana) Fetid sandstone. iSee Stinkstone. Fettle. To cover or line with a mix- ture of ore, cinders, etc., as the hearth of a puddling furnace. (Web- ster) Fettling. 1. Material used to line the hearth of a puddling furnace, as sand, or a mixture of ore, cinder, calcined magnesite, etc. (Webster) 2. (No. of Eng.). Cleaning up any underground rgadway, etc. ,(6res- ley) Fiador (Sp.). 1. A bondsman, surety. 2. A safety catch. 3. A supplemen- tary rope used in a shaft for men to hold on to when ascending and descending. (Halse) Fiasco. An ignominious failure of any kind ; a complete breakdown. Said of a mining venture which has re- sulted in failure; Flbra (Sp.), 1. A filament. 2. A small vein of ore. (Halse) Fibrolite. A mineral of the same composition as andalusite which it closely resembles In crystal form, although generally In more slender crystals (Ransome). Sometimes used as a prefix to rock names. (Kemp) Fiohtelite. A white, translucent, brittle, odorless hydrocarbon from peat beds near Redwitz, North Ba- varia ; It is easily soluble in ether, is soluble In cold nitric acid, and dis- tils without decomposition. (Bacon) Fictile. 1. Molded, or capable of be- ing molded. 2. A piece of fictile ware. (Webster) 3. Made of earth or clay ; of or per- taining to pottery.. (Standard) Fiddle blocks (Scot). Pulley blocks used for raising pump pipes, in which the pulleys are placed one above another. (Barrowman) GLOSSABY OT MINllTG AlTD MINERAL nTDtrSTRY. 267 Meg (Wales.)'. A crack In the roof, often letting In water. (Greslejr) field. 1. A large tract or area of many square miles containing valu- able minerals. See Coal field; also Mineral field. 8. A colliery, or firm of colliery proprietors. 3; The im- mediate locality and surroundings of a mine explosion. (Gresley) 4. A region or space traversed by lines of force; as gravitational, magnetic, or electric. (Webster) Zieldrbook. A book used in surveying, engineering, geology, etc.. In which are set down the angles, stations, distances, observations, etc. ( Cen- tury > rield club (Eng.). ^ sick or accfdent benefit club or society supported and m^jiaged by the owners or lessees of a colliery. (Gresley) fieldwork. Work done, observations taken, or other operations, as trl- angulatlon, leveling, making geologi- cal observations, etc., in the field or upon the ground. (Oentury) Fields. (So. Afr.) A synonym for- Goldflelds. Pierro (Sp.). 1. Metallic iron. 2. Matte. . 3. Speiss. 4. See Hlerro. F. bianco, arsenical pyrite; F. viejo (Peru), silver ores consisting mainly of iron pxMe; F. espejado, specular iron ore. (D wight) Fierros (Mex.). 1. Low-grade silver ores (from 20 to 35 oz. per ton). 2. Abeug and ahstrich from refining lead. (Dwight) Jlery. Containing an explosive gas (Steel). Said of a. gaseous mine. nery drake; Burning drake (Derb.). A meteor much talked of by miners (1747), and said to be a srtre Sign of ah abundance of ore at the place where it, 'fell (Hboson)' Zlery heap (Sng.): The deposit of rubbish and waste or unsalable coal which ignites spontaneously. (G. O. Oreehwell) Wery liiiiie. A- niin6 in which the team oi seams of iidar being worked give off a large amount of methane. Jflghtlng (Eng.>, Said, of a ventilat- Ih'ff current wfieii ttie'mbtidn of the alrjs first In "one, fiIreg. tables, or buddlesi ,on W^hlch' theproduets ape removed after th^ have 'formed a b^d,'' These use the relative iran^oMng pdw6r of a film of water tfoMSg on a qul^t sur- face, which may be either rough or 268 OLOSSASY or MINING AND M3NBBAL INDtJSTBY. smooth, to act upon the particles of a water-sorted product. The smaller grains, of high specific gravity, are moved down the slope slowly or not at all by the slow undercurrent ; the larger grains, of lower specific grav- ity, are moved rapidly down the slope by the quick upper current. (LIddell) nifin (Sp.). 1. A vein or lode. The Spanish use of this word is for the large veins, while Vena and Veta and their diminutives apply to the smaller veins; F. de capa, a bedded vein; P. compuesto, a compound vein ; F. de contacto, a contact vein ; F. doble, two veins which meet and run alongside of each other, the fill- ing of each remaining distinct; F. mineral, a metalliferous vein or lode. (Halse) 2. (Mex.) A small stringer; an in- tersecting vein. (Dwight) 3. F. de roca, a dike ; F. de carbdn, a coal measure. (Halse) •^ Filter. 1. Any porous article, as a cloth, paper, sand, or charcoal through which water or other liquid is passed to separate from it matter held in suspension. 2. To pass through; to percolate. (Webster) Filter bed. A pond or tank having a false bottom covered with sand, and serving to filter river or pond water. (Century) Filtering-stone. Any porous stone, such as sandstone through which water is filtered. (Century) Filter press. 1. A machine for remov- ing a liquid from crushed ore (or pulp), usually by forcing the liquid under pressure through canvas or cloth, leaving the muddy ore mass behind. (Weed) 2. An apparatus employed in the separation and refining of ozokerite and paraflln wax. (Mitzakis) Filter pump. A pump to aid filtration by producing a partial vacuum by means of a stream of water. (Web- ster) Flltrar (Sp.). To filter; to sink in. (Dwight) Filtrate. 1. To filter by straining or percolation. 2. The liquid which has passed through a filter. (Cen- tury) Filtration. The act or process of filter- ing; the process of -mechanically removing tiie undissolved particles Id a liquid by passing the liquid through filtering paper, charcoal. Band, etc. (Oentnry) Filty (Som.). A local term for fire damp. (Gresley) Fin. The thin sheet of metal squeezed out between the collars of the rolls in a roll train. (Raymond) Find. 1. (Eng.) A sinking or driving for coal, etc., attended with success. (Gresley) 2. A thing found or discovered; especially, a valuable discovery ; as, a find of minerals. (Standard) Fine gold. Almost pure gold. The value of bullion gold depends on its percentage of fineness (Skinner). See Fineness ; also Float gold. Fine metal. 1. See Metal, 8. 2. The iron or plate metal produced in the refinery. (Raymond) Fineness. The proportion- of pure silver or gold in jewelry, bullion or coin, often expressed in parts per thousand. The fineness of United States coin is ^ine-tenths, or 900 fine; that of English gold coin is eleven-twelfths or 917 fine, and English silver coin Is 925 fine. (Webster) Fine raggings (Eng.). Pieces of ore deposited at the bottom of a sieve. (Hunt) Finery. A charcoal hearth for the conversion of cast-iron into malle- able iron. (Raymond) Fines. 1. Very small material pro- duced In breaking up large lumps» as of ore or coal. (C. and M. M. P.) 2. The product passing through the screen when the material from the zinc boxes of a cyanide mill is rubbed over a sieve. See Shorts. (Clennell, p. 41) 3. Small pieces of rock and dirt that fall from the mine roof, and gener- ally, though not always, precede a falling of heavy material and conse- quently signify danger. (Tennessee Copper Co. v. Gaddey, 207 Fed. Rept., p. 299) 4. Ores in too fine or pulverulent a condition to be smelted in the same way as ordinary coarse ores. ( Stand- ard) Finger bar. 1. (Aust) An Iron rod attached to a cage with the end bent in such a way as to keep the skips from running ofF the cage while be- ing raised or lowered. (Power) 2. A prop for hanging up a stamp. (Blcharda; p. 199) COiOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTEY. 269 Plager grip. 1. (Eng.) A tool used In boring for gripping the upper end of the rods. (Gresley) 2. An Instrument (tool) tot recover- ing from a bore, as of a well, a broken rod, or dropped (lost) tool. (Standard) Finial. Ornamental pieces of burned clay used for finishing off the Join- ing of the ridge line with the hips, ridge line at gables, or top of a tower. (Bies) Fining. 1. See Refining. 2. The con- version of cast into malleable Iron in a hearth or charcoal fire. (Ray- mond) Finishing jig. The Jig used to save the smaller particles of ore in a con- centrator or stampmiU. (Weed) Finishing rolls. 1. The rolls of a train which receive the bar from the roughing rolls and reduce it to its finished shape. (Raymond) 2. The last roll, or the one that does the finest crushing In ore dressing, especially In stage crushing. Fine ore ; fines. Finos (Hex.). (Dwight) Fintas (Braz.). A fixed annual tax on mines. (Halse) Fiord; Fjord. A narrow, deep, steep- walled inlet of the sea, formed by the submergence of a mountainous coasts (La Forge) Fior di persicor.' A white marble with veins and clouds of purple or red, from Albania. (Merrill) Fiorite. Siliceous sinter, named from Mt. Santa ^Fiora, In Tuscany (Kemp). An opal occurrijig near hot springs. (Dana) Fire. 1. To blast with gunpowder or other explosives. 2. A word shouted by miners to warn one another when a shot is fired. (Steel) 3. (Eng.). A collier's term for the explosive gas in mines. 4. To ex- plode or blow "up. The expression "the pit has fired" signifies that an explosion of fire damp has taken place. (Gresley) 5, Fuel In a state of combustion, as on a hearth, in a grate, fui;nace, etc. 6. In precious stones the qual- Iftr of refracting and dispersing light, and the brilliancy of effect that comes from this quality. (Cen- tury) Fire assay. The assaying of metallic ores, usually gold and silver, by methods requiring a furnace heat. It commonly involves the processes of scorlficatlon, cupellatlon, etc. (Standard) Fireback. The back wall of a furnace or fireplace. (Century) Fire bank (Mid.). A Spoil bank which ignites spontaneously. (Gresley) Fire bars. Grate bars in a fireplace. (Raymond) Fire blende. Pyrostilpnite. (Power) Fire board. A blackboard on which the fire boss indicates every morn- ing, by chalk marks, the amount of gas in different parts of the mine. * (Chance) Fire boss. An underground official who examines the mine for fire damp, and has charge of its removal (Steel). See Fireman; also Fire viewer. Fire box. The chamber of a furnace, steam briler, etc. (Webster) Fire breeding (So. Staff.). Said of any place underground showing In- dications of a gob fire. (Gresley) Fire brick. A refractory brick of fire clay or of siliceous material used to line furnaces. (Raymond) Fire bridge. The separating low wall between the fireplace and the hearth of a reverberatory furnace. (Raymond) Fire chamber. The part of a furnace which contains the fuel, as In pud- dling furnace. (Standard) Fire clay. A clay comparatively free frum iron and alkalies, not easily fusible, and hence used for fire bricks. It is often found beneath coal beds (Raymond). Also called Bottom stone. Ftrt coal (Scot). Coal supplied to workmen connected with a colliery. (Barrowman) Fire coat. A film of oxide on metal due to the action of fire or heat. (Webster) Fire crack. A crack which forms In a metal while It Is being reheated or annealed. (Webster) Fire cure (Scot.). A rude, kind of ventilation furnace, about 2 feet by 3 feet. (Gresley) Fired. 1. (Eng.) Said of a mine when an explosion, of fire damp has taken place. (G. C. Greenwell) 2. Said of one who has been dis- charged from work. 270 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Fire dam^. A combustible gas or " damp " formed by decomposition of coal or other carbonaceous mat- ter, and consisting cliiefly of me- thane, CH,; also the explosive mix- ture formed by this gas (5.5 to 13 per cent) and air (Webster). The gas is contained in the coal and often given off In large quantities, and explodes upon Ignition when mixed with atmospheric air. Fire door. 1. The door or opening through which fuel is supplied to a furnace or stove. 2. A fireproof door in a building or in a mine, as a door to enclose an area in which there is a mine fire. i Fire engine.- 1. (Scot.) A name for- merly given to the steam engine. (Barrowman) 8. (Eng.) A pump worked by hand for throwing water upon gob fires. (Gresley) Fire feeder. An apparatus for feed- ing the fire of a furnace. (Century) Fire grate. The grate which holds the fuel in many forms of heaters and furnaces. (Century) Fire-heavy (Eng.). Words marked upon the scale of a mercurial ba- rometer to indicate when much fire damp may be expected to be given off in the mine, and to show that extra vigilance is required, to keep the ventilation up to its full strength. (Gresley) Fire hole (Scot). A space in front of boiler furnaces to hold fuel (Barrowman). .A fire box. Fire kiln. An oven or place for heat- ing anything. (Century) Fire lamp (Eng.). 1. An iron basket on three legs, or hung by chains from posts, in which coal Is burnt to give light to miners where gas is not used. 2. An iron bucket or basket of fire suspended in a pit- shaft (shallow mine) -to create a draught or ventilation through the workings. (Gresley) Fireman (Eng.). A man whose duty it is to examine with a safety lamp the underground workings, to ascer- tain if gas is present, to see that doors, bratticing, stoppings, etc., are In good order, and generally to see that the ventilation is efficient (Gresley). See also Fire boss. Fire marble. See Lumachelle. Fire opal. A hyacinth-red opal which gives out flrelike reflections. (Dana) Fire pan (York.). See Fire lamp, 2. Fire plug. A plug or hydrant for drawing water for extinguishing fires. (Webster) Fire point. See Flashing point Fire pot. 1. The vessel which holds' the fire in a furnace. 2. A crucible. (Webster) Flreproofing.. 1. Act or process of ren- dering, anything fireproof; also the material used in the process. (Web- ster) 2. A general name applied to those forms used in the construction of floor ai'ches, partitions, etc., for fire- proof buildings. (Ries) Fire rib (So. Staff.). A solid rib or wall of coal left between workings to confine gob fires. (Gresley) Fire setting. The softening or crack- ing of the working face of a lode, to facilitate excavation, by exposing it to the action of a wood fire built against it. Now nearly obsolete, but much used in hard rock before the introduction of explosives (Ray- mond). See also Firing, 4. Fire stink. 1. (So. Staff.) The odor from decomposing iron pyrlte, caused by the formation "of sulphureted hydrogen. (Raymond) 2. (Eng.) Smell, indicating sponta- neous combustion in a coal mine (Gresley). Also called Fire styth. Firestone. 1. (Som.) Synonymous with Fire clay. (Gresley) 2. Iron pyrlte formerly used for striking fire; also, a flint 8. A stone which will endure high heat 4. In a slag hearth, a plate of iron covering the front of the furnace except for a few Inches of space be- tween it and the bed plate. (Web- ster) Fire styth. See Fire stink, 2. Fire tile. Same as Dutch tile. (Stand- ard) Fire trier (Mid.). See Fireman; also Fire boss. Fire viewer. A person whose duty it is to examine the workings of a mine with a safety lamp (Roy). A Fire boss. Fire wall. A fireproof wall used as a fire stop. (Webster) GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTBT. 2*71 Firing. 1. The act of discharging a firearm, a mine, blast, etc. 2. Act or mode of Introducing fuel into the furnace and working It. 3. Expos- ing to Intense heat In a kiln. (Web- ster) 4. (Derb.) The application of heat by building fires upon hard strata In order to soften them, preliminary to the use of the pick. See also Fire setting. (Mander) Firing a mine (Eng.). .Maliciously setting fire to a coal mine. (Gres- ley) Firing line (Scot). An appliance used In former times for clearing a room of fire damp. A prop being set up near the face, a ring was fixed In It near the roof, and a cord or wire passed through the ring. Attaching his lamp to one end of the cord> the miner withdrew to a distance, and pulling the cord raised the lamp to the height necessary to explode the accumulatied 'fire damp'. (Barrow- man) Firing machine. 1. A designation for the electric blasting machine. (Du Pont) 2. An apparatus for feeding a boiler furnace with coal. A mechanical stoker. Firing pin. A wooden cylinder upon which the blasting paper is formed in a case for the cartridge or dummy. (Steel) Firing point (Eng.)'. That point at which fire damp mixed with atmos- pheric air explodes (Gresley). The percentages of gas vary from 6 to 13 per cent, with the maximum explo- sibillty at about 11 per cent Firm (Corn.). A solid shelf of rock; bedrock (Pryce). See also Shelf. Firn. A iCwiss name for the granular, loose or consolidated snow of the high altitudes before it forms gla- cial Jce below (Kemp). See N6t6. First' aid. The assistance or treatment which should be' given an Injured person immediately upon injury or as soon, thereafter as possible. (0. and M. M. P.) First man (Leic). The head butty or coal getter in a stalL (Gresley) First-of-the-air. 1. (Ark.) That part of the air cuiTent which has just entered a mine, or working place; the Intake air. 2. (Ark.) The,: working place of a mine, or the split, which Is nearest the intake, or receives the first of the air. (Steel) Firsts. The best ore picked froip a mine (C. and M. M. P.). Heads; concentrates. First water. The purest variety or finest duality; said of certain pre- cious stones, especially the diamond. (Standard) First weight (Eng.). The first move- ment of the roof which takes place after commencing to excavate any large area of coal, without leaving pillars. (Gresley) First working (Eng.). Proving a seam of coal, etc., by driving headings, etc. Development work. ( Gresley )k Firth. A narrow arm of the seaj a frith. (Webster) Fish. 1. (Eng.). To .catch up a drowned clack by means of a fish head. See Fish head. (G. C. Green- well) 2. To join two beams, rails, ete., to- gether by long pieces at their sides. (C. and M. M. P.) 3. To pull up or out from or as from some deep place, as if by fish- ing (Century). Said of recover- ing lost or broken well-boring tools. Fish backs (Vt.). A local term ap- plied to groups of closely spac^ fractures in marble deposits. (Bowles) Fish-bed. In geolbgy, a deposit con- taining the fossil remains of fishes in predominant quantity among those of other marine animals. Also called Bone-bed. (Century) Fish-bellied (Eng.). An early form of railway rail which had its greatest depth' halfway between the support- ing chairs (sleepers or ties), the lower edge being elliptlcally curved between chair and chair. Cast-iron rails were made of this form. (G. C. Green well) Fish-eye stone, a. synonym for Apo- phyllite (Chester). A hydrated cal- cium silicate in which pdrt of the calcium may be replaced by potas- sium. Fish head (Scot.). A tool for extract- ing clacks (valves) from mine pumps. (Barrowman) Fishing. In oil-well drilling, the oper- ation by which lost or damaged tools are secured and brought to the sur- face from the bottom of a well. (Mltzakis) Fish plates. The bars used to join the ends of adjacent rails in a car track. (0. and M. M. P.) 272 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Fish-tail bit. A bit usually employed in the rotary system of drilling. It is used for drilling in soft strata, such as sand and clay. (Mitzakis) Kssile. Capable of being split, as schist, slate, .ind shale. (Roy. Com.) rissllity. 1. Quality of being fissile. 2. A rock structure characterized by separation into parallel laminae, as slate, schist, etc. (Webster) Fissle; Fistle (No. of Eng.). A faint crackling noise, which takes place when creep begins in the workings. (Gresley) Fisura (Sp.). Fissure. (D wight) Fissure. An extensive crack, break, or fracture in the rocks. A mere joint or crack persisting only for a few inches or a few feet is not usu- ally termed a fissure by geologists or miners, although in a strict physi- cal sense it is one. (Bansome) Where there are well-defined boundaries, very slight evidence of ore within such boundaries is sufli- cient to prove the existence of a lode. Such boundaries constitute the sides of a fissure (Iron Silver Mining Co. v. Cheeseman, 116, tJ. S. Sup. Ct. Kept., p. 536; Hyman V. Wheeler, 29 Fed. Rept., p. 355; Cheeseman v. Shreve, 40 Fed. Rept., p. 794). See Vein; Lode; and Fis- sure vein. Fissure vein. A cleft or crack in the rock material of the earth's crust, filled with mineral matter different from the walls and precipitated therein from aqueous solution, or Introduced by sublimation or pneu- matolysis. (Shamel, p. 136) A mineral mass, tabular in form, as a whole, although frequently irregu- lar in detail, occupying or accom- panying a fracture or set of frac- tures in the inclosing rock; this mineral mass has been formed later than the country rock, either through the filling of open spaces hlong the latter on through chemi- cal alteration of the adjoining rock. (Lindgren, Genesis of Ore Deposits, p. 500) A fissure in the earth's crust filled with mineral (Raymond). See Pis- sure; Lode; and Vein. A fissure vein or lode may have in addition to the clear fissure filling of mineral a considerable amount of decomposed wall rock, clay, etc. (Consol. Wy- oming Gold Mining Co. v. Champion Mining Co., 63 Fed. Rept., p. 544) Fistle. See Fissle. Fitcher (Corn.). To stick fast, as a drill. (Gillette, p. 175) Fittage (Newc). Expenses incurred in selling the coal.. (Min. Jour.) Fitter (Eng.). The person who sells coal at the shipping port (Bain- , bridge). A coal factor. See also Factor. Fitting (Scot.). 1. The whole ma- chinery, plant, and works of a col- liery. (Barrowman) 2. Selling coal, as the business of a fitter. (Bainbridge) Fitting pffioe (^ewc). The office for the transaction of business relating to coal sales, at the shipping port. (Mln. Jour.) Fittings. A tei-m u^d to denote all those pieces that may be attached to pipes in order to connect them or provide outlets, etc., except that couplings and valves are not so des- ignated. (Nat. Tube Go.) Fix. To fettle or line with a fix or fettling, consisting of ores, scrap and cinder, or other suitable substances, the hearth of a puddling furnace. (Raymond) Fixation. 1. The act or process by which a fluid or a gas becomes or is rendered firm or stable in consist- ency, and evaporation or volatiliza- tion prevented ; specifically in chem- istry that process by which a gas- eous body becomes fixed or solid on uniting with a solid body, as fixa- tion of oxygen, fixation of nitrogen (C ntury). A state of. non- volatil- ity, or the process of entering such a state; as the fixation of a metal; the fixation of nitrogen in a nitrate by bacteria. 2. The process by which dye colors are made perma- nent. (Standard) Fixed carbon. That part of the car- bon which remains behind when coal is heated in a closed vessel until the volatile matter is driven ofC (Steel). It is the nonvolatile matter minus ash. (Webster) Fixed rent (Scot). The minimum yearly rent for use of a mineral field. (Barrowman) Flag. 1. (Ches.) A bed of hard marl overlying the top stratum of a salt bed. (Gresley) 2. A thin slab of stone (Bowles). See also Flagstone. GLOSSABY OP MINING AND HINEBAL. INDUSTRY. 273 Flagging. See Flag, 2. nagging a squib. Uncoiling the eftd of the paper which is Impregnated with sulphur or some other combus- tible substance. Flag^ng the squib permits more time tp elapse from the ignition of the unrolled paper and the firing of the charge of powder. (Du Pont) Flaggy. Capable of being split into parallel-faced slabs thicker than slates. (Roy. Com.) Flags. Thin, even beds of rocks which readily separate along the plane of deposition. They may be arena- ceous, argillaceous, or calcareous. (Emmons) Flagstone. A rock that splits readily into slabs suitable for flagging. (Bowles) Flaikes (Scot). Shaly or fissile sand- stone (Gresley). A variation of flake. Flake copper. Very thin scales of na- tive copper. (Weed) Flake white. A name sometimes given to pure white lead. (Ure) Flame coloration. See Flame reaction. Flame engine. A gas engine. (Cen- tury) Flame kiln. A lime kiln that burns wood. (Standard) Flame reaction. The characteristic coloration which certain elements or their compounds impart to a flame, thus affording a test (flame test) for their presence. (Webster) Flame safety lamp. See Safety lamp. Flame spectrum. The spectrum ob- tained by volatilizing substances in a nonluminous flame. (Webster) Flamper (Derb.). Clay Ironstone In beds or seams. (Gresley) Flanch. 1. (No. of Eng.) The flange or broad ends of iron pipes where joined to one another (Gresley). See also Flange, 1. 2. To slant outward; to flare. (Webster) Flang (Corn,). A two-pointed pick used by miners. (Raymond) Flange. 1. A projecting rim, edge, lip or rib (Nat. Tube Co.). See Flanch. 2. (Derb.) A place where the vein turns out of its course. (Hooson) 3. Applied to a vein widening (Ray- mond) 744010 0—47—18 4. A molder'» tool for forming flanges. (Webster) 5. A plate to close a pipe opening or other orifice; a blank flange. (Standard) Flange bolts (Newc). Bolts for fas- tening pumps, or pipe flanges, to- gether. (MIn. Jour.) Flank bore. See Flank hole. Flank hole (Eng.) ; Flank bore (Scot.). A hole bored Into the side of a heading or other underground work- ing, to test the thickness of a rib or barrier, or the position of old workings likely, or known, to con- tain water or gas, or both. (Gres-^ ley) Flannels (Eng.). Suits of stout white flannel olothes provided by the mas- ters for the enginewright and his assistant for wearing in a shaft or other wet place when on repair work. (Gresley) Flap-door (Newc). A manhole door. (Raymond) Flapper-topped air crossing (Eng.). An air crossing fitted with a double door or valve giving direct commu- nication between the two air cur- rents when forced open by the blast of an explosion. (Gresley) Flapping. A term used in copper re- fining to explain the process of strik- ing the surface of the molten metal with the edge of the head of a rabble in order to uncover the surface of the copper. (Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 102, p. 8751 Flaps (Eng. J. Rectangular wooden valves about 24 inches by 18 inches by li inches thick, hung vertically to the framework of the air cham- bers of a ventilator (Gresley). A flap valve. Flap valve. A' valve which opens and shuts on one hinged side; a clack valve, f Webster) Flaqueza (Peru). Leanness; shaly structure; the overhanging section of a precipice. (Dwight) Flaser-structure. A structure devel- oped in granitoid rocks and espe- cially in gabbros by dynamic, inetamorphism. Small lenses of granular texture are set in a scaly aggregate that fills the InterstlceB between them. It appears to have been caused by shearing that has crushed some portions more than others, and that has developed a kind of rude flow-structure. (Kemp) 274 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Plash tChes.). A subsidence of the surface due to the working of rock salt and pumping of brine. (Gres- ley) Flashed brick. Brick that have had their edges darkened by special treatment in firing. (Hies) Flashing. In glass making: The re- heating of partially formed glass- ware in a flashing furnace, to re- store the plastic condition and to smooth rough edges. (Century) Flashing furnace. A furnace for re- heating glass. (Century) Flashing point; Flash point. The temperature at which petroleum, being heated, begins to evolve vapor in such quantity that on the appli- cation of a small flame a momentary flash due to the Ignition of the vapor occurs. (Mitzakis) Flash test. A test to determine the flashing point of an oil. (Webster) Flask. 1. The wooden or iron frame which holds ■ the sandmold used in a foundry. 2. An iron bottle in which quicksilver is sent to market. It contains 76 J pounds. (Raymond) 3. A small bottle-shaped vessel for holding fluids, especisdly one with a broad, flat body (Webster). A tinned vessel in which. a miner car- ries oil for his lamp, or beverage for his lunch. (Barrowman) Flat. 1. (Derb. and No. Wales) A horizontal vein or ore-deposit aux- iliary to a main vein ; also any horizontal portion of a vein else- where not horizontal. (Raymond) a. (Derb.) A district or set of workings separated by faults, old workings, or barriers of solid coal. 3. (Jfo. of Eng.) A siding or sta- tion underground ; a parting. 4. (Ark.) A railroad car of the gon- dola type for shipping coal. (Steel) 5. A level surface, without eleva- tion, relief, or prominences ; a plain ; a level tract along the banks of a river. (Webster) Flat-back stope. An overhand stoping method in which the ore is broken in slices parallel with the levels. Also called Longwall stope. (H. 0. Hoover, p. 98) Flat coals (Scot.). Seams of coal ly- ing horizontal or at a low angle oi inclination. Flat cut. A manner of placing the bore holes, for the flrst shot in a tunnel, in which they are started about 2 or 3 feet above the floor and pointed downward so that the bot- tom of the hole shall be about 'level with tlie floor. (Du Pont) Flat-joint pointing. A pointing in which the mortar is flush with the snrface and is. lined with the point of the trowel; (Standard) Flat lad (Eng.). Same as .Crane- man, 1. Flat lode. A lode which varies in inclination from the horizontal to about 15°. iSfee also Flat, 1. Flatman (No. of Eng.). One who links (couples) the cars together at the flats, or levels. See Flat, 3. (Gresley) Flat-nose shell. A cylindrical tool with a valve at the bottom, for bor- ing through soft clay. (Raymond) Flat of ore. A horizontal ore deposit occupying a bedding plane in the rock. See also Flat, 1. (Duryee) Flat rails (Scot.). Tram rails. (Bar- rowman ) Flat-rods. A series of horizontal or inclined connecting rods, running upon rollers, or supported at thoir joints by rocking-arms, to convey motion from a steam engine or wa- ter wheel to pump rods at a dis- tance. ( Raymond ) Flat rope.- A rope in which the. strands are woven or sewed to- gether to form a flat, braid-like rope. (C. M. P.) Flats. 1. (Eng.) Subterraneous beds or sheets of trap rock or whin. 2. (No. Staff.) Traces of coal seams which lie at a moderate inclination in disti'icts containing highly In- clined beds (Gresley). See Flat, 1. 3. Narrow decomposedi parts of limestones that are mineralized. (C. and M. M. P.) Flat sheet (Eng. and Aust.). A- floor- ing of boiler plate at crossings, and at the top and bottom of a shaft, to facilitate the handling of skip, or cars (Power). Also cnTled Flat shut ; Flat sheet ; Tuni sheet. Flattened-strand rope. A wire rope whose strands are flattened or oval, and therefore presents an Increased wearing snrface over that of the or- dinary round-strand rope. (C. M. P. ) Flattened-strand triangular rope. A wire rope of the flattehed-strand construction in which the strands are triangular in shape. (C. M. P.) diO^ABY OF MIHXHG AHD MINBEAL INDUSTBY. 275 Tlattentng - f uTiiflc«. A furnace in which split cylinder glass is flat- t A va- riety of topaz. (Power) Flint. 1. A dense flne-grained form of silica which is very tough and breaks with a conchoidal fracture and cutting edges. Of, various colors, white, yellow, gray, and black. See also Chert. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) 2. (Shrop.) Fine-grained sandstone suitable for building purposes. ( Gres- ley) Flint mill. 1. In pottery works, a mill in -which flints are ground. 2. A device in which flints on a re- volving wheel produce a shower of sparks incapable of igniting fire- damp, and once used to light miners at work. (Webster). See Steel mill, 2. 276 GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Flintshire furnace. A reverberatorj furnace with a depression, welli or crucible in the middle of the side of the hearth used for the roasting and reaction process on lead ores. (Ray- mond) Flinty slate. A common slate contain- ing more than the normal percentage of silica. (Humble) Flitching (No. Staff.). Widening the sides of a heading. (Gresley) Flitting (Aust.). Conveying a coal- cutting machine from one place to another. (Power) Float. 1. The floating part of an ap- paratus for indicating the height of water in a steam boiler or other vessel. 2. (Scot.) Intrusive trap rock either at tlie surface or be- tweeii strata. (Barrowman) 3. (Eng.) A clean rent or fissure in strata unaccompanied by disloca- tion. (Gresley) 4. A term much used among miners and geologists for pieces of ore or rock which have fallen from veins or strata, or have been separated from the parent vein or strata by weathering agencies. Not usually applied to stream gra\els. Used also as ah adjective. Float-copper. 1. (Lake Sup.) Fine, scales of metallic copper (especially produced by abrasion in stamping) which do not readily settle in water. (Raymond) 2. Native copper found away from its original rock. Compare Float ore. (Webster) Floater; Float mineral ; Float ore. Tue • British term for float, 4, which see. Float-gold; Flour gold. Particles of gold so small and thin that they float on and are liable to be carried off by the water. (Hanks) Floating reef. Masses of displaced bed rock lying among alluvial detritus. (Lock). See Float, 4. Tloatlng spurs (Aust). Short -lived flat quartz veins. (Power) Float mineral. See Floater ; Float ore. 7Ioat ore. Water-worn particles of ore; fragments of vein material found on the surface, away from the vein outcrop (Raymond), gee Float, 4. rioatstone. 1. A cellular quartz rock. The honeycomb quartz detached from a lode is often called floatstone by miners. (Skinner) 2. A variety of opal that floats Ob water; found In light spongy con- cretionary or tuberous masses. 3. A bricklayer's rubbing - stone for working out the defects in a brick that has been cut. (Standard) Flocculate. To aggregate In small lumps; said of soils and sediments (Webster). A term also used in the flotation process. Flocculating a^ent. A substance which produces flocculatlon, as for exam- ple, the Inorganic acids, and which thereby promotes settling. (Eng. Min. Jour., vol. 101, p. 431) Flocculatlon. The technical term for the gathering of suspended particles into aggregations. A relative term as opposed to deflocculation. (Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 101, p. 430) Flocculent. Resembling wool, there- fore, wooly. Coalescing and adher- ing in flocks. A cloud-like mass of precipitate in a solution. Prom L. floccus, a lock of wool. (Rickard) Flock. Any small tufted or flake-Uke mass of matter floating in a solution, especially if produced by precipita- tion. (Standard) Floe rock. A deposit of fragments of ganister situated on a steep hillside. A quartzite talus. See Ganister, 1. (Bowles) Floe-till. See Till. Floetz (Ger.). See Fletz. Flojo (Sp.). 1. Weak, as applied, to explosives. 2. Terreno flojo, loose or treacherous ground. ' (Halse) Flood gate. 1. (Eng.) A gate to let ofl" excess of water in flood or other times. (C. and M. M. P.) 2. A gate to regulate the flow of water as in a race way. (Stand- ard) Flood plain. Flat ground along a stream, covered by water at the flood stage. (Webster) Flookan; Flookingr 'Fluckan; Flukan (Corn.). See Flucan. Floor. 1. The rock^ underlying a stratified or nearly horizontal de- posit, corresponding to the foot wall of more steeply-dipping deposits. 2. A horizontal, flat sre-body. 3. A floor, in the ordinary sense, or a plank platform underground. (Ray- mond) 4. That part of any subterraneous gallery upon which you walk or upon which a tramway is laid. (Gresley) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 277 Ploor break. The break or crack which separates a block of stone from the quarry floor. (Bowles) Floor cut. A cut by means of which a block of stone is separated from the quarry floor. See Floor break. (Bowles) Flop gate. An automatic gate used in placer mining when there is a short- age of water. This gate closes a reservoir until It is flUed with wa- ter, when It automatically opens and allows the water to flow into the sluices. When the reservoir is empty, the gate closes, and the oper- ation is repeated. (Min. Sci. Press, vol. 114, p. 369) Flor (Mex.). The richest scrapings from the bed of an arrastre. (False) Flora. The plants collertively of a given formation, age, or region. Compare Fauna. (Roy. Com.) Floran-tin (Corn.). Tin mineral .■scarcely visible in the rock; also tin ore stampetl very small. ( Raymond ) Florldin. Fullers' earth from Quincy and Jamieson, Florida, used in de- colorizing petroleum products. (Ba- con ) Flos ferri. A coralloid variety of ar- agonite. (Power) Flosh (Corn.). A rude mortar, with a shutter instead of a screen, used under stamps. (Raymond) Floss. 1. Fluid, vitreous cinder, float- ing in a puddling furnace. (Ray- mond) 2. A floss hole. 3. White cast-iron for converting Into steel. (Web- ster) Floss hole. A tap hole. (Raymond) Flotation. The act or state of float- ing, from the French flottaison, water-line, and flatter, to float, to wnft. (Rickard) Flotation process. A concentration vious sliift has finished worlt. (Gresley) Following stone. Roof stone that falls on the removal of the seam (C. and M. M. P.). Sec Following. Following-up ISank (York.). A breadth of about yards of coal taken off the working face. (Gresley) Following-up-the-whole with the broken. See liord-and-pillar method. Follow-up tag. The cardboard tag placed in the cartons, boxes, or cases of I)lasting supplies, nsed for iden- tifying the date and place of manu- facture. (Du Pont) Fomento (Sp.). Protection, support,' encoura.gement ; Junta <3e F. y ad- ministrarmi, board of encourage- ment and administration of mining. (Halse) Fondeo (Jlex.). Temporary staging lu a shaft. (Dwight) Fondo. 1. (Mex.) Bottom, as of a mine. (Dwight) 2. (Sp.) Underground workings. 3. (Bol.) An amalgamating pan. (Lu- cas) Fonddn (Sp.) A wooden or stone tub or kettle with a copper bottom, used for grinding and amalgamating sil- ver ores (Standard). A large cop- per vessel, in which hot amalgama- tion is practiced. (Raymond) Fonolita (Sp.). Phonolite. (Dwight) Fontaine powder. A variety of pic- rate powder containing potassium chlorate. ( Webster ) Fool's gold. Pvrite, a sulphide of iron, FeSj. Foot. 1. A measure of 12 inches ; one- third of a yard. (Webster) 2. (Corn.) An ancient measure con- taining 2 gallons or 60 lbs. of black tin. (Davies)' 3. The footwall. 4. A " foot " is twelve inches In length on the vein, including its entire width, whether six inches or sixty feet, and its whole depth down tovi-ard the earth's center. (Stand- ard) Foot-acre. See Acre-foot. Footage. The payment of miners by the running foot of work (Stand- ard). Compare Yardage, and Cord- age. Foot ale (Derb.). Ale bought with the first day's wages after a man begins work. All the miners join in a jollification. (Hooson) Foot blocks (Eng.). Flat pieces of wood placed under props, in tun- neling, to give a broad l)ase. and thus prevent the superincumbent weiglit from pressing the props down. (Simms) Foot-hill. A distinct lower part of a mountain ; one of the hills or minor elevations of a mountain range which lie next the adjacent lower land and form a transition between that and the higher portions. Com- monly u.sed in the plural. (Century) Foot hole. Holes cut in the sides of shafts or winzes to enable miners' to ascend and descend. (C. and M. M. P.) Foot -hook (So. Staff.). The large hoistiug-rope hook that is attached to the skip. (Min. Jour.) Foot-hook chain ( So. StafC. ) . A strong chain at the end of the rope, and connected with the foot-hook. (Min. Jour. ) Footing. A spreading course or courses forming the foot or foundation of a wall. (Standard) Foot-piece. See Sill, 2. Foot-ponnd. A unit of energy, or work, being equal to the work done in rais- ing one pound avoirdupois against the force of gravity the height of one foot. (Webster) Footrill; Futteril; Footrail. 1. (Eng.) The entrance to a mine by means of a Ie\pl driven into a hillside. An adit./ 2. A dip road, up which coal is brought. (Gresley) Foot rod (Scot.).' An iron rod at the foot of pump rods to which the bucket is attached. (Barrowman) Footwall (Corn.). The wall under the vein (Raymond). Sometimes called Underlying wall. Footway. The series of ladders and platfovms by which men enter or leave a mine (Raymond). Also a footpath along a haulage way. Foralite. A marking formed in sand- stone and other formations, possibly due to the burrowing of a worm ; a boring In a stone. (Standard) 282 GLOSSAEY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY. Forbesite. A dull grayish-white, hy- drous nickel-cobalt arsenate, HaCNl,- OojiAsjOs+SHiO, having a flbro- crystalline structure. From Ata- cama. (Dana) Forced production. To work a mine so as to make it produce a greater out- put than can be maintained. (Mil- ford) roroe fan. A blowing fan. Force piece. Timber placed diagonally across a shaft or drift for securing the ground. (Davies) Force pump. A pntnp that forces wa- ter above its valves. (C. and M. M. P.) Forcer. 1. A small hand-puinp used in Cornish mining. 2. The solid pis- ton of a force-pump. (Standard) Forcherite. An orange-yellow opal col- ored with orpiment. (Standard) Forcing lift; Forcing set (Scot.). A set of pumps raising water by a plunger; a ram pump. (Barfow- man) Forcing set (Bug.). A force pump. See Forcing lift. Fore bay. A reservoir or canal from which water Is immediately taken to run a water wheel, a turbine, or the like. The discharging end of a pond or mlUrace. (Webster) Forebreast (Scot.). The working face of a mine. (Batrowman) Foreohamber. An auxiliary combina- tion for gas-flred boilers, that pro- vides incandescent surface for lighting gas instantly when turned on after being shut off for any reason. Also called Dutch oven and Doghouse. (Wlllcox) Forefield (Newc.) The face of the ■workings. The forefleld-end is the end of the workings farthest ad- vanced. (Raymond) Forefield end (Derb). The farthest extremity of mine workings. (Min. Jour.) . Forehammer (Scot.).' A sledge ham-, mer; commonly applied to the ham- mer used by a blacksmith's assistant. (Barrowman) , Forehead (Scot.). The face of a mine or level. (Barrowman) • Foreheadway (Eng.). See Headway, 1. Forehearth. A projecting bay in the fi'ont of a blast-furnace hearth, under the tynip. In open-front fur- naces it is from the forehearth that cinder is tapped. See Dam, 3, and Tymp, 1 (Raymond). An inde- pendent settling reservoir into which is discarded the molten material from the furnace, and which is heated from an independent source. The heavy metal settles to the bot- tom and the light slag rises to the surface. (Peters, p. 298) Foreland. A promontory or cape; a headland. (Century) Forellenstein. A variety of olivine- gabbro, consisting of plagioclase, olivine and more or less pyroxene. The dark silicates are so arranged In the lighter feldspar as to sug- gest the markings of a trout (from • the German, Forelle.) (Kemp) Foreman. A leader ; the chief of a set of workmen who superintends the rest; an overseer. (Webster) See also Bank boss. Fore mine; Fore-set mine (Scot.). A mine (entry or room) driven toward the rise of the strata. (Barrowman) Forepale; Forepole. Tq drive tim- bers or planks horizontally ahead at the working face, to prevent the caving of the roof in subsequent driv- ing (Raymond). See Forepoling. Forepole. See Forepale. Forepoling. A method of securing drifts in progress through quicksand by driving ahead poles, laths, boards, slabs, etc., to prevent the Inflow of the quicksand on the side and top. the face being protected by breast- boards (Raymond). See aUo Fore- pale. Fore-set beds. The series of inclined layers accumulated as sediment rolls down the steep frontal slope of a delta. See Bottom-set beds, and Top-Set beds. (Watson, p. 274) Fore shift (Eng.). The first shift of hewers (miners) who go into the mine from 2 to 3 hours before the drivers and loaders. (G. C. Green- well) Foresight. 1. Any reading taken to determine the elevation of a point on which a leveling rod is held ; bet- ter called minus sight, since it must be subtracted from the elevation of the line of sight to give the eleva- tion of the point. 2. Any sight or bearing taken in a forward direc- tion by a compass or transit. (Web- ster) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 283 Foresite. A zeolitic mineral from the Island of Elba. It resembles stll- blte. (Century) Fore-spar plate. See Bloomery. T'orest marble. An argillaceous lime- stone which when cut along certain planes shows the dark coloring mat- ter so distributed as to be imitative of woodlands and forests ; also called Landscape marble. (Merrill) Forestop. (Derb.). To forepole. Forewinning (Newc). The first work- ing of a seam in distinction from pillar drawing (C. and M. M. P.). Advance workings. Forfeiture. Loss of some right, privi- lege, estate, etc., in consequence of some breach of condition, or other act. The act of forfeiting. (Web- ster) Forfeiture of a mining claim takes place by operation of the law with- out regard to the intention of the locator whenever he falls or neglects to preserve his right by complying with the conditions imposed by law, .and is made effectual by one who enters upon the gi-ound after the expiration of the time within which the annual labor may be done, and completes a location before resump- tion of work by the original locator (Street v. Delta Min. Co., 42 Mon- tana, p. ^86). A forfeiture of a min- ing claim consists in the consequence attached by law to certain facts, and the intention of the claimant as to whether or not a forfeiture in fact exists is wholly immaterial, and. in this respect a forfeiture differs from abandonment (Navajo Indian Res. In re, 30 L. D., p. 515 ; U. S. Min. Stat., pp. 254r-258). Compare Aban- donment. Forge. 1. An open fireplace or hearth with forced draft, for heaUng iron, steel, etc.; as, a blacksmith's forge. 2. A hearth or furnace for makmg wrought iron directly from the ore; a bloomery. (Standard) 3. (^ng.) That part of an iron- works where balls are squeezed and hammered and then drawn out into puddle-bars by grooved rolls. (Ray- mond) 4 To form by heating in a forge and hammering; to beat Into some particular shape, as a mass of metal. (Century) Forge cinder. The dross or slag from a forge or bloomery. (Webster) Forgemaster. The owner or superin- tendent of a forge or iron-works. (Century) Forge roll. One of the train of rolls by which a slab or bloom of metal Is converted into puddled bars. (Century) Foirge seale. A loose coating of oxide which forms on heated iron during the process of forging; hammer scale. (Standard) Forge train. In IrOii-puddling, the series of two pairs of rolls by means of which the slab or bloom is con- verted into bars. (Century) Forging. A piece of forged-metal work; a general name for pieces of hammered steel. (Century) Forging-press. A press for forging small metal articles. (Century) Fork. 1. (Corn.) The bottom of the sump. 2. (Derb.) A piece of wood supporting the side of an excavation in soft ground. (Raymond) 3. A tool with many tines or prongs used for separating lump coal from Slack. (Steel) 4. (Scot.) A tool used for changing buckets. (Barrowman) 5. A prop with a Y-shaped end. (Skinner) 6. An appliance used in freefall sys- tems of drilling which serves to hold up the string of tools during con- nection and disconnection of the rods. (Mitzakis) 7. (Bug.) To pump water out of a mine. A mine is said to be " in fork." or a pump "to have the water in fork," when all the water is drawn out of the mine. (Web- ster) Fork-filled (Aust.). Coal filled into skips with a fork, having tlie prongs about li Inches apart. This sepa- rates the bulk of the slack from the round coal, which should not con- tain more than 10 per cent of fine coal. (Power) Form. 1. All the faces of a crystal which have a like position relative to the planes, or axes, of symmetry (Dana). The sum of those planes whose presence Is required by the symmetry of crystal when one of them is present. (Standard) 2. A mold, pattern, or model ; some- thing to give shape, or on or after which things are fashioned. 3. A blank or schedule to be filled out by the insertion of details. (.Century) 284 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. FormacijSn. 1. (Sp.) Formation. 2. ( Colom. ) Altered country rock form- ing the filling of a lode. Analogous to "mullock" of Australia. (Halse) Pormal (Mex.). Regular; undis- turbed. (Dwight) Formalizar (Mex.). To formalize a contract or other legal paper. (Dwight) Formation. As defined and used by the U. S. Geological Survey, the ordinary unit of geologic mapping consisting of a large and persistent stratum of some one kind of rock. It is also loosely employed for any local and more or less related group of rocks. In Dana's Geology it is applied to the groups of related strata that were formed in a geolog- ical period (Kemp). Any assem- blage of rocks which have some character In common, whether of origin, age or composition (Lyell). In chronological geology formations constitute as it were the units, and several formations may go to make up a system. The word is often loosely used to indicate anything which has been formed or" brought Into its present shape. (Roy Com.) Formene. Methane. (Standard) Formosa marble. A high grade of marble of a dnrk-gray and white color variously mottled and blotched with yellow and red ; from Nassau, Germany (Merrill) Formula weight. The sum of the atomic weights of the elements of a compound. Forno (Port.) ; Homo (Sp.). 1. An oven or kiln. 2. A furnace; F. alto, a blast furnace. (Halse) Forro (Mex.). Lagging. (Dwight) Forsterlte. A magnesium silicate min- eral, MgjSiOi, occurring in white crystals at Vesuvius; in greenish or yellowish embedded grains at Bol- ton, Mass., as boltonite. (Dana) Ffisforo (Sp.). Phosphorus. (Dwight) Fosll (Sp.) 1. Fossil. 2. Any min- eral or rock. (Halse) Fosllifero (tip.). Fosslllferous. (Dwight) Fosse (Fr. and Belg.). Literally, a ditch, moat, or trench. Frequently applied to a colliery or coal mine. (Gresley) Fossick. 1. (Aust.). To work out the pillars of abandoned claims, or work over waste heaps In hope of finding gold. (Standard) 2. (Eng.) In gold mining to under- mine another's ' digging. 3. A troublesome person. (Century) Fossicker (Aust.). A sort of mining gleaner who overhauls old workings and refuse heaps for gold that may be contained therein. (Da vies) Fossil. 1. Originally, any rock, min- eral, or other object dug out of the earth. 2. Now, any remains, impres- sion, or trace of an animal or plant of past geological 'ages which have been preserved In a stratified deposit or in a cave. (Webster) 3. (Mid.) A local term formerly used for a particular kind of rock bed found in sinking. Ciink, lig- nite, etc., were called by this name. (Gresley) Fossil copal. See Copalite Fossil farina. See Bergmehl, 2. Fossil flour. Infusorial earth. (Cen- tury) Fossil glacier. A remnant of the Pleis- tocene ice-sheet on the coastal plains of northern Siberia. It is covered by soil and vegetation, interbedded with clays, and in the ice are found the carcasses of the mam- moth and the hairy rhinocerous, re- taining flesh, skin and hair. (Cen- tury) Fosslllferous. Containing organic re- mains. (Comstock) Fossilize. ' 1. To reduce to a fossil; convert into a fossil. 2. To become antiquated or obsolete. (Century) Fossil ore. Fosslllferous red hematite. (Raymond) Fossil paper. See Mountain paper. Fossil resin. A resin found in a geo- logical deposit, as amber and co- palin. (Standard) Fossil salt. Same as rock salt. (Cen- tury) Fossil wax- See Ozocerite. Fother (No. of Eng.). 1. A measure of coal (17 J cwt.), being an ordi- nary cartload for one horse. (Gres- ley) 2. A weight by which lead and some other metals were formerly sold. In England, varying from 19 to 24 cwt., and divided in 30 fotmals. (Web- ster) GLOSSAKY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 285 Totmal (Eng.). An ola weight for lead, etc., usually about 70 pounds. See Fother, 2. (Webster) Foncault current. In electricity, an eddy current. (Webster) Foul. A condition of the atmosphere of a mine, so contaminated by gases as to be unfit for respiration (Gres- ley). Impure. Foul coal (Eng.). Faulty, or other- wise unmarketable coal. (Gresley) Foulness. 1. (Scot) An impurity in a seain; an irregularity in the physi- cal character of a seam, caused, e. g., by numerous lypes or small hitches. (Barrowman) 2. (Eng.) Fire damp. Fouls (Eng.). A condition In which seams of coal disappear for a cer- tain space and are replaced by some foreign matter (Gresley), See Fauft, 2. Found. 1. (Eng.) When sinking or driving to find or prove a coal seam, as soon as it is encountered it is said to have been found. (Gresley) 2. To form in a mold, as articles of cast iron, by melting the metal and pouring; to cast. (Standard) Foundation. 1. A structure upon which a building or machine Is erected, usually wholly or principally of ma* sonry ; that part of the building be- low the surface of the ground, or the portion that constitutes the base; sometimes a platform on which the upper portions rest. (Standard) 2. (Mid.) The shafts, machinery, building, railways, workshop, etc., of a colliery, commonly called a plant. (Gresley) Founder. 1. (Eng.). The first shaft sunk upon a vein. From this the miner possesses, and lays out, his ground. (Hunt) 2. One who practises the business of founding; one who makes cast- ings; as, an Iron-founder. (Stand- ard) Foundermere (Derb.). The first 32 yards of ground worked. (Min. Jour. ) Foundershaft. The first shaft sunk (Raymond). See also Founder, 1. Founders shares. The few shares is- sued to the individuals organizing a stock comparer. In companies owned outright by other companies, founders shares are issued to as many individuals as are required to incorporate and hold the offices re- quired for corporate manaigement,.as the laws do not permit a corpora- tion, which Is an artificial person, to form another corporation, or to serve as a director of another cor- poration. (Weed) Founding. The act or process of cast- ing metals. (Century) Foundry. A manufacturing establish- ment in which articles are cast from metal : as, an iron foundry; bras? foundry. (Standard) Foundry iron. A dark grade of pig Iron, rich in carbon, used for mak- ing castings. (Webster) Fountain. A spring of viratei- Issuing .from the earth. The source or head, as of a river (Webster). See also GusKer. Fourchite. In petrology, an aphano- phyric, basalt-like igneous rock con- taining phenocrysts of auglte in a groundmass composed of hornblende, augite, and analcite, bvt no olivine. (La Forge) Fourling. A twin crystal insisting of four Individuals. (Staiwllrd) Four-wheel jimmie (Penn.). A four- wheel railroad car made of wood. It was the first type of car made for the transportation of anthracite. (NicoUs) Fowlerite. A zinc-bearing variety of rhodonite. (A. F. Rogers) Fox mold (Eng.) A provincial name for the reddish greensand colored by an oxide of iron. (Roberts) Foxtail. 1. (So Wales). The last cln- der obtained in the Welsh process of refining iron in a charcoal forge, (Standard) 2. A grass, with shai-p barbed seed, common in mining regions of Cali- fornia and other western States. Fox wedge (Eng.). A long wedge driven between two other wedges with their thick ends placed In the opposite directions. It is also called stob-and-feather, or plug-and-feather, (G. C. Green well) Foyaite. A variety of nephellte. syen- ite, containing hornblende, from Mt. Foya In the Monchlque range of Portugal. (Kemp) Fractlle. Pertaining to cleavage or breakage, as in stone. (Standard) 286 GLOSSARY OF MIKING AND MINEKAL INDUSTRY. Fractional distillation. An operation for separating a mixture of two or more liquids which have different boiling points (Century). Used ex- tensively in petroleum distillation. Fractionate. To separate (a mixture, as a liquid by distillation) into frac- tions having more or less fixed prop- erties but not necessarily definite compounds ; applied also to mixtures of rare earths. (Standard) Fractionation. Chemical or physical separation by successive operations, each removing from a liquid some proportion of one of the substances. The operation may be one of pre- cipitation, or of crystallization, or of distillation. (Century) Fractura (Sp.). Fracture. (Dwight) Fracture. The character or appear- ance of a freshly broken surface of a rock or mineral. Peculiarities of fracture afford' .one of the means of distinguishing minerals and rocks from one another. (Roy. Com.) Fractnre cleavage. The capacity to part along parallel planes, usually in intersecting sets, along which there has been either incipient fracturing or' actual fracturing followed by ce- mentation or welding. This struc- ture is developed in shearing planes. It may or may not be accompanied by a parallel ^arrangement of min- eral. Qnmpare Plow cleavage. (C. K. Leith, U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 239, p. 139) Fragmental. Formed from fragments of preexisting rocks, such as sand- stones and breccias. Clastic is syn- onymous. (Kemp) Fragua (Sp.). Forge; blacksmith's shop. (Dwight) Fraidronite. A name used by early French geologists for a variety of minette. (Kemp) , Frame; Rack (Eng.). A table com- posed of boards slightly inclined, over which runs a small stream of water to wash ofC waste from slime tin (Hunt). A buddle. See Tin frame. Frame dam (Kng.). A solid, water- tight stopping or dam in a mine to keep back and resist the pressure of a heavy head of water. (Gres- ley) Franle set. The legs and cap or cross.-bar arranged so as to support the roof of an underground passage. Also called Framlnfr or Sftt. (Steell' Frame table. An inclined table, used • in separating ore slimes by running water ; a miner's frame. , ( Standard) Frame tubbing (Eng.l. Solid wood tubbing, entirely composed of rings or curbs of wood about. 6 by 8 inches square built up \in segments, and wedged to keep it watertight. (Gresley) France scr.een. A traveling-belt screen In which the screencloth is mounted on a series of separate pallets, thus avoiding bending, the screen ,is it goes over the pulleys. (Liddell) Francisci furnace. A furnace for the treatment of ro.asted blende and other fine ore. It consists of a se- ries of superimposed muffles formed by arches of magnesia brick and built into the walls of the furnace and communicating with a common condensation chamber. (Ingalls, p. 485) Frangibility. The degree of facility with which a rock can be broken, or yields to the hammer. (Oldham) Franja (Port.). Paystreak. (Halse) Franjilla (Peru). Argentiferous ga- lena. (Halse) Frahklinite. An iron-manganese-zinc oxide mineral, (Fe, Zn. Mn)0.(Fe, Mn)20,. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) frasch process. 1. A desulphurizing process which consists of distilling oil over lead oxide, followed by re- fining with sulphuric acid. (Mlt- zakis) 2. A process for mining sulphur In which superheated water is forced into the sulphur deposits, for the purpose of melting the sulphur. The molten sulphur is then pumped to the surface. Used extensively in Louisiana and Texas. Free. 1. Native, uncombined with other substances, as free gold or sil- ver. (Raymond) 2.' Coal is said to be "frse" when It is loose and easily mined, or when it will "run" without mining. (Chance) Free air. Ordinary air at sea level and at a temperature of '60° F. (Gillette, p. 213) Free-burning coal. Coal which does not cake when burning. (Bacon) Free cleek (Scot.). The right of a miner to get hutches (cars) without waiting his turn. (Barrowraau) GL0S6ASY OF MINIITQ ANJi MUTEBAIi immsrea.) 28^ Free eoaL 1. (Scot) Goal ob whlcb, lordship or- royalty is not paid. .8. (Scot.) Coal easily broken or wblcb burns freely (Barrowman). See also Free-burning coal. Free emsMng. Crushing under con- ditions of speed and feed such that there is plenty of room for the fine ore to drop away from the coarser part and thereby escape further fine crushing. See also Choke crush- ing. (Richards, p. 98) Free-drainage level. An adit. A level which drains through an adit. (Gresley) Free fall. 1. An arrangement by which, in deep boring, the bit is al- lowed to fall freely to the bottom at each drop or down-stroke. (Ray- mond) 2. The process of operating the drill. Often called Russian, Canadian, and Galician free fall. Free-flowing volcano. One in which the flow Is moderately constant with a minimum of violence. (Standard) Free gold. Gold uncombined with other substances (Skinner). Placer gold. Freeing a mear (Eng.). The giving of the first dish of ore to the lord (owner) of the mine. (Hunt) Freeing of ore (Derb.). Cutting out soft material from one side of the vein in order to makd it easier to mine thfe ore. (Hooson) Free level (Eng.). An adit. (C. G. Greenwell ) Free-milling. Applied to ores which contain free gold or silver, and can be reduced by crushing and amalga- mation, without roasting or other chemical- treatment. (Raymond) Free miner. 1. (Can.) A person or association holding a license and thereby authorized to prospect on unoccupied lands and to carry on mining operations subject to any other conditions imposed by the law. A licensed miner. (Webster) 2. (Forest of Dean) A man boril within the Hundred of St. Briavels, in the county of Gloucester, who has worked a year and a day in a mine. (Gresley) Free share (Som.). A certain propor- tion of a royalty on coal, paid to lessor by lessee, (Gresley) Freeirtoae. Any stone, «specitii;^ i ir jsandstone, that may be cut freely in ■ any ^direction without a tendescy to split. Vite way. A direction oi easy split- ting in a rock. (Bowles) < Freeze. To solidify, as .of a molten charge in a furnace. (Weed) Freiberg amalgamation. See Barrel process. Frelbergite. A silver-rich tetrahe- drite. See Tetrahedrlte. (U. 8. Geol. Surv.) Freleslebehite. A lead-silver sulphantl- monide mineral, approximately 5 ( Pb, A& ) S.2Sb,S.. Ciontains 24.5 per cent silver (U. S. Geol. Surv.) French blue. See Ultramarine, 2. French chalk. A kind of talc used by tailors. (A. F. Rogers) Freno (Sp.). 1. A bridle. S. A brake on a hoist ; F. de seguridad, a safety brake. (Halse) Frente (Hex.). Breast of working or face of drift; F. de guia, main at haulage level in a mine. (Dwigbt) Frenzied (So. Staff.). Said of coal crushed' by the creep or subsidence of the cover. (Gresley) Fresh air. Air free from the presence of deleterious gases (Roy). Pure air. Freshet. A sudden rise in a stream or river, caused by heavy rains or melt- ing snow In the mountains or high- lands, and which does great damage to the works connected with hydrau- lic mining unless guarded against lo time. (Milford) Freudenberg plates. Iron plates sus- pended in dust chambers for the purpose of settling dust and condens- ing fumes that escape from the fur-; nace with the gases. (Hofman, p. 390) l^reyalite. A rare radio-active silicate of thorium, the cerium metals and other elements, found. In Norway. (Webster) Friable.' Easy to break, or crumbling naturally (Boy, Com.). Said of cer- tain minerals. Friction breccia. Angular material de- rived from earth-movements which crush and break the rock on the two sides of a fault (Watson, p. 100) 288 GliOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINEBAI. INDTJSTBY. Friedellte. A massive, cleavable to closely compact, hydrated manganese silicate, HT(MnGI)Mn.Si Frog. 1. A device made of rails se- cured to a plate, or bolted together through distance pieces, forming a connection of one track with an- other braiichlug from or crossing it (Webster) Froment proeesi. A flotation process in which a sulphide ore is agitated in water with a little oil and sul- phuric acid, the sulphide particles become oiled and attach them- selves to and are floated by gas bub- bles. Calcite Is added to the ores when needed. Minerals Separation Ltd., bought this patent in 1903. (Llddell) Front. 1. A designation for the mouth or collar of a bore hole. (Du Pont) 2. See Face, 4. Frontal apron. Same as Apron, 8. Frontal hammer; Frontal helve (Eng.). A forge-hammer lifted by a cam, acting upon a "tongue" imme- diately in front of the hammer-head. (Raymond) Front-and-back shift (Aust). A sys- tem in which one of a pair of miners comes to work two hours before the other, while the latter remains two hours after the first has gone home; the object being to keep the tram- mers going, who work 10 hours, against the miners' eight hours. (Power) Front entry. See Entry. Front6n (Mex.). Face of a drift, etc. Any working-face. (Dwlght) Frost pin. A short heavy Iron pin used by surveyors to make a hole in frozen ground so that a wooden peg may be driven without breaking, (B.'F. Tibby) Froth. A collection of bubbles result- ing from fermentation, efterves- cence, or agitation (Rick'ard). A term used in' flotation. Frother. An oil which makes a foam or froth. (Megraw, p. 37) Froth flotation. A flotation process in which the minerals floated gather in and on the surface of bubbles of air or gas driven into or generated in the liquid in some convenient man- ner. See Film flotation. (0. 0. Ralston, U. S. Bur. Mines) Frozen. 1. Congealed with cold, as the hard surface over cooling molten metal. (Webster) 2. Immovable' by reason of expan- sion consequent upon Imperfect lu- brication; said of a journal and Its bearing. (Standard) 8. Said of vein material which ad- heres closely to the Inclosing walls. (Shamel, p. 150) Frozen ore. See Frozen, 3. Frozen coal (Ark.). Coal which strongly adheres to the rock above or below It (Steel). See Frozen, 3. Fmchtschiefer. A German name for a variety of spotted, contact schists in the outer zone of the aureole. (Kemp) Frne vanner. An ore-dressing -a^ paratus. consisting essentially of a rubber belt traveling up a slight Inclination. The material to be treated is washed by a constant flow of water while the entire belt GLOSSABY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 289 Is meanwhile shaken from side to side. Other vanners of the side- shake type are the Tulloch, Johns- ton, and Norbom. (Llddell) Trash (Scot). Brittle ; having unusu- ally little. tenacity; soft and easily broken up. (Barrowman) Trntos (Sp.). Product, ore, mineral; Veta en frutos (Mex.), a vein carry- ing pay ore. (Halse) Fuel economizer. A feed-water heater consisting of pipes around which the gases of combustion from a furnace (Standard) Puel feeder. .A contrivance for silpply- ing a furnace with fuel in graduated quantities (Century). A mechani- cal stoker. Puel gas. Gas used for heating or cooking, as distinguished from illu- minating-gas. (Standard) Pnelle (Mex.). Bellows. See Baiquln. (D wight) Puel ratio. The amount of heating- capacity in a fuel as compared with another fuel taken as a standard. (Century) Fnente (Sp.). A spring of water. (Halse) Fuerte (Sp.). Strong; applied to amalgam needing more mercury. Also applied -to powerful explosives. iHalse) Fnga (Sp.). An excess blast In a fur- nace whereby the eharge is cooled. (Halse) Fulgrnration. A sudden glistening of molten gold or silver at the close of cupellation (Standard). See Bllck. Fulgurite. Little tubes of glassy rock that have been fused from all sorts of other rocks by lightning strokes. They are especially frequent In ex- posed crags on mountain tops. The name is derived from the Latin for thunderbolt. (Kemp) Fuller. A blacksmith's tool with a round edge, used in grooving or spreading hot iron; a swage or creaser. - ( Standard ) Fuller's earth. A fine earth resem- bling clay, but lacking plasticity. It Is much the same chemically as clay, but has a decidedly higher percent- age of water (Kemp). It is high in magnesia and possesses the prop- erty of decolorizing oils and fats by retaining the coloring matter, 7440100— 4T 19 Fnlminante (Sp.). a blasting cap or detonator. (Halse) Fulminate, i, J a explosive compound of mercury, HgCN^O,, which is em- ployed for the caps or exploders, by means of which charges of gun- powder, dynamite, etc., are frred. (Raymond) 2. To make a loud sudden noise; to detonate; to explode with a vio- lent report. (Webster) Fumarele. A hole or spot in a volcanic or other region, from which fumes issue (Webster). The exhalation consists of water-vapor, with such gases as nitrogen, hydrogen, free hy- drochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and silicon fluoride (Vogt). See Solfataras, Mofette, and Soffionli Fumarolic. Pertaining to or issuing from a fumarole. (Standard) Fume. 1. The gas and smoke, more es- pecially the noxious or poisonous gases given off by the explosion or detonation of blasting powder or dynamite. The character of the fume is Influenced largely by the completeness of detonation. The de- gree of (Confinement of the charge and the size of the detonator has a great influence on the character of the fumes produced. (Du Pont) S. Consists of metals or metallic compounds that have beien volatil- ized at the high temperatures of the furnaces, condensed at lower tem- peratures, and Carried by fiimace gases into the flues. Sulphur triox-i ide and elemental sulphur, 'driven off from furnaces and condensed, are also classed as fume. (Bull. 98,.tJ. S. Bur. Mines, p. 63) In general, all the volatile con- stituents of the 6re diacge are rep- resented. The fume frequently con^ tains appreciable aih'ouhts of sliver, which is decidedly volatile under certain conditions. The particles of fume are very fine and are undei! the stress of certain physical forces, so they do not settle easily, as most of the flue dust does, but in large proportion pass through the stack with the gases and spread over the surrounding country, un- less special preventive methods are used, as is now generally done. ( Pul- ton, Bull. 84, U. S. Bur. Mines, p. 12). See Metallurgical fume. Fuming sulphuric acid. An acid made by dissolving sulphur trioxide in concentrated sulphuric acid. Nord- hausen acid. (Webster) 290 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEBAL. INDUSTRY. Fnndamental complex. See Basement complex. Fundamental rocks. Those rocks form- ing the foundation, substratum, basis, or support of others. (Koy. Com.) Fnndeiite (Sp.). In metallurgy, a fus- ing ore; a flux. (Halse) Fundicidn (Mex.). 1. The process of melting silver into bars. 2. Sistema de F., smelting process ; F. en crudo, smelting direct without roasting. 9. A smelting works, foundry or as say office. 4. Castipg. (Halse) Pnndidor (Sp.). Smelter; founder; melter. (Halse) Fnndir (Sp.). To smelt, melt, or cast metals. (Halse) Fundo minero (Mex.). All the perte- nencias embraced under one title. (D wight) Fnnnel. The gate or pouring hole of a mold. (Standard) Funnel box. A square funnel forming one 6f a series of gradually increas- ing size, for separating metal-bear- ing slimes according to fineness (Standard). See Spltzkasten. Fnque (Mex.). The deepest point of excavation. (D wight) Fur; Furring (Eng.). A deposit of chemical salts and other material (sediment) upon the iriner sides of pumps, boilers, etc. (Gresley) Fnrar (Port). To bore or drill for a blast.' (Halse) Fnri^en. A round rod used for sound- ing a bloomery fire. (Raymond) Vutgin (Mex.). Box or closed freight car. (Dwight) " Fnrlong. One eighth of a mile; that Is, 40 rods; 10 chains, or 660 feet. (Webster) Furnace. 1. A structure in -which, with the aid of heat so produced, the operation of roasting, reduction, fu- sion, steam-generation, desiccation, etc., are carried on, or, as in some mines, the upcast air current is heated, to facilitate its ascent and thus aid ventilation. (Raymond) 2. (Eng.) A large coal fire at or near the bottom of an upcast shaft, for producing a current of air for ventilatiiilg a mine. (Gresley) Furnace bridge. A barrier of fire bricks or an Iron-plate chamber filled with water, thrown across the furnace at the extreme end of the fire bars to prevent fuel from belhg carried into the flues and to quicken the draft by contracting the sec- tion of the current of hot gas. (Cen- tury) Furnace cadmium, or oadmia. The ^inc-cadmium oxide which accumu- lates in the chimneys of furnaces smelting zinciferous ores. Furnace charger. A weighing appa- ratus for feeding into a furnace mouth the proper proportions of ore, fuel, etc. (Standard) Furnace holding-the-lron. A condition of the furnace by reason of which it gives much less than normal amount of iron at casting, although the feeding may have been regular. The tap hole runs iron slowly, and amount of cinder is somewhat scanty. Compare Furnace losing- the-iron. (Willcox) Furnace losing-the-iron. Escape of iron frpm the hearth of a blast fur- nace into the foundation beneath, indicated by decreased quantity of iron at casting, and appearance of slag at tapping hole. (Willcox) Furnaceman. One whose sole occupa- tion is to attend a furnace. Furnace shaft. An upcast shaft used in mine ventilation where a furnace is employed. (C. ai\d M. M. P.) Furnace stack. A chimney built over a furnace for increasing the draught. (Harr) Furnisher. A man who furnishes money or machinery to a party of miners, and so becomes entitled to a share of the profits. (Davles) Furring brick. Hollow brick for lin- ing or furring the inside of a wall. Usually of common brick size, with surface grooved to take plaster. (Ries) Furrow. See Fault trace. Furtherance (Newc). An extra price paid to miners when they also hanl the coal. (Raymond) Fuse. 1. A core of black powder wrapped with hemp or cotton threads or tape, with various .wa- terproofing compounds between each, or on the outside, to provide a uniform burning speed of the pow- der core for the firing of explosives, either with or without a blasting cap. (Du Pont) 2. Any of various devices, as a tube, casing, cord, or the like filled or Impregnated with combustible mat- GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTBY. 291 ter, or a kind of detonator, by means of which an explosive charge Is ig- nited. 8. To liquefy by heat; to render fluid. 4. To unite or blend as if melted together. (Webster) 5. A safety piece in an electric cir- cuit, that fuses when the 'current Is too strong, called often Safety strip or Safety plug (Standard). See Fuse plug, 2. Fuse auger. An instrument for remov- ing part of the filling of a fuse, to regulate its time of burning, the depth of the bore. being indicated by a scale. (Webster) Fuse gage. An instrument for cutting time fuses to length. ("Standard) Fuse lighter. A device for facilitat- ing the ignition of the powder core of a fuse. Qne form is in the shape of a carpet tack covered with a powder composition ; another form is in the shape of a cord, which when ignited burns and maintains a " coal of fire " in contact with the exposed powder in the fuse. (Du Pont) ^ Fuse lock. A friction lock by which a miner may fire the free end of a blasting fuse by a lanyard. (Stand- ard) Fuse plug. 1. A plug fitted to the fuse hole of a shell to hold the fuse'. 2. A fusible plug that screws into a receptacle, used as a fuse in elec- trical wiring. (Webster) 3. A plug of fusible metal Inserted In a steam boiler so as to prevent any danger that might arise from over- heating due to low water. (Stand- ard) Fusibility seale. A list of minerals ar- ranged in the order of their fusi- bility; as follows: 1. Stibnitej 2. Natrolite; 3. Almanditfe garnet; 4. Actinolite; 5. Orthodase; 6. Bronz- Ite. (Dana) Fusible. Capable of being melted or liquefied. (Webster) Fusible metal. Any aUoy, usually one containing bismuth, which melts at a comparatively low temperature. (Standard) Fusible quartz (Bng.). A term oc- casionally applied by the older min- eralogists to obsidian. (Page) Fusion. 1. Act or operation of melt- ing or rendering liquid by heat. a. State of being melted or dissolved bv heat. 3. Union or blending of things as if melted together. (Web- ster). Fuze. Pronounced as though, spelled "fuzee." Originally the device used for exploding the charge in a pro- jectile and later used as a designa- tion for an electric blasting cap. Now known as an electric blasting cap (Du Pont). A variation of Fuse. Fnzze (Eng.). Straws, reeds, or hol- low vegetal substances filled with powder (Bainbrldge). See also Fuse, 1 and 2. G. Gab. A hook; specifically, in steam engines, the hook on an eccentric- rod, catching on the rock-shaft pin, in a valve motion. (Standard) OabaTro (Mex.). Ore in large pieces,, from egg size up. (Dwlght) Gabbie (Scot.). A hook on the end of a chain or rope; a coupling. (Bar- rowman) Gabbro. A finely to coarsely crystal- line igneous rock composed mainly of lime-soda feldspar (labradorite- or anorthite), pyroxene, and fre- quently olivine. Magnetite or 11- menite, or both, anr apatite are ac- cessory minerals. It is generally dark colored. Gabbros composed largely or wholly of feldspar are called anorthosltes, and those con- taining orthorhombic pyroxene are often called norites. (TJ. S. Geol. Surv.) A full review of the mean- ing (ind history of gabbro, by W. S. Bayley, will be found In Jonr. of Geology, August, 1893, p. 435. Gabronite. A bluish-gray variety of altered wernerite. (Standard) Gabian. A variety of petroleum ob- tained at Gabian, department of He- rault, France. (Standard) Gabion. A bottomless wicker cylinder or basket, from 20 to 70 inches in diameter and from 33, to 72 inches high; used in engineering, when filled with stones, to form the foun- dation of a jetty. (Standard) Gablack (Derb.). See GavelOck. Oable-rake tile. The full-flanged tile ^ used at the verge of open gables. (Ries) Gab-lever. A device for disengaging the gab*, on the eccentric rod -of a steam engine, from the rocSshaft. ' (Standard) Gad. 1. A steel wedge. 2. A small iron punch with a wooden handle used to break up ore. (Raymond) 3. A metal spike. 4, A chisel or 292 GLOSSART OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. pointed or wedge-shaped bar of iron or steel about 6 inches long for breaking or loosening ore. 5. A bar, billet or Ingot of metal. 6. To break or loosen with a gad, as rock. (Webster) 7. A percussion drill; a jumper. (Standard) Oadder. A device for supporting a ma- chine drill and permitting a number of paraller holes being driven from one mountin.-r. Distinctly a quarry device. ( Gillette, p. 97. ) Called also Gadding car, Gadding machine. (Standard) Ctadding machine. See Gadder. Gadollnite. A mineral whose formula is Be,Fe(YO)!(SiO.).. Crystals often prismatic, rough and coarse; fracture conchoidal or splintery. Brittle. Luster vitreous to greasy. Color black, greenish black, also brown (Dana). A complex silicate of gluclnum, iron, and the. yttrium and cerium rare-earth metals. Oc- curs in pegmatites. (U. S. (jteol. Surv.) Oadolinium. A metallic element of the rare earth gi-oup. Symbol CW; atomic weight, 157.3. (Webster) Oad steel. Flemish steel ; so called be- cause wrought In gads or wedges. (Standard) Oae (Scot.). A fault, slip, or dike. See also Gaw, 1. (Barrowman) Oaffer (Scot.). A foreman. (Barrow- man) Gag. 1. (Eng.). An obstruction in the valve of a pump which prevents It from working. (G. C. Green well) 2. A fuller or set hammer, used to straighten railways rails. (Web- ster) S. (Derb.). Any piece of timber used temporarily to reinforce other timber until proper timbP"'ng can be done. (Hooson) 4. (Eng.). Chips of wood In a shaft bottom, or sump. (Gresley) Oage; Gauge. An Instrument for meas- uring, indicating, or regulating the capacity, quantity, dimensions, power, amount, proportions, etc., of any- thing ; Iience, a standard of compari- son. (Standard) Oage cock. A small cock \p a boiler af the water line, to determine the water level. (Nat. Tube Co.) Oage door. A v?ooden door fixed in an airway for regulating the supply of ventilation necessary for a certain district or number of men. Also called Regulator. (Steel) Gage glass. A strong vertical or nearly vertical glass tube connected at its ends with the inside of a steam boiler, showing the water level. (Standard) Gage-pressure. The pressure shown by an ordinary steam-gage. It is tlio absoltue pressure less that of the atmosphere. ( Ihlseng ) Gage ring (Scot). A standard ring for measuring buckets of coal or ore. (Barrowman) Gagget. A piece of Iron used In a mold to keep the sand or core in place. (Webster) Gaging (So. tStaff.). A small embank- ment of slack or rubbish, at the en- trance to a heading, to fence it off. (Gresley) Gahnite. A zinc-bearing spinel, ZnAIiOi. (Dana) Gailletlns (Belg.). Round coal. (Gres- ley) Gain. 1. (Mid.) A transverse chan- nel or cutting made in the sides of a roadway underground for the in- sertion of a dam or permanent stop- ping. (Gresley) 2. A notch, mortise, or groove in a timber to receive and support the end of a girder. 3. A cross cut in coal mining. (Webster) Gain gear (Scot.). The movable ma- chinery fit a mill; going gear. (Standard). Galola (Port.). A hoisting cage. (Halse) Galst (Scot). See Ghaist; Ghost-coal. Gait I. (Eng.) A Jouraey or trip. (Balnbi^ldge) 2. Two buckets of water carried by a yoke on the shoulders. (Webster) Galte (Eng.). Variation of Gate, a road. (Webster) Gal. (Corn). A hard rusty gossan. (Power) Galaclite. A variety of white natrollte occurring Iri* Scotland in colorless aclcular crystals. (Century) Gale. 1. (Forest of Dean) A speci- fied tract of mineral property granted by the Crown to a colliery proprietor or company for working the mines. (Gresley) 2. The Royalty paid by a free miner for a plot of land with the right to dig for coal, Iron, or stone. 3. The license for the plot of land. (Web- ster) GLOSSARY OF MINING ANP MINERAL INDUSTRY. 298 ealeage (Eng.),. Royalty from min- eral land. (Balnbridge) Oalee. A coal miner having (or own- ing) a gale in the forest of Dean, England. (Standard) Oalemador. 1. (Mex.) A silver- smelting furnace. S. (Peru) A small furnace for roasting silver ores. (D wight) Galemar (Mex.). To reduce ore in a Mexican furnace. (Dwlght) Galeme (Mex.). 1. A cupelling fur- nace with an absorbent hearth. 2. A reverberatory furnace. (Halse) Galena; Oalenlte. Lead sulphide, PbS. Contains 86.6 per cent lead (IT. S. Geol. Surv.). The commonest lead mineral. When freshly broken it has a bright silvery appearance, from which it has been called lead- glance. Galena iimestone. A Silurian forma- tion in Illinois and adjoining states. Named from Galena, Illinois. (Web- ster) Galenlte. See Galena, for which it is a synonym. Galera (Mex.). 1. A long shed on each side of the patio. 2. A store- room for ordinary ore. 3. A grind- ing mill, or mill house. 4. An ir- reg:ular ore deposit. 5. A furnace for distilling sulphur. 6. A row of reyerl)eratory furnaces. (Halse) Galerla. 1. (Sp.) A gallery, level. S. At Bilboa, Spain, a variety of hematite. (Halse) Galerdn (Sp.). A large Irregular ore deposit. (Halse) Galiagre. Royalty (Raymond). A vari- ation of Galeage.' Gallatin. The heavy oil of coal tar used in the Bethell process for the preservation of timber. Galled also Dead oil. (Standard) Gallein. A coal tar color (purple and violet) used In dyeing. (Century) Gallery. In mining, a level or drift. (Raymond) Gailery-fnniaee. A retort-furnace used In the distillation of mercury. (Raymond) Gallery of efflux (Bug.). A drainage tunnel or adit. (Ure) Gallery work. Pottery, especially of a coarse kind. (Standard) I GalUard (Eng.). A hard flinty rock used for road metal. Called also Calliard. (Standard) Galllnin. A rare metallic element, found combined in certain zinc ores. It is white, hard, and malle- able, resembling aluminum and re- markable for its low melting point, 86° F., 30' C. Symbol, Ga; atomic weight, 69.9. (Webster) Gall of glasi. A neutral salt skimined off the surface of melted crown glass. Also called Sandiver. (Ure) Gallon. The standard gallon of the United States contains 231 cubic inches, or 8.3389 pounds avoirdu- pois of distilled water at its maxi- mum density and with a barometer of 30 inches. The English Imperial gallon contains almost exactly 1.2 U. S. gallons. (Webster) Gallows (No. of Eng.). A frame consisting of two uprights' and a cross-piece for supporting a mine roof. (Standard) Gallows frame (Eng.). The frame supporting a pulley, over which the hoisting rope passes to the engine (Ihlseng). See also Head frame. Gait; Gault; Qolt (Eng.). See Folk- stone marl. Galvanism. Current electricity, especi- ally that arising from chemical action, as distinguished from that generated by heat or induction : a term no longer in scientific use. (Standard) Gialvanize. To coat with zinc. (Ray- mond) Galvanized' rope. Rope made of wires that have been galvanized or coated with zinc to protect them from cor- rosion. (C. M. P.) Galvanized sheets. Iron coated with zinc; the name is derived from the process used in their manufacture, being formerly an electric method. -(Skinner) Galvanizing. The process by which the surface of iron and steel is covered with a layer of zinc. (Nat. Tube Co.) Galvanometer. An instrument for de- termining the presence of an elec- tric current, measuring its intensity and direction. (Webster) Galvanoscope. An instrument for de- tecting an electric current and show- ing its direction, differing from a galvanometer in being only quali- tative. (Standard) 294 GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Galvano-thermometer. An instrument for measuring the heat generated by an electric current, or for measuring the current by the heat it generates. (Standard) Oambnslno (Sp.). 1. A prospector, or searcher of gold. A synonym for Cateador. 2. A trlbuter. (Halse) Gamella (Braz.). A wooden bowl, about two feet wide at the mouth, and five or six inches deep, used for washing gold out of the auriferous material collected in sluices and in river sand. (Lock^ Qamma rays. Very penetrating rays not appreciably detected by a mag- netic or electric field, emitted by ra- dium and other radioactive sub- stances. (Webster) Gancho (Mex.). Hook of any kind. Dog used for exti acting tapping bars from furnace. (Dwight) Gang. 1. (Mid.) To go;- to move along. 2. A train or set of mine cars or trams. (Gresley) 3. A mine. 4. A set of miners. (Raymond) 5. Gangue. (Standard) Oanga (Sp.). Gangue or matrix. (Halse) Gang-art (Eng.). The side of a mine. (Bainbridge) Gang car. A car which may be loaded with a block of stone and placed be- neath the blades of a gang saw. It Is a modern substitute for the sta- tionary saw bed. (Bowles) Gang drill. A set of drills in the same machine operated together. ' (Stand- ard) Ganger. 1. (Mid.) One who is em- ployed at conveying minerals along the gangways in or about a mine, which employment is known as gang- ing. (Gresley) 2. A foreman over a gang of work- men. (Webster) Oanggesteine. German for dike rocks. (Kemp) Bang-rider (Eng.). A lad who rides with or upon the trams of an under- ground engine plane, to give signals when necessary, and to operate any levers, clevises, couplings, etc. (Gresley). A Trip rider. Gangsman. See Ganger. Gasman. See Fireman ; also Fire boss. Gangue. The non-metalliferous or non- valuable metalliferous minerals In the ore; veinstone or lode-filling (Rickard). The mineral associated with the ore in a vein. (Raymond) Gangway. 1. The main hajilage road or level (Gresley). Frequently called Entry. 2. (Newc.) A wooden bridge. (Ray- mond) ' 3. A passageway or avenue into or out of any enclosed place, as in a mine. (Sangamon Coal Min. Co. v. Wlggerhaus, 122, Illinois, p. 283) Ganll (Eng.). A sort of brittle, lime- stone. (Standard) Oanlster. 1. A highly refractory sili- ceous sedimentary rock used for fur- nace linings. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) 2. A mixture of ground quartz and fire clay, used In lining Bessemer converters (Raymond) 3. A local name for a fine close- grained siliceous clay that occurs under certain coal beds in Derby- shire, Yorkshire, and North of Eng- land. (Power) Ganlster beds. Coal-bearing beds of the lower coal measures of England (Standard). Compare Ganlster, 3. Gank (Derb.). A red or yellow vein filling extending through joints or fissures. Considered as a sign of ore nearby. (Hooson) Gannen (No. of Eng.). A road (head- ing) down which coal Is conveyed in cars running upon rails (Gresley). An inclined gangway in a coal minei (Standard) Gantry; Gauntry; Gauntree. 1. A frame erected on a gold dredge for supporting different parts of the ma- chinery. (Weatherbe) 2. A .bridge or platform carrying a traveling crane or winch and sup- ported by a pair of towers, trestles, or side frames running on parallel tracks. 3. A structure supporting a number of railroad signals for sev- eral tracks. (Webster) Garabato (Mex.). 1. Curved iron bar used in copper-smelting. (Dwight) 2. The suspension hook of a mine lamp. (Halse) Gard (Eng.). Gravelly sand; a varia- tion of Garde. Garde (Corn.). Tailings, composed of clay and sand, from tin dressing works. (Hunt) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 295 Gardner crusher. A swinp; - hammer crusher, the hammers being flat U- shaped pieces hung from trunnions between two dislis lieyed to a sluift. When revolved, centrifugal force throws tlie hammers out against the feeti and a heavy anvil inside the crusher housing. (Liddell) fiarganite. A name suggested by Viola and de Stefani for a dilie rock in the- Italian province of Poggia, which in the middle, with prevailing alkali- feldspar, contains both augite and emphibole, i. e., is a vogesite; on the edges it contains biotite, horn- blende, olivine, and resembles ker- sautite. (Kemp) fGarimpeiro (Brazil). A gold-seeker; also a snmggler. (Lock) jGarkupfer (Ger.). Refined copper. ,( Whitney) Garland. 1. (So. Staff.) A trough or gutter round the inside of a shaft to catch the water running down the sides. (Raymond) 8. (Eng.). A wooden, rectangular frame, strengthened with iron cor- uer-plates, for keeping the coal upon the top of a car. (Gresley) Garnet. A group of 'silicate minerals including several species with re- lated chemical structure commonly /!rystallized in dodecahedrons or itrapezohedrons of the isometric (cu- ibic) system. Garnets are not al- ways pure but may contain the mole- cules of two species giving rise to intermediate types, as the gem rhodolite. Common varieties are: Almandite, iron - aluminum garnet /abrasive and gem ; precious garnet). Andradite, lime-iron garnet. Esso- nite, gem variety of ~ gi-ossularite. Grosstilarite, lime-aluminum garnet. Pyrope, magnesia-aluminum garnet ; gems — Arizona ruby. Cape ruby, etc. Rhodolite, isomorphous mix- J;ure of two molecules of pyrope and one molecule of almandite. Spess'ar- tite, manganese - aluminum, garnet; used as a gem, sometimes called Hyacinth (U. S. Geol. Surv.). A ivitreous to resinous, transparent to .subtranslucent, red brown, yellow, white, apple green, or bla«k,. brittle, pon-cleavable silicate, crystallizing in the isometric system. (Standard) Garnet blende. A synonym for Sphale- rite, commonly called blende. (Chester) Parnet rock. A rock composed essen- ■ tially of garnets. (Kemp) Garnierlte. A hydrous nlckel-mag- ncsium silicate ; a variety of gcnthite, H:(Ni,Mg)SiO-fAq. (U. S. Geol. Survi) Oarrapata (Mex.). A clamp for stretching wires. (Dwlght) Garrote (Hex.). A hoisting brake. See Freno. (Halse) Garrotero (Mex.). Railway brake- manv (D wight) Gas. 1. An aeriform fluid, having neither independent shape nor vol- ume, but tending to expand indefi- nitely. (Webster) 2. In mining, a mixture of atmos- pheric air with fire damp (Stand- ard). The common name for me- thane. See Fire damp. 3. Gas is considered as a mineral, and .while in situ is a part of the land. (Westmoreland etc. Gas Co. V. De Witt, 130 Pennsylvania State, p. 235) Gas alarm. An alarm for noting the presence of fire damp or choke damp in a mine. (Standard) Gas black. A superior kind of lamp black, collected by introducing a cold iron surface into the luminous gas flame. (Webster) Gas carbon. A compact variety of car- bon obtained as an incrustation on the interior of gas retorts, and used for the manufacture of carbon rods or pencils for the electric arc, and for the plates of voltaic batteries. (Webster) Gas coal. Any coal that yields a large quantity of illuminating gas on dis- tillation ( Gresley ) . It should be free from sulphur and other impurities. Gas coke. The coke formed in gas retorts, as distinguished from that made in coke ovens. (Webster) Gas conductor. A pipe for leading combustion gases from the mouth of a blast furnace to a hot-blast stove. (Standard) Gas detector. A device to show the presence of fire damp, etc., in a mine (Standard). See also Safety lamp; Burrell gas detector, Metha- nometer, and' Eudiometer. 5as drain (Eng.). A heading driven in a mine for the special purpose of carrying off fire damp from any working. (Gresley) 296 6L0SSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Oas engine. A kind of internal-com- bustion engine using fixed gas ; also, broadly any internal-combustion en- gine. (Webster) Oaseous. 1. In the form, or of the nature, of gas; pertaining to gases. 2. Lacking substance or solidity. (Webster) Oaseons place. A place that is. likely to be dangerous from the presence of inflammable gas. (Clark) Gag field. A tract or district yielding natural gas. (Webster) Oas firing. The combustion of coal effected by burning in such a way as to produce a combustible gas, which is then burned secondarily in the laboratory of the furnace. (Ingalls, p. 268) Oas furnace. A furnace using gas for fuel, or one for making gas. (Web- ster) Oas gage; An instrument for ascer- taining the pressure of gas, gen- erally consisting oi a bent gradu- ated tube containing water or mer- cury, open at one end with the other end screwed into the vessel contain- ing the gas. (Century) Oas generator. 1. An apparatus for generating gas, as a retort in which hydrocarbons are evolved by heat. 2. A carburetor. 3. A machine for the production of carbonic acid gas, lor aerating water. (Webster) Oash. 1. (Scot.) A break or opening in the strata, usually filled with sand, gravel, or other loose rocks. (Barrowman) 2, Applied to a vein wide above, nar- row below, and terminating in depth within the formation it traverses (Raymond). See also Gash vein. Oas-house coal tar. Coaj tar produced in gas-house retorts in the manufac- ture of illuminating gas from bitu- minous coal. (Bacon) Oas-house tankage. Material that has been used to remove sulphur com- pounds from Illuminating gas. It contains substances which are poi- sonous to plants and must be used with great care. It is often rich in nitrogen, containing 5 to 10 per cent. (Amer. Fert. Hand Book, 1917, p. 44) Oash vein. A mineralized fissure that extends only a short distance ver- tically. It may be confined to a sin- gle stratum of rock, but is a com- paratively shnllow vein (Ihlseng). See also Gash, 2. Oasket. A thin sheet of composition or metal used in making a joint water, gas, or steam tight. (Nat. Tube Co.) Oas, natural. See Natural gas. Oasoscope. An apparatus for detecting the presence of dangerous gas escap- ing into a coal mine or a dwelling house. (Webster) Oas oil. One of the first products of distillation in the manufacture of lubricating oils. (Mitzakis) Oasol. A product condensed from casing-head gas by applying a pres- sure of 85()-900 pounds per square inch at ordinary temperature. It has a specific gravity of 0.5, and one pound of the liquid produces seven cubic feet of gas. (Bacon) Gasoline. A name applied broadly to the lighter products derived from the distillation of crude petroleum having a specific gravity of 0.629 to 0.6673 (95° to 80° B.). It is volaUle, inflammable, and used as a fuel in vapor stoves and engines; also as a solvent for fats and oils. Oas pipe (Mid.). A short wooden pipe about four inches by four inches in- side, having its upper end open to the roof, and the lower end open- ing Into the brattlcing so that any gas given off in the roof may be carried away a§ formed (Gresley). Any pipe for conveying gas. Gas pore. A gas bubble in a mineral. (Standard) Gas producer. A furnace in which coal Is burned for the manufacture of producer gas. There are two types, namely: 1. The step-grate, natural-draught generator, which is but a development of the ordinary fire box. 2. The shaft furnace, with or without a grate and worked by a natural draft or forced draft. The latter type is identical in many re- spects with a blast-smelting fur- nace. The principal producers are : Boe- tius, Dawson, Dowson, Duff, Hejie- ler, Mond, Siemens. Suiythe, Swin- dell, Talbott, Taylor, Wellman, and Wilson. (Ingalls, p. 298) Gas sand. A sandstone containing nat- ural gas. (Webster) Gassed. See Gassing, 2. Oas separator. Sec Gas trap. Gasser. A well that yields gas, es- pecially an oil well producing much gas. (Webster) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 297 Gassing. 1. Act or process of subject- ing to the iiction of khs, as lime to chlorine giis in nuilviiiK bleachinR powder. 2. Tlie poisoning of per- sons exposed to noxious fumes or gases. 3. The bubbling of the acid In a .storage battery. (Webster) Gas spectrum. 1. The spectrum, con- sisting, of bright lines or bands, ob- tfilned by dispersing the light from a glowing gas or vapor. 2. An ab- sorption spectrum obtained by pass- ing light through a gas or vapor. (Webster) Gas spurts. Little heaps observed on the surface of certain geological strata containing organic matter ; so called because believed to be due to the escape of gas. (Webster) Gassy. Characteristic of or impreg- nated with gas, especially coal gas (Standard). Applied to any mine whi(rh generates methane, or any other gas. Gas tank. See Gas trap. Gas tar. Coal tar obtained as .a by- product in the manufacture of illu- minating gas. (Webster) Gas trap. One of many devices for separating and saving the gas from the (low and lead lines of producing oil wells. The mixture of oil and gas is allowed to flow througlr a chamber large enough to reduce the velocity of the mixture to the point at which the oil and gas tend to separate. The gas seeking the top of the chamber, is drawn off free of oil, while the oil Is discharged at the bottom. (Tech. Paper No. 209, Bu. Mines) Also called Gas sepa- rator ; Gas tank. Gas-water. Water through which coal gas has been passed, and \yhich has absorbed the iJnpurities of the gas. (Century) cias well. 1. A deep boring, from which natural gas Is discharged. (Raymond) 2. As /Used in oil and gas leases, a well having such a pressure and vol- ume of gas, and, taking into ac- count its proximity to market, as can be utilized commercially. (Prlchard v. Freeland Oil Co., 84 S. E. Kept, p. 946) Gas works. A manufactory of gas, with all of its machinery and ap- purtenances; a gas plant. (Web- ster) Gas zone. A formation which contains capillary or supercapillary voids, or both, that are full of natural gas Sinid'er pressure considerably exceed- ing the atmospheric pressure. (Jleinzer) Gatch. Plaster as used in Persian architecture. (Webster) Catchers (Corn.). The final sludge or leavings from a tin-ore concentra- tion plant. (Davies) Gate. 1. (Eng.) Gateway, or gate road. A road or way underground for air, water, or general passage; a gangway. 2. The aperture in a .founder's mold, through which the molten iron enters. (Raymond) 3. The closing piece in a stop valve. 4. A valve controlling the admission of water to a water wheel or to a conduit. (Standard) Gate end. Tlie inby end of a gate. See Gate. 1. (Gresley) Gate-end plate (Mid.). A large sheet- iron plate about four feet six inches square and one-half inch thick, upon which trams (mine cars) are turned . round upon coming from the working face to. be taken along the gate or roadway (Gresley). A kind of turn- table; a turn sheet. Gate road (Eng.). A road connecting a stall with a main road (Stand- ard). See Gate, 1. Gates canvas table. A large form of inclined canvas table in which the pulp is first classified, then dis- tributed along the upper edge of the table. The concentrates are caught in the warp of the canvas and after this is full, treatment must be stopped wliile the concentrates are swept or sluiced off. (Liddell) Gate shutter. A paddle-like imple- ment used to shut off the flow of metal from a mold, and to divert it to other molds. (Standard) Gate valve. A valve with a sliding gate; stop valve (Standard). See also Gate, 3. Gateway (Mid.). See Gate, 1. Gather. 1. (Derb.) To drive a head- ing through disturbed or faulty ground in such a way as to meet the sekm of coal, at a convenient level or point on the opposite side. See also Eat out. (Gresley) 2. To collect (molten glass) from a pot on the end of an iron tube. 3. To collect the loaded mine cars from the rooms or chambers in a train or trip on a main haulage road. (Standard) 298 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Gathering coal (Scot.). See Gather- ing peat. Gathering iron. The iron used in tak- ing viscid glass from the melting pot. (Standard) Gathering motor. A light weight type of electric locomotive used to haul loaded cars from the working places to the main haulage road, and to re- place them with empties. Gathering mule. The mule used to col- lect the loaded cars from the sepa- rate working places, and to return empties. (Steel) Gathering peat (Scot). A peat used to maintain a fire all night, hot embers being gathered about it. (Standard) Gathering rod. See Gathering iron. Gathering zone. A term suggested by J. W. Finch for the space above the ground-water level. See aiso Zone of discharge and Static zone. (Lindgren, p. 31) Gato (Mex.). Jackscrew; railbender. (Dwight) Oatton (Scot.). See Gauton. Gauge. See Gage. Gauge-dbor. See Gage-door. .Gault. 1. (Eng.). See Folkstone marl. 2. To cover with clay obtained from the subsoil. (Webster) (Oatintlet. A narrowing of two single railway tracks almost into the space of one, as on a bridge or in a tunnel, without breaking the continuity of either track by a switch, the two tracks overlapping each other. (Standard) Gauntree; -Ganntry. See Gantry. Gauteite. A name derived from the Gaute Vall^, central Bohemia, and given by J. E. Hibsch to a leuco- cratlc dike rock of porphyrltlc tex- ture and trachytlc habit. The phe- nocrysts ar.e hornblende, augite, and abundant lime-soda feldspar. The groundmass is about 80 ^er cent feldspar rods, with the remaindei-, magnetite grains, small hornblendes, augites, bioti'tes, and a little color- less glass. The gauteite is regarded as a complementary dike-rock to neighboring camptonites and is be- lieved to correspond to the deep- seated mouzonites. (Kemp) Gauton (Scot.). A water course cut in the floor of a mine or working. (Barrowman) Gauze lamp (Scot.). A (so-called) safety lamp, formerly used in the Scotch coal mines. It is a kind of Da"vy'lamp, with a gauze top about three inches in diameter, and has no brass frame to strengthen it and no (Gresley) Gavel. A mason's setting - maul. (Standard) Gavelock (Eng.). An iron poker or lever; a crowbar (Balnbridge). Also spelled Gablack. Gavelor; Gaveler (Derb.). An officer who gives the miner possession of the mine, and who also collects the taxes. (Mander) Gavia (Spain). A primitive methoa of carrying ore in baskets on men's shoulders up inclined shafts in which steps were cut. (Halse) Gaw. 1. (Scot.) A narrow vein of igneous rock intersecting the strata. (Barrowman) 2. A drain or trench. (Webster) Gawl (Lane). An unevenness In a coal wall. (Gresley) Gayeterie (Belg.). Second quality coal remaining after the large pieces have been removed. See Gayette. Qayette (Belg.). Large picked coal. A variation of French Gaillette. Gayley process. The process of remov- ing moisture from the blast of a blast-i'urnace by reducing the tem- perature so that the moisture will be deposited as snow or ice. The use of the dehydrated blast effects great fuel economy, and promotes regularity in iron-smelting opera- tions. (Webster) Gay-Lussac's tower. In sulphuric-actd making, a tower filled with, pieces of coke over which concentrated sul- phuric acid trickles down and, meet- ing the gas issuing from the lead chambers, absorbs its nitrous anhy- dride, which otherwise would be lost (Standard). Compare Glover's tower. Gaylusslte. A hydrous carbonate of sodium and calcium mineral, CaCoi.- NajCo..5llaO. (Dana) Gazogene. See Gasogen. Geanticline. A .great upward flexure of the earth's crust; opposed to Geosyncline. (Webster) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDTTSTRT. &99 Oears; Pair of gears. 1. Two props and a plank, the plank being sup- ported by the props at either end. 2. The teeth of a gear wheel or pin- ion. (C. and M. M. P.) 3. (No. of Eng.) See Double tim- ber. Also staging and rails erected at quays over ooal chutes. (Gres- ley) Oeat. The hole In a mold through which the metal Is poured In cast- ing. See Gate, 2. (Standard) Oedanite. A resin sesembllng amber,' but not containing succinic acid and less rich in oxygen ; it is found on the shores of the Baltic. See also Succinite. (Bacon) Oee. 1. To cause (a draft animal) to turn to the right. 2. To turn to the right, away from the driver: opposed to Haw; In the imperative, addressed to oxen, mules, or horses as a command. (Standard) Oeest. 1. A name proposed by J. A. DeLuc in 1816 for "the immediate products of rock decay in situ." It is a provincial word for earth In Holland and' northern Germany. Compore Laterite, Saprollte. (Kemp) 2. High, gravelly land; gravel or drift. (Standard) Oefiirlit (Ger.). The course or direc- tion of a lode. (Davies) Oeg; Gag (Scot). A piece of stone or other obstruction preventing the proper closing of a pump valve. The valve is said to be gegged when so obstructed. (Barrowman) , Oeisothermal. Same as Isogeothermal (Standard). See Isogeothermal lines. Oelssler's tube. A sealed glass tube contalnljig some highly rarifled gas and having electrodes at either end which can be connected with an in- duction coll. When an electric dis- charge is passed through it the gas becomes luminous. (Standard) Gel. A form of matter In a colloidal state that does not dissolve but nevertheless remains suspended in a solvent from which it fails to pre- cipitate without the Intervention of heat or of an electrolyte. (Rickard) Gelatin dynamite. An explosive, the composition of which varies between wide limits, depending upon Its use. A typical composition is: 62.5 per cent nitroglycerin ; 2.5 collodion cot- ton; 25.5 sodium nitrate; 8.7 meal, and 0.8 soda (Bmnswlg, p. SCO). It Is a plastic, water-proof high ex- plosive, of high density, used prln- , cipally for close'work and where It Is exposed to water. (Du Pont) Gelatlnization. Solubility with the formation of Jelly-like silica. (A. F. Rogers) Gelation. Solidification, especially by cooling. ( Standard ) Gelignite. The term by which gelatin dynamite Is known abroad. (Du Pont) Gem. 1. A general term for any pre- cious or semi-precious stone, as dia- mond, ruby, topaz, etc., especially when cut or polished for ornamental purposes. 2. Archieologlcally, the term Is restricted to engraved stone, e. g., intaglios and cameos. 3. in the mlneralogical sense, one of the orders of minerals' used by Mohs, distinguished by their hardness — ■ enough to scratch quartz — trans- parency, nonmetalllc luster, but generally brilliant and beauli'fal. (Power) Gemmary. 1. The science of gems. 2. A house or receptacle for gems or jewels; also gems collectively, S. An engraver of gems.- (Standard) Gem stone. A precious stope; a min- eral suitable for cutting as a gem. (Standard) Generating station. A station in which electric generators are operated by prime movers. (Clark) Generation. In petrology, all those crystals, of one or several species, that form at the same period of the cooling and solidification of an ig- neous rock (La Forge). The^me species may have one, two, or very rarely three generations. Generator. 1. A source of electricity, especially one that transforms heat or mechanical work directly into electric energy, as opposed to a vol- taic battery. See Dynamo. 2. A vessel, chamber or machine in which the generation of a gas is effected, as by chemical action. (Standard) Generator gas. Producer gas. (Web- ster) . Geneva ruby. An artificial ruby. (Power) Genthite. A hydrous nickel-magne- sium silicate mineral, theoretically 2N10.2Mg0.3S10a6HjO, but the nickel content Is variable. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) 300 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTEY. Geo. 1. (Iceland) A narrow Inlet walled in by stesep cliffs. 8. An ele- ment In many compound words of Greek origin, meaning the earth. (C?ntury) Geocerain. See Greocerite. Oeocerellite. A white, brittle, alcohol- soluble oxygenated hydrocarbon which melts at 82° 0. (Bacon) Geoeerite. A wax-like, white oxyge- nated hydrocarbon which melts at about 80° C. It is solublie in alco- hol and is unacted upon by a hot potassium hydroxide. Geoeerite oc- curs in the brown coal of Gester- wit!8. See Geomyriclte. (Bacon) Geocronic. Of or pertaiittng to geo- logical time (Standard). Now ob- solete. Geochrony. Geologic chronology; the system of time divisions used in geology (Webster). Now obsolete. Geocronlte. An alchemist's name for lead. A lead gray sulphide mineral of antimony and lead, 5PbS.S6:Ss. (Webster) Oeode. 1. A hoUow nodule or concre- tion, the cavity of which is lined with crystals. (C. S. Geol. Surv.) 2. The cavity of such a nodule. (Webster) 3. (Leic.) Large nodules of iron- stone, hollow in the center. (Gres- ley) Geodesy. The science and art of meas- uring portions of the earth's sur- face b.v triangulatlon and astronomi- cal observation ; the determination of the magnitude and figure of the earth: distinguished from survey- ing, which is concerned only with limited tracts, as farms or counties. (Standard) Geodeties. See Geodesy. Geogeny. The study of the genesis or formation of the earth (Standard). An obsolete term. Geognosy. That part of geology wKlch treats- of the materials of the earth and its general Interior and exte- rior constitution; sometimes , nearly synonymous with geology. ''Web- ster) Geography. The science that treats of the surface of the earth, Including Its form and development, the phe- nomena that take place thereon, and the plt^nts, animals, and peoples that inhabit it, considered in relation to the earth's surface; also a book or treatise on the above subject. (La Forge) Geologian. An old term for Geologist. Gteological formations. Groups of rocks of similar character and age. (Lawver) Geological horizon. Rocks of one geo- logical age. (Weed) Geologic high. Sometimes used in oil fields to indicate a later geological forinatlon regardless of elevation; opposed to Geologic low, which re- fers to earlier formations. Compare Topographic high. Geologic low.. See Geologic high. Geologist. One versed in geology, or engaged In geological study or in- vestigation. (Standard) Geology. The science which treats of the history of the earth and its life, especially as recorded in the rocks. Three principal branches or phases are usually distinguished: 1. Struc- tural, or geotectonic geology, treat- ing of the form, arrangement, and internal structure of the rotks. 2. Dynamic geology, dealing with the causes and processes of geological change. 3. Historical geology, which, aided by other branches, aims to give a chronological account of the events in the earth's history. (Webster) Other subdivisions are:' Economic geology, that branch of geology which deals with the applications of the science in industrial relations and operations. Legal geology, the application in litigation of the facts and principles of geology,, particu- larly Its subdivisions, mineralogy, economic geology, and mining ge- ology. Mining geology, a subdivi- sion of econonllc geology concerned with the application of geologic facts and principles to mining. Stratigraphic . geology, a study of the succession of the beds of rock laid down during the progrtess of geologic ages. (Shamel, p. 11) Geomorphic. Of, or pertaining to, the figure of the earth or the form of its surface; resembling the earth. (Webster) Geomorphogeny. That part of geom- orphology which treats of the origin and development of the earth's sur- face features. (La Forg^> GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 301 Principal divisions of geologic time. IV. S. Geological Survey.] Era. Period. Epoch. Characteristic life. Duration, accord- ing to various estimates. cont life). ! Recent. Quaternary, '-'f if-™', Ice Ape). "Age of man." Animals and plants of modem types. Mmions of yeau. lto5. Tertiary. I'liocenc. Mlocono. Olitrooene. Eotwnc. "Arc of mammals." Passible first appear- ance of man. Else and development of highest orders of plants. Cretaceous. .(1) "Age of reptiles." Rise and culmination othuge land reptiles (dinosaurs), of shell-, fi,* with complexly partitioned coiled sheila (ammonites), and of great flying reptiles. First appearance (in Jurassic) of birds and mammals; of cycads, an order of palmlilce plants (in Triassic); and of angiospermous plants, among which are palms and hardwood trees (in Cretaceous). Mo.TOSoio 'in- termi'diale life). Jurassic. (') 4 to 10. Triassic. '. m Carbonifer- ous. - Permian. "Age of amphibians." Dominanee of club mosses (lycopods) and plants of horsetail and fern types. Primitive flowering plants and earliest cone-bearing trees. 1»eginn.^gs of backboned land animals (land vertebrates). Insects. Animals with nautilus-like coiled shells (ammon- ites) and sharks abundant. I'enn'^ylva- nian. Mipsissip- pian. Tcvonian. m " \ge of fishes." Slielinsh (mollu.sks) also abundant. Rise of amphibians and land plants. Paleozoic (old life). Silurian. m Shell-forming sea animals dominant, espe- dallvthose related to the nautilus (ceph- alopbds). Rise and culmination of the ■marine animals sometimes kno\™ as sea . lilies (orinoids) and of giant seorpion- likc crustaceans (eurvpterlds). Rise of fishes and of reef-building corals. 17 to 25. Ordovician. (') Shell-forming sea animals,' especially ccph- alopods and moUusk-like brachiopods, abundant. Culmination of the bugliko marine crustaceans known as trilobites. First trace of insect life. Cambrian. m Trilobites and brachiopcWs most eharac- terislicaniinals. Seaweeds (algir) abun- dant. No trace of land animals found. Protcroioic Algonkian. m First life that has left distinct record. Crustaceans, brachiopods, and seaweeds. - 60-)- (primordial life). Arcbcan. Crystalline rocks. : •oiisils found. 302 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Oeomorphology. 1. That branch of physical geography which deals with the form of the earth, the gen- oral configuration of its surface, the distribution of the land, water, etc. 2. The investigation of the' history of geolgic changes through the in- terpretation of topographic forms. (Webster) Geomyricin. See Geomyricite. Geomyricite. A wax-like, white min- eral, melting at about 80° G., and soluble in hot absolute alcohol and ether; its composition (C3iH(i802) Is near that of certain vegetal waxes. (Bacon) Geonomy. The science of the physical laws of the earth. It includes ge- ology and physical geography. (Web- ster) Geophone. A device to determine be- neath the surface the exact location of sounds transmitted through the ground. It Is a recent invention and may prove useful in finding men Imprisoned by mine disasters. Geophysical. Relating to the physics of the earth. (Century) Oeordie. 1. (Scot.) A coal worker. 2. A miner's name for a safety lamp invented by George Stephenson. (Webster) Geordle turn-out (Aust.). A turn-out (switch), from a heading to a bord, made Of Iron bars of square cross section instead of ordinary T-ralls, so that the same turn-outs can be used to the right or left by simply reversing them. (Power) Geostatic. Capable of sustaining the pressure of superincumbent earth. (Century) Geosyncline. A great downward flex- ure of the earth's crust ; opposed to Geanticline. (Webster) Oeotectonic. Pertaining to the form, arrangement, and structure of the rock masses composing the earth's crust. Structural. (Webster) Geothermic; Geothermal. Of, or per- taining to, the heat of the earth's interior. (Webster) Geothermic degree. The average depth within the earth's crust correspond- ing to an increase of one degree In temperature. (Webster) Gerente (Mex.). Business manager. (D wight) Gerhardtite. Basic cupric nitrate, Cu(IS'03)!. 3Cu(OH)2. In pyramidal orthorhonib'ic crystals. Color, em- erald green. From the copper mines at Jerome, Ariz. (Dana) German. A straw filled with giuipow- der to act as a fuse in blasting oper- ations. (Gresley) German cupellation. The character- istics of this method are: a large reverberatory furnace with a fixed bed and a movable roof, that the bullion to be cupelled is all charged at once and tliat the silver is not refined In the same furnace where the cupellation Is carried on. (Hof- man, p. 508) Germanium. A grayish white rare me- tallic element, resembling silicon and carbon In some respects, and tin in others. Symbol, Ge; atomic weight, 72.5; specific gravity 5.46. (Webster) German process. In copper smelting, the process of reduction In a shaft- furnace, after roasting, If necessary (Raymond). See German reductioD process. Also called Swedish proc- ess. German reduction process.- This proc- ess consists in: (a) Roasting the ore; (b) Melting and obtaining o matte with 30 to 40 per cent of cop- per called coarse metal ; (c) Roast- ing the coarse metal; (d) Melting and obtaining a matte with 60 to 70 per cent copper called fine metal ; (e) Roasting the fine metal ; and (f) Melting and obtaining black copper. (Goesel) Genaan silver. A white alloy of nickel, copper, and zinc. (Ray- mond) German steel. A metal made from charcoal iron obtained from bog iron or from sparry carbonate of iron. (Standard) Oersdorfflte. A mineral, sulpharsenide of nickel, NlAsS or NIS,.NiAs,. Iron and sometimes cobalt replace more or less of the nickel. Is usually mas- sive and has a silver-white to steel- gray color. (Dana) Gerstenhofer furnace. A shaft furnace filled with terraces or shelves, through which crushed ore Is caused to fall, for roasting. (Raymond) Get. 1. (Eng.) To work away or excavate by mining either under or above ground. 2. The produce or output, in tons, of a colliery or mine during a certain period. (Gresley) COiOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 303 Get a clean-up (Ark.). To have an opportunity to load out all the coal a miner has loosened. (Steel) Getter (Eng.). A miner who gets out coal or ore. (Standard) Getting (Eng.). Cutting, mining, and loading coal, etc., in a mine. (Gres- ley) Qetting-infthe-top (Eng.). Cutting out and timbering the crown of the excavation for the tunnel. ( Simms ) Getting rock (So.' Staff.). Clay iron- stone in the roof of a coal seam, which is worked in conjunction with the coal. (Gresley) Geyser. A spring from which hot water and steam, and in some cases mud, are intermittently, periodically, and explosively thrown vertically, like a fountain, to a considerable height. (La Forge) Geyser basin. An area In which geysers are grouped. (Standard) Qeyserite. A hydrated form of silica, a variety of opal, deposited around some hot springs or geysers. (Dana) Oboist (Scot.). The white ash or cinder of shale or shaly coal. (Bar- rowman) Ghat; Ghaut (India). Literally, a pass often difficult and narrow, through a mountain ridge, or from the lower plains to the higher plateaux (Oldham). A range or chain of mountains or hills, or the scarped wall of a table-land. ( Stand- ard) Ghost, i. (So. Staff.) A blue cap on a candle or lamp. (Gresley) 2. (Scot.) See Veal. Ghost-coal (Scot.). A coal which yields a fixed white incandescent light, as of a specter, in a burning flre (Standard). Called also Gaist. Ghurr; Thurr; or "The mother of metals." A term used by alchemists for the mineral substance which in time is supposed to ripen, and become real ore. Glauber the alchemist (from whom we get "Glauber's salts," sulphate of soda) tells us "that in German.v the miners know when the ores are not grown to perfection, and usually say they are come too soon; and shut up the mine again for some years till It is ripened and grown to perfection. (Hunt) Giallo antico marble. A yellow marble used by the ancient Greeks and Romans; hence the name Qiallo aniico or antique yellow. The source is Algeria. (Merrill) Giant. A large nozzle used In hy- draulic miping, (Webster) Giant granite. See Pegmatite. Giant kettle. One of the numerous very large potholes (moulins) on the coast of Norway, probably formed by englacial waterfalls. (Standard) Giant powder. A form of dynamite consisting of a mixture of nitro- glycerin and kieselguhr. >,Webster) Giant's Causeway. A sheet of columnar basalt covering, large areas where the structure is finely displayed in the close-fitting hexagonal pillars distinctly marked, , and varying in diameter from 15 to 20 inches, with a height of 20 feet in some places. It forms a prominent cliff on the north coast of Ireland. Gib. 1. (Scot.) A sprag; a prop put in the holing of a seam while being' under-cut. (Barrowman) 2. A piece of metal often used in the same hole with a wedge-sliaped key for holding pieces together. (C. and M. M. P.) Gib and key ( Scot. ) . A two-part tight- ening wedge, one part, the gib, be- ing fixed while the other part, the key or cotter, is adjustable length- wise. (Standard) Gibber. In geology, a facetted pebble or glyptolith; a drelkanter. (La Forge) Oibbsite. A monoclinic hydroxide of aluminum mineral, AliOaSHiO. (Dana) Gleseckite-porphyry. A nephelite por- phyry from Greenland, whose nephe- lite phenocrysts are altered to the aggregate of 'muscovlte scales, which was called giesecklte under the im- pression that it was a new mineral, Liebenerite porphyry is the same thing from Predazzo, In the Tyrol. (Kemp) Gig. 1. (Scot.) A winding engine. (Barrowman) 2. (Eng.) A small sump. See- Sump, 1. (Bainbridge) 3. .(Eng.) A two-storied box or cage for use in a mine shaft; also a kibble. (Webster) 304 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTR'S. Gig house (Scot.). A winding-engine house. (Barrowman) Gild. To wash over,or overlay thinly with gold; to coat with gold, either in leaf or powder. 2. To overlay with any other substance for the purpose of giving the appearance of gold. (Standard) Gillie's process. A flotation process based upon the principles of the Pot- ter-Delpeat process but embodying some unique apparatus. The proc- ess never had ■ any conuiieicial suc- cess. (T. J. Hoover, p. 15) Gilpin county table. See End-bump table. X Gilsonite; Tintaite. 1. A brilliant black, very brittle variety of asphalt having a marked conchoidal frac- ture and a brown streak. Upon ex- posure to air readily brealts down into a brown powder. Decrepitates but fuses easily in a candle flame, and- is soluble in carbon disulphide (CSj), alcohol, and turpentine. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) 2. A solid asphaltum found in place, in a vein, lode, or rock. (Webb v. American Asphaltum Min. Co., 157 Fed. Kept, p. 205) Gilne (Eng.). A hole washed in an embankment by a rush of water through a leak. (Standard) Gin. 1. (Eng.) A drum and frame- work Carrying pulleys, by which the ore and waste are raised from a shallow pit (Gresley). A whhu. Also called Horse gin. Gin is a con- traction of engine. 2. A pump worked by a windlass. 8. A pile-driving machine. (Stand- ard) Gin beam (So. Staff.). A timber cross- bar carrying the pulley wheels over the top of a head frame. (Gresley) Gin block. A simple form of tackle- block attached to a gin. (Standard) Ginging (Derb.). The lining of a shaft with masonry. (Kaymond) Gingronl (Derb.). Walling up a shaft. Instead of timbering, to keep the loose earth from falling. (Min. Jour.) Gin horse. A horse working a gin, or mill (Standard). See Gin, 1. Ginney (Nova Scotia). A prop. Ginny carriage (Eng.). A small strong carriage for materials. (Webster) Ginny rails (Eng.). Track rails for glnny carriages. (Webster) Gin pit. A sliallow mine, the hoisting from which is done by a giu. (Webster) Gin pole. Any of the three poles of a hoisting gin. A single pole held in position by guys. (Webster) Gin race. 1. (Eng.) A wide excava- tion iionr the top of an underground inclined plane in which a gin is fixed. (Gresley) 2. The track or path of a horse turning a gin. Also called Gin ring. (Webster) Gin ring» The circle round which a horse moves in working a gin or horse- whip. (Century) Gin tackle. A tackle arranged for use with a gin; especially, a combina- tion of a double with a triple pulley block which multiplies by five the power exerted. (Standard) Gin wheel. The cylinder of a gin or winch. (Standard) Gipsy winch. A small winch that may be attached to a post, working either by a rotary motion or by the recip- rocating action of a handle having a pair of pawls and a ratchet. (Standard) Giraffe. 1. A cage-like mine car espe- cially adapted for inclines, having the frame higher at one end than at the other. (Standard) 2. A mechanical appliance for re- ceiving and tripping a car of ore, etc., when it arrives at the surface. (Duryee) 8. A multiple-deck skip. (Halse) Girasol. Opal. Bluish white, translu- cent, with reddish reflections ip a brigbt light, (Dana) Girdle. 1. (No. of Eng.) A thin bed of stone exposed in a shaft or bore hole. (Gresley) 2. (Newc.) A thin stratum of coal. (Power) 8. A thin sandstone stratum. 4. The peripheral line of a cut gem, at which it is held by the setting. (Standard^ Girth; Girt. 1. In square-set timber- ing, a horizontal brace in the direc- tion of the drift (Raymond) . 2. A small girder. (Standard) Gis (Mex.). Chalk; crayon; pencil. (D wight) (Jlsmondite. A mineral, CaAUSijOu-t- 4H20. In pyramidal crystals, pseudo-tetragonal. Colorless or white, bluish white, grayish, reddish. (Dana) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 305 Glzzen (Scot.). To shrink from dry- ness so as to leak ; as a pall glzzens ; leaky. (Standard) Gjer's sjaking-pit. A cavity lined with refractory material used in metal working to inclose large Ingots, in • order to preserve them at a high temperature, and thus avoid the ne- cessity of reheating. (Century) Glacial. In geology, pertaining to, characteristic lof, produced or de- ' posited by, or derived from a glacier. (La Forge) Glacial boundary. The boundary line df the utmost extension ' of the lower margin of glacier land-ice In any region, often extending beyond the outer terminal morafne. ( Stand- ard) Glacial drift. See Drift, 6. Glacial epoch. The Pleistocene epoch, the earlier of the two epochs com- prised in the Quarternary period: characterized by the extensive glaclation of regions now free from Ice. (La Forge) Glacial erosion. The erosion of earth and rocks produced by glacier ice charged with detritus, and assisted by glacial streams (Standard). See Glaciation, 1. Glacialism. The glacier theory. (Standard) Glacialized. Subjected to the action of ice. (Standard) Glacial planing and polishing. The leveling and smoothing of rock sur- faces by ice erosion. (Standard) Glacial scoring. The scratching and grooving of a rock surface by gla- cial erosion. (Century) Glacial scratches. See Glacial striae. Glacial stria. 1. Usually straight, more or less regular scratches, com- monly parallel in sets, on smoothed surfaces of rocks, due to glacial- abrasion; glacial scratches. 2. Curved, crooked, and intermittent gouges, of irregular depth and width, and tough definition, on cer- tain rock-surfaces, sometimes due to abrasion by icebergs. ( Standard ) Glacial terrace. A glacial deposit re- arranged in terrace form. (Stand- ard) Glaciate. To overspread with glacial Ice, or to produce the phenomena of rock planatlon, rock-scoring, drift, etc. (Standard) 744010 O — il 20 Glaciated. Covered by and subjected to the action of a glacier. (La Forge) Glaciation. 1. The effect produced upon an area -through being covered by a glacier and through the ero- sion, transportation, and deposition of material by the glacier. (La Forge) 8. The act of or result of freezing, or the state of being frozen. (Stand- ard) Glacic. Same as glacial. (Standard). Glacier. A stream or sheet of ice, formed by the compacting and re- crystalUzation of unmelted snow ac- cumulated to a great thickness, flowing down a mountain valley or outward across country in all di- rections from a center of accumula- tion (La Forge). When a glacier reaches the sea it often breaks off and forms ice bergs. Glacier burst. The sudden release of a reservoir of water which has been Impounded within or by a glacier. (Century) Glaciire (Fr.). An artificial or natu- ral cavity. In a temperate climate, in which a mass of ice remains un- thawed throughout the year ; an ice glen; Ice cave. (Standard) Glacier grain. 1. The granular tex- ture of glacier Ice. 2. One of the grains of ice In a glacier. (Cen- tury) Glacier meal. See Rock flour. Glacier milk. Water issuing from be- neath a glacier and exhibiting a characteristic white color due to suspended triturated rock. (Web- ster) Glacier mud, or silt. The pulverulent material, produced by glacial ero- sion, that is washed out from be- neath a glacier and deposited at lower levels by . glacial streams. (Standard) Glacier snow. The compacted moun- tain snow that is in the Intermediate stage between ordinary snow and glacier Ice. (Standard) Glacier table. A block of stpne left and supported above the surface of a glacier on a column of ice formed by the melting away of the sur- rounding glacier ice. (Webster) 306 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Glacier theory. The theory that large elevated portions of the temperate and frigid zones were covered dur- ing the early Quaternary, and per- haps during some earlier epochs, by slowly moving ice -sheets and gla- ciers, that tra, sported vast masses of drift to lower latitudes, assisted by icebergs drifting along the coast. (Standard) No longer a theory, but . accepted as fact. Glacloaiiueous. Pertaining to or re- sulting from the combined action of ice and 'water. (Standard) Glaciofluvial. ■ Of, pertaining to, pro- duced by, or resulting from com- bined glacier action and river ac- tion. (Standard) Slaciolacustrine. Pertaining to or characterized by gl&cial and lacus- trine conditions. Deposits made in lakes whose borders were affected by glacier ice, or by water flowing directly from glaciers. (Webster) Olaciology. That branch of geology which treats of glaciers, of the de- posits formed by them, and of the results of their action in modifying topography. (La Forge)" Glaclomarine. Of, or relating to proc- esses or deposits which involve the action of glaciers and the sea, or the action of glaciers in the sea. (Century) Olacnre (Fr.). A thin glazing on fine pottery. (Standard) Olance. A term used to designate va- rious minerals having a splendent luster, as silver glance, lead glance, etc. (Roy. Com.) Glance coal. A term ^or Anthracite. (Gresley) Glance cobalt. Same as Cobaltite. (Standard) Glance copper. Same as Chalcocite. (Standard) Gliince pitch. A pure quality of as- phalt; manjak. (Webster) Gland. 1. (Scot.) A malleable iron band surrounding a pipe or log and tightened by means of bolts. (Bar- rowman) S. The outer portion of a stuffing box, having a tubular projection embracing the rod, extending into the bore of the box, and bearing against the packing. S. The fixed engaging part of a positive-driven clutch. 4. A bar hooked at both ends for clamping the parts of a moldel-'s flask. (Standard) Gland bridge (Scot.). A bar or strip of iron to which a gland is some- times bolted. See also Gland, 1. (Barrowman) Glass. 1. The amorphous result of the quick chill of a fused lava. See Obsidian; also Volcanic glass. (Kemp) 2. (Eng.) A collier's word for a dial. (Gresley) 3. A compound of silica with at least two metallic oxides, usually those of sodium, potassium, or lead.' • It is generally transparent or trans- lucent, is brittle and sonorous at ordinary temperatures, and when heated becomes soft and ductile. Anally melting. The .point of fusion differs with Its composition. It breaks with a conchoidal (commonly called vitreous) fracture, and is acted on by hydrofluoric acid, but not by ordinary solvents. (Stand- ard) Glassen (Local, Eng.). To coat with or as with a glaze. (Standard) Glass furnace. A furnace for fusing together the materials of which glass is made, or one for remelting glass frit and making it ready for work- ing. (Standard) Glass gall. A whitish scum cast up from thie materials of glass in fu- sion, and removed by the aid of shovels. (Webster) Glass inclusion. In crystals of igneous rocks, an inclusion of glass or some lithoid substance. (Standard) Glass metal. The fused and refined material of which glass is made. (Century) Glass rock. A pure cryptocrystalline Trenton limestone in northern Illi- nois and southern Wisconsin. (Ore dep., p. 234) Glass sand. An extremely pure silica 'sand useful for making glass and pottery. (Bowles) Glass seam. A Joint plane in a rock that has been re^cemented by deposi- tion of caldte or silica in the crack. (Bowles) Glass tlir. Oalclte. (Power) Glass wool. A fibrous wool-like ma- terial, composed of fine filaments of glass intermingled like qiineral wool (Standard). See Mineral wool. Glauberlte. A mineral, sodir.m-calcium sulphate, NaiS0<.CaS04. (U.- S. Geol. Surv.) GLOSSAKT OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 307 Glauber salt. See MlrabUite. Olanoodot. Sulpharsenide of cobalt and iron, (Co, Fe)AsS. In ortho- rhombic crystals. Also inassive. Luster inetalllc. A grayish tin-white mineral. (Dana> Olaucolite. A variety of wernerite having a blue or green tint. (Stand- ard) Glauconlte; Oreensand. Essentially a hydrous silicate of Iron and potas- sium, but the material is usually a mixture and consequently varies much in composition. The potash ranges from 2.2 to 7.9 per cent. See also Marl. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Olancophane. One of the . monocUnlc amphiboles. A silicate of sodium, aluminum, iron, and magnesium; Es- sentially NaAl(SiO,),.(FeMg)SiOk (Dana) Glaucopyrite. i. variety of lolUngite containing cobalt. (Standard) Glazed. Containing considerable sil- ica : said of pig iron, which is thus made brittle and difficult to puddle. (Standard) Glaze kiln. A kiln for firing glazed biscuit ware. (Standard) Glazier. One who applies glaze to pot- tery. (Standard) Glazing barrel. A rotating barrel in which gunpowder Is glazed with graphite. (Standard) Glazy. Vitreous; glassy; dull. Hav- ing a glazed appearance as the frac- tured surface of some kinds of pig iron. (Webster) Glebe (Gt. Brit.). A tract of land containing mineral (ore). (Stand- ard) Gleg parting. 1. (Scot.) The easy parting of one stratum from an- other. (Barrowman) 2. Sharp ; smooth or slippery. (Webster) Glen. A small valley; n secluded hollow among hill's. (Standard) Glessite. A resin occurring, with suc- cinite on the shores of the Baltic; it has a brown color and a specific gravity of 1.015 to 1.027. (Bacon) Gliding. A change of form by dif- ferential movements along definite planes in crystals without fracture. (C. K. Leith, Bull. 239, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 138) Gliding planes. Directions parallel to which a slipping of the molecules may take' place under the applica- tion of mechanical force, as by pres- sure (Dana). Also called Glide planes. GUmmer. Mica (Standard). See Glist, 1. Glimmering. As applied to the degree of lustre of minerals, means those which afford an imperfect reflection, and apparently from points over the surface, as flint, chalcedony (Dana). Compare Glistening. Glist. 1. (Corn.) Mica. (Raymond) 2. A gleam; sparkle. (Webster) 3. (Eng.) A dark, shining mineral resembling black tourmaline. (Stand- ard) Glistening. As applied to the degree of lustre of a mineral means those minerals affording a general reflec- tion from the surface, but no image, as talc, chalcopyrite (Dana). Com- pare Glinunering. Glister (Va.). To increase the heat of (a brick-kiln) by stirring the fire and supplying fuel. (Standard) Glit (Scot.). The slime of a river bed. (Standard) Globe valve. 1. A valve with approxi- mately a spherical chamber. 2. A valve in which a ball is pressed against a seat to close it. (Stand- ard) Globnlite. 1. A very minute droplike body, the simplest kind of a crystal- lite. (Webster) 2. A tiny, rounded. Incipient crystal form visible in s6me volcanic glasses when they are examined in thin sections under a microscope. (Ran- some) Gloekerite. A mineral, 2Fe30i.SOi.- 6H2O. Massive, sparry, earthy, or stalactltic. Color, brown to oclier- yellow to pitch black; dull green. (Dana) Glomeroporphyritic. A textiiral term proposed by Tate for those porphy- ritic rocks whose feldspar pheno- crysts are made up of an aggregate of individuals instead of one large crystal. Compare Ocellar. (Kemp) Gloom. A stove for drying gunpowder ; drying oven. (Standard) Glory hole. 1. A large open pit from which ore -is or has been extracted (Weed). See also Milling. 2. An opening through which to ob- serve- the interior of a furnace. (Standard) 308 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Glory-hole system. A method of min- ing using a system of haulageways' beneath the block of ore, which has had its top surface exposed by the removal of the overburden. Con- necting with the haulageways are chutes that extend up to the sur- face, and are spaced at Intervals of 50 ft, or at any other convenient distance. The excavation of the ore begins at the top of the chute, and the broken ore is removed by load- ing It out from the chutes into cars on the haulage level. The ore block is worked from the top down. The method is similar in principle to underhand stoplng (Young). Also called Mlllihg system and Chute system. Glossary. A collection of notes or ex- planations of words- and passages of a work or author ; a partial diction- ary of a work, an author, a dialect, art, or science, explaining archaic, technical, or other uncommon words. ( Webster ) In addition, this glossary contains provincialisms and local terms used by miners, as well as many words originating in other in- dustries but adapted to the mining and mineral Indnatiy. Gloss coal. A variety of brown coal, compact, deep 'black, with conchoidal fracture well developed, possessing a resinous to glossy and metallic luster. It Is the hardest and most compact' of the lignites; Us specific gravity varies from 1.2 to 1.5. (Ba- con) Olost. In ceramics, lead glaze used in the mknufActnre of pottery. (Stand- ard) Olott otoH' In ceramics, a glazing- kiln. (Standard) Olover'B tower. In aniphuric-acid works, a tower through which the acid Ironi the Oay-Lussac tower trickles and yields nitrous anhy- dride to the gases entering the lead- chambers, at the same time cooling them. (Standard) Glow. The incandescence of a heated substance, or the light from such a substance; white or red heat; as, the glow of melted iron ; the glow of embers. ( Standard ) Olaclnnm. An element occurring only in combination In a few compara- tively rare minerals, as beryl, chry- soberyl. A silver-white malleable metal. Symbol, 01 ; atomic weight, 9.1. Specific gravity, 1.8 (Webster). Called Beryllium by Oerman chem- ists. Gluing rook. A ferruginous clay ly- ing above a coal stratum, and which may be mined at the same time as the coal. (Standard) Glut. 1. (Newc.) A piece of wood, used to flu up behind cribbing or tubbing. (Raymond) 2. A wooden wedge. 3. A small brick or block to fill up a course; also an unburned pressed brick. (Standard) Glyptic. In mineralogy, exhibiting fig- ures. (Standard) Glyptography. 1. The art, process, or operation of engraving on precious stones or the like. 2. A description of or treatise on gem-engraving ; the knowledge or study of en«-aved gems. (Standard) ^ GlyptoUth. A faceted pebble polished by wind action. (Lahee, p. 44) G. U. B. (Eng.). " Good merchantable brand," as applied to copper. by the Metal Exchange. (Skinner) Gmellns blue. See Ultramarine, 2. Gneiss. A layered crystalline rock with a more or less well-developed cleavage, but without the fissiUty of schist. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) The commonest varieties are mlcargneiss, consisting of feldspar, quartz, and mica; and hornblende-gneiss, con- sisting of feldspar, quartz, and horn- blende. (Roy. Com.) Gnelsslc; Gnelssold. Having the ap- pearance or character of gneiss. (Ransome) Gnomonlo projection. A projection made on a plane tangent to a sphere. (A. F. Rogers) Goaf; Gob. 1. That part of a mine from which the coal has been worked away and the space more or less filled up. 2. The refuse or waste left in the mine. (Woodson) Goaflntr. Same as Goaf, 2. Goaves. Old wordings. (Raymond) 0«b. 1. The common American term for goaf. 2. Any pile of loose waste In a mine. 3. To leave coal and other minerals that are not market- able in the mine. 4. To stow or pack any useless underground road- way with rubbish. (Steel) 5. To choke, as a furnace gobs up. (Webster) Gobbet. A block of stone. (Standard) Gobbln (Lelc). A contraction of gob- blnic. See Ooat, nlio Qob. GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 309 Oobblnff. See Gob. 3, 4 and 5. The term 6obbing-up is also used synonymously. Gobbing slate. A thick layer of slate between two seams of coal. The lower seam is mined and the upper seam and the slate shot down, the coal loaded out and then the slate gobbed. (Thacker v. Shelby Coal Min. Co., 197 S. W. Kept. p. 633) Oob entry. A wide entr^ With a heap of refuse or gob albn^ one side. (Steel) Oob-flre. Fire originating spontane- ously from th^ heat of decomposing gob (Chance). Also called Breed- ing-fire. Oob road (Eng.). A gallery or road extended through goaf or gQb. (Gresley) Oob-road system (Eng.). A form of the longwall system of working cosLl, in which all the main and branch roadways are made^and maintained in the goaves. (Century) Oob room. Space left for stowing gob. (Steel) Oob stink (Aust.). The odor from the burning coal given oft by an under- ground Are.' (Power) Oob-np (Eng.). See Gob, 4 and 5. Oob wall. A rough wall of flat stones built to prevent the piles of gob from obstructing the passage of air. f Steel) Oo-devll. 1. A scraper with self-ad- justing spring blades, Inserted in a pipe line and carried forward by the fluid pressure, clearing away ac- cumulations from the walls of the pipe. 2. In the oil country this term is also applied to device for explod- ing the nitro-glycerin used to shoot an oil well. (Bedwood) 8. A rude sledge upon which one end of a log is borne, the other end trail- ing on the ground; tieboy; also a rough, strong wagon used in the woods and about quarries. (Stand- ard) Godfrey furnace. A furnace with an annular hearth for roasting sulphide ores. Used in Wales. (Ingalls, p. 118) Oodong (Malay). A warehouse; also called Godown. Oodown. A corruption of. the Malay godong, meaning a warehouse. (Web- ster) Ooffan; Ooffen (Corn.). A long nar- row surface - working (Raymond). See also Coffin. Oog (Eng.). A bog. (Standard) Oogo (Philippines). A plant whose juice is said to catch fine gold. (Lock) Ooing (Scot). Working, e. g., a going place. A room in course of being worked. (Barrowman) Ooing bord (No. of Efig.). A bord (room) down which coal is trammed, or one along which the coal from several working places Is conveyed Into the main haulage. (Gresley) Ooing headway. A headway or bord laid with rails, and used for con- veying the coal cars to and from the face. (C. and M. M. P.) Gold. A metallic element of charac- teristic yellow color. The most mal- leable and ductile of all metals and one of the < heaviest - substances known. Symbol, Au ; atomic weight, 197.2. Specific gravity, 19.2 to 10.4. Gold amalgam. 1. A variety of native gold containing mercury. (Stand- ard) 2. See Amalgam, 3. Oold beater. One who makes gold leaf. ( Standard 1 Goldbeaters' mold. A pack composed of several Jiundred goldbeaters' skins, having between them partly beaten gold foil to be hammered out into gold leaf. (Standard) Goldbeaters' skin. The outer coat of the csecum of the ox, prepared foi the use of the goldbeater. (Stand- ard) Gold briok. A pretended or real brick or bar of gold, sold by a swindler, to his victim, to .whom Is delivered the spurious brick or some substitute for the genuine one ; hence, anything purchased as valuable which proves to be almost or quite valueless. (Webster) Oold digger. One who digs for or mines gold. This word is almost exclusively used to designate placer miners. Those engaged In mining in solid rock are called quartz miners. (Century) 310 GLOSSAKY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDTTSTRY. Ooia diggings. A region where gold Is found mixed with sand or gravel (Standard). See Diggings. Gold dust. Fine particles of gold, such ns are obtained In placer mining. An Impure dust is sometimes called com- mercial dust. (Webster)^ Golden gate table. See End-bump table. Golden ocher. 1. A native ocher. 2. A mixture of -light-yellow ocher, chi-ome yellow and whiting. ( Stand- ard ) Gold fever. A mania for seeking gold : applied specifically to the excitement caused by the discovery of gold in California in 1848-49. (Standard) . Goldfledlte. A sulphantimonide of cop- per In which part of the antimony is replaced by arsenic and bismuth and part of the sulphur by tellurium. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Gold field. A region where gold is found. (Standard) Gold-filled. Denoting an extra heavy or thick plate of gold on a base metal, as in watch-making. Com- pare Rolled plate. (Standard) Geld foil. Gold beaten or rolled very thin. (Webster) Gold latten. 1. Very thin sheet gold. 2. Any thin sheet brass or other metal gilded. (Standard) Gold mine. 1. A mine containing or yielding gold. It may be either in solid rock (quartz mine) or in allu- vial deposits (placer mine). 2. Any investment yielding or furnishing great profit. Gold purple. Purple of Cassius. (Web- ster) Goldschmidt's process. 1. The thermite process of welding. See Thermite. 2. The reduction of a metal' by mix- ing its oxide with powdered alumi- num and igniting. (Webster) Goldsmith's window (Aust.). A slang ~ term for a rich mining claim. (Standard) Gold solder. A kind of solder contain- ing twelve parts gold, two of silver and four of copper. (Webster) Goldstone. Aventurlne in which the gold spangles are very close and fine, giving it the appearance of a natural Jewel. See Aventurlne. (Webster) Gold telluride. iSee Sylvanite; Calav- erlte ; Krennerlte. Gold wash. A place where gold Is washed : used chiefly in the plural. (Standard) Gold washer. 1. A sweater of gold coin. 2. One who recovers gold by washing away the dirt from aurif- erous gravel, in a pan, cradle or the like. Also a mechanical device for this purpose. (Webster) Gold washing. Act or process of wash- ing auriferous soil for gold ; also a place where this is carried on (Web- ster). See also Diggings. Gold work. 1. Act or art of working gold. 2. A place where gold is mined, washed, or worked. (Web- ster) Gole. 1. A sluice or floodgate. 2. A small stream ; ditch. 3. A hollow between hills; vale. (Standard) Golpeador (Mex.). The striker, in ' hand drilling. (Dwight) Gompholite. See Nagelfluh. Gondola. 1. (U. S.) A long platform railroad car, either having no sides or very lo\y sides. (Webster) 2. A large flat-bottomed river-boat of light build. (Standard) Gong metal. An alloy from which Ori- ental gongs are made, as one of 78 parts copper, and 22 parts tin. (Webster) G6ngora (Colom.). A cavity or vug in a lode. (Halse) Goniometer. An Instrument for meas- uring the angles of crystals. (Web- ster) Goodletite (Aust.). The matrix rock in which rubies are found embedded. (Standard) Good levels (Corn.). Levels nearly horizontal. (Raymond) Good roasting. Complete roasting. (Raymond) Good-shooting coal (Ark.). Coal that can be shot "off the solid" with a large proportion of lump coal and little slack. (Steel) Goose. 1. (Forest of Dean) A Wator barrel or tub. (Greslfey) 2. (Scot.) A platform carrier for handling coal tubs or cars on steeply Inclined roads. (Webster) Gooseberry stone. A pale yellowi.sh va- riety of garnet Included under the term Krossulnrite. (Webster) Goose brae (Scot.). Sec Cuddy-brae. GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 311 Goose-dung ore. An Inferior grade of Iron sinter containing sliver. Called also Goose silver ore. Gooseneck. A bent pipe or tube hav- ing a swivel joint, so that its outer end may be revolved. (Standard) Goose silver ore. See Goose-dung ore. Goosing (Cal.). In hydraulic mining, driving the, gravel forward with' the stream from the giant. The reverse of drawing. (Hanlis) Gopher; Gopher-drift. An Irregular prospecting drift following or seelj- ing the ore without regard to main- tenance of a regular grade or' sec- tion. (Raymond) Gopher hole. 1. Same as a coyote hole. It is sometimes used as a des- ignation for any horizontally drilled hole, usually on a level with the mine or quarry floor (Du Pont). (Bartnes v. Pittsburgh Iron Ore Co., 143 Northwestern, p. 117; Spino v. Butler, 113 Minnesota, p. 326; 129 N. W. Kept., p. 590) 2. A small irregular prospect hole in mining (Standard). See Gopher. Gopher-hole blasting. A term applied in the Middle West and West to a method of blasting rock by means of charges placed in small tunnels driven into the quarry face at floor level. It is knpwn as "tunnel blast- ing" in the East. (Bowles) Gophering. Prospecting work confined to digging shallow pits or starting adits. Term used fr.om similarity of this work to the crooked little holes dug in the soil by gophers. (Weed) Gorge. 1. A narrow passage between hills; a ravine. 2. A jam; as, an ice-gorge. ( Standard ) Gorra. (Mex.). A miner's hat of felt, stiffened with pitch. (Dwight) Gorr6n. 1. (Peru) The lower pivot of the vertical shaft in an ore-grinding mill. (Dwight) 2. (Sp.) A round smooth pebble. (Halse) Goshenite. A colorless beryl. (Dana) Goslarite. Native white vitriol or zinc sulphate, ZuSCTHjO. (Dana) Gossan. A ferruginous deposit filling the upper parts of mineral veins or forming a superficial cover on masses of pyrite. It consists principally of liydrated oxide of Iron, and has resulted from the oxidation and re- moval of the sulphur as well as the copper, etc. (Roy. Com.). Also spelled Gozzan. Iron-hat is also a synonym. Gossaniferous. Containing or produc- ing gossan. (Century) Gossany lode. A lode filled with gos- san. (Power) Gotear (Mex.). To drip gently; to leak. (Dwight) Gothic groove. A groove of Gothic- arch section in a roll. (Raymond) Gothite; Goethite. A hydrous oxide mineral of iron, FeaOa-HzO. (Dana) Goths (Staff.). Sudden burstings of coal from the face,' owing to tension caused by unequal pressure (C. and M. M. P.) The term " air blast " is sometimes used in metal mines, especially in South Africa. Got-on-knobs (So. Staff.). A system of working thick coal, being a kind of bord-and-pillar plan, the main roadways being first driven to the boundary. (Gresley) Gotten (Mid.). Said of a worked out or exhausted mine. (Gresley) Gouge. 1. A layer of soft material along the wall of a vein, favoring the miner, by enabling him after "gouging" it out with a pick, to at- tack the solid vein frOiB the side (Raymond). See Selvage, also Flu- can. 2. (Nova Scotia) A narrow band of gold-bearing slate next the vein, which can be extracted by a thin, long-pointed stick. (Lock) 8. To work a mine without plan or system. 4. To contract the face of (a mine working) by neglecting to keep the sides cut away. ( Standard ) Gouge slip. An oilstone or hone for sharpening gouges or chisels (Cen- tury). See also Slip stone. Gouging. In placer mining, an oper- ation similar to ground sluicing. Also called Booming. (Weatherbe) Gouging shot. A gripping shot or opening shot used to make the first opening In a straight-room face, or to start a break through. See Shot. (Steel) Gounce (Corn.). A frame made of boards in which small tin ore is washed in a stream of water. A strake. (Pryce) Goutwatei (Forest of Dean). Mine water containing hydrogen sulphide, as. (Gresley) 312 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Oovernor. 1. A device for regulating the speed of an engine or motor under varying conditions of load and pressure. 2. A device for regu- lating the flow or pressure of a fluid, as gas or water. (Standard) Qow (Scot.). A blacksmith. (Stand- ard) Oowan. Decomposed granite. (Stand- ard) Gowl (Derb.). To break down, as the roof and sides are said to gowl or gowl out when they fall. (Gresley) Goyazite. Perhaps Ca>AlioPi028.9HjO. In small rounded grains. A yellow- ish white mineral. From Brazil (Dana) Goyder and Laughton process. A flo- tation process (190.5) that was a variation of the Potter-Delprat proc- ess. It was used at Broken Hill, N. S. W. (LlddeU) Oozzau (Eng.). See Gossan. Grab. An instrument for extricating broken boring tools from a bore hole. (Gresley) Grabau process. A method of obtain- ing aluminum from cryolite. (Goesel, p. 91.) Graben. A depressed tract -of land caused by faults. (Webster) Grabhooks. Hooks used in lifting blocks of stone. They are used in pairs connected with a chain, and are so constructed that the tension of the chain causes them to adhere firmly to the rock. (Bowles) Grab iron. See Grab. Grab sample. A sample of ore or coal taken at random, such as may be ob- tained by taking small amounts at different places on a car or pile of ore or coal. Grace o' God (Eng.). An accidental discovery of a vein of ore. (Bain- bridge) Grada (Sp.). A single stope; O. in- vertida, an overhand stope; G. de- recha, an underhand stope. (Halse) Gradation. In geology, the bringing of a surface or a stream bed to grade, through erosion, transportation, and deposition by running water. (La Forge). See Aggradation and Deg- radation. Grade. 1. The amount of fall or in- clination in ditches, flumes, roads, etc. 2. To prepare a roadway of more uniform slope. 3. A filling made in improving a roadway. (Steel) 4. An ore which carries a great or comparatively small amount of valu- able metal is called respectively a high- or low-grade ore. 5. The de- gree of strength of a high explosive. Those above 40 per cent nitroglyc- erin are arbitrarily designated as high-grade and those below 40 ^jer cent strength as low-grade dyna- mites. (Du Pont) 6. In geology, that slope of the bed of a stream, or of a surface over which water flows, upon which the current can just transport its load, without either eroding or depositing. (La Forge) Graded. In geology, brought to or established at grade, through the ac- tion of running water carrying a load of sediment, by eroding or de- grading at some places and deposit- ing or aggrading in other places. (La Forge) Grader. One who or that which grades; a person, implement, or ap- paratus employed in grading streets, etc., as, a road-grader. (Standard) Gradient. 1. Rising or descending by regular degrees of IncUnation. 2. A part of a road which slopes upward or doviTiward ; a grade. 3. The rate of increase or decrease of a variable magnitude, or the curve that repre- sents it. (Webster) Gradienter. A surveyor's instrument, consisting of a small telescope mounted on a tripod and fitted with a spirit level -and a graduated verti- cal arc, used for determining grades, etc. Called also Grading instru- ment. Sometimes spelled Gradi- entor. (Standard) Gradient post. A post or stake indi- cating by its height or by marks on it the grade of a railroad, highway, or embankment, etc., at that spot (Webster). A grade stake. Grading test. See Screen analysis. Grado (Mex.). Degree. (Dwight) Graduador (Mex.). A manometer, or blast gage. (Dwight)' Graduated tile. Roofing ^tile for cover- ing curved surfaces, such as a round tower, circular bays, and other cir- cular roofs. (Ries) Graduation. The method or system of dividing a graduated scale; also, one of the equal divisions or one of the dividing lines in such a scale (Standard) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 313 OraduatoT. 1. An apparatus for evapo- rating a liquid by causing It to flow over large surfaces while exposed to a current of air. 2. A dividing en- gine. (Standard) Graffito (Italy). In ceramics, pottery decorated with scratches or scorings. Also called Graffito ware. (Stand- ard) Graphite ; plumbago. Graiito (Sp.). (Halse) Grafting spade (Eng.). A long nar- row spade for digging clay. (Gres- ley) Grafting tool. A very strong curved spade used in ditch digging. ( Stand- ard) Grahamlte. A hydrocarbon resem- bling albertite In Its jet-black lus- ter. Is soluble in carbon disulphide and chloroform but not in alcohol, and is fusible. Occurs in veinlike masses. Specific gravity 1.145. -Has conchoidal fracture and Is brittle. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Grail. Gravel or sand; anything in line particles. (Standard) Grain. 1. A second direction of split- ting, less pronounced • than the rift and usually at right angles to it. (Bowles) 2. (Eng.) Of coal, the lines of struc- ture or parting parallel with the main gangways and hence crossing the breasts. (Raymond) 3. A unit of weight equal to 0.0648 part of a gram, 0.000143 part of an avoirdupois pound, and 0.04167 part of a pennyweight. A grain of fine gold has a value of 4.306 cents or 2.125 pence. (Llndgren, p. 20) 4. In petrology, that factor of the texture of a rock composed of dis- tinct particles or crystals which de- pends upon their absolute size. (La Forge) Grain gold. Gold that has become granular in the process of heating. (Standard) Grain tin. 1. (Corn.) Crystalline tin ore (Raymond). Oxide of tin in the form • of grains or pebbles. (Hunt) 2. The purest and finest white tin, smelted with charcoal. (Century) Graith; Grathe. 1. (No. of Eng.) To replace, repair, dress, or put in or- der (Gresley). Probably a varia- tion of grade. 2. (Scot.) A miner's tools; horse harness. (Barrowman) Gram; Gramme. A unit of weight in the metric system equal to 15.432 grains, 0.643 pennyweight, 0.03215 troy ounce, 0.035274 avoirdupois ounce, and has a fine gold value of 66.45 cents or 2.73275 shillings. (Llndgren, p. 20) Gram-centimeter. A unit of work ; the work done in raising the weight of one gram vertically one centimeter; 981 ergs. (Standard) Gram-degree. Same as Calory (Stand- ard). See Calorie. Grammatite. Same as Tremolite. (Standard) Grampus (U. S.). The tongs with which bloomery loups and billets are handled. (Raymond) Granada (Sp.). Garnet. (Halse) Granalla (Sp.). Grains of metal; fil- ings; grains of melted gold found in Indian graves. (Halse) Granate. 1. (Sp.) Garnet; a syno- nym for Granada. 2. (Mex.) Crys- tallized cinnabar. (Halse) Granceo (Sp.). The operation of crushing ore. (Halse) Granif orm. Formed like a grain ; com- posed of grains or granules. ( Stand- ard) Granite. 1. A granular Igneous rock composed essentially of quartz, or- thoclase or microcline, and mica. Commonly a part of the feldspar is plagioclase. The mica may be either blotite or muscovite or both. Horn- blende is a common, and augite an uncommon, component. Apatite, zircon, and magnetite are always present, generally as very small in- dividuals. Commercially, almost all compact Igneous rocks are called granite as distinguished from slate, sandstone, and marble. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Granite family. The group of crystal- line, homogeneous or non-foliated rocks resembling granite, such as syenite, quartz - syenite, ai-anltlte, and all varieties of granite itself. (Roy. Com.) Granitelle. A granite with compara- tively little mica, so that it cpnsists almost entirely of quartz and feld- spar; binary granite. It has been also used by R. D. Irving for augite- granite. (Kemp) 314 GLOSSAKY OP MINING AND StINEBAL INDXJSXEY. Granite-porphyry. Practically a quartz - porphyry with a coarsely crystalline groundmass and prepon- derating phenocrysts. The chief phenocrysts are, however, feldspar. (Kemp) Granite ware. 1. A fine, very hard pot- tery resembling ironstone china. 2. Pottery having a variegated surface resembling or suggesting the mark- ings of granite. (Standard) 3. A kind of ironware, coated with an enamel suggesting granite. (Web- ster) Granitic. Characteristic of, composed of, pertaining to, or resembling granite. (La Forge) Grauiticoline. Growing upon or at- tached to granite, as lichens. (Cen- tury) Granltiication. The act of fprming Into granite, or the state or process of being formed into granite. (Cen- tury) Granitite. Biotitic granite. It is much the commonest of the granites. (Kemp) Granite (Sp.). Granite. (Halse) Granitoid. A textural term to de- scribe those igneous rocks which are entirely composed of recognizable minerals of approximately the same size. It was suggested by granite, the most familiar of the rocks which show this characteristic. In the granitoid texture each kind of min- eral appears in but one generation, and the individuals seldom have crystal boundaries (Kemp). See also Granular. Grano (Sp.). A grain; G^ de oro, a grain of gold. (Halse) Granodiorite. A term which has been given special currency by the usage of the U. S. Geological Survey, and which is employed for the Interme- dlte rocks between granites and quartz-diorltes. It is a contraction for granite-diorlte and is a very use- ful rock name. Compare Adamelllte. (Kemp) GranoUth. An artificial stone of crushed granite and cement used for paving. (Webster) Granophyre. A descriptive term used In .connection with microscopic study to describe those groundmasses In quartz-porphyries and mlcrogran- Ites in which the quartz and feld- spar crystals have simultaneously crystallized so as to mutually pene- trate each other. Mlcropegmatitic is synonymous (Kemp). The term is but little used. Granophyrlc. In petrology, porphyrltlc with a granular groundmass. (La Forge) Grant (Eng.). A tract of land leased or ceded for mining purposes. (Pryce) Granular. Composed of approximately equal grains, either crystalline In outline or rounded by attrition ; spe- cifically, In igneous rocks, composed of grains of constituent minerals, each of which has been formed in but one definite stage of the crystal- lization. (Standard) Granular quartz. Same as Quartzite. (Dana) Granulate. To form into grains or small particles, as gunpowder, zinc, etc. (Standard) Granulated. In ceramics, stippled with a brush in imitation of gran- ules ; spotted ;. mottled. (Standard) Granulated steel. Steel made from plg^ iron by a process in which the first step is the granulation of the Iron. (Standard) Granulating machine. 1. A device for reducing metal in a liquid form to fine grain. In a common method the hot metal is dropped on the face of a rapidly revolving disk, which scat- ters it centrlfugally in minute par- ticles. 2. An apparatus for reducing a powder cake to gunpowder. (Standard) Granulation. 1. The state or process of being -formed into grains or small particles. From Latin granum, a grain (Rickard). A term used in metallurgy. 2. The process of separating into various sizes the particles of blast- ing powder. (Du Pont) Granule. A little grain ; a small par- ticle. (Webster) Granulite. Properly speaking, a moder- ately fine-grained metamorphic rock composed chiefly of quastz and feld- spar, but commonly containing some garnet (La Forge). Sometimes the name Is less correctly used for mus- covite granite, or for granites con- taining little else than quartz and feldspar (Kemp). Compare White- stone, 2. GLOSSARY OF MIXING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 315 ls«P !i • ^" PetroloRj'. character- istic of composed of, pertalnins to, or resembling granulite. ( La Forge ) Granza i. (Sp.) i„ California ^k! • T^*" """'ng. second-grafle ore obtained in small lumps. (Stand- ard) 2. (Mex.) Any metallic mineral from the size of rice to that of hen's eggs (Dwlght). Used in the plu- ral. Granzear (Mex.). To crush ore into a fine powder by two large stones. (Halse) Graphic. In petrology, characterized by the mutual interpenetration, com- monly in parallel orientation, of the crystals of two minerals, especially quartz and feldspar; said of the texture of some Igneous rocks. (La Forge) Graphic gold. Crystals of sylvanite arranged regularly so as to simulate symbols (Standard). Called also Graphic tellurium. Graphic granite. A variety of binary granite in which tlie quartz is dis- posed in the feldspar In such a way that in cross section It has some re- semblance to Hebrew and cuneiform writing, and from this circumstance derives its name. (Hoy. Com.) Graphic ore. Same as Sylvanite. (Standard) Graphic tellurium. See Graphic gold. Graphite. ■ 1. A soft, steel-gray to blacli, more or less impure, native form of carbon (U. S. Geol. Surv.). The name of the mineral is often prefixed to the names of roclis con- taining it, as graphite-gneiss, graph- ite-schist, etc. (Kemp) 2. Called also black lead and plum- bago, because It is used for marking, although lead does not enter into its composition. Graphitic carbon. That portion of the carbon In Iron or steel which is present as graphite. (Raymond) Orapholite. Any species of jslate suit- able to be written on. (Webster) Graplln. See Grapnel, 2. Grapnel. 1. An implement for remov- Ing^the core left by an annular drill in a bore hole^ or for recovering tools, fragments, etc., fallen into the hole. (Raymond) 2. A small anchor with four or five flukes or claws: a grappling Iron. (Webster) S. A heavy tongs used^ in handling large logs, stones, etc. ^ (Standard) Grappel. See Grapnel, 1. Grappling iron. An InstniiiiPiit con- sisting of several iron or steel claws for grappling and holding fust to something. (Century). Sec aim Grapnel, 1. Grasa (Mex.). Slag from smelting operations. (Dwight) Grasero (Mex.). Slag pile. (Dwight) Grass (Corn.). The surface over a mine. Bringing ores to grass is tak- ing them out of the mine. (Uav- mond) Grass captain (Eng.). An overseer of the workmen above ground (I'ryce) A surface foreman. Grass crop (Scot). The outcrop of a vein. (Barrowman) Grasshopper engine (Scot.). A beam engine having one end of the beam supported on a rocking fulcrum. (Barrowman) Grass roots. A miner's term equiva- lent to the surface (Roy. Com ) 'From gniss roots down' is from the grass roots to the bed rock (Martin v. Eagle Dev. Co., 41 Ore- gon, p. 456; 69 Pacific, p. 216) Grate. 1. (Corn.) See Screen, 1, as applied to stamps. (Raymond) 2. A frame, bed, or a kind of basket of iron bars for holding fuel while burning. (Webster) Grate bar. 1. A bar forming part of a fire grate. (Standard) 2. One of the bars forming a coarse screen or grlzzley. Grate coal. Coal which will pass through bars 3f to 4J Inches apart and over 2J-lnch round holes; also called Broken coal. In Arkansas the bars are 7 inches apart and the holes 3 inches to 3i Inches In diameter. (Steel) Grate room. A compartment of a glass furnace, with grated bottom for holding the fire. (Standard) Grate surface. The area of the sur- face of the grate of a steam boiler, or any part of it. (Standard) Grating. 1. The plate of perforated metal, or a wire sieve, fixed in the openings in mortar of stamp mills (Roy. Com.). A heavy screen. 2. The act of sorting ores by passing them through grates. (Standard) Gravel. Small stones and pebbles or a mixture of sand and small stones; more specifically, fragments of rock worn by the action of air and water, larger and coarser than sand, (U. S. Geol. Surv.) 316 GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Oravel mine. A placer mine; a body of sand or gravel containing par- ticles of gold. (Skinner) See also Gravel pit. Oravel pit. A pit from which gravel is obtained. (Standard) Oravel plain (tundra) placers. Placers along the coastal plain of Seward Peninsula, Alaska. (U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 259, p. 33) Oravel powder. Very coarse gunpow- der. (Standard) Oravel stone. A pebble; a calculus. (Webster) Gravel wall (War.;. The junction of a coal seam with overlapping, or unconformable, rocks." (Gresley) Orave-wax. See Hatchettite. Graveyard shift. A term used in the Western States for the night shift, usually beginning at 11 o'clock p. m. See Dying shift; also Dog-watch. Oravimeter. 1. An instrument for measuring the force or acceleration of gravity. Called also Gravity meter. 2. An instrument of deter- mining specific gravities, particu- larly of liquids. iSee Hydrometer. (Standard) Gravimetric analysis. The quantita- tive determination of the constitu- ents of a compound by weight ; con- trasted with Volumetric analysis. (Standard) Gravitation. See Law of gravitation. Gravity battery. In electricity, a two- fluid battery In which the fluids are separated by their different specific gravities. (Standard) Gravity fault. See Fault. Gravity plane. A tramline laid at such an' angle that full sldps run- ning down hill will puU up the emp- ties. (Power) Oravity railroad. A railroad in which the cars descend by their own weight ; an inclined railroad. (Standard) , Oravity solntion. A solution used to separate the different mineral con- stituents of rocks by tlielr specific gravities, as the solution of mer- curic iodide in potassium iodide hav- ing a maxinrura specific gravity of 8.19. (Standard) Gravity stamp. A stamp, usually set in batteries of five, in which the piston Is raised by a cam, the stamp crushing the charge In the mortar by its weight, when allowed to falL (Weed) Oray antimony. See Stibnlte. Orayback (Aust). A local name for minor cleats that cross the main cleat. (Power) Grayband. A variety of sandstone for sidewalks; flagstone. (Standard) Gray beds (No. of Eng.). A stratum formed by a mixture of shale and sand. (Power) Oray cobalt. Smaltite. Oray copper. See Tetrahedrite. Orayheads (Aust.). Joints in ..the rolling country of the Southern Coalfield of N. S. W., which run parallel with the longer axis of a roll ; these joints are generally coated with a whitish substance. (Power) Oray hematite. See Specular! te.. Oray Iron. A cast iron containing much graphitic carbon. (Standard) Gray manganese. See Manganite. Oray metal. Shale of a grayish color. (O. and M. M. P.)- Gray ore (Corn.). Copper glance. See Tetrahedrite. (Raymond) Gray post (Eng.). Sandstone of a gray color. (G. C. Greenwell) Grays (Som.). Hard siliceous sand^ stone. (Gresley) Gray slag. Tlie slag from the Flint- shire lead furnace. It is rich in lead. (Raymond) Gray's tester. An instrument used for determining the flashing point of heavy oils. (Mitzakis) Graystone. A grayish, or greenish, compact rock, composed of feldspar and ausite and allied to basalt. (Webster) Oraywacke; Grauwacke. 1. An old name of loose signification, sipplied to metamorphosed, shaly sandstones that yield a tough, irregularly breaking rock, different from slate on the one hand and from quartzite on the other. The components of graywacke may be largely bits of rocks, r.ntlier than fragments of min- erals. (Kemp) 2. A variety of sandstone containing abundant grains of blotite, horn- blende, magnetite, etc. (La Forge) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 317 Oraywacke slate. Micaceous and sandy, fine-grained, slaty, or shaly rocks: formerly so-called. (Stand- ard) Graywether. One of numerous frag- ments or blocks of sandstone and conglomerate, covering large tracts In Dors*shlre and Wiltshire, Eng- land, supposed to be remnants of eroded Tertiary strata. Called also Druidical, Sarsen, and Saracen stones. (Standard) Orazdn. 1. (Sp.) A fragment of ore which does not pass through a screen. 2. (Venez.) Pisolitic brown hematite. (Halse) • Grease. 1. Properly speaking, this term should only be applied to' fatty or oily matter of animal origin ; but mixtures of mineral <4I with lime- and soda-soaps constitute well- known lubricating greases. (Bacon) 2. Animal fat when soft. Also any- thing oily or unctuous. From the French graisge. A term used In the flotation process. (Rickard) Grease box. A box containing fat or grease to lubricate a bearing. (Web- ster) Grease pet. The third of a series of vats used in tinning sheet-iron or steel. (Standard) Greaser. 1. A person who oils or greases the mine cars. (Steel) 2. An automatic apparatus which greases the axles of skips as they pass. (Power) 3. A slang name for a Mexican or Spanish-American. (Webster) Greasy. Applied to the luster of min- erals. Having the luster of oily glass, as elaeoUte. (Dana) Greasy bleas (Scot.). See Creeshy bleas. Greasy gold. Fine gold. (Megraw, p. 2) Greasy qnartz. Milk quartz. (Power) Great coal (Scot.). Large pieces of selected coal. In the East of Scot- land, the coal was formerly divided Into four grades, great coal, chews, \ lime coal, and panwood. (Barrow- man) Greave. A ditch. (Standard) Greda. 1. (Sp.) Fuller's earth ; a soft friable earth which absorbs grease. 2. Marl, chalk. 3. (Venez.) Pay gravel; alluvial gold. 4. (Colom.) A carboniferous schist containing nodular pieces of iron ore. (Halse) Grede (Venez.) A yellow Iron-stalned clay. (Duryee) Greek (Scot.). Grit; the texture of a hard rock ; coarse sandstone. (Bar- rowman) Greek masonry. A style of masonry in which each alternate stone is of the full thickness of the wall. (Standard) Green carbonate of copper. See Mala- chite. Green charge. A mixture of Ingredi- ents for gunpowder before the inti- mate mixing in the incorporating mill. (Webster) Green cinnabar. A green pigment con- sisting of the fired oxides of cobalt and zinc. (Webster) Green coal (Aust.). Freshly mined coal. (Power) Green copperas; Green vltrioL The mineral melanterite, a hydrous fer- rous sulphate, FeSOi-l-THaO. Green earth. 1. Glauconite, found In cavities of amygdalolds and other eruptive rocks, and used as a pig- ment by artists. (Webster) 2. Chlorite; a variety of talc. (Humble) Green feldspar. A synonym for -Ama- zon stone; microcline. (Chester) Green hole. A furnace tap hole in which clay is not properly set, and through which the drill may break and let iron out unexpectedly. (Will- cox) Greenhouse. In ceramics, a moder- ately warmed building for partly drying green pottery. (Standard) Green Iron ore. The mineral dufren- Ite; aproximately, FePO..Fe(OH).. (Dana) Green lead ore. See Pyromorphlte. Green marble. A commercial term for serpentine. Green mineral. Green carbonate of copper; malachite. (Standard) Green ocher. A yellow ocher mixed with potassium ferrocyanide. (Stand- ard) Greenockite. Cadmium sulphide, CdS. Contains 77.7 per cent cadmium. Greenockite occurs as a secondary mineral In zinc deposits In various parts of the Uriited States, but not as a commercial deposit at any place. The majority of sphalerite deposits are cadjniferous, and cad- 318 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. mium In commercial quantity is ob- tained as a by-profluct In smelting these ores at. certain plants. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) ' See Furnace cadmium. Green oil. In the Scottish shale-oil in- dustry, the once-run crude oil after chemical treatment. It Is distilled in the first-stage oil stills and Is fractioned into naphtha, light oil, heavy oil, and heavy oil and wax. (Bacon) Oreen roof. A miner's term for a roof which has not broken down or shows no sign of takii'-g weight. (Gres- ley) Greenroom. A chamber for the recep- tion of unburned and undried pot- tery. (Standard) Greensand. Sedimentary deposit con- sisting, when pure, of grains of glau- conite, which have a dark greenish color. (Webster) Green sand. A highly siliceous sand containing a little magnesia and alumina, mixed with about one- twelfth Its bulk of powdered coal or charcoal, used when dampened for making molds; distinguished from dry sand (Webster). An unburned molding sand. Greensand beds. In general, any Cre- taceous or Tertiary bed contain- ing a green iron-potassium silicate; specifically, the Lower Cretaceous of England, whether containing the green Silicate or not (StandEu:d) Greensand marl. Sand or marl con- taining glauconite (U. S. Geol. Surv.). See Greensand; Marl. Greensand of Peru. An early synonym for Atacamite, because found there in the form of sand. (Chester) Greenstone. An old field name for those compact, igneous rocks that have developed enough chlorite in alteration to give them a green cast. They are mostly diabases and dlo- rites. Greenstone is partially syn- onymous with trap. It is often used as a prefix to other rock names (Kemp). The term is used fre- quently when no accurate determi- nation is possible. Green tar. Barbados petroleum. (Ba- con) Green verditer. See Verditer, 2 and 3. Green vitriol. Ferrous sulphate; cop- peras, melanterlte. Called also Martial vitriol. (Standard) Green ware. Damp, recently made, unburned pottery, requiring to be dried before burning or bakmg. (Standard) Greillade (Fr.). Iron ore In coarse powder, mixed with charcoal dust for reduction by the Catalan proc- ess. (Webster) Greisen. A granitoid but often some- what cellular rock, composed of quartz and muscovlte or some re- lated mica, rich in fluorine. It is the characteristic mother rock of the ore of tin, cassiterite, and is in most cases a result of the contact acticfh of granite and its evolved mlnerallzers. (Kemp) Grena (Mez.). Undressed ore. (D wight) Grenate. Garnet (Standard). Also spelled Grenat. Gr*s (Fr.). 1. Grit. 2. Sandstone. 3. Stoneware. (Standard) Gris oirame; Gris de Flandres (Fr.). A fine German stoneware, usually with a salt glaze, not made specially In Flanders, but in Coblentz and Cologne. (Standard) Greve. A ditch or trench. (Stand- ard) Grewt. An earth of different color from that of the main deposit, found in searching for mines on the banks of rivers (Standard). Also spelled Greut. A variation of groot, mean- ing soil. Grey wethers ( Eng. ) . See Gray wether. Grid. 1. A grated opening. 2. A sec- tion of electrical resistance, usually made of cast iron. (C and M. M. P.) 3. A wire-bottomed mining sieve. 4. A battery plate somewhat like a grating; specifically, a zinc plate in a primary battery, or a lead plate, either perforated or furnished with depressions, for retaining the ac- tive material in a storage battery. (Standard) Gridaw (So. Wales). Pulley frames or head gear. (Gresley) Griddle; Riddle. 1. (Com.) A miner's sieve to separate ore from halvans. (Raymond) 2. To screen ore with a griddle (Webster) Gridiron twinning, ning. See Crossed twin- GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINEEAL INDTJSTBY, 319 Gridiron valve. A slide valve having many ports "Corresponding to ports In the seat. (Standard) Grleta (Mex.). A crevice; fissure. (Dwight) Grieve. 1. (Scot.) A weigher; a pit- headman; a hill salesman, (Bar- rowman) 2. A manager; an overseer. (Web- ster) Griif (Eng.). A steep, rocky glen. (Standard) Griffin roller mill. A centrifugal mill, like the Huntington, except there Is one roller only. See Huntington mill. (Llddell) Grillo fnrnace. A mechanically - fed muffle furnace. . (Ingalls, p. 130) Grimes (So. Wales). See Bell mold. Grind. 1. To reduce to a powder by friction as in a mill. 2. To polish or sharpen by friction. (Webster) Grinder. One who or that which grinds, as an emery wheel for grind- ing tools, a machine for crushing ore, etc. (Webster) Grinders' asthma, rot, or phthisis. Dis- ease of the lungs consequent upon inhaling the metallic dust produced in grinding metals. (Standard) Grinding bed. A machine for grind- ing stone slabs, consisting of a later- ally moving table on which the slab is placed, and a heavy rotating iron disk, whose lower surface abrades or polishes the upper surface of the stone. (Standard) Grinding bench. A stone slab on which to fasten by plaster of Paris, in a level position, a plate of glass the upper surface of which Is to be ground or polished. (Standard) Grinding lathe. A lathe of special construction In which the work re- volves on dead centers while acted on by an emery wheel. (Standard) Grinding plate. 