1730 188& fyxuW mmmiin fittEtg 2236 OLIN LIBRARY - CIRCULATION DATE DUE .^1 1 !i !^— CAVLOfID '-^^^^hKmB RINTED IN U S A Co,ne«On|vers»vU^"rv judtth, and 0"°,'jj„Siurt^^^ Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 92401 3340975 ^'Ox JUDITH AN OLD ENGLISH EPIC FRAGMENT EDITED, WITH INTRODUCTION, TRANSLATION, COMPLETE GLOSSARY, AND VARIOUS INDEXES ALBERT SfCOOK, Ph.D. (Jena) Professor of the English Language and Literature in the University OF California BOSTON D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS 1888 •y»«^ /^'253^0^ jdit^ftin^i on fei^Jcut un iyii K;i3r r. INTRODUCTION. MANUSCRIPT. The manuscript is the well-known Cotton Vitellius A XV of the British Museum, which likewise contains (fol. i29''-i98'') the poem of Beowulf. The whole manuscript was first de- scribed by Wanley, Catalogus, pp. 218-9. Beowulf ends on fol. ig&'j and Judith begins on fol. 199', continuing through fol. 206'' (a more recent numbering increases each of these numbers by three). The accompanying autotype page (fol. 200''), of the same size as the original, may answer the purpose of a general description, and enable experienced palaeographers to assign a date to the handwriting. The scribe has not avoided errors, chiefly omissions, and these render it difficult in some instances to restore the metre. The mixture of dialectic forms seems to indicate that a Northern original passed through one or more hands, and that the last scribe, at all events, belonged to the Late West Saxon period. Forms like hehsta and nehsta for ex- ample, point to the North, while such as hehsta are clearly LWS. Further particulars will be found in the collations by other hands, appended to the text of the poem, and in my own com- parison with the autotype facsimile of the whole manuscript given on pp. 75-77. II DATE. The most discrepant dates have been assigned to our poem. On the one hand, Stephens and Hammerich would attribute it X Introduction. ^ to Cxdmon, which would fix the inferior limit of the composi- tion at A.D. 680. Ebert (AUg. Gesch. der Literatur des Mittel- alters im Abendlande, III 24 ff.), without naming an author, ■y refers its origin to the closing decades of the seventh century, and expressly declines to accept Kluge's view, as stated below. Ten Brink says (Early Eng. Lit. p. 50) : "The majority of the works mentioned arose probably during the eighth, or in the beginning of the next century; including also the Exodus, the Daniel, and the Judith." E. Groth (Composition und Alter der Altenglischen Exodus, Berlin, 1883), basing his con- clusion upon the comparative frequency in different poems of the definite article, and of the weak adjective when no article precedes, associates Judith with Byrhtnoth. Kluge, writing later in the same year (Beitrage, IX 448-9), approves of the methods originated by Lichtenheld and adopted by Groth, and adds other tests according to which Judith would belong to the tenth century. These are, passing over the verbal corre- spondences between Judith and Byrhtnoth, which are discussed below, the sporadic use of rime, and certain transgressions of the metrical rules observed in earlier poems. Luick, who investigates the metre of Judith in Paul and Braune's Beitrage, Vol. XI, is of the same opinion. The treatment of middle vowels, together with the frequency of expanded lines, leads him to the conclusion (pp. 490-1) that Judith is a compara- tively late poem. Vigfusson and Powell, Corpus Poeticum Boreale, I Iv-lvi, seem also to regard it as late, and would apparently assign it to the tenth century. Their words are : " The Brunanburh Lay is book poetry of the same type as the later bits in the English Chronicle. It has several lines almost identical with lines in Judith. . . . Judith is a Christian epic, also of the long modified style, composed by a bookman, who, however, knew and used snatches of good old verse.'' Which of these views shall we accept ? Before deciding, it will be necessary to examine them somewhat more critically. Stephens argues from the occurrence of expanded lines in Judith : " Now, as far as I know, this rhythmical peculiarity is Introduction. xi unknown in Old-English verse except here, in Cffidmon's Para- phrase, and in that noble epical fragment 'Judith.' And I venture to assert that all these three are by the same Scop. Caedmon wrote them all. They have all the same color, all the same Miltonic sublimity, the same ' steeling ' of phrase, the same sinking back not only to the two-accented line but some- times to an almost prosaic simplicity in the intervals of his flights of genius" (Runic Monuments, II 420). To this argu- ment Hammerich and Ebert add nothing. Let us see what it is worth. As far as Stephens knew, expanded lines occur only in the Dream of the Rood, in Caedmon's Paraphrase, and in Judith. But Sievers has shown (Beitrage, XII 454-5), that many other poems, including Andreas, Elene, Christ, and even Alfred's Metres, exhibit the same peculiarity, and that in no stinted measure. Evidently Stephens' argument from metre proves nothing. May we affirm the same of his argument from more purely aesthetic considerations? What of the color, the Miltonic sublimity, the ' steeling ' of phrase ? To my mind there is — if I understand the word 'steeling' aright — a steel- ing of phrase in the Battle of Brunanburh, perceptible even through the translation by Tennyson, and certainly perceptible to him : Athelstan King, Lord among Earls, Bracelet-bestower and Baron of Barons, He with his brother, Edmund Atheling, Gaining a lifelong Glory in battle, Slew with the sword-edge There by Brunanburh, Brake the shield-wall, Hew'd the lindenwood, Hack'd the battle shield Sons of Edward with hammered brands. As regards similarity of color, it may be possible to decide after comparing different versions of what may be termed a commonplace of epical adornment in Old English. xiz Introduction. In the Judith, the preparations for an attack upon the Assyrians are described, and the poet continues (w. 205-12) : pses se hlanca gefeah wulf in walde, and se wanna hrefn, waelgi'fre fugel : wistan b^gen )>8et him tSa Jjeodguman J>6hton tilian fylle on faegum; ac him fleah on last earn jfetes georn, firigfe^era, salowigpada sang hildeleo^, hyrnedn^bba. As a parallel to this may be adduced the following passages from Genesis and Exodus : Gen. 1983-S : Sang se wanna fugel under deorelSsceaftum d^awigfetSera hrsis on w^nan. Ex. 1 6 1-8 : On hwsel hr^opon h^refugolas hilde grs§dige; deawigfe'Sere ofer drihtn^um, WQnn wselceasega. Wulfas sungon atol sefenl^o'S setes on wenan, carleasan d^or, cwyldrof b^odan on laiSra last leodmaegnes fyll, hreopon mearcweardas middum nihtum. While raven and wolf are both introduced with the same general effect in Judith and Exodus, yet the verbal corre- spondences are but insignificant. The adjective wann{a) is employed in all three extracts, and dies in two, but no identical phrase is common to all, though se WQnna hrefn is found in Beowulf (1. 3024), and Byrhtnoth has a strikingly similar phrase to the earn dies georn of Judith in earn &ses georn (1. 107). If we turn, however, to the Battle of Brunanburh, we shall find the ' color,' so far as color is associated with particular phrases, much more exactly reproduced (11. 60-5) : Introduction. xiii L^ton him behindan hra bryttigean salowigpadan, i5one svveartan hrefn hyrnednijbban, and ISone hasupadan earn jeftan hwit aeses brilcan, grsedigne gd^hafoc, and ISast grange d^or wulf on wealde. Nor is the likeness less unmistakable in Elene (11. 27-30, 110-2) : Fyi-dl^oS agdl wulf on walde, waelrilne ne raatS, firigfeSera earn sang ahof laiSum on laste. Hrefn weorces gefeah, tlrigfe&a earn siS beheold WEelhreowra wig; wulf sang ahof. This very poem of Elene contains much that reminds us of Judith, apart from the verbal correspondences noted on page 60, or the general likeness between longer passages. Thus, for example, notwithstanding the different words which fill the spaces here left blank, the general sequence is of the same nature, and employs in part the same expressions : Gewat 'iSa . . . gumena 'Sr^ate his b^ddes neosan (Jud. 61-3). Com %i. , , , tegna J>reate burga neosan (El. 150-2). If for ' sublimity ' we substitute ' energy,' is there not much resemblance between the color and energy with which these two battle-pieces are painted ? Hie °&i. fiQmlice leton for^ fleogan fiana scfiras hildensedran ofhornbogan strselas st^dehearde; styrmdon hlfide grame guSfrecan, garas s^ndon xiv Introduction. in heardra gemang; hsele'5 waeron yrre, landbtlende laSum cynne, stopon styrnmode. (Jud. 220-7.) On >ast fsege folc fiana scdras garas ofer geolorand on gramra gemang h^tend heorugrimnie hildetiaedran >urh fingra geweald forS ons^ndan; stopon stiShydige. (El. 1 17-21.) The resemblances here printed out, together with those col- lected in the list of Verbal Correspondences (pp. 57-65), per- suade me that the poem is Cynewulfian rather than Cffidmonian, though I have no doubt that the author was conversant with Genesis A and Exodus. The almost