Ol.n F li Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924080782026 Production Note Cornell University Library produced this volume to preserve the informational content of the deteriorated original. The best available copy of the original has been used to create this digital copy was scanned bitonally at 600 dots per inch resolution and compressed prior to storage using ITU Group 4 compression. Conversion of this material to digital files was supported by the Andrew W. Melon Foundation. Digital file copyright by Cornell University Library 1995. This volume has been scanned as part of The Making of America Project, a cooperative endeavor undertaken to preserve and enhance access to historical material from nineteenth century. The digllcl ;Intn vo:! used to crente Corn'Ji's ri;.^::iT!en{ volume on paparlhci fleets ANSI SfondardZ39.40-l 991 GOWANS BIBLIOTHECA AMERICANA. 2 "Gather np the fragments that remain, that nothing be lost." St. John. "There is, perhaps, no nation in which it is so necessary, as in onr own, to assemble, from time to time, the small tracts and fugitiTe pieces, which are occasionally published ; for, besides the general sub- jects of enquiry, which are cultivated by us, in common with every other learned nation, our constitution in church and state naturally gives birth to a multitude of performances, which would either not have been written, or could not have been made publick in any other place." S. Johnson. NEW YORK: WILLIAM GOWANS. 1860. NEW YORK, AKD PART OF ITS TEREITORIES IN AMERICA. BY CHARLES WOOLEY, A. M. A NEW EDITION WITH AN INTEODUCTION AND COPIOUS HISTORICAL NOTES BY E. B. O^CALLAGHAN, M. D., COBBESPONDING UEHBEB OF THE NEW TOBK HISTOBICAL SOCIETY. ', Fir^d at the lound, my ffeniuM iprtadi her unng^ \ Andfiiet viture Bri/.nin courtt the Weitem ipttriff; Where lawi extend that icorn Arcadian pride, > And hrighttr ttrtami thunfam'd Hydaipu glide. ' There all around the grntlett breezei stray, 1^ "Hiere gentle tnusic melts on ev'ry ipray; '' Creation't mildest charms are there combined; J Extremes are only in the master's mtnd! — Goldarolth. ) ^ For the Lord thy Ood brlngeth thee Into a Rood land, a land of brooks of water, of fountalDB, and ; deptbB that Bpring out of valleys und hills ; a land of wheat and barley, and vln«s, and fl?-trees, and , pomegranates ; a land of oll-ollvc, and honty ; a land wherein tliou Hlialt eat bread without scarceness, ) tbou Bbalt not lack any thing in It ; a land wliose Gtones are iron, and out of whone hllle thou niaj'est ? dig brass. When thou hast eaten and art full, then thou ahalt bless the Lord thy God for the good land ' which he bath glveD thee. Deuteronomy B: 7, 8. 'ilY/) NEW YORK: WILLIAM GOWANS. - 1860. /cornelC 'universityI LIBRARY A- (i>3o^' Entcied according to Act of Congreae, in the year 1S60, by W. GOWANS, In the Clerk's office of the District Coart of tbe United States for the Sonthern District of New York. HDNSELL A ROWLAND, FRIMTEBS, ALBANY, N. T. DEDICATED THE MEMORY OP DE WITT CLINTON. ADVERTISEMENT. The subscriber announces to the public, that he intends publish- ing a series of works, relating to the history, literature, biogra- phy, antiquities and curiosities of the Continent of America. To be entitled GOWANS' BIBLIOTHECA AMERICANA. The books to form this collection, will chiefly consist of re- prints from old and scarce works, difficult to be procured in this country, and often also of very rare occurence in Europe : occa- sionally an original work will be introduced into the series, de- signed to throw light upon some obscure point of American history, or to elucidate the biography of some of the distin- guished men of our land. Faithful reprints of every work published will be given to the public : nothing will be added, except in the way of notes, or introduction, which will be pre- sented entirely distinct from the body of the work. They will be brought out in the best style, both as to the type, press work and paper, and in such a manner as to make them well worthy a place in any gentleman's library. A part will appear about once in every six months, or oftener, if the public taste demand it; each part forming an entire work, either an original production, or a reprint of some valuable, and at the same time scarce tract. From eight to twelve parts will form a handsome octavo volume, which the publisher is well assured, will be esteemed entitled to a high rank in every col- lection of American history and literature. Should reasonable encouragement be given, the whole collec- tion may in the course of no long period of time become not less voluminous, and quite as valuable to the student in American history, as the celebrated Harleian Miscellany is now to the student and lover of British historical antiquities. W. GOWANS, Publisher. INTRODUCTION. The prevalent desire for authentic information on the early history of our country, encourages the publisher to endeavor to gratify such taste, by reprinting this curious and rare little Book, only three copies of which are, as far as he is informed, in these States. Though small, it throws light on the domestic manners and social habits of the people of the city of New York, in the latter part of the seventeenth century, not to be derived from larger and purely historical works. Being curious to know the antecedents of its author, and having learned incidentally that he was a graduate of Cam- bridge, I addressed the authorities of that University and received, in answer, the following polite note, for which I beg to return my very sincere acknowledgments. " TEmiTT Coll. Cambridge. "13 Oct. 1859. " Dear Sir : " The vice chancellor this day put into my hands your letter of the 24 Sept. " I am sorry to say I can give no information as to the parentage of Charles Wolley. I have called upon the master of Emmanuel College and inspected the admission book in his custody. The information is very slight, it is as follows : 2 Missing Page Missing Page Missing Page Missing Page Missing Page Missing Page 10 INTRODDCTION. " « Ch. Wolley of Line admitted sizar 13 June, 1670.' " The admission does not state whether he was born in the city of Lincoln or merely in the county : it does not mention Ch. W.'s father's name, or his place of education. " The matriculation and degree books are in my custody : /^ /> "! JU/i *' Charles Wolley was matricu- (^orrLif ^x^^^^^^i;,^ latedasizar ofEmm. Coll. onthe Handwriting of B. A. degree. 9 Jlly, 1670. " He took the degree of C^a/rfu- '^^tt^BachelorofArtsin January \^ <-> />- ^ 1673-4, and his degree of Handwriting in M. A. degree. Master of Arts in July, 1677. "I send you tracings of his signature at both his degrees. " Yours truly, " Joseph Romillt " E. B. O'Callaghan, Esq. (Registrary of the Univ*^)." The year after he graduated Mr. Wollet came to New York. At the period referred to in his Journal, the province is described as " poore, unsettled and almost without trade ;" the city was, " small in size and scanty in population ; its buildings mostly wood ; some few of stone and brick; 10 or 15 ships, of about 100 tons burthen each, frequented the port in a year ; four of these being New York built." The annual imports were valued at jE50,000, or $250,000; a trader worth $2500 to $5000 was "accompted a good substantial merchant; a planter whose moveables were valued at half that sum was esteemed rich. Ministers were scarce and Religions many." * The Church of England ; the Reformed Dutch church ; French Calvinists ; Lutherans ; *N. Y. Col. Doc. iii., 261. INTRODUCTION. 11 RomaD Catholics ; Quakers, both "singing and ranting ;" Sabatarians and Anti-sabatariana ; Anabaptists ; Independ- ents and Jews, all were represented. In short some of all sorts of opinions, and some of none at all, helped in those, as in these, days to compose the heterogeneous population of the metropolis. Fort James was " seated upon a point of the towne, on a plot of ground containing about two acres, between Hudson River and y' Sound ; it was a square with stone walls, four bastions almost regular, and in it 46 gunns mounted, and stores for service accordingly." * The " great house " tad been covered with Dutch tiles ; but these were removed and the roof covered with shingles, " by reason the Tyles were usually broken when the gunns were fired." An hospital, or officers' quarters, stood in the vicinity, between Stone and Bridge streets. The garrison of the Fort consisted of 1 Captain (gov, Andros,) whose pay was Ss. stg. per day. 2 Lieuts. IchdstophTr^Beflop \ P^^ ^^- P"'' "^^y- 1 Ensign (Caesar Knapton) pay 3s. 3 Sergeants @ Is. 6 a day ; 4 Corporals and 2 drummers @ Is. a day ; 100 privates @ 8d. per day ; 1 master gunner @ 2s. ; 4 matrosses @ Is. ; 1 Chirurgeon @ 2s.; 1 Store- keeper @ 2s. and " A Chaplaine " @ 6s. per day. The " Chaplaine " here referred to was the Rev. Charles WoLLET ; his salary amounted to jei2I. 6s. 8d sterling, or about $600 a year, f From his Journal we are led to conclude that he was a gentleman of learning and observation ; social of habit and charitable in feeling. On his departure from this *N. Y. Col. Doc. iii., 260. flbid, 220. 12 INTRODUCTION. country, Sir Edmund Andros bore testimony to his proper deportment whilst here, in the following words : " A Certificate to Mr. Charles WoUey to goe for England in the Hopewell. " S' Edmund Andros Kn' " September 17, 1859. ) " Dear Sir : " It would have given me great pleasure could I have assisted you in your enquiries respecting the Rev. Charles WoLLET, but I am afraid I shall not be able to do so. As our registers at Alford begin within five years of the oldest in England I thought until your enquiry came to me that this parish might hold its head high in such lore. But upon searching them I found a great gap including the whole time you are enquiring about and extending from 1657 to 1732. I immediately wrote off to an American gen- tleman (one of the Hutchinson family) who searched them last year ; and this morning his answer arrived but threw no light upon the missing portion. In the mean time I enquired of the old people who might be supposed familiar with traditionary names but met with no success. " One more source is open to me, the old parochial (not ecclesiastical) books which I will examine before I close this. If this fails me I see not in what way I can be of service, " I am Dear Sir " Yours very truly, " George Jeans. " E. B. O'Callaghan, Esq'. " P. S. Sept. 21. The parish books begin in 1701, but there is no mention of the name. There is just a possi- bility it may occur in the records of the Governors of the Grammar School, which I will examine. " Sept. 29. I regret to say I have examined the ar- 14 INTRODUCTION. chives of the Governors of the Grammar School and cannot find the name through all the years you gave me. G. J." Still unwilling to abandon my search until all probable sources of information had been exhausted, I applied to the Lord Bishop of Lincoln, to whose diocese, it appeared by the admission book of Emmanuel College, Mr. Wollet belonged, requesting that I might be furnished by his Lord- ship's orders, with transcripts of any data the records of the diocese might supply on the subject of my enquiry. The following is an extract from the answer to that appli- cation: "The Palace, Lincoln, ? « Jan'y 19, 1860. i "Dear Sir: " I have had the Books and Records of this Registry searched, but I have been unable to find even the Name of the Rev. Chas. Wolley, in this Diocese, and am strongly inclined to think that he never held a Benefice in it, other- wise the Register Books would shew it. From your ob- servation, that he was removed "for his unprofitableness," I feel quite sure it was not anj' Benefice; no beneficed Clergyman could be removed from his Benefice on any such ground, nor a Curate either, if he objected and had not committed any crime. •»**•»* Of course you will understand that we have found no Record of his Ordination either, and therefore concluded it is a mistake altogether. He might be employed tempo- rarily as a Curate at Alford, without being licensed, and then no record of it would be made. • * * * * " I am Dear Sir " Yours faithfully, " William Moss." " E. B. O'Callaghan, Esq^ INTRODUCTION. 15 The close of Mr. Wollet's career is thus shrouded in obscurity. His ministry appears by his own acknowledg- ment, not to have abounded in fruit ; for, apologizing both for publishing, and for having delayed the publication of, his Journal, he says, that he was " taken off, from the proper studies and ofiices of his Function, for his unprofit- ableness ;" and therefore concluded, when he could not do " what he ought," to do " what he could," and accordingly published this Journal. It is evident, from various passages in these Reminiscen- ces, that his sojourn in this country left a pleasing impres- sion on Mr. Wollet'b mind. " New York," he says, " is a place of as sweet and agreeable air as ever I breathed in, and the inhabitants, both English and Dutch, very civil and courteous, as I may speak by experience, amongst whom I have often wished myself and my family." I have endeavored to ascertain whether he carried out this wish and returned to this country. The name is found in our archives, posterior to the original publication of this Journal;* and Mr. Valentine states that a Charles Wooley was admitted a freeman of New York in 1702.t Whether or not, this was the former Chaplain of Fort James and Sojourner at Alford, I must leave to others to determine. With a view to throw additional light on some passages of the Text, and further to illustrate the Men and Manners of Days which have long passed away, and all trace where- of is buried in ancient MSS. and dust-covered Tomes, Notes, historical and biographical, have been added to the Journal. In the preparation of these, every care has been taken to consult the best authorities within reach, and to *N. Y. Doc. Hist., i., 622; N. Y. Col. Doc, iv: 934. t Valentine's Hist, of the City of New York, 377. 16 INTRODUCTION. state the authority consulted, in order that every one may have the means of reexamining the points selected for illustration, if he feel so inclined. It is to be hoped that the pains and labor thus bestowed, will prove of profit to others and merit general approbation. A two Years JOURNAL IN New-York: And part of its TERRITORIES IN AMERICA. By C. W. A. M. LONDON, Printed for John PFyat, at the Roje in St. Paul's Church- Yard : and Eben Tracy, at the three Bibles on Lon- don-Bridge. MDCCI. TO THE READER. The materials of this Journal have laid by me several years expecting that some Landlooper or other in those parts would have done it more methodically, but neither hearing nor reading of any such as yet, and I being taken off from the proper Studies and Offices of my Function, for my unprofitableness, I concluded, that when I could not do what I ought, I ought to do what I could, which I shall further endeavour in a second Part : in the mean while, adieu. TWO YEARS JOURNAL NEW YORK, &C In the year 1678, May the 27, we set sail from old England for New-York in America, in the Merchants Ship called the Blossom, Richard Mar- tain of New-England Master. (See Note 1.) We had on board Sir Edmund Andros, (see Note 2,) Governor of New-York, Merchants and Factors, Mr. William Pinhorne, (see Note 3,) Mr. James Graham, (see Note 4,) Mr. John White, Mr. John West (see Note 5,) and others ; the 7th of August following Ave arriv'd safe at New-Y'ork. The City of New- York, by Dr. Heylin (see . Note 6,) and other Cosmographers, is call'd New- Amsterdam, and the Country New-Netherlands, being first inhabited by a Colony of Dutch ; but as first discover'd by the English it was claim'd to the Crown of England by Colonel Nichols, in the year 1665, {see Note 7,) then sent over Governor; to whom it was surrendred by the Dutch upon Articles ; it being a fundamental Point consented unto by all Nations, That the first discovery of a Country inhabited by Infidels, gives a right and Dominion of that Country to the Prince in whose Service and Employment the discoverers 22 A TWO years' were sent ; thus the Spaniard claims the West- Indies ; the Portugals Brasile ; and thus the Eng- lish those Northern parts of America ; (see Note 8,) for Sebastian Cabot (see Note 9,) employed by K. Hen. 7th, was the first discoverer of those parts, and in his name took Possession, which his Royal Successors have held and continu'd ever since : Therefore they are of the Crown of England, and as such they are accounted by that excellent Law- yer Sir John Vaughan : (see Note 1 0,) So this par- ticular Province being granted to his then Royal- Highness the D. of York, by Letters Patents from King Charles the II. was from his title and Propriety call'd New- York. The Fort and Garrison of this place lieth in the degree of 40th and 20 minutes of northern Lati- tude, (see Note 1 1,) as was observ'd and taken by Mr. Andrew Norwood, Son of the Famous Mathe- matician of that name, (see Note 12,) and by Mr. Philip Wells, (see Note 13,) and Van Cortland Junior, Robert Rider and Jacobus Stephens, the seventh of July 1679, with whom I was well ac- quainted, and at that time present with them. The Temperature of the Climate, By the Latitude above observ'd, New- York lieth 10 Degrees more to the Southward than Old Eng- land ; by which difference according to Philosophy it should be the hotter Climate, but on the con- trary, to speak feelingly, I found it in the Winter Season rather colder for the most part: the rea- son of which may be the same with that which 102 JOURNAL IN NEW YORK. 23 Sir Henry Wotton (see Note 14,) gives for the coldness of Venice, as he observ'd from the ex- perience of fourteen years Embassie, viz. Though Venice be seated in the very middle point, be- tween the Equinoctial and the northern Pole, at 45 degrees precisely, or there abouts, of Lati- tude, yet their winters are for the most part sharper than ours in England, though about six degrees less of Elevation, which he imputed to its vicinity or nigh Situation to the chilly tops of the Alps, for Winds as well as Waters are tainted and infected in their passage. New- York in like manner is adjacent to and almost encom- pass'd with an hilly, woody Country, full of Lakes and great Vallies, which receptacles are the Nurse- ries, Forges and Bellows of the Air, which they first suck in and contract, then discharge and ventilate with a fiercer dilatation. The huge lake of Cana- da, which lies to the northward of New- York, is supposed to be the most probable place for dispers- ing the cold Northwest-winds which alter the nature of this Climate, insomuch that a thick winter Coat there is commonly called a North- western: So that the Consequence which Men make in common discourse from the Degree of a place to the temper of it, is indeed very deceivable, without a due regard to other circumstances ; for as I have read in the Philosophical Transac- tions, the order of the seasons of the year is quite inverted under the torrid Zone, for whereas it should be then Summer when the Sun is near, and Winter when the Sun is farther of; under the 24 A TWO years' torrid Zone it's never less hot than when the Sun is nearest ; nor more hot than when the Sun is farthest off; so that to the people who live between the Equinoctial and the Tropicks, Summer begins about Christmas, and their Winter about St. John's day, the reason whereof is that when the Sun is directly over their heads, it raises abundance of Vapours, and draws them so high that they are presently converted into water by the coldness of the Air ; whence it comes to pass that then it rains continually, which does repress the Air ; but when the Sun is farther off there falls no more Rain, and so the heat becomes insupportable ; but besides these Observations and Philosophical Solu- tions, give me leave to offer one Consideration to the Inhabitants of the Northern parts of England, viz. Whether they have not taken notice for the several years past of some alteration in the Seasons of the year ; that the Winters have been earlier, colder and longer, and the Summers shorter than formerly within Iheir own memories ; for which I think I may appeal to the Gardeners. Especially as to the fruit of the Vine, no Grapes having come to their maturity or perfection in the same Gar- dens they used to do : Now to what reasons shall we impute these, shall we say in the words of that Scribe of the Law, Esdras, The world hath lost his youth, and the times begin to wax old, for look how much the world shall be weaker through age? Or shall we apologize with Dr. Hakewell, (see Note 15,) in his Power and Providence in the Government of the World ? For my part I humbly submit to the JOURNAL IN NEW YORK. 25 Virtuoso's of Natural and Divine Philosophy; rather than embarass and envelop my self in pry- ing within the Curtains of the Primitive Chaos, or the Womb of the Creation, or the dark Orb of Futurities. Of the Air. It's a Climate of a Sweet and wholesome breath, free from those annoyances which are commonly ascribed by Naturalists for the insalubrity of any Country, viz. South or South-east Winds, many stagnant Waters, lowness ofshoars, inconstancy of Weather, and the excessive heat of the Summer ; the extremity of which is gently refresh'd, fann'd and allay'd by constant breezes from the Sea ; it does not welcome its Guests and Strangers with the seasoning distempers of Fevers and Fluxes, like Virginia, Maryland, and other Plantations, nature kindly drains and purgeth it by Fontanels and Issues of running waters in its