1. A piece of steel or iron by the medium of which ore Is ground against another hard sur- face. (Rickard) 2. A heavy cast Iron disk rotating on a vertical axis, used to grind or polish plate glass. (Standard) Grinding slip. A free-cutting oilstone or whetstone; a hone. (Standard) Grinding vat. A mill for grinding flints or clay used in making porce- lain. It is a form of the arrastre. (Century) ' Griudl'et. A little ditch or drain. (Standard) Grindstone. 1. A tough sandstone of fine and even grain, composed almost entirely of quartz, mostly in angular grains. It must have sufficient ce- menting material to hold the grains together but not enough to fill the pores and cause the surface to wear smooth. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) 2. A large circular stone made from sandstone and used quite ex- tensively for the sharpening of many different tools and Instruments. (Pike) Grindstone grit. A kind of grittty rock from which grindstones are made. (Standard) Gringo. In Spanish America, any one of English blood or speech: a con- temptuous epithet. (Standard) Griotte marble. A French marble of a beautiful red color and often vari- gatied with small dashes of purple and spots or streaks of white, as in the variety locally known as griotte oeil de perdrix from the French Pyrenees. (Merrill) Grip. 1. A smaU, narrow cavity, (Raymond) 2. To turn into the side of a work- ing place. (Steel) 3. A notch cut into the side of a mass of stone, into which a wedge may be driven to separate the mass (Bowles). Also called Side shear. 4. (Scot.) A pick. (Barrowman) 6. An apparatus attached to a car for clutching a traction cable. 6. A gripsack or valise. (Webster) 7. (Eng.). To dig trenches or drains in. 8. A grappling tool for drawing up well-boring rods. (Standard) Gripe. A strap brake or ribbon brake on hoisting apparatus. (Standard) Griper (Eng.). A Thames coal-barge or collier. (Standard) Gripper. A claw of a submarine dredger. (Standard) Gripping shot. A shot so placed that the point or inner end of the hole is considerably farther from the face of the coal to be broken than is the heel or outer end of the hole. See also Shot. Grip wheel. A wheel, the periphery of which is fitted with a series of tog- gle-jointed, cast-steel jaws that grip the rope automatically. (0. M. P.) 320 GLOSSABT OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY. Grison stone. A gray freestone. (Webster) Giison (Fr.). Fire damp. Grist (So. Wales). A black, coaly stratum, Indicating a probable bed of coal not far off. (Gresley) Gristi (Sp.). Fire damp. (Lucas) Grit. 1. In petrology, a sandstone composed of coarse, angular grains and very small pebbles. (La Forge) 2. An artificial stone for sharpening tools. Standard grades are -coarse, medium, and fine. Coarse stones cut very rapidly, but leave a rough edge. Medium stones do not cut as fast as coarse stones but leave a smoother edge. Fine stones are still slower cutting, but are useful where extremely fine edges are desired. (Pike) 3. Rough, hard particles; sand or gravel. 4. Degree of hardness with openness of texture or composition ; allied to buhrstoae and the like. (Standard) Grizzle. 1. (Bng.) Inferior coal with an admixture of iron pyrite. (Gres- ley) 2. A second-rj^te brick, nnderbumt, gray in color, and deficient in strengtti. (Webster) Grizzly. 1. (Cal.) An iron grating that catches the larger stones pass- ing through the sluices and throws them aside. (Hanks) 2. A grating of Iron or steel bara for screening ore, etc. (Webster) 3. Guard rails or covering to pro- tect chutes, manways, winzes, etc., in mines. (Montana Stat, Laws, 1911, Sec. 3) Grogr- Ground up pieces of burned clay or brick, added to the raw clay mixture for the purpose of decreas- ing the shrinkage and density of the burned ware. (Ries) Groin (Eng.). A structure of piling, sometimes with a stone apron at the end, to accumulate sand and shingle on a beach, and to act as a breakwater. ( Standard ) Grondal magnetic separator. A device utilizing a magnetic field for the concentration of certain magnetic ores. It consists of a vertical re- volving cylinder made up of rings of cast Iron with the spaces be- tween containing the wires for the electric current. Bach ring is so magnetized as to be a little stronger than the one above. There is an- other cylinder of wood studded with soft wrought-iron pegs, a ring of pegs being opposite each cast-iron ring. The magnetic portion of the ore (usually crushed below 12 mesh) is carried around on the cast- iron rings until it gets near the pegs, to which it Jumps because of their induced magnetism. It is then carried on these pegs out of the magnetic field and thrown oft. (Liddell) Groove. 1. (Derb.). The place where a miner Is working. Miners are (1747) called groovers. (Hooson) 2. A mine, from the German Orube. (Raymond) Groove fellow (No. of Bng.). A mate or fellow workman in a mine. (Standard) Groover. (No. of Eng.). A miner. (Standard) &roroilite. A nearly black earthy manganese or wad, streaked with dark-red markings, occurrmg in parts of Europe. (Standard) Grorudite. Brogger's name for a por- phyritlc, dike rock from Grorud, near Christiania, Norway. The phenocrysts are microcllne and aegi- rite; the groundmass consists of rectangular orthoclase, quartz and aegirite. It is a variety of granite porphyry. (Kemp) Gros morceauz (Belg.). (3oal In very large lumps. (Gresley) Gross ton. The long ton of 2240 pounds avoirdupois. Grossularite. Calcium-aluminium gar- net, SCaO . AliOi.3 SiO, ; cinnamon stone. (Dana) Grotto. A small cavern or a cavern- like apartment or retreat, natural or artificial ; especially, a cavern having some attractive features, as beautiful stalactite formations, or rock work. (Standard) Orouan (C3orn.). Gravel, rough sand. Also called Gowan. Hard grouan is granite or moorstone. Sojt grouan is the same material In a lax and sandy state. Orouan lode, any tin lode which abounds with this gravel. (Pryce) Grouder (Corn.). A mixture of grouan and clay, used for scouring wood work. (Pryce) GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINEBAXj INDUSTEY. 821 Oronnd. 1. (Corn.) The rock In which a vein Is found; also, any given portion of the mineral deposit Itself. (Raymond) 8. In electricity, a connection with the eartlj. A ground plate. (Stand- ard) Oronnd air. Air Inclosed In porous surface soil, like surface moisture or ground water. (Century) Oronnd bailiff (Eng.). An inspector or superintendent of a mine. ( Stand- ard) Oronnd block; Oronnd crab (Eng.). A species of capstan used for lower- ing the sinking pumps. (Qresley) Oronnd circnlt. An electric circuit completed by the ground; an earth circuit. ( Standard ) Oronnd coal; Oronnds (Scot.). The bottom of a coal seam. (Barrow- man) Oronnd crab. See Ground block. Oronnd detector. A device, as In a cen- tral power station, to indicate where a ground connection, entailing loss of electricity, has taken place. (Standard) Oronnded eirenlt. A circuit that Is permanently grounded at one or more points. (H. H. Clark) Ctownnd hog. See Barney. Oronnd ice. Ice which sometimes forms on the bottom of either run- ning or still waters. It often has stone and mud attached to Its bot- tom (Webster). Also called Anchor Ice. Oronndlng. 1. See Ground, 2. 2. In marble-working, the act or process of polishing marble with emery. 3.. See Ground-laying. (Standard) Oronnd laying. In ceramics, the process of applying a coat of boiled oil to porcelain ware, to receive the colored enamel; bossing; grounding. (Standard) Oroundman. A man employed to work on the ground, as In digging or ex- cavating. (Webster) Oronndmass. The relatively finely crystalline, or glassy, portion of a porphyritle rock as contrasted with Its phenocrysts. Not to be con- founded with basis, as will be seen by referring to the latter. (Kemp) 744010 O— 47 ^21 Oronnd moraine. In geology, the ir- regular sheet of till deposited partly beneath the advancing glacier and partly directly from the ice when It melts away. (La Forge) Oronnd plate. 1. A groundsill. 2. A bedplate supporting railroad sleep- ers or ties. 3. In electricity, a metal plate In the grotind forming the earth connection of a metallic cir- cuit. (Standard) Oronnd rent (Eng.). Rent paid for the surface occupied by a colliery plant. (Gresley) Oronnd retnm. That part of an elec- tric circuit as the earth, or metal- lic conductors intimately associated with ^e earth, and which Is practi- cally at earth potentliil at all points. (H. H. Clark) Oronnd rope (Scot). The rope con- necting hanging pumps to a ground crab. (Barrowman) Oronndsel. See Groundsill. OronndsilL A bed piece or foundation timber supporting a timber super- structure as a set of mine timbers. A ground plate. (Webster) Oronnd slnlce. 1. A channel or trough in the ground through which aurif- erous earth is sluiced for placer mining. 2, To wash down a bank of earth with a stream of water. (Webster) Oronnd spears. Woodep rods (one on each side of the pump) by which a sinking ' pump is suspended. (Gresley) Oronndstone. A foundation; ground- work. (Webster) Oronnd water. The water which per^ meates, in .an unbroken sheet, the rock masses of the earth, filling their pores and fissures. Oronnd-water discharge. The return of ground water to the surface. (Melnzer) Oronnd-water divide. The crest line of a water table. On the opposite sides of this line the water table slopes In opposite directions (Meln- zer). Compare Watershed. Oronnd-water level. The level below which the rock and subsoil, down to unknown depths, dre full of water. (Chamberlln, vol. 1, p. 67) Oronndwork. The foundation work of a structure. (Standard) 322 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Group. 1. In geology, commonly ahd loosely, the unit of stratigraphic classification. 2. Specifically, (a) in the usage of the U. S. Geological Survey, two or more associated for- mations formerly regarded as one but now separated in some areas; (6) according to the International Geologic Congress, the stratigraphic division of highest rank, coordinate with era. (La Forge) Grouser. A temporary pile or heavy iron-^od pole driven into the bottom of a stream to hold a drill- ing or dredging boat or other float- ing object in position. (Century) Grout. 1. A term applied to the waste material of all sizes obtained in quarrying stone. • (Perkins) 2. (Eng.) Thin mortar poured into the interstices between stones and bricks. (G. and M. M. P.) 3. A coarse 'kind of plaster or ce- ment, usually studded with small stones after application, sometimes used for coating walls of a build- ing. (Webster) 4. A thin cement . mixture forced into the crevices of a stratum or strata to preyent ground water from seeping or flowing into an excava- tion. Frequently employed in shaft sinking and bore-hole drilling. Grouting. 1. The process of filling in or finishing with grout. 2. The grout thus filled in. (Century) Grove; Groove (Eng.). A drift or adit driven into a hillside from which coal is worked (G. C. Greenwell). See also Groove, 1 and 2. Growan; Grouan (Corn.). A name ap- plied by miners to granite and similar rocks. (Ure) See also Grouan* Growl (Mid.). Coal pillars are said to growl when they are undergoing a crushing weight. (Gresley) Grow-on. Quarrymen's term to design nate the place where the sheet struc- trfre dies out, or the place where two sheets appear to grow onto one another. (Perkins) Growth (Scot.). The rate of entrance of water into a pit or mine working. (Barrowman) Groze (Scot.). To turn a chisel In the bottom of a bore hole, by which means the borer, from a sense of feeling and hearing, knows when a change of strata occurs. (Barrow- man) Grozing Iron. 1. A steel tool formerly used for cutting glass. 2. A bulbous tool for smoothing the soldered joints of lead pipe. (Webster) Grubbln. See Gubbin. Grube (Ger.). A mine. (Davies) Grub saw. A saw made from a coarsely notched blade of soft iron, provided with a wooden back ; used, with sand, for sawing stone by hand power. (Standard) Grubstake (West. U. S.). Supplies furnished to a prospector on promise of a share in his discoveries. So called because the lender stakes or risks the grub (food), etc., so fur- nished. (Webster) Grubstake contract. An agreement be- tween two or more persons to locate mines upon the public domain by their joint aid, effort, labor, or ex- pense, and each is to acquire by vir- tue of the act of location such an Interest in the mine as agreed upon in the contract. (Marks v. Gates, 2 Alaska, p. 524; Cascaden v. Dun- bar, 2 Alaslta, p. 412; Berry v. Woodburui 107 California, p. 504; Meylette v. Brennon, 20 Colorado, p. 242; Hartney v. Gosling, 10 Wyo- ming, p. 346; 68 Pacific, 1123; Ell- iott V. Elliott, 3 Alaska, p. 365) Gruell (Irish). Coal. (Standard) Grueso (Sp.). Lump ore. The term is in use at the quicksilver mines of California. • (Raymond) Gruff (Eng.). A name given to an old mine on the Mendlp Hills (Hunt). A pit or shaft. Crunching (Aust.). Shooting-fast, i.e., shooting in the solid. (Power) Grundy. Granulated pig iron used In mn king granulated steel. (Webster) Grunstane (Scot). A grindstone. (Standard) Grunter. A hooked rod to aid in sup- porting a crucible (Standard). A founder's term. Grupiaras.(Braz.). Bench placers on the slopes of hills. (Halse) Guaca. 1. (Sp. Am.) A narrow tun- nel or drift in a hill. 2. (Peru) An ancient Indian grave. (Halse) Guadalcazarite (Sp.). ^ variety of cinnabar containing zinc. (Stand- ard) Guag (Corn.). A place from which the ore has been extracted (Davies). A variation of gwag. GLOSSARY OF MXNtSO AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 323 Guaira (Peru). A wind furnace made of clay, used by the Indians for smelting ores. (Halse) Guairona (Peru). Guard rails at mouth of a shaft. (Dwlght) Guajfc (Mex.). A gourd for dipping water. (Dwlght) Gualda (Peru). Chalcopyrlte. (Halse) Qualdra (Mex.). Long and stout beam, generally sustaining other beams, or a heavy weight. (Dwlght) Guano. A substance found in great abundance on some coasts or islands frequented by sea fowls and com- posed chiefly of their excrement. It is rich in phosphates and nitrogen- ous matter. (Webster) Guaquero (Colom.). One who searches for treasure In Indian graves, or guacas. (Halse) Guarache (Peru). 1. Overtime work, generally at night, ft. A sandal. (Dwlght) Guaracfi (Sp. Am.). Basalt; dlorlte. (Lucas) Guard. 1. A support In front of a roll- train to guide . the bar into the groove, sometimes called a side- guide. (Kaymond) 2. Any fixture or attachment de- signed to protect against injury. 3. To protect from danger; to keep in safety; to defend. CVyebster) Guarda. 1. (Sp.) A thin parting be- tween a lode and the wall rock. (Davies) 2. (Mex.) Immediately adjacent country rock. 3. A guard. (Dwight) Guardafierros (Mex.). A tooolman. (Dwight) Guardaraya (Mex.). 1. Landmark; monument. 2. The end and side lines of a mining claim (Dwlght). 3. A surveyor's mark used under- ground for measuring work. (Halse) Guardatiro (Mex.). Person issuing mining supplies to the miners. (Dwight) Guard plate. A plate in front of an Iron furnace, covering the tap hole through which the slag Is drawn out. (Standard) Guard rail. An additional rail placed beside the rail in service, to compel the flange of the wheels to run close to the latter in crossing over frog points or entering switches. (Cen- tury)' Gnayaquillite. A pale yellow, amorph- ous, nonreslnous, oxygenated hydro- carbon, from near Guayaquil, South America ; It has the specific gravity 1.092, begins to fuse at 70° C, and is soluble in alcohol, f Bacon) Gubbln (£jng.). An ar^laceous Iron ore, found in Staffordshire, England (Standard). Sometimes spelled Grubbln. Gudgeon. 1. An Iron pin to fasten to- gether blocks of stone. (Webster) 2. (Eng.) A bit of wood used for roofing a mine. (Bainbridge) 3. The -bearing of a shaft, especially when made of a separate piece. 4. A metallic journal set into the end of a wooden shaft. (Standard) Giiedales (Mex.). Irregular contact veins of copper ore occurring in porphyry. (Halse) Guenlette (Fr.). In glass making, the back door of an annealing oven. (Standard) Ong (Som.). A self-acting inclined plane underground ; sometimes called a Dip incline. (Gresley) Guhr. See Kelselguhr. Guhr dynamite. An explosive pre- pared by usually mixing, three parts nitroglycerin and one part kiesel- guhr. Other proportions may be used. (Brunswig, p. 296) Guia (Sp.). 1. Indications (of a vein or pay streak, or of metal in a panning test). 2. Guide for cage in shaft. (Dwlght) 3. A short drill used for starting a drill hole. 4. (Colom.). A main level or gallery. 5. (Peru) A blasting fuse. 6. G. de flldn, a leader In a lode;, guldie; feeder, or pay streak. 7. (Peru) The final sample of ore used as a test. (Pfordte) Guide plate (Scot). A cast-iron plate containing grooves or ridges to guide hutches or cars onto rails. (Barrowman) Guide pulley. See Guides, 7.. Guide rope. A cage guide. (Stand- ard) Guides. 1. The timbers at the side of a shaft to steady and guide the cage. 2. The holes In a crossbeam through which the stems of tlie stamps in -a stamp mill rise and fall. 3. In a rolling mill, a wedge-shaped piece held in the groove of a roll to prevent the sticking of the bar by peeling it out of the groove. When 324 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. the gui(]e iB held by a hanger or counterweight against the underside of the roll, It Is called a hanging guide. (Raymond) 4. (Com.) Cross veins in the St. Just district 5. A boring rod hav- ing an enlargement or wings fitted to It to suit the size of the bore hole for steadying the rods when a con- siderable depth has been attained. (Gresley) 6. In a steam engine, a cross-head guide. 7. A pulley to lead a driv- ing belt or rope in a new direction, or to keep it from leaving Its de- sired direction. 8. A curved plate directing a sheet of water against the budgets of a water wheel. (Standard) Guide tube. A tube for grinding a bit or drill. (Standard) Onidlng bed (Eng.). A thin band of coal leading to the regular seam. (Gresley) Gulja (Mez.). Gangue. Sometimes ap- plied to quartz ; a pebble. (Dwlght) Ouijarro (Sp.). 1. A pebble; bowlder. 2. Any siliceous stone. (Halse) Onljo (Mex.). A pointed pivot, uiK>n which turns the upright centerpiece oi; an arrastre. (Dwlght) Onljola (Mex.). A, double hellows used for supplying blast to copper- smelting furnaces. (Halse) Ouljoles (Mex.). Kidney-shaped pieces of cassiterite found in rhyoUte. (Halse) Ouljoso. i: (Sp.) Gravelly; full of pebbles. 2. (Mex.) Quartzose. (Halse) Oulllotine. A machinie for breaking Iron with a falling ^tgelght (Ray- mond) Onlmet blue. An artificially prepared ultramarine. (Webster) Oulncho (Port.). A winch or drum. (Halse) Guinea gold. Twenty-two carat gold, ■of which guineas were coined. (Standard) Guingaro (Mex.). Pickaxe. Bee Huingaro. (Dwlght) Guixa (Sp.). Quartz. (Hanks) Guloh (Cal.). A narrow mountain ravine; a small cafion. (Hanks) GuIoUng (No. Staff.). The moving and cracking noise underground due to the settling of the mine roof. (Gresley) Gulf; A large deposit of ore In a lode. (Century) Gullet. 1. An opening in the strata^ (Raymond). C. A narrow working cutting used for a dirt-car track. (Standard) Guillles (Orn.). Worked-out cavities in a mine. (Duryee) Gnlly. 1. A small watercourse with steep sides, usually cut out of clay or earth. (Roy. Com.) 2. A metal tram rail or tram plate. (Century) Oulph of ore. A very large deposit of ore in the lode (Whitney). 'A varia- tion of gulf. Gum. 1. (Scot,) Very small coal, for example, that whlich ,will pass through a screen having a mesh of one-fourth inch or less (Rarrow- man). Slack; screenings. 2. (N. Z.) See Kauri resin. Gumbo. 1. A name current in West- ern and Southern States for those soils that yield a sticky mud when wet (Kemp). (Southwest Mo.) A putty-like clay associated with lead and zinc deposits. (Tex.) A clay encountered in drilling for oil and sulphur. 2. The stratified iwrtlon of the lower till of the Mississippi Valley. (Stimdard) Gum digger (N. Z.). One whose occu- pation is to dig the fossil resin of the Kauri pine, which Is used in the manufacture of varnish. (Web- ster) Gum dynamite. Explosive gelatin. (Standard) Gnmmite. , An alteration product of uraninite of doubtful composition. (Dana) Gun. A bore hole in which the charge of explosive has been fired with no other effect than to blast oft a small amount, of material at the mouth of the bore hole; also called a Boot- leg or "John *Odges" (Du Pont). Bee Blown-out shot. Gunboat. A self-dumping box on wheels, used for raising (or lower^ ing) coal in slopes; a monitor, a skip. (Gh&nce) Guncotton. A nitrocotton of the highest nitration or containing the greatest possible percentage of nitro- gen. Sometimes called Insoluble cotton. It is used as a bursting charge for submarine mines and for demolishing bridges and other struc- tures in warfare. (Du Pont) GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MlNEBAt, INDUStBt. 325 euilte. 1. A cement applied, by a cement gun, to the roof and sides of a coal mine. S. To cement with a cement gun. Qnn metal. An alloy of copper with tin, or zinc, and sometimes a little Iron. The common formula is idne parts copper to one tin ; Aich's metal and some- other gun metals contain Bine and Iron but no tin. (Ray- mond) Onaned shot . Ax or hatchet (Halse) Hachazuela (Mex.). Adze. (Dwlght) Hachero (Sp.). A wood cutter. (Halse) Hachlta (Mex.). Hatchet. (Dwlght) Hachure. A short line used in draw- ing and, engraving, especially in shading and denoting difCerent sur- faces as in map drawing to represent slopes of the ground. (Webster) Hacienda (Sp.). 1. Exchequer; treas- ury ; public revenue ; capital ; funds ; wealth; landed estate; establish- ment. S. In mining it is usually applied to the offices, principal buildings, and work for. reducing the ores (Raymond) ; H. de bene- fldo, metallurgical works; H. de fundici6n, smelting works; H. df> maguila, a custom mill. (Dwlght) Haciendero (Sp,). The superintend- ent of the hacienda. (Mln. Jour.) Hack. 1. (No. of Eng.) A pick or tool With which colliers cut or mine the coal. (Gresley) 2. A sharp blade on a long handle used for cutting billets In two. (Raymond) 3. To pile up edgewise for the pur- pose of drying, as green molded bricks. 4. A set of bars In a tail race. 5. A place where bricks are set to dry; also, a pile of green brlcka (Standard) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 327 Hackbarrow. A barrow for taking bricks from the molders to the hacks. (Webster) Hack hammer. A hammer resembling an adz, used in dressing stone. (Webster) Hacking. 1. The operation of picking a grindstone or an abrading wh6el to remove thp glaze. 2. The use of two thin masonry courses Instead of one as thick as ' both of them. 3. In gem cutting, a series of cuts in a metal lap to serve as recepta- cles for the abrasive powder. 4. The stacking of bricks for drying. (Standard) Hacking board. A board on which to pile unburned dried bricks. (Stand- ard) Hack iron. A. miner's pick ax or hack. A chisel or similar tool for cutting metal, as wire, into nails. (Web- ster) Hackly. Showing jagged points in fracture (Standard). 'A term ap- plied to the fracture of metals. Hacksaw. A fine toothed saw having a narrow blade stretched ' in a frame, for cutting metal. (Web- ster) Hade. 1. The angle of inclination' of a vein measured from the vertical; dip is measured from the horizontal. See Underlay, 2. (Skinner) 2. To deviate from the vertical ; said of a vein, fault, or lode. (Webster) Haeniscb and Schroeder process. A method for the recovery of sulphur as liquid sulphurous anhydride from furnace gases. (Ingalls, p. 166) Hag: 1. (Scot.) A cut; a notch. 2. To cut as with an ax ; to cut down the coal with the pick. , (Barrbw- man) 3. (No. of Bng.) A- quagmire or pit In mossy ground ; any broken ground in a bog. (Century) Hahner furnace. A continuously- working shaft furnace for roasting quicksilver ores. The fuel is char- coal, charged in alternate layers with the ore. The Vall' Alta fur- nace Is a modification,., having the iron tubes of the Albertl. (Ray- mond) Haiarn (Wales). Iron. (C. and M. M. P.) Hainianta. One of a series of beds of gi-eat thickness and varying litho- logical character, overlying the crys- talline schists, and underlying the Lower Silurian, in the Himalaya mountains ( Standard ) Hair plate. See Bloomery. Hair pyrites. Same as Millerite. (Standard) Hair salt. Epsomite when in silky fibers. A form of alunogen. (Web- ster) Hair stone. Quartz thickly penetrated with hairlike crystals of rutile, ac- tinolite, or some other mineral. (Webster) Hair zeolite. A synonym for fibrous zeolite, which may be natrolite, scolecite, oi: mesolite. (Chester) " Hake. A shed where tiles are drie^. (Standard) See Hack, 5. Half-and-half. Solder made of equal parts of tin and lead. (Welister) Half-and-half plane, or Half-end half- plane (Scot). In a direction mid- way between plane course and end course (Barrowman). See als" Half-course. Half balk (Eng.). A mine prop cut into halves. See also Balk, 2. (G. C. Green well) Half blinded (Scot). Two ends driven off:a plane, one on each side and not opposite each other by half their width. (Barrowman) Half-bloom. A round mass of puddfed iron before squeezing; a half-made bloom. (Standard ) Half-brilliant. A single-cut brilliant. (Standard) Half-conrse. A drift or opening driven at an angle of about 45° to the strike and in the plane of the seam. Half -edge seams (Scot). Highly in- clined seams; seams lying at an in- clination of 1 in 1. (Barrowman) Half -end (York.). See Horn coal, 1. Half facet. . In gem cutting, a skill- facet or cross-facet on » brilliant (Standard) Half -marrow (Newc). Yoiifigbpys, of whom two do the work of one loader. (Raymond) Half mask. The part of a mine res- cue, or -oxygen-breathing apparatus which covers the nose and mouth only, and .through which the wearer breathes the oxygen furnished by the apparatus. 328 GLOSSABV OF MINING AND HINBBAL INDUSTRY. Half -moon (Eng.). A scaffold nearly filling up one-half the sectional area of a shaft. (Gresley) Half-pitch. Dipping or rttlng 18 inches to the yard. (Boy) Half set. In mine timbering one leg piece and a collar. J Steel) Half-turn socket. In oil-well drilling, a fishing tool having Jaws bent around in an Incomplete circle, to engage lost tools that lean to one side of the well. (Nat Tube Co.). Half work; Half wark (Bng.). When the day's work is half over, or when by reason of poor trade conditions, half-time is worked. (G. O. Green- well) Halite; Kock salt. Natural sodium chloride, NaCl. See Salt, 1. (TT. S. GeoL Surv.) Hallazgo (Sp.). Discovery of an ore deposit (Halse) H&lleflinta (Sweden). A dense, com- pact, metamorphlc rock, consisting of microscopic quartz and feldspar crystals, with occasional phenocrysts and sometimes hornblendie, chlorite, magnetite and heniatite. It is as- sociated with gneisses, but is of ob- scure origin. (£emp) Hallenflintoid. Of or resembling bUl- leflinte. (Century) Hallett table. A table of the Wllfley type, except that the tops of the riffles. are in the same plane as the cleaning planes and the riffles are sloped toward the wash-water side. (Liddell) Hall furnace. A modification of the Wethey furnace for roasting sul- phide ore. (Ingalls, p. 87) Hallite. A yellow to green variety of mica, H»Mgu(Al.Fe).Si.O«, that crystallizes in- the monoclinic sys- tem. (Sta^ndard) Halloysite. A claylike, aluminum sili- cate, resembling kaolinite but amor- phous and containing a larger but uncertain quantity of water, 2H2O.- Al,0..2SiOii-f-Aa. (U. S. Geol. Snrv.) Hologen. In chemistry, any one of the elements bromine, chlorine, fluorine, and Iodine (Ttie radical cyanogen is^also included by some chemists), which with the metals form compounds analogous in some respects to Gommon salt (La Forge) Haloid. 1. In chemistry, of, pertain- ing to, containing, or resembling aea salt, sodium chloride. 2. Pertaining to, containing, or derived from one of the halogens. 3. A compound of one of the halogens with a metal : in this sense more properly spelled Halid or Balide. (La Forge) Haloidite. Wadsworth's name for rock salt (Kemp) Halotrlctaite. Hydrous sulphate of iron and aluminum, FeSOiAli(SO<)i -i-24HiO, occurring in yellowish, silky fibrous forms. (Dana) Halozylin. A mixture of yellow pms- siate of potash, niter, and chaiicoal, used as an explosive. (Century) Halter (New Zealand). A miner work- ing on his own account (Ander- son) Halvanner (Corn.). A dresser of im- pure or Inferior ore. (Davies) Halvan ore„ See Halvans. Halvani; Halvings; Hanawayt (Corn.). Ores much mixed with impurities. (Raymond) Hamberglte. A beryllium borate, Be9(OH)BOs, occuring in grayish- white, prismatic crystals. From Langesund fiord, southern Norw&y. (Dana) Hamlinite. A basic phosphate of aluminum and strontium. In color- less rhombohedral crystals. Occurs wltii herderite, bertrandite, etc., at Stoneham, Me. (Standard) Hammer. To make a noise as of blows in a pipe, the result of sud- den stoppage of the flow, or of turning on steam; said of water. (Standard) Hammer-and-plate. A signaling appa- ratus (Chance). A gong. Hammer beam. A short beam project- ing laterally from the inside of a wall, and serving as a tie beam. (Standard) Hammer-dresB. To dress or face stone with a hanuner. (Webster) Hammer-harden. To harden, as a metal, by hammering it while cold. (Webster) Hammerman. 1. One who uses, a hammer constantly in .any metal- working trade. (Standard) 2. One who strikes with a hammer In hand drilling of holes tor blast- ing. GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 829 XkmmeTplek. See PoUpick. KuBmer-reflned. Designating steel the grain of which has' been made finer and closer by heavy hammer- ing followed by lighter and quicker blows at the finish. (Webster) Hammer scale. Scale formed on ham- mering heated metal. (Webster) Hammer slag. Any 11 dross. (Web- ster) Hammersmith. One who shapes or works metal with a hammer. (Standard) Hammer tongs. Blacksmith's tongs having projecting lugs for engaging the holes of hammer heads or the like during forging. (Webster) Hammer-wrought. Wrought with a hammer; said of ornamental Iron- work. (Standard) Kammochijrsos. A mineral known to the ancients and characterized by gold-like spots. . Probably a sand from yellowish mica schist. (Web- ster) Hancock Jig. A jig with movable sieve having both an ui>-and-down and a reciprocating motion. (Liddell) Hand, or Handle (Eng.). To work a winding, pumping, hauling, or other engine. (Oresley) Hand harrow. 1. A frame or flat bar- row, without a wheel, carried by handles. 8. A kind of hand cart (Webster) S. A wheelbarrow. (Standard) Haadbrace. A tool used in boring by band. (Standard) Hand dog (Eng.). A kind of spanner imr wrench for screvirlng up, or dte- oonnecting, the joints of boring rods at the surface;. (Gresley) HMid-dug wells. The earliest known method of extracting petroleuiu was by mer.ns of pits dug by hand labor. The usual method was to dig a few feet and then allow the oil to collect ■t the bottom, whence it was subse- quently collected by means of a suit- able vesSeL The deepest of these welia rardy exceeded 50 feet (M1^ sakls) Haadfarht (Oer.). The descent into a mine by ladders. (Davles) Haad-flU (Eng.). To separate the raaall from the large coal In the mliie, the latter being filled by the hand Into the car, and the former thrown to the side of the working Iriaoe, or filled separately as re- quired. (O. 0. Greenwell) Hand-filled coal (Scot). Lump coal which the miner loads by hand. (Barrowman) Hand frame. An Iron barrow used in a foundry. (Standard) Handful (Brist and Som.). A length of 4 Inches. (Gresley) Hand gear. 1. (Eng.) A small hand- cylinder for winding or hoisting from shallow work (Bainbridge). A windlass. 2. The mechanism for opening the valves of a steam engine by hand in starting. (Standilrd) Hand hammer. Any hammer wielded by hand. A blacksmith's (or min- ner's) hammer used with one haqd as distinguished from a heavier hammer or sledge. (Webster) Haudhole. A hole, as in a boiler. Into which the hand may be inserted. (Standard) Hand hook. An implement for twist- ing iron bars. (Standard) Hand level. A small instrument con- sisting of a telescope with a bubble tube so attached that the position of the bubble can be' seen when look- ing through the telescope. (Web- ster) Handling (Mid.). Reloading coal un- derground from one car to another. (Gresley) Hand-picked coaL C!oal frofii which all stones and inferior coal have been picked out by hand: large lumps. (Barrowman) Hand screw. A jackscrew. (Stand- ard) Hand specimen. A piece of rock trimmed to a. size, usually 1 by 3 by 4 inches, for megascopic study and for preservation in a working collection. (La Forge) Handspike. 1. A wooden lever for working a capstan or windlass. (O. and M. M. P.) 8. A bar used as a lever in lifting weights or overcombig resistance; a heaver. (Standard)- Hand wUp. A counterpoised sweep for raising water from shallow pits. A shadoof. (Webster) Handyman. At smaU plants, a Jack- of-all-trades, as a rigger, mllwrlght, and macliinist combined (Willcox). A man employed to do varioua Uada of work. 330 GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY. Hang. 1. (Brist.) The hade of a fault. (Gresley) 2. To have Its charge choked up or arched Jn one part, while the part underneath falls away so as to leave a gap; said of a blast fur- nace. (Webster) Hang-bench (Ehg.). A support for a windlass. (Bainbridge) Hanger. 1. (Scot.) The hook of a miner's lamp. (Barrowman) 2. (Corn.) The hanging wall. (Dur- yee) 3. That whicji hangs, overhangs, or is suspended. (Webster) 4. See Hanging bolts. 5. A frame containing a bearing for II shafting. (Standard) Hanger-on (Eng.). The man who runs the full trams upon the cages \ and gives the signals to hoist (Gres- . ley).. See also Cager, 1. Hangflre. Said of a charge that ex- plodes later than expected. A hang- flre rarely occurs with electric firing, but it is not infrequent with blasting cap and fusel , (Du Pont) Hanging. 1. The hanging wall; the rock on the upper side of a min- eral vein or deposit (Weed). See Hanger, 2. 2. Sticking or wedging of part of the charge in a blast furnace (Willcox). See Hang, 2. Hanging bolts. Rods made of li or IJ inch jound iron, by which the wall plates are suspended while being placed in position in the shaft. Sometimes called Hangers. Hanging coal. A portion of the coal seam which, by under cutting, iTLa." had its natural support removed. (Raymond) Hanging deal (Aust.). Planks used to suspend a lower curb from the one above it, in cases where back- ing deals are necessary. (Power) Hanging glacier. A glacier of small size on so steep a slope that the ice , breaks off and falls from its lower end. (Century) Hanging guide. See Guides, 3. Hanging its water (Scot.). The bucket failing to pump on account of a fiaulty valve, or air between the bucket and the valve, the column of water above the bucket being suf- ficient to prevent the opefling of the bucket lids, is said to hang its water. ( Burro wuian) Hanglng-on (Eng.). The pit bottom, level, or inset, a,t which the cages are loaded. (Gresley) Hanging scaffold (Scot). A movable platform in a shaft attached to a winding rope. (Barrowman) Hanging sets (Scot.). Timbers from which cribs are suspended in work- ing through soft strata. (Barrow- man) Hanging side; Hanging wall; Hanger. The wall or side above the ore body. (Winchell) Hanging spear-ro^s (Eng.). Adjust- able wooden pump rods, by which a inking pump is suspended in a shaft. (Gresley) Hanging tie. A tie, as in a floor, the end of which is upheld by a strap, connecting it with a beam above. (Standard) Hanging valley. A valley the floor of which is notably higher than the level of the valley or shore to which it leads. Hanging valve. 1. A rotary - engine valve which is hinged and falls by gravity so as to form an abutment, but is lifted by the passing pis- ton. 2. A clack valve or flap valve. (Standard) Hanging wall. The upper wall of an inclined vein, or that which hangs over the miner at work. (Webster) * Hangklip (So. Afr.). An overhanging cliff. (Standard) Hanksite. A mineral having the fol- lowing composition, 9Na2S04,2Naa- COsjKCl, occurring in hexagonal prisms, short prism&tic to tabular; also in guartzoids. Color, white to yellow. From California. (Dana) Hapire (Peru). A trammer ; a laborer who assists a miner, and who. car- ries ore on his back or shoulders. In Peru the load is 50 to 75 pounds, while in Chile as much as 200 pounds are carried in ft leather bag at one time. (Halse) Haplite^ A name proposed by L. Fletcher for that variety of granite which consists of quartz and potash feldspar. The name is derived from the Greek for simple. Compare Binary granite. (Kemp) Harbor. In glass making, a large chest for holding materials before fusion. (.Standard) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 331 Hard. 1. Containing certain mineral salts in solution, especially calcium carbonate; said of water having more than eight . or ten grains of such matter to the gallon. 2. In -ceramics, requiring great heat : said of muffle-colors in- porcelain decora- tion. (Standard) Hard coal. . Same as Anthracite. Hard drawn. Drawn while cold; said of wire. (Standard) Hardened steel. Steel that has been hardened by quenching from or above the hardening temperature. (Hibbard) Eardening-kiln. A kiln In which, in the transfer printing process, un- finished pottery is exposed to. a low heat to drive away superfluous oil. (Century) Hard head. 1. A residual alloy, con- taining much iron, arsenic and tin, produced in the refining of tin. (Raymond) . 2. A. hard, knob or Knot formed by extreme cementation of sandstone in certain spots. (Bowles) . 3.^ A large, smooth, rounded stone found especially in coarse gravel (Century). A nigger head. Hard heading (Bug.). A heading, tunnel, or drift driven in stone. (Gresley) Hardiuge mill. A tube mill made with two conical sections connected by a central very, short cylinder. The cone at the feed end is very short so that the large pebbles settle and grind at the large end where the feed is coarse. (Liddell) Hard lead. Lead containing certain impurities, principally antimony, (Raymond) Hard metal. An alloy of about two parts copper with one. of tin, pre- pared in the process of making gun metal. (Century) Hardness. The cohesion of the par- ticles on the surface of a body (as a mineral) as determined by its ca- pacity to scratch another, or be it- self scratched. (Webster) The hardness of a mineral is relatively constant. For convenience, all min- erals are. referred to a scale of hard- niess of ten units composed of com- mon or well known minerals (See Hardness scale). The degree of hardness is expressed by the num- ber of the mineral in the scale, and minerals of intermediate hardness Rre expressed by fractions. (Buckley) Kardness scale. The scale by which the hardness of a mineral is de- termined as compiired \yitli a stand- ard. The llohs scale is as follows : 1. Talc; 2. GypKum ; 3. Calcite; 4. Fluorite;- 5. Apatite; 6. Ort|io- clase; 7. Quartz; 8. Topaz; 9. Sapphire; 10. Diamond, (Dana) Hard pale solder. An alloy of tin 2 parts, lead 1 part: for pewterers' u.se. (Standard) Hardpan. . A name specially developed in the digging of auriferous placers, and applied to the layers of gravel which are usually present a few feiet below the surface and which are cemented by limonite or some similar bond. They are therefore resistant. It is also used to de- scribe bowlder clay, which is like- wise difficult to excavate. (Kemp) Hard porcelain. Porcelain character- ized by a body of kaolin and feld- spar with a feldspathic glaze, as Chinese, SSvres, Berlin, etc., porce- lain. ( Standard.) Hard pottery. Pottery which can not be scratched by a sharp-pointed piece of iron. (Standard) Hard-rock phosphate. A term used in Florida to designate a hard; massive, close-textured, homogenous, light- gray phosphate, showing larger or smaller ii-regular cavities, that are usually lined with seconda*!? mam- milliary incrustations of phosphate of lime. (Power) Hards (Mid.). A hard and close- grained coal. (Gresley) Hard solder. Any solder that melts only at a red heat: used In solder- ing silver, etc. (Standard) Hard spar. A name applied both to corundum and andalusite. (Ches- ter) Hard steel. Steel cohtaining more than 0.30 per cent of carbon. Em- ployed for rubbing surfaces and where great ultimate strength is re- quired (Webster). See oZso Steel. Hard way, or Head grain. A plane at right angles to both rift and run, along which the rock splits with greater difficulty than in directions of either rift or i-un (Bowles). Sometimes called Cut-off. Hard white, ore. Geprgia bauxite con- taining less than 1 per cent ferric oxide. (Ore Dep., p. 406) 332 QLossAitir Of Mimifo Aim miijebal iSDUswiif. Hardy. A square-sbanked chisel or fuller for Insertion In a hardy hole. (Standard) Hardy hole. A hole In a blacksmith's anvil for the insertion of a calking tool or other piece. (Standard) Haricot. Red o^per oxide (CnO) used as a back ground in ceramic decoration (Standard). Also spelled Harrico. Harlna (Sp.). 1. Flour; H. fdsU, In- fusorial earth. 2. Pine powder of metals ; H. del hocarte, pulp at gold- extraction mills. (Halse) Harleqaln. The Oriental opaL (Stand- ard) Hameado (Chile). Screening, as of ore; Hameadoras de carbdn, a coal- screening apparatus. (Halse) Hamear (Sp.). To screen, as in ore dressing. (Halse) Hamerero (Mex.). The operator of a band-Jig. (Dwlgbt) Hamero (Hex.). Hand-Jig (Dwight) A> sieve; a screen. (Halse) Harp. 1. (Scot). A sparred shovel used in the east of Scotland for filling coal. (Barrbwman) 2. (Scot) To fill a hutch with coal at the face. (Gresley) Harrle; Herrie (Scot). To rob ;^ to take all the coal that can conven- lentljT be. mined without attempting to systematically remove the whole (Barrowman). A variation of Harry, to strip ; despoil ; to rob. Harrlslte. A variety of chalcocite that is pseudomorphous after galena. (Standard) Harrow (Aust). An apparatus used for mixing gold-bearing clays. ( Skin- ner) Harstlgite. An add orthosilicate of manganese and calcium. The min- eral occurs In small, colorless, pris- matic crystals. From Sweden. (Dana) Eartine. A white resin separated by ethyl ether from a resin from the brown coal of Oberhart See aUo Xy lor etinlte. ( Bacon ) Hartlte. A mineral closely resembling fictelite; it melts at 75° C-. and oc- curs near Gloggnitz, Austria, and in Styrla and Carintbla. (Bacon) Harvard brick. A term originally ap- plied to clear, red, common brick, which were overbumed, and espc- ciallyso on one end or side, ao tbat" these harder burned parts were blu- ish black. The name is more loosely used nowadays. (Hies) Harveylze. To subject the face of a steel plate to a process of cementa- tion which increases the carbon. In that portion of the plate, producing a plate with a comparatively soft body and a very hard face. (Cat- tury) Harvey process. A process for oar- burizlng the face of a piece of low- carbon steel by subjecting it to the action of carbon at a very hlgb heat, and then a sudden chilling, as by a spray of cold water. (Webster) Han, or plain eccentric Jig. A Jig in which pulsion is given intermit- tently with suction. The periods de- voted to them are about eqnaL (lilddell) Harzbnrglte. A variety of peridotite that consist^ essentially of olivine and enstntitfe or bronzlte. Saxonite was earlier proposed by Wadswortli (1884) for the same rock, and has priority. (Kemp) Hasenclever furnace. 1. A vertical shaft furnace for calcining sulphide ore. (Peters, p. 172) 2. A simple, efficient muffle furnace for roasting zinc ores In Upper Si- lesia. (Ingalls, p. 131) Hasenelever-Eelbig furnace. A roast- ing furnace having a hearth inclined at an angle of 43°. The ore de- scends over the hearth by gravity. (Ingalls, p. 136) Haqwl (Sp. Am.). A hand wincb. (Lucas) Easslng. See Hasson. Hasson; Hassing (Scot). A ver^ tical gutter between water rings in a shaft (Barrowman). See also Gauton. Hasson deal (Scot). A cover for a hasson. (Barrowman) Hastlal (Sp.). 1. The surface of either wall, or roof, or floor of- a desalt; side of a deposit S. The side of a gallery, shaft, or any exca- vation. (Halse) Hatajo (Mex.). A drove of pack- mules. (Dwight) Hatch. 1. (Brlst) A door, or gate. 2. A stroke or line used in engraving or drawing to ^ve the effect of shad- ing. (Webster) GliOfiSABT OF ianaSQ Airo MIKEBAL INDUSTET. 883 Batehet iteke. A nnaU anvU on wblch to bend sheet metal. (Standard) Hatohettlne. A synonym for Hatchet- tite. (Bacon) Hatohettlte. A yellowish-white, wax- yellow OP greetilsh-yellow hydro- carhon which darkens on exposure; It melts at 46" C, Is sparingly solu- ble in boiling alcohol and cold ether, and is decomposed by concentrated sulphuric acid. Its specific gravity varies from 0.892 to 0.983. (Bacon) Eatehettollte. A tantalo-niobate of uranium, near pyrochlore. In octa- hedrons. Color yellowish brown. Occurs with samarskite, at the mica mines of Mitchell County, North Carolina. (Dana) HatoUns (Brist). An underground way or self-acting inclined plane, in a thin seam of coal, extending from GO to 80 yards to the rise. (Gresley) Eatherllte. A name proposed by A. Henderson for a syenite from South Africa which has for its feldspar anorthoclase instead of orthoclase. Pilandlte Is a porphyritlc phase of the same. (Kemp) Hat rollers (Eng.). Cast Iron or steel rollers, shaped like a hat, revolving upon a vertical pin, for guiding haul- age ropes around curves. (Oresley) Hatter (Aust.). A miner or other worker who works alone, and there- fore whose "hat covers his family." (Webster) Hatting (Aust). The labor of a miner who works alone. (Stand- ard) Hand off; Hold off (Scot.). Keep back. Galled by a laborer pushing a full car to another meeting him with an empty one, the latter being obliged to get out of the way. (G. C. Green- weU) Hanerlte. Manganese disulphide, MnSi. In octahedral of pyrlto- hedral crystals; also massive. Ciolor reddish-brown or brownish- black. (Dana) Haul. 1. To transport by pulling or drawing, as cars. 2. The distance over which anything is hauled as. a long or a short haul. (Standard) Haulage. The act or labor of hauling or drawing. In mining, the draw- ing or conveying, in cars or other- wise, of the produce of the mine from the place where It Is mined to the place where it is to be hoisted, treated, used, or stored. ' HanMge oUp (Eng.). Levers, Jawt, wedges, etc., by which trams, singly or in trains, are connected to the haulage ropes. (Gresley) Haulage plant. A mechanical installa- tion for the tramming of rock (ore or coal), operated by ropes, com- pressed air, or electricity. (Weed) Hanlageway. The gangway, entry, or tunneil through which loaded or empty mine cars are hauled- by ani- mal or mechanical power. Hauler. Same as Driver. HaaUer (Fr.). A boy .or man who goes with a pony or horse in the mine, or who attends the trips upoh engine planes, etc. (Gresley). A driver. Haunch. The part of an arch from the keystone to the skew back. (C. and M. M. P.) Hanpt furnace. A gas-fired Sileslan furnace with recuperative chambers for preheating the air for secondary combustion. (Ingalls, p. 409) Hanrl (Scot). A claut; a scraper. (Barrowman) Hansmaanlte. A mineral, MnaO< or MnO.MujOt. In tetragonal octahe- drons and twins ; also granular mas- sive, particles strongly coherent. Luster submetallic. Color brownish black. (Dana) Haiiynlte; Eaiiyne. A silicate and sulphate of sodium, calcium, and aluminum. Na^Ca ( NaSO<. Al ) Al>- (SIO.).. (Dana) The name of the mineral is often prefixed to the names of those rocks that contain It (Kemp) Haazenr furnace. A double furnace for the distillation of zinc wherein waste heat from one set of retorts Is utilized for heating the second set. (Ingalls, p. 443) Hawk's eye. A blue variety of crocld- olite from South Africa (Power). See also Tiger-eye, 1. Hawser. 1. Any wire rope used for towing on lake or sea. A fiber haw- ser consists of three strands laid up right-handed. (C. M. P.) 2. A large rope, 5 to 10 inches in circumference, generally of 9 strands and left-handed twist (Standard) Hawser-laid' rope. A nope having three strands of yarn twisted left-handed, the yarns being laid up right-handed. Synonymous with cable-laid rope as applied to wire ropes. (C. M. P.) 334 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND IVnNERAL INDUSTRY. Hawser wire rope. Galvanized rope of Iron or steel, usually composed of 6 strands, 12 wirSs each, principally used in marine work for towing pur- poses. OuS. (Dana) Eemachate. A light - colored agate spotted with red Jasper. Also called Blood-agate. (Standard) Hematita (Sp.). Hematite. (Dwight) Hematite. One of the commonest ores of Iron, FejO., which when pure con- tains about 70 per cent of metallic Iron and 30 of oxygen. It may be readily distinguished from magnetic and titaniferous iron ore by Its red streak and powder, the others giv- ing a black streak. Hematite is sometimes mixed with sufficient magnetite to cause it to adhere to the magnet. The hydrated variety of this ore Is called limonite or brown hemati'te. (Roy. Com.) Hematitlc. Pertaining to, containing, • or resembling hematite. (Century) Hembra (Mex.). A post (timbering). (Dwight) Hemldomc. That form in -a crystal composed of two parallel domatic planes in. the triclinic, or of two parallel orthodomatic planes In the monoclinic system of crystallization. ( Standard 1 Hemlhedral. In crystallography, hav- ing a lower grade of symmetry than, and only half as many faces as, the corresponding form of full or nor- mal symmetry .for the system. " (La Forge) 338 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Hemiholohedral. Noting bemlhedrous In which all the octants contain half the whole number Of similar planes. (Standard) Hemimorphic. In crystallography, hav- ing no transverse plane of symmetry and no center of symmetry, and composed of forms belonging to only one end of the axis of symmetry. (La Forge) Hemimorphite. A hydrous zinc sili- cate, HsZnSlO. (Dana). Compare Calamine. Hemiprlsm. A form produced by two parallel planes cutting the two lat- eral axes in the triclinic system of crystallization. (Standard) Hcmlpyramid. A form consisting of two pairs Of similar parallel planes cutting all three axes In the mono- elinic system of crystallization. (Standard) Hemithrene. Brognlart's name, cur- rent among the French, for certain diorltlc rocks that contain a large amount of calcite, presumably an alteration product. (Kemp) Hemitropic. Crystals that appear as If composed of two halves of a crystal turned partly round and united. Examples of this structure may be often foi nd In feldspar and casslterlte crystals. (Jackson) Henderson process. The treatment of copper sulphide ores by roasting with salt, to form chlorides, which are then leached out and precipl-. tated. Henderson originally pro- posed to volatilize the chlorides, and the leaching and precipitation are . not original with him. Longmald and many other metallurgists have proposed them in various modifica- tions. (Raymond) Hepatic cinnabar. A variety of cin- nabar of a liver-brown color. (Web-- ster) Hepatic gas. An old chemical term for hydrogen sulphide. (Webster) Hepatic mercurial ore. See Hepatic cinnabar. Hepatic pyrlte. Marcasite. (Power) Hepatin. An amorphous Umonite, of a liver-brown color, and containing a small percentage of copper. (Ches- ter) Hepatite. A variety of barlte: so called from the fetid odor It exhales when heated. (Standard) Hercules powder. An explosive that resembles dynamite No. 2, and con- sists of nitroglycerin .with a more or less explosive dope. (Raymond) Hercules stone. The lodestone. Called also Heraclean stone; Heraiklean stone. (Standard) Heroynlte. Iron spinel, FeAl.O*. Iso- metric; a massive, fine granular black mineral. (Dana) Hermetic casing. See Screw casing. Heronite. A name proposed by A. P. Coleman, for a dike rock, consist- ing essentially of. analcite, ortho- clase, plagioclase and aeglrite, the analcite having the character of a base, in which the other minerals form radiating groups of crystals. The name is derived from the local- ity, Heron Bay, on the north shore of Lake Superior. (Kemp) Herramienta (Mex.). Tools; equip- ment. In Guanajuato used Instead of Parada. (Dwlght) Herrar (Sp.). To shoe horses. (Halse) Herreria (Sp.). 1. A blackshiith's shop. 2. Ironworks. 3. A forge. (Halse) Herrero (Sp.). Blacksmith. (Dwlght) Herreshoff furnace. 1. A rectangular- shaft blast furnace for smelting cop- per ore. (Peters, p. 287) 2. A mechanical, cylindrical, multi- ple-deck, muffle furnace of the Mc- Dougall type. (Ingalls, p. 152) Herringbone. 1. Resembling the spine of a herring, characterized by the arrangement of materials in rows of parallel lines, which in any two suc- cessive rows slope in reverse direc- tions. 2. A gear with double-screw teeth. (Webster) Herringbone work. 1. Masonry In which the stones are laid slanting in opposite directions in alternate courses! 2. An arrangement of di- agonal struts In X forms between joists to communicate strength from one joist to its neighbors. (Stand- ard) HervezAU (Colom.). Alluvium mixed . with poor sands or superficial earth. (Halse) Henrldero (Sp.). 1. A 'boiling spring. 2. A mud volcano. (Halse) Hervir (Sp.). To boll. (Dwlght) GLOSSAEY or MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 339 Hdss (So. Staff.)- Clinker from fur- nace boilers. (Gresley) Hessite., A silvep tellurlde mineral, AgaTe. Oontains 63.3 per cent silver. (U. S, Geol. Surv.) Hessonite. A variety of garnet; Cin- namon stone. (Century) Heterogeueous. Differing in kind ; having unlike qualities; possessed of different characteristics; opposed to homogeneous. (Webster) Heterotactous. Irregular ; lacking uni- formity in stratification or arrange- ment of parts; heterogeneously ar- ranged. (Standard) Heterotomous. Having a cleavage un- like that which is characteristic of the mineral in its ordinary form, as a variety of feldspar. (Standard) ^eugh (Scot.). 1.- A place where coal or other mineral is worked ; a pit or shaft. (Barrowman) 2. A gem with rugged sides ; a crag (Standard). Also spelled Heuch. Heulandite. A mineral of the zeolite ■family. A hydrous silicate of cal- cium and aluminum, SHjO.CaO.- Al203.6Si02. (Dana) Heumite. A name proposed by W. C. BrSgger for a dike rock, composed of minerals, too small to be recog- nized with the eye alone, but which under the microscope prove to be natron-orthoclase, natron-microcline, barkevicite, biotite, and in small amount, nephelite, sodalite, and diopside. The accessories are apa- tite, magnetite, pyrite, and titanite. The silica in two dikes was found to be respectively 47.10 and 48.46. The name was derived from Heum, a small town on Liake Farrls. (Kemp) Hewer (Newc). One who undercuts the coal with a pick. A coal miner. Hewing (Newc). Undercutting or mining the coal. (Min. Jour.) Hewing double (Bng.). .See Double- working. (G. O. Greenwell) Hewing rate (Aust.), The rate of pay given miners for mining coal. (Power) Hewns (Eng.). The sides of a cal- ciner or roasting furnace, from their being formerjy built with hewn stone. (Pryce) Hexagonal system. In crystallography, that system of crystals In which the faces are referred to four axes, a principal or vertical axis and three lateral axes perpendicular to the vertical axis and intersecting at mutual angles of 60°. ' (La Forge) Hexahedron. In crystallographyt a form, In the isometric system, en- closed by six faces each perpendicu- lar to an axis; a cube. (La Forge) Hezoctahedrdn. In crystallography, a form, in the isometric system, en- closed by 48 similar faces with un- equal Intercepts on all three axes. (La Foirge) Hextetrahedron; Hezatetrahedroji. Id crystallography, a fprm, in the iso- metric system, of tetrahedral sym- metry, enclosed lay 24 similar faces with unequal intercepts on all three axes. (La Force) Hiatal. A rock fabric in which the variation in the size of the crystals is hot in continuous series, but in a broken series with hiatuses. (Id- dings, Igneous Rocks, p. 198) Hiatus. A chasm; a gap; a space where something is wanting. (Web- ster) Hichfi (Peru). A species of long grass ■ used as fuel or fodder. (D wight) Hick-joint. A system of masonry- pointing in which the mortar be- tween the courses is flush with the face of the wall. (Standard) Hiddenite. An emerald-green spodu- mene. Used as a gem. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Hidrfiulica (Sp.). Hydraulic. (Dwight) Hidrografia (Mex.). Hydrography. (Dwight) Hielmite. A stanno-tantalate (and niobate) of yttrium, iron, manga- nese, calcium. Crystals (ortho- rhombic), usually rough; massive. Color pure black. From Sweden. (Dana) Hierro (Sp.). 1. Iron; H. aflnado, re- fined iron ; H. - cochino, pig iron ; H. colado, cast iron. - 2. Iron ore; H. arcilloso, clay ironstone; H. arsenical, arsenopyrite ; H. especu- lar, specular iron ore; H. cromado, chrome iron ore (Lucas). H. labrado, wrought iron (Min. Jour.) ; H. Hmoso, bog ore; limonite; H. magnitico, magnetite; H. pardo, brown Iron ore; H. rojo, hematite; H. viejo. (Peru) Silver ores con- sisting mainly of iron oxide. (Halse) 340 CXJOSaAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTBY. Higmdo (Peru). 1. An oxide of iron, occurring in small isolated masses, containing minute particles of gold. S. A lenticular deposit of gold ore. (Halse) HlKh. A miner's name for the coal of a thicic seam. (Steel) High doors (Scot). An upper landing in a shaft. (Barrowman) High explosives. Explosives which detonate oi- are composed of ingredi- ents which detonate. In the United States the designation covers explo- sives like gelatin, dynamite, blasting gelatin, etc., which are stronger and more sudden in their action than gunpowder. (Du Pont) Sigh fnniace. The ordinary blast fur- nace. (Century) Xigh-grade. 1. An arbitrary designa- tion for dynamite of 40 per cent strength or over. See Grade, 5. (Du Pont) a. Kich ore. 8. To steal or pilfer ore or gold, as from a mine by a miner. See High-grading. Xigh-grade mill. A plant for treat- ing high-grade ores. Bigh-grade ore. Rich ore. Compare Low-grade ore. High-grader. One xvho steals and sells, or otherwise "disposes of high- grade or specimen ores. A com- mon practice in the early days of gold mining. High-grading. Larceny of small par- ticles of ore or gold- by employees in a mine. (Goldfield Cons. Mines Co. V. Richardson, 194 Fed. Rept., p. 200) High piUar. See Shaft pillar; High-reef. A bedrock which fre- quently rises more abruptly on one Side of a channel or water course than on the other. (G. and M. M. P.) High-reef wash. A term usually applied to deposits of wash dirt upon the high-reef. (Duryee) High side. A deep coal-mine car, i. e. one with high sides. Compare (Son- dola, 1. High steel; Steel containing a large proportion of carbon. (Standard) High values (Transvaal). Ore having a high assay valtie. (Hickard, Jour- nal Chem. Met. and Mln. Soc. of S. Africa, Jan. 1914, p. 361) HijueU (Sp.). 1. A small thread of ore or mineral. 9. A small drain. j(Dwlght) Hijnelas (Mex.). A small-size torta, made up as a sort of assay on a large scale, with from 1 to 5 kilo- grainmes of argentiferous mud. (Dwight) Ellera (Pern). A parting in a coal seam. (Halse) Uilera oosteaUe (Sp.). Pay streak. '(Lucas) Hill. 1. An arch or high place in a mine. (Roy) 2. (Scot). The surface at a mine. (Barrowman) 3. (No. of Eng., Mid.) An under- ground inclined plane. (Gresley) 4. A natural elevation of land of local area and well defined ouUine. (Webster) Hill clerk (Scot). The person who weighs mineral, whether at the mine or depot connected therewith. (Bar- ■ rowman) Hill diggings. Placers on hills. (0. and M. M. P.) EiUer. In pottery, a vessel used in maMng the glaze. (Standard) Hillnlan; Hillsman. 1. (Scot); A . pit headman; a hill clerk. 8. A coal salesman. (Barrowman) Hillock (Eng.). A heap of sterile vein-stuff or stone. . (Hunt) Hii: sale (Scot). Sale of coal at the mine in * carts, as distinguished from shipment in railway cars. -(Barrowman) Hillside placers (Alaska). Placers on slopes, intermediate between creek and bench claims. (Purington, C. W., Bull. 259, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 33) Eilo. 1. (Mex.) Thread; pay streak; small stringer of ore. 8. (Peru) Strike of a vein. (Dwight) 3. B. altos (Sp.) Threads or smaU veins of ore extending into the up- per or hanging wall. 4. B. bajot. Threads or small' veins of orie ex- tending into the lower or foot wall. (Mln. Jour.) Eindostan. A fine-grained sandstone used extensively in the manufacture of very cheap sharpening stones, es- pecially axe stones.* Found in Indi- ana. (Pike) Hinged - hammer crusher. See Wil- liams Hinged-hammer crusher. aiiOSSABT OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 341 Eliife fult. See Fault. Hlngliig coal (Scot). Goal lying at^ a moderately high inclination. (Bar- rowman) Ktasdalite. A mineral related to alu- nlte, but with' replacements as Indi- cated In the following formula: 2Pb0.3Al,0..2SO..P>Oi.6H>0. (U. S. Oeol. Snrv.) HlnUeite. See Helntzlte. Hlp-and-rldge angle. A piece of roof- ing tile required where a hip starts from a ridge. (Ries) Hip roll. A tile used for covering the hips on roofs, and which In cross section may show either roll or an angle. (Ries) Hip roll ttarter. A closed talp piece of roofing tile used at the lower end of a hip roll. (Ries) Hip tilt. A tile made to fit the hip of a roof. (Standard) Hlrciae. A fossil amorphous resin, the composition of which has not been determined. (Century) Hlrit. A' bank of sand in or along a river. (Standard) Kitloplte. A grass-green variety of caldte in which the color is due to admixed glauronite. (Standard) Hlitorleal geology. See Geology. Hit (Eng.). To .find, prove, or cut into a coal seam or fault (Oresley) Hitch. 1. (Scot and Newc.) A minor dislocation of a vein or stratum not exceeding in extent the thickness of the vein or stratum. S. A hole cut In the side rock, when' this is solid enough, to hold the cap of a set of timbers, permitting the 1^ to be dis- pensed with. (Raymond) 3. To attach trams to hauling ropes by short chains. (Gresley) 4. A sadden stoppage of pumping machinery. (Standard) Hlteh-and-step (So. Wales). A system of regulating the distance between the flices of stalls In longwall work. (Gresley) Hitch cutter. A miner who cuts places in the coal, ore, or wall in which to rest or place timbers to prevent rock from falling. (Andrews v. Tamarack Min. Co., 114 Michigan, p. 375; 72 N. W. Rept, p. 242; Da- nula V. Qulncy Mln. Co., 166 Michi- gan, p. 351 ; 130 N. W. Rept, p. 6M ; Andrews v. Tamarack Mln Co., iso, Michigan, p. 73) --Jttltcher.- The man who runs trams into or out of the cages, gives the signals, and attends at the shaft when men are riding in the cage. (Gresley). See also Cager. Hitcher-on. The person employed at the bottom of a shaft or slope to put loaded cars on, and take empty cars off the cage. (Roy) Hitch wheels (So. StafF.). Drums upon which winding bands (chains) coil. (Gresley) Hoarding (Eng.). A temporary closed fence of boards placed around a work in progress. (C. and M. M. P.) Hoarstone. A stone designating the bounds of an estate ; a landmark. (Webster) Hoastman (Local, Eng.). A member of the principal civic corporation of Newcastle - on - Tyne ; formerly, a member of a merchant gild of that pla(¥ which received strangers that came to buy coal and certain other commodities, conducted the pur- chases, and levied upon them a cer- tain duty. In later times the gild controlled the selling and exporta- tion of coal. ( Standard ) Hobo connection. Same as. Parallel connection, as used in blasting. (Du Pont) Hod. 1. (Forest .of Dean) A cart or sled for conveying coal in the stalls of thin seams. (Gresley) 2. A wooden tray or trough with a handle, borne on the shoulder, for carrying bricks, mortar, etc. (Web- ster) Hoek. A comer or angle, as be- tween mountains ; a secluded valley. (Standard) Hofmannite. A crystalline, colorless, tasteless, and- odorless mineral, pos- sessing a specific gravity of 1.0565; it melts at 71° G. and has the com- position C^HwO. It forms a white crystalline efflorescence on lignite in the vicinity of Sienna. (Bacon) Hogax (Mex.). Hearth of a furnace. (Dwight) Hogback. 1. (Eng.) A Sharp rise in the floor of a coal seam. (Gresley) 2. A ridge formed by the outcrop- ping edge of tilted strata; hence any ridge with a sharp summit and steeply sloping sides, as an esker (Webster). Called also Horseback. Hoggan (Com.). The food carried by the miner to the mine. (Davles) 342 GLOSSAHY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Hog^T. 1. (Scot.) A leather or can- vas delivery pipe at the top of a sinking set of pumps. (BaiTowman) 2. (No. of Eng.> Stockings without feet, worn by coal miners. (Ores- ley) Hogger pipe (No. of Bng.). The up- per terminal pipe with delivery hose from the mining pump. (Century) Hogger pnmp. The topmost pump in a shaft. (Raymond) Hoggin. A material composed of screenings or siftlngs of gravel or a mixture of loam, sand, and gravel, used in making filter beds, as a binding material for metal roads, or the likg: (Webster) Hog-tooth spar. Like a dog-tooth spar, a. name for calclte, occurring In acute scalenohedrons. (Chester) Hohenlohehlitte fnrnace. A retort fur- nace for the distillation of zinc. (Ingalls, p. 408) Hoist. 1. An engine for raising ore, rock, coal, etc., from a mine and for lowering and raising men and material. Also called Holster. 2. The amount of ore, .coal, etc., hoisted during a «hlfl. Hoisting block. The lower block of a block-and-fall, bearing the hoist- ing hook. (Standard) Hoisting crab. A crab, winch, or wind- lass for hoisting. (Standard) Hoisting engineer; Hoist man. One who operates a hoisting engine, espe- cially at a mine or quarry. Also called Engineman. Hoisting jack. A device for applying hand power to lift an object by. means of a screw or lever, or by hydraulic power. (Century) Hoisting rope. A rope composed of a sufficient number of wires and strands to insure strength and flexi- bility. Such ropes are used in shafts, elevators, 'quarries, etc. (C. M. P.) See Cable, 1 and 3. Hoja (Sp.). Leaf; sheet; H. de pi- zarra, a slab of slate; H. de Kbro, (Mex.) a black schistose rock; H. de papel, finely laminated clay, slate or talc. (Halse) Hojalata (Sp.). Tin plate. (Halse) Hojalatero (Mex.). Tinsmith. (D wight) Holding Iron. See Furnace holding Hold out! (Derb.). An exclamation by the banksman, dovni a shaft to the bottomer, when men are about to descend the shaft, to, let him know that he Is not to send up a load of coal, but merely the empty rope or chain. (Gresley) ■ Hole. 1. To undercut a seam of coal by hand or machine. 2. A bore hole. 3. To make a communication from one part of a mine to another. (Steel) 4. (Joplin, Mo.) A local term for a mine shaft. Hole man (Penn.). One who loads holes with, explosives; a charger. (De Nardo v. Stephens- Jackson Co., Penn. 104 Atlantic, p., 585) Holes (No. of Bng.). The different stages or floors from which thp cages are loaded at the shaft bot- tom. (Gresley) Hole system. A system of contract work underground by which the pointing of the holes and blasting are done by company men and the rest of the work by the miner. (H. C. Hoover, p. 165) Holing. 1. The working of a lower part of a bed of coal for bringing down the upper mass. 2. The final act of connecting two workings un- derground. (Raymond) Holing about (Eng.). The operation of establishing an air current be- tween the down-cast and up-cast shafts. (G. C. Greenwell) Holing-piek. A pick used In holing coal. (Standard) Holing-shOTel (So. Staff.). A short- haudled, round-bladed shovel. (Mln. Jour. ) Holing-thr,ough. Driving a passage through to make connection with an- other part of the same workings, or with those In an adjacent mine (Chance). See a{«o Holing, 2. Hollln (Mex.). Fum^ ; condensed fur- nace-smoke; soot. (Dwight) Hollow blocks. Hollow tiles, larger than common brick, usually of rectangular form, and having some cross webs. Used in exterior walls and also partitions. (Rles) Hollow brick. Brick molded with hol- low spaces In them. They are usu- ally strengthened by cross webs. (Rles) GLOSSABY OF MISISQ AND MINBRAIi INDUSTRY. 343 EoUow-flre (Eng..). A kind of hearth with blast, used for reheating the blooms produced In the South Welsh process of fining, or the bars of blister-steel In the manufacture of shear-steel. (Raymond) XoUoTur lode (Aust). A lode filled with vugs. (Power) EoUow-plnnger pump. A pump used In mining and quarrying, as in muddy and gritty water. (Standard) Hollow reamer. A tool for straighten- Ipg a crooked borehole. (Gresley) Hollows (Eng.). Old abandoned work- ings. (Gresley) Hollow spar. Andalnsite. HoUway process. A . process for the removal of sulphur from iron and copper sulphides by fusion and pneu- matic treatment, analogous to the manner in which carbon, etc., are removed in the Bessemer process. (Raymond) Holmium. A chemical element of the rare-earth group, not yet definitely isolated. Symbol, Ho; atomic weight, 163.5. Holocrystalline. A textural term ap- plied to those rocks that consist en- tirely of crystallized minerals as dis- tinguished from those with more or less glass. (Kemp) Holohedral. In crystallography, pos- sessing all the faces that have equivalent intercepts required by the symmetry of the group to which the form belongs. (La Forge) Holohedron. A form having the full number of symmetrically arranged planes crystallographlcally possible. ( Standard ) Holohemlhedral. Denoting hemihe- drons in which all the sectants have half instead of the Whole number of similar planes. (Standard) Holohyaline. Completely glassy. (Id- dings, Igneous Bocks, p. 187) Holomorplilc. Uniformly or completely symmetrical. (Standard) Holosiderite. Meteoric iron ; a meteor- ite consisting of metallic Iron with- out stony matter. (Webster) Holystone. A soft sandstone used to scrub decks. To scrub with holy- stone. (Webster) Home (No: of Eng.). In the direction of, or toward the shaft, as in an un- derground mine. (Gresley) Outby. Homestead act (U. S.). An act of Con- gress authorizing the sale of public lands in parcels of 160 acres each, to settlers. Homestead entry. An entry under the statute enacted to secure homesteads to actual settlers on the public lands. (Hartman v. Warren, 76 Fed. Bept., p. 160) Homichlln. A variety of chalcopyrite that is partly altered to bornite. (Standard) Homilite. (Norway). A black, black- ish brown mineral, (Ca,Fe)sB2Si20M, Crystals often tabular. (Dana) Homocline. In geology, a group of in- clined beds of the same dip, which may be either monoclinal, one limb of a fold, or isoclinal, but whose actual relations are not determinate (La Forge). Used in a more re- stricted sense than a monocline in that it applies to small or fragmen- tary areas. Homoeomoipiiism. A near similarity of crystalline forms between unlike chemical compounds. (Power) Homogeneous. Of the same kind or nature; consisting of similar parts, or of elements of a like nature; opposed to heterogeneous. (Web- ster) Homogeneous metal. A variety of in- got metal produced by the open- hearth process, tor example, steel. (Raymond) Homogeneous steel. Cast steel without blowholes. (Standard) Honda (Mex.). A rope chair for de- scending a shaft. A sling. (Dwight) Hondonada (Sp. Am.). An excava- tion. (Lucas) Hondura (Colom.). A sudden depres- sion in the surface of the bed rock of placer mines. (Halse) Hone. An extremely fine-grained sandstone suitable for sharpening razors or other fine-edged, instru- ments or tools. (Bowles) Honestone. A stone suitable for mak- ing hones for sharpening; also, a hone ready for use. (Webster.) Honeycomb., Any substance, as cast- iron, worm-eaten wood, etc., having cells suggesting a honeycomb (Web- ster). Also applied to certain rock structures! 344 GLOSSABY OF SdlTriirQ USD UTKBBJLL INDtrSTBT. Honeycomb dun (Eng,). A Devon- shire name for a vesicular, schistose, trappean rock. (Roberts) Honey-stone. A mellate of aluminum, Al,Cu6u+18HjO, of yellowish or reddish color,- and a resinous aspect, crystallzing In octahedrons with a square base. The mineral is harder than g3rpsum, but not so hard as caldte. (Dana) Hoc cannel (Eng.). Impure earthy cannel coal. (Gresley) Hood. 1. See Bonnet, 1. 2. The top of a pump. (Standard) Hook block. The lower sheave or block, on a crane hoist, to which a swivel hook is attached. (Willcoz) Hooker-on. Same as Hook-on; also Hanger-on. Hook handle* (Corn.). The handles by which a windlass is worked. (Min. Jour.) Hook-on. The man who adjusts cables or chains, about objects to be lifted ; places hook of crane-block in bucket bails, and hooks of winches to ob- jects to be moved, etc. (WiUcox) Hookworm. See Ankylostomiasis. Hopes (No. of Eng.). Valleys formed by denudation of the coal measures <^ the Oounty of Durham. (Gres- ley) Hfipfner process. A process' for the recovery of copper In which a solu- tion of cuprous chloride in sodium or' calcium chloride is Used to dissolve copper sulphides. The solu- tion is then electrolyzed In tanks with diaphragms. The anodes are impure copper, the cathodes pure copper. Copiper is deposited from the cuprous chloride solution^ and cnpric chloride regenerated. (Lld- dell) Hopper. 1. A trap at the foot of a ^ute for regulating the contents of a wagon. 2. A place of deposit for coal or ore. (Raymond) . S. A funnel-shaped feeding trough. 4. (Derb.) A dish used by miners to measure ore; It varies from 14 to 16 pints In different localitlciS. (Mander) Hopper oar. A car for coal, gravel, etc., shaped like a hopper, with an opening at the bottom to discharge the contents. (Standard) Xovp«rfac«> In KOld washing, gravel retained In the bopper of a cradle; Hopper-truOk (Anst.). See Hoi^>er car. Hoppet. 1. (Eng.) A hoisting budcet. (Webster) 2. A vessel for measuring orei (Standard) Horbaohlte. A metalUe, daiic-yellpWr iron-nickel sulphide that Is closely related to pyrrhotite, and Is found as a massive mineral. (Standard) HoreB.(Sp.). Hoist; gallows frame; headgear. (Halse) Horizon. 1. In geology, any given dief- ' Inlte position or Interval In th» stratigraphlc column or the scheme of stratigraphlc classification: gen- erally used in a relative sense. 2. As used by some Britiish geolo^sts, one or several consecutive beds cha^ acterteed by a certain fossil or foB<- sils; a zone. (La Forge) Horicomtal-ont underhand. See Under- hand stoplng. • Horizontal fault. See Fault Horizontal siloing (ascending). See Overhand stoplng. Horizontal slicing (descending). Bee Top-slicing and cover-caving.' Horizontal throw. See Heave. Eorley-Sedgley water flnder. An in- strument used for ascertaining the amount of water in a tank contain- ing OIL (Mitzakls) Hormlgfo (Sp.). Concrete (Lucas) HormlgnlUar (Peru); To add salt and some water to the amalgamatlnir charge. (Dwlght) HornilgniUo (Peru). 1. A. line of la- borers who pass material from hand to hand. 2. The second treading In the fNtNo process before mercnry Is added. (Halse) Horn. 1. (Derb.) A lin6 at an angle of 45* with the face of the coal. (Mln.JTour.) 2. Bee Spoon, 1. Hornaoho (Sp.). 1. A mine shaft. See Pozo. 2. An excavation made In th$ hillside In search of ore. (Halse) Homada (Sp.). One complete amelt- Ing operation in any furnace. (Halse) Hornblende. A variety of the mineral ampblbole. Color between blade and white, through various shades of green, Inclining to blackish green ; alao dark brown; rarely jtXkm GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 34& pink, rose-red. la part a normal metasiUcate of calcium and mag- nesium, RSiOa, usually with Iron, also manganese, and thus in general analogous to the pyroxenes. The alkali metals, sodium and potassium, also present, and more commonly so than with pyroxene. (Dana). The name of the mineral is prefixed to many rock names. Hornblende sohist In petrology, a schistose rock, generally meta- morphic. Composed essentially or chiefly of hornblende. (La Forge) HomUendlte. A granitoid, igneous rode, consisting essentially. of horn- blende and analogous to pyroxenlte. (Kemp) H«>ra eoal. 1. (Eng.) Goal worked partly end-on and imrtly faceou. (Gresley) S. A. variety of cannel coot from South Wales. . (Bacon) S. A coal that emits, when burn- ing, an odor like that of burnt horn. (Power) Homf els. A dense, compact rode pro- duced from slate by the contact action of some igneous intrusion, es- pecially granite. Various micro- scopic minerals are developed in it. (Kemp) EornUlo (Sp.). !• A Small oven or furnace. 8. A portable assay fur- nace. 8. A mud volcano; (Halse) Xemlto; A gas-emitting vent on, and oiiginatibg in a lava flow (Daly, p. 135). A low, oven-shaped mound common inr the volcanic districts of South America, usually emitting from its sides and summit hot smoke and other vapors. (Century) Eora lead. Lead chloride. (Century) Home (Sp.). 1. A kiln; H. de cal, a lime kiln. 2. A furnace ; S. alto, B blast furnace ; H. acoplado, a dou- ble-hearth furnace; H. castelUmo, a low, shaft furnace; B. cuUerto, a Jacket furnace; H. de aflnaoion, a refining furnace; H. de cuba, a riiaft furnace, generally a bUst fur- nace; B. de fundicUin, a smelting furnace (Lucas) ; B; de magistral, roasting stove, for copper pyrites (Mln. Jour.) ; B. de reveriero, a re- verberatory furnace; B. de tottar. a roasting furnace. (Halse) Horn 4iiick«llver. Mercurous chloride, HgfCIi. Calomel. (Dana) Hora* (Eng.). Guides on the wliwiing ^um to keep the rope in place. (Bainbridge) Horn silver. Chloride of silver. See Orargyrlte. (Dana) Horn socket. In well boring, an Im- plement to recover lost tools, espe- cially broken drill poles, etc. It consists of a conical socket, the larger end downward, which slides over the broken part, a springs latch grip- ping it when entered. Frequently a flaring mouthpiece is riveted to the horn socket, making it a bell- mouth socket. (Nat. Tube Co.) Horn spoon. A longitudinal section, cut from the under side of an ox horn and scraped thin; used for washing auriferous gravel and pulp- where delicate tests are required (Hanks). See also Spoon, 1. Horastone; Chert. An impure flint or chalcedony with splintery fracture. More brittle than flint (U. S. GeoL Surv.) Homy (Scot). An inferior kind or gas coal, the pieces of which rattle- . with a sound suggestive of homa. (Barrowman) Hom tur (Mo.). Calclte stained witit carbonaceous material ; sometimes: dark enough to be mistaken for sphalerite. Horqullla (Mex.). A coke-fork. (Dwlght) Horse'. 1. A mass of country rock lying within a vdln. (Book v. Jus- tice Mining Co., 58 Fed. Kept, p. 125) . 2. Any Irregularity cutting out tt portion of the vein. (Console Wyoming Gold Mining Go. v. Cham- pion Mining Co., 63 Fed. Kept, p. 644 ; Barrett v. Dessy, 78 Kansas, p. 644; 97 Paciflc, p. 786.) See Dirt- fault and Rock-fault To take horse^ To split Into branches as a vein of ore In a mine. (Standard) 8. ( Scot ) . A seat suspended from a. crane rope in a shaft (Bafrow- man). See alsoV. Link. 4. (Eng.). In ^altmaklng, to set the- lumps of salt upon the top of eadi other in the hothouse. (Webster) ■ Horse arm (Eng.). The part of a. whim to which the hoAes are at- , tached. (Bainbridge) Horseback. 1. Natural channels cut or washed away by water in a coal seam, and filled up with shale and sandstone. Sometimes a bank or ridge of foreign matter In a coal seam. 2. A portion of the roof or floor whldi bulges or intrudes lnt» S46 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEEAL INDUSTRY. the coal. S. A mass of country rock lying within a vein or bed (Steel). See also Horse, 1. 4. A piece of slate, flat underneath, thick in the middle, and running out to a thin edge upon each side (Stratton 17. Northeast Coal Co., 164 Kentucky, p. 303). See also Kettle bottom. ■S. (Maine) A low and somewhat sharp ridge of sand or gi'avel ; also, but not generally, a ridge of rock which rises for a short distance with a sharp edge. A hogback. (Cen- tury) Horse beans (Ches.). A stratum of a granular rock immediately overly- ing salt beds, in which brine occurs (Gresley). Also called Shaggy metal. Horse block; Horsing block. A frame of timber on which to rest the raised end of an excavator's wheeling plank. (Webster) Horse engine; Horse gin (Scot.). A winding drum driven by horse power for raising mineral. (Barrowman.) Horse fettler (So. Staff.),. A man who looks after the underground horses and ponies. (XJresliey) Horseflesh ore (Corn.). Bornlte. (Ray- mond) Horse gin. Gearing for hoisting by horse power. (Hanks) Horsehead (Eng.). A wooden box used for mine ventilation. (Bain- bridge) Horse height (Mid.). Sufficient dis- tance between the floor and the roof, for a horse to travel without knock- ing his head. (Gresley) Horse-In- the-lode (Engi). A dead or worthless' part in the lode; gener- ally composed of fragments of the strata through which the lode passes, which invariably divides the lode (Hunt). See also Horse, 1. Horse load (Eng.). A measure of weight used in some parts of East Lancashire. 1 horse load=4 cwt. ; 5 horst loads equal one ton. (Gres- ley) Horse platform (Scot.). The switch and crossing used on (including the rails) a horse-haulage road. (Bar- rowman). Horseplay. Rune or boisterous play (Webster). Often results in serious accidents at mines and Industrial plants. Horsepower. A unit of power numeri- cally equal to a rate of 33,000 foot pounds of work per minute (=550 foot pounds per second) used in stating the power of a steam engine or other prime mover. (Webster) Horsepower hour. The work performed, or energy consumed, by working at the rate of one horsepower for one hour. It is equal to 1,980,000 foot pounds. (Webster) Horse pump. An^ ordinary lifting pump worked by horse power. (Duryee) Horse road. An underground way for horse haulage. (Gresley) Horse run. A device by means of which horses draw loaded* vehicles up an Incline from excavations. (Standard) Horse shovel. A road scraper. (C!en- tury) Horses' teeth (Corn.). A quarryman's term for white elongated crystals, of feldspar, ^hich gives the granite its porphyritlc character. (Power) Horse tree (Eng.). A strong timber beam for supporting pumps. (Gres- ley) Horseway. A road fit for travel with a horse. (Webster) Horse whim. A horse-pow^ .winding drum for raising ore from a mine. A horse gin. Horsfordite. A silver-Whit?, massive copper antimonlde, probtibly Ou.Sb, occurring in Asia Minor. (Dana) Horsing (Eng.). Drawing trams un- derground by horses and ponies. (Gresley) Horst. A tract of the earth's crust separated by faults from the sur- rounding tracts which have been relatively depressed (Webster), Also spelled Horste. Horwood process. A flotation process in which If a mixture of iron, c6p- per, lead, and zinc sulphides is roasted, the three former can be changed to oxide and sulphide at a comparatively 1 o w temperature, whereas the blende is practically un- altered. The partly roasted material is then subjected to a heated-acid oil-flotation process, by which the zinc is floated, the other metals stay- ing behind. (Liddell) GLOSSAKY OF MIKING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY, 347 Hose. 1. A strong flexible pipe made of leather, canvas, rubber, etc., and used for the conveyance of water, or air under pressure, to any par- ticular point. (C. and M. M. P.) 2. (Scot.) A rope shackle; an Iron cla.sp at the end of a rope. (Bar- rowman ) Host. A mineral that contains an- other (Standard). Compare Hair stone. Hot. A term applied to a mine or part of a mine that generates methane in considerable quantities. Hotbed. A pla,tform In a rolling mill on which rolled bars lie to cool. (Jlaymond) Hot-blast. Air forced Into a furnace after having been heated. (Ray- mond) Hot-blast man. A stove tender at blast furnaces. (Willcox) Hot-blast system, in ventilation, the plenum system. (Webster) Hot-cast porcelain. See Opaline. notching (Eng.). Jigging, as of lead ore. (Ure) Hot chisel. A chisel for cutting hot metal : distinguished" from a Cold chisel. (Standard) Hot-drawn. A term used to signify the product of drawing, when the operation Is performed on material that is hot— usually red hot. (Nat. Tube Co.) Hothouse. A heated building or cham- ber for drying pottery or other wares ;. drying room. ( Standard ) Hot roll. To roll while hot, as a metal. (Webster) Hot saw. A circular saw for cutting hot bar-iron in small pieces. ( Stand- ard) Hot-short. Brittle when heated, es- pecially beyond a red heat, as hot- shdrt iron. (Webster) Hot spot. A small portion of the fur- nace shell that Is warmer than the rest. It Indicates a thin lining. (WlUcox) Houlller. The French equivalent for coal measures. (Roberts) Hour-glass structure. A structure re- sembling the shape of an hour-glass seen In thin sections of certain min- erals and due to differences of mo- lecular attractions in dlfCerent direc- tions in a crystal. (Iddlngs, Bock minerals, p. 72) House (Eng.). See Gunnies and Turn- iiouse. House of water (Corn.). A cavity or space filled with water. (Raymond) Housing. The casing for a machine or part thereof. Hove ( Scot. ) . Past participle of heave. The floor of a mine working is said to heave or rise. (Barrowman) Hovel. A large conical or conoidal brick structure, around, or within which the ovens or firing kilns are grouped In the manufacture of por- celalB. (Webster) Howdie horse (No. of Eng.). A pit horse kept on the surface for use in eases of emergency., (Gresley.) Howell. The upper stage in a porce- lain furnace. (Standard) Howell furnace. A form of revolving roasting furnace. (Raymond) Howk (Scot). To dig; scoop; make a hollow; to burrow. (Century) How way! (No. of Eng.). A signal to lower the cage. (Gresley) Hoya. 1. '(Sp.) A hollow or excava- tion; H. de carbdn, a coal basin. ?. (Peru) The bed of a river. (Halse) Hoyo (Sp.). A pit ; an excavation. A portion' of ore worked with a few laborers. (Halse) H-piece. That ,part of a plnnger-llft In which the valves or clacks are fixed. (Raymond) Huacal (Mex.). Crate; bowl; drlnk- ing-dipper made of a goiird. (Dwlght) Huachaca (Peru). The portion of ore belonging to the laborer who oper- ated on shares. (D wight) Hualllaripa (Peru). Thief of gold ore. (Dwight) HualUarlpear (Peru). 1. To steal gold ore. 2. To extract gold from tailings by means of sheepskins in a gentle current of water. (Dwlght) Hualra. 1. (Peru). Ancient Indian smelting furnace (still used in Po- tosl, Bolivia). (Dwight) 2. A ventilating brattice. (Halse) Huairacanon (Peru). A brattice, gen- erally, of wood. (Dwlght) Huairuna (Peru). Small earthen re- tort, used for retorting amalgam, extracting from 5 pounds to 1.5 pounds silver from each charge. (Dwight) 348 GliOaBABY OF MINIKO AXU) HINEBAIi UTOUSTBY. Smantajayite. An argentiferous va- riety of halite, 20 NaCl+AgCl, oc- curring in cubic crystals and as an incrustation. (Dana) Xnagnero (Pern). An eartlienware pltcbei* found in Indian burial grounds. (Halse) Haaieollte. A, variety of galena in whldi part of the lead is replaced by zinc. (Standard) Xtbnerlte. Nearly pure manganese tnngstate, MnW04. When pure It contains 76.Q per cent tongsten tri- ozlde WQ>. (U. S. Oeol. Surv.) High-lying al- Lucas) Euoiea. (Panami luvial deposits, Enekle (Staff, and iDerb.). The sum- mit or apex of an anticline or saddle-back. (Page) - Hndge. 1. (Som.) See Bowk, 1. Also a small box or tram without wheels, running on timber slides, drawn by a boy, in thin and st^^ seams, (Gresley) S. An iron bucket for hoisting ore or coal. (Raymond). £ee Bowk, 2. Eudwalte. A variety of Ck>rtlandtlte. (Kemp) Eueja (Mez.). A bowl made from a gourd. See also Jlcara. (Dwlght) Enel (Ciom.). A mine; a variant of wheal. Enella (Mez.). A trace of gold or silver In assaying. (Dwlght) Eueto. 1. (Sp.) Umestone remain- lag unbumt in a kiln. S. (Mez.) Wood tin. S. (Chile) YeUowlsh compact caliche. 4. (Peru) Bone or argillaceous seams in <»al beds. (Halse) Hnevo ((Solpm.). 1. A name applied to enlargements in ore bodies. 2. A large bowlder of granite d^«tber hard rock in soft country rock^ (Halse) Xnff separator. An electrostatic ma- chine depending on the repelling and attracting action of .electrically charged particles. The feed is jwssed over a roller, and the con-- stltuents take various electrical Charges according to conductivity and are repelled accordingly. (Lid- dell) Hnnrer (No. of Eng.). In coal mln- 1^ a back or deat (Oresley) Xalagan (Mez.). Pick, or pick ax. (Halse) Hule (Sp.). OU doth; oil sUn. (Halse) Hulk. 1. (CSorh.) ■ To take down and remove the softer part of a lode^ before removing the harder part. Bee Gouge, 1, and Dzhu. 2. The re- moval of the - soft gouge. 8. Th» excavation made by this operation. (Century) Hnlla (Sp.). 1. Fit coal. Black bitu- minous coal. 2. A generic term for all fossil coal; B. apisarrada, 8lat» coal ; H. brillante, anthracite ; B. de llama, bituminous coal ; B. grata, a coking coal; B. magna, noncokinj; coal ; B. para gat, gas coaL (Halse) Hnllera (Sp.). 1. A coal mine; a col- liery. 2. A coal formation. ( Halse > HumboIdtlUte. A silicate of alumlnun* and iron . belonging to the melllit» group. (JDana) Hnmedad (Mex.). Moisture. (Dwlght) Humidity. The condition of being hu- mid; dampness; moisture; as, th» humidity of thQ atmosphere. (Stand- ard) Kamldostat. A device to regulate at- mospheric humidity. (Webster) Hnmlnlte. A hydrocarbon from Ost- mark, Sweden, haVlhg the composi- tion (ash-free) : carbon, 67.15 ; ozy- gen, 29.8S; hydrogen, 2.55; nitrogen, 0.47; and sulphur, 040 per cent. (Bacon) Hnmite.' A basic fluo-sIUcate of mag- nesium. Orthorhombic. Fracture subconcholdal to uneven. Brittle. Xiuster vitreous to resinous. C!olor white, light-yellow, honey-yellow to chestnut-brown and garnet, or hya- dnth-red. (Dana) ^nmmoek. 1. A small elevation; hll- "^iQCk. 2. A pile or ridge of ice on anM^fleld, (Standard). Hnmmoeky. Lumpy, or In small un- even knolls. (Rojr. Ciom.) Hnmo (Sp.). E^ime; smokedamp, or damps In a mine. (Halse) Hump (Aust^). A long tramp with a bundle on one's back, as a'Awmp of 60 miles. (Webster) Eni^pe (Peru). Carbon dioxide gas in mines; choke damp. (Halse) Hmnphed ooal (Scot). Goal altered by contact with an Igneous rock; Inferior coaL (Barrowman) OtrOSSAST OF SUITING JlSD MINERAL nfTDUSTBT. 349 Xnani. A dark brown substance, formed usnally In the soil, due to the partial decomposition of vegetal matter; the organic portion of the soil. (Webster) Sund (Pr.). A dog. A rectangular Iron tram or wagon on four small wheels. (Gresley) Xundldo (Sp.). Gave or run. See berrumbe. (Halse) ^undimiento (Sp.). 1. A cave or run of ground; fall of roof. 2. Letting down the roof, as in longwall work- ing. Subsidence. (Halse) Sundred-weight. A weight cotnmonly reckoned in the United States, and for many articles in England, at 100 pounds avoirdupoi?; but commonly In England, and formerly in the United States, at 112. There is also an older hundredweight, called the long hundredweight, of 120 or six- score pounds. (Standard) Snngarian mill. A rotating, grinding mill used in Hungary for removing small portions of gold from quartz by mixing with mercury : one of the many forms of pan-amalgamators. (Standard) Slingaro (Peru). A roasting furnace with two beds, one above the other. (Halse) 'Hungry. Hard, baiiren vein matter, as white quartz. Compare Likely. (Hanks) /Hung shot. A shot which does not explode immediately upon detona- tion or ignition (C. and M. M. P.). See alio Hangfire. Sunker. 1. (India) Yellowish clay containing concretionary nodules. (Gresley) 2. Eng.) To sit with the balls of the feet upon the ground and the knees bent, so that the thighs rest on the calves of the legs. ThU posi- tion no doubt became habitual with miners from the nature of their underground work. (G. 0. Green- well) Sunt continuous filter. A horizontally- revolving continuous-vacuum filter. It consists of an annular filter bed, usually of triangular wooden slats filled with coarse sands. The vac- uum withdraws part of the pulp moisture as soon as the bed is formed. A spray then washes it after which the vacuum dries it and the material is then scraped off. through the solution. The cup- rous chloride is then reduced to cuprous oxide by milk of lime, re- generating calcium chloride, and the cuprous oxide is smelted. (Liddell) Huntillte. A silver arsenide occurring with native silver at Silver Islet, Lake Superior, Michigan. (Century) Hunting coal (York.). Bibs and posts of coal left for second worklng^ (Gresley) Huntington and Heberleln process. See Blast-roasting. Huntington milL A mill of the Chile- an type operating by the centrifugal force of steel rollers revolving against the inner surface of a heavy horizontal steel ring or die. The rollers are suspended upon rods from horizontal arms by short trun- nions allowing a swing of the rod and roller in a direction radial from the central vertical shaft. (Lid- deli) Hunt's process. Originated by Ber- tram Hunt for treating precious metal ores cbntaining copper or zinc, using an ammoniacal cyanide solu- tion and recovering ammonia by boiling. The process may more truly be said to have been devised and perfected by Mosher. (Liddell) Hurdled ore. Ore passed through a coarse screen, like a mortar screen. (Da vies) Hurdle screen (Scot). A temporary screen or curtain for clearing gas out of a pit (Gresley). Used espe- cially where gas has collected in pot holes or caves in the roof. Hurdy-gurdy. 1. See Hurdy-gurdy wheel. 2. A dance house in a min- ing camp. (Standard) Hurdy-gurdy drill (Aust). A hand auger used for boring holes In coal. (Power) Hurdy-gurdy wkeel. A water wheel operated by the direct impact of a stream upon its radially-placed paddles. (Baymond) 350 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINEKAL INDUSTRY. Hiirg6n (Sp.). A i>okcx; H. de fmnta curva, a rabble. (Halse) Hnrlbarrow (Scot.). A wheelbarrow. (Standard) Hurler (Scot.). One who wheels bricks or heavy material on a wheel- barrow. (Standard) Hnrley (Scot.). A box on wheels; a hutch. ( Barrowman ) Huronlan. In geology, in the usage of the U. S. Geological Survey, the lower of the two series comprised in the Algonkian system. Also the corresponding geologic epoch. By some geologists the Huronlan is di- vided, into Lower Huronlan, Middle Huronlan, and Upper Huronlan or Animikean. (La Forge) Hurrier. See Haulier. Generally a small boy who trams coal. (Gres- ley) Hurry. 1. To haul, pull, or push cars of coal, in a mine. (Gresley) 2. (Scot.) A screen or sieve.' 3. A chute, slide or pass as for ore In a mine, Or for coal discharged from cars into vessels. (Webster) 4. (Gt. Brit.) A wooden staging on a navigable river, to which the rail- ways are conducted from coal pits: used in loading vessels with coal. (Standard) Hurry gum (Scot.). The fine material that passes through a screen o^ sieve. (Barrowman) Hush (Gt. Brit.). To clear away (soil) from bedrock in prospecting. (Standard) Hushing. The discovery of veins by the accumulation and sudden dis- charge of water, which washes away the surface soil and lays bare the rock. See also Booming. . (Ray- mond) Husky. An Eskimo dog (Webster). Used extensively in traveling and freighting in the far north. Hutch. 1. (Scot.) A low car. Suited both to run in a level and to be hoisted on a cage. !!. (Corn.) A, cistern or box for washing ore. See also Jig, 1. (Raymond) 3. To wash ore in a box or jig. (Webster) 4. (Scot.) A basket for coal. 6. (Scot.) Two hundredweight of py- rlte. (Standard) 6. The fine concentrates which pass through a jig screen. Hutch oleading (Scot). "The wood comprising the bottom, side, and end boards of a hutch. (Barrowman) Hutch mounting (Scot.). The iron- work on the frame and box of a wooden hutch. (Barrowman) Hutch road (Scot.). A hutch tram- way. (Barrowman) Hutch runner (Scot.). A. boy who draws hutches. (Gresley) Hiittenwerk (Ger.). A furnace or smelting house. (Da vies) Huttrill. A hard place in a vein or pipe. (Hooson) Hyacintli. A transparent red, or brownish, variety of zircon, some- tiiucs used as a gem. (Bana) Hyaline. A synonym for glassy, which is often prefixed to the name of vol- canic rocks to signify a glassy de- , velopment, as hyalo-rhyolites. (Kemp) Hyaline quartz. Quartz with a bluish, opalescent, cast due to presence of chalcedony. Used as a gem. (Standard) Hyalite. A variety of opal (hydrous silica) which occurs In clear globu- lar or botryoidal forms resembling drops of melted glass. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Hyalithe. An opaque variety of glass, frequently black, green, brown, red, etc., resembling porcelain, and valu- able owing to 4ts strength. (Stand- ard) Hyalography. The art of engraving on glass, either with a diamond, emery, or hydrofluoric acid. (Standard) Hyalomelane. Basaltic glass. The word is derived from the Greek for black glass. (Kemp) Hyalophane. A barium feldspar, (K.,- Ba)Al2( 8103)4. In crystals; also massive. Mpnoclinic. Switzerland and Sweden. (Dana) Hyalopllitic. Composed of, or char- acterized by, innumerable slender microlltes embedded In glass; a structure frequently found in ba- saltic lavas. (Webster) Hyalosiderite. A highly ferruginous variety of common olivine. (Dana) Hybrids porcelain. A wafe originally made in imitation of oriental porce- lain, containing some kaolin ; essen- tially an artificial, soft porcelain, represented by the early Italian and French porcelains. (Standard) Hydato. A prefix to lithological twms to indicate an origin through aqueous processes. (Kemp) GLOSSABT OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 351 Hydatogenic, In geology, derived from or modified by substances in a liquid condition : said of the gene- sis of ores and other minerals : con- trasted with Pneumatogenlc. (Stand- ard) Hydatopneuinatic. Pertaining to, or formed by, the combined action of gas and water. (Webster) Hydatopneumatolytic. A term used in- the discussion of certain ore de- posits to describe their origin through the agency' of water and vapors. (Kemp) Hyde process. A flotation process pat- ented in 1911, by James M. Hyde, in which a small amcunt of sul- phuric acid, with or without the use of copperas, is used to give the slimy portion of the ore a prelimi- nary coagulation before flotation. The sulphides, after agitation, are floated off rapidly and as completely as possible with a considerable over- flow of freely flowing water, thereby producing an impure concentrate which is re-treated Jn a second ma- chine. (Llddell) Hydrargillite. A synonym for Gibbsite. Hydrargyriasis. Chronic mercurial poisoning. (Webster) Hydrargyrum. Mercury. (Webster) Hydrate.- 1. A compound formed by ■ the union. of water with some other substance and represented as actu- ally containing water. 2. Less prop- erly, a hydroxide, as calcium hy- drate. (Webster) Hydrated. Containing water In chemi- cal combination, and hence in a defi- nite proportion in each case, as gyp- • sum which contains 'water of crys- tallization,' calcium hydrate, or lime which has absorbed water on slak- ing, hydrated oxide of iron, or yel- low ocher, which . can be readily converted into the anhydrous or red oxide by driving off the water by heat. (Roy. Com.) Hydraulic, 1. Of or pertaining to fluids in motion; conveying, or act- ing, by water ; operated or moved by means of water, as hydraulic min- ing. 2. Hardening or setting under water, as hydraulic cement. (Web- ster) Hydraulic cartridge. A device used in mining to split coal, rock, etc., hav- ing 8 to 12 small hydraulic rams^ln the sides 6tii steel cylinder. (Web- ster) Hydraulic cement. Cement which set* under water. The rocks, which oa being calcined and ground very fine- yield this cement, must contain in addition to lime certain proportions of alumina, silica and magnesia. A. little iron is also usually present. (Koy. Com.) Hydraulic dredge. A dredge in whlchi the material' to be excavated is mixed with water and pumped through a pipe line to the place of deposit. (Webster) Hydraulic elevator. An elevator oper- ated by the weight or pressure of water, especially an apparatus used in dredging and hydraulic mining which raises mud aiSd gravel by means of a jet of water under heavy pressure Inducing a strong upward current through the pipe. (Web- ster) Hydraulic gradient. A, line showing-" the fall in pressure of water or- other liquid in passing through a. pipe discharging at one end. (Web- ster) Hydraulic hose. The flexible hose- used to direct a stream of water against a wall or face of drift. (Pa- vies) j ' Hydraulic jack. A jack for lifting,, pressing, etc.. In which pressure on the moving part is transmitted by a liquid, as water or oil. Hydraulicity. The property of hard- ening under water; said of materi- als for hydraulic cement. (Stand- ard) Hydraulieklng (Pac). Washing down a bank* of earth or gravel by the- use of pipes, conveying water under high pressure. (Raymond) Hydraulic lime. A variety of calcined limestone which, when pulverized^ absorbs water without swelling or heating, and affords a paste or ce- ment jthat hardens under water.. (Standard) Hydraulic^ limestone. A limestone- which contains some silica and -alu- mina, and which yields a quicklime- that will set or form a firm, strong mass under water, as In hydraulic cements. (Dana) Hydraulic mlne-fllllng. Filling a mine with material transported by water. (Charles Enzian, Bull. 60, U. S. Bur. Mines) 352 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINElBAIi INDXJSTET. Xydranllo mlnlngr. A method of min- ing In which a bank of gold-bearing earth or gravel Is washed away by a powerful jet of water and carried Into sluices, where the gold sepa- rates from the earth by Its specific gravity (Standard). (Woodruff v. North Bloomfield Grand Mining Co., 18 Fed. Rept, p. 756.) Also used lor other ores, earth, anthracite •culm, etc. Hydraulic mining Is made unlawful and prohibited In certain river systems where It ob- structs navigation and Injures ad- Joining landowners. (United States V. North Bloomfield Gravel Mining Co., 81 Fed. Rept, p. 249.) (U. S. Min. Stat, p. 934, 941-^43) SyiirauUo mortar. Mortar that will harden under water (Standard). Ootnparei Hydraulic cement Sydranllc ram. A machine for raising water by the energy of the moving water of which a portion is to be raised. (Webster) Hydraulics. That branch of science or of engineering which treats of water or other fluid in motion, its action in rivers and canals, the works and machinery for conduct- ing or raising It, its use In driving machinery, etc. (Webster) Sydroapatite. A mllk-whlte hydrous variety of apatite. (Standard) Sydrocarbon. A compound containing only- hydrogen and carbon. The simplest hydrocarbons are gases at ordinary temperatures; with in- crease In molecular weight they change to the liquid, and finally to the solid state. (Webster) Sydrooarbon black. A synonym for Lampblack. (Bacon) ] Sydroceramie. Describing porous potj- tery through which water exudes and causes coolness by evaporation. (Standard) ( Sydroclastio. Clastic through the agency of water ; said of fragmentkl rocks deposited by water. (Web- ster) • I Bydrocyanic acid. An unstable, vola- tile, colorless, and extremely polspn- ons liquid compound, HCN, formed by decomposing metallic cyanides with hydrochloric add. It has a <)i8racterl8tlc odor resembling that «f bitter almonds. Galled also Prus- «lc acid. (Standard) Kydrodynamio, Of or pertaining to hydrodynamics ; relating to the force or pressure of water or other fluids. (Standard) Hydrodynamometer. An Instrument for determining the velocity of a fluid in motion by its pressure. (Standard) Hydrofluoric acid. A volatile, colorless, hygroscopic corrosive liquid com- pound, HF, formed by decomposing metallic fluorides. It readily attacks silica, and is largely used for etch- ing on glass. (Standard) Hydrofrankllnite. See Chalcophanlte. Hydrogen. A gaseous element, color- less, odorless, tasteless, inflammable, and lighter than any other known substance. Symbol, H; atomic weight, 1.01; specific gravity, 0.07. (Webster) Hydrogenous. Formed or produced by water; applied to roclts formed by the action of water, in contradis- tinction to pyrogenous. rocks, or those formed by the action of heat (Century) Hydrogenous coal (Aust). Cktals con- taining a large quantity of moUh ture, e. g., brown, coal. (Power) , Hydrohematite. See Turglte, Hydrology. That part of geological science which has to do witii the relations of water standing or flow* Ing beneath the surface of the earth. Hydrolysis. A chemical decomposition by which a compound is broken up and resolved Into other compounds by taKing up the elements of water. (Century) Hydromagneslte. A white, hydrous, magnesium carbonate that is earthy and chalklike. (Century) Hydromechanics. The mechanics of fluids, including hydrostatics, hydro- dynamics, hydrokinietics, and pneu- matics. (Standard) Hydrometallnrgy. The reduction of ores by wet processes, as by leaching and precipitation. Hydrometamorphlsm. Metamorphlsm, as of rocks, produced by water and, heat: contrasted with Pyrometa- morphlsm. (Standard)' Hydrometer. A floating instrument for determining the specific gravity of liquids. (Webster) OL.OSSABY OF IMINIKQ AND MINEEAL INDUSTRY. 353 Hydrophane. A variety of common opal which .becomes more translu- cent or transparent In water. (Dana) Hydrophilic. A property |>ossessed by colloidg whereby they take up wa- ter Ih conjunction with the mole- cules of the colloid in a manner analogous to a closed hydrated molecule. Hydrophilic colloids are valuable dispersing mediums for the making of emulsions. (Rickard) A term used in flotation processes. Sydrophllite. Chlorocalclte. Calcium chloride, CaCli. In white cubic crystals or as an incrustation at Vesuvius. (Dana) Sydroplutonlc. Relating to or pro- duced by the joint action of heat and water, resulting in fusion at a lower temperature than . by heat alone; aqueo-igneous. (Standard) Sydropneumatic. Relating to, or pro- duced, or worked by the combined action of water and air, or gas. (Standard) Hydroscope. An instrument for de- tecting moisture, especially in the air. (Standard) Xydrosphere. 1. The aqueous vapor of the entire atmosphere. 2. The aqueous envelope of the earth, in- cluding the ocean, all lakes, streams, and underground waters and the aqueous vapor in the atmosphere. (Webster) Hydrostat. , A contrivance or appa- ratus to prevent the explosion of steam boilers. (Webster) Sydrostatic balance. A balance for weighing substances in water to as- certain their specific gravity. (Web- ster) Hydrostatic pressure. The pressure exerted by a liquid,, as water, , at rest. (Standard) Hydrostatics. That branch of physics which relates to the p'-essure qnd equilibrium of liquids, as water, mercury, etc. ; the principles of statics applied to water and other liquids. (Webster) Hydrotaslmeter. An electrically oper- ated apparatus showing at a dis- tance the exact level of water, as in a reservoir ; an electric high- and low-water indicator. (Standard) Hydrotliermal. Pertaining to hot wa- ter, especially with respect to its action in dissolving, re-depositing. and otherwise producing mineral changes within the crust of the globe. (Power) Hydrous. Containing water chemi-, cally combined, as in hydrates and hydroxides. (Webster) Hydrous salts. Salts containing the so-called water of crystallisation. Hydroxide. A compound of an ele- ment with the radical or ion, OH, as sodium hydroxide, NaOH. Hydrozincite. A basic zinc carbonate, perhaps ZnC0..2Zn(0H),. Massive, fibrous, earthy or compact, as in- crustations. Color white, grayish or yellowish. Occurs at mines of zinc, as a result of alteration (Dana). Also called Zinc bloom. Hygrometer. An instrument or appa- ratus for measuring the degree of moisture of the atmosphere. (Web- ster) Hygroscopic. Having the property of readily absorbing moisture from the atmosphere. (Power) Hypabyssal. Having become consoli- dated from fusion, underground, under conditions Intermediate be- tween deep-seated and superficial conditions, and therefore differen- tiated by special structural features ; said of certain igneous rocks, some- times called dike-rocks. (Standard) Hypautomoiphic. In petrology, same as Hypidiomorphlc and Subbedral. (La Forge) Hyperite. Used in Sweden loosely for the rocks of the gabbro family, and in a restricted sense for olivine- norlte. (Kemp) Hyperphoric. Change in a rock by the introduction of a new mineral into, or the removal wholly or In part of an old mineral from the original rock mass, for example, dolomitiza- tlon of limestone. (Power) Hypersthene. An orthorhomblc py- roxene, (Fe,Mg)SiOs. (Dana) Hypersthenite. An obsolete name for Norite. (Kemp) Eypidiomorphic. In petrology, same as Subhedral, which see. (La Forge) Hypocrystalllne. In petrology, partly cr.vstalline; said of the texture of some igneous rocks which consist partly of crystallized minerals and partly of amorjihous glass; liypohy- allne. (La Forge) 7440100 — IT- -23 854 GLOSSAKY OE MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY* Hypogeic. Pertaining to or derived from crustal and Interior move- ments in the earth ; as, the hypogeic worlc of mountain malting. (Stand- ard) Eypogene. 1. A term proposed by Lyell for all nether-formed rocks, i. €. roclcs that have assumed their present form at great depths be- neath the surface, whether origi- nally stratified or unstratifled. Thie former belong to the metamorphic and the latter to the plutonlc group. (Roy. Com.) 2. Applied to ores or ore minerals that have been formed by generally ascending waters as contrasted with supergene ores or minerals (Ran- some). Compare Supergene. Hypohyaline. Partly glassy. See Hy- pocrystalUne. (Iddlngs, Igneous rocljs, p. 187) Hypsometer. An instrument for meas- uring the Ueight above the sea level by determining the atmospheric pressure through observation of the boiling point of water. (Standard) Hysteresis. 1. In physics, a lagging or retardation of the effectj when the forces acting upon a body are changed as if from viscosity or. In- ternal friction. 2. In a magnetic material, as iron, a lagging in the values of resulting magnetization due to a changing magnetizing force. (Webster) Hysterobase. A name given by K. A. Lassen to the rock of a series of dikes, related to the diabases, but differing from them, in often having quartz, brown biotite, and brown hornblende, the last sometimes re- placing the auglte. There may be also some glass basis. (Kemp) Hysterogenite. Posepny's term 'for mineral deposits derived ftom the debris of other rocks. The word means of secondary or later forma- tion. Compare Idlogenlte, Xenogen- ite. (Kemp) Hysteromorphous. Applied to second- ary deposits due to surface agen- cies. (Power) Ice age. The glacial period. (Web- ster) Iceherg. A large floating mass of ice, detached from a glacier. (Web- ster) Ice blink (Greenland).. A cliff of ice on a coast (Webster). See Ice dlfl. Ice bowlder. A bowlder transportefl and- deposited through glacial ac- tion. (Standard) Ice cap. A perennial mantle of ice and snow covering a. tract and mov- ing in all directions from the center. A very large ice cap is an ice sheet, or continental glacier. (Webster) Ice cliff. An abrupt shore of arctic Ice, more or less Interstratlfled and covered by earth and vegetation (Standard). See Ice blink. lee creeper. A creeper, used for walk- ing on ice. (Webster) Ice drift. Loose floating ice. (Stand- ard) Ice fall. 1. A frozen waterfall, or a similar mass of ice. 2. A falling of Ice as from an iceberg, (Webster) Ice field. A large field of floating ice (Standard). See olso Ice float Ice float; Ice floe. A sheet, or flat free mass, of floating ice (Webster). See also Ice field. Ice foot. A wall of ice formed by sea water and snow frozen at the seashore in polar regions. Also called Ice ledge. (Standard) Iceland agate. A name for obsidian from Iceland. (Chester) Iceland spar. Transparent calcite, which, owing to Its strong double refraction, is largely used for op- tical purposes. Also called Iceland crystal. (Standard) Ice ledge. See Ice foot Ice mark. Any mark or indication left by moving ice or glacial action. (Standard) Ice mill. The place where a glacier abrades underlying rock through the action of rubble. (Standard) Ice mountain. An Iceberg. (Standard) Ice pack. A large area of floating pieces of ice driven together more or less closely. (Webster) Ice pillar. A pedestal of ice on a glacier, supporting a broader block of stone* which has protected the Ice beneath it from soiar heat. (Stand- ard) Ice pyramid. A mound of ice on a glacier, having a stone or earthy debris lying against Its foot. ( Stand- ard) Ice anake. The crash, or concussion, attending the breaking up of massS of ice, often due to contracUon frort extreme cold. (Webster) ™™ GLOSSARY OF MISriBTG Aim aCOTERAIi INDUSXBT. 355 loe rlve». A glaclfer (Standard). See also Ice stream. Ice spar. Sanidlne; a white trans- parent variety of ortboclase. (Power) lee stream. A glacier; also a collec- tion of floes moving In a certain course (Webster). An Ice river. lee system. A system of glaciers di- verging from a common center. . (Standard) Ice table. A mass of level Ice. (Stand- ard) Ice ton. The theoretical number of heat units required to melt one ton of Ice at 32° F. It is 284,000 B. T. tJ., taking the ton at 2,000 pounds, or 318,080 B. T. tJ. for a ton of 2,240 pounds. ' (Webster) Ice tongue. A steep, narrow cliff of ice, rising high above glacial n6ve, and extending upward toward the liigber mountain peaks. (Standard) Ice wall. See Ice foot. Ice worn. Abraded by Ice ; specifically, rubbed, scratched, ' or chiinneled by glacial actton. (Standard) Ichnite. A fossil footprint (Webster) Ichnolite. A fossil footprint or the stone containing It. (Standard) Ichnology. The science which treats of the footprints of extinct animals. (Emmons) Icosinene. A liquid hydrocarbon (CsoHis) contained in ozocerite. (Standard) I. p. B. (Africa) Illicit diamond buyer. - (Morrison)- Ideal form. A crystal form in which like faces are of the same size and shape. (A. F. Rogers) Idlogenitcs. A term suggested by Posepny to describe those ore de- posits which are contemporaneous in origin with the wall rock. The word means of the same origin. Compare Xenogenite, H.vstorogenite. (Kemp) Idlogenons. Said of deposits contem- poraneous in origin with the rocks in which they occur, i. e., primary de- Dosits which are constituents of the ■ rocks in which they occur. (Power) Idlomorphic. In petrology, bounded bv the crystal faces proper to Itself; euhedral; automorphic: said of some crystals in an igneous rock and opposed to Allotriomorphlc. (La Forge) Idlophanoiu.' Exhibiting - interference figures In crystals without the aid of the polariscope. .(Webster) Idler. A sheave or pulley running loose on a shaft to guide or support a rope. (C. M. P.) Idle wheel. A pulley to guide a driv- ing belt, to increase its tension, or to Increase its arc of contact on one of the working pulleys. (Standard) Idocrase. iSfee Vesuvianlte. Idrla furnace. See Leopoldi furnace. Idrlalite. A dark earthy mineral, con- sisting of hydrocarbons, mixed with cinnabar, clay, etc., It occurs in Idrla, Austria. (Webster) Idryl. A black material obtained from the mercury condensation- chambers at Idria, which Bodeker considered as the radical of Idrla- lite. (Bacoiv) fgneo (Sp.). Igneous. (Dwlght) Igneo-aqneous. Formed by the joint action of fire and water. Thus ashes thrown from a volcano into water and there deposited in a stratified form might properly be said to be of igneo-aqueous origin. (Century) Igneous. .In petrology, formed by solldlflcation from a molten state: said of the rocks of one of the two great classes into which all rocks are. divided, and contrasted, with Sedimentary (La Forge). Kocks formed in this manner have also been called Plutonic rocks, and are often divided for convenience into plutonio and volcanic rocks, but there is fao clear line between the two. (Web- ster) Igneons fusion. Fusion unassisted by the solution in the water of crystal- lization as in the cas6 of anhydrous substances. Opposed to aqueous fu- sion. (Webster) Ignescent. A stone or mineral that gives out sp.irks when struck with steel or iron. (Standard) Igniter. 1. A metal case containing an ordinary fuse at one end with a number of instantaneous fuses branching out from the other end and leading to as many holes to Ig- nite blasting charses. (V/ebster) 2. A device to relight safety lamps Internally by friction. -One type uses a waxed strip with igniting matches at Intervals, while another type has a small burred wheel oper- ating against a piece of cerium or something of a similar nature. Electrical devices are sometimes em- ployed. 356 GLOSSARY OF MINING. AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Ignit«3. A worfl used by M. E. Wads- worth to Include all pyrotechnic minerals. (Power) Ignition. 1. The act of Igniting, or the state of being ignited. 2. Per- cussion material or detonating pow- der. (Standard) Ignition charge. A small charge of black or other easily ignited pow- der, used with the main charge of smokeless or other slow-igniting powder to receive ignition from tlio primer, thus expediting thu main charge. (Webster) Ignition tiibe. A small, hard glass uihe for examining the behavior of substances when heated. (Webster) Ijadas (Mex.). 1. An assay; samples of two to five pounds. 2. An early term (1565) for jade. (Halse) Ijolite. A granitoid, «ephellte rock, occurring in Finland and corre- sponding in mineralogy to the nephe- linites. It contains chiefly nephellte and pyroxene. The name is derived from the Iljoki river, Finland, and was given by Kamsay and Berghell. (Kemp) Ilesite. A hydrous sulphate of man- ganese, zinc, and iron found in fri- able crystalline aggregate in Park County, Colorado. (iCentury) 111 air (Scot). Noxious gas, as from underground fires or choke damp ; a stagnant state of the atmosphere un- derground. (Barrowman) nllnition. A thin crust of extraneous matter formed on minerals. (Stand- ard) Illiqaatlon. The melting of one sub- stance into ^nother. (Standard) Ilmenite;. Menaccanite. Iron-titanium oxide, FeTlOi. Contains 36.8 per cent iron and 31.6 per cent titanium (52.7 per cent TiO,) (U. S. Geol. Surv.). Is sometimes prefixed to those rocks which contain enough of the mineral to receive attention as ores; thus ilmenite-gabbro, llmenlte- norite, etc. (Kemp) Ilvaite; Uevrite; Yenite. A mineral, CaFe2(FeOH)(Si04)i, occurring in prisms, with prismatic faces ver- tically striated. Columnar or com-' pact massive. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Luster submetallic. Color iron-black or dark grayish black. Streak black, inclining to green or brown. Opaque. (Dana) Im&n (Sp.). Magnet; Piedra imdn, lodestone. (Dwlght) Imbibiel6n (Sp.). Desilverizing rich ores, lead matte, etCi In a bath of molten lead. (Halse) Imbrex. 1. A curved tile; a pantile. 2. One of the scales or partitions of overlapping tilework or of other imbrication. (Standard) Imbricate struotnre. See Distributive fault Imlay table. See End-bump table. Immersed bog. In geology, a bog which increases by various plant- accumulations and - growths under water (Standard). Compare Emerged bog. Impact screen. A type in which the screen moves with the load of ma- terial, bringing up aga:inst a stop so as to throw the material forward on It The Imperial screen Is a common type. (Llddell) Impalpable. Extremely fine, so that no grit can be perceived by touch. (Webster) Impastation. 1. In ceramics, the act or process of converting Into paste. 2. A combination of different mate- rials baked together or united by a cement: said of porcelain, etc. (Standard) Imperial screen. An oscillating or vi- brating screen on which the ore 1ft thrown upward, as well as moved forward on the screen. (Llddell) Imperial yellow porcelain. A Chinese hard porcelain having a unltorm yel- low glaze, originally made exclu- sively for the imperial family and others connected with the court (Standard) Impervious. Impassable; applied to strata such as clays, shales, etc., which will not permit of the pene- tration of water, petroleum' or natural gas. (Roy. Com.) Impervious bed. A bed or stratum through which water will not move under ordinary hydrostatic pressure. (Melnzer) Implosion. A bursting inward ; sudden collapse; opposed to explosion. (Standard) Impound. 1. To collect (water) as by damming a stream for Irrigation purposes, or the like. 2. A reser- voir for water, as one made by damming a stream (Webster). Used In connection with the storage of tailings from ore-dressing plants and hydraulic mines. GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY, 357 Impregnated. Containing metallic minerals, scattered or diffused tlirough the mass. Properly used in referring to country rock containing mineral similar to ttiat in ttie vein. (Weed) Impregnatioii. An ore deposit con- sisting of tile country-rocli impreg- nated witli ore, usually witliout defi- nite boundaries. (Raymond) Improvement. Xs used in the mining statutes, is an artificial change of the physical condition of the earth upon or reasonably near a mining claim as to evidence a design to dlscaver mineral therein, or to fa- cilitate its extraction. It must be reasonably permanent In character (Frederick v. Klauser, 52 Oregon, p. 116). See also Labor and improve- ment. Impsonite. An asphalt found in Okla- homa much like albertite but almost insoluble in turpentine. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Impuesto minero (Mex.). The tax paid on mining claims. (Dwight) Impulse. A force communicated sud- denly; the effect of an impelling force ; a thrust ; a piish. (Century) In (Eng.). When a stall or other working place in a mine is blocked up with fallen roof, etc., it is said to be in, or to hare come in. (Gres- ley) Inalterable. Unaffected by the action of light or air: applied to painted porcelain, faience, or enamel, the colors of which have been "fired. (Standard) Inaurate. Having a golden luster. (Standard) Inbond. Laid with Its length across the thickness of a wall: said of a brick or of a long stone. (Standard) Inby; Inbye; Inbyeside (Newc). To- ward the working face, or interior, of the mine. Away from the shaft or entrance. Also called In-over. Incandescent. Made luminous by heat; white or glowing with heat. (Standard) Inches of pressure. The height in Inches of a column (1) of water, or (2) of mercury, as a measure of hydrostatic pressure. (Standard) Inch-pound. A unit of work, being the work done by raising one pound through an inch. (Century) Incinerate. To burn to ashes ; to con- sume by fire; to cremate. (Web- ster) Incinerator. A furnace or oven for in- cinerating substances, as refuse. (Webster) Incised ware. Pottery decorated with scratches; graffito. (Standard) Inclinaci6n (Sp.). Hade; dip; in- clination; slope. (Lucas) Inclination. The dip of a^vein meas- ured from the horizontal (Skinner) Incline. 1. A shaft not vertical; usually on the dip of a vein. See also Slope. (Raymond) 2. Any inclined plane, whether above or beneath the surface. Usu- ally applied to self-acting planes above ground, as in the bituminous coal fields. (Steel) Incline bogie (Scot.). A wheeled car- riage for inclines, constructed with a horizontal platform so that cars can be run on it and be conveyed up and down the incline or slope. (Barrowman) Inclined cut-and-filling. See Rill stop- ing. Inclined plane. A natural or artificial slope used for facilitating the as- cent," descent or^ transfer from one level to another of vehicles or other objects (Standard). See also In- cline, 2. Inclined shaft. See Incline, 1. Inclinometer. 1. A dipping compass. it. An instrument for measuring in- clination or slope, as of the ground or of an embankment; clinometer. (Standard) Inclusion. 1. In petrology, a crystal or fragment of another substance; or a minute cavity, filled with gas or liquid, inclosed in a crystal. 2. A fragment, of whatever size, of another rock inclosed In an igneous rock; a xenolith. (La Forge) Inc'ompetent. In geology, not combin- ing sufficient firmness and flexibility to transmit a thrust and to lift, a load by bending; consequently, ad- mitting only the deformation of flow- age: said of strata and rock struc- ture. See aJ«o Competent, 1. (Stand- ard) Incorporaderp (Mex.). The place where the incorporo, in the patio process. Is effected. (Dwight) i58 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTEY. Incorporar (Sp.). Jn amalgamation, to add the first idiarge of quicksil- ver. Tlie term cebar is applied to the adding of subsequent charges; it also means the act' of thoroughly mixing the quicksilver, with torta of wet ore. (Min. Jour.) Incorporo (Mex.). The adding and mixing of mercury and other in- gredients for the potto process. (Dwight) Incrustation. 1. A cirust or hard coat- ing of anything upon or within a body, as a deposit of lime inside a steam boiler, (Webster) 8. A method of ornament that con- sists in applying or in inlaying one (usually a finer) material upon an- other, as colored marbles, mosaics, lacquers, or enamels upon wood, stone, or metal ; also the material so applied. (Standard) Indagacidn (Sp.). Search; examina- tion. (Halse) Index fossil. A genus or species of fossil which is peculiar to, or char- acteristic of, a geological horlton or zone. (Webster) Index of refraction. A number which expresses the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction. (Webster) Index plane. A surface ot any bed, dike, or vein, which may be regarded as a plane and used as a base for measurement of fault movements. (Farrell) . India. A remarkably fast-cutting, long-wearing oilstone made from alundum. (Pike) India-cnt. In lapidary work, a cut approximately in the form of a bril- liant, but done in such a way as to retain as much weight as possible. India-cut stones are clumsy and are usually recut for Western markets. (Webster) Indiana furnace. A simple Belgian zinc fyrnace in which the gas is fired under the lowest row of re- torts. (Ingalls, p. 4f4) Indianaite. A kind of white clay from Lawrence County, Indiana, used in making porcelain. (Century) Zndianite. A variety of anorthite oc- curring as the gangue of corundum at the Carnatic, India. (Century) Indian ocher. A native Indian red, principally of FeiOi. Indian plpestone. See Catlinite. India steel. A fine natural steel from southern India made direct from the ore; wootz. (Standard) Indicated horsepower. That horse- power which Is calculated from In- dicator-diagrams, as distinguished both from that which is measured by a dynamometer and from nomi- nal horsepower. (Standard) Indicated power. ' See Indicated horse- power. Indicator. 1. An instrum^t for show- ing at any moment the position of the cage in the ^baft 2. An instru- ment for recording, by a diagram, upon a card the varying pressure of the steam in the cylinder of a steam- engine during the stroke. (Ray- mond) S. An apparatus for showing the presence of firedamp in mines, the temperature of goaves, the speed of a ventilator. (Steel) ■ 4. (Anst) One of a group of nar- row pyrltlferoua seams, the Intersec- tions of which with the auriferous quartz veins of the district are usu- ally characterized by rich accumu- lations of gold. 5. A substance used in chemistry to indicate to the eyfS, usually by its capacity for color change, the condition of a solution as to the presence of free acid, al: kali, or other substance. (Web.ster) Indicator caru, or diagram. A dia- gram showing the variation of steam pressure in the cylinder, of an en- gine during an entire stroke or revor lution. (C. and M. M. P.) Indicator vein. A vein \yjilch is not metalliferous itself, but, if followed, leads to ore deposits (Duryee). iSee also Indicator, 4. Indicolite. An indlgo-blue vnriel? of tourmaline. (Dana) Indigo copper. Covellite. (Dana) Indium. A soft, white, malleable, and easily fusible metallic element found combined, in very small quantities, in many ores, especially zinc blende. Symbol, In; atomic weight 114.8; specific gravity 7.2. ("Webster) Individual coal oar. One owned or leased by a coal 'operator, and not by the transportation company. These cars have painted on their sides the names, initials, or some chosen trade-mark or emblem of their owners, and are run for thieir exclusive benefit. They a;re j^nerally used between the . minta and the coastwise Bhipplng porta of the vari- ous railroads. (Nlcolls) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 859 Indoor (Ertg.). Toward the insirte of a cylinder; as, the indoor stroke of a piston (Standard). See also In- door stroke. Indoor catches. Strong beams in a Cornish pump, to catch the walking beam in case of accident and pre- vent damage to the engine Itself. (Gresley) Indoor stroke (Eng.). That stroke of a Cornish pump which lifts the wa- ter at the bottom or drawing lift. (Gresley) Indraft; Indraught. The act of draw- ing in, or that which Is drawn in ; an Inward suction or flow; as, an indraft of air. (Standard) Induction. The production of magne- tization or electrification in a body by the mere proximity of magne- tized or electrified bodies, or of an electric current in ■ a conductor by the variation of the magnetic field in Its vicinity. (Standard) Induction balance. An apparatus for measuring changes of conductivity, detecting the proximity of metallic bodies, etc., by noting extremely minute changes in an electric cur- rent. (Standard) Induction coil. An apparatus for gen- erating currents by electromagnetic induction. (Standard ) Induction-pipe, -port, or -valve. The pipe, port or valve through which the live steam or other motive fluid passes to the cylinder of an engine. (Standard) Indurated. Hardened ; applied to rocks hardened by heat, pressure, or the addition of some ingredient not commonly contained in the rock re- ferred to, as, marls Indurated by calcium carbonate. (Roy. Com.) Indurated talc. An impure, hard, slaty variety of talc (Standard). Called also Talc slate Infection. Communication of disease, as by contact or through the me- dium of air, water, or clothing : dis- tinguished from contagion (Stand- ard). Important in accident and first-aid work. Infilling. Material used for filling in ; filling. (Standard) Infiltration. 1. The deposition of min- eral matter among the grains or pores of a rock by the permeation or percolation of water carrying it In solutton. (Roy. Com.) a. The material filling a vein as though deposited from a solution in water. (Standard). Infiltration theory. The theory that a vein was filled by the infiltration of mineral solutions. (Raymond) Infiltration vein. A vein that has been filled by percolation of hot solutions, often alkaline, laterally or from be- low. (Standard) Infiammable. Readily inflamed, in any sense; easily set on fire; as, an in- fiammable gas. (Standard) Infiuent stream. A stream whose up- per surface stands higher than the water table In the locality through which it flows, and which 18 not sep- arated from the water table by any impervious bed. (Melnzer) In fork (Eng.). When pumps are working after the water has receded below some of the holes of the wind- bore, they are said to be in fork. (Gresley) Informe (Mex.). Report. (Dwight) Infraglacial. Pertaining to, derived from, or caused by processes taking place under, or at the bottom of, glaciers or glacial sheets; sub-gla- cial." (Standard) Infragranltic. Situated or derived from sources below granitic beds; as, an infragranitic origin. (Stand- ard) InfraUas. Same as Rhaettc beds. (Standard) Infralittoral. In geology, below the region of littorial deposits. (Web- ster) Inframundane. Situated below the earth's surface. (Standard) Infusorial earth; Diatomaceous earth; Tripolite. An earthy substance or soft rock composed of the siliceous skeletons of small aquatic plants called diatoms (U. S. Geol. Surv.). (A former and common, but incor- rect usage. Properly Diatomaceous earth.) Useful as an absorbent of nitroglycerin. Called also Infuso- rial silica and Fossil flour, and in special forms Rottenstone and Elec- tro-silicon ; Kleselguhr. Ingate. 1. An opening in a mold through which nielted metal enters in casting; a gate. 8. The point of entrance from a shaft to a level in a coal mine. (Standard) Ingaun e'e (Ingoing eye) (Scot.). A drift or mine starting from the sur- face of the ground; also the end of the mine at the surface. (Barrow- mau) 860 GLOSSAEY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTET. Ingeniero (Sp.). Engineer; E. civil, a civil engineer ; E. de minas, a min- ing engineer. (Halse) Ingenio (Peru). 1. Engine. 2. A crude ore-mill, used in patio amalgama- tion. 3. (Mex.) An amalgamat- ing mill, driven by a water wlieel below the grindstones. See also In- Jenlo. (Dwight) In-going. Tliat which is going inby. (Gresley) Ingot. A cast bar or block of metal. (Raymond) Ingot iron. A malleable, nonhardening product of the Bessemer or open- hearth process. Called also Mild steel and Cast steel. (Standard) Ingot mold. A mold in which to cast Ingots. (Standard ) Ingrain (Eng.). A portion of coal given above the quantity purchased for good measure: usually a quar- ter-chaldron added to five chaldrons. (Standard) Inhaler. Something from or through which one inhales; specifically, an appliance or apparatus of different -forms and uses, as, for taking the chill from the air before it reaches the lungs; for filtering out iron-dust or other Injurious substances from the air breathed through it ; for ad- ministering medicines by inhalation or, for supplying fresh air to a diver or miner. (Standard) Injection theory. The theory that a vein was filled first with moltep min- eral. (Raymond) Injector. A device for injecting feed water into a steam boiler by the direct action of live steam. (Web- ster) Injenio (Peru). A horizontal water wheel and Chilean mill combined. See also Ingenio. (Pfordte) Injunction. A judicial order or proc- ess, operating upon the person, re- quiring the party to' whom it is di- rected to do or (usually) refrain from doing some designated thing. (Standard) Ink stone. Same as Copperas or Green vitriol., (Standard) Inlet. A bay or recess, as in the shore of a sea, lake or river ; a nar- row strip of water running into the land or between Islands. (Webster) Inller. An older deposit exposed by the removal of a portion of an over- lying stratum. Inmost. Being at a point, place, or po- sition farthest from the exterior; deepest within; Innermost; as, the inmost depths of a mine. (Stand- ard) In-over; In-o'er. Same as Inby. In place. Said of rock, occupying, relative to surrounding masses, the position that it had when formed (Raymond). See In situ. If an ore body Is continuous to the extent that it may maintain that character, then It is 'In place.' (Iron Silver Min- ing Co. v. Cheeseman, 8 Fed. Rept., p. 301) Inquartation. See Quartatlon. In re (L.). In the matter of; used especially In legal phaseology. (Cen- tury) Salting the torta. Insalmoro (Sp.). (Egleston) Insequent. In geology, developed on the present surface but not conse- quent on nor controlled by the struc- ture ; said of streams, drainage, and dissection of a certain type. (La Forge) A type of drainage in which young streams flowing on a nearly level plain wander Irregularly. (Lahee; p. 338) Inset (Eng.). The entrance to a mine at the bottom or part way down a shaft where the cages are loaded. A landing. (Gresley) Inside. A term often used to desig- nate the Intierior of a mine. Inside foreman, or Superintendent. An underground foreman or superin- tendent. Inside parting. A side track or part- ing soide distance from the begin- ning of a long entry, at which cars are left by a gathering driver. Also called « Swing parting. (Steel) Inside slope. A slope on which coal is raised from a lower to a higher entry, but not to the surface. (Steel) In situ. In Its natural position or place; said specifically, in geology, of a rock, soil, or fossil, wlien in the situation in which it was originally formed or deposited (Webster). See In place. Inspan (So. Afr.). To harness or yoke up animals. (Standard) Inspector. One employed to make ex- aminations of and to report upon mines and surface plants relative GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. 361 to compliance with mining laws, rules and regulations, safety meth- ods, etc. State Inspectors have au- thority to enforce State laws regu- lating the wojrkiug of the mines. Inspirator. A kind of> injector for forcing water by steam. See In- jector. (Webster) Inspissated. Thickened as by evapora- tion and oxidation, as for example the jitch or gum resulting from pe- troleum after long exposure. (Roy. Com.) Installment bond. An Interest-bearing bond payable, principal and Interest, In equal annual Installments. (E. B. Skinner, p. 140) Instiratified. Same as Interstratlfied. (Standard) Instroke. The right to takie coal from a royalty to the surface by a shaft in an adjoining royalty. A rent Is usually charged for this privilege. (C. and M. M. P.) Instrumentos (Sp.). Instruments; tools. (MIn. Jour.) Insufflator. A kind of injector for forcing air Into a furnace. (Web- ster) Insulate. To separate from conduct- ing bodies by means of nonconduc- tors, as to prevent transfer of heat or electricity. (Webster) Insulator. 1. A noncondticting sub- stance or body used in insulating electric wires, etc. (Webster) 2. A substance that is a nonconduc- tor of electricity, heat, or Sound. (Standard) Intake. 1. The passage by which the ventilating current enters a mine. See Downcast, which Is more appro- priate for a shaft; Intake for an adit, or entry. (Raymond) 2. The air current moving toward the interior of the mine. 3. In hjf- draullcs, the point at which water is received into a pipe or channel. (Century) The suction pipe for a pump. 4. (Scot.) One who works under- ground at odd work. (Gresley) Intake area. That part of the surface of the Uthosphere where water passes into the Uthosphere on its way to the zone of saturation. (Melnzer) Intendencia (Mex.). An official dis- trict. (Dwight) Intendente (Sp.). 1. Superintendent, overseer, chief. (Hanks) 2. A public officer in charge of the public treasury of a province^ (Halse) Interbedded. Occurring between beds, or lying In a bed parallel to other beds of a different material; inter- stratified. (Webster) Intercalary. Inserted or coming be- tween others; introduced or exist- ing Interstitially : as intercalary beds In geology. (Century) Intercalate. To insert among others as a bed or stratum of lava between layers of other material ; to inter- stratlfy. (Webster) Intercepts. In crystallography dis- tances cut off on axes of reference by planes. (A. F. Rogers) IntercoIUne. Placed between hills: ^applied specifically in geology to de- 'yressions between the cols and cra- teriform hillocks of volcanic regions (Standard). See also Col. Interis (Sp.) Interest. (Halse). /. del oro (Mex.), the greatest sale- value of gold. (Lucas) Interestuarine. Situated between two estuaries. (Standard) Interfacial angle. In crystallography, the Internal diahedral angle between; any two faces of a crystal or a. crystal form. (La Forge) Interfelted. So intimately forced to- gether by pressure and heat as to produce interlocking of. structure along contiguous surfaces: said of different kinds of strata. (Stand- ard) Interference color. Colors produced by the destruction or weakening of cer- tain wave lengths of a composite beam of light by Interference. An important Element in the determina- tion of minerals in thin section un- der the polarising microscope^ (Webster) Interference figure. A system of col- ored rings and curves combined with black bars and curves seen when a thin sectioi) of a mineral is exam- ined in a certain way through the microscope or other suitable optical instrument. The interference fig- ure is due to birefringence (which ' see), and is one of the most useful optical aids In identifying minerals. (Ransome) 362 GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Interiluent. Applied to those Igneoris magnias which discharge from a vol- cano by way of subsurface cavities within the cone. See also Supier- flueut and Effluent. (Dana) Interfluve. The territory intervening between two neighboring rivers. (Standard) Interglacial. Of, pertaining to, or des- ignating, a comparatively warm epoch occurring between two glacial epochs. (Webster) Intergrowth. The interlocking of crystals due to their crystallizing at the same time and in contact with one another. (George) Interjointal. Situated or occurring between joint planes of rocks. (Standard) Interleaved. Lying in seams between layers of rock. (Standard) Interlobate. Situated between lobes; specifically In geology lying between adjacent glacial lobes, as deposits. (Century) Interlocking tile. Roofing tile having ridges and grooves which interloclt when the tile are laid on the roof. (Ries) Intermine. To intersect or penetrate with mines. (Webster) Intermontane. Lying between moun- taiijs. (Century) Internal-combustion. Designating or pertaining to any engine in which the heat or pressure energy neces- sary to produce motion is developed in the engine cylinder, as by the ex- plosion of gas. (Webster) International metric carat. See Carat, 3. Interpenetration twins. Two or more crystals in twinned position which penetrate each other. (Butler) Interrupter. In electricity, a device for rapidly and' frequently breaking and making an electric circuit, as In an induction coil. (Standard) Intersecting vein. A vein or lode which cuts across one of earlier formation. (U. S. Min. Stat., pp. 586, 592) Intersertal. In petrology, having the later-formed minerals, and the rock glass, if there is any, filling the Interstices in a networic of crystals' of the earliest-formed mineral : said of the texture of some diabases and coarse-grained basalts. (La Forge) Interstice. An opening in anything, or between things r especially, a narrow space between the parts of - a body or things close together ; a crack ; crevice ; chink ; cranny. (Standard) Interstitial. Of, pertaining to, existing in, or forming an interstice or in- terstices. ( Standard ) Interstitial deposits. Deposits that fill the pores of rocks, and frequently used in place of impregnation de- posits. (Bng. and Min. Jour., vol. 75, p. 257) Interstratlfication. The state of lying between other strata: in geology, the condition of a bed, stratum, or member of an aqueous deposit with reference to the overlying and under- lying beds. (Century) Interstratifie.d. Interbedded ; strata laid between or alternating with others. (Roy. Com.) Interstrial. . Between striae. (Stand- ard) Intertrappean. Lying between beds of trap. (Standard) Interveined. Intersected with or as with veins. (Standard) Interventor. 1. (Sp.). A mine inspec- tor, representing the interests of the proprietors by whom he is appoint- ed. (Min. Jour.) See Fee engineer. 2. (Mex.) A trustee or receiver for a mine in dispute. (Dwight) Into the house (Newc). The up- stroke of a pumping engine. (Min. Jojir. ) Into the solid; On the solid. Said of a shot which goes into the coal be- yond the point to which the coal can be broken by the blast. (Steel) Intraformational, Formed by, exist- ing in, or characterizing the Interior of a geological formation. (Stand- ard) Intramontane. Situated or acting within a mountain. (Webster) Intratellural. In geology, same as In- trateliuric. (Standard) Intratelluric. Taking place deep with- in the earth. For example, the large phenocrysts of a porphyry are usually of intratelluric crystaliza- tipn. (Kemp) Intrusion. In geology, a mass of Ig- neous rock which, while molten, was forced into or between other rocks. (La Forge) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEEAL INDUSTBY. 363 Intrasion displacement. Faulting co- incident with the intrusion of an igneous rock. (Ransoiue) Intrusive. In petrology, having, while- molten, penetrated into or between- other rocks, but solidifying before reaching the surface : said of certain igneous rocks; nearly the same as Plutonic and contrasted with EfEu- sive or Extrusive. (La Forge) Intumesce. To enlarge or expand with heat; to swell or bubble up, as be- fore the blowpipe. (Webster) Invasl6n (Mex.). A mining trespass. (D wight) Inversion. The folding back of strata upon themselves, as by the overturn- ing of a fold, in such a manner that the order of succession appears to be reversed. (Webster) Inverted siplion. A pipe or tube in the shape of a siphon, but inverted, as for carrying water across the de- pression of a ravine to a lower level. (Standard) Investment. The act of Investing or laying out money productively, or converting capital, especially in a permanent manner ; also, the money or capital so invested, or the prop- erty invested In. (Standard) Inwalls. The interior walls or lining of a shaft furnace. (Raymond) Inwan (Scot.). Inward. (Barrow- man) lodargyrite. See lodyrite. Iodine. A nonmetalllc element of the halogen group, isolated as a shin- ing blackish-gray crystalline solid of peculiar chlorine-like odor. Symbol, 1; atomi* weight, 126.92; specific gravity, 4.94. (Webster) lodlte. Same as lodyrite. (Stand- ard) lodyrite. Silver Iodide, Agl. Contains 46 per cent silver. Occurs as a min- eral. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Ida furnace. A natural-gas-flred fur- nace used at lola, Kans., for the dis- tillation of zinc. It is a direct adaptation of thfe Hegeler furnace. (Ingalls, p. 475) lolite. See Cordierite. Ion. One of the substances which ap- pears at the respective poles when a body la subject to dectrolysis, that one appearing at the anode being called the aMdn, the other the cotft- ion. (Webster) lonite. A fossil hydrocarbon found I& a more or less impure condition In the lignite of lone Valley, Amador County, Gal. It has a brownish-yel- low color and, while only slightly soluble in .alcohol, Is completely dis- solved by chloroform ; it yields a brown, tarry oil on destructive dis- tillation. (Bacon) Ir &, pena (Colom.). To find the pay streak; to touch bottom. (Halse) Ire (Prov. Eng.). Iron. (Standard) Irestone. Hard clay slate; homstone; hornblende. (Raymond) Iridescence. The exhibition of pris- matic colors in the interior or on the surface of a mineral ; a play of rainbow colors (Dana). Labrador- ite and some other feldspars show It, The tarnish on the surface of coal, copper pyrites, etc., is some- times iridescent. Iridium. A rare metallic element of the same group as platinum which It much resembles, being silver- white, but harder, brittle, and insolu- ble in its normal state even in aqua- regia. It is one of the heaviest sub- stances known. Symbol, Ir; atomic Weight, 193.10 ; specific gravity, 22.4. (Webster) Iridosmine. A natural alloy of iridium and osmium. Analyses show 43 to 77 per cent of iridium, 17 to 49 per cent osmium,' and a little rhodium, ' ruthenium, platinum, iron, and cop- per. (U.S. Geol.- Surv.) Iris. A transparent rock crystal, espe- cially when it exhibits the colors of the rainbow. (Chester) Irish buggy. A wheelbarrow. Irish coal (Local, tJ. S.). Slate or rock; especially when loaded out of the mine in cars. Irish diamond. A rock crystal (Web- ster).' See Bristol diamond. Irish dividend. An assessment on* mining stock. Compare Buck-up. Irish touchstone. Basalt, the stone which composes the Giant's Cause- way. (Webster) Iron. A silver-white metallic element, malleable and ductile, strongly ^- tracted by magnets, readily oxidized (rusted) in moist air, and attacked by many corrosive agents. Symbol, Fe; atomic iiveight, 55.84; speciflc gravity, 7.86. (Webster) 364 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINEKAL INDUSTRY. Iron alum. A double sulphate of iron and potassium that occurs native and is then called Halotrichite. Called also Alum-feather. (Stand- ard) Iron blaok. Finely divided antimony. (Standard) Iron brucite. A partly decomposed brucite containing iron. Called also Eisenbrucite. (Standard) Iron by hydrogen. See Reduced iron. Iron 'chamber. The reverberatory or charge chamber of a puddling fur- nace where the metal is heated. (Century) Iron clad. A kind of furnace for roast- ing mercury ore. (Webster) Iron clay. Same as Clay ironstone. (Standard) Iron earth (Eng.). A black pulveru- lent compound of peroxide of iron and protoxide of manganese, occur- ring in veins of ironstone in the crystalline schists. (Page) Iron flint. An opaque, flintlike fer- ruginous variety of quartz. (Web-, ster) Iron froth. A fine spongy variety of hematite. (Power) Iron furnace. A furnace in. which iron is smelted or worked in any way. (Standard) Iron glance. A variety of hematite; specular-iron. (Power) Iron gymnlte. A red variety of der- veylite containing iron. Called also Eisengymnite. (Standard) Iron hat. See Gossan. Iron jack. In the Missouri zinc region, solid flint rock with dissemi- nated specks of black jack (zinc blende ) . ( Webster ) Iron man. 1. (Eng.) A collier's term for a coal-cutting machine. (Ores- ley) S. An iron worker; a manufacturer ■ of iron. 3. (Eng.) A kind of iron ore. 4. A man who handles the rails In track laying. (Webster) 5. An apparatus on wheels for sup- porting a glass-blower's punty while he is blowing large cylinders, . as for window glass. (Standard) Iron-master. One who conducts or manages the founding or manufac- ture of Iron on an extensive scale. (Webster) Iron mica. A micaceous hematite. (Chester) Iron mold (Eng.). A yellow lump of iron ore found in the chalk de- posits. (Webster) Iron ocher. Oxides of iron. Red ocher is hematite and yellow ocher is the hydrated oxide, llmonite. Iron piler. A laborer who removes iron from cars, sometimes breaks it, and piles and classifies it according to grade. (Willcox) • Iron powder. See Reduced iron. Iron putty. A mixture of ferric oxide and boiled linseed oil, used by me- chanics in making pipe joints. (Webster) Iron pyrite. See Pyrlte. Iron-reduction process. See Precipita- tion process. Iron runner. The spout by which iron flows from the tap hole, of a blast furnace. (WUlcox) Iron sand. Sand containing particles of iron ore, usually magnetite. Iron saw. A circular saw for cutting iron. (Standard) Iron scale. A film of oxide forming on Iron. (Standard) See also Forge scal6. Iron shears. 1. A machine for cutting iron plates or bars. 2. A pair of hand shears for cutting sheet iron or Iron wire. (Standard) Iron-shot. Shot with iron; having markings due to iron. Said of cer- tain minerals. (Webster) Ironsmith. A worker in iron, as a blacksmith. (Standard) Iron spar. Siderlte or chalybite. (Power) Iron steel. A material formed of iron between steel surfaces, or of steel- coated iron. (Standard) Ironstone. Any ore of iron from which the metal may be smelted commercially, but usually restricted to stratified ores, especially to clay- ironstone — the ore from which most of the iron of Great Britain is made. (Roy. Com.) Ironstone blow (Aust.). A ferrugi- nous gossan. (Webster) See also Gossan. Ironstone casing (Aust.). The casing of ferruginous matter, usually aurif- erous, found abutting on quartz reefs. (Davies) Ironworker. One engaged in manu- facturing iron or ironwork. (Stand- ard) GliOSSABT OF MINING AND MINERAL INDITSTET. 365 Ironworks. An establishment for the manufacture of iron or of heavy Ironwork. (Standard) Irrespirable. Not respirable ; not fit to be breathed (Standard). Said of mine gases. Irruption. In geology, the movement of molterf rock from a mngmatic res- ervoir to the place where it solidi- fies : if the molten rock reaches the surface the process becomes erup- timi, but that term commonly In- cludes other phenomena as well. (La Forge) Irruptive rock. An igneous rock which was forced into or invaded other rocks as molten magma. An intru- sive rock. The distinction between irruptive and eruptive is often disre- garded. (Ransome). Compare Ef- fusive. Isbell table. A table with a recipro- cating motion in which there Is no cross-wash water. The bed pf pulp Is deep as in a jig, and heavy mate- rial goes to the bottom. The con- ^ centrates and tailings are then split by means of a cut-out, which can 1)e adjusted vertically to skim at any height desired. The riffles make an angle of about 20° with the Tine of motion of the table. (Llddell) Iserin; Iserine; Iserite. Titanic iron sand, or ilmenite, supposed to be isometric In its crystallization. (Standard) Isinglass. Mica in thin transparent sheets. (Webster) Isinglass stone. Mica. (Webster) Isle of Wight diamond. A fine trans- parent variety of quartz. (Power) Isobase. In geology, a topographic or imaginary contour line in a map, drawn through a series of points of equal elevation 1n a topographic sur- face or line, formerly level, but at present deformed. (Standard) Isochemic lines. Planes or lines of equal content of phosphorus in any single layer of iron ore. (Winchell), Isoclinal; Isoclinic. In fjeology, dip- ping in the same direction ; hence, an isoclinal. (Standard) Isoclinal fold. In geology a strati- graphic fold whose* sides have paral- lel dips: it may be an anticline or a svncline, and either (1) vertical, (2)" overturned, that is, forced over into an oblique position, or (3) re- cumbent, that is, pushed "over into ' nearly or quite a horizontal position. Called also Carlnate folds. Isocline. In geology, a series of is- oclinal strata. An anticline or syn- cUne so closely folded that the rock beds of the two sides or limbs have the same dip. (Webster) .Also called an Overturn, or Overturned anti- clinal. See MonocUnal, 3; also Iso- clinal fold. Isodiametrlc. In crystallography, hav- ing the lateral crystal axes equal : said of crystals of the hexagonal and tetragonal systems. (La Forge) Isodimorphons. In mineralogy, both isomorphous and dimorphous: said of certain groups of minerals. (La Forge) Isomorphous. In mineralogy, of ana- logous composition and closely sim- ilar crystalline form : said of certain groups of minerals. (La Forge) Isogeotherm. A line or curved surface beneath the earth's surface through points having the same mean tem- perature. (Webster) Also called Isogeothermal lines. Isogonic line. An imaginary line join- ing places on the earth's surface at which the variation of the magnetic needle from the meridian or true north is the same. (Webster) Isohalslne. A line connecting points of equal salinity in the waters of the ocean. (Century) Isohyetal. Marking equality of rain- fall. (Century) Isomagnetic. Designating or pertain- ing to lines connecting points of equal magnetic force. (Webster) Isomeric. Composed ot the same ele- ments united in the same proportion by weight, but differing in one or more properties owing to difference in structure. (Webster) Isomeromorphism. Isomorphism be- tween substances having the same atomic proportions. (Century) Isometric. 1. Characterized by equal- ity of measure. 2. iSee Isometric system. Isometric system. In crystallography, that system of crystals in which the forms are referred to three equal mutually perpendicular axes. (La Forge) Isomorphous mixture. A solid solu- tion of two or more isomorphous substances. (A. F. Rogers) 366 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. Isoseismlc line. An imaginai? line connecting all points on the surface of the earth where an earthquake shock Is of the same intoisity. Isostasy. General'" equilibrium In the earth's crust, supposed to be main- tained by the yielding or flow of rock material beneath • the surface under gravitatlve stress. (Webster) Isostatio. Subject to equal pressure from every side; being In hydro- static equilibrium. (Webster) Isotherm. A line Joining points on the earth's surface having the same tem- perature at a given time, or the same mean temperature for a given peribd. ( Webster ) Isotope. A group of two or more radio elements occupying the same place in the Periodic table and chemically nonseparableand Identical ; independ- ent of atomic mass, the nature of the parent element, and the sequence of changes In which they result. Bee also Pseudolsotopy. For discus- sion See Soddy, The Chemistry of the Badlo-Elements, Ft. XI, p. 6. Isotropic. Having the same properties in all directions. Stiid of a medium with respect to elasticity, conduc- tion of heat or electricity, or radia- tion of heat or light. (Century) Tstrian stone. A marble near Trieste, from which Venice is largely built. Ita. A Japanese gold-washing board. Ztabirite. 1. A metamorphlc rock, first described from Brazil, of schis- tose structure and composed essen- tially of quartz grains and scales of specular hematite. Some muscovite Is also present It is a close rela- tive of itacolumite. It was named from Itablra, a place in Brazil. When it crumbles to powder it is called Jacutlnga. (Kemp) 2. A specular iron ore. (Dana) Itacolumite; Flexible sandstone. A va- riety of metamorphosed sandstone, slabs of which will bend noticeably without breaking. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Xtaipava (Braz.). A sort of screen used in rapid rivers behind which the rich gold-bearing sands aecumu- late. (Halse) Itambamba (Braz.). A plant whose Juice is said to help catch fine gold. Itatll (Hex.). An Aztec name for ob- sidian. (Halse) Ivory porcelain. A ware having a sur- face resembling ivory, produced by depoUshing the vitreous glaze. Izolyte. An amorphous, hyacinth-red, greasy hydrocarbon mineral whldi softens at 76° <3., and resembles hartite; it is found at Oberhait, near Gloggnltz, Austria. (Bacwi) IxtaJales (Mex.). An earthy oxide of Iron, often containing sulphide ot sil- ver, or native-silver threads. (Halse) Ictli (Mex.). A cutting implement made from a flake of obsidian. (Standard) J. Jab6n. 1. (Sp.) Soap; J. de mon- tana, soapstone or steatite. 2. (Colom.) A slicicenside. (Halse) 7abonciIlo (Max.). Decomposed tal- cose rock, or hardened clay, gener- ally found in a vein, and sometimes indicating the proximity of rich ore. (D wight) Jaca (Braz.). Spots In diamonds. (Halse) JacaIv(Mex.). 1. A hut in which tools and ore are kept. 2. A covering over a shaft to keep out rain; a shaft house. (Halse) Also spelled Xacal. Jaoaranda (Braz.). A wood from ' which stamp stems are made by na- tives. (Halse) Jacinto (Sp.). 1. Hyacinth, a trans- parent red variety of zircon. 2. Cin- namon stone, a variety of garnet. 3. A dark red quartz. (Halse) Jack. 1. Zinc blende. See Sphalerite (U. S. Geol. Surv.) 2. A Jack-screw attached to a point- ed pipe and used for holding an elec- tric coal-mining machine in position while at work. Also called a Pipe- jack. 3, A tin bucket with pouring spout In which powder in quantities of 5 to 12} pounds is carried into the mine. (Steel) 4. (No. of Eng.) A lantern-shaped case made of tin in which safety lamps nre carried in strong currents of ventilation. 5. (Scot.) One who works- underground at odd work. (Gresley) 6. (Scot.) A narrow dyke usually of igneous rock. (Barrowman) 7. A wooden wedge for separating roclcs rent by blasting. (Webster) 8. A rod or post set up in the work- ing room of a mine to which a rope is fastened for thQ pftrpose of mov- ing the cutting machine from place to place. (Robinson v. Virginia. Pocahontas Coal Co., 88 S. E. Kept, p. 623) 9- (No. of Eng.). A large fissure or crack in the mine roof. (Ores- ley) GLOSSARY OP iSlSITSQ JlSV MINEKAL INDUSTRY. 867 Jackanapes (Eng.). The small guide pulleys of a whim. (Century) Jackass pick. A pick with a protect- ing wing to supiwrt the helve so that the implement may be used as a lever. (Webster) Jack engine (Eng.). A donkey en- gine; a small engine employed In sinking a shallow shaft. (Century) Jacket. A covering to prevent radia- tion of heat, as the jacket of a steam boiler ; also, a casing around a fur- nace hearth in which water is al- lowed to stand or circulate to keep the walls cool. (Raymond) Jaekhammer. A nonreciprocating or hammer type of rock drill worked without a tripod and provided with an automatic rotating device. It uses hollow steel through which the exhaust air passes and blows the cuttings from the drill hole (Bowles). See Rock drilL Jack-head pit. A small shaft sunk within a mine ( Raymond ) . A winze. Jack-head pump. A subordinate pump In the bottom of a shaft, worked by nn attachment to the main pump rod. (Raymond) Jack-head set (Newc). The set of pumps in the jack-head staple. (Min. Jour.) Jack-head staple ( Eng. ) . A small mine for the supply of coal for the boilers. (Bainbrldge) Jack hole (Eng.). In coal mining, a bolt hole (Standard). See also Out- through. Jack-knifing. A collapsing of square- set timbers by wall pressure or through imperfect erection. (Sand- ers, p. 68) Jack lamp (Eng.). A Davy lamp, with the addition of a glass cylinder out- side the gauze. (Century) Jack pipe. A hollow iron pipe large enough to slip over the end of the front jack of a cutting machine so as to make it hold -more firmly against the coal. (Morris v. O'Gara Coal Co., 181 Illinois App., p. 311) Jack pit (No. of Eng.). A shallow shaft in a mine communicating with an overcast. (Gresley) Jack roll. A windlass worked by hand. (Gresley) Jack setter. A miner who assists in the operation of a coal-cutting ma- chine, one of whose duties is to see that the roof of the mine at or near the machine is in a reasonably safe | condition. (Haggard v. MoGrew Coal Co. (Mo.), 200 S. W. Rept., p. 1072) Jackshaft. 1. An intermediate shaft See Jack pit. (Standard). A winze, 2. A column or bar held in place by screw jacks to support or steady a rock drill. Jackshay; Jackshea (Aust.). A tin pot holding a quart (Webster) Jacky pit See Jack pit. Jacobsite. A deep black, magnetic min- eral, (Mn,Mg)0.(Fe,Mn)jO,. Iso- metric; in distorted octahedrons. (Dana) Jacob's stair. A single . straight rod, pointed and iron shod at the bottom and having a socket at the top ; used Instead of a tripod for supporting a compass. (Webster) Jaoupirangite. In petrology, a granu- lar ' Plutonic igneous rock of indefi- nite composition, containing essen- tial magnitite and pyroxene with accessory nephelite, ilmenlte, apatite, olivine, etc., in various proportions. (La Forge) Jacntinga; Jacntings (Brazil). The various colored iron ores associated with and often forming the matrix of the gold In the Brazilian mines. So called from their resemblance to the colors of the plumage of the Bra- zilian bird pipile jacutinga. (Da- vies) Compare Itabirite. Jad (Som.). 1. A long and deep hol- ing, cutting, or jud, made for the purpose of detaching large blocks of stone from their natural beds. (Gres- ley) 2. (Prov. Eng.) To undercut (coal or rock). (Standard) Jadder. A stonecutter. (Webster) Jadding. The operation of forming a jad (Gresley). See Holing; Jad, 1. Jadding pick. The tool employed to cut a jad. (Gresley) Jade; Jadite; Nephrite. A hard and extremely tough material of vary- ing composition, greenish white to deep green in color, used in making carved ornaments. Part of the so- called jade Is jadeite, a variety of pyroxene, essentially a metasllicate of sodium and aluminum. Part Is nephrite, a variety of amphibole, and essentially a metasllicate of iron, calcium, and magnesium; and part is a variety of saussurlte, which is commonly a complex alteration prod- uct of plagioclase feldspar. Wil- Uamsite, a variety of serpentine, Is sometimes mistaken for jade. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) 868 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. Jaileite. See Jade. fag bolt. A bolt with a nicked or barbed shank which resists retrac- tion, as when leaded into stone (Webster). Also called Barb bolt Jaggers (Derb.). Both men and horses-employed to carry ore from the mine to the smelter. Also called Jagger lads and Jagger horses. (Hooson) Jagging. A mode of carrying ore to the reduction-works In bags on horses, mules, etc. (Baymond) Jagging hoard. An Inclined board on which ore slimes are washed, as In a huddle. (Standard) Jagna (Colom.). 1. A fine powder; metalliferous sands In alluvial de- posits. (Halse) 2,,Jaguas; slimes; pulp; tailings; pulverized ore. (Lucas) Jagiiero (Colom.). A vessel for de- positing gold-bearing concentrate awaiting final separation. (Halse) Jailer (Som.). A small tub or box in which water is carried In a mine. (Gresley) Jales; Jalsontles (Mez.). BlchtaiUngs or middlings from concentration or amalgamation. (Dwight) Jal6n (Mex.). A tall survey-stake; range pole (Dwight). J. do es- quina, a corn,er stake. (Halse) Jalpaite. A lead-gray, cupriferous, ar- gentlte, (AgCu)2S, that crystallizes in the isometric system. (Stand- ard) Jalsontles (Sp.). Portions of ore not properly ground, and which have to be reground. Also the slime or dust from the washing vats in the amal- gamation works. (Rockwell) Jam. See Jamb, 2. Jamb. 1. A vein or bed of earth or stone, which prevents the miners from following a vein of ore ; a large block. 2. A projecting columnar part or mass as of masonry ; a pillar as of ore. (Webster) ' James concentrator. A concentration table, the deck of which is divided into two sections, flexibly joined together on a line oblique to the line of motion of the table. One section contains riffles for the coarse material while t'he other section is smooth, to allow the settling of the fine particles which will not settle on a rlflled surface. By meana of the joint, the slope of the sections can be varied independently. (Lid- dell) Jamesonlte; Feather ore. A sulphide of lead and antimony, PbiSbsSi. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Jam nut. An extra nut used to secure a principal nut ; a lock nut (Stand- ard) Jam out (So. Staff.). To cut or knock away the coal between holes. (Gres- ley) Jamnraolfin (Colom.). Extracting wa- ter from a pit (Lucas) Jamurar (Sp.). To extract water from a pit (Lucas) Jam weld. A weld In which the heated ends or edges of the parts are square-butted against each other and welded. (Century) Jap. See Rock drill. Jar. 1. To drill by impact, as a rock ; to use a drill jar upon. (Standard) 2. See Jars. - Jarcia (Mex.). Fabric or cordage' of Ixtle fiber. (Dwight) Jargon. 1. A name given to the color- less or smoky zircons of Ceylon. (Standard) 8. An inferior diamond having 'a yellowish color. (Century) Jarosite. A hydrous sulphate of iron and potassium from Jaroso, Spain, (Century) Jars. In well drilling, a connection be- tween the sinker bar and the poles or cables, made in the form of two links, that slide on each other from 6 to 36 Inches. The jars permit the tools to fall on the down stroke, but on the up stroke jar them, or give them a ' sharp pull tending to loosen them from any crevices or cavings that may hold them; a drill jar. (Nat Tube Co.) Jaspachate; paspagate. Agate jasper. (Webster) Taspe (Mex.). Jasper; J. negro, Ly- dian stone, touch stone. (Halse) Jasper. Red, brown, green. Impure, slightly translucent cryptocrystal- llne quartz with a dull fracture (U. S. Geol. Surv.). Red chalcedony, abundant enough on Dake Superior and elsewhere to be a rock (Kemp). Compare Taconyte. GLOSSAEY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 369 Jasperated. Mixed with Jasper; made to resemble jasper; as, jasperated agate; jasperated glass. (Standard) ' Jasperite. Same as Jasper. (Stand- ard) Jasperize. To convert into a form of sijica like jasper; agatized. (Cen- tury) Jasperold. Resembling jasper. (Cen- tury) Jasper opal. A yellow variety of opal resembling jasper, (Webster) Jasper ware. A white tferra-cotta or porcelain bisque Invented by Joslah Wedgcwood for use In his cameo- ware: also used for jewelry setting and statuettes. Also called Cameo- ware ; Wedgewood - ware. ( Stand- ard) Jasper wash. A dip Invented by Jo- slah Wedgewood In 1T77, and used by him to produce the effect of jas- per on pottery. (Standard) Jaspidean. Consisting of or contain- ing jasper; like jasper. (Standard) Jaspilite. A term used around Lake Superior for the jasper associated with the iron ores. It Is made up of bands of bright-red jasper alter- nating with bands of black, com- monly specular hematite. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Jaspoid. Resembling jasper. (Stand- ard) Jasponyx. An. onyx part or all of whose layers consist of jasper. (Webster) Jaspopal. See Jasper opal. Jaspure. Marble veined, or colored like jasper. arated from slate, on a screen or sieve in water by a reciprocat- ing motion of the screen, or by the pulsion of water through the screen. JS. To separate heavier from lighter materials, as ore from gangue, coal from slate, by agitation In water. ( WcbstBr) 8. (Eng.) A self-acting incline (Steel). A jinny road. 4. In well boring, to drill with a spring pole. (Century) Jig brow. See Jimmy road. , Jig chain (So. StafC.). A chain hoolied to the back of a skip and running round a post, to prevent its too rapid descent on an inclined plane (Raymond)-. Compare Snub, 2. Jigger. 1. A workman w^o sorts or cleans ore by the process of jigging. (Webster) 5. A machine for dressing small ore in which a sieve is dipped or moved about under water- (Skinner). See also Jig, 1, S. (Scot.) An apparatus for at- taching hutches to a haulage rope, Vhich holds by twisting or biting the rope. (Barrowman) 4. (Aust.) A boy who attends to the brake of a Jig, 3. (Power) 5. A coupling hook used between coal cars in Leicestershire coal mines. (Standard) Jigger work ( Eng, ) . Dressed, or partly dressed, ore obtained from jigging. (Hunt) Jiffglng (Corn.). Separating ores ac- cording to specific gravity with a sieve agitated up and down In wa- ter. The apparatus Is called a Jig or jigger (Raymond). See Jig, 1 and 2. Jigging machine. A machine with which to jig ore. See Jig, 1. (Web- ster) Jig indicator. An apparatus resem- bling a steam engine indicator, for drawing curved lines illustrating the action of jigs In ore dressing. (Webster)' Jig pin in casting, (Dwlght) JItty (Leic). A short heading along which empties, horses, or worlonen travel. '(Gresley) Joachlmstal process. / The extraction of silver from sulphide ores by con- verting into chloride, leaching with sodium hyposulphite, and precipitat- ing the silver as sulphide with sodi- um sulphide. (Raymond) Jock (Scot.). An iron rod, usually pronged, attached to the rear end of a train of hutches or cars be- ing drawn up an incline, to stop their descent In the event of the rope breaking. (Barrowman) Jockey. 1. (Aust.). A Y-shaped grip placed in sockets at the end of a skip. It is on this that the endless rope rests when used %bove the skip. S. (Mid.). A self-acting apparatus on the front of a car, for releasing it from the hauling rope at a cer- tain point. (Gresley) GliOSSABY OF MINING AND MINEEAL INDUSTBT. 371 Jcrey (Mid.). A man speclaHy ap- ptrinted to set timber In a stall daiv Ing the shift. (Gresley) Joggle. 1. A notch cut in a round timber to prevent rolling when placed on another round piece. (Sanders, p. 115) 8. A Joint of trusses or sets of tim- ber, for receiving pressure at right angles or n^irly so. (G. and M. M. P.) Jf^gUng teble. An inclined board, which moves with a sudden and quick motion,' used In washing ore. (Whitney) John 'Odges. See Gun. Johnston vaiiner. A vanner In which the chief difference between it and a Frue vanner is tliat the belt is ^ven an undulating motion to prevent sands from piling up against the edges of the belt. (Liddell) Johnstmpite. A silicate of the cerium metals, calcium and sodium chiefly, with titanium and fluorine. In pris- matic ciTStals. (Dana) Joint. 1. In geology, a planed or gently curved crack or fissure, which is one of an approximately parallel set of fissures ranging from a few Inches to many feet apart. Joints occur in rocks of nearly all kinds and gener- ally in two or more sets which divide the rocks into polyhedral blocks. (La Forge) 2. A line of cleavage in a coal seam. (Barrowman) Joint veins. Small veins confined to one bed of rocks that give no signs of displacement, or at least so slight that they can not be noticed. (Power) Jolnty. Full of joints ; specifically, in mining, full of minute cracks or crevices, as rock. (Standard) JSkiai. 1. A glacier. 2. An Ice'ndic mountain, a large portion of which is above the snow line. Also spelled Jolsul; Tokul. (Standard) Jolly balance. A very delicate spring balance used especially for the de- termination of densities by the method of weighing in water and air. (Webster) Jordanlte. A sulpharsenlte of lead, 4Pbs.As:Si. Monoclinic; often pseu- dohexagonal by twinning. A lead gray mineral. (Dana) Joren. A scoop-shaped bamboo basket used In Japan for carrying aurifer- ous gravel. (Lock) Jornada (or Jornal) (SpO. 1. Day's work (Dwlght). A shift 2. Day's wages. 3. Daily mineral production by each peAn. (Halse) Jornaleros (Sp.). Day laborers. (Mln. Jour. ) JoTAago (Sp.). 1. A small basket S. A hlanket. (Hal«e) Joseite. A bismuth-telluride mineral found in Brazil. (Dana) Josephlnlte. A native alloy of iron and nickel of the compo^tlon FeJJi.. (Dana) Jougs; Jnggs (Scot). An iron col- lar fa^«ned by a short chain to a. wall and said to have been put round the neck of disobedient min- ers in old times as a punishment. (Barrowman) Jonle. 1. A unit of work or energy which is equal to 10' ergs, and is practically equivalent to the energy expended in one second by an elec- tric current of 1 ampere In a re- sistance of 1 ohm. Approximately equal to 0.738 foot-pound. (Web- ster) • 2. The gram-degree centigrade ther- mal unit; the small calory. (Stand- ard) Joule's law. 1, The law that the rate at which heat is produced in any part of an electric circuit is meas- ured by the product of the square of the current into the resistance of that part of the circuit 2. The law that there is no change of tempera- ture when a gas expands without doing external work and without receiving or rejecting heat. (Web- ster) Jouph holes (Derb.). Hollows in a vein. (Power) Journal (Scot.). A record of strata pa.ssed through in a bore hole (Bar- rowman). A log book. Journey. 1. (So. Wales) A train or set of trams all coupled together running -upon an engine plane.. (Gresley) 2. The round of work done in con- verting a quantity of material into glass. (Webster) Jove. The metal tin. An obsolete term used by alchemists. (Webster) Jovlte. A high explosive consisting of certain nitro compounds and so- dium nitrate. Used in armor-pierc- ing shells. (Webster) 372 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEKAL INDUSTRY. Jowl (Newc). A noise made as a signal, by hammering at the faces of two levels expected to meet (Raymond) Juagada (Colom.). Stony, barren de- posit. (Lucas) Jnanblanco (Colom.). 1. Platinum found in gold placers. 2. Mica. (Halse) Jnd, Jndd. 1. (No. of Bng.). A block of coal about 4 yards square holed and cut ready for breaking down. 2. (Som.) See Jad, 1. (Gres- ley) 3. In whole working, a portion of the coal laid out and ready for ex- traction ; in pillar-workinf (4. e., the drawing or extraction of pillars"), the yet unremoved portion of a pil- lar. (Kaymond) 4. The term Jud Is also applied to a working place, usually 6 to 8 yards wide, driven In a pillar of coal. When a Jud has been driven the distance required, the timber and rails are removed, and this is termed ' drawing a jud.' (C. and M. M. P.) Jndge (Derb. and Newc). 1. A meas- uring stick to measure coal work underground. (Raymond) 2. (Eng.) Formerly a boy who proved the holing. (Gresley) Jndge rapper. The upper end of the vertical arm of a Judge. See Judge, 1. (Gresley) Juego (Mex.). A set of anything, as a set of repair parts for a machine. (Dwight) Jugglers. Timbers set obliquely against pillars of coal, to carry a plank partition, making a triangu- lar air passage or man-^y. (Ray- mond) Julgars. An Indian caste whose em-' ployment is gold washing. (Lock) Jumble (Derb.). The place where veins intersect (Mander) Jnmos (Colom.). Very fine particles of gold found in the bdtea after pan- ning. (Halse) Jump. 1. (Pac.) See Jumping a claim. 2. A dislocation of a vein. (Ray- mond) 3. (Eng.) To drill a hole for blast- ing with a Jumper. (G. 0. Green- well) Jumper (Corn, and Newc). 1. A drill or boring tool, consisting of a bar, which is 'Jumped^ up and dovra in the bore hole (Raymond). See alto Churn drill. 2. One who Jumps a claim. - See 'Jumping a claim.' Jumping a claim. 1. Taking posses- sion of a mining claim which has been abandoned. 2. Taking posses- sion of a mfhing claim liable to forfeiture owing to the requirements of the law being unfulfilled. 3. Tak- ing possession a mine or claim by stealth, frfiud or force. 4. The loca- tion of a mining claim on supposed excess ground within staked bound- aries of an existing claim on the theory that the law governing the manner of making the original loca- tion had not been complied with. Jumping switch (Scot). A self-act- ing switch, so arranged that the hutches Jump through a small verti- cal distance. (Barrowman) Jump joint. A butt Joint, made by Jump welding (Standard). See Jump weld. Jump-up; Jump-down. 1. An up-throw or a down-throw ^fault 2. To raise -boring rods and allow them to fall by their own weight (Gresley) 3. (Jump-up) A short rise dug in the roof of a drive. See Monkey shaft (Duryee) Jump weld. A weld of metal effected by hammering together the butt ends of two pieces heated to the welding point. (Standard) Junkerite. Same as Siderlte. (Cen- tury) Junket (Eng.). See Kibble. Junking (No. of Eng.) An opening cut Into, or a narrow slice taken off, a pillar In the room-and-pillar sys- tem of working coal (Gresley). A fast junking is a narrow place driven lengthwise in a pillar of coal, but unholed into the room on either side of the pillar. A loose junking is a similar place driven along the side of the pillar and open to the room along that side. (Q. C. Greenwell) Junta (Sp.). 1. A nearly vertical Joint in stratified rocks; J, de ter- renos, a fault or break in coal beds. 2. A board, congress, assembly, or council. Juntas (Mex.), concilia- tory meetings called by the mining agents to settle disputes about min- ing property. (Hal.