total lack of correspond- ences with Genesis B might indicate that the latter was of sub- sequent composition, though this hypothesis is not absolutely necessary. If the list above referred to is carefully scanned and the comparative length of the poems taken into account, it must be conceded, I think, that Judith, if not by Cynewulf s own hand, emanated from what, in the larger sense, might be termed the C)Tiewulfian school. Judith is not, at all events, earlier than Cynewulf; for this the peculiarities common to it and the undoubted Cynewulfian poems are too numerous, not to mention those which connect it with other poems that are sometimes referred to Cynewulf. To assume that these peculiarities were all derived from the one short fragment of 350 lines, and incorporated into the several longer poems from the hand of Cynewulf and his disciples, would be to attribute to Judith an extraordinary popularity, such as but few poems have ever enjoyed, none, in fact, save the great epics which have educated nations and contributed powerfully to civihza- tion. This has been the prerogative of the Iliad, the Divina Commedia, Paradise Lost, and perhaps Beowulf, but nothing would warrant us in advancing such a claim for Judith. If numerous peculiarities were common to merely two poems, Judith and one other, it might be impossible to determine, from this evidence alone, which poem was the earlier, though Introduction. xv the fact of relationship would undoubtedly be recognized ; but when similarities are detected between the language of Judith and that of a whole group of poems, all of which are known to be by a single author, it is almost impossible to escape the con- clusion, either that Judith is by the same hand, or that it is a production of some later poet saturated with the diction of this group. Judith, then, we may conclude, is either by Cynewulf or by some one of his disciples or successors. If by one of his successors, is it as late as Groth, Kluge, Luick, and the editors of the Corpus Poeticum Boreale would have us believe ? Luick's language is so vague that it would be futile to base an argument upon it. With reference to Groth's proofs, based upon Lichtenheld's tests, it may be sufficient to remark that the cogency of the latter is disputed. Sarrazin, for example, thus impugns their validity (Anglia, IX 531-2) in words which I translate : "Though Lichtenheld has attempted, in the Zeitschrift fur deutsches Alterthum, XVI 327 ff, to establish the omission of the article, and the frequent occurrence of the strong (?) adjec- tive with the noun, and without the article, as marks of peculiar antiquity, it is to be objected that the validity of this criterion has not been demonstrated, and that the earliest prose employs the definite article quite as freely as the later, and more freely than is done by contemporaneous poetry. It may therefore be surmised that what Lichtenheld regards as a mark of great age is rather a peculiarity of the poetical style. . . . More- over, Kynewulf makes very frequent use of the noun wjthout the article, and of the strong adjective in the attributive rela- tion with nouns, as will appear from the following examples." In the poem on the death of Edward (Sax. Chr. a.d. 1065) there are five occurrences of the definite article, or about half as many in relation to the number of lines as in Judith. In Brunanburh there are seven instances of the definite article, or about one-third of the relative number in Judith. These two poems are dated, and both are late ; yet they do not conform xvi Introduction. to the tests proposed. Shall we determine the date of Judith, then, on the assumption that these tests are vaUd ? To show the untrustworthiness of such criteria of age, Groth's instrumental-test (p. 38) may be adduced. According to this, the instrumental case denoting agency will be found more fre- quently without the preposition mid in the oldest poems, while the later ones prefer to employ mid. The pure instrumental is never found, for example, in Byrhtnoth, remarks Groth. Exodus, on the contrary, has 29 instrumental without, and 12, or more strictly speaking 10, with mid. Hence Exodus is an early poem. Judith, being late according to Groth's other tests, should have few pure instrumental, if any. Nevertheless, the pure instrumental is found in 11. 8, 10, 35, 36, 37, 62, 67, 70, 80, 99, loi, 104, 114, 115 (2), 118, 129, i7r, 194, 213, 214, 229, 241, 263, 264, 289, 294, 29s, 299, 300, 302, 322, 329, 332, 339, in all 35 times ; mid is used with the instru- mental in 11. 29, 59 (2), 88, 89, 95, 97 (2), 184, 272, 287, in all 1 1 times. Hence Judith is an early poem. Since Groth's article-test and his instrumental-test lead to directly contrary results in this case, which is to have the preference ? Kluge's rime-test is scarcely sufficient of itself to fix the date of a poem, especially when other signs point in an opposite direction, or neutralize each other. As for the transgressions of metrical law, Kluge's reference is but incidental, and would need elaboration and verification, particularly in view of such recent investigations as those of Sievers (Beitrage, X 209-314). Vigfusson and Powell appear to regard Judith as a production of the tenth century, though the express statement is nowhere made. To this opinion they seem to be led by the expanded lines, and by the partial identity of lines in the Battle of Brun- anburh with certain ones in Judith. But these expanded lines occur already in the Caedmonian poetry, and this criterion cannot therefore be relied on for establishing the age of the poem. Such partial identity of lines as exists between Judith and the Battle of Brunanburh also exists between the former and more than one poem beside. httroduction. xvii As we have seen, this fact would only imply relationship of some sort, either that both poems were composed by the same author, or that one served as a model to the other. No one, I suppose, would contend that Judith and the Battle of Brun- anburh are by the same hand. The difference in tone would alone forbid this supposition. Judith is deeply religious in spirit, Brunanburh as distinctly warlike. The heroine of the former is represented as invoking Divine assistance on her under- taking, and returning thanks for the success vouchsafed her. She regards herself as a mere instrument of Divine vengeance and deliverance, and remains humble notwithstanding the honors and riches which are heaped upon her by the gratitude of her countrymen. Quite otherwise is victory conceived by the panegyrist of Athelstan. His glorification of the prowess which freed the land from treacherous invaders, however agreeable to the feelings of the victors and of all good patriots, savors .not a little of boasting. No one can read the closing words of the two poems without perceiving how different are the tempers from which they emanated, though both are designed to com- memorate triumph over a foreign foe : Ealles 'Sses ludith ssegde wuldor weroda Dryhtne, but swilce J)a gebrdfier begen setsamne cyning and sefieling cy'SSe sohton West-seaxna land wiges hremige. ' Glory to the Lord ' and ' exulting in war ' ; in these two expressions lie the keynotes of the two poems. If, then, they cannot be by the same author, which is the earlier, the poem which breathes humility, reliance upon God's help in extremity, awe at his judgments, and a tempered joy when deliverance has been effected, or that which is charac- terized by great rapidity, vehement martial ardor, and a ten- dency to unrestrained exultation in the hour of victory ? To answer this question, we must first inquire whether the religious age of Early England preceded or followed the year xviii Introduction. 