irriguous Valleys, and shelters it with the umbrella's of all sorts of Trees from pernicious Lakes ; which Trees and Plants do undoubtedly, tho' insensibly suck in and digest into their own growth and composition, those subterraneous Particles and Exhalations, which otherwise wou'd be attracted by the heat of the Sun and so become matter for infectious Clouds and malign Atmospheres, and tho we can- not rely upon these causes as permanent and con- tinuing, for the longer and the more any Country is peopled, the more unhealthful it may prove, by 4 inK 26 A TWO years' reason of J.aques, Dunghills and other excrement- itious stagnations, which offend and annoy the bodies of Men, by incorporating with, and infect- ing the circumambient Air, but these inconveni- encies can scarce be suppos'd to happen within our age, for the very settling and inhabiting a new Country, which is commonly done by destroying its Wood, and that by Fire (as in those parts I describe) does help to purifie and refine the Air ; an experiment and remedy formerly us'd in Greece and other JSations, in the time of Plague or any common infection. To conclude this Chapter, I my self, a person seemingly of a weakly Stamen and a valet udmary Constitution, was not in the least indispos'd in that Climate, during my resid- ence there, the space of three years: This account and description of the place, I recommend as a fair encouragement, to all who are inclined to Travel ; to which I shall subjoin other inviting Advantages and Curiosities in their proper places. OJ the Inhabitants. And first of the Indians or Nativet,. There are a clan of highflown Religionists, who stile the Indians the Populus Terrse, and look upon them as a reprobate despicable sort of creatures : But making the allowances for their invincible ignorance, as to a reveal'd Education, I should rather call them the Terrse filii : For otherwise I see no difference betwixt them and the rest of the Noble Animals. They are stately and well pro- portioned in Symmetry through the whole Oeco- JOURNAL IN NEW YORK. 27 nomy of their bodies, so that I cannot say I observed any natural deformity in any of them ; which probably may be owing to their way of nurturing their new born Infants; which is thus, as soon as a Woman is delivered, she retires into the Wood for a burden or bundle of sticks, which she takes upon her back to strengthen her ; the Children they Swaddle upon a Board, which they' hang about their heads, and so carry them for a year together, or till they can go, this I had con- firm'd to me, by my friend Mr. William Asfordby, (see Note 16,) who lived in those parts sixteen years, and had for his Neighbour one Harman the Indian in Marble-Town, in the County of Ulster, formerly called Sopus, (see Note 17,) in the Province of New- York, whose Squaw or Wife us'd this way to herself and Children: In nursing their Children, the Mother abhors that unnatural and Costly Pride of suckling them with other Breasts, whilst her own are sufficient for that affec- tionate service ; their hardiness and facility in bringing forth is generally such as neither requires the nice attendance of Nursekeepers, nor the art of a dextrous Lucina, being more like the Hebrew Women than the native Egyptians, delivered be- fore the Midwife can come to them; like that Irish Woman of whom Dr. Harvy (see Note 18,) de generatione Animalium, Cap. de partu, Page 276, reports from the mouth of the Lord Carew, Earl of Totness and Lord President of Munster, (see Note 19,) who though big with Child accompanied her Husband in the Camp, marching from place to 28 A TWO years' place, but by reason of a sudden flood which hin- dered their Armies march for one hour, the Wo- man's pains coming upon her, she withdrew her-self to a thicket of Shrubs, and there alone brought forth Twins, both which she brought down to the River and wash'd both herself and them, wrapping them up in a course and Irish Mantle, marches with them ■ at her back, the same day barefoot and barelegged twelve Miles, without any prejudice to herself or them. The next day after, the Lord Deputy Mont- joy, (see Note 20,) who at that time commanded the Army against the Spaniard, who had besieged Kin- sale, with the Lord Carew, stood God-fathers for the Children ; but I cannot say of them as it is related of the Queen of Navarre, Mother to Henry of France, called the Great, who sung a French Song in the time of his Birth, seeming to show other Women, that it is possible to be brought to bed without crying out. As to their Stature, most of them are between five or six foot high, straight bodied, strongly com- posed, in complexion perfect Adamites; of a clay- ish colour, the Hair of their Heads generally black, lank and long, hanging down. And I have been several times amongst them, and could never ob- serve any one shap'd either in redundance or de- fect, deformed or mishapen. They preserve their Skins smooth by anointing them with the Oyl of Fishes, the fat of Eagles, and the grease of Rackoons, which they hold in the Summer the best Antidote to keep their skins from blistering by the scorching Sun, their best Armour against JOURKAL IN NEW YORK. 29 the Musketto's; the surest expeller of the hairy Excrement, and stopper of the Pores of their Bodies against the Winter's cold, their Hair being naturally black, they make it more so, by oyling, dying and dayly dressing, yet though they be very curious about the Hair of their Heads, yet they will not endure any upon their Chins, where it no sooner grows but they take it out by the Roots, counting it a spurious and opprobrious excrement: Insomuch, that the Aberginians (see Note 21,) or Northern Indians in New-England, call him an English-man's Bastard, that hath but the appear- ance of a Beard ; so that I leave it to the other Sex: Judical ex mento non mente puella marituvi. Of their Apparel. Notwithstanding the heat of parching Summers, and the searching cold of piercing Winters, and the tempestuous dashings of driving Rains, their ordinary habit is a pair of Indian Breeches, like Adam's Apron to cover that which modesty com- mands to be hid, which is a piece of Cloth about a yard and a half long, put between their groins, lied with a Snake's Skin about their middle, and hanging down with a flap before, many of them wear skins about them in fashion of an Irish Mantle and of these some be Bears Skins and Rackoon Skins sewed or skuered together ; but of late years, since they trade with the English and Dutch, they wear a sort of Blanket, which our 30 A TWO years' Merchants call Duffles, which is their Coat by- day and covering by night, I have heard of some reasons given why they will not conform to our English Apparel, viz. because their Women can- not wash them when they are soiled, and their means will not reach to buy new, when they have done with their old, therefore they had rather go as they do, than be lowsie and make their bodies more tender by a new acquired habit, but they might be easily divested of these reasons, if they were brought to live in Houses and fix'd Habita- tions, as 1 shall shew hereafter. Though in their habit they seem to be careless and indifferent, yet they have an instinct of natural Pride, which ap- pears in their circumstantial Ornaments, many of them wearing Pendants at their Ears, and Porcu- pine-quills through their Noses, impressing upon several parts of their bodies Portraictures of Beasts and Birds, so that were I to draw their Effigies it should be after the pattern of the Ancient Britains, called Picts from painting, and Britains from a word of their own Language, Breeth, Painting or Staining, as Isidore writes, with whom Mr. Camb- den (see Note 22,) concurs; though Dr. Skinner (see Note 23.) in his Etymologicon Onomasti- con, a Bri. honor & Tain fiuvius. Insula fluviis nobilis : But to leave these Authors in their own crictical ingenuity, I shall conclude this Chapter with a general Sentiment of such Customs that by these variety of Pictures depourtraicted in their Bodies ; they are either ambitious to illustrate and set off their natural Symmetry, or to blazon their JOURNAL IN NEW YORK. 31 Heraldy, which a certain Author calls Macculoso Nobilitas : Or else to render them terrible and formidable to all Strangers : or if we may conject- ure out of that Rabbinical Critick the Oxford Gre- gory upon Cain's Thau, that according to the natural Magicians and Cabbalists, Adam and the rest of mankind in his right, had marks imprinted upon them by the finger of God, which marks were, pachad and chesed ; the first to keep the Beasts in awe of Men; the latter to keep Men in love one with another. Whether there be any remains of a traditional imitation in the Indian World or not, I leave that and other conjectures to the Readers diversion. Of their Traffick, Money, and Diet. They live principally by Hunting, Fishing and Fowling. Before the Christians especially the Dutch came amongst them they were very dex- terous Artists at their Bows, insomuch I have heard it affirm'd that a Boy of seven years* old would shoot a Bird flying : and since they have learn' d the use of Guns, they prove better marks- men than others, and more dangerous too (as appear'd in the Indian War with New-England.) The Skins of all their Beasts, as Bears, Bevers, Rackoons, Foxes, Otters ; Musquashes, Skunks, Deer and Wolves, they bring upon their backs to New-York, and other places of Trade, which they barter and exchange for Duffles or Guns, but too often for Rum, Brandy and other strong Liquors, m 32 A TWO yEARS' of which they are so intemperate lovers, that after they have once tasted, they will never forbear, till they are inflamed and enraged, even to that de- gree, that I have seen Men and their Wives Bil- lingsgate it, through the Streets of New- York, as if they were metamorphosed into the nature of those beasts whose Skins they bartered : It were seriously to be wished that the Christians would be more sparing in the sale of that Liquor, which works such dismal effects upon those who are for gratifying their sensual Appetites : Being unac- quainted with the comforts of Christian Temper- ance, and the elevated Doctrine of Self-denial and Mortification. They had better take to their primitive Beverage of water, which some Vertuo- so's tell us breed no Worms in the Belly nor Mag- gots in the Brain. Their Money is called Wampam and Sea-want, made of a kind of Cockle or Periwinkle-shell, of which there is scarce any, but at Oyster-Bay. They take the black out of the middle of the shell which they value as their Gold ; they make their White Wampam or Silver of a kind of a Horn, which is beyond Oyster-bay : The meat within this horny fish is very good. They fashion both sorts like beads, and String them into several lengths, but the most usual measure is a Fathom ; for when they make any considerable bargain, they usually say so many Fathom ; So many black or so many white Wampams make a farthing, a penny, and so on: which Wampam or Indian Money we valued above the Spanish or English JOURNAL m NEW YORK. 33 Silver in any Payments, because of trading with the Indians in their own Coin. (See Note 24.) The price of Indian Commodities as sold by the Christian Merchants is as followeth. s. d. Severs — 00 — 10—3 a Pound. The Lapps — 00—07 — 6 Minks — 00-05-0 Grey Foxes — 00 — 03—0 Otters — 00—08 — Rackoons — 00 — 01 — 5 Bever is fifteen pence a Skin Custom at New- York, four pence at London ; three pence a Skin Freight, which is after the rate of fifteen Pound a Tun. The value of other Skins, a Deer Skin 00 — 00—6 a p, A good Bear Skin will give dO — 07 — 0. A black Bever-skin is worth a Bever and a half of another colour. A black Otter' s-skin, if very good, is worth Twenty Shillings. A Fisher' s-skin three shillings. A Cat' s-skin half a Crown. A Wolf's- skin three shillings. A Musquash or a Muskrat's- skin six shillings and ten pence. An Oxe-hide three pence a pound- wet and six pence dry. Rum in Barbados ten pence a Gallon. Molossus three pence a pound, and fifty shillings a barrel in win- ter, that being the dearest season. Sugar in Bar- bados twelve shillings the hundred which contains a hundred and twelve pounds ; which at New- York yields thirty shillings the bare hundred. In Barbados (new Negro's i. e. such as cannot speak English) are bought for twelve or fourteen pound 34 A TWO years' a head, but if they can speak English sixteen or seventeen pound ; and at New-York, if they are grown Men, they give thirty five and thirty or forty Pound a head ; (see Note 25,) where by the by let me observe that the Indians look upon these Negroes or Blacks as an anomalous Issue, meer Edomites, hewers of Wood and drawers of Water. The Price of Provisions: Long Island Wheat three shillings a Skipple (a Skipple being three parts of a Bushel) Sopus Wheat half a Crown a Skipple, Sopus Pease half a Crown a Skipple ; In- dian Corn Flower fifteen shillings a hundred, Bread 18 a hundred. To Barbados 50s. a Tun freight, 4 Hogsheads to a Tun ; Pork 3l. the barrel, which contains two hundred and 40 pounds, i, e. 3d. the pound ; Beef 30s. the barrel ; Butter 6d. a Pound: amongst Provisions I may reckon To- bacco, of which they are obstinate and incessant Smoakers, both Indians and Dutch, especially the latter, whose Diet especially of the boorish sort, being Sallets and Bacon, and very often picked buttermilk, require the use of that herb to keep their phlegm from coagulating and curdling, I once saw a pretty instance relating to the power of Tobacco, in two Dutchmen riding a race with short campaigne Pipes in their mouths, one of which being hurl'd from his Steed, as soon as he gathered himself up again, whip'd to his Pipe, and fell a sucking and drawing, regarding neither his Horse nor Fall, as if the prize consisted in getting that heat which came from his beloved smoke : Hi JOURNAL IN NEW YORK. 35 They never burn their Pipes, but as soon as they are out put them into their Pockets, and now and then wash them. The Indians originally made Pipes of Flint, and have some Pipes of Steel ; they take the leaves of Tobacco and rub them betwixt their hands, and so smoke it; Tobacco is two pence halfpenny a pound, a merchantable Hogs- head contains four hundred pound neat, i. e. with- out the Cask. A Dutch pound contains eighteen ounces. Pipe staves are fifty shillings or three pound a thousand, they are sent from New-York to the Madera Islands and Barbados, the best is made of White Oak. Their best Liquors are Fiall, Passado, and Madera Wines, the former are sweet- ish, the latter a palish Claret, very spritely and generous, two shillings a Bottle ; their best Ale is made of Wheat Malt, brought from Sop as and Albany about threescore Miles from New-York by water ; Syder twelve shillings the barrel ; their quaffing liquors are Rum-Punch and Brandy-punch, not compounded and adulterated as in England, but pure water and pure Nants. The Indians Diet. What they liv'd upon originally is hard to de- termine, unless we recur to St. John Baptist's extemporary Diet in the Wilderness, for they may be properly called Cko^iot, i. e. Inhabitants of the Wood, so may be supposed to have had their victus parabilis, food that wanted no dressing; but stories of the first times being meerly conjectural, 36 A TWO years' I shall only speak what I wrote down from the best information. They have a tradition that their Corn was at first dropt out of the mouth of a Crow from the Skies; just as Adam de Marisco (see Note 26,) was wont to call the Law of Nature Helias's Crow, something flying from Heaven with Provisions for our needs. They dig their ground with a Flint, called in their Language tom-a-hea-kan, (see Note 27,) and so put five or six grains into a hole the latter end of April or beginning of May, their Harvest is in Oc- tober, their Corn grows like clusters of Grapes, which they pluck or break off with their hands, and lay it up to dry in a thin place, like unto our Cribs made of reed ; when its well dryed they parch it, as we sprekle Beans and Pease, which is both a pleasant and a hearty food, and of a pro- digious encrease, even a hundred fold, which is suppos'd as the highest degree of fruitfulness, which often reminded me of the Marquess of Worcester's (see Note 28,) Apophthegm of Christ's Miracle of five Loves and two Fishes, viz. that as few grains of Corn as will make five Loves being sowed in the earth will multiply and increase to such ad- vantage as will feed 5000 with Bread, and two Fishes will bring forth so many fishes as will suffice so many mouths, and because such are so ordinary amongst us every day, we take no notice of them : this Indian Corn is their constant Via- ticum in their travels and War. Their Squaws or Wives and Female Sex manage their Harvest, whilest the Men Hunt and Fish, and Fowl ; of JOURNAL IN NEW YORK. 31 which they bring all varieties to New- York, and that so cheap that I remember a Venison bought for three shillings; their Rivers are plentifully fur- nish'd with fish, as Place, Pearch, Trouts, Eels, Bass and Sheepshead, the two last are delicate Fish : They have great store of wild-fowl, as Turkeys, Heath-hens, Quails, Partridges, Pigeons, Cranes, Geese, Brants, Ducks, Widgeon, Teal and divers others : And besides their natural Diet, they will eat freely with the Christians, as I observed once when we were at dinner at the Governor's Table, a Sackamaker or King came in with several of his Attendants, and upon invitation sat round upon the Floor (which is their usual posture) and ate of such Meat as was sent from the Table : amongst themselves when they are very hungry they will eat their Dogs, which are but young Wolves stolen from their darams, several of which I have seen following them, as our Dogs here, but they won't eat of our Dogs because they say we feed them with salt meat, which none or but few of the Indians love, for they had none before the Christians came: so unacquainted were they with Acids : They are of opinion that when they have ill success in their hunting, fishing, &c. their Menitto is the cause of it, therefore when they have good success they throw their fat into the fire as a Sacrifice ingeminating Kenah Menitto, i. e. I thank you Menitto ; their Kin-tau Kauns, (see Note 29,) or time of sacrificing is at the beginning of winter, because then all things are fat, where a great many Sacka-makers or 38 A TWO years' Kings meet together, and Feast; every Nation or Tribe has its Ka-kin-do-wet, (see Note 30,) or Minister, and every Sacka-maker gives his Ka-kin-do-wet 12 fathom of Wampam mixt, and all that are able at that time throvv^ down Wam- pam upon the ground for the Poor and Fatherless, of whom they have a great many. Now I am speaking of fishing and fowling it may not be im- proper to add some thing about the art of catching Whales, which is thus, two Boats with six Men in each make a Company, viz. four Oars-men or Rowers; an Harpineer and a Steers-man ; about Christmas is the season for Whaling, for then the Whales come from the North-east, Southerly, and continue till the latter end of March, and then they return again ; about the Fin is the surest part for the Harpineer to strike : As soon as he is wounded, he makes all foam, with his rapid vio- lent Course, so that if they be not very quick in clearing their main Warp to let him run upon the tow, which is a line fastned to the Harping-iron about 50 fathoms long, its a hundred to one he over-sets the Boat : As to the nature of a Whale, they copulate as Land-beasts, as is evident from the female Teats and Male's Yard, and that they Spawn as other Fishes is a vulgar error, Lam. 4. 