<)e) Jupiter process. A patented process for making cast-steel by melting wrought-steel scrap with about 2 per cent ferrosilicon up to about 0.5 per cent ferromanganese and about 3 per cent aluminum and casting in molds of a special composition. (Webster) GliOSSABY OP MINING AND MINEBAL. INDUSTBYT 373 Jnpiier steel. A steel produced by the Jupiter process. It Is about as strong and as ductile as forged steel. (Webster) Jnquero (Peru). A thief who takes ore from the vein. (Dwlght) Tnr&sico (Mex.), Jurassic. (Dwlght) Jurassic. In geology, the middle one of the three periods comprised in the Mesozoic era. Also the system of strata deposited during that period. (La Forge) Justiceman (Scot.). One who checks, on behalf of the miners, the weight of mineral sent by them out of the mine (Barrowman). jSee Check welghman. Juvenile water. Water trom the in- terior of the earth which Is new or has never been a part of the general system of groundwater circulation. Bee Magmatlc water. Jnzgado (Sp.). A court of Justice. (Halse) X. Kabalte. A hydrocarbon related to ozocerite or scheererite, found in meteorites. ( Bacon ) Kaekle-meckle (Corn.). The poorest kind of lead ore (Raymond). A variation of Keckle-meckle. Kain coal (Scot.). Produce of the mine by way of whole or part pay- ment of rent. (Barrowman) Eainite. A natural salt containing when pure 35.1 per cent potassium sulphate, 24.2 per . cent magnesium sulphate, 18.9 per cent magnesium chloride, and 21.8 per cent water of hydration. ( Dana ) Kal (Eng.). A coarse kind of iron. (Anderson) Xalamein. 1. An anticorrosive alloy of lead, tin, antimony, bismutH, and nickel for coating iron. 2. To coat in a manner similar to galvaniz- ing, but using kalamein. (Webster) Ealiborite. See Heintzlte. Kallnlte; Potash alum. Hydrous alu- minum-potassiiim sulphate, KsSO*.- Al,(SO.)i+24aO. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) ' Kalium. Potassium : the Latin form of the word kali, signifying potash (Standard). Chemical symbol, K. Kallait. Turquoise. Kallen. See Callen. Xamarezite. A grass-green, hydrated, basic copper sulphate, Cu*(OH)t- SO,.6H40. (Standard) Xame. 1. (Scot.). A rounded hill or oblong ridge terminating abruptly in a high mound. Ctomposed of gravel and sand, and having its major axis transverse to the drift movement. (Thompson) 2. One of the hills or ridges formed of detritus by glaciers in the line of their track, or even any small conical hill: loosely used inter- Ohangeably with esker and eskar. (Standard) Kame plain. A broad, low, massive kame, composed only of coarse sedi- ment. (Standard) Xammerling furnace. A modification of the Belgian zinc smelting furnace wherein there are two combustion chambers separated by a central longitudinal wall. In principle the furnace is similar to the Hauzeur a compound. (Standard) Kampong ( Malay ) . An inclosed space ; furnace. (Ingalls, p. 444) Xanchana (Malay). Gold. (O. (}. W. Lock)' Xand; Cand (Corn). Fluorspar. (Power) Xank (Mid.). A twist in a rope (Gresley). A variation of kink. Eankar (Hind.) A concretionary limestone found in India and used for making roads. It yields an ex- cellent lime for mortar. (Stand- erdj Xann. See Cand. Xaolin; China clay; Porcelain clay. A clay, mainly hydrous aluminum sili- cate, from which pni>eelain may be made (U. S. Geol. SurvTh See also Kaolinite. * jfaolinic. Pertaining to, allied to, or resembling kaolin. (Webster) Xaolinite. A white soft earthy min- eral consisting of a hydrous 'silicate of aluminum and one of the chief constituents of clay. A common product of rock decay and of oxida- tion in veins (Ransome). Xaolinization. The decomposition of ' certain rocif-forming minerals to kaolin or clay. (Farrell) Kaple. See Capel. Earang (Malay). A layer of tin-bear- ing gravel. Also spelled Karong. 374 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTBT. Xarat. See Carat. Earn; Cairn (Corn.). A pile or heap of rocks, as for a monument; some- times the solid rock. ^ Karstenite. Anhydrite. East fnrnaee. A small circular shaft furnace with three or four tuyfires, for lead smelting. (Raymond) Eatabothron (Mod. Greek). An un- derground passage cut by water. (Standard) Eatalysls; Eatalytlc. See Catalysis. Eatamorphic zone. The zone of kata- morphism corresponds to the zone of rock fracture and Is a zone of breaking down. It is especially characterized by solution, decrease of" volume and softening of the ma- terials; the processes are destruc- tive, resulting in degeneration. The zone is divided into the belt of weathering and the belt of cementa- tion. See also Anamorphlc zone. (Watson) Eatamorphlsm. See Metamorphlsm. Any change in the texture of rocks produced by fracturing and granu- lation, with recrystalllzation, where- by rocks become flner-gralned and foliated, as the production of gneis- ses and schists from granite. (Cen- tury) Eati. A Chinese weight equal to li pounds. (Skinner) Eation; Eathion. iS'ee Cathlon. Eatouti. A gold-washing trough of the northwest provinces, India. (Lock) Xanri resin, or Onm; Copal. A resin- ous product of the Kauri, found in yellow or biown lumps in the ground where thetrees have grown. It is used forsaking varnish and as a substitute for amber (Webster). Found in New Zealand. Xavels (Eng.). Lots cast by miners for the working places. (Bain- bridge) Eawishiwin (Lake Superior region). The iron-bearing belt of the Kee- watln. The greenstone, or dloritic, (upper) part of the Keewatin. (WInchell) - Kawk (Corn.). Fluorspar. (Power) Eayak; Eayack; Eiak (Alaska). An Eskimo canoe, usually of skin and completely decked, the covering be- ing laced about the person who sits in an opening near the center ; it Is about -16 feet long and seldom car- ries more than one i>erson. Eazen (Corn.). A sieve. (Davies) Eazer. See Kazen. Eebble (Eng.). An opaque calcareous spar. (Balnbridge) Eeckle-meckle (Eng.). Lead minerals of the poorest quality. See Kackle- meckle. Eedabeklte. A name given by E. von Federow to a dike rock flrom the Kedabek mines, province of Eliza- bethpol, Transcaucasia. The rock is flnely granular, dark gray in color and consists of basic, plagioclase, lime-iron garnet and a pleochrolc py- roxene called violalte. (Kemp) Eeeker (No. of Eng.). An inspector of underground mining. (Century) Eeel (Eng.). 1. A flat-bottomed ship or barge used on the Tyne to carry coal from Newcastle. 2. A barge load of coal containing 8 Newcastle chaldrons or Zli tons avoirdupois. 3. A red iron ocher used for mark- ing lumber (Webster). (Eng.) The same as reddle or red clay. Also Kell. Eeel wedge. A long iron wedge for driving over the top of a pick hilt. (C. and M. M. P.) Eeeper. 1. One in charge of opening and closing the tap hole of a blast furnace, and who runs iron at Qast. (Wilcox) 2. (Eng.). An engine keeper ; a horse keeper, etc. Also a bralceman. (Gresley) Eeeps; Eeps. Wings, catches, or rests, to hold the cage when it is brought to rest at the top, bottom or at an intermediate landing (Chance). Also called Shuts, Fans, Chairs, Dogs. See also Cage shuts. E«eve. 1. iSfee Cauf. S. A tub used in collecting grains of heavy ore or metal; a dolly tub (Raymond). A keeve of rich slime is stirred with water, and then struck pn the side, which causes the heavy mineral to settle on the bottom (Standard). Also spelled Kleve. Eeeving. The preparation of fine ore, ' or slime in a keeve. (Standard) Eeewatln. According to the U. S. ■Geological Survey, the overlying but older of the two series of rocks com- prised in the Archean system. Also the corresponding geologic epoch. (La Forge) 6L0SSABY OP MINHSTG AITO MINEBAL INDUSTRY. 375 Xeg. A cylindrical container made of steel or some other substance, which contains 25 pounds of blasting pow- der or gunpowder (Du Pont). Any small cask or barrel having a ca- pacity of 5 to 10 gallons. Xell furnace. A gas-flred furnace con- taining one or more vertical retorts for the distillation of zinc. (In- galls, p. 395) XeilhaTiite. A titano-silicate of cal- cium, aluminum, ' ferric iron, and the yttrium metals. (Dana) Keith process. An electrolytic process for refining lead. The electrolyte Is composed of a solution of lead acetate or of lead chloride. Impure lead forms the anode plates, which are Inclo&ed In bags of coarse mus- Un. The cathodes are made of thin metal plates. The deposit obtained Is in crystalline form and falls to the bottom of the vessel, which may be made of plate iron or of wood. (Goesel) Keif (Derb., Lelc). The vertical height of the face of the undercut at any time during the operation of undercutting. (Gresley) Kell (Eng.). A variation of Kiln. Keller automatic roaster. A six-deck horizontal furnace for calcining sulphide ores. (Hofman, p. 191) Keller fnrnace. A multiple-deck roast- ing furnace for sulphide ore^ It is a modification of the Spence fur- nace. (Ingalls, p. 98) Kelly. 1. In brlckmaklng, to cover with mold or soli. 2. Mold over- lying clay; surface earth. (Stand- ard) Kelly filter. An intermittent, movable pressure filter. The leaves are ver- tical and are set parallel with the axis of the tank. Pulp is Introduced I Into the tank (a boiler-like affair) under pressure and the cake formed. The head then is unlocked and the leaves run out of the tank chamber, by means of a small track, and the cake Is dropped. The carriage and leaves are then run back into the tank and the cycle begun again. (LlddeU) Kelp. 1. Large seaweeds such as are used In producing the manufactured kelp. (Century) 2 The ashes of seaweeds, formerly the source of soda as used In glass and soap making, now a source chiefly of Iodine. (Standard) Xelve (Com.). Fluorspar. (Power) Kelyphlte rim. A name applied by Schrauf to rims of pyroxene, horn- blende and spinel that sometimes surround the garnets of peridotltes. It is of microscopic application. (Kemp) Eennel. 1. (Mid.) A collier's term for cannel coal. (Gresley) 2. Also a channel ; little canal ; gutter. Xenner C^o.'of Eng.). An expression meaning time to leave off work. (Gresley) Kentallenlte. A granular plutonlc ig- neous rock, between augite syenite and olivine gabbro, composed essen- tially of augite, olivine, biotite, an- desine, and Orthoclase. (La Forge) Kentish rag (Eng.). A provincial term for the hard, gray, arenaceous limestone of the green-sand forma- tion, much used for.bullding in Kent and Sussex. (Roberts) Kentledge. 1. A nautical term for pig iron used as ballast. 2. In British military usage, unserviceable cast- iron articles such , as condemned shot, and shell, etc. (Webster) Kent roller • mill. A revolving steel ring with three rolls pressing against its inner face. The rolls are supported on springs, and the rings support the roll, so that there Is some freedom of motion. The ma- terial to be crushed is held against the ring by centrifugal force. (Lld- deU) Kenyte. A vitrophyric variety of phonolite Containing phenocrysts of anorthoclase. (La Forge) Keps (Scot.). Movable support for the cage at a landing; shuts (Bar- rowman). See Keeps. Keramics. Same as Ceramics. Kerargyrite. Same as Cerargyrite. Keratophyre. A rock intermediate be- tween porphyries and porphyrites, and differing from each in having as the principal feldspar, anortho- clase instead of either orthoclase or the soda-lime feldspar. Kerato- phyre applies to pre-Teriary rocks, whereas pantellerlte is used for the same aggregate of more recent geo- logical date. The name was given in 1874 by Gfimbel to certain Bava- rian felsitic and porphyritlc rocks, that resembled homfels, hence the name from the Greek for horn (Kemp). Its significance has since beeen restricted to any variety of syenite porphyry, trachyte, or felslte containing phenocrysts of anortho- clase. 376 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. Kerf (Eng.). The undercut made to assist the breaking or mining of the coal (Steel). See also Kerve. Kermeslte. A monoclinlc, cherry-red mineral, Sb^SaO, resulting from the alteration of stibnite (Dana). Also called Kermes mineral. Kermes mineral. A soft, reddish-brown artificial powder consisting of SI12SS, but usually containing also an oxide and allsali. Kermesite is a native form. (Webster) Kerned (Corn.). Said of certain ore hardened by exopsure to the sun. (Da vies) Kernel roasting. See Roasting. Kern stone (Local, Eng:). A sand- stone of a coarse granular composi- tion. (Standard) Kernon. An old, name for Cornwall. (Pryce) Kerogen. A term applied to the bitu- minous material In Scottish oil- shale. (Bacon) Kerosene. A mixture of hydrocarbons whose average boiling point is about 450° F., freed on the one hand from gasoline or naphtha and on the other hand from the heavy hydrocarbons that belong to gas oil and lubricat- ing oil. (Bacon) Kerosene shale. Speaking broadly, any bituminous shale from which illuminating oil has been or may be obtained. (Bacon) Kerrite. A pearly, yellowish-green va- riety of mica that is closely related to jefferlsite. It -occurs as fine scales. ( Standard ) Kersantite. 1. A very old name of somewhat varying ' application, but foriiierly used for rocks that are intermediate between diorites or their corresponding porphyrltes and gabbros or diabases. Mica-diabase was used as a synonym (Kemp). 2. A finely granophyrlc or aphano- ' phyric igneous rock composed of plagioclase and biotite, with or withr out auglte, hornblende, and olivine; a porphyritic diabase or augHe dlorite with phenocrysts of biotite (La Forge.). Kersanton is practi- cally a synonym. Both names are derived from a toviru' in Britany. Kerve; Kirve (No. of Eng.). To un- dercut, as in coal mining. (C. and M. M. P.) Ketches (So. Wales). Same as Back- stay. Kettle. 1. (Scot.) A cylindrical or barrel-shaped iron or wooden vessel used to raise men or materials in sliaft sinking. (Barrowman) 2. See Kettle hole. Kettleback. The same as Horseback. (Davis V. Nuttallsburg Coal & Coke Co., 34 West Virginia, p. 502) Kettle bottom. A piece of slate that drops 'out of a smooth cavity in the roof of a mine. It loosens and falls without giving any warning (Harr). Same as Horseback. Kettled. . In geology, hollowed, out like a kettle, as surface bowls by action of a glacier. (Standard) Kettle dross. Skimmings resultiiig from the desilveration of lead bul- lion. It consists principally of lead oxides mixed with metallic lead. (Hofman, pp. 445 and 498, 6th ed.) Kettle hole. A steep-sided hollow, with* out surface -drainage, especially In a deposit of glacial drift. (Web- ster) Kettle moraine. A terminal moraine the surface of which is marked by many kettle holes. (Webster) Ketton stone. A reddish-brown oolitic limestone from Ketton, England. (Webster) Keuper. »The upper division of the European Triassic formation. . (Standard) Kevel (Derb.). A variation of Kevll. Kevil. 1. (Derb.). A veinstone, con- sisting of a mixture of calcium car- bonate and other minerals. (Ray- mond) 2. (No. of Eng.) The amount of coal sent out by the various miners during a certain period. (Gresley) Keweenawan. According to the U. S. Geological Survey, the uppermost or youngest of the series Of rocks com- prised in the Algonkian system; it is regarded by some geologists as Lower Cambrian. Also the corre- sponding geologic epoch. (La Forge) The system Includes a body of igneous rocks of prodigious thick- ness, conglomerates, and sandstones. The cppper-bearing rocks of the Lake Superior region are part of the- system. Key. 1. (Eng.) A kind of wrench used for screwing and unscrewing drill rods. Also used to support the rods by resting on top of the casing: and allowihg the rods to hang by GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEEAL INDUSTRY. 377 the enlarged joint coming In contact with the key. (Gresley) 2. A wedge driven between two feathers to break a stone. (Web^ ste») 3. An Iron bar of suitable size and taper for filling the keyways of shaft and pulleys so as to keep both together. (Steel) 4. A re"ctangular depression, in one or both flat sides of a brick, some- times called Frog or Panel. (Ries) 5. A keystone. Key blocks. The first blocks which are removed in opening up a new quarry floor. (Bowles) Key seat. See Keyway. Keystone. 1. The voussoir at the cen- ter of the crown of an arch, which, being the last set in place, is re- garded as binding the whole to- gether. A bond stone. 2. A fiUingr "~ in block of cast iron used in some lead smelting furnaces. (Webster) Keyway; Key seat. A groove or chan- nel in a shaft or pulley for receiv- ing a key. (Webster) Kibble; Kibbal (Corn, and Wales). An iron bucket for raising ore. (Ray- mond ) Kibble filler (Eng.). The man fills the kibble with ore, coal, or waste rock. (Bainbridge) Kibble rope; Kibble chain (Eng.). A rope or chain for hoisting a kibble or bucket. (Standard) Kick. 1. In brlckmaking, a wooden block on the upper face of a stock board to make a key or depression in the bottom of a slop-molded brick. 2. A die for molding brick. (Stand- ard) Kick- back. 1. (Arkansas) To break the coal on both sides of the auger hole which contains the powder, usually along a joint in the coal. (Steel) 2. A track arrangement for revers- ing the direction of travel of cars moving by gravity. (C. and M. M. P.) Kicker. 1. Ground left in first cutting a vein, for support of its sides. (Raymond) 2. (Scot). The reversing gear of some direct-acting steam and hy- draulic pumps. (Barrowman) 3. (Eng.). A liberating catch made in the form of a bell-crank lever rocking on a horizontal axis. (Greslay) Kiok-up. 1. (Aust.). An end tippler. (Power) 2. (No. of Eng.). See Tipper, 1 and 2. Kidney ore. A variety of hematite, occurring in compact kidney-shaped masses. (Webster) Kidneys. 1. (Tenn.). Bowlders of phosphate rock. (Power) 2. A term applied by miners to a mineral zone which narrows down until very thin and then suddenly expands and again suddenly con- tracts. (Meydenbauer v. Stevens, 78 Fed. Rept., p. 791; Rough Rider, In re, 41, Land Decisions, p. 255) Kidney stone. 1. A nodule of iron- stone common in the Oxford clay; (Middle OSlite) of England. 2. A tough, compact, fine grained green- ish or bluish amphibole; nephrite. (Standard) 3. A pebble or nodule roughly re- sembling a kidney. (Webster) Kiefekil; Kefferkil (Persian). I. A kind of clay. 2. A meerschaum. (Century) Kies. A general term for the sulphide ores, now adopted Into English frpm the original German. (Kemp) Kieselguhr. German name for diato- maceous earth, and more or less cur- rent in English (Kemp). Used as an absorbent for nitroglycerin in dynamite. It Is an inert substance or passive base, whose only value lies in its capacity to absorb about three times Its weight in nitroglyc- erin (Du Pont). -See also Infu- sorial earth. Kieserlte. A hydrous magnesium sul- phate, MgSO.-f-HjO. Usually mas- sive, granular to compact. Color white, grayish, vellowlsh. (Dana) Kleve ( Corn. ) . A variation of Keeve, 2. Kiles (Eng.). Leather strings. (Bainbridge)* Kilkenny coal. Anthracite. (Gres- ley) Kill. To mix atmospheric air with fire-damp or other gases so as to make them harmless. (Gresley) Killas. Cornish miners' term for the slates or schists that form the coun- try rock of the Cornish tin veins. (Kemp) Killman (Scot.). A kilnman. (Stand- ard) 878 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. KiUogle (Scot). The space before the Are In a kiln. (Standard) XlUow (Eng.). A deep blue or black- ish earth. (Standard) Kiln. 1. A furnace for the calcina- tion of coarsely broken ore or stone ; also, an oven for drying, charring, etc. (Raymond) 2. A potter's oven for baking bis- cuit or fictile ware. 8. A furnace for vitrifying, as bricks or porce- lain. (Standard) KUn-dry. To dry In a Win. (Web- ster) Kiln eye (Scot.). The opening at the bottom of a draw kiln. (Barrow- man) Kllnhole. The mouth or opening of an oven or kiln. (Webster) Kilnman. A man who tends a kiln. (Standard) Kiln-ran brick. See Stock brick. Kiln white. A scum which originates in the burning of brick. (Ries) Kilo. A short form of kilogram. (Webster) Kilocalorie. A great calorie. (Web- ster) Kilogram. A unit of weight In the metric system and equal to one thousand grams, or 2.2046 pounds avoirdupois. Kilometer. A length of one thousand meters, equal to 3,280.8 feet, or 0.621 of a mile: the chief unit for long distances in the metric system. (Standard) Kilowatt. A unit of power equal to one thousand watts. (Webster) Kilowatt hour. A unit of work or energy equal to that done by one kilowatt acting for one hour ; ap- proximately 1.34 horse-power hour. (Webster) Kimherley joint. Originally a pipe Joint of English mantif acture for use ,ln South Africa. It consists of 'an outer wrought sleeve or ring belled out on the ends to form a suitable lead recess for calking, the pipes butting in the center of the sleeve. (Nat. Tube Co.) Kimberlite. A name given by H. Car- ville Lewis to the peridotlte that forms the diamantiferous dike at the Klmberley mines, of South Af- rica. The rock is more porphyritic than typical peridotlte (Kemp). Also called Blue earth or Blue ground by miners. Kimherly method. iS>ee Combined top- slicing and shrinkage stoplng. Kim-eoal. See Klmmerldge shale. Kimmeridge clay. A thick bed of clay, constituting a member of the Oolite (Jurassic) group. So-called, because it is found well developed at Kim." meridge, in the isle of Purbeck, Dor- setshire. (Comstock) Kimmeridge coal. A bituminous shale or Impure coal which occurs in the Kimmeridge clays. (Power) > Kimmeridge shale. Extensive deposits of blulsh^gray slaty clay, containing more or less volatile matter, and Interstratified vrith thin beds of highly bituminous shale, occurring In Dorsetshire. This clay, which is a member of the Upper OSlite, at- tains in places a thickness of as much as 600 feet. Xocally, called Klm-coal. (Bacon) Kimmeridgian. In geology, one of the stages of. the Upper Oolite series of the Jurassic system of strata in Great Britain. (La Forge) Kin. A Japanese weight of 1.31 pounds avoirdupois. (Weed) Kind (Eng.). Generally signifies ten- der, soft, or easy to work. Said of certain ores. (Gresley) Kind-Chandron process. A process for sinking shafts in which a small pit is sunk in advance and subsequently enlarged to the full size of the shaft, when the tubbing or water-tight lin- ing with its moss box at the bottom Is lowered or pressed down into po- sition, and the tubbing backed up with an outside lining of concrete. (Webster) Kindly. A miner's term for a rock which is considered- congenial or likely for carrying ore. (Roy. Com.) Kindly ground (Eng.). Those rocks in which lodes become productive of mineral of value. (Cox) Kind's plug. A wooden plug attached to an iron rod, used In connection with sand for . recovering tubing from bore holes. (Raymond) Kingbolt. A bolt supporting a cage in a shaft. (Webster) Kingle. Barren blaes, or ribs of hard calcareous or quartzose material, destitute of bituminous matter, oc- curring in the Scottish oil shales. (Bacon) GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY. 379 King-post (Eng.). An apparatus for strengthening a beam. (Balnbrldge) Xing-pot. The large central pot or crucible in a brass-melting furnace. (Raymond) King screen. A drum-type screen in which the pulp to be screened is de- liverett on the outside, the under- size passing tlirough the screen and discharging through the open end. (Liddell) King's silver. A very pure but soft silver used for plate in the begin- ning of the 18th century. (-Stand- ard) King's yellow. A bright yellow pig- ment, AsjS.. Occurs native as orpi- ment, and is also made artificially. (Webster) Kln'k. 1. (Scot.) A twist In a rope; a doubling and interlocking of sev- eral links in a chain. (Barrowman) 2. A deflection in a vein or lode which does not interrupt the con- tinuity thereof. (Voght) Klnkead mill. A pan mill with a con- vex conical bottom on which a mul- ler, having two surfaces of different Inclinations, grind. The machine acts on the gyratory principle as regards crushing between the sur- faces. (Liddell) Kinonlly (Corn.). See Kivufly. Klnziglte. A metamorphic rock con- sisting «f biotite, garnet, and oligo- clase. It was named, in 1860, by Fischer, from the Klnzlg Valley, in the Black Forest. (Kemp) Kip (No. of Eng.). A level or gently sloping roadway, at the extremity of an engine plane, upon which the full cars stand ready to be sent up the shaft (Century). The tubs, or cars, usually go ' to the shaft by gravity. ^r. A Russian name given toi petro- leum solidified on exposure, and hav- ing the^appearance of asphalt. (Mit- zakis) * Xirchhoff's law. The law that In any branching network of electric wires the algebraic sum of the currents in all of the wires that meet In any point is zero. (Webster) Kirn (Scot). To bore with a hand Jumper or kirner. (Barrowman) Xlrner (Scot). A hand jumper (drill). (Barrowman) Xlrre (No. of Eng.). To undercut (Gresley). See Kerve. Xlrrlng (Newc). The cutting made at the bottom, of the coal by the miner (Raymond). See Holing. Klsh. 1. The blast - furnacemen's name for the graphite segregations seen in pig iron and in the cinder of a furnace making a very gray iron. (Raymond) 2. The dross on the surface of molten lead. (Standard) Kiss process. About the same as the Patera process (wh^ch see) except * that calcium hyposulphite is used for leaching the ore, and calcium polys.ulphide for precipitating the silver. (Liddell) Kist. The wooden box or chest In which the timberman keeps his tools. The chest is always placed at the .flat or lamp station. This spot is often referred to by the expres- sion "at the klst" (C.and M. M. P.) Kisye (Malay). Rattan sieves used in gold washing. (Lock) Kit. A wooden vessel. (Raymond) Kitchen. See Laboratory, 2. Kitchens (Eng.). Coal prepared and sold expressly for use in ranges, stoves, etc. (Gresley) Kitting (Eng.). Thieving in combina- tion. There are different modes of cheating the adventurers (owners) b.v miners mixing their ores, and sometimes by stealing from heaps not their own and carrying to their own heap. All these thefts are called "kitting." (Hunt) Kittle (Scot.). Dangerous; risky. (Barrowman) Kitty (No. of Eng.). A length of about four Inches of straw filled with gunpowder by which flame is communicated to the blasting charge. ^(Gresley) Klve (Prov. Eng. and Scot.). Same as Keeve. (Standard ) Klver (Local Eng.). A shallow keeve, which see. (Standard) Klvully (Corn.). Loose ground. (Pryce) AlsQ spelled Kinoully. Kleeman condenser. A rectangular clay pipe In which distilled zinc Is condensed. (Ingalls, p. 550) Klelnite. A mineral consisting of mer- cury-ammonium chloride. Formula uncertain. (U. S. Geol. Surv,) Kllnkstone. See Phonollte. 380 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Klip ( So. Af r. ) . A rock or stone ; cliff, mountain. ( Standard ) Kloof (So. Afr.). A mountain pass or cleft; a gorge or narrow valley. (Standard) Kluft. A fault, (tire) Knacker (Prov. Eng.). A collier's horse. (Standard) Knapper. A stone breaker; specifi- cally one who breaks up flint flakes Into sizes used for gun flints. (Cen- tury) Knapping (Scot)., The act of break- ing stone. (Standard) Knapping hammer. A lohg-handled steel hammer for brealking stones, such as is used for breaking flint flakes. (Standard) Knapping machine. A stone breaker. .(Standard) Knee joint. A toggle joint. (Stand- ard) Kneeler (Eng.). A quadrant or tri- angular lever which converts the horizontal movement of a piston rod into the up and down movement of pump rods. (Webster) Knee movement. The mechanism that operates a toggle-joint. (Standard) Knee piece. 1. A bent piece of piping. (C. and M. M. P.) 2. An angular piece of timber used in a roof (mine) -to strengthen a joint where two timbers meet. Knee timber. Timber with natural knees or angles in it. A piece of timber with an angle or knee in it. (Webster) Knits; Knots. Small particles of ore. (Raymond) Knob. 1. A round hill or mountain; especially an isolated one (Web- ster). See also Boss,. 4. 2. To remove knobs from, as In rough-dressing stone in the quarry. (Standard) . 3. A small support for the roof. (Min. Jour.) Knobbing. The act of rough-dressing stone in the quarry by knocking off the projections and points. (Cen- tury) Knobbing fire. A'B'^b^ery for refin- ing cast-iron. (Raymond) Knock. 1. To examine a mine roof for safety. Bee also Chap. (Gres- ley) 2, (Local, Eng.). A sand-bank; so- called along the Lincolnshire coast. (Standard) Knock-back ore (Eng.). Ore -mixed with barite or kevil. (Balnbridge) Knocker. A lever that strikers on a plate of iron at the mouth of the shaft, by means of which miners below can signal to those on the top. (C. and M. M. P.) Knocker line. The signal line ex- tending down the shaft from the knocker. (C. and M. M. P.) Knocking. 1. (So. Wales) Signals made underground by knocking on the coal. (Gresley) 2. (Eng.) Ore broken with a ham- mer, especially the large lumps which are picked out. (Webster) Knocking-bucker (Eng.). A tool cut out of a strong flat bar of iron, used for breaking or bucking ore. (Dur- yee) Knockings. Pieces of stone cut or taken off in blasting or in rough- dressing. (Standard ) Knocking-up (Eng.). The calling up of miners by beating the landing wagon. (Balnbridge) Knock-off. 1. The point upon an en- gine plane at which the trip is dis- connected from the rope. 2. A joint for disconnecting the bucket from the pump rods. 3. To do away with. (Gresley) 4. To stop (work) for the day or part of a day. See Kenner. Knock-off hook. 1. (Eng.) A hook by which cars may be detached from a rope by the withdrawal of a pin or knocking off a catch.' 2, Also a hook by means pf which the rope is detached from the cage when it is drawn too high by the winding engine. (G. C. Greenwell) Knock-off joint. In well drilling, a joint used in the rods of deep-well pumps. The jointed ends of the rods are enlarged to a square section a.nd notched to fit against one an- other, and are confined b/ a clasp or bridle embracing them. The joint is tapered lengthwise and the hole in the clasp is tapered to corre- spond, so that the tendency is al- ways for the clasp to tighten around the joint. (Nat. Tube Co.) Knockstone (Eng.). A stone or piece of iron on which to break lead-ore. .(Balnbridge) Knoll. A hillock of rounded form; a mound; the top of a hill or mouih tain. (Webster) GLOSSARY or MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 381 Knots. A term applied by qunrrymen to dark gray or black masses, more or less oval or circular In cross sec- tion, which are segregations of black pilca or hornblende formed in the granite while in a molten state. English quarrymen call them 'heathen.' (Dale) Knotty. So altered by contact meta- morphlsm as to have new minerals developed, .giving a spotted or knotty appearance (Kemp). Some- times applied to concretions found In sedimentary, rock. (Rles) Known mine. Lands can not be held to be " known mines " unless at the time the rights of the purchaser accrued there was upon the ground an actual and open mine which either had been worked or was capa- ble of being worked. (Colorado Coal, etc., Co. v. United States, 123, p. 327; U. S. Min. Stat., p. 746) Known to exist. A vein or lode is known to exist when it could be dis- covered by anyone making a reason- able and fair inspection of the prem- ises for the purpose of a location. (Iron Silver Mining Co. v. Mike & Starr, etc., Co., 143 United States, p. 403; Min. Stat, pp. 558-562) Knox and Osborne fnrnace. A continu- ously working shaft furnace for roasting quicksilver ores, having the fireplace bulit in the masonry at one side. The fuel is wood. (Ray- mond) Knox hole. A circular drill hole with two opposite vertical grooves which direct the explosive power of the blast. (Perkins) Knox system. A system of separating masses of rock by blasting with black blasting powder in reamed Srill holes, a considerable air space being, left between the charge and the stemming. (Bowles) Kuu(flUe. The place on an incline where there is a sudden change in grade. (Harr) The top of a grade or hill on a track over which mine cars are hauled (Richards v. Sloss- Sheffleld Steel & Iron Co., 146 Ala- bama, p. 256; 41 Southern, p. 288. Koehler furnace. A revolving, cylin- drical, muffle furnace used in Upper Silesia. (IngaUs, p. 161) Koehler lamp. A naphtha-burning flame safety lamp for use in gase- ous mines. Koepe system. A system of hoisting without using drums, the rope be- ing endless a,nd passing over pulleys Instead of around a drum. (C. and M. M. P.) Kokowal (New Zealand). Red ocher; a common native pigment, mixed for use with fish oil or vegetal oil. (Standard) Komspelter. A propo.sed trade name for spelter from the Kansas, Okla- homa, and Missouri fields, Kom be- ing the initial letters of the three states named. (Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 115, p. 672) Konlte. A magneslan dolomite- (Standard) Konlite. A reddish brown to yellow, soft, amorphous hydrocarbon min- eral that has a specific gravity of 0.88, a melting point of 114' C, and dl-stils at 200° C. (Bacon). Also called KSnleinite. Kopje (So. Afr.). A hillock; knob. (Standard) Korb (Ger.). See Corf, 1. Koregr (Malay), A stratum of com- pact yellow clay underlying tin-bear- ing gravel. Koswlte. A name derived from Mt. Koswlmsky, in the Urals, and given by Duparc and Pearce to a melano- cratic, granular rock composed of varieties of pyroxene, olivine, horn- blende, chromifej-ous spinels, and magnetite ; the last named constitut- ing a matrix or cement for the others. (Kemp) Koth. A name given by the Spaniards -to an earthy, slimy substance eject- ed from volcanoes in South America. The natives call It Moya. (Humble) Kraal (So. Afr.). An enclosure or stockade or pen for cattle or sheep. A hut or group of huts for native miners. Krablite. Ejected blocks from the vol- cano of Krafla, In Iceland, which were regarded many years ago by Porchhammer, under the name bau- lite, as a feldspar, of percentage In silica far beyond that of alblte. It was soon shown by the microscope to be an aggregate. (Kemp) Krassyk. A local name for a decom- posed ferruginous schist; in the Berseov gold-mining district of the Urals. (Kemp) Kremnitz white. A pure white lead made by treating litharge and lead acetate with carbon dioxide, -and formed into tablets. It is used In fine painting. (Webster) 382 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Krems. Same as Kremnltz white, which see. Erennerite. Orthorhomblc tellurlde of gold and silver. Composition varia- ble, (Au,Ag)Tei. At Cripple Creek analysis gives gold 43.86 per cent, silver 0.46 per cent, tellurium 55.68 per cent. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Krohnke process. The treatment of silver ores preparatory to amalga- mation, by humid chlorldlzatlon with copper dlchlorlde. (Raymond) Krupp ball mill. An ore pulverizer In which the grinding is done by chilled-iron or steel balls of various sizes moving against each other and the die ring, composed of five per- forated spiral plates, each of which overlaps the next The plates form steps which give the balls a drop from one plate to the next, arid hi addition, give space through which oversize Is returned. Outside the die plate is a coarse perforated screen to take the chief wear, while outside that is fine gauze screens. The fines discharge through these Into the housing inside which the screens revolve and which has a hopper bottom. (Liddell) Kruppize. To apply the Krupp hard- ening process to, as armor plate. (Standard) Krupp process. . 1. See ICrupp wash- ing process. Called also Bell-Krupp process. (Webster) 2. A cementation-process designed for the hardening of surface steel, as for armor plates, where the object Is to strengthen 'the outer portion of the mass from the surface toward the Interior. (Standard) Xmpp washing process. The^ removal of silicon and phosphorus from molten pig iron by running it Into a Pernot furnace, lined with Iron oxides. Iron ore may also be added, and the bath is agitated by rotation for five to eight minutes only. See Bell's dephosphorizing process. (Raymond) Kryokonite. Dust of volcanic or cos- mic origin found on ' the lee and snow of the polar regions. (Web- ster) Krypton. An Inert gaseous element of the argon group, occurring In the air to tlie extent of about one vol- ume In one million. Symbol, Kr; atomic weight, 82.92. (Webster) Kry^tlc. In geology, pertaining to or tre.TtIng of the subject of Ice as a surface feature of the earth. In any and all of Its forms. Including gla- cier Ice; as, krystio geology. (Stand- ard) Eua. Specially shaped hoes used for working gravel In the sluice in Japan. (Lock) Engel. The German word for ball or sphere, often prefixed to those Ig- neous rocks that show a spheroidal development, such as corslte, orbicu- lar granite, etc. (Kemp) Enlaite. A name derived from the Kula basin In Lydia, Asia Minor, proposed by H. S, Washington, for those rare basalts (there abundant) In which hornblende surpasses au- gite in amount. (Kemp) Kali (India). Wages; hire. Also spelled Culy. (Century) Eullaite. A name derived from the Swedish locality Kullen, and applied by A. Hennig to a dike-rock which is regarded as an intermediate type between the diabases and the gran- ites. In a feldspathic groundmass of ophltlc (diabasic?) texture, are red phenocrysts of plagloclase and microcllne. The groundmass has rods of ollgoclase-andeslne with auglte, orthoclase and- tltaniferous magnetite. (Kemp) Xankur (Hind.). A nodular or tnfa- ceous concretionary limestone, gen- erally of an ash-gray or dove-gray color ; occurs both In layers or beds, often of considerable thickness and extent, and In detached nodular con>- cretlons of various size, imbedded in stiff clay. (Qldham) Kunzite. A lllac-colored or pink spod- uniene. Used as a gem. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Eupf ernickle (Ger.). Niccolite. (Standard) Enpferschlefer (Ger.). A dark-col- ored shale of the Permian, worked for copper, in Germany. (Standard) Euskite. A name derived from the Kuskokwln river, Alaska, and ap- plied by J. B. Spnrr to certain por- phyrltlc dikes, which cut Cretaceous shales, and which have phenocrysts of quartz, scapollte, and probably basic plagloclase (the last now rep- resented by alteration products), in a groundmass of quartz, orthoclase, and rauscovlte. Compare Yentnlte. (Kemp) Eutch. In gold beating, a package of vellum leaves between which sheets of gold are placed for the first beat- ing. (Standard) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 383 Kutter's formula. A foriiiula for esti- mating the flow of water ta rivers and canals, and sometimes modified for estimating the flow through long pipes with low velocity and entrance head. (Webster) Kyack. 1. (West. TJ. S.) A pacli sack to be swung on either side of a pack saddle. (Webster) , 2. (Alaska) See Kayak. Xyanite. The same as Gyanite. (A: F. Rogers) Xyanize. To treat wood by the proc- ess of kyanizing. (Century) Eyanlzing. A process for preventing the decay of wood, by filling the pores with a solution of corrosive sublimate. (Century) Kyschtymite. A name derived from the Kyschtym mining district of the Urals, and given by J. Morozewlcz to a rock consistipg chiefly of anor- thoslte and corundum, with which are associated biotite, spinel, zircon, apatite, and, as secondary minerals, muscovite, chlorite, kaolin, and chromite. (Kemp) L. Laberlnto (Sp. Am.). 1. Series of sand receptacles. (Lucas) 2. Confused,' irregular workings) (Halse) Labpr. 1. (Sp.); Labor; work; a wQTking." This term Is applied In mining to the work which is actually- going on, and to the spaces which have been dug out It includes gal- leries, cavities, and shafts. (Ray mond) 2. A Mexican land measure. (Stand- ard) labor and Improvements. Labor per- formed or improvements made for development in such manner as to facilitate the extraction of the met- als, though such labor and improve- ments may not be on the particular location Itself. (Smelting Co. v. Kemp, 104 United States, p. 651; Jackson v. Robey, 109 United States, p. 444; Justice MIn. Co. v. Barclay, 82 Fed. Rept, p. 560 ; Anvil Hydrau- lic & Drainage Co. v. Code, 182 Fed. Rept. p. 206) laborant. A worker in a laboratory, as a chemist (Webster) Xaborar (Port.). To work mines. (Halse) laboratory. 1. A place fitted up for chemical analysis, etc. 2. The space between the fire and flue bridges of a reverberatory furnace In which the work Is performed; also called the kitchen and the hearth. (Raymond) Laboratory furnace. A small, compact furnace such as the Bunsen burner furnace or the blast gas-furnace. (Century) Laboreo (Sp.). Mining, or the act of mining. (Halse) laborer. 1. A man hired by the con- tract miner to assist him. 2. Mine laborer; a man working for day wages In or about a mine; a com- pany man distinguished from digger or contractor. (Steel) Labores (Sp.). A working place in a mine; a stall. L. altas, high work- ings, placers above water level ; L. d delo, an open-cut mine or quarry; L. bajas, low workings; L. de ean- tera, open-cast workings ; L. de orea- t6n, surface works (Lucas). L. de hacienda, all workings In a mine not let to trlbuters (Min. Jour.), L. por cuadros, pannel . work ; L., por gradmes, stoplng; L. preparatoHos, dead works ; L. suhterraneas, under- ground workings. (Lucas) Labradophyrlc. Containing distinct crystals of labradorlte. Also called Labradoritic. (Standard) Labrador feldspar-stone. Same as Lab- radorlte. ( Standard ) Labrador hornblende. Same as Hy- persthene. • (Standard) Labradorlte. A Ume-soda feldspar. See Feldspar and Moonstone. (U> S. Geol. Surv.) Labrar (Sp.). 1. To work a mine. it. To work metals. 3. To dress stones. (Halse) Labyrinth. 1. A series of canals through which a stream of water iB directed for sorting crushed ore ac- cording to its specific gravity. (Webster) 2. A pipe or chamber of -many turn- ings, for condensing vapors or fumes, as of mercury. (Standard) Laccolite. A laccolith. Laccolith; Laccolite. In geology, a mass of intrusive igneous rock, of approximately circular outline and lenticular cross-section with a flat- base, which has been forced between strata so as to raise the overlying beds In the form of a dome. (La Forge) Laces; Stoops; Nicks (Eng.). Lines cut, with the point of a pick, on slickensides. (Hunt) 384 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINEEAIi INDUSTRY. Lacing. X. (No. Staff.) Timbers placed across the tops of bars or caps to secure the roof between the timbers. Also called Lagging. 2. Strips or light bars of wrought iron bent over at the ends and wedged between the bars and the roof. (Gresley) lacoUta (Sp.). Laccolith. (Dwight) lacustrine deposits. Deposits formed in the bottom of lakes. (Roy. Com.) ladder. 1. The arm which carries the tumblers and bucket line of a dredge. (Weatherbe) ■ 2. An appliance of wood, metal, or rope, consisting of two long side pieces, usually parallel, with cross pieces on which a person may step on ascending or descending. (Web- ster) 3. (Som.) A wooden slide with cross bars on which hutches (boxes) run in steep seams. (Oresley) Ladder dredge. A dredge having buckets carried on a ladder chain. (Century) Ladder lode. Transverse fractures formed by the cooling of an erup- tive dike and which have later be- come filed with ore. (Vogt, p. 65) Ladder soUar. A platform at the bot- tom of each ladder In a series. (Standard) Ladder vein. Deposits filling short transverse fissures sometimes occur- ring In dikes of intrusive rocks (Lindgren, p. 146). iSee also Ladder lode. Ladderway; Ladder road. The particu- lar shaft, or compartment of a shaft, containing ladders. Lade. 1. (Scot.) A load. 2. A wa- ter course, ditch, or drain. 3. The mouth of a rtver. (Century) Laded metal. Molten glass dipped from a melting pot to a casting ta- ble. Also called Gathered metal. (Standard) Xade hole (Lelc). A shallow hole cut in the floor to receive the drainage. (Gresley) Ladera. l..(Sp.) Declivity. 2. (Mex.) Side track., (Halse) Lading hole. In. glass making, an ori- fice through which melted glass Is ladled or taken out by a cuvette. (Standard) Ladle. 1. A vessel Into which molten metal is conveyed from the furnace or crucible, and from which It Is poured into the molds. (Raymond) 8. In glass making, a cuvette. (Standard) Ladle chaser. A man who distributes hot metal in ladles to different oper- ations, keeps the hot-metal crew busy to prevent skulling of ladles and delay at the mill. (Willcox) Ladle furnace. A small furnace for calcining or melting substances In a ladle. (Standard) Ladle-house man. See Ladle liner. Ladle liner. A man who. lines, with brick, loiim, and clay, ladle thimbles of hot-metal cars. (Willcox) Ladle skuUer. A laborer who removes rim and bottom skulls from hot- metal ladle cars. (Willcox) Ladrillera (Sp.). An iron or stone mold for melting, silver, to form the bar or ingot. (Crofut^ Ladrillo (Sp.). Brick; L. de orctHo, clay brick; L. de fuego, fire brick. (Halse) Ladrdn (Mex.). A robber. (Dwight) Lafayette formation. A fluvloglacial deposit of reddish siliceous sand, from 40 to 200 feet thick, made in the Pleistocene during the first gla- cial retreat, over the Mississippi Valley to the Gulf, and along the Atlantic coast from Maryland to South Carolina. Formerly called Orange sand and Appomattox for- mation. (Standard) Lag. 1. To provide or cover with lags ; as, to lag a boiler with' a noncon- ductor; to lag timbers in a mine (Standard). See Lags; also Lag- ging. 2. The time between a condition and the record of that condition made by any automatic recording device. 3. The amount of retardation of any- thing, as of a valve in opening or closing, or a metal in recovering Its inicrostructure during, a change In temperature. Laga; Lages (Braz.). Loose masses of thin, flaggy rocks, considered as an indication of Aanganese ore near the surface. (Halse) Lag holt. See Lag screw. Lagrging. 1. Planks, slabs, or small timbers placed over the caps or be- hind the posts of the timbering, not to carry the main weight, but to form a ceiling or a wall, preventing fragments of rock from falllug through. (Raymond) 2. Heavy planks or timbers used to support the roof of a mine, or for floors of working places, and for the accumulation of rock and earth In GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 385 a stope. (Nortliern v. Boston & Montana, etc,, Mlu. Co., 190 Fed. Kept., p. 722) 3. Long pieces of tim'bers closely nttetl together and fastened to the drum rings to form a surface for the rope to wind on. (Steel) 4. The narrow strips supporting an arch of masonry while in construc- tion. (Standard) Xag machine. A machine for fashion- ing wooden lags or lagging. (Stand- ard) lago (Sp.). A lake; L. salado, a salt lake or marsh-. (Halse) Xagoon. 1. A marsh, shallow pond, or lake, especially one into which the sea flows. (Thompson) 2. A depression In the high, grass- covered table-lauds of the' •vsestern Cordilleras of the United States; typically without outlet, but not like 'kettle holes' in glacial deposits. 3. The basin of an Italian hot spring. (Standard) lagre (Pr.). In sheet-glass manufac- ture, a sheet of perfectly smooth glass. Interposed between the flat- tening stone and the cylinder that is to be flattened. (Standard) lags (Eng.). Long pieces of timber closely fitted together and fastened to oak curbs or rings forming part of a drum used in sinking through quicksand or soft ground. (Gres- ley) Xag screw. 1. A heavy round-shanked wood screw having usually a square head. 2. A flat-headed machine screw by which to fasten wood lag- ging, as on a curved surface. (Standard) Xaguna (Sp.). A lake or pond. (.Halse) Xagunato; Lagune (Mex.). A small lake. (Halse) Xaid out (Newc). When a car or tub contains an exce.ss of small coal or stones, it Is forfeited, or laid out by the miner. (Min. Jour.) Xaigh (Scot.). Low. as laigh doors; laigh lift; laigh side; laigh level. (Barrowman) Xaired (Eng.), Choked with mud. (Bainbrldge) lake. 1. An Inland body of water or natural inclosed basin serving to drain the surrounding country, gen- erally of considerable size and con- nected with the sea by a stream 744010 O — 47 25 formed from. Its overflow. (Stand- ard) 2. A pigment formed by absorbing animal, vegetal, or coal-tar coloring matter, from an aqueous solution by means of metallic bases. (Century) lake-bed placers (Alaska). Placers accumulated In tha beds of present or ancient lakes; generally formed by landslides or glacial damming. (U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 259, p. 33) Lake ore. See Bog iron ore. lake pitch. Asphalt from the Pitch Lake, Trinidad. It is richer than the land pitcli in bituminous matter ; soluble in petroleum spirit." (Ba- con) Xam; lamb (War.). A kind of fire clay. (Gresley) Lama (Mex.). 1. Literally, siime. The argentiferous mud which is treated by any amalgamation proc- ess ; sometinies applied j;o tailings. Mud in vein. (Dwight) 2. Moist clay used by miners for sticking candles to their hats. 3. (Bol.) Rough pebbles forming a false bedrock to gold-bearing allu- vial deposits, and known locally as lama-benches. (Halse) Iamb. See Lam.* 'Lamb and slack (Canada). Refuse coal. (Morlne) Lambskin (Wales). Anthracite coal of inferior quality ; culm. (Century) Lame.' 1. The b^-r to which the cut- ting edge of a chisel is attached. (Gresley) 2. Earthenware ; a potsherd. Varia- tion of loatn. (Standard) Lamellar. Composed of thin layers, plates,'?'scales, or lamellae; disposed in layers like the leaves of a book. (Standard) Lamellar-stellate. In mineralogy, hav ing or consisting of lamellse ar- ranged in groups resembling stars. (Standard) Lamero (Mex.). A slime pit. (Halse) Lame-sorting (Newc). Widening a passage by cutting coal from the side of It (Raymond). Also called Skipping or Slicing. Lametta (It). Foil or wire of gold, silver or brass. (Standard) Ldmina (Sp.). 1. Thin plate or sheet of metal. 2. A screen used In gold milling. 3. A scale of gold. (Halse) 386 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEHAIi INDUSTBY. lamlnable. Capable of being rolled or hammered Into thin sheets; as, gold is the most laminable metal. (Standard) laminador (Sp.)- A rolling mill. (Lncas) Iiaminae. The thinnest separable lay- ers or sheets in stratified rocks, whether (1) original planes of de- position, parallel or oblique, to the general stratification,- or (2) In rarer usage, planes of cleavage transverse to stratification. (Stand- ard) Laminate. - To beat, roll, or press into thin sheets, as a metal. (Standard) laminating machine. A set of rolls or any apparatus for making thin plates of metal, as for rolling gold, preliminary to beating. (Standard) Laminating roller. The adjustable roller in a rolling mill whereby the thickness of rolled metal sheets* are regulated. ( Standard ) Lamination. Fine sedimentation planes within strata. (Lowe) Laming process. A process tor remov- ing hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide from coal |as by passing it over a mixture 'of ferric hydroxide, lime, and cinders or sawdust. ( 'Web- ster) Lamlngs (No. of Kng.). A collier's term for accidents of almost every description to men and boys working in and about the mines (Gresley). A variation of Lame, to cripple or disable. Lammie. A brick swelled out of shape In the kiln. ( Standard ) Lamp. Any device employing a flame, Incandescent wire, or the like, for furnishing an artificial light, or a similar dovice for heating, as in lab- oratory use (Standard). See also Safety lamp. Lampa (Sp.). Shovel. (Lucas) Lampadite, or cuprous manganese. A variety of wad containing 4 to 18 per cent of oxide of coppei", and often oxide of cobalt also. (Dana) Xampan (Malay). An open-cut hill- side mine, in which running water is used to remove tlje ore. L&mpara (Sp.). A lamp; L. del mincro, a miner's lamp ; L. de seguri- dad, a safety lamp. (Halse) 1 Lampazo (Mex.). A sort of broom formed of green branches on the end of a long stick, to dampen the flame in a reverberatory furnace. (Dwight) Lampblack. A product obtained di- rectly from natural gas by burning the latter under plates or rolls. (Bacon) , Lamp cabin (Eng.). A place above ground, or underground near the pit bottom, where the safety lamps are repaired, cleaned, examined, lighted, and locked, before being handed to the workmen in cases where naked lights are not allowed to be taken from the bottom of the shaft. (G. C. Green well) Lamp men. Cleaners, repairers, and thosf who have charge of the safety lamps at a colliery. (Gresley) Lamp- room, ^ame as Lamp cabin. Lamprophyre. A general term, now used in a somewhat wider sense than as originally i^obW^ W Qttmbel, who suggested it. itosenbusch, in the Massigen Oesteine,- gave It Its present significance. Lamprophyres are dike rocks of porphyritlc tex- ture, whose" predominant phenocrysts are the dark silicates, augite, horn- blende, or biotite. They are prac- tically basic dikes. The word menns a shining rock, and- was first applied In 1874 to small dikes In the Fldtel- gebirge that were rich in biotite. In a somewhat modified sense it has recently been employed by L. V. Pirsson, as a single term for the basic 'complementary rocks' {see Com- plementary rocks), and as the anti- thesis of oxyphyre, which applies to the acidic complementary rocks of an eruptive area. (Kemp) Lamprophyric. In petrology, of fine- grained granophyric texture and characterized by phenocrysts of a dark silicate, such as biotite. horn- blende, or augite. (La Forge) Lamp stations (Eng.). Certain fixed places in a mine at which safety lamps are allowed to be opened and relighted (Gresley). A lamp room. Lancashire bord-and-piUar system. See Bord-and-pillar method. Lance. In founding, particularly in cas,ting bpmb-shells, an iron rod piercing tlirough the mold and the core, for holding the latter firmly in place during the casting. (Stand- ard) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 387 ^*?5«™ ^(Mex.). An inclined stull. (Dwight) lanche (Peru). A kind of timber used in mines. Will last about 15 years. (Halse) Land. 1. The exposed part of the earths surface, as distinguished from the submerited part. 2. The rural regions. 3. The plane surface between the furrows of a millstone (CJentury) 4. (l<'orest of Dean) Rising in the direction of the surface or outcrop- ping. Workings to the rise of a drainage level. (Gresley) land asphalt. An Inferior asphalt containing various Impurities and lacking cementing qualities; from places outside of the Trinidad as- phalt lake. (Power) Land chain. A surveyor's chain of 100 links. Land compass. A surveyor's clrcum- ferentor, or compass. Land district. A division, of a State or Territory, created by law in which Is located the land office for the dispo- sition of the public lands therein. (United Sthtes v. Smith, 11 Fed. Rept., p. 491) Land drainage. The act or process of frefeing land from water. (Century) Lander (Eng.). The man who receives the loaded bucket or tub at the mouth of the shaft (Gresley). Also called Banksman. Lander's crook. A hook or tongs for upsetting the bucket of hoisted rock. (O. and M. M. P.) Land fall. A land slide or land slip. (Century) Land floe. A field of land ice. (Stand- ard) Land ice. 1. Ice formed on the land. 2. Ice along the shore or fast be- tween headlands, as distinguished from floe ice. (Standard) Landing. 1. A level stage for loading or unloading a cage or skip. 8. The top or bottom of a slope, shaft, or Inclined plane. (Steel) 8. A platform from which to charge a furnace. (Standard) Landing box (Scot.). The box into which a pump delivers water. (Bar- rbwman) Landings (So. Wales). Coal sent to the surface ; the output. (Gresley) Landing shaft (So. Wales). A shaft through which coal is raised. (Gres- ley) Land pebbles. A Florida term-for cer- tain phosphatic pebbles, as distin- guished from river-pebble phos- phates. (Power) Land pitch. Asphalt from the deposit In Trinidad lying between the Pitch Lake and the sea coast. (Bacon) Land plaster. Any earthy or rock gyp- sum ground fine and used as a -fer- • tillzer. (Standard) , Land rock. See Phosphate rock; also called Land pebbles. Landry box (Newc). A box at the top of a set of pumps Into which the water is delivered (Raymond). See Launder. Land-sale (Eng.). Coal loaded into carts or wagons at the mine for local consumption. Also called Cart trade. (Gresley) Land-sale colliery (No. of Eng.). A colliery situated in a remote dis- trict, being unconnected with rail, canal, or sea, and generally work- ing thin or inferior seams. (Gres- ley) Landscape marble. An argillaceous limestone presenting when f)ollshed representations cff trees, rivers, and fortifications, caused by the infiltra- tions of oxide of iron. Also known as Forest, River, or Fortification marble, according to its markings. (Power) Land sculpture. The carving out of the superficial features of the earth's surface by natural causes, as shore- waves, ,glaclers, and wind, and chiefiy by rain and running water. Called also Earth sculpture. (Stand- ard) landshut (Prov. Eng.). A landslide, or a landfiood. (Standard) Landslip. A portion of a hillside or sloping mass which becomes loosened or detached, and slips down. (Old- ham) A landslide. Landslip terrace. A short, rough-sur- faced terrace resulting from the slip of- a segment of a hill. (Standard) Land surveying. The locating of the boundaries, area, characteristics, etc., of tracts of land (Standard) Land weight (Lane). The pressure exerted by the subsidence of the cover or overburden. (Gresley) 888 GLOSaABY OF MUTOTG ASD MINEBAIi IB3>USTBT« Xane mtlL A low-^eed edge-roller mill for fine -crushing and amalga- mating gold ore crushed by rolls and stamps. Similar to the Chilean mill. Lang lay rope. A rope In which the wirra in each strand are twisted in the same direction as the strands In the rope. (C. M. P.) langra (Bol.). A bunch or shoot of rich tin ore. (Halse) Xangaedoc marble. A brilliant red or. scarlet marble blotched with white; from the Montague Noire, in the French Pyrenees. (Merrill) Xantem. In founding, a core-barrel, comparatively short for its diameter. (Standard) Xanthanite. A mineral, Lai(CO>)>-t- 9HjO, occurring in thin tabular crys- tals; also granular, earthy. Color grayish white, pink, yellowish. (Dana) Xanthanum. A rare element allied to aluminum. ' Lead-gray and easily oxidizable. Symbol, La; atomic weight, 139.0; specific gravity, 6.15. (Webster) Xanyon shield. An Iron curtain, stiff- ened by ribs of angle iron, sus- pended from trolley wheels irunning on a rail parallel' with and in front of a zinc furnace. Its main purpose Is to protect the worker from the furnace heat. (Ingalls, p. 497) Xap. One coil of rope upon a drum or pulley. (Gresley) Lapa (Braz.). Footwall (Halse). Also a cut driven into the footwall. Xapidarlst. A connoisseur of gems and precious stone, and the art of cut- ting and mounting them. (Webster) Lapidary. An artificer , who cuts, polishes, and engraves precious stones and gems. (Webster) Xapilli. Volcanic dust and small eject- ments, the results of explosive erup- tions. (Kemp) ' Xapilliform. Having the form of small stones. (Standard) Xapls-lazuU. A translucent, rich ber- lin-blue, azure-blue, violet-blue, or greenish-blue stone used for orna- ment. It -Is a mixture of lazurlte, hattynlte, and other blue minerals. (U. S. Gteol. Surv.) laplB-laznll ware. A variety of Wedg- wood ware. See also Pebble ware. Lapis ellarlB. Soapstoae, or talc, m hydrated silicate of magnesliim. (Century) X&p^ (Spu). 1. Blad( lead, plumlnso. 8. Black chalk; L. enoamado, red chalk, ' red odier. 8. A bUu^ l»td pencil. (Halse) Xaplzar (Sp.). A plumbago (graphite) mine or quarry. (Halse) Xapplor (Corn.). A miner who dresses refuse ore. (Min. Jour.) Xapweld. To weld by overlapping the joints (Standard), as to laptoelek iron pipe. Xaques (Peru). Water in a vein, as in vugs, or druses. (Halse) Laramie group. A formation of the Cretaceous and Eocene Tertiary. (Standard) Lardlte. Agalmatolite. (Webster) Lard stone. A kind of soft stone found in China. See Agalmatolite. (Cen- tury) Large (Eng.). The largest lumps of coal sent to the surface, or all coal which is hand-picked or does not pass oi'er screens; also the largest coal which passes over screens. (Gresley) Larget. A piece of iron cut from a bar and ready to .be" heated and rolled into a sheet : about 14 pounds, (Standard) Larguero (Mex.). Cap or side piece in shaft timbering. (Dwlght) Larry; Lorry. 1. A car to which an endless rope is- attached, fixed at the inside end of the road, forming part of the appliance for taking up slack rope. See Barney. 2. A car with a hopper bottom and adjustable chutes for feeding coke ovens. (Steel) Lashing. Any of a number of planks nailed inside of several frames or sets in a shaft to keep them to- gether; also called Listing. (Web- ster) Lasionite. Same as Wavelllte. ( Stand- ard) Lask; Lasque. A thin, flat diamond with a simple facet at the side. Galled also Portrait' stone. (Stand- ard) Lassenite. Wadsworth's name for un- altered, glassy trachytes. The name is derived from Lassen's P6&k, Cal. (Kemp) 6L0SSABY OP MINING AND MINBBAL INDTJSTBT. S89 last lift (No. of Eng.). The last rib or jud to come off a pillar.. (Gres^ ley): last of the .air. 1. (Ark.) That part of the air current which has passed- through all the workings of the mine or split ; the outtake air. 2. (Aj-k.) The working place of a mine or split nearest the outtake of the air,, or which receives tlie last of the air current. (Steel) latch. 1. (Eng.) To make an undier- ground survey with a dial and chain ; or to mark out upon the sur- face with the same instruments,, the position of the worldngs underneath. (Gresley) 2. (Scot) A miry place. (Cen- tury) Latchee. 1. A synonym for Switch. Applied to the split rail and hinged switches. (McNeil) 2.. Hinged «.witchrpoints, or short pieces of rail that form rail cross- ings. (Junction Min. Co. v. Ench, 111 Illinois App., p. 348, 1903) Xatohings (Eng.). Diallings oc- sur- veys made at a mine (Gresley). See also Latch, 1. latent heat. The thermal equivalent of the energy expended iii melting a unit mass of a solid or vaporizing a unit mass of a liquid; or con- versely, the thermal equivalent of energy set free in the process of solidification or liquefaction. (Web- ster) lateral. I. Belonging to the- sides, or to one Bide. (Soy. Com.) 2. A horizontal mine working. lateral cleavage. Cleavage parallel to the lateral planes. (Webster) lateral crater. See Adventive crater. lateral moraine. A ridge of superficial debris collected from higher cliffs, on a lateral moxgin of a valley glacier ( Standain}:^. See aUo Mo- raine. lateral secretion. The theory that the contents of a vein or lode are de- rived from the adjacent wall rock. (Ore Dep.,. p. 40) lateral stress. A' stress at. right an- gles to the strain which produces it. (Century) latexitfr. A name dierlved fnorn. the Latin word for brick earth, andi ap.- plied many years ago to the red, residual soils, or surface products, that have originated in situ from ■ the atmospheric weathering of rocks^ They are especially characteristic of the tropicsi Though first applied to altered, basaltic rocks in India, laterite has had in later years a gen- eral application without regard to the character of the original rock. Compare Saprolite. (Kemp) lath. A board or plank sharpened at one end, like sheet piling, used in roofing levels or in protecting the sides of a, shaft through a stratum of unstableearth ( Webster ) . See SpilU If th door-set. A weak lath frame sur- rounding a main doorframe, the space between being, for the inser- tion of spills. (Baymond) lathe! or laith! (Mid.). ■ "Lower the cage!"" or, "Lower more rone I" (Gresley) Lath frame, or crib. A weak, lath frame, surrounding a main crib, the space between being for the inser- tion of piles. (Raymond) laths (Corn.). The boards O.CaO.Al20..4SiO,. (Dana) lann. In ceramics, a fine, silken sieve through which clay is passed. (Standard) Launder. A trough, channel, or guttei^, by which water is conveyed; spe- cifically In mining, a chute or trough for conveying powdered ore, or for carrying water to or from the crush' Ing apparatus. (Standard) Laundry box. The box at the surface receiving the water pumped up from below. (Ihlseug) Xautdalite. A coasely crystalline va- riety of nephelite-syenlte, that is ab- normal in having for its feldspar natron-orthoclase, rarely natron-mi- crollne, Instead of the normal potash orthoclase. The dark silicates are blotite, dialla^ and oil vhie. ( Kemp ) Laurentlan. According to the U. S. Geological Survey, the younger of the two series of rocks comprised In the Archean system, consisting of Igneous rocks which in general underlie, ' but are intruded into and therefore younger than the rocks of the Keeiyatln series. Also the •cor- responding geologic epoch, (La Forge) Laorvlkite. A variety of augite- qrenlte that contains natron-ortho- clase as Its chief feldspar and most abundant mineral. The other, com- ponents are rare plagloclase, pyrox- ene, 'blotite, barkevlklte or arfved- sonlte, olivine, and magnetite. Be- sides microscopic accessories, nephe- llte is occasionally present. Compare Pulaski te. (Kemp) Zavm. A general name for the molten outpourings of volcanoes. (Kemp) Fluid rock as that which issues from a volcano or a fissure In the | earth's surface; also the same ma- terial solidified by cooling. It is commonly regarded as a molten rock, but more exactly it. is min- eral matter dissolved in mineral matter, the solution taking place at high temperatures only. (Webster) Lava cone. A volcaulc cone composed wholly of lava; (Daly, p. 135) Lavadero (Mex.). 1. Literally, a wash- ing place. A tank with stirring ar- rangement, to loosen the argentif- erous mud from the patio, and' dilute It with water, so that the silver amalgam may have a chance to settle. An agitator. 8. Placer de- posit. (Dwlght) 3. The act of washing or dressing ores. L. de oro, a gold-wash*,; an alluvial gold- washing. (Halsa) Lavador (Mex.). 1. A rod, used in drilling, to keep a wet hole clean. The rod Is made by striking the end oi^ a long fibrous stick against a harder substance until it Is flat and soft. " (Dwight) 2. A man employed in cleansing amalgam; an ore-washer. (Halse) Lava flow; Lava stream. A stream of lava, whether flowing or congealed. (Webster) Lava millstone. A hard, coarse, ba- saltic millstone from the neighbor- hood of the Bhlne. (Webster) Lava pit. A crater that is visibly floored 'with massive lava, either liquid or solid. (Daly, p. 141) Lavar. 1. (Sp.) To wash ores, etc 2. (Colom.) To collect and work the whole product of an alluvial mine. (Halse) Lava streak. A dike of lava intersect- ing other rocks. (Standard) Lavatio. Consisting of or resembling lava. (Standard) Lava.torlo; Lave '(Mex.). In the patio process, washing the torta. (Halse) Lavatory. A place where gold Is ob- tained by washing. (Standard) Lava ware. Various coarse articles and utensils made from iron slag, resembling lava in appearance. (Standard) Lave (Scot.). To raise water out of a hole with fr shovel or the handa, (Barrovnnan) Lavlo. Same as lavatlc. Lavour (Fr.). A vat for washing ore (Davies). See Buddie. GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY. 391 lavra (Brazil). A small alluvial washing. (Lock) lavrovlte. A pyroxene, colored green by vanadium. (Standard) lawn. Same as Laun. law of gravitation. The law, dis- covered by Sir Isaac Newton, that every body attracts every other body with a force that varies directly as the product of the masses of the two bodies under consideration and in- versely as the square of the distance between them. (Standard) Law of mass action. The law that the chemical action of a reacting sub- stance is proportional at any mo- ment to its active mass. (Webster) law of superposition. The law that underlying strata must be older tha^ Overlying strata where there has been neither Inversion nor over- thrust. Upon this law all. geological chronology is based. (Standard) Laxite. Wadsworth's name for the fragmental or mechanical rocks, especially when unconsolidated. (Kemp) lay. 1. The direction, or length, of twist of the wires and strands in a rope. (C. M. P.) 2. (Prov. Eng.) A standard of fine- ness for metals. 3. To close or with- draw from work: said of collieries. (Standard) 4. A share of profit; specifically. In whaling and sealing, the, proportion- ate share of the profits of a voyage which each officer or member of the crew receives (Century). This term has been introduced into Alaska placer mining where it means a lease worked on shares or royalty. As a lay on No. 5 Glacier creek. lay-by (Joplin, Mo.). An under- ground siding at or near a shaft for storing empty mine cars. lay day (Scot.). See Lie time. Layer. A bed or stratum of rock. (Buckley) Layered (No. of Eng.). Choked up with sediment or mud. (Gresley) Layme (Scot.). Earthenware; lame. (Standard) Lay operations (Alaska). Mining on a lease or "lay" on an alluvial claim, for which the operator pays the owner a royalty up to 50 per cent on the gross output. Compare Lay, 4. lay operator (Alaska). A miner who takes a lease or "lay" on an alluvial claim. lay oat (No. of Eng.). To set out, or put on one side, trams, of coal, etc., that have been Improperly filled. (Gresley) lazada (Sp.). A slip knot. A running noose. (Halse) Lazadores; Enlazadores (Mex.). Men formerly employed in recruiting In- dians for work in tlie mines, by the process of lassoing them. (DwlgSt) lazo (Sp.). 1. A bow; A slip knot. 2. Lasso; a light cord of fiber. (Halse) Lazuli. Same as Lapis lazuli. . lazulite. A hydrous, aluminum phos- phate, with varying proportions of iron and m a gneslum, (FeMg)- O.AIsO..PjOs.HjO. The mineral is azure blue, usually in pyramidal crystals ; also massive. Used as an ornamental stone. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) lazuUtlc. Of, pertaining to, or having the characteristics of lazulite; ap- plied to rocks. (Standard) lazurfeldspar. A blue variety of or- thoclase, found in Siberia. (Ches- ter) lazurite. A sodluiJa aluminum silicate mineral containing sulphur, Nai(Na- S.Al)Alj(S10«)., a constituent of lapl's lazuli. (Webster) lazyback (So. Staff.). The place at the surface where coal is stacked for sale. (Raymond) lazy balk (Eng.). A timber placed at the top of a hopper, against which the top of the ear strikes in dump- ing, to prevent the car from falling into the hopper. (G. C. Green well) Lazy kiln (Scot). A limekiln in which the whole contents are cal- cined and afterwards removed be- fore refilling. (Barrowman) Leach. To wash or drain by percola- tion. To dissolve minerals or metals out of the ore, as by the use of cyan- ide or chlorine solutions, acids, or water. Leach hole. A crevice created In land or rock by the action of leaching or constant filtration; a hole or outlet formed in land by the process of percol ation ( Standard ) . Also called Sink, or Sink hole. 392 GLOSSARY OF MINIKQ AND MINEBAL INDUSTRT. Leaching. The process of separating metal from salts by treatment with a solvent (Skinner). See Llxivia- tlon. Lead (pronounced teed). 1. Commonly used as a synonym for ledge or lode. Many mining location notices de- scribe tlie locator's claim as extend- ing a certain number of feet along and so many feet on each side of the " lode, lead, vein or ledge." Thus Lead. S. Dak., was so named because of the Homestake " lead." Blind lead: A lead or vein that does not outcrop or show at the surface. Used especially at Virginia Clty,Nev. Compare Lode. 2. Properly, placer gravfels. Blue lead: A Tertiary river channel at PlacervlUe, Cal. So called because of the • bluish-gray color of the gravels. Deep lead: Gold-bearing gravels deeply covered with debris or lava ; applied particu- larly to those of Victoria, Australia. (Frank S. Hess). .Hi0. (Dana) Leading (Aust,). The unprofitable gravel above gold-bearing sand. (Skinner) Leading band (York.). A heading about 18 yards wide driven to the rise and between a pair of bord-. gates. (Gresley) Leading bank (York.). A breadth of about 18 yards of coal taken out to the rise between pairs of bordgate!> Leading frames (Eng.). In tunnel work, frames formed to the contour of the invert and the walls, to guide the bricklayers. (Simms) Leading lengths. Bee Lengths. Leading man. See First man. Leading place (Scot.). A worKing place In advance of the others, such as a heading or a level. (Barrow- man) Leadings (1) (Derb.). Small sparry veins In the rock (Mln. Jour.). Same as Leader, 8. Leading winning (Aust). A heading in advance of the ordinary bords (Power). A leading bank. Leading wire. A cotton-covered cop- per wire, usually No. 14 gauge, used for connecting the two free ends of the circuit of the electric blasting caps, in the blast, to the. blasting machine. (Du Pont) GLOSSARY Ot" MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 398 lead lap. i. a gem-cutter's lap of lead, copper, or Iron ; also, the entire machine. (Standard) 2. In mechanics, a lap of lead charged with emery and oil. (Web- ster) lead luster. Lead oxide, used 'as a glaze for ceramic ware. (Standard) Lead marcasite. A variety of sphaler- ite, called by miners Blende, Mock lead, or Mock ore. Lead mill. A leaden disk charged with emery for grinding gems. (Stand- ard) Lead ocher. Massicot or lead mon- oxide, PbO. Massive, scaly, or earthy. Color yellow, reddish. (Dana) Lead palsy. Paralysis due to lead poisoning. (Webster) Lead paralysis. Paralysis resulting from lead poisoning. (Standard) Lead poisoning. A morbid condition produced by the cumulative Intro- duction of lead into the system. (Standard) Lead reeve (Eng.). An officer before whom aggrieved miners lodge their complaints (Standard). .A mine foreman. Lead spar. 1. (Corn.) Angleslte. (Raymond) 2. Cerusite (Standard). The term " spar " is common among miners, and applies to any of the metallic minerals .which -are cleavable and lustrous. Lead tree. A crystalline deposit of metallic lead on zinc that has been placed In a solution of acetate of lead. (Standard) Lead vitriol. Same as Angleslte. (Standard) Lead works. A place where lead Is ex- tracted from the ore. (Century) Leaf. A very thin sheet or plate of metal, as gold. (Standard) Lean. Applied to poor ores, or those containing a lower proportion of metal than is usually worked. (Roy. •Com. ) Leap (Eng.). A dislocation" of strata by faulting. See Down-leap and lip-leap. (Gresley) Leap ore. Tin ore of the poorest qual- ity. (Standard) Learles (Eng.). Empty places; old workings. (Balnbridge) ' Lease. 1. A contract for the posses- sion and profits of lands for a deter- minate period, in consideration of a recompense of rent. 2. The instru- ment by which such grant is made. 3. A piece of land leased for min- ing purposes. Leaser. A Western colloquialism mean- ing lessee. Lea stone (Lane). Laminated sand- stone. (Gresley) leat (Corn.). A watercourse. (Ray- mond) Leath (Derb.). The soft part of a vein. (Raymond) Leather bed (Mid.). A tough leather- like clayey substance In a fault slip, composed of the crushed and frac- tured ends of the coal measures. (Gresley) Leather Jacket (Aust). A Ballarat name for clay occurring in cross- courses. (Power) Leather lap. A disk covered with leather for polishing gems. (Stand- ard) Leatherstone. A synonym for Moun- tain leather. (Chester) Leaving (Com.). The mineral left after the good ore has been removed (Raymond). Tailings. Le Blanc process. A process in which, in the manufacture of sodium car- bonate (soda-ash), the sodium sul- phate, called salt cake (made by heating salt with sulphuric acid), la reduced to sodium sulphide by heat- ing with charcoal and limestone, which then yields the impure sodium carbonate called blackhali or black- ash. (Standard) Lecho (Sp.). 1. A bed ; bed of a river. 2. A thin layer or stratum. 3. A smelting mixture as distinguished from fuel. (Halse) Lechoso (Mex.). Milky; a variety of opal. (D wight) Leek. A thick, stony clay. Galled also Lack or Leek clay. (Standard) Leckstone. A granular variety qt trap found in Scotland ; used for the bot- toms of ovens. (Standard) Led (No. of Eng.)i A spare tub, or one that is being loaded while an- other is being' emptied. •(Gresley) Lederlte. A brown variety of tltanlte. (Standard) 394 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. ledge. 1. In mining, ledge Is a com- mon name In the CordiUeran region for the lode or for any outcrop sup- posed to be that of a mineral de- posit or vein. It Is frequently used to designate a quartz vein (Cen- tury). A lode; a limited mass of ' rock bearing valuable mineral (Webster). See also Vein. 2. The term ledge Is ordinarily ap- plied to several beds of rock occur- ring In a quarry. In some instances, however, the term Is applied to' a single bed. (Buckley) Ledger (Bhg.). Applied to the lower side of a vein. (Balnbrldge) leage rook. The true bedrock ; dis- tinguished from bowlders or rock that has been moved. (Standard) Ledger wall. Same as Footwall. Leelite. A flesh-red variety of ortho- clase. (Standard) Lee jirocess. A process for shaping any of the softer metals or alloys, by simply squeezing It cold through or Into a suitably shaped hole. Galled also Extrusion or Squirting process. (Webster) Leer. A small furnace for annealing flint glass. (Ure) Leering. In glass making, the process of treating in the annealing oven or leer. (Standard) Lee side. In geology, that side of gla- ciated rocks that looks away from the quarter whence the Ice moves, or moved, as indicated by rough and weathered surfaces: opposed to Shock side or Stoss side. (Stand- ard) Leet. A stack of peat, properly 24 feet long by 12 feet wide and 12 feet high. (Standard) Leg. 1. A prop of timber supporting the end of a stuU, or cap of a set of timber. (Raymond) 2. (Eng.) A stone that has to be wedged out from beneath a larger one. (Gresley) Legal geology. See Geology. 16^611 (Sp.). A small scraping shovel or scraper used underground. (Halse) X«K piece. The upright timber that supports the cap piece In a mine. (0. and M. M. P.) Legs. 1. (Aust.) The two sides or wings of a saddle reef or anticline. (Power) 2. The wires attached to and form- ing a part of an electric blasting cap.. (Du Pont) 3. The uprights of a s^t of mine timbers. See also Leg piece. Legua (Hex.). League; equal to 2.604 English miles or 4.19 kilometers. One square league Is called Htio de ganado mayor, and is equal to 4338.1123 acres. (Dwlght) Lehm. Same as Loess. (Standard) Leip (Scot.). See Llpe. leito (Port), Leoho (Sp.). Bed of a river. (Halse) L£mnlan earth. A variety of clay or aluminous earth, so called from the Island of Lemnos in the i^gean Sea. (Page) Lemnlan reddle (Eng.). An ocher of a _ deep-red color, occurring in con- junction with the Lemnlan earth, and used as a pigment. (Page) Leiia (Mex.). Fuel wood. (Dwlght) LeiLador; Lefiero (Hex.). Cutter, car- rier, or supplier of fuel wood. (Dwlght) Lencheon (Eng.). A shelf of thin rock In a mine shaft. (Balnbrldge) Lengthening rod. A screwed exten- sion rod for prolonging a well-boring auger or bit. (Standard) Length of shot. The depth of the hole in which the powder is placed, or the size of the block of coal to be loosened by a single blast measured parallel with the hole. (Steel) Lengths (Eng.). In tunnel construc- tion the successive sections in which a tunnel is executed. Shaft lengths are directly under the working shaft ; Side lengths are on each side of the shaft length ; Leading lengths are prolongations of the tunnel frpm the side lengths ; Junction lengths, which complete the portion of the tunnel extending between two shafts, or between a shaft and an entrance. (SImms) Lengua (Colom.). That portion of gold which forms in the Shape of a tongue when panning. (Halse) Lenguebuey, (Sp. Am.). A tongue- shaped rock. (Lucas) ' GLOSSARY OF MINIITG AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 395 IfeM. A body of ore or rock thick iri the middle and thin at the edges; similar to a double convex lens. See Lenticular. lente (Sp.). 1. Lens. 2. A lenticular mass of rock or ore. (Halse) lenticle. A rock stratum or bed, .whether large or small, which, from being thin at the edges, is more or less lens-shaped. (Standard) Xenticvlar. Shaped approximately like a double convex lens. When a mass of rock thins out from the center to a thin edge all around, it is said to be lenticular in form (Roy. Com.). See also Lens. Xenticule. A small lens-shaped body In a rock-mass. (Standard) Zentllle. An isolated mass of rock con- taining fossils of a fauna older than the strata in which it occurs, though of contemporary age with those strata. (Winchell) lentil. In geology, a lenticular sub- division of a formation. (La Forge) lentils. A short name for lenticular beds in a stratified series. (Kemp) Leopardite. A siliceous rock from North Carolina, spotted with stains of manganese oxide.. It Is usually considered to be a quartz-porphyry. (Kemp) ' Leopard rock. A local name In Canada, applied to pegmatitic rocks that are associated with the apatite veins of Ontario and Quebec. (Kemp) leopoldi furnace. A furnace for roast- " Ing quicksilver ores, differing from the Bustamente in having a series of brick condensing chambers. Both are intermittent, *. e., have to be charged and fired anew after each operation. The Callfornian inter- mittent furnace la a modification of the Leopoldi, having the fireplace on the side. (Raymond) Lepanto marble. A trade name given to a gray marble enlivened by pink and white fossils; from the Lower Silurian, near Plattsburg, New York. (Merrill) Eepldolite. A light-colored (pearly, rose-red, violet-gray, lilac, yellowish) lithium-bearing mica. Contains from 3.9 to 5.9 per cent lithia, LljO. lepldomelane. A mineral, near blo- tlte but characterized by the pres- ence of a large amount i>t ferric iron. (Dana) leppey (Eng.). Work that Is easy, -" soft, kind, and wlnable, without any hardship, as boring, cutting, blasting," etc. (Hunt) Leptinlte; Xeptynite. The £'rench an- onym for granulite. See Granulite (Kemp). Compare Whltestone, 2. Leptoclase. Daubrfie's term for minor fractures. (Power) leptometer. A specially constructed viscometer, invented by Lepenau. (Mitzakis) Iieptomorphie. A term suggested by Giinibel for crystallized substances that lack definite crystalline bor- ders, as the nephelite in many groundmasses. (Kemp) lestiwarite. A name proposed by Ro- senbusch for the aplitic dike-rocks that accompany nephelite-syenltes in Norway and Finland. They are chiefly or almost entirely alkali feld- spar, with very subordinate pyrox- ene or amphlbole. They had been previously called syenlte-aplites by W. C. BrSgger. Lestiwarlte is de- rived from the Finnish locality Lesti- ware. (Kemp) Leuchtenbergite. A variety of cll- nochlore, white, pale green, or yel- lowish in color, containing little or no iron; often resembles talc. (Dana) Leucite. A silicate of potassium and aluminum, KAl(SiO.)»- The name of the mineral is prefixed to names Of many rocks that contain It, as, leucite - absarokite, leudte-syeiiite, etc. (Kemp) Leuclte-basalt. Basaltic rocks with olivine, in which leucite replaces .plagioclase. (Kemp) Lencite-basanite. Basaltic rocks that contain both leucite and plagioclase. As contrasted with leuclte-tephrltes, they contain olivine. (Kemp) leuclte-tephrite. Basaltic rocks with- out olivine, that contain both plagio- clase and leucite. Compare Leuclte- basanlte. (Kemp) leucitlc. Of, or pertaining to leucite; containing or resembling "leucite.' (Century) leucitlte. Basaltic rocks without oli- vine in which leucite replaces plaglo- clase; Compare Leuclte-basalt (Kemp) leucltophyre. ' A name formerly used for the leucite rocks, but now- by common consent restricted to those phonolites that contain both leucite and nephelite. (Kemp) 896 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. LeueoohalcUe. A hydrous arsenate of copper, usually found in white, or greenish, silky, needle-Uke crystals. Leuoocratic. In petrology, character- ized by the dominance of li§ht-col- ored minerals, like quartz, the feld- spars, and muscovlte: said of some igneous rocks and contrasted with melanocratlc. (La Forge). Leuco- cratic Is derived from two Greek words meaning "white prevails." Xeucopetrite. A substance, between a resin and wax in character, found in a brown coal at Gesterwltz, near Welssenfels ; it -crystallizes In white needles from ether and boiling, abso- lute alcohol, and melts above 100° C. (Bacon) leucophyre. In petrology, a light-col- ored, felsitic. Igneous rock. (La Forge). Originally applied by Gfimbel in 1874 to light-colored dia- bases whose feldspar was altered to saussurlte and whose augite had largely changed to chlorite. Rosen- busch restricts It to diabases poor In plagioclase. The name means a light-colored or white porphyritic rock, and has little claim to consid- eration either in etymology or ap- plication. (Kemp) leucopyrlte. See LOllingite. levantamiento (Sp.). 1. Elevation. a. An upheaval. 3. In coal mining, creep. (Halse) levantar pianos (Sp.). To survey. (•Dwight) levante. 1. (Hex.). Breast of a Btope. Al levante, overhand stoping. (Dwight) 2. .The operation of taking up the tubes and lines of aludelea In order to clean them out and collect the mercury. (Halse) Levanfo (Peru). The removal of the mud heap, after standing for a week, following the addition of the mer- cury. (Halse) . Xevee. An embankment beside a river or stream or an arm of the sea, to prevent overflow. (Standard) Level. 1. A horizontal passage ,or drift Into or in a miqe. It is cus- tomary to work mines by levels at regular intervals in depth, numbered in their order below the adit or drainage level, if there be one (Ray- momd). Rarely applied to coal min- ■ Ing. 8. An Instrument for flndiag a hori- zontal line or plane, or adjusting something with reference to a hori- zontal line. (Webster) 8. (Newc.) A gutter for the water to run in. (Mln Jour.) Level course (Scot.). In the direction of the strike of the strata,- or at right angles to the dip and rise. (Barrowman) level-free. 1. (War.) Old coal or ironstone workings at the outcrop^ worked by means of an adit driven into .the hillside. (Gresley) 2. A mine that discharges water by gravitation. (Roy) Leyellng. In surveying, the operation of ascertaining the compartvtive levels of different points of land, for the purpose of laying out a grade, . etc., by sighting through a leveling instrument at one point to a leveling staff at another poin't (Standard) leveling instrument. A surveyor's level bearing a telescope. (Stand- ard). ' See Level, 2. leveling pole, rod, staff, iSee Level rod. Level rod. A graduated rod used in measuring the distance between points on the ground. and the line of sight of a leveling instrument. (Webster) Level stones (Scot). Stones on the surface of the \ground indicating the direction of old levels underground. (Barrowman) Level tons (Eng.). A weight" of min- eral in even tons, any odd cwts. not being taken Into account. (Gresley) Leveret skin. A Japanese glaze ap- plied to ceramic ware, supposed to resemble a leveret's fur. (Stand- ard) Leverman. One w}io operates brakes, or levers, at the top of an incline plane. A brakeman. Levlgation. A rubbing down to a pow- der. Levigation is distinguished from trituration by being done with water, while the latter is the dry method. (Oldham) Levitation. The act of rendering light or buoyant, Latin, levitas, lightness, from levis, light. - (Rickard) Lewis. An iron device in the shape of a dove-tailed tenon, made of several parts, inserted into a dove-tail mor- tise in a large stone, for the pur- pose of attaching a hoisting appara- tus. (Standard) GL0S3ABY OT MINING AND MINERAL INDUj^Ti-iVi 897 Zewli bolt. A WGdge-shaped bolt fas- tened in a ■ socket by pouring in melted lead, and used in raising a heavy bloclt, as of stone. (Stand- ard) . Compare Lewis pin. Lewis hole. 1. A series of two or more holes drilled as closely together as IK>sstble, but then conected ijy kuocic- Ing out the thin partition between them, forming thus one wide hole, , having Its greatest diameter In a plane with the desired rift. Blasts from such holes are wiedgellke in their action, and by means of them larger and better-shaped blocks can be taken out than would otherwise be possible. (Merrill) 8. A dove-tail mortise, as in a block of stone, for attaching a lewis for hoisting. (Standard) Lewis pin. A pin used for attachment to a key bloqk. It is placed in a shallow drill hole with a wedge at either side, and as the pin Is larger at the bottom than near the top. when it Is pulled upward it tends to tighten on the wedges, which pre- vents it from slipping out. (Bowles) Ley (Sp.). 1. Literally, law; L. de nUnas, law of mines. 2. In mining, the proportion of precious and other metals in any mineral compound. Grade of ore (Dwlght). L. de oro, quantity of gold contained in the silver. L. de plata, quantity of sil- ver contained in the ore (Min. Jour.). L. ni.edia, average grade. Ley de oro (Mex.). Property the fine- ness of the gold, but apparently also applied to the assay-value of an ore. (Lock) Ley pewter. A low-grade pewter hav- ing an excessive proportion of lead. (Standard) Leys; Blue leys (Lane). Same as Bind, 1. Lherzolite. A variety of perldotlte, containing olivine, dlopsi*le, and an orthorhomblc pyroxene. (Kemp) Lias. 1. The oldest and lowest of the series comprised In the Jurassic sys- tem of strata In Europe. (La Forge) 2. A lithographic stone. (Ure) Llassic. Belonging to the geological subdivision of the Jurassic called the Lias (Century). See Lias, 1. Liber. An iron shaft by which a horse draws .a number of cars in a coal mine (Standard). An erroneous spelling of " Limber," which gee. Libethenlte. An olive-green to datk green hydrous basic phosphate of copper, Ou.(POi)i.Cu(OH)i. (Dana) IlbolUte. A kind of asphalt occurring near Libollo. in western Africa; it resembles albertite. (Bacon) Libramiento (Sp.). Warrant for pay- ment for bars of gold or silver de- livered at the mint, or order for funds. we. 2. (Forest of Dean) See Horse, 1 and 2. . ^ 3. Not high in upward extent; hav- ing little vertical extension, as a low roof in a mine. 4. Lying below the natural or general level, as a low valley. Low blast. A blast delivered to a smelting furnace at low pressure. (Standard) Low coal. Coal occurring In a thin seam or bed. (Steel) Low doors (Scot.). The lowest of two or more landings in a shaft. (Bar- rowman) Lowe (Newc). A light. A "piece of lowe" is part of a candle. (Ray- mond). See also Low, 1. Lower, leaf (Scot.). The lower por- tion of a seam of coal that is worked in two sections or leaves. (Bar- rowman ) Lowe rope (No. of Eng.). A piece of- rope used as a torch.. (Gresley) Low explosives. A term sometimes used to designate explosives that do not detonate, as blasting pow- der, in distinction to._high explosives, such as dynamite. '(Du Pont) Low-freezing dynamite. A dynamite so made that its freezing point is below that of such dynamites as con- tain only nitroglycerin and an active base and which have a normal freezing point of about 45° F. Low- freezing dynamites do not freeze until temperatures below 32° F. are reached, and even then only after prolonged exposure. (Du Pont) low-grade. 1. An arbitrary designa- tion of dynamites of less strength than 40 per cent. It has no bearing on the quality of the materials, as they are of as great purity and high quality as the ingredients in a so- called high-grade explosive. (Du Pont) , ^. , 2. A terra applied to ores relatively poor In the metal for which they are mined; lean ore. low level; Laigh level (Scot.). The drift or working whlcli is furthest to the tUp. (IJurro>vman) Low lift ; Laigli lift, ( Scot. ) . The low- est sot in a system of pumps. (Bar- rownian) Low powders. Explosives containliig a small proportion of nitroglycerin and a base similar to blasting pow- der. Intermediate between blasting powder and dynamite in action. (Du Pont). See Low-grade, 1. lowse (Scot.). To cease working. " The pit's lowsed," i. e., work has ceased for the day (Barrowman). Compare Loose, 2. low steel. Steel low in carbon, and hence comparatively tnuKli and soft, and usually not susceptible of hard- ening or tempering. (Standard) low- terrace drift (Aust.). Gravel and. shingle in terraces. (Cientury) loxoclase. An orthoclase containing' considerable sodium. (Webster) loza. 1. (Sp.) Pottery. 2. (Peru) Bedrock in alluvial mines. (liaise) Lubricante ( Mex. ) . Lubricant. (Dwlght) lubricites. A word used by M. E, Wadsworth to Include all mineral lubricants or antifriction materials. (Power) luce and Sozan process. A modifica- tion of the Pattinson process where- by the molten lead Is stirred by the injection of steam. Used in desil- verizing base bullion. (Hofman, p. 418) luciite. Chelius' name from the IaicI- berg in Hesse, for finely crystalline, diorite dikes, whose minerals are xenomorphlc. (Keinp) luckhart iurnace. A continuously working shaft furnace for roasting quicksilver ores, having the fireplace in the shaft at the bottom, protected by a cast-iron roof. The fuel is wood. (Raymond) luckite. A vitreous green variety of melanterite in which part of the iron is rei)laced by manganese, (MnF^) S0«. TH.O, that crystallizes in the mpnocllnic system. (Standard) lucullSte. A variety of marble, col- ored black by carbon, and obtained from Egypt. (Webster) 410 GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINBEAL INDUSTEY. Lite (ProT. Eng.)- To sift: a miner's term. (Standard) Lnm. 1. A chimney over an upcast shaft to Increase the draft. (Ray- mond) ' 8. (Derb.) A basin or natural swamp in a coal seam, often extend- ing several hundred yards. (Grea- Zi (Eng.) An area of softness in a coal seam. (Webster) 4, (Scot.) A fall of roof in which the bi-ealiage of the rock exfends in a conical form to a considerable height. ( Barrovnnan ) 5. (Eng.) A hole at the foot of a shaft for collecting water (Bain- bridge). Also spelled Lumb. A sump. Lnmaehelle. A dark brown shelly marble, having brilliant fire or cha- toyant reflections from within. Also called Fire marble. (Ure) Lnmb (Eng.). See Lum, 5. Lumberings (Derb.). Bumps over old ' workings. (Oresley) Xnmbrera. 1. (Sp.) An air shaft ; an adit shaft (Min. Jour.) 2. (Mex.) A porthole in a furnace. (Dwight) Inmhead (Scot). A chimney top. See Lum, 1. (Century) lump coaL C!oal in large lumps; the largest size brought froip the mine (Webster). Also, the largest mar- ketable size, Innar canitio. Silver nitrate cast into sticks for use by surgeons. (Cen- tury) Xuneart; Lnnker (Scot). A lentic- ular mass, nodule, or ball. (Bar- rowman) Lungmotor. A trade name for a me- chanical device for inducing resi^a- tion in cases of- asphyxia, drowning, electric shock, etc. It consists of two parallel cylinders with pistons »:temally connected so that a stroke In one direction exhausts the lungs through one cylind^: while the other cylinder fills with air, oxy- gen, or both, and a stroke in the opposite direction Inflates the lungs with the air or oxygen and dis- .ctaarges the foul gases drawn from the lungs. Xnmiann front. An arrangement of water-cooled castings through which Iron and cinder are tapped from the blast furnace, thus avoiding the use of a forehearth. Bee al$o Closed front (Raymond) Lurry. 1. (York.) A weighted tram to wiiich an endless rope is attached, fixed at the inbye end of the plane, forming part of an appliance for taking up the slack rope.. 2. A mov- able platform on wheels, the top of which is level with the bank or sur- face. It is run over the mouth of a shaft to receive the bucket when It reaches the top (Gresley). A variation of Lorry, 3, Luster. 1. The character of the light reflected by minerals ; it constitutes - one of the meang of distinguishing them. (Roy. Com.) There are several kinds of luster, as follows: Metallic, the luster of metals; adamantine, the luster of diamonds; vitreous, the luster of broken glass ; resinous, the luster of yellow resin, as that of eleolite ; pearly, like pearl; silky,' like silk. These lusters have different degrees of intensity, being either splendent, shining, glistening, or glimmering. When there is a total absence of luster, the mineral is characterized as being dull. (Dana) 2. In ceramics, a glaze, varnish, or , enamel applied to porcelain in a thin layer, and giving it a smooth, glis- tening surface. (Standard) Lnstered ware. In ceramics, glazed ware painted with metallic pigments and fired a second time in a kiln so constructed that the gases come into - contact with the surface, giving a prismatic effect (Standard) Luster ware. Pottery decorated with metallic colors. (Standard) Luster wash. A metallic wash used upon pottery. (Standard) • Luster mottllngrs. A name applied by Pumpelly to certain augitic rocks, that have a shimmering luster be- cause the shining cleavage faces of the augite crystals are mottled by small inclusions. (Kemp) Lute. 1. Pasty matter as clay, used to close joints of chemical or metal- lurgical apparatus and to coat surfaces so as to protect them from the action of flame. (Skinner) 2. In bricklaying, a scraper having a cutting edge. 8. To smooth the' surface of (a drying yard) before placing new bricks upon it to dry. (Standard) Lutecium. A metallic element sepa- rated from Ytterbium In 1907. Symbol, Lu; atomic weight 175.0. Lutose. C!overed with clay; miry, (Webster) GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINEBAL. INDUSTRY. 411 lamlUanite. A tourmaline granite from Luxullian, In Cornwall, that is a product of contact metamorphisni. (Kemp) luz (Sp.). 1. Light; L. discubierto, a naked light used in coal mines; L. de arco, an arc light; L. incajv- descente, an Incandescent light. 2. A section of a shaft or wall. S. Span of a bridge or arch. (Halse) Xnzonite. A mineral closely related to enargite. found in the Island of Lu- zon. (Century) Xyddite. A high explosive, chiefly pic- ric acid, used as a shell explosive in the British service. (Webster) Xydian-stone. 1. A compact or close- grained, nearly black, variety of jas- per. A smoothed surface of this stone is used for trying the streak of gold, the color of .which affords an index to its purity (Roy. Com.). 2. Touchstone. (Webster) - Xydite. See Basanite. Xye (Scot.). A siding or turnout in a mine. (Gresley) Xying side (Derb.). The lower side of a vein (Mander). That portion next, to the footwall. Xying time iScot). See Lie time. Xying wall. Same as Footwall. Lyncurlam. A stone used for intag- lios, not now identified with cer- tainty, but supposed to be the mod- ern hyacinth. PUny used the name for amber, 77. A. D. (Chester) Xynen fornace. A zinc-distillation furnace with a common condensa- tion chamber. (Ingalls, p. 486) Xynz itone. An- early synonym for Pliny's lyncurium. (Chester) Xyonnaise marble. A trade name for a chocolate red and white variety of dolomitic marble usefl mainly for wainscoting and tiling; from Mal- letts Bay, Lake Champlain. See also Winooski marble. (Merrill) lype (Scot). An irregularity in the mine roof (Gresley). A projecting rock In a miiie roof that. may fnll at any time. Usually used in the plural, and sometimes spelled Lipe. Xyster process. A flotation process that separates galena and zinc blende by treatment, at a low tem- perature, with eucalyptus oil or other frothing agent, and with agitation or aeration in a neutral or aikallne, but not acid^ solution of the sul- phates, chlorides, or nitrates of cal- cium, magnesium, sodium, potas- sium, or mixtures of these sub- stances. (T. J. Hoover, p. 180) Haar. A relatively flat-floored vol- canic explosion crater at a vent that is either coneless or else pro- vided with an inconspicuous cone. (Daly, p. 144) KacArthur and Forest cyanide proc- ess. A process for recoverihg gold by leaching the pulped gold ore with a solution of 0.2 to 0.8 per cent of potassium cyanide, KCN, and then with water. The gold is obtained from this solution by precipitation on zinc or aluminum, or by elec- trolysis. (Goesel) Uaccalnba. A mud volcano. (Stand- ard) Kaceo (Mex.). Stamping and crush- * ing as distinguished from pulveriz- ing. (Halse) Macerate. To reduce to a pulp by long saturation in water, or by steeping. (Webster) Uacero (Mex.). A man in charge of stamping and crushing. (Halse) UacFarlanlte. A silver ore found in the mines of Silver Islet, Lake Su- perior. It contains arsenic, cobalt, nickel, etc., but is not a homogeneous mineral. (Century) Hachacado (Peru). Native silver In ore. (Dwight) Haphacadora (Sp.). A rockbreaker or crusher. (Halse) Uachacar (Sp.). To crush or break ore. (Dwight) • . Machada (Sp. Am.). Hand-picking; spalling. (Lucas) Kachadero (Colom.). A shed or place where ore is spalled or cobbed, (Halse) Uachado (Sp.). A ha'tchet. (Halse) Uachaqueo (Sp.). Bucking or cob- bing of ore. (Lucas) Uachar (Sp.). To break up the ore. (Lucas) Machays (Ecuador and Peru)! Cav- erns, of shallow depth and large openings, lined with sulphur. (Halse) 412 GLOBSAST OF MISING AUTD MINERAL USTDUSTBT. Xachete (Sp.)'- A lapge- kntfe heavy enough for chopping; (Dwigfat) UachlhembraT (Mex.). To dovetail or join with tenon or tongue and groove. (Dwight) Haichlne. 1. (Eng.) A weiglibridge or weighing machine Upon which wagons, trams, carts, etc., are weighed, either with or withtjut their load of coal. (Gresley^ 8. (Queensland) An ore crusher. " Crushing machine " and " bat- tery " are used synonymously with "mill" in other parts of Anstralla to designate the reduction plant as k whole, (Rlckard) j3. Any flrlU or coal-cuttfng device, operated by air, steam, or elec- tricity. Xaehlne drill. Any mechanically driven drill. See Rock drill. Xaeliine helper.. A man employed to assist in the operation of a eoal- cutting machine, and whose duty It • Ijg to look after the jack and assist in moving and adjusting the ma- chine. (Robinson v. Virginla-Poca- hontas Coal Co., 88 S. K Rept., p. 623) Kachinemaii. 1. (Eng.) One who weighs c«al, etc., andi keeps an ac- count of^the number of cars sent to the, surface. (Gresley) S. One who operates a machine as a drill or coal-cutting machine. Hachine wall. The face at whi^ a . coal-cutting machine works. (Gres- ley) • Xaehlne whim. A winding drum op- erated by a steam >englne. XaoUniit (Aust.). The man in charge of a coal-cutter. (Power) Kaoho. 1. (Sp.) A male mule. 2. (Coloqa..) An unproductive mineral vein. 8. (Mex.) A wall plate. 4. A dike. 5. The block on which an anvil Is mounted. (Halse) Hachonga (Colom.). A hard, bronze- colored iron pyrite. (Halse) Xaehorro (Sp. Am.). Au unproductive 'lode. (Lucas) Kaehote (Mez.). A stake, or perma- nent bench mark, fixed in an under- ground working, from which the length and progress thereof is meas^ ured. (Dwight) (Mex.), A crusher. Kachueador (Dwight) XaehneaduVa (Sp.). Spalling or crush- ing. (Halse) Kaeigvo (Italy). A term applied n&k sdlleeous sandstone, sometimes con- taining calcareous grains, mica, etc- (Comstock). From the Upper BiB»- cene of the Italian Alps. Hacizo (Sp.). 1. An unworked. lode. S. A block of ground ready for stop- 'ing. 3. A pUlar. (Halse) Hackintoshlte. A massive black sili- cate of uranium, thorium, cerium, etc. (Dana) Kaole. 1. A twin crystal., S. Chias- tolite. (Standard) Kaded.. 1. Spotted or checkered', like chiastollte. 2. Twinned, as a crys- tal. (Standard) Uaclureite. 1. A deep-green to black pyroxene. 2. Same as Chondrodite. (Standard) Uacqulstea tube process. A metal- lurgical process that makes use of surface tension for separating min- eral^ whereby some of them float and some sink. The apparatus con- sists pf a long tube with helical grooves, which, upon rotation, screw the pulp through the tube. . The tailings are ^mOved from the bot- tom of a box at the upper end of the tube and the concentrates float otC (Megraw, p. 70) Kacroaxis. The b-axis (long) in or- thorhomble and triclinic crystals. Uacrodiagonal. The longer lateral axis In the orthorhombic and tri- clinic systems. (Standard) Kacrodome. In crystallography, a dome parallel to the' macrodiagonaL (Standard) Uaoromeritic. Of or pertaining to a granitoid structure of rocks that is discernible by the. naked eye; op- posed t0 Micromeritic. (Standard) Uaqroplnaeoid. In crystallography,; a pinacoid parallel to the vertical and macrodiagonal axes. (Standard) Kaeroprisni. A prism whose intercut on the macrodiagonal is greater than unity. (Standard) Kaeropyramld. A pyramid whose in- terciept on the macrodiagonal is greater than unity. '(Standard) Uacroscopie. In petrology, recogniza- ble by the unaided eye ; said of char- acters of rocks. Now replaced by Megascopic (La Forge). It is ety- mologically less correct as ka antith- esis of microscopic than is mega- 8C0{dc, for macro is from the Greek etroh)gy. pertaining to or comijoeed dojninantly of ttie ferro- magitesian rock-forming silicates; said of some igneous rocks and their constituent minerals. Contrasted with Feisic. ('jS Forge) Maggie (Scot.). An inferior and sandy part of ironstone; inferior or stony coal. (Barrowman) Maggie blaes (Scot). An inferior sul- phurous Ironstone. (Barrowman) Magistral (Sp.). A powder of roasted copper pyrites, used in the amalga- mation of silver ores in the Mexican pa tio process. (Raymond ) Magistraleros (Mex.). Men vi^ho burn (roast) copper ore for magistral. (Halse) Magma. In petrology, liquid molten rock; the molten material from which igneou.j rocks are formed by solidification (La Forge). An origi- nal, parent magma may break up into several derived ones. The word is also used in th^ sense of basis as earlier defined, but this use is un- fortunate. (Kemp) Magma-basalt. A synonym for Limbur- gite, proposed by Boricky In 1872, at about the same time that Rosen- busch suggested limburgite. Some authorities give the former the pref- erence. (Kemp) Magmatic. In petrology, of. pertaining to, or derived from magma. (La Forge) Magmatic differentiation. In petrol- ogy, the process by which different types of igneous rocks are derived from a single parent magma, or by which different parts of a single molten mass assume -different com- positions and textures as It solidifies (La Forge). Also called Magmatic segregation. 414 GLOSSABY OF MIKING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Xagmatio water. Water derived from cooling Igneous magma.. See also Juveline water. (Emmons) ]Ia|;nesia. Magnesium oxide, MgO. A light, earthy, white substance, ob- tained by heating the hydroxide or carbonate, or by burning magnesium. (Webster) Xagnetia alba. A light, white, hy- drous magnesium carbonate pre- pared by pulverizing the mineral magnesite, or Ijy chemical means. (Standard) Hagneslan limestone.' See Dolomite. ^ . Kagnesite. Magnesium carbonate, MgCO>. Crystals rare, usually rhom- bohedral, also prlsniat^c. Commonly massive ; granular, cleavable to very compact; earthy. Color white, yel- lowish, or grayish-white, brown. Transparent to opaque. (Standard) Xagnesium. A silver-white metallic element, malleable, ductile and light. Symbol, Mg; atomic weight, 24.32; specific gravity, 1.74 (Webster). Used chiefly in the form of ribbon or powder to produce a brilliant light by its combustion, as in sig- naling, photography, or pyrotechny. (Standard) Uagnes stone. A magnet. (Century) Uagnet. 1. A loadstone; a variiety of magnetite or magnetic iron ore hav- ing naturally the property of at- tracting iron (Webster). Also called Natural magnet. 2. A large horseshoe magnet em- ployed to lock and unlock safety lamps. The operation cau be ac- complished only by direct contact with the magnet. Kagnetic. Of, or pertaining to, the magnet ; possessing the properties of the magnet, as a magnetic needle. (Webster) Hagnetic field. 1. The space through which the force or influence of a magnet Is exerted. 2. The space about a condudtor carrying an elec- tric current in which, as it may be shown,- magnetic force Is also ex- erted. (CJentury) Magnetic force. The force, attractive or repulsive, exerted between two magnetic poles; the force, which produces or changes magnetization. (Webster) Xagnetlo guard. A double mask of maf^etlzed steel-wire gauze, to pro- tect a workman from the flying dust of iron and steel. (Standard) UagneUo iron ore. Synonym for Maf- netite. Uagnetio meridian. In general, any isogonic line. Specifically, the direc- tion assumed by the compass needle at any place; a magnetic north-and- south line. Magnetic ore. A black, hard ore that is magnetic, as magnetite. (Stand- ard) Magnetic pole. Either of ttiose points on the earth's surface where the lines of magnetic force are vertical ; an end of the axis of the earth's magnetic polarity, not coinciding with a geographical pole, and chang- ing its position slowly. The north magnetic pole is in northern British America at about lat. 70i° N., long, 97° W. (Standard) Mingnetic pyrite. Same as Pyrrho- tite. (Standard) Magnetic scale. A diagram of metals showing their comparative magnetic qualities. (Standard) Magnetic separator. A device hi which a powerful magnet separates magnetic iron ore from sand or gangue. (Standard) Magnetism. That peculiar property possessed by certain bodies (as iron and steel) whereby, under certain circumstances, they naturally at- tract or repel one another according to determinate laws. (Century) Magnetite; Magnetic iron ore. The magnetic iron oxide, FeO.FeaOi. Coiitains 72.4 per cent Iron (U. S. Geol. Surv.). The name of the minr eral is prefixed to the names of many rocks in which it is promi- nent. It almost furnishes a rock it- self, in places. (Kemp) Magnetite-olivinite. A name coined by A. Sjogren In 1876 for the Ig- neous iron ore at Taberg, in Swe- den. The rock Is an aggregate of magnetite and olivine, with a few shreds of biotite. The rock is prac- tically a peridotife, greatly enriched with titaniferons magnetite. On the borders of the intrusion it shades into gabbro. Compare Cumberland- ite. (Kemp) Magneti|cisplnellite. An ^rup^ive iron ore occurring at Koutivara, Sweden^ and consisting of magnetllie (in part titaniferous), spinel, and smaller amounts of olivine, pyroxene, apa- tite, and pyrrhotite. The ore con- tains about 14 per cent titanic oxide. (Kemp) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 415 HagnooliTomlte. A variety of the mineral cbromite tlint contains mag- nesium. (Standard) MaKnophyric. Ckiaraely porpliyritic. Containing phenbcrysts tliat are greater than 5 ram. in longest di- ameter. See Mediophyric and Mino- phyric. (Iddings, Igneous Rocks, p. 200) Maiden field (Scot). An unbroken or unworked mineral property. (Bar- rowman) Kaidens (Scot.). Iron frames or standards carrying pillow blocks of shaft pulleys (Barrowman). See Mingles. Kain-and-tail-rope haulage. A system of haulage whereby a set of skips connect two ropes, one known as the main, the other as the tail rope. The main rope hauls the full skip out, while the tail rope draws the empties into the mine. (Power) Xain bord-gate (York.). The heading which is driven slightly to the rise from the shaft. (Gresiey) Kain bottom. Hard rock below allu- vial deposits. (Duryee) Xain engine (No. of Eng.). The sur- face pumping engine, usually of the Cornish type. (Gresiey) Uain entry. 1. An entry driven at right angles with the face slips of the coal (Roy). See also Entry. 2. A main haulage road. See also main road. Hafn rake (Derb.). The main or principal vein. (Mander) Kain road. The principal under- ground road in a district along which the coal or ore is conveyed Co the shafts, generally forming the main intake air course of each dis- trict. (Gresiey) Kain rod (Corn.). See Pump rod. Kain rope. In tail-rope haulage, the rope that draws the loaded cars out of the mine. (Steel) Kain-rope system. A system of un- derground haulage in which the weight of the empty cars is suffi- cient to draw the rope inbye. (Gresiey) Kain snit (Brist.). A heavy spring or feeder of water. (Gresiey) Kalntainer (Eng.). A shareholder. (Bainbrldge) Kaintenage (Fr.). The face of work- ings In inclinetl or vertical seams, consisting of a series of steps each about 6 feet high, and forming the working place for one man. (Gres- iey) Kainway. A gangway or princi|)*l passage. (Raymond) Kaja; Kaladero (Sp.). A pestle. (Halse) Kajano (Sp.). A small heap of stones used as a landmark. (Halse) Kajar (Sp.). To pound or beat in a mortar. (Halse) Kajolica; Kaiolica. A variety of earth- enware coated with an opaque white enamel and decorated in colors. (Standard) Kake. 1. A fqrmation or accumula- tion of profitable vein material ; as, a make (i. e., a body) of ore in a vein or in a series of lenticular de- posits (Webster). Also called: Make of stone; Make of quartz; Make of reef. 2. The amount produced ; yield ; as, the make from a furnace. (Stand- ard) Hake gas (Mid.). To yield or pro- duce gas. A seam of coal that gives — 47 27 Mandrel socket. A well tool (or straightening out the top of casing, etc., within a well, consisting of a lemon-shaped swage within a cone or bellmouth, by means of which the casing is worked to a circular shape. Also useful for straighten- ing a lost sand pump, etc., so that the dogs may enter. (Nat. Tube Co.) Manebach twin. A monoclinic twin crystal having the basal pinacoid as the twinning plane. (Dana) Man eng-ine. See Man machine. Manero (Mex.). A single-hand ham- mer used by miners. (Dwight) Manga. 1. (Mex.) Conical canvas bag to drain quicksilver out of amalgam. 8. Hose. 3. Tuygre sack. (Dwight) 4. (Sp.) An Inclined chute. An ore pass. S. (Colom.) A pasture or meadowland. (Halse) Manganapatite. A variety of apatite in which manganese replaces cal- cium. (Standard) Manganblende. See Alabandite. Manganbrucite. A yellow, massive va- riety of brucite containing manga- nese. (Standard) Manganese. A hard, brittle metallic element having a grayish - white color tinged with red and rusting like iron. Not magnetic. ' Symbol, Mn ; atomic weight, 54.93 ; specific gravity, 8.0. (Webster). The black oxid, pyrolusite, the gray oxide, manganite, and the earthy oxide, wad, are used in the arts. Man- ganese is used extensively in harden- ing steel. See Ferromanganese ; also Manganese steel. Manganese bronze. Properly, bronze containing manganese, a commoii proportion being copper 88, tin 10, manganese 2 ; also, any of certain other copper-manganese alloys not, necessarily containing tin. In gen- eral, it is a reddish-white metal, re- markable for its strength and toitgh- ness. (Webster) Manganese copper,- See Manganese bronze. Manganese glaze. A dark-colored glaze which receives its color from an oxide of manganese. (Standard) Manganese hydrate. See Psilomelane. 418 GLOSSABT OF MINING AND MINERAL INDXJSTBY. Uanganese spar. See Rhodonite. Uangranese steel. Steel containing about twelve per cent of manganese. A non-flsslle alloy that exceeds all other known materials in Its combi- nation of hardness and ductility: used chiefly where resistance to abra- sion is required, as In crushing and dredging machinery, and in some car wheels. (Standard) Hanganeso (Sp.). Manganese, man- ganese dre; M. negro, pyrolusite; M. grit, manganite. (Halse) Hanganin. An alloy in which man- ganese and nickel are compounded in somewhat small proportions with copper, the ratio of manganese to nickel being as 3 or 4 to 1. This alloy is used almost exclusively in the construction of a standard of electrical resistance,, the tempera- ture coefficient being practically zero. (Standard) Manganite; Gray manganese ore. A iiydrated manganese oxide, MnjOi.- aO. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Uanganocalcite. A variety of calcite that contains manganese carbonate and is closely related to rhodochro- slte. (Standard) ManganoUte. Wadsworth's name for rocks composed of manganese min- erals, such as wad, psilomelane, etc. (Kemp) Vanganoslderite. A carbonate of man- ganese and iron intermediate be- tween rhodochrosite and slderite. (Century) Hanganosite. Manganese protoxide, MnO. In isometric octahedrons. Cleavage cubic. Color emerald- green, becoming black on exposure. (Dana) Hangar (Oolom.). To scrape the ground sluice with a hoe in order to collect the gold. (Halse) Uango (Mex.). A handle for pick or hammer. (D wight) Xangnera (Sp.). Hose. (Dwight) Xangnito (Sp.). A small sleeve; a clutch ; a shaft coupling. (Halse) Hanhelm gold. A brass alloy resem- bling gold. (Century) Manhes process. A purifying and oxi- dizing process for removing sulphur from copper matte, by subjecting the molten matte to a blast of air; named from the inventor (Stand- ard). Compare Bessemer process. Kanhole. 1. A refuge hole constructed in the side of a gangway, tunnel or slope. 2. A small and generally very short passage used only for the in- gress and egress of the miners. 8. A hole in cylindrical boilers through which a man can get into the boiler to examine and repair it (Steel) 4. A small passage connecting a level with a stope, or with the level next above. (Webster) Van hndge (Olouc). A kind of bar- rel or box in which men ride in a shaft. (Groaley) Hani (Colom.). 1. Large fragments of amphiboUte, syenite or granite in alluvial mines. 2. In lode mines, a granitic country rock. Sometimes applied to porphyry. (Halse) Hanlfiesto (Sp.). A freight list; a mainfest. (Halse; Uanip-alator. A machine for moving and turning over hot billets or blooms of iron or steel In the proc- ess of rolling. (Standard) Uanizal (Sp. Am.). A place abound- ing in mani. (Lucas) Hanjak. A natural bitumen found in the Barbados. The term is some- times used to include gilsonite and its congeners and ozocerite (Mit- zakis). Used in the manufacture of varnish. Spelled also Manjack. Uan machine; Uan engflne (Corn, and Derb. ) . A mechanical lift for lower- ing and raising miners In a shaft by means of a reciprocating vertical rod of heavy timber vrtth platforms at Intervals, or of two such rods, moving in opposite directions. In the former case, stationary plat- forms are placed In the shaft, so that the miner in descending, for instance, can step from the moving platform at the end of the down- stroke, and step back upon the next platform below at the beginning of the next down-stroke. When two rods are employed, the miner steps from the platform on one rod to that on the other. (Raymetc. 2. A pestle. 8. if. de hierro, the muller of an amal- gamating pan. , A. A stamp head. (Halse) Xen-of-war (Staff.). A small plUar of coal left in a critical spot; also, a principal support In thick coal worlitngs. (Bp.ymond) Xanometer. Ah instrument for meas- uring the elastic pressure of gases; an accurate pressure gage; (Stand- ard) XfiBOKope. A manometer. (Century) Van roi^e. A winding rope used ex- clusively fcr towering and raising men and animals, when tacklers and swinging .honts were used and cages were unknown, (Gresley) Xanta (Bp.). 1. A woolen blanket. 2. A blanket or horse dotb used tor hoisting ore by the nuUttcater S. A bedded vieiB or deposit.- 4. (Nicara- gua) A surface deposit of liroken quartz worl^d for gokl. ,(^als^) Xantear (Mex.). fo hoist ore in bags or mantas. (Halse) Xanteo (Mex.). 1. Hoisting. 2. An Inclined hoist. (DwigKt) Xantero (Mex.). Man w^o loads .ma- terial to be hciisted fti a sha^. (Dwlght) Xantle. }. The outer waU andc^^ng of an. iron blast furnace, aboy^'t^e' hearth. (Raymond) 2. Aipenstock foi' >& watei^ wheel: Xante (Sp.). In mining, a layer or stratum, eroecially a stratum . that contains gold In profitable qiiahUty. (Standard),' Xaaus tetter. An Instrument for' de- termining the flash point of petro- leum. (Mitzakis) Xaaway. 1. A small passage used' as a traveling way for the mlnel-, and also often used as an airway ' or chute, or both. (Steel) 2. A short beading between two chutes (Grecdey). A manhole. Kap. A horizontal projection, of sur- ' foce plants, mine workings or both drawn to a deflnte scale, upon which is shown all the important features of tlie mine; a plan; a plat. Xaqnlla (Mex.). Smelting or treat- ment charge ; M. y fiete, freight and treatment charge. (Dwlght) Xaqnllar (Mex.). To work ore fof its owner on shares, or for money. (Dwight) Kaqnllere. 1. (Peru) Ore buyer. (Dwight) 2. (Mex.) One who dresses ore on hire. (Halse) Xaqnilla (Sp.). A mill where ore is ground on shares. (Raymond) KAquina (Sp.). A machine or engine. M. de barrenar, a rock drill (Lucas). Jf. de vapor, a, steam engine (Mln. Jour.). M: de extraeddn, a hoisting engine; M. exploradora, diamond- drill machine. (Halse) Xaqnipuros (Peru). A class of work- men who make only temporary visits to the mines when they are at- tracted by bonanzas. Most of them come from distant Provinces and re- turn to their homes when the bo- nanza is exhausted (Halse). A stampeder. ' . Xarathon nlU. A forqi. of, tube mill joised in the cement industry, in iy:hict) the pulverizing is done by long 'pileces of hardened steel shaft- ing. (LIddell) Xaray (Arg.),- A kind of hand ar- rastre used by the Indians for re- du«U^g quartz. (Lucas) Karble. In ilthdiogy, a metamorphosed and recrystallized limestone. Jn the trade, the name is ^applied to any limestone that will take a polish, (Keinp) ' ' The following are some of the principal' marbles : Bardiglio, bird's eye, black and gold, boagard, breccia, brocateile, calico, campan, Cannes,, carrara, ciipolino, eolian, fior di persi- cor, ' fire, forest, formosa, giallo an- tico, griotte, landscape, l^nguedoc, .lepanto, lumachelle, lyonnaise,madre-' pqre^ mischio, nero antico de prato, pumidian, onyx, paonazza, parlan, parmazo, pavonazetta, pentellic, pe- tit granite, phrygian, porter, ricolite, iroisSo antico, rosso levanto, rouge arifiifiue, ruin, saccharoidal, St. Anne, St.' Baume, sarrancolin, serpentine, siehAa, Stalactitlc and stalagmitic, statuary, verdantique, and winooski. (Ries) Xarble band (Scot.). Musselband ironstone. (Barrowman) Xarble glaze. A glaze coating on pot- tery, having colored, veins in imita- tion of marble, (Standard) Xarble handsawj A toothless blade fitted at the back with a block han- dle, used with sand for cutting slabs of marble into pieces. (Century) 420 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MIKEBAI. INDUSTRY. Xarble polisher. 1. A block of sand- stone used to tub a marble slab In the preliminary polishing. Also a linen cushion with which the polish- ing is completed by the agency of emery dust, etc. 2. A machine for polishing marble. 3. A marble rub- ber. (Century) Harbler. A quarrler or cutter of mar- ble. (Century) Xarble mbber. A rubber for surfac- ing, smoothing, and polishing marble slabs. (Century) Harble saw. A machine for cutting marble. (Century) Karca (Sp.). 1. A mark. The royal arms, stamped on a piece of assayed silver as a token of its having paid the duties to the crown. (Rockwell) S. A surveyor's mark. 3. A Province or district. (Halse) Marcasita (Sp.) Marcaslte. (D wight) Karcasite. The orthorhombic iron py- rite, FeSj. It has a slightly lower specific gravity than pyrite and somewhat paler in color. Often called White Iron pyrites; Coxcomb pyrites, and Spear pyrites. (Cen- tury) March (ScotJ. The boundary of the coal or colliery. (Gresley) Karehlng (Scot.). A boundary work- ing. (Gresley) March place (Scot.). A heading driven up to or alongside the march, or boundary of a mining property. (Gresley) March stones ( Scot. ) . Stones set at In- tervals on the surface to indicate the boundary line. (Barrowman) Marco (Mex.). 1. Set of shaft tim- bers; square set. Timber frame of any kind. 2. A weight of 8.1184 oz. avoir., or 7.3995 oz. troy. 3. (Chile) A pulley frame. (Halse) Marcus. A patented shaker screen with a non-hariuonic or quick-return motion. (C. and M. M. P.) Marcy %iill. A ball mill in which a vertical diaphragm is placed about 1 foot from the discharge end. Be- tween this perforated^ diaphragm and the end of the tulle there are arranged screens for sizing the ma- terial, oversize being returned for further grinding while itndersize is discharged. (Liddell) Marekanite. A rhyoHtic perlite from the ' banks of the Marekaka river, near Okhotsk, Siberia. At times a clear glass; it is found in balls and cores of large perlitic masses and may even be under strain like Prince Rupert's drops. (Kemp) Marga. 1. (Sp!) Marl. 2. (Colom.) Spathic iron ; siderite. (Halse) Margarite. 1. A primary form of crys- tallization In which globulites are arranged lineally. (Webster) 2. A monoclinlc mineral, HiCaAU- Si30i2. Luster of base is pearly, and that of the lateral faces is vitreous. Color grayish, reddish-white, pink, yellowish. Translucent to subtran^ lucent. (Dana) Margarodite. A variety of Muscovite, or common potash mica, affording upon ignition, a small percentage of water. (Century) Margaryize. The impregnation of tim- ber with ■ a solution of copper sul- phate. (Century) Margin draft. In masonry, the plain- dressed portion of the face of a hewn block next Its edge. (Stand- ard) Maria glass. An early name for ttoth mica and selenite. (Chester) Marialite. A variety of scapolite. (Century) Marlgnao's salt. Potassium stannosul- phate, K,Sn(SO«),. (Liddell) Marine metal. A sheathing material for ships, usually an alloy princi- pally of copper, (Standard) Mariposa (Sp.). A naked light. (Lu- cas) Mariposlte. A light-green variety of muscovite that is found with pyrite. (Standard) Marlupolite. A name derived from Mariupol, a locality on the sea of Azov, and applied by J. Morozewlcz to a variety of nephelite-syenite, so rich in soda and poor in potash that orthoclase practically fails. An es- timate of the percentage of the com- ponent minerals gave, alblte, 73; nephelite, 14; aegirib, 7.6; lepl- domelane, 4; zircon, 1.6. The tex- ture varies from coarsely -crystalline to porphyritic and to compact, ac- cording to the occurrence of the rock in large masses or in dikes. (Kemp) Mark. 1. A band of hemp, etc., wrapped around a winding rope to Indicate to the engineer the position of the cage In the shaft. (Gresley) 2. The chalk mark made at the working faces, etc., by a fireboss as an indication thnt he has made an examination of that place. GLOSSABS OF MIJjriNQ AND JdlNEBAL INDUSTBT. 421 Market honse (Eng.)^ A paint ncnr the mine entrance to wi>lch loajded mine caps are tak^fi (of examina- tion wlien it is $uq^ect«d that the miner has loaded more tham the al- lowable -a^iount of rock with the coal. Xarket lead. Lead ready for market. (Standard)- Karket pot. In silver reflntng, the pot at the end of the series xif-pifts uaafi in the Pattinson process, .la .the di- rection in which the anloiint o^ silver left in the lead is diminishing. It contains tlJe market lead.' ^Oeii- tury) Karkings (of mining: elaim8)|. . Thiai^ may consist of stakes, post^, '^ii^ of stone, bowlders, posting a hptlde. on the ground, placing a. notice in a tin can attached toa steike^ fasten- ing a notice to a tree, «r Cplaciag' it in a box or frame, blading trees along the boundaries or at the cor- ners, cutting away tindei^owth, making a trail through the timber along the sides or ends of the claim, or blazing stumps. (Meydenbai^r V. Stevens. 7S Fed. Kept., p. 791) Karl. A calcareous clay, or intimate mixture of clay and particles of cal- cite or dolomite^ usually- fragments of shells. Marl in America is chiefly applied to IncoheFent sands, but abroad compact, impure limestones are also called marls. ' (Kemp) Xarlaceous. Resembling, having the nature of, or containing marl. (Standard) Harl brick. A fine quality of brick used in the fronts of houses; a cutter. (Standard) Karlinespike. A sharp pointed and gradually tapered round iron, used in splicing ropes. (C. and M. M. Marlite. Marl that has becopie some- what stony in character. (WhlteJ Harl pit. A pit where marl is dug. (Webster) Xarl slate. Calcareous stmle; a va- riety of marl splitting into thin plates. (CeUtury) Varlstone. A ferruginous lifmestODe belonging to the middle Lias of Eng- land. (Webster) Xarly. Resembling maisl; abounding with marl. (Webster) Xamiaja (Mex.). 1. Iron pyrite. .9, In the patio process , a pyj-ltic resi- due obtained in separqting the silver amalgam by washing. 3. (Colom.). Marcaslte and pyrite frequently rich in gold and aHiter (Balse). Mar- . majas (iHex.). Concentrated suU phides. (D wight) Uarmarosls. The general name for the process of crystallization of limestones, to mai;ble, -whether by contact or regional metamorphism. it was coined by Geikie from the Laliin for marble. (Kemp) Hannattte. A- ferriferous variety of sphalerite, containing 10 per cent or more of Iron. It is dark brown to black. (Dana) Uftrmol (Sp.). Marble. (Dwlght) Xarmolite. A thin laminated serpen- tine, usually pale greer, (Webster) Uarmoratnin, A cement formed of pounded marble and lime mortar well beaten together. Used by the ancient Romans in building teri-ace walls, etc. (Century) Uarmoric. Of or pertaining to' mar- ble. (Webster) Karoma (Sp.). A rope to pull or draw by, as a hawser. (Min. Jour.) Uarquesitas (Sp.). Mundlc; iron py- rite. (Mln. Jour.)' Uar^neta. 1. (Mex.) A bar of lead bullion. 2. (Peru). Retort silver. 3. A brick of amalgam. (Halse) Varrlner process. A modification of the cyanide process in which the ore is , dead - roasted, all of it ground to slime, and the resulting product treated by agitation. (Liddeliy Uarro (Mex.). .A sledge hammer. (Dwlght) Harrow (No. of Eng.). A mate, butty, or partner. (Gresley) Uarsaut lamp. A type of safety lamp characterized by multiple - gauze chimneys. (O. i.nd M. M. P.) Uars brown. A yellowish-brown pig- ment the color of which is due to Iron oxide. (Webster) Harsh- A. tracb of soft wet land, commonly partly or wholly covered With water; 'a fen; swaimp; morass. (Webster) Harsh gas. Methane. In the miner's- language, synonymous with fire damp. 422 GLOSSABY OF MINIKO AND MIIlTBRAL INDTTSTRT. Xanh 6re. A synonym for Bog Iron ore. (Chester) Uarsh test. A delicate test for arsenic. (Webster) Xartar el clrco (Peru). To add the last mercury In the patio process. (Halse) Xarsnt. See Mazout. Xartensite. A hard brittle substance, of the nature \ of a solid solution, consisting of iron with 2 per cent or lesg of carbon, and forming the chief constituent of quenched steel. The variety that corresponds in com- position to pearlite (containing 0.9 per cent carbon) is called Hardenite. (Webster) Xartillo (Sp.). A hammer or sleage used in mining or quarrying. (Halse) Kartin. A stone-faced, perforated plate or runner, used for grinding and polishing stone. (Standard) Xartin process. Called also -the Sie- mens-Martin and the open -hearth process. Used in the manufacture of steel. C^aymond) Xartlte. Fejrlc oxide, Pe«0«, occur- rli)g 'in iron-black crystals of iso- metric form, and probably a pseu- domorph after magnetite. (Web- ster) Xarver. A polished slab or table, originally marble, but. now usually Iron, with rounded concavities, upon which a balloon of molten glass gathered on the end of a blowpipe Is rolled to make it cylindrical or spheroidal. (Standard) Hasa (Sp.). 1. Mortar. 2. A mass of gold, silver, or other metal. 3. An Irregular deposit. (Halse) 4. M. derecha, vertical ore deposit; M. echttda, horizontal ore deposit. (Dwight) 5. (Peru) Pulp discharged from a Chileian mill. (Pfordte) Vaioagflte. A native ammonium sul- phate, (NH,)jS04, that occurs about volcanoes (Dana). Also called Mas- cagnine. Xash (Scot.). A double-hand ham- mer for breaking coal, setting up props, etc. (Barrowman) Xason. A mechanic whose occupation is the laying of brick and stone in building; one who has charge of or contracts for mason work; also, sometimes, one who works or dresses stone for building; a stonecutter. (Standard) Hasonry. 1. The art or work of con- structing, as buildings, walls, etc., with regularly arranged stones or bricks; the occupation or skill of a mason. 2. That which is built by masons; stonework; brickwork. Uason's hammer. A square-faced ham- mer with a peen in line with handle. (Standard) Masonwork. See Masonry, 2. Uass action. Chemical action as af- fected by the masses of the reacting substances. (Webster) Uass copper (Lake Sup.'). Native copper, occurring in large masses. (Raymond) Hasslcot. Lead monoxide, PbO, occur- ring as ' a mineral. Contains 92.8 per cent lead (U. S. Geol. Surv.). See Litharge. Massif. 1. The dominant, central mass of a mountain ridge more or less defined by longitudinal or transverse valleys. 2. A diastrophic block, or any Isolated central independent mass. (Standard) Kasslfs longs. (Fr.) Pillars in long- wall workings. (Gresley) Massive. 1. In petrology, (a) of ho^mo- geneous structure, without stratifi- cation, flow-banding, foliation, schlst- oclty, and the like; said of the structure of some rocks: often, but incorrectly used as synonymous with igneous and eruptive. (6) Occur- ring in thick beds, free from tiiinor joints and lamination : said of some stratified rocks. 2. In mineralogy, without definite crystalline struc- ture; amorphous: not a very good usage. (La Forge) Massive eruption. The pouring forth of lava from a line or system of fis- sures, so that vast areas have become covered by nearly horizontal sheets of eruptive material. (Century) Mast. The upright pole of a crane or derrick. (Standard) Master. A collier's term for the owner of the mine. (Gresley) Master joint. A large and persistent plane of division that passes with regularity and parallelism through a number of beds. (Power) Master lode. The most productive lode of a district (Standard), gee also Champion lode. Master wasteman (Eng.). The person ^if° J*"!!. cJiarge of the wastemen. (G. O. Greenwell) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 423 Kastlo. 1. A mixture of bituminous material and other fine mineral mat- ter, for use in highway construction and for application in a heated con- dition. (Bacon) S. A kind 'of mortar or cement used for plastering walls. It is composed of finely ground oSlltlc limestone mixed with sand, litharge and lin- seed oil. (Century) Mat. 1. An accumulation of brolsen mine timbers, rock, earth, etc., coin- cident with the caving system of mining. As the ore is extracted the mat gradually settles and forms the roof of the working levels, stopes, etc. 2. A hempen blanket made of ropes 40 cover shallow excavations when blasting therein to prevent damage by flying rocks, etc. S. A lusterless or dull surface Ip a metal, produced by a method of finishing. 4. A tool for finishing a metal surface so as to produce a neat appearance. (Standard) Uata (Sp.). Matte; M. azul, blue metal. ~ (Halse) Ketacho (Mex.). An unproductive lode. (Lucas) Hatas de oro (Sp.). Ore chimneys. (Lucas) ICatch. 1. A charge of gunppwder put into a paper several inches long, and used for igniting explosives. 2. The touch end of a squib. (Steel) S; In founding, a casing of hard sand, block of plaster, or the like, for guarding any deficiency in the matching or joining of the parts of a mold. (Standard) Hatch plate. In founding, a board or plate placed between the parts of a two-part flask and on the opposite sides of which the halves of a pat- tern are placed and rammed up, the plate being then removed to permit the halves of the pattern to come together. ( Standard ) Hatera (Colom.). A bunchy mine, or one In which the gold is found in pockets. (Halse) Haterial man (Corn.). One who has the care of materials and Issues sup- plies to miners (Mln. Jour.) A warehouse man. Matheson Joint. A wrought-plpe Joint made by enlarging the one end of the pipe to form a suitable lead recess, similar to the bell end of a cast-iron pipe, and receiving the male or spigot end of the next length. Prac- tically the same style of a Joint as used for cast-iron pipe. (Nat. Tube Co.) Uathewson's device. An apparatus for separating matte and slag at lead- silver blast furnaces where matte Is of secondary Importance. (Peters, p. 297) Uatrass; Mattrass. A small, hard, glass tube closed at one end, used In.blow- ■ pipe analysis. (Webster) Uatrice. See Matrix. Uatrlcula ( Sp. ) . A register for mines, etc. (Crofutt) Uatrix. 1. The rock or earthy mate- rial containing a mineral or metallic ore; the gangue (Raymond). Some- times called Ground mass. 2. The material which forms a cushion, or binder, for use in the con- struction of pavements. (Bacon) 3. The impression or mold of the exterior of a fossil, crystal, or other mineral left In the containing rock when a fossil is removed, or the mass in which a fossil or mineral Is embedded. (Standard) Matrix, jewelry. Jewelry cut from some stone, as opal or turquoise, and its surrounding matrix. Such mixtures' are called opal matrix, turquoise jnatrlx, etc. ( Webster ) Matrix rock. Same as Land^pebble phosphate. (Power) Matriz (»p.)< Matrix, gangue, or veinstone. (Halse) Matte. A product obtained in smelting sulphide ores of certain metals, as copper. Itfad, or nickel. It is crude metal combined with more or less sulphur, and requires to be further purified. (Webster). A heterogen- eous mixture of metallic sulphides produced in smelting sulphide ores. Matte is brittle and the fracture ranges from coarse grained through fine grained to concholdal: Its color Is bronze-like, often bluish, again dark to a light gray; the luster is bright. The leading components are sulphur, copper, iron, lead, nickel ; of secondary Importance are zinc, co- balt, manganese, bismuth, and pre- cious metals. As to the constitution of matte the freezing point curves show that there are present chemical compounds, eutectlc mixtures and solid solutions (Hofman, General metallurgy, p, 884). Copper matte usually contains 30 to 40 per cent sulphur. 424 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL, INDUSTRY. Xatt glaze. A dull glaze applied to sonle burned clay products. (Kles) Xattlng. The process of smelting sul- phide ores Into matte. (Weed) Katting tool. See Mat, 4. Xattock. 1. A miner's pickaxe. (Skin- ner) 2. An implement for digging and grubbing. The, head has two long steel blades, one like an adz knd. the other like a narrow ax, "or the point of a pickax. (Webster) Katura diamond. 1. An inferior dia- mond from Matura, Ceylon, India. 2. A name given In Ceylon to zir- con from the district of Matura. (Century) Haturation. In alchemy, the conver- sion of a base metal into gold. (Webster) Hature. Having reached the maxi- mum vigor and efficiency of action or the maximum development and accentuation of form: said of streams, the sculpture of land by erosion, and the resultant topogra- phy. Compare Young and Old. (La Forge) Mature river. A river in the third and most perfect stage of development. Maturity. That stage in the develop- ment of streams or in land sculpture at which the process is going on with maximum vigor and efficiency or the maximum development and accentuation has been reached. Compare Youth and Old age; (La Forge) Maul (Derb.). A large hammer or mallet. (Raymond) Maund^il (Derb. and Wales) . A prying pick with two prongs (Raymond). Also impelled Mandrel, Mandril. Maverick. Anything dishonestly ob- tained, as a saddle, mine, or piece, of land. (Century) Maxton screen. A screening machine of the trommel class, rotating on rollers that support the tube. There are radial elevating ribs, to pirevent wear of screen c1oth>and to elevate the oversize. Unscreened material is delivered on the inside screen sur- face, undersize passing throti'gh and oversize being elevated and dis- charged into a separate launder. (Liddell) Mayencian. A division of the Miocene Tertiary, typically developed in the Mainz (or Mayence) basin, Ger- many. (Standard) Mayoral (Peru). A head overseer or boss. (Halse) Mayordomo. 1. (Mex.) In the patio process, the chief of the muleteers. 2. (Peru) A foreman or boss. (Halse) Maza (Sp.). A hammer; a stamp head. (Lucas) Mazamorra (Colom.). 1. Imperfect or poo.r working of a placer mine. 2. An'insignificaat part of the ground sluice abandoned to poor people for the gold they can get Out of it. (Halse) Mazamorras (Bol.). Mud streams from the flanks of the lUimani mountain. ( Halse ) Mazamorrear (Colom.). To wash gold. To glean. (Halse) Mazamorrero (Colom.). A gold washer who works' on his own account. (Halse) Uazapilite. An arsenate of calcium and iron, closely related to arsenio-. siderite. Occurs In black prismatic crystals. (Century) Uazo (Mex.). 1. Striking hammer. 2. Stamp for crushing ore. (Dwight) Mazont; Marsnt. A Russian petroleum product remaining after the distilla- tion of benzine and kerosene. It is a brownish black liquid, and used largely as a fuel oil. (Webster) Meadow ore. -Bog iron ore. (Power) Meander. One of a series of somewhat regular arid looplike bends in the course of a stream, developed, when the stream is flowing at grade, through lateral shifting of its course toward the convex sides of the origi- nal curves. .(La Forge) Meander line. A surveyed line, usually irregular, but not a boundary line (Webster). A traverse line. Mean refractive Index. The mean of the values of the index of refraction for the extreme red and /the extreme violet rays. (Webster) Mear; Meer. See Mere. Measures. In geology, a group or se- ries of strata having some character- istic in common, as coal measures: almost obsolete. (La Forge) Measures head. A heading or drift made in various strqta. (Gresley) GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTKY. 425 Xeasuring chain. A surveyor's chain, containing 100 links of 7.92 Inches each. (Century) Heasuring day (Scot.). The day when the manager or other official meas- ures the amount of work done in the mine. (Barrowman) Keat earth. The vegetal mold. Meoapal (Mex.). 1. Sheet -iron scraper used by ore sorters. 8. Flat strap or rope that goes over the head of an ore carrier to support tlie load. (Dwight) Hecate (Mex.). Coarse twine. Twine made of Maguey fiber, or Ixtle. (Dwight) Kecha (Mex.). 1. A fuse. 2. A wick for a lamp or a candle. 3. A torch (Dwight). M. de seguridad, safety fuse. (Lucas) Uechanical efficiency. Mechanical effi- ciency of an air compressor is the ratio of the air-indicated horse- power to the steam-indicated horse- power in the case of a steam-driven, and to the brake horsepower in the case of a power-driven machine. (A. I. M. E., Bull. 140, p. Ivii) Uechanical mixture. A composition of two or more substances, each re- maining distinct, and generally ca- pable of separation by mechanical means. (Standard) Kechanical pnddlers. A stirring device by which a bath of molten -metal is agitated by mechanical rabbles, to save hard labor. The term pud- dling, now applied in metallurgy ex- clusively to the above process, origi- nally referred to the puddling of clay, or clay and charcoal, upon the masonry of a furnace hearth to form a lining. (Wlnchell) Kechanical rabble. A rabble worked by machinery (Standard). See Rabble, 3. Kechanics. The branch of ph.vslcs that treats of the phenomena caused by the action of forces on material ' bodies. It is subdivided into statics, dynamics, or kinetics; or into the mechanics of rigid bodies, and hy- dromechanics (Including hydrostat- ics and hydrodynamics.) (Standard) Xechazo. (Sp.). A misfire, due to burning, of fuse without exploding the charge. (Halse) ■edla (Sc.). A medium sized drill. (Halse) Uedla barreta (Peru). An Inclined shaft. (Dwight) JCedial moraine. A moraine formed in- teriorly upon a glacial stem, by the coalescence of two lateral moraines of the coalescing glaciers (Stand- ard). See Moraine. Uedida ( Sp. ) . A measure ; a standard gauge. (Halse) Uedlophyfic. Moderately porphyrltic rocks with phenocrysts between 5 mm. and 1 mm. In longest diameter. See Magnophyrlc and Minophyrlc. (Iddings, Igneous Rocks, p. 200) Uediosllicic. In petrology, containing between 50 and 60 per cent silicar: said of some Igneous Tocks ; same as Intermediate. (La Forge) Uedir (Sp.). 1. To mea&ure. 2. M. una nUnU, to survey a mine. (Halse) Medium steel. Steel containing from 0.15 to 0.80 per cent of carbon. ■ Used especially for structural purposes. (Webster) Medjidite. A hydrous sulphate of ura- nium ami calcium, occurring with uraninite. (Century) Ueend; lleand (Forest of Dean). Old ironstone workings at the outcrop, some of which were worked by the Romans. (Gresley) Meerschaum; Seplolite- A tough, com- pact, hydrous nftagnesium silicate. (U. S. Geol. Surv.^ Meet. 1. (Eng.) To keep pace .with, for example, to keep sufficient sup- ply of coal at the. pit bottom to sup- ply the winding engine. (Gresley) 2. To come together exactly, as In sur.vey lines from opposite direc- tions. Meeting. 1. A siding or by-pass on underground roads. (Gresley) 2. (Newc.) The place at middle- depth of a shaft. Slope, or plane, where ascending and descending cars pass each other. (Raymond) Megabaslte. A tungstate of Iron and manganese, probably a variety of wolfram. (Century) JUegalith. One of the, huge stones or lM)wlders used in various types of prehistoric monuments, such as the menhir, dolmen, etc. (Webster) Megalithic masonry. Masonry in very large stones, whether wholly or partly rough. (Standard) 426 GLOSSAKY OF MININS AND MINEKAIi INDUSTRY. Hegaseopie. Large enough to be dis- tinguished with the naked eye; the antithesis of microscopic. See Ha- crWcopic. Used also to describe methods of observation without the microscope or with the eye alone. (Kemp) lleinonite. A vitreous, colorless to white, transparent to translucent, calcium - aluminum silicate, Ca4Al«- SLOa. Tetragonal. (Dana) Ueizoseismal. Of, or pertaining to, the maximum destructive force of an earthquake. ( Standard ) Ueizoseismal curve. A curved line con- necting the points of the maximum .destructive energy Of an earth- quake shock around Its eplcentrum. (Standard) Uejora (Sp.). Improvemeni; M. de boca, an improvement or alteration made in the entrance to a mine. (Halse) Kejaconite. Black copper oxide, CuO. Contains 79.8 per cent copper. The name given to an earthy, black, mas- sive variety of tenorlte. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Kelanchyme. A bituminous substance found In masses in the brown coal of Zweifelsruth, Bohemia. That part of this substance which is soluble In alcohol Is termed roch- lederlte, the residue melanellite. (Bacon) Uelanellite. That portion of melan- chyme which Is Insoluble in alco- hol ; it is black and gelatinous. (Bacon) Uelanite. A black variety of common garnet. (Dana) Kelanocratic. A name applied by -W. C. BrSgger to those eruptive rocks in which the dark or ferromagne- sium minerals are in excess over the light ones. The antithetical term is leucocratlc. Melanocratlc is derived from two Greek words meaning the ' black prevails.' (Kemp) Xelanterlte. Copperas; hydrous fer- rous sulphate, FeS04-|-7H,0. (Web- ster) Xelaphyre. 1. Any dark-colored felsl- tic igneous rock. 2. A basalt or fine- grained diabase whose original min- erals have been partly or wholly altered to calclte, chloritie, epidote, llmonlte, etc.; now little used. 3. An oliTlne < basalt of pre-Tertiary age: obsolete in this sense. (La Forge) HeUUte. An orthosllicate of sodium, calcium, aluminum, and other met- als. It is a constituent of certain Igneous rocks, replacing the feld- spair (Webster). The name of the mineral is sometimes prefixed to the names of rocks containing it, as mellllte-monchiquite. (Kemp) Uellllte-basalt. A rare basaltic rock whose feldspathold is mellllte. It was first identified by Stelzner in 1882. The rock Is excessively basic. Almolte Is the same rock in dikes. (Kemp) Uelinite. 1. A high explosive simi- lar to Lyddite, said to be chiefly picric acid. (Webster) 2. A species of soft, unctuous clay, common in Bavaria, and probably' identical with bole. (Standard) Hell (Eng.). A large hammer. (Baln- brldge) Uellan (Braz.) See Cascalho. Helllte. A mineral of honey color, found In crystals and granular masses in brown coal, partly as a- result of vegetal decomposition; honey stone. AU.C11.O11.I8H1O. (Webster) mellowing. A change of .color in building stone, due to oxidation of some ferruginous compound, or to absorption of impurities. (Stand- ard)' Melonlte; TeUurnlckel. A nickel tel- lurlde, NiiTes. In indistinct granu- lar and foliated particles. Color reddish-white, with metallic luster. (Dana) Melt. 1. To reduce from a solid to a liquid state, usually by heat; to liquefy ; to fuse. 2. A melted sub- stance; also the mass melted at a single operation, or the quantity melted during a certain period. (Webster) Uelting furnace. A glass-makers' -fur- nace in which the frit for the glass Is melted before it goes to the blow- ing furnace. (Century) Uelting point. The degree of tempera- ture at which a solid substance melts or fuses. (Webster) Melting pot. A crucible. (Standard) Uember. In the usage of the U. S. Geological Survey, a division of a formation, generally of distinct lltho- loglc character or of only local ex- tent. (La Forge) GLOSSARY OF MIKINO AKD MISFERAL INDUSTitlT. 427 Hemoria (Mex.). 1. Pay roll. 2. A weekly account of mine expenses. (Halse) Hena (Mex.). A mineral vein; ore. if. fifuAo, raw or crude . ore ; M. grueso, ore in large lumps ; M. redo, massive ore. (Halse) Xenaccanite. A synonym for Ilmenlte. Xinyre (Fr.). A club of working men in Scotland and North England (Century). Common in mining dis- tricts. Xend (Eng.). To load, or reload, trams at the gate -ends out of smaller ' trams used only in the working faces of thin seams. (Gres- ley) JCendeleeff 'group. In chemistry, one of the groups into which the ele- ments are classified in the periodic system. (Webster) Xendeleeir's law. See Periodic law. Xendits (Fr.). Same as Putters. Trammers. (Gresley) Xendozite. A massive, fibrous, white, hydrous, sodium-aluminum sulphate, NaAl(S04),+12H,0. Called also Alunogen and Soda alum. (Dana) lileneghiiiite. A lead - antimony sul- phide mineral, 4PbS.Sb3Ss. Ortho- rhombic. In slender prismatic crys- tals; also massive. Color blackish lead-gray. (Dana) Xenllite. A concretionary, opaque, dull, grayish variety of opal. (Dana) Xeniscus. 1. A lens concave on one side and convex on the other, espe- cially when of true crescent-shaped section. 2. The surface Of a liquid column. Its curvature is determined by the surface tension, being con- cave when, the walls are wetted by the liquid and convex when not. (Webster) Xen on!. (Scot.). A brief expression to indicate that men are on the cage to be rnisert, or lowered, in the shal't. (Barrowman) Xenucos (Arg.). Dangerous bogs usually hidden by a luxuriant vege- tation. (Halse) Kephitic. Foul; noxious; poisonous; stifling. (Century) Xephltlc air. • An old name for car- bon dioxide (Webster). Black damp ; choke damtp. Xephltli. A noxious exhalation caused by the decomposition of .or- ganic remains : applied also to gases emanating from deep sources, -at in mines, caves, and volcanic regions. (Standard) Kercantlle system. A theory in po- litical economy that wealth consists not In labor and Its products, but in the quantity of silver and gold in a country, and hence that Qilning, the exportation, of goods, and the importation of gold should be en- couraged by the State: held gener- ally up to the close of the 18th cen- tury. (Standard) Xerced (Sp.). A gift. This term Is applied to a grant that Is made without any valuable 'consideration. (Raymond) Kerchant bar. Bee Merchant Iron. Xerchant iron. Iron in the common bar form, convenient for the market. Called also Merchant bar. (Stand- ard) Xerchant rolls. Finishing rolls in a merchant-Iron mill (Standard). See Merchant train. Xerchant train. A train 6t rolls for reducing iron piles, or steel Ingots, blooms, or billets, to bars of any of the various round, square, flat, or other shapes, known as merchant iron or steel. (Raymond) Kercurial horn-ore. Same as Calomel. (Standard) Xercurio (Sp.) 1. Mercury, or quick- silver. 2. Mercury ore. M. cdmeo, calomel. (Halse) Xercnry. A heavy, silver-white, llqnld, metallic element; also called popu- larly quicksilver. Hydrargyrum. Symbol, Hg; atomic weight, 200.6; specific gravity, 13.54. (Webster ) Mercury arc. An electric arc trans- mitted by mrrcury vapor in a vac- uum tube. (Webster) Mercury cup. 1. The cistern of a mer- cury barometer. 2. A cup containing mercury for making an electric con- nection, as by dipping the ends of two wires in it. (Standard) Mercury furnace. A furnace in which cinnabar is roasted in order to cause the pure mercury to pass off in fume, which IS condensed In a series of vessels. (Gentaiy) 428 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. Xercury gatherer. A stirring appa- ratus that causes quicksilver, that has become floured or mixed with sulphur in amalgamating, to resume the fluid condition, through the agency of mechanical agitatiQn and rubbing. ( Century ) Mercury ores. Native mercury ; cinna- bar (sulphide). (Raymond) Mercnry trap. See Trap, 5. Here; Hear. 1. A boundary-line. 2. In Derbyshire, a measure of mining- claims of 29 or 31 yaFds (Standard). The discoverer of the lode was al- lowed to claim two meres. Here stake; Ueef stake; Hear stake. A stake to mark the boundary of mining property. (Mander) Uerestone. A stone used as a bound- ary ; also, figuratively, a boundary. (Standard) Xergnlhador (Braz.). In alluvial min- ing, a diver. (Halse) Kergulhar (Braz.). To work alluvial sands by diving. (Halse) Uergulho (Braz.). A method of div- ing for auriferous river sand, em- ployed by poor miners. (Halse) Heridian. A great circle on the sur- face of the earth, passing .through the poles and any given place. (Webster). A north-and-south line. Called also Terrestial meridian. (Standard) Uerma (Mex.). .Ore lost by abrasion during treatment or transportation. (Dwight) Kerohedral. In crystallography, hav- ing only a part of the planes re- quired by the full sytametry of the form. (Standard) Herrlll fllter-press. A variation of the plate-and-frame press. (Liddell) Uerrit plate. See Bloomery. Kersey " yellow coal." A synonym for Tasmanite. Mesa (Sp.). 1. A high, broad, flat table-land, bounded, at least on one side, by a steep cliff rising from lower land; a plateau; terrace; flut- topped hill. (Standard) 2. Concentration table. 3. The hearth of a furnace. (D wight) Hesabite. A name suggested by H. V. Wlnchell for the ocherous goethlte found so abundantly on the Mesabl range, Minnesota. (Chester) Mescal (Sp.). See Pulque. Mesh. 1. One of the openings or spaces in a screen. The value of the mesh is usually given as the number of openings per linear^ inch. This gives no recognition to the diameter of the wire, so that the mesh number does not always have a definite relation to the size of the hole. (Richards) 2. Engagement, or working coatact, of the teeth of wheels or of a wheel and rack. (Webster) Mesh structure, A structure resem- bling network or latticework found in certain alteration products of minerals. Called also Net structure, Lattice structure. (Standard) Mesitine spar. Mesitite; a carbonate of magnesium and iron, 2MgC0i.- FeCOi. (Dana) Mesitite. See Mesitine spar. Mesole. Same as.Thompsunite. Mesollte. A mineral intermediate be- tween natrolite and scolecite. In adcwlttr and capillary crystals ; deli- cate' divergent tufts, etc. White or colorless. Occurs in amygdaloiilnl basalt at numerous places. (Dana) Mesolithic. Designating a stage of culture Intermediate between the Paleolithic and Neolithic. (Web- ster) Mesosiderite. A variety of meteorite. (Standard) Mesostasis. A synonym for Basis, sug- gested by GUmbel. (Kemp) Mesothermal. Of, having, or pertain- ing to a medium temperature. (Web- ster) Mesothorium. > radio-active element found in monazite sand and other thorium minerals. First identified and described by Hahn In 190.'). It is a substitute for radium in the manufacture of certain luminous paints, and for medicinal purposes. Mesotype. A variety of natrolite. (Dana) Mesozolc. One of the grand divisions or eras of geologic time, following the Paleozoic and succeeded by the Cenozoic era, comprising the Trlas- slc, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods. Also the group of strata formed dur- ing that era. (La Forge) GLOSSAKY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 429 Kesguite (Sp.-JMex.). A mimosaceous tree or shrub of the southwestern United States and Mexico, often forming dense thickets and fre- quently constituting the only arbor- escent vegetatlo'n of a region. It has pinnate leaves, small, . fragrant flowers in a dense raceme, and beah- llke pods that ; are rich In . sugrar and form an , important food for stock. (Webster)- Hess kit. The cooking ^ and table utensils fdt a mess, with the recep- tacle in which they are. packed for transportation. (Webster) Meta. In petrology, when used as a prefix to the name of a rock, signi- fies th^t the rock .has undergone more or less change ip mineral or chemical composition through meta- moi*phlsm. (La Forge) Metabolite. Wadsworth's name for altered, glassy trachytes, of which Inssenlte is the unaltered form. (Kemp) Uetachemical metamorpMsm. Dana's term to describe that variety of iiietainorphism which involves a chemical change in the rocks af- fected. (Kemp) Metaclnnabarite. A mineral having • the same composition as cinnabar, bift black in color, and crystallizing in isometric forms (tetrahedral). See Cinnabar. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Metaolase. A rock possessing cleav- aKC secondarily developed during rock deformation. Compare Proto- dase. (C. K. Leith, Bull. 239, U. S. Geol. Surv., p 12) Metacryst. A well-developed crystal of a secondary mineral, like garnet, stauroUte, or andaluslte, resembling a phenocryst. Imbedded in the ground- mass of a comparatively fine-grained metamorphic rock. (La Forge) Metadiabase. A shortened form of metamorphic diabase, suggested by Dana for certain rocks simulating diabiise; but supposed to have been produced by the metamorplilsm of sediments. Compare Pseudo-dia- base. (Kemp) Metadiorite. Dioritic rocks produced as described under metadiabase. Compare Pseudo-diorlte. (Kemp) Metal. 1. Any of a class of substances that typically are fusible and opaque, are good conductors of electric- ity and show a peculiar metallic luster, as gold, bronze, aluminum, etc Most metals are. also malleable, and comparatively heavy, and all except mercury are solid at. ordi- nary temperatures. Metals consti- tute over three-fourths of the recog- nized elements. They form oxides and hydroxides that are baste, and they may exist in solution as posi- tive Ions. 2. Ore 'from which a metal Is derived. (Webster) 3. (No. of Eng.) In coal mining, indurated clay or' shale. See Bind. (Gresley) 4. Cast iron; more particularly while melted. 5. Broken stone for toad- surfaces or for railway ballast. 6. molten glass. 7. Railway rails. (Standard) 8. Copper regulus or matte obtained in the English process. The follow- ing varieties, are distinguished by appearance and by their percentage ' of 'copper (here given in approxi- mate figures); Coarse, 20 to 40; red, 48 i blue, 60 ; sparkle, 74 ; white, 77 ; pimple, 79; Firie metal includes the latter four varieties. Hard metal is impure copper containing a large amount of tin. . 9. (Scot.) All the rocks penetrated in mining .ore. 10. Road metal, rock used in macad- amizing roads. (Raymond) Metal (Sp.). This term is applied both to the ore and to the metal extracted from it. It is sometimes used for vein, and even for a mine itself (Raymond). If. axul, lead ore. M. crudo (Peru), oxidized ore. M. de ayuda, fluxing ore of any kind. M. de heneficio, second" class ore worked on the patio. M. de ceho, rich ore, usually treated in small reverberatory furnaces. M. de cor- rer, pure tin ore. M. de exporta- diin, first-class ore ready for sale. M. de fuei/d, smelting ores. M. de- labores, smalls from the workings pf the mine. M. de pie, ore amen- able to the patio process. M. de primera clase, first-class ore ready for sale. M. de quema (Peru), sulphide ore. M. en harras, bullion. M. en piedra (Peru), crude ore. M. gaharro, first and second-class ore,~ from the size of an egg to that of an orange. M. granza, fine ore, smalls. M. hecho, hand-picked, rich ore. M. jugoso, wet ore, i. e., lead ore. M. negro, blende. M. ordinfirio, common ore. M. de pepena, the best class of selected ore. (Halse) Metalada (Mex.). Discovery of ore in a barten working. (Dwight) Metal bath. A bath, as of mercury, or tin, employed for chemical processes requiring great heat, (Standard) 4»U GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRV. Ketal drift (Lane). A heading driven in stone. (Gresley) Uetaled. 1. Surfaced with stone; ma- cadamized : safd of an ordinary road. 3. Stone ballasted: said of a rail- way. (Standard) Ketales (Sp.) Ores extracted from a mine. Sc. calidos, minerals capable of amalgamation. (Lucas) M. de ftmdicidn. Ores for smelting (Min. Jour.) M. humildes (Peru) Silver ores that amalgamate readily with- out sickening or flouring the mer- curS'. (Dwight) if. frios,, minerals unsuitable for amalgamation. M. tiobles, free milling ores; noble ores. (Lucas) Metalifero (Sp.). Metalliferous. (Lu- cas) Hetaline. A trade name for a metal- lic, dark-colored compound or alloy, used in the form of plugs inserted into holes drilled Into machine bear- ings, for obviating friction, and" as a ■ubstltute for ordinary lubricants. (Webster) lIAallst. One who works In, or has special knowledge of, metals ( Stand- ard). A metallurgist. Metallic. 1. Of or belonging to metals, containing metals, more particularly the valuable metals that are the ob- ject of mining. (Rickard) 2. Applied to minerals having the luster of a metal, as gold, copper, etc. (Dana) Ketalllo Iron. Metal-iron, as distin- guished from Iron ore. (Standard) UetalUc luster. A luster characteristic of metals in a compact state, and shown also by some otjier substances, as certain minerals and dyes. It is due to more or less of selective ab- sorption In the surface layer, com- bined with a strong reflection. The blackness of finely divided metals Is explained as due to repeated reflec- tion and absorption of light among the particles. (Webster) Metallic oxides. Those oxides that consist of a metallic element and oxygen, and are for the most part basic. (Standard) Metallic snlpUde. A sulphide in which the basic radical Is a metal : applied chiefly to certain minerals, as iron sulphide (pyrite), zinc sulphide (blende), etc. (Standard) Metallic tremor. The trembling palsy of metal workers, as of workers with lend or quicksilver; the mercurial- trade disease. (Standard) Metalliferous. Producing or «>ntoln- ing m^tal; yielding metal. (Web- ster) MetalUfy. To convert into metal. (Webster) Metalline. 1. Pertaining to or resem- bling a metal. Metallic. 8. Impreg- nated with metallic salts, as metal- line water. (Webster) Metallites. A word used by M. E. Wadsworth to embrace all ores or metalliferous materia)! (Power) Metallize'. To turn into a metal ; to In- fuse mineral or metallic particles Into, as the pores of wood. (Stand- ard) Metallography. 1. The science or art of metals. and metal working; aUo a treatice on metals. 2. The micro- scopic study of the structure of metals and their alloys. It utilizes the light reflected by polished sur- faces. Metallization. The process, or group of processes, whereby valu.ible met- als, or minerals containing such metals, are introduced into the rocks. The term mineralization is often used in the above sense nnd is really toore comprehensive. The formation of garnet In limestone, for example, is a result of mineral- ization but may have no economic significance whatever. (Ranscme) Metalloid. 1. An alkali metal, as so- dium, or an alkaline-earth metal, as calcium ; so called by Davy because not supposed to be well-defined met- als. 2. Certain elements, as arsenic, , antimony, that share the proper- ties of metals and nonmetals. 3. Having the appearance of a metal. (Webster) Metallurgical engineer. Any one versed In the principles of metallurgy. In- cluding inorganic chemistry and gen- eral engineering, and who' applies them on a commercial scale in any of the processes for the extraction of metals from their ores, or' from al- loys. Metallurgical fume. A mixture of fine particles of elements and metallic and nonmetallic compounds either sublimed or condensed from the va- por state. In practice, it usually has mixed with It small propor- tions of fine fine dust. Moreover, fume may consist of very small, solid particles and of very small liquid particles, the latter like a mist or fog. The composition of metallurgi- cal fume varies within wide limits, GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEEAL INDUSTRY. 431 Aepenclent upon the method of smelt- tog employed. (Fulton, p. 32, Bull. 84. Bu. Mines). See oZso Fume. Ketallnrglcal smoke. A term applied to the gases and vapors, and fine dust entrained by them, that issue from the throat of blast furnaces, reverberatory smelting furnaces, or roasting furnaces. It consists of three distinct substances, gases, (In- cluding air), the flue dust, and the fume. (Fulton, p. 8, Bull. 84, Bu. Mines) Metallurgist. One who is slclUed in, or who practices metallurgy. Compare Metallurgical engineer. Vetallnrgy. The science and art of pre- paring metals for use from their ores by separating them from mechani- cal mixture and chemical combina- tion. It includes various processes, as smelting, amalgamation, electro- lytic refining, etc. Metallurgy, as generally understood, is concerned with the production of raw metallic materials, the manufacture of which, Into finished articles, belongs to other arts. (Webster) Ketal man. 1. (Lane.) One who re- pairs underground roads. (Gres- ley) 2. One who works in metals. (Standard^ Hetal-notch. See Tap hole, 1. Ketal Tldge (No. of Eng.). 1. A pillar or pillars that form a support for a mine roof. (Gresley) 2. (Eng.). The strata forced up by a creep. (Bainbridge) Hetals (Scot.). A general name for the strata In which minerals occur. (Barrowman) Ketal stone (Newc). Argillaceous stone. Shale and sandstone. (Min. Jour.) Ketamerlo. Having the same elements united in the same proportions by weight, and with the «ame molecu- lar weights, but with different struc- ture or arrangement of the ultimate parts. (Power) Ketamdrfico (Sp.). Metamorphic. Ketamorphle. Characteristic of. per- taining to, produced by, or occurring during metamorpbism. (La Forge) Said of certain rocl£S. Ketamorphism. In geology, any change in the texture or composition of a rock, after its induration or solidi- fication, produced by exterior agen- cies, especially by deformation and by rise of temperature. The proc- esses and results of cementation and of weathering are not ordinarily In- cluded. (La Forge) The most Im- portant agents are heat, moisture and pressure. Ketamorphosls. Change of form, structure or substance; transfora- tlon of any kind. (Webster) Ketamorphous. Same as Metamorphic^ Ketapepsis. Regional metamorphism, due to steam or boiling water under great pressure ; a' term proposed by G. H. Kinahan (Standard). Also called Parotepsis. Ketapil (Mex.). The grinding stonfr of an arrastre, etc. (D wight) Ketasllicate. A salt of metasillcic- acid; especially applied to certain minerals more frequently called bisilicates. ( S tandard ) Uetasomatlc. m geology, characteris- tic of, pertaining to, produced by, or occurring during metasomatosls.., (La Forge.) The term Is especially used in connection with the origin of ore deposits. The corresponding noun is metasomatosls, but ' replace- ment' is a good English equivalent; (Kemp) Metasomatosls; Ketasomatism. Chemi- cal alteration of a mineral or a rock ; the replacement of a mineral by an- other through chemical action. (La Forge) Ketasome. An Individual mineral de- veloped in another mineral. (Llnd- gren, p. 158) Uetate (Mex.). An Iron bucking board for grinding ore samples. (D wight) Ketatropy. A change in the physical character of a rock mass while there is no essential change in its constitu- ents, e. g., the vitrification and devit- rification of rocks. (Power) Ketazlte. 1. Hauy's name for mica- ceous sandstone. (Kemp) 2. A fibrous serpentine. (Webster) Keteorie iron. Iron found in meteors ; also, an iron meteorite. (Standard) Heteoric stone. A meteorite, especially one of a stony composition or ap- pearance. (Standard) Heteoric water. Water that previ- ously existed as atmospheric mois- ture, or surface water, and that en- tered from the surface into the voids of the lithosphere. (Meinzer) 432 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Meteorite. A stony, or metallic, body that has fallen to the earth from outer space; an Aerolite. (Web- ster) Jleter; Metre. 1. An instrument, appa- ratus, or machine for measuring fluids, gases, electric currents, gram, etc.. and recording the results ob- tained; as, a gas meter; a water meter; an air meter. 2. The funda- mental unit of length in the metric system, originally defined as one ten- millionth of the distance on the earth's surface from the pole to the equator, now as the distance between two lines on a certain metallic rod preserved in the archives of the In- ternational Metric Commission at Paris ^Standard). It is equal to 39.37079 Inches. Meter oil. An oil of low cold-test, like the light lubricating "oils from Texas crude oil. (Bacon) Methane. A gaseous hydrocarbon, CH<, light odorless. Inflammable, oc- curring naturally as a product of decomposition of organic matter in marches and mines, and produced artificially by dry distillation of many organic substances. (Web- ster) Methanephone. An instrument for de- tecting methane In mine air. It contains an electric battery that sustains a small electric glow-light. As soon as a certain percentage of methane enters the workings a t'.ny explosion occurs in the -fuse head, where a fine wire filament is melted and starts a bell to ringinji con- tinuously. (Coal Age, Mar. 30, 1918, p. 579) Methanometer. An Instrument, re- sembling a eudiometer, to detect the presence and amount of methane, as In coal mines. (Webster) Metra. A pocket implement combining the uses of many instruments, as thermometer, level, plummet, and lens. (Standard) Metric carat. A unit of weight, 200 mg., for weighing precious stones. See also Carat, 3. (Webster) Metric system. A system of weights and measures depending upon the meter, in which the original factors are derived from the meter. The system includes measures of length, of which the meter is the unit; measures of surface, of which the are Is the unit ; measures of capacity of which the liter is the unit; and weights, of which the gram is the nnlt (Standard) Metric ton. One thousand kilograms, equal to 2204.6 avoirdupois pounds. (Webster) Mett (Scot.). An old measure of ca- pacity for coal. (Barrowman) Mexican onyx. A variety of calcite, chiefly from Tecali, Mexico, used for interior decorations (Standard). See alifo Onyx marble. Mexican tile. A term sometimes ap- plied to roofing tile of semicircular cross section. (Ries) Meymacite. A resinous, light-brown hydrated tungstic oxide. WOS.H2O, that is formed by the alteration of scheellte. (Dana) Mezcla (Mex.). 1. Furnace charge. 2. Mortar. (Dwight) Mezo; Meso. A term sometimes pre- fixed to the names of igneous rocks of Mesozoic age. (Kemp) Mezzamajolica (It.). A decorated and glazed earthenware made in Italy prior- to the introduction of the majolica ware. The figures on it are traced in blue or black, the flesh is white, and the draperies are blue. (Standard) Miamia (Aust.). A screen of brush- wood, supported on poles, and placed near a shaft to protect the men from the weather. (Da vies) Miargyrite. A 'sulphide of, antimony and silver, occurring in monocllnic crystals of an iron-black color with a (lark, cherry-red streak.- (Cen- tury) MlarolJtic. Ip petrology, containing small interstitial cavities, formed when the rock solidified, into which small crystals may project: said of some igneoiis rncks.^ Also, charac- teristic of, pertaining ' to, or occur- ring in such cavities. (La Forge) Miascite. A name coined from Miask, a locality in the Ural where a nephelite-syenite occurs whose dark silicate Is blotite. Used also as a general name for biotitic nephelite- syenites. (Kemp) Mica. A hydrous siltcnte having a , very . fine basal cleavage that ren- ders it capable of being split into thin, tough, transparent plates. The most common varieties are muico- vite and biotite. Phlogopite and le- pidolite are prominent locally. (U. ' S. Geol. Surv.) The name of the mineral Is often prefixed to the name of the. rock con- GLOSSABY OF MUTING ASD MINERAL INDUSTBT. 433 talning It, as, mica-basalt, mlca-tln- gualte, mica-trachyte, etc. (Kemp). Called also Isinglass, Muscovy glass. Uicaceo-calcaieoTis. Containing mica and calclte. (Standard) Uicaceous; Characteristic of, pertain- ing to, composed of, or containing mica. (La Forge) Xloaceous iroii ore. ' A variety of hematite. (Power) Uiea diorite. A variety of dlorlte -in which mica replaces hornblende. (Standard) llticanltei An easily molded, prepared form of, mica used for insulating (Webster). A trade term. Hlca-peridotite. A variety of perido- tite, consisting chiefly of altered oli- vine and blotite. (Kemp) Uicaphyre. A porphyry containing mica phenocrysts. (Webster) Micapizarra (Sp.). A schist. (Halse) Uica powder. A dynamite in which the dope consists of fine scales of mica. Kica schist. A foliated, ' crystalline metamorphic rock composed of alter- nate layers of quartz and mica in va- rious proportions, the typical one being about two-thirds quartz to ouq- third mica ; although the proportion of the latter generally appears greater than it is, because the rock splits along the mica folia, thus showing the mica along on the flat surfaces. The true composition may be seen by looking at the squarely broken edges. (Roy. Com.) See also Schist. Hlca slate. A slate composed chiefly of fine mica. (La Forge) Kleatlzation. A metamorphic altera- tion of other material into mica. (Standard) Mica trap. An English field name for dark, dike rocks rich in mica. (Kemp) Mice-eaten quartz. Quartz full of holes, once occupied by sulphides, now decomposed and gone. (Da- vies) Michigamme jasper. A highly altered ferruginous rock, usually carrying apparently f ragmental quartz grains, found at Michigamme Mountain, Mich. fOre Dep.. p. 137) 744010 0—47 28 Micro. Small. In lithology, indicating that the structure designated is so minutely developed as not to be recognized without the help of the microscope. (Century) Microohemlcal tests. Chemical tests made on minute objects under a mi- croscope. The form, color, and opti- cal properties of the minute crystals are also used. Mloroolastio. Clastic or fragmental, as rock composed of minute particles. (Standard) MicrocUne. A mineral of the feldspar group, like orthoclase or common feldspar in composition, but tricllnic in form. (Webster) ■ Ulcrocosmlc salt. Sodium-ammonium- hydrogen phosphate, HNaNHiPOt- 4H,0 (LiddeU). Also called Sterco- rlte. MicTocrystallihe. Minutely crystalline : said of crystalline rocks of which the constituents are individually so mi- nute that they cannot be distin- guished from each other by the naked eye ; cryptocrystalUne. (Cen- tury) Mfcrociystallitlc. Of, or pertaining to, a metamorphic rock in which the devitrification has continued until the original glassy material has changed Into little granules, needles, and hairs. (Standard) Mlcrodiahase. A name given by Loosen to aphanitic diabases. (Kemp) Microdiorite. A name originally given by Lepsius to a fine-grained dlorlte- porphyry. (Kemp) Mlcrofelsite. A name used in micro- scopic work for those varieties of groundmass that do not affect polar- ized light, but that are not true glasses because they have a fibrous, a granular or some such texture. The textures are no doubt In many cases the results of devitrification of a glassy base. (Kemp) Mlcrofelsitic. The designation sug- gested by Zirkel for a devitrified glass when the devitrification has been carried so far that the hyaline character is lost, but not far enough to give rise to the development of distinctly Individualized mineral forms. (Century) Mlcroflnldal. In petrology, having or consisting of a microscopic flow- structure. (Standard) Mlcrofoliation. Foliation distinctly visible only under the microscope. (Webster) 434 GliOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDXTSTET. Xlorogeology. That part of geology relating to features that require mi- croscopic study. (Webster) Uicrogranite. A name used In micro- scopic work for those groundmasses of porphyritlc rocks that consist of small quartz and feldspar crystals with granitoid texture on a small scale, i. e., with components of about the same size and usually without crystallographlc boundaries. See Granophyric. (Kemp) Klcrogranltold. In -petrology, having microscopic granitoid structura (Standard) Kiorogrannllte. The French equiva- lent of granophyric. (Kemp) Ulorographlo. In 'petrology, having the composition and structure of graphic granite on a microscopic scale. (Standard) Ulcrollte. 1. Essentially a calcium py- rotantalate. Contains also small quantities of columblum, fluorine, tungsten, and other bases. Used as a gem. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) 2. A minute crystal, visible only under the microscope (Webster). A microUth. (Standard) Hlerollth. One of the microscopic Isotropic needle- and rod -shaped bodies found In vltrophyrlc rocks. (Standard) Hiorolithlo. Composed or constructed of small stones: opposed to Mega- lithlc. (Standard) UlOTOmerltlo. Of, or pertaining to, a crystalline structure so fine that It can Only be recognized by a mi- croscope. (Standard) Hlcrometer. 1. An Instrument for measuring very small angles or di- mensions, generally used in con- nection with a microscope or tele- scope. There are a great variety of forms, but in nearly an the meas- urement Is made by turning a very fine screw, which gives motion to a scale, spider-line, lens, prism, or ruled glass plate. 2. A mlcrometer- caliper vr gage. (Standard) Mlcromineralogy. Mineralogy based on the use of the microscope. Hicropegmatite. Microscopic pegma- tite. A term applied to the ground- mass of porphyritlc rocks whose mi- croscopic quartz and feldspar mu- tually penetrate each other. The several parts of the same crystal, thoogh isolate!, extinguish together. See also Granophyrla (Kemp) Micropegmatltio. In petrology, same as micrographic, which is much bet- ter and which is replacing It (La Forge). Micropegmatltic texture. A micro- scopic intergrowth of two minerals, especially of quartz and feldspar in which one mineral contains particles of the other arranged in a more or less regular pattern which, from its fancied reseitablance to certain an- cient inscriptions has been called also "graphic texture." (Ransome) Uicroperthiti. A varietj' of rock-mak- ing feldspar composed of orthodase . thickly set vrtth microscopic spindles or plates of alblte (la Forge). It Is common in gneisses. Compare Granophyric. MicrophyUine. Composed' of minute leaflets or scales. (Century) Uicrophysiography. Same as Petrog- raphy. (Standard) Uicropoikilltic. A. textural term sug- gested by G. H. Williams to describe those, minerals that are speckled with microscopic Inclusions of other minerals, having no definite rela- tions to each other or to their host. Polkllitic Is often spelled poicilltlc or poecilitic. (Kemp) Uicroporphyritic. Microscopically por- phyritlc. (Standard) microscope. An optical instrument, consisting of a lens, or combination of lenses, for making enlarged or magnified images of minute objects. (Webster) Uicroseoplc. Minute ; perceivable only by the aid of a microscope. Hicrosection. 1. A transparent, thin section of some substance mounted for examination with the microscope (Standard). 2. A thin section of rock so mounted for petrographic examination. Uicroseism. A slight tremor or vibra- tion of the earth's crust. (Stand- ard) Ulcroselsmometer ; Uicroseismograph. An apparatus for indicating the di- rection, duration, and intensity of microseisms. (Standard) Uicrospherulitic. In pettology, hav- ing a texture compo^d of minute sphemlites, closely packed. (Stand- ard) Hierostruotures. The structural fea- tures of rocks requiring microscopic examination. ( Standard ) CELOSSABY OF imnKG AND MINERAI. INDUSTRY. 