937, the date of the Battle of Brunanburh. No one at all familiar with Old English history can hesitate to reply that the distinctively rehgious age antedated that period. If, therefore, these two poems reflect the spirit of the epochs in which they were respectively produced, Judith must be the earlier of the two. Not earlier than Cynewulf, and not later than the year 937 — to this point our reasonings have conducted us. What follows is more conjectural, but perhaps not wholly extravagant or fantastic. Neither extravagant nor fantastic, but simple, literal fact, is the recapitulation of a fragment of Old English history which shall serve to preface the theory. In the year 856 there came to England the ancestress of the whole line of English sovereigns from William Rufus down, the stepmother of Alfred, the great granddaughter of Charlemagne. Her grandfather was the sole successor of the Emperor of the West, and her father, not yet emperor, was king of the Western Franks. To maintain the glory of this royal house through three generations, the fame of its great progenitor would alone have sufficed ; but its renown is derived from better titles. It cherished learning, and was cherished by religion. The Palace School, established by Charlemagne, continued to exist during the reign of Louis the Pious, and sprang into new life under the patronage of Charles the Bald. The latter, following the example of his mother Judith, attracted to his court the most learned men of his time. So flourishing had the School of the Palace become, that Charles' royal seat was known, by a significant inversion, as the Palace of the School. The sceptre of Charlemagne, which only his powerful hands could wield, had become a reed in those of his feeble and vacil- lating son. No longer adequate to the sway and protection of the people, it was virtually abased before the crozier during those years when Louis was a fugitive or a prisoner in his own realm. While the ambitious Charles was struggling for a nomi- nal supremacy, it was Hincmar, Archbishop of Rheims, who exercised sovereignty in his name. The clerk had taken the Introduction. xix place of the warrior in the council, and sometimes on the battle- field. The ecclesiastic had supplanted the duke, and was fast ■ supplanting the king, whom yet, in order the more freely and safely to govern, he permitted to exist and wear the semblance of royalty. Learning and religion, which had been transplanted to the shores of England, were now, after having been borne from that country to Germany, enjoying their first Continental Renaissance north of the Alps. Otfrid was writing, in Old High German, his Poetical Harmony of the Gospels. The year which probably witnessed the birth of Charles' daughter also witnessed, according to the usual reckoning, the birth of the French language, in the famous Strassburg Oath. This daughter, who was now voyaging across the narrow seas to Britain, must have been fascinating to an unusual degree. Her grandmother, who bore the same name, Judith, was unde- niably the most beautiful woman of her generation ; her grace and accomplishments won the hearts of all who came within the sphere of her personal influence, and were acknowledged even by those antagonists who most bitterly condemned her intrigues, and deplored the calamitous effects of her maternal ambition. In an age when music was but little cultivated, she was an admirable performer on the organ. Walafrid Strabo, a poet of the day, describes her in the following eulogistic terms : Est ratione polens, est cum pietate pudica, Dulcis amore, valens animo, sermone faceta. Everything indicates that the younger Judith inherited, with her grandmother's amatory disposition and somewhat of her fondness for intrigue and power, the same lovable traits. Though now in her earliest teens, and perhaps not more than twelve years of age, she had gained the affections of ^thelwulf, a mature man, one of the best-loved of English kings. She was yet to disarm by her attractions the animosity of this king's eldest son and heir, and to share the throne with him after his father's death. Finally, after the decease of her second Eng- lish husband, she was to return to her father's court, and, not XX Introduction. yet twenty years old, was to win the hand of Baldwin, Count of Flanders, a man of whom it was said in the eleventh century : " Flanders never had a man his superior in talent and warhke ability" — a man powerful enough to incur the sentence of excommunication at the instance of his father- in-law, but afterward to obtain its revocation from the Pope himself. The marriage of the youthful bride with her elderly husband was solemnized by Archbishop Hincmar, the first ecclesiastic and chief power of the realm. Judith went forth richly dow- ered, with her father's blessing, the approbation of the whole clergy, and the love of a devoted husband. The wedded pair were received in England with the accla- mations of the people, and Judith took her seat beside her hus- band, as his equal in rank and dignity, by the consent of the whole body of the nobles, — a thing contrary to the prejudices of the West Saxon nation, and unknown for many years previous. Only ^thelbald, the disaffected son of King vEthelwulf, em- boldened by the support of a few conspirators, grudged that his father should return with a young wife, and attempted to exclude him from the kingdom ; but this insurrection was quickly allayed by the good sense of the father and the counsel of the nobility. The warmth of this reception cannot be ascribed, however, solely to the good qualities or pleasing manners of Judith ; a large share of the credit is certainly due to King ^thelwulf himself. He was not only easy-tempered, but devout ; he had just completed a pilgrimage to Rome, and in the same year had made a donation which so far bore the character of a tithe as to furnish the basis of the whole system of English tithes until the present day. It was no doubt his piety and munifi- cence which led Charles the Bald to provide him with a royal escort to the frontiers of his kingdom on his setting out for Rome, which conciliated the stern and zealous Hincmar, and which won him golden opinions from the nobles and common- alty of his own land. Introduction. xxi Yet, however warm the welcome that awaited ^thelwulf, had he returned alone, there can be little doubt that his reception was all the more cordial because of the bride who accompanied him. Not only was she of royal descent, and charming in person and manner ; she was likewise descended from that Charlemagne at whose court Egbert had resided during his exile from his native country, and whence he had derived many of his notions concerning the duties and prerogatives of kingship. She came of a house which loved the people, their traditions, their songs, and their language. Charlemagne, says his biographer and personal friend, used to " write down and commit to memory the very ancient Ger- man poems, which related the deeds and wars of the early kings. He likewise began a grammar of his native language.'' It was chiefly at the instance of the elder Judith that Otfrid, accord- ing to his own statement, undertook to versify the Gospel narrative in German. His words are : " a quibusdam memoriae dignis fratribus rogatus, maximeque cuiusdam venerandae matronae verbis nimium flagitantis, nomine Judith, partem evangeliorum eis Theotisce scriberem . . ." Finally, it was for the ears of the people that Charles and Louis exchanged their pledges in French and German, while their armies stood by to echo and applaud the fraternal engagements. Judith can hardly have lived at the Frankish court through the susceptible years of childhood without imbibing somewhat of these traditions and this spirit. The Saxons, to whom she was coming, had been the missionaries by whom the evangeli- zation of Germany had been effected. They had sent Alcuin, one of their ablest teachers, to the court of Charlemagne, and thus had been instrumental in founding that School of the Palace which she knew so well. Had she not herself, perchance, been taught the rudiments of learning by John Erigena, the present head of the school, who had emigrated to France about the time of her birth? Had he not instilled into her his own doctrines concerning the freedom of the will, thus making her somewhat more thoughtful and less volatile, at the risk xxii Introduction. of strengthening in her an imperious and even headstrong disposition ? Strong in purpose she must already have been, notwithstand- ing a Hability to be enslaved by a love of art and splendor, or by her own wilder passions. Strong, for she had fallen heir to the energy of Charlemagne, and the resistless will of the elder Judith. Strong, for she had been born into all the troubles of a stormy reign, had heard the savage Norsemen at their work of rapine and slaughter, and nevertheless retained enough self- possession to win half the throne of England's rightful over- lord, and to take her seat in the face of precedent, at the risk of insult and civil war, overthrowing all opposition with the authority of her husband and her own girlish smile. The Danes were still harrying France ; but now for eight years, after repeated invasions and alternate successes and de- feats, they cease to harry England. This very year is the year of their withdrawal, though they go on to capture Orleans, and, a few months afterward, to burn the churches of Paris. Might it not seem, to the excited national imagination, to a people wild with delight at the departure of their cruel foe, wild with admiration of this graceful, queenly presence and courtly speech, that the very coming of their youthful but keen-witted ally had banished the spoiler, and enabled the defenders of England, in the strength of their enthusiasm, to complete the final expulsion of the heathen? V/ould the clergy have been unapt to flatter ^thelwulf, by attributing such powers to this idolized creature, the very whimsicality of whose caprice must have seemed to him superhuman wisdom? May they not themselves have beheved that her coming at this time was opportune and providential, cementing, as she did, an alhance between the two civilized kingdoms, and bringing the terror of France to unite, against the barbarian, with the terror of Eng- land? After her marriage with ^thelbald, the clergy may have stigmatized