3. even the Sea monsters draw out the breast they give suck to their young ones. For further its observable that their young Suckers come along with them their several courses. A Whale about 60 foot long having a thick and free Blubber may yield or make 40 or 50 barrels of Oyl, every Barrel 118 JOURNAL IN NEW YORK. 39 containing 31 or 32 Gallons at 20s. a Barrel, if it hath a good large bone it may be half a Tun or a Thousand weight, which may give 251. Sterling old England Money. A Dubartus is a Fish of the shape of a M'^hale, (see Note 31,) which have teeth where the Whale has Bone, there are some 30 or 40 foot long, they are call'd by some the Sea- Wolf, of them the Whales are afraid, and do many times run themselves ashore in flying from them, this is prov'd by the Whalers who have seen them seize upon them: the Blubber of the Whale will sometimes^ be half a yard thick or deep, if the Blubber be not fat and free, the Whale is call'd a Dry-skin; a Scrag-tail Whale is like another, only somewhat less, and his bone is not good, for it will not split, and it is of a mixt colour, their Blubber is as good for the quantity as others : I never heard of any Spermaceti Whales, either catch'd or driven upon these Shores, which Sperma as they call it (in the Bahama Islands) lies all over the body of. these Whales, they have divers Teeth which may be about as big as a Man's wrist, which the ordinary Whales have not, they are very strong, fierce and swift, inlaid with Sinews all over their bodies. But to leave this Leviathan to his pastime in the deep, let us go a shore, and speak something of the nature of a Beaver, in hunting of which the In- dians take great pains and pleasure ; the Beaver hath two sorts of Hair, one short soft and fine to protect him from the cold, the other long and thick, to receive the dirt and mire, in which they are often bnsie and employed, and to hinder it 40 A TWO years' from spoiling the skin ; his teeth are of a peculiar contexture, fit to cut boughs and sticks, with which they build themselves houses, and lodgings of several stories and rooms, to breed their young ones in : for which purpose nature hath also fur- nish'd them with such forefeet as exactly resemble the feet of a Monkey, or the hands of a Man: their hind-feet proper for swimming, being like those of a Duck or Goose : As to the Castoreum or parts conceived to be bitten away to escape the Hunter, is a vulgar conceit, more owing to Juvenal and other poetical fancies than to any traditional truth, or the Etymologies of some bad Gramarians, de- riving Castore a caslrando, whereas the proper Latin word is fiber, and castor, but borrowed from the Greek, so called quasi ya'gio^, i. e. animal ven- tricosum, from his swaggy and prominent belly : the particular account of which is in Dr. Brown's (see Note 32,) Vulgar Errors : but to be short, the bladders containing the Castoreum are distinct from the Testicles or Stones, and are found in both Sexes ; with which when the Indians take any of them they anoint their Traps or Gins which they set for these Animals, to allure and draw them hither. As to the nature of Bears, their bringing forth their young informous and unshapen, I wholly refer you to Doctor Brown's said Vulgar Errors : the substance of their legs is of a particular struct- ure, of a thick fattish ligament, very good to eat, and so the Indians say of their body, which ' is often their diet ; when they hunt them, they com- JOURNAL IN NEW YORK. 41 monly go two or three in company with Guns : for in case one shoot and miss the Bear will make towards them, so they shoot one after another to escape the danger and make their G ame sure : But without Guns or any Weapon except a good Cudgel or Stick. I was one with others that have had very good diversion and sport with them, in an Orchard of Mr. John Robinson's of New-York; (see Note 33), where we follow'd a Bear from Tree to Tree, upon which he could swarm like a Cat ; and when he was got to his resting place, perch'd upon a high branch, we dispatc'd a youth after him with a Club to an opposite bough, who knocking his Paws, he comes grumbling down backwards with a thump upon the ground, so we after him again : His descending backwards is a thing particularly remarkable : Of which I never read any account, nor know not to what defect in its structure to impute it: unless to the want of the intestinum ccecum, which is the fourth Gut from the Ventricle or Stomach, and first of the thick Guts, which by reason of its divers infolds and turnings seems to have no end, and for that reason perhaps called coecum or blind Gut : which being thick may pro- bably detain the meat in the belly, in a descending posture : but these conjectures I wholly submit to the anatomical faculty : The Indians seems to have a great value for these animals, both for their skins and carkase-sake, the one good meat, the other good barter : And I may infer the same from a present which my acquaintance, old Claus the Indian, made me of a couple of well grown Bears 42 A TWO YEARS' Cubs, two or three days before I took Shiping for England, he thinking I would have brought them along with me, which present I accepted with a great deal of Ceremony (as we must every thing from their hands) and ordered my Negro boy about 12 years old to tye them under the Crib by my Horse, and so left them to any ones acceptance upon my going aboard : I brought over with me a Grey Squirrel, a Parret and a Rockoon, the first the Lady Sherard (see Note 34,) had some years at Stapleford, the second, I left at London ; the last I brought along with me to Alford, where one Sunday in Prayer time some Boys giving it Nutts, it was choaked with a shell : It was by nature a very curious cleanly Creature, never eating any thing but first washed it with its forefeet very carefully : the Parot was a pratling familiar bird, and diverting company in my solitary intervals upon our Voyage home. As I was talking with it upon the Quarter Deck, by a sudden ro wling of the Ship, down drops Pall overboard into the Sea and cry'd out amain poor Pall : The Ship being almost becalm'd, a kind Seaman threw out a Rope, and Pall seiz'd it with his Beak and came safe aboard again : This for my own diversion. As the Serpent was the most dangerous reptile in Paradise, so is the Rattle Snake in the Wilderness. It has its name from the configuration of its skin, which consists of several foldings which are all contracted dum latet in herba, whilst it lies on the grass, or at the root of some rotten Tree, from whence it often surprizes the unwary traveller, and in throwing himself at JOURNAL IN NEW YORK. 43 his legs : The dilating of these folds occasion a rattling. Wherever it penetrates or bites it certainly poysons : they are in their greatest vigour in July ; but the all-wise Providence which hath furnish'd every Climate with antidotes proper for their dis- tempers and annoyances, has aflforded great plenty of Penny-royal or Ditany, whose leaves bruised are very hot and biting upon the Tongue, which being tied in a clift of a long stick, and held to the nose of a Rattle Snake, will soon kill it by the smell and scent thereof; the vertues of this Plant are so effectual, that we read by taking of it in- wardly, or by outward application and by fume it will expell a dead Child. And the juice of it ap- plied to wounds made by Sword, or the biting of venomous creatures is a present remedy : but be- sides this, I shall speak of another way of drawing out the poyson of these Creatures, which is by sucking of it out with their mouths, which one Indian will do for another, or for any Christian so poyson'd : A rare example of pure humanity, even equal to that of the Lady Elenor, the Wife of King Edward the first, who when her Husband had three wounds given him with the poysoned Knife of Anzazim the Saracen, two in the Arm and one near the Arm-pit, which by reason of the envenom'd blade were fear'd to be mortal, and when no Medicine could extract the poyson, his Lady did it with her Tongue, licking dayly while her Husband slept, his rankling wounds, whereby they perfectly clos'd, and yet her self receiv'd no harm, so sovereign a medicine is a good Tongue, 44 A TWO years' beyond the attractive power of Cupping Glasses and Cauteries. It were to be wish'd that where Penny-royal or Dittany is scarce or unknown, that every Country family understood the vertue of Rue or Herb-a-grace, which is held as a preserva- tive against infectious Diseases, and cures the biting of a mad Dog or other venom, which would be no invasion upon, or striving with the dispens- atory of Festal and Mortar, Still and Furnace ; which legal faculties and professions being esta- blished and encourag'd by the wise constitutions of Governments, should not be interlop'd and un- dermin'd by persons of any other faculties, who are too apt to add temporal Pluralities to their spiritual Cures. Indeed it is a duty owing to hu- man nature, to administer to and assist any one in forma pauperis, but to take a fee a reward or gratuity from a Naaman or a person able to employ the proper faculty, is to act the Gehazi, and not the Prophet Elisha; Miles equis, piscator aquis, an hammer for the Smith, an Homer for the School, let the Shooe-maker mind his Boot, and the Fish- erman his Boat, the Divine his Sermon, and the Doctor his Salmon. This digression I hope will be taken as it's written with an impartial deference to both professions: for as we are taught from Jesus the Son of Sirach, to honor the physician for his skill, and the Apothecary for his confections, Ecclesiasticus chap. 38. 1. 8. so we are taught from a greater than he, to honor and revere the Doctors of souls, the holy Jesus the Son of God, for their Spiritual Cures and Dispensatories : But to JOURNAL IN NEW YORK. 45 return to the Indians, they have Doctors amongst them, whom they call Me-ta-ow, (see Note 35,) to whom every one gives something for there Cure, but if they die nothing at all, and indeed their skill in simples costs them nothing, their general remedy for all diseases is their sweating : Which is thus : when they find themselves any ways in- disposed, they make a small Wigwam or House, nigh a River-side, out of which in the extremity of the Sweat they plunge themselves into the Wa- ter ; about which I discoursed with one of their Me-ta-ows, and told him of the European way of Sweating in Beds, and rubbing our bodies with warm cloths: to which he answered he thought theirs the more eflfectual way : because the water does immediately stop all the passages (as he call'd the Pores) and at the same time wash off the ex- crementitious remainder of the Sweat, which he thought could not be so clearly done by friction or rubbing; which practice I leave to the consider- ation or rather diversion of the Physicians and their Balneo's: but this experiment prov'd Epi- demical in Small-Pox, by hindering them from coming out. As to their way of living, it's very rudely and rovingly, shifting from place to place, according to their exigencies, and gains of fishing and fowling and hunting, never confining their rambling humors to any settled Mansions. Their Houses which they call Wigwams are as so many Tents or Booths covered with the barks of Trees, in the midst of which they have their fires, about which they sit in the day time, and lie in the 46 A TWO years' nights ; they are so Saturnine that they love ex- tremes either to sit still or to be in robustous mo- tions, spending their time in drowsie conferences, being naturally unenclin'd to any but lusory pas- times and exercises ; their Diet in general is raw- Flesh, Fish, Herbs, and Roots or such as the Ele- ments produce without the concoction of the fire to prepare it for their Stomachs ; so their Horses are of a hardy temperament, patient of hunger and cold, and in the sharp winter, when the ground is cover'd with Snow, nourish themselves with the barks of Trees, and such average and herbage as they can find at the bottom of the Snow: But now I am speaking of Horses, I never could be inform'd nor ever did see an Indian to have been on Horse- back : Of which there are great ranges runing wild in the Woods, to which they pretend no right: but leave them to the Dutch and English Chevaliers to tame and manage ; for which I often wondered there were not cheif Rangers, and a Charta de Foresta to regulate such Games. When they travel by water, they have small Boats, which they call Canoes, made of the barks of Trees, so very nar- row, that two can neither sit nor stand a breast, and those they row with long paddles, and that so swiftly, that they'll skim away from a Boat with four Oars, I have taken a particular pleasure in plying these paddles, standing upright and steddy, which is their usual posture for dispatch : In which they bring Oysters and other fish for the Market : they are so light and portable that a Man and his Squaw will take them upon their Sholders and JOURNAL IN NEW YORK. i*l carry them by Land from one River to another, with a wonderful expedition; they will venture with them in a dangerous Current, even through Hell-gate it self, which lies in an arm of the Sea, about ten miles from New- York Eastward to New-England, as dangerous and as unaccountable as the Norway Whirl-pool or Maelstrom : in this Hell-gate which is a narrow passage, runneth a rapid violent Stream both upon Flood and Ebb; and in the middle lieth some Islands of Rocks, upon which the Current sets so violently, that it threatens present Shipwrack ; and upon the Flood is a large whirlpool, which sends forth a continual hedious roaring; it is a place of great defence against an Enemy coming that way, which a small Fortification would absolutely prevent, by forcing them to come in at the west-end of Long- Island by Sandy-Hook, where Nutten-Island would force them within the command of the Fort of New- York, which is one of the strongest and best situated Garrisons in the North parts of America, and was never taken but once through the default of one Captain Manning, who in absence of the Go- vernour suffered the Dutch to take it; for which he was condemned to an Exile to a small Island from his name, call'd Manning's Island, where I have been several times with the said Captain, whose entertainment was commonly a Bowl of Rum- Punch. (See Note 36.) In deep Snows the Indians with broad Shoos much in the shap of the round part of our Rackets which we use at Tennis : will travel without sinking in the least : at other times 127 48 A TWO years' their common ordinary Shooes are parts of raw Beasts-skins tied aoout their feet : when they tra- vel, for directing others who follow them, they lay sticks across, or leave some certain mark on Trees. Now I am speaking of the Indian Shooes, I cannot forbear acquainting the Reader that I seldom or never observ'd the Dutch Women wear any thing but Slippers at home and abroad, which often re- minded nfie of what I read in Dr. Hamond (see Note 37,) upon the 6th of Ephesians, N. B. that the Egypt- ian Virgins were not permitted to wear Shooes, i. e. not ready to go abroad: like the custom among the Hebrews, whose women were call'd oixoeig, domi porta and oixa^aaal home-setters and oixapixal house bearers, the Heafhen painted before the mo- dest women's doors Venus sitting upon a Snail, quee domi porta vacatur, called a House bearer, to teach them to stay at home, and to carry their Houses about with them. So the Virgins were called by the Hebrews Gnalamoth, absconditce, hid, and the places of their abodes aapOrivaval, cellce Virginales, Virgins Cells. Contrary to these are Whores Pro. 7. II. her feet abide not in her house, therefore the Chaldees call her Niphcath- hara going abroad, and an Harlot the Daughter of an Harlot, egredientem filiam egredientis, a goer forth, the Daughter of a goer forth ; and when Dinah went out to see the Daughters of the Land, and was ravish'd by Sichem : Simeon and Levi cry out, should he deal with our Sister as with an Harlot, which the Targum renders, an sicut exe- untem foras : They have another custom differing JOURNAL IN NEW YORK. 49 from other Nations. They feast freely and mer- rily at the Funeral of any Friend, to which I have been often invited and sometimes a Guest, a cus- tom derived from the Gentiles to the latter Jews, according to which says Josephus of Archelaus, he mourned seven days for his Father, and made a sumptuous Funeral Feast for the multitude, and he adds that this custom was the impoverishing of many Families among the Jews, and that upon necessity, for if a Man omitted it, he was accounted no pious Man. The Dutch eat and drink very plentifully at these Feasts ; but I do not remember any Musick or Minstrels, or monumentarii cho- raulcB mentioned by Apuleius, or any of the Musick mentioned by Ovid de fastis. Cantabis mcestis tibia funeribus. So that perhaps it may be in imitation of David's example, who as soon as his child was dead, wash'd and anointed himself and ate his bread as formerly, 2 Sam. 12. 20. In all these Feasts I observ'd they sit Men and Women intermixt, and not as our English do Women and Men by them- selves apart. (See Note 38.) Of the Indians Marriages and Burials. When an Indian has a mind to a woman (ask- ing the consent of Parents) he gives her so many Fathom of Wampam according to his ability, then his betrothed covers her face for the whole year before she is married, which put me in mind of Rebekah, who took a veil and covered her self 50 A TWO years' when she met Isaac, Gen. 24. 65. which veil (saith TertuUian de velandis virginibus) was a token of her modesty and subjection. The Husband doth not lie with his Squaw or Wife, whilst the Child has done Sucking, which is commonly two years, for they say the Milk will not be good if they get Children so fast. They bury their friends sitting upon their heels as they usually sit, and they put into their graves with them a Kettle, a Bow and Arrows, and a Notas or Purse of Wampam ; they fancy that after their death they go to the South- ward, and so they take their necessaries along with them ; or perhaps like the uncircumcis'd in Ezek. 32. 27. who went down to the Grave with Weapons of War, and laid their Swords under their heads, the ensigns of Valor and Honor : as tho they would carry their strength to the grave with them, contrary to that of the Apostle, it is sown a weak body, 1 Cor. 15. They mourn over their dead commonly two or three days before they bury them: they fence and stockado their graves about, visiting them once a year, dressing the weeds from them, many times they plant a certain Tree by their Graves which keeps green all the year : They all believe they shall live as they do now, and think they shall marry, but must not work as they do here ; they hold their Soul or Spirit to be the breath of Man : They have a Tra- dition amongst them that about five hundred years agoe, a Man call'd (Wach que ow) came down from above, upon a Barrel's-head, let down by a Rope, and lived amongst them sixty years, who 130 JOURNAL IN NEW YORK. 51 told them he came from an happy place, where there were many of their Nations, and so he left them. And they have another Tradition of one Meco Nish, who had lain as dead sixteen days, all which time he was unhmied, because he had a little warmth about his breast, and after sixteen days he lived again, in which interval he told them he had been in a fine place where he saw all that had been dead. Such Traditions as these ought to be lookt upon by the Professors of Chris- tianity, as the Epileptick half moon Doctrine of that grand Enthusiast Mahomet, beyond whose Tomb hanging in the air his Superstitious Arabians are not able to lift their minds to the Kingdom of Heaven : So that the Mahometans Tomb and the Indians Tub may stand upon the same bottom, as to their Credit and Tradition : and (he Indians after their rising again to the Southward shall Marry, Eat and Drink, may plead as fair for them as the Mahometans earthly Paradise of Virgins with fairer and larger eyes than ever they beheld in this world, and such like sensual enjoyments, which its even a shame to mention : or the Jews worldly Messiah, who ought all to be the dayly objects of our Christian prayers and endeavours for their Conversion, that they may believe and obtain a better Resurrection, even the Necumoh (see Note 39,) the day of Consolation, when we shall be so wonderfully changed as to be fit Companions for Angels, and reign with our Saviour in his Glory, who only hath the words of eternal life. In order to which I shall endeavour to offer some proposals 52 A TWO years' in a Second Part, de propaganda Jide ; and so con- clude this with some mixt occasional observations, with all due respects to some modern Criticks : Whether Adam or Eve sewed their fig-leave to- gether with needle and thread is not my business to be so nice as rem istam acu tangere : But this I am well inform' d of, That the Indians, make thread of Nettles pill'd when fall ripe, pure white and fine, and likewise another sort of brownish thread of a small weed almost like a Willow, which grows in the Wood, about three foot high, which is called Indian Hemp, of which they likewise make Ropes and bring them to sell, which wears as strong as our Hemp, only it wont endure wet so well, of this they make their Baggs, Purses or Sacks which they call Notas, which word signifies a Belly, (see Note 40,) and so they call any thing that's hol- low to carry any thing. Their work is weaving with their fingers, they twist all their thread upon their Thighs, with the palm of their hands, they interweave their Porcupine quills into their baggs, their Needles they make of fishes or small beast bones, and before the Christians came amongst them, they had Needles of Wood, for which Nut- wood was esteemed best, called Um-be-re-mak- qua, their Axes and Knives they made of white Flint-stones ; and with a Flint they Avill cut down any tree as soon as a carpenter with a Hatchet, which experiment was tried of late years by one Mr. Crabb of Alford in Lincolnshire, for a consider- able wager, who cut down a large Tree with a flint, handled the Indian way, with an unexpected art JOURNAL IN NEW YORK. 53 and quickness. They make theirCandles of the same wood that the Masts of Ships are made of, which they call fVoss-ra-neck. (See Note 41.) Thus far ol the Indians, in this first part, which were part of my own personal observations, and other good inform- ations from one Claus an Indian, otherwise called Nicholas by the English, but Claus by the Dutch, with whom I was much acquainted, and likewise from one Mr. John Edsal the constant Interpreter betwixt the Governor and the Indians, and all others upon all important affairs, who was my in- timate acquaintance, and his Son my Scholar and Servant, whose own hand-writing is in many of my Memorials : One thing I had almost forgot, i. e. when the Indians look one another's Heads they eat the Lice and say they are wholesome, never throwing any away or killing them : In a word as they have a great many manly instincts of nature, so I observed them very civil and re- spectful both in their behaviour and entertainment; I cannot say that ever I met any company of them, which I frequently did in my walks out of the Town, but they would bow both Head and Knee, saying here comes the Sacka-makers Kakin-do- wet, i. e. the Governours Minister, whom I always saluted again with all due ceremony. They are faith-guides in the woods in times of Peace, and as dangerous enemies in times of War. Their