436 Wddle baad. A stratum of rock, or more usually soft dirt, near the middle of a coal seam (Steel). See Middle man. * Wddle man. A stratum of rock di- viding or separating two seams or beds of coal. (Sloss-Sheffleld Steel & Iron Go. v. Bklwards, 70 South- em, p. 286). See Middle band. Uddles (Eng.) A variation of mid- dling. Xiddletonlto. A brown, resinous, brittle mineral found between layers of coal at the Middleton collieries, near Leeds, England, and also at Newcastle; It has a specific gravity 1.6, does not alter at 210° C, and Is soluble in cold concentrated sul- phuric add. (Bacon) Middling. The second quality of ore obtained by washing. Usually used in the plural form. See Head, 10; oor below ; M.' de cacho, an alluvial mine ,with fine gravel ; M. de cerro, a mountain mine; M. de cueva, mine with pay ore covered by large blocks of rock ; M. de inviemo (Colom.), a mine workable only in the rainy season ; M. de oro corrida, alluvial mine; M. de aahana, a high-lying mine; M. de saca, a mine in. wbich pay gravel lies below the level of the adjacent water; M. de saco, ore deposits fill- ing superficial .cavities; M. de so- bresabana, a mine lying higher than a ' sabana ' ; M. de tonga, a self- draining mine ; M. de tope, a mine in which ore is abundant in small places, the adjacent places being barren; Jfy de verano (Colom.) a mine workable only arts of the property of a mining plant, either on the surface or- -^n- dergronnd, that contribute directly or Indirectly to the mining or han- dling of coal. (Hakanson v. La Salle County Carbon Coal Co., 106 N. B. Kept., p. 618; Spring Valley Coal Co. V. Qrelg, 129 Illinois AL^pJ;' p. 391; 2M Illinois, p. 511; Moore v. Derlng, 242 nUnols, p. 87) 4. The term '< "mine," as used by quarrymen, is applied to under- ground workings having a roof of undisturbed rock. It Is used In con- trast with the "open-pit" quarry. (Bowles) 5. To dig a mine; to get ore, metal, coal, or preAlooa stones out o£ tha 438 6L0SSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDXTSTBT. earth; to dig In the earth for min- erals ; to work Ifi a mine. (Webster) 6. Discovery of a mine : In statutes relating to mines' the word "dis- covery" Is used, (1) In the sense of uncovering or disclosing to view ore or mineral; (2) of finding out or bringing to the knowledge the exist- ence of ore or mineral, or other use- ful products which were unknown, and (3) of exploration, that is, the more exact blocking out or ascertain- ment of a deposit that has already been discovered. In this sense it is practically synoymous with Develop- ment, and has been so used in the U; S. Revenue Act of February 9, 1919 (Sec. 214, subdivision A 10, and' Sec. 234 subdivision A 9) In allowing depletion to mines, oil and gas wells. Article 219 of "Income and War Excess Profit-! Tax Regulations" No. 45, construes "discovery of a mine" as, (1), the bona fide discovery of a commercially valuable deposit of ore or mineral, of a value materially in excess of the cost of discovery In natural exposure or by drilling or other exploration conducted above or below the ground; (2) the de- velopment and proving a mineral or ore deposit which has t.^n ap- parently worked out * ♦ • to be a mlnable d^osit of ore or mineral having a value materially In excess of the cost of improving or develop- ment. Hlne captain. The director of work In a mine, with or without superior of- ficials, and with or without subordi- nates. (Webster) nine dial. Bee Miner's dial. Kine dust 1. (Scot.) The rlddlings of calcined Ironstone. (Barrowman) 2. See Coal dust. 3. Dust from rock drills, blasting, or handling rock. Xine earth (No. Staft.). Synonymous with Ironstone In beds. (Gresley) Xine ffronnd (Eng.). Strata contain- ing ironstone In layers. (Gresley) Xine loeomotlve. A low, heavy, haul- age engine, designed for underground operation ; usually propelled by elec- tricity, gasoline, or compressed air. Xiae measures (Forest of Dean). See Mine ground. XUe pig (Eng.). Plg-lron made wholly from ore. In distlnctloB from cinder pig. (Webster) Xiner. 1. One who mines; one en- gaged In the business of getting ore, coal, or precious stones out of the eartii ; broadly, any one working un- derground In a mine ; more narrowly, one who drills, blasts, stopes, drives levels, etc., in -a mine. (Webster) 2. A worker in a coal mine who is paid a certain price for each ton of coal he digs or blasts from the solid seam, as distinguished from the la- borer who loads the cars, etc. His helpers load the coal ; they are also called Laborers. (Steel) 3. Includes all classes and laborers who work in a mine whether dig- ging coal, timbering, or making places safe. (Drlza v. Jones & Ad- ams Co. 171 Illinois App., p. 145) Xineral. 1. A mineral is a body pro- duced by the processes of inorganic nature, having a definite chemical composition and, if formed under favorable conditions, a certain char- acteristic molecular structure, is exhibited in its crystalline form and other physical properties. A mineral must j>e a homogeneous sub- stance, even when minutely ex- amined by the microscope; further, it must have a definite chemical com- position, capable of being expressed by a chemical formula. (Dana) 2. As used In flotation the terms 'mineral' 'or 'metallic* particles bark back to the French {mineral, ore) and Spanish {metal, ore) mean- ings. Both terms refer to those val- uable constituents in the ore that it is the object of the process to sep- arate from the non-valuable constit- uents, or gangue. (lEUckard) S. (Lake Superior) Concentrates containing about 65 per cent metallic copper. The crude ore is called rock. 4. In miner's parlance, ore (Hanks). Compare Ore. 5. The term mineral, when employed In a conveyance. Is understood to in- clude every Inorganic substance that can be extracted from the earth for profit whether It be solid, as rock, fire clay, the various metals and coal, or fluid, as mineral waters, petroleum, and gas. (Horace Creek Land and Mln. Co. v. Mldkiff (W. Va.), 95 S. E. Rept, p. 27) Xineral (Sp.). 1. Mineral or ore; M. de bolsadas, spotty or bunchy ore; M, de crestin, outcrop ore; M. desmenuzahle, earthy ore, friable ore; M. en toca, rodcy ore; M. pobre, low-grade ore, leavings; M. rico, high-grade ore; M. tottodo, roasted ore. (Halse) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 439 2. (Mex.) A- mining district; also a mine. (Lucas) Ulneral adipocire. See Hatchettite. Kineral belt. The strip, or zone, of mineralized territory. in a given for- mation or district. (Weed) Ulneral blossom. Drusy q u p r t z . (Power) Mineral blue (Eng.). Azurlte when re- duced to an impalpable powder for use as a pigment. Xlneral borer (Scot.). A person whose business it is to search for minerals by boring. (Barrowman) Ulneral caoutchonc. See Elaterite, Helenite, and Caoutchouc. Ulneral charcoal. A pulverulent, lus- terless substance, showing distinct vegetal structure, and containing a high percentage of carbon with little hydrogen and oxygen, occur- ring In thin layers in bituminous coal. (Raymond) Called by miners Mother of coal. Ulneral coal. A name for native coal, to distinguish it from charcoal' (Chester) Ulneral cotton. See Mineral wool. Ulneral deposit. Any valuable mass of ore. Like ore deposit. It may be used with reference to any mode of occurrence of ore, whether having the characters of a truie, segregated, or gash vein, or any other form. See Ore deposit. (Century) Ulneral dresser. A machine for trim- ming or dressing mineralogical spec- imens. (Standard) Ulnertil field (Scot.). A tract of country in which workable minerals are found ; a mineral leasehold. (Barrowman) Ulneralizatlon. 1. The process of re- placing the organic constituents of a body by inorganic f ossillzation. 2. The addition of inorganic substances to a body. (Standard) S. The act or process of mineral- izing. See Mineralize (Webster). The process of converting or being- converted Into a mineral, as a metal Into an oxide, sulphide, etc. Uinerallze. 1. To change from a metal into a mineral; a's, iron when ex- posed to the air is mineralized Into mist (Standard) 2. To petrify. 3. To Impregnate or supply with minerals. 4. To pro- mote the formation of minerals, as heat Is a mineralizing agent. 6. To go on an excursion for observing and collectinK minerals. (Webster) Uinerallzed matter. Crushed and loose rock material containing minerals Irregularly deposited, from solution. It may be In beds, or in. fis'sues. (Eureka Consol. Mining Co. v. Rich- mond Mining Co., 4 Sawyer, 312; Doe V. Waterloo Mining Co., 54 Fed. Rept, p. 943) Uinerallzed . zone. A mineral-bearing belt or area extending across or through a. district. It Is usually distinguished from a vein or lode as being wide, the mineralization ex- tending In some cases hundreds of feet from a fissure of contact plane. Compore Contact deposit. See Zone, 2. Uineralizera. The dissolved vapors In an igneous magma, such as steam, hydrofluoric acid, boracic acid, and others, that exert a powerful Influ- ence in the development of some minerals and textures. The word is also technically used In some defl- nltions of ore. Thus It Is said that an ore is a compound of a metal and a mineralizer, such as copper and sulphur, iron and oxygen, etc. (Kemp) Ulneral jelly. Vaseline. (Webster) Ulneral kingdom. One of the prime divisions of nature, embracing all minerals. (Standard) Ulneral lake. Tln-chromate glass, forming a pink pigment. (Stand- ard) Ulneral land. Land more valuable for Its deposits of stone, or whatever is recognized as mineral, than for agriculture. (McGlenn v. Wien- brocer, 15 Land Decisions, p. 375; Berry v. Central Pacific R. R. Co., 15 Land Decisions, p. 464; United States V. Iron Silver Mln. Co., 128 United States, p. 673) Ulneral line. A railroad that carries only mineral. (Webster) Uineral monument. A permanent monument established In a mining district to provide for an accurate description of mining claims and their location. (U. S. Min. Stat., pp. 227-231) Uineraloglst. One who is versed In the science of minerals, or one who treats or discourses of the properties of mineral bodies. (Century) Ulneralogize. To study and collect minerals, usually by outdoor prac- tice. (Standard) 440 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Klneralography. The study of the structure of minerals by the appli- cation of metallographlc methods to polished sections of minerals. The microscope and reflected light thus bring out structures which could not otherwise be determined. (Eng. and MIn. Jour., vol. 105, p. 934) Hineralogy. That science which treats of. those Inorganic species called minerals, which together In rock masses, or In isolated form, make up the material of the crust of the earth. (Dana) Xineral oil; naphtha. A limpid or yellowish liquid, lighter than water, and consisting of hydrocarbons. Pe- troleum is heavier than naphtha, and dark greenish in color when crude. Both exude from the rocks; but naphtha can be distilled from petroleum (Baymond). See also Petroleum. Kineral paint. Minerals used as pig- ment, including the ochers, iron ox- ides, barite, etc. See also Ocher; Sienna ; Umber. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Hlneral pitch. Asphaltum. Itineral purple. An iron-oslde red pig- ment. (Standard) Hlneral resin. Any one of certain mineral hydrocarbons, as asphalt and bitumen. (Standard) Hlneral right. The ovraershlp of the minerals under a given surface, with the right to enter thereon, mine, and remove them. It may be separated from the surface ownership, but, If not so separated by distinct convey- ance, the latter includes It. (Ray- mond) Mineral seal oil. A trade term for an oil of the gravity 38.5° to 39° B6., adapted for lighthouse and lo- comotive lights. It has a fire test of 300° P., a flash point of 255° F., and a viscosity Of 45 to 50 at 100° F. on the Saybolt universal instru- ment. (Bacon) Hlneral sperm oil. See Mineral seal oil. Klnerals separation process. A flota- tion process based on surface-tension phenomena, accelerated by means of addition to the pulp of small quanti- ties of oil and air in minute sub- division. There is only about 0.1 per cent oil added, and the pulp violently agitated for from 1 to 10 minutes. Innumerable small bubbles of air are thus mechanically Introduced, which join the oil-coated particles. These are then removed in a spltzkasten. Exposure to the air after this treat- ment then aerates any mineral which has not already taken up its oil film, after which a second spltzkasten treatment removes this. (LiddeU) Hlneral surveyor. ' See Deputy sur- veyor. Hlneral synthesis. The production of artificial minerals by a laboratory process. Hlneral tallow. Hatchettite. (Stand- ard) Hlneral tar. 1. A viscid variety of petroleum. (Power) 2. Tar derived from various bitumi- nous minerals, as coal, shale, peat, etc. Shale tar. (Standard) Hlneral time (Eng.). An eight-hour period in Derbyshire and in some other districts. (Hunt) Hlneral turpentine. See Turpentine substitutes.' Hlneral vein. A vein formed by aque- ous deposition, or by sublimation. A vein containing ore (Webster). See also Fissure ; Lode ; Vein, r- Hineral water. A natural water com- ing from a spring and containing some characteristic mineral ingredi- ent, as carbon dioxide or a lithium salt. (Standard) Hlneral wax. iSee Ozoceritel Hlneral way (Derb.). The roadway over which the miner transports ore to the highway, or supplies from the highway to the mine. (Mander) Hineral white. Permanent white. Gypsum ground and used as a pig- ment. (Webster) Hlneral wooL A substance outwardly resembling wool, presenting a mass of fine Interlaced filaments, made by subjecting furnace slag (or certain rocks) while molten to a strong blast. Being both Insect-proof and flre-proof, it forms a desirable pack- ing for walls, a covering for steam boilers, etc. (Standard). Compare Glass wool. Called also Mineral cot- ton; Silicate cotton; Slag wool. Hlneral yellow. • A yellow pigment con- sisting of an oxyphloride of lead; patent yellow. (Webster) Hinerar (Port). To mine. (Halse) Hlne rent. The fent or royalty paid to the Qwner of a mineral right by the operator of the mine — usually dependent, above a fixed minimum, upon the quantity of product (Ray- mond) GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 441 Mine resoue-apparatns. A name ap- plied to certain types of apparatus worn by men, and permitting them to do work in noxious or irrespirable atmospheres such as obtain during mine fires, following mine explo- sions, as a result of accidents in ammonia plants, from smelter fumes, etc. Oxygen compressed in cylin- ders, a regenerating substance to purify the breathed air, with a closed circulation system constitute the general principle of the appa- ratus. nine rescue-ear. One of a number of railway cars specially equipped with mine rescue-apparatus, safety lamps, first-aid BuppUes, and other mate- rials, maintained by the U. S. Bu- reau of Mines in various sections of the United States. These cars serve: as movable stations for the training of miners in the use of mine rescue-apparatus, and In first-aid to the injured; as centers for the promotion of mine safety; as emer- gency stations for assisting at mine fires, explosions, or other disasters. Similar cars . are maintained by a number of mining companies. Klne rescne-erew. A crew consisting usually of five men who are thor- oughly trained In the use of mine rescue-apparatus, and are capable of wearing it in rescue or recovery ^ork in a mine following an explo- sion, or to combat a mine fire. Hlne Teacne-Iamp. A name given to a particular type of electric safety hand-lamp used in rescue operations. It is -equipped with a lens for con- centrating or diffusing the light beam as occasion may require. Xineria (Sp.). Mining. This term embraces the whole subject, includ- ing both mines and miners, and. also the operations of working mines and of reducing their ores. It, however, is often used in a more restricted sense. (Raymond) Hlneria, dlputaci6n de (Sp.). A tri- bunal cognizant of mining matters, elected In most cases by the mine owners of the district. (Min. Jour.) Klnerlo (Porfc). Ore. (Halse) Klnero (Sp.). Miner. This term is not limited to those who work mines, but Includes their owners, and all who have the qualifications pre- scribed in the ordinances, and are enrolled as members of the body or craft Many of the laborers who work In mlit^s are not, technically speaking, miners. This term is some- times used in the old laws for mine, (Raymond) ■ Mine road. Any mine track used for general haulage. (Chance) Mine rock, A more or leas altered rock found in, ore channels (Power). Gangue. Mine royal (Derb.). A gold or silver mine that belongs to the king, by his prerogative to make (coin) money. (Mander) miners' anemia. See Ankylostomiasis. Uiners' Asthma. See Pneumonoconio- sis. Miners' bar. An iron bar pointed at one end, chisel-edged at the others used in coal mining. (Standard) Miners' box. A wood or iron box lo- cated in or near the working place of the miner in which he keeps his tools, supplies, etc. Required by law in some States. Miners' coal-ton. In Wales, 21 cwts. of 120 pounds each. (Gresley) Miners' dial. An instrument used in surveying underground workings. (C. and M. M. P.) Miners' elbow. A swelling on the back of the elbow due to Infiammatlon of the bursa over the olecranon, so called . because often seen in miners. (Webster) Miners' friend. (Canterbury) The Davy safety lamp. (Webster) Miners' hammer. A hammer for break- ing ore. (Standard) Miners' inch. The miner's inch of water does not represent a fixed and definite quantity, being meas- ured generally by the arbitrary standard of the various ditch com- pani,es. Generally, ' however, it is accepted to mean the quantity of water that will escape from an aperture one inch, square through a two-inch plank, with a steady flow of water standing six inches above the top of the escape aperture, the quantity so discharged amounting to 2274 cubic feet in twenty-four hours (Hanks). Inasmuch as the miner's inch is a local term "The flow of the water shall be expressed in cubic feet per second, and wh«:e it is desirable, for local reasons, to use the term ' miner's inch ' It shall represent a vflow of li cubic feet per minute." (W. H. Shockley, Bull. 92, Min. and Met Soc. of Am., Jan. 1916, p. 32). Compare Sluice head. 442 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Hlners' lamp. Any one of a variety of lamps used by a miner to fur- nish light; as, oil lamps, carbide lamps, flame safety lamps, electric cap-lamps, etc. Uiners' Inng, Miners' asthma. See Pneumonoconiosis. Miners' needle. A long, slender, taper- ing, metal rod left In a hole when tamping and afterwards withdrawn, to provide a passage, to the blasting charge, for the squib. Miners' nystagmus. Nystagmus occur- ring among miners due to strain on the eyes from working by insuffi- cient light. This subject is dis- cussed In detail in Bull. 93, U. S. Bur, Mines, by F. L. Hoffman. Miners' oil. An oil, producing little smoke, used in miner's wick-fed open lamps. Miners' phthisis. See A.nthracosis. Miners' right. 1. An annual permit from the Government to occupy and work mineral land. G. and M. M. P) 2. In California, the right of a miner to dig for precious metals on public lands occupied by anotiier for agricultural purposes; in Aus- tralia, a written or printed license to dig for gold. (Standard) Miners' mles. Bules and regulations proclaimed by the miners of any dis- trict relating to the location, re- cording and the work necessary to hold possession of a mining claim. It was the miners' rules of the early days of the mining industry that were the basis of the present laws. (IT. S. Min. Stat., pp. 192-195). The local mining laws and regula- tions of 1849 and later are given in Vol. 14, 10th Census of the United States, 1880, compiled by Clarence King.' Miners' snnshlne. A soft grade of paraffin wax used by miners for burning in lamps. See Sunshine. Miners' wax. A refined paraffin wax with a melting point of 118° to 120° F. (Bacon). Compare Sunshine. Miners' wedge. A metallic wedge or plug for splitting off masses of coal. (Standard) Miners' weight (Penn.). A term used In an old coal mining lease as the basis for a price per ton to be paid for mining. It is variable, but con- sists of such quantity of mine-run material as operator and miner may agree upon as necessary or sufficient to produce one ton of prepared coal. (Drake v. Berry, 102 Atlantic, p. 320) Miners' worm. The hookworm, agohy- lostoma duodenale, which often in- fests miners and tunnel workers (Webster). See Ankylostomiasis. Mine run. The entire unscreened out- put of a mine (C. and M. M. P.). Also called Run of mine. Minery. Mines collectively; a mining district or its belongings; a quarry. (Century) Mine safety-car. Same as Mine rescue- car. Mine salting. See Salt, 3. Mineta. 1. (Peru) Small mine-cham- ber or cavity. (D wight) 2. Rock coibposed chiefly of feldspar and blotite mica, sometimes vrfth chlorite, quartz, and hornblende. A mica syenite. (Halse) Mine tin. Tin obtained from veins or lodes, as distinguished from stream tin. (Ure) Mlnette. A variety of mica-syentte, usually dark and fine grained, oc- curring In dikes. (Kemp) Mine work. (Eng.) An ironstone mine or workings. (Gresley) Xinge; Mingy coal. Coal of a tender or friable nature. (Gresley) Mingles (Scot.). The vertical timbers of the upper part of a pulley frame, on the top of which the pulleys are fixed (Gresley). See Maidens. Mining. 1. Act or business of making mines or working them (Webster). The processes by which useful min- erals are obtained from the earth's crust. Including not only under- ground excavations but also open workings; it also Includes both underground and surface deposlte. (Burdick v. Dillon, 144 Fed. Kept, p. 739) 2. (Ark.) The excavation made In undermining a coal fac6. 3. (Ark.) A soft band of dirt In, or beneath, a coal seam in which a preliminary excavation can be readily made. (Steel). See also Mining ply. t. Reduction of ore, whether mined 3v purchased, and refining the prod- ucts thereof, is mining, within the statute permitting the cutting of timber for mining purposes. (United States V. Richmond Mining Co., 40 Fed. Rept., 415) GLOSSABT OF MIiaKG AKD MIKEBAL INDUSTRY. 443 litalii* adTanelng. A method of min- ing by which the ore or coal is mined as the excavation advances from the shaft or main opening. Compare Mining retreating. Hlnlng camp. 1. A colony of miners settled temporarily near a mine. (Standard) 2. A term loosely applied to any mining town. mnlng case. A frame of a shaft, or gallery, composed of four pieces of plank. ( Standard ) Kining claim. 1. That portion of the public mineral lands which a miner, for mining purposes, takes and holds in accordance with mining laws. (Escott V. Crescent Coal & Naviga- tion Co., 56 Oregon, p. 192; 106 Pa- dflc, 452; Mt. Diablo M. & M. Co. v. Gallison, 4 Sawyer, p. 439; Morse v. De Ardo, 106 California, p.. 622; Salisbury v. Lane, 7 Idaho, p. 370; Bewick V. Muir, 83 California, p. 363 ; Berentz v. Beltmont Oil Co. 148 California, p. 577 ; Black v. Elkhorn Mining Co., 49 Fed. Bept 549, p. 553) S. A mining claim is a parcel of land containing precious metal in the soil or rock. A location is the act of appropriating such parcel of land ac- cording to law or to certain estab- lished rules (Smelting Co. v. Kemp 104, United States, p. 649; Peabody Gold Mining Co. v. Gold Hill Mining Co. 97 Fed. Kept. p. 661; McFeters V. Pierson, 15 Colorado, p. 203; 24 Pacific, 1076, 1890). See Claim; Lode mining claim; Placer claim; Location, 3. (U. S. Min. Stat., p. 51) Hlnlng d6bris. The tailings from hy- draulic mines. Also called Debris. (Century) Wning district. A settlement of min- ers organized after the plan that, In the first years of mining in the Western part of the United States, the miners, in the independence of aU other- authority, devised for their own self - government ( Century ) . A section of country usually desig- nated by name and described or understood as being confined within certain natural boundaries, in which gold or silver . (or other minerals) may be found in paying quantities. (United States v. Smith, 11 Fed. Kept, p. 490) mning easement. Bee Easement, Kining engine. 1. Bee Man machine. . S. Any engine used In mining, as a pump engine or mine locomotive. (Standard) Hlnlng engineer. One versed in, or one who follows, as a calling or pro- fession, the business of mining en- gineering. Graduates of technical mining schools are given the degree of 'engineer of mines' and author- ity to sign the letters E. M., after their names. The letters 'M. B.' stand for mechanical engineer, when given by a school, but are often used by men engaged in mining, who lack scholastic degrees, as an ab- breviation for mining engineer, or mining expert Uining engineering. That branch of engineering dealing with the excava- tion and working of mines. (Web- ster) It Includes much of civil, me- chanical, electrical, and metallurgi- cal engineering. Hlnlng geology. See (3eology. Uining machine. A coal-cuttlng ma- chine. (Standard) Hlnlng ore from top down. Bee Top- slicing and cover-caving. Hining partnership. 1. A partnership in mining busioess in which one partner may sell his partnership in- terest, and bring his purchaser into the partnership without making a dissolution. (Standard) 2. Under the Civil Code of Califor- nia (Section 2511), a mining part- nership exists when two or more persons acquire a mining claim and actually engage in working the same. The actual working of the mine by the joint owners is essential to a mining partnership. (Peterson v. Beggs, 148 Pacific, p. 542) Hining ply. A soft, thin, interstrati- fied portion of a coal bed. In the Pittsburgh seam of western Mary- land it is 3 to 6 inches thick, and it is in this that the machine does the undercutting. (Md. Geol. Surv., vol. 5, p. 640). See Mining, 5. Uining retreating. A process of min- ing by which the ore, or coal, is un- touched until after all the gang- ways, etc., are driven, when the worik of extraction begins at the boundary and progresses toward the shaft. (Steel) Uining under. The act of digging un- der coal or in a soft strata in coal seams. (Daddow) Hinlo (Sp.). Bed lead. (Min. Jour.) Hinlon. The siftings of iron ore after calcination. (Standard) 444 GL0S8Alt¥ OF MlIfllTQ AlID MIKBRAL INDUSTRY. Xlnlsterlo (Sp.). Minlstiy; U. de hacienda. Ministry of the Exchequer or Treasury ; M. de /omewto, Ministry of Public Works and Instruction. In Spanish America, the Ministry of En- couragement and Promotion. (Halse) Hlninm. Red oxide of lead, 2FbO.PbO> Contains 90.6 per cent lead. (tJ. S Geol. Surv.) ][l&6n (Sp.). 1. An iron slag. 2. An earthy iron ore. (Halse) Kinophyric. Minutely porphyrltic rocks with phenocrysts whose long- est diameters are between 1 mm. and 0.2 mm. See Magnophyrlc and Mediophyrlc. (Iddings, Igneous Rocks, p. 200) Hinseed oil. A bloomless petroleum product, used in connection with lin- seed oil for cheapening' purposes. Bee Paint oil. (Bacon) Klnns sight. See Foresight, 1. Wily. Pertaining to, or like. a mine. (Webster) Xlocene. The third of the four epochs Into which the Tertiary period is di- vided. Also the series of strata de- posited during that epoch. (La Forge) KiraMUte; Olanber's salt. x?ydrous sodium sulphate, NaiSo<-)-10H^O. (U. S. (3eol. Surv.) Hirror black. Having a lustrous black gloss; said of pottery. (Standard) Xlrror plate. Plate glass suitable for mirrors. (Standard) Mirror Stone. Muscovite. msohlo marble. A vloIet-red breccia from Serravezza, in Italy ; also - known as Afrlqan breccia (Breche africaine). (Merrill) lUsenlte. Probably acld-potasslum sul- phate, HKSO«. In silky fibers of a white color. (Dana) Xlser. A tubular well-boring bit hav- ing a valve at- the bottom, and a screw for forcing the earth upward (Standard). Also spelled Mizer. Xisflre. The failure of a blasting charge to explode when expected. In electric firing, usually due to broken drcnlt or insuflcient current If the electric blasting-cap fires with- out exploding the charge, it Is usu- ally due to misplaced detonator or the charge has been affected by stor- age in a wet place. Misfires with fuse and blasting-caps are generally due to the fuae going out or to the failure of the fuse to ignite the blasting-cap. . Failure of the blast- ing-cap to: detonate the dynamite, when It is fired. Is usually, due to Its having been affected by damp- ness. (Da Posit) Misfire hole; Missed hole. A drUl hole containing an explosive charge that has failed to explode. (Peterson v. Otho Development & Power Co. 166 N. W. Rept., p. 147) Mispickel. A sulpharsenide of Iron, FeSiFeAsi (Dana). Arsenopyrlle. Mission tile. A name sometimes ap- plied to roofing tile of semicircular cross section. (Ries) Mississippian. The first of the three epochs into which the Carboniferous period is ordinarily divided; re- garded by many geologists as itself a perold. Also the series of strata during that epoch. (La Forge) Missourlte. A granular igneous rock consisting of leucite, blotite, augite, olivine, iron ores and apatite, and corresponding to the effusive leuclte- basalts. It was discovered in the Hlghwood Mountains, Mont., by Weed and Pirsson, and named by them from the Missouri . River, the most prominent and best known geo- graphical object in the region. (Kemp) Mistress. 1. (Scot.) A water-proof cover for miners when sinking in a wet shaft. (Barrowman) 2. (No.- of Eng.) A' wooden or tin box, having the front open, in which a candle is carried In a pit. (Ores- ley) Mlsy (Egypt). A syHonym for Gopla- pite. Mlta. 1. (South America) Under Spanish rule, 1548 to 1729, compul- sory mining work done by Indians. The Indians were drawn by lot one in seven being taken for work in the mines. 2. (Peru) Tribute paid by Indians. (Halse) Mltayo. 1. (Sp. Am.) Under the Spanish rule, 1548 to ir29, an In- dian chosen by lot to serve his term of compulsory labor in mines. 2. (Pern) An Indian who collects trib- ute. (Halse) Mitchell slicing system. See Sublevel stoping. Miter out In glass maldng, an angu- lar groove, as In plate glass, having a bottom angle of approximately 90° (Standard) cOjOssaby of mining and mineral industby. 445 mtered tile. Roofing tile cnt off obliquely, so as to fit In uptight work, such as dormer corners. It also Includes pieces flanged at right angles so as to cover such corners. (Rles) niter iron.. A fagot of round Iron bars arranged about a central circular bar, ready for forging. (Standad) Hltls casting. 1. The process of mak- ing castings of wrought iron, the melting point of which has been low- ered by a slight addition of alumi- num. 2. A casting made by this process. (Standard) HinsalhelroB (Braz.). Trammers, shovelers, and helpers. (Halse) Mixta (Mex.). Alloy of gold and sli- ver. (Dwlght) Klztnre. A commingling in which the ingredients retain their individual properties or separate chemical na- ture: If chemically combined it is a compound. See Mechanical mixture. (Standard) Klzer. The chief tool used in certain systems of sinldng the cylinders of small shafts through water-bearing strata, to remove the ground from beneath them (Gresley). See Miser. Hoat. 1. A ditch or deep trench. To surround with a ditch. (Century) 2. (Scot.) To puddle; to cover up the mouth of a pit or other opening 80 as to exclude air in the evenit of an underground fire. (Barrowman) Koating. Clay backing for a masonry shaft sunk through quicksand. (Webster) Xobhy (So. Staff.). A leathern gir- dle, with a small chain attached, used by the boys who draw bowls (buckets or tubs) . (Raymond) Kocha pebble. Same as Moss agate. Called also Mocha stone. (Stand- ard) Kocha stone. A white variety of quartz banded with various colors, and used as gem (Standard).' Bee Moss agate. Mock lead. A Cornish term for zinc blende; also called Wild lead. (Davies) Mock ore. Same as Sphalerite. (Standard) Hock platinum. An alloy of 8 parts of common brass and 5 of zinc. (Standard) Xock sliver. A white alloy of copper, tfn, nickel, zinc, etc., of the same clASB as Britannia metal; pewter. (Standard) Xock vermilion. A basic chromate of lead. (Webster) Moco. 1. (Sp.) Scoria of iron. 2. M. de Metro (Venez.), brown Iron ore; a highly ferruginous rock. (Halse) Mode. The actual mineral composition of an unaltered Igneous rock: con- trasted with Norm, whioA see. (La Forge) Hodellng clay. Fine, plastic clay, es- pecially prepared for artists in mod- eling by kneading with glycerin, or by other methods. (Century) Modified room-and-pillar working. See Bord-and-plUar methods Modulus of elasticity. A number de- termining' the extension or change of form (strain) of a body under the Influence of a stretching or dis- torting force (stress), and, In the case of a body whose dimensions are all unity, equal to the ratio of the strain to the stress. (Standard) Modnlns of mptore. The measure of the force which must be applied lon- gitudinally in order to produce rup- ture. (Webster) MoeMns process.. A method of electro- lytic refining of silver. Silver plate of 95 to 98 per cent pure forms the anodes, and thin sliver plate forms the cathodes. The electrolyte con- sists of a weak acidulated solution of sliver nitrate. (Goesel) Kofeta (Sp.). Gas found in mines; afterdamp. (Halse) Mofette. An emanation from the earth of noxious gas, chiefly carbon diox- ide, marking the last stage of vol- canic activity ; also, the opening from which the °gas issues. See also B^marole, Soifatarra, and Soffionl. (Webster) Mogrollo (Mex.). Silver ores, com- posed of sulphides. (Halse) Hohr's salt. Ferrous-ammonium sul- phate, Fe(NH4),(S04),.6H20. A light green crystalline salt. (Web- ster) Mohslte. Native titanic irop; llme- nite. (Century) Moll. 1. A short length of steel rod tapered to a point, used for cutting hitches, etc. (Ihlseng) 2. A long gad used for accurate cut- ting In a mine; a set 3. In glass 446 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTBT. blowing, metallic oxide adhering to glass wheii it Is detached from the end of the blowpipe. (Standard). MoirA mitalliqu^ (Fr.). Tin-plate, or Iron plate that has been first coated with tin, so treated by acids as to give it a clouded, variegated or variously crystallized surface. (Century) Molssan process. A process for the re- duction of chromic oxide with car- bon In an electric furnace, the hearth of which is lined with a calcium chromite prepared by heating to- gether lime and chromic oxide. (Goesel) Kojfin; Mojonera (Mex.). Stone pillar to mark corner of a claim. Any boundary mark. (D wight) Kojona (Sp.). A survey of land; the placing of landmarks. (Halse) Kold; Uould. 1. An impression made in the earth by the outside of a fossil shell, or other organic form; sometimes misused for cast. 2. The matrix or cavity In which anything is shaped and from which it takes its form ; also the body or mass con- taining the cavity, as a sand mold for casting metal. (Webster) 3. The form Into which fused metal is run to obtain a cast. 4. The plaster forms used in making terra- cotta architectural ornaments. (Cen- tury) Uoldavlte; Uoldanite. A transparent, green, vitreous stone or natural glass, regarded by some petrologists as of meteoric origin and by others as a form of obsidian. (La Forge) See aUo BouteiUensteln. Mold board. A board on which to ram a pattern ; a follow board. ( Stand- ard) y Mold box. A box in which molten stesel is hydraulically compressed. (Stand- ard) Molde (Mex.). Mold. (Dwlght) Molded brick. A term sometimes used for soft-mud brick. (Ries) Molded coal. An artificial fuel made of charcoal refuse and coal tar, molded Into cylinders, dried, and carbonized. (Century) Molder; Moulder. 1. One who makes molds for castings, 2. One who molds tempered clay into unbumed bricks. (Standard ) Mold facing. A fine powder or wash applied to the face of a mold to In- fmte a smooth casting. (Standard) Molding crane. A xrane adapted for use in a foundry in handling molds and flasks. (Century) Molding frame. A template to shape a loam mold. (Standard) Molding hole. An excavation In a foundry floor for large castings. (Standard) Molding loam. A mixture of clay and sand employed by founders in con- structing molds. (Century) Molding machine. A machine for inaklng (a) loam molds in flasks, from small complete patterns, or (6) gear-wheels and other large sym- metrical objects by a radial frame bearing a template, or pattern of a small section of the gear ; a gear- molding machine. (Standard) « Molding sand. A mixture of sand and loam used by founders in making sand molds. (Standard) Molding table. Potter's table for shaping their ware. (Standard) Mole (Colom.). 1. Galena. 2. Sul- phides or concentrates consisting principally of galena. (Halse) Molecule. The smallest part of a sub- stance that can exist separately and still retain its composition and char- acteristic properties; the smallest combination of atoms that will form a given chemical compound. (Rlck- ard) Moledor (Peru). A man in charge of grinding operations. (Halse) - ■ Moledora (Peru). Upper millstone. (Dwlght) Moler (Sp.). To jrrind or crush ore; M. en seco (Peru), dry grinding; 31. por sutil (Peru), wet grinding. (Dwlght) Molienda. 1. (Mex.) Charge of ore to be ground and amalgamated (Dwlght). 2. Grinding or crush- ing ores. (Halse) Molinete. 1. (Colom.) A kind of windlass; a winch. 2. The beater used on a doHv tub. (Halse) """.?,**• ,}• <**ex.) An ore-grinding miU; M. chileno, Chilian mill; U. ae muestra, sample grinder. (Dwlght) 2. Ore sent to the mill. s. (Coiom ) A huddle. 4. Alluvial sands accu- mulated in the ground sluices. (Halse) wuices. OLOSSABY OF MINIKO AITO MINEBAL INDUSTBY. 447 Uollnsklte. The dark-colored carbona- ceous matter .soiiietlmes found In shell marbles due to the petrifaction of organic portions of moUusks. (Standard) UoUy Uaguire. A. member of a secret association of Irishmen organized in the Anthracite coal region of Pennsylvania about 1854, for the purpose of intimidating employees and officers of the law and for aveng- ing themselves, by murder, on per-- soi)s obnoxious to them. The so- ciety was broken up after the execu- tion of a number of the members following serious and extensive riot- ing, in 1877. (Webster) Uolonque (Mex.). Rich specimen, of which one-half, or more, is silver. (Dwight) Uolten. Reduced to the fluid state by lieat; melted; fused; as, molten metal. (Standard) Uolybdenite. Sulphide of molybdenum, M0S2. Contains 60 per cent molyb- denum. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Molybdenum. A. metallic element of the chromium group, resembling iron In its white color, malleability, diffi- cult fusibility and its capacily for forming steel-like alloys with car- ,bon. Symbol, Mo; atomic weight, 96.0; specific gravity, 9.01. (Web- ster) Kolybdio ocher. Same as Molybdite. Holybdite. Molybdenum trioxide, MoOi, in capillary tufted forms and earthy. Color straw-yellow. (Dana) Kolybdocolic. Iiead colic. (Century) Uolybdomancy. Divination by means of molten lead, the diviner basing his conclusions on the number, form, and motions of the drops that float on the surface. (Standard) Kolybdonosus. Lead poisoning. (Standard) Holybdoparesis. Lead palsey; paint- ers' paralysis. (Standard) Holysite. An Incrustation, brownish- red, light or dark, and yellow, ferric chloride, FeCU, found usually In the vicinity of volcanoes as a deposit on lavas, etc. (Dana) Xomme. A Japanese weight equal to S.75 grams, or 2.4112 pennyweights. (Weed) Xonadnock. A residual rock, hill, or mountain standing above a peneplain. (La Forge) Uonazlte. Phosphate - of the cerium metals (cerium, didymlum, lantha- num) and other rare-«arth metals, including thorium, which alone gives It commercial value. Some varie- ties carry no thorium, but others- carry as much as 18 per cent tho- rium oxide. (U. S. Geol. Surv,) Uonchiqnite. An aphanltic or felso- p h y r i c Igneous rock containing auglte and barkevikite, with or with- out blotite, olivine, and analclte, in a groundmass of analcitlc glass. (La Verge) The name was suggested by Rosenbusch from the Monchique Mountains of Portugal for basaltic 4ikes corresponding In mlneiralogy and texture to limburglte. They often accompany nephelite-syenlte. In modification of the original view tbat the monchiqultes have a glassy groundmass, L. V. PIrsson has urged with much reason, and with the ad- ditional evidence of chemical analy- ais, that the supposed glass Is anal- clte. The presence of so much glass in so basic a rock is improbable. (Kemp) Uondar (Sp.). To sort hand-picked ore. (Halse) Uondeo (Braz.). 1. A large masonry reservoir for collecting gold-bearing sand. 2. A settling pit. (Halse) Uond gas. A variety of semiwater gas, having typically a calorific value of about 145 B. t. u. per cubic foot. Ammonia is often col- lected as a by-product. (Webster) Uondhaldelte. A name derived from a locality on the Kalserstuhl, Baden, and applied by A. Osann to a group of dike rocks having the mineral- ogy of the hornblende-pyroxene an- desites. Chemically they are an- desites of about 60 per cent In silica, and with almost as much potash as soda. (Kemp) Uond producer. A furnace used for the manufacture of producer gas. (Ingalls) Uonel Uetal. A whitish alloy of high tensile strength ^and elastic limit, consisting of nickel 75 per cent, cop- per 23.5 per cent, and Iron 1.5 per cent. (Webster) Uonheimite. A variety of smitbsonite containing iron carbonate. (Dana) Uonltor. 1. In hydraulic mining, a contrivance consisting of nozzle and holder, whereby the direction of a stream can be readily changed. (Standard) 448 Glossary of mining and mineral indtjstrt. 2. A car used to lower (or raise) coal on an Incline. See also Gun- boat (Steel) Konkey. 1. (I^cot.) An appliance for mechanically gripping or letting go the rope in rope haulage. (Barrow- man) 2. A contrivance placed between the rails at the head of an Incline to prevent wagons or cars from run- ning back. (Webster) S. A small water-cooled bronze casting In the cinder-notch cooler through which cinder runs from' cinder-notch when the bot Is with- drawn. (Willcox) 4. A small glass-melting crucible. (Standard) Note : The word "monkey" prefixed to a technical terin means small, thus, monkey chute, a small chute; monkey drift, a small drift — usually driven in for prospecting purposes. (Chance) Honkey boss. A man In charge of flushing the furnace and of claying up monkey and coolers. Helps on tapping hole also, and at cast. See also Monkey, 3. (Willcox) Uonkey chock (Aust.). iS^ee Bobbin, 1. Honkey drift. A small drift driven in for prospecting purposes, or a cross- cut driven to an airway above the gangway. (C. and M. M. P.) Honkey gangway (Penn.). An air course driven parallel with a gang- way and heading at a higher level (Gresley). Used where a seam has considerable pitch or dip. Uonkey Jar. An earthenware vessel used In tropical countries for cooling drinking water. Also called Water- monkey (Standard). In Mexico it Is called an Olla. Uonkey rolls. The smaller rolls in an anthracite breaker. , (0. and M. M. P.) Uonkey shaft, A small shaft raise ex- tending from a lower to a higher level. (O. and M. M. P.) Uonnier process. The treatment of copper sulphide ores . by roasting with sodium sulphate, and subse- quent lixlviation and precipitation. (Raymond) Uono (Mex.). Vertical stuU. (Dwight) Uonobaslc. In chemistry, noting an acid which contains but one atom of hydrogen replaceable by a univalent element or radical to form a neutral salt. (Century) Uonoclinal. 1. Dipping only in one direction, or composed of strata so dipping; as, a monooUnal ridge; a monoclinal flexure. Sometimes Itti- properly called uniolinal. 2. An abrupt downward flexure of nearly horizontal strata without any corre- sponding bend to- form an anticline or syncline. 3. Loosely, any series of strata dipping In one direction only, as an isocline. (Standard) Uonocline. A monoclinal fold (Web- ster). See Monoclinal. Uonoclinic system. That system of crystals whose forms are referred to three unequal axes, two inter- secting obliquely and the third per- pendicular to both the others. (La Forge) Uonoclinic block, A quarry term, ap- plied to a block of stone bounded by three pairs of parallel faces, eight of the twelve Interfaclal angles being right angles, two obtuse angles, two acut angles. (Bowles) Uonogenetlc. One In genesis; result- ing from one process of formation ; said of a mountain range. (Web- ster) Uonolith. 1. A single stone or block of stone, especially one of large size, shaped into a pillar, statue, or monument. 2. A building material for floors, having, a sawdust base and applied in a plastic condition. It Is both fireproof and waterproof. (Webster) Uonometalllo. Consisting of but one metal ; specifically, comprising coins that consist of but one metal (or • alloy), as gold or silver. (Cen- tury) Uonsel's salt. A basic sulphate of iron. (Webster) Hontafla. 1. (Sp.) Mountain. 2. (Mex.) Ores scattered through country rock and not found in de- posits of any appreciable size. (Halse) Uontanite. A rare tellurate of bis- muth, Bl,O..TeOa.2HsO, from Mon- tana. (Dana) Uontar. 1. (Sp.) To erect machinery or a plant. 2. (Colom.) To con- struct ditches for mining purposes (Halse) Uonte-aeld (Fr.). An acid elevator, as an apparatus by which acid la forced by compressed air to the top of one of the towers of a sulphuric acid manufactory. (Webster) GLOSSABY or MrUING AND MJITKRAL IITDTJSTRY. 449 Konteador (Gol6in.)- A prospector who searches for mines in forests and mountains. (Halse) « Xonteflore furnace. A small furnace used for the recovery of zinc from blue powder by liquation. •(Ingalls, p. 527) Kontelns (Fr.). An apparatus for raising a liquid by pressure of air, or steam, in a. reservoir containing the liquid, utilizing the principle of the wash bottle of the chemical lab- oratory. Honticelllte. A calcium - magnesium silicate, CaMgSIO*. In colorless to gray crystals, in masses (batra- chite), or in crystals or grains in limestone. ( Dana ) Uontiole. A little hUl, knob, or mound; -especially, a subordinate volcanic cone. (Standard) Honticulate. Characterized by or hav- ing little knobs or hills. (Stand- ard) Kontif onn. Mountain-like ; having the 8hai)e of a mountain. (Century) Kontmartrlte. A variety of gypsum, containing calcium carbonate. (Standard) ][ont6n (Sp.). 1. An ore heap. 2. A quantity of ore undergoing amal- gamation. 3. A Mexican unit of weight for ore, varying from 1,800 to 3,200 Spanish pounds, according to locality. (Standard) 4. (Coloni.) An Irregular mass or deposit. 5. M. recto, a wide vein between a stratified and nonstratl- fled formation (Halse). A contact vein. Honton wax. A wax obtained from bitumen extracted from Thurlnglan lignite by treatment with superheat- ed steam, used principally as a car- nauba-wax (Brazilian palm wax) substitute In the manufacture of pol- ishes and as an insulating material In place of ceresin. (Bacon) Kontre (Fr.). In ceramics, an open- ing in a kiln-wall to permit inspec- tion of the contents. (Standard) Kontroydlte. Oxide of mercury, HgO. (F. S. Geol. Surv.) monument. A stone or other perma- nent object serving to indicate a limit, or to mark a boundary, as of a mining claim. Uonumentos (Mex.). Liand marks or monuments; for mining claims, usu- ally built of masonry, and placed at each corner of a mining claim. (Halse) Konzonlte. A granular igneous rock composed essentially of alkali-calcic plagloclase and orthoclase in nearly equal amounts, and accessory horn- blende, blotlte, or augite; nearly the same as Vogoite, which see (La Forge). Brogger recently used the name for a transitional and inter- mediate group of granitoid rocks between the granite-syenite series and the diorites. (Kemp) Uoonstone. A variety of feldspar, commonly transparent or translu- cent orthoclase,' albite, or labrador- ite, which exhibits a delicate pearly opalescent play of colors. (TJ. S. Geol. Surv.) Used as a gem. Uoor. 1. A more or less elevated tract of open, waste, or barren land, hav- ing, as a rule, a rather broad, flat, and poorly drained surface, com- monly diversified by peat-bogs and patches of heath. (La Forge) 2. (Corn.) An enrichment of ore in a particular part of a lode (Davies). Bee also More. Moorband. A synonym for Moorpan, and Moorband paq. Hoorband pan; Uoorpan (S^g). A hard ferruginous crust that forms at the bottom of boggy places above a stiff and Impervious subsoil. ( Power ) Uoor coal. A friable variety of lig- nite.. (Century) Uoore filter press. A movable. Inter- mittent vacuum filter consisting of a series, or basket, of leaves fastened together in such a way that it may be dropped in a pulp tank and kept submerged until a cake is formed. It is then transferred by crane to an adjoining wash-solution tank and washed. The basket Is then lifted out of the tank and the cake dropped. (Liddell) Moorhonse (Com.). A hovel built of turf for miners to change clothes in. See Changehonse. Uoorpeat. Peat formed from moss, and such as is found in certain moors. (Standard) Uoorstone (Corn.). Loose masses of granite found on Cornish moors. (Raymond) Moor whin. Same as Whin. 450 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND M3NEKAL INDUSTBT. Mop. A disk surrounding a drill to prevent water ftom splashlQg up. (C. and M. M. P.) Also, a piece of burlap or coarse cloth used for the same purpose. Uorainal apron. Same as Apron, 8. Horaine. An accumulation of earth, stones, etc., carried and finally de- posited by a glacier. A moraine formed at the extremity of a glacier Is called a terminal moraine; at the side, a lateral moraine; in the cen- ter and parallel with its sides, a medial moraine and beneath the ice but baclr from Its' end or edge, a ground moraine. (Webster) Horaine profonde. Same as Ground moraine. See Moraine. Uoralnlc. Of, pertaining to, forming, or formed by a moraine. (Stand- ard) Korainio loops. Great loops, convex southward. In the continental termi- nal moraine of the North American glacial period; caused by Ice- tongues fining valleys. The junc- tion of contiguous loops form the Interlobular moraines. (Standard) Uorass ore. Same as Bog Iron ore. (Standard) More (Corn.). A, quantity of ore In a particular part of a lode, as a more of tin (Raymond. See also Moor, 2. Morenosite. A hydrated nickel sul- phate, N1S0«-F7H20. (Dana) Morgan (Aust.). A band of carbona- ceous shale occurring In the Bor- hole seam. (Power) Uorgen (Dutch). A South African land measure equal to 1.44 claims, or 2.1165 English acres. (Skinner) Morillos (Mex.). Round poles for light timbering. (Dwlght) Morion. A nearly black variety of smoky quartz. (Dana) Morlop (Aust.). A mottled jasper- pebble found In New South Wales, and much sought by miners, as it usually occurs with diamonds. (Standard) Moromoro (Peru). An impervious, ar- gillaceous rock. (Halse) Moroxite. A blue, or greenish-blue va- riety of apatite. (Dana) Morro (Mex.). Furnace- wall accre- tions. (Dwlght) Mortar. 1. A heavy iron vessel, tn which rock Is crushed by hand with a pestle, for sampling or assaying. 2. The receptacle beneath the stamps in a stamp mill, in which the dies ape placed, and into which the rock Is fed to be crushed. (Ray- mond) 3. A building material made by mix- ing lime, cement, or plaster of Paris, with sand, water, and sometimes other material and used in masonry, plastering, etc. (Webster) Mortar box. Ttie large, deep, cast-iron box into which the stamps fall and the ore is fed in a gold or silver stamp-mill ; also called Stamper- box (Roy. Com). See Mortar, 2. Mortar mill. A mixing and stirring machine for combining lime, sand and other materials to make mortar. A form of pug mill. (Century) Mortar structure. A term suggested by Tornebohm to describe those granites, gneisses or other rocks that have been dynamically crushed, so that lar^e nuclei of their origi- nal minerals are set in crushed and comminuted borders of the same, like stones in a wall. (Semp) Mortero (Sp.). 1. A stamp-mill. 2. The mortar of a stamp. 3. U. comAn, ordinary mortar. (Halse) Mortification. Destruction of active qualities, as In mercury amalgama- tion. (Standard) Mortise. A hole cut In one piece of timber, etc. to receive the tenon that projects from another piece. (G. and M. M. P.) Morts terrains (Fr.). Barren or dead ground. The water-bearing strata overlying the coal measures. (Gres- ley) Mosaic gold. Disulphlde of tin. (Ray- mond) Mosaic silver. An amalgam of mer- cury, tin, and bismuth, used for Imi- tating sllverwork. (Standard) Moscorroflo (Colom.). Gtold In wire or filaments accompanying pebbles: angular or but UtUe rounded gold. (Maise) ' "°,X'*tn ^^^^•)- Spotted. Dark mby silver occurring in spnarntn grains or spots in qfarte or other matrix. (Halse) ^'"^"^ ""^ °^^' Moss apte. A kind of agate contain- ing brown or black moss-like deS- dritic forms, due to the oxlde^ nf manganese or iron dlstrlhntai through the mass. (Century rAi called Mocha pebble; Mochi gtt^ GLOSSAKY OF MIN'ING AND MINEBAL HflDUSTBY. 451 Hoas box. A cast-iron, annular, open- topped box or ring, placed in water- bearing ground for making a water- tight seat, or bed, for the tubbing In the Klnd-Chaudron system of shaft sinking. (Gresley) Hoss fallows. Parts of a bog from which the moss has been removed for fuel. (Standard) Hess gold. Gold In dendritic forms. (Webster) Koss hag (Scot.). A place where peat has been cut or washed away, leav-i ing a treacherous surface. (Web- ster) Koss land. Land aboundlbg in peat moss, but scarcely wet or marshy enough to be called a bog or morass. (Standard) Koss silver. Sliver in dendritic or filiform shajMS. (Webster) Hofisy. Like moss in form or appear- ance. Said of certain minerals. (Dana) Uostrador (Mex.). Sampler. (D wight) Kote; moat. A straw filled with gun- powder for igniting a shot (Gres- ley). A fuse. Hothergate. 1. (No. of Eng.) A road in the workings to be eventually converted into a main road. (Gres- ley) 2. (Newc.) The main passage in a district of mine workings. (Ray- mond) Mother lode. 1. The principal lode or vein passing through a district or particular section of country. (Hanks) 2. The 'Great quartz vein' in Cali- fornia, traced by Its outcrop for 80 miles from Mariposa to Amador (Standard). See Champion lode; also Veta madre Kother of coal. See Mineral charcoal. Hotion. 1. (Ohio) A local term for the area of a quarry covered by the swing of a derrick boom, and, in addition, ttre area from which the blocks of stone may be economically dragged. (Bowles) 2. A term used in granite regions to designate small paving-block quar- ries. (Perkins) 3. A place In which a stonecutter quarries his own stone for subse- quent cutting and finlshlHg. 4. The part of the pit In which work is in actual progress. (Webster) Motive oolnmn. The length of a col- umn of air whose weight is equal to the difference in weight of like col- umns of air in downcast and upcast shafts. The. ventilation pressure, In furnace ventilation. Is measured by the difference of the weights of the air columns In two shafts. (Steel) Motive power. Any power, as water, steam, wind, electricity, used to im- part motion to machinery. (Web- ster) Uotor. 1. One who or that which pro- duces or Imparts motion or mechani- cal power. Specifically, a machine for producing or causing motion, es- pecially one that acts by transmlt- Ing some other kind of energy into mechanical energy, or the energy of position into that of motion; a prime mover, as a steam engine, windmill, water wheel, or reversed dynamo. (Standard) 2. A haulage engine used around mines and operated by electricity or compressed air. Uotor body. The box-like portion at the lower end of a coal-cutting ma- chine. (Morris v. O'Gara Coal C!o., 181 IlUtaoIs App., p. 312) Uottle. The spotted, blotched, or va- riegated appearance of any surface, as of wood or marble ; especially, in metallurgy, the appearance of pig Iron of a quality between white and gray. (Standard) Kotty (EiUg.) A collier's mark on his corf (Webster). See Tally. Uonlln (Fr.). A nearly vertical shaft in a glacier into which a stream of water pours. (Webster) Uountaln. An eminence or ridge, either isolated or part of a range or of a group, standing conspicuously above the surrounding or neighbor- ing country and, as a rule, charac- terized by steeply sloping sides, a relatively small summit area, and considerable bare rock surface. (La Forge) Konntain blue. Blue copper ore ; az- urite. (Skinner) Konntain brown ore. Limonite or brown iron ore: A local name ap- plied in Virginia, to the ' low-grade siliceous variety, which commonly occurs In hard lumps and which is found on the mountain slopes at or near the contact of the Cambrian shale and sandstone with the Cam- bro-Ordovldan limestone. See Val- ley brown ore. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) 452 aU>SSABT OF MUTING AKD MI»BRAli IMDUSTRT. XonntaiB ksttcr. ▲ synonym tor Ala- Dogen (CtMStw). A hydrated alumi- num ■uIphatA In d^lcate fibrous massM or crusts. XouatalB ohata. A series of moun- tains connected, and having some ciuuRH>n ^aractertstlca. Xouatala eork. A vmrlety of asbestos rewmbltus cortc. It Is light and floats on water (Dana). Also called Mountain leattier. Xeuataia oxyataL Rock crystal. (Webster) Xeuatata flax. 1. Amianthus. A fine sll)^ variety of asbestos. (Power) S, Asbestos or a^iestosKiloth. (Stand- aid). CJaUed also Barth flax. Koaataln gieea. Malachite. (Pow») Xeuatalm leather. A tou«^ vari^y of a^)estos In thin, flexible sheets (Dana). See also Mountain ccHk. Xeuataia Uaestiae. l%e UngMsh des- ignation of a llmestawe of the lower part of the Caihoidferoas age; called also Sab<3aibonifnoas lime- stone. (Baymcmd) WOTi»t^f» aeaL Infusorial eaifk (Powo-). See «teo Bergnidd. Keumtaia-adlk. A veiT variety joI caklte. •(Standard) Xoamtalm paper. A ttiln. paper4Ike^ va- ried of mountain cork. (Powar) Koaatala ra^^ 1. Loosdy. same as Mountain ciMdn. X Strictly, one of tite conqMMtait portions of a monik- taln chain, ft»ined by a sin^ oro- genle movemait (mooogoitlc). (Standard) »TTii«*<» soap. An unctuous variety ' of halloyalte containing some iron oxide and about 24 p« e»it wat^. (Dana) Xoaataln tallow. A soft. waxUke^ hy- diocarfooh; also known as l^itdiet- tlte: (Dana) Mountain wood. A variety of a;diestas that is contact, fibrous, and gray to brown in color, looldng like wood. (Dana) Xonntiiig ptpe. Bee Column ^pe. Moase^eatea quartz. Quartz fun of boles once occupied by sulphides, now decomposed and gone. (Power) XoiuMllne (Fr.). A thin glass, blown aOfi%po imitate patterns in lace, as tot dare^glasses. Called also MouaseUne glass, MuSUn glasai (Btsadud) Mouth. J. An opening resenibling « lUkoied to a mouth, as one s*^* Ing an entrance or exit. «. XBe opening in a metallurgical furnace through which it is charged; also the tap hole. ». Any of several fur- naces, each connected by a flue to a central impaling in the oven of a pottery kiln. (W^>ster) 4. The end of a shaft, adit, drift, entry, tunn^ etc, onerging at flie sur&ce. (Raymond) Monthiag (So^ StaflL). A synonym for Inset Mouth of pit (Aust). Tbit tap ta t ^baft (Power) Mouth plate. 1. (Scot) A ridged cast4ron plate to direct hutch wheds ttom plates to rails. S. (Soot) An inn plale ovo' the month of a bwe hole. (Barrow- ) Movable ladder. See Man madiine. MevaMe itaek (Stag.). Such eqnlp- ment as can be sold wlttout preju- dice fis the wwkiag of tiie coUiety. It ntsf i[i, t h e ieOi r^ old pumps, uaaeeeaBaiy fglwet^ sod useless ma- toiBls at ereiT description. (O. CL AeesnTd) (Kol .Wales). A roof which is shoot to fan, or Is taking (Giesley) (Sa. Am.). Tolcanic mud, stune- llia» earhsBaceous. OaUed also Mad lava; applied dii^ to such exadatloas In Sontii Amolca. (Standard) M«c* (Mex.). Bey; man of aU work; rovstahoot (Dwi^t) Maek. 1. Saith, tnchidiag dirt, gravd barman and rock, to h^ ch- b^ng ex- cavated; ovcrburdoi. S. To exca- vate or r«Dove mudt fran. S. Tb woi^ hard; to tolL (Wd)etar) 4. (Scot.) Rubbish ; soft usdess ma- terial (BaRowman). Sse sbo Smut Dirt, MuIhM^ B. A lay^ of earili, sand or sedl- mfflt lying hoomediatdy above the sand or gravd oontahilng; or sup- posed to oontaln, gold in placer min- ing districts, and may its^f contain some traces of goli (Cook «. jHaO<. (Bacon) Xuckle.. 1. Soft clay- overlying or underlying coid. (Hargls) 9. (Corn.) A large Jumper or drill. (Oreenwell, p. 217) Xuekle hammer. A scaling or spalUng hammer. (Standard) Xnek roll*. The first pair of rolls In a rolling mill. (Standard) Xnoks ( Staff. ) , Bad earthy codl. (C. & M. M. P.) See also Smut. Xnek train. A set of muck rolls. (Standard) Xaoky hole. A. tap hole from which the Iron is so pasty that it does not run free^. (WiUcoi) X«d. Moist and soft earth, or earthy matter whether produced by rains on the earthy surface, by ejections from springs and volcanoes, or by sediment from turbid waters; mire. (Century) Xnd hit. A chlsel-like tool used In boring wells through clay. (Web- ster) Xad bucket. A dredger bucket (Web- ster) Xud eap. A charge of dynamite, or other high e^losive, fired In contact with the surface of a rock after be- ing covered with a quantity of Wet mud, wet earth, or sand, no bore hole being used. The slight confine- ment given the dynamite by the mud or other material permits part of the energy of the dynamite be- ing transmitted to the rock In the form of a blow. A mud cap may be placed on top or to one side, or even under a rock, If supported, with equal effect (Du Pont). Also called Adobe, 'Doble, and Sandblast. Xud cone. A volcanic cone built up of ejected mud (Webster). See dlao Mud volcano, 2. Xnd cracks. Irregular cracks Inter- secting the surface of dried mud, or tiie same more or less filled and hardened Into rock, as fossil mud cracka. (Standard) Xud. dragt. A dredge for clearing the bottoms of rivers or harbors (Stand- ard). Compare Hedgehog, 2. Also called Mud dredge. Xud drum. A drum forming the low- est part of some steam boilers in whldi. ttie sediment settles for r<> movaL (Webster) Kudds (Newc.). Small nails. (Min. Jour.) Xud fat (Aust). Unctuous and plas- tic, like mud. (Standard) Mud flat. A muddy, low-lying strip of ground by the shore, or an island, usually submerged more or less com- pletely by the rise of the tide. (Cen- tury) Xud geyser. See Mud pot Xud gun. A steam cylinder operating a plunger Inside a steel tube 6 Inches In diameter. Clay Is fed Into the hopper tube as the plunger Is worked back and forth and is thus forced Into the tap hole, at end of cast (WIllco±) Xud lava. See Moya. Xud lump. One of numerous mud-dis- charging cones dotting the shallows at the mouth. of the Mississippi; up- heaval from lower clays by pressure of surface deposits. (Standard) Xud marks. The hardened flowlngs of mud over a smooth surface, or the same petrified, as fossil mud marks. (Standard) Xud pot (Western U. S.). A geyser that throws up mud. Called also Mud geyser. (Standard) Xud ring. The ring or frame fornt' Ing the bottom of a water leg of a steam boiler. (Webster) Xud scow. A'fiatboat or barge for the transportation of mud, generally used In connection with dredges. (Century)' Xudsill. The lowest sIU of a struc- ture, usually embedded In the soil ; the lowest sill or timber of a house, bridge, or dam. (Webster) Xud socket. A device used on drill- ing tools to clean mud or sand out of a well. (Webster) Xudstone. A fine, more or less sandy, arenaceous rock, having no fissile character, and somewhat harder than clay. (Power) Xud volcano;. 1. A hollow cone Id a volcanic region, from which mate- rial Is ejected, by and with various 454 GLOSSARY OF MINIKG AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY. gases. The usual quiet emissions are interrupted at times by violent discharges, sometimes with columns of flame. CaUed also Salse, Air vol- cano, Maccaluba, and Mud cone. (Standard) Hnd-walled. Having a wall of mud, or materials laid In mud Instead of mortar. (Century) Hud wheel. In brlckmaking, a wheel by which clay Is thoroughly worked with water; a tempering wheel. (Standard) Knela (Sp.). 1. The upper millstone. 2. The grinding stone of an arrastre. 8. M. vertical, the runner of a Chile- an mill. (Halse) Xuesoa (Mez.). A notch In a stick; mortise; notch cut in a round or square' beam for the purpose of us- ing it as a ladder (cliicken ladder). Xneseler lamp. A type of safety lamp invented and used in the collieries of Belgium. Its chief characteristic is the Inner sheet-iron chimney for increasing the draft of the lamp. (O. and M. M. P.) Huestra (Sp.). 1. Sample; specimen. 8. Oflcina de 'muestras, sampling works. (Halse) Xuestrario (Sp.). A collection of sam- ples obtained by boring. (Halse) Muff. 1. A cylinder of glass before it is flattened out. (Standard) 2. A joining tube, or coupler, for uniting two pipes end to end. (Century) Hnffle. A semi - cylindrical or long arched-oven (usually small and made of fire clay), heated from outside, in which substances may be expose at high temperature to an oxidizing atmospheric current, and kept at the same time from contact with the gases from the fuel. Cupellation and scoriflcatlon assays are performed in muffles, and on a larger scale copper ores were formerly roasted In muf- fle furnaces (Raymond). Used also in ceramics, for firing pottery spe- cially decorated, as by painting or printing. (Standard) Kuffle furnace. A furnace devised so as to shield its contents from direct contact with the flames. (Webster) Hnffle painting. Decoration, as on china, which will not bear kiln heat, but la flred in a muffle. It Is of two kinds, hard and soft. (Standard) UuHa (Mex.). Muffle. A rude cupel furnace for treating rich ore on a bath of lead. See also Vaso. (Dwlght) Uuisalheiro (Braz.). A trammer, sboveler, or helper. (Bensusan) Hnla (Mex.). Mule. (Dwlght) Hnlata (Colom.). A compact quartz which is often gold bearing. (Halse) Hulatto. A local iSame In Ireland for a Cretaceous green sand. (Kemp) Hnle. 1. A small car, or truck, at- tached to a rope and used to push cars up a slope or inclined plane. S. ( Joplin, Mo.) An extra man who helps push the loaded cars out in case of up-grade, etc. Hule skinner. A mule driver. (Gro- futt) Xnley bripk. An Imperfectly pressed brick. (Standard) Mnller.' 1. The stone or iron in an ar- rastre, or grinding or amalgamating pan, which is dragged around on the bed to grind and mix the ore-bear- ing rock (Raymond) 2. A bucking iron. KuUer** glass. Hyalite, a variety of opal which Is as clear as glass and colorless. (Dana) Uullicite. A variety of vlvianite oc- curring in cylindrical masses. (Dana) XulUgan. 1. A heavy double-handed Sledge for breaking runner scrap"" at blast furnaces. (Willcox) 8. A miner's term for soup. Hnllock (Eng.). A term sometimes used for the accumifTated waste or refuse rock about a mine (Roy. Com.). iSee Muck, the term used in the United States. Uulloeker (Aust). One who excavates and removes waste rock in distinc- tion to one who removes ore (Web- ster.) See Mucker, which is Ameri- can usage. MnUocking (Aust.). Act or process of excavating and removing mullock (Webster). The American term is mucking. Mullock reefs (Aust). Reefs In which the matrix of the ore consists of country rock, frequently decomposed eruptive dikes. (Power) MuUook tip (Aust.). Accumulations of waste rock coming out of a mine* a dump; also, spoil heap. (Raymond) GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 455 KuUo«k vein (Aust.)- A decomposed eruptive dike' In which the original disseminated gold and silver have been deposited in joints and fissures o( the dike rock. I'hls term appears to be unnecessary. (Shamel, p. 165) Mulniello (ItalyJ. A quarry or place in a coal mine where stone and d6- bris are obtained for the purpose of stowing or filling up goaves. (Gresley) Penalty or fine. Kulta (Mex.). (Dwight) Kultiphase. In electricity, having components of various phase: said of rotating currents or the system employing them. (Standard) Knltiple-henoh quarrying. The method of quarrying a rock ledge in a series of successive benches or steps. (Bowles) Hultiple proportions, law of. See Dal- ton's law. Knltiple series; Parallel series. A method of wiring a large group of blasting charges by connecting small groups in series and connecting these series In parallel. (Bowles) Hultiple shot. See Battery of holes. Uulture (Peru). The percentage of ore paid to the proprietor of a pul- verizing mill as his rtscompense. (Standard). Derived from grist- mill practice in Scotland. Xun (Com). Any fusible metal. (Ray- mond) Knndlo (com). Iron pyrite. White mundic Is mispickeL (Raymond) Kungle shale. An oil shale, in the West Calder district, Scotland. (Bacon) Xnfite (Sp.). 1- A trunnion of a. Bes- semer converter. S. A gudgeon. (Halse) Knntz metal. An alloy of copper, 60, and zinc, 40 per cent. (Vv6) HnTchlsonlte. A variety of orthoclase of fiesh-red color, resembling perth- Ite. (Chester) Hnrex process. A flotation process which Is not strictly of the same class as the others, but It still makes use of the principle of selective oil- ing of sulphide particles. The crushed ore is fed into an agitator and mixed with 4 to 5 per cent of its weight of a paste made of 1 part at oil or thin tar with 8 or 4 parts of magnetic oxide of iron. This oxide must be ground to an impal- pable powder. These Ingredients, with enough water to make a ptilp, are agitated from 5 to 20 mtnutes. The paste preferentially adheres to the sulphides because of the oil. ^e ore is then fed over magnets and oxide of iron, with the mineral adhering to It, -pulled out. The oil and magnetite are then recovered. fLlddell) Uurlatic acid. The coiiimerclal name for hydrochloric acid, HCl. Kuro. (Sp.) 1. A wall. 2. The floor of a deposit, or footwall of a vein. S. A mine dam. (Halse) Uurphy. See Rock drill. Hurra; Uurrha (L.). A material first brought to Rome by Pompey, and used for costly vases and cups. It has been variously supposed to be Chinese jade, porcelain, Iridescent glass, fluor, etc. (Standard) Muschelkalk (Ger.). The middle divi- sion of the German Trlasslc (Web- ster). The word means shell-lime- stone. Btym., muschel, shell, and Kalkgtetn, limestone. Uuscovado. The Spanish word for brown sugar, used by Minnesota geologists for a rusty, brown, out- cropping rock that resembles brown sugar. It has been applied to both 'gabbros and quartzites. (Eemp) Uuscotlte. Potash-bearing, white mica, H,KAl,(SiO.).. See also Mica. - (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Kuscovitlzation. The process of changing a mineral, or rock, more or less into muscovlte. (Standard) Muscovy glass. Same as Muscovite. (Century) Mush. 1. (Leic.) Soft, sooty, dirty earthy coal. (Gresley) 2. A greasy mud, sometimes found on bituminous coal. (Bacon) 8. (Alaska) A march on foot, es- .peclally across the snow with dogs. (Webster) Mushroom hitch (Eng.). An Inequal- ity In the floor of a mine due to a projecting stone. (Webster) Mushroom stone. A fossil resembling a mushroom. (Standard) Mushy coal (Lelc). Soft, sooty or dirty coal, or coal that has been crushed. Same as Mush, 1. (Gres- ley) Muskeg (Mich.). A swamp or bog composed principally of roots, de- cayed vegetal matter and black soil ; it resemljles peat, but It Is more 456 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINEEAL INDUSTRY. earthy and more spongy. In Can- ada, any rocky basin filled by suc- cessive deposits of unstable mate- rial, as leaves, muck, and moss in- capable of sustaining much weight; hence a large mud-hole. llnslin glass. Same as Mousseline. Uussel l)ind. Same as Mussel band. Uussel band. A bed of clay ironstone containing fossil bivalve shells, an- thracosia, etc. (Gresley) Muthung (Pr.). A concession of mines from the State, generally about 612 acres, described in plan by straight lines and in depth by vertical planes. (Gresley) Hutu (Malay). A term denoting the degrees of fineness of gold. (Lock) Uyelln. A soft, yellowish, or reddish- white, clay-like substance, identical with kaolin. (Chester) Hylonite. A name suggested by the ]pnglish geologist Lapworth for schists produced by dynamic meta- morphism. (Kemp) Mynpacht (So. Afr.) 1. A mining con- cession, especially one made by the government to the owner of the sur- face concerned, and expressed in a Mynpachtbrief, or official grant of mining rights. 2. The land owner's mining location, as distinguished from other mining claims on his tract, leased by the government. The land owner is entitled to de- mand a concession covering one tenth of his surface ownership. (Webster) N. Nablock. A rounded mass, as of flint In chalk, or of Ironstone in coal. (Standard) ITacido (Colom.). In placer mining a piece of granite lying on the bedrock in lieu cf pay dirt. (Halse) Kaolente (Chile). East. (Halse) Nacre (Fr.). 1. Besembling pearl, as in iridescence; nacreous; as, the nacre enamel of Belleek porcelain 8. Mothei--of -pearl.. Also spelled Nacker. (Standard) Nadel-dlorlto. Needle-dlorlte ; a Ger^ man term for dlorites with acicular hornblende. (Kemp) Hadorite. A mineral containing anti- SPJjy- lead, oxygen, and chlorine, PbClSbOj, occurring In brownish or- thorhombic crystals, at DJebel-Nador. Algeria. (Century) Nageliluh. A conglomerate rock be- longing to the Teritiary of Switzer- land (Emmons^. Also called Gom- pholite. Nager (Brist). A drill for bprlnfe holes for blasting charges. (Gres- ley) Nagyagite. A sulphp-tellurlde of lead, gold, and antimony, possibly Aur Pbi.SbsTe,SiT. The gold content ranges from 5.8 to 12.8 per cent, the silver from 8.1 to 10.8 per cent (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Nahnsen process. An electrolytic proc- ess for the refining of Impure zinc. Used in Upper Silesia. (Ingalls, p. 576) Naif. Having a natural luster when uncut; as, a naif gem. (Standard) Naife (Sp.). A diamond in the rough. (Halse) Nail-head spar. A composite variety of calcite having the form suggested by the name. (Dana) Nail. A shooting-needle, which see. Nail plate. A plate of metal rolled to the proper thickness for cutting into nails. (Century) Naked light. A candle or any form of flame lamp that is not a safety lamp (Steel). An open light. Namma-hole (Aust.). A natural well. (Standard) Nankla porcelain. Blue china. (Standard) ' Nannies (York.). Natural Joints, cracks, or slips in the coal meas- ures. See also Cleat, 1. (Gi'esley) Nantoklte. Cuprous chloride, CuiCU. Granular, massive. Cleavage cubic. Luster adamantine. Colorless to white or grayish. (Dana) Napal. (Malay) Indurated white clay carrying auriferous quartz streaks. Called also Steatite. (Lock) Napallte. A peculiar waxy hydrocar- bon OiJEI,, found In the Phoenix mine, near MIdletown, Cal. ; It hns a dark reddish-brown color, is brit- tle, begins to fuse at 42° C, and boils above 300° C. (Bacon) Naphtha. 1. As used by ancient writers, a more fluid and volatile variety of asphalt or bitumen 8. In modern use, an artlflclal, volatile colorless liquid obtained from ne- troleum ; a distillation product be- tween gasoline and refined oil (Century) ^ °*^ QLOSSABY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 457 Haphtha-gas. Illuminating gas charged with the decomposed vapor of naptha. (Standard) Naphthallze. To Impregnate or satu- rate with naphtha ; enrich (an In- ferior gas) or carburet (air) by passing It through naphtha. (Cen- tury) Napoleonite. 1. A synonym for Cor- slte. (Kemp) 2. A variety of hornblende. (Stand- ard) ITappes (Belg.). Water-bearing strata. (Gresley) Narlyas. Gold-washers of the N. W. provinces of India. (Ldck) TTarlz (Sp.). 1. A nose. 2. The noz- zle of a bellows. 3. In smelting tin ore, the nose which forms in front of and attached to the tuyfire. (Halse) Narrow (No. of Bug.) A gallery, or roadway, driven at right angles to a drift, and not quite so large in area. (Gresley) Narrow places (Aust.). Working places that are less than six yards wide; these are paid for by the yard in length. (Power) Narrow work. 1. All work for which a price per yard of length driven Is paid, and which, therefore, must be measured. Any dead work (Steel) 2. (Penn.) Headings, chutes, cross- cuts, gangways, etc., or th» work-- Ings previous to the removal of the pillars. 3. A working place in coal only a few yards in width. 4. A System of working coal In York- shire. (Gresley) Narrow working. See Bord-and-pillar method ; also Narrow work. Nascent. Coming into existence, be- ginning to exist or to grow. From L. nascens, being born (Webster). A term used In the flotation process. NaSbent state. The condition of an element at the moment of liberation from a compound, marked, as in the case of hydrogen or oxygen, by a chemical activity greater than the ordinarjv (Webster) Nasmyth hammer. A steam hammer, having the head attached to the pis- ton rod; and operated by the direct force of the steam. (Raymond) Nata (Mex.). Same as Esooria pr Qrasa. (Dwight) Natch. 1. (Scot.) A small hitch or dislocation. 2. (Scot.) The Junction of two rails where through Improper laying the two are not on the same level or line. (Barrowman) 3. To notch (Webster). A variation of notch. Native. Occurring in nature pure or uncombined With other substances. Usually applied to the metals, as na- tive mercury, native copper. Also used to describe any mineral occur- ring in nature in distinction from the corresponding substance formed ar- tificially. (Century) Native coke. See Carbonlte, 1; also Natural coke. Native elements. Elements that occur in nature uncombined, as nugget gold, metallic copper, etc. Compare Native. Native metal. Any metal found natu- rally in that state, as copper, gold. Iron, mercury, platinum, silver, etc. See also Native. Native paraffin. See Ozocerite. Native Prussian blue. Vlvianite. (Power) Naitive steel. A steel or steely Iron occurring In small masses and made by the ignition of coal near an iron- ore deposit. (Standard) Native (Sp.). Native. (Dwight) Natrium. See Sodium. Natrolite. A mineral of the zeolite family. A silicate of sodium and aluminum, Na3O.Al1O1.4SiO3.2H1O. (Dana) Natromfeter. An instrument for meas- uring the quantity of soda contained in salts of potash and soda. (Cen- tury) Natron. Hydrous sodium carbonate, Na,OO..+10HiO.. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Natron-Oranites. Granites abnormally high in soda, presumably from the presence of an orthoclase rich in soda, or of anorthoclase. -They are also called soda-granites. Natron is likewise used as a prefix to minerals and rocks that are rich in soda, as natron - orthoclase; natron - syenite, etc. (Kemp) Nattle (Bng.). To make a slight broken noise as of rattling (Web- sted). Said of a mine when move- ment or settling is taking place. Natural asphalt. See Asphalt. 458 GLOSSABY OP MINING AlTD MINERAL INDUSTRY. Natural coke (Aust.). Coal that has been more or less coked by contact with an igneous rock. (Power) Natural gas. A mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons found In nature; in many places connected with deposits of petroleum, to which the gaseous compounds are closely related. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Natural soft porcelain. A porcelain having a body of kaolin and calcium phosphate coated with a lead and boric acid glaze, as Worcester por- celain. (Standard) Natural steel. Steel manufactured di- rectly from the ore or by refining cast Iron. (Standard) Steel In the condition left by a hot-working oper- ation, and cooled In the open air. (Hibbard) Natural ventilation. Ventilation of a mine without either furnace or other artificial means, the heat being im-' parted to the air by the strata, men, animals, and lights in the mine, causing It to flow in one direction, or to ascend. (Steel) Naumanite. A selenlde of silver and lead, occurring in large cubical crys- tals, also granular, and In thin plates of Iron-black color and bril- liant metallic luster. (Century) Nautical mile. Equals 1.15136 statute miles. See Mile. Nayfe (Port). A diamond In the rough. (Halse) Navlte. Rosenbusch's name for Pre- Tertiary, porphyriOc rocks, consist- ing of plagioclase, augite, and oli- vine as phenocrysts, with a second generation of the same forming the holocrystalllne groundmass. The name is from Nava, a locality In the Nahe Valley. (Kemp) Navvy. (Bng.) 1. The part of the face of an ironstone mine between two roads. (Bainbridge) 2. A machine for excavating earth ; more commonly called steam exca- vator or steam navvy. (Webster) 8. (Eng.) A laborer employed In mining, excavation, railroad work, etc. Neanthropic. In geology, according to Dawson, the more recent portion of the anthropic. In which the area of land had become, by subsidence, •mailer than In the Palanthropic. (Standard) Neat. Pure; unmixed; undiluted, as a neat' cement. Nect:. 1. A lava-fllled conduit of an extinct volcano, exposed by erosion (Kemp). Called also Chimney. 2. The narrow entrance to a room next to the entry, or a place where the room has been narrowed on ac- count of poor roof. (Steel) 3. A narrow stretch of land con- necting two larger tracts, as an Isthmus. 4. A narrow body or chan- nel between two larger bodies of water; a strait. (Webster) 4. In metallurgy, that part of a fur- nace where the flame is contracted before reaching the stack. 5. In brickmaking, one of a series of walls of unburned bricks in a clamp. (Standard) Necklace. Tn ceramics, a necklace- Uke molding encircling the upper part of a vase or bottle. (Stand- ard) Neck leathers (Scot.). Washers fixed on the top of a pump bucket or clack lid. (Barrowman) Needle. 1. A piece of copper or brass about J-inch In diameter and 3 or 4 feet long, pointed at one end, and turned into a handle at the other, tapering from the handle to the point. It Is thrust into a chatge of blasting powder in a bore hole, and while in this position the bore hole Is tamped solid, preferably with moist clay. The needle Is then withdrawn carefully, leaving a straight passageway through the tamping for the miner's squib to shooter fire the charge. (Du Pont) 2. A hitch cut In the side rick to receive the end of a timber. (Steel) 3. (Scot.) A beam across a shaft at a landing to support the cage; buntons. (Barrowman) 4. A needle-shaped or acicular crys- tal. (Standard) Needle ironstone. The capillary va- riety of gothlte. (Chester) Needle ore. 1. Alkinite. A lead-cop- per-bismuth sulphide. (Dana) 2. Iron ore of very high metallic luster, found in small quantities which may be separated In long slender filaments resembling nee- dles. (Standard) Needle spar. An old synonym for Ara- .gonite. (Chester) Needle stone. Bee Natrollte. Needle timber (Aust). Long sticks of timber, the lower end of which rests against the foot of a prop in a steep seam, so as to keep it in position, while the upper end is let into a hitch "in the roof. (Power) GLOSSABY OF MIKIKG AND MIKEBAL INDtJSTBT* 459 Needle valve. A valve provided with a long tapering point In place of the ordinary valve disk. The tapering point permits fine graduation of the opening. At times called a Needle- point valve. (Nat. Tube Co.) Needle zeolite. Natrolite, scolecite, or any similar mineral having needle- like crystals. (Standard) Neft-gll; NeftdeglL A mixture of paraffins and a resin occurring on Cheleken Island in the Caspian. It Is related to zietriMkite. (Bacon) Negative crystal. A birefrlngent crys- tal In which the refractive Index of the extradrdlnary ray Is less than the refractive Index of the ordinary ray. (Dana) Negociaci6n (Sp.). Business under- taking — at a mine, or set of mines, etc. (Min. Jour.) Negoclo (Sp.;. Business; enterprise. (D wight) Negrillo. (Sp. Am.). 1. A dark-colored silver ore, as argentite, stephanite, etc. 2. A very dark cupriferous sil- ver ore. (Halse) Negro. 1. (Peru and Chile) A dark fine-textured caliche. 2. (Mex.) A lead-gray cinnabar. 3. (Mex.) Tet- rahedrite. 4. Negro^egro (Colom.), a black micaceous schist. 5. (Mex.) Sulphide silver ores. 6. (Mex.). Iron pyrite containing native silver and argentite. 7. (Mex.) Antimonial gray copper ore mixed with blende, galena, copper, and arsenical Iron pyrite. (Halse) Negrohead, or Nlggerhead tuyftre. A tuyere having on its end a cubical block which Is built Into the fur- nace. (Standard) Nekoza (Japan). Straw mats spe^ eiaUy woven and used for catching gold in the sluices. (Lock) Nelsonite. A dike rock composed es- sentially of ilmenite or rutile and apatite. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Nemallne. In mineralogy, fibrous or threadlike ; said of , structure. (Standard) Nemalite. A fibrous variety of bruclte. (Standard) Neme (Colom.). An oxide of manga- nese. (Halse) Neocene. The later of the two epochs Into which the Tertiary period was formerly divided and at one time used by many geologists. Also the ■erles of strata deposited during that epoch. It is no longer used. (La Forge) Neooomlaii. Of or pertaining to the lower part of the Cretaceous epoch. (Standard) Neodymlnin. A rare metallic element occurring In combination with ce- rium, lanthanum, and other rare metals. Yellowish In color and tar- nishes slowly in th< air. Symbol, Nd ; atomic weight, 144.3 ; specific gravity, 6.96. (Webster) Neogen. An alloy resembling silver, containing copper 58 parts, ssinc 27, tin 2, nickle 12, bismuth i part, and aluminum i. (Standard) Neogene. The later of the two periods Into which the Cenozoic era Is divided in the classification adopted by the International Geological Con- gress and used by many European geologists. Also the system of strata deposited during that period. It comprises the Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene or Recent epochs. See Paleogene. (La Forge) Neo-Jnrassic. Pertaining to, or occur- ring in, certain Upper Jurassic beds-- In Portugal, whldi are mainly cor- related with the KImmerldge beds, and with some beds in the United Statea (Standard) NeoUte. A silky, fibrous, stellated, green, hydrous, magnesium-alum- inum silicate. (Standard) Neolithic. Designating, pertaining to, or belonging to a stage of human culture following the paleolithic and characterized by an advance in civ- ilization denoted by more and better Implements of stone, bone, and horn, by the beginning of agriculture, and the presence of domestic animals. (Webster) Neolote. A name used by Clarence King for an order ot volcanic rocks embracing the rhyoUtes and basalts with which, according to the suc- cession formulated by von Richt- hofen, eruptive activity terminates in any given area. (Kemp) Neon. An inert gaseous element found in the atmosphere, of which it consti- tutes one or two thousandths of a per cent by volume. Symbol, Ne; atomic weight, 20.2 ; specific gravity, 0.69. (Webster) Neo-Faleozolc. The later portion of Paleozoic time. Including the Upper Sllnric, Devonic, and Carboniferous. ( Standard) 460 CSiOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDtTSTEY. NeToloaalo. Of effusive character and erupted during the Cenozoic era : formerly said of some Igneous rocks, but now virtually obsolete. Con- trasted with Paleovolcanic. (La Forge) Neozoio. Pertaining to or designating the eitire period from the end of the Mesozoic ' to the present time. Cenozoic. (Waster) Nephellne. Same as nephellte. Hephelinlte. A granular to aphano- phyrlc igneous rock composed essen- tially of nephellte and pyroxene. (La Forge) Hephellnltoid. Boricky's term, now used in microscopic work for nephe- line-glass, or the glassy basis in nepheline rocks, whose easy gelatlni- zatlon indicates Its close relations with this mineral; nnin'dividuallzed nephellte. (Kemp) Nephellte. An orthosilicate of sodium, Iiotasslum, and aluminum, (Na, K)- Al.Sl.Oi. (Dana). Also called Nepheline. Rephellte-baialt. An old, general name for basaltic rocks with nephellte, but now restricted to those that practically lack plagloclase, and that have nephellte, auglte, olivine, and basis. (Kemp) Nephellte - baianite. Basaltic rocks with plagloclase, nephellte, auglte, olivine, and basis. Compare' Nephe- llte-tephrite. (Kemp) Vephellte-syenlte. A granular Igneous rock consisting of orthoclase, nephe- llte, and one or more of the follow- ing: hornblende, auglte, and blotlte. The rock results from magmas especially rich In alkalies, and x)os- sesses great sdentiflc Interest on account of its richness in rare, asso- ciated minerals. (Kemp) Hephellte-tephrite. A gray, volcanic rock composed of pyroxene, plaglo- clase, nephellte, and magnetite. (Standard) Nephrite. See Jade. Neptune powder. An explosive resem- bling dynamite No. 2, and consist- ing of nitroglycerin with a more or less explosive dope. (Raymond) Neptunian. An early term applied to water-formed strata as opposed to Plutonic or Igneous rocks. (Power) Neptnnist. One who held the theory that the successive rocks of the earth's crust were formed by the agency of water (Webster). Usage obsolete. Nerelte. A fossil worm track. (Web- ster) Nero-antlco (It). A black marble found In Roman ruins : probably the ancient marmor taenariutn, from Cape Taenarus, Greece. (Standard) Nervlo (Sp.). A parting in a seam of coal. ' (Halse) Nesh (Eng.). Friable, soft, crumbly, * powdery, dusty. Said of coal. (Gresley) Nesquehonite. A hydrous, magnesium carbonate, MgCCH-SBtO. In radiat- ing groups of prismatic crystals. Colorless to white. From a coal mine at Nesquehoning, Pa. (Dana) Ness; Naze. A cape, headland, or promontory most commonly used as a termination, as in Dungene««. Nessler'g solution. An aqueous solu- tion of potassium and mercuric iodide, made strongly alkaline with potassium hydroxide. (Webster) Nest. A small isolated mass of any ore or mineral within a rock. (Webster) Nested crater. A central volcanic vent showing a crater within a crater. (Daly, p. 144) Nest-welse (Forest of Dean). Iron ore that occurs In pockets is said to lie nest-welse. ( Gresley ) Net (Scot). Strapping used for low- ering or raising horses In shafts. (Barrowman) Nether coal (Mid.). The lower divi- sion of a thick seam of coal. (Gres- ley) Nether-formed. Formed or crystallized below the earth's surface, as granite; (Standard) Net nasonry. Masonry formed of small square bricks or stones placed diagonally in a lozenge pattern ; re- ticulated masonry. (Standard) Neudorflte. A resin, CiHjsO., that oc- curs in, a coal bed at Neudorf, Moravia. (Bacon) Neutral. Of slags, neither acid nor basic; of wrought-iron, neither red- short nor cold-short; of iron ores, suitable for the production of neu- tral iron. (Raymond) Neutral oil. 1. An oil of 32" to 86* B6. gravity, 290° to 318° F. flash point, and 47 to 81 sec. Saybolt vta- cosity at 70° F. It Is sometimes mixed with animal or vegetal oll& GliOSSABY 07 MINIXTG ASD MINERAL INDUSTBT. 461 t. The paraflbi oils that are obtained by the steam-dlBtlllatlon of parafBn- base petroleums after the second- grade illuminating oil has been run off. Neutral oil carrying paraffin is known as Wax distillate. (Bacon) Veutral salt. A salt in which all of the hydrogen of the hydrozyl groups of an acid is replaced by a metal (Standard). As, in sodium dilo- ride, NaCl, the sodium has replaced the hydrogen of hydrochloric acid, HCL JTevada system. Bee Square-set stop- ing. Keradlte. A rbyolite that approxi- mates a granitoid texture, {. e., with little groundmass. (Kemp) Stri. The mass of granular snow forming the upper part of a glacier. Also called Pirn. (Webster) HcTyansklte. A tin-white alloy of irid- ium and osmium with other plati- num metals occurring in flat scales (Standard). Contains over 40 per cent iridium. (Dana) Ifewaygo screen. A slanting screen down which the material to be screened passes. The screen is kept In Tlbration by the impact of a large number of small hammers. (Lid- dell) HewUrklte. An early synonym for Manganlte. (Chester) New red sandstone. The assemblage of red sandstone, conglomerates, shales, etc., occupying the interval between the top of the Coal Meas- ures and the base of the Jurassic system in western Europe. It is now separated into Triasslc and Permian and the name has only a historic In- terest. (La Forge) ' New sand. Newly mixed, but not un- used, molder's sand. (Standard) Hewton's alloy. An alloy containing 20 per cent bismuth, 50 lead, and 30 tin. MelUng point, 202.1" F. (Webster) N-Frame brace. A diagonal brace In a square set. (Sanders, p. 49) Nlccollferous. See Nlckellferous. HiceoUte; Arsenical nickel. Arsenide of nickel, NlAs. Contains 43.9 per cent nickel (U. S. Geol. Surv.). Also called Copper nickeL (Stand- ard) Klcholsonlte. A variety of aragonite (the orthorhombic carbonate of cal- cium, CaCOi, containing from leu than 1 per cent up to 10 per cent of zinc. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Nick. To make a cut, with the pick. In the face of (coal) at the Junc- tion of the face and rib, to weaken re- sistance to the blast or wedge; to shear. (Standard). Bee Nicking. Nickel. A hard, malleable, ductile, me- tallic element of the iron group, nearly silver-white, capable of a high polish and resistant to oxida- tion. It is attracted by magnets. Symbol, Nl; atomic weight, 58.68; specific gravity, 8.8. (Webster) Nickel bloom. Bee Annabergite. Nickel carbonyl. A colorless, poison- ous liquid, Nl(CO)4, obtained by passing 'carbon monoxide over finely divided nickel. (Webster) Nickel glance. Same as Gersdorffite. (Standard) Nickel gymnlte. A gymnite In which part of the magnesium is replaced by nickeL A synonym for Genthlte. (Chester) Nlckellferous. (Containing nickel. NIckeline. 1.' An alloy of nickel, a va- riety of German silver. 2. An alloy of nickel, copper, zinc, Iron, cobalt, and manganese. (Webster) Nickel ocher. An early name for An- naberglte. (Chester) Nickel silver. An alloy resembling German silver but containing more nickel; used by jewelers. (Stand- ard) Nickel sknttemdite. A mineral of the skutterudite type, containing nickel. An arsenide of nickel and cobalt, of gray color and granular structure. (Chester) Nickel steel. An alloy' of iron and about 3 per cent nickel, combining great strength with great ductility and nonfissility ; used for the best armor plates. (Standard) Nickel vitriol. Same as Morenosite. (Standard) Nicking. 1. A vertical cutting or shearing up one side of a face of coal. Called Cut, and Cutting. 2. The chipping of the coal along the rib of an entry, or room, which Is usually the first Indication of a squeeze. (Steel)' NIckings (Newc). The small coal produced in making the nicking (Duryee). Bee also Bug dust; Makings. 462 GLOSSABT OF MINING AND InUNBBAL INDXTSIBY. Nicking trunk. A tub In which metal- liferous slimes are washed. (Ray- mond) Nicol prism. An Instrument for ex- periments In polarized light, con- sisting of a rhomb of clear calclte which has been bisected obliquely at a certain angle and had its two parts again Joined with transparent cement, so that the ordinary ray produced by double' refraction is totally reflected from the Internal cemented surface, and the extraor- dinary, or polarized, ray is alone transmitted. (Webster) Nicopyrite. A variety of pyrite con- taining nickel. An old'synonym for Pentlandlte. (Chester) Nidge (Eng.). To dress, as stone, with a sharp-pointed hammer. Same as Nig. (Standard) Nido (Sp.). Nodule. (Lucas) Niello. 1. Any of several metallic alloys of sulphur, with silver, cop- per, lead, or the like, having a deep- black color. 8. Art, process, or method of decorating metal with the black alloy. 3. A piece of metal, or any other object so decorated. (Webster) Niello silver. A bluish alloy of silver, lead, copper, and bismuth, with ad- mixture of sulphur. Called also Russian tula. (Standard) Nig (Eng.). To dress, as stone, with a sharp-pointed hammer. Same as Nidge. (Standard) Nigger ashlar (Corn.). A mode of dressing stone. In which the face is left rough. (Crofutt) Nlggerhead. 1. A bowlder or rounded field stone. 2. A black nodule found In granite. 3. Slaty rock occurring with sandstone (Gillette, 'p. 6). See also Hardhead, 2 and 3. 4. A hard, round piece of rock, some- tinges found in coal seams. (Roy) 5. A slip pulley on a winch. The rigger takes about six turns of rope about the pulley, and by varying tension on rope which he holds, can vary speed of hoist on lowering ob- ject with engine running. (Will- cox) 6. £fee Negrohead. Night fossicker (Aust.). One who robs gold-diggings in the night (Standard). See Fossick; Fasslcker. Night pair (Corn.). Miners who work underground during the night. (Pryce). The night shift. Niffrine. A ferriferous rutlle. (Dana) Nlgrlte. 1. A name given to a variety of asphalt mined at Soldier summit, Utah, but whose composition is im- perfectly understood. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) 3. An insulating composition consisting of the Impure residuum obtained In the distillation of paraf- fin. (Standard) Nihil album; Nil albuab See Zinc oxide. Nil. Nothing; a thing of no account (Webster). Often used in reporting gold and silver assays. Nill. 1. Scales of hot iron thrown ofT during forging. 2. More rarely, sparks of brass during manufacture. (Standard) Nloblo (Sp.). Niobium. (Dwlght) Nioblnm. A later name for Columbium. (Webster). Nip. 1. (Newc.) A crush of pillars or workings. See Pinch, 1. (Ray- mond) 2. (So. Wales). A thinning of a coal bed In which the roof and floor come nearly together. '3. To cut grooves at the ends of bars, to make them fit more evenly. (Oresiey) 4. See Angle of nip. Nip out. The disappearance of a coal seam by the thickening of the adjoin- ing strata, which takes its place. (C. and M. M. P.) Nipped. Pinched: applied to veins when they become narrower or thin- ner than- usual. (Power) Nipper. 1, An errand boy, particularly one who carries steel, bits, etc., to be sharpened. (C. and M. M. P.) 2. (Eng) A tool used by the lander for seizing the kibble, and upsetting it into the wheelbarrow. (Hunt) 3. In coal mining, a trapper or door boy. \ Nipping fork. A tool for supporting a column of bore reds while raising or lowering them. (Rayihond) Nipple (Mid.). Bee Fissle. A word used to express the crepitant noises made by the settling down or. weight- ing of the roof. (Gresley) Nlquel (Sp.). 1. Nickel; N. bronce, nickel-bronze. 8. Nickel ore. if. ar- senical, nlccolite. (Halse) NIssen stamp. A gravity stamp vrith an individual circular mortar for each stamp. (Liddell) Niter; Saltpeter. Potassium nitrate. KNO*. (U. 8. GeoL Surv.) GLOSSARY OF MlNlKG AND MHTEEAL INDUSTRY. 463 mter cake. <:!rude sodium sulphate, a ' by-product In the manufacture of Bitrlc acid from sodium nitrate. (Century) Klton. A colorless gas resembling argon; radium emanation. Symbol Nt ; atomic weight, 222.4. ' (Web- ster) Nltral (Sp.). A niter bed or deposit. (Halse) mtrate. 1. A salt of nitric acid, as silver nitrate; barium nitrate. (Standard) 2. To treat or prepare with nitric acid; to convert a base into a salt by combination with nitric acid. (Century) Nltratlne. Same as soda-niter. (Standard) Kitreria (Sp.). Niter or saltpeter works. (Halse) Nitric add. A colorless highly corro- sive liquid, HNOi, found in nature in small quantities, but usually made by decomposing sodium or po- tassium nitrate with sulphuric acid. It is extensively used In the arts for dlssolvlnfg metals. Called also Aqim fortis. (Standard) Nitrite. A salt of nitrous acid. (Standard) Nitro. A corrupted abbreviation for nitroglycerin or dynamite. (Ihl- Nitroharlte. Native barium nitrate, Ba(NOi)i. (Standard) Nltrocaloite. Hydrous calcium ni-- trate, Oa(NO.),-|-«HO. (Dana) Nitrocellulose. A term used to include the various nitrates of cellulose, such as guneotton, nitrpllgnine, nltrocotton, nltrojute, etc. The niost common of these is nltrocotton. (t>u Pont) Nltrocotton. A chemical combination of ordinary cotton fiber with nitric acid. It Is explosive, highly inflam- mable and in certain degrees of ni- tration, soluble in nitroglycerin, (bu Pont) Nitrogelatln. Same as Gelatin dyna- mite. (Standard) Nitrogen. A colorless, gaseous ele- ment, tasteless and odorless, consti- tuting about four fifths of the at- mosphere by volume. Symbol, N; atomic weight, 14.01; specific grav- ity, 0.967, (Webster) Nitroglycerin. The product of the action of nitric acid a&d sulphuric acid on glycerin. It is not properly a nitro compound as the name im- plies but is a nitric ester of glycerin. (Brunewig, p. 253). It is an oily substance about one and one-half times as heavy as wa- ter (Sp. gr. 1.6), is almost Insol- ble in water, and Is used as a prin- cipal or active ingredient in A^pa.- mite, gelatin dynamite, et». It is not used commercially in the form of a liquid, except fpr 'shooting* oil wells. (Du Pont) Nitrohydrocfaloric acid. A yellow, fum- ing, corrosive liquid, made by mix- ing one part of pure nitric add with from three to four parts of pure hydrochloric acid. It dissolves gold and platinum, and hence is called Aqua regia, also Nltromuriatic acid. (Standard) Nltromagnesite. A hydrous magne- sium nitrate, Mg(NO,),-l-nHaO. (Dana) Nltromuriatic acid. See Nltrohydro- chlorlc add. Nitro-suhstitution. The act or process of introducing by substitution the radical nitryl (iJOi) in place of one or more replaceable hydrogen atoms, as in an organic compound (Stand- ard). Nitro-substitution compounds are used in the manufacture of cer- tain kinds of explosives. Nitroinlphnrlc acid. An exceedingly corrosive mixture of one part of nitric add mixed with two parts by weight of sulphuric add. It is used In tibe manufacture of nitroglycerin. (Standard) Nitrosyl gnlphnTlo acid. A colorless white crystalline add, H(NO)SOi, formed by the reaction of sulphuric add with oxides of nitrogen (not NaO), by the reaction of sulphur dioxide with nitric oxide, or nitro- gen peroxide, etc. (Webster) Nltting (Eng.). The refuse from workable ore. (Standard) Nivatlon. In geology, the spedflc ef- fects produced by nSv6 In land sculp- ture: distinguished from those of glader ice, called gladatlon. (Stand- ard) Nivel (Sp.). 1. A level, as a leveling instrument. 2. Level. 3. A level or gallery in a mine (Halse). N. de agwt, water level. (Mln. Jour.) Nivelaeifin (Sp.). (Halse) Leveling; grading. 464 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Hlvenlte. A variety of uranlhlte high in uranium and carrying 10 per cent or more of the yttrium earths and 6.7 to 7.6 per cent thorla. It Is wholly soluble In dilute sulphuric acid. See also Uranlnlte. slte to that of the dip of the strata or the tilt of the surface: said of some streams and contrasted with Consequent (La Forge) Galled also Bieversed stream. Obsidian. 1. Extrusive Igneous rocks which have cooled either without crystallization or with only partial crystallization. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) 2. A general name for volcanic glass. When used alone it Implies a fhyo- lite-glass, but it Is now much em- ployed vrlth a prefix as andesite- obsldian, basalt-obsidian. (Kemp) Obsidiana (Sp.). Obsidian'; volcanic glass. (Halse) Obtuse biseotiix. That axis which bi- sects the obtuse angle of the. optic axes of biaxial minerals. (Dana) Oeeidental amethytt amefhyst See Oriental 468 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Occidental diamond (Eng.). A lapi- dary's term for Umpta and colorless varieties of rock crystal when cut and polished. Used In contradistinc- tion to the Oriental or true diamond. (Page) Occlude. To take In and retain In pores or other openings; to absorb; said especially with respect to the absorbing of gases by certain sub- stances which do not thereby lose their characteristic properties; as charcoal, iron, platinum and palla- dium occlude large volumes of hy- drogen, palladium nearly a thousand times its own volume (Webster). A term used in flotation processes. Occlusion. The mechanical retention of gases in the pores of solids (Ray- mend). See Occlude. Occupation. The word used to de- scribe the mode of acquiring rights to mining claims. (Collins v. Bubb, 73 Fed. Kept, p. 739) Oocnrrenee. In geology, the existence or presence of anything or phenome- non in any special position, or in any specified relations to other ob- jects or phenomena, as the occur- rence of goia in a vfein. (Standard) Ocean coal (Oumb.). Coal seams ly- ing beneath the sea. (Gresley) Ooellar. Of, or pertaining to, or des- ignating, a type of rock structure characterized by radiated, eyelike aggregates. (Webster) Ooher. A pulverulent iron oxide usually impure, used as a pigment: brown and yellow ochers consist of llmonlte, or goethite, and red ocher of hematite. Similar pulverulent ox- ides of several other metals, also used as pigments, are sometimes called ochers, generally with the name of the metal prefixed, as anti- mony ocher, cadmium ocher. (La Forge). Also spelled Ochre. Ocre (Sp.). Ocher. (Dwight) Octad. An atom or radical that has a valence of eight. (Webster) Octahedral oleavagre. In the Isometric system, cleavage parallel to the faces of the octahedron. (La Forge) Octahedral iron ore. Magnetite. (Web- ster) Ootahedrite. A tetragonal form of ti- tanium dioxide, ■TiOi, in brown, dark blue, or black crystals. (Dana) Octahedron. In the isometric system, a closed form of eight faces each having equal intercepts on all three axes. (La Forge) Octavalent. In chemistry, having a valence or combining power of eight. (Standard) Octlbbenite. In mineralogy, a metallic alloy of iron and nickel, unusually rich in the latter element. (Stand- ard) Odd-knobbing (So. Staff.). Breaking off the coal from the sides in the thick-coal workings. (Gresley) Odd man (Eng.). One who works by the day at sundry jobs in the mine. (Gresley) Oddslde. A permanent impression or mold of part of a pattern, used by molders in like manner to a false part. Bee also False part. Stand- ard) Odd work. Work other than that done by contract, such as repairing roads, constructing stoppings, dams, etc. (Gresley) Odinite. A lamprophyric variety of basalt occurring in dikes in Mt. Mellbocus. It has a groundmass of plagioclase and hornblende rods, with phenocrysts of plagioclase and auglte. (Kemp) O'erlayer (Derb.). A piece of wood on which the sieve is placed after wash- ing the ore in a vat. (Min. Jour.) Oeste (Sp.). West. (Dwight) Off (No. of Eng.) Worked out; got- ten; wrought (Gresley). As the mine is off. Off-bear. To carry (bricks) from the molding table and deposit on the drying floor. (Standard) Off-bearer. A workman employed to carry bricks from the molding table and lay them on the ground to dry. (Century) Off gates (No. of Eng.). Goaf road- ways in longwall workings about 120 yards apart. (Gresley) Off-putter (Eng.) A loader of coal Into a vessel at a staith or spout* a col- liery agent at a quay. (Wdbster) Offset. 1. In surveying, a short dis- tance usually measured at rieht angles from a line as to a boundaS or to continue a line narnllai *„ « ,; fit aome lltUe dlsC Lw,l*^1.^' avoid an obstruction or tZ^u^" a. A short drift or cVsLu^drl^en GliOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTBT. 469 from a main gangway or level. S. The horizontal distance between the outcrops of a dislocated bed. (Lindgren, p. 120) 4. A spur or minor branch from a principal range of bills or mountains. (Century) Offiet staff. In surveying, a rod, usually ten links long, used In measuring short offsets. (Webster) Offtake. 1. (Eng.) The raised portion of an upcast Sb&tt above the surface, for carrying off smoke, steam, etc. 5. The length of boring rods un- screwed and taken off at the top of the bore hole, depending upon the height of the head-gear and depth of the well. (Gresley) t. (Scot) A deduction from work- men's wages for house rent, coal, etc. (Barrowman) 4. A channel for taking away air or water; also the point of beginning of such a channel. (Webster) Offtake drift; Offtake level. (Scot.) A water level driven from the sur- face to a point in a pumping shaft where the water is delivered. (Bar- rowman) Offtake joint (Bug.). The Joint by which the bucket is fastened to the rods. (Bainbridge) Offtake rods (Eng.). Auxiliary wooden rods lat the top and bottom of a winding shaft, by means of which the cages are guided and steadied during decking (Gresley). See also Offtake, 2. Ofleial de albafill (Sp.). A journey- man bricklayer. (Mln. Jour.) Ofleial de carpintero (Sp.). A journey- man carpenter. (Mln. Jour.) Oftcina. 1. (Sp.) An office. A work shop. 2. (Mex.) A furnace con- talnlDg 12 or more clay retorts, six on each side, for reducing quick- silver ores. 8. (Chile) Nitrate works. 4. O. de concentracidn, con- centration works; O. de fundicidn, smeUing works; 0. de tmiestras, sampling works. (Halse) Ogie (Scot). The space before the fire In a kiln. Called also Killogie. (Standard) O'Hara furnace. A horizontal, double- hearth furnace for calcining sul- phide ores. (Hofman, p.. 186; Pe- ters, p. 200) Ohm. The practical unit of electrical resistance, being the resistance of a dicult in which a potential differ- ence of one volt produces a cu/rent of one ampere. (Webster) Ohm's law. The law that the strength or Intensity of an unvarying elec- trical current Is directly propor- tional to the electromotive force, and inversely proportional to the resist- ance of the circuit. The law does not hold for alternating currents un- less modified so as to include the effects of counter electromotive force. (Webster) Oido (Sp.). 1. Ear. 2. The orifice left in the tamping for the inser- .tion of the fuse. (Halse) Oikocryst. The matrix or larger crys- tal of a polkilltic fabric. (Iddlngs, Igneous Rocks, p. 202) Oil. Any of a large class of unc- tuous combustible substances, which are liquid, or at least easily liquefi- able on warming, and soluble in ether, but not in water. (Webster) This term includes: (a) fatty oils and acids; (b) essential oils, mostly of vegetal origin, such as eucalyptus and turpentine, and (c) mineral oils, such as petroleum products, includ- ing lubricating oils. A term used in the flotation process. (Mln. and Sci. Press) Oil box. A box for oil, as for storage or lubrication. (Webster) Oiler. 1. An oil which provides a film around a mineral particle (Me- graw). A term used in flotation. 2. An oil well. 8. An oil can. 4. An engine-room greaser. (Webster) Oil field. A district containing a sub- terranean store of petroleum of eco- nomic value. (Webster) Oil flotation. A process in which oil is used in ore concentration by flota- tion. See Flotation process. Oil car. 1. A box car with open side for carrying oil in barrels. 2. A platform car with tanljs for carry- ing oU in bulk. Commonly called Tank car. (Century) Oildag. Deflocculated graphite sus- pended In oil, used for lubricating, (Bacon) Oil derrick. A towerlike frame used in boring oil wells, to support and operate the various tools. (Stand- ard) Oil fuel. Refined or crude petroleum, shale oil, grease, residuum tar, or similar substances, used as fuel. (Century) Oil gage. An Instrument of the hy- drometer type arranged for testing the specific gravity of oils; an ole- ometer. (Century) 470 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. on gas. Illuminating gas, or heating gas, made by distilling oil In closed retorts. (Standard) Oil-gas tars- Tars produced by ' crack- ing ' oil vapors In the manufacture of oil gas. (Bacon) Oil jack. A i^tcher-shaped metal ves- sel for heating oil. (Standard) Oil-line pump. A pump for forcing crude petroleum along a pipe line. (Standard) Oil of paraffin. A colorless to yellow- ish, limpid oil, having a specific gravity of about 0.880 and not boil- ing below 360°. It is composed principally of high-boiling hydro- carbons of the CnHjn+i series, and is obtained from the petroleum frac- tion boiling above 300°, the product being refined and decolorized. It Is used in pharmacy, in ointments, and as the base for various coatings insoluble in water. (Bacon) Oil of talc. A nostrum of calcined talc, famous in the 17th century as a cosmetic. (Webster) Oil of vitriol. Sulphuric add. Oil pits. See Hand-dug wells. Oil pool. An accumulation of oil in sedimentary rock that yields petro- leum on drilling. The oil occurs In the pores of the rock and is not a pool or pond in the ordinary sense of these words. (U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 613, p. 184) Oil process. See Concentration, also Flotation process. Oil pulp. An aluminum soap, consist- ing of aluminum salts of the fatty acids, chiefly oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. It is dissolved in min- eral oil to form an oil thickener. (Bacon) Oil sand. Porous sandstone from which petroleum is obtained by drilled wells. (Webster) Oil saver. Pita appliance affixed to the mouth of an oil well when the latter requires deepening, although still flowing in small quantities. It con- sists of a cap fitted to the top of the well casing and having a lateral pipe communicating with a reser- voir for the oil. (Mitzakis) Oil shale. Shale containing such a pro- portion of hydrocarbons as to be capable of yielding mineral oil on slow distillation (Gresley). See Shale, Shale oil, Pumpherston shale, Broxburn oil shale, Korojren and Bituminous shules. (Bacon) Oil smellers. Men who profess to be able to Indicate where oll-bearlng strata are to be found, and locate places for successful well boring, by the sense of smell. Oil spring. A spring of petroleum, maltha, or other hydrocarbon, with or without admixture of water. Oilstone. A fine-grained stone used for sharpening edged tools or other similar metal surfaces. Oilstone powder. Pulverized oilstone used with oil for grinding and polishing metal surfaces. (Stand- ard) Oil-temper. To harden steel by chilling in oil after heating. (Webster) Oil well. A dug or bored well, from which petroleum is obtained by pumping or by natural flow. (Ray- mond) Oil-well packing. A packing inserted between the pipe and the interior surface of the boring In an oil well to keep surface water or water from the sides of the hole from running into the well, and to prevent oil in some wells from being forced out around the pipe by a pressure of gas. (Century) Oily; greasy. These are substantially equivalent terms. All oils are greasy. Greaslness suggests more viscidity than olUuess. A term used in the flotation process. (Min. and Scl. Press) Oil zone. A formation that contains capillary or supercapillary voids, or both, that are full of petroleum that will move under ordinary hydro- static pressure. (Melnzer) Ojal (Sp.). A loop tied to the rope of a hand winch, when used for rais- ing and lowering men. (Halse) OJo (Sp.). 1. Eye. 2. A bunch Of ore in a lode; a small irregular deposit 3. Mesh. 4. Peephole of a blast furnace. 6. 0. de agua, a spring that spouts water (Halse). 0. (*e pol- villo, a spot of rich ore. (Min. Jour.) Ojosa (Mex.). Honeycombed struc- ture. (Dwight) Okonlte. 1. A compact fibrous calcium silicate, HaCaSisOa-l-H^O. (Diina) it. A vulcanized mixture of ozocerite and resin with caoutachouc and sul- phur, used as an insulating mnte- rial for electric conductors. (Cen- tury) GLOSSABY OP MINING ANU MINEBAL INDUSTRY. 471 Old. Having reached the stage of de- creasing vigor and efficiency of ac- tion or of Increasing simplicity of form and reduction of relief: said of streams, and of land forms. (La Forge) Old age. That stage In the develop- ment . of streams, and land forms when the processes of erosion are decreasing in vigor and efficiency or the forms are tending toward sim- plicity and subdued relief. Compare Youth and Maturity. (La Forge) Old man. 1. Ancient workings, goaves. (Raymond) 2. (Scot) A rocking center to guide pump rods at' an angle. (Bar- rowman) Qld men. The persons who worked a mine at any former period of which no record remains. (Raymond) Old red sandstone. A thick group of reddish sandstone,, conglomerates and shales, of nonmarine origin, which constitute the Devonian sys- tem in parts of Great Britain and are regarded as equivalent in age to the normal marine Devonian strata. In North America the name was formerly applied to rocks of the CJatskill group, which display some striking analogies to the Old Red Sandstone of Europe. (La Forge) Old sand. A molding-sand rendered friable and porous by frequent high heating. ( Standard ) Old silver. Silver made to appear old by the application of graphite and grease. (Standard) Old waste (Scot). Old or abandoned workings. (Barrowman) Olefiant gas. Ethylene, a colorless In- flammable gaseous compound, C:H<, having a sufCocatlng odor and con- tained in coal gas: bicarbureted hy- drogen. (Standard) Oleic acid. The fatty iadd contained In olive-oil combined with creso- Une. Although called 'acid,' It is an oily substance and functions as oil in flotation operations ; it is con- tained In most mixed oils and fats, frdm which it is obtained by sappnl- fication with an alkali. From L. oleum, oiL (Rlckara> Olho (Braz.). 1. A vug or druse. 2. A bunch of ore. (Halse) OllEist. A crystallized variety of hematite. CaUed also OU^st iron. (Webster) Oligocene. The second of the epochs into which the Tertiary period is at present ordinarily divided. Also the series of strata deposited during that epoch. (La Forge) Ollgoclase. A variety of feldspar in- termediate between aiblte and an- orthlte, but more nearly the com- position of the former. (Dana) OUgonite. A variety of siderlte containing manganese carbonate. (Standard) Oligon spar. Same as Oligonlte. Oligosiderite. A meteorite which is characterized by the presence of but a small amount of metallic ii^in. (Webster) Ollvenite. A basic copper arsenate, 4- CuO.AsaO.HaO (Dana). Also called Wood copper. Olive ore. See Ollvenite. Oliver continuous filter. A revolving drum prepared as a leaf -filtering sur- face and divided into compartments, each of which Is connected to a vacuum pipe and to a pipe for ad- mitting compressed air. The drum is partly immersed in a tank or box of thick pulp and revolves at a slow rate of speed. The vacuum causes i to ^ In. slime cake to form ; after emerging, the solution is sucked out of the adhering cake; a wash is then given and displaced by air as far as possible ; and finally the cake is dropped by compressed air. (Lid- deU) Olivine; Chrysolite; Peridot. An ortho- silicate of iron and magnesium, 2(Mg.Fe)O.S102. Used as a gel«. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) The name of the mineral is prefixed to the names of many rocks that contain it Oli- vine iS of especial Importance In this respect, as its presence marks a more basic development in the rocks, which have it as contrasted with those which lack it (Kemp) Olivine diabase. A diabase containing olivine. (Standard) OUvlne gahbro, A gabbro containing olivine. (Standard) Olivine norite. A variety of norlte containing olivine. (Standard) OUvlnoid. An olivine-like substance found Ifi meteorites. (Standard) OUvlnophyre. Porphyry containing olivine phenocrysts. 472 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Olla. 1. (Sp.). A poroiis, earthen jar In which drinking water is cooled by evaporation from the outer surface; used in tropical countries (Stand- ard.) 2. (Mex.) A slag pot. (Dwlght) Ollero. 1. (Hex.) A slag-pot puller. (Dwight). 2. A potter. (Halse) OUetas. beds. (Sp. Am.) (Lucas) Hollows in river Olllte. Potstone; a variety of Impure soapstone. Omnibus. In glass-making, a sheet- iron cover to protect from drafts the glass articles in a leer. (Standard) Omphacite. - A greenish, vitreous va- riety of pyroxene that is a commou constituent of the garnet rock, eclo gite. (Dana) On air (Scot.). Said of a pump when air is drawn at each stroke. (Bar- rowman) Oncosimeter. .An instrument for de- termining the specific gravity of a molten metal by the Immersion of a ball made of another metal and of known weight. (Standard) Oncost. 1. (Scot.) All charges for la- bor in getting mineral other than the miners' wages; payment to the collier in addition to the rate per ton. (Barrowman) S. (Scot.) Dead-work expenses, be- ing costs incurred at a mine, whether minerals are raised or not. ( Gresley ) Oncost-men (Scot). All workmen, other than miners, paid by day's wages. (Barrowman). A company man. One way (So. Staff.). A particular class of house coal. (Gresley) A tipple having but track beneath it. One-traclr. tipple, one railroad (Steel) Oalco; (or Onique (Sp.). Onyx. (Lu- cas) Onicolo. A variety of onyx used in making cameos, being characterized by a bllsh tinge, produced by a thin layer of white over the black. (Standard) Onofrlte. Sulpho-selenide of mercury, Hg(S,Se). Oontains 81 to 82 per cent of mercury. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Oa plane (Scot.). In a direction at right angles to, or facing, the plane or main joints. (Barrowman) Onsetter. The man who places cars on or takes them off the mine cage. See Bottomer -.also Cager. ( Gresley ) Onsetting machine (Eng.). A me- chanical apparatus for loading cages with the full tubs and discharging the epipties, or vice versa, at one operation. (Gresley) On shift (Scot). A workman or work- ing place is said to be on shift, or on shift wages when the work is not let under contract, but paid for by day's wages. (Barrowman) On sights. Following sights placed by a surveyor. (Steel) On-the-run (Penn.). The ability to work a seam of coal that has suf- ficient inclination to cause the coal, as worked toward the rise, to fall by gravity to the gangways for load- ing into cars, is called working coal on-the-run. (Gresley) On-the-solld. 1. Applied to a blast hole extending into' the coal farther than the coal can be broken by the blast 2. That part of a blast hole which can not be broken by the blast. (Steel) 3. A practice of blasting coal with heavy charges of explosives, in lieu of undercutting or channeling. Onyohite. An alabaster, or calcite (stalagmite), with yellow and brown veins, carved by the ancients into vases, etc. (Standard) Onyx. A cryptocrystalline variety of quartz, made up of different colored layers, chiefly white, yellow, black, or red. ^ Not found in commercial quantity In United States. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Onyx marble (including Mexican onyx ) . Calcite somewhat resembling true onyx in appearance and used as an ornamental stone. Is usually formed ais stalactites, stalagmites, vein filling, or spring deposits. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Onza de ore (Sp.). A large gold coin struck during the nineteenth cen- tury by some of the South Americsm republics, and by Spain 4n the lat- ter part of the eighteenth century. It was worth about sixteen dollars. Also called Doblon; Doubloon. (Century) Oolite. 1. A variety of limestone con- sisting of round grains like tlie roe of a fish. The naybe is derived from two Greek words, which mean, "Egg-stone." (Thompson) glossaby op mining and mineral, indtjstby. 473 2. The upper part of the Jurassic system In England and some other parts of Europe. (Webster^ Oolitic. Characteristic of, pertaining to, of the nature or texture of, or composed of oolite. (La Forge) OoUy (E. Ind.). A lump of steel, as Wootz steel when removed from the crucible. (Standard) Ooze; Oaze. 1. A soft slimy, sticky mud. (Power) S. To exude or give out slowly. (Webster) Opaolte. A noncommittal term, less current than formerly, for micro- scopic, opaque grains observed In thin sections of rocks. They are generally regarded today as chiefly magnetite dust. (Kemp) Opal. Hydrous silica, S10,-|-H,0. When it shows a play of colors, or opalescence, it becomes the gem stone or precious opal of commerce, known as 'fire opdl.' (U. S. Oeol. Surv.) Opalescence. A milky or pearly reflec- tion from the interior of a mineral. (Dana) Opalescent. Besembling opal. (Win- chell) Opaline. In glass making, a translu- cent, milky variety of glass; fusible porcelain; milky glass. Galled also Hot-cast procelain. (Standard) Opallzed wood. Wood petrified by sili- ceous earth, and acqurlng a struc- ture similar to the simple mineral called opal ( Co m s t o c k ) . See Wood, 2. Opal jasper. Common opal with the color of yellow jasper. (Chester) Opalo (Sp.). Opal; 0. de fuego, fire opal ; O. nobles, precious opals. (Halse) Opencast. 1. A working In which exca- vation is performed from the sur^ face, as in quarrying. 2. Exposed to the air like a quarry; as opew- cast working; a deposit worked opencast (Webster). Commonly called Open-cut; Open-pit Open connected. Applied to dredges in which a link is interposed be- tween the buckets. (Weatherbe) Open-orib timbering. Shaft timber- ing with cribs alone, placed at inter- vals. (Raymond) Open-cnt. 1. (Eng.) To drive head- ings out, or commence working In the coal, etc., after sinking tnc shafts. (O'resley) 2. (Scot.). To commence longwall working. (Barrowman) 3. To increase the size of a shaft when It intersects 'drift' so as to form, a puddle wall behind the sets of timber. (Duryee) 4. A surface working, open to day- light (Raymond). Also called Opencast; Open-pit. Open-cut system. See Overhand stop- Ing; Stripping. Open fault. See Fault. Open-front. The arrangement of a blast furnace with a fore-hearth. (Raymond) Open-hearth. See Furnace. The form of regenerative furnace of the re- verberatory type used in making steel by the Martin, Siemens, and Siemens-Martin processes. (Cen- tury) Open-hearth process. A process for manufacturing steel, either acid or basic, according to the lining of the reverberatory furnace, in which selected pig iron and malleable scrap iron are melted, with the addition of pure Iron ore. The latter, to- gether with the air contributes to the oxidation of the silicon and carbon in the melted mass. The final deoxl- datlon Is sometimes produced by the addition of a small quantity of alum- inum or of ferromanganese, which at the same time desulphurizes and recarburizes the metal to the re- quired extent. (Goesel) Open hole. Coal or other mine work- ings at the surface or outcrop (Gres- ley). Also called Opencast; Open- cut; Open-pit. Opening. 1. A widening out of a crev- ice, in consequence of a softening or decomposition of the adjacent rock, so as to leave a vacant space of con- siderable width. (Century) 2. A short heading driven between two or more parallel headings or levels for ventilation. (Gresley) 3. An entrance to a mine. Openings. The parts of coal. mines be- tween the pillars, cr the pillars and ribs. (Raymond) Opening shot. In shooting off the solid, the first shot fired In a straight face of coal. Called also Wedging shot or Gouging shot. 474 GliOSSABT OF MININQ AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Open Ujrht A naked light (Gresley). Not a safety light Open mold. A mold without cover, in which objects like ingots are cast: distinguished from Close mold. (Standard) Open-oir. 1. (Eng.) To begin the longwall system from the shaft pil- lar, or the far end of the royalty, or from any headings previously driven out for the purpose of com- mencing such iSystem. (Gresley) 2. To start any new working, as a heading, entry, gangway, room, etc., from another working, as a slope, gangway, etc. Open pit mine. See Open-cut, also Opencast. Open-pit quarry. A quarry in which the opening is the full size of the excavation. One open to daylight (Bowles) Open rock. Any stratum capable of holding much water, or conveying it along its bed by virtue of its porous or open character. (Gres- ley) Opens. Large caverns. (Raymond) Open-sand castings. Castings made in molds simply excavated in sand, without flasks. (Raymond) Open sand-mold. A process of found- ing without any cope or top to the mold: used for heavy objects. (Standard) Openset (Scot). An unfilled space be- tween pack walls. (Barrowman). iSee also Cundy. Open-shell auger (Eng.). A coal-bor- ing tool for extracting clay and other dfibrls from the hole; (Gres- ley) Open shop. A shop, or mine, where the union price is paid, but where the workmen are not all union men Open-stope and filling, stoping. Open-stope method, atoplng. See Overhand See Overhand Open-top tnbblng. A length of tub- bing having no wedging crib on the top of it. (Gresley) Open-work. 1. A mine working that is ^?.^\ J" V ^"^^ ^^'' »"» opencast (Webster) , «. (So. Stnff.) A conl qnarry (Min. Jour.). ilI«o Open; Open-pit; Open- cut ^ Open-working. Surface mining; quar- rying; open-pit mining. Operarlo (Mex.). A working miner. (Dwlght) Operator. (Penn.) The person, whether proprietor or lessee, ac- tually operating a mine. (Ray- mond) Ophloalcite. A crystalline limestone, spotted with serpentine. (Kemp) OpUollte. JJn>gniart's name for the sei^ijtlnes... it la also employed in America ifi the ssanse of'ophicalcite as above glyeUi (i^«mp> . ' Ophite. 1. A nafeefeiven in 1798 ty the Abbe Palassou to a"g]:een rock of the Pyrenees. It was later recog- nized to be composed of feldspar and hornblende, and still later was determined by Zirkel to be a urali- tlzed diabase. The name has chief significance today because used to describe the textural peculiarity of some diabases. Strictly speaking an ophitic texture is one in which rod- like or lath-shaped, automorphlc plagloclase feldspars are Involved in auglte, as it were, in a paste, so as to form a variety of polcllitic tex- ture. (Kemp) 2. A variety of marble colored green by serpentine. Called also Verd an- tique. See also Ophicalcite. (Stand- ard) Ophitic. Having earlier-formed euhe- dral crystals of labradorlte sur- rounded by later-formed crystals of auglte : said of the texture of some diabases. (La Forge) Optical character. The designation as to whether optically positive or opti- cally negative (A. F. Rogers). Said of minerals. Optical constants. In optical mineral- ogy, the Indices of refraction, axial angle, extinction angle, etc. (A. F. Rogers) Optic angle. In a biaxial crystal, the angle between the optic axes. (Standard) Optic axes. Those directions In aniso- tropic crystals along which there Is no double refraction. (Dana) Option. A privilege secured by the payment of a certain consideration for the purchase, or lease, of mlnlne or other property, within a-speclflpd time, or upon the fnlfllment Vrf pLr tain condiOons set forth In thp n^r,' tract. ^""" GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY. 475 Opus Incertum. Masonry of small stones set Irregularly In mortar. (Standard) Opni lateritium. Brickwork or tile- work in horizontal courses with broken Joints. (Standard) Opus reticnlatum. Recticulated ma- sonry. (Standard) Opus tessellatnm. Mosaic composed of small cubes of marble, glass, or clay. (Standard) Orange sand. A deposit of sand, gravel, and pebbles, containing bowl- ders of northern Paleozoic rocks, oc- curring In the Mississippi valley: a diluvial deposit of the Champlain or quartemary epoch. (Standard) Orang gulla (Sumatra). Miners. (Lock) Orangite. A bright, orange-yellow va- riety of thorite (Chester). Bee Thorite, 1. Orbicular. Containing spheroidal ag- gregates of megascopic crystals, gen- erally in concentric shells composed of two or more of the constituent minerals: said of the structure of some granular igneous rocks, as corsite. (La Forge) See Eugel, also Spheroidal. (Kemp) Orbicular granite. A granite contain- ing numerous' rounded segregations of minerals, chiefly dark silicates. (Ries) Orblte. A name proposed by Chelius for certain diorite dikes near Orbes- h5he, Hesse, of porphyritic texture and having large phenocrysts of hornblende, blotite and plagioclase. (Kemp) Orcbard-lieatlng oil. A dark oil from California petroleum, possessing a gravity of 26° to 28" Bfi. ; It Is also termed smudge oil, and Is used In the orange and lemon groves to prevent frost from Injuring the trees. (Ba- con) • Ordenanzas de mineria (Hjlex.). The O. de Mimeria, or Mining Ordinances, came into operation in Mexico In 1784, and were replaced by the (first) 06dlgo de MInas In 1884. (Halse) Ordinaries (Mex.). Low-grade ores, (Dwight) Ordinary ray. That ray of polarized light which, in a doubly refracting medium, follows the usual law as to the constant ratio between the ^nes of the angles of incidence and refrac- tion. (Dana) OrdoTlclan. The second of the periods comprised in the Paleozoic era, In the geologcal classification now gen- erally used. Also the system of strata deposited during that period. (La Forge) Ore. 1. A natural mineral compound, of the elements of which one at least is a metal. The term is applied more loosely to all metalliferous rock, though it contain the metal in a free state, and occasionally to the compounds of . non-^metallic sub- stances, as sulphur ore (Raymond). Also, material mined and worked for nonmetals, as pyrlte Is an ore of sulphur (Webster) A mineral of sufficient value as to quality and quantity which may be •mined with profit. (Ihlseng) A mineral, or mineral aggregate, containing precious or useful metals or metalloids, and which occurs in such quantity, grade, and chemical combination as to make extraction commercially profitable. (Robert Peele, Mln. land Met Soc. of Amer- ica, Bull. 64, p. 257) A metalliferous mineral, or an ag- gregate of metalliferous minerals, more or less mixed with gangue, which from the standpoint of the miner, can be won at a profit, or from the standpoint of a metallur- gist can be treated at a profit The test of yielding a metal or metals at a profit seems to me, in the last analysis, to be the 6nly feasible one to employ. (J. F. Kemp, Tran*., Canadian Mln. Inst, 1909, p. 867) 2. (Corn.). Copper ore; tin ore be- ing spoken of in Cornwall as tin. (Joplin, Mo.) A lead, zinc, or lead-zinc concentrate obtained from milling. The crude ore is called Mrt. 3. In metallurgy, a soft but compact variety of hematite used for the bot- tom of puddling furnaces. (Web- ster) Oreala (Sp.). A kind of clay used in the manufacture of pottery In Brit- ish Guiana.- (Standard) Ore bands. Zones of roqk rich in ore, occurring in belts of fahlbftnder. (Power) Ore beds. Metalliferous aggregations occurring between (or in) rocks of sedimentary origin. (Power) Ore bins. Receptacles for ore await- ing treatment or shipment. Ore blocked out, Ore exposed on three sides within a reasonable distance of each other. (H. G. Hoover, p. 17) 476 6I.0SSAIIT OT MIKIITG AKD MIKESAL IKDTJSTBY. Ore hoiy. Generally a solid and fairly contlntious mass of -ore, which may . Utdude low-grade and waste as well as pay ore, but is individualized by form or character from adjoining country rock. Ore-hridge. A large electric gantry- type of crane which, b^ means of a clamshell bucket, stodte ore or car- ries it from the sto4ft pile into bins or larry car on tr^tte. (Willcox) Ore-bridge bucket. A clamshell gtab bucket of 5 to 7} tons capacty. (WiUcox) Ore car. A mine car for carrying ore or waste rock. (Weed) Ore channel. The' space between the walls or boundaries of a lode which Is occupied by ore and veinstone (Power). Also called Lode country. Ore chute. An opening in ore or rock through which ore is dropped down- ward, and frequently used for ore bins and pockets, underground. A trough or Up at the bottom of a bin for conveying ore to a car, con- veyor, etc. Ore crasher. A machine for breaking up masses of ore, usually previous to passing through stamps or rolls. Ore currents. Aqueous solutions of metalliferous minerals, circulating through the earth's crust. Ore delfe. 1. Ore lying underground. 8. Bight or claim to ore from own- ership of land in which it i found. (Century) Ore developed. Ore exposed on four Bides in blocks variously prescribed. See Positive ore, also Proved ore. (H. C. Hoover, p. 17) Ore developing. Ore exposed on two sides. See Probable ore. (H. C. Hoover, p. 17) First class, blocks with one side hidden; second class, blocks with two sides hidden; third class, blocks with three sides hidden. (Philip Argall, Mln. and Met. Soc. of Am., Bull. 64, p. 260) Oie dlatrict A combination of several ore deposits into one common whole or system. (Power) Ore drag (Corn.). A drag made of green oxhides for bringing ore down the mountains' on snow. The ore ts ■ewed up in sacks of 100 pounds each, then placed on the hide, which has loops around the edge, and when the desired number of sacks are in position a rope is run through the loops and drawn taut, With the hair of the skin outwards. (Crufutt) ure-dressing. The cleaning of ore bt the removal of certain. vali;ieleBS por- tions as by jigging, cobbing,- van- ning, and the like. Bee CaattkaVnt' tlon. Ore dump. A heap or pile of ore at the tnnbel or adit mouth, the top of shaft, or other place. CWeed) Ore expectant. The whole or' any part of the ore below tiie lowest level or beyond the range of vision. See Possible ore, also Prospective ore (H. C. Hoover, p. 17). The pros- pective value of a mine beyond or below the last visible ore, based on the fullest possible data from the mine being examined, and from the characteristics of the mining dis- trict (Philip Argall, Mln. and Met Soc. of Am., Bull. 64, p. 260) Ore faces. Those ore bodies that are exposed on one side, or show only one face, and of which the values can be determined only in a pros- pective manner, as deduced from the general condition of the mine or prospect (Mln. and Met. Soc. of Am., Bull. 64, p. 259) Oregon sledge. A broad-faced sledge hammer. ( 'WiUcox.) Ore-hearth. 1. A small, low fireplace surrounded by three walls, with a tuydre at the back. Three import- ant types are: (o) Scotch ore- hearth, (b) American water^back ore-hearth, and (c) Moffet ore- hearth, used in smelting. (Hofman, p. 117) 2. (Eng. and Scot) . A small blast furnace for smelting lead; -a blast hearth. (Standard) Ore-hearth process. A process for the extracton of lead in which lead ore, mixed with fuel, Is treated on a roasting hearth. Orel. A quarry term applied to gran- ite that has been rendered value- less by the alteration of its aegirite particles. (Perkins) . Ore in sight. A term frequently used to Indicate two separate factors in an estiniate, namely: (a) Ore blocked out, that Is, ore exposed. on at least three sides within reason- able distance of each other; (6) Ore which may be reasonably assumed to exist, though not actually blocked out; these two factors should in all cases be kept distinct because (a) ts governed by fixed rules, while (b) Is dependent upon individual judgment and local ex- perience. The expression "ore in OLOSSABT OF MINING AST) MINEBAL INDUSTRY. 477 Bight" as commonly used In the past, appears to possess so Indefinite a. meaning as to discredit Its use com- pletely, The terms Positive ore, Probable ore, and Possible ore are suggested. (Mln. and Met. Soc. of Am.. BulL 64, pp. 258 and 261) Ore leave. The value of the right to dig and take ore; also, the value of ore In place. (Coleman's Appeal, 62 Pennsylvania, State, p. 279) Ore mill. A stamp mill; a concentra- tor. Orendlte. An aphanophyrlc igneous rock containing small phenocrysts of phlogoplte in a groundmass com- posed essentally of leudte, sanidine, dlopside, and phlogoplte. (La Forge) The name was proposed by Whitman Cross, for the pe.cullar leu- cltlc rocks at Orenda Butte In the Leudte Hills, Wyo. They contain leudte and sanidine, in about equal amounts, with phlogoplte and dlop- side as essentials. A peculiar am- phibole is also present. The rock is a leucite-phonolite as the latter term is used by- older writers, but the ob- jection to calling any rock a phono- lite which lacks nephellte, led to the name orendite. Compare Madu- plte and Wyominglte. (Kemp) Ore partly blocked. Those ore bodies that are only partly developed, and the values of which can be only ap- proximately determined. (Min. and Met Soc. of Am., Bull. 64, p.- 259) See Probable ore. Ore plot. A place where the dressed ore Is kept (Davles) Ore pocket An Isolated and limited deposit of rich ore. (Standard) Ore process. In steel making the Sie- mens process. See Open-hearth. Ore reserve. See Reserve. Ore separator. A cradle, frame, jlg- ging-madiine, washer, or other de- vice or machine used in separating the metal from broken ore, or ore from worthless rock. (Standard) Oreshoot A large and usually rich aggregation of mineral in a vein. It is a more or less vertical zone or chimney of rich vein matter extend- ing from wall to wall, and has a definite width laterally. Sometimes called Pay streak, although the latter applies more spedflcaUy to placers. Ore stamp. 4 machine for reducing ores by stamping. The most fa- miliar form Is the stamp battery, and the latest the powerful steam stamp. (Standard) Ore washer. A machine for washing clay and earths out of earthy brown- hematite ores (Baymond). The log washer is a common type. Ore zone. A large deposit of ores or minerals In' place (Duryee). See Zone, 2 ; Mineralized zone, and Vein. Organale (Colom.). An alluvial de- posit intercalated between stones or bowlders, rendering it dlfiicult and dangerous to work. (Halse) Organic. 1. In chemistry, pertaining to or designating a branch of chemistry treating in general of the compounds produced in plants and animals, and of many carbon compounds of artifi- cial origin; contrasted with inor- ganic. (Webster) 2. Having organs for carrying on vital processes. Animals and plants are thus organized as distinguished from minerals or inorganic sub- stances. When these organs or or- ganic structures become mineralized they are fossils, or organic remains. (Roy. Com.) Organic deposits. Rocks and other de- posits formed by organisms or their remains. (A-. F. Rogers) Organpipe coral. A tublporoid coral consisting of Cylindrical tubes placed side by side and united by horizontal fioorlike expansions. (Standard) Orichalo. Under the Roman empire, an alloy of copper and zinc, resem- bling gold in appearance; brass. There was also a white orichalc. (Standard) Orichalceons. Having a color between gold and brass ; of, or pertaining to, orichalc. (Standard) Oriental. 1. Frequently used in the same sense as ' precious ' when ap- plied to minerals, from an old Idea that gems came principally from the East e. g., Oriental amethyst, Ori- ental chrysolite, Oriental emerald. Oriental topaz, all of which are va- rieties of sapphire. (Power) 2. Specially bright clear, pure, and precious; said of gems. (Standard) Oriental agate. Understood to be all the most beautiful and translucent sorts of agate. (Power) 478 GLOSSABT OF MINING AND MIKEBAL. INDTJSTKY. Oriental amethyst. Strictly speaking, a variety of sapphire, but the term is applied to any amethyst of excep- tional beauty, t Power) Oriental emerald. A green variety of corundum. (A. F. Sogers) Oriental garnet. Precious garnet. (Webster) Oriental powder. An explosive consist- ing of a mixture of gamboge with potassium nitrate and chlorate. (Webster) Oriental ruby. The true ruby, a va- riety of corundum. (A. F. Rogers) Oriental sapphire. The true sapphire, a variety of corundum. (A. F. Rogers) Oriental topaz. A yellow variety of corundum, AUOs. (Dana) Orientation. 1. In surveying, the ro- tation of a map (or instrument) until the line of direction between any two of its points Is parallel to the corresponding direction in na- ture. (Webster). 2. The placing of a crystal in the conventional atti- tude* so as to show its symmetry and the forms to which its faces belong. (La Forge) Oriente (Sp.). East (Dwlght) Origin. The source or ground of the existence of anything, either as cause or as occasion; that from which a thing is derived or by which it is caused; especially that which in- itiates or lays the foundation (Standard). As Origin of Ore de- posits. Original. Charistlc of or existing in a rock at the time of its formation : said of minerals, textures, etc., of rocks; essentially the same as Pri- mary 1, and contrasted with De- rived or Secondary 1. (La Forge) Orin (Sp.). Iron rust. (Lucas) Orlskany sandstone. A sandstone oc- curring in the Devonian age in the United States. Orito (Colom.). A trace of gold found in the baiea. (Halse) Ormolu. 1. An alloy of copper, zinc, and tin used for cheap jewelry, chan- deliers, etc. 2. Leaf gold ground and used as a pigment for bronzes, brasses, or other objects to be gilded. (Standard) Ornamental brick. A somewhat broad term applied to front brick, that arc either of some form other tlmn that of a rectangular prism or, th.it have the surface ornamented with some form of design. (Ries) Ornoite. A dloritic rock from the Swedish locality of Orno. It con- tains prevailing oligoclase, with some hornblende and very subordinate microcline and orthoclase. The ac- ces.sorles are apatite, magnetite, py- rite, titanite, and a little prehnite. The name was given by A. Cetler- strom. (Kemp) Oro (Sp.). Gold; O. 6a/o, low-grade ore; O. corrida, alluvial gold; 0. crespo, gold found at a distance from the main deposit; O. cristalisado, crystallized gold; O. de aluvion, placer gold (Lucas) ; O. de copela, fine gold (Min. Jour.) ; O. de corte, gold extracted from large placer workings (Lucas) ; O. de escama, spangle gold; O. de espwna, float gold; O. de lavadero, wash gold; 0. de ley, high-grade gold ; O. de molino, gold obtained by milling; 0. de monte, gold found at a distance from the main deposit; O. de recogiia, gold from various mines ; 0. de veta, lode gold; O. empolvado, gold dust (Min. Jour.) ; O. en hojas, leaf gold; O. flno, fine gold ; O. libre. free gold ; O. molido d mano, gold obtained by hand crushing; O. ntno, float gold ; 0. verde, green gold. (Lucas) Oroohe (Mex.). 1. Low-grade or yel- lowish silver. 2. Bullion containing gold and silver. Dorg (Dwight). .3. O. natural, native auriferous silver. (Halse) Orogeny. The process of mountain building. (Webster) Orography; Orology. That branch of physical geography which treats of mountains and mountain systems. (Webster) Oroide. An alloy, chiefly of copper and zinc, or tin, resembling gold In color and brilliancy, and used in making cheap jewelry. (Webster) Orology. See Orography. Orometer. A form of aneroid barom- eter. Oronlte. An enamel paint for protect- ing metal surfaces from the action of hot vapors. OrpalUeur (Fr.). A gold washer (Davies) oijOssast Of isnsrsQ and mineral industbt. 479 Orplment. Arsenic triBuIphlde, As.Si, cOBtalning 61 per cent arsenic. (Dana) Orrillaje (Hex.). Sheet lagging: (Dwlght) Orthite. See Allanlte. Ortbo axis; 0>rthodiag Filling; as of mortar containing^ smaU stonesv 4. The filling of a coke tower or other condenser used In the manufacture of hydrochloric acid. (Webster) Pack road. A road or trail suitable for pack animals, but not for ve- hicles. (Century) Pack saddle: A saddle made for sup- porting the load on a pack animal. (Webster) Packsand. . A very fine-grained sand- stone so loosely consolidated by a slight calcareous cement as to be readily cut by a spade. (Standard) Pack trail (Western U. S.). A path or narrow road for the passage of pack trains only. (Standard) Pack train. A train 6f pack animals. (Standard) Paces (Peru). An earthy mass of reddish ore containibg much Iron and particles of native silver, horn sliver, etc. (Ure) Pack wall. A wall of stone or rub- bish to carry the roof and keep the sides up ( dtresley ) . iSfee a2«o Pack, 1. Pacos (Peru). Ferruginous silver ore. (Mex.) Oxidized ores (Dwight). P. de estano, small veins of easslter- Ite. (Halse) Pactollan. Of, or pertaining to, the Lydian river Pactolus or its gold- bearing sands. (Standard) Paddle. 1. A straight iron tool for stirring ore in a furnace. 2. A bat or pallet, as used in temperinig clay. 8. A scoop for stirring and mixing, as used In glass-making. (Stand- ard) Paddle-wheel agitator. A simple stir- ring apparatus by which the solids are kept in suspension by paddles. It is difficult to start if the sand packs around the blades, and It Is expensive both In operating and in repair costs. (LIddell) Paddock. 1. (Aust) An Inclosure for exercising horses. The Australians being keen horsemen, took to using the word In mining. Thus when ore is in "bins", or "stored", or "stacked on the surface", is is said to be "In the paddock". (Rickard) 2. A way of working a claim, the whole mass being taken out in the form of a large square pit (Skin- ner) 8. A space or platform near the mouth of a shaft or excavation for temporary storage of ore or wash GLOSSABY OF MINING AWD MINERAL INDUSTRY. 485 dirt. 4. An excavation for wasli dirt to shallow allnTlum. 5. To store ore in a. paddock. (Webster) Paddy. I. (York.) An open lamp used ■by miners. (Gresley) 3. A well drill having cutters that expand on pressure. (Standard) Eaddy pan (Leic.).. A skip (box) for* merly used in a swinging bant for carrying miners. See Bant; Bont, 1, and Tackier, 2. Also Skep. Page. In brickmaking, a track carry- ing the pallets bearing newly molded bricks. (Stjindard) Fagoda Btone. A Chinese limestone showing in section figures fancifully likened to pagodas, due to fossil or- thoceratites. (Standard) Pagodite. A soft variety oT plhlte or agalmatolite out of which the Chi- nese carve figures of pagodas, idols, etc (Standard) Paha. A low ridge or hill of glacial deposits capped by loess, determined by the configuration of the subter- rane, molded by and marking* the direction of the ice flows of the gla- cial epoch; characteristic of north- eastern Iowa. (Standard) Pahoehoe. The Hawaiian word for lava,- or a flow of the same, having a smooth, ropy, fluted, or lobate sur- face. It is contrasted with "Aa ", which refers to Jagged and cindery crusts. See Aa. (Kemp) Painters' napbtha. See Turpentine substitutes. Deodorized naphtha, of gravity 58° to 60° B6. Is sometimes employed in paints. (Bacon) Paint gold. A very thin coating of gold on minerals. (Power) Faint mill. A machine for grinding mineral paints. Faint rock. See Ocher. Faint thinner. See Turpetine substi- tutes. Fair (Corn.) A party of men working together; a gang (Webster). Also spelled Pare. Fair of gearg (No. of Eng.). See Gears. Fair of timbers. (So. Wales). See Qeara Fain (go. Staff.). Two shafts about 100 yards apart, sunk to the Thick coal seam. (Qresley) Paisanlte. A variety of quartz-por- phyry, containing phenocrysts of microperthitlc orthoclase and rarer quartz, in a groiindmass of quartz and feldspar. Compare Comendite. (Kemp) Paja (Sp.). 1. Straw. 2. A blasting match; P. quemada (Bol.), a variety of jamesonite resembling a straw. - (Halse) Pajaro minero (Venez.). The miner bird. Some of the natives have a strong belief that the miner bird is a sure indicator of alluvial gold. (Halse) Paktong. See Packfong. Pala (Sp.) Shovel; P. de crueo, a round-pointed shovel; P. cuadrada, a square-pointed shovel. (D wight) (Halse) Palacra (Sp.). 1. A piece of native gold. a. An ingot of fine gold. (Halse) Palxophyre. GUmbeVs name given in 1874 to certain porphyrltic dike rocks corresponding to quartz-mica- diorites in mineralogy. They cut the Silurian strata of the Fichtelgebirge. (Kemp) Paleophyrite. A name proposed by Stache and Von John (compare Ort- lerite) for certain pprphyrltes in whose strongly prevailing ground- mass are phenocrysts of pltigioclase, hornblende and augite. (Kemp) Palseopicrlte. A name proposed by Giimbel in 1874, for plcrites which were considered by hirii to be siipllar to the rocks from the Cretaceous formation, originally named picrite by Tschermak. Gumbel called his specimens palseopicrites beoause they occurred _ in Paleozoic strata. They are chiefly olivine and augite. More or less brown hornblende find biotite also occur. (Kemp) Palagonlte-tuff. An altered basaltic tufC containing Inclusions of devitrl- fled, basaltic glass. (Kemp) Palanca (Sp.). 1. Lever. 2. P. de campana, a knocker or signaling ap- paratus in shafts (Halse). 3. The toggle of a rock crusWW. (Dwight) Palanque (Mcx.). Barring after shots have been fired. (Dwight) Palanthrople. In geology, according to t)awson, the earlier part of the an- thropic, tho post-glacial Plelstocme, during whidi man appeared and there was an extensive emergence of laud. (Standard) 486 GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Palatlnlte. A name proposed by Las- peyres for certain rocks In the Ger- man Province of Pfalz, supposed by him to be gabbros with diallage and to be of Oarboniferons age; but they have since been shown to be essen- tially diabases. The word is de- rived from the classic name of the district (Kemp) Pale brick. Brick which are under- burned. (Rles) Faleocene. The earliest of the epochs comprised In the Paleogene period, In the classification adopted by some geologists. Also the series of strata deposited during that epoch: they are regarded by some geologists as Upper Cretaceous and by others as Eocene. (La Forge) f aleogene. The earlier of the two per- iods comprised in the Cenozolc era, in the classification adopted by the International Geologic Congress and used by many European geolb^sts: it includes the Paleocene (if that be accepted). Eocene, and Oligocraie epochs. Also the system of strata deposited during that epoch. Com- pare Neogene. (La Forge) Paleolithic. Of, or pertaining to, the earliest known'human culture, which Is represented chiefly by -nnpoUshed stone implements. The paleolithic, period was applied in Eurc^ to the earliegt known culture period, which was apparently sharply separated from the succeeding and much shorter period, called the NeoUthlc period, the two forming tbe Age of stone. (Webster) Paleontology. The science that deals with the life of past geological ages. It is based on the study of the fos- sil remains of organisms. (Web- ster) Paleoplain. In geology, an ancient plain of degradation, buried under later deposits. (La Forge) Palevolcanic. Of effusive character and having been erupted before the Tertiary period : said of some vol- canic Igneous rocks and opposed to Neovolcanic. Now obsolescent. (La Forge) Paleozoic. One of the grand divisions or eras of geologic time, preceding the Mesozoic era. Also the group of rocks formed during the Paleozoic era, which comprises, in the gener- ally adopted classification, tbe Cam- brian Ordovidan, Silurian, Devon- ian, and Carboniferous systems. The beginning of the Paleozoic was formerly supposed to be marked by the appearance of life on the earth and the lowest Paleozoic strata were supposed to be the oldest foB- slliferous rocks of the earth's crust, but both suppositions are now known to be Incorrect. (La Forge) Palero (Mex.). Shoveler; mine car- penter, or timberman. (Dwlght) Palisade. A line of bold cliffs, espe- cially one showing basaltic column& (Webster) PaUaco (Peru). A piece of ore of good quEiIity found on waste heaps. (Halse) Palladiam. A rare metallic element of the platinum group, found native add also alloyed with piattnom and gold. Silver-white, ductile, malle- able. Symbol, Pd; atomic weight, 106.7; epecific gravity, 11.8. (Web- ster) Palladium gold. Same as Porpezite, or gold containing palladium up to .10 per cent. (Dana) Pallador (Peru). An ore sorter. (Halse) Pallalla (Bol.). A sort of trowel for agitating gravel In alluvial mining. (Halse) Pallaqnear (Sp. Am.). To pick over the dumps. (Lucas) Pallas Iron. See Pallasite. PaUarite. Originally proposed by Gus- tav Rose for a meteorite that fell near Pallas, in Russia; has been used by Wadsworth in a wider sense for both meteoric and terres- trial, ultra-basic rocks, which in the former average about 60 per cent iron and in the latter have at least more iron oxides than silica. Oum- berlandtte (which see) is the chief example (Kemp). Also called Pallas iron. Pallet. 1. A board for carrying newly molded bricks. 2. A potters' wheel. 8. A paddle for mixlRg and shaping clay for crucibles, etc. (Standard) Pallet boy. ' In brickmaklng, a boy who places pallets on the dump- table. (Standard) Palleting. A light platform in the bot- tom of powder magazines to pre- serve the powder from dampness. (Century) Pallet molding. A method of forming bricks in sanded molds, from which they are dumped on a board called n pallet: distinguished from iloy- molding. (Standard) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 487 7alia. A piece of stout leather fitting the palm of/ the hand, and secui'ed by a loop to the thumb; this has a flat indented plate for forcing the needle. (C. and M. M. P.). Used in sewing heavy canvas. Palm needle. A straight triangular- sectioned needle used for sewing canvas. (C. and M. M. P.) Palo (Mex.). Stick; piece of timber; P. labrados, hewn timber; P. redon- dos, round timber. (Dwight) Pampa (Peru). An elevated plane at the base of mountains. (Halse) .Pan. 1. See Panning. 2. A cylindri- cal vat of iron, stone, or wood, or these combined, in which ore is ground with muUers and amalga- mated. See Amalgamating pan. (Raymond) 5. A copper or galvanized iron uten- sil used for- washing gold ore and gravel so as to separate the heavy gold by a shaking motion. It cor- responds to the Cornishman's van- ning shovel (Bickard). Also called Dish. 4. To wash earth, gravel, etc., in a pan in searching for gold. To yield gold in, or as in the process of panning. (Webster) 6. The solid stratum of clay, pebbles, etc., underlying soil; hardpan; used chiefly in Great Britain. (Stand- ard). Fireclay or underclay of coal seams. 6. (Mid.). Sheet-iron vessels hold- ing, say i cwt., into which fillers rake the small coal. (Gresley) Panabase. CusSbzSi. Same as Tetrahedrite, (Dana) Panal de Bosa (Peru). Fissured quartz containing gold. (Halse) Pan amalgamation. Amalgamation of sliver or gold with mercury by grinding in a pan. (Duryee) Panar (Colom;). To collect gold-bear- ing sand in spoons and scoops, and deposit It in the bateas. (Halse) Pancake. Same as Bibbon, 1. Panclastite. An -explosive composed of liquid nitrogen tetroxide mixed with carbon disulphide or other liquid combHStible, in the proportion of three volumes of the former to two of the combustible. (Century) Pan coal (Scot.). Small coal suitable for use at salt works, as under salt pans. (Barrowman) Pandermite. Firm, compact, . porce- lain-like masses of colemanite. (Moses) Pane. 1. (So. Staff.) A quantity of coal measuring 2 feet 6 inches high, 6 feet in width, and" 6 feet under or forward. (Greslejr) 2. See Peen. Panel. 1. A' heap of dressed ore. 2. A system of coal-extraction in which the ground is laid ofC in separate dis- tricts or panels, pillars of extra size being left between. (Baymond) 8. A large rectangular block or pil- lar of coal measuring, say, 130 by 100 yds. 4. A group of br-^asts or rooms separated from the other workings by large pillars. (Steel) 5. A small portion of coal left un- cut. (Webster) Panella (Braz.). A miner's term for druse. (Halse) Panel slicing. See Top slicing and cover caving. Panel working. A system of working coal seams in which the colliery is divided up into large squares or panels, isolated or surrounded by solid ribs of coal of which a sepa- rate set of breasts and pillars is worked, and the ventilation is kept distinct, that is, every panel has its own circulation, the air of one not passing into the adjoining one, but being carried direct to the main return airway. (C. and M. M. P.) Panes (Mex.). Amalgamating pans. (Dwight) Pan ice (Labrador). Ice'formed along the shore and subsequently loosened and driven by winds and currents. (Century) Panldlomorphic. Bosenbusch's term for those rocks, all of whose com- ponents possess their own crystal boundaries. (Kemp) Panino (Mex.). Vein-formation; vein material; the ground or country through which the lode runs; also, the matrix. (Min. Jour.). P. muy macixo, the very hardest kind of vein matter or rock ; P. macizo, rock not quite so hard, but still not re- quiring to be timbered ; P. favorable, rock easily broken down by drilling, but not needing timbering ; P. Uando, generally slate or schist which can be broken easily by pick, bar, or wedge, and -which must sooner or later be timbered; P. muy blando, usually clay shale or argillaceous schist, and requiring constantly to be held up by timbering. (Dwight) 488 GLOSSARY OF MIinKQ AND MINERAL INDtJSTBY. Panizo (Peru). 1. A whitish feldspar, or kaolin; feldspathlc gangue. 8. Trachyte. 3. (Chile) Country rock. (Halse) Paneling. Division into panels or com- partments; panel working, See Panel, 2. (Webster) Panning (AuBt. and Pac). Washing earth or crushed rock Ip a pan, by agitation with water, to obtain the particles of greatest specific gravity which it contains (chiefly practiced for gold, also for quicksilver, dia- monds, and other gems). (Ray- mond) Pan out. To give a result, especially as compared with expectations, as in mining, the gravel pans out well. See Pan, 4. Papa. 1. (Maori) A kind of bluish indurated pipe clay, sometimes used for whitening fireplaces. It is often as hard as stone and is then called papa rock. (Webster) a. (Sp.). A nugget of gold or sil- ver. 3. A nodule of mineral (Halse) 4. (Sp.) A potato. (Vel.) Pantellerite. A felsophyric or vitro- phyric igneous rock, virtually a sodlc-quartz trachyte, containing es- sential anorthoclase, aegirite, and quartz, and perhaps dlopside and and cosayrite. (La Forge). Ap- pli^ to a group of rocks inter- mediate between the rhyolites and trachytes on the one hand, and the dacites on the other. They differ from all these in having anortho- clase as the principal feldspar. Cos- syrite, a rare and probably titan- Iferous amphibole, occurs at the original locality on the island of Pantelleria, in the Mediterranean. The name was given by FOrstner. (Kemp) Pantile. A roofing tile ; a gutter tile ; a flat paving tile (Webster). Also spelled Pontile. Pantograph. An Instrument for copy- ing maps, plans, etc., on any pre- determined scale. (Webster) Paper coal. A variety of brown coal deposited in thin layers like sheets of paper. (Power) Paper Bpar. A variety of caldte found in thin paper-like plates. (Stand- ard) Par; Par value. Equality of the nomi- nal apd market values of securities or certificates of value (often called nominal, or face par), or the value or price at which they are Issued and their market value (called issue par).' Nominal value; face value. (W«bster) Para (Mex.). A leather apron worn by miners. (Halse) Paraoaida (Sp.). 1. A parachute. 2. A safety appliance for bringing the cage quickly to rest in case the hoisting cable breaks. (Halse) Parachrosis. Discoloration in miner- als from exposure to the weather. (Standard) Parachute. 1. A kind of safety-catch for shaft cages. 2. In rod boring, a cage with a leather cover to prevent a too rapid fall of the rods in case of accident. (Raymond) Faraclase. A term used by Daubr€e for faults. (Power) Farada (Sp.). A relief, or dhange of men, horses, or mules; a shift (Halse). Parados de husca (Hex.), miners working on a tribute; P. a la carga, miners working for so much per ton or carga of ore broken down or extracted ; P. a destajo, miners on contract, at so much per meter, etc. ; P. a partido, miners receiving as pay a share of the ore they mine; P. de hacienda, or P. de obra, miners working by the day. (Dwi^ht) Paraffin. A white, waxy, inodorous, tasteless substance, harder than tal- low, softer than wax, with a specific gravity of 0.890. Its melting point Is . variable, depending somewhat upon its origin; it ranges between 43° and 65° G. (109° and 151° F.) An ultimate analysis yields, on the average, carbon 85 per cent, and hy- drogen 15 per cent. It is insoluble in water, is indifferent to the most powerful acids, alkalies, and chlor- ine, and can be distilled unchanged with strong sulphuric add. Warm alcohol, ether, oil of turpentine, olive oil, benzol, chloroform, and carbon disulphide dissolve it readily. It can be mixed in all proportions with wax, stearin, palmitln, and resin (Bacon). Paraffin is found native, as in ozocerite and hatchettite, also in peat and bituminous coal, and is contained in numerous oils, as pe- troleum, from which it Is separated by distillation. (Standard) Paraffin-asphalt petroleum. A combi- nation of paraflln-bnse and asphalt- base petroleums. (Bacon) GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 489 ^aTaffln-1)ase petroleum. Crude oil which carries solid paraffin hydro- carbons and practically no asphalt. (Bacon) Paraffin butter. A variety of native paraffin used in making candles. (Standard) Paraffin coal. A light-colored bi- tuminous coal used for the produc- tion of oil and paraffin. (Mitzakis) Paraffin fluxes. The residuals obtained from paraffin-base petroleums are characterized by containing 14i to 4 per cent, of hard paraffin scale, consisting to a predominating de- gree of saturated hydrocarbons (85.6 to 74.1 per cent.) and having a spe- cific gravity of 0.92 to 0.94. In gen- eral, it may be said that paraffin fluxes yield only a small percentage of residual coke and contain but little sulphur. (Bacon) Paraffin oil. 1. Lubricating pil made by the dry distillation method. 2. A proprietary name for liquid pe- trolatum. (Bacon) Paraffin scale. Crude paraffin wax. (Bacon) Paraffinum. A mixture of solid hydro- carbons chiefly of the methane series; usually obtained by chilling and pressing the distillates from pe- troleum having high boiling point, and purifying the solid press-cake so obtained. See Paraffin. (Bacon) Paraffinum liquidum. The medicinal petroleum of the British Pharma- copoeia. Sp. gr., 0.885-0.890. In £he refining of Russian petroleum, the finest quality of perfumery oil la termed parafflnum liquidum, and for phamaceutlcal purpose is often subjected to a final distillation. See Petrolatum, liquid. (Bacon) Paraffinum molle. According to the British Pharmacopoeia, a petroleum product corresponding to the vase- line of the United States Pharm- acpoela. (Bacon) Paragenesis. A general term for the order of formation of associated minerals In time succession, one after another. To study the para- genesis Is to trace out in a rock or vein the succession in which the minerals have developed. (Kemp) Para:sneis8. 1. In petrology, a gneiss formed by the metamorphism of a sedimentary rock. 2. A gneiss formed from a sedimentary rock by an intermediary action of an igneous magma to such an extent that a virtually new rock is formed. (La Forge) Paragonite. A kind of mica corre- sponding to muscovite, but with so- dium instead of potassium. (Web- ster) Paragonite schist. A variety of schist In which paragonite replaces blotite. (Standard) Parallel growth. Two or more crys- tals with corresponding faces par- allel. (A. F. Rogers) Parallel roads. A geological term for a series of terraces at different levels, as those of Glen Roy, Scot- land. (Webster) Paramagnetic. Opposed to diamag- netlc. Applied to substances such as iron, which, when freely sus- pended between two magnetic poles, arranges itself in the line between them (Power). Having a magnetic permeability greater than unity. (Webster) Faramento (Sp.). Lining of a blast furnace. (Halse) Parameter. In minerology that ra- tional multiple of the unit-length of any semiaxis Intercepted by a crys- tal plane which determines Its po- sition with reference to the funda- mental form. (Standard) Paramilla (Chile). A low range -of mountains. (Halse) . Paramorph. A crystal that has under- gone a change In its physical prop- erties without a corresponding change in composition (Butler). A result of paramorphism. Paramorphlsm. The alteration of one mineral into another without change of composition, as auglte Into horn- blende in uralitization. It is also used in connection with metamor- phism tO' describe such thorough changes In a rock that its old com- ponents are destroyed and new ones are built up. (Kemp) Paranthine. Hafly's name for scapo- llte. (Humble) Parar (Sp.). To stop; P. la Materia, to stop the battery or mill. (Halse) Parasitic crater. See Adventlve cra- ter. Paratomous. Having planes of cleav- age Inclined to the axis; also, abounding with facets of cleavage. (Standard) 490 GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. Parcel. 1. (So. Staff.) An old term for a ton; really 27 cwts. (Gres- ley) 2. (Corn.) A heap of dressed ore ready for sale. (Saymond) Farcionero (Mex.). Partner in a min- ing contract (Dwight) Fardo (Hex.). Oxidized or surface ora See Oolorados. (Dwight) Pare (Corn.). Gang or party of men. (Mln. Jour.). See Pair. Pared (Mex.). Vein wall. (Dwight) Paret (Borneo). Amine. (Lock) Pargaslte. An amphlbole including green and bluish - green kinds of hornblende, occurring in stout lus- trous crystals, or granular. (Dana) Parget. Gypsum,. especially that from Derbyshire or from Montmartre. (Standard) Parian. In ceramics, resembling the marble of Paros, as Parian biscuit. (Standard) Parian biscuit. A hard, fine, half- vitreous, porcelain resembling Car- rara marble ; used for objects of art and ornament. (Standard) Parianite. Asphalt from the Pitch lake, Trinidad. (Bacon) Parian marble. One of the most fa- mous of ancient statuary marbles; from the island of Paros in the Gre- cian archipelago. (Merrill) Parian porcelain. A fine variety of hard porcelain used for statuettes and bas-reliefs; so called from its resemblance to Parian marble. (Standard) Parlhuela (Mex.). Handbarrow. (Dwight) Parlsite. A fiuocarbonate of the ce- rium metals. In acute double hex- agonal pyramids. Color brownish- yellow. (Dana) Parka (Arctic). An outer garment made of the skins of birds or mam- mals, or of cloth, worn by the Eski- mos. Also worn by prospector^ and travelers in Alaska in extreme cold weather. Parkes process. The refining of lead by the addition of zinc to molten argentiferous lead. The zinc and silver rise to the surface of the bath as a scum, which is then taken off and afterwards distilled to drive ofC the zinc. (LiddeU) Parliamentary pit (Scot). A mine out- let or shaft required by an act of Parliament (Barrowman) Parmazo marble. A white marble traT- ersed by a coarse network of dark lines; from northern Italy. (Mer- rill) Parol. A trade name for a fuel used in internal combustion engines. Made from paraffin by a chemical process without the use of heat (Bacon ) Parophite. A name given by T. Sterry Hunt to a rock or mineral similar to dysyntribite. The name means 'like serpentine.' (Kemp) Paroxysm. In geology, any violent or sudden natural occurrence, as a vol- canic eruption, a sudden flood, etc. (Rpyl Com.) Parral agitator. An agitator using a number of small air lifts disposed about a circular, flat-bottomed tank in such a way as to Impart a circu- lar swirling motion to the pulp. (LiddeU) Parrilla (Sp.). Grate bar. (Dwight) Parrot coal. 1. (Scot., No. of Bng.) A variety of cannel coal, so-called, because when on the fire it splits and cracks with a chattering noise, like a parrot talking. (Gresley) 2. Sometimes applied to gas coal when of inferior quality. (Barrow- man) Part 1. Same as Parting, 2. 2. In founding, a section of a mold or flask, specifically distinguished (in a three-part fiask) as top part, mid- dle part, and bottom part. (Stand- ard) Part candles (Eng.). The use of can- dles as well as safety lamps in a mine. (Gresley) Partldo (Mex.). Division of ores be- tween partners. Working a mine by partido is when the miners agree with the owners to take a certain part of the ores in place «f wages. Usually the mine owner provides candles, powder, and steel, and keeps the drills sharpened, and receives, in payment of royalty and supplies, two-thirds or more of the ore taken out. This contract is renewed weekly or monthly, and the pro- portion of ore retained by the miners is greater or smaller according to the richness of the stopes where they work. It is generally bought from them by the mine owner himself, for various reasons. (Dwight) Partidor (Sp.). An ore sorter. (Halse) Patilla (Mex.). Platform left in shaft (Dwight) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. 491 VartinS. 1. A small joint In coal or rock, or a layer of rock In a coal seam. 2. The separation of two metals In an aHoy, especially the separation^ of gold an€ silver by means of nitric or sulphuric acid. (Raymond.) 3. . A side track or turnout in^ a haul- age road. Entry- parting, the: part- ing at the beginning of an entry in a slope mine. Inside or swing part- ing,, a parting some distance from- the mouth of an entry, from which the cars are hauled out by a special mule or team. Rope parting or mo- tor parting, a parting on which trips of car^ are collected for hauling out by a rope-hauling system, or electric motor. (Steel) 4. (Scot.) The manner in which a seam parts from its roof or pave- ment ; it Is a bad parting when they do not separate readily, a good part- ing when they do. (Barrowman) 5. The tendency of crystals to sepa- rate along certain planes that are not true cleavage planes, but which have become directions of minimum cohesion through gliding, secondary twinning, or some other external cause. 6. The line or plane of sepa- ration between the parts of a mold- er's . flask. ( Standard ) Parting flask. In assaying,, a flask used in parting (Webster). See also Parting, 2. Farting glass. Same as Parflng flask. Partiner sand. Fine, dry sand, which Is sifted over the partings in a mold to facilitate' their separation when the flask is opened. (Raymond) Parting slate. A term applied to a thin layer of slate between two seams of coal. (Thacker v. Shelby Coal Mln. Co. 197 S. W. Rept, p. 633) Partlversal dip. A series of local dips varying approximately 180° in com- pass-direction, occurring at or near the end of a plunging anticlinal axis. Pascal's law. The principle that the pressure in a fluid not acted upon by external forces is the same at all points, or that a fluid transmits pressures equally in all directions. (Webster) Paillla (Hex.). Dry silver amalgam. (Dvrlght) PaslUo (Sp.). In coal mining, a cross cut; break through; thurl or thurl- ing. (Halse) Paso (Sp.). 1. Any underground drift or gallery.. 2. An ore pass or chute. 3. A mountain pass. (Halse) Pass. 1. (Com.> An opening in a mine through which ore is delivered from a higher to a lower level. See Chute. S. In rolling mills the pas- sage of the bar between the rolls. When the bar passes ',aa the flat* it is called a flatting-pnss ; if 'on the edge,' an edging-pass. (Ray- mond) 3. A passage left in old workings for men to travel in from one level to another. (C. and M. M. P.) Passador (Braz.). A classifier or pulp thickener. Similar to an inverted pyramid or cone. (Bensusan) Passanite. A variety of wernerlte, also called porcelain-spar. (Ches- ter) Pass-by; Pass-bye. 1. (Eng.) A pas- sage round the working part of a shaft. A by-pass. (Power) 2. A siding in which cars pass one another underground; a turnout. (C. and M. M. P.) Passing water (Scot).. When a pump bucket is worn, or otherwise not tight, it is said to be passing water. (Barrowman) Pass-into. A transition of one mineral into another without any sudden changa (C. and M. M. P.) Passive Iron. Iron rendered non-cor^ rodible by treatment with heat or acida; (Standard) Pass-pipe. An iron pipe connecting the "water at the back of one set of tubbing with that of another, or a pipe only In communication with one tub (Tub, 5), and open to the interior of the shaft (Gresley) Pasta (Hex.). 1. Amalgam of gold and silver. 2. Gold and silver bul- lion (Dwight). 3. (Mex.). ArgentUerons ores, as blende, galena, etc. 4. (Chile) Gray copper ore; tetrahedrite. (Halse) Paste. 1. The mineral substance In which other minerals are embedded ; groundmass, as of a porphyry. (Webster) 2. A mixture of clay, variously pre- pared for making stoneware or por- celain. (Standard) Pasting. The operation of mndcap- plng. (Dn Pont) Pat. In brickmaklng, to remove the rough edge of green bricks with a stamper. (Standard) 492 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEEAL INDTJSTKT. Fataka (N. Z.). A storehouse raised above the ground. (Webster) A cache. fatch. A small placer property. (MUford) fateher. 1, A driver's assitant or helper; a brakeman or trip-rider. (C. and M. M. P.) 2. One wlio repairs broken brat- tices, doors, stoppings, etc., in a mine. Patching (So. Wales). Workings car- ried on at the outcrop (Gresley). Called Patchwork In Derbyshire. Patchy. Distributed in patches or in an Irregular manner as when ore occurs In bunches or sporadically. (Roy. Com.) Pat coal (Scot). The bottom, or low- est, coal sunk through in a shaft. (Barrowman) Pftte (Fr.). Paste; particularly, por- celain-paste. (Standard) Patent 1. An instrument making a conveyance or grant of public lands. (Webster) S. Title in fee, obtained by patent from the United States Government, when there has been done an equiva- lent of $500 worth of work on or for each mining claim. (U. S. Min. Stat, pp. 400^26; 493-494; 563; 570-574) Patent axe. A type of surfacing ma- chine employed to remove Irregu- larities from the surface of blocks of stone. (Bowles) Patente (Chile). An annual tax on piines, amounting to $10 per hectare. (Halse) Patented claim. A claim to which a patent has been secured from the Government, by compliance with the laws relating to such clnims (C and M. M. P.). See also Patent, 2. Patent fuel (Eng.). The fuel pro- duced by the agglomeration of coal- slack Into lumps. (Raymond). See alto Briquet. Patent survey. An accurate survey of a mining claim by a U. S. deputy surveyor as required by law in or- der to secure a patent (title) to the claim. Patera process. A metallurgical proc- CM consisting of a chlorldizlng- roastlng; leaching with water to re- move base metals (some silver Is AISMlved and must be recovered) : leaching with sodium h^posalphite for silver ; precipitation of silver by sodium sulphide. The process was first carried out by von Patera at Joachlmsthal (Uddell). See also Joachlmsthal process. Paternoster pump. A chain-pump; named from a fancied resemblance of the disks and the endless chain to a rosary. (Standard) Fate snr p&te (Fr.). A decoration for pottery, made of white porcelain paste, on a dark ground, so ap- plied as to produce effects of light and shade by varying thicknesses. (Standard) pate tendre (Fr.). Soft paste for porcelain. (Standard) Patio (Sp.). 1. The yard where ores are cleaned and assorted; also, the amalgamation floor, or the Span- ish process Itself of amalgamating silver ores on an open floor (Ray- mond). P. de amalgamacidn, amal- gamation court or floor ; Beneflcio de p., the cold amalgamation process, or American heap amalgamation. It was Invented by BartolemC de Me- dina, Pachuca, Max., in 1557; intro- duced Into Peru in 1574. In 1793 mules aud horses were first used In the process. 2. Trahajttr por p. (Colom.) To quarry or make an open cut. (Halse) Patio (Mex.). (DwIght) Cloth used by miners. Patio process. A process for the re- covery of silver by amalgamation In low heaps with the aid of salt and copper sulphate (magistral). Thorough mixing is obtained in the usual form by having horses or oxen tread the mass. (Liddell) Fatr6n (Sp.). An overman. (Halse) Patr6n de oro (Sp.). Gold standard. (Lucas) Pattern. In founding, a model, usu- ally of wood or iron, and often in several parts to facilitate removal, about which to form a sand mold, in which ^ a casting may be made. (Standard) Pattern molder. One who makes sand molds for castings; a molder. (Standard) Patterson agitator. An agitator of the Pachuca-tank type in which the air Is replaced by solution or water, under pressure from a centrifugal pump. ( Liddell ) GLOSSABY OF MINING AKD MINERAL INDUSTRY. 