her, and conspired to blacken her memory from that day to this, even as was afterwards done by the servile Prankish bishops at the command of her father; but at this Introduction. xxiii moment they are more, likely to have overwhelmed her with adulation, to have ascribed to her the salvation of the realm, and even to have paid court to her with poems, in which deli- cate flattery should play upon the name which had suddenly grown dear, and, in glorifying the national heroine of the ancient people of God, should indicate the position accorded to herself by the loyalty and gratitude of those whom he had chosen to be emissaries and soldiers of the faith in their later age. Poems, or a poem — the poem a fragment of which we still possess. This, then, is the theory I would propound : The poem of Judith was composed, in or about the year 856, in gratitude for the deliverance of Wessex from the fury of the heathen Northmen, and dedicated, at once as epinikion and epithala- mion, to the adopted daughter of England, the pride, the hope, the darling of the nation. It may be objected that there is no proof of such popiular enthusiasm and fervent piety as would be implied by this hypothesis. But the fact is attested by contemporary histo- rians : Asser is authority for the second, and both Asser and the English Chronicle for the first. It is Asser who records the institution of what have since been called tithes and Peter's pence as occurring within the years 855-858; and it is Asser who says : " When ^thelwulf, therefore, was coming from Rome, all that nation, as was fitting, so delighted in the arrival of the old man, that, if he had permitted them, they would have ex- pelled his rebellious son ^thelbald, with all his counsellors, out of the kingdom. But he, as we have said, acting with great clem- ency and prudent counsel, so wished things to be done, that the kingdom might not come into danger ; and he placed Judith, daughter of King Charles, whom he had received from her father, by his own side on the regal throne, without any controversy or enmity from his nobles, even to the end of his life, contrary to the perverse custom of that nation." With the statement con- cerning the rejoicing, the English Chronicle substantially agrees. Again, it may be urged that such marks of honor were not xxiv Introduction. customary at that period, that to praise a Teutonic princess, and especially such a Teutonic princess, by likening her to a Jewish heroine, was not only unheard-of, but would have been impossible and inconceivable. The rejoinder is not far to seek ; it is matter of record that a poet of whom mention has already been made, Walafrid Strabo, addressed a poem to the Prankish royal family just twenty-seven years before this time, in which he compares the elder Judith to her Biblical namesake. It is likewise matter of record that in 836, just twenty years before, the learned Rabanus Maurus, one of the first theologians and scholars of that epoch, dedi- cated to the same Judith, wife of Louis the Pious and mother of Charles the Bald, his commentary upon the Book of Judith, accompanying it with a prayer for his empress, couched in heroic verse, and with an Epistle Dedicatory, in which he averred that he had inscribed his work to her because she bore the name of Judith, and that he also dedicated to her his commentary on Esther, because she occupied a similar station to that illustrious queen. These are his words : " De catero, quia vos compari laudabili excellere ingenio, et sanctarum mulierum quas sacra Scriptura commemorat, virtutes ac stud- ium in bono opere imitari, non frustra arbitratus sum quarum- dam illarum historiam, allegorico sensu ad sanctae Ecclesise mysterium a nobis translatam, vestro nomini dicare atque transmittere, Judith videhcet, atque Esther : quarum unam co- sequatis nomine, alteram dignitate. . . . Accipite ergo Judith homonymam vestram, castitatis exemplar, et triumphali laude perpetuis eam prseconiis declarate . . . Esther quoque similiter reginam regina, in omni pietatis et sanctitatis actione imitabilem, vobis ante oculos cordis semper ponite." (Migne, Patrologia CIX 539 ff.) If this be regarded as a puerihty, it is still of a higher order than the acrostic written on the name of Charles the Bald, or at all events than the poem of three hundred lines in his honor, every word of which began with C. That the subject of Judith was a popular one among the poets of that reign, most probably because the Danes, who Introduction. xxv exulted in their heathenism, and lost no opportunity of mani- festing their contempt and hatred of Christianity, were sup- posed to be prefigured by the Assyrians, is indicated by the existence of a fragmentary Latin version of the Biblical narra- tive, which one of its editors assigns to the close of the eighth century or the beginning of the ninth, while the latest historian of that literature declares that it cannot possibly be later than the year 871, and may belong to the preceding period (Du Mdril, Poesies Populaires Latines, p. 184 ; Diimmler, in Zeit- schrift fiir Deutsches Alterthum, XI 261 ff. ; Ebert, Geschichte der Literatur des Abendlandes im Mittelalter, II 316-7). Assuming for an instant the truth of our conjecture — that the poem was composed in honor of Judith, Queen of Eng- land, and that it was written in or about the year 856, who can have been its author ?^ Shall we go far astray in supposing it to have been Swithhun, Bishop of Winchester, who is known to have been ^thelwulf s teacher, his bosom friend and confi- dant, and to have survived him by four years? Who would look with more complacency upon ^thelwulfs deeds, or rejoice more sincerely in the welfare of the land, secured by the king's benefactions, the repulse of the Danes, the foreign alliance, and the exultant satisfaction of the people ? That we have nothing else from his pen can hardly be urged against this supposition. He was a man of varied activities, and, if not a poet by profession, might well have been seized by the divine afflatus at such a moment, when affection for his king, the pride of a patriot, and the gratified longings of a Church- man, were all blended in a single feeling, and perhaps warmed into still livelier sensibility by the sight of youthful buoyancy and loveliness, creating happiness, and revelling in the happi- ness it created. A collateral circumstance, insufficient of itself to form the basis of a theory, but not to be disregarded as a corollary or confirmation of our hypothesis, is to be found in the well- known story of Alfred's introduction to the lore contained in books. According to Asser, King Alfred remained illiterate xxvi Introduction. till he was twelve years old or more, that is, we may infer, till the year 860 or 861. Asser goes on to state : " On a certain clay, therefore, his mother was showing him and his brothers a Saxon book of poetry, which she held in her hand, and said, 'Whichever of you shall the soonest learn this volume shall have it for his own.' Stimulated by these words, or rather by the Divine inspiration, and allured by the beautifully illumi- nated letter at the beginning of the volume, he spoke before all his brothers, who, though his seniors in age, were not so in grace, and answered, 'Will you really give that book to one of us, that is to say, to him who can first understand and repeat it to you ? ' At this his mother smiled with satisfaction, and confirmed what she had before said. Upon which the boy took the book out of her hand, and went to his master to read it, and in due time brought it to his mother and recited it." It is frequently assumed that Alfred's own mother, Osburgha, was alive at the time of this event, and that it was she who thus incited him to learning. But .^thelwulf married Judith in 856, on his return from a pilgrimage to Rome, the solemn ceremonial, which is still extant, being conducted by the highest clerical potentate in France. Is this fact consistent with the belief that Osburgha was still living? She was "noble both by birth and by nature,'' and the exemplary king could have had no cause for putting her away. And even had he been so minded, and had gone so far as to perpe- trate this inconceivable folly and iniquity, could he have done so with the tacit connivance and approval of the Pope, whom Hincmar would have been elated to detect in such a fault, and of Hincmar himself, who was closely watched by his brother prelates and by emissaries from Rome? But, supposing ^thelwulf had escaped this double scrutiny, would his nobles and the great body of his subjects have extended to him so hearty a welcome upon his return, if his true and lawful wife, "noble by birth and by nature," had still been living, repudi- ated and disgraced, to witness the triumph of her successor? Only two years. after, on the occasion of .