way of fighting is upon Swamps, i. e. Bogs and Quagmires, in sculking Ambushes, beyond Trees and in Thickets, and never in a body. When they intend War they paint their faces black, but red 54 A TWO years' is the sun-shine of Peace. There are several Na- tions which may be more properly called Tribes of Indians. Rockoway upon the South of Jamaica upon Long-Island, the 1. Sea-qua-ta-eg, to the South of Huntingdon, the 2. Unckah-chau-ge, Brooke-haven, the 3. Se-tauck, Seatauchet North, the 4. Ocqua-baug, South-hold to the North, the 5. Shin-na-cock, Southampton, the greatest Tribe, the 6. Mun-tauck, to the Eastward of East-Hampton, the 7. All these are Long-Island Indians. (See Note 42) The Tribes which are Friends. Top-paun, the greatest, which consists of an hundred and fifty fighting young Men. It's call'd the greatest because they have the greatest Sachim or Sacka-maker, i. e. King, whose name is Maim- shee. The Second is Ma-nissing, which lies westward from Top-paun, two days Journey ; it consists of three hundred fighting Men, the Sacka-makers name is called Taum-ma-hau-Quauk. The Third, Wee-quoss-cah-chau. i. e. Westches- ter Indians, which consists of seventy fighting Men, the Sacka-makers name is Wase-sa-kin-now. The Fourth, Na-ussin, or Neversinks, a Tribe of very few, the Sacka-makers name is Onz-zeech. JOURNAL IN NEW YORK. 55 May the lover of Souls bring these scattered desert people home to his own Flock. To return from the Wilderness into New-York, a place of as sweet and agreeable air as ever I breathed in, and the Inhabitants, both English and Dutch very civil and courteous as I may speak by experience, amongst whom I have often wished my self and Family, to whose tables I was fre- quently invited, and always concluded with a generous bottle of Madera. I cannot say I ob- served any swearing or quarrelling, but what was easily reconciled and recanted by a mild rebuke, except once betwixt two Dutch Boors (whose usual oath is Sacrament) which abateing the abusive language, was no unpleasant Scene. As soon as they met (which was after they had alarm'd the neighbourhood) they seized each other's hair with their forefeet, and down they went to the Sod, their Vrows and Families crying out because they could not part them, which fray happening against my Chamber window, I called up one of my acquaintance, and ordered him to fetch a kit full of water and discharge it at them, which immediately cool'd their courage, and loosed their grapples : so we used to part our Mas- tiffs in England. In the same City of New-York where I was Minister to the English, there were two other Ministers or Domines as they were called there, the one a Lutheran a German or High-Dutch, the other a Calvinist an Hollander or Low-Dutchman, who behav'd themselves one towards another so shily and uncharitably as if 56 A TWO years' Luther and Calvin had bequeathed and entailed their virulent and bigotted Spirits upon them and their heirs forever They had not visited or spoken to each other with any respect for six years to- gether before my being there, with whom I being much acquainted, I invited them both with their Vrows to a Supper one night unknown to each other, with an obligation, that they should not speak one word in Dutch, under the penalty of a Bottle of Medera, ailed ging I was so imperfect in that Language that we could not manage a socia- ble discourse, so accordingly they came, and at the first interview they stood so appaled as if the Ghosts of Luther and Calvin had suffered a trans- migration, but the amaze soon went off with a salve tu quoque, and a Bottle of Wine, of which the Calvinist Domine was a true Carouzer, and so we continued our Mensalia the whole meeting in Latine, which they both spoke so fluently and promptly that I blush'd at my self with a passion- ate regret, that I could not keep pace with them ; and at the same time could not forbear reflecting upon our English Schools and Universities (who indeed write Latine Elegantly) but speak it, as if they were confined to Mood and Figure, Forms, and Phrases, whereas it should be their common talk in their Seats and Halls, as well as in their School Disputations, and Themes. This with all deference to these repositories of Learning. As to the Dutch Language in which I was but a smat- terer, I think it lofty, majestic and emphatical, especially the German or High-Dutch, which as JOURNAL IN NEW YORK. 51 far as I understand it is very expressive in the Scriptures, and so underived that it may take place next the Oriental Languages, and the Septuagint : The name of the Calvinist was Newenhouse, (see Note 43), of the Lutheran Bernhardns Frazius, who was of a Gentile Personage, and a very agreeable behaviour in conversation , I seldom knew of any Law-suits, for indeed Attorneys were denyed the liberty of pleading : The English observed one anniversary custom, and that without superstition, I mean the strenarum commercium, as Suetonius calls them, a neighbourly commerce of presents every New-Years day. Totus ab auspicio, ne foret annus iners. Ovid. Fastor. Some would send me a Sugar-loaf, some a pair of Gloves, some a Bottle or two of Wine- In a word, the English Merchants and Factors (whose names are at the beginning) were very unanimous and obliging. There was one person of Quality, by name Mr. Russel, (see Note 44,) younger brother to the late Lord Russel, a gentleman of a comely Per- sonage, and very obliging, to whose lodgings I was often welcome : But I suppose his Fortune was that of a younger Brother according to Henry the VIII's. Constitution, who abolished and repealed the Ga- velkind custom, whereby the Lands of the Father were equally divided among all his Sons, so that ever since the Cadets or younger Sons of the Eng- lish Nobility and Gentry, have only that of the Poet to bear up their SfHrits. 58 A TWO years' Sum pauper, non culpa mea est, sed culpa parentum Qui mefratre ineo nun genuere prius. In my rude English rhiming thus. I'm poor (my dad) but that's no fault of mine, If any fault there be, the fault is thine, Because thou did'st not give us Gavelkine. The Dutch in New-York observe this custom, an instance of which I remember in one Frederick Phi- lips (see Note 45,) the richest Miin Heer in that place, who was said to have whole Hogsheads of Indian Money or Wampam, who having one Son and Daughter, I was admiring what a heap of Wealth the Son would enjoy, to which a Dutch Man replied, that the Daughter must go halves, for so was the manner amongst them, they standing more upon Nature than Names ; that as the root communicates it self to all its branches, so should the Parent to all his off-spring which are the Olive branches round about his Table. And if the case be so, the minors and infantry of the best Families might wish they had been born in Kent, rather than in such a Christendom as entails upon them their elder Brother's old Cloths, or some superan- nuated incumber' d reversion, but to invite both elder and younger Brothers to this sweet Climate of New-York, when they arrive there, if they are enclined to settle a Plantation, they may purchase a tract of ground at a very small rate, in my time at two-pence or three-pence the Acre, for which they have a good Patent or Deed from the Go- vernor. Indeed its all full of Wood, which as it 138 JOURNAL IN NEW YORK. 59 will require some years before it be fit for use, so the burning of it does manure and meliorate the Soil ; if they be for Merchandice, they pay for their freedom in New-York but fix Bevers or an equivalent in Money, i. e. three pounds twelve shillings, and seventeen shillings Fees : And Goods that are brought over commonly return cent, per cent. i. e. a hundred pounds laid out in London will commonly yield or afford 200 pounds there. Fifty per cent, is looked upon as an indif- ferent advance, the species of payment and cerdit or trust is sometimes hazardous, and the Commo- dities of that Country will yield very near as much imported into England, for three and forty pounds laid out in Bever and other Furrs, when I came awaj', I received about four-score in London ; indeed the Custom upon the skins is high, which perhaps might raise it to eight and forty pounds, or fifty ; as for what I had occasion, some things were reasonable, some dear. I paid for two load of Oats in the straw 18 shillings to one Mr. Henry Dyer : to the same for a load of Pease-straw six shillings : paid to Thomas Davis for shooing my Horse three shillings, for in that place Horses are seldom, some not shod at all, their Hoofs by run- ning in the woods so long before they are backed are like Flints : Paid to Derick, i. e. Richard Se- cah's Son for a load of Hay twelve shillings : Paid to Denys Fisher's Son a Carpenter, for two days work in the Stable eight shillings: for a Curry Comb and Horse-brush four shillings : to Jonathan the Barber 1/. 4s. the year : to the Shoo-maker for 60 A TWO TEABS' a pair of Boots and Shooes 1/. 5s. to the Washer- woman or Laundress 1/. 6s. 6rf. the Year. So all Commodities and Trades are dearer or cheaper according to the plenty of importation from Eng- land and other parts : The City of New- York in my time was as large as some Market Towns with us, all built the London way; the Garrison side of a high situation and a pleasant Prospect, the Island it stands on all a level and Champain ; the diver- sion especially in the Winter season used by the Dutch is aurigation, i. e. riding about in Wagons which is allowed by Physicians to be a very healthful exercise by Land. And upon the Ice its admirable to see Men and Women as it were flying upon their Skates from place to place, (see Note 46), with Markets upon their Heads and Backs. In a word, it's a place so every way inviting that our English Gentry, Merchants and Clergy (especially such as have the natural Stamina of a consumptive propagation in them ; or an Hypocondriacal Con- sumption) would flock thither for self preservation. This I hare all the reason to affirm, and believe from the benign efiectual influence it had upon my own constitution ; but oh the passage, the passage thither, hie labor, hoc opus est : there is the timorous objection: the Ship may founder by springing a Leak, be wreckt by a Storm or taken by a Pickeroon : which are plausible pleas to flesh and blood, but if we would examine the bills of mortality and compwire the several accidents and diseases by the Land, we should find them almost a hundred for one to what happens by Sea, which JOURNAL IN NBW YORK. 61 deserves a. particular Essay, and if we will believe the ingenious Dr. Carr in his Epistotce Medicinales, there is an Emetick Vomitory vertue in the Sea- water it self, which by the motion of the Ship operates upon the Stomach and ejects whatever is oflFensive, and so extimulates and provokes or re- covers the appetite, which is the chiefest defect in such Constitutions : and besides, there is a daily curiosity in contemplating the wonders of the Deep, as to see a Whale wallowing and spouting cataracts of Water, to see the Dolphin that hiero- glyphick of celerity leaping above water in chase of the flying fish, which I have sometimes tasted of as they flew aboard, where they immediately expire out of their Element ; and now and then to hale up that Canibal of the Sea, I mean the Shark, by the bate of a large gobbet of Beef or Pork ; who makes the Deck shake again by his flapping vio- lence, and opens his devouring mouth with double rows of teeth, in shape like a Skate or Flare as we call them in Cambridge ; of which dreadful fish I have often made a meal at Sea, but indeed it was for want of other Provisions. When I came for Eng- land in a Quaker's Ship, whose Master's name was Heathcot; (see Note 47,) who, when he had his plum Broths, I and the rest were glad of what Pro- vidence sent us from day to day, out water and other Provisions, which he told us upon going aboard were fresh and newly taken in, were before we arrived in England so old and nauseous that we held our noses when we used them, and had it not been for a kind Rundlet of Medera Wine, which the Go- 141 62 A TWO years' vernor's Lady presented me with, it had gone worse : but such a passage may not happen once in a hundred times ; for as I went from England to New- York, I faired very plentifully both with fresh and season'd meat, & good drink. Sheep killed according to our occasion, and likewise Poultry coop'd up and corn'd and cram'd, which made the common Sea men so long for a novelty, that as I went down betwixt Decks I observ'd two Terpaulins tossing something in a Blanket, and being very inquisitive they told me they were roasting a Cockerill, which was by putting a red- hot Bullet into it after it was trust, which would fetch all the Feathers off and roast well enough for their Stomachs, at which I smiling went again above-deck, and made it a publick and pardonable diversion ; but as to the Sharks, as our Ship was one day becalm'd, and four of our Seamen for di- version Swimming about the Vessel, we on board espied two or three of them making towards their prey, we all shouted and made what noise we could, and scared them (tho with much ado) from seizing the Men, whilst we drew them up by ropes cast out ; when they are sure of their prey they turn themselves upon their backs & strike ' their Prey, but in case a Man has the courage to face them in swimming they make away, so awful is the aspect of that noble animal Man : but suppose his Courage or his Strength fails him, and he be- comes a prey to any of the watry host, what dif- ference betwixt being eaten by fish or by worms at the Christian Resurrection, when the Sea must JOURNAL IN NEW YORK. 63 give up its Dead, and our scattered parts be recol- lected into the same form again ; but to conclude all with an Apophthegm of the Lord Bacon's, viz. ' One was saying that his Great-Grand-father * Grand-father and Father died at Sea. Said an- ' other that heard him, and as I were you, I would * never come to Sea ; why saith he, where did ' your Great-Grand-father and Ancestors die ? he ' answered where but in their Beds, saith the * other, and I were as you I would never go to B6d. But for all this I durst venture a knap in a Cabbin at Sea, or in a Hammock in the Woods. So Reader a good Night. Opere in tantofas est obrepere somnum. FINIS. NOTES. Note 1, page 21. , The good ship Blossom belonged to Charlestown, Mass., and was one of the " regular traders " of those days. We find that Sir Robert Carr returned to England from New York in 1667, in a vessel commanded by Captain Martin. Shortly after her arrival at New York with Gov. Andros, Robert Swet her boatswain ran away, and a " hue and cry" was sent after him from the office of the Provincial Secretary to Long Island and " The Maine." The Blossom cleared from New York for England on the 14th October, 1678, with the follow- ing passengers: Edward Griffith, John Delaval, Abram Depeyster, Jacques Guyon, Thomas MoUineux, Mrs. Mary Vervangher, Mrs. Frances Lowden, Mrs. Charity Clarke, Mrs. Rachel Whitthill her sister, Barent Reinderts, wife and five children, and Levynus Van Schaick ; and carried back the governor's despatches. We lose sight of the good vessel now until the 6th of July, 1681, when she again arrived in New York, from which port she cleared for the Me- deiras on the 1st of September following, still under the command of Capt. Richard Martin. On the 28th September, 1683, she cleared for Boston from New York; arrived at Amboy, N. J., from England, on the 15th February, 1684-5, and cleared at New York for Barbadoes on the 6th of June, 1685. Prom 1691 to 1701 we find the " pinke" Blossom a regular trader between the island of Barbadoes and New Y'ork, but under another commander. — N. Y. State Rec. Note 2, page 21. SirEoMUiro Andkos, Knight, Seigneur of Sausmarez, was bom in London 6th December, 1637. His ancestors were from Northamptonshire. John Andros, the first of them connected with Guernsey, was Lieutenant to Sir Peter Meautis, the Governor, and married, in 1543, Judith de Sausmarez, the heiress, who brought the fief Sausmarez into the family. Their son, John, became a King's ward, in the custody of Sir Leonard Chamberlain, the Governor, during a long minority, and appears as a Jurat of the Royal court at the coming of the Royal Commissioners in 1582. The grandson, Thomas, also a Jurat, was Lieutenant- Governor, under Lord Carew, in 161 1 . He married Elizabeth, daughter of Amice de Carteret, Seigneur of Winsby Manor in Jersey, and Lieutenant-Governor and BailifFof Guernsey, and had many children. Amice, father of Sir Edmund, 66 was the eldest son, and married Elizabeth Stone, sister of Sir Robert Stone, Knight, Cupbearer to the Queen of Bohemia, and captain of a troop of horse in Holland ; he was Master of the Ceremonies to King Charles the First when his son Edmund was bom, who was brought up from a boy in the Royal family, and in its exile commenced his career of arms in Holland, under Prince Henry of Nassau. Upon the restoration of Charles the Second in 1660, the inhabitants of Guernsey thought it right to petition for pardon for having submitted to Cromwell. On the 13th August, an Order in Council was issued granting said pardon, but declaring, at the same time, that Amice Andres of Sausmarez, Bailiff of said Island, Edmund his son, and Charles, brother of Amice, had, to their great credit during the late Rebellion, continued inviolably faithful to his Majesty, and consequently, have no need of being comprised in the general pardon. To reward his loyalty, Edmund was made Gentleman in Ordinary to Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia, the King's aunt, noted for the vicissitudes of her life, and as having given an heir to the House of Hanover; her daughter, Princess Sophia, being the mother of George the First. He subsequently dis- tinguished himself in the war waged by Charles the Second against the Dutch, and which ended in 1667. He married in 1671, Mary, daughter of Sir Thomas Craven, a sister of Sir W. Craven, of Appletreewick in Yorkshire, and of Combe Abbey in Warwickshire, Knight, heir in reversion to the Barony of Craven of Hampsted Marshall. On 2d April, 1672, a regiment of dragoons, raised for the King's cousin, Prince Rupert, was directed to be armed "with the bayonet or great knife ;" this being its first introduction into the English army. Major Andros was promoted to this regiment, and the four Barbadoes companies then under his command, were advanced to be troops of horse in it. {Origin and Services of the Coldstream Guards, by Col. Mackinnon.) In the same year, the proprietors of the Province of Carolina, by patent in the Latin language, dated 23d April, under their great seal and hands, and making allusion to his services and merits, conferred on him and his heirs the title and dignity of Landgrave, with four Baronies containing 48,000 acres of land at a quit-rent of a penny an acre. The distinction bestowed by the proprietors, honorable as it was, does not appear to have been otherwise beneficial, and neither he nor his heirs, it is believed, at any time derived advantage from the large quantity of land an- nexed to the dignity. In 1674, on the death of his father, he became Seigneur of the Fiefs and succeeded to the office of Bailiff of Guernsey, the reversion to which had been granted him. The war which had recommenced with the Dutch having terminated, his regiment was disbanded, and he was commis- sioned by the King to receive New York and its dependencies, pursuant to the treaty of peace, and constituted Governor of that Province. He arrived in this country, accompanied by his wife, on the 1st of November, 1674, and entered on the government on tlie 10th of that month. He returned to England iu November, 1677, and was Knighted by Charles the Second in 1678, when he resumed his government, the affairs of which he continued to administer until 61 January, 1681 (N. S ), when he repaired, by order, to England, and in 1682 was sworn Gentleman of the King's Privy Chamber. In the following year, the Island of Alderney was granted to him and Lady Mary Andros, for ninety-nine years, at a rent of thirteen shillings, and in 1685 he was made Colonel of her Royal Highness Princess Anne of Denmark's regiment of horse. In 1686, James the Second appointed liim Governor, Captain-General and Vice-Admiral of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, New Plymouth and certain dependent t«rritories, and soon afterwards, in addition, of Rhode Island and of Connecti- cut, comprehending the whole of New England. He arrived at Nantasket in the Kingfisher, 50, on the 19th December, 1686, and was received, a few days after, in Boston " with great acclamation of joy." {Cambridge Almanac, 1687.) On the 7th April, 1688, New York and New Jersey were placed under his jurisdiction. In the month of September following, he held a Treaty with the Five Nations of Indians at Albany, and a few weeks after returned to Boston, where he had the misfortune to lose his wife in the forepart of the following year. Her Ladyship was buried by torchlight, the corpse having been carried from the Governor's residence to the South Church, in a hearse drawn by six horses, attended by a suitable guard of honor. In the administration of hia government, Sir Edmund Andros failed not to become unpopular, and on the 18th April, 1689, shortly after the receipt of the news of the Revolution, he was deposed and imprisoned, and sent back to England in 1690. He continued, not- withstanding, in the favor of the Court, and in 1692 William the