493 Pattlpron process. A process in which lead, containing sliver, is passed through a series of melting kettles, in each of which crystals of a poorer alloy are deposited, while the fluid bath, ladled from one kettle to the next, is proportionately richer In silver. In mechanical pattinsona- tion the operation is performed in a cylindrical vessel. In which the. bath is stirred mechanically, and from which, as the" richer alloy crystal- lizes, the poorer liquid is repeatedly drained out. Steam pattinsonation is a variety of the Pattlnson process, in which steam is Conducted through the lead bath to assist the refining. (Raymond) Pattinson's pots. A series of pots for separating silver and lead by mak- ing use of the fact that the melting- point of the lead-silver alloys is higher in proportion as the percent- ' age of silver is greater. (Standard) Paulistas (Braz.). Natives of Sao Paulo who first discovered gold near that city. (Halse) Pavement. The floor of a mine. (Raymond) Paving brick. Vitrified brick used for paving purposes. (Ries) Paving stone. Stone prepared, or suit- able, for paving; stonp used in pave- ments (Standard). Usually in large flat slabs, or square blocks, as Bel- gian block. Paving tile. Tile used for floors. (Standard) Pavonado. 1. (Peru) Tetrahedrite, frequently argentiferous. 2. Pavo- nadoa (Peru), a rich zone composed principally of sulphides nnd sul- phantimonates of silver. (Halse) Favonazetta marble. See Pavonazza. Pavonazza; Pavonazetta marble. A si- liceous limestone of various shades of green, blue or gray, alternating with bands of white. Formerly much used in southern Italy. So called from its resemblance to the plumage of a peacock; also called Phrygian marble. (Merrill) Pawn (Derb.). A security put up by a miner when he makes claim to a vein discovered by or in the posses- Bion of another. The claim is set- tled by trial at a Barmote court. (Mander) Paxillose. In geology, resembling a little stake. Pajr, 1. Profitable ore. See Pay dirt. 2. (Eng.) l?he day upon Which, or the place ^here, wages are made up or paid. (Gresley) Fay bill; Pay sheet (Scot.). A state- ment showing details of workmen's wages for a stated period, usually a fortnight. (Barrowman) Pay dirt; Pay rock. 1. (West, U .S.) Earth, rock, etc., which yields a profit to the miner. (Webster) 2. (So. Afr.) Auriferous gravel rich enough to pay for washing or work- ing. (Skinner) Pay gravel. In placer mining, a rich strip or lead of auriferous gravel, (fianks) Payne's process. A process for pre- serving timber and rendering. It in- combustible by impregnating, it suc- cessively with solutions. oT snlphate of iron and calcium chloride In vacuo. Paynize. (Webstei?)' Pay ore. Those parts of an ore. body which are both rich enough and large enough to work with, profit (Power). See Pay dirt; Pay gravpl ; Pay roc^. Pay outr To slacken or to let out rope. (C. and M. M. P.) Fay- shoot. A portion of a deposit composed of pay ore. ^Farrell) Pay streak. That portion of a vein which carries the profitable or pay ore. Peaoh (Corn.). Chlorite. (Raymond) Peachblow. 1, A light-purple glaze in- clining to pink, seen on some Orien- tal porcelain. 2. A kind of ware thus glazed or tinted. (Standard) Peach stone (Com.). A greenish-col- ored soft stone; chloriflc schist. (Da vies) Peachy lode (Corn.). A lode filled with a greenish chlorite, of peachy luster and loose cellular tex'. ire. (Power) Peacock 6oal (Eng.). Iridescent coal. (Webster) Peacock copper. A synonym for Bom- ite. (A. F. Rogers) Peacock ore. An iridescent variety of copper ore; bornite; also chalco- pyrite when slightly oxidized on the surface. Pea coal. In anthracite only, — coal small enough to pass through a mesh three quarters to half an inch square, but too large to pass through 494 GLOSSARY OF SirETIN'G AND MnTERAIi IKDUSTBY. a three^lghth Inch mesh. When Buckwheat coal Is made, the size marketed as Pea Is sometimes larger than the above; known also as No. 6 coaL (Ohaiice) 7ea grit .(Eng.). A grit composed of rounded or oval concretionary masses like peas ; often like crushed peas. (Oldham) Peak. A headland or promontory ; the top or one of the tops of a- hill, mountain or range, ending in a point. (Webster) Pea ore (Eng.). Rounded grains of hydrated peroxide of iron,- or sili- cate of iron, commonly found in cavities of Jurassic limestone (Power). The mineral limonite, oc- curring in round grains about the Blze of a pea (Webster). Also called Bean' ore. Pearce turret furnace. A furnace con- sisting of a narrower hearth, bent around a circle, the circumference of which is a little greater than the length of the hearth, so that the two ends do not quite meet. Used for calcining sulphide ores. (Peters, p.. 205; Hofman, p. 175; Ingalls, p. 101) Pearlash. Commercial potassium car^ bonate. (Oentury) Pearl diabase. Bee Variollte. Pearllte. 1. See Perllte, 1. Also called Pearlstone. 2. A eutectold of cementite and crystallized iron formed by slow cooling of molten steel. Synonyms, Pearly te, Perllte, Cryocarbide, and Pearly constitu- ent (Tieman) Pearl mica. Same as Margarite, 2. Pearl opal. Same as cacholong; an opaque, bluish white, porcelain white, pale yellowish or reddish va- riety of opal. (Dana) Pearl sinter. A variety of opal. (Dana) Pearl spar. Dolomite occurring in rhombohedrons having a pearly luster. (Power) Pearlstone. Same as Perllte, 1. Pearly. Applied to minerals having a luster like a pearl, as talc, bnicite, stilbite, etc. (Dana) Pearlyte. A mixture of ferrlte and cementite having a pearly appear- ance when lamellar (Standard). See alio Pearllte, 2. Peas (Eng.). See Pea coat Pease's eleetile tester. An Inatminait in which the vapor of petroleum is Ignited by an electric spark paadag above the oil cup, whldi rests In a water bath. (Mitzalds) Peastone. Same as Pisolite. Peasy. 1. Applied to small pieces of ore; the weight of which may be estimated by the hand. (Morlne) 2. (No. of Eng.) Lead ore in grains about the size of peas. (Standard) Peat. A dark-brown or black re- siduum produced by the partial de- composition and disintegration^ of mosses, sedges, trees, and other plants that grow In marshes and like wet places. It may be identl- fled as the dark-colored soil found in bogs and swamps, commonly called muck, although technically the term "muck" should be re- stricted to such decayed vegetal matter as is impure and contains < too much ash to burn readily. True peat consists principally of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, In varying proportions, and because of its high carbon content, it will Ig- nite and bum freely when dry. (Mineral Resources of the United States, 1917, Pt. 2, p. 261.) Peat bed. An accumulation of peat. Peat bog. A bog containing peat; an accumulation of peat (Webster) Peat charcoal. Charcoal ■ made from peat (Standard) Peat coal. 1. A natural product in- termediate between peat and lignite. 2. An artificial fuel made by car- bonizing peat (Webster) Peat coke. Same as Peat charcoal. (Standard) Peat cutter. A paring-plow for cut- ting peat (Standard) Peatery. A peat bog or bank (Web- ster), Also Petary. Peat gas. Gas made by distilling peat (Webster) Peat hag. A pit or quag formed by digging out peat. (Standard) Peat machine. A machine for grind- ing and briqueting peat (Webster) Peat man. A digger or seller of peat (Webster) Peat moor. Same as peat moss. In the United States such deposits are called swamps or bogs. ((Jentury) GLOSSABY OP MINING AND MINERAIj INDUSTRY. 495 Peat moss, l. Any moss from wbich peat has been formed. 2. (Eng.) A peat bog; also, peat Itself. (Web- ster) Peat press. A press machine for mak- ing peat Into blocks of artificial fuel. (Standard) Feat reek. The smoke of peat. (Web- ster) Peat soli. A rich dark soil contain- ing peat, especially the soil of a re- claimed peat bog. (Standard) Peat spade. A spade "with an L-shaped blade for cutting out peat in blocks. (Webster) Peat tar. A tar obtained from the dis- tillation of peat. The distillates ob- tained contain from 2 to 6 per cent of tar. '{Bacon) Peaty. Resembling or containing peat; having the nature of peat. (Standard) Peau d'orange. In ceramles, a decora- tion or finish of a surface such that it resembles In roughness the skin of an orange. (Standard) Peavy. A stoat lever like a cant hook, but having the end armed with a strong and sharp spike. (Webster) Pebble. 1. A small roundish stone, especially one worn round by the action of water ; a pebblestone ; also a gem occurring in the form of peb- bles. 2. Transparent, colorless quartz; rock crystal; as Brazilian pebble. (Webster) Pebble crystal. A crystal, as of quartz in the rough state, worn into the form of a pebble. (Standard) Pebble jack. Zinc blende in small crystals or pebble-like forms not at- tached to rock, but found in clay openings in the rock. (O. and M. M. P.) " Pebble powder. Gunpowder pressed into large cubical grains, to render it slow burning. It is inferior to the perforated prismatic powder in that the burning surface constantly decreases, and therefore the rate of emission of gas is greater at the be- ginning than at the end. (Webster) Pebblestone. A pebble; also pebbles collectively. (Webster) Pebbleware. A variety of Wedgwood ware with a variegated body of dif- ferent colored clays intermingled, called according to pattern, agate, Egyptian pebble, granite, lapis-laz- uli, porphyry, serpentine, verd-an- tique, etc. (Stiindard) Pechera (Mex.). Leather or cloth, worn by a laborer carrying ore, to protect neck and back. (D wight) Pecho (Sp.). 1. The front wall of a shaft furnace. 2. Barreno de p., a horizontal drill hole. (Halse) Pecking up (So. Staff.). Elevating or propping up with rough stones, bricks, rubbish, etc. (Gresley) Pecos ore. 1. A gossan containing lead and silver. 2. (Tasmania) A yel- lowish, earthy mixture of oxides of iron, lead, and antimony containing silver; mostly massicot. (Power) Pectinate, or Pectinated mineral. A mineral that presents the appear- ance of close and nearly parallel filaments. (Standard) Pectolite. An acid silicate of sodium and calcium, H!O.Naa0.4Ca0.6SiOi. (Dana) Pedemal. 1. (Mex.) A massive cony pact variety of quartz ; flint ; horn- stones. 2. Pedemales (Peru), sU ver ores formed of siliceous sand im- pregnated with oxide of iron. (Halse) Pedial class. In crystallography, the class without any symmetry. (A. F. Rogers) Pedimento (Chile). A written peti- tion for a piece of mining ground (Halse). A synonym of Petici6n, Solicitud. Pedis possesslo. The actual possession of a piece of mineral land to the extent needed to give the locator / room to work and to prevent prob- able breaches of the peace, but not necessarily to the extent of a min- ing claim. (Hanson v. Craig, 170 Fed. Rept., p. 65; Zollers v. Evans, 5 Fed. Rept., p. 172; Costigan on Mining Law, p. 156) Pednan. 1. (Corn.) The upper part of a buddle. 2. A deposit of ore detached from a lode. . (Da vies) Ped'n cairn (Com.). A bunch of ore at a distance from the lode. (Min. Jour. ) Pedra (Port). 1. A stone; P. de ferro, ironstone; P. de lages, flag- stone. (Halse) Pedregal (Southwestern U. S.). A stony tract; lava field. (Standard) Pedrelro (Braz.). A stone mason. (Bensusan) 49*6 6L0SSABY OF MIKING AKD MIKERAL. INDUSIBY. Pee. 1. Two veins crossing each other obliquely. (Skinner^ S. (Derb.) A piece of lead ore. (Dayies) A variation of pea. Feeler. An Iron implement with flat- tened end and ring handle, used by a bailer in placing blooms, ingots, etc., in a reheating furnace. (Standard) Peevy. Same as Peavy. Peg. 1. To marls out a miner's claim by pegs at the four corners, each bearing the claimant's name. (Webster). Sometimes used as peg out. 2. A surveyor's mark. 3. (For- est of Dean). See Notchsticks, Pegado (Colom.). A local and small deposit of pay dirt. (Halse) Pegador ( Sp. ) . Foreman in charge of blasting. (Dwight) Peganite. A hydrous phosphate of aluminium occurring in crystalline crusts of a green color. (Century) Pegar (Sp.). To fire the loaded drill holes. (Dwight) Pegging (Aust.). Act of marking by pegs. (Webster) Peggy (York.). Synonymous with Pick. (Gresley) Pegmatite; Oiant granite. An Igneous rock, generally coarse grained but usually irregular in lexture and com- position, composed mainly of silicate minerals of large size, including quartz, feldspar, muscovite, blotite, tourmaline, beryl, lithia minerals, zircon, etc. Some p.gmatites carry minerals containing rare earth met- als, tin, tungsten,- tantalum, uran- nlum, and others. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Pegmatitic; Pegmatoid. Gharacteris- tic of, pertaining to, formed of, containing, or occurring In pegma- tite. (La Forge ) Pegmatization. Metamorphic altera- tion to pegmatite. (Standard) Peirce-Smith Process. A basic-convert- ing process for copper matte in a magnesite-lined converter. The iron of the matte is fluxed by silica added before the process begins. (Liddell.) Pelagic; Pelagian. Formed In deep water far from land; said of some marine deposits and contrasted with Terrigenous. (La Forge) 2. Opposed to Littoral which belongs to the sea shore, and Eatuarine to that formed in an estuary. (Power) Pr'^gite. A name given to certa in man- ganese nodules obtained In deep-sea soundings. (Chester) Pelatan-Clerici process, a continuous process of dissolving silver or gold in cyanide solution and simultane- ously precipitating the precious met- als with mercury in the same vessel, an electrical current assisting pre- cipitation. (Liddell) Pelatan furnace. A furnace for the calcination of fine pyritic or other sulphide ores. (Peters, p. 173) Peldon (So. Staff.). Hard and com- pact siliceous .rock found in coal m£es. (Gresley) Pelionite. A name proposed by W. F. Petterd for a bituminous coal (Pel- ion coal) resembling English cannel coal, from near Monte Pelion, Tas- mania. (Bacou) Pele's hair. A fibrous, basaltic glass from the Hawaiian Islands, named after a local goddess. (Kemp) Pelite. In general, any sedimentary rock, indurated or not, formed of clay. Especially, a thick-bedded argillaceous sedimentary rock lack- ing a shaly fracture; a mudrock. (La Forge) Pelitie. Pertaining to, characteristic of, or formed of pelite ; composed of fine argillaceous sediment or clay. (La Forge) Bella. 1. (Sp.) A mass of metal In its crude state. 2. (Mex.) Amalgam left after the mercury has beeu squeezed out. (Halse) Pella; Plata Pella (Mex.). Silver amalgam. (C. and M. M. P.) Pelo (Pern). Stibnite in very small needles. (Halse) Pelt (Scot.). Carbonaceous stone asso- ciated with a coal seam. See also Bone (Barrowman). Waste; rub- bish. Pen. 1. (Scot). In longwall working, a narrow airway, more particularly an airway formed along the solid coal. (Barrowman) 2. A device to dam or pen the water in a stream ; a dam. (Webster) Pena (Sp.). 1. A large stone or rock in its natural state. Rock; cliff; a term used in southwestern United States. 2. A large sledge hammer. 8. (Colom.). Bed rock or bottom; P. hervida, picadora 6 caladora, fissured and porous bed rock; P. mara, carmine-colored and spotted bed rock; P. falsa, false bed rock. 4. (Colom.) County rock. (Halse) GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 497 Fenarth beds (Bng.). The beds be- tween the Trias and Lias ; so called from their occurrence at Penarth, In Somersetshire. (Oldham) Pencatite. iSee Predazzite. Pencil. (N. Y. and Pa.). A bluestone quarry man's term for interbedded shale in bluestone deposits. (Bowles) Pencil mark (Ballarat, Aust). A thin bed of dark slate about the thickness of the lead of a carpen- ters pencil, which Is parallel with the Indicator (Power). See Indi- cator, 4. Pencil stone. A compact variety of pyrophyllite used for making slate pencils. (Webster) Pendiente (Sp.). 1. Slope or declivity. 2. Gradient ; grade. 3. Dip. 4. Hanging wall or roof. (Halse) Pendulum buffer (Vt.). Large wooden blocks covered with felt pads that are propelled back and forth by means of a crank and pitman (Bowles). Used for polishing monu- mental stone. Peneplain. A surface of slight relief and very gentle slopes, formed by the subaerial degradation of the land almost to baselevel; the penul- timate state of the old age of the land produced by such degradation. 2. By extension, such a surface up- lifted to form a plateau and sub- jected to renewed degradation and dissection. (La Forge) Peneplanation. The subaerial degra- dation of a region approximately to base level, forming a peneplain. (La Forge) Penetrating pulley. A pulley around which a wire cable runs in cutting marble. Its thickness -is less than the diameter of the wire and, con- sequently, it can follow the wire as the latter cuts into the stone. (Bowles) Penetration. 1. In laboratory investi- gations of paraffin, waxes, etc., the distance, expressed in tenths of a millimeter, penetrated by a No. 2 cambric needle operated In a ma- chine for the purpose and under known conditions of loading, time, and temperature. The degree of solidity of bituminous materials. 2. In construction, the entrance of bi- tuminous material into the inter- stices of the metal of the roadway. (Bacon) 744010 O— 47 32 Penetration method. The method of constructing a bituminous macadam pavement by pouring or grouting the bituminous material into the upper course of the road metal be- fore the binding of the latter has been completed. (Bacon) Penetration twin. A twin crystal In which the two parts interpenetrate each other: contrasted with Con- tact twin. (La Forge) Penlstone series (Bng.). The lower division of the coal measures, con- sisting of sandstone and shales with coal and ironstone. (Century) Penitent (Fr.). A fireman who, In early coal mining days, was em- ployed to explode (purposely, in or- der to get rid of it) the fire damp. So called on account of the resem- blance of his dress to that of cer- tain rtligious orders. (Gresley) Pennine system (Eng.)> The original and typical series of carboniferous rocks, comprising the Upper old red sandstone, the Mountain limestone, the Millstone grit, and the coal- measures. The correlated strata In the United States are the Catskill red sandstone and carboniferous se- ries, exclusive of the Permian. (Standard) Penning. See Cribbing, 2. Penninite. A green crystallized chlorite from the Penninie AlpS; Composition essentially the same as clinochlore, Hs(Mg.Fe)isAijSi«Ou. (Dana) Pennsylvanian. The second of |:he three epochs comprised in the Car- boniferous period, in the classifica- tion generally used by American geologists. Also the series of strata, forniprly called the Coal Measures, deposited during that epoch. It Is equivalent to the Dimetian epoch and series of the classification used by many European geologists. (La Forge) Pennystone. 1. A band of clay iron- stone. (Gresle.v) 2. (Eng.) See Penlstone series. Pennyweight. A unit of weight equal to 24 grains, 0.05 troy ounce, 0.0549 avoirdupois ounce, and 1.5552 grams. A pennyweight of fine gold has a value of $1.0335 or 4.25 shillings. Pensky-Marten tester. An instrument somewhat similar to the Abel appa- ratus, largely employed for deter- mining the flashing point of lubri- cating oils by the close test. (Mit- zakis) 498 QLOSSABY OF inKIKO AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY. Penstock. 1. A sluice or gate for re- ■ BtralDling, deviating or otherwise regulating the flow of water, sew- age, etc.; a floodgate. 2. A closed conduit, iiibe, or pipe for conducting water, as to a water wheel. S. The barjjel ©f a wooden pump. (Web- Xentagonal dodecahedron. In the Isi- metric system, a form, of pyrito- hedral symmetry, .enclQsed by twelve jEaces, eacai jiaraliel to one axis and (d^jUng t^ other two a:xes at un- eqma] sUstamces; a jpyrltohedron. (La Forge) Pentanralent. Havimg a valence or ciMBbinlng power of five. (Webster) Pentelio marble. One of the imost famous of andent statuary mar- bles; from Mt. Pent^iCMS, near Athens, Greece. (Merrin) Penthouse; Pentfams. A wooden hut or covering for the protection of men when shaft sinking (Gresley). Also called Pentice. Pentice. See Penthouse. Pentlandlte. A sulphide of iron and nickel, (Fejn)S; 42 per cent iron; 22 per cent nickel. (Dana) Pentrough. The trough In which ttie penstock of a water wheel is placed. (Century) Pe6n. 1. (Max.) Helper; a common laborer. P. suelto, roustabout. 2. The movable vertical post of an arrastre, 3. A prop, post, or stall. (Halse) Pepe (short of Joseph) (Sp.). A boy who holds the light for the barre- tero, and assists him in other ways at certain hours. (Rockwell) Pepena (Mex.). 1. Rich ore; smelt- ing ore. 8. Picked ore. 3. The act of picking, sorting, or cobbing. (Halse) Pepenado (Mex.). Dressed ore. (Dwight) Pepenador (Mex.). Ore sorter. (Dwight) Pepenadores (Sp.). Ore cleaners. (Da vies) Pepenar (Mex.). To sort ore. (Dwight) Peperltto. A kind of volcanic rock, formed by the cementing together of volcanic sand, cinders, sicorlse, etc. (Ciomstock) Peperita (Sp.). Volcanic sand. (Halse) Pepita (Sp.). A nugget, usually of gold, but may be of silver or plati- num. (Halse) Feqnenes (Chile). Heaps or piles for- merly used for roasting copper ores, with firewood as fuel. (Halse) Perch. 1. A measure of masonry con- taining 24J cu. ft, 16J by U by 1. It is usually taken as 25 cubic feet The term is falling into disuse and varies locally. (Merrill) 2. A measure of iength equal to 5) ^ards ; a rod ; or pole ; also a square rod. (Webster) Perched blocks {blocs percMs). ^e Perched rock. Perched rock. A large mass of iroc^ which, after glacial transportation, has been lodged in some cons^uoos isolated position. Called also Perched block. (Standard) Percolate. To pass through fine lmt«> Btices; to filter; as water percolates through porous stones. (Webster) Percussion cap. See Detonator; Primer. Percussion fignire. A figure consisting of radiating lines formed In such minerals as mica and chlorite by a blow with the point of a somewhat sharp instrument (Dana). Galled also Strike figure. Percussion powder. Powder so com- posed as to Ignite by a slight per- cussion ; fulminating powder. (Web- ster) Percussion sieve. An apparatus In which ore is sorted according to size. It consists essentially of superim- posed, oppositely inclined sieves, both mechanically agitated by ver- tical lever and having water sluices. (Webster) ^ Percussion system of drilling. See DrilUng; Freefall, and Churn drill, 1: Percussion table. An inclined table, agitated by a series of shocks, and operating at the same time like a buddle. It may be made self-dis- charging and continuous by substi- tuting for the table an endles rubber cloth, slowly moving against the cur- rent of water, as in the Frue van- ner. (Raymond) Percussive, Of, or pertaining to, per- cussion; operative or operated by striking, as a percussive drill. (Webster) CaX)SSAB7 OX' MINHTO AJSm MINEBAL IKDT7STBY. 499 lirdlda (Hex.). Loss In fxitio amal- gamatloa, Loss ia general. See also Oonsnmida. (Dwlgbt) Perfll (Sp.). Profile; side elevation. (Halse) PerforadoTa (Sp.). A machine drill. (Dwlght) Ferforar (Sp.). To l>ore a deep bore hole; P. un tUnel, to tunnel. (Halse) Forfumery oil, A refined Russian pe- troleum. The jQnest quality is used In pharmacy as parafflnum Uquir dum. (Bacon) Ferlclase. Magnesia, MgO. In cubes or octahedrons, and in grains. Cleavage cubic. (Dana) Ferlclinal. Dipping In all directions from an elevated center (Power). See also Quaquaversal. Perlellne. A variety of albite. (Dana) Feiiollne twin. A twin crystal, in the monoclinlc system, whose twinning axis is the orthoaxis-of the crystal. (La Forge) Peridot. The gem variety of olivine. (A F. Eogers) Ferldotite. A granular igneous rock composed essentially of olivine, gen- erally with some form of pyroxene, and with or without hornblende, blo- tite, chromite, garnet, etc, (La Forge) Ferlmorph. A mineral of one species Inclosing one of another species. See also Endomorph. (Webster) Period. The unit of geologic time of the second rank; a division of an era. The coordinate stratigraphic unit is System. (La Forge) The geological application of the word varies with different authors. In the scheme of nomenclature pro- posed by the International Geologi- cal Congress period Is the chrono- logical term of the second order, to which system is the corresponding stratigraphic term; as Silurian period or system. In the scheme of the United States Geological Survey period has the same rank, but its corresponding stratigraphic term is system. (Standard) Periodic law. One of the fundamental chemical laws that the properties of an element are periodic functions of the atomic weight (Liddell). It is also called MendeleefC's law. Perlodlo system. A dassiflcatlon ot the eleme'hts according to Mende- leelTs law. (Webster) Peripheral moraine. A minor terminal moraine, marking only a temporary halt of the glacier during recession. Also called Moraine of recession. (Standard) Perlsterite. A whitish adularla-like albite, slightiy iridescent. (Stand- ard) Perito (Mex.). An expert in any sci- ence or art (Dwlght). An ap- praiser; a skillful workmanv (Halse) Perjong (Malay). A crowbar. (Loci) Perking. An imperfectly burned brick ; a place brick. (Standard) Perkins Joint. A joint consisting of threaded pipe and coupling, both threaded straight (no taper). The one end of the pipe is left square and the other is beveled to a knife edge at midthickness. Used in Balcu oil field. (Nat. Tube Co.) Perknite. A name from the Greek word for dark, and proposed by H. W. Turner as a collective term for the rocks usually called pyroxenites and hornbl^ndites. Mineralogically the perknites consist chiefly of mono- clinic pyroxene and amphibole with subordinate orthorhombic pyrox- ene, olivine, and feldspar. Chemi- ciilly they are lower in alumina and alkalies than the diorites and gab- bros, and lower in magnesia than the peridotites. (Kemp) Perla (Mex.). An assay bead. (D wight) Perlite. 1. Volcanic glass with con- centric, shelly texture and usually with a notable percentage of water. (Kemp) 2. See Pearlite, 2. Peril tic. Resembling perlite; concen- trically lamellar: applied to a mi- croscopic structure in glassy rocks resembling that of an onion. ( Stand- ard) Permanent monument. A monument of a lasting character for marking a mining claim. It may be a moun- tain, hill, ridge, hogback, butte, can- yon, gulch, river, stream, waterfall, cascade, lake. Inlet, bay, arm of the sea, stake, post, monument of stone" or bowlders, shafts, drifts, tunneLs, open cuts, or well known adjoining patented claims. (Meydenbauer v. Stevens, 78 Fed. Rept., p. 792.) (Also U. S. Mln. Stat., pp. 227-231.) 600 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Fermian. The last of the three. epochs comprised in the Carboniferous pe- riod, In the classification generally used. Also the series of .strata de- posited during that epoch. By some geologists the Permian is ranked as a period and system. (La Forge) Permissible. That may be permitted; allowable; admissible. (Webster) fermissible explosive. An explosive similar in nil respects to s:miples that passed certain tests by the Fed- eral Bureau of Mines, and used in accordance with the following condi- tions : 1. That the explosive is in all respects similar to the sample sub- mitted by the manufacturer for test. 2. That detonators — ^preferably elec- tric detonators — are used of not less efficiency than those prescribed, namely, those consisting by weight of 90 parts of mercury fulminate and 10 parts of potassium chlorate (or their equivalents). 3. That the explosive, if frozen, shall be thor- oughly thawed in a safe and suit- able manner before use. 4. That the quantity used for a shot does not exceed IJ pounds (680 grams), and that it is properly tamped with clay or other noncombustible stemming. After an explosive has passed the required tests and its brand name has been published in a list of per- mi.-sible explosives, it is not a per- missible explosive if one or more of any of the following conditions pre- vail : 1. If kept in a moist place un- til it undergoes a change in charac- ter. 2. If used in a frozen or partly frozen condition^ 3. If used in ex- cess of IJ pounds (680 grams) per shot. 4. If the diameter of the car- tridge is less than that designated in the column "smallest permissible diameter." 5. If flred with a deto- nator or electric detonator of less efficiency than that prescribed. 6. If fired without stemming. 7. If fired with combustible stemming. (Tech. Paper 169, U. S. Bur. Mines.) For use in gaseous and dusty coal mines. Fermissible motors. A motor the same In all respects as a sample motor that has passed certain tests made by the Federal Bureau of Mines and Installed and used in accordance with the conditions prescribed by the bureau. See Explosion-proof motor. Permitted explosives (Bng. and Aust). Certain explosives allowed to be used In fiery mines (mentioned peri- odically in "Statutory Kules and Orders," issued by the Home Office, London), which are supposed, to be safe (Power). The term Permissi- ble is used in the United States. Pernetti. 1. (It.) In ceramics, iron or hard pottery pins or tripods to support an article in a kiln; stilts; spurs. 2. The marks left on a baked article of pottery by the supporting pins ; pernetti marks. (Standard) Pernot furnace; Post-Feinot furnace. A reverberatory puddling or smelt- ing furnace, having a circular, in- clined revolving hearth (Raymond). Used in making steel. Perovskite; Perofskite. Calcium tlta- nate, CaTiOa. Isometric. Luster adamantine to metallic-adamantine. Color pale-yellow, honey-yellow, orange-yellow, reddish-brown, gray- ish-black. Transparent to opaque. (Dana) Perol (Colom.). A small iron pan in which a pestle works for grinding and amalgamating gold-bearing py- rite. (Halse) Perpend. 1. A header extending through a wall so that one end ap- pears on each side of it; a perpend- stone; border; bondstone; through- stone or through-bihder. Called also, Parplng; Perpender; Perpent 2. A vertical joint, as in a brick wall. (Standard) Perpendicular throw. The distance be- tween the two parts of a disrupted bed, dike, vein, or of any recogniz- able surface, measured perpendicu- larly to the bedding plane or to the surface in question. It is measured, therefore", in a vertical plane at right angles to the strike of the dis- rupted surface. (Lindgren, p. 123) Perpeno (Sp. Am.). Cleaning up. (Lucas) Perpetuity. An annuity whose pay- ments are supposed to continue for- ever. (B. B. Skinner, p. 77) Fershbecker furnace. A continuously- working shaft-furnace, for roasting quicksilver ores, having two fire places Lt opposite sides. The fuel is wood. (Raymond) Persian red. See Indian red. Persilicic. Containing more than 60 per cent of silica: said of some igneous rocks ; same as and much to be perferred to Acid and AcidiCi which it is replacing. (La Forge) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 501 Pertenencla (Mex.). Mining claim. Under tlie modern Mexican mining law, a square of land 100 meters on a side (i. e., 1 liectare=2.471 acres) is tlie minimum unit. This unit is call>:d a pertenencia (Dwlglit). In Peru, equals 2 hec- tares, or 200 m. long by 100 m. wide ; in Argentine, 300 m. by 200 m. to 300 m., accoi;ding to dip; in Co- lombia, 600 m. by 240 m., a lode mining claim equaling three of these. (Halse) Ferthite. A variety of feldspar con- sisting of closely Interlaminated ortlioclase or mlcrocline and aibite. (La Forge) A name given by Thomson to parallel intergrowths of ortlioclase and aibite, originally de- scribed from Perth, Ontaria. (Kemp) Pervious bed. A bed or stratum that contains voids through which water will move under ordinary hydro- static pressure. (Meinzer) P e s a d r (Mex. ) . A welghmaster. (Dwight) Peso (8p.). 1. A Spanish or Mexican dollar. 2. A monetary unit and silver coin of the Philippines worth $0.50. 3. A variable silver coin of several Central and South American coun- tries. 4. Weight, gravity ; P. bruto, gross weight; P. neto, net weight. 5, Balance; scales; A de muelle, spring balance. (Halse) Pestle. 1. An Implement, for pound- ing and breaking or braying sub- stances in a mortar. 2. Any of va- rious instruments for pounding or stamping, as a stamp in a stamp mill. 3. To pound, pulverize, bray, or mix, as with a pestle. (Webster) Petallte. A lithium-aluminum silicate, LlAI(SiiO.)>, or, Li,0.Al,0..8S10>, usually massive, foliated and cleav- able. (Dana) Petalold. Having the form, texture, or appearance of a petal (Webster). Applied to the structure seen in minerals that split up into pieces with a smooth polished concave- convex surface which fit into one another somewhat like the petals of an unopened flower bud. (Power) Petanqne; Petlanqne (Mex.)- Ruby silver. Tetrabedrlte, and other rich silver minerals. (Dwight) Petaiy. £ree Peatery. Peter; Peter out. To fall gradually In size, quantity, or quality (Itay- mond). e.g. The mine has petered out. Petit granite marble. A bluish marble studded with innumerable fine white points caused by fossil crinoids and polyps; from Ecauslnes, Belgium. (Merrill) Petlanque (Sp.). The same as pyrar- gyrite. In Chili it is called Rosic- ler oscuro. (Century). ^Iso sliver ores which are conspcuous In the matrix 'for example, petlanque Colo- rado is the red antimonial silver whether crystallized or otherwise. (MIn. Jour.) Petra dura (Italy). Hard and fine stones In general, as those used for inlay and the like, in distinction from the softer stones used in build- ing. (Webster) Petralite. An explosive composed of saltpeter, wood or charcoal, and anti- mony. (Webster) Petralogy. Sec Petrology. Petre. Niter, saltpeter. (Webster) Petrean. Of, or pertaining to, rock, rocky. (Webster) Petrescence. The process of changing into stone; petrifaction. (Standard) Petrical. Fletcher's name for the coarser structural features of rocks. See Lithical. (Kemp) Petrifaction. The process of petrify- ing, or changing into stone; conver- sion of organic matter, Including shells, bones, etc., into stoqe or a substance of stony hardness. (Web- ster) Petrified wood. See Wood, 2. Petrify. To become stone. Organic substances, such as shells, bones, wood, etc., embedded In sediments, become converted into stone by the gradual replacement of their tis- sues, particle by particle, with cor- responding amounts of Infiltrated mineral matter. Thus not only the outward forms but even the minutest detalla of the organic tisxues are preserved. (Roy. Com.) Petro. 1. A stone or rock. 2. A pro- prietary tiame for liquid petrolatum. Petrocene. A greenish-yellow hydro- carbon with a pearly luster and needle-like crystals, obtained by the distillation of petroleum residue at a red heat (Bacon) 502 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINEKAL INDUSTBY. Petrogeny. That branch of petrology which treats of roelts as parts of the earth's crust, and ofi their origin, mode of formation, and geologic re- lations, and which is studied mainly by means of field investigations. (La Poj-ge) Compare Petrology and Petrography. Petrographer. One who i.s versed in or engaged in petrography, or the study of rocks. (Century) f etrographic microscope. The same as Polarizing microscope. Petrographic province. A region or district in which some or all of the igneous rocks are regarded as con- sanguineous, or as derived from a common parent magma; a comag- matie district. (La Forge) Petrography. That branch of petrology which treats of rocks as mineral ag- gregrates, aside from their geologic relations, and is studied mainly by laboratory methods, largely chemical and microscopical. Also, loosely, petrology or lithology. (La Forge) The description and systematie classification of rocks. (Webster) Petrol. A variant for petroleum or its derivatives, particularly gasoline or motor spirit. (C. and M. M. P.) Petrolatum, A neutral, tasteless, odor- less substance derived from the dis- tillation of petroleum. Three forms are I'ecognlzed: liquid^ a colorless, or yellow oil ; soft, a white or yel- lowish semisolid substance; hard, a white or yellowish waxlike mass (Webster). Called also In the trade, by different makers, Cosmollne, Saxoline, Vaseline, PetroUne, etc. (Standard) Petrolatum liquldum. The medicinal high-boiling petrolei^m oil of the United States Pharmacopoeia. See Petrolatum. (Bacon) Petrolatum oil. A colorless, straight-re- duced, viscous, neutral oil, possessing a gravjty of 32* ° to 34° B6., a flash- point of 415° F., a fire test of 480° F., a cold test of 20° F., and a vis- cosity of 185 to 200. It Is also termed 'medicinal oil.' (Bacon) Petrolene. A liquid Iiydrocarbon mix- ture obtained from bitumen or as- phalt. (Century) Petrdleo (Sp.). Petroleum. (Dwlght) Petroleum. An oily, inflammable, liquid mixture of numerous hydro- carbons, chiefly of the paraffin series, found in the earth. The pe- troleums found In different areas vary widely in composition and ai>- pearance (TJ. S. Geol. Surv.). The best known of the bitumens, and, next to coal, the most important of all carbon compounds. It occurs na- turally, oozing from crevices ia rocks, filiating on the surface of wa- ter, or in subterranean deposits in rocks, from which it may be ob- tained by boring. (Bacon). Also known as Rock oil. Mineral oil. Na- tural oil. Coal oil. Earth oil, Seneca oil. . Petroleum is a mineral, and the same may be said of salts and phos- phates, and of clay containing alum- ina and other substances in the earth. (Union Oil Co., In re 23 Land Decisions, p. 229) Lands chiefly valuable- for the de- posits of petroleum contained there- in are mineral lands within the meaning of the mining laws, and subject to location and entry as such. (Union Oil Co., In re, 26 Land Decisions, p. 357; Tulare Oil and Min. Co., v. So. Pac. R. R. Co., 29 Land Decisions, p. 271; Chris- man V. Miller, 197 U. S. p. 820) Deposits of petroleum oil come vrithin the definition of mineral character of land, and is sufficient to exclude such land from a rail- road grant If discovered before pat- ent issues. (So. Pac. R. R. C!o., In re. Land Decisions, p. 265) Oil or petroleum lands are min- eral lands within the meaning of that term In this grant. (Burke v. So. Pac. R. R. Co., 234, U. S. p. Petroleum asphalt. The residues of asphalt-base petroleum, known com- mercially as petroleum asphalt. (Bacon) Petroleum benzine. The petroleum benzine of the German Pharma- copoeia consists of the colorless, nonfluorescent portions of petrole- um, possessing a specific gravity of 0.640 to 0.670, and distilling almost entirely between 55° and 75° C. See Benzine, Light petroleum; and Cana- dol. (Bacon).- Petroleum briquet. A briquet made of petroleum, soft soap, resin, and soda-lye wash. The mixture is heated, allowed to solidify,, run into molds, and then heated ia a fur- nace for about 15 minutes. (Bacon) Petroleum car. A railroad car carry- ing a tank or tanks, designed for the transportation of petroleum in bulk (Century). A tank car. COiOSSABY OP MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY. 503 Petroleum eoke. The residue obtained by the distillation of petroleum. It usually shows the following composi- tion: Volatile and combustible mat- ter, 5 to "10 per cent; fixed carbon, 90 to 95 per cent ; ash, from a trace to 0.3 per cent; sulphur, from 0.5 per cent to 1 per cent. On account of Its purity It has found applica- tion in metallurgical processes and in making battery carbons and car- bon pencils (electric carbons). (Ba- con) Petroleum ether. A volatile inflam- mable liquid used as a solvent for caoutchouc, oils, etc. (Webster). Some refiners have applied this designation to the products ranging In specific gravity from 0.590 to 0.666 (108° to 80° B6.) that is, cymogene, rhigolene, and gasoline. Bee Benzine, Ganadol, Light pe- troleu, Keroselene, and Sherwood oil. Russian petroleum ether varies In specific gravity from 0.650 to 0.660 at 15° C. (Bacon). Also frequently applied to naphtha. Petroleum furnace. A furnace for burning petroleum, as under a steam boiler. (Century) Petroleum naphtha. A term which is loosely employed; it often denotes the first fraction (b. p., up to 150 C.) obtained on distillation of crude oil, but is also applied to any low- boiling petroleum product, as Naphtha, Benzine, etc. Petroleum ointment. A variety of pe- trolatum. Petroleum pitch. See Fitch, 6. Petroleum spirit. A volatile liquid obtained by the distillation of pe- troleum (Webster). A term vari- ously used, but Is sometimes ap- plied to a petroleum distillate of a density of 0.71 to 0.74 and a boil- ing point of 90° to 140° O. It is used as a solvent. (Bacon) Petroleum «till. A stiU for separating the hydrocarbon products from crude petroleum. (Standard) Petroleum talUngs. See Besiduum, 1. PetroUferous. Containing or yielding petroleum. (Standard) Petrollne. A solid substance, analo- gous to parafiSn, obtained in the dis- tlUation of Rangoon petroleum. Also, a term applied to a Scottish oil having a flash point of lai t. (Bacon) Petrolize. To treat or impregnate with petroleum, or a petroleum product. (Webster) Petrology. The science of rocks, treat- ing of their origin, construction, etC;, from all aspects and In all rela- tions ; lithology. It includes petrog- eny and petrography. (La Forge) Petrosilex. An old name for extremely fine, crystalline porphyries and quartz-porphyries and for those finely crystalline aggregates we now know to be devitrified glasses; also for the ground masses of the former, which though' not glassy are yet not resolvable by the microscope into definite minerals. See also Felsite, Microfelsite. It was practically a confession by the older petrograph- ers that they did not. know of what the roek consisted. (Kemp) Also called Hornstone. Petrous. Hard, like stone ; as, petrous phosphates; petrous marl. (Stand- ard) Petuntze (China). A variety of feld- spar that is mixed with kaolin, and used by the Chinese in the manu- facture of porcelain. (Standard.) Petzlte. Telluride of silver and gold, (Ag,Au).Te. The gold content ranges from 18.2 to 25.6 per cent and the silver from 40.7 to 46.8 .per cent. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Pewter. 1. An alloy of tin and lead. Other metals are often added, or' the lead is replaced entirely with cop- per, zinc, antimony, etc. (Ray- mond) 2. A marble-worker's polishing ma- terial, made by calcining tin. (Standard) Pewterer's solder. Hard i>ale' solder, or middling pale solder. (Stand- ard) Pewter mill. A lapidary's whe^ Used for stones of the hardness of ame- thyst, agate, etc. (Webster) Peya de cobre. (Mex,). Copper amal- gam. (D wight) Pez (Sp.). 1. Pitch; tar; P. mineral, asphalt. 2. Feces, more or less iso- lated lenses of coal. (Halse) Phaoolite. A colorless variety of chabazite in twins of lenticular shape. (Webster) Phacolith. A lenticular mass of Ig- neous rock Intruded between adja- cent strata In the apex of a fold, (La Forge) Literally, Mens-rock.' 604 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY. Phanerlte. Any phanerocrystalllne igneous rock. (Webster) Phanerociystalline. Having all crys- tals large enough to be seen with the unaided eye; that is, megascopi- cally crystalline (Iddlngs, Igneous Kocks, p. 191). Opposed to erypto- crystalline. Phantom crystal. A crystal in which an earlier stage of crystallization is marked in some way. (A. F. Rogers) Pharmacites. A word used by M. E. Wadsworth to include all minerals employed in medicine. (Power) Pharmaoolite. A hydrous arsenate of calcium. Probably HCaAsO«-|-2H,0. (Dana) Pharmacoslderite. A hydrous arse- nate of iron, perhaps 6FeAsO«2Fe- (OH)i+12H!iO, commonly occurring in green or yellowish-green cubic crystals. (Webster) Phase. 1. A variety differing in some minor respect from the dominant or normal type; a fades: ordinarily used in the detailed description of igneous rock masses. (La Forge) 2. In physical chemistry, a homo- geneous, physically distinct portion of matter in a non-homogeneous sys- tem, as the three phases — ice, water, and aqueous vapor. 3. In physics, the point or stage in the periqd to which the rotation, oscillation, or variation has advanced, considered In its relation to a standard posi- tion or assumed Instant of starting. This relation is commonly expressed in angular measure. (Webster) Phase angle. The angle expressing phase, or phase difference. (Web- ster) Phase converter. A machine for con- verting an alternating current into an alternating current of a different number of phases and the same fre- quency. • ( Webster ) Phase displacement. A change of phase whereby an alternating cur- rent attains its maximum earlier or later. An inductance would cause a lag, a capacity would cause an advance, in phase. (Webster) Phase meter. A device for measuring the difference in phase of two alter- nating currents or electromotive forces. (Webster) Phase rale. A generalization with re- gard to two systems of chemical equilibrium, discovered by Prof. J. W. Gibbs. It may be stated thus: The degree of variableness (number of degrees of freedom) of a system is equal to the number of components minus the number of phases, plus two. Thus, if the components be salt and water, and the phases, salt; ice, saturated solution, and vapor, the system is invariant ; that is, there is only one set of conditions under which these four phases can exist In equilibrium. If only three phases be considered, the system is univari- ant ; that is, fixing one condition, as temperature determines the others. (Webster) Phassachate. A lead-colored agate. (Standard) Ph&t&ng (No. Himalaya). A quantity of gold-dust melted into a lump, having a value of about 8 rupees (16s.), and used as currency, (Lock) Phenacite. A beryllium ortho-silicate, Be^SiOi. Sometimes used as a gem. (Dana) Phengite. 1. A kind of transparent or translucent stone, used by the an- cients for windows. It was proib- ably selenlte or crystallized gypsum. 2. A variety of muscovite. (Web- ster) Phenix-stone. An artificial stone in which furnace-slag is used in place of sand. (Century) Phenocryst. A porphyritic crystal; one of the relatively large and ordi- narily conspicuous crystals of the earliest generation in a porphyritic igneous rock. (La Forge) A name suggested by J. P. Iddings, ^for por- phyritic crystals in rocks. It has proved an extremely convenient one, although its etymology has been criticized. It may be best to change to phanerocryst, just as in botany, phenogam has yielded to phanero- gam; but one form or the other is a necessity. (Kemp) Phenocrystalline. Same as phanero- crystalline. Phenocrystio. Containing, character- ized by, or pertaining to phenocrysts. (Standard) Phenol. A colorless or pinkish crystal- line substance, C«HbOH, produced by the destructive distillation of many organic bodies, as wood, coal, etc., and obtained from the heavy oil from coal tar. Commonly known as carbolic acid. (Webster) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRTf. 505 Phlladelphlte. A pearly, brownish-red, micaceous vermlcuUte that occurs In contorted and wrinkled plates. (Standard) Fhlllppium. A supposed metallic ele- ment discovered In the mineral sa- marskite. It proved to bfi a mixture of yttrium and terbium. (Webster) Fhtllipite. A compact, blue, hydrated copper and Iron sulphate, FesOu- (SO«)«.12HjO, produced by decompo- sition of chalcopyrite. (Standard) Philosopher's stone. An Imaginary stone, or solid substance or prepara- tion, believed to have the power of transmuting the baser metals into gold or silver, and heuce much sought for by the alchemists (Web- ster) Philosopher's wool. See Zinc oxide. f hlegraean fields. The country around Naples, so named by the Greeks, from the traces of Igneous action everywhere visible. Also called Campi Phlegrael or the Burnt fields. (Comstock) Phlogiston. A flame; a blaze. The hypothetical principle of fire or in- flammability formerly regarded as a material substance. (Webster) Phlogiston theory. The theory that every combustible substance is a compound of phlogiston and the phenomena of combustion are due to phlogiston leaving the other consti- tuent behind. It has been replaced by a modern theory which assigns to oxygen the leading r61e in chemi- cal changes. (Webster) Phlogoplte. A magnesium mica, near blotite In composition, but containing little Iron. (Dana) Pholerlte. A clay-like mineral closely related to or Identical with kaolln- Ite. (Century) Pholidolite. A grayish-yellow, hydrous silicate of potassium, magnesium, Iron and aluminum in minute crys- talline scales. (Webster) PhonoUte. An aphanltic or aphano- phyric Igneous rock consisting of essential orthoclase or anorthoclase and nephellte, and accessory amphl- bole, pyroxene, or mica. (La Forge) Leuclte may replace the nephellte and yield leudte-phonolltes. The name Is Klaproth's rendering Into Greek of the old name Clinkstone. (Kemp) Phosgene. A heavy gas made by com- bining carbon monoxide and chlo- rine. OOClj, used for bleaching glass ; also used in warfare. Phosgenite. A chlorocarbonate of lead, PbjCljCO., occurring in tetrag- onal crystals of a white, yellow, or grayish color and adamantine luster (Webster). Called also Corneous lead, Horn lead Phosphate of lime. .Jee Apatite. Phosphate rock. A sedimentary rock containing calcium phosphate. The form in which the phosphate oc- curs is obscure (U. S. Geol. Surv.). The three main classes which have been exploited in the United States are land rock, occurring in clayey, gravelly, or compacted beds below the surface of the earth ; river rock, a darker variety obtained from river and stream beds, and the oolitio phosphates of Tennessee. (Web- ster) Phosphates. SaltS formed by combin- ing phosphoric acid with an alkali. Sodium, potassium, ammonium and calcium phosphates are used in ferti- lizers. None of these are used to a large extent except the calcium phosphate. See Phosphate rock. Phosphatic slag. Same as Basic slag. (Standard) Phosphine. A hydride of phosphorus, PHa, analogous to ammonia. (Web- ster) Phosphor bronze. A kind of bronze of great hardness, elasticity, end tough- ness, whose superiority Is due to ttie introduction of a small amount of phosphorus, usually as a compound of copper (phosphor copper) or with tin (phosphor tin). (Webster) Phosphor copper. An alloy made by fusing granulated copper with bone ash and charcoal; used in making phosphor bronze. (Standard) Phosphorescence. The continued emis- sion of light by a substance (not In- candescent) produced especially af- ter heating, exposure to light, or to an electrical discharge. (Dana) Phosphoric acid. Any of three oxy- aclds of phosphorus known respec- tively as ordinary or orthophospho- ric acid, HaPOiT pyrophosphorlc acid, HjPaOi, and metaphosphoric acid, HPO,. (Webster) Phosphorite. Massive calcic phosphate, of the composition of apatite, but usually lacking crystal form. (Kemp) 506 QLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINEKAIi INDTJSTBY. Phosphorlze. To combine or impreg- nate with phosphorus. (Century) Phosphor tin. An alloy made by heat- ing phosphorus (6 parts) with tin- sponge (94 parts) ; used lA malting phosphor bronze. (Standard) f hosphorolite. Wadsworth's name for phosphatic rocljs, guano-phosphorite, apatite, etc. (Kemp) Phosphorus. A nonmetallic element of the nitrogen group, usually ob- tained as a white or yellowish, translucent, waxy substance with a disagreeable smell and a faint glow In moist air. Synlbol, P. ; atomic weight, 31.04; specific gravity, 1.83. (Webster) Phosphorus disease. A disease of workers in phosphorous, marked es- pecially by necrosis of the jaw bone (Webster). Galled also Phosphor- necrosis. Phosphorus steel. Steel in which phosphorus is the principal -hard- ening element. Good steel may con- tain 0.3 per cent phosphorus, but the carbon must be very low. (Web- ster) Photoceramlcs. The art or practice of photographing on china or pot- tery. (Standard) Photogene. A trade name for a shale- oil distillate, of specific gravity from 0.72-0.81 and boiling point from 145°-150° G. It is used as an illuminating oil. (Bacon) Photomicrograph. An enlarged or macroscopic photograph of a micro- scopic object, taken by attaching a camera to a microscope. (Webster) Photozylon. Guncotton In which the cellulose of wood pulp is used In- stead of cotton. (Standard) Phreatic. Of or pertaining to a well ; applied to undei%round waters reachable, or probably reachable, by drilling wells. (Webster) Phreatic explosion. An explosion oc- curring in the roof of an igneous body, due to the expansion of vola- tile matter, and not extruding in- candescent matter; (Daly, p. 282) Phrygian marble. See Pavonazette. Phthanlte. Hauy's name for siliceous schists. Its use has recently been revived In America by G. F. Becker, who applies it to certain silicifled shales in California (Kemp). Chert Phthisis. A wasting or consumption of the tissue. Formerly applied to many wasting diseases, but now usually restricted to pulmonary phthisis, or consumption (Web- ster). iSfee Anthracosis. Phrygian stone! A light pumice-like stone, anciently used In dyeing. (Standard) Phylllte. A foliated metamorphic rock of sedimentary origin and argilla- ceous composition, intermediate be- tween slate and mica schist. It Is more, micaceous than slate and more finely crystalline than mica schist and its fracture is interme- diate between the smooth even cleav- age of slate and the rather splintery fissility of schist. (La Forge) Phyllite slate. 1. Clay slate (called also muscovite phyllade), or, re- strictedly, clay slate rendered sub- crystalline by minute superinduced scales of mica (called phyllite alone). 2. Clay slate containing laroellse of the mineral phyllite, and related to ottrellte. (Standard) Phyre. A sut&x. used in naming rocks that are porphyritic, as vitrophyre, orthophyre, granophyre, etc. (Kemp) Fhysallte. A coarse, nearly opaque variety of topaz. Same as Pyrophy- salite. (Dana) Physic. To treat (molten iron) with an oxidizing compound capable of combining with the sulphur and phosphorus. (Standard) Physical mineralogy. That branch of mineralogy which treats of the phys- ical properties of minerals. (La Forge) Physics. 1. That branch of science which treats of the laws and prop- erties of matter, and the forces acting upon it; especially that de- parment of natural science which treats of the causes that modify the general properties of bodies, e. g., gravitation, heat, light, magnetism, electricity, etc. (Power) 2. Also, a treatise on natural phi- losophy or physics. (Webster) Physiography. Physical geography; a description of the natural features of the surface of the earth. (Powe«) Phytooollite. A black gelatinous hy- drocarbon, related to dopplerlte; found below a peat bed at Scranton, Pa. (Bacon) GLOSSARY OF MINIKG AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 607 Pianzlte; flauzlt. An asphaltold sub- stance, melting at 315° C. ; It has a brownish or greenish-black color and a specific gravity of 1.220. After fusing, it burns with an aro- matic odor and leaves about 6 per cent of ash. It is soluble in pota»- slum hydroxide and in ether. (Bacon) Picacho (Mex.). Summit of a moun- tain peak. (Halse) Picador. 1. (Mex.). One who taps a furnace (Dwight). 2. In coal mining, an undercutter. (Halse) Plcar. 1. (Mex.). To tap a furnace for slag or bullion. (Dwight) S. Td hew or undercut. 8. P. un 1\ilo (Colom.), to discover or strike a lode ; P. un agua, to determine the level of a ditch. (Halse) Pick. 1. A heavy Iron or steel tool, pointed at one or both ends, and often curved, wielded by means of a wooden handle inserted in an eye between the ends; used In vari- ous forms by quarrymen, roadmak- ers, miners, and stone dressers; a pickax. (Webster) S. To dress the sides of a shaft or other excavation. 3. To remove shale, dirt, etc., from coal. (Gres- ley) 4. To select good ore out of a heap. (Davies) Pick-dressing. In stone cutting, a tool- ing of the face of a stone with a sharp pick or hammer. (Standard) Picker. 1. A small tool used to pull up the wick of a miner's lamp. 2. A person who picks the slate from the coal In an anthracite breaker. 8. A mechanical arrangement for removing slate from coal. (Steel) 4. A Hand chisel for dzhuing, held in one hand and struck with a ham- mer. (Raymond)' See also Dzhu. 5. (Eng.) A sharp-pointed cutting tool used as an accessory to a mizer. (Gresley) 6. A sharp-pointed steel rod used in lifting wooden patterns from the sand after they have been rammed therein. 7. A tool for piercing a mold; a piercer. 8. A miner's nee- dle, used for picking out the temp- ing of a charge that has failed to explode. 9. In brlckmaking a spike- toothed shaft for breaking up clay to be fed to the hopper. (Standard) Plekerlngite. Magnesia alum. Mg- S64AU(S04).+22H,O. In long fi- brous masses; and in elflorescenoes. (Standard) Picket. An iron rod, pointed at one end, and usually painted alternately red and white at one foot intervals, used by surveyors as a line of sight (B. F. Tlbby) See Range pole. Pick hammer. A hammer with a point, used in cobbing. (Raymond) Picking. 1. (Scot.) The falling of particles from a mine roof about to collapse. (Barrowman) 2. Picking the eyes out of a mine is to extract over a prolonged period an undue proportion of the richest ore, thus lowering the average grade of the remaining ore reserves. (Skinner) 3. Rough sorting of ore. 4. A soft or not fully burned brick. (Web- ster) Picking ^elt. A traveling belt made of sheet iron placed horizontally or at an angle, used for conveying coal or ore to a bin or wagon, while boys pick out rock or other waste mate- i-lal (Power). Rubber-covered can- vas belts are also used for the same purpose. Picking chute. A chute along which boys are stationed to pick &e slate from the coal. (Chance) Picking rod. A IHnch steel rod about 20 feet long used to ram Into the tap hole, while casting, to dislodge obstructions preventing a good run. (Willcox) Picking table. A flat, or slightly in- clined, platform on which the coal or ore is run to be picked free from slate or gangue. Pickle. 1. In metal working, a bath of dilute sulphuric or nitric acid, etc., to remove burnt sand, scale, rust, etc., tram the surface of cast- ings, or other metallic articles. 2. To treat with, or steep in, pickle. (Webster) Pickling. Cleaning sheet-Iron or wire by Immersion In acid. (Raymond) Pick machine. A machine used to un- dermine or shear coal by heavy blows of short steel points attached to a piston driven forward and back by compressed air. Commonly called a Puncher. (Steel) Compare Ghaln- breast machine. Plckman (Scot.). A man who digs coal vrlth a pick; a hewer; a miner. (Barrowman) Pick tongs. Tongs for handling hot metal. (Webster) 608 GLOSSABY OF MIBINQ ASTD MINEBAL. IITDUSTBY. Fick-np (Mid.). To rednce the stock of coal. (Gresley) Plok-ups (Alaska). Nugget gold picked up during mining operations prior to sluicing. Plckwork. Cutting coal with a pick, as in driving headings. (Gresley) Pico (Sp.). 1- A pickaxe. 2. A min- er's pick. 3. A miner's striking hammer. 4. A small hammer used in ore sorting. 6. A peak of a moun- tain. (Halse) Plcota (Sp.). The top or peak of a mountain. (Halse) Flootah. A kind of sweep used In In- dia for raising water from well. See also Shadoof. (Webster) Plootite. A variety of spinel contain- ing chromium and iron. (Dana) Picric acid. A yellow crystalline com- pound, CHJfaOT, obtained vari- ously, a^ by the action of nitric acid on phenol. It Is used In dyeing and is an Ingredient in certain explo- sives. Called also Carbazotlc acid, Chrysolepic acid, Trlnitrophenic acid (Standard). Sterilized gauze treat- ed with a weak solution of the acid Is used generally around mines in the flrst-ald treatment of burns, scalds, etc. Plcrite. A variety of perldotite com- posed essential^ of olivine and auglte. (La Forge) Picrollte. A columnar or fibrous va- riety of serpentine. (Standard) Plcromerite. A hydrous sulphate of magnesium and potassium from the salt mines of Stassfurt. (Century) Picture. A screen to keep oti falling water from men at work. (Cw and M. M. P.) Plcnl (Malay). A commercial weight varying in different countries and for different commodities. In China, Japan, and Sumatra it is 133i pounds. In the Philippines it Is usu- ally 140 pounds (Webster). Also qpelled Plckul. Pie (Sp.). 1. Foot or base of a moun- . tain. 2. P. de amigo, buttress or strut ; P. de gallo, a diagonal brace ; • P. derecho, a vertical brace; a post. 3. (Sp.) A foot; a measure of length, or 27.85 cm. or 11 inches. 4. (Peru) Exposing a new face so as to Increase the effect of a blast. It Is done by firing the lower holes first and the upper ones afterwards. (Halse) Piece (Scot). Food taken by a work- man to his work (Barrowman). A lunch. See also Bait. Piece time (Scot). Meal time. (Bar- rowman) Piece wage. A wage paid to the worker at so much per piece, or unit of product. (Webster) Piece work. Work done by the piece or job ; work paid for at a rate based on the amount done, rather than on the time employed. (Web- ster) Piedmont. Lying or formed at the base of mountains; as a piedmont glacier. A piedmont alluvial plain is formed at the foot of a mountain range by the merging of several alluvial fans. (Webster) Piedmont glacier. A type of glacier formed at the base of one or more' glaciers by the expansion of the Ice over a lateral valley or a broad plain; an ice lake. Called also Malasplna glacier. The Malasplna Piedmont glacier in Alaska, the only one fully described, has an area of 1,500 square miles. ' (Standard) Piedmontite. A variety of epidote con- taining manganese. (Dana) Piedra (Sp.). A stone, rock, or min- eral; P. arenosa, freestone; P. de axufre, sulphur rock; P. herro quena, granite; P. hruta (Mex.), country rock ; barren rock ; P. caliza, limestone, P. cdmea (Mex.), chert, flint; P. de campana, phonolite; P, de candela, flint stone; P. de mano (Mex.), a hand specimen ; P. de molino, a millstone; P. de mollejon, sandstone; P. dura, any hard flint- like stone; P. imdn (Sp.), load- stone; P. inga, pyrite; P. ntdrmol, marble; P. mineral, ore; ij. negra (Venez.), greenish-gray fblstone; P. pea, pitch stone;. P. podrida, rotten stone; P. pomem, pumice stone; P. preciosa, a gem or precious stone. (Halse) Plel. An iron wedge for piercing stone. (Standard) Piercer. 1. A blasting needle. (Ure) 2. In founding, a wire for venting a mold (Standard). See Picker, 7. Piercing shot (Scot.). A shot In the roof, or brushing, designed to bring down an increasing thickness of stone. (Barrowman) Plerelle (Fr.). A clay-covered Irregu- lar mass of stone, filling a dltcb. (Standard) GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINEBAIi INDXJSTBY. 509 Tierre-ferdn (Fr.) Blocks of stone, or concrete, heaped loosely In the water to make a foundation, as for a sea wa}l. (Webster) Wet stone (Scot). A hard variety of freestone. (Gresley) Tietra (It). Stone: used in phrases, as pietra dura. (Standard) fletra dura (It). Inlaid 'work of hard stones set in marble. (Stand- ard) Tletra. Serena (It). A gray sandstone quarried near Flesole, Italy, and used for building in Florence and other Italian cities. (Standard) fiezocrystallization. In petrography, crystallization under pressure caused by erogenic forces. (Web- ster) Piezoelectricity. Electricity produced or developed by pressure, as in quartz. ( Standard ) Pig. 1. An oblong mass of metal that has been run, while molten, into a mold excavated in sand ; specifically, iron from the blast furnace run into molds excavated in sand (Century). An Ingot or cast bar of metal. 2. Any of the molds or channels In the pig bed. 3. Collectively, pig iron, pig lead, etc. (Webster) 4. A 301-puund mass of lead. ( Stand- ard) Pig back. To add pig iron to a molten charge too much decarburized in the acid open-hearth process. (Web- ster) Pig bed. The sand bed in which are made the excavations into which iron is run in casting pigs (Stand- ard). See also Pig. 2. Pig boiling. Wet puddling. (Stand- ard) Pigeonhole. 1. A room driven di- rectly into the coal seam from the edge of a strip pit. 2. Any small poorly equipped coal mine. (Steel) Pig foot 1. An iron clamp shaped like a pig's foot used to attach the jack to the feed chain of a con- tinuous electric coal cutter. 2. A pipe jack with a pig foot at one end. (Steel) Pig hole. A hole in a steel furnace, through which to put, in a crucible, an extra charge of pig iron. ( Stand- ard) Pig Iron. Crude cast-iron from the blast furnace. When the furnace is tapped the molten iron Hows down a runner molded in sand, from which it enters the sows or lateral run- ners, flowing from these again 1b1» the pig beds, the separate parallel molds of which form the pigs. In each bed the ingots lie against the sow like suckling pigs, whence the two names. Mine pig Is pig iron made from ores only; cinder pig from ores with admixture of some forge or mill cinder. (Raymond) Pig lead. Commercial lead In large oblong masses, or pigs. (Standard) Plgment^Any coloring material. Spe- cifically, any dry earthy substance that, mixed with a liquid vehicle forins paint: of mineral origin, as ocher; vegetal, as dogwood; or ani- mal, as cochineal. (Standard) Pig metal. Metal in pigs, as iron from a smelting' furnace. (Standard) Pig sticker, A man delegated to the duty of' punching or knocking, pig iron out of chills or molds at a blast furnace pig-casting machine. (Will- cox). Pigsty (Aust). A timber crib or chock used in timbering wide seams or lodes. (Halse) Pigsty timbering. Hollow pillars built up of logs laid crosswise for support- ing heavy weights. (C. and M. M. P.) Pigtailer (Joplin, Mo.). One em- ployed by the mining company to assist trammers in long-distance haulage, where tramming is done by men. An assistant trammer. Pig tin. Tin cast, or for casting into pigs. (Webster) Pike. 1. A pick or pickax. 2. The horn or back of an anvil. 3. A peaked mountain or hill top, or a mountain or hill with such a top; a peak. 4. A turnpike road. 5. A sharp-pointed staff. (Webster) Pikeman (So. Staff.) One who uses a pick or pickax, as a miner; a pick- man. (Webster) Pike pole. A pole 12 to 20 feet long with a long spike in one end, used in directing floating logs (Webster). Also frequently used in raising struc- tural timbers, as in raising the frame of a building. Piking. See Cobbing, 1. Pila (Mex.). 1. A stone basin used for storing amalgam' from the patio process. P. apuradora, a tank to re- ceive the residues from the washing troughs. 2. A large evaporating pan 510 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDXJSTBY. used In salt works. 3. (Colom.) A pit or reservoir dug out or made by damming a creek and used In gravel washing. 4. P.&e mineral, a pile of ore. (Halse) ' Pllador (Colom.). A wooden instru- ment moved by the stamps to indi- cate that ore is short in the battery ; a tell-tale. (Halse) Pilandlte. A porphyrltlc phase of hatherlite. (Kemp) Pilar (Mez.). A pillar of rock or or& (Dwight) Pilar" el molino (Colom.). Said of noise produced by stamps when ore is short in the mortar box. (Halse) Pilarite. An aluminous variety of chrysocoUa. (Standard) Pilch. 1. (Corn.) A portion of the lode let to miners to work on trib- ute. (Da vies) 2. A thick apron worn by peat dig- gers. (Standard) Pile. 1. The fagot or bundle of flat pieces of iron prepared to be heated to welding-heat and then rolled. 2. To make up into riles or fagots. 3. Long thick laths, etc., answering in shafts, in loose or "quick" ground, the same purpose as spills In levels, piles being driven vertically. (Ray- mond) 4. A large stake or pointed timber driven in the earth, as to support foundations of buildings in wet or yielding ground or, where the ground is soft, to support a building, pier, or other superstructure or to form a cofferdam; also an iron post or pillar, or a cylinder of concrete, used in place of the pile. (Web- ster) 5. A fortune. A miner who has made money has made his pile. Pile cap. In hydraulic engineering, a beam connecting the heads of piles. (Century) Pile dam. A dam made by driving piles and filling the interstices with stones. The surfaces are usually protected with planking. (Century) Pile driver. A machine for driving piles, usually a high frame with appliances for raising to a height a heavy mass of iron (the monkey), which falls on the pile. (Webster) Pile hoop. An iron band put around the head of a timber pile to prevent splitting. (Century) Pile ihoe. An iron point fitted on a pile, (Century) Plleta (Mex.). 1. Sump of a mine: 2. Basin, pot, or crucible of a smelt- ing furnace. (Dwight) Piling. See Pile, 3 and 4. Pillar. 1. A solid block of coal, etc., varying in area from a few square yards to several acres. (Gresley) 2. A piece of ground or mass of ore left to •support the roof or hanging wall in a mine. (Hanks) Pillar-and-breast. A system of coal mining in which the working places are rectangular rooms usually five or ten times as long as they are broad, opened on the upper side of the gangway. The breasts usually from five to twelve yards wide, vary with the character of the roof. The rooms or breasts are separated by pillars of solid coal (broken by small cross headings driven for ventilation) from five to ten or twelve yards wide. The pillar is really a solid wall of coal sepa- rating the working places. When the object Is to obtain all the coal that can be recovered as quickly as possible, the pillars are left thin ; but where this plan is likely to in- duce a crush or squeeze that may seriously injure the mine, larger pillars are left and after the mine has been worked out, the pillars are 'robbed' by mining from them until the roof comes down and pre- vents further working. In the steeply Inclined seams of the an- thracite regions the pillar-and- breast system is employed by work- ing the bed in 'lifts' (Chance). Also called Pillar-and-stall, Post- and-stall, Bord-and-pillar. Pillar-and-room. See Room-and-PIUar. Pillar-and-stall. A system of working coal and other minerals where the first stage of excavation is accom- plished with the roof sustained by coal or ore (Gresley). See Pillar- and-Breast ; Post-and-Stall. Pillar-and-stope. See Square-set stop- ing. Pillar coal. Coal secured in pillar-rob- bing. Pillar-drive. A wide irregular drift or entry, in firm dry ground, in which the roof is supported by pillars of the natural earth, or by artificial pil- lars of stone, no timber being used. (Duryee) Pillaring (Aust). The process of ex- tracting pillars (Power). Also called Robbing pillars; Pulling pll- lar& GLOSSARY OP MUnST'^ AlTD MINBRAL INDUSIBT. 511 Pillaring back (No. Staff.)- Bobbing pillars. See Drifting back. (Gres- ley) Pillar man. A man who builds stone packs In mine workings. (Gresley) Pillar roads. Working roads or In- clines in pillars having a range of lonigwall faces on either side. (Gresley) Pillar-robbing. 1. The systematic re- moval of the coal pillars between rooms or chambers so as to regulate the subsidence of the roof. Also called pillar drawing. 2. The re- moval of ore pillars in sublevel stop- Ing, or slicing. Pillar-robbing and hand-filling. Bee Sublevel stoping. Pillar-working. Working coal in much the same manner as with the PlUar- and-Stall system. (Gresley) Pillion (Corn.). Tin that remains in the slag after the first melting (Webster). It is recovered by re- peated stamping, screening and washing. Pllolite. A name given to certain min- erals previously called Mountain cork and Mountain leather. (Ches- ter) P116n (Sp.). 1. A stone trough. 2. A stamp or stamper. 3. Pestle of a mortar. 4. A large wooden mortar for grinding maize. (Ualse) Plloncillos (Mex.). A collection of cone-shaped rocks. (Lucas) Pilotaxltic. Having holocrystalline structure In which the groundmass consists essentially of' microliths of feldspar; said of certain rocks, as the porphy rites. (Standard) Pilot burner. A small burner kept lighted to rekindle the principal burner when desired, as in a flash boiler (Webster). The light so maintained is called a Pilot-light or Pilot-flame. Pilot method. The method of excavat- ing a tunnel by driving a small tun- nel ahead, and then enlarging its dimffisions. (Webster) Pilot tunneL A small tunnel driven ahead of a main tunnel to de- ternrine its grade and direction. (Standard) Pilot valve. A small hand-operated valve to admit liquid to operate a valve difficult to turn by hand. (Webster) Pllquen (Peru). The tribute system. (Halse) Pilz furnace. A circular or octagonal shaft furnace, maintaining or in- creasing its diameter toward the- top, and having several tuyfires; used In smelting lead ores. (Ray- mond) Plmellte. A massive or earthy apple- green, hydrous silicate. Containing magnesium, nickel, aluminum, and iron ; named from its unctious qual- - ity. (Standard) Pimple metal. A furnace prtfduct con- taining about 78 per cent of copper, formed in the smelting of copper ores. (Standard) Pimple - stone. Pebblestone. (Web- ster) Pimpley (Shrop.). Bind containing Ironstone nodules. (Gresley) Pin. 1. (Scot.) A tally for counting tubs or cars of ore or coal. Pins were formerly made by the miners, each miner's pins having a distin- guishing device, initial, or number^ (Barrowman). See Wedge rock. 2. (Eng.)., A thin bed of Ironstone. In the coal measures. (Gresley) Piiia (Mex.). 1. SllveV amalgam pressed In the form of a cone to be retorted under a capelUna. See Pella. 2. The spongy or porous cone of silver left after evaporation of the mercury in the patio process of amalgamation. (Standard) 3. Cone for sample g r 1 n d e n (Dwight) 4. (Chile) Bullion. (Halse) Pinacold. In all systems of crystal- lography, but the isometric, an open form of two parallel faces parallel to two of the axes. (La Forge) If the planes are parallel to both lat- eral axes, it Is called a basal pina- cold; if to the longer lateral and the vertical axis, a macropinacoid;- if to the shorter lateral and vertical axes, a brachypinacoid; if to the inclined axes and the vertical axis, a cUnopinacoid ; if to the ortho axla and the vertical axis, an ortlwpina- coid. (Webster) Pinch. 1. A compression of the walls of a vein, or the roof and floor of a coal bed, which more or less com- pletely displaces the ore or coal. Called also Pinch-out (Standard). The narrowing of a vein or de- posit. A thin place In a mineral zone or where the ^one Itself almost or quite disappears and in other places widens out into extensive 512 GLO^SAHY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. bodies of ore. (Meydenbauer v. Ste- vens. 78 Fed. Kept, p. 791) S. A kind of crowbar for breaking down coal. (Gresley) 8. A kind of crowbar with a short projection and a heel or fulcrum at the end ; used to pry forward heavy objects; a pinch. (Standard) 4. To move (heavy machinery, etc.) short distances at a time by means of short holds with a crowbar or ^nch bar. Pinoh bar. See Pinch. 3. f Inchbeck metal. An alloy of copper, 80, and zinc, 20 per cent. (TJre) Pinchcock. A clamp on a fiexible tube to regulate the flow of a fluid through the tuhe. (Webster) Pinched. Where a vein narrows, as if the walls had been squeezed in. When the walls meet, the veiB is said to be pinched out (Roy. Com.). See Pinching out; also Pinch, 1. Pincher. In glass-making, a nipping tool for shaping at one operation the outside and Inside of the neck of a bottle. (Standard) Pinching ont. Bee Pinch, 1. Pinching tongs. In glass-making, a pair of tongs upon the extremities of whose jaws are two dies that, when closed, form a mold for orna- mental pendants, which are thus made from molten glass. The eye in the end of a pendant is made by a pin between the jaws of the tongs. (Standard) Pinch-out. See Pinch, 1. Pin cracks (Leic). Small fissures in coal seams filled with water and gas. (Gresley) Pinder concentrator. A revolving table on which are tapering spiral copper cleats on a linoleum cover. The tailings are washed over the riffles and off the edge while the concen- trates are delivered at the end of the riffles. (Liddell) Plndy (Corn.). A carbonaceous Shale. (Power) Pingnlte. A soft oil-green variety of the hydrous silicate chloropal. (Cen- tury) Pin-in. To fill the interstices of ma- sonry with small pieces of stone. (Standard) Pinion. A cog wheel with a small number of teeth designed to gear with a larger wheel or rack. (Web- ster) Pinite. A general term used to In- clude a large number of alteration products of iolite, spodumene, nephe- lite, scapolite, feldspar, and other minerals. A hydrous silicate of alu- minum and potassium. (Dana) Pink ash (Penn.). An anthracite which, when burned, leaves a pink ash. Pinning. 1. (No. Staff.) Brattlcing in headings. (Gresley) 2. Small stones for filling in ma- sonry interstices. (Webster) Pino (Sp.). Pine. (Halse) Pinta (Mex.). 1. Indication (by color, weight, or structure, etc.) of the me- tallic value of an ore; P. de metai, indications of ore, spots of ore. (Dwight) 2. P. aztU, at Pachuca, Mex., the lower zone of the silver veins, in which the matrix is either a gray or bluish color, due to the presence of silver sulphides. 3. (Venez.) A pay streak in gold placers. 4. A color in a hatea. (Halse) Pintar (Sp.). To exhibit indications of ore. (Halse) Pinzas (Sp.) A tool for extracting small objects that have fallen down a bore hole. Pincers. (Halse) Piojo (Sp. Am.). The last washing trough. (Lucas) Pioneer (Corn.). An able pickman; a tin miner. (Pryce) Pioneer bench. The first bench in a quarry which is blasted out. It is usually at the top of the rock to be quarried. (-Bowles) Pipage. 1. The carriage of oil, gas, water, etc., through pipes. 2. The charge for such carriage. (Stand- ard) Pipe. 1. An elongated body of min- eral. A narrow portion of rich ore extending down the lode. 2. Also the name given to the fossil trunks of trees found in coal beds. (Ihl- seng) 3. One of the vertical cylindrical masses of volcanic agglomerate In which diamonds occur in South Af- rica. 4. A tubular cavity, from a few inches to many feet in depth, occurring in calcareous rocks and often filled with gravel, sand, etc. 5. The eruptive channel opening into the crater of a volcano. 6. A tube for conveying water, dil, air, gas, etc. 7. A cavity in a casting, especially in an ingot of steel, due GLOSSARY OF MIITIITG AND MINEllAIi INDUSTRY. 613 to unequal cpntractlon on solidify^ Ing. 8. To throw water upon from a hydraulic pipe. (Webster) Pipeclay. 1. Masses of fline clay, generally of lenticular form, found embedde'd In the hydraulic gravel banks. (Hanks) S. A highly plastic and fairly pure clay of a grayish-white color, used in making pipes, in calico printing, and for cleaning soldiers' accoutre- ments, etc. (Webster) Piped air (S^ng.). Ventilation carried into the working places in pipes. (Gresley) Pipe dog. A hand tool that is used to rotate a pipe whose end is accessible, consisting of a small short steel bar whose end is bent at right angles to the handle, and then quickly re- turned, leaving only enough space between the jaws to slip over the wall of pipe. (Nat. Tube Co.) Pipe grab. A clutch for catching and raising a well pipe. (Standard) Pipe grip. In steam and pipe fitting an implement consi^mg of an iron bar with a curved end and pro- vided vrith a chain of square links to hook on to the jaws of the curved end. See Chain tongs. (Nat. Tube Co.) Pipe jack. An iron pipe with a clamp or pig foot upon one end and a curved point upon the other. It is wedged between the floor and roof of a mine room to hold the feed chain of a continuous electric coal- mining machine. (Steel) Pipe line. A line or conduit of pipe, sometimes many hundred miles long, through which petroleum is con- veyed from an oil region to a mar- ket or to reservoirs for refining (Standard). A line of pipe with pumping machinery and apparatus for conveying a liquid, or gas. (U. S. Min. Stat., pp. 1068-1073) Pipeman. 1. A laborer or workman engaged in laying or repairing pipe. 2. A workman in charge of a pipe, especially in hydraulic mining. (Webster) Pipe metal. An alloy of tin and lead, sometimes with zinc, for making organ pipes. (Webster) Pipe opal. 1. (White Cliffs, N. S. W.) Opalized belemnites. 2. (Queens- land) Long narrow cavities filled With opal. (Power) 744010 0—47 33 Pipe ore. Iron ore (llmonlte) in ver- tical pillars, sometimes of conical, sometimes of hour-glass, form, im- bedded in clay. Probably formed by - the union of stalacites and stalag- mites in caverns. (Raymond) Pipe oven. A hot-blast oven in which the air passes through pipes exposed to the heat of burning gas in brick conduits. (Century) Pipe press. The name commonly ap- plied to the machine used for mold- ing sewer pipe. (Ries) Plpe-prover. An apparatus for test- ing the tightness of a pipe line or system, usually by hydraulic pres- sure. (Standard) Piper (Lane). A feeder of gas in a coal' mine. (Gresley) Pipe sampler. A device for sampling a pile of ore, consisting simply of a small iron pipe which is driven into the pile and which, when with- drawn, brings a core of ore with it. (Richards, p. 845) Pipestone. A kind of argillaceous stone, carved by the Indians into tobacco pipes (Webster), See Cat Unite. ^ Pipe tongs. A hand tool for gripping or rotating pipe. (Nat. Tube Co.) Pipette. 1. A small piece of apparatus for transferring fiuids as in chemical operations. 2. To convey or draw off with a pipette. (Webster) 3. In ceramics, a funnel-like can to hold slip, and to permit it to escape in a fine stream, as in slip-decora- tion. (Standard) Pipe vein (Derb.). An ore body of elongated form (Raymond). See Pipe, 1. Pipe wrench. A wrench whose jaws are usually serrated and arranged to grip with increasing pressure as the handle is pulled. There are many forms such as Alligator, Stillsou, Trimo, etc. (Nat. Tube Co.) Piping (Cal.). 1. In hydraulic mining, discharging water from the nozzles on the auriferous gravel. (Hanks) 2. The tubular depression caused by contraction during cooling, on the top of iron or steel ingots (Ray- mond). See also Pipe, 7. Pipes (Sp.). Temporary blindness due to bad ventilation of sulphur mines. (Halse) Pique (Sp. Am.). A prospecting shaft; a winze. (Lucas) 514 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Flqneador (Sp.). The man who strikes the drill. (Halse) fiquera (Spl). The tap hole of a blast furnace. See also Piqueta. (Halse) Fi^ueta (Mez.). Tap hole; P. de grasa, a slag tap ; P. de plomo, a lead tap (Dwlght). See also Piquera. Piquete (Mex.). Surveyor's stake on the surface ; small prospect work of any kind. (Dwlght) Piquetero (Sp.). A boy who carries picks to workmen in mines. (Halse) Piracy. The diversion of the upper part of a stream 'by the headward growth of another stream: also called Beheading, Stream capture, and Stream robbery. (La Forge) (Sp.). Pyrargyrite. Pyrite. See Bronce. Pirarglrita (Dwight) Pirlta (Sp.). (Dwlght) Pirn (Scot.). A flat-rope winding di'um. (Gresley) Pirolusita (Sp.). Pyrolusite. (Dwlght) Pirometro (Sp.). Pyrometer. (Dwlght) Plrquin (Chile). Tribute. (Lucas) Pirquinero (Chile). A tributor. (Lucas) Plsanite. An iron sulphate In which part of the iron is replaced by cop- per, (FeCu)S04+7H20. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Plsar (Sp.) 1. To dip. 2. To beat down stones or earth with a mallet. 8. (Colom.) P. el molino, said of stamps when they pulverize ore In the battery. (Halse) Plso (Sp.). 1. A floor or level. 2. The bottom working of a mine. 3. The footwall of a vein or deposit. (Halse) Pisolite. A limestone composed of globular concretions, aboitt the size of a pea. (Webster) ' Pisolitlc. Consisting of rounded grains like peas or beans. (George) pis6n. 1. (Sp.) A rammer for driv- ing earth, stone, or piles. 2. (Colom.) A stamp. 8. (Chile) A wet-crushing mill. (Halse) Pisaasphalt; Pissasphaltnm. A soft bitumen of the consistency of tar, black, and possessing a strong smell (Mitzakis). See also Maltha. Pisselaenm. A variety of bitumen. (Mitzakis) Plstazite. A synonym for Epidote, more current in Europe than Amer- ■ ica, and used in rock names for epi- dote. (Kemp) Pistola (Mez.). Small drill hole. (Dwlght) Pistol pipe. In metal working, the tuy&re of a hot-blast furnace. (Cen- tury) Pit. 1. (Eng.) A colliery; a mine shaft; a shallow hole. (Gresley) .2. The underground portion of a col- liery, including all workings. Used in many combinations, as pit car, pit clothes, etc. (Steel) 3. In hydraulic Mning, the excava- tion in which piping is carried on. (Hanks) 4. A stack of wood, prepared for the manufacture of charcoal. (Bay- mond) 5. A large hole from which some mineral deposit is dug or quarried, or the mine itself, as a gravel pit, stone pit. 6. A hole in the ground in which to bum something, as a lime pit, charcoal pit. (Webster) t. An excavation in the earthen floor of a foundry to receive molten metal. (Standard) Pit bank. 1. (Scot.) The surface of the ground at the mouth of a pit, or shaft. (Barrowman) 2. (Eng.) The raised ground or platforms upon which the coal is sorted and screened at surface. (Gresley) Pit barring (Scot). Timbers support- ing the sides of a shaft (Gresley) Pit boss. One who has charge of the surface work at the mine as well as that in the mine. A mine foreman. (Steel) Pit bottom. 1. (Scot) The bottom or lowest landing in a shaft (Bar- rowman) 2. (Eug.) The entrance to a mine and the underground roads, in the immediate vicinity, whether at the bottom of the shaft or at any point in it beneath the surface at which the cages are loaded. Also Fit ey& (Century) Pit-bottom stoop (Scot.). A l^ge_ solid block or pillar left around and to support the mine shaft (Gres- ley) Pit-brow (Lane). The -pit bank (Gresley). At or near the top of a shaft Pit-oar oil. See Summer black olL QLOSSABT OF inXING AOT) MXETEBAL lin)"nSTRY. 515 Pitch. 1. The ground assigned to tributers. 2. The dip or Inclination of a vein or bed ; more precisely, Jn modern usage, the inclination of an ore body in the direction of its strike. (Webster) 8. iSee Pitch of fold. 4. In dredging, the distance between the center of any pin and that of the pin in the next adjacent bucket (Weatherbe, p. 66) 6. One of the residues formed in the distillation of wood or coal tar. It is also obtained from petroleum. The term 'pitch' Is sometimes employed indlsclminately to mean bitumen or asphalt. (Mlt- zakis) 6. The amount of advance of a screw thread In a single turn, ex- pressed in lineal distance along or parallel to the axis, or In turns per unit of length 7. The distance be^ tweoi tooth centers, measured on the pitch line,- or the number of teeth per tittlt of diameter, as In a gear-wheel. (Standard) Tltoh-bag (Cotu.). A bag covered with pitch. In which powder Is in- closed for charging damp holes. (Raymond) Pitchblende. See TJraninite. Pitch coal. X. A brittle lustrous bi- tuminous coal or lignite. (Webster) 2. A kind of jet. (Standard) Pitcher. 1. (No. of Eng.) A loader In the pit, and one who takes up and relays the rails at the working faces. (Gresley) 2. One who picks over dumps for pieces of ore. (Webster) Pitcher brasses (Shrop.). Indurated schistose clay. (Gresley) Pitcher molding. In ceramics, . a method of molding by pouring thin slip Into a mold, which, is then emptied, leaving part of the mixture adhering. As it dries more is poured, to adhere and dry until the required thickness is- obtained. (Standard) Pitch-faced. In stone cutting, quarry- faced, but having the arris defined by a line beyond which the rock is cut away so as to give nearly true edges, (Webster) Pitching. 1. The act of facing a bank with stone; also, the stone facing. 2. Rough paving of a street to a grade with coarse stone, or cobbles ; a pavement so made. (Webster) Pitching bar. A kind of pick used by ndners in beginning a drill' hole. (Webster) Pitching chisel. In stone cutting, a steel chisel having the cutting face rectangular In outline. (Webster) Pltchlng-stable. A Ck>rnish paving granite. (Standard) Pitch line. The line on which the pitch of teeth is measured ; an Ideal line, in a toothed gear or rack, bear- ing such a relation to a correspond- ing, line in another gear with which the former works, that the two lines vrtll have a common velocity as In rolling contact. (Webster) Pitch of fold. The angle between the horizontal and an axial line passing through all the highest or lowest points of a given stratum of a syncline or anticline. (I^indgren, p. 112) Pitch off. A quarryman's term for ■trimming an edge of- a block of stone with a hammer and sett (Bowles). See also Pitch-faced. Pitch ore. See Pitchy copper ore. Also a synonym for Pitchblende. (Chester) Pitch mineral. Bitumen; asphalt. (Standard) Pitch "opaL An inferior quality of common opal. (Standard) Pitch peat. A variety of peat resem- bling asphalt (Standard) Pitohstone, A variety of volcanic glass similar to obsidian but having a more resinous luster. (La Forge-) It was formerly specially used for Pre-Tertlary glasses, i. e., the glasses of quartz-porphyries and por- phyries, but time distinctions are ob.<^olete. Pitchstones have a marked resinous luster as the name implies. (Keinp) Fitch; copper ore. An early name (Pecherz) for a dark-colored oxide of copper which looks like pitch. (Chester) Pitchy Iron ore. An old synonym for Pitticlte. (Chester) Pltchwork. In mining, work don'e on condition that the miner shall re- ceive a certain proportion of the out- put (Standard). See Pitch, 1. Pitch-workings. Mine workings In steeply inclined seams. Pit coal. Coal obtained by mining, as distinguished firom charcoal. (Power) 516 GliOSSAKY OF MINIKQ AXTD MINKRAL IKDXTSTBT. Tit committee (Ark.). A committee of mine workers elected by the local union to confer with the pit boss or -superintendent in case of disputes between them and any miner. (Steel) Ht crater. A volcanic crater at the bottom of a pit. (Standard) Pit eye (Eng.). The bottom of the shaft of a coal mine ; also the junc- tion of a shaft and a level. (Ray- mond) Pit-eye pillar. A barrier of coal left around a shaft to protect !t from caving. (Raymond) Pit frame. 1. The framework carry- ing the pit-pulley (Raymon''). See also Head frame. 2. The framework in a coal-mine shaft. (Standard) Pit gate (York.). Any place in the Im- mediate vicinity of a colliery at which miners hold meetings of their own in reference to wages, etc. (Gresley) Pit guide. An iron column that guides the cage in a mine shaft. (Stand- ard) Pith (Eng.). The soft part of the lode. (Hunt) Pit head (Scot.). The landing at the top of a shaft. (Barrowman) Pit head-frame (Scot). See Head frame; Pit frame, 1. Pit-head man (Scot.). The man in charge of the unloading of the cages and weighing of the mineral at a pit head. (Barrowman) Pit heap (Eng.). See Heapstead. Pit hill (Eng.). See Pit bank, 2. Pit kiln. 1. A kllri sunk in the ground, as on a hillside. 2. An oven in which coke }s made. (Stand- ard) Pit lamp; Pit light. An open lamp worn on a miner's cap as distin- guished from a safety lamp. (Steel) Pit-mau. 1. (Com.) A man employed to examine the lifts of pumps and the drainage. 2. (Newc.) A work- ing miner. (Raymond) Pit month (Scot.). The opening of a shaft at the surface of the ground. (Barrowman) Pitometer. In hydraulics, an instru- ment for autographically recording variations of flowing water. It con- sists essentially of twft Pltot tubes, one pointed upstream and one down- stream. (Webster) Pitot's gange. See Pltot's tube. Pitot's tube. A tube bent at right an- gles, which inserted In a flowing stream receives the force of the cur- rent and measures its velocity by the rise of water In the vertical branch. (Standard) Pit prop. A piece of timber used as a temporary support for the mine roof. (C. and M. M. P.) Pit pumps (Scot.). Pumps used In a mine shaft. (Barrowman) Pit rails (Eng.). Iron or steel rails upon which trams or tubs run In a mine. (Gresley) Pit room. The extent of the opening in a mine; pit space. (Steel) Pit rope (Eng.). Winding rope; a hoisting rope. Pits (So. Wales). Long open-air fires for converting coal into coke for blast-furnace purposes. (Gresley) Pit shaft (Eng.). Same as Shaft Pitter (Eng.). A horse or pony suit- able for underground work. (Gres- ley) Pitticite. Hydrous sulpbarsenate of iron, found in yellowish, reddish, and brownish reniform masses (Chester). Also spelled Plttlzlte. Pitting. 1. The act of digjdng or sink- ing a pit, as for sampling alluvial deposits. 2. Corrosion of metal by which small cavities are produced. 3. (Scot.). Mining on the outcrop by means of shallow pits. Pit tip (Eng.). A bank or heap upon which mine waste is tipped or dumped. ( Gresley ) Pit top. 1. (Eng.) The mouth of a mine shaft Gresley) 2. (Aust) The structure about the mouth of a shaft. (Power) Pittsburgh flux. A condensed or blown oil from Ohio petroleum; It contains 97.6 per cent of bitumen soluble in carbon disulphlde, 66.1 pel cent of bitumen soluble In 88° B6. naphtha, 55.3 per cent of pure bitumen as saturated hydrocarbons, 3.7 per cent of paraffin scale, 4.75 per cent of sulphur, and 13.7 per cent of ash-free residual coke. (Ba- con) OLOSSABV OF MINING AND MINEBAL. INDUSTRY. 617 Ht water (Aust). The moisture contained In freshly mined coal, which Is lost by exposure to ordi- nary atmospheric conditions. (Power) Pit wood TEng.). The timber used for propping the roof. (Oresley) ?Itwork (Corn.). The pumps and other apparatus of the engine shaft. (Raymond) See also Pit top. nt Wright (Scot). An engineer who attends to pit pumps, etc. (Barrow- man) Pivotal fault. See Fault Pivote (Mex.). The chimney of a small copper-smelting furnace. (Halse) Pizarra (Sp.). Slate; P. arcillosa, a clay state; P. carbotUfera, coal, slate or shale. (Halse) (Lu- Pizarral (Sp.). Slate quarry, cas) Pizarrefia (Sp.). Slaty structure. (Dwlght) Placas (Hex.). Jaw plates for a crusher; P. de cobre, amalgamated copper plate; P. de unidn, fish plate. (Halse) Place. 1. See In place ; ^I«o In situ. 2. The part of a mine in which a miner works by contract Is known as his "place" or "working place" (Steel). A point at which the cut- ting of coal. Is being carried on. S. (Eng.) A kind of cabin In which tools are kept in the mine, and In which a deputy eats his lunch. (Gresley) Placer (Sp.). A place where gold is obtained by washing ; an alluvial or glacial deposit as of sand or gravel, containing particles of gold or other valuable mineral. In the United States mining law, mineral deposits, not veins in place, are treated as placers, so far as locating, holding, and patenting are concerned. Vari- ous minerals besides metallic ores have been held to fall under this provision, but not coal, oil, or salt (Webster) Placer claiin. A mining claim located upon gravel or ground whose min- eral contents are extracted by the use of water, by sluicing, hydraul- Icklng, eta (Duryee). The unit claim Is 1,320 feet square and con- tains 10 acres. See Placer. Ground with defined boundaries which contains mineral In the earth, sand, or gravel; ground that in- cludes valuable deposits not fixed In the rock. (United States v. Iron Silver Mining Co., 128 United States, p. 679.) (U. S. Mln. Stat, p. SOT- SIT.) See Claim; also Lode claim. Placer deposit. A mass of gravel, sand, or similar material resulting from the crumbling and erosion of solid Tocbs and containing particles or nuggets of gold, platinum, tin, or other valuable minerals, that have been derived from rocks or veins. (U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 613, p. 184) Placer mining, That form of mining in which the surficlal detritus is washed for gold or other valuable minerals. When water under pres- sure Is employed to break down the gravel, the term Uydraulio nUning Is generally employed. There are deposits of detrltal material contain- ing gold which lie too deep to be profitably extracted by surface min- ing, and which must be worked by drifting beneath the overlying bar- ren material. To the operations necessary to extract such auriferous material the term drift mining Is applied. (U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 259 p. 32). See also Dredge, 1: Placing wcrk (Eng.). The distribu- tion of work among trammers (Bainbridge) Plagihedral. In crystallography, hav- ing an oblique spiral arrangement of faces. (Webster) Plagioclase. The trlcUnlc feldspars are called collectively plagioclase. The principal tricllnlc feldspars are albite, anorthlte, labradorlte, and * oUgoclase. As constituents of rocks they occur generally In small crys- talline grains, and without a micro- scopic examination It Is difficult to distinguish them In this form from one another (Roy, Com.). A con- venient designation for the feldspars consisting chiefly of silicates of so- dium, calcium, and aluminum as op- posed to those consisting chiefly of: potassium and aluminum silicates. The name has reference to the oblique character of the cleavage of these feldspars as compared with: orthoclase, the common potassium^ feldspar. (Rausome) Flagioclastic. Having the cleavage of plagioclase ; breaking obllqueljr~ (Standard) Plaglonite. A sulphide of lead and antimony, of a blackish lead-gray color and metalUc luster.. («Web- ster) 518 GLOSSABY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Plain. An extent of level, or nearly level, land; a region not noticeably diversified with mountains, hills, or valleys. (Century) Plain shale (Scot). Oil shale not foliated. (Barrowman) Plan. 1. The system on which a col- liery is worked, as Longwall, Plllsir- and-breast, etc. 2. A map or plan showing outside improvements and undergi'ound workings. (C. and M. M. P.) Plan (Sp.). i. The lowest working in a mine. 2. P. del tiro, the sump of a shaft, i. An Inclined plane. 4. A survey plan. 6. ny plane figure by passing a tracer around the bounding plane. (Webster) Planish. To condense, smooth, and toughen, as metal, by hammer blows. (Standard) Planlsher. A device by which to flat- ten thin sections cut for microscopic examination. ( Standard ) Plank (So. Wales). Strata drained of gas. -(Gresley) COiOSSARY OF MINING AND MINBBAL INDUSTRY. 619 Plnnk dam (Bng.). A water-tight stopping fixed In a heading, and con- strncted .of plank placed across the passage. (Gresley) Plank hook. In mining, a form of cant hook used for shifting planka. (Standard) Plank-timherlng. The lining of a shaft with rectangular plank frames. ( Raymond ) Plank^tnbbing. The lining of a shaft with planks, spiked on the inside of curbs. (Raymond) Piano (Sp.). 1. A plan. 2. The floor of a mine working..,' 3. A plane; P. inoUnado, an inclined plane; P. de omcero. In geology, a plane of cleav- age; P. de estraliftcacMn, a plane of stratification; P. de fraetura, plane of fracture; P. de junta, a joint plane. 4. P. de reibcUanUento, a. slickensldes. 5. P. de nivel, a datum line (Halse). See also Plan. Plaaophyre. A rock In which the phenocrysts are arranged in layers. (Iddings, Igneous Rocks, p. 224) Plant. 1. The shaft or slope, tunnels, engine houses, railways, machinery, workshops, etc., of a colliery or other mine.. (Steel) S. To place gold or any valuable ore in the ground, in a mine, or the like to give a false impression of the richness of the propert7. T.o "salt," as to plant gold with a shotgun. (Webster) Se& Salting a mine. Planti battery. A type of storage bat- tery with both . electrodes of lead and the . electrolyte ' of. . suIphAiric add, (Webster) Plasma. A variety ..of .dialcedonlc quartz. (Dana) Plastering. Same as Mudcapplng. Plaster mill. 1. A machine consistlhg of a roller or set of rollprs ..ifor grinding Jime or gypsum to'' jpiowiier. 2. A mortar mill; (Caitury) . r ; : Plaster of Paris. A plaster made from gypsum by grinding and calcining It; so called from Its manufacture near Paris in France; - In Canada this term has been adopted for gypsum in any. form (Roy. Coin.). It forms with water a paste which soon sets, and is used for r casts, moldings, etc. iUittti pit (Derb.).. A gypsoih mine. (Oresley) PlMtar aton*. Qrpmm. Plastic. Capable of being molded or modeled, as clay or plaster. (Web- ster) Plasticity. The property possessed :by clay of forming a plastic mass when mixed with water. (Ries) Plat. 1. A floor for loading, unload- ing, etc., of ore, etc., at the Junc- tion of a shaft with a level (Web- ster). A platform. 2. A swinging- or revolving door used intermittently to connect two trackways. (Ihlseng) 3. The map of a survey in hori- zontal projection, as ot a mine, townsite, etc. Plata (Sp.). Silver; P. ogHa, silver glance; P. blanca, native silver; P. ceniza, chloride of silver ; P. c6mea amarilla, lodyrite; P. odmea blanca, cerargyrlte; P. esponja, silver sponge; P. maciza, (Peru), native 4Uver, generally in small sheets; P. mixta, gold and Silver alloy; P. negra, argentlte ; P. nina, silver bul- lion obtained by retorting, amalgam, and not yet melted ; P. pasta, silver bullion ; spongy silver bars after re- torting; P. verde, bromyrite; embo- '■ lite: (D wight) P. ' de ley, standard silver. (Min. ■ Jour.) Plataforma (Sp.). 1. A platform, a scaffold, 2. A turn table. 3. A multiple-deck , skip or " giraffe." '■ (Halse) ' ' ^ Plate. 1. (S«»t.) A flat cast-iron or malleableTiron sheet laid at the shaft,, bottom or at any landing to enable the cars: to bo .easily turned and moved about. A cast-Iron platp Wl^h a circular ridge on which cars arfe turned at junction of roads. (Barrowmi'ri) 2. (£!ng.)r Black shale; a slaty rock. :(JHunt) 3. A sheet of rolled. iron or sieei a .quarter of an inch or njore thick. 4. To ■ cover over with gold, sil- ver, or other metal, el thisr mechani- cally or chemically. (Webster) 6. Plate glass. 8. A hoUzontal tlm- ' ber laid on a wall to receive a. frame- .yrork. (Standard) , 7;. 'A stieet of copper coated with mercury ifor 'collecting gold. iSee atiio Amalgamattdii, 2. Plate amalgan^atlbn. Amalgamation in which the crushed ore, suspended In water, is brought In contact". with surfaces coated with a layer of mer- cury. (Olennell, p. 198) 620 GliOSSARY OP taSISQ AND MINERAL INDtTSTBT. Flate-and-frame filter press. A filter press consisting of plates with a gridiron surface alternating with hollow frames, all of which are held by means of lugs, on the press framework. The corners of both frames and plates are cored to make continuous passages for pulp and so- lution. The filter cloth is placed over the plates. The pulp passage- way connects with the large square opening in the frame; the solution passageways connect with the grid- iron surface of the' plate. The Dehne and the Merrill are well- known types. (Llddell) Plateau. An upland, tableland, or ele- vated plain having a fairly smooth surface and bounded, on at least one side, by an escarpment separat- ing it from lower country. 2. A dis- trict or region of considerable extent and somewhat diverse surface, not dominantly mountainous but com- monly including some mountains, which lies in general distinctly higher than the surrounding or ad- jacent country ; an extensive upland region. 3. A formerly smooth upland or elevated plain now so much dis- sected that only traces of the former surface remain on fiat-topped hills and ridges of nearly uniform alti- tude: more properly called a Dis- sected plateau. (La Forge) Plate machine. An improved form of potters' wheel for forming porce- lain plates for table use. (Stand- ard) Plate mark. A special mark put on ar- ticles made of precious metal to show the place of manufacture, fineness of the metal, etc. (Standard) Plate metal. Refined iron run In molds and broken up for remelting or for use in a mix. (Webster) Plate nail (Eng.). A nail or spike to fasten tram plates and rails to the sleepers. (G. C. Greenwell) Plater. One who plates articles with a coating of precious or lustrous metals : usually in composition, as, a silver-plater. (Standard) Platero (Sp.). A silversmith. (Dwight) Plate oven. A double oven In one part of which the spilt cylinders of sheet or cylinder glass are heated before being flattened, the sbeets then being placed in the other chamber to be annealed. (Webster) Plate rail (Scot). A flat cast-iron rail with a flange on one side. (Barrow- man) Plate roll. A smooth roll for maUnK sheet iron or plate iron, as distin- guished from one having grooves foi rolling rails, beams, etc. (Stand- ard) Plate shale. A hard argillaceous shale. (Raymond) Plate tongs. Tongs for grasping and handling iron or steel plate$. ( Stand- ard) Platform. 1. A wooden floor on the ^de of gangway at the bottom of an incllfied seam, to which the coal runs by gravity, and from which it is shoveled into mine cars. 2. A scaf- - fold. 3. A bench in a glass-furnace for receiving pots. (Standard) PlatlUo (Sp.). 1. Scale pan. i. A small cog wheel. 3. The small disk on a chain pump. 4. (Mex.) A red earthen plate for testing ore or slime. (Halse) Platlna. 1. Same as Platinum. 3. Twisted silver wire. (Standard) Platina mohr. Same as Platinum black, which see. (Standard) Plating. Art, or process, of covering anything with plates, or with a coat- ing of metal. (Webster) Plating hammer. A trip hammer for working on heavy metal plates for armored vessels. (Standard) Platinlo. Of, pertaining to, or con- taining platinum, especially In Its higher ; valence; as, platinic chloride. Compare Pl^tinous. (Standard) Platiniferoas. Containing or yielding platinum. ( Standard ) Platlntridium. An alloy of iridium with platinum and other metals of that group, found native. (Stand- ard) Platinize; Platinate. To coat or com- bine with platinum, especially by electroplating. (Standard) Platlnocyanlde. A cyanide of plati- num and some other element or radi- cal. (Standard) Platinoid. 1. Resembling platinum. 8. An alloy of German silver and 1 or 2 per cent of tungsten, used in the manufacture of resistance coils and other electrical appliances. 3. A platinum metal. (Standard) Platinous. Of, pertaining to, or con- taining platinum, especially in Us lower valence (Standard). Com- pare Platinic, GLOSSAEY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 521 Platlnmn. A heavy, almost silver- white metallic element, ductile and malleable, but very Infusible and resistant to most chemical reagents. Melting point about 1,710° C. Sym- bol, Pt ; atomic weight, 195.2 ; spe- cific gravity, 21.4 (Webster). Prac- tically all platinum Is found In the metallic state, though small quanti- ties are obtained from sperryllte (which see) and in the electrolytic refining of copper. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Platinum black. A soft, dull-black powder of metallic platinum, ob- tained by reduction and precipita- tion from its solutions. (Webster) Platinum luster. A silvery luster given by a platinum glaze, more commonly known as Silver luster. (Standard) Platinum metals. The group of me- tallic elements which in their chemi- cal and physical propertites resemble platinum. They are rhodium, ru- thenium, and palladium whose spe- cific gravities are about 12, and osmium, irridium and platinum whose specific gravities are over 21. (Webster) Platinum sponge Metallic platinum in gray, porous, spongy form, ob- tained by reducing the double chloride of platinum and ammo- nium. It occludes oxygen, hydrogen and other gases, to a high degree and is employed as an agent in oxi- dizing. (Webster) Platinum yellow. A pigment consist- ing of an alkaline chloroplatinate. (Webster) Plat6n (Sp.). A small pan used for ore washing. (Halse) Piatt (Corn.). An enlargment of a level near a shaft, where ore may await hoisting, wagons pass each other, etc. (Raymond^ Same as Plat, 1. Flatten. In glass-making, to fiatten out ; make into sheets or plates ; spe- ciflciilly, to make (a blown cylinder) Into a sheet by cutting lengthwise and softening so that it opens out (Standard) Platting. Brick laid flatwise on top of a kiln to keep in the heat. (Rles^ Flattnerite. Lead dioxide, PbO* Rarely in prismatic crystals, usu- ally massive. Luster, submetalUc. Color, Iron-black. (Dana) Plattner's process. A process for ex- tracting gold in which a charge of gold-bearing pulp Is placed in a re- volving Iron drum lined with lead, and a stream of chlorine gas is con- ducted through the pulp, producing chloride of gold, which is soluble In water (Goesel). See Chlorlnation process. Play. 1. (No. of Eng.) To work a steel mill. See Steel mill. 2. Idle, said of a mine not at work. See Play day (Gresley) Pla^a (Sp.). 1. A shore, strand, beach, or bank of a river. Gener- ally sandy, and sometimes aurifer- ous. (Halse) 2. 'l?he shallow central basin of a desert plain, in which water gathers- after a rain and is evaporated. (U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 613, p. 184) Play day (Eng.)._ A day on which, on account of accident, or other causes, mines are not worked (Gresley), See Play, 2. Player (Eng.). A man who formffl-ly worked a steel mill (Gresley). See Steel mill. Player (Peru). One employed In gold washing. (Halse) Play-in (Leic). To commence holing or undercutting a face of coal at the side of a heading. (Gresley) Plaza (Sp.). 1. Room or space. 2. The bottom of a shaft furnace; the floor or bed of a reverberatory fur- nace. (Halse) *iaza miner (Mex.). Any one who spends much of his time at a plaza, hotel lobby, etc., talking of pros- pects; mines, and mining operations. Plazo (Sp.). The term of a bond or refusal of a mining property (Halse). An Option. Plegar (Sp.). To fold, as of geologi- cal strata. (Halse) Pleiocene. See Pliocene. Pleistocene. The earlier of the two epochs comprised in the Quarter- nary period, in the classification generally used. Also called Glacial epoch and formerly called Ice age, Post-Pliocene, and Post-Tertiary. Also the series of sediments de- posited during that epoch, including both glacial deposits and ordinary sediments. Some geologists for- merly used Pleistocene as synony- mous with Quarternary and In- cluded in It all post-Tertiary time and . deposits. (La Forge) 622 GLOSSAIlY OF MINING AliH) MINBBAIj INDTTSTBY. Pleito ( Sp. ) . A lawsuit. ( Mln. Jour. ) Pleochroic. Exhibiting several differ- ent colors or tints when looked through In different directions. (Butler) fiennm. A system of ventilation in wiiich air is forced Into an inclosed space, as a room or a caisson so that the outward pressure of air in the space is slightly greater than the in- ward pressure from the outside, and leakage is outward instead of in- ward (Webster). A mode of venti- lating a mine or a heading by forc- ing fresh air into it (Gresley)' I>leochToism. The property of colored double-refracting minerals whereby light penetrating in different direc- tions shows different colors. (Power) Fleomorphlsm. The property of crys- tallizing under two or more distinct ~ fundamental forms. (Webster) fleonaste. Same as Ceylonite. Plesiomorphism. The property of cer- tain substances of crystallizing in similar forms while unlike in chemi- cal composition. Called also Iso- gonlsm. (Standard) Plicated. Folded together, as in highly inclined and contorted strata. (Roy. Com.) Pllegue (Sp.). A fold or slip. (Halse) Plies (Scot.). Successive thin layers of coai or rock. ( Gresley) See also Ply. Pliocene. The latest of the epochs . comprised In the Tertiary period, in the 'classification generally used. Also the series of strata deposited during that epoch. (La Forge) Plodding (Scot). Uncertain; irregu- lar, i. e., a plodding band or seam of ironstone. (Barrowman) Plomada (Mex.). Pliimb line, or plumb bob. (Owight) Plomero (Mer.). 1. A lead tapper; a furnace man. S. Plumber. (Dwlght) Plomillos H(Mex,). 1. Shots of lead found In slag. (Dwlght)' 8. At San Luis Potosi, Mez., tin ore In which hematite predominates, or Is present In equal proportions. (Halse) -Plomo (Sp.). 1. Lead; P. aflnado, re- fined lead; P. agrio, slag lead, hard lead; P. de obra, argentiferous lead, base bullion; P. gobre, lead i)oor in silver. 2. (Mex.) Lead ore, gener- ally galena. 3. P. roneo (Peru), argentite. (Halse) tlot. 1. A surveyor's or engineer's map of a piece of ground; a chart, plan, or geographical representation. 2. To locate on a map or chart,- as a point, curve, diagram, or plan; represent graphically; make a map or chart of (Standard). See Plat 3. (Corn.) "To cut a plot" is to make room, or square out a piece of ground by the side of the lode or shaft, for holding the broken ore or waste for other convenient purposes. (Pryce) Plotting scali^. A scale used for set- . ting off the lengths of lines in sur- veying. (Century) Plow steel. A high-tensile steel first used In rope for plowing fields. Now widely used in the manufacture of hoisting ropes. Plnck. To tear away projecting pieces of rock; said of the action of glaciers on contiguous rock. (Stand- ard) Plucking. The disruption of blocks of rock by a glacier. (Standard) Plucky. A term applied to stones that, under the chisel, • break away In Irregular conchoidal chips, thus making it difficult to secure a smootb face. (GiUette, p. 6) Plug. 1. A mass of igneous rock formed in the vent of a volccmo. Dome, spine, or aiguille. (Daly, p. 130) a. In surveying, a reference peg driven flush with the ground. (Web- ster) 3. A hammer closely resembling the bully. (Raymond) 4. See Plug-and-feather. Plug-and-feather. The plug is a wedge and the feathers are two short pieces of half-round iron whose curved sides fit the sides of a drill hole while their flat sides receive the plug. By driving the plugs in a series of holes, a stone may be broken. (Gillette, p. 541) plug box (Eng.). A wooden water- pipe used in coffering. (Gresley) Ping drill. A stone cutter's percussion driU. (Webster) Plugged crib (York). A walling crib carried by iron plugs (two to each segment) fixed in the wall rode. (Gresley) GLOSSARY OP MINIITG AND MINERAL IN0USTRY. 62S Pluggine. 1. The ^topping of the flow of water into a shaft by plugs of clay; (C. and M. Mi P.) 2. (Eng.). Supporting a haracterlstic of, per- taining to, or formed during pneu- matolysls. (La Forge) A general name applied to those minerals that have been produced In connection vrtth igneous rocks through the agency of the gases or vapors called minerallzers. They may be In the igneous mass Itself or In cracks in the wall rock. The term is much used In discussions of ore deposits. (Kemp) Pneumonaconlosls. A disease of the lungs due to habitually inhaling minute mineral or metallic particles, as lot coal dust in Anthracosis; Miner's asthma, or Miner's lung. (Webster) Poblador (Mex.). 1. Shift boss. S. The miner who points the holes. (D wight) Poblar (Mex.). To set men at work, in a mine. (Dwlght) Pobre (Sp.). Barren, sterile; said of rocks, veins, etc. Low-grade ore or metal. (Halse) PocSo (Braz.). Pits in river beds In ' which diamond-bearing gravel Is found. (Halse) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINBBAL INDUSTRY. 525 Toeket. 1. A small body of ore; an enlargement of a lode or vein; an irregular cavity containing ore. 8. A natural underground reservoir of water. 3. A receptacle, from which «oal, ore, or waste is loaded into -wagons or cars. (Raymond) -4. A ganister quarryman's local term for masses of rock 30 to 50 feet in "Width that are worked out and loaded, buttresses of untouched rock "being left between them to support the upper masses. (Bowles). 6. A hole or depression in the wear- ing course of a roadway. (Bacon) 6. A glen or hollow among moun- tains. (Century) docket hunter. A term used in Oali- fornia for a miner or prospector who searches for small gold deposits which occur on the surface in the Mother Lode and other districts of the State. Pockety. Ck>ntaining only occasional bunches of good ore. (Weed) Foso (Braz.). 1. A well. 2. A shaft. See also Pozo. (Halse) Pocono sandstone. A sandstone of the Mississippian system in the northern Appalachians, especially in Pennsyl- vania. It is oil-and-gas bearing in West Virginia, and is called by the drillers Big Injun sand. (Webster) Poder (Corn.). Refuse copper ore (Standard). Sometimes spelled Po- dar. Podrir jaguas (Colom.). To expose concentrates to the air in order to oxidize the sulphur, and thereby fa- cilitate the extraction of the gold. (Halse) Poicilitli!. See Poikilitlc. Poikilit; Polkilopyrite. Same as Born- ite. Poikilitlc. Having small crystals lying in all positions in larger crystals of another mineral; said of the fabric of some igneous rocks. (La Forge) A term proposed by G. H. Williams for those rocks which have mottled luster, because on the shining cleavage faces of some of their minei^ls small inclu- sions of others occur, producing the effect. The same thing was earlier called ''luster mottling" by Pum- pelly, but polkilitic has proved a useful term both in megascopic and microscopic work. It is also spelled polciUtic and poecilitic (Kemp) Point. 1, The tapering end of any- thing pointed, as of a needle, pencil, etc. 2. The tapping end of a tract of land; also a peak. S. A stone- cutter's tool with a pyramidal end used to smooth down rough surfaces. 4. A tapering rail, as in a frog- or switch. 5. A pointed steam pipe used in a system of thawing frozen ground in sinking a shaft. 6. To finish a wall by filling the Joint? with cement or mortar. (Webster) 7. (Eng.) The bearing or direction, in reference to the magnetic merid- ian, in which an underground road is driven. (Gresley) , 8. In quarrying, a type of wedge that tapers to a narrow, thin edge. (Bowles) 9. The end or bottom of a bore hole, as distinguished from the mouth or collar. (Du Pont) Pointed box. A box. In the form of Inverted pyramid or wedge, in which minerals, after crushing and sizing, are separated in a current of water (Raymond). See Spitzkasten. Pointer. In masonry, a tool for clear- ing the mortar from old joints in order to point them (Standard). See Point, 6. Point of the horse. The point where a lode splits or divides into two parts. (Whitney) Point out. Said of a well in which the bore of the hole becomes re- duced to a size too small to permit further work. Poison tower. A chamber in which the fumes of sulphur and arsenic are condensed in the manufacture of arsenic in Saxony and Silesia. (Standard) Poker. See Picker. Pokkers and jetters (Eng.). Blocks or pulleys, which carry or support the connecting rods of pumps or engines. (Pryce) Polar glacier. A glacier formed in the high latitudes. (ChamberUn, vol. 1, p. 239) Polariscope. An instrument for study- ing the properties of, and examining substances in polarized light (Web- ster) Polarization. The process by which ordinary light is changed into polar- ized light. The ' plane at right angles to the plane of transverse Vi- bration is called the plane of polari- zation. (Dana) 526 GX.DSSABY Oir iSISVSQ AND ISXSWLAl, INDXTSTBY. Polarized. Changed team the ordinal? state, in which the transverse vibia- tions occur in all planes i>a8slng through the line of propagation, to a state in which the? are In a sin- gle plane: said of light under cer- tain conditions, espedally when passed through a douhly refracting crystal. (La Forge) Polarized light is used to distin- guish minerals, particularly color- less, transparent ones, under the microscope. Polarizer. That one of the two Nlcol prisms in a polarizing microscope through which the light passes be- fore reaching the mineral section which is being examined. (La Forge) Polders (Dutch). Low fertile lands, reclaimed by vast systems of dikes and embankments from the sea. (Page) Pole. 1. Either extremity of an axis of a ^here. (Webster) 2. In glass-making, to work (as molten glass) with a pole, to di- minish ' the lilac color due to the presence of a low manganese oxide. 8. To work, as molten copper, with a pole to lessen the amount of Copper oxide present. See Poling, 2. (Standard) Polea (Sp.). Pulley wheel, or sheave. (Halse) Pole case (Eng.). Bee Plunger case. Pole chain. A surveyor's chain. (Standard) Pole drill. In well boring, a system where a rigid connection is used be- tween the drilling tools and the reciprocating beam. (Nat Tube Co.) Pole piece. A mass of iron forming the end of an electrofnagnet, by : means of which the lines of mag- netic force are concentrated and di- rectedi (Century) Pole tools. The tools used in drilling with rods. See Cable tools. (Ray- mond) Policeman (Scot). A movable guard over or around a shaft mouth oir at mid- workings ; safety gates. (Bai^ rowman) PoUng. 1. Stirring a metallic bath (of copper, tin, or lead) with a pole of -green wood, to cause ebullition and deoxidation in the refining process. (Raymond) 2. The act or process of temporarily protecting the face of a level, drift, cirt, etc, tar driving poles or plankB along the sides at the yet unbroken ground (Webster). Used especially for hoJdliig up soft ground. See also ForepiUng. Polings. Poles used Instead of planlcs for lagging. (Raymond) Also spelled Pollings. Polishing bed. An apparatus in which stone slabs, etc., are rubbed smoth, usually with felt-covered blocks charged with a powder. (Standard) Polishing cask. A bnrrel in which grained gunpowder is tumbled with graphite to glaze it. (Standard) Polishing mill. A lap of metal, leather, or wood used JSy lapidaries in polish- ing gems. (Century) Polishing oil. A term applied to that fraction, having' a boiling point of 130° to 160° C, obtained in refining petroleum. (Bacon) Polishing slate. A gray or yellow slate, consisting of siliceous organ- isms, used for polishing; found chiefly in the coal measures of Bo- hemia and in Auvergne, France. (Standard). Polishing snake. A serpentine found near the Ayr, in Scotland, used for- merly in polishing lithographic stones. ( Standard ) Polishing stone. Polishing slate. (Standard) Pollssolr. In glass-making, a hard- wood block with a long iron handle by which to flatten glass cylinders newly opened out; a flattener. (Standard) Poll. 1. (Corn.) The head or strik- ing part of a miner's hammer. (Ray- mond) 2. (So. Wales). To clean the shale off Ironstone. (Gresley) Polios (Peru). Small bags of rich ore . given by the miners, on Saturdays,- to the proprietors. (Halse) Poll pick. A pick with a head for breaking away hard partings In coal seams or knocking down rock al- - ready seamed by blasting. (Ray- mond) .PoUnoite. Hydrous csesium-sodium- aluminum silicate, HiO.(Cs,Na)iO.- AliOs-SSiOt. Found in pegmatite. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Pollux. Same as Pollucite. (Stand- ard) Polrose. Same as Polroa. GLOSSARY OP MININQ AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 527 Polroz (prpnonnced polrose). (Com.). The jilt undetneath a water wheel. (Haympnd) Polstean (Com.). A tin pit. (Da vies) PolvlUo (Sp. Am.). 1. Rich, black sil- ver sulphide concentrates, obtained in the patio process. 2. P. buenos, good ore ; the richest ore. (Halse) lolvlllos (Mex.). Kich concentrates, or very high-grade ores. (Halse) Pplvo (Mex.). Dust r flue dust; P. de carMn, coal-dust. (Halse) ffilvora (Sp.). Gunpowder. In Span- ish America, a miner's term for" any blasting material; P. de algoddn, guncotton (Halse). P. de mina, any powder used in mining. (Lucas) Polvorero (Sp.). Powder man; pow- der monkey. (Halse) Polvorillas. 1. (Peru) Decomposed sulphide of silver (Dwight). 2. (Mex.) Altered marcasite contain- ing some g'old. 3. Estano de p. (Du- rango, Mex.), tin ore penetrating the country rock. 4. (Chile) A ferruginous pulverulent copper ore, pMIiipite. (Halse) Polvorin (Sp.). A powder magazine. (Halse) Polybaslte. Sulphide of silver and antimony, Ag.SbS.. U pure, it would contain 75.6 per cent silver, but copper replaces part of the sil- ver ; also arsenic replaces antimony. (U. S. Gteol. Surv.) Polychromatic. Showing a variety, or a change of colors. (Webster) Polycrase. A columbate and titanate of yttrium, erbium, cerium, and uranium, with some iron and water. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Polydymite. A nickel sulphide, per- haps Nipllcid by voviigeurs to the Stiac^ ov ^A^jftesirShed that lies between th6 nHviigAby tu:ahche& of rivers belohginfe 1» the «ame or dif- ferent hydrogHaittile basiti^, and so called from, the s^cumstance tha6 boaits' and goods. Jiane to be cf|;rr)ied from the one braat^ to the 'odiet. (Page) Portal. 1. The surface entrahee to a drift, tunnel, adit, or entry, 2. The concrete or masonry axfSa., retaining wall, eti, erected at the opening of a drift, tunnel, or adit. Portavientot.Sp.). A bjast pipe for conveying air to ai fiirhace. (Halse) Porter. A loog iron bar attached to a for^^, oJ* a piec6 tix ^ocess of forging, Vy which to Swing dnA turn it. (Standard) Portland b^ds: Set! Pbi'tt&'nd lime- stone. Portland oemciat. A hydraulic, cement consisting of ccfdaponnds of Silica, linle, and alumina (Webster). It is obtained by burning to semifusion an intimate mixture of puIverl^M materials containing lim^; siliCa, and. alutnina in varying pi-oportions within certain narrow limits, and by pulvejMzlng finely the olinker that results. Portland Umeitone; Portland beds, A series of llhie!^t6ne strStft, b^bngiibi^ to th6 tippei' pai*t of the OSllte group, found chiefly in England; lii the Island of Porilahd, on the coast of Dorsetshire. The great supply of the building stone used in London is from these quarries. ((Jomstock) Portland stone, i. A yellowWh white oSIitlc building limestone from the Isle of Portland, England. 8. A purplish-brown sandstone from Port- land, C!onn. 8. Concrete mad^. with Portland cement, sand, and gravel. (Webster) Porto marble. A siliceous limestone of a black color, traversed. by gold- Colored veins; caUed also black and gold marble. The source is Porto Yen^e and the Isle of Palmeria in the vGulf of Spezia. ( Merrill ) Pxtrtrait stone. A flat diamond, ^ine- times with several rows of facets around its edge, for covering very smkll portraits. (Standard) Pn^^i^e. An oxygenat^ hydrocar< bon from the .Great Western nier- cuij mine. Lake Couni^j.Cal. It oc- cnirs itai, plates and modules, aome- ttmes "brittle, occasioiH^ hard ; i:he color Is ll^t green to reddish- ttirown; and the specific graivlty l-an^ irom 0:85 to -O.SSa. (Bacon ) Position blocks. ' Mining claims that are In a position to contain a lode if 1|: . ebnflnu^ In the. direction in virlil(^ It has been pf-oved in other ClalMs, but which themselves have not been proved. (Duryee) Pdsltlve crystal, A crystal In which the refractive index of th6 extraor- dinary ray is greater than the re- fractive index of the ordinary ray. (Dana) Positive Oie. OH e±po6ed on four sides in blocks of a size variously prescribed. 8e^ Ore developed, aUo Pxpved ore. (H, C. Hoover, p. 17) Ore which Is exposed and prop- erly sampled on four sides, In blocks of reasonable size, having in view the najtiire of the deposit as regards uniformity of value per tor< and of the third, dln^ehsioh, or thickness. (Mih. aiid lAet. Soc. of Am., Bull. 64, p. 262) Possession (Derb.). When a windlass Or frame, is placed on a veiit it is said to be in possession. (Mln. Jour.) Possessio, pedis. The actual, possession of a mining claim by the first ar- rlyal. (IT. S. Mln. Stat., pp. U7, 118) Possessory title. Title vested in the iQcator of a mining clalni by com- pliance with the State and Federal mining laws. (Duryee) GliOSSABY OF MIISTING AND MINERAL INDIISXB7. 531 FMifl»lfr,Qre..,0);e wJjlch'laay exlet be- low libe .lowest . workings, or beyond tbs.rasge fit actual. tUIoq. (Min. anil Met Soc. of Am., Bull. ^, p. 282) Post^ i. Aiinioe timber^. GommQiily used iot and easily detached,, It is separated from the oQier ^te by old mud, cracks (Steel). Smaller than a bell-jnold, gr ItetiJe Jjotton^ . , . , A metftlUc or earthen vessel of ^y_ pt iu4iiy, rounded forms. S. In cer^u;4|,|io^ti]^e.or abape and-fln^, ''^ ,a, piece of earthenware. (Web- ,. A- ^c]|jj>ie, usoaliy of fire clay, oftei^.ttf j^a^hita is. The mass, of consolidated material often filling a pothole. See Pothole, 1. (Stand- ard) Potable. Drinkable (Webster). Said of water and beverages. Potash. 1. ^he oxide of potassium, KiO. Not an independent compound, but used as a basis of comparison for all potash minerals and artificial aeltU. . I The potash of commerce is derived from the minerals carnal- lite, . ka.lnite, sylvite (not found in the United States), and niter, and also from certain sea-weeds . and wood ashes. See also Alunlte ; Alun- ogen; K^linite; Niter. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Potask alum, ^ee Kallnite. Potash feldspar. See Orthojclase. Potash mica. See Muscovite. Potasslo. .Of, pertaining to, or con- taining potassium. (Standard) Potassluni.' A soft, light, silver- white metal of the alkali group, occur- ring abundantly In nature, but al- lyfiffS combined, Symbol, K; atomic weight, 39.10^ specific gravity, 0.865. (Webster) Potato stone. A potato-like geode of q,uartz, h;?.YM>g a cen|tral cavity lined with crystals. (Power) Pot bottom. A large bowlder In the roof slate, having the aippearance of the rounded bottom of a pot, and which easily becomes detached (C. and M. M. P.). See Pot, 1; also. Bell-mold. Pot clay. A highly refractory fire clajf used in this manufacture of pot- tery. (Standard) Pot earth. Potter's earth, (Webster) Potencia (Sp.). 1. Power; P. calo- Hflca, calorific power. 2. The width or thickness of a vein. (Halse) 532 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY. Potential. The words "potential" ami "voltaRe" are. synonymous iind mean electrical pressure. The potential or voltage of a circuit, machine, or any piece of electrical apparatus means the potential normally exist- ing between the conductors of such circuit or the terminals of such ma- chine or av'paratus. In Bureau of Mines practice: (a) Any potential less than fcOl volts shall be deemed a low potential, (b) Any potential greater than 301 volts but less than 651 volts shall be deemed a medium potential, (c) Any potential in ex- cess of 651 volts shall be deemed a high potential. (H. H, Clark) Potelot. An old chemical and mlner- alogical term for molybdenum sul- phide. (Standard) Pot growan (Corn.). Soft decom- posed granite. (Whitney) Pothole. 1. A kettle or circular hole generally deeper than wide, worn Into the solid rock at falls and strong rapids by sand, gravel, and stones being spun around by the force of the current (Roy. Com.). Called also Kettle hole. Swallow hole. 2. A hole In the ground from which clay for pottery has been taken. (Webster) 3. A hole extending below the wear- ing course In a roadway. (Bacon) 4. (Lane). A small temporary ledge In a sinking-pit. (Gresley) 5. A rounded cavity In the roof of a mine caused by a fall of rock, coal, ore, etc. Potin (Fr.) A coin alloy of the an- cient Gauls, consisting of copper, zinc, lead, and tin. (Standard) Pot kiln. A small lime kiln. (Web- ster). Pot lead. Graphite or black lead. (Century) Potlld. A concretion found in sand- stone or shale of the Jurassic. (Standard) Pot metal. 1. Cast iron suitable for making pots. 2. A copper-and-lead alloy formerly used for large pots and for faucets, etc. 3. Glass col- ored throughout while fused; pot- metal glass. (Standard) Pot mizer (Eng.). A boring tool oc- casionally used in clays mixed with pebbles. It is made in the form of & spiral cone, that Is open at the top to receive the pebbles carried up by the worm. • (Gresley), Also spelled Pot miser. Potomac formation; Potomac series. The lowest division of the Creta- ceous period In the Atlantic and Gulf area of the United States. (Standard) Potsdam formation. A member of the Upper Cambrian of the United States and Canada, especially the original typical strata on the north and east sides of the Adiroudak mountains, New York (Standard) Pot-setting. In iglass-maklng, the placing of a pot in a furnace for the purpose of melting metal. (Standard) Potstone. A coarse or impure variety of soapstone; so called from being easy to cut into pots owing to Its softness. ( Roy. Com. ) Potter. 1. One whose occupation is to make earthen vessels. 2. A maker of metal pots. (Webster) Potter-Selprat process. The original Potter process (1902) was one of flotation in a 1 to 10 per cent acid solution. The mixture was 1 : 1 of ore and acid solution; this was agi- tated freely and heat applied, with the generation of COi from the car- bonates in the ore. This caused the sulphides to rise to the surface where they were either allowed to flow off continuously or were skimmed off. This was clearly a surface tension process. Delprat (1902) accomplished the same thing with acid salt-cake solution. Both processes were tried out at Broken Hill, Australia. Later patents Indi- cate that oil has been found to as- sist in this process. These inventors worked independently, became in- volved in litigation and eventually pooled their interests. (Llddell) Pottern ore. A term used in early metallurgical practice for' an ore that becomes vetrlfled by heat, like the glazing of earthenware. (Standard) Potters' clay; Pipe clay. Pure plastic clay, free from, iron, alid .conse- quently white after hnrning. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Potters' consumption. An acute bron-f chitis, often occurring among per- sons employed in potteries, eventw- ally affecting the lungs. Called also- Potters' ■ asthma, and Potters' bron- chitis. (S^taridard) Potters' lead- See Alguifou. Potters' ore. Bee Alqntfbu, GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 533 Tottert* vheel. A horizontal disk, re- volving on a vertical spindle, and carrying the clay in the operation of .throwing, which see. (Webster) Pottery. 1. A shop or factory where earthen vessels are made. 2. The art of the potter ; ceramics. 3. Ware made from certain earthy materials. Usually clay, molded while moist and soft and hardened by heat (Webster). The principal varieties are: (1) Earthenware, character- ized by comparative softness ' and fusibility in a porcelain furnace. It Includes: (a) Vnglazed ware; (b) Lustrous ware; (c) Olazcd ware; and (d) Enameled ware. (2) Stoneware, characterized by hard- ness and Infusibllity owing to the silica in the clay forming the body. See Porcelain. Pottery kiln. A kiln for firing pottery. (Standard) Pottery tree. Any one of various South American trees of the rose family, tlie hard an(l brittle bark of which contains a jxeat quantity of sUex, that the Indians obtain by burning and mingle with clay to form pottery. (Standard) Potting. The placing of pots, contain- ing either potassium nitrate or so- dium nitrate and sulphuric acid, in the kilns used In the manufacture of sulphuric acid from sulphurous acid obtained from the combustion of sulphur In air. (Century) -Pottsvllle eonrlomerate. A conglomer- ate formation at the base of the Pennsylvanian In the Northern Ap- palachian region; millstone grit. (Webster) Potty. Containing pots. See Pot, 1. Also applied to any roof in a coal mine which falls down in thick blocks. (Steel) Potwork. 1. (Prov.) Pottery or pot- tery ware 2. (Eng.) A place where common pottery Is made.. (Standard) Pound. 1. A unit of weight varying from 30() to about 1,070 grams, anS commonly divided into 12 or 16 ounces. Among English-speaking peoples, the avoirdupois pound of 7,000 grains Is the standard of weight for most purposes; but the troy pound of 5,760 grains is the standard for gold and silver and a few other costly articles. (Web- ster) 2. An underground reservoir of wa- ter. See Lodge, 1. S. A large natu- ral fissure or cavity in the strata. (Gresley) 4. The gold monetary unit of Great Britain equal to $4.8665. Poundage. 1. (Scot.) Interest some- times paid for money advanced be- fore pay day. (Barrownian) 2. In salt making, the numljer of ^ pounds of salt In a gallon or cubic foot of brine. (Webster) Pounder. An ore-mill stamp. (Stand- ard) Ponndstone. 1. (Shrop.) The stone or clay floor under the coal. (Gres- ley) 2. A stone, pebble, or large echinite, weighing a pound, used as a weight. (Webster) Poanson (No. Wales). Dense soft clay underlying coal beds. (Gres- ley) Pour. A term used in founding. 1. The amount of material, as melted metal, poured at a time. 2. The act, process, or operation of pouring melted metal ; as, make a pour at noon. (Standard) Ponrle (Scot.) (pronounced poorie). A small oil can with a spout from which oil Is poured- to lubricate ma- chinery. (Barrownian) Pouring-gate. A channel tn a mold, through which to pour molten metal. (Standard) Pout (No. of Eng.). A tool for knock- ing out or drawing timbers in the mine workings. (Gresley) Powder. 1. Any of various solid explo- sives, as gunpowder used in gunnery, blasting, etc. 2. The fine particles to which any dry substance is re- duced by pounding, grinding, etc. Powder barrel. A barrel made for the conveyance of gunpowder, usually containing 100 pounds (Standard). Compare Powder keg. Powder house. A magazine for the tem- porary storage of explosives. Powder Jack. See Jack, 3. Powder keg. A small metal keg for black blastlng-,powder, usually hav- ing a capacity sufficient for 25 pounds of powder. Powder man. A man In charge of ex- plosives in en operation of any na- ture requiring tjielr use. A powder monkey. "" 534 GLOSSAKT OF MH^ING AST) MIKEBAL INDUSTRY. f ovder monkey. 1. A person employed at the powder bouse of a coal mine whose duty It Is to deliver powder to the miners. ( Folsom-Morrl's Goal Mining Co. v. DeVork, 160 Okla- homa, p. 65.) 2. In some metal mines, the person who distributes powder, dynainite and fuse to the miners ai the work- ing faces. This is a nautical term, but is frequently used in the mining Industry. Powdered ore (Aust.). Ore dissemi- nated with vein stuff. (Power) Powder mine. An excavation filled with powder for the purpose of blasting rocks. (Century) Powellite. A mineral composed of cal- cium molybdate and calcium tung- state. Ca,(Mo,W)04. Occurs in minute' yellow tetragmal pyramids. (Dana) Powellizing process. A wood treatment consisting of impregnating the wood with a saccharin solution. It hard- ens the wood, and renders it .fire- proof to some extent. ° (Llddell) Power. Any form of energy available for doing any kind of work; as steam-potoer; vater-poioer; specifi- cally, mechanical energy, as distin- guished from work done by hand (Standard); Often used to indicate the electric current in a wire; as, to turn on the power. Power distillate. The untreated kero- sene condensates and still heavier distillates down to 28° B6. from Mid- Continent petroleum, used as fuel in internal combustion engines. (Ba- con) Power drill. A rock drill employing steam, air, or electricity as a mo- tive agent. (Ihlseng) Power factor. The ratio of the elec- tric power in watts to the apparent power in volt-amperes, in an alter- nating-current circuit or apparatus. (Webster*) Power gas. Any gas made for pro- ducing power, as for driving gas engines. (Webster) Power house. The building iii which the prime motor of a system of works Is Installed, and from which power is transmitted to the other parts of the system. (Standard) Pox stone. A hard stone of a gray color found in some Staffordshire mines. (Century) Pozo (S^. A pit, shaft, or winze; P. de arrastre, an inclined shaft or winze; P. de hombas, a pumping or drainage shaft ; P. de escaUu, a lad- der-way shaft; P. de extraoeidn, a hoisting shaft ; P. de v^tUaddn, an air shaft; P. maestro, the main shaft. (Halse) Pozzuolana. A leudtic tuff quarried .near Pozzuoli, In Italy, and used In tiie manufacture of hydraulic ce- ment. (La Forge) Artificial poz- zuolana is made from slag, ash, etc. (Webster) Also spelled Pozzolana and Pozzuolane. Practical shot. In coal mining, a shot, for which the hole has been drilled In a direction selected with reason- able care, and that has been filled with powder, and tamped with the same degree of care. (Bblen-Dar- nell Coal Go. v. Hicks, 190 Fed. Kept, p. 719) Prase. . A translucent and dull leek- green variety of chalcedonic quartz. (Dana)' Praseodymin^i. A rare metallic ele- ment. Sym^Dol. Pr; ^^omlc weisht, 140.90; specific gravity, 6.475. (Webster) P^aseoUte. A green alteration product of loUte. (Paila) Prasold. Resembling prase. (Stand- ard) Prata (Port). Silver; P. en barras, silver in bars. (Halse) Pre-Cambrian. Older than, or occur- ring t^efdre, th6' beginning of the Cambrian; especially, all that part of geologic time represented by rocks older than Cambrian; also, such pre - Cambrian roc)^^, ' collec- tively, (lia 'PpTg^) Precious. A term used- by mineralo- gists to imply the fitiest variety of gems or minerals, c. g., precious gar- net, precious beryl, etc. (Pb^er) Precious garnet. A synonym for Py- rope. r precious metals. The 'uncommon and highly valuable ' metals, especially gold and silver (VTebster). Also platinum and assotiated metals. Precious opal. Opal exhibiting a play of delicate colors. (Dana) ' Precipice. A very steep, perpendicu- lar or overhanging place, a^ the face of a cliff; an abrupt decUvUy. (Webster) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEEAL INDUSTRY. 635 Predpitado^ (Mex.)> A workman In a leaching mill who a4<}s t)ie precipi- tant to the silver solutions. (Dwlght) Preoipitadora (Sp.). A precipitating vat or tank. (Halse> Precipitant. Any agent, as a reagent, that when added or applied to a so- lution causes a precipitate of one or more of its (ionstituents. (Stand- ard) Precipitate. ^ sul>stp.pce ()i^Id Ija so- lution In a liquid) thrown down in a solid form by the addition of some other substance in solution. When a substance held only me- chanically in suspensiofi in a liquid settles to the bottom it is callol a sediment. (Roy. Com.) Precipitation process. The treatment of lead ores by direct fusion with metallic iron or slag or ore rich In iron; performed generally lid a shaf t-fuf:nace, rarely In a reverbera- tory. Often combined witli 'the roasting and reduction process. (Raymondy Predazzite. A contact rock at Pre- Ssasio, in the Tyrol, produced by an Intrusion of syenite' In crystalline dolomite. It is partly calcite and partly brucite or hydrpmagoesite. Pehcatlte is the same ' aggregate, darkened by ' grains' of pyrrhbtite. (Kemp) Preemption Act. An Act providing for a patent to agriqiiltliral lan^d. 'The Act does not include mineral de- posits, as ■ they ' are ■ ext)r6ssiy Re- served. (Cfold Hill Qiiarti^ Mining Co. ■». Ish, 5 Oregon, p. i08) Preferential flotation. A name applied to a special type of differential flo- tation In which a' mixture of two flotative sulphide minerals is 'given a slight roast in order that one may be oxidized, and therefore nof float,' and the other remain 'un- changed. (O. C..palstop) Preglaclal. Of, pertaining to, or oc- curring in geologic time before the glacial epoph. (Standard) Tregladal drift. Loose sand and gtavet lying beneath the tlU In ICfr land. (Century) Preheat. To heat previously, as a charge to be subsequently treated in an electric ^itrnace, or compressed air before it Is allowed to expand In a compressed-air engine. (Web- ster) Prehnlte. A hydrous i?llicate of cal- clum , and eruminum, HjCajAlr (SIO.).. (Dfin^) Premeridian. In the terminology of Rogers, denoting the rocks of the Lower Hejderberg p^iod immedi- ately uhderly'lng tlie Meridian series ; characterizing tlie seventh of the Bfteeri series of tattern or of a part thereof, as in molding sand. (Standard) Printed ware. Pottery decorated by transfer-printing. (Standard) Printing body. Pottery when in con- dition to be printed; biscuit. (Standard) Prism. 1. In crystallography, in the tetragonal and hexagonal systems, an open form of similar faces paral- lel to the vertical axis. 8. In the orthorhombic, monocllnic, and trl- cllnic systems, an open form of similar faces parallel to the vertical axis and intersecting both lateral axes. (La Forge) 3. A solid whose bases or ends are similar, equal, and parallel polygons^ the faces bdng parallelograma ( Standard ) 538 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEBAIi INDUSTBT. frlsm leveL A kind of dumpy level with a fliirpor or6r the level tobe, and a pdlr of. prisms 'so pb^ded that the position of the level bubble 'can be det^rfnlnc^ ift, anjr time by the ley^an ^Ittoijt l^hf rtegessity, of moving his head £rp;n the ^y^pl^ce. (tTeb^er) Trlze (Leic). To Uft or loosen v^th a' lever or a p;f(;'k. (Cfresley)" Probable ore. Any blocked ore not qertain enpjjg]^ to be ''in slg^it" fud ^11 6re li>a't 1^, CiXBp^ for oaqip- llng,' but of ^iUifb the limits" and contliiulty havp hot been proved' by blocking. Also, it includes ^hy un- discovered ore of which there is a strong probability of existence. Orfe that is exposed on eith^ two or three sides. Whether two or three sides be taken as a basis will de- pend on the character of the deposit. (Min. and.-Met. Soc of Am., Bull. 64, pp. 258 and 262) froblng (Derb.). Bofln§ pr ^rlUfng for testing 'iuineral' ground. (Man- der)' • ■ • - ■ ■ Trocellas.' In glfiss-makipg, a pair of spring-tongs with flftt jaw^. used to reduce the e?:ternal diameter pf a glass object as it is rptated by the pontu. Also spelled Pucella^. (Sandard)' ' ■ "'" '" '" frocessloner (Local U. S.) An offlcial land-suryeyof. (Standard) Processioning (Prov. U. S.) The oflS- clal inspectipn of boundaries and maintenance of surveyors' mairks, as in North Carolina and Tennessee and possibly in some of the British colonies. (Standard) Prochlorit)i. One of the chlorite group. Lower' in silicon ttian cllnochlore, and with ferrous iron usually, but not always, in large amount. (Dana) Produoe. 1. The marketable ores or minerals produced by mining and dressing. 2. (Corn.) The amount of fine copper In one hundred parts of ore. (Raymond) Producer. 1. One who grows agricul- tural products, or manufactures crude materials into articles of use (Webster). Also one who extracts, ore or coal from mines; rock from^ quarries ; metals from ore by metal- lurgical processes, etc. See Produc- tion. 2. See Gas producer. ' Producer gas. A combustible gas to b« used for fuel, for driving gas en- gines, fdr 'making illuminating gas, btc, made by forcing steam and air through a la^er of ' incandescent fuel, as coke, the resulting gas con- j^i^tfiig lAi^ely of carbon mpnpxlde and ni^pgj^n. (Wehster) Prodnctioi). That which is prpduced "py pjadjft; any "tangible result of in- dustttal or'bt^er labo^ (Standard). The yield or output pf a mine, met- allurgical plant, pr quarry. Productive. Yielding payable pre. ' ' (Duryee) Pro4uoto (Sp.). Product, return, or ■yield.' (Halse) ' ' ' Profile. 1. An outline pr contour; a drawing in outline, as in vertical sectlofb or th6 like. Specifically, the 6utlihe of a 'vertical sectipn through a country or line of work, showing actual or projected elevations and holioV?! generally with the vertical scale muic^' greater than the ^orl- zpnt^l. 2. In ceramics, a metal plate giving in hdllow section the exterior outline of half of the ob- ject to be made, so that when placed against the clay on the ro- tating thfpwlhg wheel It will, shape it tp the desired fp'rm. (Standard)^ Profile paper. Paper ruled hprlzon- ttlliy and vertically with equidistant lines tp sdale, for convienience in drawing engineering profiles in either direction. ( Standard ) ^rpfit ^n sight, probable gross profit pora a mine's ore reserves, as dis- tinct from the ground still to be blocked out. (Skinner) Profundidad (Sp.). Depth, as of a shaft or winze. (Halse) Profundlzacidn (Sp.). Sinking or . deepening. (Halse) Progressive powder. A gunpowder made so that it burns slowly at first, and then with increasing rapidity, to avoid the extreme pressure caused by the explosion of powders in which the combustion is instantaneous. (Webster) A slow-burning explo- sive. Compare Propella'nt explosives. Projection. 1. In alchemy, the casting of a substance, especially philoso- pher's . Prove. 1. (Eng.) To ascertain by boring, driving, etc., the position and character of a coal seam, a fault, etc. 2. (Scot.) To examine a mine in search of flre-damp, knqwn as 'proving the pit' (Gres- ley) Proved ore. Ore where there is prac- tlcaUy no risk of failure of con- tinuity (H. C. Hoover, p. 19). See «iso Positive ore. Prove up. To show that the require- ments for receiving a patent for government laud have been fulfilled. (Webster) Providor (Braz.). A collector of trib- ute and other taxes. (Halse) Proving hole. 1. A borehole drilled for prospecting purposes. 9. A small heading driven to find a bed or vein lost by a dislocation of the strata, or to prove the quality of the ore in advance of regular worldngs. (Chance) Proximate analysis. ^The determina- tion of the compounds contained In a mixture as distinguished from ultimate analysis, which is the deter- mination of the elements contained In a compound (Standar*). Used in the analysis of coat. Prael>a (Mex.). A test; P. de cr96o, a test made when the tmia is sup- posed to be rendida, or worked, to ascertain whether there is sufficient mercury present. (Dwight) Prussic acid. Same as Hydrocyanic add., Pryan. 1. (Corn.) A fine, white, some- what friable clay (Webster). Also Prian. 2. Ore in small pebbles mixed with clay. (U. S. Geol. Rurv.) Prypole. The pole which forms the prop of a hoisting gin, and stands facing the windlass. (Webster) Psammite. Any sedimentary rock com- posed of detrital material of the size and general character of sand, as sandstone and arkose. (La Forge) Psammitic. Made up of particles the size of sand. (Power) Psephite. Any sedimentary rock com- posed of coarse detrital material, such as pebbles: said of such rocks as conglomerate. (La Forge) The name is derived from the Greek for pebble. (Kemp) Psephitic. Made up of small stones. (Power) Pseudamygdule. A mineral nodule thiit replaces a primary constituent of a crystalline eruptive rock, so as to appear like a true vesicular fill- ing o r a niygdul e. (Standard) Pseudo. As a prefix, Implies something false; but its meaning is modified by the mibject to which it applies. (Emmons) Pseudobrookite. A titanlum-lron oxide resembling bfoolcite, occurring In cavities of some volcaulc rocks, as andesite. (Century) Pseudoohrysolite. A synonym for Mol- daUlte; BoutelUensleln. (Kemp) 542 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEKAL INDUSTRY. Fseiidoeongloi|iera;tQ. -A rock so broken up into displaqed fragments and In- terpenetrated by intrusive material as to appear like a" congloiperate. Fseudocryst^iline. Composed of detri- tal crystalline, grains little wqra and solidly compacted by siliceous or other mlrieril accretion, so as strongly to resem{>Ie true crystal- line rock. (Standard) Fieiidqdialiase. A name proposed by G. F. Becker, for certain metenaor- phic rocks in tie Coast ranges of Cajifomla that are suf)i)0sea £6 have been derived from sediments, yet that have the minerals and texture of diabase. Oomt>are Metadiabase, which means the same ^hing and has precedence. (Kemp) Fseudodiorlte. Diortic rocks pro- duced as described under pseudo- diabase. (Kemp) Fseudogalena. Sphalerite. (Standard) Fseudoisotope. An element behaving as an isotope with respect to another element, as far as chemical precipi- tation Is concerned, but not truly isotopic with It as evidenced by hav- ing a different atomic number, atomic weight, and being separable from it by fractional crystallization. (S. O. Lind) Fsendoisotopy. Having the properties of a pseudoisotope. Fseudomalachite. A hydrous phos- phate of copper occurring ordinarily In massive forms of bright-green color, much resembling malachite. Fseudomorph. A crystal, or apparent crystal, having ,the outward form proper to another species of mineral, which it has replaced by substitu- tion or by chemical alteration. (La Forge) Fseadomorphons quartz. Quartz under the forms of many of the mineral species, which it has taken through either the alteration or replacement of crystals of those species. The most common quartz pseudomorphs are those of calcite, barlte, fluorite, and siderlte.. Silicifled wood Is quartz pseudomorph after wood. FseudoporpliyTitic. Having a porphy- ritic appearance or character, but no true phenocrysts. (Standard) Fsevdospheralite. A spheruUte in which the rays are composed of two different determinable substances, usually quartz and feldspar. FsendostTomatlsm. A rock structure approximately resembling fajse bedr ding produced by numerous .minor thrust-fault planes. (Standard) Fseudosymmetiy. Apparent symmetry, of higher grade than that proper to the mineral, generally due to twin- ning (La Forge). Called also Mt- metry. FseudoToIcanp. A false volcano ; an eruptive vent riot emitting. lava like a true volcano. (Webster) Fsllpmelane. ^ A. manganese iiydfate and a common ore of nianganese. Perhaps H«MnOi. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Fsychrometer. Au Instrument for de- termining the teoi^iori. of ^queo.if s va- por in the air or the relative hu- midity (Century). See Sling psy- chrometer. Ftilollte. A zeoiltic mineral occurring in white tufts or spongy inas^ of minute acicular crystals,' formed in cavities of augite-andesite. (Cen- tury) Fuhlio domain. All lands and waters in the possession and ownership of the United. States, including lands owned by the several States, as dis- tinguished from lands owned by in- dividuals and corporations. (Kinney on Irrigation, sec. 124; Winters v. United States, l43i Fed. Kept., p. 748) Fuhllc land. Land subject to sale or other disposition by the United States under general laws. Land once reserved by the (Sovernment or appropriated for any special pur- pose ceases to be a part of the pub- lic lands. (Winters v. United States, 143 Fed. R^t, p. 748; Kinney on Irrigation, sec. 124.) Fuchos (Bol.). Small heaps of roast- ed ore. (Halse) Fuck. A wall or pillar built of waste rock to support the roof. (Ray- mond) Fndding stone. A conglomerate in which the pebbles are rounded. Com- pare Breccia. (Raymond) Fuddle. 1. To subject iron to the process of puddling so as to con- vert It from cast-iron into wrought iron. 2. Clay, oi: a mixture of clay and sand, kileaded or worked when wet, , to render it Impervious to water. Also called Puddling. 8. A small pool. (Webster) Fuddle - baU, Th^ lump of pasty wrougbt-lron taken from the pud- dling furnace to be hammered or rolled. (Webster) QtxissAJBY bt i^sr^rka and mineSal iNbtrsTKY. 543 Pnddl«-.l)kr. Ah 4pi, baj; We, at, a hammerrng and rolling. (We&er) Pii44IeT. 1. Qfie whp wnvi^rtft caiit-Iron Into wrought-^ron by paddling-, 2. A rabble ,nse<} In puddling. 3. A puddling fijrnace, ,4. A system of small pipes admlttlpg. /compressed air to.a, tttnl? of water and ?iuc chloride to effect a thorough solution for use as a timber preservative. (Webser) Paddle rolls., Th^ . ro]u'ghtng-rb.tis through . ^ which . puddle-baits , , Aye p^ss^ to be converted Into^ baps. Galled alsb Puddle-traih. (Stand- ard) Pnddle-steel. Steel made by the pud- dling process. Pnddler's mine. A soft, compact hema- tite, sometimes used Jor the bot- toms of puddling furnaces. (Web- ster) Puddle train. A train of rolls for re- ducing squeezed puddlerballS tc> puddle or muck-bars. (Raymond) Puddling. 1. The process of decar- burizing cast-iron by fusion on the hearth of a reverberatory furnace lined (fixed or fettled) with ore or other material rich in oxide of Iron. The bath is stirred with a ral)ble to expose it to the action of the lining and of an air current. The es- cape of carbonic oxide causes it to boil, whence the early name of this method of puddling, viz., boiling. The term puddling, now applied in metallurgy exclusively to the above process, originally referred to the puddling of clay or clay arid char- coal upon the masonry of A furnace hearth to form a lining. Ditches, reservoirs, etc., are puddled with clay to make them water-tight, i. See Dry puddling. (Raymond) Puddling furnace. A reverberatory furnace for puddliiig pi^ iron. (Standard) Puddling machine (U. S. and Aust). A machine used for mixing aiurlfer- ous clays with water to the proper consistency for the separation of the ore. (Davies) Puddock (Scot). Cast-iron plate forming the crossing of flanged mine- car rails. (Barrowman) Pndlnga (Mex.). Pudding stone; con- glomerate. (Dwlght) ^^^!> 0P^)^,Mp,^ actuaj yrotkine "'i^ P^ifle- Th^ tojtal jvorkipg fprce employed in a mine. A shift. (Gwlght) Pujeiti^ ,(^.) I Aipy bridge 0|f wood qr njfitfl.1. a. 4. suspemjed platform in stope or shaft. 3. A stuU. (Halse) Pue^, ,1. (ppyX A 4f>oi, gat^.;, P, de gfosa, a slag, t^p y Pj, de, flft)tm), lead .^ap„,, 2. ,(Colom.)i^ timber frame or door set. (Halse) ^ „...,., 3. Puertas, massive barren rocks or "horgfes", occurring In a vein, which • must be reirioved to regain ttie pay streak. (Dwliht)' Puerto (Sp.). Fori or harbor. A moUiitaln ^ass. (Dwight) Puffer. Small stationary engine used for hoisting ihaterial on- construc- tion work, In operating a haulage* way, or for hoisting , at shallow tollies;, esi)*lclrill5' In prost)ectlng and deveiopment work. Puffer boy. A person employed to op- erate an engine used for hauling loaded mine cars through haulage- ways. (Lahti V. Tamarack Min.Co., 152 N. W. Rept., 907), Also, the op- erator of any small stationary hoisting engine. Pug. 1. (New Zealand) Selvage; clay (Power). See also Pugs., , 2. A pug mill. 3. Tempered or pugged clay. , 4v ^o mix and stir when wet, as clay for bricksl pot- tery, etc. 5.. To fill or stop with clay by tamping. (V'ebster) Pug engine (Scot.). A small locomo- tive. (Barrowman) Pu^iriui^. The process of mixing and working clay for bricks, etc. (Cen- tury). Same as Tempering. Pu'^ mill. A mill for kneading or mix- ing clajr. (Irigalls; p. 233) Pugs (Scot). A stratum of hard coal in a free coal seam, e. g., in the Main coal seam of Lanarkshire (Barrowman). See also Pug, 1. Pug tub. See Settler. Puisard (Fr.). A sump. (Gresley) Puit (Fr.). A shaft or pit (Gres- ley) Pulaskite. A variety of syenite of somewhat trachytic habit, composed of essential orthoclase and some ne- phelite,, or sodalite, dlopside, and perhaps hornblende. (LaForge) 544 GI.OSSAJIY OF MISTING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Pulgada (Sp.). Inch; P. de minero, a miner's Inch equal to 74 or 75 cu- bic meters In 24 hours. (Halse) - Pull. 1. (Eng.) To subside or settle. See also Creep, 1. 8. The drag In ventilation of mines. (Gresley) S. To draw or remove the coal pil- lars, or pillars' of ore. Puller-off (Mid.). A man who takes the loaded trams off the cages at the surface, or who withdraws the empties from them at the bottom. (Gresley) Pulley. A sheave or wheel wijh a gropved rim, over which a winding rope passes at the top of the head- frame. (Gresley) Tnlley brae (Scot). A self-acting In- cline. (Barrowman) "Pulley /rame. A gallows frame or head frame. (Baymond) Pulleying (Kng.). Overwinding or drawing up a cage or bucket into the pulley frame. (Gresley) -Pulley stone. The common name for a hollow cast, or mold, of the Joints and stems of encrinltes. (Oldham) bulling back (Eng.). See Posting. TulUng-over rope (Eng.). A short light hemp rope for drawing the ends of winding ropes over the pul- leys. (Gresley) Tulllng pillars. The common expres- sion used for mining the coal in the pillars of a mine; robbing pil- lars (Steel). See also Pulling stumps. Pulling stumps. The process of taking out the pillars of a coal mine (Ada Coal Co. V. Llnville, 153 S. W. Kept., p. 21). See also Pulling pillars. Pull-up stakes (Cal.). To strike camp. To remove from one place to an- other, as in search of new diggings, etc. (Hanks) Pulmotor. A mechanical device de- signed to perform artificial respira- tion in cases of asphyxia, electric shock, drowning, etc., by exhausting the lungs and filling them with oxy- gen-enriched air. Tulp (Pae.). Pulverized ore mixed with water; also applied to dry- crushed ore. (Raymond) 7ulp-assay (Pac.). The assay of sam- ples taken from the pulp after or during crushing. (Raymond) I Pulp stone. A very large grindstone employed in pulp mills for crushing or grinding wood into fiber. (Pike) Pulsator. 1. A machine that beats or throbs In working, as a pulsometer pump. 2. A jigger or shaking ma- chine used in diamond mining. 3. A device that sends puffs of com- pressed air into either end alter- nately of a kind of valveless rock drill. (Webster) 4. A motor-driven air compressor that supplies compressed air to an electric channeler. It receives the exhaust from the channeling ma- chine cylinder and thus utilizes the pressure of the exhaust. (Bowles) Pulsator jig. A jig employing a fixed sieve and successive pulsions of ris- ing water from a revolving plug cock with scarcely any downward return and suction. It has large ca- pacity, occupies small space, and consumes a comparatively small amount of power. (R. H. Rlchatds) Pulsometer. A kind of pump, with valves, for raising water by steam, partly by atmospheric pressure, and partly by the direct action of the' steam on the water, without the in- tervention of a piston. Also called a Vacuum pump. (Webster) Pulverize. To reduce or be reduced to a fine powder or dust as by beating, grinding, or the like. (Webster) Pulverulent. That which may easily be reduced to powder (Weed). Said of certain ores. Pumice. An excessivelju cellular, glassy lava, generally of the com- position of rhyolite (Kemp). A sort of volcanic froth. Its color is generally whitish or light gray. It is very light and will float on water. Pumice stone. Pump. 1. Any of numerous devices or machines for raisins, transfer- ring, or compressing liquids or gases by suction or pressure or both. 2. To work or raise water, etc., with a pump. (Webster) Pumpage. The amount raised by pumping; as, the pumpage of an oil- well. (Standard) Pump bob. The balance weight used to bring up the plunger in a Cornislj pumping-engine. (Standard) Pump bucket. A packed piston having an aperture, in its center, covered by a clack or valve opening ^upwards. (Duryee) GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY. 545 f amp chamber. An underground pumping station. Tumper. 1. (Scot.) A person wh6 worlds a liand pump. (Barrowman) . 2. An instrument or machine used in pumping. 3. ( U. S. ) An oil well that has to be pumped. ( Webster ) fump fist (Bng.). The lower end of a plunger cas6 of a pump. ( Gresley ) lumpherston shale., A Scottish oil shale which yields 16 to 22 gallons of crude oil per ton, together with 50 to 60 pounds of ammonium sul- phate. (Bacon) Pumping. 1. The operation of filling a sludge pump by an up-and-down motion of the rods or rope. Also called Pumping the sludger. (Gres- ley) 2. The act of raising or trans- ferring a liquid or gas by means of a pump. Pumping engine. An engine used for pumping, especially a steam engine and pump combined for raising water. (Webster) , Pumping jack. A device over a deep well for operating the pump by belt power. (Webster) Pumping shaft. The shaft containing the pumping machinery of a mine. (Standard) Pump kettle. A convex perforated diaphragm fixed at the bottom of a pump tube to prevent the entrance of foreign matter; a strainer. (Cen- tury) 7nmp ring. A flat-iron ring that, when lapped with tarred baize or coarse cloth, secures the joints of water columns. (C. and M. M. P.) Tump rod. The rod or system of rods (usually heavy Beams) connecting the steam engine at the surface, or at a higher level, with the punjp piston below. (See Balance-bob. (Raymond) Tump-rod plates ( Scot. ) . Spear plates ; strips or plates of iron bolted to wooden pump-rods at the joints- for the purpose of making the connec- tion. (Barrowman) Tnmp slope. A slope In which pumps are operated. (Chance) Pump soUar. A platform to give ac- cess to the door-piece and working parts of a pump. (Standard) Tamp station; Pump room. An en- largement made In the shaft, slope, or entry to receive the pump. {Steel) T44010 O— 47 35. Pump stock (Lane.). See Pump tree. Pamp tree (Eng.). A cast-iron (wrought-lron ■ was formerly used) pipe, generally 9 feet In length, of which the water column or set Is formed. (Gresley) Punch. 1. A tool (ram) for knocking out timbers in coal workings. ( Stand- ard) 2. Same as leg or prop. Called also Puncheon. See Punch prop. Punch-and-thirl (So. Staff.). A kind of pillar-and-stall system of min- ing coal. (Gresley) Puncheon. 1. (Mid.) A synonym tot Prop. 2. A pointed steel tool used in marble cutting. (Webster) Pnnchei. See Punching machine, 2. Pnnclilng machine. 1. A machine tool used for punching holes in metals or other material. (Webstw) 2. A pick machine used to under- mine or shear coal by heavy blows of sharp steel points attached to a piston driven by compressed air. (Steel) Punch prop. A short timber prop for supporting coal In holing or under- .cutting; a sprag. (Standard) Pungernite. A variety of ozocerite, found in North Russia. (Mitzakis) Puno (Mex.). Handful. (Dwight) Punta. 1. (Mex.) Small cord for ty- ing ore sacks'. (Dwight) 2. A sharp end of an instrument, as the point of a pick, 3. Puntas (Peru), a crew of miners who work for 12 hours. 4. A headland or p'rbmontory. (Halse) Piintal (Mex.). 1. Prop or post. 8. The end piece of a shaft frame. (Halse)^ Puntero (Spj). 1. A chisel, used by stone cutters. 2. A gad. (Halse) Punterola (Sp.). A short pick, chi-sel, or wedge used with a Bandle. (Halse) Puntista (Mex.). The laborer who knocks down all loose rock in the face or stope, leaving it ready for the next shift. (Dwight) Punto (Sp.). A point; P. de partida, the point of discovery of a vein. The point of commencement in meas- uring a claim. (Halse) Punty. In glass - blowing, a. pontU. Called also Punty rod. Puppet. See Poppet. Puppet head (Ehg.). See Poppet headl 546 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEKAL, INDUSTRY. Puppet valve. A valve that, in open- ing, is lifted bodily from its seat by its spindle instead of being hinged at one side. (Century) Puppy. An underground set of pumps. (Da vies) Pnrbeck beds (Eng.). A fresh- water deposit consisting of various kinds of limestone and marls, immediately above the Portland beds. (Humble) PuTgar (Mex.). To blow off a boiler. (Dwight) Pnrple blende. An old synonym for Kermesite. (Chester) Purple copper ore. Same as Bornlte. Purple of Cassius. A purple precipitate formed by adding stannous chloride to chloride of gold. Used in painting and staining porcelain and glass. Purser (Corn.). A paymaster and ac- countant at a mine. (Skinner) Puruua (Peru). A shallow, earthen plate about 7 inches in diameter, used for panning small samples of ore. (Pfordte) Pusher. A person regularly employed to push inine cars from one place to another. He usually assists the dig- gers to push cars up into steep rooms (Steel). ' See also Trammer and Putter. Pushing jack. An implement for mov- ing a large and heavy object, such as a railroad car, for a short distance. (Century) See Pinch, 3. Push hole. A hole through which glass Is introduced to a flattening fur^ nace. (Standard) Push moraine; Shoved moraine. A kind of terminal moraine consisting of material pushed along and> piled into a marginal ridge. (Standard) Put. 1. (Newc.) To convey coal from the working face to the tramway. This is usually done by young men called putters. (Raymond) 2. (Som.) A box having a capacity of from 3 to 6 cwt. of coal, used in thin seams. (Gresley) Putter. 1. (Eng.) A man or boy who conveys coal from the woi;king place to the tramway (Raymond). Same as Haulier, Trammer, and Drawer, 1. Puttl. A gold-washing tray used in Madras. (Lock) Putting (Eng.). (Gresley) Same as hauling. Putting, ponies (Eng.). Ponies 10 or 11 hands high used in mines for hauling mine cars. Put-to-stand (So. Staff.). Stoppage of coal mining on account of fire- stink. (Gresley) Putty. 1. See Iron putty. 2. Tin oxide, sometimes mixed with lead oxide, used for polishing glass, metals, jewelry, etc. Called also Jewelers' putty; Putty powder. 8, In ceramics, glazing-slip. (Stand- ard) Putty powder. Crude oxide of tin, used for giving opaque whiteness to enamels or for grinding glass. (Raymond) See Putty, 2. Putty stones.. Soft pieces of decom- posed rock found. in placer deposits. (Power) Put work. iSfee Tutwork. Putzen (Ger.). Small irregularly d«- posited spots or bunches of ore. (Davies) Putz oil. A light distillate from Baku petroleum with a specific gravity of 0.750 to 0.770. It is used as a cleansing oil. (Bacon) Puy. A conical hill of volcanic ori- gin, especially in Auvergne, France, either (1) of volcanic ash or sco- ria with or without intervening sedimentary strata, (2) sedimen- tary or granitic with a cap of ba- salt, or (3) sedimentary, with or without volcanic ash, traverse I by a dike of basalt or trachyte. (Stand- ard) Puzzolana; Puzzolano; PuzzoUte. Same as Pozzuolana. .Pychite. A columnar variety of to- paz. (Standard) Pyonite. A variety of topaz, occur- ring in columnar aggregations. (Chester) Pyonometer. A small bottle for de- termining the specific gravity of grains or small fragments. (Dana)! Fycnotrope. A compact mineral near serpentine; probably an alteration product. (Chester) Pyramid. 1. In crystallography, strictly, (o) in the tetragonal, hexagonal, and and orthorhombic systems, an open form of three, four, six, eight, or twelve faces which meet the vertical axis in a common point; (b) in th.e monocUnic and tricllnic systems, an open form of one, two^ or four faces Wbich cut all three axes. 2. As gen- GLOSSAfiY OP MINING AND MINERAL IlfDUSTRY. 547 erally a^ed, a form enclosed by alt the rac^g answering the above de- scription whose intercepts have the same ratio ; hence, a double-ended py- ramid having both ends alllie : better called k blpyramld. (La B*orge) Fyramdlal garnet. Idocrase (Power). A variety of Vesuvianite. Pyramidal stoplag. See Rill stoping. Pyrargyrite. Dark, ruby silver. Silver- antimony sulphide, 3AgiS. SbjSa. Con- tains 59.9 per cent silver when pure, but analyses Show from 57 to 60.9 per cent. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Pyrene. A hydrocarbon, CieH,o, ob- tained from coal tar. (Bacon) Pyrite. A hard, heavy, shiny^ yellow mineral, PeSs, generally in cubic crystals. It may be distinguished from chalcopyrite by being of a paler yellow, harder and giving a black powder, whereas chalcopyrite gives a yellow powder. MarcaSite has the same composition, but is white and crystallizes differently. (Roy. Com.) Isometrically crystal- lized Iron dlsulphide, FeSs. Cop- tains 46.6 per cent iron. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Also called Iron py- rites, Fool's gold. Iron sulphide. Pyrites. The term pyrites, as fre- quently used, literally means a min- eral that strikes fire. It is applied to any of a number of metallic-looking sulphides, of which iron pyrites (py- rite) is the commonest; as cop- per pyrites (chalcopyrite), tin py- rites (stannite), etc. The term py- rite applies only to the iron dlsul- phide, FeSi. Pyrltlc. Of, pertaining to, resembling, or having the properties of pyrite. (Standard) Pyrltlc smelting. The fusion of sul- phide ores by the heat generated by their own oxidation, and without the aid of any extraneous heat, such as carbonaceous fuel, the electric arc, etc. (Peters', p. 372.) Pyrltlferons. Containing or producing pyrite. (Webster) Pyrltization. Conversion into pyrite either by simple replacement oi by alteration, or both. (Standard) Pyritize. To convert Into pyrite. (Webster) Pyritohedron. The pentagonal dodeca- hedron. (Webster) Pyritology. 1. The science of blowpipe analysis. (Webster) 2. Facts or information relating to pyrite.^ (Century) Pytohltamen. A dar^-colored, solid, infhsible, natural-hydrocarbon com- plex, 'often associated with a min- eral matrix, insoluble in water, and relatively insoluble in carbon dl- sulphide, benzol, etc. (Bacon) PyrobituminoTis. Tleldins bituminous products on heating, as coal. (Web- ster) Pyrochlore. Chiefly a niobate of the cerium metals, calcium and other bases, with also titanium and thorium. Probably essentially a metanlobate with a titanatp, BNb20tR(Ti,Th)0.; fluorine is also present. (Dana) Pyrochroite. Manganese hydrate, a mineral occurring in foliated forms 'Vvith pearly luster, resembling bru- elte.- It is white when fresh, but changes to bronze and black upon exposure. ( Century ) Pyrocalstie. Of igneous origin and fragmental texture: said of some rocks, as tuff, agglomerate, volcanic bi-accla, etc. (La Forge) - Pyrocrystalline'. Crystallized from a molten magma. (Webster) Pyrogen. An obsolete term for elec- tricity. (Webster) Pyrogenous. Formed by fusion'; igne- oufe; as, pyrogenous rocks. (Stand- ard) Pyrognostics. The characters of a mineral observed by the use of the blowpipe, as degrees of fusibility, flame coloration, etc. (Webster) Pyrollte. An explosive resembling gunpowder in composition. (Web- ster) PyroUtes. A term employed by M. E. Wadsworth to comprise all mineral refractory or flre-resistlng mate- rials. (Power) Pyrolusite. Black oxide of manganese. Manganese dioxide, MnO. Contains dj$.2 per cent manganese. {V: S. Geol. Surv.) Pyromagnetlc. Pertaining to, pro- duced by, or acting by the combined agency of, heat and magnetism. (Webster) Pyromeride. A name given by the Abbe Hafly to the orbicular diorite or corslte of Corsica. The word means ."partly fusible," and refers to the properties of the two constitu- ent minerals, of which the one, quartz, was infusible, and the other, the feldspar, could be melted. (Kemp) 548 QLOSSABY 0S iSXStSGt AND MIKERAIj INDUSTRY. Vyrometalliirgy, Metallurgy depend- ing on the action of beat, as In smelt- ing. PTTometamorpIilsin. Metamorphlsm produced by heat: contrasted with Hydrometamorpbism. ( Standard ) Pyrometer. 1. An instrument for measuring the expansion of solid bodies by heat. 2. Any instrument for measuring degrees of heat, espe- cially above those indicated by the mercurial thermometer. (Webster) pyrometer cone. One of a series of small cones of different substances forming a scale of fusing points, and used in finding approximately the temperature of kilns, etc, (Web^ ster) Pyrometry. The art of measuring de- grees of heat; the art of using a pyrometer. (Webster) Tyromorphlte; Green lead-ore. Chloro- phosphate of lead, 8Pb,P,OfcPb01i. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) fyromorphous. Crystallizing from a molten state. (Webster) Pyronaphtha. A heavy illuminating oil obtained from Ru^ian petro- leum. It has a light-yellow color and , a specific ~ gravity of (9.840 to 0.860. (Bacon) Pyronome.. An explosive containing the ingredients of gunpowder, and also antimony, potassium chlorate and chroma te, and flour. (Webster) Pyrope. Magnesium - aluminum 'gar- net, 3MgO.Al,Os.3SiO>. Color deep red to nearly black. Used as a gem when transparent. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Pyrophaae. A variety of opal that by the absorption of melted' wax is made translucent when hot, butjbe- comes opaque agalp on ' cooling. (Standard) PyrophylUte; PenciUtone. A bydrous aluminum silicate, H2O.AhOs.4SiO,. Resembles talc in color, feel, luster, and structure. Used for slate pen- cils and for the "talc" or "talcum" of commerce. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Pyrophysalite. Same as Physalite. A coarse, nearly opaque, variety of to- paz. (Dana) Pyropissite. An earthy, friable, coaly substance, of a, grayish-brown color and having a specific gravity of 0.493 to 0.522; it melts easily to a pitch-like mass and affords. 62 per cent of paraffin on dry distillation. (Bacon) Pyroretin. A resin that occurs In brown coal, near Aussig in Bohemia ; It is brittle, of a brownish-black color, and has a specific gravity of 1.05 to 1.18. (Bacon) PyroscUst A schist or shale contain- ing sufllclent hydrocarbons to burn with a bright flame, or one yielding volatile hydrocarbon or inflammable gas when heated. (Century) Pyrosphere. See Barysphere. I^yrostat. A thermostat, especially one for measuring high temperature. (Webster) Pyrostibite. An old synonym for Ker- ' mesite. (Chester) Pyrostilpnite. A. hyaclntn-red variety of pyrargyrite, AgjS.SbjSi. (Dana) Pyroxene. A metasilicate, chiefly of calcium and magnesium, also iron, less often manganese and zinc. There are a number of varieties. iSfee Dlopside, Hedenbergite, Augite, (Dana) . The name of the mineral 1b often prefixed to the name of the rocks that contain it Pyrozenite. A granular, igneous rock, consisting essentially . of pyroxene, with or without hornblende, spinel, and iron oxides, and with little or no feldspar or olivine. (La Forge) Pyrrhotlte; Kagnetie- pyrites. A vari- able Iron sulphide, FenSn+i. Ma'ny pyrrhotltes contain nickel and are mined as nickel ores (U. S. Geol. Surv,). It has a reddish-brown color, and is magnetic, hence mag- netic pyrites. (Dana) dnadranf . 1. ^he quarter , of a circle ; an arc of ^°. 2. Any of the, four parts into which a planie is divided by reiita'ngnlar coorainatfe ■ Taxes' ly- ing in that plane; S. An iiistrument for measuring dltitddes.' 4.' A device resembling a bell crank for iSorivert- liig the horizo'nt^l reciprocating mo- tion of an engine- piston rod into the vertical up-and-down movement of a pump rod. 5. A unit of length equai to 10,000, kilometers. (Webster) ftuadrel. 1. A square brick, tile, or stone; especially, a whitish nir-dried brick made of' chalky earth. 8- (Prov. Bhg.) A square of peat or turf. (Standard) Quadrane. A gritstone, with a calcB"- reous cement. (Standard) Quagmire. Soft, , wet, miry ' land; that shakes or yi^l4s under ' the foot. (Webster) GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDtTSTR:^. 549 Quaking bog. A bog that shakes under foot^ consisting of growing peat sat- urated with water. CStandard) QualltatlTe analysi*. The process, in chemistry, of finding how many and what elements are present. ( Stand- ard) duantitatlTe analysis. The process, in chemistry, of , finding the bulk or amount of each element present. Called also Elementary analysis (Standard). Both the volumetric and gravimetric methods are in- cluded in this process. ftuaqnaversal. Dipping outward in all directions from a central point : as a dome in stratified rocks. (La Forge) anar; Cliff quar (Forest of Dean). Aii indurated clay. See Bind, 1. (Gres- ley) Qnarey lode. See Quarry lode. Ouarl; Quaxle. A large brick or tile; especially a curved firebrick used 1;o support melting pots, retort covers, or the like. (Webster) Quarman. An obsolete term for a quarryman. ( Standard ) ttuarpit. An obsolete term for U quarry. (Standard) Quarrel. 1. A stone quarry. 2. Ma- terials from a quarry. Aii obsolete .term. (Standard) Quarrler. A workman in a stone quarry; a quarryman. (Standard) Quarry. 1. An open or surface work- ing, usually for the extraction of building-stone, as slate, limestone, etc. (Raymond) 2. (Bng.) An underground excava- tion formed in the roof or fault, for the purpose of obtaining material for pack walls. (Grcsley) Note: In its widest sense the term mines Includes quarries, and has been sometimes so construed by the courts; but when the distinction is drawn, mine denotes underground workings and quarry denotes super- ficial workings. Open workings for iron ore, clay, coal, ejtc, are called hanks or pits rather /than quarries (Webster), the latte* being defined as in 1 above. Quarry bar. A horizontal bar sup- ported at each end by legs and used to carry machine drills. (Gillette, p. 97) Quarry face. The freslhly split face of ashlar, squared ofl! for the Joints only, as it comes from the quarry, and used especially lor massive work. y which a sec- tion of Government land is divided lots four parts. (Standard) Quarter - point veins (No. of -Eng.). Small veins having an intermediate bearing between strike and cross veins. (Power) Quarter post (Western U. S.). A half- way post between two section-cor- ners on the same line of a surveyed section of land. (Standard) Quarter section. In the Government system of l^nd surveying in the United States and Canada, a tract of land half a mile square ana con-' talnlng 160 acres. (Webster) Quartz. 