^thelbald's marriage, Introduction. xxvii the nation proved very sensitive with respect to wickedness of a similar kind. Would they have closed their eyes to it in one whose years should have conspired with his honor to fortify him against such a temptation, and whose reputation for saint- liness of life must have been coextensive with the knowledge of his name ? Osburgha, then, must have been dead before ^thelwulf wedded Judith. When Alfred learned to read, Judith was either the wife of .^thelbald, or only recently widowed for the second time. Her inherited love for learning (of which we know nothing in Osburgha's case) would naturally lead her to devote much of her leisure to reading. In purely theological books she would scarcely have taken a deep interest. The granddaughter of the most highly cultivated woman in France, who excelled in the dance as well as in her knowledge of polite letters, is much more likely to have been attracted to poetry than to profound disquisitions on subtle points of controversy. It is not to be wondered at if, in conformity with the example of her great grandfather, she spent much time over the songs of her adopted people, akin in blood and sentiment to her own race, and still nearer to her heart because they had accepted her so frankly and cordially on her first coming among them. Nor is it surprising that, with her artistic instincts, she should have preferred illuminated manuscripts to those which were merely legible. Winsome in herself, would she not appear still more winsome to the adolescent Alfred when bending over the poems he loved, and which, through his whole hfe, he was never weary of persuading others to learn by heart ? Would she not be peculiarly attractive when scan- ning the pages written in her own praise, and blending the sensation of gratified vanity with passionate admiration of the heroic ideal presented ? The volume composed as a tribute to herself, written and embellished for her own use, would have a peculiar value in her eyes. May it not have been this vol- ume, the Judith, that Alfred learned to read, and that inspired him with deeper abhorrence of paganism, and a more resolute xxviii Introduction. determination to defend his own people against its foreign adherents, while he confirmed them in their attachment to Christianity by his teachings and his life? Whatever may be thought of this latter hypothesis, its ac- ceptance or rejection in no way affects the considerations advanced in favor of the principal theory. This theory appears, better than any hitherto propounded, to harmonize with aU the relevant facts; and may perhaps be allowed to stand until superseded by a better. Ill SOURCES. The sources of our poem are contained in the Apocryphal Book of Judith, particularly in the portion included between VIII 33 and XVI i inclusive. The order of events is not that of the original narrative. Many transpositions have been made in the interest of condensation and for the purpose of enhanc- ing the dramatic liveliness of the story. Besides, the poet has not scrupled to add embellishments of his own invention, as will be more fully pointed out under the next head. The passages which seem to have been directly interwoven into the substance of the narrative are here subjoined, in the order adopted by the Old English poet. " For thy power standeth not in multitude, nor thy might in strong men : for thou art a God of the afflicted, an helper of the oppressed, an upholder of the weak, a protector of the forlorn, a saviour of them that are without hope (IX ii). . . . And make every nation and tribe to acknowledge that thou art the God of all power and might, and that there is none other that protecteth the people of Israel but thou (IX 14). . . . And in the fourth day Holof^rnes made a feast to his own ser- vants only . . . (XII 10). . . . And Holofemes . . . drank much more wine than he had drunk at any time in one day since he was bom (XII 20) .... Now when the evening was come, his Introduction. xxix servants made haste to depart . . . (XIII i). . . . Then said he to Bagoas the eunuch, who had charge over all that he had, Go now, and persuade this Hebrew woman which is with thee, that she come unto us, and eat and drink with us (XII ii). . . . And they that lay near Holofernes went out, and all his ser- vants, and they brought her into the tent. Now Holofernes rested upon his bed under a canopy, which was woven with purple, and gold, and emeralds, and precious stones (X 20, 21). . . . And they came about her, as she stood without the tent of Holofernes, till they told him of her (X 18). . . . And Holofernes took great delight in her . . . (XII 20). . . . His heart was ravished with her, and his mind was moved, and he desired greatly her company ; for he waited a time to deceive her . . . (XII 16) ... Holofernes lying along upon his bed: for he was filled with wine (XIII 2). . . . They went to their beds : for they were all weary, because the feast had been long (XIII i). . . . Then she . . . took down his fauchion . . . (XIII 6). . . . And said, Strengthen me, O Lord God of Israel, this day (XIII 7). . . . And took hold of the hair of his head . . . (XIII 7). . . . And she smote twice upon his neck with all her might, and she took away his head from him (XIII 8) . . . . And anon after she went forth, and gave Holo- fernes his head to her maid ; and she put it in her bag of meat : so they twain went together . . . j and when they passed the camp, they compassed the valley, and went up the mountain of Bethulia, and came to the gates thereof (XIII 9, 10) . Then said Judith afar off to the watchmen at the gate . . . (XIII 11). (Ye shall stand this night in the gate . . . VIII 33). . . . Open, open now the gate : God, even our God, is with us . . . (XIII 11). . . . He hath not taken away his mercy from the house of Israel, but hath destroyed our enemies . . . (XIII 14). . . . Now when the men of her city heard her voice, they made haste to go down to the gate of their city . . . (XIII 12). ... So she took the head out of the bag, and shewed it, and said unto them. Behold the head of Holofernes . . . ; and the Lord hath smitten him by the hand of a woman (XIII 15). . . . XXX Introduction. And so soon as the morning shall appear, and the sun shall come forth fipon the earth, take ye every one his weapons, and go forth every valiant man out of the city - . . (XIV 2). ... So ye . . . shall pursue them, and overthrow them as they go (XIV 4). ... And as soon as the morning arose . . . every man took his weapons, and they went forth by bands . . . (XIV 11). . . . And the residue . . . fell upon the camp of Assur . . . (XV 6). . . . They all fell upon them with one consent, and slew them . . . (XV 5). . . . But when the Assyrians saw them, they sent to their leaders, which came to their captains and tribunes, and to every one of their rulers (XIV 12). . . . So they came to Holofernes' tent and said . . . Waken now our lord (XIV 13). . . . When the captains of the Assyrians' army heard these words . . . their minds were wonderfully troubled . . ,. and there was a cry and a very great noise throughout the camp (XIV 19). . . . For he thought that he had slept with Judith (XIV 14). . . . Then went in Bagoas, and knocked at the door of the tent. . . . But because none answered, he opened it, and went into the bed-chamber, and found him cast upon the floor dead . . . (XIV r4, 15). Therefore he cried with a loud voice . . . and rent his garments (XIV 16). . . . Behold, Holofernes lieth upon the ground without a head (XIV 18). . . . And fear and trembling fell upon them . . . rushing out altogether, they fled into every way . . . (XV 2). . . . And they that were in Galaad, and in Galilee, chased them with a great slaughter . . . (XV 5 ) . . . . And the villages and the cities, that were in the mountains and in the plain, gat many spoils . . . (XV 7). ... And the people spoiled the camp the space of thirty days : and they gave unto Judith Holofernes his tent, and all his plate, and beds, and vessels, and all his stuff . . . (XV 11). . . . Then Judith began to sing this thanks- giving in all Israel , , , (XVI i)." Introduction. xxxi IV ART. The modes in which the poet's art is displayed may be considered under the four heads of Selection, Arrangement, Amplification, and Invention. To these might be added his mastery of language and skill in the' handling of metre. Selection. — The characters are limited to three, — Judith, Holofernes, and Judith's attendant. Hardly worthy to be ranked with these is the warrior who enters Holofernes' tent and an- nounces his violent death. He is merely one of the group of officers, though a little bolder than the rest, and drops out of the action immediately. There is no mention of Achior, none of Ozias, none of Bagoas, none of Nebuchadnezzar. The latter seems to be merged in Holofernes, who is accordingly both general and king. Judith's handmaid serves to enhance the importance of the protagonist, as in the original narrative, though perhaps in a greater degree. Thus not only does she carry the bag, but it is she whom Judith commands (11. 