Third pre- ferred him to the governorship of Virginia, to which was adjoined that of Maryland. Governor Andros brought over to Virginia the Charter of William and Mary's College, of which he laid the foundation. He encouraged manu- factures and the cultivation of cotton in that Colony, regulated the Secre- tary's office, where he commanded all the public papers and records to be sorted and kept in order, and when the State House was burnt, had them care- fully preserved and again sorted and registered. By these and other com- mendable acts, he succeeded in gaining the esteem of the people, and in all likelihood would have been still more useful to the Colony had his stay been longer, but his administration closed in November, 1698. {Beverly's Virginia, I, 37 ; Oldmixon, I, 396-398.) In 1704, under Queen Anne, he was extraordi- narily distinguished by having the government of Guernsey bestowed upon him, which he held for two years ; he continued Bailiff until his death, and was empowered to appoint his Lieutenant- Bailiff, who was likewise authorized to name a deputy. Sir Edmund Andros was married three times. The second wife was of the family of Crispe, which, like his own, had been attached to the Royal house in its necessities. He closed his eventful life in the parish of St. Anne, Westminster, without issue, in February, 1713 (0. S.), in his 76th year. — N. Y. Colonial Documents, II, 740. NOTES. Note 3, Page 21. William Pinhobne had been a resident of Ntew York previous to this time, and this was his return voyage from England. In May, 1683, he became the pur- chaser of the garden previously called Lovelace's Garden-house, in Broadway, N. Y., for which he paid the sum of forty pounds sterling. On the grant of a charter to the city by Governor Dongan, Mr. Pinhorne was named Alderman for the East Ward, and was elected Speaker of the Assembly which met in October, 1685. On the appointment of Sloughter to the government of New York, Mr. Pinhorne was named one of his Council, and subsequently member of the special commission which tried and condemned Leisler. In March, 1691, we find him appointed Recorder of the city of New York, and on the 6th May following, fourth justice of the Supreme Court of the Province. He held the office of Recorder until September 1, 1692, when he was removed from that, and his place in the Council, on account of non-residence. On 22d March, 1693, he became second justice of the Supreme Court, and having returned to the city of New York, was restored to his seat in the Council on 10th of June of the last mentioned year. Whilst in this situation he succeeded in securing for himself and others, an extravagant grant of land on the Mohawk river, west of Fort Hunter, fifty miles long and two miles on each side the river, at the rent of one beaver skin for the first seven years, and five beaver skins yearly for ever thereafter. But Lord Bellomont having arrived in 1698, power passed into the hands of the Leisler party, and Mr. Pinhorne was suspended, on the 7th June, from his offices of judge and councillor, on a charge of having " spoke most scandalous and reproachful words " of the King. This was followed in the course of the next year by an Act vacating his extravagant grant on the Mohawk. He now retired to his plantation on Snake Hill, on Hackensack river, N. J., and was next appointed second judge of the Supreme Court of that Province, of the Council of which he was also a member, and took his seat on the bench at Burlington in November, 1704. Here he shared all the obloquy which attached to his son-in-law. Chief Justice Mompesson. Lieutenant- Governor Ingoldesby having been removed from office, on the earnest applica- tion of the people, was succeeded by Mr. Pinhorne, who was at that time pre- sident of the Council, and who now exercised the power of commander-in-chief. The latter was superceded on the 10th June, 1710, by the arrival of Governor Hunter, and the Assembly soon after demanding his removal from all places of trust in the Province, he was dismisstd in 1713. He died towards the close of 1719. Judge Pinhorne was married to Mary, daughter of Lieutenant-Go- vernor Ingoldesby, in virtue of whose will (dated 31 August, 1711), she and her children, Mary and John, became patentees of glands in the towns of Corn- wall and New Windsor, Orange county, N. Y. — N. Y. Colonial Docs., Ill, 716. 148 69 Note 4, Page 21. James Gkaham was a native of Scotland, and is found a resident merchant of the city of New York as early as July, 1678, and a few years later, proprietor of lands in Ulster county, Staten Island, and in New Jersey. He succeeded Mr. Kudyard as Attorney-General of the Province of New York, on 10th of De- cember, 1685, and was sworn of the Council on the 8th of October, 1687. When the government of New England and New York were consolidated by James II, Mr. Graham removed to Boston as Attorney-General to Andros, the odium of whose government he shared, and on whose downfall he was committed to the castle. He returned to New York in 1691, where his enemies assert that he insinuated himself into the confidence of Leisler and his friends, so as to procure their interest to be chosen member of the Assembly, of which he was afterwards elected Speaker. He became, soon after, the mortal enemy of Leis- ler and Milbome, of whose murder he is cliarijed, by his adversaries, with being "the principal author." Thomas Newton, Sloughter's Attorney-General, having left the Province in April, 1691, disapproving, probably, of the harsh measures of the government towards the state prisoners, George Farewell was appointed to act in his place ; but this appointment not being satisfactory to the Assembly, Mr. Graham became again Attorney-General in the following May. He was about nine years Speaker of the Assembly, i. e., from 1691-1694; 1695-1698, and a part of 1699, when the friends of Leisler being in a majority, the House voted a bill of indictment, in the shape of a remonstrance, against their opponents, and had the cruelty to expect their Speaker to sign it. To enable him to avoid this unpleasant duty, Mr. Graham was called to the Coun- cil in May, 1699. His public career may be said to have now closed. He appears to have attended the Council for the last time, on the 29th July, 1700. He was superseded in October, of that year, as Recorder of the city of New York, after having filled the office from 1683, with an interrnption of only two years, and was deprived of his office of Attorney-General on the 21st January, 1701, but a few days before his death, which occurred at his residence at Mor- risania. His will bears date 12th January, 170D-1, and is on record in the Sur- rogate's office. New York. He left all his property, share and share alike, to his children, Augustine (Surveyor-General of the Province), Isabella (wife of Lewis Morris, Esq.), Mary, Sarah, Margaret and John. The other members of the family consisted, in 1698, of one overseer, two white servants and thirty- three slaves.— ATeto York Colonial Documents, IV, 847. On the 18th July, 1684, a license of Marriage was issued out of the Provincial Secretary's office. New York, for James Graham and Elizabeth Windebauke.—i\f. Y. Colonial MSS., XXXIII, pt. ii, p. 32. But whether it refers to the Attorney-General whose biography is now sketched, we have no means of ascertaining. 70 Note 5, Pagt 21. John West had been a resident of New York during Governor Andros' first administration, and is found acting as a lawyer there as early as 1675. In the following year, he received the appointment of deputy clerk of the Mayor's court, and clerk of the Sessions for the North and West Eidings of Yorkshire, and was employed in a legal capacity to assist the commission appointed to examine into the condition of Governor Lovelace's estate. He seems next to have gone back to England, but on returning to New York, is again found en- joying the confidence and patronage of the government, being employed as member of the Court of Admiralty at Nantucket ; justice of the peace at Pema- quid, &c. In 1680 he received the appointment of clerk of the Council, Secre- tary of the Province, clerk to the Court of Assizes, and clerk of the city of New York, but in 1683, he was superseded by James Spragg as Provincial secretary and clerk of the Court of Assizes. The latter tribunal, however, was soon after abolished, but Mr. West retained his city appointment and received also that of clerk of the Sessions. In October, 1684, he married Anne Eudyard, daughter of the Lieutenant-Governor of East Jersey, and in 1685 was commis- sioned to claim Westfield, Northampton, Deerfield and other towns ou the west side of Connecticut river, for the Duke of York. When Sir Edmund Andros, his patron, returned to power in 1686-7, Mr. West accompanied him to Bos- ton ; there he fanned from Edward Randolph the office of secretary, in which capacity he extorted what fees he pleased, to the great oppression of the people, and thus aided in rendering the government odious. On the overthrow of that government. West was seized and committed to the castle at Boston. Many of the charges again.st him are given in the tract entitled " The Eevolution of New England Justified," After a protracted confinement, it appears that he was shi; ped oS' to England in 1690. Of his subsequent career I have no know- ledge ; but I apprehend that he did not long survive his downfall. His widow afterwards became the wife of Robert Wharton. — The above details are collected from the N. Y. Records in the o£5ce of the Secretary of State, Albany ; By- field's Account of the late Revolution; N. Y. Colonial Documents, III; and Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts. Note 6, p9ge 21. Peter Hbtlin, D. D., was born in Burford, Oxfordshire, on 29th Nov., 1599, and in 1613 entered Hart Hall, Oxford; took the degree of B. A. in 1617, and was chosen Fellow in 1619. Having already given a course of lectures on Cos- mography, he composed his Microcosmus, which was published in 1621, 4to (Watts); 1622 {Wood) small 4to. He received holy orders in 1623, and in 1624-5, a second edition of his Microcosmus appeared, with augmentations and 160 NOTES. 11 corrections. He visited France in 1625, and on his return wrote an account of his journey, which was published some 30 years subsequent to his visit. In 1627, a third edition of the Microcosmus was published. In 1629 he was nomi- nated one of the king's chaplains, and in 1631 made rector of Henningford, Huntingdonshire, and a prebend of Westminster. The year following, he ob- tained the rich living of Houghton in the Spring, which he changed for Ailres- ford, Hampshire ; in 1633 proceeded to D. D., and in 1638, exchanged for South Warnborough, Hants. On the breaking out of the civil war. Dr. Heylin aban- doned his rectories and followed the king to Oxford, where he became one of the editors of the Weekly Newspaper, called the Mcrcurius Aulicus, then pub- lished on the royal side. In 1643, his property was sequestered by order of the Parliament, and he thus lost his incomparable library. Now he was obliged to shift from place to place to escape his enemies, and finally settled down in Minster Level, where he was forced " to the earning of money by writing books." Here, he prepared the first folio edition of his Cosmography, which was pub- lished in 1652. He next removed to Abendon, in order to have easier access to libraries, for he found it (he says) as diflBcult to make books without books, as the Israelites, to make bricks without straw. At length, at tlie restoration, this worthy old loyalist was restored to hi."! spiritualitie.'s. Though the list of Dr. Heylin's works is considerable, he is best known in this country by his " Cos- mographie." It w.is the last book that its author wrote with his own hand (in 1651), for after it was finished, his eyes failed him so that he could neither see to write nor read, and was forced to employ an amanuensis. At length, after a life chequered by adversity and prosperity, he paid his last debt to nature on Ascension day, the 8th of May, 1662, and was buried within the choir of St. Peter's Church, Westminster. A copy of the inscription on his monument is in Hist, and Antiq. Univ. Oxon., and a list of his works is in Wood's Athcn. Oxon. II. 183, et seq. Note 7, page 21. Richard Nicolls was the fourth son of Francis NicoUs, who is described in a pedigree of the family entered in the Heralds' College in 1628, as "of the Middle Temple, one of the Squiers of the Bath to Sir Edward Biuse, and lyeth buried at Ampthill, co. Bedford." His mother was Margaret, daughter of Sir George Bruce of Carnock, Knt., the lineal ancestor of the present Earl of Elgin, and younger brother of Sir Edward Bruce, the favorite servant of James I, and his Master of the Rolls. Richard Nicolls was born in the year 1624, probably at Ampthill, at which place his father was buried in the same year. Ampthill great park was » royal chase, the custody of which was granted, in 1613, by King James I, to Thomas, Lord Bruce, whose son, Robert Bruce, was created in 1664 Viscount Bruce of Ampthill, and Earl of Aylesbury. In the seventeenth 72 century the NicoUses were for many years lessees of Ampthill Park under the Bruce family, and resided at the Great Lodge, or Capital Mansion, as it is called in the surrey of 1649. Here Richard NicoUs passed his boyhood under the charge of his mother, who survived her husband, and remained a widow until her death in 1652. He had two brothers, who survived their father, the one, Edward, ten years, and the other, Francis, five years older than himseif. His only sister, Bruce, was thirteen years of age at the time of his birth, and was married shortly after to John Freoheville (son and heir apparent of Sir John Freeheville of Staveley, co. Derby, Knt.), who, in 1664, was created Baron Freeheville of Staveley. She died in 1629, without issue, at the age of eighteen. The breaking out of the civil war in 1642 found Richard NicoUs at the uni- versity, where, if we can accept the testimony of the epitaph on his monument in Ampthill church, he acquired some distinction in his studies. He was not permitted, however, to pursue this career; but in 1643, at the youthful age of eighteen, he was called away to take part in the civil war, which was then actively waging. As might be supposed from his connections, the sympathies and aflfections of Richard NicoUs were engaged on the royal side. His mother was one of the family — itself connected with the royal line — which had been caressed and enriched by King James. His uncle. Dr. William NicoUs, a dig- nitary of the English Church, was indebted to the favor of King Charles for his preferments, having been presented in 1623 to the living of Cheadle in Chester, by Charles, Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, to whom the presentation had fallen by lapse, and was advanced in 1644 to the Deanery of Chester. Richard NicoUs joined the royal forces, in which he received the command of a troop of horse. Each of his brothers commanded a company of infantry on the same side, and distinguished himself by his devotion to the royal cause ; but the favor which their services gained them was more honorable than ad- vantageous. They shared the exile of the royal family, and following their banished king in his wanderings, Edward, the elder brother, died at Paris, and Francis at the Hague. During the period following the death of King Charles, when the royal family remained in Paris, Richard NicoUs was attached to the service of James, Duke of York, whose attendants, as we learn from Clarendon, shared in a more than ordinary degree in the distresses, and also in the dis- orderand faction which prevailed in the banished court. In the spring of 1652, the Duke of York obtained the permission of his brother and his council to joiu the army under the Marshal Turenne, then engaged in the war of the Fronde. Richard NicoUs accompanied him, and had thus an opportunity, to adopt the words of the Cardinal Mazarin in proposing to the queen to send her son to the wars, of "learning his mestier, under a general reputed equal to any captain in Christendom." The duke afterwards served upon the other side under Don John of Austria and the Prince de Conde, and we may conjecture that he was followed throughout these campaigns by NicoUs, who, on the re- NOTES. 13 turn of the royal family to their country in 1660, waa appointed one of the gentlemen of the bedchamber to the duke. In 1664, war with Holland being then imminent, the king granted to hig brother the Duke of York, the country in North America then occupied by the Dutch Settlement of New Netherland. The grant to the Duke of York is dated the 12th of March, 1664, and it comprises Long Island, and " all the land from the west side of Connecticut river to the east side of Delaware bay, and the islands known by the names of Martin's Vineyard or Nantucks, otherwise Nantucket." Part of this tract was conveyed away by the duke to Lord Berk- eley of Stiatton and George Carteret of Saltrum, co. Devon, by lease and re- lease dated the 22d and 23d of June, 1664, and received the name of New Jersey from its connection with the Carteret family. Letters patent were issued on the 25th of April, 1664, appointing Colonel Richard Nichols, Sir Robert Carr, Knt., George Cartwright and Samuel Maverick, Esquires, Commissioners, with power for them, or any three or two of them, or the survivors of them, of whom Colonel Richard Nichols, during his life, should be always one, and should have a casting vote, to visit aU the colonies and plantations within the tract known as New England, and " to heare and determine aU complaints and appeales in all causes and matters, as well militaiy as criminal and civil, and proceed in all things for the provid- ing for and settleing the peace and security of the said country according to their good and sound discretion, and to such instructions as they or the suc- cessors of them have, or shall from time to time receive for us in that behalfe, and from time to time to certify us or our privy councel of their actings and proceedings touching the premisses." The instructions furnished to Colonel Nicolls respecting his proceedings with the Dutch, required him to reduce them to the same obedience with the king's subjects in those parts, without using any other violence than was necessary to those ends ; and if necessary, " to use such force as could not be avoided for their reduction, they having no kind of right to hold what they are in pos- session of in our unquestionable territories, than that they are possessed of by an invasion of Us." The expedition under NicoUs set sail from Portsmouth in June, 1664. It consisted of four frigates, and about 300 soldiers. Colonel Nicolls, on board the Guyny, arrived at Boston on the 27th July, and required assistance towards reducing the Dutch. The council of the town agreed to furnish 200 men, but the object was effected by Nicolls before this force joined him. On the 20th August, his force being now collected at Long Island, Nicolls sum- moned the Dutch governor to surrender. Stnyvesant, the governor, would willingly have defended the town, but there was no disposition in the burghers to support him ; and a capitulation was signed on 27th by Commissioners on each side, and confirmed by Nicolls. In the course of the next month. Sir Ro- 10 163 14 bert Carr and Col. Cartwright reduced all the remaining Dutch settlements in New Netherland. Upon the reduction of New Amsterdam, NicoUs assumed the government of the province, now called New York, under the style of "Deputy-Governor under his royal highness the Duke of York, of all his territories in America." The American authorities are generally agreed that his rule, though somewhat arbitrary, was honest and salutary. English forms and methods of govern- ment were gradually introduced ; and in June, 1665, the scout, burgomasters and schepens of the Dutch municipality were superseded by a mayor, alder- men, and sheriff. His administration lasted three years, and his mode of proceeding is thus summed up by William Smith, the historian of New York : ' ' He erected no courts of justice, but took upon himself the sole decision of all . controversies whatever. Complaints came before him by petition ; upon which he gave a day to the parties, and after a summary hearing, pronounced judg- ment. His determinations were called edicts, and executed by the sheril& he had appointed. It is much to his honor, that, notwithstanding all this pleni- t ude of power, he governed the province with integrity and moderation. A representation from the inhabitants of Long Island to the General Court of Connecticut, made about the time of the Revolution, commends him, as a man of an easy and benevolent disposition ; and this is the more to be relied upon, because the design of the writers was, by a detail of their grievances, to induce the colony of Connecticut to take them under its immediate protection." In a letter to the Duke of York, dated November, 1665, Colonel NicoUs thus ex- presses himself: " My endeavors have not been wanting to put the whole go- vernment into one frame and policy, and now the most factious republicans can not but acknowledge themselves fully satisfied with the way and method they are in." Nicolls returned to England in 1667, and resumed his position in the Duke of York's household. In 1672 war was again proclaimed against the Dutch. The distinction between the land and sea services was not then established, and several landsmen volunteered to serve in the fleet, which was commanded by the Duke of York, the Earl of Sandwich, and the Count D'Estrees. Among these volunteers were several of the Lord High Admiral's household, and among the number Colonel Richard Nicolls. In the engagement which took place at Solebay, on the 28th of May, 1672, in which Lord Sandwich lost his life by the blowing up of the ship which he commanded. Colonel Nicolls, with Sir John Fox, the Captain of the Royal Prince, in which he sailed, and others of the volunteers, was also killed. His age at the time of his death was forty-seven. Colonel Nicolls left no legitimate issue, and, I believe, was never married. His will, dated the 1st of May, 1672, on board the Royal Prince at the Nore, was proved by his executors in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury in the following June. He desires to be buried at Ampthill, and alms to be given to 151 15 the parishes through which his funeral would pass, aud a marble monument to he erected to his memory, with an inscription mentioning his father and mother, his brother William, and his brothers Edward and Francis, the one dead at the Hague, the other at Paris during the late usurpation ; and his exe- cutors might add what they pleased about his own services in America and elsewhere. He prays his executors to be " earnest solicitors with his Highness for the money due to him." His executors fulfilled his injunctions by erecting a white marble monument to his memory in the north-east corner of the chancel of Ampthill church, in the upper part of which the cannon ball which caused his death is enclosed, with the words " Instrumentum mortis et immortalitatis." The inscription on th^ monument is as follows : M. S. Optimis parentibus nunc tumulo conjunctus Pietate semper conjunctissimus Hie jacet Richardus NicoUs Francisci Istiua ex Margar. Bruce filius, Dlimo Jaoobo Duci Ebor. a Cubioulis intimis ; Anno 1643, relictis musaram castris, Turmam equestrem contra rebelles duxit. Juvems strenuus atque impiger. Anno 1664, setate jam et scientia militari maturus, In AMERICAM Septentrionalem cum imperio missus Longam I's'lam cceterasque insulas Belgis expulsis vero Domino restituit, Frorinciam arces(}ue munitissimas Heri sui titulis insignivit, Et triennio pro preside rexit Academia Uteris Bello Virtute Aula Candore animi Magistratu Prudentia Celebris, ubique bonis charus, sibi et negotiis par. 28 Maii 1672 nave praetoria contra eosd. Belgas fortiter dimicaiis, ictu globi maioris transfossus occubuit. Fratres habuit, praeter Gulielmum praecoci I'ato defunctum, Edvardum et Franciscum utrumque copiarum pedestrium centurionem. Qui foedae et servilis tyranuidis quae tunc Angliam oppresserat impatientes, exilio praelato (si modo regem extorrem sequi exil : sit) alter Parisiis, alter Haga comitis, ad eoelestem patriam migrarunt. Above are the NicoUs arms : Azure, a fess between three lions' heads or ; Crest, a tiger sejant.