1. Crystallized silicon diox- ide, SlOt. Amethyst is a variety of the well-known amethystine color. Aventurine is a quart* spangled with scales of mica, hematite, or other minerals.' False topaz or eit- rine is a yellow quartz. Bock orystal is a watery clear variety. Rose quartz is a pink variety. Ru- tilated quarts contains needles of ru- tlle. Smoky quartz Is a brownish va- riety, sometimes called cat).i,gorm. Tiger-eye Is crocldolite (an asbestos- like mineral) replaced by quartz and Iron oxide and having a chatoyant effect. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) The nqpae of the mineral Is pre- fixed to the names of many rocks that contain It, as quartz-porphyry, quartz-dlorite. (Kemp) 2." (Pac.) , Any hard, gold or silver ore, as distinguished from gravel or earth. Hence, quartz-mining, a^ dis- tinguished from hydraulic mining, etc. (Baymond) iQuartz battery (Aust.). A quartz-mlU. (Standf-rd) Quartz boll. An outcrop Of a quarts reef. eclally ap- plicable to smelting or wet chemi- cal methods and applies to the buIlion> actually obtained. " The copper, for example, in a ^ per cent ore is * re- covered ' In a 35 per cent concen- trate, but it Is 'extracted' in a 9* per cent blister because this last is. marketable as metal. The gold in a. mill Is ' recovered ' in the cyanide so- lution, but it is not ' extracted ' until precipitated in the zinc-box. Like the amalgam in a stamp-mill,, the precipitate in a cyanide-plant is a product so concentrated and so valu- able as to be marketable." (Min. and Scl. Press, July 19, 1919, p. 84.) 3. The work of reopening a mine after a disastrous fire or explosi()n. See Rescue, Recover and Reclama- tion. Becovery oven. A by-product coke oven. (Webster) Bectiflcaddn (Sp.). The rectification or correction of a mining claim, (Halse) 560 GliOSSABT OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY. Beotorlte. A pearly-white hydrated aluminum silicate, similar to kaoUn- ite. (Standard) Xeouesto (Sp.). 1. Slope; declivity. 8. Dip or Inclination of a vein. (Halse) Beouperative furnace. A furnace foi the recuperation or recovery of heat from the waste gases of combustion. (Ingalls, p; 356) Jled. 1. (Sp.) A net; B. de vetas, a network of veins; a' stockwork. (Halse) S. (Prov. iSng. Thfe waste in coal mining; attle (Standard). See Redd, 3. Bed antimony. See Kermeslte; Bed anenlo. A synonym for Realgar. (Chester) Bed-ash coal. Cqal that leaves a red- dish ash. (Chance) Bed bole. Same as Red ocher. (Standard). Bed ohalk. Red ocher mixed with more or less day... (Dana) Bed cobalt. An early name for eryth- tlte, (Chester) Bed copper ore. Cuprite. (Power) Bed eroM explosives. A class of high explosives characterized by the low- freezing point (Du Pont) Bedd (Scot). 1. To scour through, . take down, or to, - rip. 2. To clear out piUaM of coal. 8. Pit rubbibh or debris. £ee Red,:2. ' (Gresley) Bedd btng (Scot),, A spoil tieap on the surface; (Grresley) Beddlng^te. A hydro:ds phosphate of ' iron and manganese ifesembling sco- rodl.te in form. From Redding, Con- 'hectlcut. ( Century )' Beddle. A variety of ocherous red if on. ore used for' marking, especially sheep; red ocher. Called also Red chalk (Standard:).: Also spelled Ruddle; Raddle. Beddleman. A. dealer in reddle or -jeA chalk. (Cenfury). Beddtman tScot). One who works at night cleaning up- and repairing roadways, etc. (Gresley) Bedevance (Fr.^ a tax, duty, or rent In mining law, a tax or duty payable to the Government or to the surface owher'. (Raymond) Bed hematite. A compact columnar variety of hematite with a brownish- red to iron-black color. So called to contrast it with limonlte and tur- glte. (Dana) Bedingtontie. A hydrous - chromium sulphate, occurring in fibrous masses having a pale-purple color. ((Cen- tury) Interest. (Dwlght) A variety of hematite. Bidito (Hex.). Bed Iron froth. (Power) Bed iron ore. See Hematite. Bed iron vitriol. Same as Botryogen. (Standard) Bed lead. Minium, Pbi04 (Dana). Bed lead ore. Same as Crocollte. (Dana) Bed manganese; Bed manganese ore, A term applied to both rhodonite and rhodochrosite, by reason of the red- dish color of these two mlnerala Bed marl^ A term often applied to the New Red Sandstone.. (Comstock)- ^.ed measures (Eng.). Generally re- fers to the strata of Permian or Triassic age. (Gresley) Bed Uetal. - 1. A copper matte con- taining about 48 per cent . copper. (Webster) 8, Any one of several alloys used in the manufacture of silverware. (Standard) Bed ocher. A red, earthy, and often impure, variety of hematite, used as a, pigment (Webster). See alio Ocher. Bed prp^ment Same as Realgar. (Standard) Bed oxide of zinc. See Zlhcite. Bed phosphorusi,: Same as Amorpbons phosphorus. Bed rab (Corn,). Red kllias, or slaty rock. (Power) fiedrnthite' (Corn.). Copper . glance; same as Chalcocite. (Century) Bisdsear. In iron-working, to break or crack when red-hot, as Iron under the hammer. (Standard) Bed schorl. An old synonym for Rutile. (Chester). Bed-short. Brittle at red heat. Com- pare Cold-short (Raymond) Bed-shortness. In metallurgy, the quality ' or ' state of being red-short (Century) GI/)SSABY OF MINING AND MINEEAL INDUSTRY. 561 Bed sliver ore. 1. Pyrargyrlte: dark- red silver ore. 2. Proustlte: light- red slWer ore; ruby silver ore. (Dana) Xedstone. A trade name for a rea sandstone. (Bowles) Aeduee. 1. To deprive Of oxygen. 2. In general, to treat tnetallurgically for the production of metal. (Ray- mond) Xeduced fuel oil. Fuel oil of heavy gravity. One having a gravity of 23° Bif. (7.62 lb. per gallon) has been found to contain 19,800 B. t. u. per .pound. ( Bacon ) Seduced iron. Metallic iron in a fine state -of division obtained by reduc- ing ferric oxide by heating It in a current of hydrogen. Called also Iron by hydrogen, Iron-powder, Spongy Iron. (Standard) Seduced oil. Crude petroleum from which the more volatile hydrocar- bons have been eliminated by par- tial evaporation. (Bacon) Beducing flame. The . Inner cone of the blow-pipe flame, characterized by the excess of carboi) or hydro- carbons of the gas, which at the high temperature present tends to combine with the oxygen of a (the) mineral brought into It. (Dana) Beducing furnace. A furnace In which ores are reduced from oxides, or metal is separated from other sub- stances by a non-oxidizing heat or flame; usually a shaft furnace. (Century) Beducing scale. A form of scale used by surveyors to reduce chains and links to acres and rods by Inspec- tion, and also In mapping and draw- ing to different scales. (Century) Bednetlon. 1. The act of removing oxygen. (George) 2. The process of separating metals from their ores. (Skinner) Bednetlon furnace. A furnace for re- ducing ores. Bee Reducing furnace. Seduction works. Works for reducing metals from their ores, as a Smelting works. Cyanide plant, etc. Bed vltrioL Bleberite, CoSO*-<-7H,0 (Power). See Rose vitriol. Hedwood-Baringer water finder. An Instrument designed to ascertain the presence and quantity of water in a tank containing oil. ( Mltzakls ) Bed zino ore. A synonym for Zindte. (Chester) 7-14010 O— 47 36 Beed. 1. (Bug.) A grass or other vegetal tube used for a train of gun- pow(ier (fuse) in blasting (Bain- brldge). See Spire, 1. 2. A weakness in a sedimentary rock parallel with the bedding (Bowles) See also Cleat, 1. Beeder. A frame of thatched reeds used to protect china clay from rain while drying. (Standard) Beedy coal. Coal having alternate layers of splint and bright coal. (Power) Beef. 1. (Aust). A lode or vein. A word introduced into mining by sailors who left their ships to par- ticipate In the rush to Ballarat and Bendlgo, in 1851. To them a rock projecting above the water was a reef, and the term was therefore applied to quartz outcrops on land. 2. (So. Afr.) In the diamond mines, the barren shales, etc., limit- ing like an oval funnel, the soft diamantlferous breccia. Beef drive (Aust). A cutting through the bed rock in alluvial mining for tfie purpose of seeking other undet- ground, gold-bearing gravel channels. (Davles) Beefer (Aust.). A miner who works on a reef. (Webster) Beefing. Working auriferous reefs or veins. (Lock) Beef wash (Aust). Gold-bearing drift (Skinner) Beel. 1. (Scot). A drum or frame on which winding or haulage ropes ai« colled. (Barrowman) 2. In blasting, a devlqe for winding the leading wire for avoiding link- ing and breaking the wife, and keep- ing it in good condition. (Du Pont) Beenfoidng; Belnforclng bars. Iron or steel bars of various cross-sec- tional shapes used to strengthen con- crete. Beese Elver process. Pan amalgama- tion with previous roasting. (Lid- dell) Beeve (Can.). A foreman In a coal mine. (Standard) Befacddn (Sp.). Repair of a mill or building ; Pieza de R., a repair place. (Halse) Befacolonero (Mex.), The helper of a rock drill operative. (Dwight) Befikite. A white, very soft reeln, C»H..O., found in the lignite of Montorlo, near Feramo, Abruzzes, Italy. (Bacon) 562 GLOSSAKY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Refine. 1. To free from impurities ; to free from dross or alloy : to purify, as metals; to cleanse. 2. To treat cast-iron in the refinery furnace so as to remove the silicon. (Webster) Refinery. A building and apparatus for refining, or purifying metals, oils, etc. In. iron manufacturing, a form of furnace with a shallow hearth for refining cast iron to wrought Iron or to iron suitable for puddling. (Web- ster). See also Run-out fire, and Electrolytic process. Refining. 1. The purification of crude metallic products, as the refining of base bullion (silver-lead) produces nearly pure lead and silver. 2. The conversion of gray into white cast- Iron In a run-out fire.' (Raymond) Refining heat. A medium orange heat, attout 655° G which Imparts fineness of grain and toughness to steel that is raised to it and afterwards quenched. (Webster) Reflection goniometer. In mineralogy, an instrument for measuring anglea • Reflet. 1. (Fr.) Iridescent glaze ; es- pecially the metallic glaze in lot- tery, 2. Pottery having metallic or iridescent luster ; especially a bril- liant tinted tile. (Standard) Reflection wave; Reflexion wave. A wave that is propagated backward through the burned gas as the re- sult of an explosion wave being com- pletely or partly arrested against the closed extremi^, or in a constricted portion of Its path, as in a tube, gal- lery, etc. (Mellor, Chemical Statics and Dynainlcs, p. 490. 1909) Reflux valve. In hydraulics, a flap valve used for the purpose of tak- ing off the pressure of a head of water acting in a backward direc- tion against a set of pumpa (Nat. Tube Co.). A check valve. Refogar (Peru). To retort amalgam; to distill sulphur from sulphides. (Halse) Refraction. 1. A change of direction when a ray of light passes from one medium to another of different den- sity. (Power) 2. (Eng.) The percentage of inpurlty in a sample of mineral salt; used principally in the saltpeter trade. (Standard) Refractometer. An Instrument for de- termining the index of (fraction of a mineral. Refractory. 1. Resisting the action of heat and chemical reagents ; a qual- ity undesirable in ores but desirable in furnace linings, etc. (Raymond) 2. A piece of pottery ware covered with a vaporable flux and placed In a kiln to form a glaze on other ar- ticles. (Webster) Refuge hole. A place formed in the side of an underground haulage way in which a man can take irefoge during the passing of a train, . or when shots are flred (Steel). Also called Refuge stalls. Rega (Braz.). A water conduit or launder. (Qalse) Regadura (Sp.). 1. In coal mining, undercutting, undermining, holing, 2. Undercut. (Halse) A bonus to miners. Regalo (Mex.). (Lucas) Regenerative fnmace. A furnace for the recuperation or recovery of heat from the waste gases of combustion (Ingalls, p. 356) See also Regen- erator. Regenerator. A chamber, flUed with open-work of brick, to take up the heat of the gases of combustion from a furnace and subsequently impart it to a current of air, the air and gas being conducted alternately through the chamber. See Siemens furnace. (Raymond) R6gime. In hydraulics, the condition of a river with respect to the rate of Its flow as measured by the vol- ume of water passing different cross sections at a given time. (Webster) Regional. Extending over large areas in contradistinction to local or re- -stricted areas. (Sloan) Regional - metamorphism. Daubree's name for that extended metamorpli- ism that, as contrasted vrith contact effects, is manifested over large areas. (Kemp) Registrar (Sp.). To register a title to a mine. (Halse) Registro (Sp.). 1. A register; an o«8- clal entry or registration of the pos- session of a mine.' 2. A valve; a damper. (Halse) Reglamento (Sp.). A regulation; an ordinance. (Halse) Regola (Sp.). In coal mining, an un- dercut (Halse) GLOgSAKY OP MIUING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 563 EeKoIith. The layer or mantle of loose, Incoherent rock material, of whatever origin, that nearly every- where forms the surface of the land' and rests on the bard or "bed" rocks. It comprises rock waste of all sorts, volcanic ash, glacial drift, alluvium, wind-blown deposits, vege- tal accumulations, and soils. (La Forge) Begiadatiou. The process of forming a new gradation level of equilibrium In a land surface by streams when an old one has become deformed. (Standard) Regular (Mex.). Average ore; ore of fair grade. (Halse) Regular-lay rope. A rope in which the wires in each strand are twisted in opposite direction to the strands in the rope. (C. ,M. P.) Regulator. 1,. A door in tfie mine, the opening or closing of which regu- lates the supply of ventilation to a district (Gresley). Usually a slide door. 2. The shutter of a fan. (Barrow- man) Regnle (Fr.). A copper regulus from wMch most of the impurities have been removed by liquatibn. (Kay- mond) Regulus. 1. The metallic mass that sinks to the bottom' Of a furnace or crucible, separating itself by gravity from the supernatant slag. 2. An Intermediate product obtained in smelting ores, especially those of copper, lead, silver, and nickel, and consisting chiefly of metallic sul- phides. In this sense it is synony- mous with matte, or the German stein. Antimony regulus is metallic antimony. (Raymond) Regur (Hind.). A residual, dark-col- ored, loamy soil of the volcanic re- gions of India, rich in organic mat- ter, that is not derived from forest growth; similar to the black earth of Russia. Spelled also Regar. (Standard) Reh (Hind). A sterilizing saltine ef- florescence that forms on the surface of parts of the Valley of the Ganges from the evaporation of water rising from beneath. (Standard) Reheater. An apparatus for reheating a substance, as ingot steel, that has cooled or partly cooled during some process. (Standard) Reheating furnace. A reverberatory furnace in which the puddled bars,- piled in packets, are reheated pre- paratory to rolling. (Century) Reinite. Ferrous tungstate, FeWO^ In blackisb-brpwn tetragonal pyra- mids, perhaps pseudomorphous. (Dana) Reja (Sp.). 1. A grating. A stamp- battery screen ; a grizzly ; R. mdvil, a shaking screen. 2. A grate in a furnace. (Halse) Rejilla (Sp.). 1. A jig sieve. 2. A furnace grate. (Halse) Rejuvenation. 1. To render young again. 2. To stimulate, as by up- lift, to renew erosive activity; said of streams. 3. To develop youthful features of topography in an area previousily worn down to a base level. (Webster) Relajar (Mex.). To put new stones in the bed of an arrastre (Halse). See Arrastre, 1. Rel&mpago (Mex.). The brightening of the silver button during cupella- tion. (Dwight) Relative humidity. The amount of va- por or water in the air, when ex- pressed, In the form of a percentage, as the ratio of the actual quantity of moisture in the air to the quan- tity that woulC saturate it under its actual conditions as 'to pressure and temperature. (Standard) Relaves. 1. (Mex.) Residue left in a batea from a washing test ( Dwight ) . 2. (Chile) Residues left after the Chilean process of amalgamation (Halse). (Peru) Tailings from amalgamating plants. (Pfordte) Releceg' (Colom.). Mineral left be- hind by former working as being unprofitable. (Halse) Releje ( Peru ) . Supporting mine work- ings by timbers. (Halse) Relev£e (Fr.). A certain thickness of coal beds and intervening measures (varying between 88 and 160 yards) in inclined strata, that forms a lift or series of workings being pros- ecuted to the rise at one time. (Gresley) Relevo (Sp.). Shift; R. de la tarde, afternoon shift ; back shift. (Halse) Reliction. The slow and gradual re- cession of the water by which the land is left dry. (Shamel, p. 807) 564 GIJOSSABY OF MIIflNG AKD iSXSEBAL IlfDUSTBT. Hellef. 1. The character of the surface of a mineral section as observed under the microscope, depending upon its refractive power relative to that of the medium in which It is embedded. 2. The elevations or in- equalities of a land surface con- sidered collectively. {Webster) Relief holes. Bore holes, that are loaded and fired for the purpose of relieving or removing part of the burden of the charpes to be fired in the main blast. (Dii Pont) Belief map. A model of an area in which its inequalities of surface are shown in relief. (Webster) Believing timbers. Replacing broken timber sets with new ones. BeHghtlng station. (Aust). A place tmderground where safety ■ lamps may be lighted In case they have been extinguished. (Power) Beliqnite (L.) In geology, fossil or- ganisms. (Standard) Bellz (Mex.). Wall of vein; R. de alto, hanging wall ; B. del bajo, foot wall (Dwight) Belleno (Sp.). 1. Stowing, filling, packing. 2. Waste, gob, or goaf; B. de un flldn, vein filling. (Halse) Bemanle. 1. (Fr.) Derived from, or containing fossils of an older forma- tion, as, remanie deposits. 2. Re- cemented, as a glacier formed by the falling of fragments of ice (glacier remanie). (Standard) Bemblaig. 1. (Fr.) A system* of' working a very thick coal seam In central France. A horizontal slice Is first taken out 6 feet 6 Inches in height across the seam, and the space filled up with stone, brought from the surface. A second lift Is then extracted, and so on. 2. (Fr.) Synonymous with Longwall. 3. (Fr.) Synonymous with Goaf. (Gresley) Bemingtonite. A hydrated carbonate of cobalt found in Maryland. (Cen- tury) Bemisl6]i. 1. (Sp.) Act of sending (Halse) 2. (Mex.) A shipment. (Dwight) Bemolino (Sp.). A bunch or mass of ore. (Davles) Bemovldo (Sp.). Stirring or rabbling. (Halse) Bendiflo (Mex.). A term applied to the torta when the amalgamation Is concluded. (Egleston) Bendimento. 1. (Sp.) Tield or prod- uct. (Halse)' 2. R. de metal, ore output. (Dwight) Bendir. 1. (Mex.) To yield. The com- plete amalgamation of the silver In a patio charge. (Dwight) 2. R. los humos (Peru), said of ores completely oxidized by roasting. (Halse) Bend-rock. A variety of dynamite used in blasting, consisting of nitro- glycerin, saltpeter, wood pulp, and paraffin or pitch. (Webster) Benlform. Kidney-shaped; applied to certain minerals. (Thompson) Benk. 1. An average or standard dis- tance for putting coal at a stated price. (Webster) 2. (Newc.) The average distance coal is brought by the putten. (Raymond) Bensselaerite. 1. Wax-like, masses of talc. Pseudomorphous after pyrox- ene. (Moses) 2. E. Emmons's name for a talcosa •rock from St. linwrence County, N. Y. (Kemp). Now obsoletft Repairer. See Repair man. Bepair man. A workman whose duty it is) to repair tracks, doors, brat- tices, or to reset timber, etc., under the direction of a foreman (0. and M. M. P.). A repairer. Bepasador. 1. (Mex.) The man who turns over pulp in the potto. (Dwight) 2. Also one who mixes the ore by treading In the mercury, or who drives mules in that operation, (Halse) Bepasadora (Mex.). A kind of ma- chine for kneading or treading the torta. (Halse) Bepasar (Sp.). To stir the batches of ore, in which magistral and quicksilver are mixed, as in the patio process. (Halse) Bepaso (Mex.). The act of mixing the patio charge by treading it with horses or mules. (Dwight) Bepeated twinning. In crystallog- raphy, three or more crystals united according to the same law. (Stand- ard) Beplacement. The process by which one mineral or chemical substance takes the place of some earlier dif- 'ferent substance, often preserving its structure or crystalline form. (Farrell) GliOSSAKY OF MINING ANP MINEBAIi INDUSTRY. 566 Beplaeement yein. A vein in which certain minerals have passed Into solution and have been carried away, while other minerals from the solu- tion have been deposited In the place of those removed. The proc- ess is called Metasomatlc replace- ment Also called Substitution vein. (Shamel, p. 152) Xeplaelncr-iwltoh. A device consisting of a united pair of iron plates hinged to shoes fitting over the rails to re- place, on the track, derailed railway rolling stock (Century). Also used for mine cars. Xeposadero (Mez.). 1. The bottom of a crucible or pot In an upright smelting furnace. (Dwlght) 2. A settling tank used in the patio process. 3. A receptacle for molten lead in iront of a furnace. 4. The contents of a forehearth. (Halse) BeprQsentation work. Same as assess- ment work on a mining claim. (U. S. Min. Stat, pp. 233-253) Kepressed brlok. Bricks that have been put through a second pressing machine after molding to Improve their shape, etc, (Ries) Bepresslng-maohlne. A machine for making pressed bricks' or for giving ordinary green bricks a second press- ing. (Standard) Kesacatin (Sp. Am.). One who buys small quantities of ore from. Indians. (Halse) Besbal6n (Sp.). A vertlcallode. (Lu- cas) Beseatador (Mex.). An ore buyer: •(Ehvlght) Beieate (Mez.). 1. The purchase of ores. 2. Purchased ores. (Dwlght) 8. Public sale of ores. 4. An ore? buying agency. (Halse)- Beseue. To move live men or dead bodies from a mine after a mine disaster. . Sometimes called Recover. The latter applies especially to put- ting the mine in shape for operation again. Betoue - appatetui. Bee Mine rescue- apparatus. Betoue-oar. Bee Mine rescue-car. XMene-orew. Bee Mine rescue-crew. Beteeoi (Mex.). Barthy carbonates of lead (Halae). Dry ores. (Dwlght) Bescrrai (Sp.). Ore reMrvo. (Haln) Beierve. 1. To keep back; to keq» in store for future or other use. S. That which Is held back, or in stock. Specifically, imown ore bodies that may be worked at some future tlme^ as ore reserves. Beierved coal (Scot). Coal not in- cluded in, but reserved from lease, as coal under buildings. ( Barrowman ) Besguardo (Mex.). A penthouse used at the bottom of a shaft as a pro- tection to men while shaft-sinldnK. (Halse) Besldnal. 1. (a) Characteristic of, per- taining to, or consisting of residuum. (&) Kemalning. essentially in place after all but the least soluble con- stituents have been removed: said of the material eventually resulting from the decomposition of rocka %. Standing, as a remnant of a for- merly greater mass of rock or area of land, above a . surrounding area which has been generally planated: said of some roc&, hills, mountains mesas, plateaus, and groups of sucl features.- (La Forge) Besidual clay. A clay deposit formed by the decay of rock In place. This type is abundant In the Southern . States. (Ries) Besidual deposits. Bee Residual, lb, as Residual gravel, sand, clay, etc. Besidnary. Resulting from local rock decay: said of deposits of disinte- gration that have not been trans- ported. Bee Residual, 1. Besidne. 1. The solid matter remaining after a liquid has been filtered or evaporated. (EHiryee) 2. The waste or final product from a hydrometallurgical plant which, at the time of operation, is valueless as far as metal content is concerned. (Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. ISfl, V- 317) Besidno (Sp.). 1. Waste from picking ore; final' sludge from tin dressing. 2. Alluvial. detritus. (Halse) Besiduum. 1. The residue obtained on the distillation of crude petroleum after the constituents boiling below 620° F. have been removed. 3. The residue left in the still after the distillation of crude oil has been completed, and not the residue from redistilled condensates. ' Also known as the cokings and tailings. (Ba- con) S. The matorlal eventually resulting from tbe deccHnposltion of rocks in place and ctmslsting of the nearly 566 GLOSSABY OF MINING AliTD MINBBAIi INDUSTBY. Insoluble material left after all the more readily soluble constituents of the rocks have been removed. (La Forge) See also Besldual 1. Kesln. 1. A term applied to secretions of saps of certain plants or trees. It is an oxidation or polymerization product of the terpenes, and gener- ally contains "resin" acids and es- ters (Bacon). See Kauri gum. 2. A term applied to the solid bitu- mens. See Bitumen. (Bacon) Besin jack. iSee Rosin jack. Besinous. Resembling resin, as opal, and some yellow varieties of sphal- erite. (Dana) Besin tiff. A light colored zlncblende. (Power) Beslstal. A trade name for a special glass used in the manufacture of goggles. Besorption. A partial refusing of phenocrysts in a porphyrltic rock, followed by recrystalllzation in' mod- ified forms. (Standard) Besorption border. A border of sec- ondary minerals surrounding an original crystal constituent of a rock, produced by partial resorp- tion and recrystalllzation. (Stand- ard) Besorte (Mex.). A spring; a spring buffer for rolls. (Dwlght) Bespaldeador (Sp.). A cobbing ham- mer. (Lucas) Bespaldo (Sp.). Wall of a vein; B. alto, hanging wall ; R. bafo, f ootwall. (Halse) Bespiradero (Sp.). 1. An air shaft. 2. Tbe snore hole of a pump. 8. A blow hole of a volcano through which gases-are emitted. (Halse) Bespirator. A device, as a screen of fine wire or gauze, worn over the month or nose, by workm^i who are obliged *to breathe air containing dust or smoke. (Standard) Besplendent. Shining with brilliant luster; very bright (Century). Some- times said of minerals. Bests. The arrangement at the top and bottom of a shaft, or interme- diate levels, for supporting the shaft- cage while; changing the tubs or cars (Raymond.) Also called Chairs, Keeps, Catches or Wings. Bene. To open up a stope, not In the vein but In the wall rock. Bee Be- sulng. Besuing. A method of stoplng wherein the wall rock on one side of the vein is removed before the ore Is broken. Employed on narrow veins, (less than 30 inches) and yields cleaner ore than when wall and ore are broken together (Crane). Besuscitate. To restore to animation or life; especially to restore from apparent death ; revive ; revivify ; aa, to resuscitate a drowned person (Standard). In cases of electric shock, azphyxlation from mine gases, etc., tp revive by means of artificial respirktlon. Betaining wall. A wall built to retain earth behind it. (Duryee) Betaque (Mex.). Lagging and filling combined. (Halse) Betenida (Mex.). A pillar in a stop& (Dwlght) Betlonlate. To divide or mark so as to resemble or form network. (Web- ster) Betlcnlated masonry. Masonry of small square stones, bricks, or tiles placed diagonally, or occasionally of blocks of diamond shape. Called also Reticulated work. (Standard) Betioulated veins. Veins that cross each other, forming a network. (Power) Betinalite. A resinous, variety of mas- sive serpentine. (Dana) Betinelllte. A light brown, reslnold substance separated by alcohol from retlnasphalt ; It begins to fuse at 121" 0. (Bacon) Betinlte. The current name, among the French, for pitchstone. (Kemp) Betirado (Sp.). Working homewards; retreating. (Halse) Betonatlon wave. A wave propagated backwards through the burned gases from the starting point of an explo- sion wave, as of an explosion of ga& (Mellor, Chemical Statics and Dy- namics, p. 490. 1909) Betort. 1. A vessel virith a long neck, used for distilling the quicksilver from amalgam. See Amalgam re- tort. S. The vessel used in dlstUUng zinc. (C. and M. M. P.) S. To treat by heating in a retort, as gold amal- gam, to drive ofT the mercury and recover the gold. (Webster) Betorta (Mex.). Betort. (Dwight) Betort-house. The building containing the gas-retorts in which gas is mami- factured. (Standard) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 567 BetortliiK. 1. Removing the mercury from an amalgam by Volatilizing It In an iron retort, conducting it away, and condensing, it.> (Raymond) 2. In the sulphur Industry, syaony- motts with sublimation, which see. Ketort oven. A- coke oven that con- serves the gas evolved. (0. and M. M. P.) Ketort scaler. An Implement for scraping clean thelnsldes of gas re- torts. (Standard) Betreat. To treat oyer again. Said of tailings from ore-dressing plants. Betreatal moraine. A- moraine de- posited during the retreat of the last Pleistocene ice-sheet. (Stand- ard) Betreatlng system. 1. A system of robbing pillars in which the line of pillars being robbed retreats or moves from the boundary toward the shaft or mouth of the mine. 2. In longwall mining the system in which all passages are driven to the boundaries and the working face re- treats toward the shaft or mouth of the mine. See Longwall method. Betnrn. 1. The air course along which the vitiated air of a mine is re- turned or conducted back to the up- cast shaft (Steel) 2. The rate of yield of product In any given process of ^thfe production per unit of cost, especially In An industrial process. (Webster) Betnm air. The air or ventilation that has passed through the work- ings. (Gresley) Betnrn aircomse; Betnm airway. Bee Return, 1. Betnm tunnel (Aust). A tunhel or adit used as a return airway. (Power) Benisin. An Impure Glauber's ealf (mirabllite), found native. (Stand- ard) Benssinlte. A resln-Ilke, reddish- brown osygenated hydrocarbon, soluble In boiling alcohol and in ether (Bacon). Found In Certain coal deposits. Beventazto (Lower Oal., Hex.). Out- croi>plngs. (Lucas) BeTerberar (Mex.). To rdast. (Dwight) Beverberate. 1. To deflect flame or hent, as in a reverberatory furnace. $; To reduce by reverberated heat; to fuse. (Century) Beverberatory furnace. A furnace in which ore is submitted to the ac- tion of flame without contact with the fuel. The flame enters from the side or end, passes upward over a low wall or bridge, strikes the roof (arch) of the furnace, and is rever- berated downward upon the charge. (Raymond) Beverse bearing. In surveying, a sight taken backward for the purpose of verifying the foresight (Standard). See Backsight, 2 and 3. Obsequent Reversed stream, stream, ' Beverse fault. See Fault. ' Reversing machine. A molding ma- chine having a flask or flasks that may be turned over for ramming the sand. (Standard) Reversing rolls, train. See Three - high Bevestlmlenfo (Sp.). A casing, lining, or covering used in mines. (Halse) Bevet. To face, as with slabs of stone or with any kind of masonry ; furnish with a revetment, as to revet an embankment, wall, or building. (Standard) Bevet crag. In geology, one of a se- ries of narrow, pointed outliers ef eroded strata, inclining Inwai-dly, like a revetment against a moun- tain. (Standard) Bevetment. A facing, sheathing, or retaining wall, as of masonry or other materials, for protecting a mass or bank of earth, etc., as in fortlflcatlons and river banks. (Standard) Bevierbeamt (Gerl). The chief in- spector of a district, who gives ac- tual decisions, subject to appeal, in reference to mining questions, roles, etc (Gresley) Beviewlng (Eng.). See Toller. Bevived. Having had Its ability to cut down its bed renewed or augmented through Increase of its gradient by deformation of the earth's crust by an uplift or tUt; said of certain streams. {Is, Forge) Bevoltnra (Max.). 1. The mixing of ore with fluxes. 2. A furnace charge. 8. The frequent stirring of minerals durlnjr calcination. (Halse) Bevolvlng screen. A trommel, for siz- ing or dassUying ore. 668 GLOSSARY OF MIlSriNG AIJD iSISmLAL. INDXJSTBY. Reward claim (Aust.), A prospecting claim; often shortened to retoard. (Webster) A mining daim granted to the discoverer of a mineral-bear- ing district. Bezagado (Hex.). Piled up. (D wight) Suago (Mex.). 1. Waste rock. (D wight) 2. Ore left in a mine. (Halse) Kezilite mastlo. A preparation of elaterlte containing asbestos fiber; It Is used for surfacing floors. (Ba- con) Xhahdomancy. Alleged divination by rod or wand when searching for min- erals. (Power) Shaetic beds. Certain fossillferous shales and limestones of the Upper Trias of Europe and elsewhere. Oalled also Avlcula-contorta zone. (Standard) Khaetlzite. A white variety of cya- nlte found In Tyrol. (Dana) Bhenania furnace. A combination of the Hasenclever and O'Harra fur- naces, with four hearths, and with a combination flue under the lowest hearth and one over the upper hearth. Has mechanical rabbles^ (Ingalls, p. 156) B])enlsh furnace. A zinc distillation furnace which Is a modified type of the SUeslan furnace. (Ingalls, p. 413) Bheostat. 1. An Instrument for in- serting varying resistance In an elec- tric circuit for controlling the In- tensity of an electric current. S. An Instrument for testing blastlAg machines by inserting definite re- sistance equal to a Imown -number of electric blasting caps of a standard length wire, using one electric blast- ing-cap as an Indicator. (DuPont) Bhlgoleae. The most volatile liquid fraction obtained in the distillation of petroleum. It has a boiling point of 18° C. and consists largely of pentane ; Its specific gravity is 0.60. (Bacon) Bhlneitone. A colorless gem-stone made of paste or strass, and cut, usually as a brilliant, to Imitate the diamond. (Standard) Bhodlte. Same as Rhodium gold. (Standard) Bhodlum. A rare element of the light platinum group found In platinum ores and separated as a grayish white metal; Insoluble In adda and very difficult to fuse. Symbol,. Bh; atomic weight, 102.9; spedflc grtT- ity, 12.2. (Webster) Bhodlum gold. A native alloy con- taining from 34 to 4S per c^nt of rhodium and from 57 to 66 per cent of gold. Called also Bhodlte. (Standard) Bhodochroslte. Manganese carbonate^ MnCO.. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) BhodoUte. A variety of garnet char- acterized by its roselllse color and brilliant luster, Composition corre- sponds to 2 molecules of pyrope and 1 of almandite. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Rhodonite. Manganese silicate, Mn- SiO. (U. S. Geol. Surv.). Also called Manganese spar. BhoUtes. A word employed by M. Q, Wadsworth to designate smelting materials or fluxes. . (Power) Bhomben-porphyrles. A name applied to certain Norwegian porplyrles, whose phenocrysts of Orthoclase re- semble a rhombohedron. The ortho- clase is rich in soda. (Kemp) Rhombic dodecahedron. In the Isomet- ric system, the ordinary dodecahed- ron, formed by twelve faces, each parallel to one axis and having equal Intercepts on the other two. (La Forge) Rhombic mica. A synonym for Phlogo- pite. (Chester) Rhombic quartz. An old name for Feldspar. (Chester) Rhombic system. In crystallography, same as orthomblc system. (A F. Rogers) Rhombohedral. 1. Of, pertaining to, forming, or crystallizing In rhombo- hedrons. 2. Pertaining to, or belong- ing In, that group of the hexagonal qystem which Is characterized' by a vertical axis of three-fold symmetiy and three horizontal axes of two-told symmetry. (La Forge) Rhombohedral system. 1. The same af the hexagonal eastern, except that the forms are referred to three axes parallel to the faces of the funda- mental rhombohedron instead at to the usual four axes. 2. The trigonal division of the hexagonal system, the forms being referred to the same three axes as above. (Neither usage has been generally accepted.) (La Forge) ) Bhombohedron. A crystal form bound- ed by six faces of rhombic ontllna (Perkins) GOiOSSABT OF MINIKQ Am) ICOTEBAIi INDUSTBT. 669 Ahomli-spar, A synonym for Dolomite. (Chester) Bhone. 1. (Scot.) A wooden chan- nel for conveying water, a. (Scot.) A line of wooden boxes for convey- ing air. (Barrowman) Rhnms (Scot.). Bituminous shale. (Barrowman) Abyaeollte. A variety of orthoclase oc- curring In glassy crystals In lava (Webster) 1 See Sa'nldine. Xhyollte. A felsopbyric to vitreous ig- neous rock composed essentially of quartz and alkalic feldspar, or of rock glass having substantially the same composition, with or without blotite, hombloide, or pyroxene; 11- parite. (La Forge) Rhyollte is cur- tent In Ajnerlca, whereas liparite and Quartz - trachyte are more used abroad. The name was given in 1860 by V. Richthofen (Kemp). A lava, usually of light color, corre- sponding in chemical composition to granite. The same molten liquid that at great depth within the earth ■oUdlfles as granite would, If it flowed out on the surface, cool more quickly and crystallize less com- pletely as rhyollte. (Bansome) Sib. 1. In coal mining, the solid coal on the side of a gallery or long wall face ; a pillar or barrier of coal left for support iS. The solid ore of a vein ; an elongated pillar left to sup- port the hanging-wall, in working out a vein. (Raymond) S. (Scot.) A thin stratum, as of stone. In a seam of coal. (Barrow- man) Also spelled Ribb. 4. A stringer of ore in a lode. Blb-and-pillar (So. Staff.). A system upon which the "Thick coal" seam ■WBB formerly extensively mined, be- ing a kind of pillar-and-stall plan. (Gresley) Blband stone (Eng,). Sandstone In thin layers alternating in color, gen- erally light and dark gray (Ores- ley). A variation of Ribbon, 2. Slbbed. CJontaining bone (Raymond). Said of coal. Kibbing. 1. (Lane.) A strip of coal three yards in width. 2. Enlarging a heading or drift (Gresley) Ubbon. 1. A mass of soft or sticky material adhering to a roll during the process of crushing. (BltOiards, t! Having pataUd bands or streaks; as, ribbon Jasper; In this sense com- monly riband (Standard). When the lines of contrast are on a larger scale they are said to be banded. Klbbon borer. A boring tool consist- ing of a twisted flat steel -blade. (Raymond) Klbbon brake. A friction-brake hav- ing a metal strap that encircles a wheel or drum and may be drawn tightly against It (Standard). A band-brake. Klbbon Jasper. iSfee Ribbon, 2. Klbbon rock. £fee Ribbon, 2. Kib road (Scot). A road formed along the rib side. (Barrowman) Kib shot. A shot In the face next to a rib. (Steel) Kib side (Scot). The edge of solid mineral left by a lohgwall working. In longwall working, if one face or wall is considerably in advance of the next it is said to have a ribside. (Barrowman) Kice coal. A fine size of anthracite. (Webster) Kioe stone. A kind of stone spotted as with rice grains. (Standard) Klchards' pnlsatbr classifier. A classi- fier operating in such a manner that the pulp grains fall through a sort- ing column against an upward pul- sating current of water. It has no screen. (Liddell) Klchards' pulsator Jig. See Pulsator jig. Klchards' shallow-pocket hindered- settling classifier. A series of pockets through which successively weaker streams of water are di- rected upward. The material that OEin settle does so and is drawn oft through spigots. (Liddell) Blclng (No. Staff.). Lagging. Bee Lacing, 1. (Gresley) Blcket; Kicketing. 1. (Mid.), A nar- row brattice for ventilation. 2. (Mid.) A channel formed along the floor of a mine for drainage pur- poses. (Gresley) 3. An airway along the side of an adit or shaft (Morine) Kick (Penn.). An open heap or pile in which coal is coked. (Raymond) Klckle (Scot). A heap or pile, as of stones or peat, loosely thrown to- gether (Century). Same as Rick. Kloo (Mex.). Blch. (Dwight) 570 GLOSSARY OF MUTIKG AND MINERAIj INDUSTRY. Eleolite. A banded variety of verd- antique from New Mexico. (Web- ster) Sldar (Com.). A sieve; a riddle. (Pryce) Xlddam (Bng.). Water, reddish with iron; also sdum. (Webster) Kidding. 1. (No. of Eng.) Separat- ing Ironstone from coal shale. (Gresley) 2. Clearing away fallen stone and debris. (C. and M. M. P.) Bidding packing (So. Wales). Gut- ting up or removing a crept floor. (Gresley) Kiddle (Com. and Scot). A sieve. The large pieces of ore and, rock picked out by hand are called knockings. The riddllngs remain on the riddle ; the fell goes through. (Raymond) Klddllngs. See Riddle. Side over (Ark.). A Bqueeze that extends into the workings beyond the pillar. It is said to ride over the pUlar. (Steel) Kider. ' 1. A thin seam of coal overly- ing a thicker one. (Steel) S. The rock lying between two lodes or beds. (Da vies) S. A mass of country rock inclosed in a lode. A horse. (Skinner) 4. A person who rides with the . trains of cars, to handle brakes, couple cars, signal, etc., as rope rider, trip rider. (Sted) 5. (Eng.) A guide-frame for steadying a bucket in a sinking pit. (Gresl^) 8. An ore-deposit overlying the principal vein. (Standard) 7. (No. of Eng.) A ferruginous veinstone, or a similar Impregna- tion of the walls adjacent to the vein. (Century) Xidered. Relating to the country-rock of a vein when Impregnated by the vein materials In strings (Stand- aid). See Rider, 7. Xide-the-tow (Scot). To slip or slide down the shaft rope. (Barrowman) Bee Run-the-tow, 2. Bidg« fillet. A runner or principal channel for molten metal. (Stand- ard) Xldge roU. A curved piece for cover- ing the ridge of a roof laid with roofing tile. (Ries) Ridge-T. Used In roof tiling to indi- cate a trimming piece for use at the intersection of two ridgas. (Ries) Ridge tile. A roofing tile having the upper half flattened to a plane, and used at the roof ridge. It is cov- ered by a finishing tile. (Ries) Ridgeway filter. A horizontal revolv- ing, continuous vacuum filter. The surface is an annular ring consisting of separate trays with vacuum and compressed air attaclmients. The filtering surface is on the under side, the trays being dipped Into the tank of pulp to form the cake, and then lifted out of It (LiddeU) Ridging. See Cresting. Riding. Said of mine timbering whoi the sets are thrust out of Une^ or lean. (Sanders, p. 156) Rid up. To clean out rubbish or waste from a mine, metallurgical plant, etc. Rid-np runners. To clean up after a cast, as when the scrap, slag, and iron is removed from runners, troughs, and skimmer^ and they are freshly clayed, loamed, or sanded. (Wlllcox) Rlego (Sp.). 1. Irrigatlpn. 2. Allay- ing coal, dust by means of a spray. 3. (Golom.) Float ore. (Halae) Rlel (Sp.). 1. A railroad raU. 2. A small bar or ingot of crade gold, sliver, or copper. (Halse) Riffle. 1. From the Danish rifle, a groove or channel. In mining, the lining of the bottom of a dnice, made of blocks or slats of wood, or stones, arranged in such a manner that cliinks are left between them. The whole arrangement at the bot- tom of the sluice is usually called the riffles. In smaller gold-saving machines, as the cradle, the slats of wood nailed across the bottom are called 'riffle-iars, or simply riffle* (Century). A groove in the bottom of an inclined trough or sluice, tSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 571 Klfflc-blockB. Cross sections of timber set on tlie floor of a sluice, with irregular spaces between, in which the gold settles. Also called Riffle- bars. See Riffle. (Miller) Klfled. 1. A drill hole, in rock, that has become three-cornered while drilling. (Gillette, p. 24) 2. Said of a drill-core that hAs spiral markings. Xlfled pipe. A pipe used for convey- ing heavy oils. The pipe is rifled with helical grooves which make a complete turn through 360 degrees in about 10 feet of length. (Mat. Tube Ck).) Bifles (Sp. Am.). Riffles. (Lucas) Sifllngt (So. Staff.). 1. Working the upper portion of a coal seam over waste or goaf. (Gresley) 2. The spiral grooves appearing on the surface of drill cores. Sift. 1. An obscure foliation, either vertical (or nearly so) or horizon- tal, along which a rock splits more readily than in any other direction. See Grain, 1. (Watson, p. 462) S. See Fault trace. 3. A shallow rocky place in a stream. (Webster) Elft valley. A relatively long and nar- row trough-like valley formed by the sinking of a strip of the earth's crust between two approximately parallel and opposed normal faults or zones of faulting. (La Forge) Big. A derrick, vsrlth its engine house, etc., necessary to run It, used for boring, and afterwards pumping, an oil well; also, the derrick itself. (Webster) Bigger. A semi-skilled employee at blast furnaces, whose duties are largely with construction and repair work, rather than maintenance. Skilled in use of hoist tackle, winches, etc., and usually able to do riveting and to assemble material. (WUlcpx) Bight-angled block. In quarrying a block of stone bounded by 3 pairs of parallel faces, all adjacent faces meeting at right angles. (Bowles) Bight of way. A grant by Act of Congress, to convey vrater over or across the public domain, for mining purposes. (U. S. Min. Stat., p. 612) Biffht running (No. of Bug.). 1. Ap- plied to a vein carrying ore in beds often unproductive (Balnbridge). S. Rake veins extending approxi- mately east and west. (Power) Bight-running lode. A lode parallel to the axis of elevation of the district (Standard) Bill. 1. The coarse ore at the periph- ery of a pile. (C. and M. M. P.) 2. A very small brook; a streamlet (Webster) Bill-cut stoping. See Rill stoping. Bill-cut vertical stopes. Bee Rill stop- ing. Bill marks. Small depressions in sand- stone, produced by the eddying of a retreating wave on a sea beach under the lee of some small obstruction, such as a shell or pebble. (Kemp) Bill stoping. Stoping in which the ore is cut back from the winzes in such a way that an inverted pyramid- shaped room is created, with its apex In a winze and Its base at the levd. (H. C. Hoover, p. 98) Sometimes called Pyramidal stop- ing. Inclined cut and fllling, Rill-cut vertical stopes, Overhand stoping In inclined floors, and Rill-cut stoping. Blm rock. The bedrock rising to form the boundary of a placer or gravel deposit. (Raymond) Bi^e pan. A pan in which salt water Is evaporated to obtain salt. Blng. 1. A complete circle of tub- bing plates around a circular shaft 2. Troughs placed in shafts to catch the falling water, and so arranged as to convey it to a certain point (Steel) 3. (Newc). A gutter cut around a shaft to catch and conduct away the water. (Raymond) 4. (So. Staff.). A circular piece of wrought-iron, about 8 inches deep, placed on the top of a skip of coal to increase Its capacity. (Min. Jour.) Biiig crib (Bng.) A wedging crib upon which tubbing Is placed, having a gutter or' ring cast round the inner edge, to collect any water that may run down the walls of the shaft (Gresley) Blnger. 1. (Derb.) A hammer for driving wedges. (Gresley) 2. A crowbar. (Webster) Binger-and-chaln (Mid.). See Dog and chain, 1. Blng kiln; Sod kiln. A lime kiln made by digging a conical pit, filling It with alternate layers of limestone and fuel, and covering the top with ■ods. (Standard) 672 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINEBALi INDUSTRY. Blag ore. Fragments of ganfoe cov- ered with regular deposits of other minerals. iSee Sphere ore. CPowct) RisK pit. A circular pit In which a large wheel is revolved for temper- ing clay. (Rles) Ring-small. Designating stones, as for road-making, small enough to pass through a ring of specified diameter. King-small stones. (Webster) Ring Btone. A voussoir showing on the face of the wall, so called as helping to Uiake up the arch ring. (Webster) Ring wall. The inner flre-brlck .wall of a blast furnace. ( Standard) Rifldii (Mex.). 1. A kidney - shaped mass of ore. 2. Beniform tin ore. S. (Colom.) A place in a mine where ore is abundant. (Halse). Rio (Sp.). River; stream. (Halse) RioUta (Sp.). Rhyolite. (Halse) Rip (Mid.). To cut or blast down the roof or top (Gresley). Also to take up the floor or bottom. (Barrow- man) " Riparian rights. The rights of a per- son owning land containing or bor- dering on a watercourse or other body of water in or to its banks, bed, or waters. At the common law a person owning land bordering a non-navlgable stream owns the bed of the stream and may make reason- able use of its waters. (Webster; also U. S. Mln. Stat, p. 619) Ripiadores (Colom.). Workmen em- ployed to lower ore through a winze. (Halse) Rlpldolite. chlorite. See Clinochlore and Pro- Ripio (Sp.). 1. Rubble. 2. Ballast material. 8. (Mex.) Fragments of stone placed between the stones forming the bed of an arrastre. 4. Waste; attle; deads. S. (Oolom.) Spalled ore; small ore from the mine. 6. (Chile) Residue obtained by evaporating caliche. (Halse) Ripper. 1. (Mid.) A man who rips. See Rip. (Gresley). 2. A slate- edging tool. (Standard) Ripping-bed. A machine for cutting stone into slabs-; a gang stone-saw. (Standard) Ripple. A groove or bar across sluices for washing gold (Roy. Com.), See Riffle. Ripple hoard. An inclined trongb hav- ing grooves or strips across its bot- tom to catch fine gold (Duryee). A riffle. Ripple drift. A rock-structure result- ing from the constant deposition of silt, where ripple-marked surfaces are successive formed, and thus covered and preserved (Standard^ See Ripple mark. Ripple mark. The wavy suriace of some beds of sandstone and mud- stones, produced by gentle move- ment in shallow water when these ~ rocks were in a soft condition. (Roy. Com.) Rippling. See Ripple mark. Riprap. A foundation or sustaining wall of stones thrown togefitier without order. (Webster) Risco (Mex.). 1( Sharp, precipitous rock. 2. Quartz found in veins or outcrops. (Dwlght) Rise. 1. To dig or work upward in mining, in opposition to sink. a. A shaft excavated from below upward (Webster and Standard). The com- pleted excavation is also, called a Raise, Upraise, or Riser. See Raise. 3. The inclination of the strata, when looking up hill. To the rise is directly up hill in an inclined coal seam. (Steel) Rise doors (Scot.). The entrance from a shaft Into upper workingit (Barrowman) Rise heading. A heading driven to the rise in long-way workings. Be0 Heading, 3. (Raymond) Rise level (Scot). The upper of two parallel level roads. (Barrowman) Riser. 1. A shaft excavated from be- low upward (Webster). See Raise, also Rise, 2. 2. (No. of Eng.) An upthrow fault (Gresley) 3. A passage or channel from the interior of a mold, in which the molten metal rises and by its pres- sure keeps the mold full as the- metal in the latter contracts. 4. In mining, a rising main; See Colnmfr pipe. (Standard) Rise spUt (Eng.). The proportion of the ventilating current sent into tha rise workings of a mine. (Gresley) Rise workings (Eng.). Underground workings carried on the rise or hlgb side ot the shafts. (Gresley) (HiOSSABT OF MINHSTQ AXm UrSTEBLkL INDUSTRY. 573 ' 'Bl^VS.. 1. An excavation carried from b^w npward; a rise or riser. S. The boiling in the mold of molten steel after teeming. S. The honey- combing of a steel casting, caused by such boiling. (Standard) J^Mtig column (Scot). Delivery pipes of a ram or plunger pump. (Barrowman) Xitlng main. See Oolumn pipe. Uther (Eng.). The matrix in which an ore occurs. See Rider, 7. (Bain- bridge) Blttlnger table. A side-bump table with plane surface, actuated by a cam, spring, and bumping post (Idd- deU) Uvelalne. A pick with one or two points, formed of flat Iron, used to undercut coal by scraping Instead of' striking. (Raymond) Blver-bar placers (Alaska). Placers on gravel flats in or adjacent to the beds of large streams. (U. S. Oeol. Surv. Bull. 259, p. 33) Xlver claim. A claim that includes the bed of a river. (Duryee) Elver drift. The gravel deposits ac- cumulated by a river in its torren- tial stages. (Century) Si ver marble. See Landscape marble. Elver mining. Mining or excavating beds of existing rivers after deflect- ing their course, or by dredging without changing the flow of water. Elver pebble. A term applied in Flor- ida to a certain class of phosphatic pebbles, or concretions, found in riv- ers as distinguished from land peb- ble phosphates. (Power) Elver right Same as Creek right .(Duryee) Elver valley. The depression made by the stream, and by its various proc- esses which precede and accompany the development of the stream. (Webster) Eivei-in (Eng.). To crack open, or produce fissures. (Qresley) Elvet catcher. An appliance attached to the pump rods of oil wells to pre- vent damage to the pump from the dropping of rivets from the pump rods. (Mitzakis) Elvet steel. A soft kind of mild steel, used especially for making rivets. (Webster) Eivlng teams. Open fissures between beds of rock in a quarry. (BUtdi- cock) Eoabh (Eng.). 1. The upper and most valuable bed of Portland stone (Standard). 2. A rock; refuse gritty stone. Eoadbed. The material part of a road; primarily, the foundation of gravel, road-metal, etc., constituting the bed, but by extension, espe. Gregory, 153 S. W. Kept., p. 465) Bope haulage. Any haulage system in which the cars are attached to ropes. Usually employed on level or nearly level roada or entries; sometimes with an endless rope. See Tail-rope haulage. Bope house. In salt manufacturing, an evaporating house. (Century) Bope rider (Okla.). An employee whose duty it is to see that cars are coupled properly,- and_ to Inspect ropes, chains, links, and all cou- pling equipment. A trip rider. Bope roll (Eng.). The drum of a , winding engine. (Gresley) Bope trip. A trip of cars handled by a rope. (Steel) Bopeway. A line or double line of suspended ropes, usually wire, along which articles of moderate weight may be transported oin slings, either by gravity or power; much used In mountainous mining districts for transportation to watercourses or to Bteam-railway lines (Standard). An aerial tramway. Bopp furnace. A long reverberatory furnace over the hearth of which a series of plows or rakes is drawn by a continuous cable, moving the ore steadily from the feed to the discharge end. (Ingalls, p. 104) Bopy lava. Same as Pahoehoe. Bosca (Sp.). 1. Screw thread. 2. A ring or washer put around a driU when water is present. 3. In the patio process, silver left after re- torting. (Halse) Bosooelite. A vanadium-bearing mns- covlte mica in which AUO> is partly replaced by V»0». The content of VjOt may reach an equivalent of 28.85 per cent YiOt, though generally much less. (y. S. Geol. Surv.) Bose. 1. (Scot.) The perforated noz- zle of a water pipe. (Barrowman) 8. A diambnd of such small size that it can be cut iltUe if at aU. (Web- ster) Boseaker. An old name for Kealgar (Century) Bose copper. Same as Bosette cop- per. Bose head. A perforated nozzle, as for a sprinkle? (Standard). See Bose, 1. Bose porcelain. Chinese hard-porce- lain brilliantly decorated with a red enamel. (Standard) Bose quartz. Crystalline quartz with a rose-pink color. Used as gem or as an ornamental stone. See quartz. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Bose steel. A steel that shows a pe- culiar fracture and texture in the Interior different from that near the surface. ( Standard ) Bosette. A disk-like crust or plate of metal purposely formed on and re- moved from the surface of molten n^etal (Standard). See Bosette cop- per. Bosette copper. Disks of copper (red from the presence of suboxide) formed by cooling the surface of molten copper through sprinkling with water (Baymond). Called also Bose copper. Bose vitriol. Cobalt sulphate; bleber- Ite. Also called Cobalt vitriol; Bed vitriol. (Standard) Bosh (Leic). See Bait. Boslcler (Sp.). 1. Buby silver; R, ctero, proustlte; R. negro, stephan- ite ; R. oseuro, pyrargyrite. 8. R. d» cobre ■ (Chile and Peru), cuprite. (Halse) 580 GLOSSABY or MINING AND MINBBAl, INDUSTRY. Bosin Jack. A yellow variety of sphal- eHte. (Power) Sosin tin. A* reddish or yellowish va- riety of cassiterite. (Power) Ross and Welter furnace. A multiple- deck roasting furnace of the annu- lar type. Used in Germany. (In- galls, p. 110) Kossle furnace. An American variety of hearth for the treatment of ga- lena, differing from the Scotch hearth In using wood as fuel, work- ing continuously, and having hollow walls, to heat the blast. (Raymond) Kosso antico marble. A red marble used by the Etruscans and ancient Romans ; said to have been obtained from Cynopolls and Damaristlca (Merrill). It has white markings and fine black veins. Bosso levanto marble. See Verdan- tlque. Bosterlte. A variety of pale rose-red beryl found in the granite of the Island of Elba, Italy. (Century) Bosthornite. A resin (CmHmO) pos- sessing a brown color and a specific gravity of 1.076, found at Sonnberge, Carinthia. (Bacon) Botary fault. See Fault Botary puddler. A mechanical pud- dler in which the treatment of molten metal is effected by the ro- tation of the furnace. (Century) Botary pump. A pump in which the moving part is a piston, follower, or cam, rotating ih a case, as dis- tinguished from one that has a pis- ton with to-and-fro motion (Stand- ard). A centrifugal pump. Botary squeezer. A puddle-ball squeezer having a rotating drum mounted out of center in a cylindrical case. (Standard) Botator. A revolving or rotary fur- nace. (Century) Botch. See Rotche. Botche; Boche (So. StafF.). A soft and moderately friable sandstone (Gresley). Called also Roach; Botch. Bothoffite. A yellowish-brown to liver- brown, magneslan calduni-lron gar- net. (Dana) Botten reef. (So. Afr.). Decomposed, soft, country rock found in connec- tion with auriferous conglomerates. (Duryee) Bottenstone. 1. A soft, light, earthy substance, consisting of silica In fine grains, resulting from the decompo- sition ofv,sUiceous limestone. (Roy, Com.). Bouge antique marble. £166 Rosso an-> tico marble. Boughcast. 1. A kind of plaster made of rime, with a mixture of shells or pebbles, used for covering buildingB. (Webster) Z. To roughen the surface of (pot- tery) before firing. (Standard) Bough coal (Scot.). A name some- times given to free coal when associ- ated with gas coal, or splint coaL (Barrowman) Bough diamond. An uncut diamond. Bougher cell. Flotation cells in which the bulk of the gangue is removed from the ore. Boughlng hole. A hole to receive slag from a blast-furnace, or molten iron when it is undesirable to let it run into pigs. (Standard) Boughlng mill. 1. A metal disk charged with an abrasive, used for the first work in grinding gems. t. A set of roughing rolls. (Standard) Boughlng rolls. The rolls of a train which first receive the pile, ingot, bloom, or billet, and partly form it into the final shape (Raymond). Called also Breaking- or Rougblng- down rolls. Boughs; Bows '(Com.). Coarse, poor sands, resulting from tin dressing (Raymond) Boughsietter. A building mason em- ployed on coarse work. (Standard) Boughway (Corn.). A quarry term to designate a direction along which there is no natural cleavage In a rock. See Cleaving way, and Quaf terlng way. (Green well, p. 81) Bound coal (Eng.). Coal In large lumps, either bandpicked or after passing over screens. (Gresley) Bound-edge slip. £fee -Slip stone. Bounder. 1. £fee Reamer, 1. 2, An Indented cylindrical tool for rock-boring. (Standard) Bounding- tool. A forming- or swaglng- tool having a semlcylindrlcal' groove; a blacksmith's swage or coUar-fooL (Standard) Bound ot«. Same as Leap ore. (Stand* ard) GXiOBSABt ot •yssmsa aitd m^stbhal nsnavsfSRi. 581 %o«id ree (Scot). A space at the shaft bottom v^here coal Is istored. (Barrpwman) Xoiuidstone. SiQall, roundish stones collectively, used for paving ; Mbble- stone. (Century) Bonntt-strand rope. A rope made of round twlsted-strandfr. (G. M. P.) Bow (pronounced ro). (No. Staff.) A smm or bed«f coaL (Gresley) Bow (pronounced row) (Oom.). Large, rough stones. (Raymcmd) Bowianllte. Yttrium silicate, 2yt>0t.- 3S10.. iV. S. Geol. Sart.) Bovi. Bee Roughsi Boyal agate. A mottled variety of obsidian. (Century) Boyal green. Paris green. (Webster! Boyalty. i. (Gng.). The mineral es- tate or area of a colliery, or a por- tion of such property:, A field of mining operations. (6re.s]ey) 2. A seigniorage on gold and silver coined at the mint. 8, (Eng.). A percentage paid to the crown, of gold or diver taken from 'mines; or a tax in Ueu of such share of the product or profit (Webster). See Acreage rent 4. The , amount paid by the lessee, or. operator, to the otvner -of thfe land, mineral rights Or mine equip- ment, based on a certain amount per ton or a per «ent df total mlupml production. Boian process. An Improvement of the Pattlnson process (RaS^mond). Also, called Lnce-Ro2en process. Bnbaii^ (Fr.). A crystalline variety oif quartz containing, distributed through it, spangles of hematite, which reflecit a ruby red. Called also' Ancona ruby ; Kfont Blanc ruby ; Rubaee. (Standard) Bnbber. 1. A gold-quarts amalgama- tor, in which the slime Is rubbed against amalgamated copper sur- faces, (Raymond) 5. (Scot.) A piece of wood for pump rods to slide on, or for hutches to rub on going round sharp curves. (Barrowman) S. A bucking Iron or bucking ham- mer. See Bucking. Bnbberide. A trade-name for an Imi- tation of vulcanized rubber. (Ceii tury) Bnbberstone. A sharp-grlttod Ohio or Indiana aandstone used fior sharpen- ing shoe knives; also called Shoe- stone (Merrill). Bubbinit ban (Aiist). Bars placed on the side of a cage nearest to the other cage when rope guides are used. The buffer ropes ar6 placed outside for rubbing bars. (Power) Bttbblng bed; A circular disk of Iron, or occasionally carborundum, rotat- ing In a horizontal plane, upon which blocks of .stone are placed In order to rub or grind away all Irregular- ities. (Bowles) Bnbbing block. In marble working, a smoothing or polishing block. (Standard) Bnbblilg brick. A heavy, coarse- grained stone g^erally artificial, used prlricipally for rubbing down rough castings, smoothing concrete work and for dressing marble and granite. (Pike) Bnbbisg stone. A gritstone for smoothing tool marks, etc., out of building stone, bricks, etc. (Stand- ard) Rubbing surface. The total area of a given length of airway ; that is, the area of top, bottom, and sides added together, or the perimeter multi- plied by the length. (Steel) Bubblsh (Eng.). Fallen stone from the roof; holing debris made in sink- ing; drifting, etc. (Gresley). Waste. Rubble. 1. Water -worn or rough- broken stpiieis,' 'broken, bricks, etc., used In coarse masonry. 2. Rough atone as it comes from the quarry. 3. A quarryman's term for the upper fragmentary and decomposed portion of a mass, of stone; brash. i. (Eng.) A bard chalk used in making paths. (Webster) Rubble ashlar. Ashlar masonry with rubble backing. (Webpter) Rubble drift. A coarse agglomeration ut angular debris and large blocks set in an earthy matrix of glacial origin. (Century) Rubble lee. Ice in broken fragments, as in the Arctic seas. (Webster) Rubble masonry. Rough, unsquared stone laid in irregular courses. (Merrill) Rubbles (Eng.). Slack or small co«J. (Gresley) Rubble stone. 1, (Eng.). A name given by Kirwan to grayw«ck« (Humble). S. See Rubble. 582 GLOSSAEY OF MINING AITO BCIKBBAI. INDUSTRY* Bubble work. Masonry composed of Irregular or broken stone or frag- ments of stone mingled with ^ment or clay (Standard). Called also Rubble masonry. Bubbly reef (Anst). A vein mudi broken up. (Duryee) Bnbellite. Dark-pink or red tourma- line. Buberite. Same as Cuprite. (Cen- tury.) Bubl (Sp.). Ruby, a- variety of spinel. (Halse) Bubidium. A Soft silvery metal which decomposes water with violence and inflames spontaneously In air. An alkali metal closely resembling po- tassium in general properties. Sym- bol, Rb ; atomic weight, 85.45 ; spe- cific gravity, 1.52. (Webster) Bubio (Sp.). liimonlte or brown hem- atite. (Halse) BuWe. The monetary unit of Russia, equivalent to 51.5 United States cents. (Century) Bubstone. A whetstone; also stone suitable for making whetstones. (Standard) Buby. Clear red corundum, AUOi. A well-known g;em. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Buby arsenio. An early name for re- algar (Chester). See Ruby sulphur. Buby blende. A red or brownish-red variety of transparent crystallized sphalerite (Standard). iSfee also Ruby zinc. Buby copper. An early name for cu- prite, from its color. (Chester) Buby luster. In ceramics, any red or reddish metallic luster. (Standard) Buby mica. An old synonym for GSth- Ite. (Chester) Buby silver. See Proustlte and- Py- rargyrite. Buby jiulphur. Same as Realgar (Standard). Called also Ruby ar- senic; Ruby of arsenic; Ruby of sulphur. Buby zinc. A popular name for trans- parent sphalerite of a deep-red color, and also for i^lncite with the same characteristics. (Chester) Buck. 1. (Lane.) The stock of coal on the bank. (Gresley) i. A streak of pyrite In roofing slates. (Power). Bud (Prov. Eng.). Red ocher. (Standard) Budding (No. of Eng.). The act of . .(bearing away refuse rock. Buddie (Eng.). A common term meaning red, for a red variety of iron ore, (Roberts) Bueda (Sp.). 1. A wheel. 2. R.de ..mecha, « coH of. safety fuse. t. (M«t.) :A rounded juass of silver _ ore. (Halse) Buln ;(Eng.), A tesm OKJcaslonally employed in fanilUar description for certain minerals whose sections or cut faces exhibit the appearance of ruined buildings, as Ruin agata^ Riiln marble, etc. (Page) Buln agate. Bee Ruin, Bulnttorm. Having the form or ae- pearance of ruins, as certain min- erals. Buln marble. See Ruin. Bull (Eng!). To wheel or. trundle, ta ore. (WiBbster) BuUer (Com.). A workman who wheels ore In a wheelbarrow unde^ ground. (Raymond) Sumanlte. A yellow amber-like resin obtained from Rumania. (Bacon) Bumbadero (Colom.) . An ore chute or ore pasa (Hiilse) Bumbo ,(Sp.)i Direction I' strike of a vein. (Dwlght) Bumb6n (Colom.).. , .1. An automatic inclined plane. 2. An Inclined chute for ore or timber. (Halse) Bun. 1. Direction, as ef a vein. S. Caving in 'Of a working, etc.'" S. A fall of the <:age in a ^hfutt due to )i 'failure In the hoisting apparatus. 4. An Inclined pa^ge 'bet:ween lev- els. S. A setflJpg trough for. slimes. 9, An lirvegfilar . ote. body. , 7. Horl- zbntal dlstaiice to yhicha flri^t I* <>' may be carried.'. 6. In i>pltift t6 cl^H'tip, mike repairs, or for other pufppaes. (Hanks) i i . i ' 10. By thfe riiin. A method of pajHng coal miners per linear yard' of brfiart excavated instead n. (Gresley) Bnnning meas-ares (Jijng.)v Sand and gitivel; .^containing milch water. (Gresley) BHimiiigioir: In.rfonndinfe, the open- ing of the tap hole of a blast fur- nace and allowing of -the molten metat to flow"- out to the molds. (Standard) Running roll. A cylinder used in, plate- gifts?,., maniiifacturjng .for. spreading the ^t, glass Off the easting table. (Standard) 584 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Bunnlng rope. A flexible rope that will pass through blocks, and used for lifting or for moving heavy ob- jects. Bunning sand. Quicksand. Banning the dmm (Bug.). The low- ering or sinking, of a cylinder or drum through quick ground, to se- cure the upper part of a mine shaft. (Gresley) Bun-off. 1. That part of the natural precipitation that flows off the sur- face of the land In the form of visi- ble streams. (Watson, p. 244) 2. . To .cause the contents of to>^ow off or out; as, to run-off a mHlp<»^d or a smelting furnace. .(Standard) 3. The collapse Of a coal pillar in a steeply pitching seam, caused either . naturally or by a small shot placed in it. This occurs in connec- tion vrith pillar robbing, and the pil- lar is said to have run-off. Bvn of lode (Corn.). Its 'Erection or ("ourse. (Min. Jour.) Jinn of mine. Coal as it is dug in the mines, including lump and fine coal together, ^vlthout any preparation or screening. (NlcoUs) iRnn of ore. See Shoot of ore. Bun of the rock. Same as Run, 8. A direction of easy splitting in a rock, j)ut subordinate in ease to the rift direction. (Bowles) Bnn-ont fire. A forge in which cast- iron is refined. (Raymond) Bnn rider (Bng.). A lad who goes with a train (trip) on an engine plane (Gresley), A trip rider. Bans (Eng.). Percentage of metal in the ore (Skinner). The ore runs (contains) 10 per cent copper. Bnn-steel. Malleable castings. (Ray- mond) Bun-the-tow. I. (Scot.). To cause the cages to traverse the shaft prepara- tory to allowing men to descend. (Barrowman) 2. (Scot.) Sliding down the shaft on the winding rope. (Gresley) Bash. 1. A moving forward with rapidity and force (Webster). As a rush of ore. 8. (Scot.). The sudden weighting of the roof when robbing the pillars be- gins, (Gresley) 9. A sudden movement of a large number of miners to some new local- ity. Bee Stampede, (Hanks) 4. See Spire, 1, 5. (Aust.). An area containing gold, and hence causing miners to rush for it. (Standard) Basher. One who rushes into a region when it is first opened to settlement, or, on a discovery of preelous metal (Standard). A Stampeder. Bash gold. Gold coated with oxide of iron or manganese (G. and M. M, P.). Rusty gold. Busks (No. of Eng.). Small slack, or that coal next larger than dust. (CJresley) Bnssell process. A metallurgical proc- ess similar to the Patera process,- which see, except that cuprous- sodium hyposulphite Is used in ad- dition to the sodium hyposulphite, (lid'dell) Bnssia iron. A high-grade, smooth, glossy sheet-iron, not liable to rust, once made by a process that wa» long a secret with Russian manu- facturers. The sheets were sub- jected to severe hammering in piles with powdered charcoal between them. (Standard) Bnssol. A trade name for liquid petro^ latum. (Bacon) Bust. 1. The reddish or yellowish coat- ing caused on iron or steel by oxida- tion, as by the action of air and moisture, consisting of ferric hydrox- ide and ferric oxide, or red oxide of iron ; in an extended sense, a film or oxide formed on any metal by corrosion. 2. A mixture of iron- filings, ammonium chloride, and sometimes sulphur, moistened and placed between Iron surfaces, where It hardens by oxidation, and forms a solid joint called a ru«t- joint (Standard) Bast ball. 1. A lump of yellow Iron ore found in the chalk, in 0am- bridgeshire, England. 2. Such ma- terial collectively. (Standard) Bnstic ware. Brown, glazed, buft, or light-brown terra-cotta, sometimeS' green mottled : used for ornament in construction. (Standard) Bustle (Local U. S.). In brickmaking; to increase the heat of (a kiln). (Standard) Busty. 1. Covcirid or affected with rust. 2. Impaired by Inaction, dis- use, or neglect. 3. Rust colored r dark. (Webster) 4. Applied to coal discolored by water or exposure, as well as to quartz, etc., discolored by iron oxide. (Raymond) GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. 58& Rusty gold (Cal.). Free gold, that does hot readily amalgamate, the particles being covered with a sili- ceous film, thin coating of oxide of iron, etc. (Hanks) Kute. 1. In mining, thread-like veins of ore. (Standard) 2. (Dei-b.) See Serin, 2. Bsthenium. A rare element of the platinum group, associated vrith platinum ores, and separated as a hard, brittle, steel-gray metal, very infusible and almost insoluble in acids. Symbol, Ru; atomic weight, 101.7 ; specific gravity 12.26. (Web- ster) Buttle. Tetragonally crystallized ti- tanium dioxide, TiOa. Octahedrite is another tetragonal form with difEer- ent facial angles.* When crystallized In orthorhombic form titanium di- oxide Is known as brookite. (Dana) Kntilated quartz. Quartz penetrated by needles of rutile. (A. P. Rogers) Buttles (York.). Shattered and faulty ground running roughly parallel to the plane of a fault. (Gresley) S. Sabana (Colom.). An alluvial mine on a river bank above the level of the water. (Halse) Sable iron. A superior kind of Rus-- sian iron originally stamped with the figure of a sable. (Webster) Sabotage (Fr.). Mali<;ious waste, oi destruction of an employer's prop- erty by workmen during labor troubles. (Webster) Saca (Sp.). 1. Exportation. 2. Ex- traction of the gold from auriferous sands. 3. (Mex.) Ore raised from a mine in a given time. 4. (Mex.) An ore/Sack. 5. Mina de saca (Colom.), an alluvial mine in which the pay gravel or sand is below water level. (Halse) Hand pumps. Pilled-up stopes. Sacabuches (Sp.). (Min. Jour.) Sacadoo (Colom.). (Halse) Saear (Sp.). To draw or bale out; 8. con bomba, to pump ; to extract ore from a mine. (Halse) Baooharoidal. Halving a granular tex- ture resembling that of loaf sugar; said of some sandstones and marbles. (La Forge) Saccharoldal marble. Any marble hav- ing a granular crystalline structure like that of loaf sugai. (Merrill) Saco (Sp.). 1. A- sack or bag. 2. Criaderos en saco, irregular deposit* of ore filling superficial cavities or crevices. (Halse) Saddle. 1. (Aust.; A formation of gold-bearing quartz occurring along the crest of an anticlinU fold. 2. A ridge connecting two higher eleva- tions ; a low point in the crest line. (Webster) A ridge whose strata dip away downward from the cen- tral axis on each side; an elevated anticlinal fold. 3. "A saddle Is a peculiar forma- tion found in shale or sand rock in the roof of a mine. The under or exposed side looks like natural rock, but its upper side is smooth, having no particular bond with the sand rock with which it is embedi^d, and Is liable to fall out of its place, a fall, however, producing no other de- rangement of the surrounding parts of the room from which It falls"' (Lehigh Valley Coal Co. v. Washko, 231 Fed. Kept., 42, p. 48). See Kettle bottom, which would seem to be a better term. Saddle back. 1. A hill or ridge hav- ing a concave outline at the top. (Webster) 2. (Eng. and Scot.) A roll or un- dulation in the roof or pavement of a seam (Barrowman). See also Saddle, 3. 3. Two timbers placed so as to form an Inverted V and used as a sup- port for a load above. (Sanders,, p. 45) Saddler. A man employed to make and repair harness, etc., for the- draft animals at a mine. Saddle reef (Aust). A. bedded vein that has the form of an anticline; an inverted saddle has the form of a syncline. See Saddle, 1. (Power) Saddle shaped. In tlie.form of an anti- clinal fold. (Webster) Safeguards. The precautions taken to prevent men from being injured; guard rails, automatic signals, warn- ing signs, etc. Safety cage. A cage, box, or plat- form used for lowering and hoisting miners, tools, etc., into and out w mines, and which is provided with a "safety clutch," an automatic device for preventing the fall of ihe cage if the supporting cable breaka (Hanks) 586 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINEKAL INDUSTRY. Safety oar. 1. Any mine car or hoist- ing cage proylded with safety stops, catches or other precautionary de- vices. 2. (Penn.) A barney; a small car used on Inclined planes and slopes to push up a mine car. (Century) Safety catch. Ari automatic device for preventing . the fall of a cage In a shaft or a car in an Incline If the supporting cable breaks. (Ray- mond) Safety chain (Scot). A chain con- necting the first and last cars of a trip to prevent separation, if a cou; pling breaks. (Barrowman) -Safety detaching-hook. A self-acting device that releases the cage from its hoisting rope in case of an over- wind. (Power) Safety door. A strongly constructed door hinged to the roof of the mine, and always kept open and hung near to a main door, for immediate use in case of damage by explosion or otherwise to the main door. (Gresley) Safety first. A term often applied to accident prevention methods, and first-aid and rescue work. As a slo- gan, was. first used nationally by Dr. Joseph A. Holmes, the first director of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, at the national mine safety meet in Pitts- burgh, Pa., in 1911. A Middle West steel company claims to have origi- nated the expression, but it did not come into national .u.sq until taken ■iip iy the Bureau of Mines. The bureau, unconscious of its use In any other place, made up the slogan from a program of the H. 0. Frick Coal & Goke Co., for 'a safety meet which stated "Safety ahead of out- put," "Safety ahead' of dividends," "Safety the first consideration." The Bureau of Mines shortened these ex- pressions into "Safety first." Safety fuse. A fuse consisting of a cotton or hemp tube holding a slow- burning composition for exploding charged blast holes. Coniinonly called Fuse. (Webster) Safety gate. Ah automatically-oper- ated- gate placed at the top of a mine shaft, or at landings, to guard the entrance, to prevent anyone from falling liito the shaft. Safety hook. I: See Safety detaching-, hook. 8. A hook, shut by a spring or other device, to prevent an article from being accidentally or forcibly detached from a chain. 8. A safety catch In a mine hoist. (Standard) Safety ' lamp. A lamp, the flame of which is so protected that it will not Immediately ignite fire damp. There are several varieties, invented by Davy, Stephensoh, Clanny, and others (Raymond). The flame Is generally surrounded by a cylindri- cal covering; of wire gauze, that protects the surrounding atmosphere from being fired, even though the gases within the lamp have reached the explosive proportions. When fire damp enters the lamp It burns, forming a bluish "cap" over the lamp flame, whence safety lamps are used in testing for this gas. The foregoing is a flame safety lamp as distinguished from the electric safety lamp in which the gas can not come in contact with the incan- descent filament 'that produces the light. See Electric safety lamp. For a history of the safety lamp see Trans., Institution of Mining Engineers (England), vol. 51, pp. 548-724. Safety plug. In steam boilers, a bolt having its center filled with a fusi- ble metal, screwed into the top of the fire box so that when the water becomes too low the increased tem- perature melts out the metal, and thus admits steam to the fire box to put out the flre. (Century) Safety powder. A term used for short flame explosives before the introduc- tion of permissible explosives. Safety stop. 1. On a hoisting appa- ratus, a check by which a cage or lift may be prevented from falling. (Standard) 2. An automatic device On a hoist- ing engine designed to prevent over- winding. Safety toob. Consist of catching hooks, grappling tongs, fish-heads, bell-screws, and the like, for recover- ing broken boring tools, picking up material, etc., at the bottom of bore holes. (Gresley) Sag. 1. A depression In a coal seam. (Steel) 2. To sink In the middle by weight, below a horlzonal line, as a cable when'supported at both ends. (Web- ster) Sagene; Sajene. A Russian measure of length of 7 ft., or 2.134 meters. (Webster) Sagenitic quartz. Quartz containing included acicular crystals of rntUe (then called Venus' is hair stone) or sometimes similar crystals of black 6L06SABT OF MHSriKQ AS(J) MWSBAL INDXJSTEY. 581 fbunaftiine, goetiiite, gtlbntte, aabes- toa, actlnoUte, hornblende, and epl- dote. (Standard) Saner. 1. In ceramics, a box made of flra clay in which delicate pieces are placed while I>eing baked. Spelled also Saggar; Saggard; Seg- gar; Sagre, 3. The cMiy tjf which saggers ate made. 8. A box :1b which, castriron articles are plaiced in contact with hematite or smithy scales, to .l>e rendered malleable -by decarbonizing in the annealing fur- nace. (Webster) 4. A local term for fire clay, often forming the floor (or thill) of coal Sagre; Beggar. See Sagger. Sag^vandite. A curious rock from hear Lake Sagvand, Norway, that is mainly bronzite and magnesite. A little colorless mica, and more or less chromite and pyrite are also present. The name was given by Petterson. (Kemp) Sahlu (Port.). A blown-out shot (Halse) Bahllte. A variety of pyroxene. The term is sometimes prefixed to rock names. (Kemp) Sailor. A term sometimes employed for rigger, painter, or structural worker at blast furnaces. (WIU- cox) Saint Anne marble. A deep blue-black white-veined marble from Biesme, in Belgium. (Merrill) Saint Baume marble. A yellow stone veined with brovm or red ; from the province of Var, France. (Merrill) Saint Feter'a sandstone, .m early Or- dovician formation in Wisconsin and Minnesota. (Webster) Saint aalrinns oil. . Petroleum need medicinally in €rermany as early as 1436, the supply coming from the Tegernsee district of Bavaria. (Bacon) Sal (Sp.). 1. Salt; S. piedra, rock salt ; S. de manantialea, brine salt ; 6. de tierra, salt mixed with earthy Impurities; 8. marina, sea salt; 8. mineral, salt for amalgamation. (Halse) Salamander. A mass of fused, but solidi- fied, material In the hearth of a blast furnace, usually largely metallic Iron, partly reduced ore, elS. Called also Bear, Sow, or Shadrach. In copper smelting It contains metallic copper and matte. Siklaaandert' hair. Aabestog. (Stand* ard) Sal ammonlao. Ammonium clilorlde. NH.a. (Dana) Salamstone. A variety of sapphirf, usually In small, transparent, hex- agonal prisms of pale-red or blue, iound chiefly bt Ceylon. (Stand- ard) Sallna; Salar (CJhile). A saline de- posit (Halse) Salband. A term current among min- ers for the parts of a vein or dike next to the country rock. (Kemp) Salbanda. 1. (Mex.) Stickensides! (Dwight) 2. (Sp.) Flncah; a thin layer of day between the veto and wall rock. (Halse) Sallo. Pertaining to, or belonging In, the first or sal group of standard minerals^ in the quantitative or norm classification of igneous rocks ; often incorrectly used to mean persilicic, felsic, or leucocratic. (La Forge) Sallf eroas. Containing a considerable proportion of salt in t>ed8, or as brihe; said of strata. (Standard) Sallferons system. An old name for Triassic; So called because of its rich salt deposits in Europe. (Standard)) Salimeter. An instrument for meas- uring the amount of salt in a solu- tion. (Webster) Sallna. 1. A salt marsh, or salt pond, inclosed from the sea. 2. Salt works. 3. A sub. 1. One of the, large sandstone blocks scattered ovet the English chalk downs. Also called Sarsen stone and Druid stone (Web- ster). Also spelled Saracen and Sarcen. See Graywether. 2. One of the early inhabitants of southwestern England ; especially, a former worker of the tin mines of Cornwall and Devon. (Standard) Sart£n (Mex.). A pun for drying mois- ture samples ; frying pan. ( Dwight) Sassolite. Boric acid B( OH) s (Dana). Also spelled Sassolin; Sassoline. Satellte. The gem-trade name for a fibrous serpentine having a chatoy- ant effect. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Satin spar. A fibrous silky variety of aragonite o' of gypsum. (Power) Satin stone. Same as Satin spar. (Standard) Saturnine amaurosis. Impairment of vision from lead poisoning. (Stand- ard) Saturnine breath. The peculiar odor in the breath of one affected with lead-poisoning. (.Standard) Saturnine colic. Lead colic. (Stand- ard) Saturnine palsy. Lead palsy. (Stand- ard) Saturnism. Lead poisoning. (Stand- ard) Saussurlte. A tough, compact, white, greenish, or grayish mineral, pro- duced in part at least, by ihe al- teration of feldspar, and consisting chiefly of zoisite or epidote. .(Web- ster) SaussuTitization. The process by which saussurlte is formed. (Stand- ard) Savelsberg process. See Blast roast- ing. Saw (Eng.). A tool for removing ir- regularities from the sides of bore- holes. (Gresley) Sawback. A mountain range having sharp peaks of about eou.il height; a sierra. (Webster) Saw gang. A frame provided with a number of parallel iron bars which are employed to saw str>"o (Bowles). See Stone-saw. Sawney (Mid.). To lower full trams down a road with a rope or chain passing round a prop, etc. (Gres- ley) GLOSSARY OF MtNING AUd MINERAL INDtlSTRY. 59» Sawtooth back stoping. Bee Oyerband stoplng. Saw-tooth floor channeling^ A ^let}lod of channeling Inclined beds of . ni(tr- ble by removing right-angle blocks in succession from the various beds, thus giving the floor a zigaag or saw-tooth appearance- (Bowles) Saw-tooth stoping. See Rill stoplng. Sax. A slate-cutter's hammer, having a pointed pick at the back to make nail-holes. Called also Slate-ax. (Standard) Saxatile. Pertaining to rocks: (Saxl- colene. (Webster) .. Sazonian chrysolite. A pale wine-yel- low topaz. (Power) Sazonite. A variety of peridotlte con- taining essential olivine and ortho- rhombic pyroxene, with or without biotite, hornblende, chromite, and plcotite. (La Forge) It is a syno- nym for Harzburgite, but saxonite has priority. (Kemp) Scab. I. (Iowa). To dress, with heavy picks or hammers, rough quarry material to approximately rectangular blocks. See Scabble, 1. 2. In founding, a blister or swell on the sur&ce of a casting. (Stand- ard) Scabbit parting (Scot.). A rough part^ ing. (Barrowman) Scabble. 1. To work or shape r'Ou'ghly, as a stone before leaving a quarry. 2. To dress in any way short of fine tooling or rubbing, as stone (Web- ster). Compare Scab, 1. Scabbier. In granite works, a work- man who scabbles. (Century) Scabbling. 1. The process of removing all surface irregularities from' blocks of stone and thus reducing them to proper form. (Bowles). See Scab, 1. 2. A fragment or chip of stone. (Webster) Scabbling hammer. A hammer with two pointed ends for picking the stone, . after the spalling hammer. (Century) Scabby. In founding, blistered or marred with scabs; said of a cast- ing. .(Standard) Scad. A name occasionally applied to a nugget, as of gold. (Duryee) Ecaf (Prov.). The tapered edge of metal where two pieces are welded together. 'Standard) 7440100— 4T 38 Sttaflbnetf (iDerb.). Refuse from ore dressing ; chlpplngs. (Hooson) Scaffold. An obstruction in. a blast furnace above the tnySres caused by an accumulation or shelf of pasty^ unreduced materials adhering to tbc! lifting. (Raymond.) Scafft^d^nf. Incrustations on the In- side of a blast furnace (C. and M. M. Pi). See ScaJtold. SeagUa. A!n ItaHan calcareous some- what, flssile and fossiliferdus Creta- ceous rock, . corresponding to the Chalk of England. (Standard) ScagUola (It). Hard, polished plas- ter-work imitating marble, granite, or other veined, mottled, or colored stone : inade of powdered gypsum and glue or 'isinglass, colored ahd variegated in various ways. (Stand- ard) Seal (Corh.). See gcall. Scale. 1. The crurt of metallic oxide formed by cooling of l)ot metals In air. Hammer-scale and roll-scale are the flaky oxides which fall from the bloom Ingot, or bar under ham- mering or rolling. 2. The incrusta- tion caused in steam-boilers by the evaporation of water containing mineral salts;> 8. (Newc.) A small portion of ' air abstracted . from the main qurrent. Also called Scale of air, and sometimes 'spelled SkalL (Raymond) 4. The rate of wages to be paid, which varies under' certain contin- gencies. (Steel) 5. Crude, paraffin- obtained ia petro- leum refining by filtering from the Heavier oils! (Webster) 6. Loose, thin fragments .of rqck, threatening to break or' fall from either roof 'or'^all. (Mortne) 7. To get rid of tbe film of oxide formed on. the surface of a metali as to clean the. surface.' Scale copper. Copper in very t)»ln flflfcps. (Weed> Scalent. In the Pennsylvania (Roger's) system of stratigraphy, a ^oup considered equivalent to the Lower Helderberg of 'the New Vork Survey. (Standard) Scale of air (Newc). Sie Scale, S. Scale stone. Same as Wollastonlte. (Standard) Scaling bar. A bar-like implement for removing incrustations as from the inside surfaces of twllers. (Standi ard) 594 GLOSSARY OF BOiaNG ASTD MIITERAIj INDUSTRY, Scaling furnace. A furnace or oven In which plates of iron are heated for the purpose of scaling them, as. in the preparation of. plates ibr tln- blng. (Century) ScalL ' J,. (EiUg.). Loose ground; foliated ground is frequently called scally ground by miners (Hunt). Also spelled Seal. Probably a -varia- tion of scale. 2. Rock easily broken up because of Its scaly structure. (S^tandard) Scallop (£iBg.). To cut or break off the sides of a beading without hol- ing or udng powder. (Gresley) Scammed (No. of Bng.). Sooty. (Gresley) , Seamy (Sng.). Applied to freestone in thin layers, mixed with mica. (Bainbridge) Seamy post (No. of Eng.). Soft, abort, Jointy freestone, thinly laminated and much mixed with mica. (Gres- ley) Scandium, i A rare metallic trlvalent element found combined in company with yttrium,- cerium, etc. The ele- ment has not been isolated. Sym- bol, Sc ; atomic weight, 44.1. (Web- ster) Seantite. A gauge by which slates are assorted in sizes. (Standard) Scantling. The dimensions of a stone in length, breadth, and thickness. (Standard) Seapolite. The group name for certain orthosilicatea For common scapo- lite, see Wernerlte. (Dana) ficapolite-gabbro. A massive, horn- blende scapolite rock formed by the alteration of gabbro. Called also Spotted gabbro. (Standard) ikar. 1. (Scot.) An isolated or pro- truding rock ! a steep, rocky emi- nence; a bare place on the side of a mountain or steep bank of earth. S. (Eng.) In roasting pyrite for sulphuric acid manufacture, a lump formed by fritting ; a hard cinder ; furnace slag. (Webster) 3. In founding, an Imperfect spot In a casting. (Standard) Scaroement. 1. A projecting ledge of rock, left in a shaft as footing for a ladder, or to support pit-work, etc. (Raymond) 2. An offset or retreat in the thick- ness of a wall or band of earth, etc. (Webster) Scares (No. of Bhg.). Thin laminae of ■pyrite in coal. (Gresley) Scarf. 1. A lapped joint made by bev' eling, notching, or otherwise cut- ting away the sides of two timbera at the ends, and bolting or strapping them together so as to form one continuous piece, usually without in- creased thickness. Called also Scarf joint 2. A piece of metal shaped or beveled for a scarf weld. (Stand- ard) Scarfing. Splicing timbers, so cut that when joined the resulting piece 1b not thicker at the joint than else- where. (Raymond) Scarf joint. See Scarf, 1. Scarf weld. A weld-joint between two metal pieces that are notched or beveled. (Standard) Scar limestone. The mountain lime- stone of the Singlish Lower Carbon- iferous: so called becai]^e it fre- quently forms scars or cliffs. Called also Scaur limestone; Thick lime- stone. (Standard) Scarp. 1. An escarpment, cliff, or steep slope along the margin of a plateau, mesa, terrace, or bench. The terir implies a certain amount of linearit} and should not be used for a cliff oi slope of highly irregular outline. (La Forge) 2. To cut down verti- cally, or nearly so; aSi to scarp a ditch. (Webster) Scarring. 1. The formation of scars or scaurs in roasting pyrite for. bu1» phuric acid manufacture. (Web- ster). See Scar, 2, 2. A mark left by abrasion, or such marks collectively; said specifically of geological processes ; as, the soar- rings of the glacier. (Standard) Scatter (York.). A rumbling or fall- ing noise in a mine-shaft. (Gresley) Scaur (Scot.). See Scar. Sohalstein. An old name for a more or less metamorphosed diabase tuff. (Kemp) Schapbachite. A lead-bismuth mineral, PbS.Ag3S.BiiSi occurring in acicular crystals, granular and massivet'~ Color lead-gray (Dana). Called also Bismuth silver. Sohaum earth. Same as Aphrite. Scheellte. Calcium tungstate, CaWO«. Contains 80.6 per cent tungsten trl- oxide, WO.. (U. S. Geol, Surv.) Scheererlte. A whitish, gray; yellow, green, or pale reddish, brittle, taste- less, inodorous hydrocarbon ; it melts at 44° C. and is soluble in alcohol and ether. It may be distilled without decomposition, boiling at 92' 0. (Bacon) QLOBSAKY OF MINING AND MINmAL INDUSTEY., 595 Sebefferlte. A brown to black variety of pyroxene, containing Qiauganese and frequently much Iron. .(Web- ster) . aphlefei spar. A. viiriet} of calclte occurring In very . tbln; plates or scales. (Power) , ^ Betiui^r -^ bronze-lUce luster or Iri- descence due to internal' reflection In minerals that hate undergone' Bchm^rizatlo^. (Standard) tkiliUleFed chisels. (Century) Scotch pebble. One of several varie- ties of quartz, chiefly cairngorm, used in Scotland as a semiprecious stone. ( Standard ) Scotch pig. A very pure. grade of pig Iron. (Standard) Scotch itone. See Ayr stone. Sconr (Mid.). To excavate or brush a roadway through a goaf. (Gre» ley) Scouring. Haying the quality of erod- ing the fumace^hiearth, as some kinds of slag or cinder ( Standard )- See Seouiing cinder. Scouring bit (Eng.). A piece of iron at the end of the boring rod for ex- tracting drill cuttings. (Bain- brldgei) Scouring cinder. A basic slag, which attacks the lining of a shaft fur- nace. (Raymond) Soonrway. A drainage furrow caused by a strong current, as by a glacial rlvier flowing over a gravel plain. (Standard) CaiOSSAKY OF MINING A^SD MINERAL INDUSTRY. 597 fleont. A term frequently used for an engineer who makes preliminary ex- aminations of promising mining claims and prospects, as for mineral, coal, oil, etc. Sconter (Ppov.). In stone^worklng, a quarryman whose function Is to spilt off large portions of rock by means of a jump drill and wedges. ( Stand- ard) Scovan (Corn.). A tin-bearing lode Scovan lode (Corn.). A lode of tin, especially one showing no gossan. (Webster) Scovany. Like a tin lode; hard to work, by reason of the absence of selTcge or other soft material. (Standard) Scove. 1. (Corn.) Rich, clean tin ore. (Webster) 2. To case ^ip (bricks) in a kiln. (Standard) Scove kiln. A temporary kiln, often used for burning common brick. (Ries) ScoTess (So. Staff.). Forks for load- ing coal into tubs, or cars. (Gres- ley) ScoTillite. A hydrous phosphate of didymlum, y ttrilim, and other rare earths. (Century) Scoring. The outer wall or casing of a brickkiln. (Standard) Scowl (Local Eng.). Old workings at the outcrop of deposits of iron ore; a term peculiar to the Forest of Dean. (Standard) Scowl a brow (Forest of Dean). To drive a beading or level by guess- work, (Gresley) Scram. 1. To search for and extract ore in a mine that is apparently worked out. (Weed) 2. (Ala.) A small soft-coal mine complete in itself. (Republic Steel & Iron Co. 17. Luster, 68 Southern, p. 359, -1915) Scrfunmer. One who scrams (Stand- ard). See Scram, L Scram pile (Prov.). The product of the scrammers' labors, gathered for shipment (Standard). See Scram, 1. Scraper. 1. A tool for cleaning the dust out of the bore-hole. 2. A me- chanical contrivance used at col- lieries to scrape the culm or slack along a trough to the place of de- posit 8. One who separates the ores from the waste rock. (Steel) 4. An apparatus drawn by horses or oxen for scraping up earth in mak- ing roads or canals, and for remov- ing overburden from shallow coal beds and mineral deposits. Scraper chaser (Oil regions, U. S.). One of a number of men whose busi- ness It is to follow the scraper (go- devil) in the petroleum pipes and give instant notice if a clog occurs (Standard). He follows the pipe line on the surface and detects the location of the go-devil by sound, especially where pipes are shallow. See Go-devil, 1. Scraper conveyer. A mechanical de- vice for conveying '■oal, rock, ashes, culm, etc.. In a metal trough by means of scrapers attached to a rope or chain. Scrap-forgings. Forgings formed from wrought-iron scrap. (Standard) Scrapm^n. See Scrapper. May also refer to a man who breaks and re- moves heavy scrap in cast houses at blast furnaces.. (WiUcox) Scrapper. 1. One who removes scrap from bin, cast house, or chute to skip pit, and charges the material removed into a skip at regular in- tervals. (WiUcox) 2. A local name given to men who pick up the ore left on dumps. (G. and M. M. P:) Scrap picker. A man employed on the slag dump to pick out pieces of iron carried to the dump in slag ladles. (WiUcox) Scrapping. The breaking up of metal castings, plate, etc., with explosives, generally by tuudcapping. (Du Pont) Scratch. A calcacerous, earthy, or strong substance which separates from sea water In boiling it for salt (Century) Scratched. In ceramics, ornamented with' rough scratches in the paste. (Standard) Scratcher (Eng.). A boring tool for loosening (or scratching) the cut- tings at the bottom of a bore-hole, tp be afterwards removed by a mlzer. (Gresley) Scratch pan. A pan in salt works to receive the scratch. (Century) Scree. 1. A heap of rock waste at the base of a cliff, or a sheet of waste covering a slope below a cliff;, same as Talus, which see. (La Forge) 2. A sieve, screen, or strainer (Web- ster). A coal screen. 598 GLOSSART OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY. Scree bars (Scot). Bars of which a scree is constructed (Barrowman). See Scree, 2. Screen. 1. A sieve of wire cloth, grate- bars, or perforated sheet-iron used to sort ore and coal according to size. Stamp-mortars have screens on one or both sides, to deterinine the fineness of the escaping 'pulp. (Raymond) 8. A cloth brattice or curtain hung across a road in a mine to direct the ventilation. (Gresley) 8. (Joplin, Mo.) A grizzly near the top of a head-frame. Screen analysis.. The determination of weights of crushed material which passes through or is held on a se- ries of screens of varying mesh. (Clennell) Screen ape (Joplin, Mo.). One who attends the grizzly, or screen. He breaks the large pieces of ore, and- }?icks out such waste rock as he can as it passes over the screen. Screen cloth (Scot.). Tarred canvas; brattice cloth. (Barrowman) Screened coal. 1. Coal that has passed over any kind of a screen and there- fore consists of the marketable sizes. 2. Speclfleally, coal that is weighed and credited to the miner after pass- ing over a standard screen. (Steel) Screening machine. An apparatus hav- ing a shaking, oscillatory, or rotary motion, used for screening or sifting coal, stamped ores, and' the like. Screener (Newc). A man who shovels the coal from the screens. Into the wagons. «•■ J^ Arkansas, called Squeal out (Steel) Bea mud. A rich saline deposit from salt marshes and seashores, ((jen- tury) Seamy. Full of seams so as to be difllcult to blast. (Steel) Sea weed. (Web- Sea ore (Eng.). stet) Seasale (Newc). Coal delivered by or to ships, as -for export. (Min. Jour.) Sea salt. Salt made by tbe evapora- tion of sea water. (Standard) Seasoned. Applied to quarry stone after the moisture has dried' out. (Gillette, p. 6) Seat. 1. (Derb.) The fiooj- of a mine. (Raymond) 2. The foundation or framework on which a structure rests, e. g., en- gine seat, cage seat. (Barrowman) S%at-clay. Fire clay. (Power) Seat earth (York.). A bed of clay un- derlying a coal - seam ; sometimes highly siliceous, and then known as ganister. Called also Underclay. (Standard) Seat rock; Hard seat. The nearest bed of clunch, grit, or sandstone, un- der a coal seam (Power). Also called Seat stone. Seat stone. See Seat rock. Sea wax. A kind of ozocerite or min- eral wax; maltha. (Webster) Sebka (No. Afr.). A dry area or bed of a lake incrusted with salt ; a salt marsh- ( Standard ) Secador (Hex.). An apparatus for drying samples. (Halse) Secadora (Colom.). A copper vessel for drying gold before weighing. (Halse) Secas (Mex.). Refined silver. (Halse) Seccidn (Sp.). Section. (Dwight) Se cierra (Sp.). A miner's phrase for the narrowing' or closing of a vein. (Halse) Seco. 1. (Sp.) Dry. In the patio process, said of gangue which Is dry. S. Veta seca (Golom.), a vein lack- ing water for its exploitation. (Halse) Second, or Back explosion (Aust). Supposed to be due to the ignltloa pf gases developed from highly heated coal dust, and gases sucked out of the faces of coal by the par- tial vacuum resulting from the pri- mary explosion, or liberated by fall of root (Power), Compare Betona- tion wave. 600 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY. Secondary. 1. (a) Haying been acquired or formed by alteration oV metamor- phlsm -since the formation of the rock ; derived ; sftid of some textures and minerals of altered rocks and contrasted with "original." (b) Formed of material derived from the erosion or disintegration of other rocks; derivative: said of clastic sedimentary rocks. S. Same as Meso- zoic, which has replaced it. Obso- lescent in this sense. (La Forge) Secondary blasting. A term applied to the blasts employed in breaking up the larger masses of rock resulting from the primary blasts. Also termed Blistering or Bulldozing. (Bowles) Secondary clay. Clay found deposited away from its place of formation. (Webster) Secondary drilling. The process of drilUng the so-called " pop holes " for the purpose of breaking the larger masses of rock thrown down by the primary blast (Bowles) Secondary enlargement. The addition of silica to the original quartz grains of a sandstone, the secondary or added part having the same optical orientation as the original grain. It may result in the development of crystal faces. (Bowles) Secondary enrichment. An enrichment of a vein or an ore body by material of later origin, often derived from the oxidation of decomposed over- lying ore masses. Nature's process of making high-grade out of low- grade ores. First discovered by Weed and announced by publication in Geol. Soc. of America program, Dec. 8, 1899. Confirmed by EmmonS and by Van Hise, Feb., 1900. (Weed> Secondary mineral. A mineral result- ing from the alteration of a primary mineral. Thus, original sulphides by oxidation change to sulphates, car- bonates, and oxides, and these by hydration become hydrous forms of the same. Second ontlet; Second opening. An auxiliary passageway out of a mine, for use in case of accident to the main outlet (O. and M. M. P.) Seconds. The second-class ore of a mine that requires dressing. (C and M. M. P.) Second working. The operation of get- ting or working out the coal pillars formed by the first working. (Gres- ley) Section. 1. In geology, either a natp- ral or an artiflcial rock-cut, or tlie repi-esentatlon of such on paper. (Roy. Com.) 2. A term usually applied to a ver- tical exposure of strata. 3. A draw- ing or diagram of the strata sunk through in a shaft or inclined plane, or proved by boring. (Gresley) 4. (Scot.).' A division of the mine workings. (Barrowman) 5. One of the liortions, of 1 mile square, into which the puMic lands of the United States are divided and containing 640 acres. One thirty-sixth of a township. (Web- ster) 6. A very thin slice of anything, especially for microscopic examina- tion. (Specifically, rocks, steels, alloys, etc.) 7. The local series of beds constituting a group or forma- tion, as, the Cambrian section of Wales. (Standard) Sedentary. Formed in place, without transportation, by the disintegrntion of the underlying rock or by the ac- cumulation of organic material; said of some soils, etc. (La Forge) Sediment.' 1. Unconsolidated, clastic, rock-forming material, deposited, commonly in layers of strata, from suspension In or transportation by water or air. (La Forge) 2. In a steam-boiler, an Internal deposit of loose soft matter, as dis- tinguished from scale, which is hard. (Standard) Sedimentary. Formed by deposition or accretion of grains or fragments of rock-making material, commonly from suspension in or transporta- tion by water or air, or by the pre- cipitation Qf such material from so- lution, with or without the aid of living organisms: said of one of the two great classes of rocks and con- trasted with Igneous. (La Forge) Sedimentary rocks. Rocks formed by the ftccuraulation of sediment in water (aqueous deposits) or from air (eolian deposits). The sediment may consist of rock fragments or particles of various sizes (conglom- erate, sandstone, shale) ; of the re- mains or products of animals or plants (certain limestones and coal) ; of the product of chemical action or of evaporation (salt, gj'P- sum, etc. ) ; or of mixtures of these materials. Some sedimentary de- posits (tuffs) are composed of frag- ments blown from volcanoes anc^ de- posited on land or in water. A characteristic feature of sedlmen- GLOSSAHY OF MINING AND MINEKAI. INDUSTRY. 601 tary deposit^ is a layered structure known as bedding or stratification. Each layer Is a bed or stratum. Sedimentary beds as deposited lie flat or nearly flat. (Ransome) Sedimentation. The accumulation of earthy particles, usually under wa- ter. A sedimentary rock is one con- sisting of particles thus deposited: (Perkins) Sedimento (Sp.). Sediment; boiler scale. (Halse) Sediment vein. A fissure filled from above by sedimentary matter. A rare occurrence in nature. ( Shamel, p. 165) Seed-bag. A, bag filled with flaxseed and fastened around the tubing in an artesian well, so as to form, by the swelling of the flaxseed when wet, a water-tight packing, prevent- ing percolation down the sides of the bore hole from upper to lower strata. When the tubing is pulled up the upper fastening of the bag breaks, and It empties itself, thus presenting no resistance to the ex- traction of the tubing. (Raymond) Seep. A spot where water or petro- leum oozes out slowly; a small spring. (Webster) Seepage. A fluid, or the quantity of It, that has oozed or seeped through porous soil. (Webster) Segger; Sagger. A cylindrical vessel of fire-clay in which fine stoneware is encased while' being baked in the kiln. (Ure) Segregate. 1. (Pac.) To separate the undivided joint ownership of a min- ing claim into smaller individual " segregated " claims. (Raymond) 2. In' geology, .to separate from the general mass, and collect or become concentrated at a particular place or in a certain region, as In the process of crystallization and solidi- fication (Webster). See Segregated vein. Segregated vein. A vein in which the filling is believed to have been de- rived from the adjacent country rock by percolating water carrying the dissolved mineral matter into the fissure. (Shamel, p. 149) Segregation survey. The survey of a mining claim located on lands classi- fied as agi-icultural. (Creswell Min. Co V. Johnson, 8 Land Decisions, p. 442; Lannon v. Pinkston, 9 Land Decisions, p. 143) Segregation vein, gated vein. Same as Segre- Segullo (Sp.). Earth overlying aurif- erous deposits. (Lucas) Seismic. Pertaining to, characteristic of, or produced by earthquakes or earth-vibration; as, seismic disturb- ances. (Standard) Seismic area. The area affected by any particular earthquake. (Stand- ard) • Seismism. The processes or phenom- ena, involved in earth movements. (Standard) Seismology. The science of earth- quakes. (Power) Seismoscope; Seismometer. An instru- ment by the aid of which the data are obtained for the scientific study of earthquake phenomena. (Cen- tury) Selagite. A name of Hauy's for a rock consisting of mica, dissemi- nated through an intimate mixture of amphlbole and feldspar, but it has been since applied to so many different rocks as to be valueless. (Kemp) Selective flotation. Generally under- stood to refer to the surface or froth "selecting" the valuable minerals rather than the gangue. Sometimes used to mean Differential flotation, which see. Also see Preferential flo- tation. (O. C. Ralston, Bu. Mines) Selective mining. A method of mining whereby ore of unwarranted high value is mined in such manner as to make the low-grade ore left in the mine incapable of future profit- able extraction. In other words, the best ore is selected in order to make good mill returns, leaving the low- grade ore in the mine. Frequently called Robbing a mine. Selector. In copper smelting, a kind of converter with horizontal tuy6res, to produce bottoms and a purified copper in one operation. (Webster) Selenite. Gypsum in distinct crystals or broad folia, CaS04.2HjO. See Gypsiim. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Selenite plate. In mineralogy, a plate of selenite which gives a purplish- red interference color of the first order with crossed nicols. (A. F. Rogers) Selenium. An element, Se. Not found native In visible quantity. Is obtained as a by-product in the elec- trolytic refining of copper. See Ono- 602 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDTJSTET. frite and Tlemmanlte (U. S. Geol. Surv.). Resembles sulphur and tel- lurium chemically. Atomic weight, 79.2 ; specific gravity, 4.26. Selenolite. Wadsworth's name for rocks composed of gypsum or anhy- drite. (Kemp) Self-acting plane. An Inclined plane upon which the weight or force of gravity acting on the full cars is sufficient to overcome the resistance of the empties; in other words, the full fcar, running down, pulls the other car (empty) up. (Steel) Self-contained portaWe electric lamps. Electric lamps that are operated by an electric battery that is designed to be carried about by the user of the lamp. (H. H. Clark) Self - detaching hook. A self-acting hook for setting free a hoisting rope in case of overwinding. (0. and M. M. P.) Self-feeder. An automatic appliance for feeding, ore to stamps or crush- ers •without the employment of hand labor. (Min. Jour.) Self-glazed. Having a glaze of but one tint : said of Oriental porcelain. (Standard) Self-open (Derb.). A natural fissure in rock. Also called Shack. (Man- der) Self-shooter. See Booming; also Flop- gate. Selvage; Self edge. A layer of clay or decomposed rock along a vein- wall. See Gouge. (Raymond) Semialtos (Mex.). Furnaces of me- dium size for smelting copper ores. (Halse) Semi-bituminous. Half or somewhat bituminous; applied to a variety of coal Intermediate between bitumin- ous coal and anthracite, averaging 15 to 20 per cent of volatile matter. (Webster) Semi'Crygtalline. Somewhat crystal- line; said of rocks that ajre partly crystalline or partly amorphous. (Standard) Semi-dry-press process. In brjck mak- ing, practically the same as dry press, but clay may be slightly moister. (Ries) Semi-faience. Pottery with a glaze very thin or transparent (Web- ster) Semi-metal. In old chemistry, a metal that is not malleable, as bismuth, arsenic, antimony, etc. " (Century) liong obsolete. Semi-opal. Common opal as distin-' guished from precious and fire opal. (A. F. Rogers) Semi-porcelain. A kind of porcelain resembling earthenware In its lack of .translucency or interior finish. (Webster) Semi-precious. Precious in an inferior degree; applied especially to such stones as amethyst, garnet, tourma- line. (Webster) Semi-steel. A mixture consisting of f No. 1 charcoal iron and J of vary- ing p'roportions of good wrought- iron scrap, soft-steel punchihgs, shearings or rail butts. Used for making slag pots (Hoffman, p. 259). Puddled steel. Semi-transparent. A term used to de- scribe minerals when objects may be seen through them but without dis- tinct outlines. (Dana) Semi-water-gas. A fuel gas Intermedi- ate in composition between water- gas and producer-gas, made by al- lowing a mixture of steam and. air to flow into a producer. (Webster) Semi-wet method. A method of mix- ing the raw materials for Portland cement. The materials at first are dry ; at some stage water is added, all subsequent steps being similar to those employed in the wet method (Bowles). Also termed Semi-dry method. Sempatic. A descriptive term applied to porphyrltic igneous rocks to in- dicate that the total volumes of phenocrysts and groundmass are nearly equal. (Ransbme) Seiialamiento (Sp.). Marking on the ■ surface the position of under- ground workings. (Halse) Senalar (Sp.). 1. To mark out (min- ing) claims. 2. To signal. (Halse) Senarmontlte. Antimony trioxide, SbzOs, in pearl colored isometric, octahedra. See Valentinitft. (Hoses) Seneca oil (U. S.). Petroleum, early used as a remedy among the Sene- cas and other Indians. (Webster) Senile. Approaching the end of a cycle of erosion, as a senile topography. (Webster) See Old. GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEKAI, INDUSTRY. 603 Senile river. In geolof^, a river in Its later stase, rarely fully reached, characterized by a sluRsish current having a tendency to meander through a pene-plane of slight re- lief in faint grades above base level, providing a slow discharge of, rain- falls. (Standard) Senile stream. A stream whose cur- rent has become enfeebled by rea- son of an approximation of its valley to base-level (Standard). Compare Senile river. Senile topography. The physical as- pect or conformation of land which approximates to a base-level plain. (Standard) Senonian series. A division of the Up- per Cretaceous of France and Bel- gium, used also somewhat in Eng- land ; equivalent to the Upper Chalk of England. (Standard) Senorial (Peru). Royalty paid by busconeros to the owners of rever- beratory furnaces. (Halse) Sensitiveness. The property in a high explosive that permits It to be ex- ploded by a shock. The more in- sensitive an explosive is, the stronger detonator it requires to develop the full strength. (Du Pont) Sentaz6n (Arg.). A slide or fall of rock. (Halse) Separable tin (Eng.), Ap incorrect spelling of Sparable.. See Spar- able tin. Separar (Sp.). To separate, classify, or sort. (Halse) Separation coal (Eng.). Goal that has been prepared by screening or washr Ing. Separation doors (Eng.). Doors fixed underground between the intake and the return, near the shaft bottom. (Gresley) Separation valve (Eng.). A massive cast-iron plate suspended from the roof of a return airway, through which all the return air of a sepa- rate district flows, allowing the air to always flow past or underneath It ; but in the event of an explosion of gas the force of the blast closes it against its frame or seating, and prevents a communication with other districts. The blast being over, the weight of the valve causes it to return to its normal position, allowing the y^tilation to continue. ',( Gresley) Separator. 1. A machine for separat- ing, with the aid of water or air, materials of different specific grav- ity. Strictly, a separator parts two or more ingredients, both valuable, while a concentrator saves but one and rejects the rest; but the terms are often used interchangeably. 2. Any machine for separating mate- rials, as the magnetic separator for separating magnetite from Its gangue. (Raymond) 3. A screen, especially a revolving screen for separating things like stones or coal into sizes. (Stand- ard) Sep6 (Colom.). A layer of porphyritlc iron-stained clay above the pay dirt (Halse) Se pierde (Sp.). A miner's phrase, meaning the vein is lost or comes to an end. (Halse) Sepiolite. See Meerschaum. Septarinm. A roughly spheroidal con- cretion, generally of limestone or clay-ironstone, cut into polyhedral blocks by radiating and intersecting cracks which have been filled (and the blocks cemented together) by veins of some material, generally cal- cite. Plural, Septaria. Also called Septarian bowlder, Septarian nodule, and Turtle stone. (La Forge) Sequence. Following ; succession ; com- ing, after; continuation. (Roy, Com.) Serape (Hex.). A narrow blanket vvorn by miners, pe6nes, etc. (Halse) Seriate. A rock fabric In which the sizes of the crystals vary gradually, or in a continuous series. (Iddings, Igneous Rocks, p. 196) Sericite. A talc-like hydrous mica (a variety of muscovite) occurring in small "scales and forming sericitlc schist. Often spoken of by prospec- tors as talcose schist, but this latter term properly applies to schists composed largely of talc, which are much rarer. (Roy. Com.) Sericite - gneiss. Gneiss containing sericite in the place of the ordinary more coarsely crystalline muscovite. (Century) Sericite - schist. Mica - schist whose mica is sericite. Sericite is also used as a prefix to many names of metamorphic rocks containing the mineral. , com- monly green, greenish-yellow, or greenish-gray, and massive, fibrous, lamellar, or occurring as pseudo- morphs. It is an important constitu- ent of some metnmorphic rocks and is everywhere secondary, after oliv- ine, amphibole, pyroxene, etc. 2. In petrology, a metamorphic rock com- posed chiefiy or wholly of the min- eral serpentine. (La Forge) Serpentine marble. See Yerd antique. Serpentine ware. A hard, green-spot- ted or green-veined pottery suggest- ive of serpentine (Webster). A va- riety of Wedgwood ware. See Peb- ble ware. Serpentization. Alteration into serpen- tine, a common result of the meta- morphism of fetro-magnesian min- erals, especially olivine. Serpent kame; Serpentine kame. See Esker. Serrate. Notched or toothed on the edge like a saw (Webster). Fre- quently applied to mountain ranges, as Saw-tooth mountains. Sermcho (Sp.). A handsaw with a small handle. (Halse) Serve. To furnish ; supply ; as the gas wells serve the town with light and heat (Webster). Gas is said to "serve" when it issues more or less regularly from a fault-slip, a break, etc. (Gresley) Service rails (Scot.). Rails used for a temporary purpose. (Barrowman) Service road (Scot.). A temporary road. (Barrowman) Senringr (Corn.). A supply of tin ready for smelting. (Davies) Set. 1. A timber frame for support- ing the sides of a shaft or other excavation. Sometimes written Sett. 2. A group of pumps for lifting water from one level to another; a lift. 3. A group of mines under one lease. 4. A flat steel bar; a kind of crowbar. 5. A piece placed temporarily upon the head of a pile when the latter can not be reached directly by the weight or hammer. (Webster) G. A train of mine cars ; a trip. 7, To fix a prop or sprag in place. (Steel) 8. (So. Staff.) To mine the sides ojf and trim up a heading. 9. (No. of Eng.) To load a tub unfairly by placing the greater part of the coal on the top of it and leaving the bot- tom part comparatively empty. 10. (No. of Eng.) The natural giving way of the roof for want of sup- port 11. To make an agreement with miners to do certain work; e. g., to set a stall; 12. (Mid.) A measure of length along the face of a stall, usually from, say, 6 to 10 feet, by which "holers" and "driv- ers" work and are paid; (Gresley) 13. The failure of a rock subjected to intense pressure below Jia point of rupture to recover its original form when the pressure is relieved. (Merrill) 14. The hardening of a plastic or liquid substance, as by chemical ac- tion (in case of mortar, cement, etc.) or by cooling, as in case of glue. (Webster) Set coal (Leic). Coal occurring near hollows and having a hard dead nature. (Gresley) Set copper. Molten copper which, in the process of refining, has become saturated with cuprous oxide. (Eng. and Min. Jour. vol. 102, p. 875) Set hammer. The flat-faced hammer held on hot iron by a blacksmith when shaping or smoothing a sur- face by aid of his striker's sledge. (C. and M. M. P.) Set-off (Eng.). The part of a con- necting-rod to which the bucket-rod is attached. (Bainbridge) Set of timber. The timbers which compose any framing, whether used in a shaft, slope, level, or gangway. Thus, the four pieces forming a single couree in the curbing of a shaft, or the three or four pieces forming the legs and collar, and sometimes tlie ^ill of an entry fram- ing are together culled a set, or tim- ber set. (C. and M. M. P.) Set-ont (No. of Eng.). See Lay-out. GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY. 605 Set rider (Aust.). The man who ac- companies a set of skips hauled by the main-and-tall-rope system, so that he can attend to any points on the trat;!:, unfasten the rope, and signal to the enginendriver as re- quired (Power). The corresponding American term is trip rider. Sett. 1. A' quarryman's term for a square-faced steel tool which is held in positi^.and struts with a sledge to cause a fracture in a rock mass. (Bowles) 2. S^-Set, 1. 3. (Com.) A lease; the boundaries and terms of the mining ground taken by the adventurers. (Min. Jour.) See Set, 3. Setter. A ^gger made to hold one piece only of fine porcelain. (Stand- ard) Setters (No. of Eng.). Large lumps- of coa^ placed round the sides of coal dealers' carts for the purpose of piling . up a good load in . the center. (Gresley)- Settlng. 1. See Heading, 7. 2. See Square timbering. 3. (So. Staff.) Bee Double timber. 4. A group of retorts used in the manufacture of gas. (Webster) 5. (Kng.) The day and place of contracting with the men of a mine. 6. The act of contracting with miners for work to be done. (Stand- ard) Settle. 1. A term used to indicate the amount of vertical fire-shrinkage that takes place in a kiln full of bricks. (Ries) S. To clear of dregs or Impurities by causing them to sink, as of liquids. 8. To cause to sink; to depress; to I'ender close or compact. (Webster) Settle boards. J. (No. of Eng.) Iron plates or sheets forming the floor of a heapstead, to admit of the tubs being pushed and turned about with facility (Gresley). Turn sheets. 2. (No. of Eng.) See, Cage shuts. Also spelled Settle bords. Settled production. The production of an oil well which, apart from the normal progressive annual di muni- tion. Will last a number of years. (Redwood, p. 243) Settler. A separator ; a tub, pan, vat, or tank in which a separation can be effected by settling (Century). A tub or vat in which pulp from the amalgamating pan or battery-pulp is allowed to settle, being stirred in water, to remove the lighter por- tions. (Raymond) Settllngite. See Settling stones resiiL Settling stones resin. A resinold, hard, brittle substance, possessing a pale- yellow to deei>-red color and a «pe^ cific gravity of 1.16 to 1.54, ai^ burning in a candle flame. It waa found Ut an old lead mine In Nortbr umberland, England. (Bacob) Settllng-vat. A vat In which partldes of ore are allo^. 3d t settle. (Ribk- ard) Setts-off (Eng.). See Distance blocks. Set-up. 1. In Iron and steel manufac- ture, a machine for upsetting a bloom that has been lengthened by a squeezer. 2. An iron bolt or rod , up$et at one end. (Webster) 3. To place a ' drilling machine In position for drilling. 4. To orient a surveyor^ transit over or under a point or station. Seventy-two-hour coke. Owing to the suspension of labor on Sunday, an oven charged on Friday must neces- sarily go over to Monday, so that, all charges mad6 on Friday and drawn on Monday must be In tba ovens 72 hours, and the coke result- ing Is called 72-honr coke. The 72- hour coke has higher ash, less vola- tile matter, less sulphur and Is pre- ferred for foundry purposes. Sivres. Sevres porcelain. (Standard) Sivres bine (Fr.). 1. The lighter blue of the Sevres porcelain, especially of pieces antedating the Revolution (1789) distinctively called bleu d- teste. 2. The darker blue of Sevres porcelain, distinctively caUed bleu- du^oi. ( Webster } ' Sevres ware. A costly porcelain manu- factured In Sevres, France, espe- cially in the National factory. • (Webster) Sewer brick. . A general term applied to those common brick that are burned so hard as to have little or no absorption. They are; therefore, adapted for use as sewer llnlnga (Ries) Shab (Som.). Friable, shaly rock. (Gresley) Shack (Derb.). An Irregular ore de- posit See Self-open. (Mander) Shackle. A U-shaped link in a chain closed by a pin; when the latter" is withdrawn the chain Is severed at that point. (Steel) Shadd (Corn.). Smooth, round stones on the surface, containing tin ore, and indicating a vein. (Raymond) 606 GLOSSAET OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Shadoof. A counterpoised sweep used in Egypt and near-by countries for raising water, ore, etc. A band wbip. Shadrach. See Safamander. - Shaft. 1. An excavation of limited area compared with its depth, made for finding or mining ore or coal, raising water, ore, rock, or coal, hoisting and lowering men and ma- terial, or ventilating underground workings. The term Is often spe- cifically applied to approximately vertical shafts, as distinguished from an incline or inclined shaft. 2. The interior of a shaft furnace above the boshes (Raymond). Compare ) . Slop ; Incline.' 3. A wooden handle of a pick, etc. 4. (So. Wales) To pull or draw at a tub. (Gresley) Shaft foot (Scot). The bottom of a shaft. (Gresley) Shaft furnace. A high furnace, charged at the top and tapped at the bottom. (Raymond) Shaft house. A building at the mouth of a shaft, where ore or rock is re- ceived from the mine. (Weed) Shaft kip (Eng.). See Kip. Shaft lamp (Eng.). See Comet. Shaft plUar. Solid material left unworked beneath buildings and around the shaft, to support them against subsidence (Steel). Also called High pillar. Shaft rent (Eng.). 1. Rent paid for the use of a shaft for raising the minerals from another property. 2. Interest on capital invested in sink- ing a shaft. (Ctresley) Shaft set. A set of shaft timbers con- sisting of two wall plates, two end plates, and dividers which separate the shaft into two or more compart- ment?. Shaft station. An enlargement of a level near a shaft from which ore, coal, or rock may be hoisted and sup- plies unloaded. Shaft tackle. A poppet-head (Stand- ard). A headframe. See Poppet, 1. Shaft tunnel (No. Staff.). Headings driven across the measures from shafts to intersect inclined seams. (Gresley) Shaft wall?. 1. The sides of a shaft. 2. (Newc.) Pillars of coal left near tjje bottom of a shaft. (Raymond) Shagsy pieta) (Ch^s.). beans. See Horse Shake. 1. A cavern, u.sually in lime- stone. ( Raymond ) 2. A close-Joint structure in rock, due to natural causes, as pressure, weathering, etc. Used in the plural. Shaking 1. The same as springing. See Shaking a hole. (Du Pont) 2. (Corn.) AVashing ore (Min. Jour.). Ore dressing. Shaking a hole. The enlargement of a blast hole, by exploding a stick of dynamite, so it will contain a larger amount of explosives for a big blast (Stanich v. Pearson Min- ing Co., 141 NW. Rept., p. UOO.) Also called a Shake blast See Springing. Shaking screen; Shaker. A flat screen, often inclined, which is given an os- cillatory motion and is used for siz- ing coal. (C. and M. M. P.) Shaking table. A slightly inclined table to which a lateral shaking mn- tion is given by means of a small crank or an eccentric. One form is covered with copper plates coated with mercury for the purpo.=!e of amalgamatig gold or silver. Othor forms are provided with ripples and used in separating alluvial gold. (Roy. Com.). Also used in ore dressing. Shakudo (Jap.). A dark-blue alloy of copper with gold, used in Jap- anese metal work (standard) Shale. A fine-grained, fissile, argilla- ceous, sedimentary rock character- ized by rather fragile and uneven laminae and commonly a somewhat splintery fracture. Often, but incor- rectly, called slate by miners, quarry- men, well-drillers, and others. (La Forge) Shale naphtha. Naphtha obtained from shale oil. (Bacon) Shale oil. A crude oil obtained from bituminous shales, especially In Scotland, by submitting then to de- structive distillation in special re- torts. (Bacon) Shale-oil shale (Scot.). Shale yield- ing oil on distillation. This term was formerly used as signifying art gillaceous rock. (Barrowman) Shale spirit. The lower-boiling fracj tions obtained in the refining of crude shale-oil. (Bacon) Shallow ground (Aust.). Land hav- ing gold near It's surface. (Stand- ard) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY. 607 Slialy. 1. Characteristic of, pertaining to, composed of, or resembling shale ; having the characteristic structure and fissility of shale, as a shaly sandstone or limestone. (La Forge) 2. Brittle ground. (Ihlseng) . Shambles. Shelves or benches, from one to the other of which ore is thrown successively in raising it to the level above, or to the surface (Raymond). See Shammel. Sham door (Eng.). A check or regu- lator door. (Gresley) Shammel. 1. A stage for shoveling ore upon, or for raising water (Davies). See Shambles. "a. To work a mine by throwing the material excavated on to a stage or bench in the "cast after cast" method, which was the usual way before the art of regular mining by means of shafts had been introduced. (Century) Shandj.gafl (Aust.). Shovel-fiUed coal (Power). Coal loaded by shovel without screening, hence con- taining an excess of fines. Run of mine coal. Shangie (Scot). A ring of straw or hemp put round a jumper in boring to prevent the water in the bore hole from splashing but. (Barrowman) Shank. 1. (Scot.) A shallow shaft underground (Gresley). A winze. 8. The body portion of any tool, up from its cutting edge or bit. (O. and M. M. P.) 8. A ladle for molten metal, with long handles, for use by two or more men. (Webster) Shanker (Scot.). A pit or shaft. (Barrowman) Shanklin sand (Eng.). A marine de- posit of siliceous sands and sand- stone of various shades of green and yellow-gray. Also called Lower green-sand. (Humble) Sharp gas (Eng.). Fire damp that ex- plodes suddenly within a safety lamp without showlite any preceptible cap. Gas is sharp ^hen at its most ex- plosive point. (Gresley) Shastalite. Wadsworth's name for un- altered, glassy forms of audesite. (Kemp) Shasta series. The Lower Cretaceous of the Pacific coast, entirely marine, ' the Knoxville beds below, and the Horsetown above ( Standard) . Usage now obsolete. Shatter. To break at once into pieces; to dash, burst, or part violently into fragments; to rend into splinters. (Webster) Shattered zone. Applied to a belt of country in bnsis; e. g., tin)l)er- ing, rond cleaning, etc. (Oresley) 744e with or without olivine, and acces- sory nephellne, sodallte, etc., may be present in small quantities." (Kemp) Ihoo-ily. Any crosscut Iietween a haul- ageway and airway ttrrough which cars are run. Bee al»o Slant, 1. Shoot 1. See GhUte, 1. 8. See Blast A shot is a single operation of blasting. 3. An elongated body of ore. See Chute, 2. (Raymond) 4. To torpedo an oil or gas well. Shooter. 1. (Aust) The man who fires a charged hole after satisfy- ing himself that the place is free from fire damp (Power). A ahot flrer, 2. In the petroleum industry, jakie, who shootfv oil wells with nttro-' glycerin to loosen or shatter the' oll- bearlng fonnation. Shooting (Eng.). Blastiiig Uk m mine. (Gresley) Shooting a well. Exploding a -duuve of nitroglycerin in a drill hole, at or near an oil-bearing stratum, for the purpose of increasing the flow of oil. Shooting fast (Lane). Blasting with- out previously holing or sheartng the coal (Gresley). See Shooting otC-the-solid. Shooting-needle. A blasting needle ; a metallic rod used in the stemming of a drill hole for the purpose of leaving a cavity through which the charge may be fired. (Century) Shooting ofl-the-solid. Mining the coal by heavy blasting without under- mining or shearing it (Steel). In England called Shooting fast Shooting on-the-free. The use of a small charge of powder to blow down the face of the coal after it has been undercut as distinguished from " shooting ofC-the-8oUd." (An- dricus V. Plneville Coal Co., 121 Ken- tucky, p. 728) ShootlBff the Eob (No. Staff.). Work- ing the coal la the pillars of inclined coal beds by blasting. (Orealey) Shoot of ore. A body of ore with rela- tively small horizontal dimensions and steep IndUiation in a lode; in contindistlnctlon to a coiir«e of ore. which is flatt«r (Power). Bee Chute. 6. Shop. In glaaa-maklBfe a team of workmen; (Standard). Shore (Bng.). A studdle or thrusting stay, (a and M. Ml T.) Shore terrace. A terrace made alone a coast by the acition of wares aM shore currents; it may l>ecoihe land by the uplifting of the shore' or the lowering of the water. (Webster) Shore np. To stay, prop up, or sup- port by braces. (Steel) Shorn (Eng.). Cut with a pick, as in undercutting coal. (Gresley) Short. Brittle; friable; breaking or crumbling readily; inclined to flake ofF (C!entury). Said of coal. Short and rongh. Unmellowed, as by weathering, said of brick cUy, as distinguished from mild and tough, (Standard) Short-fire. See TTnderflre, 1. Short-fired. Not enough Itaked ; under- flred ; said of porcelain, etc. ( Stand- ard) Short-flame exploiive. See Permissible explosive. Short fuse. 1. Any fuse that is cut too short. 2. The practice of firing a blast, the fuse on the primer of which is not sufficiently long to reach from the top of the charge to the collar of the bore-hole. The primer, vtith fuse attached, is dropped into the charge while burn- ing, and tamping may, or may not, be attempted. It is an exceedingly dangerous practice. (Du Pont) Short hole. A blast-furnace tap-hole with a short stopping which may break out unexpectedly when drilled into. (WiUcox) Short leg. One of the wires on an electric blasting cap, which has been shortened so that when placed in the bore-bole, the two splices or- connections will not come opposite each other and make a ishort circuit. (Du Pont) 612 OtiOSSAKT OF MIinKQ AND MIKERAL nTDTJSTBY. Sharth. 1. The product remaining on the screen when the material col- lected from the zinc boxes of a cya- nide mlU Is rubbed over a sieve. See Fines. (Gleonell) %. (fing.) The contents of cars filled with coat, or coal and dirt mixed, otherwise than In accord- ance with the colliery regulations. S. (Eng.) Deficiency of mineral worked under a lease during any year or other period agteed upon. (Oresley) Short stall (Mid.). A ^iigle-road stall. (Gresley) Wvert tea. A. ton of 2,000 pounds avoir- dupois, a long ton being 2,240 pounds BTordupois. Also called Net ton.- Shortwall machine. A coal cutter for use. in bords, which when once th9 cutting part ha;; made the sumplng cut, is drawn across the face anto- matically by ropes, undercuttine as It proceeds. (Power) Short workings (Eng.). See Shorts,. 3. Bhoshottlte. 1. An aphanorphyrlc ig- neous rock composed essentially of dominant andeslne and oligoclase and subordinate orthoclase, auglte, and olivine. (La Foige) S. A general name proposed by Iddings for a group of igneous rocks in the eastern portion of the Yellojrstone Park. They are porphyrltic in texture, with pbenocnrstB of labradorite, anglte, and olivine, in a groundmass that is glassy or crystalline; in the latter case orthoclase and leudte, alone or together, are developed. The rocks are to be considered in connection with absaroklte and bauakite. (Kemp) Shot 1. A charge or blast. Baiancsd »hot, a shot so placed that the hole containing the powder la parallel to one face of the coal to be broken. Alotcn-out shot, a shot which merely throws out the stemmlni; without loosening much coal. Cvtting »hot, a shot arranged to loosen, the coal prepared by the cutting and to scat- ter the coal in advance to facilitate the making of another cutting. Ooug- ing that (Ark.), a gripping shot or opening shot In a straight face, as to start a break-through. Oripping that, a shot which is. farther from the face of the coal at the point than at the heel ; also called wedg- ing shot. Opening shot, the first grilling shot fired, In a straight face of. coal. SUtting shot, a shot put into a large mass of coal detached by a previous blast Windy shot, a shot which causes a concnarion In the air, nsnally by an excessive amount of powder behind an easily loosened mass of coal S. The firing of a blast 3. Injured by a blast (Steel) 4. A small globular mass, or pellet, of metal, e. g., steel, and as such osed in drilling operations. See Adamantine drill. Bhet copper. Small rounded particles of native copper^ somewhat resem- bling small shot in sise and shape. (Weed) Shot drill. An earth-boring drill using steel shot as an ' abrasive. Bee Adamantine drill. Shot-fast. Coal mined by blasting. (Oresley) Shot-off- the-solld. Shot flrer. A man whose special duty is to fire shots or blasts, especially in coal mines. Also Shot lighter (Hargls). Called Shooter in Aus- tralia. Shot hole. The borehole in which an explosive is placed for blasting. (Gresley) Shot lighter. See Shot flrer. Shot metal. An alloy of 98 per cent lead and 2 per cent arsenic, for mak- ing small shot (Webster) Shot samples. Samples taken for as- say from molten metal by pouring a portion into water to granulate it (Webster) Bhetty goIA. Small granular pieces of gold resembling shot (0.,and M. M. P.) Shoulder cutting (So. Staff.). Cut- ting the sides of- the upper lift of a working place in a thick-coal col- liery n&ci the rib, preparatory to breaking the coal. (Gredey) Shovel - filled ( Aust ) . Bun-of-mlne coal as broken at the face. (Power) Show. 1. The pale -blue,, lambent flame on the top of a common can- dle flame, indicating the presence of flre damp (Raymond). A "show of gals" is a phrase denoting a quan- tity just sufficient to form a percep- tible cap above the flame of a lamp or candle. 5. The first appearance of float in- dicating the approach to an outcrop- ping vein or seam. See Blossom. (C. and M. M. P.) Shrlnkage-eraok. One of a serica of cracks, or of flUed-up cracks, often seen on rock surfaces; rappoaed to have resulted from tlie d^ing and oiioqeART OP MiKizra and minibai. ikdustbt. 618 riirhiltinff of the layer while It was plastic mud. Galled also Sun-crack. (Standard) Shrlakage stoplag. Also known as "back stoplng," "shrinkage with waste fill," "overhand stoping with shrinkage and delayed fllllhg," and "overhand stoping With shrinkage and no filling." The method is a modification of overhand atoplng and its characteristic is the use of a part of the ore for the purpose of support and as a working platform. As applied to small ore bodlin two modifications are used: stoping without ore passes (chutes) and stoping with ore passes (sucpiua ore is removed t>y means of the ore passea). As applied to large ore bodies the stopes are i^epai-ated by pillars or ribs and the name used is "shrinkage stoping with alternate pillar and stope." (Toung) Shrinkage with wait* lllU lEfee Shrink- age stoping. Bhropililre method. See Lopgwall method. Bhnmd. A hoasing or Jacket (Chance). Especially a hbudng around gear wheels. Shut; Shutt (So. Stair.). 1. 'The crushed and brokenrdown roof of; a seam of coal. t. Old workings. /STee Goaf, 1. (Oresley) Shutdown. A term denoting that ' work has beett temporarl^' stopped, as on an oli well. See Standing. (Redwood) 'Shnte. See C!hute. Shut-in. In geology, a narrow gorge cut by a superposed stream across a ridge of hard rock between broad valleys of softer rock on each side of the ridge. (Standard) Shnti (Scot.). Movable or hinged sup- ports for the cage at a shaft land- ing (Barrowman). Also caned Keps, Keeps, Chairs, Dogs, ^eats. Shatter. 1. A movable sliding door, fitted within the outer casing of a (Sulbal or other closed fan. for regu- lating the size of the opening from the fan, to suit the ventilation and economical working of the machine. S. A slide covering the opening in a door or brattice, and forming a regulator for the proportionate divi- Aoa of the air current between two or more districts of a mine. (Steel) Shatttos (Lane.). Natural cracks run- ning at right angles to the dip of the strata. (Greal^) Sknt «p. 1. To weld together, as pieces of metal. S. To condense, as porous metal, by hammering or pres- sure. (Standard) 81am rahj, A name sometimes er- roneously applied to the dark ruby spinel found with the rubies of Siam. (Century) Siberian aquamarine. A blue-green beryl found in Siberia. (Century) Siberian ruby. Rnbelllte; a red va- riety of tourmaline found in Siberia. (Power) Slberite. A violet-red Variety of Rubelllte (Dana) See Siberian ruby. Slekenlng. The flouring of. mercury. See Floured. Sloker. See Zighyr. Slelllan OIL' Petroleum. It was need, under this name, for illundnattng purposes at Agrigentum, Sldly, be- fore the beginning of the CStfistion era (Bacon) Kddle. The inclination of a seam ot coal. (Raymond) Side. t. The lAore.or less vertical face or wall of coal or gpat forming one side of an underground working pface. S. (Lane.) A dUrtrtct (Gresley.) S. Ttie vml of a vein. (Po^er) Side aditi. A side passage sometimes made when the main adit is choked with waste rock. (Da vies) Slde-batie; A transverse direction t» the line of dip in strata. (Ray- mond) Ude chain. A chain hooked on to the sides of cars running on an incline or along a gangway, to keep the cars together in case the coiiiAIng breaks. (Steel) SIde-dnmper. An ore, rock oi: qoal car that can be ttltM sid.ewise and thus onptled. Side guide. See Guard, 1. Slde-lanlng (So. StafC). The widen- ing of an abandoned gate road, aind making it part of the new side of work. (Mln. Jour.) Side length!. See Lengths. Side Uae. 1. A line attached to ttm side of a dredge and used to bold the 4tedse in place during ol, 81; atomic weight, 28.S; specific gravity, 2.34. (Webster) Silicon bronce. A. very strong, practi- cally noncorrosive alloy of copper, tin, and silicon. (Webster) Silicon copper. An alloy of copper (80-70 per cent) and (Silicon (20-30 per cent) used as an Ingredient to free molten copper or brass from oxygen. (Webster) SlUeon iron. Iron containing 2 to 16 per cent of silicon, tot improving cast iron; ferrosilicon. (Standard) Siliconize. To unite or cause to unite with silicon, as in the combination of iron with silicon in certain metal- lurgical proceases. (Standard) Blllcott splegel. A spiegeleisen contain- ing 15-20 per cent of manganese and 8-16 per coit of silicon used in mak- ing certain special steels. (Web- ster) Silicon steel. A variety of steel con- taining considerable silicon, usually 2 to 3 per cent. It is very hard, but brittle, and difllcnlt to work. (Web- ster) Silicon ware. A slightly glazed stone- ware made at Lambeth, England. (Standard) Silicosis. An affection of the Inngs occurring in stonecutters, caused by the inhalation of quartz dust (Web- fster). The term applies to miners also. Silk. A qilky luster in some precious stones, as the ruby; due to micro- scopic crystals. (Standard) Silky. Having the Inster of silk, like, fibrous calcite, fibrous gypsum. (Dana) SilL 1. An intrusive sheet of igneous rock, of approximately uniform thickness, which is slight compared with the lateral extent, forced be- tween level or gently inclined beds. (La Forge) 2. A piece of wood laid across a drift to. constitute a frame with the posts and to carry the track of the tramway. (Raymond) 3. (Cumb., York.) Much the same as Clunch, Spavin, Warrant (Gree- ley) 4. The floor of a gallery or passage in a mine. (Standard) Silla (Sp.). 1. A chair. 2. A saddle. i. A leather strap to protect the shoulders when carrying ore. (Halse) Sillimanlte; Fibr elite. A basic ortho- silicate of boron, and calcium, H*0. 2CaO.BiOi.2SiOi. (Dana) Blllite. Ottmbel'B name for a rock from SiUberg, In the Bavarian Alps, variously referred by others to gfUb>- bro, diabase, mica-syenite, and mica- diorite. (Kemp) Silt. 1. A general name for the muddy deposit of fine sediment in bays or harbors, and one much em- ployed in connection with engineer- ing enterprises. (Kemp) 2. A name applied to. the fine mate- rials such as calm, ashes, et ' ttnter. 1. A, (^lemiQal sedlinwi^ depos- ited by a mineral spring, either hot w «aa. '^BiUcMtte Blhier,'MIMBtla^ <«C silica^ IS aisb (failed 'Oc^serlte lind Florlte ; calcareous sinter, consltftlng ^.calciui|i:carbc!nat9i.l9 aide, f»}lje# Tvtf^, Trayertin^, ao^tOmyx marble. (La'Forge) S. Dross of iron ; cinder. S. To .JbNe;- «ome ^r'diui^' tA beetime a cohei^Ent solid mass by beating without thor- oughly melting.' .(Webster)' Uaterli^ maa; One in charge of a plant for wintering flue dUst, or aUnplyan employee , at /suc)i pliu^esir (iWlUco:?) Siphon. A pipe bent in th^ form of U OP n Abtlng ion the' eillhc^le of the hydrobtatic bMa^ce'so- i|!hat the pressure of water in' im& leg alwajts, tend/s to eqjaaliso . ipronndmaas. ilCStaga, JMeiaiA Bers) tlke^. i. (C&rii:) : M tt(ni bb^t wc^rk- ihj$ hetii^eeh gnldeis, ih wUich BH' or rbck ' is holeited. . It ''l^ distingnlf^ed from a Ubble, %hiai hanks ffeis' In the shai t . ( Bajinnond>.r i JLslMn ■Si. (Jlng.>i -A bddrat or tub. at a mine otit of ..wliichi.B taomn drinks. (Oreal^i)- Skerries (Wa^.'). 6reenish-Wldt« ml- teceous. sandstone.) <6re8|8gr^ Skerry (trbv. E^.) . A Tci6s< ttriegu- lar piece of rcick; ifubbl^ fjitaiid- ard) Skerrystone (Mid.). Hard, thih '6ed- ded samdstone. CCBresley^) Skiew: Ah fri^t^ikir. diecoat^tlnUoua vein striking ow from ' the 'tnflnripal vein in,, an uncerta^ ^rpfOaOf;^ ing in. a Hl«^tlng and irregular, ppsi- tion. (Power) Skew areh. An arch whoM Jaftnto kre not- at rit^tcn^es witbtSbifr (Webster) 620 OU)SSABY OF IIININO AND MINERAL. INDUSTBT. Jllk«wbaek. The nevejed stone. Iron plate* or course of masonry ttiat supports the spring or foot of a segmented arch. (Standard) Skew plate. See Bloomery. Skid. 1. A shoe or clog, as of Iron, attached to a chain, and placed un- der a wheel to prevent Its turning when descending a steep hill; a drag. 2. A brake for a crane. 3. A timber, bar, or rail ui^ed In pairs or sets to form a slideway or roll- way, as for an incline from a truck to the ground. (Webster) 4. An arrangement upon which cer- tain coal-cutting machines travel along the working faces. (Gresley) Skldoo bell (Mo.). A bell placed near the bottom of a shaft to warn men of any impending danger, as of fall- ing mateiial, descending cage. Are, etc. Sklfle (Scot). A sled or small hutch (Barrowman). See Slypa Skifflin'g. The knocking off or knob- bing of the corners of buildlne-atone In the first dressing. (Standard) summer. 1. A device on tap-hole trough next to the furnace by which slag la automatically recioved or skimmed from top of iron at 'cast, and diverted to ladles or pit (Wlll- coz) 3. An Iron bar for holding back the slag in pouring molten metal. (Standard) Skimming gate. A channel' In a sand- mold having over it a bridge that removes the dross from molten metal as It posses through (Stand- ard). See Skimmer, SUaualng ladle. Any ladle used In skimming; specifically, a ladle used for pouring molten metal, having Its Up covered with a guard to retain the dross. (Standard) Skimalart; Skimplii^ (Com.). The poorest part skimmed off the ore In a Jig. (Raymond) Skimping. Same as Jigging. See al$o Skimmings. Skin frlotloa. Friction between a fluid and the surface of a solid mov- ing through it (Webster) Skin to (kin. As close as practicable. Timbers set up so close as to be touching each other are said to be ■kin to skin; e. g., placing timbers on each other, as laying a wall with rock or brick. Skip. 1. A large hoisting bucket, conr structed of boiler plate, which slides between guides In a shaft, the ball usually connecting at or near the bottom of the bucket so that it may be automatically dumped at the sur- face. 2. An open iron vehicle or car on four wheels, running on rails and used specially on Inclines or Id inclined shafts. Sometimes spelled Skep. 3. A thin slice taken off a breast, pillar or rib along its entire length or part of Its length. Called Slab in Arkansas. (Steel) Skipping the pillar. To take a lllce off the pillar before abandoning the workings;, to rob (Chance). Also widening the gangway or entry. Skip pit. The depression into which the skip descends when at the bot- tom of the skip Incline to bring Its top below the discharge chute of the scale car or bin. (WUlcoz) SUp road, or way. A track of T-ralls, spiked to wooden sleepers, on which a skip Wns. (Weed) Skipi (Wales). Skirtings for widen- ing out a coal road (Redmayne). See Skip, 2; also Skirting: Skip-shaft. A (mine) shaft especially prepared for hauling a skip. (Standard) Skirting. A road opened up or driven next to a fall of stone or an old fallen place. (Steel) SUt. A Cornish term for a pump. (Skinner) Skrin; Serin (Derb.). Cross fissures in limestone, sometimes containing small quantities of ore. (Power) iBknll. 1. A crust of solidified steel lining a Bessemer ladle. (Ray- mond) S, Solidified Iron, graphite, and cin- der In ladles at blast furnaces. (WlUcox) Skull oraeker. Sef Skull drop. Skull drop; Sknll cracker. A place where heavy ladle skulls are broken. (WlUcox) Sknttemdite. An arsenide of cobalt, of gray color and brilliant metallic luster. (Chester) Slab. 1. A split piece of timber from 2 to 3 inches thick, 4 to 6 feet long, and 7 to 14 inches wide, placed be- hind lets or frames of . timber In shafts or levels. S. Pieces of wood OLOBBABT OF -UmnSQ ASD TICTWiBRATi IlTMncnm est Mwed: off the- sldea of a log. t A akip or alloe takea off tlie rib of an entiy or room. (Steel) 4b OAved or finely parallel jointed xodEET, which split into tabular plates from 1 to 4 inches thick. Slabs are seldom so, strong as flags. Also called Slabstone. (Power) 6. A mass of tin run into a stone mold. (Standard) Slabbing. 1. Close timbering between sets of timber. (Duryee) i, i; which fine coal (Slack, 1) Is stored' (Power) Slaoken. In metal smelting, the scoria of previoTM : operatiions, mixed with the ores to retard or prevent fusion of tlie nopUetiBlIlc nbr:tipns. Also q)elled Slakli^. ( Standard ) Slack wax. A name tor a mixture of paraffin wax aOd oil. (Bacon) Blade (Ir.). A long spade with an L- shaped blade for digging peat (Standard) Slag. 1. The vitreous mass separate from the fused metals in smelting orea (Raymond) S. To form a slag, or to cohere when heated so as to become a slag-like mass. (Century) 8^tol<»nic scoria. (Standard) Slag brick. Brick made of famace slag. Blag buggy (Local, U. S.); A very large pot for holding slag obtained in the smelting of ores. It is mounted on a railway truck or the like so as to permit easy dumping. (Standard) Blag car. A two- (or four-) wheeled iron car used to ciirry slag from li furnace to a dumping plaee f Cen- tury). A slag buggy. Hag Cealie&t. A hjidniQlte oeminit made by grindtag- granttlated blBst- famaeeslagwlthsiakeAlUBei (Web- st«) Slag dump. A. dumping piar)iielt>Ie of ther "Scotch hearts.' f6r the trea^ metit'of siags,^c.,''producfed bylead smiting 'in the rei'erberatory fur- nace. mH) Snglfsh (flag taeaiib ^s one tuyere; the CastiUan or SpaBiA three., Kltaymond) Slag-lead. Lead obtMneif by a re- smelting of ^ay slag. (Ra^ttKntd) Slag aot^ See <7ind«|r tap, Blaji' pot. A vessel for the disposal of slag at furnaces. SmaU pots tire mounted on whelEils and hkndl'ed, by hand, while tite larger one^ 'are mounted on trucks for' imediaAical tranqportatidp., (Hpfni^m,, p. S^i ^e«.Slag bilges; Slag cttr. Blag iKlngle. Broken Slag used in rbad-bnildlng. (Stahdard> Blag wool. A finely fibrous mass pro- duced by blowitig istetam iit 'iAr itttH molten a&g (RaymoAd). Satne as Mineral wool. Slake, i. To Tfiei^me slack, jor Iqpise. % To become mixed with water, ^Q that a trde eltemtcaf coMMnattoft tak«3 plfeiee, as in the «laUng of lime. (Webster) B. (Scot.)- A. glntinpfis eill^.adh^ ing to the sld^ of ,die«v boreholes especially in pasaiiig through t^ae saadstpoe. (Barrowmaa) Slake trough. ; ,X MacIcSirnith's water tank for cppllng forglngs or to<)l8. (Webster) ' Slakin. See Slacken. Slant 1. Any short inclined eroetent oomiecting the -'entry with Its air course to facilitate the hauling of eo»U Ocmmonly cf^llad a Dlp-Fi^tch when the coal is not leveL Also «2a OLOSSABY OF MINIKO ASD KINSBilj IHSUSTBY. caUed Shoo-fly. (Sted) S. ▲ bead- ing driven diagonally between the dip and the strike ot a coal seam; also called a Ron. See Counter, 2. (Raymond) Blant ohutef. Chutes driven di- agonally across to connect a breast manT^ay with ^a manway chute. (Chance) See Slant, ,2. Slap (Som.). Slack coal. (Gresley) Slath (Eng.) A mass of coal crushed and shattered by a movement of the earth's crust (Century) HMhcr. In brlckmaklng, a wide Bword-llke Implement for slicing masses of clay In search of stones and roots. (Standard) flat 1. A thin piece of slate, as for roofing. 2. A flat piece of stone used In veneering taasonry. Also spdled Slatt 3. (Prov. Eng.) Dark- blue ooze, rather hard, left dry by the ebb of the sea. (Standard) Blate. A dense, fine-textured meta- morphlc rock whose separate miner- als are Indistinguishable to the un- aided eye, and which has an excel- lent parallel cleavage, so that it breaks Into thin plates or pencil- like shapes (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Compare Shale. A coal miner's term for any shale or slate accompanying doal ; also some- times applied fa bony coaU Blate eement. 1, A cement made with slate; a kind of Iqrdraulic cement. S. A mixture of broken slate and tar or asphalt, used as a roofing ma- terial. (Webster) aiate ohnte. 1. A chute for the pas- sage of slate and bony coal to the pocket from which it Is loaded Into dump cars. 2. A chute driven through slate. (Chance) Slate elay. 1. Shale. S. A fire clay occurring among coal beds. (Stand- ard) Slate coal. 1. (Eng.) A hard, dull variety of coal. (Gresley) S. Coal that has pieces of slate of greater or less size attached to it, which can be separated by breaking the coal Into smaller pieces and sub- jecting the coal to a washing proc- ess. (Power) Slate fault. A local replacement of a coal Msm by slate; a dmple thick- ening of a regular slate parting is ■iM often deedgnated by the same term, or is called a "horse." (Chance) Slate picker. 1> A man or boy who pldcs the slate and bony coal from the coal. S. A segment of a cylin- drical screen provided with narrow slits, through which the flat pieces of slate fall, but through which the coal (not being flat) can not pasa (Chance) Slate spar. A variety of crystallized caldte. Called also Shiver spar. (Standard) Slat gate. A gate, for controlling wa- ter, composed of two upright grooved posts with boards between, the boards or slati; being removed or added to regulate the height of wa- ter. (Clennell, p. 177) Slaty. Characteristic of, pertaining to, resembling, or consisting of slate; having the characteristic cleavage and texture of slate. (La Forge) Slaty cleavage, A tendency to split into thin, smooth, even plates, like slate, the more tn>ical if the planes of cleavage are transverse to the bedding-planes, (Standard) Slawm (Derb.). A rock joint filled with moist clay (Hooson). Also Slaum, Sloam, Sloom. Slasburg vitriol. A mixture ~of copper sulphate and ferrous sulphate crys- tallized together about in the pro- portion of 1 : 3. (Webster) Sleek. 1. (Newc.) Mud deposited by water In a mine. (Raymond) 2. (Eng.) A kind of reddish sand- stone. (Webster) Sled. A drag used to convey coal along the road to where It is loaded into cars, or to the chute (C. and M; M. P.). Also called Sledge; Slype. Sleek. 1. Having an even, smooth sur- face; slick. (Webster) ' 2. (Brlst.) Soft and troublesome, as applied to the condition of the floor in steep seams. (Gresley) Sleeping rent. A fixed rent stated in leases of coal mines, as distin- guished from royalty or share of profits. (Standard) Sleeping-table (Corn.). A stationary buddle. For the strict distinction soQietimes made between buddle and table, see Buddie. (Raymond) Sleeve. A pl^ce of pipe or thimble for covering a Joint, or for coupling two lengths of piping. (Webster) Slew (Derb.). A basin or swamp; a wet marshy places See Lum, 2. (Gresley) GLOSSARY 07 UnSVSlQ AND MIHESBAL UrDWSTBY. 62S BUoe. 1. A thin, broad piece cut off, as a portion of ore cut from a pil- lar or face. 3. To remove ore by successive slices. 3. A gem-riltting mill. (Standard) Bllee bar. A thin, wide Iron tool for cleaning clinkers from the grate- bars of a furnace. (Standard) SUcer.. A lapidary's slitting mill. (Standard) lUeker. A small implement used In a foundry for smoothing the surface of a mold. (Standard) Slicing and fllllng system. See Over- hand stoping. Slicing machine. An upright pug mill, with radial blades, for slicing clay in the manufacture of pottery. (Standard) Slicing under mats of timber in panels. Bee Top slicing and cover caving. Slicing under ore with back eaylag In rooms. See Top slicing combined with ore caving. Slick. Ore in a state of fine subdi- vision; synonymous with . SUmes (buryee). Also called Sllckens. SUckens (Cal.). A word sometimes used to designate the debris, or tail- ings, discharged from the hydraulic mines- or from stamp mills. (Hanks) SUckenside. A polished and sometimes striated surface on the walls of a vein, or on Interior Joints of the vein material or of rock masses. (Raymond) Produced by rubbing during faulting^ on the sides of fis- sures or. on bedding-planes. (La Forge) Also called Slicks. Slicking. A narrow vein of ore. (Standard) Slicks (Eng.). Smooth parting!^ or mere planes of division in strata (Gresley). Sllckensldes. Slide. 1. (Corn.) A vein of clay In- tersecting and dislocating a vein vertically; or the vertical disloca- tion Itself. 2. An upright rail fixed In a shaft with corresponding grooves for steadying the cages. See Qulde. (Raymond) S. The descent of a mass of earth or rock down a hill or mountain Bide. 4. The track of bare rock left by a landslide. (Webster) S. An accumulation of loose gravel and detached bowlders washed down from the mountains. (Ck>lo. CeiK tral, etc., Mining C!o. v. Turck, W Fed. Rept, p. 890) 6. A small dislocation In a rode mass. (Standard) Slide joint. A connection acting In rod-boring like the Jars In rope-bor- ing. (Raymond) Slide rule. An Instrument, consisting In its slihple form 6t a ruler witbt a medial slide, ruler and slide being- graduated with logarithmic scales which are labeled with the cor- responding antllogarithms. T h et graphic addition upon the slide and rule of two divisions of the scale, gives the product their antlloga- rithms. (Webster) Sliding scale. 1. A mode of regulat- ing the wages paid working men by taking, as a basis for calculation, the market price of coal (or other product). The wages rise and fall with the condition of trade, or mai^ kets. 2. (Ark.) A method of pay- ing for .the coal in proportion to- the amount of lump coal it contains. (Steel) Sliding suetloa (Scot). A suction pipe capable of being lengthened by telescopic arrangement. (Barrow- man) Sliding ^e rail. Said of a driver when he places one foot on the rail in front of the car, and the other foot on the bumper, and with his right hand holds on to the car and allows his foot to slide on the rail. (Marquette Third Vein CJoal C!o. «. Allison, 132 Illinois App., p. 232) Sliding wlndbore ( Eng. ) . The bottom pipe or suction-piece of pumps used, in shaft sinking, having a lining made to slide or telescope within 1^ to give length without altering the adjustment of the whole column of pumps (Gresley). Also called Slid- ing suction. SUgj Sllggeen (Ir.'). Shala (Power) SUme. A product of wet crushing con- taining valuable ore in particles so fine as to be carried In suspension by water; chiefly used In the plural (Webster) In metallurgy, ore re- duced to, a very fine powder and held in suspension In water so as to form a kind of thin ore-mud; gen- erally used in the pluraU (Cen- tury) Slime-box. See Sllme-pit 624 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDTTSTRT. SUme-pit. A tank or large reservoir of any kind into wliicli the slimes are conducted in order that they may have tJme to F^ettle, or in which tliey may bp reserved for subse- quent treatment See Slime. (Cen- tury) Slimer. A machine that makes slime ; for example, a tube mill. (Rickard) SUme sludge. 1. The pulp or fine mud from a drill hole. 2. See Slime. Slime table. A table for the treatment of slime. A huddle. SUme washer. A vanner, concentra- tor, or similar machine, used In the separation of ores. (Standard) SUme water. Water defiled In wash- ing ore. (Standard) SUne, 1. Natural transverse cleavage of rock (Raymond). A joint. 2. (Mid.). Pot holes in a mine roof. (Gresley) Sllne back. A joint or crevice that bounds a block of rock in the roof, as the upper surface of a pot hole or kettle bottom. Sling.- 1. In ceramics, a piece of wire with a handle at each end for cut- ting clay. 2. To cut clay with a sling. (Webster) ■ 3. A rope or chain put around stones or heavy weights for raising tliem. O. and M. M. P.) Sllng cart. A kind of cart to trans- port large stones, machines, etc., the load being suspended by .chains at- tached to the axle. (Webster) Sling chain (Scot.). A chain by which pump pipes are suspended. (Barrowman) Sllng psychrometer. An Instrument consisting of a pair of. thermome- ters, provided with a handle, which permits the thermometers to be whirled rapidly, the bulbs being thereby strongly affected by the tem- perature of and moisture in the air. The bulb of the lower of the two thermometers Is covered with thin muslin, which Is wet at the time an observation Is made. Used for determining humidity of the air. (Llddell) Slink (Scot). A wide clayey joint ; a stage. (Barrowman) Slip. 1. A fault S. A smooth Joint or crack where the strata have moved upon each other. 8. (Ark.) A joint In the coal upon which there may have been no preceptible move- ment (Steel) 4. The relative displacement of for- merly adjacent points on opposite sides of the fault, measured in the fault surface. See Dip slip and Strike slip. (Llndgren, p. 119) 5. A sudden descent of a hanging or sticking charge in a blast fur- nace. (Willcox) 6. Potter's clay in a very liquid state used for the decoration of ceramic ware, or as a cement ^or handles or other applied parts. To convert Into slip. (Webster) 7. Same as a horseback, kettleback, or kettlebottom. (Davis v. Nuttalls- burg Coal & Coke Co., 34 West Vir- ginia, p. 502; Cons. Coal Ca v. Scheller, 42 Illinois App., p. 621) Slip clay. An easily fusible clay, sometimes used to make a natural glaze on the surface of clay wares. (Rles) Slip cleavage. 1. Microscopic folding and fracture accompanied by slip- page; quarrymen's "false cleav- age." (Blee) 2. (So. Wales). The cleat of the coal in planes parallel with slips or faults. (Gresley) SUp-decoration. Decoration on cera- mic ware made by applying slip or barbotine with a small pipe. (Standard) Slip-dike (Scot). A whin dike accom- panied by a dislocation of the strata ; a fault- (Barrowman) Slipes (So. Staff.). Sledge-runners, upon which a skip Is dragged from the working breast to the tramway. (Raymond) SUp-glase. 1. A pottery glaze com- posed of a fine clay or similar min- eral powder: applied mixed with water. (Standard) 2. A glaze produced with sllp-clay, which see. (Rles) Sllp-hook. A hook, generally on «. hinge, which can be readily discon- nected by withdrawing a cotter bolt that holds it In position. (Power) SUp-kllh. A kiln consisting of a series of pans for drying potters' slip. (Standard) Slippy (Eng.). Abounding In cracks or joints; said of rocks in the Mid- laud coal field. (Standard) Slippy backs (No. of Eng.). Vertical planes of cleavage occurring every four or five Inches In the seam of coal. Also called Slip things. (Ores- ley) COiOSSABY OF MININa AND BCIKSBAL HSCDVStBY. 625 Sllp-ipear. A tool tor eztractlng tub- ing from a bore-bole. (Gresley) SUp-gtrainer. A strainer through which potter's slip is passed. (Century) gUp-tUngs (So. Staff.). The more or less vertical planes of cleavage in coal. See Slippy backs. (Oresley) Blip-trouble (Scot). Difficulties en- countered in mining due to slips. See Slip, 1. BUp-Tcln. A mineral vein accompanied by faulting or dislocation. (Skin- ner) Silt. A communication between two levels. (Raymond) sutler (Eng.). A pick. (Gresley) Slltting-dlso. A gem-cutter's slitting- mlU. SUtting-inlll. A rotating disc Used by gem-cutters in slitting; a sllcer. (Standard) Silver (Eng.). A thin wooden strip. Inserted into grooves in the adj¢ edges of two boards of a brattice, to make it air-tight (Raymond) Sloam. A layer of clay betw(«n seams of coal (Standard). Also SloonT. Slob (Eng.). Mud; a marsh or mire. (Century) Slocking stone (Eng.). A piece of rich ore used to tempt persons into a mining enterprise (Webster). See Salting a mine. Sloom (Mid.). A soft, earthy, clay or shale often underlying a bed of coal (Gresley). Also Sloam; Slawn. Slop. In ceramics, to blend thor- oughly, as clay, by kneading, or cut- ting and piling. (Standard) Slop brick. ' A name sometirass ap- plied to soft-mud brick. (Ries) Slope. An inclined passage driven from the dip of a coal vein. Compare Slant, 2. When not open at one end to the surface, it is known as an inside slope. See also Incline; Plane. Bock slope: A slope driven through rock strata. Slope air-course: A passageway parallel to the haulage slope used for the pas- itage of the air current (Steel) Slope cage; Slope carriage. A truck on which the cars are raised at slopo/j or steep dips. (Chance) 744010 O— 47 40 Slope dook (Scot). An Incline driven hot direct to the dip, i. e., intermedi- ate between the dip and strike. (Barrowman). Compare Slant 2. Slope beading (Scot). A heading driven not direct to the rise (Bar- rowman). The opposite of Slope dook.. Slope mine. A mine opened by fi slope or incline. Slope road (Scot). A road driven fit an angle less than a right angle with level course. See Slope dook. (Barrowman) Sloping pump (Scot). A hand pump laid on the slope of the strata to drain dip workings. (Barrowman) Slop-molding. A method of molding bricks in open-topped boxes or molds previously dipped in water to keep the clay from sticking to them; distinguished from Pallet- molding. (Standard) Slop oil. Any liquid product of pe- troleum which is not up to quality. Slop oils are usually put aside for redistillation. (Bacon) Slopping. In ceramics, a process of kneading clay to render it homo- geneous. (Standard) Slot (York.). To hole (Gresley). To undercut or channel. Slottere (C!orD.). Dirty; muddy; slovenly. (Pryce) Slotting (York.). Goal cut away in the process of holing. Often used in the plural (Gresley). Sometimes called Bug-dust In the United States. Slovan (Com.). 1. The outcrop or back of a lode. This generally applies to the appearance of a lode in a marshy place. N. B. — cropping out is a Welsh, also Easf: and North o( England, teim ; but is never used Ir Cornwall. (Hunt) 2. A gMlery In a mine; day level: especially applied to damp places. (Standard) Sludge. 1. A term applied to the tar from the agitators In the chemical treatment of distillates. 2. Soft mud; muddy sediment in steam boilers; slime resulting from ore dressing. (Webster) 3. The fine mixture of water and bore meal produced by the action of a drill in a rock. 4. Refuse from a 626 GLOSSABX OF MINING AND MINEKAL INDUSTRY. coal-washing plant. 5. A device for pnniping sludge from a bore bole; a sand fiump or shell pump. (Stand- ard) 6. Sometimes synonymous with Slime. Sludge acid. Impure and dark-colored sulphuric acid that has been used in refining petroleum. (Webster) Sludge channel. A tail race for con- veying the tailings away after the gold has been extracted from allu- vial beds. (Duryee) Sludge door. An opening through which sediment may be moved. (Century) Sludge milL A machine in which the sludge (slime) from another mill is W]ishe<1 (Duryee). As, for example, a Slime table. Sludge pump. A short iron pipe or tube fitted with a valve at the lower end, with which the sludge is ex- tracted from a bore-hole. (Gresley) Sludger. A cylinder having an up- ward-opening valve at the bottom, to pump out the sludge or fine rock resulting from drilling (Ihlseng). A Sand pump; a Sludge pump. Slue. To turn or twist about. To slip or slide out of coui-se (Web- ster). In cutting the coal the ma- chine moves from right to" left, the back part moving faster Mian the front. It is necessary at intervals to stop the machine and straighten it, or "slue" It, as called by miners. (CSonsoiidation Coal Co. v. Bailey, 198 S. W. Kept, p. 562) Slug. I. A lump of metal or valuable mineral, e. g., Cassiterite or (Jerar- gyrite. (Power) 2. A mass of half-roasted ore. (Webster) 8. (Eng.) A loop formed at the end of a rope through which a miner passes his leg previously to descend- ing an old shaft or worldng. (Hunt) Slugga. (Irish) A hole in the surface rock of some limestone formations, caused by the falling in of parts of the crust over subterranean streams (Standard). Compare Sink; Sink- hole. Slugger. A projection on the face of a crushing roll. (Richards, p. 105) Sluice. 1. A long, inclined trough, launder, or flume, usually on the ground, for washing auriferous earth, floating down logs, etc. In gold mining such a contrivance is paved with riffles, etc., to hold the quicksilver for catching the gold. 2. To wash with or in a stream of water running through a sluice. 3. To scour out, as a channel, by means of a flood of water. (Web- ster) Sluice box. A wooden trough in which alluvial beds are washed for ihe recovery of gold or tinstone. (Cox) Sluice fork. A form of fork having many tines, used to remove obstruc- tions from a sluiceway. ( (Century) Sluice gate. The sliding gate of a sluice. ( Webster ) Sluice head (Aust.). A supply of 1 cubic foot of water per second, re- gardless of the head, pressure, or size of orifice (G. and M. M. P.). Compare Miner's inch. Sluice valve. A sluice gate. (Web- ster) Sluiceway. An artificial channel into which water is let by a sluice. (Webster) Sluicing. Washing auriferous earth tlirough long races or boxes, pro- vided with rifles and other gold sav- ing appliances, and so-called sluices. (Hanks) Sluicing table (New Zealand). A ta- ble, on wheels, used for washing black sand for its gold content. (Duryee) Slum; Slums. 1. (No. Staff.) A black slippery, indurated clay. 2. A soft clayey or shaley bed of coal (Gres- ley). Also spelled Slumb. 3. Used in the plural for the dis- charge or waste from hydraulic mines. Bee Tailing, and Slime. (Hanks) SlumgulUon. A muddy, usually red, deposit in the sluices. (Webster) Slurry. 1, A thin watery, mud, or any substance resembling it. 2. A thin cement or mortar used to repair fur- nace linings. 3. A watery mixture of the powdered raw materials of hydraulic cement. 4. A wash used by molders. (Webster) 5. (Eng.) A mixture of sulphides and arsenides of copper, lead, and silver, etc., resulting from silver- smelting. ( Standard ) Slush. 1. To fill in with mortar, ce- ment, or the like, as the joints of a wall. (Webster) 2. To fill mine workings with sand, culm, etc., by hydraulic methods. See Hydraulic mine-flUlng, GliOSSABT OP MmiNG AND MINEBAI. INDUSTRY. 627 HmUbs. a synonym tor Hydraulic mine-filling. (D. S..Bu. Mines, bull. Slyae. Bee SUne. Slype (Scot). A sleil for drawing coal along the wall face, or in steep worlcings (Barrowman). Also tilled Sawney. Small (Bng.). A term frequently used for slaclc or fine coal. .((^I'^'^y) Small bottom. A local term used at Jenny Lind, Arlcansas, for the smaller part of the bottom bench of the coal seam. This is below the top bottom and .separated &om It by a smooth seam. (Steel) Small butty (StafC.). A contractor who engages to work a certain part of a seam — usually reckoned as a certain width of face — at a tonnage price, the contractor finding and pnying the labor necessary to mine and deliver the coal to the haulage road. (Redmayne) Small coal. 1. Ck>al broken into small ' pieces, usually that smaller than stove size; slack. (Standard) S. Thin seams of coal; also called Low coal. Small ore (Eng.). Copper, lead and zinc ore dressed to a small size (Hunt). Also called Smalls. Smalls. 1. Small coal ; slack. 2. Small particles of mixed ore and gangue (Standard). See Small ore. Small tin (Eng.). Tin recovered from slimes. (Hunt) Smalt. A blue pigment or glass, con- sisting of silica, potash, and cobalt. (Raymond) Smaltlne. An arsenide of cobalt, often containing nickel and Iron. Also called Smaltite, Gray cobalt. Tin- white cobalt. (Century) Smaltite. Cobalt diarsenlde, CoAsi. Contains, when pure, 28.2 per cent cobalt. Through replacement of the cobalt by nickel It grades into chloanthlte, the nickel arsenide, NlAst. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Smaragd. A precious stone of light green color; a variety of beryl. (Dana) Smaragdite. A thin-foliated variety of amphlbole, near ftctlnolite in com- position but carrying some alumina. It has a light green color, resembling much common green diallage. (Dana) Smart lire (No. of Eng.). A severe, though small, mine explosion. (Gresley) Smart money (No. of Eng.). A weekly allowance of money given by em- ployers to workmen who are injured while at work (Gresley). Accident compensation. Smear. 1. A volatile flux for glazing ware. 2. To give a luster to (ar- ticles of pottery) without .glazing, as by putting a volatile flux in the kiln with the ware (Standard). Also spelled Smelr. Smeotite. 1. A green clay. (Standard) 2. A greenish variety of halloyslte. In certain states of humidity ap- pears transparent and almost gelati- nous. (Dana) Smeddnm. 1. (Scot.). The smaller particles of ore which pass through the sieve of the hutch. (Raymond) 2. (Eng.). Clay or shale separating coal seams. (Webster) 3. Fine coal-slack. (.Standard) Also spelled, Smlddam, Smlddum. Smitham, Smithem, Smitten and Smytham. Smeir. ^A semlglaze used on pottery; a mixture of common salt and slip glaze. See also Smear. Smelt. 1. To reduce metals from their ores by a process that Includes fu- sion. In its restricted sense smelt- ing is confined to a single opera- tion, as the fusion of an iron ore in a shaft furnace, the reduc- tion of a copper matte in a rever- beratory furnace, and the extraction of a metal from sweepings in a cru- cible; but in its general sense It Includes the entire treatment of the material from the crude ore to the finished metal, and embraces: (a) the calcination or roasting, by means of which the sulphur and other volatile constituents are ex- pelled ; (b) The reduction of the re- sulting ■ furnace products, or the smelting proper, and (c) the refin- ing of the product from the second operation. 2. To melt or fuse as a metal. (Standard) Smelter. 1. One who is engaged In smelting or who works in an estab- lishment where ores are smelted. 2. In the United States, smelting works; an establishment where ores are smelted (Century). Also, more correctly called Smeltery. 628 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. Smeltered (Calif.). A term applied to aniinnls that have been Injured by smelter fumes, either by inhala- tion or by eating vegetation upon which smelter fumes have settled. (U. S. Bu. Mines, bull. 98, p. 54) Smelters' ton. A long ton plus an allowance for sandage, etc. (Stand- ard) Smeltery. A smelting establishment (Webster). Better usage than smelter,. 2. Snieltiag furnace, A blast furnace, reverberntory furnace, or other fur- nace in which ore is smeltele. Bonded rubble ma- sonry. (Standard) SaeeUng. In masonry, rubble-work> (Standard) Snecky (Eng.). A wedge-shaped ver- tical cut at the end of a stall or room. (Gresley) Snibble (Scot). A sprag or drag for hutches, wagons, or cars. (Bar- rowman) Snofr (Corn.). A short candle end, put under a fuse to light it (Itay- mond). A variation of Snuff. Snore hole. The hole in the lower part or windbore of a mining pump, to admit the water. A sbed or structnre of heavy timber for the purpose of protecting the tub hookers ond other workmen on the station floor (In a mine) from stone and debris falling from the cans while being hoisted. (Keidnour v. Wilcox Mines Co., 147, S. W. Kept, p. 852) Sanb. 1. To increase the height of an undercut by means of explosives or otherwise. 8. To check the descent of a car, by a turn of a rope around a post. (C. and M. M. P.) Snubbing. 1. (N. Y. and Pa.) A term applied by bluestone quarrymen to the process of forcing a cross break in the absence of an open seam. (Bowles) 8. Increasing the height of an under- cut by picking or blasting down the coal. Just above the undercut. Soak (Aust.). A natural receptacle for conserving water drained off rocky mounds. (Power) Soaking pit. A chamber lined with re- fractory nonconducting materia;i, in which white-hot steel ingots are placed and kept until the proper tem- perature for rolling is reached. (Standard) Soak pit. A pit In which wet clay Is allowed to soak preparatory to mold- ing. (Ries) Soanu (No. of Eug.). A pair of cords about 3 feet In length, by which boys pull tubs alofig the roads '(<3resley). A. draft rope or chain. Soapy heads (Eng.). The Joints of stones, which are filled with a sapo- naceous or talc-like mineral. ( Pryce) Soap-rock. A synonym for Soapstone. (C!hester) Soapstone. 1. A metamorphlc, rock of massive, schistose, or interlocking fibrous texture and soft .Unctuous feel, composed essentially of steatite or talc, which is regarded ad second- ary after some ferro-magnesian min- eral. 2. As used loosely by miners, well drillers, and others, any soft unctuous rock, such as micaceous shale or'serlcitlc schist. (La Forge) Sobarbo (Sp.). 1. A cam. 2. A tap-, pet of a stamp mill. (Halse) Sobrante (Sp.). Residue, overplus, surplus, profit. (Hanks) Sobresabana (CSoIom.). Ore lying higher than the sabana. (Halse) Sobrettante (Mex.). Overseer, fore- man, or shift boss. (Halse) Sooabftn (Sp.). An adit See SoGkvtfB^; (Halse) Socavado (Sp.). An undercut, as In coal mining. (Halse) Sooavadora (Sp.). A coal cutter; b coal-cutting machine (Halse) Socavadnra (Sp.). UndereBtting. ns in coal mining. (Halse) s'aeavfiii (Mex.). 1. A mining tunnel. An adit level ; 8. A mio de veto, a drift; S. crucero, a cross cut. (Dwlght) S. In Mexico, any gallery, tli» mouth of which is at the surface. 3. Hocdvones, large holes, pits, or shafts. (Halse) Sociedad (Sp.). Society, corporation, company, partnership;- S. andnima, a Joint stock company ; a limited lia- bility, company; 8. incorporada, a chartered company. (Halse) Socket. 1. A device fastened to the end of a rope by means of which the rope may be attached to its load ; tiie socket may. be opened and closed. (C. M. P.) 8. (Eng.) The innermost end of -a shot hole not blown away after fir- ing. (Gresley) 3. A hollow tool for grasping and lifting tools that have been dropped in a well-boring. (Standard) Socketing. Same as Springing, 2, which see. Du Pont) Soda. The normal carbonate of so- dium, KaiCOi; soda ash: the latter being the common name of the com- mercial article used in chemical in- dustries. Soda-alnm. An alum of aluminum and sodium, sometimes .found native as mendozlte. (Standard) Soda-ash. (jommereial anhydrous so- dium carbonate. Used extensively in manufacturing trades; also as a flux, etc. Soda-baU. Same as Bla«dc ash. (Standard) Soda feldspar. Bee Albit«. Soda granite. See Natron-granite. BodaUte. A silicate of sodium and. aluminum with some chlorine; Na«- (AlCl)AI,(SiO«)i. (Dana) Soda nitre. Sodium nitrate, NaNOk (Dana) Soda-orthoclase. A variety of ortho- clase containing more or less so- dium; also called Matron-orthodafle. (La Forge) GLO^ABY OP MINING AND MINERAIi INDUSTRYw 631 Sodlvm. A soft, waxy, silyer-white metallic element of the alkali group. Symbol, Na; atomic weight 23.00; specific gravity, 0.97. (Webster) Sods ( Lelc. ) . Clay beneath coal seams. (Gresley) Soffloni. An emanation, from the earth, of vapors which are principally bo- ric acid; also, the opening from which the vapors Issue. See Solfa- tara, Fumarole, 'and Mofette. Sofooado (Mex.). Said of a mine which has been abandoned on ac- count of being drowned out, or from other causes. (Halse) Soft. 1. Tender; friable; or full of slips and joints. (Gresley) 2. Bituminous as opposed to Anthra- ~ cltlc; said of coal. (Century) Soft air ^Scot). A stagnant state of the ventilation. (Barrowman) Soften. To heat ore so that the min- erals are cradled and fissured, per- mitting of easier crushing. (Rich- ards, p. 9) Softening. Of lead, the removal of antimony and other Impurities. (Raymond) Soft ground. Heavy ground. 