17 1-3) to exhibit the head of the slain captain, instead of drawing it forth herself (XIII 15). Judith is continually before us ; she inspires, directs, or executes everything. The result is a fore- gone conclusion, and everything tends irresistibly towards it. At the very beginning of the poetic fragment we are assured that she was defended from the peril that menaced her, though the fulness of the triumph is not foretold. The note of the beginning — "4 t6 8dm ^Imihtigan " — recurs also at the end. Yet we are not permitted to overlook the formidable nature of Judith's antagonist, his wickedness and his power. His servants, even the principal warriors and councillors, remain at a distance until he summons them (11. 51-4), and fear to awaken him, even amid circumstances of the greatest danger (11. 257-8). The epithets applied to him, beginning with those descriptive of his station, soon alternate with such as xxxii Introduction. characterize his evil disposition and purposes ; the latter grow relatively more and more numerous, until they culminate in the "heathen hound" of 1. no, a variant of this being repeated in 1. 179, where Judith is telling the story of his discomfiture. But his character is not left to be inferred from epithets alone ; in 11. 1 8 1-3 his hostihty and malice are plainly set forth. When the action opens, it is Holofernes who occupies the scene, and he remains in possession of it, glorying in his authority and rejoicing over the banquet, long enough to chal- lenge the attention of the reader, and make him apprehensive lest Judith may succumb in the unequal contest. The peripetia is then introduced with considerable art, being heightened by the prayer of Judith while holding the weapon, by her manipu- lation of the stupefied chieftain before raising her hand to strike, and by the appreciable interval between the two blows. There is thus a regular gradation of personages, the hand- maid being but a shadow of Judith, and her foil, Holofernes a redoubtable foe, and Judith the triumphant heroine. To invest the latter with all the womanly attributes most reverenced by his countrymen, the poet endows her with virginal purity, and converts her from a Jewess of profound religious conviction to an orthodox Christian and believer in the Trinity (11. 83-4) . So far as we can judge, all is frankness and fair dealing on Judith's part. We hear nothing of her requesting permission to go beyond the lines for prayer, and there is no hint of her practising deception or otherwise compromising herself, in the whole course of the poem. She is a heroine sans peur et sans reproche, unless we account her deed in itself as the exploit of a vulgar assassin. Admitting the purity of her intentions, and the essentially righteous character of the blow she inflicted, she remains the unsullied champion and deliverer of her people, as stainless and single-minded as the Maid of Orleans. The chief actors are thrown into relief upon a background formed by the two armies respectively. Moreover, the remarks of each are addressed to a kind of dumb chorus, in which all distinct individualities are suppressed. Such are the retainers Introduction. xxxiii whom Holofemes feasts, and the citizens who surround Judith on her return to Bethulia. It will be apparent, from what has been said, that the characters have been selected and shaded with reference to maintaining the dramatic unity of impression through a whole series of events, and that it is in the person of the heroine that this dramatic unity centres, as it is about her that all the incidents revolve. In the selection of these incidents, again, equal soundness of judgment is displayed. The order of events in the latter part of the Biblical narrative is, on the whole, preserved, those of lesser dramatic importance being eliminated. The poet's object is manifestly to depict only the cardinal situations and occurrences, and to impress these upon the mind by the free play of his invention in elaborating scenes and incidents, intro- ducing transitional passages to render the sequence obvious, and otherwise preparing or heightening the effect. Arrangement. The topics of the poem are these : a) Divine assistance granted to Judith (1-7"). b) Feast (7''-34')- c) Judith brought to Holofemes' tent (34''-S7°')- d) Evil purposes and slaying of Holofemes (57''-i2i). I?) Return to Bethulia (122-170). /) Account of Holofemes' death and advice to the warriors (171-198). g) Departure of the Hebrew army (199-216°). K) Surprise of the Assyrians and discovery of Holofemes' dead body (2i6*'-290°). i) Flight and defeat of the Assyrians (29o''-3i2°). j) Return of the Israelites and taking of spoil (3i2''-335°). k) Recompense of Judith (335''-342°). /) Judith's thanksgiving (342''-347''). m) Poet's ascription of praise (347''-3So)- In the main, as has been said, the order is that of the Apocryphal book, but two remarkable transpositions must be observed. xxxiv Introduction. In the poem, Judith is brought in after the conclusion of the banquet; in the original, while the feast is still in progress. The poet is thus left free to emphasize the license and clamor of the feasters, since Judith is not present, and therefore has no part in their eating and drinking (cf. XII i8, 19). By this means, too, a direct motive is provided for Judith's conduct in the slaying, Holofernes' evil desires and intentions (XII 12, 16) being referred to the moment of his entry into the pavilion (11. S7'''"S9°)) which immediately pre- cedes his drunken stupor and his death. The other transposition has the air of an invention, but it may be, as indicated in the Sources, only a skilful employment of the hint furnished by the original in the twofold divis- ion of the attacking forces (XV 5, 6). I refer to the actual engagement with the Assyrian army, or its vanguard, described so powerfully in 11. 2i6''-2 35. This would be the natural sequel, to the Teutonic mind, of the array and hostile sally of the Hebrew troops (199-216"), though we are expressly told (XIV 2, 11) that no actual conflict then took place, but merely a hostile demonstration. The rage and terror of the Assyrian leaders are accentuated by means of this change, a moment of suspense, charged with ever increasing agony of apprehension, is introduced, and the despair which precedes the rout and final overthrow is rendered complete and overwhelming. Nearer and nearer approaches the noise of battle (261 ff.), until the leaders can no longer endure the responsibihty and the dread, and one of their number, breaking through the ceremonial restrictions which surround with inviolability the person of an Oriental despot, is brought face to face with the reality which eclipses all previous disaster. Besides, the poet's audience would demand a conflict and not merely a pursuit. To gratify such a demand, the battle proper must be introduced before the climax of consternation is reached, and the actual panic has begun. On these grounds the new ar- rangement is amply justified. Flight and combat are aptly interwoven in the description of the Ass)T:ians' panic (290*"- Introduction. xxxv 312°) : they flee (29o''-292^), they are cut down (292''-297''), still flee (297''-298°), and are still cut down (298''-3i2°) ; finally, after a list of the spoils is given, the fulness of the patriots' triumph is again rehearsed (3i9''-324''). Amplification. It is somewhat difficult to effect a clear severance of invention from amplification, nor indeed is such analytic painfulness necessary beyond certain obvious Kmits. The poet dwells with especial fondness on feasting and war. This is a national trait, and should be considered without prejudice to the controlling art visible in every part of his production. Amplification rises to the dignity of invention in the lines which describe the wolf, the raven, and the eagle, haunters of the battle-field (205''-2i2'). But the con- tinuation (2i2''-235'') also abounds in powerful strokes, which reveal a master of this species of poetry. The spoils are enumerated with a profusion of descriptive epithets (3i4''-3i9% 33S''-342°)- The impression of a vast concourse of joyful and expectant people is admirably communicated (i59''-i7o''). Something like a lyric element is introduced into Judith's prayer (8o''-93''), and into her speech before the people (i77''-i98''), with its dramatic accompaniments (i7i''-i75''). The feast is a drunken orgy (7''-34°'), with the shadow of death hanging over it (i9''-2i''). Of minor interest, but still worthy of mention, are the escorting of Judith to the tent (37''-46°), the description of the canopy and its use (46''-S4''), and the account of the journey from the Assyrian camp to Bethulia (i25»-i4i°). Invention. Here, as elsewhere in Old English poetry, the bard occasionally marks his satisfaction or prevision by passages of reflective comment. Thus he anticipates the doom of Holo- fernes and affirms its justice (S9''-67''), dwells upon the Divine assistance vouchsafed to Judith, as to every believing mortal (93''-98''), and ends the poem with a doxology of his own (347''-35o). Akin to these are resumptive paragraphs, like i22''-i24'' or 236''-24i''), which are introduced at the beginning of