— 2 Notes and Queries, HI, 214 ; Nichols's Topographer and Genealogist, 111, 539-644. 76 NOTES. Note 8, pagt 22. Mere discoveiy of a country, not followed by actual posaeasion, confers no title. This principle of public law was laid down and acted upon by Elizabeth, Queen of England, as far back as 1680, when resisting the exclusive pretensions of Spain to the New World. " As she did not acknowledge the Spaniards to have any title by donation of the Bishop of Rome, so she knew no right they had to any places other than those they were in actual possession of; for their having touched only here and there upon a coast, and given names to a few rivers, or capes, were such insignificant things as could in no ways entitle them to a pro- priety, farther than in the parts where they actually settled, and continued to inhabit."* The right derived from the Cabots, which had not even the plea of ' "having touched here and there on a coast" to support it, thus falling to the ground— for what was good as against Spain for England, must be admitted good also against the latter for the Dutch — the only remaining title in favor of England to this continent rests on the colonization of Virginia. This did not extend farther north than the Chesapeake or James river. Actual settlement and continual habitation, which Queen Elizabeth laid down as necessary to make out a title, were, therefore, wanting to establish the English right to the country first discovered and now actually possessed by the Dutch. To call these "intruders," was, in the words of Louis XTV, "a species of mockery;" they had as good a right to reclaim the American wilderness as any other Euro- pean power, and so long as they could show all the prerequisites insisted on by England in 1680 to establish a title, theirs must be considered unobjection- able. This view of the case is only strengthened by an examination of the New England patent, granted by James I to the Plymouth Company. This charter conveyed all the country from forty to forty-eight degrees of north lati- tude, with this express reservation, however : " Provided, always, that the said islands, or any of the said premises hereinbefore mentioned, ... be not actually possessed or inhabited by any other Christian Pqnce or Estate." The Dutch had actual possession of New Netherland many years before the issue of this patent, and the reservation in favor of the rights of others which that document contains, was a full and perfect acknowledgment of the sound- ness of their t\t\e.\—0'CaUaghan'a History of New Netherland, II, 343-4. * Camden, Berum Anglicartlm et Uibcfmicarum Annales, refn^ante Elizabetha, 8to. Leyden, 1639, p. 328. '* ProscTiptio Bine poasessione hand valeat," was the principle laid down in this case. t See Patent in Hazard, I, 111. Consult further, " A State and Representation of the Bonnds of the ProTince of New York against the claim of the ProTince of the Maasachusetts Bay," &c., in the Journals of the New York ProT. Assembly; also, Lettres du Comte d'Estrades, Lond. 8to. 1748, ni, 840, for the letter of the King of France, in which he states that after examination of tx>th sides of the question, the right of the Dutch to the country iB, in his estimation, the best established— "le mieux fond6." 166 NOTES. 17 Note 9, page 22. Sebastiak Cabot, an eminent navigator, was the son of John Cabot, a Venetian. The place of his birth has been a subject for some difference of opinion ; some claiming the honor for Venice ; others, for Bristol, England. In 1497, when abont twenty years of age, he accompanied his father in the voyage in which the continent of the New World was discovered. In the year 1498, he made another voyage to this continent, which he reached somewhere between the 55th and 67th degrees of latitude, when he sailed south and returned home. Abont the year 1517 he sailed on another voyage of discovery, and went to the Brazils, and thence to Hispaniola and Porto Rico. Failing in his object of finding a way to the East Indies, he returned to England. Having been invited to Spain, where he was received in the moat respectful manner by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, he made a voyage of discovery in April, 1625 ; visited the coast of Brazil, and entered a great river, to which he gave the name of Rio de la Plata. He sailed up this river one hundred and twenty leagues. After being absent on this expedition a number of years, he returned to Spain in the spring of 1531. He made other voyages, of which no particular memorials remain. His residence was at the city of Seville. His employment as Chief Pilot was the drawing of charts, on which he delineated aU the new discoveries made by himself and others ; and, by his office, he was entrusted with the reviewing of all projects for discovery. His character is said to have been gentle, friendly, and social, though in his voyages some instances of injustice towards the natives and of severity towards his marin- ers, are recorded. In his advanced age he returned to England ; received a pension from Edward VI, and was appointed governor of a company of mer- chants, associated for the purpose of making discoveries. He had a strong persuasion that a passage might be found to China by the northeast. By his means a trade was commenced with Russia, which gave rise to the Russian company. The last account of him is, that in 1556, when the company were sending out a vessel for discovery, he made a visit on board. " The good old gentleman, master Cabota," says the journal of the voyage in Hakluyt, "gave to the poor most liberal alms, wishing them to pray for the good fortune and prosperous success of our pinnace. And then at the sign of St. Christopher, he and his friends banqueted, and for very joy, that he had to see the toward- ness of our intended discovery, he entered into the dance himself among the rest of the young and lusty company ; which being ended, he and his friends departed, most gently commending us to the governance of Almighty God." He died shortly afterwards, at the age of 80 years, but the place where he was buried is not known. He was one of the most extraordinary men of the age in which he lived. There is preserved in Hakluyt a complete set of instructions, drawn and signed by Cabot, for the direction of the voyage to Cathay in 157 78 China, which affords the clearest proof of his sagacity. It is supposed that he was the first who noticed the variations of the magnetic needle. He published also a large map, which was engraved by Clement Adams, and hung up in the gallery at Whitehall ; and on this map was inscribed a Latin account of the discovery of Newfoundland. — Belknap's Amer. Biog., I, 149-158; Mass. Mag., II, 467-471 J Hakluyt, I, 226, 268, 274 ; Campbell's Admirals, I, 419 ; Rees' Cyclopedia ; Petri Martyr. De Novo Orbe, Paris, 1687, pp. 232, 589 ; Bancroft's Hist. U. States, I, 7-14 ; 2 Notes and Queries, V, 1, 154, 193, 263, 285. Note 10, page 22. Sir John Vaughan, Kt., was born in Cardiganshire in 1608, and educated at Worcester school and at Christchurch, Oxford, whence he removed to the Inner Temple, where he contracted an intimacy with Selden, who made him one of his executors. During the Rebellion, he led a retired life, but at the Restora- tion was elected to Parliament for Cardiganshire. In 1668, he became Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, and died in 1674. His reports and arguments were published in 1677, by his son, Edward Vaughan, Esq., in 1 vol. folio. Note 11, page 22. The precise Latitude of the City Hall, New York, is 40 deg., 42 min., 43 sec. ; Longitude west from Greenwich Observatory, 74 deg., 3 sec. See Map B, No. 2, Hudson River (lower sheet) ; accompanying Report of the U. S. Coast Survey during the year J855. Washington: Nicholson. 1866. Note 12, page 22. RiCHAKD NoBwooD is principally famous for having been one of the first who measured a degree of the Meridian. He wrote Trignometry, or Doctrine of Triangles ; Fortification ; the Seaman's Practice ; Epitome and Logarithmic Tables ; also. Letters and Papers in the Philosophical Transactions on the Tides and on the Whale Fishery. Andrew Norwood his son had been a resident of the West Indies, and com- municated to the Royal Society, in 1668, "Observations in Jamaica." He seems to have immigrated to New \ork before the assumption of the govern- ment by Sir Edmlind Andros; for, in March, 1672, an order was issued to lay out two towns or townships on Staten Island, and in September follow- ing he received a grant of one hundred and fifty acres of land on the shore of Staten Island, near the present Quarantine ground. On the 29th of Sep- tember, 1676, this grant was increased by Governor Andros to three hundred and ninety-seven acres. In September, 1677, he received an additional grant of twenty-five acres, making his farm four hundred and twenty acres in all. — N. Y. Patents. In 1677 he was appointed surveyor of that locality, as appears by the following NOTES. 79 Commission for Mr. Andrew Norwood to be Surveyor for Staten Island. By the Governor. These are to authorize and Appoint you Mr. Andrew Norwood to be Surveyor of Staten Island, where you are to Survey and lay out such Lotts or Parcels of land, as you shall be employed about, of which to make due returnes accord- ing to Law, And in all matters relating thereunto to behave yourselfe according to the duty and place of Surveyor. Given under my hand in New Yorke, this 12th day of November, 1677. E. ANDROS. S. N. Y. Warrants, Orders, Passes, &c., 1674-1678, XXXII, 291. It appears that Mr. Norwood returned to, and died in, the West Indies ; for, I find that his will, dated 24th of April, 1684, was admitted to probate in the island of St. Christopher. In virtue of this will, the above mentioned pro- perty on Staten Island, came into the possession of his son, Henry Norwood of Jamaica, who sold it in 1697, to Antony Bigg of Port Royal, for the sum of X300 Jamaica currency. Biggs sold the property to John Stout of the same place, in 1698, for an advance of about £10.— N, Y. Deed Book, IX, 584. This transaction will, when compared with present prices, afford an opportunity of forming an idea of the advance in value of real estate on Staten Island. Note i3, page 22. Philip Wells. The earliest notice that I can find of this gentleman is in the year 1675, when he was authorized to receive the county rates in the absence of Sheriff Salisbury, who had gone to England. Hence it is inferred, that he came to New York in 1674 with Governor Andros, whose " Steward " he is said to have been. In 1676, he was appointed receiver of the debts due to the late Dutch West India Company, and is next called " Commissary to the Garrison of Fort James at New York," in which capacity he is empowered to draw from the collector of that city such duties as that officer might receive, in order to support the garrison and pay other expenses of government. On the 26th Nov. , 1680, Mr. Wells was appointed Surveyor. He became, in 1684, Surveyor- General of the Province and held that office until 1687. He was one of the commissioners who ran the boundary line between Connecticut and New York in 1684, and being a landed proprietor on Staten Island, is found in the com- mission of the peace for the county of Richmond in 1685. In 1686, he was appointed surveyor on the part of New York, to determine, with similar func- tionaries on the behalf of East and West Jersey, the most northerly branch of the Delaware river, and to run a line between these three provinces. No line, however, was actually run. The instructions to "Philip Wells, Esq., Surveyor- General of His Majesty's Province of New York," are in N. Y. Council Minutes, v. It was on the occasion of this commission, we presume, that he observed the declination of the magnetic needle, as mentioned by Kalm in his notice of 80 NOTES. New York. On quitting the office of Surveyor-General, Mr. Wells retired to Staten Island, where we find him residing in 1694. — N. ¥. State Records. Note 14, page 23. Sib Henry Wotton was bom at Bocton Hall, Kent, and educated at Win- chester and Oxford. He subsequently became secretary to the Earl of Essex, but on the fall of that nobleman, retired to the continent. He returned to England on the accession of James I, by whom he was knighted, and sent Am- bassador to Venice, and several other courts. He was afterwards appointed Provost of Eton, took holy orders, and died in 1639. These words are engraved on his tomb : Hie jacet hnjus sententiae primus auotor : Disputaudi pruritus, ecolesise scabies. Nomen alias quaere. He wrote. The State of Christendom ; Elements of Architecture ; Parallels between Essex and Buckingham ; Charac- ters of some of the Kings of England ; Essays on Education ; Poems, printed in the Reliquiae Wottoniae ; Two Apologies relating to his Album Aphorism : An Ambassador is an honest man sent to lie abroad for the good of his country. Some of his religious poems are exquisitely beautiful ; that written On a Bed of Sickness, has never been surpassed.— Bosc. Sir Dudley Carleton gave him the soubriquet of Pabritio. — 2 Notes and Queries, VH, 375. Note 15, page 24. George Hakewell, D. D., was bom in Exeter, England, in 1578, and received the rudiments of his education in that city. He entered Oxford as a commoner in 1595, and in two years after was elected a Fellow of Exeter college. Having received holy orders he traveled on the continent of Europe, and in 1610, received his divinity degree. In 1611, he was appointed chaplain to Prince Charles, and archdeacon of Surrey in 1616. He subsequently opposed the marriage of the Infanta of Spain with the Prince, in consequence of which he was dismissed from his chaplaincy in 1621. He afterwards was appointed rector of Heanton, Devonshire, and in 1641 was elected rector of Exeter college. On the civil war breaking out, he gave in his submission to parliament, and spent the remainder of his days in retirement at Heanton, where he died in the beginning of April, 1649. His remains were deposited in the chancel of his church, and over his grave a stone was laid with this Inscription : Reliquiae Georgii Hakewell, S. Th. D. Archidiaconi Surriae, coUegii Exoniensis et hujus Eeolesiae Rectoris, in spem resorrectionis hie repositae sunt. An. 1649. aetatis suae 72. A list of his works is in Wood's Athena Oxon., II, 66. The most im- portant of his writings is : An Apology or Declaration of the Power and Pro- vidence of God in the Government of the World, 1 627, folio. The learning exhibited in this work is very extensive. — Rose, Biog. Diet., VIII, 174. 81 Note 16, poge 27. WiLUAH AsHFOBSBT is SQpposed to have come to this country in 1664. In 1676 he obtained a patent for one hundred and eight acres of land in Marble- town (Ulster CO.), in the neighborhood of "the Indian graves." On the 21st of December, 1684, he was appointed High Sheriff of Ulster county, and obtained a further grant of eighty-seven acres and a half of land 'in the rear of the tract first above mentioned. Yet with all this, whether through want of thrift or of industry, Mr. Ashfordby did not prosper. He became considerably indebted ; had to mortgage his property, and in 1687, the High Sheriff of Ulster county " went for England," leaving behind him his debts and a wife and family. In August, 1696, a petition was presented to the Governor and Council of New York, from his wife Martha, in behalf of herself and five children, John Bettis and Susannah his wife, Mary, Helen, Ann, and Catherine Ashfordby, setting forth the fact of his absconding, and praying a grant of the last mentioned tract, for herself and children. She received a patent accordingly. Mr. Ash- fordby having left no male issue, the name has become extinct in Ulster co. — N. Y. Patents, IV, 61, VI, 639; N. ¥. Col. MSS., XXX, 61, XXXI, iii, 83, XL, 66 ; Council Minutes, VII, 163. Note 17, page 27. Sopus, or Esopus, lies on the west side of the Hudson river, 90 miles north of the city of New York. The name belonged originally to the river which discharges into the Hudson at this point, and is a modification of the Algonquin word Sipous, the literal signification of which, is "River." The first Dutch adventurers traded with the Indians here as early as 1614, and though that trade was carried on continuously afterwards, there is no evidence of any im- provement having been made thereabouts before 1662-3. The neglect of the government to extinguish the Indian title to the land before parcelling it or.t to actual settlers, led to two wars with the Aborigines, and greatly retarded the advancement of the place, which was not erected into a municipality until 1661, when the district went by the Dutch name of fViltwyck, or Indianville. Governor Lovelace, however, was the chief promoter of the settlement of the Esopus. For, orders having been given to disband the soldiers who had ac- companied Colonel NicoUs to this country, gratuitous grants of land were made to them in 1668, and two new towns planted. On the 18th September, 1669, by the governor's orders, one was called "Marbleton" and the other "Hurley;" the latter, after the seat of the Lovelace family in Berkshire, England. On the 26th of the same month, Wiltwyck, or " the towne formerly called Sopez, was named Kingston ;" some suppose out of respect to the king ; others, however, are of opinion that the name was borrowed from that of Kingston L'Isle, Berk- 11 161 82 shire, the seat of the first Lady Lovelace's family. When the Dutch recovered the country in 1673, the name of Kingston was changed to Swacncnburgh, and so continued until the English returned under Governor Andros, in 1674. The district was organized into a distinct county in 1683, by an act of the Provincial Legislature, and was called Ulster, to commemorate the Irish title of the Duke of York, who was Earl of Ulster in the peerage of Ireland. — O'Callaghan's Hist. New Netherland; N. Y. Colonial MSS., XXII, 99; Laws of New York; see Note 16 supra. Note 18, page 27. WiiLLiAM Harvey, M. D., famous for his discovery of the Circulation of the Blood, was born in Folkestone, Kent, 2d April, 1578. Havijig finished his education at Cambridge, he passed through several celebrated medical schools on the continent, took his degree in 1602, and commenced practice in London, where he made his great discovery about the year 1619. He afterwards became physician to James I and Charles I. On the breaking out of the civil war lie retired to Kichmond, and in 1651 appeared his second immortal work : Exer- citationes de Generatione Animalium. 