1-ock about underground openings that does not stand well and requires heavy timbering. (Weed) Soft-mud process. A method of mold- ing brick, by forcing clay into wooden molds. (Rles) Soft ore (Lake Superior). A soft or incoherent hematite, as opposed to the hard specular variety. Soft phosphate. A 'term used in Flor- ida which is applied arbitrarily to anything phosphatic that is not dis- tinctly hard rock. (Power) Soft pitch. Pitch showing a penetra- tion of more than 10. (Bacon) Soft pottery; Pottery, the surface of which is unglazed and easily scratched by a sharp-pointed piece of iron. (Standard) Softs (Mid.). Coal which break» eas- ily. (Gresley) Soft seat (Eng.). Fire clay found un- der coal seams. (Power) Soft solder. Solder melting below a red heat; used in tinning, plumbing, etc. (Standard). Usually a tin-lead alloy, which melts at a lower tem- perature than either the tin or lead. loft steeL See MUd steel. Soga (Mex.). A rope or thick cord; a cable for hoisting. ( Dwight) Soggendalite. A name proposed by O. F. Kolderup for a variety of dia- base that is especially rich In py- roxene and that is intermediate be- tween true diabases and pyroxenltea. The type rock forins a dike hear Soggendal, Norway. (Kemp) Sogullla' (Sp.). A small rope for hoisting ore, water, etc. Soil. 1. Broadly and loosely, the rego- Uth, or blanket of unconsolidated rock material that lies on the' bed- rock. S. More precisely, the earthy or sandy layer, ranging in thickness from a few Inches to several feet, composed of finely divided rock debris, of whatever origin, mixed with decomposing vegetal and ani- mal-matter, which nearly everywhere forms the surface of the ground and in which plants grow or may grow. (La Forge) Soil cap. The earthy material that often covers naturally the rock. (Standard) Sol (Colom.). A vein showing frag- ments of ore at the surface of the ground. (Halse) Solapa (Colom.). A bituminous schist. (Halse) Solar. A colloquialism among sur- veyors to mean an observation on the sun. Solar compass. A surveyor's compass having a solar attachment (Web- ster^ Solar i6iL 1. A name given to gas oil from petroleum of the Gulf or Mid- Continent field. 2. A Russian pe- trolebm product possessing a spe- cific gravity above 0.850, but not exceeding 0.880, and a flash-point not below 80° C. It is usually of a very pale yellowish color. 3. Illumi- nating oil derived from shale. (Ba- con) Solar salt. A coarse salt obtained from brines by 8Q}ar evaporation. (Standard) Solayo (Mex.). A cutting-in hole. (Dwight) Solder. A metal or alloy used to unite adjacent - surfaces of less fusible metals or alloys. Soft solder is a compound of tin and lead; hard solder, of copper and zinc, or tin and antimony; gold solder, of gold, silver, and copper; silver solder, of silver and copper, or silver and brass; and so on. (Raymond) 632 GLOSSABY OF UHnKG AKD KINERAL INDUSTB'!. Soldier tpras (N. S. W.) A long sprag used to support the cqal seam by placing the upper end of the sprag in the face of the coal between the top of the holing and the. roof. (Webster) Sole. 1. The bottom of a level. 2. The bottom of a reverberatory fur- nace. (Raymond) S. (Eng.) A piece of timber set underneath a prop. (Oresley) 4. The major fault plane over which other beds ride forward as a group during distributive faulting. (Lelth, p. 49) Solene. Synonymous with Gasoline and Petroleum eth«r, which tee. (Bacon) Solenhofen ttone. A limestone found at Solenhofen. Bavaria, valued for lithographic purposes. (Webster) Sole piece. See Sole, 3. Sole plate (Scot). The plate on which a machine rests. (Barrow- man) Solera (Sp.). 1. A stone or cast-Iron bottom of a Chilian mill; a hearth stone; well or bottom of a furnace. 8. ^he lower mill stone. S. A ground sill. 4. A railroad tie.* 5. A rest for grate bats. 8. The shoe of a stamp. (Halse) Soleta (Spain). A clay band occur- ring above a coal seam. (Halsfe) Solevantamlento (Sp.). Elevation of strata ; an uplift (lAcas) A sulphur mine. Solfanaria (It). (Standard) Solfatara. An expiring or dormant volcanic vent from which steam and Vapors are emitted; also a district or area in which volcanic emana- tions are given off from fissures and smalt vents. Compare Fumarole, Mofette. and Sofflonl. (La Forge) SeUoitnd (Mex.). The application for a mining claim. Petition. (Dwight) Solid. 1. Coal that has not been un- dermined, sheared, cut, or other- wise prepared for blasting. Used in the expression, "Shooting off the solid." 2. That part of the coal which can not be thrown out by a single shot or the coal beyond the loo»e end. Used in expressions de- scribing holes drilled for blasting as "3 feet into the soUd," or "on tiie BoUd." (Steel) SoUd erib-tliBberli«.. Shaft-timbering with cribs la!^ aolldljr upon one an- oth«r. (BajDMHid) Solid-drawn. Drawn from hoITow In- gots, or otherwise, on mandrels of successively decreasing diameters; said of certain seamless metal tubes. (Standard) Solid water (Scot). Water sufficient to fill the pump barrel at each stroke. (Barrowman) Solid worUngi (Scot). In stoop and . room workings, the first working or room driven into the solid coal (Bar- rowman). Distinguished from Pil- lar-work or PlUar-drawing. SoUamadlso (Peru). Rock liable to run or cave. (Balse) SoUame (Peru). A cave or run. iSfee Derrumbe. (Halse) SoUar; Soller. 1. The plank flooring Of a gallery covering a gutter-way beneath. 2. The platform in a shaft between two ladders. (Ihlseng) S. A longitudinal partition forming an air passage between itself and the roof in a working. (Webster) 4. (Mich.). A platform from which trammers shov^ or thrdw the ore or rock into a car. (Lesh v. Tamarack Min. Co., 162 N. W. Rept, p. 1022) See also Sailer. Soluble glass. A simple silicate of potash or soda, or both. (Ure) Solute. The substance dissolved In a solution. (Rickard) Solution. 1. The change of matter from the solid or gaseous into the liquid state by its combination with a liquid; when unaccompanied by chemical change, called phi/»ioal so- lution; otherwise, chemical solu- tion. 2. The result of such change; a liquid combination of a liquid and a nonllquid substance. (Standard) Solution plane. A direction in a crys- tal of relatively easy solubility, a> when the substance is under great prec^sure. Chemical action along so- lution planes in minerals in rocks has often resulted In SchlUerlsa- tion. (Webster) Soinuun yrcMure. . Pressure dup to the tendency of atoms or molecules to pass into solution; specifically, that tending to drive metals into solu- tion, which is the cause of the dec- trie current from a primary bat- tery. (WdMster) Solvay iii'oueH. A soda-maktng proc- ess by which a concentrated solu- tion of common salt is treated with ammonia and carbon dioxide, yield- ing sodium blcarbonatei the ammo- QLOSSA-RV ov lOKIKG AKD MTWtPAI. Ixn>USTBT. 63S nla being recovered by Ume or mag^ 1 nesla; the ainiiioni»-<"xilorados. 8. (Peru) A cap-piece used In tim- bering. 4. A cowl hnnnet hood, or dome. (Halse) Somero (Sp.). Superficial deposits. (Halse) Sonda (Sp.). A boring tool. (Halse) Sondear (Sp.). To sink h nroonect bore-hole. (Dwlght) Bbndeo (Sp.). A prospect bore-hole. (Dwlght) Sooty coal (Eng.). Dull, soft coal. (G. G. GreenweU) Soplado (Ck>lom.). Alluvium deposited by a cataract or a strong current of water. '■' (HalSe) Boplador (Sp.). A blower of gas. (Halse) Soplante (Sp.). A blowing engine. (Halse) Biqplar (Spf). To furnish blast for a fnmace. (Dwlght) Soplete (Sp.). Blowpipe; tuySre; En- aaye al soplete, a blowpipe assay. (Dwlght) Boplo (Sp.). Blast, as for a furnace. (Dwlght) Soqaete (Mex.). 1. Clay for stopping furnace tap. 8. CSay in vein. (Dwlght) Bo4netero (Mex.). One who wets and kneads clay to be used at the fur- nace. (Dwlght) BorAvalite. An old name for the glassy salbands of small diabase dikes formerly regarded as a min- eral. It Is derived from Sordavala, a locality in Finland. Compare Wlchtisite. (Kemp) ISKt't principle. That principle by Which, if dlfterences of temperature sre Induced In a solution of com- mon salt or othei: s»*»tance in water the diasolved material wlU become relatively concentrated In tiiose portions in which the tem- perature ix lowest. (Ore Dep., p> 64) Soroche. 1. (Pent) A disease caused by rarefaction of air at great alti- tudes. S. 8. plomoto (Mex.) Lead carbonate; 8. reludente, argen- tiferous galena. (Dwlght) Sorter. ' One who sorts or classifies ore by hand. Sorting hanuner. A hammer for breaking up ores in sorting, i Stand- ard) Sory. A black earth impregnated with vitriol; vitriols In general. (Webster) ■ Soi (So. Staff.). To sink into the- floor under great pressure fronft overlying strata (Gresiey). Said of mine timbers and pillars. Bosa (Sp.). 1. Soda ash. 8. Native- carbonate of soda. (Halse) Soterramiento (Sp.). The caving-lo- of mine workings. (Halse) Sotlanqae (Mex.). Ghalcopyrite. Sotomlnero (Sp.). A deputy mine- captain. (Lucas) Souffle. Spotted 6r mottled by Mow- ing liquid color upon it, as througb lace or network; said of pottery decoration. (Standard) Bough (Eng.). An adit for draining a mine; a ditch; a drain. (Web- ster) Sounding. 1. Knocking on a roof to see whether it Is sound or stCfe to work under. 2. Rapping on a pillar to signal a person on the other side- of it, or to enable him to estimate- its width. (Steel) Soar. 1. Having an acid or tart taste. Applied to minerals having the taste of sulphuric acid. (Dana) 2. To macerate and render fit for : plaster or mortar ; said of lime^ (Webster) Sontinement (Fr.). The propping and packing to support the roof. (Gres- iey) South Staflordihlre or Thick-Kant method. Bee Room - and - pillar method. Sow. 1. A tool used in sharpening machine-drill bits. (Gilllette, p. 54) 2. A channel or runner which con- ducts the molten metal to the row» of molds in the pig bed. S. A mass Of metal solidified In such a cbaonel or mold. (Webster) C34 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDtJSTRY. 4. An accretion that frequently forms in the hearth or crucible of a furnace. It consists mainly of Iron. Also called Sdlamander, Bear, or SbadrAch. 5. (Western U. S.) A movable shed used as a protection by miners. (Standard) Sowback. Same as hogback or horse- back; a kame or drumlln. Boyote (Mex.). Vug. (Dwight) Spaad. A fibrous talc. From the Ger- man spath. (Webster) Space of discission. See Discission. Space of dissolution. See Dissolution. Spacing. In quarrying, the distance between drill holes In a row. (Bowles) Spad. iSee Spud. Spadl. A cameo - cutter's tool, used with diamond powder. (Webster) Spadiard (Corn.). A worker in the tin mines. (Standard) Also Spal- llard. flpal (Corn.). See Spall. Spale. 1. (Ck>m.) In mining, to fine for disobedience of orders. (Ray- mond) 5. A variation of Spall, 1: Spall; Spawl. 1. To break ore. Rag- ging and cobbing are, respectively, coarser and finer breaking than spalling, but the terms are often used interchangeably. Pfeces of ore thus broken are called spalls. (Raymond) 2. In masonry, to reduce ' irregular blocks of stone, approximately to size by chipping with the hammer. (Webster) Spalllard; SpalUer. (Eng.), A pick- miin; a working miner. A laborer In tin works. (Pryce) Spftlllng-floor. A place tor spalling. (Standard) Spalt. A scaly whitish mineral, used as a flux for metals. (Standard) Span-beam (Bng.). A long wooden beain supporting the head pivot of the drum axle of a gin, and resting at the extremities upon IncUned legs. (Gresley) Spangle gold (Aust). Smooth, flat scales of gold. (Da vies) Spsnitli chalk. A variety of talc or soapstone from Aragon, Spain. (Centniy) Spanish fnrnaee. A form of reverber- atory furnace used In the lead dis- tricts of Spfiin. (Century) Spanish ocher. A variety of red ocher. (Standard) Spanish tile. Roofing tile having an S-shaped cross section. (Ries) Spanish topaz. See False topaz. Spar. 1. As used, loosely, almost any transparent or translucent, readily cleavable, crystalline mineral having a vitreous luster (La Forge), as calcspar, fluorspar, feldspar, heavy- spar, etc. 2. A Cornish name for quartz. Sparable tin (Corn.). Tin ore in grains like sparables or small nails. (Webster) Spare (No. of Eng.). A wedge from 6 to 8 inches long, for driving behind plates when adjusting them to the circle of the shaft (Gresley). Also called Spear wedge. Sparkle metal. A copper matte con- taining about 74 per cent copper, (Webster) Sparry. Resembling, consisting of, or abounding with spar ; spathic. ( Web- ster) Sparry coal (Scot). Coal, the backs or joints of which are filled with calcite. (Barrowman) Sparry Iron. Slderite. (Webster) Sparry lode.- A lode filled with spar, e. g., fluorspar, calcspar, or heavy- spar. (Power) Spartaite. A variety of calcite con- taining some manganese. (Cen- tury) Spathic. Of, pertaining to, or resem- bling spar, especially, having cleav- age. (Standard) Spathic iron ore. See Slderite. Spathose. Same' as Spathic. Spatter cpne. A secondary or "para- sitic" lava cone. (Chamberlln, vol. 1, p. 580) Spattle. 1. Tc sprinkle, as earthen- ware, with glaze or colored slip ; to make pasty-colored ware. 2^ A tool for mottling a molded article. (Standard) SpattUng - machine. A machine for spattling earthenware. (Standard) Spafnla. An Implement shaped like a knife, flat, thin, and somewhat flexi- ble. Used especially in chemlod laboratories and assay ofBces. GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINBRAI, INDTJSTRT. 635 Spavla; Spavan (Tork.). Clunch, or ordinary bottom or underclay. (Oresley) Spawl. See Spall. Speak (Aust.). To give signs of weight by craclsing. Said o£ mine props. (Power) Speaking flame-lamp (Eng.). An early type of safety lamp. See Singing lamp. Spear (Eng.). A wooden pump rod cut into lengtlis of about 40 feet, audi for heavy Work,- often measur- ing 16 inches square. Wrought- iron spears are also used. (Greqc ley) Spear plates (Eng.). Wrought-iron plates bolted to the sides of spears where joined together. (Gresley) Spear pyrite. A variety of marcasite, in twin crystals resembling the head of a spear. (Webster) Spear-wedge (Aust.). A long wooden wedge used for centering iron tub- bing and which helps to pack up the space between the tubbing and the rock (Power). Also called Spare. Speoial place (Aust). A place where coal cannot be won so easily as in ordinary working places; e. g., de- velopment work, headings, etc. (Power) Special steel. Steel in which another element than carbon gives the char- acteristic hardness, as chrome or nickel steel. (Standard) Specific gravity. The ratio of the weight of a body to that of an equal volume of some standard sub- stance, water in the case of solids and liquids, air in the case of gases ; numerically equal to the density. (Standard) Specifle heat. The number of units of heat required to raise a unit of mass of any substance one degree in temperature. (Standard) Specimen. Properly speaking, a sam- ple of anything ; but among miners it Is often )estricte. The theoretically, pure mineral would contain 56.5 per cent plati- num, but antimony and rhodium are also present in small quantities. (U. S. 0^1. Surr.) Speitartite. 1. A variety of garnet. See Garnet. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) S. A dike rock which, whether porphyritlc or granitoid In texture, consists of prevailing pla^oclase, hornblende, and diopside. Ortho- dase and olivine occasionally ap- pear. The name is derived from Spessart, a group of mountains in the extreme northwest of Bavaria, but as it has already been used for a Tariety-of garnet, it is a very un- tortonate ntoction. (Kemp) Spew. The cauUflower^Iike blowout or outcrop of a lode that extends be> yond the limits of the defined vein deeper down. (Power) Spewing. An exudation of soft ma- terial through gravelly or broken stuif bedded on mud, soft wet -clay, or the like. (Webster) SphKrite. A hydrous phosphate of aluminum,' allied to Wavellite. (CJentury) Sphalerite; Blende; Blackjack; hck; Roslnjaok; Zinc blende. A sulpbid» of zinc, ZnS, crystallizing in iso- metric forms. Contains 67 per cent zinc, ft'ee Wurtzite (U. S. <3eoL Surv.). Called !>.lso Mock-lead ; Fal8» galena. Sphene. Calcium silicotitanite, CaTi- SiO. (Dana). Called also Titanite. Sphenoid. In. crystallography, a heml- hedral form (1) of the orthorhom- bic system included under four equal scalene triangular faces, or (2) of the tetragonal system in- cluded under four equal isoscele* triangular faces. (Standard) SphenoUth. A term invented to dis- tinguish the special form and rela- tions of Intrusion at Las Parro- quias, Mexico. A rock mass of the injected class, partly concordant like a thick sill, and partly discord- ant The country rocks have been displaced and even overturned. (Daly, p. 88) Sphere ore. Fragments of rock en- crusted with metallic minerala Oo- carde ore. (Power) Spheroeobaltite. C!obalt carbonate In spherical masses and having a peach-blossom red color. (Century) Sphero-crystal. A homogeneous apher- ulite formed of minute crystals branching outward from the center (Standard). See SpheruUte. Spheroidal. 1. A descriptive term ap- plied to igneous rocks that break up on cooling into spheroidal masses analogous to basaltic columns; also used as a . S. In brlckmaklng, to remove from an undried brick the rough edge caused by a mold-vent (Standard) Stamp battery. A heavy Iron pestle working mechanically In a huge Iron -mortar. Generally grouped In units of five per mortar. Stamps vary up to 2,000 pounds In weight ' dropping 6 to 8 Inches and 100 or more times per, minute. (Liddell) Stamp copper. Copper produced from copper-bearing rock by stamping and washing before smelting. '' Stamp duty. The amount of ore (tons) that one stamp will crush in .24 hours. Stampede. Any sudden or impulsive movement on. the part of a crowd or large company (Standard), as a stampede to a new gold, field. Stampeder. One who rushes into a new district when a discovery of gold or other precious metail Is re- ported. See Rusher. Stamper. A mill for powdering cal- cined flints for use In making porce- lain. (StandaiW) Stamper box. A stamp-mill mortar box. (Roy. Com.) Stamp hammer^ A power hammer that rises and falls vertically, like an ore stamp. (Webster)' Stamp head. A heavy and- nearly cylindrical cast-iron head fixed on the lower end of the stamp rod, shank or lifter to give weight In stamping the dre. The lower sur- face of the stamp head is generally protected by a cheese-shaped "shoe" of harder Iron or steel which may be removed when worn Out. These shoes work upon " dies " of the same form laid in the bottom of the mor- tar or stamper box (Roy. Com.). See 'Stamp, 2. Stamping. Reducing to the desired fineness In a stamp mill. The grain is usually not so fine as that pro- duced by grinding In pans. (Ray- mond) Stamping matindril (Leic). A heavy pick. (Gresley) Stamp mill. An apparatus (also the building containing the apparatus) In which rock Is crushed by descend- ing pestles (stamps), operated \>j water or steani-power. Am'algamiEi- tion is usually combined with tbe 644 QLOSSABY OP MINING AND MINERAI< INBUSTBY. crasIiUig when gold or sHver is the metal sought, but copper' and tin- ores, etc., are stamped to prepare them for dressing. (Baymond) Stamp rook (Mich.). Bock containing fine copper that must be crushed and jigged to recover the metal. (Weed) Stampi (So. Wales). The pieces Into which the rough bars shingled from the finery ball arie broken, to be ^led for subsequent rolling Into sheet-iron. (Raymond) Stamps captain (Com.). The snpwln- tendent or forieman of a stamp mill. (Pryce) Stamp ihoe. The heavy chilled iron casting attached to the lower end of a stamp piston, that does the actual crushing of rock in a stamp mill. It drops on a round steel block called a die. (Weed) BtampniuuL One who attends or oper- ates s stamp or stamp battery. Stamp-work (Lake Sup.). Rock con- taining disseminated native copper (Bi^pnd). Stamp rock. Staseh air (Som.). C!hoke damp. (Oresley) Stanehlon. A vertical prop or strut (C. and M. M. P.) Stand, in welt drilling, three lengths of pipe ready for lowering into a weU. Standage (Eng.). A large sump, or more than one, acting as a reser- voir. (Raymond) Standard. 1. That, which Is set up and established by authori^ as a rule for the measure of quantity, weight, extent, value, eta ..S. The legal weight and fineness of metal used in «otns. (Webster) S. (Eng.) The fixed rate by, which colliers' wages are from time to time regulated. See Sliding scale, 1. (Oresley) Staadard-alr oourte (No. of Bug.). The quantity or supply, of fresh air allowed to pass through each district or spUt (Oresley) itaadard emer. Practically any brand of 96 per cent, or higher, fineness. (Skinner) IMaadard gold (Eng.). Twenty-two parts of pure gold alloyed with two parts of copper or otiMr mataL (SklniMr) Standard height (Aust). A glvm height of seam, say 6 feet, below which the miner is paid so much extra for every Inch short of the standard height. (Power) Standard selling price (Aust). An assumed price, not necessarily the actual selling price, adopted so as to afTord a basis for a uniform min- ing rate. (Power) Staadard-whlte oU. A Russian kero- sme which has a q>ecific gravity of . 0.808 to 0.(02 and is standard white In color. (Bacon) Stander (Eng.). A coal pillar left to support the roof. (Webster) Standi^. 1. A term used by well drillers to denote that work has been stopped for a considerable time. See Shut down. (Redwood, p. 245). Also applicable to mines and other industrial^plants. 8. An -Iron ^^r covering the sunken part^vOf a roHlng mllL (Standard) Standing hobby (No. of Eng.). An ex- ploded shot that does not blow the Btonmlng out, but expends itself In crevices or cleavage planes, without doing Ita work. (Oredey) Standing fire. A fir« In a mine con- ' tlnulng to smoulder for a long time; often many years. (Oreslej^) Standing gat. A body eft fire damp known to exist in a mine, but not in circulation ; sometimes fenced oft (Steel) Standing ground (Eng.). Oronnd that will stand firm Without timbering. (Pryce) Standing set (Eng.). A fixed lift of pumps in a sinking shaft. (Oresley) Standing shot The result of a small f>f undercharged shot wherein the coal is slightly loosened so that it is easily mined by pick (Hougland V. Avery Goal Mining Go.? 246 nil- nols, p. 616).. l%e term is a qiIs- nomer, as It applies to the remit and not Oie "shot" or "charge." St^dplpe. A high 'vertical pipe or reservoir for water used to secure uniform pressure in a supply sys- ton. (Webrter) Staaa (Scot). An obsolete form for stone. (Century) Stanekite. A resinlike hydrocarbon . derivative (GnHiiOi) found chiefly In coal deposits in Bohemia. (Standard) OLOBBABT OF lOHIlSra AKD MUnERAL IKDUSTBY. 645 Steak. (Mid.) A water-tight stop- plng; generally a brick wall. (Oresley) Stanley header. See Header, 4. Staniiary. 1. A. tin mine or tin worka. (Baymond) S. A region containing tin works. (Webster) Stannaiy oonrtt (Eng.). (Sourts In Cornwall and Devonshire for the purpose of regulating the affairs of tin mines and tin mlnera (Cen- tury) Stannary, laws (Oom.). Regulations for the management, etc., of tin miners, administered by equity Judges resident In Cornwall and Devon. (Mln. Jour.) Stennatoret. An early name applied to Ciomlsh tin miners. (Ontury) Stanner. A small stone In or by a stream; a ridge of stones on the seashore; gravel. (Webster) Stanaie. Of, pertaining to, or con- taining tin; specifically designating compounds In which tin has a val- ence of four, - as contrasted with stannous. (Webster) Staanlferoni. Yielding or containing tin, as stanniferous ates. (Stand- ard) Btannlferont ware. Pottery with a tin glaze. (Standard) Stannlte. A sulpho-stannate of cop- per. Iron,, and sometimes zinc. CuiS.FeS.SnS> ; 29.5 per cent cop> per, 27.5 per cent tin (Dana). Also called Tin pyrltea Stannous. Pertaining to or contain- ing tin; specifically, designating compounds in which tin has. a val- ence ' of two, as contrasted with •tannic. (Webster) Staanum. Tin. Staple. 1. (£:ng.) A shaft, smaller and shorter than the principal one. Joining different levels. 2. A small pit. (Webster). Used in coal min- ing. The American equivalent in metal mines is winze. 3. In founding, a piece of nail-iron pointed at one end and having a disk of sheet iron riveted to tlie other, used to steady a core and gage the thickness of the metal. (Standard) Stapplng (Scot). A method of wedg- ing down coal across the working fiice. (Barrowman) Ster antlBtoBy. Metallic antimony, the purity of which is evidenced on Its surface by crystalline patterns resembling stars or fern leaves. (Webster) Sterling. 1. A structure of piles driven round the piers of a bridge for protection and support Also Sterling (Webster). A sort of cof- ferdam. S. One of the piles of such an in- dosure. (Standard) Ster metal. Synonymoos with Star antimony. Star qnarte. Bee Asterlated quartz. Ster reamer. A ster-shaped tool for remlatlng the diameter of, or Brightening a bore hole. (Ores- ley) Star mby. An asterlated variety of ruby. (Webster) Star sapphire. An asterlated sapphire. (Standard) Star stone. 1. A variety of ruby that exhibits a bright opalescent star of six rays In the direction of the prin- cipal axis. (Power) 2. .\n asterlated sapphire. S. A cross-section of a petrified tree-fern when cut and pollsbed. (Standard)' Start (No. of.Eng.). A lever for working a gin to which the horse is attached. (Oresley) Starter. 1. A drill used for making the upper part of a hole, the re- mainder of the hole being made with a drill of smaller gage known as a follower. (Bowles) 2. (Penn.) The miner who ascends to the battery to start the coal to run. (Chance) Stbssfurtite. A massive variety of boracite found in PrussUi. It re- sembles a fine-grained white marble. (Centui-y) Static metamorphism. In geologyi inetamorphism produced by the in- ternal heat of the e.irth and the weight of the superincumbent rocks and not accompanied by appreciable deformation. (La Forge) A term used in contradistinction to dynamic metamorphism which involves stress- es principally due to thrust (Sloan) Statics. That branch of mechanics which treats of the equilibrium of forces, or relates to bodies as held at rest by the forces acting on^them. (Webster). 646 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MlNERAIi INDUSTRY. Static zone. A term suggested for the zone which extends below the level of the lowest point of discharge, and in which the water is stagnant or moves with Infinitesimal velocity. (Llndgren, p. 31.) Station. 1. An enlargement of a sbatt or gallery on any level, thus afford- ing room for landing at any desired place, and at the same time provides space for receiving loaded mine cars that are to be sent to the surface. Empty cars and material to be used in the mine are taken from the cage at this place. Also, a similar en- largement of shaft or level to re- ceive a balance-bob (bpb-atation), pump (pump-station), or tanis (taqk- station) (Raymond). 2. In surveying, the point at which the instrument is planted or observa- tions are made. (Webster) 8. Any fixed point underground be- yond which nalced lights may not be carried. 4. Any fixed point in a. mine where deputies or foremen meet to report upon the condition .of their respective districts. 5. An opening into a level heading out of the side of an inclined plane. (Gresley) Stationary motors. Motors installed in a permanent manner. (Clark) Station pump. A mine pump perma- nently placed, as distinguished from a movable sinking-pump. (Weed) Station tender. A cage tender. Statnary marble. A pure white sac- charoidal marble used for spulpture. The finest varieties are now brought from the Apu.nu Alps. (Merrill) Stanrolite. Iron-ahirainum silicate, Fe(A10).(Al,OH(SiO.),. Sometimes used as a gem (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Called also Granatitfe; Grenatite; Staurotide; Xantholite. Stanroscope. A modified polariscope used to find the position of planes of light vibration in sections of crystals. (Webster) StauTotypous. In mineralogy, having cross-like markings. (Standard) Stave. A wedge-shaped section placed around the die of a stamp to take up the side wear. (Richards, p. 120) Stay (Eng.). A prop, strut or tie for keeping anything in Its place. (C. and M. M. P.) Steady. A support for blocking up a stoue that' is to be worked. (Stand- ard) Steam. Water in the form of vapor; aqueoBs vapor; especially the gaa into which water is changed by boiling; transparent until it begini to condense. (Standard) Steamboat coaL In anthracite only, coal small enough to pass through bars set 6 to 8 inches apart, .but too large to pass through bars from 3i to 5 inches. Steamboat coal pre- pared at different colleries varies considerably in size. Comparatively few colleries prepare steamboat coal except to fill special contracts or orders. (Chance) Steamboat rolls. Thos'e rolls in an an- thracite breaker which are set far- thest apart to break the coal into steamboat coal. (Standard) Steam coal. Coal suitable for use un- der steam boilers. (Webster) Steam dredger. A dredging machine operate by steam. (Century) Steam gas. Highly superheated steam. (Webster) Steam jet. 1.^ A blast of steam issu- ing from a nozzle. (Century) 2. A system of ventilating a mine by means of a number of jets of steam at high pressure kept con- stantly blowing off from a series of pipes in the bottom of the upcast shaft (Gresley) Steam metal. A^y copper alloy spe- cially designed to endure exposure to steam. (Webs^ter) Steam navvy (Eng.). A steam shovel. (Webster) Steam point. See Point, 5. Steam shovel. An excavating ma- chine in which a large scoop is oper- ated by steam power (Standard). Used for stripping purposes and in open pit mining, especially for iron and coal. A similar shovel is now operated by electricity. Steam stamp. A crushing machine consisting of a vertical stamp-shaft which is forced down ,to strike its blow, and lifted up preparatory to striking the next, by a steam pis- ton. (Richards, p. 113) Steatite; Soapstone. A massive va- riety of talc; a very soft rock liav- ing a soapy or greasy feel; it Is a hydrous magnesium silicate. Steatitlc. Of or pertaining to steatite or soapstone; made of steatite. (Century) GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 647 Steel. Formerly, a variety of Iron in- termediate between Cast-iron and wrought-iron, very tough, and, when tempered, hard and elastic; now applied also to ingot iron, or nearly pure iron made by fusion processes.. Steel is conveniently classified Into' three grades of hardness for com- mercial purposes : mttd, or soft steel, containing less than 0.15 per cent of carbon; medium steel, containing from 0.15 to 0.30 per cent of carbon ; hard steel, containing more than 0.30 per cent of carbon. Soft steel is highly ductile and is used for boiler plates, etc. Medium steel is used especially for constructional purposes. Hard steel is employed for rubbing surface and where great ultimate strength is required, as for axles, shafts, tools, springs, etc. A very soft Isind of mild steel, used especially for m&klng rivets is, called Kivet steel (Webster). See' aiso Ferroalloy. Steel band (111.). A thin band or layer of pyiiite in a coal seam. Also called Sulphur; Bi-asses. Steel boy. A boy who carries drills to the miners, and collects dull drills and sees that they are returned to the blacl£smith shop. Steel bronze. Same as Bronze steel. (Standard) Steele; Steele dry table. See Sutton. Steel iron. A mixture of iron and steel; imperfectly made steel. (Standard) Steel Jack. Sphalerite. (Power) Steelmaster. A steel manufacturer. (Standard) Steel mill. 1. A mill where steel is manufactured. (Webster) 2. XE^ng.) An early type apparatus for obtaining light in a fiery mine. It consisted of a revolving steel wheel, to which a piece of flint was held, to produce sparlcs. See Flint mill. (Gresley) Steel needle. An instrument used in preparing blasting holes, before the safety fuse was Invented. (G. and M. M. P.) Steel nipper. See Nipper, 1, Steel ore. A name given to various iron ores and especially to siderite, because It was supposed to be espe- cially adapted for making steel by the earlier and direct process. (Century)' See olto'Stahlstein Steel press. A hydrai;lic press for . compressing or condensing' molten steel ill molds and thus producing dense ingots or castings. (Stand- ard) Steelworks. Aj ; plant where steel is made. (Standard) ! Steenlng; Steinlng. The brick, or stone lining of a shaft. (Gresley) Steep. See Brasque. > Steep seams. See Edge; coal ; also Rearers. (Gresley) Steer (Lelc). Steep J highly Inclined ; dips fast. (Gresley) ;' Steg the cleek (Scot). To retard or stop the winding; to stop tbfe'wbrk. (Barrowman) Stelgher (Pt.). See Fireman. One who hasjl the supervision of only -a fixed part or district of a mine. (Gresley) Steinlng. The brick or stone lining of a shaft to prevent the loose strata nf the sides from falling. (Gresley) Steinmannite. A variety of galena that has part of the lead replaced with antimony and arsenic. (Stand- ard) Stellar coal. See Stellarite. Stellarlte. A variety of asphaltum, called also Stellar coal, because stars of fire drop from it when burning. (Chester) Stellated. Resembling a star; pointed or radiated like a star, (Webster). Frequently applied to minerals. Stellite. An alloy of cobalt and chro- mium in which the. constituents may • vary from 10 to 50 per cent chro- mium with a corresponding varia- tion In cobalt. (Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 115, p. 651) Stem. 1. The vertical rod or shaft of wrought iron which carries the stamp at its lower end. Also called Shank. 2. The handle of the ham- mer. (Raymond) 3. The heavy iron rod to which the bit is attached in deep drilling by the rone method. (Steel) 4. Frequently used as a synonym for Tamp. See Stemming. 6. (Com.) A day's work. (Min, Jour.) Also Stemmyn. Stemmer. 1. (Newc.) A tamping bar, (Raymond) 2. A blasting needle. (Standard) 648 OLOSSABY OF VOSISQ AND MINBBAL IITOXIBTBT. Stemming. A term applied In mining literature to the Inert material used on top of a charge of powder or dynamite, while tamping Is reserved to Indicate only the process of com- pressing the stemming In place. See Tamping. (U. S. Bu. Mines, Bull. 17, p. 45) Stemmyn (Com.). See Stem, 5. Stempel; Stemple. 1. (Derb.). One of the cross-bars of wood placed in a mine-shaft to serve as steps. 2. A stuU-plece. 8. A cap, both sides,, of which are hitched Instead of be- ing supported upon legs. See StuII. (Raymond). Also spelled Stimple. Stemple. See Stempel. Stence (Eng.). Timber for support- ing a roof. (Bainbrldge) StenclL A substance laid on parts of the surface of a piece of pottery which is to be decorated by the transfer process, to keep the oil used from adhering to those parts; hence, the pattern made by such material. (Standard) Stent. 1. (Eng.) Rubble, waste. (Power) 2. Extent or limit, as of a pitch or bargain (Standard). See Pitch, 1% Stentlng (No. of Eng.). See Stenton. Stenton (Newc). A passage between two winning headways. A stenton wall is the pillar of coal between them (Raymond). Also called Stentlng. Stenton wall (Newc). The pillar of coal between two working headings. (Hin. Jour.) Step. 1. (Eng') The cavity In a piece for receiving the pivot of an upright shaft or the end of an upright piece. 2. The shearing in a coal face. (C. and M. M. P.) S. (Scot.) A hitch or dislocation of the strata. (Barrowman) Step banks (So. Wales). Working places at regular distances along the face of the long- wall system. (Gres- ley) Step-cnt. A mode of cutting gems in step-like facets. (Standard) Step fault. A series of parallel faults forming steps (Power). See Fault Step grate. A grnte mnde in steps or stairs, to promote completeness of the combustion of the coal burned upon it (Raymond) Stephanlte; BritUe sUver we. SUver^ antimony sulphide, 5A&S>.Sfc8j. Contains 68.5 per cent silver. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Stepping (No. of Eng.). The system of working a face of coal In ad- vance of the one next to It (Qres- Step reef. See Step vein. Step socket. A special form of socket for use on locked-wire lope. (C. M. P.) Steptoe. An island of bedrock in a lava flow. (Lahee, p. 322) Step-np. 1. See Transformer. S. Des- ignating a gear or gearing that In- creases a velocity ratio. (Webster) Step vein. A vein alternately cutting through the strata of country-rock, and running parallel with them (Raymond). Called Step reef in Australia. Stercorlte. Mlcrocosmic salt, HNa- (NH4)PO.-f4ftO. Nat've salt of phosphorous. (Dana) Stereogram. A - stereographlc projec- tion of a crystal. (A. P. Rogers) Stereographlc projection. In mineral- ogy, a projection made on a plane through the center of a sphere by projectors from the south Dole. (A. F. Rogers) Stereotype metal. An alloy resem- bling type metal, but containing more lead, suitable for stereotype plates. (Standard) Sterile coal (Eng.). Black shale or clay on top of a coal seam. (Gres- ley) Sterile (Scot). A drum or wheel on a self-acting incline. (Barrowman) Sterling. Having a standard of value or fineness established by the British government; said of British money of account and of gold and silver; as, pounds sterling; sterling plate. (Standard) Sternbergite. A silver-iron sulphide, AgiS.FeS. Stinkquartz. A variety of quartz, which emits a fetid odor when struck. (Chester) Stinkstone. 1. A fetid limestone. S. (Tenn.) Bowlders of phosphate rock. (Power) 3. Any stone which emits a fetid smell on being struck or rubbed, owing to the decomposition of or- ganic matter; specifically, anthra- conite (Webster). Called also Swinestohe. See Bituminous lime- stone. Stint. 1. (Mid.) A measure of length by- which colliers mine coal. S; (Glouc.) A certain number of trams filled per man per day. 3. (So. Staff.) A collier's day or shift 650 OLOSSABT OF MIKTirG AJSTD MINERAL INDXTSTBT. 4. (Brlst.) To fix upon, or agree to, a certain number of trams being filled per stall per day. (Gresley) 5. (Aust) The amomit Of work to be done by a man in a given time. (Power) Btlrlan. An early name for nickel- bearing marcaslte. (Chester) Stlrmp (Eng.). A screw joint sus- pended from the brakestaff or spring-pole, by which the boring rods are adjusted to the depth of the borehole (Gresley). Also called Temper screw. Stitch. To fasten a timber by toe nailing. (0. and M. M. P.) Stlthe (Eng.). Choke damp; after damp; black damp. Also Stythe. (Century) Stob (Eng.). A long steel wedge used in bringing down coal after it has been holed. (Gresley) Stoh-and-feather (Eng.). See Fox wedge. Stock. 1. (Eng.) Coal (or ore) stored at surface during slack trade, or in reserve for an extra demand at any time. 2. The average tonnage sent out of a working place in one day. (Gresley) 3. In quarrying, the useful rock as distinguished from the waste. (Gil- lette, p. 7) 4. The mixture of ore, coke, and limestone charged Into the furnace, or stored in bins at the stock house. (Willcox) 5. An Irregular, metalliferous mass In a rock formation; as a stock of lead ore in limestone. 6. A body of igneous rock intruded upward into older formations. In ground plan a stock is circular or ellipti- cal, but in cross section it may in- crease downward. 7. A core of small wet coal, with a hole through for the air blast, made between the tuy6re and the front of a forge. 8. A holder for a threaded die. 9. The capital of a company or corporation In the form of transferable shares, each of a certain amount (Web- ster) 10. A grade of bricks ; in England, a gray or refl brick for an exterior wall. (Standard) Stock brick; Siln-mn brick. A class of bricks embracing all hard endugh for the outside of buildings, divided into hard, common huilding, paving, hard building, outside, hard red, stnctly hard, select hard, rough hard, hard washed, kiVnrrvn hard, and convmon hard brick. (Stand- ard) Stock dumper. Bee Trestle man. Stock-house man. A general term for anyone working in stock house. (Willcox) See Stock, 4. Stocking end. 1. (Lane.) The inner end of a heading at a ^ort distance from which there is a depression hi the seam, which has become more or less filled with water, causing the ventilation to be cut off. S. (Leia) A Geordie. (Gresley) Stock-pile. The ore accumulated at the surface when shipping is sus- pended (Standard), as on the Iron ranges of Michigan and Minnesota during the winter months. Stock nnloader. A laborer who un- loads ore, coke, or stone from cars on trestle. (Willcox) Stockwork (Germ., Stockwerk). An ore deiipsit of .such a form that it is worked in Jloors or stortea It ma^ bd a solid mass . df ore, or a rock mass so interpenetrated by small veins of ore that the whole must be mined together. Stock- works are distinguiished from tabu- lar or sheet-deposit (veins, beds), which have a small thickness in com- parison with their extension in the main plane of the deposit (that is, in strike and dip) (Raymond). See Stock, 5 and 6. Stoke hole. A hole, as in a reverbera- tory furnace, for introducing a rab- ble or other tool for stirring. (Standard) Stolzite. A native lead tungstate, Pb- W0«, near scheellte in form. (Web- ster) Stomp. 1. (Mid.) To set a prop or sprag with one end in a slight hole cut out of the floor or roof to re- ceive it. 2. A short wooden plug fixed in the roof, to which lines are hung, or to serve as a bench mark for surveys. (Gresley) Stone. 1. Concreted earthy or mineral matter. A small piece of rock. Rock or rocklike material for build- ing. Large natural masses of stone are generally called rocks ; small or quarried masses are called stones; and the finer -kinds, gravel or sand. 2. A precious stone ; a gem. (Web- ster) 3. (Eng.). Ironstone, tohioh see (Gresley) GLOSSABY OF MIKIKO AKD MINESAt OSDUSTBT. 651 4. (Anst) Ore sent to mill. (The Englishmaii uses the term "mlll- ■tufl" and the Colorado - Cornish- man "mill-dirt.") In south- west. Missouri lead and zinc mines the term "dirt" Is used, while in Michigan copper mines "rock" is the common expression. (Rickard) Stone ax. A stone-cutter's az. (Stand- ard) Stone Msd. A variety of sandstone. (Power) Stone boat. 1. A flat runnerless sledge or drag for transporting stone or other heavy material. (Webster) 5. A wheeled vehicle . having slung below the axles a platform for haul- ing stones. (Standard) Stone brash. Land abounding In stones, especially a subsoil of small stones or finely broken rock. (Web- ster) Stone breaker. A stone crusher. Stone brick. A hard brick or fire brick made In Wales. (Webster) Stone butter. 1. A variety of halotrl- Chlte. Called also Bock butter. (Standard) A sort of alum. S. A kind of clay said to have been used instead of butter. (Chester) Stone oral (Wales). 1. Anthracite, in lumps. Also certain other very hard varieties of coal. (Oresley) S. Mineral coal, as distinguished from charcoal. (Standard) Stone crusher. A machine for break- ing stones, as for road building. When used for breaking ore, called Ore crusher. (Standard) Stone cutter. 1. One whose occupation Is cutting stone, as for building. 2. A gem cutter. 3. A machine for facing stone. ,( Standard) Stone dresser. 1. One who smooths nnd shapes stone. S. A machine for dressing and finishing building stones, etc. (Standard) Stone drift (Aust). A passage driven in rock instead of coal. (Power) Stone ilaz. An early name for as- bestos. (Chester) Stonegall. A clay concretion found in certain sandstones. (Standard) Stone hammer. A hammer for break- ing or for dressing stone. (Stand- ard) Btonehead (Eng.). 1. A heading driven In stone or blpd. A stone drift 8. (No. of Eng.) The first bard stratum underlying anlcksand. (Oresley) Stone land. Land chiefly valuable for stone, as sandstone, limestone, gran- ite, etc. (U. S. Mln. Stat., pp. 1308- 1S33) Stoneman. 1. (No. of Eng.) One who Is employed in driving a stone- head, or who rips, timbers, and re- pairs roada £fee Brasher. (Oresley) 2. (Aust.). A man who works in roick. In contradistinction to one who works in coal. (Power) Stone mllL 1. A stone crusher. 2. A machine for dressing and finishing marble, slate, etc.; a stone dresser. (Standard) Stone mine. 1. (Scot) An Ironstone mine or working. (Gresley) ) 2. (Scot). A mine driven In barren strata. (Barrowman) Stone oeher. Ocher found In hard, globular masses. (Webster) Stone of ore. A piece of ore. (Roy. Com.) Stone oU. Rock oil ;.petroleum. (Web- ster) Stone pit. A auarry where stones are dug. (Webster) Stone pitch. Pitch that Is hard like stone. (Webster) Stone quarry. A place where stone Is quarried. (Standard) Stone saw. A stone-cutting apparatus having no teeth, being a simple iron band fed with sand and water, cut- ting by attrition. (Standard) Stone squarer. A workman who squares or shapes stones, as for building. (Standard) Stone tubbing. Water-tight stone wall- ing of a shaft cemented at the back. (C. and M. M. P.) Stoneware. A variety of pottery. (Standard) Stonework. 1. Any work directly con- cerned with the shaping, prepara- tion, setting, or the like, of a stone or stones. (Webster) 2. (Scot) Driving of drifts or gal- leries in stone or rock. See Stone- head, 1. (Gresley) Stone works. 1. An establishment for cutting stone, as marble. 2. A pot- tery for making stoneware. (Stand- ard) Stone yard. A yard In which stones are cut, shaped, broken or the like. (Webster) Stone yellow. Bter) Yellow ocher. (Web- 652 GLOSSARY QF MINING AND MINEBAIj VSVVSTBY. Stook (No. of Eng.). A pillar of coal about four ytirds square, being the last portion of a full-sized pillar to be worked away in bord-and-pil- lar worlcings. (Gresley) ftook-and-feather (£ng.). A wedge for breaking down coal, worked by bydraulic power, the pressure being applied at the extreme inner end of the drilled hole. (Gresley) Stooled (Eng.). Applied to a vein cut vertically for some distance. (Bain- brldge) Stool end. A supporting pillar of rock. (Webster) Stool pipe; Stool piece (Scot.). The pipe on which a column of pipes rests. (Barrowman) Stoop (Scot). A post or pillar; a boundry post ; a support or prop, as a pillar of coal left to support the roof. (Webster) Stoop and room; Pillar and stall; or Post and stall (Scot.). A system of working by which mineral Is' ex- tracted from its bed in a series of galleries or rooms leaving pillars or stoops to support the roof. (Bar- rowman ) Stoop and thirl (Scot.). An old naine for Stoop and room. (Barrowman) Stooped (Scot). Said of a mine when the pillars or stoops have been ex- tracted. (Barrowman) Stooped waste (Scot)^ Stoop-and- room workings where the pillars have been worked out. (Barrow- man) Stooping (Scot.). The process of ex- tracting stoops or pillars. (Bar- rowman) Stoop road (Scot). A road driven in Hie solid coal in connection with the stoop-and-room system of min- ing. (Gresley) Stop. 1. Any cleat or beam to check the descent of a cage, car, pump rods, etc. (Chance) 8. In mining, a variation of stope. Stope. 1. An excavation from which the ore has been extracted, either above or below a level, in a series of steps. A variation of step (Stand- ard). Usually applied to highly in- clined or vertical veins. Frequently used incorrectly as a synonym of room, which is a wide working place in a lint mine. S. To excavate ore in a vein by driv- ing horizontally upon It a series of worldngs, one immediately over the other, or vice versa. Each horizon- tal working is called a stope (prob- ably a corruption of step), because when a number of them are in prog- ress, each working face being a lit- tle in advance of the next above or below, the whole face under attack assumes the shape of a flight of stairs. When the first stope is be- gun at a lower corner of the body of ore to be removed, and, after, it has advanced a convenient distance, the next is commenced above it, and so on the process is called - overlumd stoping. When the first stope be- gins at an upper corner, and the succeeding ones are below it it Is underhand stoping. The term stop- ing is loosely applied to any subter- ranean extraction of ore except that which is incidentally performed in sinking shafts, driving levels, etc., for the purpose of opening the mine. (Raymond) Stoper. A stoping drill. Stoping. 1. In geology, the enlarge- ment of a magmatic chamber through the breaking ott of blocks of rock from the walls and roof : one of the processes by which large bodies of intrusive igneous rock are supposed to acquire the space which they oc- cupy upon solidification. (La Forge) 2. See Stope, 2. Stoping and filling. See Overhand stoping. Stoping drill. A small air or electric drill, usually mounted on an exten- sible column, for working stopes, raises, and narrow workings. Stoping ground. Part of an orebody opened by drifts and raises and ready for breaking down. (Weed) Stoping in horizontal layers. See Overhand stoping. Stoping underhand. Mining a stope ^downwa^^ in such a series that presents the appcarttnce of a flight of steps. (Ihlseng) Stop-off. 1. To close ott a part of a mine by means of a brattice, wall, stopping, etc. 2. In founding, to fill part of a mold with sand or earth, to prevent ac- cess of molten inetal to that part (Standard) Stoppages (Eng.). Deductions from miners' wages, such as rent, candles, blacksmith's work, field club, etc. (Gresley) OLOSSAEY OF MINING AND MINBBAL INDXJSTET. 653 stopper bole. In a puddling furnace, the hole through which the rabble Is introduced. (Webster) Stopping. A brattice, or more com- monly, a masonry or brick wall built across old headings, chutes, airways, etc., to confine the ventilating cur- rent to certain passages, and also to lock up the gas In old workings, and In some cases to smother a mine flre. (Chance) Storage battery, A combination of secondary cells or accumulators which when once charged may be used for a considerable time after as a source of electric current (Cen- tury) There are a number of types and makes. Large ones find use in operating mine-haulage motors, while a portable type is used in the elec- tric safety lamp. Storage battery locomotive (or motor). A mine haulage-motor operated by self-contained storage batteries. Stoif. In geology, facing the direction whence a glacier moves, as a rock or hill in its track; as, the stots side of a crag ; contrasted with lee. (Standard) Stove. 1. The oven in which the blast of a furnace is heated. (Raymond) S. A kiln, as for firing pottery or frying minerals. (Webster) Stove coaL In anthracite only; two sizes of stove coal are made — ^Large and Small.. Large Stove, known as No. 3, passes through a 2} inch mesh and over a 1} Inch to 1} inch mesh ; Small Stove, known as No. 4, passes- through a IJk inch to li inch mesh and over a li inch tj 1 inch mesh. (Chance) Stove distillate. A. stove gasoline be- fore receiving a finishing treatment. (Bacon) Stove gasoline. Gasoline used for gaso- line stoves and for making illumi- nating gas. (Bacon) ■ Stove glass. Mica for use in stoves. (Standard) Stove pipe. Riveted well casing. (Red- wood) Stove tender; Hot-blast man. One who puts stoves on gas or on blast, reg- ulates temperatures of blast; han- dles gas at shutdowns; usually watches water from tuyfires, plates, etc., at iron blast-furnaces. (Will- ooz) stow. 1. To pack away rubbish, into goaves or old workings. (Steel) 8. (Prov. Eng.) The structure con- taining the furnace and series of pots used in tin plating. (Stand- ard) Stower (Aust). One who stows away waste in old workings. (Power) Stowage (Scot.). In longwall mining the space from which the mineral has been extracted and which has been filled with waste. (Barrow- man) Stowbord ■ (Newc). A place into which rubbish is put (Raymond). Also Stowboard. Stowce. 1. A windlass. 2. (Derb.) A wooden landmark, placed to indi- cate possession of mining ground (Raymond). Also Stowse. Stowing. A method of mining in which all the material of the vein is removed and the waste is packed into the space left by the working. (Raymond) Stow road (Scot). An abandoned road in which waste is stowed. ^ (Barrowman) Stowse (No. of BJng.). A windlass (Gresley). Also Stowce. Straddle. A vertical mine-timber, especially one supporting a set in a shaft. Straddle pipe. In gas manufj^cture, a bridge pipe connecting the retort with the hydraulic main. (Cen- tury) Strahllte. Same as Actinolite. Also spelled Stralite. (Standard) Straight bit (Eng.). A flat or ordi- nary chisel for boring. ((Jresley) Straight coal (So. Staff.). An 'Exca- vation made in thick coal, having the solid coal left on three sides of it (Gresley). Also called Straight Stall. Straight-cut gaqg frame. In quarry- ing, a saw gang which slides back and forth on a bed, as contrasted with the ordinary saw gang which swings back and forth when sus- pended from above. (Bowles) Straight dynamite. A high explosive consisting essentially of 20 to 60 per cent' nitroglycerin and an active base or absorbent (Du Pont) Straight-ends-and-walls (No. Wales). A system of working coal somewhat similar to bord-and-plllar. (Gre»- ley) 654 GLOSSARY or MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTKX. Stralt^htenlng press. A power-press to straighten' iron and steel bars, such as rails, shafting, etc. (Raymond) Straight point (Aus^). That straight portion of the inner main rail be- tween the rails of a turn-out (Power) Straight stall. A lateral excavation into a thick seam, having coal on the face and both sides (Standard). Also called Straight coal. Straight-worlE; Strait-work (Eng.). The system of mining coal, by head- ings or narrow work. (Gresley) Strain. A change of shape produced In a body. (Stress and strain are often used incorrectly as synony- mous terms). (O. M. P.) Strain breaks. Frfictures occurring In rock quarries where the rock is un- der compressive stress. This stress is relieved locally in the process of quarrying, resulting in the rending or fracturing of the rock mass. (Bowles) . Strain sheet. 1. A skeleton drawing of. a structure, as a roof truss or a bridge, showing the stress to which each member will be subjected. (Webster) 2.- A quarry man's term for granite sheets produced by compressive strain. (Perkins) Strait (Scot). Narrow; in the solid (Barrowman). See Straight- work. Straits tin. Tin from the Strait of Malacca and the islands of Banka and Billiton, Dutch East Indies. Strake. 1. (Corn.) A trough for wash- ' Ing broken ore, gravel, or sand. A launder. (Webster) 2. The place where ore is assorted on the floor of a mine;, a dressing floor. (Standard) Strand. A varying number of wires or fibers twisted together; the strands in turn are twisted together, forming a rOpe. (G. M. P.) Strap. 1. (Scot). A plank supported at each end to make the roof 'strata secure. ( Barrowman ) 2. (Mid.) An old iron rail put up between the coal face and the front row of props, in longwall stalls, for ropportlng a weak roof. (Gresley) Strapping plate (Com.). One of the wrought-iron plates by which the spears of a pump rod are bolted to- gether; a qteair plate. (Oentui^) Strap rope (Aust). An endless rope that transmits power from the sur- face into the clutch room under- ground, where the various district ropes are thrown into gear. (Power) Jtrata. Plural of stratum. Strath. 1. A broad valley, as distin- guished from a glen or gorge ; It may not be the valley of a single stream. 2. A broad valley with a planated floor which is a local or incipient peneplain. (La Forge) Strath stage. That stage in the pene- planatlon of a region when the m.iin streams have carved, broad valleys with planated floors graded to the same regional base level. (La Forge) Stratlo. Of, pertalniSg to, or designat- ing the order or sequence of strata ; strategraphic. (Webster) Straticnlate. Having numerous thin layers, either <1) of sedimentary deposition, as by oscillation or wave- motion, often somewhat oblique to the main layers of stratification, or (2) of deposition from solution, the layers being often those of color or structure and not ot fissility, as in banded agate. (Standard) Stratification. The deposition of sedi- ment beds, layers, or strata; hence, the arrangement of rocka in sudt beds, layers, or strata; hence, far- ther, the stratifled structure result- ing from such deposition and 'a^ rangement (La Forge) Stratlflcatlon-f oUatlon. The segrega- tion of certain minerals in thin, ir- regular, discontinuous lamlns, in planes parallel to tbe bedding or stratification. ( Standard ) Stratification planes. Continuous divi- sional planes of great extent, mark- ing changes in the character of ma- terial or the mode of deposition, and the presence of fossils generally ar- ranged in planes parallel to the plane of deposition and with their broader surfaces lying in the same planes. (Standard) Stratified. Formed or lying in beds, layers, or strata. (La Forge) Stratigrapher. One who studies, or who has expert knowledge of, stratig- raphy. (Webster) Stratigraphlc geology. See Geology. Stratigraphio throw. The distance be- tween the two parts of a disrupted stratum measured at right angles to the plane of the itratum. (Llnd< gren, p. 129) GLOSSABY OF SflNINO AlTD MUmRAIj HmUSTBT. 655 flteatlgrapby. 1. That brancb of geol- ogy which treats of the formation, composition, sequence, and correla- tion of the stratified rocks as parts of the earth's crust. 2. That part of the descriptive geology of an area or district which pertains to the dis- crimination, character, .'thickness, se- quence, age, and corrielation. of the rocks of the district. (La Forge) Stratum. A bed or layer of rock; strata, more than one layer. "(Boy. Com.) Stratum plain. A plain that has been reduced approximately to the surface of a level or nearly level re^stant stratum which has served as a local base level. (La Forg«) Itraw (Eng.). A straw or reed filled with gunpowder, and used as a fuse. (Gresley) Streak. The color of the powder of a mineral as obtained by scratching the surface of the mineral with a knife or file or. If not too hard, by rubbing it oh an unpolished porce lain surface. (Dana) Streaked. Having some of the min- eral constituents so arranged as to give the rock a striped or streaked appearance. In the eruptive rock this structure is often produced by the flowing of the mass in a par- tially cooled condition. It is best seen in obsidian, rhyolite, and quartz porphyries. (Merrill) Streak plate. A piece of unglazed por- celain for testing the streak of minerals. Stream (C!ors.). To separate or clean ore by washing. Stream-down sluloe. A sluice box^ placed to receive the material re- jected from tbe tables of a dredge. (Weatherbe) Streamer. 1. (Com.) A searcher for Stream tin. (Raymond) S. One who. washes out streang pn. (Webster) Stream gold. Gold In alluvial de- posits; placer gold. (Webster) Streaming. 1. Separating ore from gravel by the aid of running water. . (Skinner) 2. The working of alluvial deposits fqr the tin found in them. 3. The washing of tin ore from the detrital inaterlals. i. The reduction of stream tin. (Standard) Stream tin. Tin ore (casslterlte) oc- curring In stream beds; dlstbi'- guished from Lode tin. ( Skinner) Stream wheel. A wheel used to meas- ure the velocity of flowing water in which it dips. (Webster) Stream works. 1. (Com.), A name given by miners to alluvial tin de- posits usually worked In the open air. (Ure) 2. A place where ore, generally On ore, is washed from alluvial de- ( Standard) Strebbau (Ger.). The longwall sys- tem of coal mining. (Gresley) Streck (Eng.). A signal word for the whim or tackle to be lowered. (Hunt) Compare StHnk. Str^k (Corn.). A trough for wash- ing tin ore (Davles).. A variation of strake. Stress. A force or combination of forces tending to change the. shape of a body. (C. M. P.) Stret. 1. (Mid.) Solid, close, com- pact; as gobbed stret, packed stret, etc. (Gresley) 2. The system of mining coal by headings or narrow work. See Bord- and-plllar (C. and M. M. P.). Also spelled Strett. Stretch. A particular direction or course; as, the stretch of a coal seam. (Standard) Stretcher. 1. A brick or stone laid with its length parallel to the face of the wall. (Rles) 2. (York.) A prop or sprag. Stretcher bar. A single-screw colnmn capable of holding one machine drill ; is used in small drifts. (Gillette, p. 96) Stretcher bond. A form of bond in which the bricks or ashlar are laid lengthwise in successive courses, so that the Joints of one course are at the middle, Qfti^o^i^ of the adjacent courses. ' (Standard) >' Stria. A minute groove or channel. A threadlike line or narrow band (Webster). See Glacial stria. Striated. Marked with parallel grooves or strlee. (Baymond) Strlations. 1. Very fine parallel lines marking the surfaces or cleavage faces of minerals. (George) 2. Channels or scratches made in rock-scoring. (Standard) 656 6L0SSABY OP MINING AND MilNEBAL INDUSTRY. Strlok (Com.)- To let a man down a shaft by a windlass. (Davles) Com- pare Streck. Striding level. A spirit-level, the frame of which carries at its two extremities inverted T's below, so that It may be placed upon two con- centric cylinders and straddle any small intervening obstacles. (Cen- tury) Strike. 1. The course or bearing of the outcrop of an Inclined bed or structure on a level surface; the di- rection or bearing of a horizontal line in the plane of an Inclined stratum. Joint, fault, cleavage plane, or other structural plane: it is per- pendicular to the direction of the dip. (La Forge) Compare Trend. 2. To find a vein of ore; a valuable discovery. 3. In iron-working, a puddler's rabble. 4. Act of quitting work by mutual understanding by a body of workmen as a means of en- forcing compliance wi^ demands on their employer; a stopping of work by workmen to obtain or re- sist a change in conditions of em- ployment. Compare Lockout. (Web- ster) 5. A hoisting-hook for metal, in a foundry. 6. A straight-edged imple- ment for leveling something as clay in a brickmaker's or potter's mold, or sand in a founders' mold, by scraping off the superfluous portion on top; a strickle. 7. In masonry, to wipe off the projecting fresh mor- tar from (a joint). (Standard) Strike a lead. To come upon or dis- cover a lead, lode, or vein, as of ore (Standard). See Strike, 2. Strike board; Strike tree (Scot). A board at the top of a shaft from which the bucket is tipped; used in shaft sinking. Formerly the beam or plank at the shaft-top on which the baskets were landed. (Barrow- man. ) Strike out. In separating blocks of stone in a quarry, the cut that Is parallel to the strike of the rock strata. (Bowles) Strike fault. See Fault. Strike Joint. A joint parallel to the strike. (Gresley) Striker. 1. A blacks^mlth's helper. 2. A workman who dresses off the clay bricks with a strickle in molding. (Webster) 3. (Derb.) The man who lands the kibble, corf or bucket i»t the top of a shaft. (Mander) Bee Strike board. Striker-ofr. In brickmaking, a striker or capper. (Standard) Strike-shift. The horizontal compo- nent of the shift parallel to the fault strike. (Lindgren, p. 122) Strike-slip. The component of the slip parallel with the fault-strike, or the projection of the net slip on a hori- zontal line in the fault surface. (Lindgren, p. 121) Strike-slip fault. See Fault Strike tree. See Strike board. Strike valley. A valley parallel to the strike of associated rock beds. (Webster) Striking deals (Eng.). Planks fixed in a sloping direction just within the mouth of a shaft, to guide the bucket to the surface. (Gresley) Striking hammer. A quarry man's (or miner's) hammer for striking a rock drill. (Standard) Striking house (Derb.). A sheltered place at the top of a shaft for the striker, or eager. See Striker, 3. (Mander) Striking solution. A dilute solution of silver cyanide, containing potassium cyanide, in which articles to be sil- ver plated are dipped before being immersed in the silver bath proper. (Standard) String. 1. A very small vein, either independent or occurring as a branch of a larger vein (Roy. Com.). A stringer. 2. A series of well-drilling tools ai" ranged for lowering into the hole. Stringer. 1. A narrow vein or irregu- lar filament of mineral traversing a rock mass of different material (Webster) 2. A heavy timber or plank, usually horizontal, but sometimes inclined, supporting other members of a struc- ture, and usually running in the di- rection of the greatest length of the collection of supported members. (Standard) Stringer lode. A shattered zone con- taining a network of small nonper- sistent veins (Lindgren, p. 145). Also called Stringer zone. Stringing deals (Eng.). Thin planks, nailed to the inside of the curbs in a shaft, so as to suspend each curb from those above it (Baymond) GLOSSABT OF MINING AND MIN13BAL INDUSTBX. 657 string pnmp. A system of pumping whereby the motion of the engine Is transmitted to the pump by timbers or stringers bolted together. (G. and M. 1^. P.) String ro.d(i> A line of surface rods connected rigidly for the transmis- sion of power; used for operating small pumps in adjoining shafts from a central station. (C. and M. M. P.) Strip. 1. To remove from a quarry, or other open working, the overly- ing earth and disintegrated or bar- ren surface rock. (Raymond) 2. A shallow cast ingot of brass for rolling Into ^eets. 3. To re- move the mold from a steel ingot. (Wjebster) 4. To mine coal, alongside a fault, Or barrier. (Qresley) 6. One of a fet of troughs, or their eqnlvalent, along which ore particles, as they come from the stamps, are deposited in the order of their spe- cific gravity. (Standard) Stripe. 1. (Corn.) A long, rectangu- lar huddle. (Webster) S; The series of bands of variation in color or textui-e in a rock mass, or the course of the planes of such bands, as indicative of the course of the bedding plane when that is other- wise obscure. (Standard) Stripping. 1. An open-pit working. ' 2. See Strip, 1. 3. The earth, rock, or soil so removed. (Chance) 4. (York.) A web or portion of coal worked off all along the face of a stall. Gresley) See Strip, 4: Stripping a gutter. Removing the headings from off the wash dirt, which is left undisturbed. (Duryee) Stripping a jig (Aust). The forming of a Jig, by enlarging a cut-through on an incline (Power). See Jig, 3. Stripping a mine. 1. See Strip, 1. 2. Robbing a mine of its best ore. Stripping a shaft. 1. Taking out the timber from an abandoned shaft. 5. Trimming or sguaring the sides of a shaft. (Duryee) Stripping system. The removal of tbe^ overburden and mining of the ore In one or more benches, the ore face being broken by blasting and the broken ore loaded by hand, shovel- ing machine, or steam shovel. The name "terrace or bench open- pit working" has lieen suggested. (Young) 744010 O— 47 12 Strip-pit. A coal or other mine worked by stripping (Steel). An open-pit mine. Strookle. In glass manufacturing, a shovel with a turned-up edge, for- grit, sand, etc. (Webster) Stroke. In masonry, to give a finely fluted surface to. (Webster) Stromatology. The history of i,he suc- cessive formations of the stratified rocks, including their fossils. (Standard) Stromeyerite. A somewhat variable sulphide of sliver and copper (Ag,- Ou)iS. Contains 50.2 to 52.7 per cent, silver and 30.5 to 38.7 per cent copper. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Strong. 1. Large; Important; said of veins, dikes, etc. (Webster) 2. (Scot.) Hard, not easily broken, e. g., strong coal, strong Uaes. (Bar- rowman) 3. Referring to the character of bind, meaning that the argillaceous is largely mixed with the arenaceous or. siliceous material. (Qresley) Strong lode. . A large i)erslstent lode. At Alston moor, iapplied to lodes lying in a fault plane' in which the differ- ence of level bej;ween similar strata is considerable. (Power) Strontia. The monoxide of strontium, Sr(\ an alkaline earth which when pure Is an infi^Bible grayish white - powder having an acrid, burning taste. (Cientury) Strontianlferous. Contalhing or yield- ing strontium or its salts. (Stand- ard) Strontianite. Strontium carbonate, SrCO.. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Strontium. A_ bivalent metallic ele- ment of the 'calcium group. In na- ture, always combined, chiefiy in strontianite (carbonate) 'and celes- tlte (sulphate). When pure it Is silver-white. Symbol, Sr. ; atomic weight, 87.6; specific gravity, 2.5. (Webster) Stronp (Scot). A spout (Barrow- man) Struck-out (Corn.). The termination of a vein or lode by a fault (Pryce) Structural. Pertaining to, part of, or consequent upon the geologic struc- ture: as a structural valley. (La Forge) Structural plain. A gently sloping stratum plain. (La Forge) 658 GLOSSARY OF laKING AND BIINEBAIi INDUSTRY. Stniotitnl vaUey. A relatively long and narrow depression produced by the movements of the surface, as a Byncllnal valley. (Webster) Stntetnre. 1. That part of the geology of a region which pertains to the at- titude of the rocks, the nature and amount, if any, of the deformation which they have undergone, and the distribution and mutual relations of the structural features. 2^ In pet- rology, one of the larger features of a rock mass, like bedding, flow band- ing, jointing, cleavage, and breccla- Uoa ; also the sum total of such fea- tures: contrasted, with Texture, which see. (La Forge) Strum. 1. (No. of Eng.) A kind of iron sieve placed round the suction pipe of a pump, to. prevent stones or other rubbish passing into the pump. (Gresley) S. (Scot) A safety fuse. (Bar- rcwman) Stmt. A mine prop to sustain com- pression, whether vertical « or in- clined. (C. and M. M. P.) Stub entry. A short, narrow entry turned from another entry and driven into the solid coal, but not connected with other mine work- ings; a dettd end. Stab Iron. Iron made from old horse- shoe nails: especially valuable for making gun-barrels. (Standard) Stneeo. 1. A fine plaster made of gyp- sum and glue-water, or of powdered white marble and fine sand, gypsum, and water: for walls or their relief ornaments. 2. Loosely, any plaster or cement used for the external coat- ing of buildings. 3. Plaster of Paris. (Standard) Stnddle (Com.). 1. A prop to sup- port the. middle of a stuU. 2. A distance-piece between successive frames of timbering. (Raymond) 3. The vertical members of Shaft- timber sets placed at each corner and at the intersection of the di- viders and the wall plates. 4. An upright prop supporting a platform in a mine, usually one of a set of four. (Standard) Stufa. A jet of steam Issuing from a fissure in volcanic regions, at a temperature often above the bnlling point of water. (Comstock) Stnff. 1. Ore associated with the gangue of a lode. (Skinner) 2. The produce of a mine, aa coal and slack. (Gresley) Stag; (Scot). To take do wn co al with the pick only. (Barrownran) StnU. 1. The top-piece of a set of mine timbers. 2. A timber prop supporting the roof of a mine open- ing. (Weed) 3. (Goiii.) A platform (stull-cover- ing) laid on Umbers (stull-pieces), braced across a working from side to side, to support workmen or to carry ore or waste. (Raymond) Stull dirt; StnU reck. Material sup- ported upon the stulls. (Ihlseng) Stnll-pieee. A piece of timber placed over the back of a level to be cov- ered with lagging, to prevent rock falling into the level from the stopes nbovfc (Standard) Stnlm (from the Ger. StoUen). An approximately horizontal passage- way in a mine ; an adit (Webster) Stnmp. A small pillar of coal left be- ' tween the gantpnray or airway, and the breasts to protect these pas- sages^ any small pillar. (Chance) Stumping (Lana). A kind of pillar- and-stall plan of mining coal. (Gresley) Stnmp pnlUng. Pillar robbing. Stun. 1. In stone-cutting, to loosen the surface- of, as stone in dressing, by blows with the edge or point of a hammer, delivered at right angles - to the face. 2. A white or dis- colored place in marble or other stone, caused by a blow from a blunt-edged or blunt-pointed ham- mer. ' 8. A groove or scar on the sawed face of a piece of stone, caused \by sand or grit between the side of the saw-blade and the stone. (Standard) Stnnnlng. A quarryman's term for the formation of fractures caused by the cutting bars of a channeling machine striking the rock exces- sively heavy blows. (Bowles) Stap. A pulverized mixture of clay and coke or coal. Probably from the Ger. OeatUbhe. (Raymond) Stn^. A black deposit obtained in distilling mercury ores, consisting of a mixture of soot, iiydrocarbons, mercury and its compounds, ore, dust, etc. (Webster) Stnrt (Com.). A tribute - bargain which turns out profitably for the miner. ( Raymond ) SLOBSASY oj visma iisny MosfXJ^ i^PVSXBt. ftdift ftutoTutl iMiUvMd-mili.., BoII/i Is. wJUcib all four boxes are movable amd beld In piopltiiqn by springs. l!he Idea Is to dlTld9 tb{e tlif qst irliei^eTer Ute springs yield and tb,us reduce internal stresses. (Liddell) Stnrtevant grinder. \4 disk grinder in 'which one disk IB Stktiffliary and the 9tber: rotates. Tbs stationai? disk Is moyed ont o(;center tijom jtinie to tinie, so iiiat any groove which forms can bfi ,K>x>W>d ont ( I4dd^ ) nnrtevant ring-roll ^nitber. A crusher similar to ti^c Kkit roller tniU, ipMch tee. (LlddeU) ItnrteTantrbll-Jsw either. A crasher in which the motion of Che tipper part of the jaws is like mat M the Dodge crusher, while the lower parts of the Jaws, of cylindrical surfaces of Varying radii, grind the' ore. be- tween them. '' (Ilddell) Stygian deposits. A genei'al term for oirci. deposits formed undergrpimd by waters of atmo^heric origin. (Eng. and Min. Jour. vol. 75, p. 257) ttyloUte. A small, cdiort, columnar Structure, transverse to the bedding, Tommon in some limestones and cal- .•;areou9,.^aleB aud supposed to bave been formed by dlffer^tial vertical mbv^ent, under jpressujce. (La Forge) Ityth* (Scot). >A'ii[il&eF''6 term: for fire dtuiip) oT-taMier for 'the stifling, suffocating odoi* of choke damp that follows an explosion of the former (Page). Also. spelled Stithe; Bab.. 1. A prefix used In chemistry to aigpify. that tite term to.whlch it is prefixed is iMresent In less than norihal amount, or sttb-oxide. (Web- ster) 'ft (Mid.) Subsistence; nuNiey or wages paid on account (Gresley) 9. Short for Sublevel in caving sys- tons of mining. Bnbaerial. Formed, existing, or talcing place on the land surface : contrasted With Subaqueous. (La X^orge) Bnbaqneoni. Formed, existing, or tak- ing place beneath a body of water: contrasted with Subaerial. (La Forge) Snbbituminous coal. Black lignite; "^Lignitic coal. ■nbooattal plains. Submerged plains of the continental shelf. (Webster) Snbeonehoidal. Imperfectly or Indls- tiiictly cohchoidaL (Webster) •ab^iyide. In, getology, a dlvid* be- ! Itween tjie tributaries of a main .dtream; . a aubocdiOato divide. .(Standainl) Snbdrlftiag and caving. Bee Top tSiclng; combined yith ore caving. Ilsi^glaolai. Formed or deposited be- neatb nslacler. ihibhedral; Bounded In part by crystal faces proper to the mineral itself and in part by surfaces formed against preexisting crystals; hypautomor- phlc; hypidlomorpliic: said of some Crystals in Igneous rocks and Inter-, mediate In meaning between E3uhe- dral and Anhedral. (La Forge) anbhorablemdlc. Of or pertaining to material, as rocks that contain bomblende disseminated through their mass, (Standard) Bnbindividual. One of the stoiiU crystals that often unite in parallel growths to build up larger crystals 6t the. same gieneral birttit. CStand- ard) ^^ Snbjaoent.. Situated directly nniier; neeth ; lying bcaow ; in $icA6ifif, lying below a stratum or ' another fbrinatien. (Standi^rd) Bnbjoint. Minor Joints dlverdns from in luraller to the regmir Jolntk. (Perkins) BnUerel. An Intermediaite l^vei opened a short distance below the main level; or, in the caving system of n^nlng, a fet^ feet (15-20) below tlie top of the ore body, preliminary to caving the ore between it and the level alwve: Bee Sublevel stlng; al«o Caving system of mining. Sublevel baokitoping. Bee Sublevel stoplng. Snblevel caving. Bee Top. slicing com- bined with ore caving. Sublevel method. iSfee Sublevel stop- lng. Snblevel slicing. See Top slicing com- bined with ore caving; also ^b- level stoplng. Snblevel itoplng. A raining method involving overhand, underhand, and sbrihkiige stoplng. Xts character- istic feature .is the use of sub- levels. The sublevels ore worked simultaneously, the lowest on a given block being farthest advanced and the "subs" above following^ one another at short Intervala The uppermost sublevel underneath the cover ia partly caved. The caved 660 GLOSSABT OF MTITING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. eover follows down upon the caved ore. The broken ore Is In part drawn from the level, and a part remains In the stope In order to give lateral support to the walls and to prevent admixture of cover and ore. The breaking faces are devel- oped by crosscuts, which are ex- tended from wall to wall from the end of the sublevel. The method can also be looked upon as a re- treating method, the ore body being worked from the top down and the Individual blocks upon a given level being worked from their ends to the center (Toung). Modifications of this method are: Chamber-and-pil- lar system; Chambers without fill- ing; Combination of subslldng and Btoping; Drift stoplng; Filling sys- tem; Mitchell slicing system; Pil- lar robbing; Pillar robbing and hand filling; Ropm-and-pillar sys- tem; Square work and caving; Square work, pillar robbing, and . hand filling; Sublevel back sloping; Sublevel method; Sublevel slicing system; and Substoping. Sublimate. A coating or deposit formed in a glass tube or on char- coal as a result of heating certain minerals. (George) Snhlimatioii. The volatlliaatloh and condensation of a solid substance, without fusion, or without the Inter- vening liquid stage being passed through. Sublimation theory. The theory that a vein was filled first with metallic vapors. (Raymond) Sublimatioa vein. A vein formed in accordance with the sublimation theory. (Standard) Snblime. To pass from a solid to a gaseous state, and again condense to solid form, without apparently liquefying. (Webster) i Submarine blast. A charge of high ex- plosives fired in bore holes drilled in the rock under water for dislodging dangerous projections and deepen- ing channels. (Du Pont) Submetalllo. Applied to minerals hav- ing an imperfect metallic luster, as columbite, wolframite. (Dana) Subnate. Applied to rocks formed within or below the crust. (Power) Snbporphyrltic. Having, in an imper- fect degree, the character of por- phyry. (Century) Subtalt. A basic salt. (Century) Subsequent. Tributary to and silb8»- quent in development to a primary consequent stream, but Itself conse- quent upon structure brought out in the degradation of the region; sub- consequent: said of some streams and their valleys; as a subsequent valley. (La Forge) Subsequent deposits. A term proposed for ores which were not directly the result of igneous processes. (Eng. and Min. Jour., vol. 7S, p. 258) Subsideniie. A sinking down of a part of the earth's Crust. (Roy. Com.) Subsidiary company. A company in which a majority of the shares of stock are held by another company, giving the control to the latter. Subsilicate. A basic silicate. (Stand- ard) Snbsilloio. Containing less than 60 per cent of silica: same as and much preferable. to basic, which it is re- placing. (La Forge) SabsUeing; 'Side slicing; End slidng. £>ee Top slicing combined with ore caving. Subsoil. 1. Broadly and loosely, the part of the regolith (earth mantle) which lies beneath the true soil and which contains almost no organic matter. 2. Mote precisely, a layer of the regolith, grading into the soil above and into unniodified rock waste below, which is less oxidised and hy- drated than the aoiX proper and con- tains almost no organic matter, but is somewhat charged with and in- durated by iron oxides and day that has been leached down from the overlying soil. (La Forge) Subsoiling. The firing of small charges of dynamite 2 or 3 feet below tbie surface for breaking up impervious strata of soil, clay, etc., for terat- ing, draining, and moistening the soil. (Du Pont) Substalagmlte. A compact, noncrys- talline deposit of calcium carbonate. (Webster) Substation. A station in which elec- tric current is changed in character or potential. (H. H. Clark) Substitution vein. A. metalliferous vein formed through the agency of percolating waters by the partial or complete substitution of the vein material for the original rock. CiiUed also replacement vein or de- posit (Webster) raiOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 661 fvbttoplnff. Bee Sublerel atoplng. Subitratnm. An under-layer or stra- tnm; a stratum, as of earth or rock, lying Immediately under an- other. (Standard) Sabterpositlon. The state of being placed beneath something else; spe- cifically, in geology,, the order in which strata are disppsed in de- scending series. (Standard) Snbterrane. The bedrock beneath a aurflcial deposit. (La Forge) Subterranean. Being or lying under the surface of the earth. (Web- ster) Bnbtransparent. 'Of imperfect trans- parency. (Duryee) Subtuberant. Having a domelike form due to igneous Intrusion into the rocks beneath: snid of some domes in strata and of the consequent de- formation of the surface and the re- sultant form of the topography. (La Forge) BubTltreous. A luster less glassy In appearance than that of common glass. (George) Sncoinellite. Succinic acid, Ghate. 8. To -form a deposit of whitish scale (probably PbiSOs, not the nor- mal PbSOi) on the plates of a stor^ age battery. (Webster) 062 cOiOBBABT Of Tiiimsa unD itnnesRAX. nrDusTRY^ Snlp^lurtlVB. A Ilgtfld catapoaa foond In ctartata volttmlc Melons, consist- ing of native OUnte sididiuiic add, &S0«. (Standard) Bvlplwtiie. To convert into sulphate, as by roasting srilpliide oves. ( Web- atet) ■vlpldAe. A binai7 compound of sul- phur, or one ab regarded. Formerly called Snlphuret Excepting the sul- phides of alkali and alkaline earth metals, the metallic suphides are In- soluble in water, or nearly so, an£ many occur as minerals. (Webster) Snif hide loae. That part of a lode or vein not y^t oxidized by the air or surface water and containing sul- phide minerals. Sulphur. 1. A non-metallic element occurring naturally in large quan- tities either native or in various sul- phides. Native- sulphur occurs in yellow orthorhomfoic crystals, in masses, crusts, and powder. Sym- bol, S; atomic weight, 32.0$; spe- cific gravity, 2.06. (Webster) S. Iron pyrite, occArring in coal seams (Steel). Also iron sulphide (pyrite) occurring with Wisconsin iind MissouBi zinc ore. In southern States, synonjinous with Pyrite. S. Sulphurated hydrogen, H>S. Stink damp. 4. (So. Stalf.) An old, but improper, term for fire damp. (Oresley) Sttlphnr-bumer. A blast, furnace in which sulphur is burned in the man-! ofacture of sulphuric acid. (Stand- ard) Balphur-ooneiete. A mixture of sul- phur with pulverized stoneware and glass, melted and run into molds. (Century) Bnlphnret (Pacific coast). In miners' phrase, the undecomposed metallic ores, usually sulphidea Chiefly ap- plied to auriferous pyrites. (Con- centrate and sulphide are preferaUe (Raymond). An old synonym for Sulphide. Sulphur group. The elements sulphur, selenium, tellurium, and oxygen: formerly classed together, owing to their many properties in common. (Standard) Bnlphnrio add. A heavy corroBive oily liquid, HiSOi, colorless when pure, early made by distilling green vitriol, hence the nanie oil of vitriol. Now made by tlie chamber process and the contact procesa. ike team. (Steel) Swing table. A movable bed on which plate glass is cemented for polish- ing; a runner. (Standard) Switch. 1. The movable tongue or rail by which a train is diverted from one track to another. 8. The junc- tion of two tracks. 3. A movable arm for changing the course of an electrical current (Steel) Switchback. An arrangement of ms- zag railroad tracks for lessening the grade up a steep hill (Web- ster). Common in mountainous mining districts. Switcliboard. A board where several electrical wires terminate and where by means of switches connection may be established between any of these wires and the 'main wire. (C. and M. M. P.> Switch plate. An iron plate on tram- roads in mihes, to change the direc- tion of movement of cars (Stand- ard). A turn sheet Switch rope. A slrort length M rcrpe fitted with 'a hook on one end and a link on the Other, used for the switching of cars. (C. M. P.) bwither. A.' term used in Wisconsin lead regions to denote a crevice or cradc branching from a main lode. (Power) SwlveL In oU-W^ drilling, a short piece of casing having one- end belled ovOT a heavy ring, and having a large bole through both walls, the .«ther end being threaded. 668 qLoBSABT Ot lOKIKa Asm MIITBRAI. INOtrSTB^. Sworn ituff (Eng.). An -old term for certain alluvial deposits found In coal measures. (Greeley) Syoee-silTCr. Pure, micotned, lump sil- ver of various sizes, usually having a banker's or assayer's seal stamped on them, used by Chinese as a me- dium of exchange and reckoned by weight. The larger, sometimes called Shoes, are boat-shaped, and weigh about one pound troy. (Stadard) Byeite. A fig-shaped pebUe or mass of flint (Standard) RjrderoUte. A variety of Bohemian earthenware. (Standard) Syenite. Any granular - igneous rock composed essentially of orthoclase, with or without microcllne, albite, hornblende, biotite, anglte, or corun- dum. (La Forge) In mica syenites homblmde is replaced by biotite and in angite syenites It is replaced by angite. If a small quantity of quartz is present it is called quartz syenite. In nepheline syenite the feldspar is partly replaced by- neph- eline. (n. S. OeoL Surv.) Syenite porphyry. A rock of porphy- rltic texture and same mineral com- position as syenite (Ries) Sylvan. Native tellurium. (Stand- ard) Kylvanite. A gold -silver telluride, (Au,Ag)Tei, containing gold and sil- ver in the atomic ratio of 1 to 1. This requires 24.5 per cent of gold and 1S.4 per cent silver. (U. S. OeoL Surv.) Bylvite. Native potassium chloride, Kdl. (Dana) STmholt of crystal faces. In crystal- lography, the mathematical expres- Blonai for designating the position of crystal faces on coordinate axes. (A. F. Rogers) Symmetrioal dispertlon. In optical mineralogy, the dispersion which produces an interference figure with color distribution symmetrical to the trace of the axial plane and also to a line normal to it. (A. F. Rogers) Symmetry. The regular and symmet- rical arrangement of certain proper- ties of crystalline substances, such as their crystal form, their optical prop- erties, and their electrical properties, with reference to certain funda- mental planes and axes, called planes and axes of symmetry. It depends upon and Is a consequence of Vm molecular structure of the crystaL (lA Forge) Symon fault. Same as Swell, 2. Symon's disk crusher. A mill In which the crushing is done - between two cup-shaped idates that revolve on shafts set at. a small angle to each other. These disks revolve with the same speed in the same direc- tion and are so set as to be widest apart at the bottom. Feed is from the center, and the material is grad- ually crushed as It nears the edge, and is then thrown out by centrif- ugal force. (Llddell) Eynchronal. Occurring at tbe same time. (Power) Synchroneity. Synchonism.; spedfl- cally (OeoU), supposed colnddence in the time of formation; said of strata. (Standard) ' Synelase. A term used by Daubrfie for minor divisional planes produced by some Intense mechanical or molecu- lar motion; generally by contrac- tion, as in cooling and drying. (Power) Synclinal. In geology, characteristic of, pertaining to, occurring, or situ- ated in, or forming a syndine. (Ia Forge) The opposite of anticlinal. Synclinal axis. In geology, the central line of a syndine, toward which the beds dip from both side& (La Forge) SyncUne. A fold in roclts lu which the strata dip inward from both sides toward the axis. The opposite of Antidln& (La Forge) Synollnore. Same as Syndlnorlum. Syncllnorlum. A compound syndine ; a closely folded belt the broad general structure of which is synclinal. (La Forge) Called also Synclihore. Syndicate, An association or group of persons, usually financiers or capi- talists, who combine to carry out, on their own account, a financial or in- dustrial project, as the underwrit- ing of an issue of bonds, the carry- ing out of a great industrial enter- prise, etc. (Webster) Syngenetle. In mineralogy, formed at the same time as the inclosing country rock: said of some ore de- posits. (La Forge) ffliOSBAKY OF MUnKO AXTD miTESAL INDtTSTRY. 669 •yntketl*. In cbemistry, the act or process of making or bolldlng up a compound by the union of simpler compounds- or of Its elements. Con- trasted with analysis. (Webster) Synlderlte. Daubrte's name for those meteorites Uiat consist of silicates cemented together by metallic Iron. (Kemp) Byttem. 1. A great aeries of strata having some general character In common. Formations are local di- visions and many of them can only be recognized In one country, where- as systems are sufficiently compre- hensive to be recognized In all parts of the world (Boy. Com.). The stratlgraphlc division of second rank. In the nomenclature In general use. The chronologic division of equivalent rank is a period. a. In crystallography, the division of first rank, In the dasslflcatlon of crystals according to form. The six systems ordinarily recognized are the Isometric, Tetragonal, Hexag- onal, Orthorhomblc (or rhombic), Monoclinic, 'and Triolinic; some di- vide the hexagohnl system Into Hexagonal and trigonal. (La Forge) S. Regluar method or order; plan. Byitematle timbering. Placing mine timbers according to a predeter- mined plan, regardless of roof con- ditions. (G. and M. M. P.) T. Tabah (Sumatra). A crowbar used in gold mining. (Lock) Tabby (Morocco). A mixture of lime with shells, gravel, or stones in equal proportions, with an equal propor- tion of water, forming a mass which when dry becomes rs hard as rock; a substitute for bricks or stone in building. (Century) Tabbylte. Same as Wurtzllite. Zabiqne. 1. (Mex.) A partition wail in a mine. (Dwight) S. (C!hlle) A small square Inclosed by walls about 4 feet high for roast- ing silver-bearing galena. (Halse) Tabla (Mex.). 1. Board or plank. S. The broader face of a beam or tim- ber. 8. One of the sides or front of an excavation. 4. 7'. de alto, banjiing wall ; T. de hajo, foot wall. (Dwlght) Tabladlllo (Peru). An inverted iii- /«ifo in which the liorlaontal water wheel is arranged above the mill ■tones. (Pfordte) Table. .. (Scot) A platform or [date on which coal is screened and picked. (Barrowman) S. A concentrating machine for separating finely crushed particles of ore from gangue, (Weed) a. The upper Hat surface of a dia- mond or precious stone, the sides of which are cut in angles; a large flat facet on the top of a brilliant. 4. A circular plate of crown glass. (Webster) 8. An iron slab with a raised rim. on which melted glass is spread in making plate ^ass. (Standard) Table out. Having a flat top or table with a beveled or triangular facet border; said of cut diamonds, emar> aids, etc. (Standard) Table ontter. A lapidary who cnta tables or plane faces on diamonds or other precious stonea (CSentury) Table diamond. A thin diamond cut with a table, S, faceted on bevded sides or edges, and a fiat under^ surface. (Webster) Tableland. A plateau, or elevated region of flat or undulating coun- try rising to heights of 1,000 feet and more above the level of the sea (Power). Bee Plateau. Tableman. In a plate-rolling mill, one who works at a table. (Standard) Table aonntalni 'A mountain with a flat top. (Standard) Tablero (Mex.). A tally board. (Dwlght) Table spar. Tabular spar. See Wol- lastonite. (Ontury) Tabletnra (Sp.). A slab. (Lucas) Tabl6n (Mex.). A wooden plank. (Dwlght) Tabolelroi (Bras.). Lower bench de- posits or placers older than the present river channels. (Halse) Tabries marble. A beautiful trans- parent limestone, composed of In- numerable lamlnte, thin as pttper, and formed by deposition from a celebrated calcareous spring near Maragha, Persia. (Page) Tabular crystal. A crystal flattened parallel to any face. (Standard) Tabular spar. Wollastonite. (Stand- ard) Tabular ■tmetun. A tendency In cer tain igneous or crystalline rocks to separate into plates or laninc (SUndard) 670 GL08SABT OF UIITINO AITD MINEBAIj INDUSTBT: Taelilft (Bol.). Llama dung (Lucas). Alto Taqnla. Taoliylyte. Basaltic glass; hyalome- lane; the glass^ rock forming the thin peripheral shell of some basalt masses. (La Forge) Tack. 1. (No. of Ehg.) A small pil- lar. See Spurn. 2. (Som.) A wooden scaffold put into a mine shaft for temporary purposes. (Gresley) S. A small pillar of coal. (Morine) 4. Veinstone; GanKue, etc. (Dur- 5. (Scot) A mining lease. , (Bar- rowman) Tackle (Com.). The windlass, rope, and kibble. (Raymond) An assemblage of ropes and pulleys arranged . for hoisting or pulling. (Webster) Taokler skip (So. Staif.). A kind of box in which men used to ride in a shaft; used also for carrying tnin- erals. See Paddy pan ; Bant, 2, and Bont, 1. (Gresley) taeklerg; Tucklers (Leic). 1. Small chains put around the top of loaded tubs or buckets, to keep the coal from falling off. 2. Short chains formerly used for raising and lower- ing mien in a shaft. Three men gen- erally sit in them at one time. See Bant, ofeo .Bont, 1. (Gresley) - Tacksman (S<;ot.). The lessee of a col- liery (Gre^ey). iSee Tack, 5. Taoo (Sp.). ' 1. A stopper or plug. 2. Tamping or stemming. 3. A tamp- ing bar or rammer. 4. Tacos (Mex. ) Stones in the bqttom of ah arrastre. (Balse) Taconlc. That series of rocks contain- ing the primordial fauna, at least that portion- which is older than Mew T'ork Potsdam. It is the Lower Cam- brian of English geologists, and the Huronian of the typical Huronian area of. the. Canadian geologists. Named from the Taconic mountains of irestern New England, by Dr. E. Emmons, it antedates, ds a primor- dial system, both (Cambrian and Hu- ronian. It is the principal Iron-ore- bearing system of the Lake Superior region. (Wlnchell) The term was not generally accepted by geologists. TMOalte. See Taconyte. Also called Jasper, and Iron formation. TMonjt*. A name proposed by H. V. Wlnchell for the cherty or Jaspery, but at times calcareous or more or lees quartzitic rock, that incloses the soft hematites of the MesabI RangB, Minn. Taconytes are regarded as in large part altered greensands by J. E. Spurr. The term is current in the Mesabi iron range. The name is derived from Taconic, E. Emmons' rejected geological systenir (Kemp) Tactite. A rock of more or less com- plex mineralogy formed by the con- tact metan^orphism of limestone, dolomite or other calcareous rocks into which foreign matter from the intruding magma has been Intro- duced by hot solutions. It does not include t])e Inclosing zone of tremo- llte, woUastonlte and calcite. A group name similar to gneiss, schist or porphyry. (Frank L. Hess) Tag. A numbered piece of tin or wood that a miner attaches to, or places on, the cars loaded by him. These tags are removed at the tipple where tiie car is credited to the miner. See Ticket, 3. Compare Wedge rock. Tagger. Tin plate below the stand- ard size; or in the plural, very thin tin plate. ' (Standard) Tagne (Eng.). An iron plate fitted on one side with a semicircular pro- jection or rib, and two other short curved pieces, adjusted to the gauge of the tram rails, .by which the wheels of the trams are guided flrom the plate onto the rails. (Gresley) Tahona (Mexl). An arrastre operated by water power ( Dwight ) . In West- em U. S., an arrastre operated by horse- or mule-power. (Standard) Tahonero (Mex.). The man in charge of the tahotM. (Dwight) Tall. 1. (Also plural). The inferior, less valuable, or reAise part of any- thing; foots, bottoms, dregii; sedi- ment. See Tailings. (Murray) 2. The poor grade of ore sUme at the lower end of the slime-box as It flows from the stamps. 3. The un- exposed end of a brick or stone in a wall ; a tailing. (Standard) Tail- back (Eng.). When fli« damp Ignites and the flame is elongated or creeps backward against the cur- rent of air, and possibly canses an explosion of a large body of gas,.it is said to tail-batik into the workIiD«k (Gresley) Tall chain (Scot). A chain by whidi a horse hauls hutches or wagons. Putters in former times also used a tailchain. (Barrowman) Tall-crab. In mining, a crab or wind! for operating a tall-rope. (Stand- ard) QLOSSABY OF MimNG AND MINERAL INDtTSTRT. 671 Tail house; Tail mill. The buildings In which tailings are treated. (Ray' mond) Tail-in (Mid.). To run out or termi- nate a length of holing stints at a buttock or other point along the stall face. (Gresley) Tailing. The refuse from a metallur- gical process; if the refuse from several processes or more than one mill should meet, the result could be described a§ "tailings" (Illck- ard). The material from which one of more concentrated or partly con- centrated products have been re- moved, and which is available for further treatment. (Elng. and Mln. Jour., vol. 107, p. 317) Usually used In the plural. See Tailings. Tailing machine (Aust.). A machine or apparatus for dressing the tail- ings, and for obtaining gold from the detritus from other ore dressing apparatus. (Davies) Tailing out. See Dying out Tailing-pit See Catch-pit Tailings. 1. The parts, or a part, of any incoherent or fluid material S£$>Arated' as refuse, or separately treated as Inferior in quality or value; leavings; remainders; dregs. In metallurgy, the piirt rejected in washing an ore that has passed through the screens of a stamp-mill ; the worthless slimes left after the valuable portion has been separated by dressing or concentration. The sand, gravel and cobbles which pass through the sluices in hydraulic mining were formerly generally designated as tailings, but of late years, especially in State and United States legislative documents, they have been called "mining dfibris" or simply "debris". (Century) The lighter or refuse ore accumu- lated at the lower end of a huddle, or washing apparatus, or carried away by the water. ( Webster )- Those portions of washed ore that, are regarded as too poor to. be treat- ed, further: used especially of the dSbris from stamp mills or other ore-dressing machinery, as distin- guished from material (concen- trates) that Is to be smelted. (Standard) The inferior leavings or residue of any product; foots, bottoms. In mining the residuum after most of the valuable ore has been extracted. (Murray's Diet.) The term "tailings" has been con- strued as including slag. (Butte & Boston Cons. Mln. Co. v. Montana Ore Purchasing Co., 121 Fed. Kept, p. 526) The term "tailings" as used in the mineral industry is used in the plu- ral form by all of the authorities cited above. 2. The decomposed otitcrop of a vein or bed. (Murray's Diet) Tailings wheel. . A wheel carrying buckets or compartments on the pe- riphery and used in convej^ing liquid, pulp, or sand from a lower to a higher level. (Clennell, p. 181) Tallies chansantes (Fr.). Coal work- ings yvhere the strata lie horlzpntal- or nearly so. (Gresley) Tallies montantes (Fr.). Workings to the rise in steep seams. (Gresley) Tail of level (Scot). The delivery end of a water level. (Barrowman) Tall of water (Scot). The edge of standing water in workings. (Bar- rowman) Tailpipe. The suction pipe of a pump. Tailrace. The channel in which tail- ings, suspended in water, are con- ducted away. (Raymond) Tail rope. 1. The rope that is used to draw the empties back into a mine in a tail-rope haulage system. 2. A counter-balance rope attached beneath the cage when the cages are hoisted in balance. (O. M. P.) 3. A hemp rope used for moving pumps in shafts. (Gresley) Tall-rope haulage. A system of rope haulage by which the full hutches (cars), with the tail rope attached behind, are drawn by a main rope passing over a drum, and the empty hutches, with the main rope at- tached, are drawn back again by the tail rope passing over another drum. (Barrowman) Tails (Com.). Refuse tin ore thrown behind the stamps to be treated again (Davies). See Tailings. Tails-common (Eng.). Washed lead ore. ' Tail sheave (Aust). The return sheave for an endless rope or the tail rope of the main-and-tall-rope system, placed at the far end of a haulageway. (Power) Tall water. Water in a tail race. Tajadera. 1. (Mex.). A wedge to break thie slimes deposited in the vat of the paUd process. (Halse) 2. A chopping knife ; a chisel. 3. A sluice from a mill dam. (Vel.) 672 GLOSSABY OF JDNINQ AKD MIITBBAL INDUSTRY. Tajear (Peru). To stope, usually un- derhand. (Halse) Tajo (Sp.). 1. A cut or. opening in a mountain. 8. T. abierto (Mez.), opeu'cut mining. S. A working place or cut Any long, rtde open- ing, as distinguished from a gallery of shaft (Halse) Take. 1. (Eng.) The extent or area of a lease of inlneral property, often several thousand acres. 2. (Lane.) To show or reveal gas. (Gresley) Taker (Eng.): A contractor; a man who works in a mine on tribute. (Davies) Taking (Eng.). A mineral-land lease. See Take, 1 ; aUo Tack. (Gresley) Take ont (Cumb.). To crop out (Oresley). An out-crop. Take over. To assume the ownership, control, or management of , as a min- ing property. Taker-oir ( York. ) . Same as Puller^ff Take the air. 1. To measure the ven- tilating current S. Applied to a ventilating fan as working well, or working poorly. (Steel) Take-ap-hottom (Ark.). To remove rock from the floor of a roadway to Increase the height; also called Bottom brushing. (Steel) Taker (Ciom.). A leaser; a contract miner. (Pryce) TaUng-oir hoy. In brickmaking, a boy who removes newly made bricks from a pallet or brick-machine tA the barrow. (Standard) Taklng-of -props (Lane.). Drawing the ' timbers from the mlned-out work- ings. (Gted^) Talaborddn (Ciolom.). A board or plank to Increase the height of a dam, flume, etc. (Lucas) Talaeha (Hex.). A mattock^ a pisack underground (Dwight) 4. Charges, tax, or duty. (Halse) Teratolite. A clay from the coal meas- ures of Saxony, formerly supposed to have curative properties. Called also Lithomarge ; Terratclite. (Standard) Terbium. A rare metallic element re- sembling yttrium. Symbol, Tb ; atomic weight, 159.2. (Webster) GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 679 Teroero (Sp.)- An arbitrator; T. en dUcordia, an umpire between two dieqputants. (Halse) Tercio (Mex.)- A sack of ore, about 150 pounds weight. A load for a tenatero. One-halt load fur a mule. (Dwlght) Terlinguaite. Oxychlorlde of mercury, HgsOlO. Contains 88.65 per cent mercury. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Terminal morain. The transported de- bris left by a glacier at or near Its lower terminus (Standard). See Moraine. Ternary. Consisting of an alloy of three metals; as ternary steel, a steel composed of the usual iron and carbon, alloyed with one other metal. (Webster) Ternary steel. An alloy steel that con- tains one alloying element, the term being synonymous with a simple al- loy steel. (Hibbard) It contains the one element plus the iron and carbon, hence ternary. Terne. To coat with an . alloy of tin and lead ; to make into terne-plate. (Webster) Terne-plate. A variety of tin plate coated with an alloy of one-third tin, and two -thirds lead. (Ray- mond) Terra. The earth. Used as a prefix; as, terra cotta. (Webster) Terra alba. Same as Pipe clay. (Standard) Terra cariosa. Same (Standard) as Tripoli. Terrace. 1. A level or nearly level plain, generally narrow in compari- son with its length, from which the surface slopes upward on one side and downward on the other side. Terraces and their bounding slopes are formed In a variety of ways, some being aggradational and others degra'dational. (La Forge) 2. A flaw in marble, commonly cored out and filled up. Also spelled Ter- ras. (Webster) Terrace epoch. In geology, the earlier part of the Recent or Holocene epoch; also called Terracian: a time of general formation of terraces in the drift-flUed valleys of the regions glaciated during the preceding Pleis- tocene epoch. (La Forge) Terra cotta. The "baked earth" of the Italians. Kiln-burnt clay as- suming a peculiar reddish-brown color fashioned Into vases, statu- ettes and other mouldings. (Roy. Com.) Terra-cptta clay. A loose term that might Include any clay used in the manufacture of terra cotta. (Ries) Terrain. A variation of terrane. Terra ja (Mex.). A screw cutter. (Dwlght) Terrane. 1. A group of strata, a zone, or a series of rocks. This word is used in the description of rocks in a general, provisional or noncommital sense. (WInchell) 2. A region considered in relation to its fitness for some purpose; an ex- tent of ground or territory. ( Stand- ard) Terranean. Being in, or belonging to the earth. (Webster) Terrapl6n (Mex.). Embankment; a graded roadbed; a terrace. (Halse) Terra ponderdsa (L.). Literally "heavy earth" ; another name for heavy spar or barlte. (Page) Terra rossa. Red earth due to the weathering of rocks. (Webster) Terras. In marble - working, a defec- tive or disfigured place in a marble block, which is cut out. and filled with a composition (Standard). Also spelled Terrace. Terra sienna. See Ocher. Terrene. 1. The earth's surface; the earth. 2. In surveying, the sur- face of the ground. (Webster) Terrene (Sp.). I. Land; T. franco, land that can be freely conceded by the State for the mining in- dustry. 2. A geological formation, or a group of formations; T. acui- fero, quicksand; T, carbonifero, a carboniferous formation; T. move- dizo, very soft or loose formation of rocks. (Halse) Terreplein. An embankment of earth with a broad, level top, which Is sometimes excavated to form a con- tinuation of an elevated canal across a valley. (Webster) Terrero (Sp.). 1. A heap of earth. 2. Waste rock ; attle ; a mine dump. 3. A deposit of earth accumulated by the action of water. (Halse) Terrestrial. Consisting of or pertain- ing to the land in distinction from water. (Webster) 680 6L0SSAKT OP ISnUVSQ AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. Terre verte. Glauconlte, or the slmllair mineral celadonite, used as a green pigment by artists. (WebMer) Terrigenous. Produced from or of the earth; in geology, deposited In or on the earth's crust. (Standard) Terrorlte. An extra-strong high erplrf- sive of the nitroglycerine type. (Standard) Terroso (Sp.). Earthy. (Halse) Tertiary. The earlier of the two geo- logic periods comprised in the Oeno- zoic era, in the classification gener- ally used. Also the system of strata deposited during that period. (La Forge) Tesohenlte. A name given in 1861 by Hohenegger to a group of Intrusive rocks in the Cretaceous strata near Teschen, Austrian Silesia. They have, however, been since shown to embrace such a variety of types that the name has little value, but as analcite occurs quite constantly in most of them many still use the term for dlabasic rocks with this mineral. (Kemp) Tessellated. 1. A surface divided in squares, or figures approaching squares, by joints or natural divi- sions. (Roy. Com.) 2. Composed of tesserae or small cubes of stone, marble, glass, or terra cotta variously colored and ar- ranged in artistic design;' Inlaid; mosaic ; as tessellated pavement. (Standard) Tessera. A small cube or square, as of stone or glass, for making mosaic or tessellated pavements. (Standard) Tesseral. In crystallography, same as isometric. (Standard ) Test. 1. A cupel, or cupelling hearth, for refining precious metals; also, a particular portion of metal refined for the purpose of Isolating and weighing its gold and silver. See Cupel. 2. A procedure or reaction employed to recognize or distinguish any particular substance or constit- uent of a compound. 3. To refine as gold or silver; to subject to cupellation. (Webster) 4. An apparatus for proving light hydrocarbon oils by heat, to find the temperature at which they evolve explosive vapors ; an oil test. (Cen- tury) Testefas. A Russian illuminating oil that possesses a specific gravl^ of 0.820 to 0.823 and a flash-point of not below 38° O. (Bacon) Testera. 1. (Sp.)' A dike Intern^tlng the' course of a lode. 2. A solid bed of mineral having two faces exposed ; T. de guia, a gallery driven along a. deposit 3. Front' of a blast fur^ nace. (Halse) 4. Testeras (Mex.). Uprights In" a mine, whether pillars, arches, or postSi (D wight) Test hole. 1. A tap hole, as In a cementation-furnace. (Standard) 2. A drill hole or shallow excavation for testing an ore body ; a test pit Test lead. Lead free from any silver, and often finely granulated, used In testing or cupelling, assaying, etc. > (Webster) Test paper. A chemically prepared paper that changes color when brought into contact with certain substances, particularly .acids and alkalies (George). See Litmus pa- per. Test pit. A shallow pit sunk In search of mineral. (Weed) Test plate. A white plate or tile on. which to try vitrifiable colors by heat. (Standard) Test ring. An oval . iron frame for holding a test or movable cupelling hearth. (Raymond) Test tube. A tube for simple chemi- cal tests, usually a plain tube of thin glass closed at one end, but sometimes having a foot, bulb, grad- uated scale, or other modlficatioa (Webster) Testudo (L.). A large snieid-llke suel- ter used by miners while working In places likely to cave in. (Standard) Tetartohedral. Having one fourth the number of planes requisite to the symmetry of a crystal. (Webster) Tetrachloride. A chloride having four atoms of chlorine In the molecule. (Webster) Tetradymlte. Bismuth tellurlde, Bir (Te,S)i. Contains theoretically 51,9 per cent bismuth, but the actual con- tent ranges from 50.4 to 52.8 per cent. Sulphur generally replaces part of the tellurium, and the min- eral sometimes contains a trace of selenium. The sulphurous variety contains from 57.7 to 62.2 per cent bismuth and may be represented by the formula 2BiiTe>.BI,Si. Gold, copper, and iron are present in some tetrady mites. (-U. S. Oeol. Surv.) QLOSSABT OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 681 Tetragonal. Designating, or belonging to, a system of crystallization hav- ing all three axes at right angles and the two lateral axes equal. (Dana) Tetragonal system. That ^stem of crystals In which the forms are re- ferred to three mutually perpendicu- lar axes, two of which are of equal length and the third longer or shorter. (La Forge) Tetrahedrite; Gray copper ore. CJopper- antlmony sulphide, essentially 3Cuj- S.Sb2Ss. Contains 52.1 per cent cop- per. In many tetraliedrltes the cop- per is partly replaced by iron, lead, zinc, mercury, and silver, and the antimony by arsenic. I'hrough the last replacement tetrahedrite grades into tennantite (TJ. S. Geol. Surv.). Called also Fahlerz. Tetrahedron. A crystal form, in the Isometric system, enclosed by four faces having equal intercepts on all three axes. (La Forge) Tetrahexahedron. A crystal form of the isometric system bounded by twenty-four equal triangular faces, four to each face of the cube. (Dana) Tewel. 1. A hole; a bore; a chim- ney, as for smoke. 2. The tuySre of a furnace. (Webster) Textnra (Sp.). Texture. (Dwight) Teztnre. The character, arrangement, and mode of aggregation of the frag- ments, particles, -or crystals that compose a rock; the sum total of those features of a rock which de- termine its physical structure and appearance as a rock. Texture and structure have been and still are used more or less Inter- , changeably, but there is a growing and commendable tendency to con- fine- structure to the features that characterize the rock mass, as a part of the earth's crust, and texture to those that characterize the particu- lar specimen, as a piece of rock. Thus the structure bt a rock may be, for example, stratified or slaty or brecciated, and its texture may be, for example, clastic or crystalline or glassy. (La Forge) Thalassic rocks. Strata formed In deep, still water, far from shore lines, generally composed of very fine particles of material ; con- trasted with Littoral rocks. ( Stand- ard) Thallium. A rare metallic element of the aluminum group, resembling lead In physical properties. Symbol, Tl ; atomic weight, 204.0; specific grav- ity, 11.8 (Webster). Used in alloys and glass-making. Thallium glass. A variety of flint glass of great density and refracting power; made by using thallium in place of lead. (Standard) Thanet sands. The lowest beds of the Eocene Tertiary in England. (Standard) Tharu. A gold-washing race in Cham- paran, Nepal, Northern India. (Lock) Thaw house. A small building, de- signed for thawing dynamite, of such size as to provide enough thawed dynamite for the day's work. Thaw- ing houses should be heated either with hot water or exhaust steam in such a manner that the explosives can not come in contact with the heated metal or lie directly over the heated metal. (Du Pont) Thawing. The warming of frozen dy- namite until it becomes soft and plastic. Thawing should be done carefully, slowly, and according to directions issued by the manufac- turers of the explosives. (Du Pont) Thawing kettle. A double kettle, built somewhat like a farina boiler, hav- ing two compartments, an outer compartment, which is filled with hot water and which entirely sur- rounds the inner compartment that contains the dynamite to be thawed. It is provided with a lid for retain- ing the heat. (Du Pont) Theats (Scot). A horse's draw-chains. (Barrowman). Trace chains. Thenardite. A native sodium sulphate, Na^SO.. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Thenard's blue. Same as Cobalt blue. Theodolite. An instrument for measur- ing horizontal, and usually also ver- tical, angles. It consists of a tele- scope mounted so as to swivel ver- tically In Y's secured to a revolva- ble table carrying a vernier for read- ing horizontal angles. There is usu- ally a graduated arc, or circle of altitudes. A horizontal compass is commonly Included. (Webster) Theralite. A granular Igneous rock comirased essentially of andesine, nephelite, and pyroxene, with or without a little hornblende, biotite, or olivine. (La Forge) 682 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEBAIi INDUSTRY. Thermal. Hot; warm. Applied to springs which discharge water heated by natural agencies. (Thompson) Thermal conductiTlty. Capability to conduct heat; the quantity of heat that passes In unit time through a unit area of a plate whose thickness is unity when its opposite faces dif- fer in temperature by one degree.. (Webster) Thermal unit. A unit chosen for the comparison, or calculation, of quan- tities of heat, as the calorie or the British thermal unit (Webster) Thermite; Thermit. A mixture of alu- minum in fine grains or filings with some metallic oxide, usually of iron or chromium; on iDeing heated by a priming, as of magnesium powder, the aluminum combines violently with the oxygen of the oxide, set- ting free the metal, producing a fluid slag, and generating great heat. Is used In welding steel. (Webster) Thermite process. The process of weld- ing steel with thermite. Also known as Goldschmidt's process. (Web- ster) Thermites.. A term used by M. B. Wadsworth to Include mineral fuels or burning-materials. (Power) Thermoaqveons. Produced by, or re- lated to, the action of heated waters. (Raymond) Thermochemistry. That branch of chemical science which treats of the relations existing between chemical action and heat. (Webster) Thermodynamics. The science which treats of the mechanical' action or relation of heat. (Webster) Thermoelectricity. Electricity pro- duced by the direct action of heat, as by the unequar heating "of a cir- cuit composed of two dissimilar metals. (Webster) Ttaermometamorphism. Metamorphlsm in which the dominant agency is heat. (Watson, p. 204) Thermometer. Any device for measur- ing temperature. See also Pyrometer. Thermopile. An apparatus consisting of a number of thermoelectric couples, used to generate electric currents for determining slight dlf- ferentftti of temperature. (Web- ster) Thermottat. An automatic device for regulating temperature by utilizing the expansiqn^ of solids, liquids, or gases, subjected to heat, as in open- ing or closing the damper of a fur- nace, regulating the supply of gas, etc. (Webster) Thetis' hair-stone. An old name for rock crystal containing acicular crystals of actlnolite. (Chester) Thick coal; Thick seam (@ng.). A coal seam of greater thickness than (say) 8 or 10 feet (sometimes as much as 130 feet), or those which are worked In two or more stages or lifts. (Gresley) Thickened oils. Mineral oils thickened by dissolving in them small amounts of vulcanized rubber or of alumi- num soap ; they are intended for cer- tain lubricating purposei§. (Bacon) Thickness. 1. The distance at right angles between the hanging and the foot wall of a lode or lens. 2. In founding, material, as loam, set in a mold to a certain thickness, to be partially displaced by a templet. (Standard) Thies process. A chlorlnatlon process for recovering gold from its ote. For each ton of ore In a revolving drum, 130 gallons of water, 30 p^ounds chloride of lime, and 36 pounds concentrate4 sulpliurlc acid are added, and the drum revolved for some time. A solution of chloride of gold is thus obtained. The silver remains as an insoluble chloride, which can be separated by the addition of sodium hyposulphite solution. (Goesel) Thill. I. (Newc.) The floor of a coal mine. (Raymond) 8. A thin stratum of fire clay. (Webster) Thimble. 1. An oval iron ring aroUnd which a rope end. is bent and fastened to form an eye. (C. M. P.) 2. (Aust.). The Iron ring, placed a few fefet below the head-frame pul- ley, which supports the safety de- taching hook in case of an overwind. (Power) 3; A metal socket for fixing a lead pipe to stoneware. (Webster) Thimble Joint. A sleeve Joint packed to allow longitudinal expansion. A slip expansion Joint. (Nat. Tube Co.) Thing. 1. (No. Staff.) A straight facing from floor to roof, often many yards in length. 2. (Mid.) A fault slip. (Gresley) GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 688 ThlnoUte. A tufa deposit of calcium carbonate occurring on an enormous scale in northwestern Nevada ; also occurs about Mono Lake, California. It forms layers of interlaced crystals of a pale yellow or light-brown color arid often skeleton structure except when covered by subsequent deposit of calcium carbonate. (Dana) Thin out. Applied to beds or strata which grow gradually and continu- ally thinner in one direction, until they entirely disappear. (Thomp- son) Thin seam; Thin coal (Eng.). A coal seam less than 3 feet in thickness. (Gresley) Thin section. A fragment of rock or mineral ground to paper thinness, polished, and mounted between glasses as a microscopical slide. Rocks and most minerals except the oxides and sulphides of the metals are translucent to transparent in thin section and the optical proper- ties of each mineral can be studied with the miscroscope. (Bansome) Thin stock. Slabs of stone employed for wainscoting, flooring, etc. (Bowles) Third'hand asistant (Aust.). A boy who helps the machinist and his as- sistant vdth a coal-cutting machine. (Power) Thirl; Thirling. 1. (Scot.) A cross- hole or ventilation-passage between two headings. 2. In the North of England lead mines, a mark at the end of a pitch or set (Standard). See Thurl ; Thurling. Thirling. See Thirl. Tholeiite. Rosenbnsch's name for auglte-porphyrltes, which, aside from the usual phenocrysts, have a groundmass, with but one generation of crystals and with a little glassy basis between them, affording a tex- ture called Intersertal. (Kemp) Thomalte. A variety of siderite that is found massive and in pyramidal crystals. (Standard) Thomas-Oilchrist process. . Bessermer- Izing (which see) pig iron, high in phosphorus and low in sulphur, in. a converter lined with calcined dolo- mite. The slag formed consists of a basic calcium phosphate which is used for fertilizer (Llddell). A basic-lining process. Thompsenollte. A fluoride of calcium, aluminum, and sodium, NaCaAlFr ftO. (Webster) Thompson process. A process of elec- tric welding in whicli heat is devel- oped by a large current passing through the metal. (Webster) Thomsonite. Hydrous sodium-cnlclum- aluminum silicate. (NaaCa)O.AljOi.- 2S10,. 2iH,0. One of the zeolites, sometimes used as a gem. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Thoria. The oxide of thorium, ThOt Thorianite. A mineral of complex and uncertain composition but consisting chiefly of thorium and uranium ox- ides with minor quantities of many other bases. Contains about 12.1 per cent U.Oi and 71 per cent ThOi. (U.,S. Geol. Surv.) Thorite. 1. A rare mineral of a brown to black color, consisting essentially of thorium silicate, ThSiO.. 2. A high explosive used as a bursting charge for shells. (Webster) Thorium. A comparatively rare me- tallic element occurring in combi- nation in thorite, monazite, and cer- tain other minerals and isolated as an infusible, gray, metallic powder. Symbol, Th; atomic weight, 232.4; specific gravity, 11.1. (Webster) Thorofare. In geology, a channel cat across a spit or barrier beach. (Watson, p. 388) Thorogummite. A hydrous silicate of uranium and thorium, UOi.SThOi.- 3SiOi.6H30. Contains 22 per cent UO. and 41 per cent ThOj. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Metal or mineral (Standard). An Thrackscat (Eng.). still in the mine, obsolete term. Thread. 1. An extremely small vein, even thinner than a stringer. (Roy. Com.) 2. (Mid.) A small wooden wedge; see Cleat, 8. 3. A more or less straight line of stall faces, having no cuttings, loose ends, fast ends, or steps. (Gresley) Three-high train. A roll-train com- posed of three rolls, the bar being entered on one side between the bottom and the middle roll, and on the other side between the middle and the upper roll. The passes in both directions thus take place with- out reversing the movement of the rolls, as is .done in so-called revers- ing rolls. ' (Raymond) 684 oiiOasABT ov vxssttsa akd mirisitAL iKf>tTSTBir. ThraeUnff. In erystalloghiphi^ a |;twh^ of three crystal Indlvldaaltr vnlted by the same twinning law. (Stand- ard). . thrie*4aa!rter coaL A miitnie of- lump sh4 nut c6a9. (NleolM) TIu(V#> tree* (Eps.). ▲ Mnd qf ladder used In mlpea. (Balnbridge) (thtwktlebreit (Derb.)- An ore With n»i^ gangue adhering, so that It requires a great deal of knocking or breaking to make It marketable (Hooson). Also spelled Throstle- breast Throttle. 1. To obstruct the flow of, as steam to an engine. 9. A valve for regulating the supply of steam, gas or air to an engine. (Webster) Through; Thirling. A passage cut through a pillar to connect two rooms. (Ihlseng) Through and' throngh (Wales). Min- ing bituminous coal without regard to the size 'of the lumps (Qresley). Bee Through coal. Thnmgh Coal. (Wales). Large and small coal mixed; altogether coal; run of mine. Throngher (Scot). A crosscut be- tween two headings. (Gresley) Through itone. A stone passing en- tirely through the thickness of a wall ; a bond-stone ; perpend. (Stand- ard) Throw. ,L A fault, a dislocation. (Chance) S. The amount of vertical displace- ment up (upthrow) or down (down- throw) produced by a fault; some- tlmss, loosely; a dislocation not ver- .ti<-al, the direction being specified (Webster). See Heave; Perpen- dicular throw; Stratgraphic throw. (Lindgren, p. 120) i. In ceramics, to form or shape on a throwing engine, or potter's wheel, as earthen vessels. (Webster) - 4. (Txxnl Eng.) To break Out the pillars (a coal mine), leaving the hanging coal unsupported. See Spur, 1. (Standard) .lirow orook.' A potter's wheel ; throw- ing table. (Standard) Thrower. One who uses a throwing wheel ; a potter. ( Standard ) Shivwlng (So. Staff.). The operation of breaking out small pillars, so as to leave the hanging coal unsupported, except by Iti« own cohesion. (Ray- mond) See Throw, 4. Throwing elay. '€iay pli&stie enough to'be 'shai»d on a potter's Wheel. (Standard) throwing engine. % A potter'q wheel with Its support?, used m thrbwing (Webster). Called ,alsb Thro-^ing machine; Throwing mill; Throw- ing wheel. 2, See Throw, 3. Throwing house. A building In wUch clay Is thrown on potters' wheeUk (Standard) Throwing table. A potter's wheel (Standard) Thrown. 1. Faulted or broken up by a fault (Gresley) !$.' Turned,' as a piece of ceramic ware oin'a potter's wheel., . (Stand- ard) ThroW-oC A kind of derailing switch. (Webster) Thfow-oir switch (Aust). A switch by means of which an obstruction la thrown across the rails of a track, causing the derailment of the trucks . (Power). A derailing switch. Thrust. 1. A crushing of coal pillars caused by excess weight of the super- incumbent rocks, the floor being harder than the roof. Nearly the same as creep, except that in tlie latter the workings are disorganized by the upheaval of the floor, which being softer than the roof Is the first to yield. Compare Creep. (Cen- tury) 2. The ruins of the fallen roof, after pillars and stalls have been re- moved. (Raymond) Thrust fault. See Fault. Thrust plane. The plane of a thrust or reversed fault. (La Forge) Thud (Eng.). A dull and heavy re- port made by the rending of the strata far overhead when the coal has been extracted. (G.- C. Green- weU) Thullte. A pink mineral of the ^1- dote group, which owes its color to the presence of manganese (Ran- Bome). See also Zoisltl. Thullte stone. A pink or rose-colored siliceous rock from Norway, com: posed chiefly of quartz and thullte; used for small ornaments. (Stand- ard) Thulium. A rare metallic element re- sembling ytterbium, . found in com- bination in gadolinite. Symbol, Tm ; atomic weight, 168.5. (Century) GLOaSART OF MININQ AKD MINBBAL INDUSTBT, 686 Thnm-Balbaeh prooen. A silver-ieflii- ihg procesB using carbon cathodes, dor6 anodes, and a silver-nitrate nltrlc-acld electrolyte. The silver is scraped off the bottom as crystals. (LiddeU) Ihnm furnace. A gas-fired furnace especlally for the treatment of zinc ore which is high In lead. (In- galls, p. 492) Thunderbolt. 1. A stone or stony con- cretion, especially If elongated and tapering, found in the ground and ignorantly supposed to have fallen from the sky. 2. A nodule or mass of iron pyrite found in English chalk formations. (Standard) Thunder itone. Same as Thunderbolt. Thnrlngian. In geology, designating the upper division of the European Permian. (Webster) Thurl (So. Staff.). To cut through from one working into another (Raymond). Also Thirl. Thnrllng. A passage cut from room to room. In post-and-stall working (Raymond). Also Thirling. Tharm. 1. In mining, a small dis- placement or. fault of a aeam. (Standard) a. (Nova Scotia) A ragged, rocky headland swept by the sea; also called Thurm cap. (Century) Thwack. In tile making, to beat into shape. (Webster) Thwacker. One that thwacks; spe- cifically, in tile making, a wooden implement with which the half-dried pantile is beaten to take out any warping that has occurred. (Web- ster) Thwacking frame. A table, with curved top, used in thwacking a pan- tile. (Standard) Thwacking knife. A knife used to trim pantiles after thwacking. (Standard) Thwarting (Som.). A short road driven between two or moie veins where they are nearly vertical. (Gresley) Tla tales (Guerrero, Mex.). A hard limestone. (Halse) Tibe (Colom.). 1. A hard, smooth, fiat or rounded stone, found in allu- vial mines. 2. Corundum, used by the ancient Indians for polishing tools. (Halse) Tibir (Sp.). Gold dust found on the African coast. (Halse) Ticket 1. (Scot.) An old ateasuie for coaL The Campbeltown ticket was about 300 pounds. (Barrow- man) 2. (Eng.) A sealed bid for ore to be sold. (Webster) 8. The numbered check which the miner puts on his loaded car to in- form the weigh master to whom the coal belongs (Roy.). See also Tag; Tally. Ticketing. In English mining dii- tricts, a periodical sale of ore to the highest bidders by ticket. Bee Ticket, 2. (Standard) Tick hole. A small cavity in a rock; a vug. Tidewater glacier. A glacier whose foot dips into tidewa er, and which often produces Icebergs. ( Standard ) Tie. 1. A beam, post, or rod to hold parts together; a tension member in a structure. . 2. Any of the transverse supports to which rail- road rfrils are fastened. (Webster) 8. (Eng.). A level; also, a support for the roof in coal mines. (Bain- bridge) Tie-back. 1. A beam serving a pur- pose similar to a fend-off beam, but fixed at the opposite side of the shaft or inclined road. 2. The wire ropes or stayrods that are some- times used on the side of the tower opposite the hoisting engine, in place of or to reinforce the engine braces. (C. and M. M. P.) Tie band ^ Eng.). A piece of rope used in securing long timbers or rails when being sent down in the cage. (G. G. Green well) Tlebar. A bar used as a tie, as be- tween two switch rails to hold them to gage. (Webster) Tiumannlte. Mercuric selenide, HgSe. Contains 71.7 per cent mercury and 28.3 per cent selenium. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Tienda de raya (Sp.). A store at which the miners obtain weekly credit. (Min. Jour.) Tie plate. A protecting metal plate be- tween the rail and tie. (Webster) Tie rod. A round or square iron rod passing through or over a furnace and connected with buckstaves to assist in binding the furnace to- gether. J686 GtiOBSABT OF UmtTSG AKD SCIKEKAIi IKDUSIBT. Hem (Sp.), I. Earth, land, soU, ground; T. arcUlosa, clay ground. S. Region of tlie,-earth; T. adentro, the Interior of a country; 3. Any roclc or mineral; T. bianco (Max.) a calcareous tufa ; T. de baton, fuller's earth; T. de flor (Venez.) A bed of reddish clayey earth; T. de por- celana, china iiaj ; T. petada, heavy spar (Salse) 4. (Mex.) Sine sized ore. (Dwigbt) Tierra hlanca (Sp.). White, chalky, limestone beds, having special value for hydraulic cement. (Standard) Tlerras (Sp.). 1. Fine material im- pregnated with quicksilver ore, which must be made into adobes be- fore roasting. ( Raymond ) 5. T. de labor, rock from a stope mixed with particles of ore; fines; T. de yunque, smalls produced in breaking and sorting ore ; T. Pardas (Mex.) An alluvial formation con- taining limonite; T. rojas, a ferru- ginous clay. S. Ore generally in a fine state of division. 4. Oangue or matrix. (Halse) 6. Any low-grade, powdered ore. (Standard) Hen-argent (Fr.). An alloy of one part of sliver to two of aluminum. (Standard) Tier saw. A saw for giving bricks curved outlines. (Standard) Tlesteros (Bol.). Men who make tests or assays of ore before amalgama- tion (Halse). Assayers. Tiff. 1. A common name for calcite in Wisconsin land Missouri zinc fields. 8. Barite in southeast Mis- souri. TiSanylte. A name proposed by Kunz for a hydrocarbon assumed to be present in certain diamonds, namely, those which, on this account, exhibit fluorescence and phosphorescence. (Bacon) Tiger. A device, as a fork, for sup- porting a continuous series of well- boring rods or tubes while raising or lowering them In the hole (Stand- ard). See Nipping-fork. Tiger-eye. 1. A chatoyant stone, usually yellow-brown, mucb used for ornament It is sllicifled croci- dolite, in which the fibers penetrat- ing the quartz are changed to oxide of iron. 8. A potter's glaze re- sembling in look the tiger-eye. (Webster) Tightiet. A quariymen'B term, equiva- lent to blind seam, or incipient Joint. (Dale) Tile. 1. A thin plate or piece of baked clay, stone, or the like of a Idnd used for covering roofs of buildings, for floors, for dralna, and often for ornamental work. 8. A small flat piece of dried earth or earthenware, used to cover vessels in which metals are fused. (Web- ster) Tile copper. Copper obtained by roast- ing and refining the metal bottoms that collect under the reguius in sihelting certain impure ores; usu- ally cast in flat rectangular plates, hence its name (Standard). See Bottoms, 2. Tile earth (Pro v. Ehg.). A compact clay sou. (Standard) Tile field. A field or yard, as at a pot- tery, devoted to the construction of tiles. (Standard) Tile Uln. A kiln for vitrifying Ules. (Standard) Tile machine. A machine for making tubular or arch-shaped tiles from clay, operating by forcing the raw material through a die, in a con- tinuous stream, which Is cut into suitable lengths by wires. (Stand- ard) Tile ore. A massive variety of cd- prite, of brick-red color. (Chester) Tile oven. An oven for burning tiles. (Standard) Tiler. 1. A kiln or oven for baking tiles. 8. A maker or layer of tiles. (Standard) Tilery. A factdry in which tiles afe made. (Standard) Tilestone. 1. Any of several beds of shale or sandstone, often red in color, belonging to the upper part of the Ludlow group, English Upper Silurian. (Webster) 8. A tile, particularly of stone; a brick. (Standard) Tile works. A tilery or tile field. (Standard) Tilgate stone. Beds of calcareous sandstone or Ironstone near Hast- ings, England. (Century) mi. That part of a glacial drift con- sisting of material deposited by and underneath the ice, with little or no ttanqjortation and sorting by water; it is a generally nnstratified, nncon- 6L0SSABT OF MINING AND MINEBAX. INDI7STBT. 687 flolidated, heterogeneous mixture of clay, sand, gravel, and bowlders. Also called Bowlderrclay (La Forge). Two kinds are recognized : (1) Glacier-tai, deposited directly by glacier-Ice, not by glacier-waters, thougb It may be locally modified by tbem. Contrasted with Glacier- sediment. It may be (a) engladal (carried within the ice-mass), (b> Bupergladal (borne on the ice sur- face), or (c) subglacial (dragged along beneath the glacier), and in this case called also Grannd-moralne or Bowlder-clay. (2) Berg-till, de- trltal matter deposited by icebergs. Called also Subaqueous till or Floe- till. (Standard) Tiller (Eng.). An Instrument similar to a brace head, but usually made of iron, for turning drill tools. (Ores- ley) Tiller rope. A flexible wire rope com- posed of six small ropes, usually of seven-wire strands each laid about a hemp core. (G. M. P.) lillite. A sedimentary rock composed of cemented till. (La Forge) Tilt. 1. To hammer or forge with a tilt (trip) hammer. (Webster) 2. A tilt hammer. (Standard) Tilted steel. Hammered steel. (Stand- ard) Tilter. 1. One who forges metal with a tilt-hammer. 2. A tilt hammer. (Standard) Tilt hammer. A hammer for shingling or forging iron, arranged as a lever of the first or third order, and. "tilted" or "tripped" by means of a cam or cog-gearing and allowed to fall upon the billet, bloom, or bar. (Raymond) TUt mill. A mill where metal, as steel, is tilted. (Webster) Timazite. A name given by Breithaupt to certain porphyritlc rocks in the Timok Valley of Servia, that have since proved to be varieties of andesite and dacite. (Kemp) Tlmba (Sp. Am.). Logs used for the , roof of a mine. (Halse) Timber. 1. Any of the wooden props, posts, bars, collars, lagging, etc., used to support mine workings. 2. To set or place timbers in a mine. 8. One of the steel Joists or beams, which have in some mines replaced wooden timbers. (Webster) Timberer; Tim^erman. One who cuts, frames and puts In place any of the timbers used in a shaft, slope, mine or tunnel. Also one who draws props, posts, etc. Timbering. 1. (Eng.) The timber structure employed for supporting the faces of an excavation during the progress of construction ( Simms ) 2. Timber work taken coUectlvelyl as in a mine. (Standard) Timberllne. The height on mountains at which the growth of trees stops. It varies with the latitude and climate. (Webster) Timberman. Bee Timberer. Timber packer (Washington). A la- borer who delivers ttaber to the working place in a-piffehing or in? dined coal seam. Timber rights. The right to cut timber on the public domain for use in the mining industry. (U. S. Min. Stat., pp. 1334-1353) Timbre (Mex.). 1. A bell. 2. A stamp tax. (Dwight) Timbrero (Mex.). Bell man. (Dwight) Time. 1. A statement of the number of days or hours worked by, or of the amount of wages due a work- man; usually furnished him upon request in the event of his quitting work before the regular pay day. 2. To count the strokes of a pump, or revolutions of an engine or fan. C. and M. M. P.) 3. In geology, a general term indi- cating a subdivision of one of the grandef divisions of geological his- tory; as, Palezoic time. (Standard) Timekeeper. One whose duty It Is to make and keep a record of the num- ber of hours or days worked by laborers or other employees. Timpa (Sp.). A tymp stone In front of the hearth of a blast furnace. (Halse) Tin. 1. A chemical element obtained as a soft, lustrous white, crystalline metal, malleable at ordinary tem- perature but brittle when hot. Sym- bol, Sn; atomic weight, 118.70; spe- cific gravity, 7.28. (Webster) 2. To coat with tin ; a? to tin iron. 3. Tin plate. (Standard) Tina (Mex.). 1. A mine bucket or tub. 2. A leaching vat (Dwight) ; T. cargadora, a tank into which the slimes are first discharged. (Egles- ton) 688 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINEKAI. INDUSTKU. Tinaco (Sp.)- A wooden trough, tub, or vat, used in leaching. (Halse) Tinaja (Max.). 1. A basin of water In a rock. (Dwight) 2. A large earthen jar. 3. Small bunches of cinnabarr. (Halse) Tin bath. Molten tin into which sheets of trori £tre dipped In order to form tin plate. (Standard) Tin bound. 1. (Corn.) To mark a limit, as on a tract of waste land, within which one claims or reserves the right to mine unworked tin ore. 2. Land so reserved. (Standard) Tinoal. Crude native borax, formerly imported from Tibet (Webster). Also spelled Tinkal. Tincalconite. A pulverulent variety of borax, with thirty-two per cent of water. ( Chester ) Tin-can safety lamp. A Davy lamp placed inside a tin can or cylinder having a glass in . front, air boles near the bottom, and open-topped. (Gresley, 1883) Tinea (Peru). A small mine timber. (Pfordte) Tinder ore. An early name for an Im- pure variety . of jamesonite, resem- bling tinder. (Chester) Tin dish. A pah used by prospectors for washing gold-bearing materials and extracting the gold. (Duryee) Tin floor. 1. (Corn.) A thin flat mass of tinstone between beds of rock. 2. An Irregular mass of tin ore. (Standard) Tin foil. Tin or a tin-like alloy made Into foil. (Standard) Tin frame (Com.). A sloping table used in dressing tin-ore slimes and discharged by turning it upon an axis till its surface is nearly verti- cal, and then dashing water over It, to remove the enriched deposit. A machine frame or self -frame thus discharges itself itutomatlcally at intervals; a hand'jframe is turned for the purpose by hand. (Ray- mond) Ting. Same as Sycee-silver. (Stand- ard) Tin glas^. A name formerly applied to bismuth. (TTre) Tin glase. An opaque glaze of stannic oxide, used oh pottery. (Standard) Tlngualte. A variety of phonollte rich in aegirite (La Forge). A name given by Rosen busch to rocks con- I sisting of alkali feldspar, nephelite and abundant aegirine, which form dikes in or near areas of nephelite- syenite. It was first applied to specimens from the vicinity of Rio Janeiro, where in the Serra.de Tln- gua the rocks were first discovered and described by O. A. Derby as phonolltes. They have since proved of very wide distribution and not al- ways to accompany nephelite-siyen- ites. By many the name tinguaite is regarded as an unnecessary and undesirable synonym for Phonolite. '(Kemp) Tinker (Derb.). Laminated carbon- aceous shale. (Gresley) Tin liquor. A solution of tin in strong acid, u$ed as a mordant in dyeing. (Century) . Tinned rope. Rope made of wires that have been coated with tin. to protect them from corrosion. (C. M. P.) Tinned sheet. Iron. See Tin plate. Tinner. 1. (Corn.). One who works in a tin mine. 2. A tinsmith. (Web- ster) Tinning. 1. The act, operation, or process of covering with or preserv- ing in tin. 2. A protective coating of tin, as on sheet Iron. (Standard) Tinning metal. An alloy of equal parti of tin and lead : used by, electro typers for coating copper Shells be- fore backing. (Standard) Tin penny (Eng.), A local tax for^ m^rly paid for permission to en- gage in tin mining. (Standard) Tin plckHng. In the manufacture of tin plate, the process of immersing thin iron plate in r bath of acid, previous to tinning. (Standard) Tln-plokllng maohine. A machinfe for hoisting and lowering the plates in the process of picklirisr and washing. (Standard) Tin plate. Sheet iron or steel coated with tin by dipping into the melted metal: commonly called simply Tin. There are three principal qualities: the best, consisting of coated char- coal iron, is called Charcoal plate; •that which is coated on coke- smelted or puddled iron is called Coke plate, and tin plate having crystals formed by the action of di- luted nitric and hydrochloric acids is called CrystalUzed tin plate. (Standard) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 689 Mil. pot. 1. A vessel for holding molten tin. 2. A bath of molten tin In which sheet-iron or sheet-steel Is dipped in making tin plate. (Stand- ard) Tin pyrites. Same as Stannlte. (Standard) Tinsel. To give a metallic appearance to (ceramic ware) by washing with a met..llic substance. (Standard) Tin spar. A synonym for Cassiterlte. (Chester) Tinstone. A miner's name for Casslt- erite. (Standard) Tin stuff (Eng.). Tin ore mixed with its gangue. (Standard) Tlntero (Peru). The sump of shaft (D wight) Tin-white cobalt. A' synonym for Smaltlte. (Chester) Tin-Witts (Corn.). The product of the first dressing of tin ores, contain- ing, besides tinstone, other heavy minerals (wolfram and metallic sul- phides). It must be roasted before it can be furtlier concentrated. Its first or partial roasting is called rag-burning. (Raymond) Tin works. A place or an establish- ment where tin is manufactured or mined. (Standard) Tip; Tipple (Eng.). A platform upon which a pair of iron tram rails, fixed upon an axle and attached to a le- ver, are bolted down, for emptying tubs or cars into wagons, boats, bins, etc. (Gresley) Tipper. 1. An apparatus for emptying, cars of coal or ore, by turning them upside down and then bringing them back to the original position with a minimum of manual labor. Tipple Is the common name. (Steel) 2. (Aust) The man who runs skips into a tippler. (Power) Tipple. 1, The place .where cars are tipped or dumped ; the dump ; a cradle-dump. (Chance) 2. (Aust.) The t r a c k s , .trestles, screens, etc., at the entrance to a colliery where coal is screened and loaded (Power). See Tipper, also Tip. Tippler (Aust). An apparatus for tipping a skip, so as to empty It of Its contents (Power). See also Tlo; Tipper, and Tipple. Tlrada (Sp.). 1. Hoisting of a cage. 8. One complete hoist- (Halse) •r^ dm ft n A7 44 Tirant* (Sp.). 1. Small hewn timber. 2. The tie rod of a boiler. 3. A pump rod. 4. (Max.) A large beam. (Halse) Tirar (Sp.). 1. To hoist or wind. 2. To blast or shoot. 3. T. una lahor (L. Cal., Mex.), prospecting; placer mining. (Halse) Tiro (Mex.). 1. Mine shaft or pit; T. de arrastre, or de recueste, an in- clined shaft ; T. general, the main shaft ; T. vertical, a vertical shaft ; 2. (Colom.) An alrshaft; a raise. 3. T. de aire, an air blast; an air current. 4. T. de mulas, a team of mules. 5. A blast or shot. 6. Hoist- ing or winding. 7. ~ A rope used in hoisting; 8. (Chile) A drill hole. (Halse) T-iron. 1. An angle iron having T- shaped cross-section. (Standard) 2. T-ralls used in a mine, as dis- tinguished from wooden rails. Tir6n (Sp.). A tug or jerk given to a rope in hoisting. (Halse) Tirr. 1. (Scot). The covering on rock in a quarry ; overburden. Also Tirring. 2. (Scot.) To remove the covering from the rock in a quarry. (Barrowman) Tisar. In plate-;;lass making, a heat- ing furnace for an annealing cham- ber. (Standard), Titan. 1. Titanium. (Standard) 2. Titanite. Titanic anhydrite. A white pulveru- lent titanium oxide (TiOj) found na- tive as brooklte, octahedrlte. and rutile, and a common constituent of iron oresi Called also Titanic oxide. Titanic iron «re. Ilmenite, FeTiO». (Webster) Titanic schorl. Rutlle. (Standard) Titaniferons. Carrying ■ titanium, as titanifevous iron ore. See Ilmenite. (Roy. Com.) Titanio (Sp.). Titanium (Dwig"ht). See Agulhas. Titanite; Sphene. Calcium silicotl- tanite, CaTlSiO. (Dana). A fairly common but rarely abundant con- stituent of some igneous rocks. Gen- erally yellow or brown with waxy luster. Can frequently be recognized without the aid' of a lens. (Ran- some) 690 6L06SABY OF MIKING AND MIKEBAL INDUSXBY. Tltanlnm. A metallic element found in nature only In combined form, and Isolated as an Infusible iron- gray crystalline powder. Symbol, Tl; atomic weight, 48.1; specific gravity 3.55 (Webster) Tithe ore (Eng.). A portion of ore set aside for the payment of rental or royalty on mineral lands. Titration. An analytical process con- sisting In the addition of a liquid in measured volume to a known volume of another liquid or to. a known weight of a substance, till a certain definite effect, usually a change of color Is observed (Web- ster). Volumetric analysis. Titnlo (Sp.). Title; T. de propiedad, title to a mining claim. (Halse) Tiza (Sp.). 1. Ground chalk or whit: ing. 2. Finely divided gypsum, i. (Chile) A mixture of ulexite with chlorides and sulphates of sodium and calcium, and sand. An impor- tant source of borax. (Halse) Tizar (Durango, Mez.). A white pure silica used in glass making. (Halse) Tlzdn (Mex.y A bond in masonry. See also Diente, 2. (Dwl^ht) Toadrock. See Toadstone. Toad's-eye tin. Massive cassiterite in botryoldal and reniform shapes. (Standard) Toadstone (Eng.). A kind of trap rock. (Raymond) Toas (Corn.). To shake or toss tin ore in' a kieve -or vat with water, to cleanse and dress it (Pryce) Toba (Mex.). 1. Volcanic tuff. 2. T. oaliza, calcareous tufa (Dwlght). 3. (Colom.) Chalk. (Halse) Tobera (Mex.). The tuySre of a smelt- ing furnaca (C. and M. M. P.> Toca (Braz.). Quality of gold. Com- pare Ley, 2. (Halse) Todqnno (Sp.). I. Coal as it comes from the mines. Run of mine. (Halse) 2. Raw, rough ore. (Lucas) Toe. 1. The burden of material be- tween the bottom of the bore hole and the free fac6. 2. It is some- times used to designate the bottom of the bore hole itself as distin- guished from the heel, collar or mouth of the bore hole, whldi is the open end. (Du Pont) S. A spurn, or small pillar of coaL (Gresley) 4. The 'front end of a frog, opposite the heel, in a car track. Toeing-in. A quarry term for the wedging-in of the end of a granite sheet under an overhanging Joint, probably in consequence of the faulting of the sheets along the joint It is also applied to the overlapping of lenticular sheets. (Perkins) Toellite. A blotite-homblende-por- phyrite, with garnets, that forms ~ dikes i& mlca-schlst and gneiss near Meran, in the Tyrol. (Kemp) Toe nails. In geology, curved Jolnb9 intersecting the sheet structure, in most cases striking with the sheets. In some differing from them in strike 45° or more. (Ries) Toensbergite; A name given by W. C. Br6gger to certain feldspathic syenitic roclis, from TSnsberg,. Nor- way, that are close relatives of the anorthosltea They differ from the anorthosites In their smaller per- centage of lime and higher per- centage of alkalies. (Kemp) Tofo (Durango, Mex.). China day. (Halse) Tofns (L.). Same as tufa. (Stand ard) Toggle-joint. A joint having a centra: hinge like an elbow, and operated by applying the power at the Junc- tion of motion, as from horizontal to vertical, and giving enormous mechanical advantage: a mechanism common in many forms of presses, and in stone-crushers. (Standard) Token. 1. (Aust.) A metal or leather ticket stamped with a distinctive number, fastened to a si^p so as to indicate to the weighman who mined the coal (Power). A Ticket; Tag; Tally. 2. (Wales). A thin bed of coal, etc., indicating a thicker seam at no great distance. (Gresley) Tol (Corn.). The land owner's part of the tin ore. (Pryce). Toll or rental. Tola (Hind.). A weight for gold and silver, varying slightly according to locality, usually 180 grains Troy. (Standard) Toll (Ohes.). Royalty on rock salt, or other mineral. ( Gredey ) Toller; ToUur (Com.). One who in- spects or superintends tin-bearing lands. To review or Inspect (Pryce) 6L0SSABT OP iSXimSQ AITD MINERAL INDUSTRY. 691 Toluei^e. A hydrocarbon, dHiCHt, of the aromatic series, -homologous with benzene, and obtained as a light mobile colorless liquid by dis- tilling tolu balsam, . and coal tar. Used inthe manufacture of dyestuffs and other compounds (Webster). Formerly called Toluol. Tolva (8p.). 1. A hopper. 2. An ore chute. (Dwlght) Tom. An Inclined trough in which gold-bearing earth or gravel is crudely washed ; usually called Long tom because it is longer than a rocker. (Webster) Tomassi process. An electrolytic proc- ess for refining lead in which the electrolyte is a solution of a double acetate of lead and of potassium or of sodium. The anodes are cast from crude argentiferous lead; the cathodes are in the form of _ large disks of copper or of aluminum bronze and are about half immersed in the electrolyte, in which they slowly revolve, each being placed between two anodes. The lead crystals formed are detached by scrapers. When in sufficient quan- tity they are collected, drained, washed, dried, and fused with a little charcoal. (Goesel) Tombac. Any one of several copper and zinc alloys, as Prince's metal, Mannheim gold, etc. Also spelled Tambac ; Tombac ; Tombak. (Stand- ard) Tommy dodd (Aust). A series of small pulleys, with vertical axles placed between the rails at a curve, so as to keep an endless rope in place. (Power) Ton. 1. An avoirdupois dnit of weight. A short or net ton equals 2,000 pounds (907.20 Kg.). A long or gross -.ton equals 2,240 pounds (1,016.6 Kg.). A metric ton equals 2,204.6 pounds (1,000 Kg.). A Cor- nisn mining ton equals 2,352 pounds (1,006.87 Kg-). 2. A unit of internal capacity for ships; a register ton equals 100 cu. ft ; a displacement ton equals 35 cu. ft; a shipping ton often reckoned at 40 cu. ft., and a ton of timber equals 42 cu. ft. (Webster) (Aust.) A ton of firewood equals 60 cu. ft of wood. (Davis) Tonalite. A quartz-mica-hornblende dlorite from near Meran in the Tyrol. It was named by vom Rath from Tonale, a place on Mt. Adamello. Compare Adamellite. (Kemp) Tonel (Sp.). 1. A barrel; T. de amalgamaoidn, an amalgamatliig barrel. 2. A kibble ; corf. S. A vat (Halse) Tonelada (Sp.). Ton. The ton of Castile equals 2,032.2 pounds avoir- dupois; the Mexican and Spanish- American ton equals 2,028.88 pounds avoirdupois; the metric ton, 1,000 kg. equals 2,204.6 pounds avoirdu- pois. (Halse) Tonga (Colom.). The difference in level between two points, whereby alluvial mines can be drained by a ground sluice and a lode mine by an adit. (Halse) Tongs. 1. See Chain tongs ; Pipe grip ; Pipe tongs ; Pipe wrench. (Nat. Tube Co.) 2. In gem cutting, a stand having at its upper end a vise-like arrange- ment by which to hold the cup in which a gem is cemented, so as to press the latter against the polishing wheel. (Standard) Tongue. A piece of iron or steel pro- jecting from the stem of a stamp head. (Hunt) Tongue joint. In welding, a split joint formed by inserting a wedge-shaped piece into a corresponding split piece and welding the two together. (Century) Tonlte. An explosive consisting of about equal weights of guncotton and barium nitrate. It Is used for blasting. (Webster) Ton mile. In railroading, 'a standard measure of trafiic, based on the rate of carriage per mile of each ton of freight (Standard) Tonnage. The amount of ore handled per day. The amount of ore in sight. Tooler. A stonemason's chisel two to four inches broad (Standard). Called also Broad tool; Drove. 'Tool extractor. An implement for grasping and withdrawing boring tools when broken or detached In a bore, as of an oil well, etc. Called also Tool grab. (Standard) Tool nipper. A person whose duty It is to carry powder, drills and tools to the various levels of the mine and to bring such tools and drills as have been dulled by use to the sur- face. See Nipper, 1. (Moreno v. -New Guadalupe MIn. Co., Oal. App., 170 Pac. Rept, p. 1088) 692 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTBT. Tool iteeL Steel of saperlor quality, that can be highly tempered: for use in making cutting tools. ( Stand- ard) Top. 1. A mine roof. Top coal, the upper part of a coal bed separated from the rest by a seam or parting. Top bottom (Ark.), the upper part of the bottom bench of a coal bed. (Steel) 2. A qiiarryman's term for over- burden. (Bowles) 8. The part of a cut gem above the girdle; the crown. (Webster)- 4. See Cap, 2 ; also Blue cap. (Gres- ley) 6. (Of a vein) See Apex. Topacio (Sp.). Topaz. (Dwight) Topaz. An aluminum fluosilicate, sim- plest formula, AljSiOiFi, but with part of the ^uorlne commonly re- placed by the radical, OH. Used ns a gem, especially when yellow (U. S. Geol. Surv.) See False topaz, also Oriental topaz. Topazfels (Ger.). A brecciated, con- tact rock, near granite contacts, and formed of topaz, tourmaline, quartz and some rarer accessory minerals (Kemp). Also called Topazrock. Topazolite. A variety of ^garnet, of topaz-yellow 'color, or olive-green. (Century) Topazrook. A rock resulting from contact metamorphism, made up of an aggregate of fragments of quartz and tourmaline, cemented by a mix- ture of quartz and topaz (Century). Also called TqpEizfels. Top bottom (Ark.) See Top. Top eager. A man at the top of a shaft to superintend the operation of lowering and raising of the cage, (nilnols 'Jhlrd Vein Coal Co. v. Cioni, 215, Illinois, p. 583; Spring Valley Coal Co. v. Buzls, 213, Illi- nois, p. 341). It is also his duty, at most mines, to remove the loaded cars from the cage, and pliace the empty cars on the cage. See' Gager, 1. Top oanch. That part of a miue roof which has to be taken down to give head room on roadways. (Gresley) Top coal (Scot). The uppernjost of two or more divisions of a seam of coal. See Top, 1. (Barrowman) Tope. 1. (Sp.) Top, summit or apex. 2. (Ckilom.) A discovery of ore. (Halse) Top gai (Aust). Fire damp. (Power) Top head (So. Staff.). A passage driven in the upper part of a thick coal seam for drawing off the gaa (Gresley). See also Boss. Topholes (Eng.). Working places ex- tending to the full rise. ( Bed- may ne) lophui. Any natural calcareous tufa. Called also Toph; Tophin. (Stand- ard) Toplt (Eng.). A small bracehead, screwed on to the top of boring rods when withdrawing them from the hole. (Gresley) Top kick. See Top shot Topman. Any man employed on the surface about a mine. (Power) Topographic adolescence. A geologic stage when lakes have mostly disap- peared, and river drainage Is well established, stream channels being comparatively narrow and well marked and falls occurring charac- teristically (Standard) Topographic high. Frequently used in the oil fields to indicate the higher elevations, regardless of age; op- posed to topographic low which in- dicates a lower elevation. Compare Geologic high. Topographic Infancy. In geology, a featureless stage characterized by a smooth nearly level surface of de- posit, lakes abounding in slight de- pressions, shallow streams, , and drainage-systems not well estab- lished. (Standard) Topographic low. See Topographic high. Topographic maturity. In geology, a stage of maximum diversity of form when valleys have greatly increased, and the river channels are widely opened. (Standard) Topographic old age. A geologic stage in which there Is a featureless sur- face, differing from the earliest stage (topographic Infancy) in hav- ing a system of drainage streams, separated by faintly swelling hills. (Standard) Topography. 1. The science of survey- ing the physical features of a dis- trict or region and the art of deline- ating them on mapa 2. The physi- cal features of a district or region, such as are represented on maps, taken collectively ; especially, the re- lief and contour of the land. (La Forge) GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 693 TopplBK' The coal on a mine car above the top of the car box. (C. and M. M. P.) Topple (So. Wales). From Tophole. A working place driven to the rise of the main levels. (Gresley) Top ply; Top leaf; Tops (Scot). The uppermost layer of a bed of coal left for a roof (Gresley). Also called Water l^af. See also Top, 1. Top rod (Scot.). The rod connecting the uppermost pump rod to the bell- crank. (Barrowman) Top-iet beds. The material laid down in horizontal layers on top of a delta. See Fore-set beds and Bot- tom-seftteds. (Watson, p. 274) Top shot. An explosion or puff of gas at the furnace top. (Wlllcox) Top ■llclng. A method of Btoping by which the ore is taken from hori- zontal stopes and supporting the overlying mat with timber. (H. C. Hoover, p. 123) Top lUoing and caving. Bee Top slic- ing and cover caving. Top tllcing and cover caving. The important feature is the working of the ore body from the top down In successive horizontal slices that may follow one another sequentially or simultaneously. The whole thick- ness of the slice is worked. The ore may be broken by overhand or underhand stoplng in each unit The overburden or cover is caved after mining a unit The method! is a re- treating method. The long-wall method, the pillar robbing in both room-and-pillar, and bord-and-pil- lar methods of mining coal are es- sentially the same in ' prlncipl(^ as top slicing. The principal differ- ence is that a single slice only iS worked in these methods. There are two modifications: top slicing by drifts, and top slicing by rooms. A timber mat is used In almost all cases (Young). Other terms used for this system are : Caving system ; Crosscut method (combined with re- moval of pillars) ; Horizontal slic- ing (descending) ; Mining ore from top down; Panel slicing; Prop slic- ing; Removing pillars and allowing roof to cave; Slicing under iuats of timber in panels ; Square^set sUdng; Top slicing and caving ; and Trans- verse slicing with caving. Top fUclng combined with ore cav- ing. In this method the ore body is worked from the top down in suc- cessive slices. Instead .of taking the full height of the slices, only the lower part is taken and the upper part Is caveti. After removing this portion of the ore, the cover is caved. A timber mat Is used in most cases to separate the broken cover from the ore and for safety (Young). Also known as Caving system; Sub-drifting and caving; SubsUdng; Slicing under ore with back cave ; Siiblevel caving, and Sub- level slicing. Top wall. Same as Hanging wall. (Standard) Top water. Water which enters an oil or gas well from a sand above the productive sand. Compare Bottom water; Edge water. (U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 658, p. 44) Tor (Eng.). A rounded mass of rock left in an elevated position by the decay of surrounding parts. Some- times called Bowlder (Duryee). A rocky pinacle ; . a high pointed hill. (Webster) Torbane Hill mineral. A boghead coal obtained from Torbane Hill, Scot- land. (Webster) Torbanlte. A dark brovra variety of cannel coal (Power). A boghead coal from Torbane- Hill, Scotland (Webster). Also called BatbvlU- ete. Torbernite. A hydrous phosphate of uranium and copper, Cu0.2t70i. P.O.:8H,0 (U. S. GeoL Surv.) Torbite.(Lanc.). A trade-mark name of a dried and compressed peat. (Century) Toroh. An oil-burning, wlck-fed lamp of tin or copper, with a long spout, used by miners. Tordrilllte. A name based on the Tordrilla mountains, Alaska, and suggested by J. E. Spurr for por- phyrltlc varieties of alasklte, which have a finely crystalline or apha- nitic groundmass. See also Alaskite. (Kemp) Tormentor (Aust). A wooden axle studded with iron spikes, and turned round in a trough, for the purpose of puddling auriferous clay (Davies). A device somewhat simi- lar to the log washer. Tormo (3p.). A high pointed, iso- lated rock. (Halse) Tornapunta (Sp.). 1. An inclined stay or prop which supports two paral- lel timbers. 3. An inclined stull. (HalM) 694 GLOSSABT OF MIHING AND MINEBAL INDTTSTBT. Tomeio (Sp.). 1. Windlass-man, or man at the winch or tomo; 2. Turner of a lathe. (Halse) Torno (Sp.). 1. A windlass; T. con avcion directa, a direct-acting hoist ; T. con malacate, a whim; T. con pinones, a geared hoist ; T. de mano. a hand winch ; T. de vapor, a steam winch or hoist ; 2. A turning lathe.. 3. (Spain) A sump. (Halse) ToTo. 1. (Sp.). A bull. 2. (Hex.) Fire damp. (Halse) Torpedo. 1. An explosive cartridge, or shell, lowered or dropped into a bored oil, well, and there exploded, to clear the well of obstructions, or to open communications with a source of supply of oil. 2. A kind of detonating cartridge placed on a rail, and exploded when crushed un- der a locomotive wheel ; used as a signal. (Webster) lorrefaccioii (Sp.). Calcination. (Lu- cas) Torrents. Beds of quicksand epcoun- tered below the chalk marl in the Anzln coal field, in Franc& (Gres- ley) Torta (Mex.). The flat circular heap of ore spread -out on the floor of the patio in a cake about fifty feet in diameter and a few inches iii thick-' ness, ready for amalgamation in the patio process (Dury'ee). T. rendida, amalgam ready to be washed! (Halse) Tosa (Mox.). The grinding space in the arrastre, (Egleston) Tosca (Mex.). 1. Clayey vein matter. 2. Talc seam. 3. Soft, decomposed porphyry. 4. (Pat) A white calca- reous marl. 6. (Colom.) In alluvial mining, a bed of volcanic origin, as lava, tufa, etc. (Halse) Toscanite. A name proposed by H. S. Washington for a group of acid, ef- fusive rocks in Tuscany (Italian, Toscana) and elsewhere, which are characterized mineralogicklly by the presence of basic plagioclase, as well as orthoclase, and by occasional quartz. They range from 62-73 silica and are intermediate between rhyolltes and daeltes. Compare Del- lenlte. (Kemp) ToH. See Tossing. ToMlBg; Tozing (Com.). 1. Wash- ing ores by violent agitation in wa- ter, their subsidence being acceler- ated by packing or striking, with a hammer, the keeve in which the op- eration l8 performed. Chlmmlng is a similar process on a smaller scale. 2. Refining tin by allowing it, while molten, to fall several feet through the air. (Raymond) 3. Jigging. (Webs'-'-r) Tostado (Sp.). Roast; T. & muerte, a dead roast ; Mineral tostado, roasted ore. (Lucas) Tostador (Mex.). 1. A roasting fur- nace. 2. A man in charge of the furnace; (Halse) Tostar (Sp.). To roast (Dwlght) Tot (No. of Bng.). A measure of gunpowder used in blasting. (Gres- ley) Totuma (Sp. Am.). A large dish made of a gourd and used In gold washing. (Halse) Touch. 1. (Eng.). A fuse for setting off a powder charge. (Gresley) 2. See Touchstone. 3. A stone of durable character suitable for pre- serving inscriptions or for fine monumental work. (Century) Touch needle. A needle or small strip ,,,,in of gold alloy, of luiown composition, for determining the composition of another alloy by comparing marks made by each on the same touch- stone. (Standard) Touchstone. 1. A black siliceous stone, allied to flint, SiO». (Dana) 2. A black, hard stone (basalt or - jasper), on which the fineness of an alloy of gold and silver can be tested by comparing its streak with that of a piece of alloy (touch- needle) of known fineness (Ray- mond). Also called Lydlan stone and Basanite. Xongh. 1. Having the quality of flexi- bility Without brittleness; yielding to force without brealdng. 2. The exact state or quality of texture and consistency of well-reduced and re- fined copper. 3. Copper of the ^bove quality; called also Tough cake. (Webster) 4. (Shrop.) Gray, plastic day. (Gresley) Tough cake. Refined or commercial copper (Raymond). iSee al40 Tough, 2 and 3. Toughen. To remove the last remain- ing quantities of foreign metals from (copper) in refining, as by pol- ing. (Standard) Tough pitch. A term used In electro- lytic copper refining to designate copper wlUch has set, from the molten condition, with a level aur- QLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 695 face. (Eng. and Mln. Jour., vol. 102, p. 8T5). See Underpoled and Over- poled. Tour (Callr.;. .A term used In oil-well drilling which means the same as "shift" In other mining operations (A. Rundell v. American Oil Fields Co., 160 Pacific, p. 161, 1916). Also spelled Tower. Tourmaline. A complex aluminum silicate of hexagonal crystallization contalQlng boron and in some va- rieties lithium knd other elements. Of various colors; the tlear pinli, blue, and green varieties are used as. gems (U. S. Geol. Surv.). It occurs in long, usually striated prisms in the ancient crystalline rocks. Called also Schorl. Xoumasin (Fr.). A knife for scrap- ing excess of slip from baked and decorated ceramic ware. (Stand- ard) Toumette (Fr.).. In ceramics, a ro- tating tablet, resembling a small potter's wheel, used in decorating the finer wares with lines. (Stand- ard) Tourniquet (Fr.). A device for stop- ping the flow of blood by means of compression of the blood vessel, as an artery or vein, on -the side of the wound from which the blood is flow- ing. It consists, usually, of a pad over the blood vessel pressed down by a strap, rubber band, twisted bandage, or the like. Tout Tenant (Belg.). Coal as landed on the bank previous to screening and sorting (Gresley). Run of mine. Tow. 1. (Leic.) Dark, tough, earth clay or shale. (Gresley) J. (Scot.) The winding rope, which before the introduction of iron or steel ropes was made of hemp or tow. (Barrowman) Tower (Calif.). See Tour. Township. In surveys of the public lands of the United States, a divi- sion of territory that is, with cer- tain exceptions, six miles long on ICs south and east and west boundaries which follow meridians, and so slightly less than six miles on the north. it contains 36 sections. (Webster) Towt (Newc). A piece of old rope. (Raymond) Xoiing. See Tossing. Trabajadores. 1. (Colom.) Mineral veins that have been worked open cast (Halse). 2. Workmen; laborers. Trabajar (Sp.). To work a mine. (Halse) Trabajo (Sp.) 1. Work. 2. Mine working. T. de arranque, a working place; T. de banca, underhand stop- lug, overhand stoping, back stop- Ing, roof work; T. del arrtiguo (Colom.), ancient mine workings, or those worked during the time of the Spanish conquistadores ; T, del indio (Colom.), mines prior to the conquest. (Halse) Trace. 1. The intersection of a line or plane with a plane or other sur- face. 2. A very small quantity of a constituent, especially when not quantitatively determined, owing to its minuteness; in assaying, often abbreviated tr. (Webster) ■ 8. To follow the lode on the surface, and to lay it open by long pits. (Davles) Iracheo (Sp.). Passing ore or waste from one pe6n to another in bas- kets. (Halse) Trachorheite. A name proposed by F. M. Endlich as a collective designation for the four rocks, propylite, ande- site, trachyte, and rhyolite, as used by von Richtbofen. (Kemp) Trachy-andesite. Effusive rocks, in- termediate between trachytes and an- desites. Used by H. S. Washington for trachytes which have also' much acidic plagioclase (andesine to olig- oclase). (Kemp) Irachy-dolerite. A name suggested by Ablch for a group of rocks interme- diate between the trachytes and basalts. Compare, Latite. Trachy- dolerlte as used by H. S. Washing- ton means a trachyte with consid- erable basic plagioclase (labrador- Ite to anorthlte). (Kemp) Trachyte, Any aphanitle, aphanophy- ric, or glas^ Igneous rock composed essentially of alkalic feldspar, with or without mica, amphibole, pyrox- ene, and other accessories, or of rock glass having essentially the same composition. (La Forge) It was formerly used for both rhyolite and trachyte proper, as a field term for light-colored lavas and porphyriea As such in older reports it Is to be ■understood. Compare Acmite^trach- Itlea and PantellerlteB. (Kemp) 696 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY. Trachytlo. L Characteristic of, per- taining to, formed of, occurring In, or resembling trachyte. 2. Specifi- cally, characterized by closely packed small laths or prisms of al- kallc feldspar lying roughly parallel and arranged in lines resembling lines of flow, forming the trachytic fabric. (La Forge) Trachytic texture. A special name for those microscopic groundmasses that are made up of rods of feldspar, usually in flow-lines, but without basis. (Kemp) Track (Aust.) A Bendigo term applied to veins when the walls come to- gether; when followed the veins widen out again. (Power) Track-channeler. In quarrying, a rock-channeler designed to operate from a track on which It is mount- ed; frequently a combined locomo- tive and channeling - machine. * (Standard) Tracking. Iron or wooden tram rails. Track layer'; Trackman. In railroad- ing, any workman engaged in work involved in putting the track in place (Webster). Also one em- ployed at mines to lay or repair track. Traction. The act or method of draw- ing, or the state of being drawn; particularly the act of drawing by motive power over or along a sur- face, as In towing a load or pulling a wagon or car. (Standard) Traction rope. A rope used for trans- mitting the power in a wire-rope tramway and to which the buckets are attached. (G. M. P.) Trade. 1. (Eng.) Befuse; d6bris. (Bainorldge) 2. Demand for coal. (Min. Jour.) Tragante. (Sp.>. 1. A sluice; a ditch. 2. A chimney. 3. The mouth of a shaft furnace. 4. In a rever- beratory furnace, the inclined flue leading to the chimney. (Halse) Trail. 1. A footpath or track worn by passage through a wilderness or wild region. (Webster) 2. See Trail of the fault. Trailer. 1. (Scot.) A . bar dragging behind a car to prevent It from ruhning down grade should a coup- itngr break ; a jock. S. (No. of Eng.) 'One *who pushes a coal car in a mine; a puttpr Trailer cable (Aust). A branch cable for conveying electricity to a coal- cutter, one end of which Is attached to the main cable. It Is capable of being paid out as the machine ad- vances (Power). Also used on gathering motors, as the trolley wire does not extend Into the rooms. Trail of the fanlt. Crushed material of a bed or vein that Indicates the direction of the fault movement; valuable as a guide to the jmlner in search of the malh vein. Train. 1. To trace, or follow an allu- vial mineral deposit to Its place of origin. 2. A roll train. 3. A con- nected line of cars on a railroad, with or without a locomotive. 4. A line of gunpowder laid tolead fire to a charge. 5. (Can.) Alongslelgb for transportation of merchandise. 6. A trip of coal cars; see Jour- ney, 1. Train boats (York.). A number of boats coupled together in a simple manner, admitting of free articula- tion, in which coal is carried on ca- nals or rivers from the mines to the shipping' ports. ( Gresley ) Train boy. A boy who rides on a trip, to attend to rope attachments, or to signal In case of derailment of cars, etc. A trip rider. (C. and M. M. P.) Train mile. One mile traveled by one train; used as a unit of railroad operation in order to estimate economy In running expenses. (Webster) Trainroad. A temporary track In a mine, used for light loads (Cen- tury). A tramroad. Tram (Wales). 1. A four-wheeled truck to carry a tub, corve, or hutch. 2. The rails of a tramroad or rail- road (Ba'ymond). See Tramroad. 3. A boxlike wagon, now often of steel, running on a tramway or rail- way in a mine, for conveying coal or ore. (Webster) 4. To haul or push trams or cars about in a mine (Gresley) Tramcar (Eng.). A car used in coal mines; same as- Tram, S. (Cen- tury) Tram carriage (Com.). See Tram, 1. Trammer. 1. One who pushes cars along the track. In Arkansas known as a pusher (Steel). Also Haulier, and Putter. GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 697 t. (Mich.) A person whose duty it is to load broken rock upon tram cars and deliver it at the shaft. (Meola V. Qulncy Mining Co., 140 N. W. 'Bept, p. 460; Mesich v. Tamarack Mining Co., 151 N. W. Rept, p. 565) Tiamo (Sp.)- 1. Piece; T. rico, a rich ore shoot. 2. The portion of the timbering in a shaft that sus- tains the walls. 3. A ladder way. (Ealse) Irampa (Sp.). 1. A sluice gate. 2. A mercury trap; (Halse) Trampllia (.Sp.). The trap door of an ore chute. (Halse) Tramp iron. Stray pieces of drill steel, picks, tools, etc. which are found In ore. Often removed by a magnet as ore is fed into a crusher. Tram plate (Scot). A cast-iron flanged rail or plate for tram roads.- (Barrowman). Compare Tram rail. Tram rail (Eng.). A rail, for a tram or trams (Webster). A light rail- road rail distinguished from tram- plate by being rolled while the latter is cast. Tramroad (Bng.). A road laid with tram rails or plates. So called after one Benjamin Outram, of Little Eton, in Derbyshire, who in 1800 used stones for carrying the ends of the metal plates or edge rails. The name Outram was subsequently contracted into Tram, hence tram- way, trams, etc. (Gresley) Tram rope. A hauling rope, to which the cars are attached by a clip or chain, either singly or in trips. (G, and M. M. P.) Tramway. 1. A roadway having plates or rails on whldi wheeled vehicles may run. A tramroai. (Standard) 2. A suspended cable-system along which material, as ore or rock, is transported, in suspended buckets. See Aerial tramway. Trt^nca (Mex.). Square set of tim- bers. (D wight) Transenrrent fault. Bee Fault Transfer car. A quarry car provided with transverse tracks, on which the gang car may be conveyed to or from the saw gang (Bowlea). Bee aUo Transfer barrlage. Transfer-car man. One who operates an electric car on an ore trestle, which transfers ore from the ore bridge to an ore bin. (Willcox) Transfer carriage. A platform or truck used to transfer mine cars. (Chance) Transfer gilding. In ceramics, a transfer of a pattern in gold, as from paper to unglazed ware, usu- ally pone either by direct transfer of the gold in reverse, or by stamp- ing the pattern in oil and dusting with gold powder. (Standard) Transformer. An apparatus for trans- forming an electric current froin a high to a low potential, (step-down transformer) or vice versa (step-up transformer) without changing the current energy ; a converter. (Web- ster) Transformer oil. An oil for high ten- sion electrical transformers free from water and mineral acids. It should show little or no volatility at 100° C. Those machine oils, de- rived from petroleum, which have a flash point of over 160° G. (open test), with a volatility of less than 0.1 per cent in flve hours at 100° C, are usually suitable for use in trans- formers. (Bacon) Transgression. In geology, discrep-. ancy in the boundary-lines of con- tinuous parallel strata; unconform- ability , of overlap ; used only by European- geologists. (Standard) Transit. A surveying instrument with the telescope mounted so that It. can be transited; called also a Transit theodolite. Tansition. intermediate. In the no- menclature of Werner and other early geologists, tbe older Paleozoic strata, which are now assigned to the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silu- rian systems. But little uswl at present. Tansition point. In physical chemis- try, a single point' at which differ- ent phases are capable of existing together in equilibrium. (Webster) Transition rocks. See Transition. Translatory fault See Fault Translucent. Admitting the passage of light, as milk-quartz, but not ca- pable of being seen through. (Roy. . Com.) Transmission rope. A rope used for transmitting power. (CM. P.) 698 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Transmutation. An alternating change. The conversion of metals, one Into another, especially, base metals Into gold or silver, which was one of the alms of alchemy, but never realized. Transmutation glaze. In ceramics, an Iridescent porcelain glaze. (Stand- ard) Transparent. That may be seen through, as rock crystal, Iceland- spar, selenite, etc. (Boy. Cbm.) Transportar (Sp.). To transport, convey, or haul. (Halse) Transportation. 1. In geology, the shifting of material from one place to another on the earth's surface by moving water. Ice, or air. The car- riage of mud and dissolved salts by ^rivers, the passage of a dust-laden whirlwind across a desert, the In- land march of sand dunes from a seashore, and the creeping move- ment of rocks on a glacier are all examples of transportation. (Ran- Bome) 2. The hauling,, or moving from one place to another, of ma!terial, as ore, coal, rock, etc. Transporte (Sp.). Transport, haul- age, or conveyance; T. airco, a wire-rope tramway; T. con trincos, transport by sledges; T. subterrd- neo, underground haulage, tram- ming. (Halse) Transverse fault. A fault whose strike is transverse to the general structure. (Llndgren, p. 121) Transverse lamination. Lamination of cleavage transverse to stratifica- tion. (Standard) See Cross -bed- ding. . Transverse slicing with caving. See Cover caving; Top slicing. Transverse strength. A measure of the capability of a bar (jf stone (or beam) supported at its ends, to bear a weight or load at its center. (Bowles) Transverse with filling. See Over- hand stoping. Tranvla (Mex.). Tramway. (Dwight) Trap. 1. Trap rock. A general name for dark fine-grained igneous rocks, particularly lavas or dikes. See alto Basalt and Diabase. (U. s! Geol. Surv.) A useful field name for any dark, finely crystalline. Igneous rock. It ii a Swedish name from the occurrence of such rocks in sheets that resemble steps, '" trap- per" (Kemp). Gompore Whin, 1. 2. A door used for cutting off a ventilating current, which is oc- casionally opened for haulage or passage; guarded by a trapper. (Raymond) 3. A fault or dislocation. 4. (Scot) Traveling road for miners In Edge coals driven on the slope of the seam. (Gresley) 6. (or Well) The troughs and catch-pits, whether carrying mer- cury or not, which are used to ar- rest escaping amalgam, etc. The word "trap" should be confined to the deep boxes unprovided with mer- cury, and the word "well" to the transverse troughs which do con- tain it. At Clunes the word "boxes" is used, while, elsewhere in Aus- tralia "ripples" Is a term given to shallow wells as distinguished from the deep ones. (Raymond) . 6. (Scot.) Short ladders in a shaft (Barrowman) Trap brilliant. A trap-cut brilliant (Standard). See Trap cut Trap cut. A gem with a row or rows of step-like facets around the table and culet (or small lower terminus of the gem, parallel to the table), or around the culet alone. (Stand- ard) Trap dike. A dike of any of the sorts of rock called trap. The term has no very definite significance, as rocks such as bostonite and da^te have been Included under It (La Forge) Trap door. A door In a mine passage to regulate or direct the ventilating current Also called Weather door. See also Trap, 2. Trap-down (Brist). A down-throw fault (Gresley) Trapezohedron. 1. In the Ispmetrlc system, the same as Tetragonal trls- octahedron, lohich see. 2. In the tetragonal and hexagonal systems, any of several forms having princi- pal and lateral axes of symmetry, but no planes of symmetry, and en- closed by six, eight, or twelve faces each having unequal Intercepts on all the axes. (La Forge) Trapiche (Chile). A primitive form of grinding mill (Dwight). Espe- cially of the Chilean or edge run- ner type. Traplohero (Chile). The man In charge of a trapUshe. (Halse) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY. 699 Trappean. Relating to trap rocks. (Hitchcock) Trappean ash. A fragmentary. Bcorl- aceous variety of eruptive rock. Called also Ash-bed, though gener- ally resembling volcanic deposits only In structure, not In origin. (Standard) Obsolete Trapper. 