a fit or canto, to effect a transition. Sometimes such a com- xxxvi Introduction. ment is merely retrospective, and not transitional (332^-335°), and is intended to bind the work more firmly together, as well as to exalt the heroine. A prediction may be put into the mouth of a subordinate personage, as in 285"— 289°- From a result a pre- vious action may be inferred, and expanded into a brief episode ; thus Holofernes is depicted in the act of falling (fif'-fxf), and the watchmen in that of holding guard (i4i''-i46''). Similarly, it is a consequence of the transfer of Judith from the banquet- hall to the bed-chamber, that the warriors who had accompanied Holofernes (62'') immediately depart {(i^-T^) ; this retinue may be compared with that of Hrothgar (Beowulf 662-665", 920-924). The preparations for the slaying of Holofernes are multiplied, partly to increase the suspense, and partly for the purpose of rendering the narrative more graphic and lively. Thus Judith devises her plan while Holofernes sleeps (73''- 77"), unsheathes his sword with her right hand (79''-8o'), and places him in such wise as is most convenient for her (99''- 103") . Not only does the officer who discovers Holofernes dead rend his garments and cry, but he falls to the earth and tears his hair (28o''-282°). Finally, the poet consigns Holofernes to the abode of darkness, the hall of torturing serpents, with evident satisfaction at the retribution which is there meted out to him (ii2''-i2i''). GRAMMAR. The outline of Grammar consists of two parts. Phonology and Inflection, each of which will be treated with the utmost brevity. Phonology. The Phonology is limited to that of the stressed vowels. Simple vowels precede diphthongs ; the short vowels are first discussed as a whole, then the long. Introduction. xxxvii i) z. represents WG.a.: ac, atol, -fate, -gate, hafaS, -hata, hraSe, late, mago-, magon, -paS, -sade, salowig-, sparedon, starian, swaSe, -^afian. 2) Before nasals, West Germanic a is sometimes represented by a, and sometimes by o. By a.: anbyht- 38; camp 200; -fana 219; ongan 80, 281; (ge)gangan 54 ; gram 224, 238 ; hand 198 ; hlanc 205 ; land- 226 j gemang 225; mann 98, loi, 235; manode 26; genam 98; nama 81; rand- 188; Sancol- 172; ^anonne 132; wand no; wan 206; wlanc 16, 326. By o : blQnden 34 ; ccjmp- 333 ; frgmllce 41, 220, 302 ; -hQm 192; hQnd 130; -hQngen 48; iQnd- 315; gemqng 193, 304; m9n(n) 52, 181, 292, 300; rqnd- 11, 20; -s 265, 331; Sqnan 118 ; -Srqng 185 ; wQm(m) 59, 77 ; WQng 295 ; to these add on, on-, ^one, tSonne 330. £6 IS i) WG. a : (be)aeftan, sefter, aefiSonca, set, seSele {umlaut I), baelc, cwasS, dseg, fseder, -faest, fseste, (ge)fraeg(e)n, frjetwan, glsed-, haefde, hrsegl, hwsene, Isg, mseg, magtS, s»cce, ssegde, sprsec, traef, Sees, 8aet, wsl-, waes (nses). 2) The i-umlaut of a and ae, WG. a : aelf-, sesc-, fsesten, (ge)h»ftan, hfelefi, (ge) hlasstan, msecg, maege, msegen, rsefnan, waeccende ; and possibly msegS above. ? ts i) The i-umlaut of 2, and ^, WG. a: b^d, ^cg, ^ft, ?gesa, ?glan, ^1-, ^llen, ^Uor, f^tigan, fl^t-, g^gnum, h^lle-, h^re (h^r-), h^te-, h^ttende, -n^bb, n^rgend, -n^t, r^st, r^stan, -sc^l, s^cg, slogan, -s^le, sl^ge-, (ge)sl^gen, st^de-, st^rced-, -sw^fed, -w^ccan, wr^hton. xxxviii Introduction. 2) The '\-umlaut of WG. a before a nasal, OE. a and q : b^nc, dr^ncan, ^nde, fr^mian, -g^nga, gr^mian, l^ng, n^mnan, s^ndaB, S^nden. 3) In one case as the representative of ^ ; forl^ton. e. e is i) WG. e : beran, brego, ed-, ferhS-, -fetSere, -freca, ge(?), helm, help, hreSer, medo-, metod, nest, -plega, recene, se, snell, spel, swegel, -(ge)teld, teran, t5e(?), Segn, wel, wer, werod, (ge)wrecan. 2) WG. i : be, ne, westan (/(^r wiston) . 3) The representative of se, WG. a : -em ; hrefn. i is i) WG. i: (ge)biden, biddan, binnan, cwic, -(ge)drinc, -(ge)flit, -friSian, ginn, grist-, hild, him, hin-, hira, hit, bring, ic, ides, in, inn, licgan, (be)liden, lind, list, micel, mid, milts, rinc, sige-, sigor, sine, singan, sittan, -(ge) swing, swiSrian, tilian, Sing, Sringan, inwid, wiga, wiht, willa, wind, wine, -(ge)winn, (ge)wit-, (ge)witan, wiS, wiSer-, wlitig. Exception : westan (^for wiston) 207. 2 ) The result of palatal influence upon a following e : -gifa, -gifan, gife^e, gifu, scild. 3) The representative of ie, i-umlaut of ea : girwan. The representative of ie, i-umlaut of eo : cirman, cirran. 4) The result of palatal influence upon a preceding e (eo) : riht, geriht. 5) The result of palatal influence upon a preceding ie, i-umlaut of ea : mihtig, mihton, niht. 6) The representative of y before a palatal : hige. 7) The representative of i before gg : wiggend. o. o is i) WG. o : bodian, -boga, bolla, bord, boren, cohhettan, collen-, (ge)cost, dolh-, dorste, (ge)fohten, folc, folde, folm, Introduction. xxxix for, fore-, forht-, for8, god, gold, -golden, (^)goten (groten?), hogian, hopian, horn, hosp, -hroden, -loca, -locc, losian, molde, morgen-, morSor, of, ofer, ofost, roder, snotor, sorg, -toga, tohte, torht, torn, -trod, Solian, wolcen, wolde, word, worden, worhte, worn. 2) WG. e : oS6e, woruld. 3) WG. u : or-. 4) Lat. u : ore. U IS 1 ) WG. u : brugdon, bunden, burg, cumbol {Lat. cumulus ?) , -cund, (ge)cunnian, drugon, druncen, dugu8, flugon, frum-, fuhton, funde, gmnd, guidon, -gunnen, hlummon, hund, hup-, lungre, lust, mund, sculon, sum, sundor-, trum, Srungen, 8ungen, Surh, Sus, un-, under, unnan, up, urnon, wuldor, -wund, wunden, wundor, wunnen, wurdon, wurpon. 2) WG. o : fugel, full, murnan, ufan, wulf. 3) WG. o before nasals : cumen, guma, wunian. 4) WG. au, OE. 6a, in the second syllable of fultum. y- y ts i) The {-umlaut of n : -bryne, -bryrdan, brytta, -byrd, byrig, byme, cyn, cyne-, cyning, dryht-, dryhten, dynian, frymSu, fylgan, fyllo, fym-, -gylden, gylian(?), gyte-, hlynian, hlysnian, hyht, hyldo, hymed-, hyrst, lyft, -lystan, -mynd, -myndig, mjmt- an, styrman, stym-, sym(b)el, (ge)synto, Srym, (for)Sylman(?), ■gyrfen, wynn, ^vy^cean, (for)wyrd, wyrm, ymbe. 2) The \-umlaut of ez. or eo : (ge)byldan, fyllan, fyrd-, fyrst, gyrnan, hyrde, hyra, hyre, swyrd(?), sylf, -wyrSe, yldesta, yrfe, yrre. 3) The result of palatal influence upon z, following e or ^■. gyst-, scyppend. 4) The representative of'x after ^^ : -hwylc, nyste {with fusion of negative prefix) , wylle ; of ^ after w(?) : swylc(e), cf Goth. swileiks. xl Introduction. 5) The representative of i : anbyht-, bysmerllce, hyne, hyt, lyfdon, -lyfigende, nymSe, nySerian, symbel { = perpetuity) , syndon, syStJaiij 8yder, Sysne, ^yssa, 'Sysse, ys. ea results from a transformation of WG. a i) Before r + consonant: bearhtme, beam, cearf, earn, gearvve («;«(/ gegearewod?), heard, hearra, hwearf, scearp, Searf, Searfende, <5earl-, weard, wearS. 2) Before \-^ consonant: beald, eald, ealdor, eal(l), heald- end, healf, hwealf, scealc, wealdan, weal(l). Exceptions are: aelmihtig 7, 301, 346; aldre 120, 348; alwalda 84 ; baldor 9, 32, 49, 339 ; wald 206 ; vvaldend 5, 61. 3) Before h. final or h + conso7iant : (ge)feah, feaht, feax, geneahhe, -seax, -Seahte. 4) Through the influence of u-umlaut : beado-, -u, bealo, gearo-, heaSo-, searo-. 5) Through the influence of a preceding palatal : geaf, geat, sceacan, sceal, sceaSa. eo results from a transformation of WG. e i) Before r + consonant: beorht, beorn, eorl, eomoste, eorSe, -feorme, feorran, georn, heorte, -sceorp, sweorcend-, sweord, weorc, weorS-. An exception is swyrd 230, 240, 264, 302, 318, 322. 2) Before X-'r consonant : heolfrig, heolstor(?). 3) Before h + consonant : (ge)feoht. 4) Through the influence of u-umlaut: heofon, heoru-. u-umlaut fails to occur in medu-, -o-, metod, werod. In worold the e has disappeared under the influence of w. 5) It likewise springs from i, as a result of m- or o-umlaut : heora, sweotol-, but geswutelod 285 ; and from u, under the influence of a preceding palatal : geong. 6) It springs from o, under the influence of a preceding palatal: geond, sceolde. Introduction. xli 7) Finally, in neowol it results from a contraction of mhol(d). a. & is i) 77ie representative of WG. ai : A(dwa), igan, dn, dr-, blic, brid, -drAf, feg, flin, gil-, gAr, hilig, him, hir, Mtan, -hite, hlAford, lir, list, 14S, m4ra, mdSm, ndn, -pdd, s4r, -sAwle, switig, ticnian, S4, Sam, ^ira, Srig, (ge)w4t. 2) 7%) br6hte, f6n, tS6hte. 3) The representative of WG. A before a nasal: c6m (c6mon) , m6naS. 4) Lengthened from o : 6nettan, 6ret-. 5) A variant of k, perhaps due to the influence of following w : n6 (ne dwa) . u. li is I ) Equivalent to WG. li : bnin, -biiend, biine ( ?) , b\ir-, dun, fiil, hlilde, h>lru(?), riim, riin, sciir, sniide, silsl(?), 8iisend-, lirig-, lit (biitan) . Introduction. xliii 2) Lengthened from u, with ecthlipsis of n : giiS, li^e. 3) The result of contraction : M. 4) Lengthened from u, when final : nii. . . y- y ts i) The i-umlaut of li ( WG. ix) : hlydan, lyt-. 2) T'/^tf i-umlaut of d {from un) : cy^an, cy^8(u), fysan. 3) Lengthened from y, with loss of following g : -hydig. 4) The representative of ie, «j' \-umlaut of 6a : hyhsta, hyran, nyd, scyne, -syfre, yean, -ywan. 5) The representative ofie, as i-umlaut of io : dyre, dyrsian, -styran, 6ystre. 