4to. This great man died 3d July, 1668, in the 80th year of his age. A monument has been erected to his memory at Hempstead in Esse.x, A splendid quarto edition of all his works was pub- lished by the College of Physicians in 1766, to which a life of the author is prefixed. — Rose. Note 19, page 27. George Carew, was the son of the dean of Exeter and Windsor, of the same name. Adopting the profession of arms, he was in the expedition to Cadiz, in 1588-9, and afterwards served with great reputation in Ireland, where he was made President of Munster, when, uniting his forces with those of the Earl of Thomond, he reduced several castles and strong places, and obtained many triumphs. He was likewise a privy councillor in that kingdom. Upon the accession of James I, he was constituted lieutenant-general of the ordnance and governor of the Isle of Guernsey, and liaving married Joyce, only daughter and heiress of William Clopton, Efq., of Clopton in the county of Warwick was elevated to the peerage, on the 4th June, 1605, as Baron Carew. He was made master-general of the ordnance in 1609, and sworn of the privy council and in 1625 created Earl of Totness. "Besides," says Dugdale, "these his noble employments, 'tis not a little observable, that, being a great lover of an- tiquities, he wrote an historical account of all those memorable passages, which hapned in Ireland, during the term of those tliree years, he continued there intituled Hibemia Pacata, printed at London, in 1633, and that he made an ^mple collection of many chronological and choice observations, as also of }62 NOTES. 83 divers exact maps, relating to sundry parts of that realm, some whereof are now in the public library at Oxford, but most of them in the hands of Sir Robert Shirley, Bart., of Stanton Harold, in the county of Leicester, bought of his executors." His lordship died 27tli March, 1629, at the Savoy in the Strand, "in the suburbs of Loudon," leaving an only daughter and heiress. — Burke; Bcatson. Note 20, page 28. Charles Blount, eighth Baron Mountjoy of Thurveston, in tiie county of Derby, succeeded to the title on tlie death of his brother in 1594. This noble- man, when a commoner, being a person of high military reputation, had a command in the fleet which defeated the famous Spanisli Armada, and a few years afterwards succeeded the Earl of Sussex in the governorshipof Portsmouth. In 1597, his lordship was constituted Lieutenant of Ireland; and in two years aft-Twards repulsed the Spaniards, with great gallantry, at Kinsale. Upou the accession of James I, he was reinvested with the same important office, and created, by letters patent, dated 21st^uly, 1603, Earl of Devonshire, being made at the same time a Knight of the most noble order of the Garter. The high public character of the earl was, however, considerably tarnished by one act of his private life, the seduction of Penelope, sister of the Earl of Essex, and wife of Eobert, Lord Rich. By this lady he had several children ; and upon his return from Ireland, finding her divorced from her husband, he married her, at Wanstead in Essex, on the 26th of December, 1605, the ceremony being per- formed by liis chaplain, Wiliam Laud, afterward Archbishop of Canterbury. Camden says, that this nobleman was so eminent for valor and learning, that in those respects, " he had no superior, and but few equals," and his secretary Moryson, writes, " that he was beautiful in person as well as valiant ; and learned as well as wise." His lordship died on the 3d April, 1606, and leaving no legitimate issue, all his honors became extinct. — Burke, Ext. and Dorm. Peerage. Note 21, Page 29. Aberginiakb. The several scattered tribes from the Pockanockets of Ply- mouth colony to the Piscataqua river, were called Northern Indians, and by some Aberginians. — Hutchinson's Mass., I, 407. The name enters into Mr. Gallatin's vocabulary as an Indian word {Synopsis of Indian Tribes, 312), but it seems to be rather a corruption of Aborigines. Note 22, page 30. William Camden, a learned antiquary, was born in the Old Bailey, London, on the 2d May, 1551. He received the first rudiments of knowledge at Christ- church Hospital, and was afterwards sent to Dr. Colet's free school, near St. 84 NOTES. Paul's. In 1566, he was sent to the nniversity at Oxford, where he remained nntil 1571, when he retomed to London. In 1575 he obtained the place of second master of Westminster school. He now devoted himself to his farorite studies, and in 1683 brought out his Britannia : sive Regnorum Anglise, Scotiae, Hibemise, and Insularum adjacentium Descriptio ; 8vo.; Maps. In 1593, he was made head master of Westminster school, and published a Greek Gram- mar in 1697. The first part of the Annals of Queen Elizabeth appeared in 1615, under this title — Rerum Anglicarum and Hibernicarum Annales regnante Eli- zabetha ; the second half followed in 1627, after the author's death ; both were published in London in folio. After passing through several editions, this work was translated into English and printed also in folio. After a life of great literary industry and labor, he paid his last debt to nature at Chiselhurst, Kent, on the 9th November, 1623. His remains were interred in Westminster Abbey, where a monument, with a suitable inscription, was erected to his memory. A full list of Camden's works will be found in Wood's Athen. Oxon, I, 412. Note 23, pige 30. Stephen SEimrER, M. D., was bom in or near London in 1633, End entered Christ church, Oxon, in 1638, but before he could obtain a degree, the rebellion broke out, so that he was obliged to resort to the continent to continue his studies. In 1646, he returned to Oxford and took both the degrees in arts, and subsequently received the degree of Doctor of Medicine from the university of Heidelberg, and was admitted ad eundtm by the university at Oxford, in 1664, in which year he settled at Lincoln, where he practised his profession. He died in that city on the 5th September, 1667, and was buried in the cathedral. His works were published in one folio volume at London, in 1671, with this title : Etymologicon linguse Anglicanse, under the care and superintendence of Mr. Thomas Henshaw, a learned critic. — Wood's Athen. Oxon. II, 287. Note 24, page 33. Fob an interesting account of Indian currency, the reader is referred to Den- ton's Brief Description of New York : formerly called New Netherland. New York : Qowans, 1846. 8vo p. 42. Note 25, page 34. The following clippings from newspapers, show the prices of Negro slaves in this country in 1859 : Sale op Neqboes — HiQft Pbices. — Twentyeight negroes were sold on Tues- day last, at McDonough, in Henry county, Va, The aggregate amount of the 161 85 sales was $22,309, being an average of $796. We select the following from the list, as an evidence of the high prices paid : One boy, field hand, 18 years old, $1,640; three boys, 14 years old — one $1,440, one $1,282, another $1,207 ; two boys, 10 years old — one $902, the other $806 ; one 7 years old, $726 , one wo- man, 23 years old, with three boys — one B years, one 3 years, and one 8 months, $1,996 ; one woman, 23 years old, with two children — a boy 3 years, a girl 18 months old, $2,306 ; seven girls sold at the following prices — one 19 years old, $1,200; one 16 years, $1,023; one 16 years, $1,100; one 12 years, $400; one 7 years, $705; one 7 years, $778. — Atlanta American. Prices at Richmond, July 25: No. 1 men, 20 to 26 years old, from $1,460 to $1,600; best grown girls, 17 to 20 years old, from $1,276 to $1,325; girls from 16 to 17 years old, $1,150 to $1,250; girls from 12 to IB years old, $1,000 to $1,100; best plough boys, 17 to 20 years old, $1,350 to $1,425 ; boys from 16 to 17 years old, $1,250 to $1,375 ; boys from 12 to 15 years old, $1,100 to $1,200. Price of Slaves in Missouri. — At a sale of slaves that took place last Mon- day, says the St. Louis Republican of the 20th inst., at Bowling Green in this state, the following prices were obtained: Negro man, BO years old, $845 , do., 56, $795, negro woman, 60, $195 ; do., 40, 801 ; negro girl, 13, $1,187 ; do., 10, $900 ; do., 6, $536. Note 26, page 36. Adah de Mabisco, a native of Somerset, England, was a Franciscan monk and a doctor at Oxford, and acquired such a great reputation in the thirteenth century, by his learning, as to be sumamed Doctor lUustratus. In Italy, he was on intimate terms with- and greatly esteemed by, St Anthony of Padua, and in England much thought of by Robert Greathead, bishop of Lincoln, 1235-1264. He was named bishop of Ely circa 1266, but declined the dignity on learning that the pope had already nominated Hugh de Balsham to that see. He wrote on The Song of Songs; Questions of Theology; Paraphrases on St. Denis, the Areopagitc ; and died in, or about the year 1257. — Moreri, Grand Vict. Hist. ; Luiscius, Algem. JVordenboek. Note 27, page 36. Tamahican is a word common to most of the Algonquin dialects. Its root may perhaps be found in the verb ehouen, to strike, or knock. — Mithridates, III, iii, 364. " Tomahawk " is the Indian word anglicized. Note 28, Page 36. Hehrt Somerset, 1st Marquis of Worcester, was the son of Edward, 4th Earl of Somerset, to whose honors he succeeded in 1628. He was a nobleman of great piety and parts, and one of the richest of the English peers. He spent 166 86 NOTES. his fortune in the service of Charles I, for whom he defended tlie castle of Rag- land against the rebels till the conclusion of the war, when it was surrendered on terms (August, 1646), which, however, were basely violated, and his lord- ship died a prisoner, in December of the same year. The Marquis of Worcester had early embraced the Catholic faitli, and there appeared after his death, "Certamen Religiosum, or a Conference between King Charles I. and Henry late Marquis of Worcester, concerning religion ;" " Tlie Golden Apothegms of King Cliarles I. and Henry Marquis of Worcester." He was father of Edward, 2d Marquis of Worcester, famous for his connection with the discovery of the Power of Steam, and How ty Sail againpt Wind and Tide, which Horace Walpole enumerates among "the amazing pieces of folly." — Noble Authors, p. 371, 378. Note 29, page 37. KiXTACKADss. Much ignorance prevails regarding the Indian Kintacaws. Some esteem them to have been debauched revels or bacchanalia, and hold them in horror, supposing them to be something akin to devil worship. Those who had the curiosity to investigate the matter, have given such accounts of the conduct of tlie Indians, on these occasions, as naturally lead to the conclusion that they paid a joint homage and supplication to some invisible being. The word is derived from the Delaware Gcntekehen, to dance ; and here it is sup- posed lies the key of the mystery. The Indians, it is well known, accompa- nied, if not celebrated, all their public acts or events by dances. Van der Donck, writing on the subject of the amusements of those people, says: " The old and middle aged conclude with smoking, and the young with a kintacaw.' ' It was not restricted to any particular season of the year. During the Esopus war there was a kintecaw at the Danskamer, above Newburgh, in the month of August, " so that the woods rang again ;" in another instance an Indian desired to be permitted to dance the kintecaw, before being put to death ; and another having been led out to the place of execution, " danced the fefntc- kaye all the way thither." The " Kintacaw," thus appears to have been simply a dance, which, however, received its character from the occasion on which it took place. It was a calumet kintecaw on concluding n peace or a treaty ; a bear kintecaw, at the conclusion of a successful hunt of that animal ; a war kintecaw, on the organization of an expedition against an enemy ; and a death kintecaw, when the victim was led bleeding yet dancing to the stake. — N. Y. Documentary History, 8vo, IV, 63, 106 ; Smith's History qf New York, Alb. ed., 76. See further, Denton's Description of New York (Qowans' ed.), p. 11, and Carver's Travels, London, 1778, p. 266, for particulars respecting the dances of the Indians. 87 Note 30, page 38. Kakisdowet — a Minister : from Kdkindouinin, to teach, or preach to several persons. Note 31, page 39. This is a corruption of Jubartes, one of the names given to the humpbacked whales. Anderson, in his aceoiint of Iceland, gives it as Jupiter fish, and this has been erroneously supposed to be the derivation of the term. David Crantz, in his history of Greenland, furnishes the clue to its name, when he says of the Jupiter fish, that the " Spanish whalers call it Gubartns, from an excrescence near the tail." Lacepede and Cuvier describe the gibbar and the Jubarte. Cuvler especially says that tliese names are given to them by the Basques. Now, JoTobado in Spanish means humjiback, and its root is evidently the Latin gibbus. The Basque whalers were the first to pursue the whale to its northern haunts, and in the beginning of the seventeenth century, when tlie Dutch and English took up the wlialing business, the Basques were tlieir instructors. Tliis will account for the adoption of the word jubarte into the English and Dutch lan- guages. See Hiitoire des Pechcs, vol. 1. Kline and otlier naturalists give the the coast of New England as its peculiar resort, and John Edward Gray, in his excellent catalogue of cetacea in the British Museum, gives the Megaptera Americana, or Bermuda humpback, which reaches a length of 88 feet, as the probable Jubartes of whalers. — N. Y, Historical Magazine, III, 52-3, Note 32, page 40. Sir Thomas Beowne, Kt., was born in London, 19th November, 1605. Having been educated near Winchester, he entered Pembroke college, Oxford, in the beginning of the year 1623, and having taken his degree in arts, proceeded to Leyden, where he was made Doctor of Medicine. He settled at Norwich, where he practised his profession for many years. His famous work, Religio Medici, was published in 1642. This was followed by Pseud. Epidem. En- quiries into very many received Tenents and commonly presumed Truths, or Enquiries into Common and Vulgar Errours ; London, 1646; small folio. This work, which is still popular, has gone through many editions. Nature's Cabinet Unlocked ; Urn Burial ; the Garden of Cyrus, and a volume of Miscellanies, are also by the same author, who received the honor of knighthood in 1671, and died at Norwich in the year 1682. He was interred in St. Peter's church, where a monument was erected to his memory. A copy of the inscription on his monument is in Wood's Athen. Oxon, II, 536. 88 Note 33, page 41. JoHH RoBiKsoif was a merchant of New York as early as 1676, where he mar- ried Gritie, widow of Cornelis Dircksen. In 1678 he hired a dwelling house on the east side of the city " towards the fortification near the water portt," and purchased, in November, 1679, for jEISO, the Shottwell farm containing 38 H acres of land. This farm was situate on the east side of the city, and was bounded on the S. W. by the land of John Bassett, and on the N. W. by John Young's land. It included a run of water called Saw-mill creek, and a leather mill which Shottwell had erected thereupon, also a pond of water ranging N. E. unto the woods 120 rods. On the first of January, 1680, Mr. Robinson sold one-half the Shottwell farm, mill and water privileges, to John Lewin and Robert WooUey, merchants of London, for the sum of X60, and the property passed subsequently into the hands of William Coxe, Robinson's partner in trade.— J\f. Y. Book qf Deeds, V, 113, VI, 208, 414. Mr. Valentine's impression is, that this farm was on the west side of Pearl, and north of Pine street. Mr. William J. Davis, another well known antiquary of New York, adds : " In Common Council in 1680, a resolution was passed that the water lots between John Robinson's and William Beeckman's lands along the Smith's valley be sold at auction to pay some public assessments. (The Smith's valley extended from Cedar nearly to Beekman street.) The Damen farm adjoined Wall street on the north ; next to which was Mrs. Tysen's, and John Robinson's land probably joined her's. Hence, 1 think it evident that the 'Orchard,' extended from about Cedar street to Maiden lane." Thereabouts, probably, in the heart of the Second ward of the city, was the scene of the Bear hunt referred to by Mr. WooUey. New York is still famous for hunting Bears, but the amusement has been transferred to a locality further to the south, and known by the name of Wall street. In the same vicinity the first Methodist church in the city was erected, and thereabouts, too, the late Washington Irving, whose death a nation still mourns, first saw the light of day. Mr. Robinson was alderman for the Westward in 1683, 1684 and 1685, but did not decease in New York. Dirck van der Cliff, Robinson's brother in law, owned, east of the Shottwell farm, an orchard through which a street was afterwards run, and called Cliff street, after the said Dirck van der Clifl'. Note 34, page 42. Elizabeth, daughter and coheir of Sir Robert Christopher; Knt., of Alford in Lincolnshire, married Bennett, second Lord Sherard on the Irish peerage, by whom she had one son and two daughters. One of these married Edward, Lord Viscount Irwin, and tlie other, the Duke of Rutland. She lost her bus- ies NOTES. 89 band in the year 1700. Her son Bennett succeeded to the title that year, and was created Lord Harborough in 1714, and Earl of Harborough in 1719. His lordship married Mary, daughter of Sir Henry Calverly. Note 35, page 45. Me-ta-cw. Bishop Baraga, in his Dictiojiary of the Otchipwe Language, says , Midew means an Indian of the order of the Grand Medicine, Midewiwin being the name of that order. And in the Eev. Mr. Dougherty's Chippewa Primer, p. 41, Metawa means — he dances (at a feast). As partof the Indian cure consists of the dancing of the physician, perhaps the root of the Indian word in the text may be thus arrived at. Note 36, Page 47. Captain John Manning came to New York with Governor Nicolls in 1664, and in September of that year accompanied Colonel Cartwright in his expedition for the reduction of Fort Orange, where he attended and was a witness to the first treaty which the English concluded with the Five Nations. — N. Y. Gen. Ent., I, 42. After the surrender of the place he was left in charge of the fort [Hid. 45), In 1667, he was appointed Sheriff of the city of New York Ifird. War, and Letters, II, 177, 188), and held that oflBce until 1672 inclusive. In 1669 he was named a member of the commission sent the same year to the Esopus, to regulate the affairs of that district (Ibid ; Council Min., Ill, 12, 434, 630, 535) ; also, justice for the West Riding of Yorkshire, and acted as high Sheriff of Yorkshire from 1671 to 1673. — Gen. Ent., IV, 201. During the administration of Colonel Lovelace, he seems to have been high in the confidence of that governor, of whose council he was a member, and who, whenever called by business to any distance from the city, always left Fort James and the public peace in charge of Captain Manning (see Instruc, ibid., 243). It was whilst charged with these duties in 1671, that an express arrived from Albany at New York with the fearful news of the approach of the French. Manning forthwith dispatched an express to Governor Lovelace, who was at Staten Island. Instead of approving his officer's activity, the latter was snubbed by the governor for his "impatience." — Court of Assize Record, 732. Whether discouraged by this reception or, as he him- self admits, hopeless of making any efiectual defence, he made no resistance when the wolf came actually, in 1673, in the shape of the Dutch, but uncondi- tionally surrendered the country to them, and went back to England, where he arrived in January, 1674, his wife having died on the passage. He immediately waited on the King and the Duke of York and the principal officers of state, on which occasion the King gave it as his opinion that Fort James was not tenable. Captain Manning returned to New York in the Diamond frigate with Governor 12 169 90 Andros in 1674, and soon after was tried by court martial on charges of treach- ery and cowardice. He was acquitted of treachery, but found guilty of every other charge, and on Etli February, 1675, sentenced " to be carried back to prison and from thence brought out to the publick place before the City Hall, there to have his sword broken over his head, and from that time be rendered uncapable of wearing a Sword or serving his Majesty in any publick employ or place of benefitt and Trust within the Government." — N. Y. Doc. Hist., 8vo, HI, 80-100; N. Y. Council Min., Ill, ii, 24. Thereupon he retired to his Island, where, according to Mr. Wooley's account, he does not seem to have permitted his disgrace to disturb his pliilosophy. Manning's Island was called Minnahanock by the Indians ;♦ Varken (or Hog) Island by the Dutch ; it had been purchased originally by Governor Van Twiller in 1637, and granted in 1651 to Captain Francis Fyn, who figures in a lampoon against Governor Stuyvesant about that time {O'Callaghan's New Nethcrland, II, 181, 581). On the breaking out of the war against the Dutch in 1666, it was confiscated. On the 8th February, 1668, it was granted to Captain Manning, whereupon it passed by the name of "Manning's Island." On the 1st of August following. Captain Manning executed a deed conveying the island to Matthias NicoUs, in trust, for the use of the said Manning during his life, and after his decease for the use of his wife, if she should survive him, and after their de- cease, entailing it on Mary Manningham, daughter of Mrs. Manning by a former husband, and the heirs of her body, and for want of such heirs, after her death, to her brother Henry Manningham and his heirs. — N. Y. Patents, I, 99, 146. In 1676 (the year after Captain Manning was " broke "), the above named Mary Manningham married Robert Blackwell, " late of Elizabethtown, in New Jersey, merchant " {N. Y. Deed Booh, I, 1 30) ; the property in conse- quence was, after Captain Manning's death, called " Blachwell's Island," which name it bears at present. It is now the property of the city of New York, and is occupied by a Penitentiary, Alms House, Lunatic Asylum, Hospital, and similar institutions. It contains 120 acres, and cost the city of New York $50,000. Tlie d.ite of Captain Manning's deatli is not ascertained. He seems, however, to liave been alive in 1686, when there was some difficulty between him and Mrs. Blackwell respecting the island, and she entered a caveat against t)ie issuing of any patent to him for it, for a longer term than liis life. Note 37, page 4S. Henky Hammond, D. D., was born on 26th August, 1605, in Surrey, England. His father was physician to the Prince Henry, son of James I, after whom he was called. Having gone through his studies at Eton and Oxford, he devoted * Minnahanock is derived from the Mohegan word Minauhan, an island, and uck, a termination signifying locality, and means literally, '' At the Island." NOTES. 