1. A person employed In an entry to open and close a door for the cars (Sprinkle v. Big Sandy Coal & Coke Co., 78 S. E. Kept, p. 972; National Fuel Co. v. Maccia, 25 Colorado App., p. 446). Also called Trapper boyr NTpper; Door tender. Trappold. Of, pertaining to, or hav- ing the nature of trap rock. (Stand- ard) Trap rock. See Trap, 1. Trap-up (Brlst.). An up-throw fault (Gresley) Trasera (Sp.). The back of a fur- nace. (Halse) Traipalar (Mex.). To shovel. To turn the torta in the patio process with a shovel. (Halse) Trass (Ger.). A gray, yellow, or whit- ish earth, related to pozzuolana, common In volcanic districts, formed by the decomposition of trachytlc cinders, and consolidated by Infil- tration of calcareous or siliceous so- lutions; used in preparation of a hydraulic cement. Formerly called Tarrace; Tarras; l^errace; Ter- ras. (Standard) Tratamiento (Sp.). Treatment. See Beneflclo, 3. (Halse) Traanter (Mid.). A long sprag. Also called Tront (Gresley) Travel (Scot). The length of stroke of a pump. (Barrowman) Traveler. 1. A truck rolling along a suspended rope for supporting a load to be transported. (O. M. P.) 2. A crab or winch moving on an elevated track, used especially in erecting^ steel bridges or other large work ; also a travelint; crane. (Webster) Traveling apron. See Apron, 6. Traveling belt. A conveyor belt, for handling ore, rock, or coaL Trftvellag road (Eng.). , An under- ground passage or way used ex- pressly, though not alwajs exclu- sive^, for men to travel along to and from their working placea (Oredey). A traveling way. Traveling way. See Traveling road. Traveling weight (Aust). See Un- derweight Traveled. In geology, removed from the original place; erratic (Stand- ard). Said of stones, bowlders, etc. Traverse. 1. To make a traverse sur- vey. 2. A line surveyed across a plot of ground. 3. An oblique line or streak ; a vein or fissure, as In a rock running transversely. . (Webster) Traverse survey, A survey in which a series of lines Joined end to end are completely determined as to length and azimuth, these lines being often used as a basis for trl- angulatlon-; used for long narrow strips of country, as for railroads (Webster). Also used for under- ground surveys. Travertine. Calcium, carbonate CaCO., deposited from solution In ground and surface waters. The cellular deposits are known as tufa, calcareous sinter, spring deposit, or cave deposit. When solid, banded, and susceptible of a good polish, it is known as Mexican onyx, or onyx marble. True' onyx, however, is banded silica or agate. Travertine forms the stalactites and stalag- mites of caves, and the filling of some veins and spring conduits'. (U. S. Geol. Surv.). Travertine ( Mex. ) . Travertine. (Dwlght)" Travesafio (Sp.). A cap piece; a strut. (Lucas) Traviesa (Sp.). 1. A crosscut or cross gallery, usually at right angles wltfa the main gallery. 2. A bearing beam ; sleeper ; a dividing piece. (Halse) Trawley. A small truck or car con- veying material about a furnace or iron mill : sometimes applied to trucks, in mines, etc. (Standard). , See Trolley, 1. Trawn (Com.). In mining, a cross- course. (Standard) Trazador (Mex.). An underground foreman. (Halse) Tread. The pit In which brlckmakera soak their clay before putting it Into the pug mill. (Standard) Treasure Box. A pocket of very rich ore. Treatment. In metallurgy, the redac- tion of ores by any process whereby the valuable constituent la re- covered. 700 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Treble coutsIiik. In mining, the sya- tem of dividing a ventilating cur- rent into three courslngs (splits). (Standard) Tree. I. A thick log used as a prop In heavy ground (Steel). A prop, leg, or puncheon. 2. In Chemistry, a treelike aggrega- tion of crystals, as a lead tree ob- tained by suspending a piece of zinc In a solution of lead acetate. (Web- ster) 3. (Scot) A trestle. 4. The ful- crum for the lever used in boring. (Barrowman) Tree agate. A variety of agate con- taining dendritic markings; some- times made artificially. (Stand- ard) Treed. Supported by props, as a mine roof. (Barrowman). See Tree, 1. Treenail. A long wooden pin for se- curing planks or beams together. (G. and M. M. P.) Tree-np (Scot.). To set prop; in the workings. (Gresley) Trek (So. Afr.). The act of draw- ing or hauling; traction; also, the state of the roads; as, the trek was heavy, (Standard) Trek wagon ( So. Afr. ) . ' A large six- wheeled covered wagon used in trek- king. (Webster) Treloob (Corn.)'. To treat or work loobs or tln-sllmes; to toss. An ob- solete term. (Standard) Treloobing (Corn.). Stirring the "loobs" (slime tin) lb water, so that the lighter mud may run off. (Da- vies) Tremblorei (So. Am.). Tremors of the earth's surface in volcanic districts. (Standard) Tremle. A box or frame of wood or metal used for depositing concrete under water. Its upper section forms a hopper above water to re- ceive the concrete, and it may be moved laterally or vertically by any suitable device, as a traveling crane. (Standard) TremoUte. White fibrous amphibole, CaMg.S1.0u. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Tremolltic. Pertaining to or charac- terized by the .prerence of tremo- Ute, as tremolltic marble. (Cen- tury) Trend. 1. The direction or bearing of the outcrop of a bed, dike, sill, or the like, or of the intersection of the plane of a bed, dike, Jobit, fault, or other structural feature with the surface of the ground. . 8. The direc- tion or bearing of a fold or series of folds in rocka, or of the axes of the folds, or of topographic features that are consequent on the geologic struc- ture. (As used in either sense the trend may or may not coincide with the strike, depending on the struc- tural relations at the place of obser- vation.) (La Forge) Trent agitator. An agitator with arms of the paddle-wheel type, but they are hollow, and the pulp solution, or air, is discharge-i from nozzles on these arms, thus causing the stirrer to rotate. (Llddell) Trenton. Of, pertaining to, or desig- nating a division, of the North American Silurian formation, highly developed in the Appalachian region and in the interior. (Stand- ard) Trypan (Fr.) A heavy tool, having vertical chisels fixed to a horizontal bar, used in boring shafts at a single operation (Webster). A boring ma- chine used for shaft sinking through water-bearing strata. (Skinner) Trestle man. One who unloads coke, limestone, and ore, and keeps bins poked down. (WiUcox) Triad. In chemfstry, an atom, radi- cal, or element that has a combining power of three. (Standard) Trial. In ceramics, one of the pieces of ware which Is used to try the heat of the kiln and the progress of the firing of its contents. (Cen- tury) Triamorph. Minerals having the same chemical composition, but crystal- lizing in three different forms, e. g., quartz (rhombohedral), trldymite (hexagonal), and asmanite (rhom- bic). (Power) Triangle. 1. (Scot.) A three-legged derrick for hoisting rods in boring. (Barrowman) 8. In ceriimics, a triangular stilt. (Webster) Triangulate. To divide into tri- angles; to survey by trlangulation ; having triangular markings. (Web- ster) GIX)SSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSOSIY. 701 TrUiiiKnlatlon. 1, In surveying, the series of network of triangles into which any portion of the earth's sur- face Is divided in a trigonometrical survey. 8. The operation of meas- uring the elements necessary to de- terintiie these triangles, and thus •-to fix the positions, and distances •part of their vertices (Webster). Bee Trigonometrical survey. Triaule. The earliest of the three geo- logic periods comprised in the Meso- zotc era, in the nomenclature gener- ally used. Also the system of strata deposited during that period. (La Forge) Iribolltes. A term employed by M. E. Wadsworth to include mineral abra- sives or attrition materials. (Power) Tribolumlnesoence. The property of. some specimens of zinc sulphide of emitting sparks when scratched. Not only the mineral zinc-blende' but the artificial sulphide exhibits this phenomenon. The sparks do not ignite Inflammable gases. (Min. and Sd. Press, May 1, 1915) Xrlbnnal de mineria (Sp.). Mining tribunal. (Hanks) Tribute (Corn.). A portion of ore given to the miner for his labor. Tributors are miners working under contract, to be paid by a tribute of ore or its equivalent price, the basis of the remuneration being t^^. amount of clean ore .contained fa the crude product. (Raymond) Tribute pitches (Gng.). The limits assigned to a crew of miners. (Bain- bridge) Trlbuter. One who works a mine or mineral deposit for a share of the product. (Roy. (3om.) Tribute work. In mining, work on shares. (Standard) Trlohlte. A microscopic balr-like crys- taUlte. (Kemp) Trlohrolsai. A property possessed by certain minerals of exhibiting three different colors when viewed in different directions. (Power) TrlcUnic block. In quarirlng, a term applied to a block of stone bounded by 3 pairs of parallel faces, none of the interfacial angles being right angles. (Bowles) Irlellnlc system. That system of crys- tals in which the forms are re- ferred to three unequal mutually oblique axes. (La Forge) Tridymltie. A mineral '■onsistlng, Uke quartz, of silica, SiO., but differing in ciystallization. (Dana) Trig (Eng.)i A sprag used to block or to stop a tram wheel, or any ma- chinery. (G. and M. M. P;)k, Trlger process (Fr.). A metbod of sinking through water-bearing ground, in which the shaft is lined with tubbing and provided with an air lock, work being conducted un- der air pressure. Compare Kiod- Ghaudron process. (Webster), Trigonal. 1. Having, In the Ideal or symmetrically developed, form, tri- angulai: faces: as the trigonal tria- octahedron. '8. Threefold; occur- ring three times at equal Intervals In one complete rotation : said of one kind of axial symmetry. 8. Charac- teristic of, pertaining. to, or belong- ing in the trigonal dlVlsioh : of the hexagonal system. (La Forge) Trigonal system. According to some crystallographers, . the trtgonal (or rhombohedral). division of the hex- agonal system, regarded as a system by Itself. (La Forge) Trigonometrical survey. A survey ac- complished by the trigonometrical calculation of lines after, careful measurement of a base line and of the angles made with this line by the Unes toward points of observatl^i ; generally preliminary to. a topo- graphical survey (Stantlard). See Triangulation. Trllla (Mex.). 1. A heap of ore. 8. A heap of slimes on the patio. (Halse) Trilling. A compound crystal consist- ing of three individuals. (Webster) Trlmerite. A rare mineral coiTslstlng of the silicates of beryliu'm, manga- nese and calcium. (Century) Trlgnetric. In crystallography, same as orthorhomblc. (Standard) Trimmer. 1. (Eng.). A piece of bent wire by which the size of the flame of a safety lamp is regulated with- out removing the top of the lamp. See Pricker. 8. (No. of Eng., So. Wales) One who arranges coal in the hold of a vessel (collier, ship) as the coal is discharged into it from bins. (Gresley) 8. The person w6o sorts the coal in the railway cars after it Is dumped into them. (Roy) 4. (Scot.) One who cleans miners' lamps. (Barrowman) 702 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTRY. S. In coal storage, an apparatus used for piling coal In gradually In- creasing piles made by building up at the point of 'the cone .or top of the prism. (Webster) Trimorphism. In crystallography, the property of crystallizing In three fundamentally different forms of the same chemical composition. ( Stand- ard) Trincha (Mez.). 1. Piled waste used for waning levels. 2. A coke fork. (Halse) Trijichera (Mex.). A roughly-stacked pile of rock or ore. (Dwlght) Trincho (Colom.). 1. A trench. 2. A dam of wood, earth and stone. (Halse) Irinkerite. A red to brown mineral resembling tasmanite In composition, found in brown coal in Istria and Styria; it has a specific gravity of 1.025, fuses at 168° to 180° C, and Is . soluble in hot benzol. (Bacon) Trinidad pitch. Trinidad asphalt. The deposit of solid or semi-solid bitumen constituting the Pitch Lake of Trinidad. (Bacon) Trip. 1. The cars hauled at one time by mules, or by any motor, or run at one time on a slope, plane, or sprag road. A train of mine cars. (Steel). 2. An automatic arrange- ment for dumping cars ; a tipper ; a klckup. Tripestone. A contorted concretion- ary variety of anhydrite. (Power) Trip hammer. A massive, tilt ham- mer, in which the lever Is raised by wipers. Used especially for shin- gling. (Webster) Triphane. In mineralogy, same as Spodumene. (Standard) Triphylite. See Lithlophllite. Triple-entry. A system of opening a mine by driving three parallel en- tries for the main entries. (Steel) Triple-entry room-and-pillaT mining. See Room-and-pillar methods Triplet (No. of Eng.). A tipper; a klckup (Gresley). See Trip, 2. TrlpUte. A fluophosphate of iron and manganese principally, containing also calcium and magnesium. Dark brown, and monocUnic. (Webster) Tripod drill. A reciprocating rock drill mounted on three legs and driven by steam or compressed air. The drill steel is removed and a longer drill Inserted about every two feet. (Bowles) Tripoli; TripoUte. An incoherent, highly siliceous sedimentary rock composed of the shells of diatoms or of . radiolaria, or of finely disinte- grated chert (La Forge) Used as a polishing powder and for filters. . Called also Polierschiefer ; Rotten- stone, Terra cariosa. (Standard) TripoUne. Of or pertaining to trip- oil. (Century) TripoUte. An opal -silica, composed of the siliceous shells of diatoms. See Tripoli. Tripper. 1. One who trips. 2. A tripping device or mechanism, ns a device for causing the load on a conveyor to be discharged into a hopper, bin, etc.; a trip (Webster). An automatic car dump. Trip rider. One who rides on trips and whose duty it Is to throw switches, -give signals, make cou- plings, etc. Also called Rope rider. Trlsoctahedron. In the isometric sys- tem, either of two forms of normal symmetry, enclosed by 24 faces: (o) the trigonal or ordinary trlsocta- hedron, having triangular faces, each with equal intercepts on two axes and a greater Intercept on the third axis; (6) the tetragonal trisocta- hedron (also called trapezohedron and icositetrahedron), having trap- ezlal faces, each with equal inter- cepts on two axes and a less inter- cept on the third axis. (La Forge) Tristetrahedron. In the Isometric sys- tem, either of two forms of tetra- hedral symmetry, enclosed by 12 faces: (o) the trigonal tristetrahe- dron or trigondodecahedron, having triangular faces, each with equal in- tercepts on two axes and a less in- tercept on the third axis; (6) the tetragonal tristetrahedron or deltoid dodecahedron, having trapezial faces, each with equal intercepts on two axes and a greater Intercept on the third axis. (La Forge) Tritnradora (Sp.). Rock breaker or crushing machine. (Halse) Trltnrar (Mex.). To crush or break ore; T. con cilindros, to crush with rolls. (Halse) Trituration. The act of triturating or reducing to a fine powder by grinding. It Is a dry process, and thus distinguished from levigation. (Century) GLOSSABT OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 703 Triumph eoHoentrator. A machine resembling a Frue vanner (which tee), but the shaking motion is end- wise Instead of side to side. (Lid- dell) Trlvalent. In chemistry, haying a valence or combining power of three. (Standard) Trocar. 1. (Sp.) To exchange. 2. (Colom.) To pass bateas full of gravel and earth from hand to hand, the peons standing In line. (Halse) Trocha (Sp.). A path cut through forests, especially for surveying pur- poses. (Halse) Troetollte. A variety of gabbro com- posed essentially of feldspar and olivine, the pyroxene being subordi- nate. (La Forge) Compare Osai- pyte- Trod (Fng.). A track, road or path- way. (Webster) Trogue. (Eng.). A wooden trough, forming a drain. (Raymond) Troll (Com.). A tin miner's feast Called also a Duggle. (Pryce) Iroilite. Ferrous sulphide, FeS, oc- curring In Qodular masses and in thin veins in many Iron meteorites. By some authors regarded a.s identi- cal with pyrrhotlte. (Dana) Troje. 1. (Sp.) A granary. 2. T. de metal (Guerrero, Mex.), deposits of Quicksilver, mixed with rock, filling natural vertical holes in gypsum. (Halse) Trolley; Trolly. 1. A small four- or two-wheeled truck, without a body. The two-wheeled trolley is used In a rolling-mill to wheel the puddle-balls to the squeezer. (Raymond) 2. The grooved wheel, fixed In bear- ings at the end of a flexible pole, pressed upward in rolling contact with the overhead wire to take off the electric current (Webster). The term- is frequently applied to the flexible pole, which is properly trol- ley pole. 3. (Brit) A bartn-shaped depres- sion in strata (Gresley). Also called Lum. Trombe; Trompe (Fr.). An apparatus for producing an air-blast by means of a falling stream of water, which mechanically carries air down with it, to be subsequently separated and compressed in a reservoir or drum below. (Raymond) Tromel (Spl). A revolving screen; a trommel; T. classiflcador, a grad- ing trommel ; T. de desenlodar, a cleaning or washing trommel. (Lu- cas) Trommel. 1. A revolving sieve for sizing ore (Raymond). Also called according to its various uses, Siz- ing trommel, Washing drum. Wash- ing trommel. (Standard) 2. To separate coal into various sizes by passing It through a re- volving screen. (Gresley) Trompa Mex.). 1. The nose of chilled slag over a tuySre. (Dwlght) 2. A water blast (Halse) Trompe (Fr.). See Trombe. TromplUe (Fr.). The air tube of a trompe (trombe) for a blast fur- nace. Also spelled T r o m p 1 1 . (Standard) Trompo (Mex.). Foot of a stuU or post (Dwlght) Trona. Ah Impure form of hydrous sodium carbonate. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Tronco (Mex.). Team of horses or mules. (D wight) Tronera (Mex.). Chimney ; channel ; flue. (Dwlght) Tront (Mid.). A long sprag fixed diagonally to the face of the coal wall. (Gresley) Troostite. 1. A variety of Willemite, In large reddish crystalfi, ZuzSiOi, In which the zinc is partly replaced by manganese. (Dana) 2. A transition substance in steel whose limits are defined by the presence of martensite and osmond- Ite respectively. ' (Webster) Trouble. A dislocation or fault; any irregularity in a coal bed (Chance). Also called a Throw, Slide, Slip, Heave, or Check. Trough. 1. A hollow or undulation in a mineral field, or In a mineral working (Barrowman). In geology, synonymous with Basin and Syn- clinal. 2. A conduit for conveying water. 3. A buddle or other vessel in which slimes are sorted in water. 4. A fire-clay box In which iron bars are subjected to the cementation proc- ess. (Webster) Trough fault. In geology, two faults having nearly the same direction, but dipping toward each other, so that the maas of rock included be- tween them has more or less the form of a wedge. (Century) 704 GLOSSAEY OF MINING AND MINERAL. INDUSTBTf. Trough Joint (Eng.)- The fissure or Joint that frequently accompanies the abrupt bending of strata passing through the middle .of the curva- ture. (Page) Trough washer. In Its simplest form It is a sloping wooden trough, li to 2 feet wide, 8 to 12 feet long and 1 foot deep, open at the tail end, but closed at the head end. It is used to float adhering clay or fine stuff from the coarser portions of an ore or coal (Liddell). A log washer. Troughman. One who takes care of the runner "at pig-casting machine, while iron Is being poured from ladle cars; bars out scrap and pre- pares the runner for the next cast. (Wlllcox) Trow. A wooden channel for air or water. (Raymond) Trowhole; Trowroad (Scot.). A steep road, down which mineral slides In- stead of being loaded In hutches, or cars. (Barrowman) Trowlesworthlte. A variety of granite that has been so altered by fu- marole action that It consists of fluorlte, orthoclase, tourmaline and some quartz, the last named having been largely replaced by the first. The name is derived from an Eng- lish locality, and was given by Worth. (Kemp) Troy. ■ A system of weight measures formerly used for various articles, but now only by goldsmiths and Jewelers (Standard). Troy weight. The weight system used In making assay returns for gold, silver or other precious metals. Troy ounce. The ode-twelfth part of a pound of 5760 grains ; that is, 480 grains. It equals 20 pennyweights, 1.09714 avoirdupois ounces, 31.1035 grams, and has a fine gold value of $20.67 or 85 shillings. This is the ounce designated In all assay re- turns for gold, silver; or other precious metals. Troy pound. A unit of weight equal to 5,760 grains, 240 pennyweights, 13.1657 avoirdupois ounces, 0.82286 avoirdupois pound, 373.2509 grams, and has a fine gold value of $248.04 or £51. Truck. 1. A small tram-car for carry- • ing coal, rock, or ore along a level in a mine, ot out to a chute or a dump. 2. Goods paid Instead of money for wages. (Roy. Com.) 8. Any of numerous vehicles for transporting heavy articles; any of various small flat-topped cars for pulling or pushing by hand used In shops or railroad stations ; any strong heavy cart or wagon either horse-drawn or self-propelled. 4. An open railroad freight car. (Web- ster) Truck system. Paying miners In food or merchandise instead of money (Steel). See Truck, 2. True fissure vein. A fissure vein with promise of extending to great depth, in contradistinction to a' gash vein. All mineralized fissures are true fis- sure veins. (Weed) True lode. A fissure vein. (Skinner) Trueque (Mex.). A truck or trolley (for tramway bucket). Truck of railway car. (Dwight) True vein. An occurrence of ore, usu- ally disseminated through a gangue of veinstone, and having more or less regular development in length width, and depth (Century). See Vein, also Fissure vein. Truite.' In ceramics, having a deli- cately cracked surface ; said of Japan ware and porcelain. (Stand- ard) Trailer (Corn.). A miner who wheels ore in barrows. (Standard) Trumpeting (Eng.). A channel or passage partitioned off from a shaft or left behind the lining, usually running along one corner of the latter (Webster). Used for ventila- tion. Trumpet lamp (No. of Eng.). A miner's term for a Mueseler or Bel- gian safety-lamp. (Gresley, 1883) Truncheon (Som.). A sleeper (tie) for underground railways (Gresley). A small railway tie. Trunk. 1. (Mid.) A wooden box or sled in which the dfibrls is conveyed from a small heading. 2. (Brist.) A wooden pipe or box for convey- ing air in the workings. 3. (York.) See Kibble. (Gresley) 4. A long narrow, inclined box, in which the separation of the fine ore from the earthy impurities Is ef- fected. (Whitney) 5. A launder for conveying slimes, etc. 6. To separate slimes, by means of a trunk, 4, for further treatment. (Webster) Trunklng (Corn.). Separating slimes by means of a trunk, 4, (Ray- mond) anjossj^x av ioustsq anp icmEBAii industry. 705 Traiik pnmpias-engiiie. . A. pump, tbat comioumds ttie drainage of under- ground waters over a considerable area of mine workings, being a sub- stitute for a number of smaller and Indqtendent pumps. (Gresley) TrannioB. A cyllndfical. projection, Journal, or gudgeon attached to each of two sides of a vessel, so that it can rotate in a vertical plane, as in. ^ molding flaslc, a converter, ■etc. (Webster) Tmnnloa plate. 'A metal-plate lining ' the bearing or recesses in which the trunnions itest. (Webster) Znut (No. Staff.). A heading driven on a level. (Oresle^r) Inu. Ail assemblage of members, such as- beams, bars, rods, and the like, so combined as to form a rigid framework; that is, one which can not be deformed bjr the apidlcatloin of ^^rior force without deforma- tion of one or more of its members. (Webster) Trying the lamp oys draw tubs along. (Gres- ley) Tugger boy (Brist). One who draws small tubs or sleds underground, by means of a tugger. Called Tugger- work. (Gresley) Tugwith (Derb.). A a. rail pole or sapling used as a brake on a wind- lass or turntree. (Hooson) Tula metal. An alloy ^i silver, o^ per, and lea^, made in Tula, Rus- sia, used in making niello, 3. (Web- ster) Tully limestone. A limestone lying between the Genesee shale and the Hamilton shale, and forming the base of the Upper Devonian In cen- tral New York. (Century) lumbar. 1. (Mex.). To break down ore, etc. (Dwight) 2. (Golom.) To direct mine work- ings in such a way, that from'want of proper security, they are de- stroyed. (Halse) Tnmbe (Mex.). The act of breaking and removing ore. (Dwight) Tumble. To smooth, clean, or polish, as castings, by friction with each other or with a polishing material. In a rotating, box or barrel; to rattle. (Standard) Tumbler. 1. A projecting piece on a revolving shaft or rockshaft, for actuating another piece. In dredges, there is an upper and a lower tum- bler supporting the bucket line. (Weatherbe) 2. (Scot). A tipping apparatus for tubs or wagons. (Barrowman) 8. (No. of Eng.) A stop, scotch, or catch, affixed to each deck of a cage for keeping the tubs in place. (Gresley) 4. (Derb.) Any stone that is too large to go into the hoisting bucket (Hooson) Tumble-up (So. Wales). Space by the side of the haulage way for the empty tram ot car to be turned over so that the full car or tram can pass It. Tumbling barrel. A revolving cask or barrel in which nails are pol- ished, as by mutual attrition, or In which small castings are put to break out thin cores. Called also, Rattle barrel. Rattler, Rumbler, and Tumbling box. (Webster) OliOSSABY OP MINING AND MINBBAL INDUSTRY. 707 InmbUng oraiik ns- sageway throngh or under, as to tunnel a mountain; to cut, blast, or otherwise make a tunnel. 5. A chimney opening for the passage of smoke; a flue; funnel. 6. In sul- phuric acid manufacture, a tube of sheet lead, connecting adjoining leaden chambers when used In se- ries. (Webster) Tunnel blasting. A method of heavy blasting in which a heading Is driven Into the rock and ■ afterwards filled with explosives 'in large quantities, similar to a bore hole, on a large scale, except that the heading Is usu- ally divided In two parts on the same level at right angles to the first head- tag, forming ta plan a "T", the ends of which are filled with explo- sives and the Intermedinte parts filled with inert material like an or- dinary bore hole (Du Pont). Simi- lar to Gopherhole blasting. Tunnel borer. Any -boring machine for making a tunnel; often a ram armed with cutting faces operated by compressed air. (Standard) Tunnel column. A heavy bar used for mounting machine di*llls in large drifts or tunnels, and usually hold- ing two machines. (Gillette, p. 96) Tunnel disease. 1. Caisson disease. 2. Ankylostomiasis. (Webster) Tunnel head. The top of a shaft fur- nace. (Eaymond) Tnnnel hole. The throat of a blast furnace. (Century) 708 COMSSASt OF MINI17& XKD MINiatAL INDUSTRY. Tnanel klla. A lime kUn baVtng e tunnel for the consnmptlon of ooal, as distinguished from a flame'klln, where wgod Is burned. (Standard) Tunnel rlgM. The right of the pos- session of all veins of lodes encouQ- tered, and not previously tmb'tvil' to exist, within 3,Q06 ft from the sur- face (portal) of a tunnel driven for development, and^ 300 feet on each side of the center line' of the timnel. If the vein is parallel with th^e tnn- neL If the ve)n crosses the ttinnel nt right angles a claim may be located 1,600 feet on either side of the fun- nel, or partly on one side and partly on the other, bat not excieedlnj; 1,600 feet In length. (U. 8. Min. Stat* pp. 16p, 175) Tvssel set Timbers 6 to 8 inches In diameter and of sufficient height to support the roof of the tunneL They are sometimes set upon sills and usually capped with short cross plecea (Chandler v. Utah C!oi]«per Co., 136 Pac. Kept, p. 106) Tnanel shaft. A shaft sunk, as In a hill, to meet a hokrizontal tunnel. Galled also. Tunnel pit. (Standard) Tnanel lyttem. A method of mining. In which tuimels or drifts are ex- tended at regular intervals from the floor of the pit into the pre body. The extension of the drift beyond the working face is made great enough to facilitate the handling of several cars at a time. The ore is mined above the drift level, and the cars are loaded by lifting short boards which span an opening, through the lagging on, and above, the center line of the drift The method avoids the construction of raises and chutes, and facilitates the filling of the cars. (Toung) Tup. 1. (Eng.) An early custom of covering with lighted candles the last COM of coal sent to the t>ank at the beginning of the fortnight's holl- oay at the end of the year when stock was taken and no coal hoisted. This was called "sending away the tup." (G. C. Greenwell) 2. The ram or monkey, or falling weight of a pile driver, drop ham- mer, etc. (Webster) Tupla (Sp). A dike or dam (Lucas) Tuplar (Sp.) To make dikes of dams. Turha (Sp.). 1. Turf, peat 2. Dung mixed with coal and molded Into adobes and used as fuel In brick kilns. (Halse) TulHtQp (Eng.). An easement to dig turf 'or peat on another'a land; also the ground where the turf Is dog. (Webster). A right of furftwy la confined to such quantity of land as fs, sufficient tot the tivuse into which the common is appendant (Bkinbrldge) Turbera (Sp.). Peat deposit (Lucas) Sitrhin«'(Sp,). A turbine. (Pwtght) Tvblne. L A rotary motor actuated by 'tlte reaction, impulse, or both, of a current of water under preasnre. There are several typea 1. A furm of steam engine analogons, id con- struction ^d. action, t«r the water turbine. There are two distinct kinds, typified in the de LaVal and the Parsons and Curtis turbines. (Webster) Ttfrbine pnap. A turbine wheel ar- ranged to raise water by rotation in the opposite direction to tliat in which it would turn if used as a motor. (StandjBrd) Turf. Peat There are seveml va- rieties, as white, brown, black, stone, gas, or candle turf. (Powa) Tnrfary (£ng.). A plac^ where turf or peat may be got (Webster) Turf oharceal. Same as peat Ghaiicoal. (Standard) Turfing Iron; Tnrflng ipade. An Im- plement for cutting and paring off turf. (Webster) Tazf spade. A long narrow ipadefbr cutting and digging turf, peat, etc. (Standard) Tnrglte; KJrdxehenatlte. An in« one Intermediate between liematlte and limonite, consisting of hydrous fe^ Ht oxide. 2FetCVH<0. (Dana) ' Turkeyrfat (Mo.). A local name for a variety of smithsonlte, colored yel- low by greenocklte ; so called from its appearance. ((Chester) Turkey slate. A whetstone- or hone- stona See Turkey stone. (Power) Tnikey ttrae. l. A very fine, close- grained stone containing about 75 per cent silica, and 25 per cent cal- cite. Qnarried in the intwlor of Asia Minor. Once very popular for sharpening mechanics' tools but now superseded largely by Arkansas and Washita oilstone (Pike). Notkcu- lite; also called Turkey alate. a. Turquoise. (Standard) ^^J.^'i (Archaic), A turquoise, (Standard) • OLOS&AitY oi" iiontdi Ktm jcinebal industry. 709 Tiltoli. Sal me at Tarq'volse. (Standard) trnttterie fkplu. A teM paper colored Mlldw b^ tuniieirlc kixA tlsed for teittnir iilkiiiinfe MbiiMtieek When the color chUhges ITrdiD yellov to btownt ttnd tor boric 'ftcld «Uidh tdtns it to a reddish brown. (Web- ster) taf'ttla-tlBe. A petroleun aabstitute for tiurpentlnei (Bacon) Tan. 1. The time or period durlag which coal, etc., is raised froth ttaie ttilne Called ftnn in' ArkKnais. A •Mft ft. io open rooms, hetidiugSk or chutes off from an entnr or ganc- way. t. Tlie number of cars al- lowed each mfioer. Good turn, mahy ?ta for each miner. (Steel) (ling.) A pit stank in some part of a drift (Webster) . i. To draw or wind coal up' a shaft or up ah ln)^Uned plane to the sur- iTAce. t. Ctirred tram rails Itiid round k cbtner »r turn, often made of bast iron. (Greiaej^) T> Vo set (andrled brickh) 0n 1^6 to'fiidUtkte d^yihg. (Standard) Xnni agaia (No. Staft). A change In the dltectldn of the dip of the strata. (Oresley) Tnra barrel (lilid.). A hand ^nd' lass; klao called Jack roll (Gres- iey) turn bbt. A wooden stick u8ed In turning the tongs which- hold a 'bloOm under the hammer. (Ray- . mond) Xara beaia (Bng.). EUther of , the beams on which a kind of self-acting ttoiatlng .machine turns. (Webster) Tnnerite. A yellowish-brown variety of momusite. (Standard) Tvr«iiOiiW (Ooru.). The pbiQt where the miner turns from a, crosscut along the course of a lode (Davids), the first cutting on the lode after' It Is cut In a crosscut (Min. JourO nndag. I. (Eui) pniiing a shot hole by hand.. (Oresley); S. In ceramics, the process of re- moving the surface of green pottery to make its shape true before trr lug. (Standari^) iuiiBg oat (80i Statf.)."Br'itig|[ng coal to the 8ki|tB. See turiioiit; 2. (Oresley) ' Tnlmo (Mex.). A shift of work. (Dwlght) Tura-off. 1. (Anst.) The point where a branch tram line leaves the main line. S. (Aust.) A elding or passing place tot skips On a haulage roiid (PoWier). A turnout tariiont. . l. A siding oe by-pass upon an Under ground haulage-way. (Oresley) i. (Ark.) To. shovel coal toWhrd the track for mote dDnv^nient load- ihg. (Ste^) tWn, pnllfey. A sheave fixed at the ihslde end of an ehdliess- or tail- rope hauling plane, around which th(B rope returns. A tlill sheave. (C. ahd Si. M. P.) Tarn ktakM (Etig.). A windlass. (Oresley) y Tnmtable. A revolving platform on Which cars or locomotives are turned around. . (G. and M. M. P.) Tamtree (Derb.). A sort of wind- lass for hoisting ore. (Hooson) Tnrpentliie fenbstitilt«<. Petroleum products usually intermediate be- tween gasoline tind iUumlnatthg oil (49° naphtha). Thto vary In grav- ity from 40* to B8* 66., and aire said to be more homOggueous than burning oils. As they are designed for paint thinnerii attd for admix- ture with tufpentlne, they should evapoMte without leaving r^iduos or stains. (Bacou) lurqaeia (Sp. ). Turquoise. (Dwlght) Tvrtuoitfe. Hydrous phosphate of aluminum colored by a copper com- pouhd, AlPO..Al(OB),4'H^O. Vsed for tbt weil'known gem of the same nams. (Daun) Tnneiite. A Texas asphaltic shale. . (Bapon) Tiurik ktones. Large nodular concre- tionlB found in ccsrtain clays and marls. In forUi thoy hkv^ a. rough resemblance to turtles, and this ap- JEtearance is increased by their be^ng divided Into angular compartments by cracks filled With spar, remind- ing oqe of the plates ou the shell of a turtle. They are common iu the cretaceOtiJs marls of the Northwest territories, Canada. (Roy. Com.) . See Septarium. TUfhkar. See Tuskar. Inskar (Iceland). A turf cutter; a pent spade (Webster). Called also ■tnshkar; Twlscar. 710 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTBY. Tnsm (7apan). A pick used for loos- ening auriferous gravel preliminary to washing. (Lock) Tut (CJorn.). To perform a piece of work at a Axed price. (Pryce) ' Tutunia. A white alloy consisting chiefly of tin with varying propor- tions of antimony, copper, bismuth, and** sometimes brass, or steel; for making tableware, etc. (Standard). A trade-name for Britannia metal. Tntenag. 1. A white alloy, resem- bling German silver, used In mak- ing tableware,, etc.," with varying proportions of copper, zinc, an^ nickel, and sometimes a little lead or iron. 2. Zinc or spelter, espe- cially that from China and the East Indies. (Standard) Tut money (Bug.). Pay for tutworic, overtime, etc. (Webster) Tutty. An impure zinc oxide obtained as, a sublimate In the flues 6t zinc- suielting furnaces, and used as polishing powder. . ( Standard ) Tutwork (Corn.). Excavation paid for by measure or by weight, an extra credit being usually allowed for timber work, and a debit charged for certain sundries, as candles, ex- plosives, tools, etc., supplied by the mine owner. (Webster) Tuyere J Tweer; Twyer; Twere. A pipe inserted In the wall of a fur- nace, through which the blast is forced into the furnace. Usually the tuyfire enters through an embrasure in the masonry (tuy6re-arch). A nozzle or interior pipe Is frequently Inserted at the inner end of the tuySre. By changing the nozzle, the size of the opening for the blast may be tlms regulated without changing the tuyere. The latter Is either an annular hollow casting of iron (box- tuyfirc) or bronze (bronze tuyfire), or a coil of Iron pipe. In either case, water is continually circulated through it, to protect It and the nozzle from the action of the melt- ing materials in the furnace. Spray- tuySres are open box-tuy6res, in which a spray of water, instead of a current, is employed. This is vaporized by the heat, and passes away as steam. (Raymond) Tuyftre areh. An arch In a blast fur- nace to admit a tuySre (Standard). See Tuyfere. Tuydre man. One who fits and tests tuyeres, plates ,and coolers that they may be ready for replacement in a furnace on short notice. (WIllcox) Tuyftre pipe. A tuyere, (ir a pipe letid- Ing to a tuyere. ^Standard) > Tuyire pl%te. A plate in the side of a forge through which the tuyere passes. See Bloomery. TwaddelL A form of hydrometer for liquids heavier than water, gradu- ated with . an arbitrary scale such that, when the readings are multi- plied by 0.005, and added to uul^ give the specific gravity. (Webster) Tweer; Twere. Bee Tuy6re. Twlbill (Eng.). A strong pick gen- erally with a rectangular eye, used for stonework (Gresley). A tool like a pickax, but having Instead of the points, flat terminations, one parallel to the handle, and the other perpendicular to It. ' (Webster) Twig. 1. A divining rod. 2. A tbin strip 'of pliastlc fire clay used In ceramic modeling, especially in Imi- tation basket work. (Standard) Twin hoy (Brist). A small boy on- ployed underground to push trams along a twin way. (Qresley) Twin crystals. .Crystals in which one or more parts, regularly arranged, are in reverse position with refer- ence to the other part or parts. They often appear externally to consist of two or more crystals symmetrically united, and some- times have the form of a cross or star. They also exhibit the' com- position in the reversed' arrange- ment of part of the faces, in the strite of the surface, and In reen- tering angles; in certain cases the compound structure can only be surely detected by an examination in polarized light (Dana). Twin entry. A pair of parallel en- tries, one of which is an Intake and the other the return air-course. Rooms can be worked from both en- tries. Often called double entry. Twinning axis. The axis about which one part of a twin crystal may be conceived to have been rotated 180' with relation to the other part. (La Forge) Twinning law. The special and charac- teristic method according to which twin crystals of any mineral are formed. (La Forge) Twinning plane. In a twin crystal, a plane normal to the twinning axis. (La Forge) GLOSSABY OF AUNINO AND SIIIHEBAL INDUSTRY, 711 twin se^m (Aust). Two seams of coal 80 close together that they can be worked In conjunction, or one following closely on the other. ' (Power) Twin way (Brlst.). Two branch roads one on either side of a main road driven to the working face, throiigh which trams are pushed by twin boys. (Qresley) Cvisear. Bee Tuskar. Iwitoh; Twlth (No. of Eitg.). A pinch In a vein. •(Power) Two (Scot). Acageful of men (Gres- ley). A term no doubt originating .;when cages were small and could 'accommodate only two men. Two thiowi (Eng.). A depth of about 12 feet when the d6hris from sink- ing shaft has to be raised to sur- face by two lifts or throws with the shovel (one man working above another)^ At this ppipt the em^ plbymerit of a hand windlass be- comes necessaryi (Qresley) Twyer. See Tuyfire. Xye. 1. (Eng.) The point where two veins cross each other, or where two pipes cross obliquely. (Hunt) S. (C!om.) An adit or drain. (Da vies) S.'(C!om.) A sluice boi for the ex- traction of the heavy sands in mill tailings: Sometimes spelled Tie. (Raymond) Xyer; Tier Af pumpf (Com.). A set of pumps at which the lower pump or piece la called the Driggoe, but more frequently the worklnt; . piece. (Pryce) Tying (Corn.). The washing of ore in a strake, tye, or launder. lymp. 1; A hollow Iron casting, cooled Interiorly by a current of water and place^ to protect the tymp-arch, or arch over the dam, in 'a blast furnace having a fore-hearth. See Open ffont. (Raymond) 2. (Eng.) A horizontal roofrtlmbe^ in a coal mine ; a cap or lid. (Stand- ard) Tymp-areh. -'The- arch coveting the fore hearth of a blast fur' ice. (Standarr!) , p-plate^ Tymp stone.. A pikte or stone forming a tymp. (Stand- aid). See Tymp-stone. tymp-itone. A large clay plug filling an open space In the front Jackets of a smelting furnace, through which the tap-hole passes. (Standard) Type loeaUty. The place at which a formation is typically displayed and from which it is named; also the place at which a fossil or other geologic feature is displayed in typi- cal form. (Ransome) Type metal. An alloy used for making type. It consists essentially of lead, (four parts) and antimony (one part), often with a little tin, nickel or copper.. It expands slightly on cooling. (Webster) rypei (Scot). Irregularities in a .mine roof; also called Lypes. (Gres- ley) type specimen. The specimen or Indi- viduiil on which, the original scien- tific description of a given species or subspecies is based.. (Webster) Typhonlo rocki. Brogniart's name for rocks, that have come from the depths of the earth, i e., plutonic and eruptive rocks. Typhon is used as a ' synonym of boss or stock. (Kemp) Tyrite. A variety of fergusonlte found near Arendal, Norway. (Century) Tyroitte. A hydrous arsenate of cop- per, occurring in brthorhombic crys- tals, and in aggregates having a fo- liated micaceous structure. (Cen- tury) Tyth (Eng.). An ancient custom or duty which miners gave to the priests. Usually every twentieth dish. (Hunt) Voha (Sp. Taania. Am.). Llama-dung. (Halse) TTda. 1. In ceramics, a purplish-brown pigment used In the decoration of Hindu pottery. 2. Glazed pottery thus decorated. (Standard) Uged (Derb.). Loose, weak, lla.ble to fall, sounding hollow, or uii' sound. (Gresley) TJTintahite. See .Gllsonite. Vlexite; Cotton hall. Hydrous borate of sodium and calcium, probably NaGaBoOg-SHiO. Contains theoreti- cally 43 per cent Bid. Analyses of the hdtural mineral show 42 to 45.3 per cent fi,0,. (U. S. Geol..Surv.). Called also Boronatrocalclte. . mitnannite. - Sulphanttmonide of nickel, NiSbS or NlS>.NiS'a>; arsenic Is usually present In small amount I (Dana) 712 OLOSSART OF MIITIITG ABTD MtNEKAL INDTJSTET. mtiiaate analyiis. The determination of tb^ elementis contained In a com- pound as distinguished from proiei- mate clsion a controversy or question be- tween parties is referred (Webster), ' as one who performs control assays, S. An assay made by a third party to settle a difference found' in thA results of assays made by the pur- chaser and seller of ore. Umptekite. A<m.) The departure of a vein or stratum from the vertical, usually measured in horizontal feet per^ fathom of In- clined depth. Thus a dip of 60° is an underlay of three feet per fathom. The underlay expressed in feet per fathom is six times the natural cos- ine of the angle of the dip (Ray- mond). The complement of Dip; Hade. 2. The downward extension of a vein or bed beneath the ground. Mineral bodies lying under a given tract, though not optcropping on sur- face. (Weed) Underlay shaft; Underlier. A shaft sunk in the footwall and following the dip of a vein. Under-level work (Clev.). Mining ironstone by driving drifts Into the hillside, instead of ' sinking shafts. (Gresley) Under -level drift (Eng.). A drift from a pumping pit, to free dip workings from water. (Bainbridge) Underlie. 1. (Corn.). See Underlay, 1 and 2. 2. In geology, to occupy a lower po- sition than, or to pass beneath; said of stratified rocks over which other rocks are spread out. (Cen- tury) Underller ( Eng. ) . See Underlay Shaft. Underlooker (Lane). One who has the care and superintendence of the miners and of the workings, who re- ceives his orders from tlie manager, and to whom the overmen and depu- ties report; a mine superintendent. (Gresley) Underlying. Lying under or beneath ; fundamental; as underlying strata. (Webster) Undermine. To excavate the earth be- neath, or under part of; to form a mine under (Webster). See Under- cut; Underhole. Underpinning. I. Building up the wall of a mine-shaft to Join that above it (Qresley) 2. The act oi supporting a superior part of a wall, etc., by introducing a support beneath it. S. A solid structure, as a new foundation or other support (Century) Under-poled. A term used in copper refining to designate copper not poled enough to remove all suboxide, and which has solidified with a con- cave surface. See Overi)oled and Tough pitch. Underply (Scot). A band or division of the lower portion of a thick seam of coal. See Mining ply. Under reamer. An oil-well tool used for enlarging the hole below a drive shoe, etc. (Nat Tube (3o.) Under seams (Scot). Lower or deeper coal seams. (Gresley) Under-shot wheel. A wheel moved by water . passing underneath. (Web- ster) Underslze. That part of a crushed ma- terial which i>asses through a screen. Under the top (Eng.). A road in which a layer of coal is left standing to form the roof is said to be "under the top." (Redmayne) Underthrust. In geology, a deforma- tion produced on immediatel;y under- lying strata by an advancing over- thrust mass. It may be a forward movement in a parallel thrust plane, or an overturning or crushing of the strata. (Standard) Underviewer; Underlooker (Eng.). In coal mining, an underground fore- man; in nietal mining, a mining cap- tain. Underweight (Aust). The weight of the roof which advances along the face of. the coal, following the proc- ess of undercutting, in longwnll work, and breaks down the portion that has been undercut Undisturbed. Rocks that lie In the po- sitions in which they were originally formed. Compare Disturbed. (Roy. Com.) Undulating. Rising and falling like waves. Said of beds that are bent into alternate elevations and depres- sions. Unholed (York.). Bordgates or oUier heitdlngs not driven through into the adjoinhig ruadwuy. (Gresley) GLOSSARY OF MUHNG AKD MINERAL INDUSTRY. 715 Uniaxial. Having but one direction In which light passing through the crys' tal la not doubly refracted. (La Forge) Tnlellnal. Sloping In one direction; a monoclinal. Vnldn (Sp.). Coupling of Wire rope or of pipe. (Dwight) TrnioB (hop. A shop or mine ran ac- cording to. the requirements of a trade-union. Compare Open shop. TTnlslUcate. In mineralogy, a salt of orthosillclc add. (Standard) TTnlt 1. Any determinate amount or quantity (as of length, time, heat, value, etc. ) adopted as standard of measurements for other amounts of the same liihd. (Webster) 2. A term used in smelter settle-, ments for valuable contents of ores and is equivalent to 1 per cent of a short ton, or 20 pounds. (Lind- gren, p; 17) TTnlvalent. Having a valence of. one ; monovalent , (Webster) Vnlvenal lajr. See Lang lay rope. Universal train. A roll train having adjustable horizontal and vertical rolls, so as to produce sections of various sizes. (Baymond) TTnkindly lode (Aust.). A lode or vein that does not look promising. (Power) Tlnllniited pump. A deep-well pump operated from the level of ithe ground above. (Standard) Unpatented claims. Mining claims to which a deed from United States Government has not been received. The claims are subject to annual as- sessment work, in order to maintain ownership. (Weed) Unscreened coal ( Aust ) . Rnn-of-mlne coal. (Power) Unioiling. l?he act or process of re- moving soil, as for'workinig a bed. of brick clay. (Standard) UnsonndnesB. A quarry term that re- fers to M. cracks or lines of wekk- ness other than bedding planes that may cause rock to break before ory during the process of manufacture. Various types of unsoundness are known locally as "joints," "headers," "cutters," "hair lines," "slicks," "seams," "slick seams," "dry seams," "dries," and "cracks." (Bowles) UnstratUled. Not formed or deposited In beds or strata. (La Forge) I Unwater. To pump water from mines. .(Gresley) Unwrought; Uuworked (Eng.). Coal or other mineral which has not been mined or worked aw^ay. (Gresley) Up. 1. (Eng.) A stall or heading is said to be up when it is driven or worked up to a certoin line (a fault, hollows, boundary, etc.), beyond which nothing further Is to be worked. 2. (Eng.) On the bank or on the surface. (Gresley) Up-hrow (Lane). An inclined plane worked to the rise. (Gresley) Upcast. 1. The opening through which the return air ascends and is re- moved from the mine (Gresley). The opposite of downcast or intake. 2. An upward current of air pass- ing through a shaft, or the like. (Century) 3. To cast or throw upward; to turn upward. (Webster) , 4. Ini geology, same as upthrow; op- posed todowntUrovD, doivncast; as, the'upcatt side of a fault. (Stand- ard) Upcast shaft See Upcast 1. Upcast pit (Newc). The shaft up which the air ascends when ventilat- ing the mine (Min. Jour.). See Up- cast, 1. Updraft kiln. A kiln in which the heat enters the chamber from the bottom and passes up through tJie war& (Bies) Upheaval. A lifting up, as if by some force from below, of stratified or other rocks, (Boy. Ciom.) U-pipe stove. A common type of heat- recuperaflon furnace. (Ingalls, p. 361) Up-leap (Mid.). A fault which ap- pears as an upthrow. (Gresley.)' Uplift, Elevation- of any extensive part of the. earth's surface relatively to some other part; opposed to Sub- sidence. (La Forge) Up-over. Designating a method of ^shaft excavation by drifting to a . point below, and then raising instead of sinking. (Wiebster) Up-over crlh. ' A wedging crib placed on the top of a length of tubing, to shut off the water in a certain stra- tum. (Gresley) Upper. 1. A' drill hole driven in an npwiud direction (H. C. Hoover, p. 100). 716 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INbtTSl'Ry. 2. In geology, designating a later period or formation; so called be- cause the strata are normally above those of the earlier formations. ' (Webster) Upper barren coal measures. The part of the Oirboniferous strata of the Appalachian fleld which Is now as- signed to the Dunkard group of the Permian series. Usage now obsolete. (La Forge) Upper leaf (Scot.). The upper por- tion of a seam that Is separated, by a parting, into two portions. (Bar- rowman) Vpper produfitlye coal meacnres. The part of the Carboniferous strata of the Appalachian field which is now assigned to the Monongahela group of the Pennsylvanlan series. Usage now obsolete. (La Forge) Upraise. An auxiliary shaft, a mill hole, carried from one level up to- ward another (Ihlseng). See Rise, also Raise, which are better terms. Upset. 1. To increase the diameter of a rock drill by blunting the end. (Gillette, p. 52) S. (Scot.) A narrow heading con- necting two levels In Inclined coal (Gresley). Sometimes used as a synonym for Raise. 3. (Aust.) A capsized or broken skip. (Power) Upstanders (Corn.). Pieces of timber or boards fixed in the ground at a proq)ect shaft, to support the axle- tree or windlass. (Pryce) Upstanding (Scot.). A term applied to stoop-and-room workings to de- note that the pillars are in a sound condition and the roof not fallen. (Barrowman) Up stoop (Scot.). A working room Is up itoop or in ftoop when its length Is equal to the side of the pillar to be formed. (Barrowman) Upthrow. The block or mnss of rock on that side of a fault which hiis been displaced relatively upward. (La Forge). The term should be used with the definite understanding thiit it refers merely to n relative and not un absolute displucement Upthrust. An upheaval of rocks ; said preferably of a violent upheaval; used also attributively. (Standard) Uraconlte. An iimprpbous, earthy, leinon-yollow, hydrous urnnluni sul- phate. Uranium ocber. (Standard) Uralite. A fibrous or acicular variety of hornblende occurring in altered rocks and pseudomorphous after py- roxene (La Forge). The word Is often used as a prefix before the names of those rocks that contain the mineral. The name is derived from the original occurrence in the Urals. (Kemp) 8. A trade name for a fireproof ma- terial, chiefly of asbestos. (Web- ster) UraUtization. The change of the min- eral augite into the green fibrous va- rlety of the mineral hornblende. The change is often due to weath- ering, but may be a result of more intense metamorphism. (Ransome) Uranlc ooher. Same as- Uraconlte, (Standard) Uraninlte. A complex uranium min- eral containing also rare earth, radium, lead, helium, nitrogen, and other elements. Uraninlte in the stricter sense is applied to crystal- lized forms found in pegmatites. It contains Th, Ce, La, and Yt. The mineral found in Connecticut and North Carolina Is of this varied. Pitchblende Is the massive form, probably amorphous, and contains no thoria, but a specimen from Gilpin County, Colo., contained 7.6 per cent zlrconia. Pitchblende is found in metalliferous veins with sulphides. Both varieties contain radium. Con^ tains from 65 to 90.7 per cent of the combined oxides UOi and Ud. See alto Nivenlte. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Uranio (Sp.). 1. Uranium. 2. Uranium ore. (Halse) Uranite. A genernlterm for the urani- um phosphates, siutunite, or calcium uranite, and torbernlte, or copper uranite,. formerly classed as single species. The uranite group includes these and a few related minerals. (Webster) Uranium. 4n element of the chro- minni group, found in combination In pitchblende and contains other rare minerals. When reduced it Is a heavy, hard, nickel-white metal. Symbol, U; atomic weight, 23S.2; specific gravity, 18.7. (Webster) Uraninm minerals. See Autnnlte, Ctir notlte, Fergusonite, Macklntoshite, ' Nivenlte, Polycrase, Samarskitc, Thorinnlte, Thorogummite, Torber- nlte, Uraninlte (Including Pitch- blende), Uranoclrdte, Uranophane, Uranosplnite, Yttrlallte. Uranium Is not found native. All uranium minerals coubiiu radium. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) OIX>SSARY OF MINTKO AND MINEBAL ITSTDXtSIBY.. 717 Sna^lea. Some as Urantt& (Oen- tuty) VtBBOflreffe. A hydrooa phosphate of uranium and barium, Ba ( VOi ) r P^.+8aO. (U. 8. Geol. Surv.) VraaoUte. A. Jbeteorlte. (Century) TraaophajH^ A hydrous silicate, of Uranium and calcium, CaSi.OhTJr S10i+6HjO. (U. S. Geol. Surv. ■( Vranorthorlte. A variety of tborlum silicate; thorite coiitafning a stnail petx^ntage of oxide of uranltim. (Century) Uranotpinite. Probably an arsenate of uranium and calcium corresponding to autunlte. Ca(U0.)i.A«!0.+8H,0. Contains about 47.6 pet' cent urani- um, eqnivalent to 56.1 iter cent cal- culated as IJiOi. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Vtao. Hydrous sodium carbonate, KaiC0..NaHC0>+2B«0. Trona Is an Impure form of urao. (17. S. Geol. Sunr.) Uk'i process. The treatment of qnlck- silTer ores by heating in iron retorts with admixture of lime. (Bay- mohd) Vigonian. In geology, a . division of the European Lower Cretaceous characteristically developed in cer- tain parts of France and Belgium. (Standard) ITrgne (Colom.). 1. Clay. 2. A clay band separating the vein from the wdll. (Halse) VrpetUte. A yellowish - brown ' to to brown hydrocarbon, near ozoce- rite. (Standard) Urry (local Eng.). A blue to black day found nest to coal In coal minea (Standard) Trtlte. A name given by W. Bamsay to a Ugbt-colored rock of medium grain, consisting of nephellte in larg- est part, with which is considerable mgirite and a little apatite. When recast an analysis gave nephellte, 82; Kgirite, 16; apatite, 2. The name is derived from the second part of Lnjavr-Urt, the name of the moun- tain where It occurs in northern Fin- land. (Kemp) Vtahite. An orange-yellow iron sul- phate miiieral, 3Fe20«.3SOa.4H,0, from the Tintic district, Utah. Has a silky Inster (Dana) Utahllte. See Variscite. Vtllltet. A general term proposed by M. E. Wadsworth for all useful geo- logical products. His subdivlaioDS according to uses are: CeramUet, fictil«i or ceramic materials^ ChaU' cites, binding materials or limes,, mortars, cements, etc. Chemitet, chemical materials. Ohromatites, color materials or pi^ints, pigments, etc. CopHted, fertilizers or ^llneral manures. Cosmites, Decorative ma- terials, . or ornamental stones and gems. Ignites, pyrotechnic mate- rials. Lubridtes, lubricants, or friction materials. MetalUies, ores or metalliferous materials. Phar' madtes, mineral medicines. Ppro- Utes, refractory or fire resisting ma- terials. RhoUtes, smelting mate- rials, or fluxes. Salites, salts and saline materials. Techtonites, con- struction materials, as building and road materials. Thermites, fuels or burning materials, or carionites. Triholttes, abrasives, or attrition ma- terials. Vitrites, titrifying mate- terlals, or glass, etc. (.'&ng. and Mln. Jour., vol. 58, p. 340). Ihese terms are not used. Vvikrovite; Onvarovite; TJwarowlt. Cal- cium-chromium garnet, SCaO.GrjOi.- 3SiO». Aluminum takes the place of chromium iu part (Daga) TTwarowit. See XJvarovite. Vaciadero (Sp.)^. A waste dump; a spoil bank. (Halse) Vaclador (Mex.). One who dumps slag potd. (Dwlght) Yacio. (Sp.). Empi7; a vacuum. (Halse) Vacuum. 1. A space entirely devoid of matter. 2. The degree of tarefac- tion of "a partial vacuum, measured by the reduction of pressure from that of the atmosphere. (Webster) 3. A method of producing ventila- tion by exhausting the air from the mine. (Gresiey) ▼aeanm fan. A fan for creating sdc- tion or partial vacuum (Webster). An exhaust fan. See Vacuum, 3. Vaonnm Alter. A form of filter in which the air beneath the filtering material is exhausted to hasten. the process. ( Century ) Vacunni pump. 1. A pump in which water is forced up a pipe by the dif- ference, of pressure between the at- mosphere and a partial vacuum. 2. A pump for creating a partial vacu- um in a closed space (Webster). See Pulsometer. 718 GLOSSAKY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. yacunm tube. A sealed tube contain- ing highly rarefied air or other gas, for exhibition or examination of phenomena of electric discharge be- ■ tween metallic jelect,i"odes projecting Into the tube from the outside. (Webster) Vadose. Extending only a short depth below the surface: said of the shal- lower, portion of the ground water. (La Forge} Vag (Provi Ebg.). Dried peat or turf used for fuel. (Standard). Vagdn (Sp.). A wagon; V. de -vol- guete, 6 volteo, a dump car; V. de ptco, a front or side dump car. (Halse) Yagoneta (Sp.). 1. A small open car. 2. A trolley. 3. The bucket of a rope way. (Halse) ▼agnada (Sp.). 1. Water way or stream channel. 2. Water shed or divide. (Dwight) 3. The line of intersection of two opp:)site slopes. (Halse).. Vale; Val. (Com.). The place where the res»rve of tin ore is placed to dry before it is put into the smelting furnace. (Da vies) Valence. The degree of combining power of an element (or radical) us shown by the number of ' atomic weights of hydrogen, chlorine, sodium or the like, with which the atomic weight of the element will combine, or for which it can be sub- stituted, or with which It can be compared. ( Webster ) Valencianite. An orthoclase feldspar similar to adularlia, from Valencia, Mexico. (Webster) Valentinite. Antimony trioxlde Sb>Oi, in orthorhomblc crystals. (Dana) Valle (Mex.). Valley. (Dwight) Valley. 1. Low land bounded by hills or mountains. (Power) 2. A small, subcircular basin, eroded by solution in the crest of an uplift, and having a sink through which Its sediments escape; used locally in Missouri and vicinity. (Standard) Valley brown ore, A local name for Umonite or brown iron ore. Ap- plied in Virginia to the compara- tively pure high-grade ore found in the Cambro - Ordovlcian limestone which forms the Valley of Virginia. See Mountain brown ore. (U. S, Geol. Surv.) Valley glacier. A glacier extending into a valley (Chamberlin, vol. 1, p. 239). A glacier which occupies a valley and is fed from a ii£t6 reser- voir. (Century) Valley tile. Roofing tile made to fit in the valley of a roof. (RIes) Valley, train. A deposit of glacial out- wash forming an old flood plaiu:ln a valley. (La Forge) Yaluation. , 1. The act of valuing, or of estimating the value or worth; appraisement. 2. Value set upon a tiling. (Webster) Value. (1) The desirability' or worth of a thing as compared with the desirability of something else ; worth (Standard), as the value of a mine. Value is an attribute, and not a sub- stance. (^) In the plural, as used in mining and metallurgy, the valuable in- gredients to be obtained, by treat- ment, from any mass or compound; specifically, the precious metals con- tained in rock, gravel or the like, as the vein carries good valuet; the values on the hanging wall: (Web- ster) (3) To estimate or determine the worth of anything, as to value a mine. Valve. Any contrivance, as a lid, cover, ball, or slide, that opens and doses a passage, whether by lifting, and falling, sliding, swinging, or rotat- ing, as at the opening, of, or inserted in, any pipe, tube, outlet, inlet, etc., to control the flow or supply of liquids, gases, or other shifting ma- terial. (Standard) V&lvula (Sp.). Valve; V. de teguri- dad, a safety valve. (Halse) Vamoi (Sp.). To depart quickly; to decamp. (Vel.) Vamping. The debris of a stope, which forms a hard mass uiider the feet of the miner. (Raymond) Van. 1. (Corn.) A test of the value of an ore, made by washing (van- ning) a small quantity, after pow- dering it, on the poiiit of a shovel. Vanning is to a Cornish miner what washing ^n a horn spoon Is to the Mexican. ,2. To separate, as ore fr6m veinstone, by washing it on the point of a shovel, flee Vanner. (Century). 3. A shovel used in ore dressing. Vanadtc ocher. A native, yellow vana- dium oxide found near Lake Supe- rior. (Standard) QLiOSSABY OF MUTIITG AKD MINERAL. INDUSTRY. 719 TanBdlnite. Lead chlorvanadate, 3Pb>- '' VtOi-PbCEIi. Contains when pure 19.4 per cent V*Oi, but arsenic and phosphorus both replace, vanadium, BO that the mineral grades Into mlmetlte, 3Pb>As30i.PbCli, and into pyromorphite, 3Pb.P.0..PbCla. End- lichite is a variety of vanadlnlte containing considerable arsenic. (U. S. Geoi. Surv.) Yanadlnm. A rare element found combined, in certain minerals (as vanadlnlte and desclolzite) and is . reduced as a grayish white metallic ■ powder. Symbol, V ; atomic weight, 61.0 ; specific gravity, 5.5. (Web- stery Vanadinm ores. Vanadium does not occur native, but is found in the ' United States in the minerals car- notlte, roscoelite, vanadlnlte, des- clolzite, volborthite, calclovolborth- Ite, and leglrite. (IT. S. Geol. Surv.) Tanadium steel. Steel alloyed with vanadium (usually 0.10 to 0.15 per cent), an element which strengthens the steel and serves to remove the oxygen and possibly nitrogen. (Web- ster) Vandyke brown. A deep brown pig- ment of uncertain identity, used by the painter Van Dyck; hence any of various brown pigments, as a nat- ural earth resembling amber, a prep- aration of. charred cork, a mixture of lamp black and Indian red^ etc. (Webster) Vane. In surveying, the target of a leveling staff; one of the sights of a compass, quadrant, etc. (Web- ster) Vanner; 1. A machine for dressing ore ; an ore-separator ; . a vanning , machine. The name Is given to va- rious patented devices in which the peculiar motions of the shovel in the miner's hands in the operation of making a van (see Van, 1) are, or are supposed to bei, more or less suc- cessfully imitated (Century). iSee Frue vanner for general description of the side-shake type. There Is also an end-shake type, which includes the Triumph concentrator. 2. One who vans with a shovel or pan (Webster), or one who operates a vanning machine. Vanning (Corn.). See Van, 2. Vanning machine. See Vanner, 1. Vapart mill. A centrifugal grinder for pulverizing ore, coal and coke. (In- KftUs. p. 500) Vapor.. 1. Any visible diffused sub- , stance floating in the air and im- pairing, its transparency, as smoke, fog, etc. 2. Any substance in the gaseous state, thought of with some reference to the liquid or solid form ; a gitsified liquid or solid. (Webster) 3. Foul air in a mine. (Lawver) Vapor density. The relative weight of a gas or vapor as compared with some specific standard, usually hy* drogen, but sometimies air. (Web- ster) Vapor galvanizing. ,Aj>rocess for coat- ing metal (usually }ron or. steel) surface with zinc by' exposing them to the vapor of zinc instead of, as in ordinai7 galvanizing, to molten zinc. Also called Sherardlzlng. (Web- ster) Vaporlmeter. An Instrument for meas- uring the volume or the tension of a vapor. (Webster) Vara (Sp.). A Spanish and Portn- guese measure of length. In Mexico it is 33 Inches; Brazil, 43 Inches; . Colombia, . 31.5 inches; Central America, 33.87 inches; Spain, Cuba, Philippine Islands, and Venezuela, 33.38 inches ; Chile, and Peru, 33.37 inches; Argentina and Paraguay, ?14,12 inches. (Webster) Varejta (Mex.). Pole lagging. (Dwlght) Variation. The angle by which the compass needle deviates from the true north: subject to annual, di- urnal, and secular changes. Called more properly declination of the needle (Standard). See Declina- tion. Variation compass. A compass of deli- cate construction for observing the variation of the magnetic needle. (Webster) Variegated copper ore. Bomite. Variegated sandstone. New red sand- stone. (Standard) Varlgradation. in geology, a process by which all streams of progres- sively increasing volume' tend con- stantly. In a degree varying In- versely with the volume, to depart slighOy from the normal gradients. (Standard) ' Varllla (Sp.). 1. A boring rod. 2. A blasting needle. 3. A spindle or pivot. (Halse) Varlole. In iiftrology, a spherullte or variolite. ( Standard ) 720 GLOSSABT OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Tariollte. A spheruIltJc variety of basalt or diabase (La Forge). The rock has a pockmarked aspect and hence the name, which Is a very old one. Pearl diabase is synonymous. (Kemp) Tariolitic. Of, pertaining to, or re- sembling varioUte. (Webster) Variolitization. That variety of con- tact metamorphism, that gives rise to the formation of varlollte. (Stand- ard) Varisclte; rtahUte. Green hydrous phosphate of aluminum, A1^0i.PiOi.- 4HjO. Used as a gem (U. S. Geol. Surv.). Also called Amatrice. Varnish. In ceramics, the lustrous surface, or glaze on pottery, porce- lain, etc. (Standard) Vaseline; VaseUn. A yellowish, trans- lucent, semisolid petroleum product, used in ointments and pomades, as a lubricant, and in other ways; a form of petrolatum. (Webster) Vaso (Sp.). 1. A vessel. 8. v(Mex.) A small adobe furnace lined with day. 3. The shaft of a furnace. 4. The cruciblei of a blast furnace. 5. (Mex.) A receptacle for molten metal in front of a furnace. (Halse) 6. (Mex.) Keverberatory for smelt- ing rich ore, or for cupelling silver. (Dwlght) Vat. 1. A vessel or tub In which ore is washed or subjected to chemical treatment, as "cyanide vat" and "chlorlnation vat" (Klckard). Used as synonym for Tank. 2. See Vate. Vate (Com.). A square, hollow place on the back of a calcining furnace for drying tin ore before foeding it Into the furnace. Also spelled Yat. (Pryce) V-boh. A strong frame shaped, like an Isosceles triangle, and turning on a pivot at its apex ; used as a bell crank to change the direction of a main rod (Webster). It is used With Cornisli pumping engines. V-cnt. In mining and tunneling, a cut where the material blasted out in plan is like the letter V; usually consists of six or eight holes drilled Into the face, half of which form an acute angle with tte other half. (Du Pont) Veal; Voun (Scot.). A water box or chest, usually on-wheels, for remov- ing water ( Barrowman ) . Also called Ghost. Vee (Mid.). The junction of two un- derground roadways meeting in the form of a V. (Gresley) Veerer (Som.). An old word for banksman. (Gresley) Vees; Veez. 1. (Scot.) A kind of soft earth in a fissure or upon the sides of a dike. See Leatherbed. (Gres- ley) 2. (Scot.) The line of fracture of a fault or hitch. (Barrowman) Vegetate. To crystallize; to exude. (Lawver) Vegetation of salts. A crystalline con- cretion formed by salts, after solu- tion in water, when set in the air for evaporation. Also called Saline vegetation. ( Century ) Vela (Port). 1. A vein. 2. 7easlc carbonates of copper used as pigments, and prepared either by grinding the mineral azurite (glv- ^ Ing blue verdlter) and the mineral ^ malachite . (giving greea verdlter) Or artificially. (Webster) Terifler. 1. A tool used in deep bor- ing for detaching and bringing to the surface portions of the wall of the bore-hole at any desired depth. (Raymond) S. In. gas testing, an apparatus by which the amount of gas required to produce a flame of a given size is measured; a gan verifier. (Stand- ard) ▼erlte. A. glassy variety of the mlca- andestles with exceptional olivine. A. name derived from the Spanish . locality Vera, near Cabo de Gata, and given by Osann to a post-FUo- cene glassy rock, with phenocrysts of biotite and microsci^lc crystals of olivine and auglte and sometimes . plagloclase, all of which seldom form half the mass of the rock. (Kemp) ▼ermlouUtes. In mineralogy, a group Including a number of. micaceous ~ minerals, all hydrated -silicates, . in part closely related to the chlorltes, but varying somewhat widely, in com- position. They are alteration-prod- ucts chiefly of the micas, biotite, phlogoplte, etc., and retain more or less perfectly the micaceous cleav- age, and often show the negative optical character and small axial angle of the original species. Many of them are of a more or less indefi- nite chemical nature, and the com- position varies with that of the original mineral and with the de- gree of alteration. The laminae in general are soft, pliable, and inelas- tic ; the luster pearly or bronze-like, and the color varies from white to yellow and brown. The minerals in- cluded are: Jefferislte, vermicuUte, culsageeite, kerrite, lennilite, hall- Ite, philadelpbite, vaalite, maconite, dudleylte, pyrosclerite. (Dana) Vermillion. 1. A bright red pigment consisting of the sulphide of mer- cury. See Cinnabar. (Roy. Com.) 8. (Lake Sup.) The lowest of the stratified schists; the crystalline schists. (Winchell) Vermillonette. A substitute for the pigment vermilion, made by pre- cipitating eosin or a similar dye upon a white base, as barium sul- phate, or on a mixture of this with orange lead. (Webster) Vernier. A small movable auxiliary scale for obtaining fractional parts of the subdivisions of a fixed scale,, as on any instrument of precision. (Standard) Vernier compass (Scot.). A mining compass for measuring angles with- out the use of the magnetic needle. (Barirowman) Versant. One side or slope of a mountain range; as, the east ver- sant. (Ransome) Verst (Russ.). A Russian measure of length equal to 0.6629 mi. or 1J067 km. (Webster) Vertedero (Sp. Am.). 1. A spring; rivulet; rayihe. (Lucas) 2. The overflow of a dam (Halse). A spillway. Vertical fault. See Fault. Vertical shaft. A shaft sunk at an angle of 90° with the horizon, or directly downward toward the cen- ter of the earth. (Weed) Vertical shift. The vertical compo- nent of the shift. See Shift, 4. (Llndgren, p. 122) Vtrtlce (Sp.). Vertex. (Dwight) Verti'ente (Sp.). 1. Watershed; (Dwight) 2. A waterfall. 3. A spring. 4. A waste weir of a dam. 5. An air vent. .' (Halse) Vesicle. A small cavity in an aphani- tlc or glassy igneous rock, formed by the expansion of a bubble of gas or steam during the solidification of the rock. (La Forge) Vesicular. Characteristic of or char- acterized by, pertaining to, or con- taining vesicles. (La Forge) Vespertine. In geology, the tenth se- ries of the Pennsylvania system of stratigraphy, comprising the Pocono sandstone of the Lower Carbonifer- ous (Standard). Long obsolete. Vestigio (Mex.). A trace of gold or silver in assaying. (Dwight) • Vestry. 1., (Eng.) The productive part of the vein. See Carbona; also Bowse. (Hunt) 2. (Newc.) Refuse. (Raymond) Vesuvlan garnet. An early name for leucite, from Vesuvius, its principal locality. (Chester) Vesnvianite. A complex calcium-alu- minum silicate of uncertain for- mula. A massive light-green vari- ety is known as calif brnite (U. S. Geol. Surv.). Also called Idocrase. 724 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY. Tesnvins salt. Same as Aphthltalite. (Standard) Veszelyite. A greenish-blue hydrous phospho-arsenate of copper and zinc. (Standard) Veta (Sp.). Strictly a flssure-vein; loosely, any mineral deposit. A main vein. Compare Vena and Fil- I6n. y. ahogada, a drowned lode. V. clavada, a vertical vein. V. corriia, a continuous vein. V. crucera, a cross-vein. V. erumada, a dislocated lode. v. de cajdn, an incline lode. V. de cuarzo, a reef. Y. de hoyada, a lode worked by Indians. V. de manto, a horizontal lode. V. de rea- balon, a vertical lode. V. de som- bre, floor; horizontal lode. V. echada, an inclined vein. V. en horra, a vein carrying no ore. V. en cund, a gash vein. y. fildn, a fis- sure vein. y. en frutos, a vein carrying pay ore. T. madre, the main lode; mother lode. V. ramal, a branch-vein. V. rechazada, dislo- cated lode. V. recostada, an in- clined vein. V. robada, a spoiled lode. v. seca, a dry lode. V. ger- penteada, a vein of variable strike. V. soda, a companion or connecting vein. (Dwlght, Halse, Lucas) Vetilla. 1. (Mex.) A slide. A groove in a sllckenslde (Dwlght) 2. A veinlet. (Lucas) Vezin's sampler. A mechanical samp- ling device that automatically se- lects one twenty-fifth or one sixty- forth of the ore passing through. (Hofman, p. 64) V-flume. A V-shaped flume, supported by trestlework, and used by miners for bringing down timber and wood from the high mountains, at the same time using the water for min- ing purposes. Some of these flumes are many miles in length; one on the western slope of the Sierra Ne- vada mountains, in California, was over 40 miles long. (Crofutt) Via (Sp.). 1. A road, a route. 2. An underground road, gallery or shaft. 3. An aerial ropeway ; a cableway. 4. V. vertical, guides for a skip or cage. (Halse) Vibracone. A vibrating ore-screen In which the feed Is from a saucer- shaped distributer onto a conical surface kept in vibration by a ratchet motion. (Llddell) Vicinal forms. In crystallography, forms taking the place of the simple fundamental forms to which they approximate very closely in angular position. Such formis are exc^>- tional. (Dana) Vielle-Uontagne furnace. A mechani- cal roasting furnace similar to the Ross and Welter typa (Ingalls, p. 110) Viewer (Eng.). A colliery manager or superintendent. (Chance) Vignite. A magnetic iron ore. (Cen- tury) Vigorite. An explosive resembling dy- namite No. 2, and consisting of nitro- glycerin with a more or less explo- sive dope. (Raymond) Vigo's powder. Mercuric oxide. (Standard) Vilanquls (Bol.). Ores containing native silver,' chloride, sulphate, and oxide of silver. (Hals^) Vinney. Copper ore, with a green ef- florescence like verdigris. (Davies) Vlntlite. A quartz-porphyrlte occur- ring in dikes near Uoter-Vintl, in the Tyrol. Compare Toellite from the same region. (Kemp) Virgin. Applied to metals occurring elementally, as virgin gold, as dis- tinguished from ore minerals which are chemical compounds (Weed). See Native. Virgin clay. Fresh clay, as distin- guished from that which has been fired. (Standard) Virgin coal. A coal seam or part thereof in which mo mining has been carried on. Virgin field. A mineral field in which there has been no mining. Virgin steel. A deceptive name given to articles made merely • of good cast iron. (Century) Viridite. A nnme suggested by Vogel- sang and formerly used for the microscopic, green, .chloritic scales often seen in thin sections. As their true nature has now been deter- mined, they ar6 generally called chlorite. (Kemp) Viscosine. A Russian lubricating oil which possesses a specific gravity of 0.925 to 0.935, a flash point of 290° to 310° C, and an Engler viscosity of 5 minutes at 100° O. (Bacon) Viscosity. The property of liquids that causes them to resist instan- taneous change of shape or of the GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTBY. 725 arrangements of their parts; in- ternal friction ; gumminess. (Riclc- ard) A term used in flotation proc- ACfiOS Tlaoons. 1. Adhesive or sticliy, and having a ropy or glutinous consist- ency. (Webster) 2. Imperfectly fluid; designating a substance that, like tar or 1v4x, -will change its form under the Influence of a deforming force, but not in- stantly, as more perfect fluids ap- pear to do. (Standard) Tliette (Fr.). A slope or incline. (Gresley) ▼Itta (Sp.). Sight; mineral A la viita, ore in sight. (Halse) Viterio (Sp.). . I. Vitreous. 2. Glassy. (Halse) ▼itreous. Having the luster of broken glass, quartz, calclte. (Dana) Vltreon's copper. Chalcoeite. (Povtrer) ▼itreons fusion. Gradual fusion, not liaving a sharp melting point. (Webster) Yitreous silver. Argentite., (Stand- ard) Titrics. 1. Fused siliceous compounds, such as glasses and enamels, as dis- tinguished from ceramics, or fused aluminous compounds. 2, The art or history of glass-production. (Standard) Titrifactlon. See Vitrlflcatioo. ▼itrifacture. The manufacture of vitreous or vitrified wares, as glass. (Standard) Titiifiable color. A metallic oxide mixed with glaze: used in ceramic color-decoration. (Standard) ▼ItrlficattJm, Act, art, or process, of vltrlfyingl^"state of being vitrified; also a vltriflM^ofly. (Webster) ▼Itrtfy. To convert into, or cause to resemble, glass or a glassy sub- stance, by heat and fusion. (Web- ster) ▼itriol. J. A sulphate of any of the various metals, as copper (blue vitriol), iron (green vitriol), zinc (white vitriol), etc. 2. Oil of vit- riol, as sulphuric acid. 3. To dip in dilute sulphuric acid ; to pickle. (Webster) ▼itiiolate. To make into sulphuric acid or a sulphate. To subject to the action of, or impregnate with vitriol, (Webster) Vitriolo (Sp.). Vitriol; V. asul, Wne vitriol; V. bianco, white vitriol; V. verde, green vitriol ; copperas, (Halse) Vitriol ocher. game as Glockerite. (Standard) Vitriol of Stars. Same as Green vit- riol. (Standard) Vitrites. A word used by M. B. Wads- worth to include vitrifiable material, as glass, etc. (Power) Vitro. A prefix meaning glass^ and used before many rock names, as vltrophyre, in order "to indicate a glassy texture. (Kemp) Vitrophyre. Vogelsang's name for quartz - porphyries and porphyries with glassy groundmass (Kemp). See Felsophyre and Granophyre. Vitrophyric. Porphyritlc, with a glassy or vitreous base: said of the fabric of some Igneous rocks. (La Forge) Vivianite. A hydrous, ferrous phos- phate, Fe>(PO«)a.8H,0, colorless when unaltered, or blue to -green, growing darker on exposure (Web- ster). Called also Blue iron earth ; Blue ocher. "V-method" of roasting. The intro- duction of a supplementary roast heap between each two regular heaps, so that, if left untouched^ there would be a continuous and un- broken roast heap the entire length of the roast yard. (Peters, p. 136) Vogesite. A lampropbyric variety of syenite prophyry containing pheno- crysts of hornblende, augite, or diop- side. (La Forge) Vogle. In mining, same as Vug. (Standard) Voglianite. A soft, green, basic uran- ium-sulphate, found in nodules or. as earthy coatings. (Standard) Voglite. A hydrous carbonate of uranium, calcium, and copper. Color emerald-green to bright grass- green. (Dana) Voladora. I. (PeruV An upper mill- stone. 2. One of the grinding stones or mullers of an arrastre. (Dwlght) 3. (Sp.) A fly wheel. (Halse) Voladura (Sp.). A large blast. (Halse) Volandera (Sp.). 1. The runnef of a Chilian or edge-mill. 2. An upper mill stone. (Halse) Volante (Sp.). A fly wheel; V. de piedra, a Chilian mill. (Halse) 726 GLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Volar (Sp.). To blast rocks. Gen- erally used for large blasts. (Halse) ▼olatile. Easily wasting away by evaporation ; readily vaporUable (Webster), e. g., those fractions of bituminous materials which will evaporate at climatic temperatures. (Bacon) Volatile combustible. That part of the combustible matter of coal which is driven off when the coal is heated In a closed vessel, chiefly compounds of hydrogen and carbon. (Steel) Tolborthite, A hydrous vanadate of copper, barium, and calcium. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Yolc&n. \. (Sp.) Volcano. (Dwight) S. (Olom.) A land slide. (Halse) Volcanello. A small volcano, espe- cially when connected with an active one. (Standard) Volcanic. Oharacteristlc of, pertaining to, situated in or upon, formed in, or derived from volcanoes. (La Fy>rge) Volcanic ash; Volcanic tuff. See Ash, also Tuir. Volcanic bomb. See Bomb, 1. Volcanic breccia. ,£f«e Breccia. Volcanic cone. A cone formed by vol- canic discharges. (Standard) Volcanic, eruption. The breaking forth of lava, pumice, dust, etc., from the mouth of a volcano. (Standard) Volcanic focus. The supposed seat or center of activity In a volcanic re- gion or beneath a volcano. (Cen- tury) Volcanic glass. A volcanic Igneous rock of vitreous or glas^ texture, such as obsidian, pltchstone, and tachylytfe (La Forgfe), Volcanic mud. Mud formed of fine- grained tuff, either mixed with erup- tive water and flowing from the vol- cano as mud, or erupted as dust and later mlxed.wlth surface water, gen- erally rain falling on the slopes of the volcano. (La Forge) Volcanic neck. The filled-up vent or pipe of a former volcano. (Stand- ard) Volcanic rook. Any rock of volcanic origin: volcanic igueous rocks are those erupted as molten masses, forming lava flows, dikes in the crater walls, volcanic plugs, etc.; volcanic sedimentary rocks are the frngniental materials ejected in ex- plosive eruptions, forming tuft, ag- glomerate, etc. (La Forge) Volcanie sand. Finely divided fra9> ments of lava produced by volcanic explosions. (Standard) Volcanic sink. A volcanic basin of en- gulfment, or down faulting, with « floor area many times greater than the cross section of the associated vent (Daly, p. 152) Volcanic tuff. Bee Tulf. Volcanism. Volcanic power or activ- ity. As used in physical geography and geology, the term ordinarily In- cludes all natural processes result- ing in forming volcanoes, lava flelds, laccoliths, stocks, dikes, etc. (Web- ster) Volcanist. One versed in the study of volcanic phenomena; also a Fluto- nist. (Webster) Volcanite. A name proposed by W. H. Hobbs, for an anorthoclase - augite lava with the chemical composition of dadte. The name was suggested by the original occurrence on the island of Volcano, one of the Llpari group, where the rock is found aa cellular bombs. (Kemp) Volcanity. The state of being vol- canic or of volcanic origin. (C)eB- .tury) Volcanlse. To subject to, or to cause to undergo and be affected by, vol- canic heat. (Webster) Volcano. A vent in the earth's crust communicating wl.th a magmatlc res- ervoir and commonly in the summit of a conical mountain built up of erupted material, from which are emitted molten rock or lava, frag- mental solid material, hot water and mud, steam, and various gases (La Forge). A volcano is called acHva while it va in eruption, dormant dur- ing a long cessation of activity, and extinct after eruptions have alto- gether ceased (Webster). See Free- flowing volcano ; also Explosive vol. cano. Volcanology. The science treating of volcanic phenomena. (>Webster) Volgian. A dlvlsioif of the Jurassic rocks of Northern Russia. (Cen- tury) Volhynite. A porphyrlte containing plagloclase, hornblende, and blotlte phenocrysts in a holocrystalllne groundmass of feldspar and chlorite. The name was given by Ossovdcy, and It is based on the original occur- rence in Volhynia. (Kemp) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTBT. 727 Tolley. In miulDg, tbe act of explod- ing blasts In sections ( Standard >. A round of holes fired at any one time. Tolt. The unit of electro-motive force ; i. e., a force which steadily applied to a conductor whose resistance Is one ohm will produce a current of one ampere. (Webster) Voltage. Electrical potential, or po- tential difference expressed In volts, as the voltage of a current. (Web- ster) Yolta's list. A list or series of metals such that any one will be at a higher electrical potential when put in contact with any of those which follow, and at a lower potential if In contact with any metal before It in the series. The following is such a list: zinc, lead, tin, iron, copper, silver, and gold. (Standard) Yoltear la torta (Sp.). Spading or turning the tortOi (Egleston) Voltzite. An ozy sulphide of zinc, ZniSiO, occurring In implanted spherical. globules of a yellowish or reddish color. (Webster) VoItLmetrlc analysis. The analysis of a compound by determining the quantity of a standard solution re- ' quired to satisfy a reaction in a known quantity of the compound. • (Standard) yolumetric ei&ciency. Volumetric eflS- ciency is the ratio of the capacity to the displacement of the air compressor. (A. I. M. B., Bull. 140, p. Ivli) Volumetric grains (Eng.). Grains of a definite size or diameter,- but of a variable density which fall through water at different rates of velocity. (Hunt) VAnilto (Colom.). An outcrop. (Halse) Vooga bole. Same as Vug. (Stand- ard) yofhaver (Pr.). An experienced miner, or the " Old man of the stall." He corresponds to tbe first man or butty collier of English mines. (Gresley) Tough (Corn.). Same as Vug. (Standard) Ton^hole; Vooga (Com.). A natural cavity, hole, or chasm. In the earth or a mine. Galled Shack In Derby- shire (Pryce). A vug. ▼ona (Scot). See VeaU Voussoir (Fr.). Any of the tapeHng or wedge-shaped pieces of which an arch or vault is composed. The middle one is usually specifically called this Keystone. (Webster) Vuelta. 1. (Hex.). In refining silver, the moment when impurities have been removed (Dwlght) 2. The brightening of silver in pupel- latlon (Halse). See/BUck. Vug; Vugg; Vugb. A cavity In the rock, usually lined with a crystal- line Incrustation. See Geode (Ray- mond). Sometimes written Voog; Vough. Vuggy lode. A lode or vein in which vugs or drusy cavities are of fre- quent occurrence. (Power) Vuggy rock (Eng.). A stratum of cel- lular structure, or one i:ontalnlng many cavities. (Gresley) Vulcan. 1. The Roman god of the fiery element, especially in his fearful as- pects, whose cult, according to tra- dition, was brought to Rome by the Sabine king Titus Tatius. Lat^r he was identified with the Greek Heph- aestus and was hence represented as consort of Venus and god of metal working. (Webster) 2. A volcano. (Century) Vulcanism. Same as Volcanlsm. Vulcanist. In geology, one who hold's or taught the Plutonic theory of the formation of rocks. See Plutonic. Compare Neptunlst. Usage obsolete. Vulcanite. A hard rubber produced by vulcanizing with sulphur. See Ebonite. (Webster) Vulcanize. To treat India-rubber with some form of sulphur to effect cer- tain changes in its properties,, and yield a soft or hard product. (Cen- tury) Vulcan oil. A petroleum product hav-. nig a specific gravity of 0.910 to 0.960 at 15° 0. (Bacon) Vulcan powder. A dynamite composed of nitroglycerin (30 parts), sodium nitrate (52.5), charcoal (10.5), and sulphur (7). Used in mining and blasting. (Webster) Vulplnlte. A scaly, granular variety of anhydrite ; it is cut and polished for ornamental purposes. (Dana) Vulslnlte. A variety of latite contain- ing' phenocrysts of sanldlne, ande- slne, augite, and blotite in a ground- mass of trachytic habit (La Forge). Tbe name Is derived from tbe ViU- '728 GLOSSAlit O* MINING AND MINEEAL iSTDtTSTBY. rinili an ancient -Etruscan tribe in- habiting tlie refgion wtaer<> tlie type specimens were' obtained. Oompare Latite and Trachydolerite. (Kemp) ▼-vat. 1. A funnel box; also, hav- ing a groove or grooves of a trlan,- gular section. (Webister) 2. A spitzkasten. (Standard) W. Wack«. Besldual sand and (^ay formed by the decay of diabase, ba- salt, basaltic tuff, and similar rocks. (La Forge) Wad, I. Bog manganese. An impure mixture of manganese and other oxides. It contains 10 to 2Q per cent of water, and is generally soft, soiling the hand. A variety known as asbolite carries as mvch as 32 per cent of cobalt (U. S. Geol. Surv.). Also called Black ocher; Earthy manganese. Lampadite. i. In ceramics, a piece of clay used for various purposes, as a strip of moist clay laid around the rim of a seggar to form a bed for a superim- posed seggar in the' kiln. 3. (l^ng.) Black lead; grapbite. (Webster) Wad coll (Bng.). A tool for extract- ing a pebble or broken tool from the bottom of. a. bore-hole. It c.onsists of two spiral steel blades arranged ~ something like a corkscrew. See Spiral worm (Gr^sley). Also called Wad-hook. Wad-hook. See Wad Coil ; also Spiral worm. Waif; Waft (Scot,).. To fan out as fire-damp from the working rooms (Barrowman). See Brush; aUa Dadding. Waffle Ingot. An ingot of aluminum about 3 inches square and i Incli thick. (Webster) Wage, in ceramics, to knead, work, or temper, as clay. (Webster) Wageman (Leic). A collier who is paid by the day for performing a fixed amount ot work (Gresley). The American equivalent is company man; also tim^ worker as distin- guished from pieceworker. A wage earner. Waging board. In ceramics, a bonrd or table upon which potters' clay is kneaded. (Standard) . Wagserlte. A vitreous, yellow, gray- ish, flesh-red or greenish, translu- oent, crystalline fiuophospbate of magnesium, MgtPiOi.MgPt. (Dtoa) Wagon. 1. A mine car (CihfcnwV The British spelling is waggon and in Great Britain it is synonymous with Box, Corf, Hutch, Skip, Tram, and Tub. (Gresley) 2. (Scot) A measure of w^^t equal to 24 hundredweight CJoal sold for delivery In carts is usually sold by the wagon of 24 hundred- weight (Barrowman) Wagon breast A breast In which the mine cars are taken up to the work- ing face (Chance) Wagon drill. A reciprocating drill op- erated by steam or compressed air. It is similar to a tripod drill, but is mounted on a truck and employs long steel which does not require frequent chahge. (Bowles) Wagoner (No. Staff.). A. man or boy who with a horse hauls mine xxxn undergroiiDd, (Gresley) Wagon hole (Eng.). The place wh»e the tramway ends in a working place. Wagon mine. Same as Snowbird mine. Wagon way (No. of Eng.). An under- ground engine-plane or horse-road. Waller (No. of Eng.). A boy who picks out the rock and other rubbish that falls through a screen into the mine car with the coal (Gresley). A variation of Waler. Waitere-on (Eng.). Men employed at the top of a shaft to run cars on and off the cage (Gresley). See Pit- head man. Walchowite. A yellow, resinous, oxy- genated, hydrocarbon that occurs in brown coal at Walchow, in Mo- ravia; it has a specific gravity of 1.0 to 1.068, fuses to a yellow oil at 250° C, and forms a dark brown solution in sulphuric acid (Baten). Also called Bettnite. Wale (Newc). To clean coal by pick- ing out the refuse by hand. The boys who do this are called Walers, or Wallers, Waler. See Wale; Waller. Waling (Eng.). Cleaning coals by picking out refuse. (Bainbridge) Walker shutter (Anst). A, shutter having a V-shaped cut in It, pro- vided for large ventilation fans of Guibal type, which by cutting off the discharge of air gradually, reduces the vibratiOD. (Power) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 729 tlUklngr. ThQ movement forwurd or backward of a dredge by first wlnd- . iug up on one side and then the other, swinging the boat from side to side and thereby advancing witli a slight offsetting to the side. (Weatherbe) frklkinK beam. An oscillating beam or lever for transmitting power, as in a l>eani engine, one form of an oil tferriclc. (Webster) Walking crane. A light crane travel- ing on an overhead channel iron and a single rail vertically beneath this In the floor. (Webster) Walking delegate. An official appoint- ed -by A trade union to ascertain whether its rules arc observed by its members nnd by their employers, and to represent the unions in deal- ing with the employers. (Webster) Walk out (U. S.). A labor strike. tVVebster^ Wall 1. The side of a level or drift. 2. 1?he country rock bounding a vein lateraly (Raymond). Tlie side of a lode. The overhanging side is known as the hanging tvaXl, and the lower lying one as the footwall. S. The face of a long-wall working or stall, commonly called C!oat Wall. 4. (No. of Eng.) A rib of solid conl bet^'een two bords. (Gresley) Wall accretions. Material adhering to the inner walls of a blast furnace be- tween the water Jackets and the feed door. (HofmaUi p. 376) Wall bars (Eng.). Prop wood usu- ally cut flat to fix against the roof, close up to the working face, where the roof is liable to break along the line of face. (Gresley) Wall coal (Scot.). Breast coal; the middle division of three in a scam, the other two being termed top coal and ground coal. (Barrowman) WsU cutting (Scot.). Side cutting or shearing the solid coal in opening working places; trimming the sides «t a shaft. (Barrowman) Wallers. Laborers who build walls to support back filling. (Sanders, p. 80) Wall face (Scot). The face of the coal wall ; the working face. (Bar- rowman) WaUiBg. 1. The brick or stone lining of shafts. 8. (Derb.) Stacking or JtSltttog up Ironstone, etc., in heaps, *t)reparat6ry to being measured or weighed. (Gresley) Walllag crib (Kng.). Oak cribs or curbs upon which shaft walls are built (Gresley) Walling stage. A movable wooden scaffold suspended from a crab on the surface, upon which the work- men stand when 'walling or lining a shaft (C. and M. M. P.) Wallow (Mid.). A windlass ; a stowse. (Gresley) Wall plates. 1. (Corn.) The two side- pieces of a timber frame in a shaft, parallel to the strike of the lode when the shaft is sunk on the lode (Raymond). When not sunk on the lode, the two longest horizontal pieces of timbei* in a set used in a rectangular shaft. %. (Scot.) Vertical pieces of wood supporting the ends of the buntons in a wood-lined shaft (Barrow- man) Wall roek. The rock foi-ming the walls of a vein or lode; the country rock. (Century) Wall saltpeter. Calcium nitrate; so called because it disintegrates mor- tar. (Webster) Wallsend (Kng.). A superior coal for household purposes : originally from Wallsend, on the Tyne, but now from any part of a large district in and near Newcastle. (Standard) Walls of a vein. See Wall, 1; aUo Wall rock. Wall white. A white scum that ap- pears on bricks after they are set in the wall. (Ries) Wandering coal (Scot). A coal seam that exists only over a Wail area ; an irregular seam of coal. (Barrow- man) Want, 1. (Scot) A dean rent or fis- sure in stirata unaccompaqled by dis- location. (Gresley) 2. (Eng.) A portion of a coal seam in which the coal has been washed away and its place filled with clay or sand; a nip (Standard). Com- pare Pinch, 2 and 3. Wapplng (Leic). A roughly-made rope or band of hemp or spun yarn. (Gresley) Warden (Aust). The overseer of workers on a gold field. (Standard) Wargeare (Derb.). A general term for all tools, ropes, timber, and other appliances necessary to carry on the work of a mine. (Hooson) 730 OLOSSABT OF MINlWa AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Wanrnei (Fr.). A horse-gin. (Gre»- ley) Wark batch (Som.)- A spoil bank. (Gresley) Warner (Eng.). An apparatus con- sisting of a -variety of delicately con- structed machines actuated by chem- ical, physical, electrical, and me- chanical apjpliances, for indicating the presence of small quantities of fire damp, heat, etc., in mines. (Gresley, 1883) Warning. 1. (Scot.) Notice, given or received, of a workman leaving his employment. (Barrowman) 2. To put on guard; to give no- tice, information, or intimation, be- forehand of approaching or probable danger (Webster). As to warn workmen of the dangers usually en- countered in a mine. Warning lamp (^ng.). A safety lamp fitted with certain delicate apparatus for indicating very silsall proportions of fire damp in the atmoisphere of a mine. (Gresley, 1883) Warning signals. Signals given to men in a mine to notify them that some danger exists as fire, etc., by blinking ligttts, sounding gongs or bells, or by shutting oS the com- pressed air lines. Warp. 1. (York.) Blue-brown, finely laminated, tough clay, containing peb- bles. (Gresley) 2. The deposit of muddy waters ar- tificially introduced into low lands. (Comstock) Warped (Scot.). Irregularly bedded, or plicated. (Barrowman) Warrant (Lane). Synonymous with Clunch; Pounson, etc. (Gresley). Compare Warren. Warren; Warren earth (Lane). Bind; Clunch; etc. (Gresley). Compare Warrant. Warwickshire method. A method of mining contiguous seams. See Bord- and-plllar method. Wash. 1. A Western miner's term for any loose, surface deposits of sand, gravel, bowlders, etc. (Kemp) 3. Auriferous gravel. 8. Coarse al- luvium; an alluvial cone. 4. The dry bed of an intermittent stream, sometimes at the bottom of- a cafion, as the Amargosa wash. Also called Dry wash. 5. To subject, as earth, gn^vel, or crushed ore, to the action of water to separate the valuable material from the worthless or less valuable ; as to wash gold. 8. Xo cover with a thin coat of metal, as steel washed with silver. 7. To de- phosphorize molten pig iron by adding substances containing iron or manganese oxide. 8. To pass a gas through or over a liquid for the purpose of purifying it (Webster) . 8. In founding, to coat, as a core or mold, . with an^ . emulsion, as of graphite, in order to improve the casting. (Standard) Wash bottle. See Washing bottle. Wash dirt. Gold-bearing earth worth washing (Roy. Com.). Also called Wash stuff; Washing stuff; 'WaeOi : gravel. Washer. 1. A machine for wishing coal or ore, as a log washer, rocker, Jig. 8. An 'apparatus in which gases are washed; a scrubber. (Webster) Washery. A place at which ore . or coal. is freed from its impurities hy washing (Webster). See alBO Wash- ing apparatus. Wash fault (Eng.). A portion of a seam of coal replaced by shale or sandstone (Gresley). Compare Want, 2. Wash gravel. Gravel washed to ex- tract gold (Webster); Compare Wash dirt. Wash hole (XJng.). A place for refuse. (Bainbridge) Wash house. A building ou the sur- face at a mine where the men can wash before going to their homes. A change house. A dry house. Washing. 1. Gold dust procured b| washing; also a place where this la done; a washery. 2. In ceramics) the covering of a piece with an in- fusible powder which prevents it from sticking to Its supports white, receiving the glaze. (Webster) 8. In metallurg:^, that which is re- tained after being washed; as, a washing of ore. 4. A thin coatinK of metal. (Standard) Washing apparatus; Washery. 1. Ma- chinery and appliances erected oa the surface at a colliery, generally In connection with coke ovens, fw ^racting, by washing with water, the impurities mixed with the coal dust or small slack. 8. Machinery for removing Impurities from small rises of coal, or ore. (C and M. M. P.) GLOSSARY OF MiyiNG AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 731 WaBhlng bottle. 1. A bottle or Husk fitted with glass ttvbes {Missiiit;' . through the cork, so thut on blow- ing Into one of the tubes a stream of water Issuing from the other may be directed upon anything to be washed or rinsed.' 2. A bottle for use In washing gases by passing them through liquid contained in It.; (Webster) Wadting huteh. See Hutch, 2. Washing machine (Scot. ) . A machine for separating impurities from small coal by means of water. (Barrow- man) Washing-offi Washing-up (U. S. and Aust). The periodical final clean- ing out of all the gutters and appli- ances used in alluvial and - lode gold mining (Davies). Synonymous with Clean-up. Washing stulf. Any earthy deposit » containing gold enough to pay for washing it. See Wash dirt. (Web- ster) Washing trommel. See Trommel. Washita. A rather coarse-grained no- vaculite, especially suitable for sharp- ening carpenters' or general wood- workers' tools. (Pike) Washoe canary. A miner's slang, term for a donkey (Standard). A burro. Washoe process. The process of treat- ing silver ores by grinding in pans " 01" tubs with the addition of mercury, and sometimes of chemicals such as blue vitriol and salt (Webster). Named from the Washoe district, Nevada, where it was first used. Wash-ont (Aust.). The erosion of part of a seam by aqueous action (Power). See Want, 2, Wash pan. A pan for washing pay gravel in placer-mlnlng. (Standard) Wash place. A place where the ores are washed and separated from the waste; usually applied to places where the hand jigs are used. ,,(C. and M. M. P.) See Washery. Wash pot. In tin-plate manufactur- ing, a pot containing melted tin into which the plates are dipped to be ' coated. (Webster) Wash stuff. See Wash, 2, and Washing stuCF. Wash water. See Water wash. Waslte. In mineralogy, an altered va- riety of allanlte. (Standard) Waste. 1. That which has no real vuiue, us barren rock in a mine, or the refuse from ore dressing and smelting plants. Gob; goaf; old workings; also the fine coal made in mining and preparing coal for mar- ket; culm; coal dirt; also used to signify both the mine waste (or coal left in the mine in pillars, etc.) and the breaker waste. 2. (Eng.) A more or - less empty space between two packs. SeeOoaf. 3. (No. of Kng.) A return airway. (Gresley) 4. Material derived by mechanical and chemical erosion from the land, carried by streams to the sea. 5. .In stone cutting, to reduce roughly to a flat surface by chipping. (Webster) 6. Broken or spoiled castings for re- nielting. (Standard) Waste coal (Eng.). Ck)al obtained as a by-product from mine waste. (Gresley) Wasteman (Mid.). One who looks after and keeps clean the airyirays of a mine, and keeps the clay walls (brattices) in proper condition. (Gresley) Waster. 1. A spoiled, imperfect, or rejected casting, molding, piece of pottery, etc. 2. Tin plate below the standard weight and quality. (Standard) Waste room (Scot.). An abandoned working place. (Barrowman) Waster waste. The lowest grade of waste tin-plate. (Standard) Wastes (Derb.). Vacant places left In the gobbing, on each side of which the rubbish Is packed up for the better support of the roof. (Mln. Jour,) Waste water. Water from old mine workings (Barrowman). Aiso water from any metallurgical process, or the overflow from a storage reser- voir. Wasteway. A conduit for waste water. (Webster) Wasteweir. See Weir, 2. Wastings (Scot). Mine workings. (Barrowman) Wastrel (Eng.). A tract of waste land; or any waste material. (Raymond) Watch. In ceramics, a trial piece of clay placed in the kiln, to be With- drawn and examined from time to tiine, as an index Of the condition of the ware being (\red. (Webster) 732 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Watchers (Leic). Experienced col- liers who go into the mine and exam-i Ine tlje whole of the workings, with a deputy, every Sunday. (Gresley) Water. The transparaicy or luster of a precious stotte Or pearl ; h^nce, the aggregate of qualities that malce it valuable (Standard) ; as a dia- mond of the first water. Water, balance. 1. (Scot) An ar- rangement by which a descending tank of water raises mineral in a shaft by a rope passed over a pulley. Sometimes used where water is abundant and can be run oft at the pit bottom by means of an adit. (Barrowman) a. An obsolete water-raising appara- tus consisting of a swinging frame carrying a double series of troughs ascending in zigzag lines, and so- ad- Justed to each other that, as the frame rocks in either direction, wa- ter may be passed to a higher level. (Standard) Water baler (Aust). A man who bales water out of dip workings in places where it is not convenient to put in a pump. (Power) Water barrel; Water tank. A barrel or box, with a self-acting itve at the bottom, used for hoisting water In lieu of a pump. (Raymond) Water bed. A bed of coarse gravel or pebbles occurring in the lower piirt of the upper till in the Upper Mis- sissippi valley. (Standard) Water blast. 1. (Eng.) The sudden escape of air pent up in rise work- ings under considerable pressure from a head of water that has ac- cumulated in a connecting shaft. (0. nnd M. M. P.) 2. (Scot.) The discharge of water down a shaft to produce or quicken ventlintion (Barrowman). See alto Trombe. Water block. A hollow box or block of iron, through which Water is cir- culated, to protect part of a furnace wall. (Webster) Water boss (Aust.). The owner or holder of water or water rights, who sells tile same for mining purposes. (DavieE) Water box. 1. A square, open, wooden tank-car used for removing small amounts of water from low places in a mine. Also the tank-car used for sprinkling the roadways to settle the dust (Steel) I S. A water-casife attached to tt» onttide of a furnace, to protect the Iron from the effects of flte. (Stand- ard) Also called Water block. '■ Water cartridge. A Waterpropf imrt* ridge surrounded by an outer case. The space between being filled vrith water, which Is employed to de- stroy the flame produced when the shot is fired, thereby lessens the chance of an explosion should gas be present in the place. (Steel) Water cement. Same as HydrauUe cement (Standard) Water core. A hollow core through which water circulates in a mold used for cooling the Interior of a casting more rapidly tiian the out- side while the metal is solidlf^ring, as in casting a cannon. (Webster) Water course. A natural or artificial channel for passage of water as a river, canal, flume, or drainage tunnel. Water curb (Eng.). See Garland. Watered (Eng.). C!ontainlng much water — ^fuU of springs or. feeders: e. g. heavily watered mines, heavily watered measures, etc, (Gresley) Water engine (Scot). An engine used exclusively for pumping. water. (Barrowman) Water flush. A system of well boring. In which percussive drills are used In connection with water forced down to the bottom of the hole through the drill rods. This water Jet makes the tools cut better, and washes the detritus up out . Of the hole. (Nat. Tube Co.) Water gap. A pass in a mountain ridge through which a stream runs. (Webster) Water gas. A gas made by forcing steam over incandescent carbon (coke) whereby there results a mix- ture of hydrogen and carbon mo- noxide. It Is sometimes used as a fuel, but usually is carburetted with illuminating constituents prepared from oil and used as Illuminating gas. (Webster) Water-gas tars. TarS produced by cracking oil vapors In the manufac-. ture of carbureted water gas. (Bacon) Water gage. 1. An instrument to measure the ventilating pressure; tlie term is also used to denote the ventilating pressure in Inches. (Chance) GLOSSABT OF MINIIIQ AND MINERAL INDUSTET. 733 % An Inatrument to measure or find the depth or quantity of water, or to indicate the height of its sur- face, as in a steam boiler. (Web- ster) Water gin (Scot.). A gin actuated by a water wheel. (Barrowman) Water glass, l. A glassy or stony substance consisting of silicate^ of sodium or potass^im, or both, solu- ble in water forming a viscous liquid. 8. A water gage for a steam boiler. (Webster) RTater grade- 1- The Inclination of an entry that is just sufficient to drain off the water. 2. A grade de- termined by keeping the working place nearly parallel to the edge of the pool of water standing upon 1^ floor. Water grade is sometimes Incorrectly called Water level. (Steel) Water hammer. 1. The hammering QPise caused by the intermittent e^ape of gas through water in mines. (Gresley) 2. The concussion of moving water against the sides of a pipe on a sudden stoppage of flow, as made by water in a steam pipe. (Web- ster) Water inch. The discharge from a circular orifice 1 inch In diameter with a hesjd of one line (one-twelfth inch) above the top edge commonly estimated at fourteen pints per minute; an old unit of hydraulic measure. (Webster) Water Jackets, Cast- or wrought-iron sections of a furnace so constructpd as to allow free circulation of water for keeping the furnace cool. Also called Water block; Water box. Water kibble. A large Iron bucket with a valve in the bottom for self- filling: sometimes used in hoisting the water from a mine. (Standard) See also Water barrel. Water leaf (Scot). See Top ply.. Water level. 1. The level at .which, by natural or artificial drainage, water is removed from a mine or mineral deposit. 2. A drift at the water level (Raymond). See Water grade. Water Leyner. A type of rock drill In which water is fed lito the drill hole through the hollow drill steel, to remove the drill cuttings, and at the same time allay the dust. Also known as Leyner-Ingersoll drill. Water Ume. 1. Hydraulic lime. 2. A Silurian limestone formation over- lying the Salina proper of New York. Hydraulic lime is made from it. (Webster) Water load (go. Wales). The head, or pressure per square inch, of a column of water In pumps, etc. (Gresley) Water lodge (Eng.). A lodge; a sump. (Gresley) Water machine (Scot). A pump or other appliance actuated by a water wheel for raising water. (Barrow- man) Watermen (C!om.). Men employed about water underground ; especially those who drew water ^.t the rag- and-chain piimp. (Pryce) Water of crystallization. The water that combines with salts when they crystallize. It is a definite quan- tity, and may be accepted as a mo- lecular constituent of the crystalline compound (Standard). It is yielded by the crystals containing it upon heating. Water of imbihition. 1. The propor- tionate amount of water that a rock can contain above the line of water level or saturation. Galleil also Quarry water. 2. Water of satura- tion. (Standard) Water opal- Same as Hyalite. ( Standi ard) Water packer. A device to cut ofit wa- ter flora the lower levels of an oil well, or to separate two distinct flows of oil from different strata.' (Nat Tube Co.) Water parting. The boundary between two river basins ; a watershed, ((iientury) Water plane. In geology, the upper surface of a bed of water, as of ground-water. (Standard) Water pocket (local, U. S.). A bowl, lu rock structure, that has been formed by the action of falling wa- ter. (Standard) Water power. 1. The power of water derived from its gravity or its mo- mentum as applied or applicable to the driving of machinery. 2. A de- scent or fall in a stream from which motive power may be obtained; es- pecially, in law, the fall in a stream in its natu^'sl state, as it passes through a person's land or along the boundaries of it (Standard) 734 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Water privilege. 1. The right to the use ot the water of a certain stream. 2. The right to the possession and use of a fall of water for mechanical purposes. (Standard). (U. S. Mlo. Stat, pp. 60»-612) Water-quenched. Cooled with water, as steel in tempering. (Standard) Water right. The right to use water for mining, agricultural, or other purposes. (U. S. Min. Stat, pp. 609- 612; 615; 946). See also Water privilege. Water ring (Aust.). A trough cut Into the wall of a shaft in which wa- ter collects, and is led down pipes to a pumping station. (Power) Water-rolled. In geology, more or less rounded and smoothed by the me- chanical action of moving water; in the waves on a beach, or in the cur- rent of a stream. (Standard) Water sapphire. See Cordierite, 1. Water seal. A seal formed by water to prevent the passage of gas. (Webster) Watershed. The height-of-land or di- vide from which the natural drain- age of a district flows in opposite directions. (Roy. Com.) Water sink. A pot hole. (Standard) Water slip. A fault or Joint from which water flows. (Steel) v Water smoke. To flre (a kiln) slowly in order to dry out the moisture from the bricks, before burning. (Standard) Water-soluble oils. Oils having the property of forming permanent emulsions or almost clear solutions with water. (Bacon) Water stone. A stone whose cutting crystals break away rapidly from its bond. The use of water forms a gritty paste which acts in much the same way as oil when used on an oilstone. The Queer Creek and Hindostan stones are good examples of water stone. (Pike) Water struck. In brickmaklng, made in a mold without pres!>ure : said of slop bricks. (Standard) Water surface. In oil wells, the level ' or inclined plane between the oil, or gas, and the edge water upon which the oil or gas rests. Not to be con- fused with ground-water level ' or table. (U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 258, p. 48) Water table. 1. (Aust) An elevated drain placed across a tram track to carry off surface water. 2. The upper limit of the portion of the ground wholly saturated with water. This may be very near the surface or many feet below it. (Webster) Water tender. A boiler-house em- ployee attending to feed water of boilers, and usually also to blow^ff valves. ■ (Willcox) Water tower. 1. A stand-pipe or Its equivalent giving ^ head to a system of water distribution. 2. A tower in which a falling spray of water is used to wash gas, etc. (Standard) Water tnyire. A. wdter jacketed tuySre. (Webster) Water Tcin. Any one of the small underground streams of water often flowing through beds otherwise bar- ren of water. (Standard) Water wash. The use of water to f6- move the soluble constituents of a mill product before further treat- ment. (Clennell, p. 219) Water way (Scot.). The area in a clack or bucket for the passage of water. (Barrowman) Water wheel. A wheel so arranged with floats, buckets, etc., that it may be turned by flowing water : used to drive machinery, raise water, etc. The overaJwt and undershot water- wheel, the breast-wheel, and tub- wheel are now largely discarded in favor of the turbine. (Standard) Water yardage (Ark.). Extra pay- ment to ihiners Who wock In a wet place, either by the yard of progress or the ton of coal mined. (Steel) Watt. An electrical unit of power or activity equal to work done at the rate of one joule a second or at the rate of work represented by a cur- rent of one ampere under a pres- sure of one volt.^ A volt-ampere. A horsepower is equal to 746 watts. (Webster) Waugh drill. See Rock drill. Wavellite. Hydrous aluminum phos- phate, Al.(OH)..(PO.)4-f-9H20. Fluo- rine is present in some specimens up . to 2 per cent. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Wavy extinction. Irregular extinction of a mineral under the microscope due to bending or distortion of the crystal. (Luquer, p. 16) Wavy vein. A vein that alternately enlarges or pinches at short inter- vals. (Power) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINEBAL INDUSTRY. 735 Wax. 1. An unctuous, fusible, and fiiore or less viscous to solid sub- stance, having a characteristic " waxy " luster, and insoluble in water, but more or less soluble in carbon disulphide, benzol, etc. Waxes are extremely susceptible ' to changes in temperature. (Bacon) S. ' wedgelike masses and work by dashing together, as to expel air bubbles. (Webster) Wedge ring (Bng.).' A wedging crib. (Gresley) Wedge rock. An expression used on the Gomstock lode to designate rock too poor to be classed as "pay ore" or even ^'second-cla^s ore," but bet- ter than \itflsti^ it usu&My assays under $5 per ton. When a car is placed on tbe cage to b9 hplsted, it is specially tagged in the ease of' good ore. If it be waste no tag is used; it became the custom to. throw a wooden wedge on top of the car of very low-grade ore, hence the term "wedge-rock." (Eng, and Min. Jour., vol. 93, p. 391) Wedging. The material, moss or wood, used to render the shaft-lining tight. (Ihlseng) We4gl)ig-curb; Wedglng-crib (IBng,). ,A curb used to n^ake a water-tight 'packing between the tubbing in a shaft and the rockwalls, by means, of split deals, moss, and wedges, driven in between the curb and the rock. (Bfiymond) Wc^dging. down. Breaking down the coal at the face with hammers and wedges instead of by blasting. (Gresley) Wedging out (Eng.). Cropping out, or thinning out (Gresley). Said of coal beds. Wedging shot. An opening shot (Steel). A center-cut Wedgewood ware. In ceramics,, a fine hard porcelainlike ware first pro- duced by Joalali Wedgwood (1780- 95) of England. It consists of a tinted clay ground, with small cameo reliefs in white paste, applied before firing (Webster). The principal va- rieties are: (a) bamboo tears, yel- low ware named from its color; (b) basalt ware, ware with a black tody, used for relief placques, medallion portraits, vases, etc.; (c) cameo- «oare (which aee); (d) jasper-toare (which gee) ; (e) pebble ware, ware with a variegated body of different colored clays intermingled, called, ac- cording to pattern, agate, Egyptiam pebble, granite, lapis -laguli, por- phyrv, serpentine, verd-antiguiit. etc. ; (f) queen's ware (which tee). (Standard) Weeldrons (Forest of Dean). An- cient Ironstone workings (Gresley). Also Weeldon. Probably a varia- tion of Wealden, the lowest divi- sion of the Lower Cretaceous in England. Weeper; Weep hole. A hole in a re- taining wall to permit the esciii>e of water from behind (Standar(S(:)|. Weeping rock. A porous rock from which water oozes. (Centiuys) Weese (Scot). An iron JoiiitHrks covered with flannel, and tarred or tallowed, for Insertion between pump pipes. (Barrowman) M»o Weize. Wehrllte. 1. A variety of peridotite composed essentially of oliviiae -aad raonocllnic pyroxene. (La Foi^e) 2. A foliated bismuth telluiide <«f doubtful formula, containing «bont 30 per cent tellurium, and often «(nne silver. (Dana) Weigh (So. Wales). A weight of 10 tons of coal, etc. (Gresley) Weigh basket; Weigh pan. Any receip- tade in which the coal is weighed after it Is dumped from the mine cars. (Steel) Weigh board (Eng.). Clay lnter8ect» ing or separating a vein (Bata> bridge). See Wayhoard. Weigh bridge (Eng.). A platform large enough to carry a wagon, rest* ing on a series of levers, by meant' of which heavy bodies are weighed. (C. and U. M. P.) Weighing (Eng.). The crushing or falling in of the roof, more or leu r a p I d W < Gresley ) . Comporw Weight, 1. WelKb pan. Bee Welgb basket GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 737 Weight. 1. (Scot.) The pressure of the upper strata on the coal face, by which, If the working is syste- matically carried on, the excavating of the mineral is facilitated. (Bar- rowman) S. (Eng.) The number of hundred- weights (cwts.) which are reck- oned as one ton as between coal- masters and workmen (hewers, trammers, banksmen, etc.). (Gres- ley) 3. (Aust.) A pennyweight. 4. The quality of being heavy ; a measure of the force of gravity. (Webster) 5. In founding, to place weights upon (the upper box of a flask), to prevent thg. parts from separat- ing by pressure of molten metal. (Standard) Weighting (Eng.), Undergoing dis- turbance due to weight. Commonly known as being "on the weight" or "taking weight" (Gresley). Said of the roof of a mine. Weir. 1. An obstruction placed across a stream for the purpose of divert- ing the water so as to make it flow through a desired channel, which may be a notch or opening in the weir Itself. The term usually ap- plies to rectangular notches in which the water touches «nly the bottom and ends, the opening being a notch without any upper edge. (C. and M. M. P., p. 138). A dam. 2. That part of a dam, embankment, canal bank, etc., which contains gates and Wer which surplus water flows: specifically called Water- ' weir. (Standard) Weir table. A record or memorandum used to estimate the quantity of wa- ter that will flow in a given time over a weir of a given width at dif- ferent heights of the water. (Cen- tury) Welselberglte. BTosenbusch's name for those augite - porphyrites whose groundmass consists of a second and sometimes a third generation of pla^oclase rods and augltes, ar- ranged in flow lines in a glassy ba- sis. Wadsworth uses the name for an altered andesite glass. (Kemp) Welce (Scot). A band or ring of spun yam, rope, gutta-percha, lead, etc., put in between the flanges of pipes before bolting them together, In order to make a water-tight Joint (Oresley). Packing; Bee also Weeae. Weld. 1. To join pieces of metal by pressure, ' at a temperature below that of complete fusipn. (Ray- mond) 2. The consolidation of pieces of metal by welding; also, the closed joint or welded seam so formed. (Standard) Welder. 1. One who or that which welds. 2. A step-dowii transformer specially constructed for electric welding. (Webster) Welding-heat. The temperature nec- essary in order that two pieces of material may be welded together; especially the white heat at which bars of iron unite in a weld. ( Stand- ard) Welding powder, A flux used in weld- ing, usually consisting of borax, am- monium chloride, iron -filings, and sometimes of a resinous oil : . mixed in different proportions. (Standard) Welding-swage. A swaging-tool used to aid in closing the seam of a weld. (Standard) Welding - transformer. A step -down transformer used in welding ( Stand- ard). See Welder, 2. Weld-iron. Wrought-iron (Raymond). A term suggested by an interna- tional committee of the American Institute of Mining Engineers.' Weldon mud. See Weldon process. Weldon process. A process for the re- covery or regeneration of, manga- nese dioxide in making chlorine, by means of milk of lime and the oxy- gen of the air. The regenerated product (Weldon mud) is a slime containing compounds of calcium and manganese, and yields chlorine when treated with hydrochloric acid. (Webster) Weld-steel. Puddled steel: a term suggested by an international com- mittee, of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. (Standard) Well. 1. The crucible of a furnace. (Raymond) 2. A shaft or hole sunk into the , earth to obtain oil, gas, water, etc. 3. A hollow cylinder of masonry sunk to form a foundation. (Web- ster) 4. A cavity in the lower part of some sorts of furnaces to receive falling metal (Standard). S. See Trap, 5. Well-boring jar. See Jars. Well drill. Same as Churn drilL (Bowles) ■ 7440100—47- 738 GLOSSABX OF MINIKO AND MIKEBAL INDUSTRY. WeU-drlU holes. Holes drilled by means of an apparatus known .as the well drill, or similar to that, and tised for blasting on comparatively large scale. Such holes are usually 6 or 6 inches in diameter and from SO to 150 feet deep. (Du Pont) Well hole (Aust.). The sump, or por- tion of a shaft below the place where skips are caged at the bot- tom of the shaft, in which water col- lects. (Power) Wellman producer. A furnace used for the manufacture of producer gas. (Ingalls, p. 323) Well packing. A bag of flaxseed or other absorbent material packed around the tube 'of an oil well to prevent access of water to the oil in the well. (Standard) Well rig. An assemblage of all mech- anisn^, including power-motors, nec- essary to drilling, casing, and finish- ing a tube or drilled well. (Stand- ard) Well ihootlng. The firing of a charge of nitroglycerin, or other high ex- plosive, in the bottom of a well for the purpose of increasing the flow of water, oil, or gas. (Du Pont) Well sinker. One who sinks or digs wells (Century). Also railed Well borer. Wells of Stromholi. Cavities at the summit of the volcano Strombolt, containing water, probably condensed from vapor ' from the interior. (Standard) Well tube. A tube or tubing used to line wells. (Standard) Well-tube filter. A strainer on a driven well tube to keep out grit (Standard) Well-tube point. A point at the end of a perforated tube used for sink- ing wella (Standard) Welsh bord (Aust). A room in which mine waste is stored in the middle, and a roadway is kept open on either Bide. (Power) Welsh lay. A slate 3 feet long, by 2 feet wide. (Standard) Welshman. A heavy steel ring about three or four Inches inside diame- ter, used in withdrawing a bar which is stuck or frozen in a skull of Iron. The ring is placed on the bar, a wedge inserted, and the bar backed out by sledging on the wedge. (Willcox) Welsh prooestk A- process consisting of a succession of roasting and cal- cining copper ore, thereby obtaining a gradual concentration of copper by the oxidation of most of the foreign matter, part of which forms slag. Blister copper is produced with only a small percentage of impuri- ties (Goesel). Also called English process. Wenlock formation (Bug.). A charac- teristic group of limestone, slate, find shale of the Upper Silurian strata, typically developed near Wenlock, in Slu-opshire. (Page) Wenlock group. See Wenlock forma- tion. Wernerlan. Of or pertaining to A. O. Werner (1750-1817), a German nlineraiogist and geologist who clas- sified minerals according to their ex- ternal characters, and advocated the theory that the strata of the earth's crust were formed by deposi- tions from water; neptunlan. (Web- ster) Wernerite. Common scapolite. A ^mineral of the scapolite group, in- termediate in composition between meionite and marialite. (Dana) Westfallte. A blasting explosive com- posed of ammonium nitrate and resin. (Webster) - Westphal balance. A form of balance used in determining the specific gravity of liquids, mineral, frag- ments, etc. (Webster) Westrumlte. A "soluble oil" patented by Westrum in 1903, for the sprin- kling of roads with the object of "laying" dust It is an emulsion of oil in a large quantity of water. (Bacon) Wet-bnib thermometer. That one of two similar thermometers of a psychrometer, the bulb of which is moistened (Webster). See Psy- chrometer. Wet gas. Natural gas that contains more or less oil vapors. It occurs with or Immediately above the oil. Also sometimes called Casing-head gas. Wetherlll's furnace. A* furnace with perforated iron bottom, under which a blast is introduced, and upon which zinc ore (red oxide) Is re- duced (Raymond). A muffle fur- nace for roasting sine ores. (In- galls, p. 159) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 739 Wetherlll's magnetic separator. An ap- paratus for separating magnetic min- erals from nonmagnetic minerals. It consists of two flat belts, the upper of which is the wider, run parallel to each other, and over long magnets set obliquely to the belts. Conse- quently magnetic particles are drawn up against the upper belt, and as they pass beyond the Influence of the magnets, fall from the edge past the other belt into a bin. Another form operates by belts moving across thfi line of travel of the main belt. (Liddell) Wethey furnace. A multiple - deck, horizontal furnace for calcining sul- phide ores. Resembles the Keller furnace. (Hofman, p. 195 ; Ingalls, p. Ill) Wet method. 1. In the manufacture of Portland cement, mixing of raw ma- terials in a wet condition. This method Is usually employed where marl is used, the marl being usually wet when excavated' and is Icept wet during the entire process until it reaches the Icilns. (Bowles) 2. Any hydro-metallurgical process, as the cyanide process, flotation, etc. See Wet process. Wet milling-plant. A mill in which a wet process Is employed. (Rickard) Wet milling plant. A mill in which water is wasted ; it is a sloppy es- tablishment. (Rickard) Wet natural-gas. Natural gas which contains readily condensible gaso- line, that may be extracted in quan- tity sufiicient to warrant the instal- lation of a plant. (B:.-^n) Wet pan. A machine used in the prep- aration of clay products and consist- ing of a revolving pan with two large mullers, underneath which the charge of wet clay has to -pass. (Watson, p. 521) Wet place (Aust.). A place is con- sidered wet If men have to work constantly in 3 inches of water or more, or when water is constantly dripping on them from the roof. (Power) Wet process. A metallurgical process in which the valuable contents of the ore are dissolved by acid or other solvents; a leaching or lixivlation process. Opposed to Dry process. Wet puddling. The ordinary process of puddling in which the furnace is lined with material rich In oxide of iron. (Standard) Wet rods (Scot.). Pump rods inside the pipes in a bucket lift. ( Harrow- man) Wetterdynamite. Originally, only guhr dynamites to which were added salts containing water of crystallization, as Glauber's salts, ammonium oxalate, etc., with the view of making them .available in mines containing fire damp. (Brunswig, p. 307) Wetter-off. In glassmaking, a worker who detaches the blown glass from the pipe by touching it with a wet tool. (Webster) Wey; Weigh (Eng.). A certain weight of coal usually 10 tons, upon which a royalty is paid. (Gresley) Wharl; Wharr (Newc). A sledge for hauling corves in low drifts. (Ray- mond) Whave (Prov. Eng.). To turn while drying, as pottery. (Standard) Wheal. The Cornish name for a mine. (Skinner) Wheel (Corn.). An abbreviation of water wheel, implying a water en- gine. (Pryce) Wheel base. The distance between, the points of contact of the front and back wheels of any vehicle with the rails, or other surface, upon which they travel. (Century) Wheel brae. 1. (Scot.) A self-acting incline; a cousie. (Barrowman) 2. A flat or landing on the top of an incline. (Gresley) Wheeler (Aust.). A lad who drives horses drawing skips to and from working places, and the nearest col- lecting station. (Power) Wheelerite. A yellowish resin, found in the Cretaceous beds dt northern New Mexico, filling the fissures of the lignite, or interstratified in thin layers. It is soluble in ether. (Bacon) Wheel house (Brist). A shed for protecting the horse gin or other hoisting apparatus. (Gresley) Wheelman (Scot.). The man who at- tends to the wheel or drum at an Incline. ( Barrowman ) Wheel ore. Same as'Bournonite. So- called when occurring in wheel- shaped twin crystals. (Webster) Wheel pit. A pit in which the lower part of a fly wheel runs. (Webster) Wheel race. The place in which a water wheel is set. (Webster) 740 GLOSSARY OP MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Wheel scraper. A scraper mounted upon an axle supported by a pair of wheels. It affords an easy means of conveying a loaded scraper to a dumping ground. (Bowles) Wheeltree (Scot.). A prop to which the pulley on a short self-acting In- cline Is fastened. (Barrowman) Whewellite. Calcium oxalate, CaCjOi +HjO. In small colorless mono- clinic crystals. From Saxony, with coal. (Dana) Whim. A large capstan or vertical drum turned by horse power or steam power, for raising coal, or water, etc., from a mine (Hargis). Called also Whimsey, Whim ^n; Horse gin. Whim driver (Corn.). One who at- tends to the horse at the whim. (Min. Jour.) Whim gin. See Whim. Whim kihbal (Corn.). A bucket or small tub used in connection with a whim for hoisting ore, rock, or wa- ter. (Pryce) Whim rope; Whim chain (Corn.). The rope or chain by which the kibble Is attached to the winding engine or whim. (Min. Jour.) Whimsey (Eng.). An old word for. the hoisting apparatus at a mine, now known as the winding engine; a whim. (Gresley) Whim shaft (Com.). The shaft through which the ore Is raised by means of a whim. (Whitney) Whin. 1. Whinstone or whinrock. In Nova Scotia the miners apply this term to a thick-bedded rock com- posed of grains of quartz with ar- gillaceous or feldspathic matter which might be called a greywacke. (Roy. Com.) 2. (Scot, No. of Eng.) Any very hard resisting rock encountered by miners (Gresley). The Scotch name for greenstone. 8. A whim or winch. (Webster) Whin dike (Scot.). A dike or wall of igneous rock. (Barrowman) Whin float (Scot.). A kind of green- stone, basalt, or trap, occurring in coal measures. (Gresley) Whin gaw (Scot.). A narrow dike of whin. (Barrowman) Whinny. Resembling or abounding in whinstone. (Standard) Whinsill (No. of Eng.). A sill or In- trusive sheet of whinstone, especially one of great extent. (Webster) Whinstone (Scot. &. Eng.). Basaltic rock ; also, among miners, any of va- rious other dark resistant rocks, as chert or diabase (Webster). Green- stone. Whip. 1. The simplest horse-power hoisting machine, consisting of a fixed pulley and a hoistingLrope pass- ing over it, to which thir animal is directly attached (Raymond). When used with a derrick or gin called Whip-and-derr'y. t. One who operates such a hoist- ing apparatus. (Standard) Whip-and-derry. See Whip, 1. Whip gin. A gin-block for use as a whip, as in hoisting (Standard). iSee Whip, 1. Whipper. One who raises coal, mer- chandise, etc., with a whip, as from a ship's hold (Standard). Compare Coal whipper. Whipping. 1. The thrashing about of a moving rope, as a hoisting cable in a mine shaft. See Surging. 2. Hoisting ore, coal, or other material by means of a Whip, 1. Whipping hoist. A hoist worked with a whip, especially if by steam power; (Standard) Whipsy-derry. 1. (Eng.) A whip-and derry. (Standard). 2. See Derrick, 2. Whlrley (Scot). A hutch, hurley, or tub. (Barrowman) Whirling table. A potter's wheel. (Webster) Whisket (Eng.). A shallow, oval, coal basket. (Hunt) Whistler. See .Squealer. White agate. Same as Chalcedony. White alkali. 1. Refined soda ash. 2. A mixture of alkaline salts forming a white deposit on soil. (Webster) White antimony. The mineral valen- tlnlte, SbiOi. (Dana) White arsenic. Arsenollte; arsenloua oxide, AsiOi. (Dana) White-ash coal. Coal leaving a white ash. (Chance) White Bengal fire. A very brilliant light produced by means of pure me- tallic arsenic. (Century) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 741 White brait. An alloy of copper and alnc, with a comparatively small por- tion of copper. (Webster) White bronze. A light-colored variety of bronze due to increased propor- tion of tin. (Standard) White CO*!. 1. Water power; first so called by the French Uiouille blanche). 2. Tasmanite. (Webster) White cobalt. A name frequently ap- plied to smaltlte; also to cobaltlte. White copper. A white alloy of copper. See Paktong (Webstei;). Usually German silver. White copperas. 1. The mineral co- qulmblte. 8. The mineral goslarlte. (Webster) White damp. Carbon monoxide, CO. A gas that may be present in the afterdamp of a gas- or conl-dust ex- plosion, or in the gases given off by a mine fire; also one of the con- stituents of the gases produced by blasting. Rarely found in mines under other circumstances. It is an Important constituent of illuminat- ing gas, supports combustion, and is very poisonous. White fnrnaoe. See Howell furnace. White garnet. Leudte. (Power) White ■ gunpowder. A blasting com- pound formed of potassium chlorate, potassium ferrocyanide and sugar. (Standard) White horse. 1. (Scot) Intruded white trap in a coal seam. (Bar- rowman) S. A term used by quarrymen to de- note a light-colored gneiss, aplite or pegmatite. (Perkins) White-hot. Heated to full incandes- cence so as to emit all the rays of the visible spectrum, in such propor- tion as to appear dazzling white. (Century) WUte-Rowell furnace. A revolving, cylindrical furnace for calcining calmaine. See Oxland and Hocking furnace. (Ingalls, p. 124) White iron. 1. A hard crystalline cast iron containing combined carbon. 8. Tinned sheet iron. (Standard) White Iron-ore. An early name for slderite. (Chester) White Iroa-pjrrlte. Bee Marcastte. White Uttea. An alloy of copper, zinc, and tin. In thin sheets. (Standard) White lead. A pigment composed of approximately 75 per cent lead car- bonate and 25 per cent hydrated lead oxide. (Standard) White lead-ore. The mineral cerussite, PbCO.. (Power) White metal. 1. The product of the fourth stage of the English method of smelting copper ores (Standard). Contains 77 to 79 per cent copper. 2. Any one of several white alloys, as Ijewter, brltannia, etc. Also fre- quently applied to silver as con- trasted with gold, the yellow metal. White mineral-press. A machine for briquetting flue dust. (Hofman, p. 404) White mundio. Arsenopyrite or mis- plckel. White nickel. A synonym for both Rammelsbergite and Chloanthlte. (Chester) Whitening. Tin-plating. (Standard) White oil. An odorless and colorless oil. possessing a specific gravity of 0.857. It is used medicinally and as a base for creams, salves, and oint- ments. See Oil of parafiin; Petro- latum. (Bacon) White olivine. The mineral fosterlte, MgaSiO.. (Power) White pyrite. Same as Marcasite. (Standard) White rent (Local Eng.). An annual tax of eightpence upon every tinner in Cornwall and Devon, paid to the lord of the soil, formerly to the Prince of Wales as Duke of Corn- wall. (Standard) White rock. A dolerite of nearly white color associated with coal in Staffor'd shire and elsewhere. (Power) White salt. Salt dried and calcined; decrepitated salt (Webster) White schorl. The mineral albite. (Standard) White . silver-ore. An old name for argentiferous tetrahedrite. (Chea- ter) Whltestone. *.. (Aust) An indurated clay band in the Greta seam, thickly strewn with plant impressions. (Power) 8. A literal translation of the Ger- man Weisstein, the name of a rock now generally known as granulite, but sometimes called leptinlte. (Century) 742 GLOSSAKY OF UITSIKQ AKD MINERAL INDXTSTBT. White telluTium. The mineral sylva- nlte, (Au,Ag)Te,. (Chester) White tin. Metallic tin after smelting, in contradistinction to black tin or cassiterite. (Power) White tomhtic. A variety of brass made white by the addition of arse- nic. (Standard) White ultramaTlne. A white substance obtained when the ingredients used in the manufacture of artificial ultramarine are heated with access of air. (Standard) White vitriol. Zinc sulphate; goslar- ite. Also called Salt of vitriol ; Zinc vitriol. Whitewash. A white scum of soluble sulphates which accumulates on the surface of a brick' or other clay prod- uct during or after manufacture. (Ries) Whiting. A white levigated and washed chalk used as a pigment and for polishing. According to its quality, It Is known variously as Spanish white or whiting and Paris wjiite. (Standard) Whitneylte. A pale reddish-white copper arsenide, Gu«As (As 11.6 per cent). (Dana) Whits; Witts (Com.). See Tin-wltts. Whltwell stove. A fire-brick hot-blast stove, on the regenerative system. (Raymond) Whole; Whole mine. 1. (No. of Bng.) That portion of a coal seam being .worked by driving headings into it only, or the state of the mine before mining the pillars. (Gresley) 2. (Derb.). Any ore that has not been mined. (Hooson) Whole coal (Eng.). A district of coal entirely intact (Q. C. Greenwell). See Virgin coal. Whole cradle (No. of Eng.). A work- ing platform or scaftold of nearly the same diameter as the shaft, and suspended from the surface. (Ores- ley) Whole flat (No. of Eng.). A panel or district in which headings have been driven, prior to mining the pillars. (Gresley) Whole stalls (So. Wales.) Two or more stalls having their faces in line or on a cleat with one another. (Gres- ley) Whole-working (Newc), Working where the ground Is still whole, i. e., has not been penetrated as yet with . breasts. Opposed to pillar-work, or the extraction of plUars left to sup- port previous work (Raymond)'. See Whole flat Whorled (Scot). The cage Is said to be whorled when it is drawn up to or over the pulleys. (Barrowmaii) Whorler. A potter's wheel. Also called Whirler. (Standard) Whorls (Scot.). Pithead or shaft pul- leys. (Barrowman) Whnnstane (Scot). Same as Whin- stone. Wioh; Wyoh. Celtic for salt-spriniB; often used In England as the termi- nation of names of places wherQ salt is or has beean found, as Droitwich, Nanttoich, etc. (Oldham) Wichtisite. A glassy phase of diabase, named from a Finland locality, Wlch- tis. Comjiare Sordavallte. (Kemp) Wicket; Wicket work (No. Wales). A kind of piUar-and-stall, or bord-and- pillar, system of working a seam of coal, with pillars up to 15 yards and stalls up to 24 yards wide. (Ores- ley) Wldemouth socket. A well borer's fish* Ing tool. In which the socket is fitted with a bellmouth, nearly the full bore of the casing, thus making It easy to grip the ends of broken poles or the like, when lost at the bottom of a well. (Nat Tube Co.) Wide-work. 1. (Eng.) A form of the plUai'-and-breast method of excavat- ing coal (Standard). 2. Room or chamber driving, as distinguished from entry or gangway driving or narrow work. Wldowmaker. See Rock drill. Width. The thickness of a lode meas- ured at right angles to the dip. (Skinner) WiggletaU. See Rock drUl. Wildcat. 1. To act or carry on reck- lessly or wildly. 2. Originated or Characterized by wild, irresponsible speculation ; unreliable or unsafe by reason of reckless financiering; as, a wildcat bank. (Standard). 3. A mining company in which the man- agement raises money, often by exaggerated and misleading state- ments. Intending to use the funds so raised for personal profit rather than for the development of the property and without regard to securing an adequate return to the investors. A malign Intent Is not a necessbry 6L0SSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY, 748 characteristic, for the term is now used as follows : 4. Speciflcally ap- plied to a mining or oil company ori^anlzed to develop unproven ground far from the actual point of discovery. Any risky venture In mining. Wildcatter. 1. (U. S.) One who drills wells In the hope of finding oil in territory not known to be an oil field (Webster). S. One who lo- cates a mining claim far from where ore has been discovered or devel- oped. 3. One who organizes or as- sists In the organization of a wild- cat. See Wildcat, 3 and 4. Wildcattlng. 1. Drilling wells for oil In territory not yet proven to he oil bearing. 2. Locating mining claims outside of well-developed, or known ^mineral deposits, or far from the actual point of discovery. 3. Or- ganizing and exploiting a risky ven- ture. See Wildcat, 3 and 4. Wild coal. Brittle slate Interstratlfled with thin coal seams. Also called rashlngs. The roof of the Pitsburgh seam in western Maryland. (Md. Geol. Surv., vol. 5, p. 534) Wildfire. (Eng.). An old term used by colliers for fire damp. (Gresley) Wild gas. Blast-furnace gas that does not burn Steadily or properly. (Wlll- cox) Wild heat (of Steel). A heat of molten steel which Is boiling vio- lently, and so, if poured, honeycombs the ingot with contained gases (Webster). See also Heat, 2. Wild lead. Zinc blende. (Raymond) Wild steel. Steel made from a wild heat, which see. (Webster) Wild weU. An oil well, the flow of which cannot be brought under con- troL (Redwood, p. 244) Wild work. A kind of bord-and-piUar system of coal mining in which the very narrow pillars left to support the roof are not recovered.' (Web- ster) Wilfley sUmer. A form of shaking canvas table which Is given a vanner motion. (Llddell) Wilfley table. A side-Jerk table used In ore-dressing. It has a riffled sur- face which separates the light and heavy grains into layers by agita- tion, and the Jerking actloH then throws the heavy grains toward the head end, while the light grains are washed down over the cleats Into the tailings box. The table tapers toward the head end, and the rlflles are progressively longer toward the tailings side. The Dodd, Gammett, Hallett and Woodbury are similar types. (Llddell) WlUemlte Zinc silicate, ZuiSiOt. Contains 58.6 per cent zinc. The zinc is commonly replaced in part by manganese. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Williams hinged-hammer crngher, A crusher with a rotating central shaft carrying a number of hinged hammers, which fly. out from cen- trifugal force, crushing the feed against the casing. (Llddell) WllUamslte. An apple-gre@n Impure varJSbty of serpentine. See Jade. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Willow pattern. In pottery, a design used In decorating china, originally, the blue china of Nanking, intro- duced in English porcelain about 1780. (Webster) Wilson producer. A furnace used for the manufacture of producer gas. (Ingalls, p. 323) Wllulte. 1. A variety of vesuvlanlte. (Dana) 2. A green aluminum garnet (Standard) Wimble fEng. and Scot). A hollow instrument for cleaning a hole in boring ; a kind of shell auger. Some varieties of wimble, suitable for bor- ing Into soft clay, are called Wim- ble-scoops (Century). Also spelled Wammel, Whimble, Wumble. Wimble-scoop. See Wimble. Win. 1. To extract ore or coal (Ray- mond)'. To mine, to develop, to pre- pare for mining. (Century) 2. To recover metal from ah ore. (Webster) Winch; Windlass. A man-power hoist- ing machine, consisting of a horizon- tal drum with crank handles (Ray- mond). Also, now operated by steam, as a steam winch. Wind. 1. ("EngO A hand-windlass or Jack-roll. 2. To" raise coal, etc., by means of a winding-engine. 3. A steam engine used purposely for low- ering and raising men in an engine pit or pumping shaft 4^ A single Journey of a cage from top to bottom of a shaft or vice versa. (Gresley) Wind blast 1. (Aust) A quantity of air driven out of mine workings with considerabJ|e force by a fall of root (Power) 2. A blown-out or "windy" shot 744 GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Wlndbore (Newc). The suction pipe at the bottom of a set of pumps (Itaymond). See Snore piece; also Snore hole. Wind furnace. Any form of furnace using the natural draft of a chimney without the aid of a bellows or blower. (Duryee) Wind gage. An anemometer for test- ing the velocity of the air in mines. (Qresley) ' Wind hatch. In mining, an excavation or opening for removing ore. (Stand- ard) Windhole (Bng.). A shaft or other opening for ventilation. (Bain- bridge) Winding. Hoisting coal or ore with a rope wound on a drum ; used synony- mously with Hoisting. (Chance) Winding bar. The appliance on drop bottom ore or coal cars by which the doors are closed and held tight. Winding engine (Eng.). The appara- tus fixed within a few yards of the mouth of a shaft for raising the min- erals from the bottom, or from vari- ous levels, to the surface (Gresley). A hoisting engine ; a hoist. Winding rope. The rope, or cable, which connects the cage with the drum of the winding engine. Windlass. A roll or drum with handles, used in winding or hoisting from shallow pits. Windless (Derb.). A place' in the mine where the air is tad or short. Also called Airless. (Min. Jour.) Wind method. A system of separating coal into various sires, and extract- ing waste from it, which In, prin- ciple depends on the specific gravity or size of the coal and the strength of the current of air. (C. and M. M. P.) Wind road (Eng.). An air passage for mine ventilation. Windrow. A row of peats or sod set up to dry, or cut In paring and burn- ing. (Standard) Winds. A variation of winze. Wind sail. The top part of canvas piping, which is used for conveying air down shallow shafts. (0. and M. M. P.) Wind wall. See Bridge, 1. Wind way (So. Staff.). An airway leading from one road to another. (Min. Jour.) Windy shot. A blast in coal mines which, due to Improperly placed charges, wrong kind or quantity of explosives, or insufficient stemming expends most of its force on the mine air, and sometimes ignites a gas mixture, coal dust, or both, thus causing a secondary explosion which may or may not spread throughout the mine. A shot which blows out without dis- turbing the coal (Athens Min. Co. V. Carnduff, 123 Illinois App., p. 183.) A shot that is not properly directed or loaded. (Bolen-Daruell Coal Co. V. Hicks, 190 Fed. Rept, p. 720). A blown-out shot. Wing (Scot). The point plate of a tram crossing. (Barrowman) Wing bore (Scot.). A side or flank bore-hole In a working place ap- proaching old workings. (Barrow- man) Wing dam. A dam built partly across a river to deflect the water from Its course. (Duryee) Winged pillars (Scot). Pillars of coal that have been reduced in size. (Barrowman) Wings. 1. The sides, or limbs, of an anticline. Sed Legs. (Power) 2. Same as Rests, Keeps, Chairs, Dogs. Winning. 1. A new mine opening. 2. The portion of a coal field laid out for working. (Raymond) 3. Mining. 4. (Scot.) A pit (mine) and its as- sociated equipment and machinery. (Barrowman) Winning bord (Aust.). A room from which coal Is being mined. (Power) Winning headway. 1. (Newc.) A headway driven to explore and open out the coal seam. (Raymond) 2. (No. of Eng.) A cross-heading, or one driven at right angles to the main gangway (Century) Winning-off (Aust.). A leading head- ing or drive in advance from which rooms, or bords, are opened. Any leading drift is termed a " winning." (Power) Winning pillars (Aust.).. Extracting coal pillars. (Power) Winnowing gold. Air-blowing. Toss- ing jip dry powdered auriferous ma- terial in air, and catching the heavier particles not blown away. (C. and M. M. P.) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 745 Winooskl marble. A siliceous dolomite of a mottled chocolate, red, pinlj, yel- low, and white color, and used as a marble for tiling and wainscoting; from Mftllett's Bay, on Lalie Cham- plain. (Merrill) Win out (Scot). To widen out, as where ' long wall working is being commenced. (Barrowman) Winter dumps (Alaslca). Gold-bearing gravel mined during the winter and stored on the surface for juicing in the spring and summer. Winter oil. A heavy railway-car and engine oil which has a solidifying point of below —20° F. (Bacon) Winze. A vertical or inclined open- ing, or excavation, connecting two levels in a mine, differing from a raise only in construction. A winze is sunk underhand and a raise is put up overliand. When tlie connection Is completed, and one is standing at the top, the opening is referred to as a winze, and when at the bottom, as a raise, or rise. Compare Under- ground shaft. Wiper. 1. A rod on which Is held a piece of cotton waste or other ab- sorbent material and . sed for dry- ing a drill hole before 'charging with black powder. (Gillette, p. 441) 2. A form of cam. A haulage rope. Wire. (War.) (Gresley) Wire bars. Refined copper bars cast into bars for wire drawing. (Weed) Wire drawing. 1. The operation, ac- cidental or otherwise,, of reducing the pressure of steam between the boiler and the cylinder. (Ihlseng) 2. The act or art of extending duc- tile metal into wire. (Century) Wire gage. 1. A gage for measuring the diameter of wire or thickness of sheet metal. 2. A standard series of sizes arbitrarily indicated by num- bers, to which the diameter of wire or the thickness of sheet metal is usu- ally made, and which Is used in de- scribing the size or thickness. Wire gauze. A gauze-like texture of fine wire, as that used for the chim- neys of flame safety-lamps. Wire glass. Glass in which wire net- 1 1 n g is embedded to increase its strength. (Webster) Wire rod. A metal rod from which wire is drawn. (Webster) Wire rope. A rope whose strands are made of wires, twisred or woven to- gether. (C. M. P.) Wire ropeway. A ropeway using a wire cable or cables. Used for con- veying ore and supplies In rough mountainous districts; a wire tram- way. See Aerial tramway. Wire silver. Native silver in the form of wire or threads. (Webster) Wire tramway. See Aerial tramway. Wisket; Whisket (Lane). A light basket weighing about 25 pounds, used for carrying coal, etc., up a shaft. (Gresley) Witchet (No. Wales). See Wicket Withamite. A red to yellow variety of epidote, containing a small quan- tity of manganese. (Standard) Witherite. Native barium carbonate BaCOs. (Dana) Witness corner. A post set near a corner of a mining claim with the distance and direction of the true corner indicated thereon. Used when the true corner Is inaccessible. (Shamel, p. 321) Witts. See Tin-witts. Wohlwill process. An electrolytic process of gold refining, using im- pure gold bullion as anodes and sheet gold cathodes in a solution carrying 25-30 ounces free HCl (specific gravity 1.19) per cubic foot. If the anodes contain lead some H2SO. is added. The current density is about 100 amperes per square foot, the potential 1 volt. * The tanks usually used are porce- lain. Patinum and the allied metals remain ^in the electrolyte, the silver settles out as chloride. (Liddell) Wolchonskoite. An amorphous, dull, bluish-green, fragile chromlferous clay. (Standard) Wolf process. A flotation process in- vented by Jacob D. Wolf in 1903. He used sulphochlorinated or other oils and aimed to secure a high ex- traction with a low grade of concenr trate in the first step, and by wash- ing with hot water to concentrate the concentrate in a second step. Apparently no commercial use was made of It. (Liddell) Wolfram. 1. (Ger.) A native tungs- tate of iron and manganese; Bee Wolframite. 2. The metal tungsten or woUram- lum: An improper and now uncom- mon use. (Century) 746 GLOSSARY OF M1NIK6 AND MINEBAIi INDUSTRY. Wofframtnlnm. A light aluminum alloy similar to Romanlum. (Web- ster) Wolframite. A series of minerals composed of tungstate of iron and manganese, (Fe,Mn)W04, contain- ing, when the iron and manganese ai-e in a ratio of 1 to 1, 76.4 per cent WOi. As the iroli increases and the manganese decreases wol- framite grades into ferberite, the Iron tungstate, FeWO«, with 76.S per cent WOa. At the other end of the series is hiibemlte, the pure manganese tungstate, containing 76.6 per cent WO^ (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Wolframlum. Tungsten : the scientific name. (Standard) Wolfram lamp. A tungsten lamp. (Webster) Wolfram ocher. The mineral tungs- tite, WOfc (Webster) Wolfram steel. Same as Tungsten steel. (Standard) Wolfsbergite. 1. Same as Chalcostib- Ite. (Dana) 2. Same as Jamesonite. (Standard) WoUastonite. A white mineral of the pyroxene group consisting of sili- cate (CaSiOt) of calcium and a common product of the metamorph- Ism of limestone by intrusive igne- ous rocks. Often in aggregates of flat prismatic crystals without dis- tinct crystal planes or faces. (Ran- some) Won (Eng.). Proved, sunk to, and tested. Coal is won when it is proved and so developed that It can be worked and conveyed from the mine. (Greeley) Wonder itone. A variety of stone consisting of yellow crystals of cal- clte disseminated through dark -red earthy dolomite. (Standard) Wood. 1. (Eng.) Signifies mine tim- bers, bars, sprags, chocks, lagging, etc., which are all used in various ways for supporting the roof and sides of underground workings. (G»esley) 8. Agatlz'ed, opallzed, petrified, sllld- fled wood ; a material composed of opal or chalcedony (agate) and formed by the replacement of wood by silica. The replacement of f^e woody matter by the Jllica takes place In such a way that the original form and structure of the wood is preserved. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Wood agate. Agate formed by the pet- rification of wood. See Wood, 2. Woodbury jig. A jig with a plungei compartment at the he^d end, so that the material is given a classlB- cation in the jig. (Liddell) Woodbury table. A table of the gen- eral Wilfley - Overstroro - Card type, with ri£aes parallel to the tailings Bide, and a hinged portion without riffles (unlike the Card). The table top Is a rhomboid, and the riffles gradually shorten as they near the tailings side. (Liddell) Wood chain (So. Staff.). A hoisting chain, the iron links of which are filled with small blocks of wood. (Gresley) Wood coal. 1. Lignite. See Board coal. 2. Charcoal. (Webster) Wood copper. A fibrous olivenita (Dana) Wooders (York). Timbermen em- ployed in mines. (Gresley) Wood hematite. A finely radiated va- riety of hematite, exhibiting altera nate bands of brown or yellow of varied tints. (Power) Wood iron. A fibrous variety of ehaly- bite (slderite), FeCOi. (Power) Wood opal. A variety of opal consist- ing of wood in which the organic matter has been replaced by silica; sillcified wood. Called also Xyl- opal. (Standard) Wood peat. Peat formed from de- cayed wood, leaves, etc., in forests. (Standard) Wood process. A flotation process utilizing the surface tension of water, either fresh, add, or salt (Megraw, p. 73) Wood ringer (Eng.). See Ringer 1; and Dog and chain, 1. (Gresley) Woodrock. A variety of asbestos re- sembling wood. (Standard) Woodstone. Petrified wood, as wood opal. (Standard) Wood tin. A nodular variety of cassit- erlte, or tinstone, of a brownish color and fibrous structure, and somewhat resembling dry wood in appearance. (Century) Woolpack. (Eng.). A concretionary mass of crystalline limestone oc- curring In the form of balls, vrft-y- Ing greatly in size, In the Wenlock limestone. Called also Hailstone. (Standard) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 747 Wqoti. 1. A variety of steel made In India' by the cementation process! the earliest known form of steel (Standard). Prepared from a black Iron ore of Hindustan by a process analogous to the Catalan hearth. (Ure) Work. 1. (Mid.) A stall or work- ing place in a mine. 2. (Eng.) To get, cut away, or excavate and re- move any bed or seam, or part thereof, of coal, ironstone or other mineral, whether underground or in open work. To mine. 3. (So. Staffs) A side of work, which see. (Gresley) 4. To crumble and yield under the action of a squeeze. Applied to pil- lars or roof of a coal mine. 5. To be slowly closing under the action of a squeeze. Applied to portions of the mine workings. (Steel) 6. Ore before it is dressed. 7. A place where industrial labor of any kind is carried on. Usually in the plural as a salt works, iron works, etc. (Webster) Workable beds, or veini. Any bed or vein that is capable of being worked, but usually applied to th^t coal seam or ore deposit which can be mined profitably. Worked -out. Exhausted (Chance). Said of a coal seam or ore deposit. Working. 1. See Labor, 1. The Span- ish and the English terms are syn- onymous in meaning and alike in application. A working may be a shaft, quarry* level, opencut, or stope, etc. (Raymond). Usually used In the plural. See Workings. 2. (Scot.) A name given to the whole strata excavated in working a seam. 8. (Scot.) Making a noise before falling down, such as holed coal at the face, or unsupported roof strata (Barrowman). Compare Work, 4 and 5. Working barrel (Com.) The cylinder in which a pump piston works. (Raymond.) Working beam (Eng.) A beam hav- ing a vertical motion on a rock shaft at its center, one end being connected with the piston rod and the other with a crank or pump rod, etc. A walking beam (C. and M. M. P.). Also, a brake staff. Working big (Eng.). Said of' a vein large enough for a man to work in without breaking any of the adja- cent rock. Working drawing. A drawing or plan, as of the whole or part of a struc- ture or machine, drawn to a specified scale, and in such detail as to form a guide for the construction of the object represented. (Century) Working face. The place at which the work is being done in a breast, gang- way, airway, chute, heading, drift, adit, or crosscut, etc. (Chance). See Face. (Aust). See Whole- Working first working. Working furnace (Eng.). A mine-ven- tilating furnace supplied with fresh air from the downcast shaft (Gres- ley) Working home. Working toward the main shaft in extracting ore or coal, as ir longwall retreating (Ray- mond). See Longwall method. Working load. The maximum load that a rope can carry under the con- ditions of working without danger of straining. Same as Proper working load. (O. M. P.) Working-on-air. A pump works on air when air is sucked up with the water. (C. and M. M. P.) Working-on-the-walls. The eroding or corroding of blast furnace lining. (Willcox) Working out. Working away from the main shaft in extracting ere or coal, as in longwall advancing. (Ray- mond.) Compare Working home. Working pit. A mine shaft up Which the ore and miners are carried, as distinguished from one used only in pumping. ( Standard ) Working place. The place in a mine at which coal or ore is being actu- ally mined (Steel). See also Work- ing faca Working plan. Same as Working drawing. ' Working rate. (Scot). The rate per ton paid to a miner. (Barrowman) Workings. Any species of develop- ment ; usually restricted in meaning to apply to the breasts, etc., in contradistinction to the gangways and airways. Often used la a broader sense to mean all the un- derground developments (Chance). See Working, L Working-the-broken (Aust). The process of removing the pillars in bord-and-pillar work (Power). Same as Second working ; Robbing pillars. 748 6L0SSABY OF MINING AND MINBBAL INDUSTRY. Work-lead. Impure pig lead that. Is to be desilverized or refined (Stand- ard). See Base bullion. Work stone. A plate in the bottom of a blast hearth or ore hearth having a groove down its -center for con- ducting away the molten lead. (Standard) Work-the-twig (Prov. Eng.). To use the divining rod. (Standard) Worm; Worm coll (Eng.). A spiral tool, used for loosening tough clays at the bottom of bore holes. See Wad coll. (Gresley) Worming pot. In ceramics, a vessel that discharges color through tubes, for forming strips or worm-like pat- terns on an article of pottery ro- tated in a lathe. (Standard) Wongh (Scot). A wall; the rock be- side a vein of lead ore. (Webster) Wreath. In glass-making, a wavy ap- pearance in glass, especially flint glass, due to defective manufacture. (Standard) Wreaths (Leic). Four short pieces of hemp rope placed around the legs of a horse or pony and fastened together abo\ie its back, by which It was formerly lowered into or brought up out of a mine. (Gresley) Wreck (Scot). A breakdown, as in a shaft or on an incline. (Barrow- man) Wrought Iron. The purest form of iron commonly known in the arts, containing only about half of 1 per cent of carbon. It is made either directly from the ore, as in the Catalan forge or bloomery, or by purifying (puddling) cast iron In a reverberatory furnace or refin- ery. (Webster) Wrought steel. Weld steel. (Web- Bler) Wnlfenlte. Lead molybdate, PbMoO<. Contains 39.3 per cent MpOj. Cal- cium, chromium, copper, and va- nadium are sometimes constituents. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Wnrtzllite; Elaterite; Tabbylte; Son- Ite; 2^erlte. An asphaltlc mineral which is Jet-black by reflected light and deep-red in thin plates. It sof- tens In hot water, toughens, and be- comes more .elastic. In a candle flame it softens and burns with a bright flame. It is practically insolu- ble in gasoline of Tfi" B&, partly soluble in ether, carbon disulphtde, and turpentine, and less so in carbon tetrachloride. (U. S. Geol. Surv,) Wurtzlte. A zinc sulphide of the same composition as sphalerite, ZnS, but hexagonal in its crystallization. (U. '• S. Geol. Surv.) Wych. See Wich. Wye (Cumb.). The beam-end connec- tion above the pump-rods of a wind- ing and pumping engine. (Gresley) Wyomlngite. An aphanophyric igne- ous rock containing l«ucite, diopside, and phlogopite in a glassy base of much the same composition as ortho- clase (La Forge). From the Lucite Hills, Wyoming. This rock was de- scribed by Zirkel in 1876 and was the first known occurrence of leucite in America. (Kemp) Wythern (Eng.). (Power) A vein or lode. Zacal (MexO- A miner's cabin; a storehouse for mining supplies; a shaft house (G. and M. M. P.). Also spelled Jacal. Xalsonte (Sp.). A coarse pay sand or gravel. (Lucas) Xanthitane. An alteration product of sphene (titanite). Its composition is analogous to the clays, but con- tains chiefly titanic oxide Instead of silica. Xanthite. A yellowish variety of Ve- suvianite. (Webster) Xanthoconite. Silver-arsenic sulphide, SA'giS.AsiSi. Contains 61.4 per cent silver. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) XanthophyUlte. A hydrous silicate of magnesium, calcium, and aluminum, occurring in crusts or in implanted globular forms. (Dana) Xanthorthite. A yellow altered vari- ety of allanlte that contains consid- erable water. .(Standard) Xanthosiderite. A hydrated oxld^ of Iron, FeiO>2H>0, occurring in fine needles or fibers, stellate and con- centric; also as an ocher. Gtolden- yellow to brown. (Dana) Xenogenites. Posepny's term for min- eral deposits of later origin than the wall rock. The name means for- eigners, and refers to their later in- troduction. Comoore Idlogenitea. (Kemp) Xenoli1;e. A silicate of alnmlnnm, re- lated to fibrollte. (Century) GLOSSARY OP MINIKG AND MINEKAL IBTDXTSTBT. 749 XenoUth. A fragment of other rock or of an earlier solidified portion of the same mass inclosed in an Igneous rock; an inclusion; an enclnve. (La Forge) Zenomorphic. Rohrbach's textural, name for those minerals in an igne- ous rock, whose boundaries are. de- termined by their neighbors. Its antithesis isautomorphic, which see. Xenomorphic is synonymous witli allotrlomorphic, over -which it has priority. (Kemp) Xenon. A very heavy Inert gaseous element occurring in the atmosphere in the proportion of one volume in abovt 20 millions. Symbol, X; atomic weight 130.2 ; specific gravity, 3.52. (Webster) Xenotime. Essentially an yttrium phosphate, YPO.. Cerium and Er- bium are sometimes present, also silicon and thorium as in monazite. (Dana) X-frame brace. A reinforcement brac- ing of a square-set in which two diagonal pieces of timber cross to form an X. (Sanders, p. 49) Xiimitl (Mex.). Turquois found by the Aztecs near the City of Mexico. (Halse) XiI6palo (Sp.). Wood opal. (Halse) Xonallte. A hydrous silicate of cal- cium, occurring in massive f6rms of a white or bluish gray color; (Cen- tury) Xylanthrax. Wood-coal; charcoal: so called in distinction from mineral coal. (Standard) Xyloldine. An explosive compound produced by the action of nitric acid npon starch or woody fiber, resem- bling gun cotton. (Century) Xylopal. See Wood opal. Y. Tacente (Sp.). Foot- wall, or floor of an ore deposit. (Halse) Tacimiento (Sp.). 1. A mineral de- posit. See Criadero. 2. The occur- rence or mode of occurrence. (Halse) Tankee. In founding, a molder's 11ft- Ing-tool having a curved shank. (Standard) Tsnolite. Same as Axinite. (Stand- ard) Yardage. 1. Price paid per yard for mining coal. 2. The extra compen- ■atlon a miner receivea In addition to th» mining price for working In a narrow place or in deficient coal. Usually at a certain price per yard advanced. (Steel) Yard price. The price paid pet yard driven (in addition to the tonnage prices) for roads of certain widths, and driven in certain directions (O. and M. M. P.). See Yardage. Yard service. Transportation of rock from the quarry bank until the tim>. it reaches the main transportation lines. (Bowles) Yard work (Forest of Dean). Synony- mous with Yardage. (Gresley) Yareta (Bol., Chile, and Peru). A res- inous moss found at high elevations, and used as a fuel. (Halse) Yark (Derb.). To jerk a rope or other appliance used for lifting or draw- ing. (Gresley) Yed (Lelc). See Head, 1. Yellow arsenic. Orpiment. (Chester) Yellow copper. Chalcopyrite. Yellow copperas. See Copiapite. Yellow earth. Specifically, yellow ocher. (Webster) Yellow lead-ore. Wulfenite. (Web- ster) Yellow metal. 1. Gold. 2. Munts metal. (Webster) Yellow ocher. A soft earthy variety of limonite. (Power) Yellow ore (Com.). Chalcopyrite. (Raymond) Yellow orpiment. King's yellow, ASiSi. (Webster) Yellow ozokerlne. A product resem- bling vaseline, but less homogeneous, produced from crude ozocerite. (Ba- con) Yellow pyrite. Same as Chalcopyrltie. (Standard) Yellow ratehane. Orpiment. (Web- ster) Yellow ultramarine. A pigment con- sisting of barium chromate. (Stand- ard) Yellow wax. A viscous, semi-solid, dif- ficultly volatile substance obtained on distillation of petroIeum-stUl residuum. (Bacon) Yelmo (Mex.). Coke fork. (Dwight) Yenite. See Ilvalte. 750 GLOSSAST OF MIITUTQ AND MINERAL INOUSTBY. Tentnlte. A name derived from the Yentna River, Alaska, and suggested by J. E. Spurr for certain granitoid rocks, consisting of oligocl&se, acapo- lite, and biotite, with a few zircons. The acapolite is believed to be an original mineral. (Kemp) Yeso (Sp.). 1. Gypsum mineral. 2. Calcined gypsum; Y. bianco, whit- ing; T. mate, plaster of Paris. (Halse) YesoBOs (Aguas, Mex.). Copper .ore in which calcite or fluorspar pre- dominates as a matrix. (Halse) Yield. 1. The proportion of coal or ore obtained in mining ; the product of a metallurgical process ; extraction ; recovery. 2. To give way ; to crush. Said of pillars ot coal when they commence to give way or crush. (Gresley) Y-Ievel. A level mounted In a pair of Y's: a common form of spirit- level, used in surveying, etc. Yodo (Sp.). Iodine. (Lucas) Yogolte. A name suggested by Weed and Plrsson from Yogo peak, one of the Little Belt Mountains, Mont., for a syenitlc rock (monsonlte) com- posed of orthoclase and augite in about equal amount. See also Sanl- dinlte and Shonkinite. (Kemp) Yoking. 1. (Eng.) A collision of mine, cars. (G; O. Greenwell) 2. In \ the plural, stakes placed at regular intervals for the purpose of marking the boundaries of a mining claim. (Standard) Yolk coal; Yolks (Scot.). Free or soft coal. (Barrowman) Yoredale rocks (Eng.). The upper beds of the English Carboniferous limestone, series. Or those lying be- tween the Carboniferous limestone proper and the millstone grit. They contain cele brated lead-mines. (Standard) Yorkshire stone. A building stone of the English millstone grit. (Stand- ard) Yonng; Youthful. Being in the stage of Increasing vigor and efficiency of action: said of some streams; also, being in the stage of accentuation of and a tendency toward complex- ity of form : said of some topography resulting from land sculpture. Con- trasted with Mature and Old. (La Forge) Yoang river. In geology, a river which has begun to form a drainage system in newly raised or newly ' deformed land. It is characterised by ' a shallow ungraded channel bordered by numerous lakes ; by hav- ing but few short tributaries; and from variation in the hardness of its bed rocks; by frequent waterfalls. Youstone (Eng.). An old term for Chinese Jade, or nephrite. (Page) Youth. That stage in the development of streams when they are increasing in vigor and efiBciency; or in land sculpture when topographic forms are being accentuated and are tend- ing toward complexity; contrasted with Maturity and Age. (La Forge) See also Young. Y-track. A track at approximately right angles to a line of railroad, and connected with It by two switches, the plan of the whole ap- proaching the form of a Y with a line joining the ends of its arms: used in place of a turntable. (Stand- ard) Ytterbite. Same as Gadolinite. Ytterbium; Neoytterbium. A rare me- tallic element closely resembling yttrium. It has a valence of three. Symbol, Yb; atomic weight, 173.5. (Webster) Yttergranat. A calcium-iron garnet containing a small amount of yttria. (Dana). A variety of andradite. Yttrialite. A silicate of thorium and the yttrium metals chiefly, but it contains also uranium and other ele- ments in small quantity. (U. S. Geol. Suirv.) A trlvalent metallic element (combined) in gadolinite and rare minerala Symbol, Y; weight, 89.0. (Webster) Ob- as a dark-gray powder posses- metallic luster under a bur- It decomposes water slowly cold but more quickly on boil- Yttrium, found other atomic talned sing 11 nisher. in the ing. Yttrium-garnet. A variety of garnet containing a small amount of yttri- um earths. See Yttergranat. (Cen- tury). Yttrooerlter A hydrous fluoride of ce- rium, yttrium, erbium, and calcium. (Dana) Yttrotantallte. A tantalate and nio^ bate of iron, calcium, yttrium, erbi- um, cerium, etc., occurring In black- brown orthorhombic crystals (Dana), Called also Yttrocolumblte. Yn (China). Jade. Called also Yuh ; Yustone (Standard). See Youstone. GLOSSARY OF MIin]?G AITD MIITERAL INDUSTBT. 761 Tnagas (Bol.). A region of low plains; an alluvial basin, often containing rich placers. (Halse) Ttmque (Mex.). Anvil. (Dwlght) Z. Zaeate (Mex.). Fodder for animals, as bay, cornstalks, etc (Dwigbt) Zaccab. A kind of wbite earth mixed with lime used by the natives of Yucatan for plaster, stucco, etc. (Webster) Zaffer; Zaffre. An Impure oxide of co- balt obtained by a roasting process In which the sulphur and arsenic are driven ofC. (Humble) Zafler-blue. Same as Cobalt-blue. Blue chalcedony. Zafirlna ( Sp. ) . (Halse) Zaflro (Sp.). I. Sapphire. 2. Ultra- marine; lapis lazuli. (Halse) Zafra. 1. (Sp.) Gangue; matrix. S. The sugar crop In Cuba. (Halse) Zafrero (Sp.). A workman occupied In handling waste rock. (Halse) Zahlno (Colom.). Timber used for shaft lagging. (Halse) ZambnUidor (Colom.). One \ who pans gravel with a large batea. (Lucas) ZambuUidora (Colom.). An oval pan with handle. A large batea. (Lu- cas) Zambullir (Colom.). To extract the gold from the bottom of streams with a large hatea. ''^jucas) Zapa (Colom.). A small intermediate level driveq between two main levels. (Halse) Zapapico (Sp.). A pickax; a mat- tock. (Halse) Zapato (Sp.). A shoe or stamp; Z. de freno, a brake shoe. (Halse) Zar (Persia). Gold. (C. G. W. Lock) Zaranda (Sp.). 1. Large ore-screen ; a grizzly. 2. A small sieve usfd in assaying. (Halse) Zarandero (Mex.). One who attends the screen. (Dwlght) Zaratlte. A massive, vitreous, emer- ald-green, hydrous nickel carbonate, Hi,NI.COu. Occurs usually as an Incrustation (U. S. Geol. Surv.). Also called Emerald nickel. Zameo; Zamich. Native snlphlde of arsenic, including sandarac and or- plment. (Webster) Zaroohe (Mex.). 1. Gold of low coim containing sliver. (Lucas) S. (Ecuador) Mountain sickness. See Soroche, 1. (Halse) Timbering; prop- A cavern. (Ray- Zarzo (Sp., Am.) ping. (Lucas) Zawn (Corn.), mond) Zax. A tool for trimming and punc- turing roofing slates. (Webster) Zeasite. An old name for a variety of fire opal. (Chester) Zebeb (Arabic). Gold. (C..G. W. Lock) Zechstein (Ger.). The upper division of the Permian In Europe. (Web- ster) Zefre (Sp.). A safety fuse. (Halse) Zellweger furnace. A long-hearth re- verberatory furnace used at lola, Kans. ( Ingalls, p. 112 ) Zeolite. A generic term for a group of minerals occurring in cracks and cavities of igneous rocks, especially the more basic lavas. Zeolites are hydrous silicates of aluminum with either sodium or calcium or both, and rarely barium or strontium. Before the blowpipe most of the zeolites fuse readily and with strong Intumescence, whence their name, derived from the Greek, for "boiling stone." They have little economic Importance. (U. S. Geol. Surv.) Zeolitlzation. The process by which a mineral Is converted into zeolite by alteration, e. g. nephellne, into thompsonite. ( Century ) Zeuxite (Com.). An obscure mineral, probably tourmaline. (Chester) Zeylanlte. iSee Ceylonlte. (Standard) Zlervogel process. The extraction of silver from sulphide ores or matte by roasting in such a way as to form sulphate of silver, leaching this out with hot water ,and precipitat- ing the silver by means of metallic copper. (Raymond) Zietrislkite. A brown, fossil wax re- sembling ozocerite. (Standard) Zlghyr; Zigger; Sicker (Com.). To percolate, trickle, or ooze, as water through a crack. From the Ger- man, gickem. (Rayjnond) 752 GliOSSABT OF MINING AND MINEEAL INDUSTBT. Ziment water. Water impregnated with copper : found in copper mines. (Standard) 2ino. 1. A bluish-white, crystalline, metallic substance. Not found na- tive. Symbol Zn; atomic weight, 65.37; specific gravity, 7 to 7.2. 2. To coat or cover with zinc Zlncaluminite. A light-blue, hydrated zinc sulphate, with zinc and alumi- num hydrates, Al substf^lice. Symbol, Zr; atomic weight, 90.6; specific gravity. 4.15. (Webster) Zircon light. A light similar to the calcium light, produced by In^n- descent zlrconla. (Webster) Zircon-syenite. A name originally given by Hausmann to certain Nor- wegian nephellte-syenltes wUch were rich In zircons. Later It «U practically used as n synonym ' tot nephellte-syenite, but Is now 'obso- lete. (Kemp) GLOSSARY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. 753 Zirkellte. 1. A name proposed by Wadsworth In 1887 to designate altered, basaltic glasses, In distinc- tion from their unaltered or taehy- lltic state. (Kemp) 2. A variety of the thorium-bearing minerals. (Moses) Zirlite. A light-yellow, aluminum hy- drate, Al(OH)8, that Is found amor- phous, and is closely related to gibb- site. (Standard) Ziskon. A trade name for an alloy of aluminum and zinc, containing 25 per cent of the latter metal : used In making scientific Instruments. (Cen- tury) Zloto ( Polish ) . Gold. ( C. G. W. Lock ) Zobtenite. Roth's name for metamor- phic rocks with the composition of gabbros, i. e., rocks riot certainly ig- neous. The name Is derived from the Zobtenberg, a Slleslan mountain. (Kemp) Zoic. In geology, containing fossils, or yielding evidence of contempora- neous plant or animal life: said of rocks. (Standard) Zoisite. A basic orthosllicate of cal- cium and aluminum, Oa2(A10H)Al2 (SI0i)3; the aluminum Is sometimes replaced by iron, thus graduating toward epidote. (Dana) Zolsitization. The conversion of feld- spar into zoisite. (Webster) Zolotnik. A Russian weight equal to 65.83 grains. (Lock) Zona (Sp.). 1. A layer or band of mineral in a vein. 2. A zone, belt, or band of rock limited horizontally or vertically, and characterized by certain minerals or fossils. (Halse) Zonal structure. A term especially used in microscopic work to describe those minerals whose cross-sections show their successive concentric lay- ers of growth. (Kemp) Zone. 1. In geology, used In the same sense as horizon to Indicate a cer- tain geological level or chronological position, without reference to the local attitude or dip of the rock. (Roy. Com.) 2. An area or region more or less set off ' r characterized as distinct from surrounding parts, as in a metallif- erous region, the mineral zone. 3. In crystallography, a series of faces whose Intersection lines with each other are all parallel. (Webster) 744010 O— 47 48 Zone of capillarity. An area that overlies the zone of saturation and contains capillary voids, some, or all, of which are filled with water that Is held above the zone of satura- tion by molecular attraction acting against gravity. (Mel- ■ r) Zone of discharge. As suggested by J. W. Finch, the zone embracing that part of the belt of saturation which has a means of horizontal escape. See Gathering zone and Static zone. (Lindgren, p. 3) Zone of flowage. As proposed by 'Van HIse, the lower zone of the outer part of the earth's crust in which the deformation of rocks is by granulation or recrystallizatlon, no opening being produced, or at least none except of microscopic size. See Zone of fracture. (Posepny In Gene- sis of Ore deposits, p. 286) Zone of fracture. As proposed by Van HIse, the upper portion of the earth's crtist and in which rocks are de- formed nftlnly by fracture. See Zone of flowage. (Posepny in Gen- esis of Ore Deposits, p. 286) Zone of saturation. An area which contains capillary or superTrapIUary voids, or both, that are full of water that vrill move under ordinary hy- drostatic pressure. (Meinzer) Zones. In a shaft furnace, the differ- ent portions (horizontal sections) are called zones, and characterized according to the reactions which take place In them, as the zone of fusion or smelting zone, the reduc- tion zone, etc. (Raymond) Zonochlorite. A zeolitic mineral, per- haps related to thom^sonite. (Cen- tury) Zoogene. In geology, of, pertaining to, consisting of, resulting from, or Indicative of animal life or struc- ture. (Standard) Zoolite; Zoolith. A fossil animal. (Webster) Zorgite. A massive i anular selenlde of lead and copper in varving. amounts. (Dana) Zueing. See Zur. Zundererz (6er.). Tinder ore; an ore of antimony occurring in the Saxon mines In soft, flexible, tlnderlike masses, of a blackish-red color and little luster. (Page) 754 OLOSSABY OF MINING AND MINERAL INDUSTRY. Znngite. A fluoslUcate of aluminum In transparent tetrahedral crystals, from the Zonl mine, Colorado. (Webster) Zur; Zueing; Dezning (Eng.). The same as hulking a lode, vig, remov- ing the soft side for facilitating the breaking down the harder part there- of. (Hunt) Znrllte. A white or green variety of melilite. (Stlindard) Znrrdn (Mex.). A rawhide ore sa(^ holding about 150 pounds ; a load for a Tanatero. See Tanate. (Dwlght) Zurronero (Mex.). A laborer who con- veys ore or waste in |bags. (Halse) Zwieselite. A clove-brown irarlety of trlplite. (Dana) Zwltter. A Saxon miner's term for a variety of greisen. Only of sig- nlflcance In connection with tin ores. (Kemp)