91 himself to the study of theology, and received holy orders in 1629, and in 1633 was appointed rector of Penhurst, Kent. In 1643, he was made archdeacon of Chichester, but on the breaking out of the civil war, he became obnoxious to the party in the ascendant, on account of his attachment to his sovereign, and was obliged to remain concealed for several years, during which he composed various works in English and Latin; these were afterwards published in London, 4 vols, folio. His principal works are : Practical Catechism, or Abridgment of Christian Morals ; Notes on the New Testament and on the Psalms. M. le Clerc wrote a criticism on some of these notes. When Charles n. was about to be recalled. Dr. Hammond was placed in charge of the diocese of Worcester, of which see he, without doubt, would have been appointed bishop, had he lived ; but his life was unfortunately cut short on the 25th April, 1660, iu the 55th year of his age. Note 38,^age49. Ancient Fcneral Customs. — The following is copied from a memoir read by Judge Benson before the New York' Historical Society in 1816 : "A family in Albany, and from the earliest time, of the name of Wyngaard. The last, in the male line, Lucas Wyngaard, died about sixty years ago, never married, and leaving estate : the invitation to his funeral very general. Those who attended, returned after the interment, as was the usage, to the house of the deceased at the close of the one day, and a number never left it until the dawn of the next. In the course of the night a pipe of wine, stored in the cellar for some years before for the occasion, drank ; dozens of papers of tobacco consumed; grosses of pipes broken ; scarce a whole decanter or glass left; and, to crown it, the pall-bearers made -a bonefire of their scarves on the hearth." When Philip Livingston of New York died in 1749, his funeral expenses amounted to the sum of five hundred pounds, or f 1,250. On that occasion two ceremonies were performed ; one at his manor among his tenantry, and one at his residence in New York. At each place a pipe of wine was spiced for the guests. The l)earers at the several places were presented with mourning rings, silk scarfs and handkerchiefs. The eight bearers iu New York had each a gift of a monkey spoon (that is having a monkey carved on the handle), and at the manor all the tenantry had a gift of a pair of black gloves and a hand- kerchief. In a later period Gov. Wm. Livingston wrote in the Independent Reflector of 1753, his objections to extravagance in funerals, and his wife, it was said, was the first who ventured as an example of economy, to substitute linen scarfs for the former silk ones. — WaUon's Olden Times of New York, 308. These customs continued down to a late period. Professor Morse writing in 1789, says : Their funeral ceremonies are equally singular. None attend them without a previous invitation. At the appointed hour they meet 171 92 NOTES. at the neighboring houses or stoops, until the corpse is brouglit out. Ten or twelve persons are appointed to take the bier all together, and are not relieved. The clerk then desires the gentlemen (for ladies never walk to the grave, nor even attend the funeral, unless of a near relation) to fall into the procession. They go to the srave, and return to the house of mourning in the same order. Here the tables are handsomely set and fnrnished with cold and spiced wine, tobacco and pipes, and candles, paper, &o., to light them. The conversation tarns upou promiscuous subjects. — Munsell's Annals of Albany, I, 315. Robert Townsend, Esq., of Albany, informs us, that he was told by his mother, recently deceased, that a similar custom was observed as late as 1810, after the interment of General Ten Broeck, one of the most respectable citizens of the state of New York. Those invited to the funeral returned to the family mansion, where a cask of Madeira which had been stowed away by the old gentleman many years before, was, in accordance with the ancient usage, broached for the guests ; and several hogsheads of Beer were rolled out on the lawn in front of the house for the free use of all comers. It is only proper to add, that this singular custom died out with the last generation. Note 39, page Til. This is a Narragansett word. "After harvest, after hunting, when they enjoy a calm of peace, health, plenty, prosperity, then the Indians have Nickommo, a feast, especially in winter. He or she who maketh this Nickommo, feast or dance, besides the feasting, of sometimes twenty, fifty, an hundred, yea, I have seen near a thousand persons at one of these feasts, — give a great quantity of money, and all sorts of their goods, according to and sometimes beyond their estate, in several small parcels of goods or money, to the value of eighteen pence, two shillings, or thereabouts, to one person ; and that person that re- ceives this gift, upon the receiving it, goes out, and hollows thrice for the health and prosperity of the party that gave it, the master or mistress of the feast. By this feasting and gifts, the devil drives on their worships pleasantly (as he doth all false worships, by such plausible earthly arguments of uniform- ities, universalities, antiquities, immunities, dignities, rewards unto submitters, and the contrary to refusers) so that they run far and near and ask, Awaun Nickommit, Who makes the feast?" — Roger Williams' Key unto the Language of the Indians of New England. Note 40, page 52. Nut signifies "Belly" in the Etchemin dialect; Notasung is the corresponding Delaware word ; Nutah, the Nanticoke. Reference is made to these Notas, or Denotas, by Van der Donok in the " Great Remonstrance of New Netherland," where they are described as Bags wherewith the Indians measured their corn. — N. Y. Colonial Documents, I, 281. NOTES. 93 Note 41, page 63. Wass-ba-nek signifies a Torch ; the Algonkin word for Light is, Wasdimican. Dn PoNOEAU, Kfcm. sur les Langues Indiennes, p. 265; from Washsayah, or Wacheyek, the light. — Dougherty's Chippewa Primer, p. 47. iVote 42, pag-e 54. The reader is referred to " Denton's Brief Description of New York :" Gow- ans, 1845, p. 36, for further particulars respecting the Long Island Indians. Note i3, page 57. WiLHELMDS VAN NiEuwEKHUYZEN. The Reformed Dutch church of the city of New York being, in consequence of the incapacity of the Rev. Mr. Drisius, wholly destitute of a minister in 1670, an invitition, or call, was sent to Holland for a clergyman, with a guarantee from Governor Lovelace that he should re- ceive an annual salary of 1000 guilders, equal to $400, with a house free of rent, and firewood without charge. — N. Y. Col. Doc., Ill, 189. The Rev. Mr Nieuw- enhuyzeu came, in consequence, to New York in the course of the summer of 1671, as colleague to the Rev. Mr. Drisius, who dying in 1672, Mr. Van Nieuw- enhuyzen succeeded as sole minister to the church, being tlie seventh in suc- cession from the Rev. Mr. Michaelius. A few years after, namely in 1675, he had a difficulty with the Rev. Nicholas Van Renselaer, a minister of Albany, who, he asserted, " aloude in y street," was not " a LawfuU minister nor his admittance at Albany lawfuU;" maintaining "afterwards at Mr. Ebbing's, one of the elders," that no one having orders from the Churcli of England had sufficient authority to be admitted to administer the sacraments (Mr. Van Renselaer having received holy orders from the Rt. Rev. John Earle, Bishop of Salisbury, 1663-1665). The matter begat such excitement that it was brought before the governor and council on the 25th September. On that occasion, Mr. Van Renselaer exhibited proofs of his having been chaplain to the Dutch am- bassador at London, and afterwards minister to the Dutch church at West- minster, and lecturer at St. Margaretts Loathbnry, London. Mr. Van Nieuw- enhuyzen was thereupon called on to declare whether a minister ordained in England by a bishop, be not qualified to administer the sacraments. The consideration of the case was resumed by the council on the 30th, when Jero- nimus Ebbing and Peter Stoutenburg, elders ; Jacob Teunisse Kay, Reyneer Willemse, Gerritt Van Tright, Isaac Van Vleck, deacons of the church at New York, appeared with their minister before the board. Mr. Van Nienwenhuyzen " rather j:istified himself in his answer ;" but he and his church officers finally considered it most prudent to yield to Governor Andros, and to admit, " That 94 a Minister ordayned in England by the Bishops is every way capable, &c.''— N. r. Council Min., Ill, 54-59. Smith in his History qf New York, erroneously calls this clergyman, " Niewenhyt, minister of the church at Albany," and then draws equally erroneous references from the dispute above referred to. Gideon Schaets was minister of the Reformed Dutch church at Albany at the time and for several years after.— J\r. Y. Doc. Hist., 8vo, III, 878. Equally erroneous is another statement, that Mr. Van Nieuwenhuyzen retired to Brook- lyn in 1676. Mr. Van Nieuwenhuyzen continued in charge at New York until his death, which took place in that city on the 17th February, 1681. Annekie Mauritz, his widow, survived him. It is clear, from the evidence of Mr. Wooley, that Mr. Van Nieuwenhuyzen was an accomplished scholar, whilst from the same evidence it is also clear, that in his ministry he sometimes exhibited more zeal than charity. Note 44, page 57. Lord George Rcssell was the youngest son of William 5th Earl and 1st Duke of Bedford, and brother of the celebrated Lord William Russell who was beheaded in 1683. He was graduated at Magdalen college, Oxford, on the 4th February, 1666-7, when he was created Master of Arts. After making the tour of Europe he entered the army, and came to America. He was in Boston, and presented with the freedom of that city in 1680, as we find by the following entry in the Records r " 4th February, 1679-80. It is ordered that the hon. George Russell, Esq., now resident with us in Boston, be admitted to the freedom of the cor- poration, if he please to accept thereof." He accepted of it and took the oath 13th February following, before the governor and assistants. He was in garri- son as an ensign, at Albany, about the year 1687, and in the city of New York in 1689 ; when Captain Baxter and he being " known to be Roman Catholicx, were for that reason by the Lt. Gov. [Nicholson] and Council to avoid all jealousies, sent not only out of the garrisons, but even out of the Province." He married Mary, daughter and heir of Mr. Pendleten ; and died in the year 1692, leaving issue one son, who died unmarried. — Wiffen's Hist, qfthe House of Russell, II, 223, 224 ; Brydges' Collins, sub titulo " Bedford ;" Rec. of the Col. of the Mass. Bay, V, 264; Hutchinson's Hist, qf Mass., Salem ed., I, 299 ; N. Y. Col. Doc., Ill, 640, IV, 132 ; N. Y. Council Min., IV, 54. Note 45, page 58. Frederick Philipse is said to have been a native of East Friesland. He was bom in the year 1625, and immigrated to New Netherland about the year 1658, being by trade a carpenter. After his arrival here, he was employed in that capacity for some time in the public service, both at Bergen and at Esopus. In 1660 he embarked in trade, as appears by the public Records : 95 " 20th Sept., 1660. It being proposed in Council by the Honble Director General on behalf of Frederick Philipsen, his Honor's late carpenter, that said Frederick Philipsen is disposed to make a voyage to Virginia with some mer- chandize, if the company's sloop be hired to him, &c." — N. ¥. Col. MSS., XI, 416 ; Alb. Rec, XIV, 69 ; XXIV, 415. A few years after this he married Margaret Hardenbroeck, the widow of Peter Rudolfus, a woman who was an active trader among the Indians ; with whom he acquired some property, which may be said to have laid the foundation of his fortune ;* for he soon became the wealthiest merchant in New York. He was appointed one of the aldermen of that city in 1675, and in September of the same year was sworn one of the council of Governor Andros. He continued to hold a seat in that body twenty-three years, with the exception of the brief administration of Jacob Leisler, which he opposed. When Kidd and Red sea pirates flourished in New York, Frederick Philipse became implicated like many others, in that illegal trade, and was censured by the authorities in Eng- land. Finding himself in bad odor, he resigned his seat in the council in 1698. Mr. Philipse acquired large tracts of land in Westchester county, N. Y., which were erected in the year 1693, into the manor of Philipsborough, where he was buried in 1702, in the 78th year of his age. His second wife was Catherine Van Cortland, widow of John Dervall. Note 46, page 60. Skating Grounds op New York. — Skating has been always a favorite exercise in New York, though we must say, that men and women are no longer seen " as it were flying upon their skates from place to place with marketing upon their Heads and Backs." The Kolck or Collect, a sheet of fresh water which covered the ground now occupied by the halls of justice in Centre street, and all that neighborhood, communicated in ancient times with Lespinard's pond and meadows, lying between North Moore and Green street, near the west end of what is at present Canal street. This was the great skating ground of the last century, where the gallants of the hour displayed, as a quaint writer expresses it, "theire graceful caracoles and pirouettes," ever and anon skim- ming at pleasure from one collection of water to the other, under the bridge which connected upper with lower Broadway. There William the fourth, late King of England, might be seen when " a Middy," attached to the flag ship of Rear-Admiral Digby, attended by superior officers, trying his "tacks" on the slippery ice, in the winter of 17'81-2. Tradition hath it, that a stratagem had been planned by certain of Washington's men to capture this royal scion of the house of Hanover, and thereby secure a valuable prize, while enjoying himself • The marriage contract between these parties ifl on record in the Minutes of the Orphan Court, City Hall, New York. The published pedigree of the family is incorrect, in many parti- culars, as regards its founder in America. 96 in his healthful exercise on the Collect pond. It is further said that the project had well nigh succeeded. Seemingly in anticipation of that success, one of the American papers wrote : " The boy William Henry Gnelph, lately arrived at New York, will perhaps soon be in our power. In that event we shall not visit the sins of the father on the child, but send him home to his mother." But those times have passed away, and not a pair of those feet which now daily promenade, in patent leather boots, past the Hospital at the head of Pearl street, has ever skated on the Collect or Lespinard's meadows. I have myself, adds Mr. Gowans, seen people skating between Washington market and Jersey city. To the spectators on shore, the skaters whilst whirling about on the river, did not appear larger than a good sized turkey in the act of flapping his wings ; and I have heard that journeys have been performed on skates between New York and Albany. Modern improvements have driven skating " out of town." When we were lads, says the editor of the N. Y. Times and Messenger, the nearest skating pond was on Stuyvesant's meadows, which then lay east of the Third avenue, and spread away from Eighth street to the river. Next to these, but further out, was Cato's pond, nearly up to the old shot-tower. These were fine large skating ponds in our eyes, but so terribly far away, that we made our prepara- tions for going to them as if for a serious journey. Our pet place, however, was smaller, but handier. It was a pond at the corner of Thirteenth street and Broadway, nearly a square large. A block and pump maker's shanty, built on piles, stood in one edge of it. Why it was built there, we have, iu youth, often endeavored to imagine, and after much patience of philosophising, came to the conclusion that it was for convenience, and to try whether his pumps would draw water before he sent them away to be put down in the old-fashioned wells at the street cornel's. Accommodation for skaters is, we are happy to record the fact, now provided at the public expense. A skating pond of about twenty acres large, admirably planned for comfort and adapted for the purpose, has been laid out in the Cen- tral Park, where young men have an opportunity of indulging in this healthy exercise free from danger. Instead of trudging away on foot for miles, as their fathers had to do to get at the skating place, the youth of the present day have but to step into one of the avenue cars and bowl off to the Central Park, strap their skates, and cut carlicues till their young legs have had enough of it. But don't let those merry scamps of boys altogether monopolize the fun. Let the girls mount the swift skate also. It is just as healthy for them ; and what a charming thing it will be to see five hundred cherry-cheeked, healthy beauties — goddesses in crinoline and mortals in pluraptitudinous loveliness gliding, whirling, and now and then sitting down, without exactly intending it, on the slippery ice. Let the Indies patronise the Central Park skating pond. They can make themselves adorable enough in Polish skating costume, to drive all the men and boys in New York mad as March hares. Let them remember 170 NOTES. 91 too, that the police arrangements for order, propriety and comfort at the pond, are perfect, and a lady can enjoy herself there with as absolute comfort as at the opera. Note 47, page 61. George Heathcote, tlie Quaker captain. The earliest instance that we find on record of a Quaker commanding a ship is in JV. Y. Col. Documents, II, 461, where it stated that such a vessel arrived in the port of New Amsterdam on the 20th October, 1661, and refused to " strike to the port, being a quaker." The ship mentioned in the text was the Hopewell. She was commanded by George Heathcot " of Rattilife in the county of Middlesex, Eng." {N. Y. Deed Book, IV, 349), a sturdy Quaker, who " on the first of the sixtli month 1672," being owner aud commander of a ship, was imprisoned by Governor Bellingham of Massachusetts, " for delivering him a letter and not putting of his hat." — Hesse's Sufferings of the Quakers, II, 259. Not encouraged by this reception, he seems to have subsequently turned his face to New York, from which port he sailed for England in August, 1675. — N Y. Council Min., Ill, part ii, 46. He returned the following year, having chartered the ship Jolin and Mary of Weymouth, and purchased laud in New York "above the smith's garden," through which a street 25 feet wide was ordered to be opened in 1686. — iV. Y. Council Min., V, 146, 151. He was master of the " pink Hopewell " in 1679, which vessel cleared for London, July 17, 1680 {Orders and Warrants, XXXII, 21, 26, 94) ; and in this voyage it was that he was accompanied by the Rev. Mr. Wooley. The pink Hopewell, George Heathcote, master, cleared from New Y'ork again for London, 23d June, 1681 (N. Y. Pass Book, p. 4), on which occa- sion he carried William Dyre, the collector of New York, a prisoner to England by order of the Court of Assize. Besse says, George Heathcot was Coed in Lon- don in 1683 for refusing to bear arms. — Opus sup. cit. , I, 462. We find him again in New Y'ork in 1685, in 1688, and iu 1691. In 1688 he was master of the ship Yorke.— iV. Y. Deed Book, VIII, 208. He subsequently settled in Bucks county, Penn. It has been stated that he died unmarried in New York in 1685; but this is clearly erroneous. Mr. Heathcote married the daughter of Samuel Groom of New Jersey.— JV. Y. Council Min., V, 71. His diugliter married John Barber of Loudon ; he had two sisters, one of whom was Mrs. Hannah Browne, and the other, Mrs. Anne Lupton ; and he died in November, 1710. By his will on file iu the Surrogate's office. New York, and bearing date 14tli November, and proved 24th November of that year, he liberates his three negro slaves, gives 600 acres of land near Shrewsbury, N. J., to Thomas Carlton, to be called Carlton settlement, and constitutes liis " cozen Caleb Heathcote," residuary legatee. 13