6) The representative of i, lengthened from i, with loss of following n : swySe. 7) The result of contractio7i (T/i + e : sy, Siynes. 8) Of unknown origin : gyt, tSys. ea. 6a is the representative i) Of WG. au : -bdad, b6ag, d6ad, ddaS, dr6am, dac, -6acen, dad (dadig), dastan, 6aS-, fldah, gldaw, hdafod (behdafdian), h6ah, hdan, hdap, hdawan, geldafa, (on)ldah, 16an, Idap, Idas, rdad, -rdaf, stdap, strdam, tdah, Sdah, tSdaw, Srdat, wda- ; with loss of following h : fldam ; with absorption of the following vowel: frda. 2) Of WG. a, OE. £e i5i^ri? h : ndah, nda-. 3) Of WG. k, OE. se H-u, in a contract form . ndar. 4) Of palatalized ■£ : -gdafon, gdaton, scdat5. Exception : scaeron. 5) Of lengthened and palatalized ^ (ae), with ecthlipsis of following g : ongdan, togdanes. do arises i) From WG. eu : brdost, fldogan, fldoh-, frdorig, grdot, hdo, -hldor, hrdoh, hrdowig-, Idode, Idof, Idoht, -Idosan, -ldo6, xliv Introduction. r^ocan, sc6otend, s6o, S6od-, Sweden ; with loss of following h : 16oma, n6osan. 2) From 6, under the influence of a preceding palatal: g^omor, -sc^op. 3) From contraction of \ -\- z.: d^ofol-. 4) From contraction of t + o or 6 : -s6on, tw^ogan. 5) From contraction of t or ^ with a secondary u(o) gener- ated before following ^ : cn^oris, ftorSa, mdowle, S^owen. 6) From contraction of i with a following u(o) generated before following w : 6ow, e6wer. 7) From contraction of i -\- o : ftond. 8) From contraction in the preterit of reduplicating verbs : -i€o\\, h^oldon, h^owon, sp6ow. 9) From WG.an: 6owan {see -f wan). 10) From WG.i: sw^ora, sweot(?). It is of unknown origin in 6odon. Inflection. Nouns. STRONG DECLENSION. Masculines. 1. Steins in -o. Here belong. ■ a) Monosyllables : b6ag, beorn, blaed {prig, u-stem), camp, dseg, d6a6, d6m, dr^am, earn, eorl, fl^am, gffist, gir, god, grund, him, h6ap, helm, hosp(?), bring, hr6f, hund, hwearf, list, Idap, list, lust, niS, ore, rsed, rinc, scealc, scild, scur, si5, slaep, strsel, stream, tir, tom(?), ^6aw, 'Sr^at, Suf, wald, weall, weard, wer, wind, wQm, worn, wulf ; {plur.) flras. b) Dissyllables : baldor, cyning, dryhten, ealdor, 68el, faetels, fugel, fultum, haeleS, heofon, hliford, hrefn, hrei5er(?), mi6m, metod, m6naS, roder, gesiS, ^egn, Sweden, geSqnc. c) Compounds : byrnhqm, h^rpaS, hinslti, (66el-, hdafod) weard, sigewgng. 2. Stems in -jo : ?nde, h^re, hyrde, s^cg, t5rym ; 6retma£cg. 3. Stems in -i : dsel, fyrst, hige, hyht, mdce, wyrm ; h^Ue- bryne, gytesael, wyrms^le, folcst^de, goldwine ; {plur.) l^ode. Introduction. xlv 4. Stems in -u : brego. 5 . Consonant stems : a) Monosyllabic : man, t6S. 6) In -r : faeder. c) In -nd : fdond j healdend, n^rgend, sc^otend, scyppend, waldend, wiggend; (hdr-, land-, woruld) biiend, ealdh^ttend, (b^nc-, burg-, fl^t)sittend. d) In -OS, -es : sigor. Neuters. 1. Stems in -o : a) Monosyllables : aet, beom, bord, br^ost, dad, feax, folc, geat, g6d, gold, grdot, inn, Idan, llf, m6d, nest, sine, sweord, swdot, traef, 6ing, wif, win, word. h) Dissyllables : cumbol, ealdor, edwit, ?llen, gefeoht, ge- mang, geriht, geteld, hdafod, hraegl, maegen, morSor, siisl(?), swegel, symbel, waepen, werod, wldl( ?), wolcen, wuldor, wundor. c) Compounds : gystem, sISfaet, h^refolc, hildeldotJ, h^rerdaf, daegred, hupseax, giiSsceorp, fasrspel, wiSertrod, daegeweorc, fyrdwlc, cqmpwlg ; wingedrinc, fymgeflit, hdafodgerim, swyrd- geswing, gdrgewinn. 2. Stems in -jo : b^d, cyn, fldohn^t, waelsc^l(?) ; rice, wite, sundor)rrfe ; faesten. 3. Stems in -wo : hraew. 4. Stems in -os, -es : d6gor. To these must be added the plur. sw^sendo, and the rare ljthw6n. Feminines. 1. Stems in -k: bdhS, dugu"5 {prig, i-stem), dijn, flAn(?), fl6r {orig. u-stem), folm, fr6for, guS, help, hwO, ides (orig. i- stem), Idr, lind(?), mdd, mund, ofost, riin, sc6aS, sorg, tiS, tSearf, tSrig, weard ; b^dr^st, ^ISdod ; gifu, sacu, swaSu ; fyUo, hyldo, gesynto, Systru, dafSmddu; cySS(u), frymtSu, laeiStSu, maei^u, mjegS, weorSmynd. 2. Stems in -jd : ^cg, hild, milts, hyhtwynn ; 'Sdowen, 8inen; 8rfnes; cndoris. xlvi Introduction. 3. Stems in -wd : beadu. 4. Stems in -i : b^nc, hand {prig, n-stem), hyrst, lyft, nyd, tid, woruld {ong. u-stem) ; mundbyrd, ^Uendeed, forwyrd. 3. Consonant stems ; burg, maegS, niht. WEAK DECLENSION. Masculines : homboga, boUa, br6ga, brytta, morgencoUa, d^ma, ^gesa, gilSfana, fr^a, giiSfreca, foreg^nga {fern, in mean- ing) , goldgifa, guma, l^odhata, hearra, geldafa, l^oma, gewitloca, waerloga, manna, nama, ealdgeniSla, (sesc-, ^cg)plega, rseswa, sceaSa, sw^ora, swima, folctoga, sef^gnca, h^rewaeSa, alwalda, (bym-, cumbol)vviga, willa. Feminines : bilne, byrne, eorSe, folde, winhdte, heorte, m6owle, molde, hildensedre, tohte. Adfeetives. I. Stems in -o. Here belong : «) Short monosyllables : gram, tram, wan. b) Adjectives in -lie : swiSlic, torhtlic, Srymlic, unswaeslic. c) Long monosyllables : An, beald, beorht, blic, brid, briin, cwic, d&d, eald, call, fig, fiil, full, geong, georn, ginn, har, h^ah, healf, h^an, heard, hlanc, hr^oh, hwealf, 1A6, Idas, Idof, Idoht, rdad, riht, r6f, riim, sax, scearp, scir, sId, snell, s66, stdap, swiS, torht, wid, wlanc. d) Compounds ending in a monosyllable : d^ofolcund, arfsst, (coUen-, gal-, st^rced-, sweorcend-, wdrig) ferhtS, (bealo-, §ges-, tSrym-, wQm)full, medugal, (nitS-, st^de) heard, blAchldor, wundenlocc, (gal-, gdomor-, glaed-, hrdowig-, stitS-, stym-, swiS-, torht-, Sancol-, t5earl)m6d, salowigpAd, (aesc-, C}'ne-, ^llen-, hige-, sige)r6f, winssed, dolhwund. (?) Dissyllables consisting of a monosyllable with a prefix : gecost, unlsed, unr6t, t6weard, inwid ( ?) . /) Adjectives in -ig : bl6dig, dadig, frdorig, hilig, heolfrig, mihtig, m6dig, gemyndig, swatig, whtig ; 6adhr6Sig, gldawhydig, selmihtig, ^Kdodig, medow^rig. Introduction. xlvii g) Adjectives in -en : druncen, hseSen, ge^ungen ; msegen- 6acen, eallgylden, b^ahhroden. K) Adjectives in -el and -ol : atol, micel, neowol ; (gearo-, h^te-, hige-, searo)t5Qncol. ?') Adjectives in -er, -or : 4for, faeger, g^omor, heolstor, 6Ser snotor. k) Adjectives in -ed, -od : drod ; sclrmseled. /) Adjectives in -isc : Ebr^isc. 2. Stems in -jo and -i : se'Sele, bll6e, br^me, c^ne, d^re, fsege, g^sne, gife'Se, msere, r^fSe, rice, scyne, ^ystre, yrre ; foremaere, orfeorme, orsiwle, unsyfre ; sl^gefsge, ilrigfeSere, wselgifre, selfscine, ^UenSriste, SgncwyrSe ; hyrnedn^bb. 3. Stems in -wo : gl^aw, ferh5gl6aw. 4. Ordinals : fdoi^a. 5. Participles {see also Nouns) : Searfende, unlyfigende. Comparison. Comparatives are: gingra, l^ngra, mserra, m4ra. Superlatives are : h^hsta (hyhsta), IdBost (-est-) , maerost, maest, yldesta, and, from an adverb in the positive, n^hsta. Pronouns. 1. Personal Pronouns. These are ic, 'dix, hd, hdo, hit, for which see Glossary. 2. Possessives : mi;i. Sin, sin, 6ower; for his, hyre, heora, etc., see Personal Pronouns. 3. Demonstratives : s6, s6o, 6aet ; i56s ; sylf. 4. Relatives. The relative is usually Se, though the demon- strative Saet is occasionally employed for this purpose; see also swylc. 5 . Indefinites : sum, hwi, gehwi ; asghwylc, gehwylc ; senig ; nsenig, nan. Verbs. STRONG VERBS. The Strong Verbs, represented by one or more forms each, are as follows : xlviii Introdiiction. First Ablaut Class: bidan, bllcan, (for)drifan, (be)liSan, (be)smitan, (ge)wltan, wlltan, (on)wri5an. Second Ablaut Class: (a) (be)b6odan, drdogan, fltogan, (a) g6otan( ?), hr^oSan, rdocan ; (b) M'on, (for)16osan, (on)16on, tdon. Third Ablaut Class : {a) bindan, drincan {only pp. drun- cen), findan, (on)ginnan, hlimmaD, irnan, singan, tSringan, (be)windan, (ofer)winnan, {besides the pp. geSungen, from ^^on) ; {b') gildan (forgildan) ; (c) (for)ceorfan, feohtan, hweorfan, weorpan, weorSan ; {d) bregdan (-br^dan), muman. Fourth Ablaut Class : {a) beran, sceran, teran ; {b) cuman, niman. Fifth Ablaut Class : {a) {&.) cwe^an, sprecan, wegan, (ge) - wrecan; {b) gifan, (on)gitanj (c) (ge)f^on, (ge)s6on; {d) biddan, (ge)fricgan, licgan, sittan, tSicgan. Sixth Ablaut Class : (a) faran, sceacan, wacan(?) {only opt. pret. onw6ce) ; {b) sl6an ; {c) standan ; {d) hlihhan, (ge)- scyppan, st^ppan. Reduplicating Verbs: {a) blgndan {only pp. geblQnden), f6n, hitan, (^)h6n, Isetan ; {b) (ge)feallan, (ge)gangan, healdan, h^awan, sp6wan, wealdan. WEAK VERBS. First Conjugation. Here belong : a) Original short stems: fr^mian (fr^mman?), gr^mian, (a) licgan, (i)sw^bban. ^) Original long stems and polysyllables : {a) (ge)bseran, (for)bigan, byldan, (on)bryrdan, cirman, cirran, cySan, d^man, dr^fan, drincan, ^glan, 6htan, f6ran, fylgan(?), fyllan ( = fell), ffsan, gyrnan, hseftan, (on)haetan, hlaestan, hljdan, (ge)hyran, Isedan, (ge)lystan, myntan, (be)nKman, n^mnan, ndSan, rsefnan, r^stan, (4)r6tan, ssegan, sselan, s^ndan, styran, styrman, (for)- tSylman, w^nan, yean ; {b') cohhettan, 6nettan. c') Irregular Verbs: bringan, 6owan, girwan, n^alsecan, sdcan, (be)S^ccan, 'S^ncan, (4)w^ccan, wr^ccan, wyrcean, (set) y wan. Introduction. xlix Second Conjugation: bodian, (ge)cunnian, dynian, dyrsian, frEetw(i)an, (ge)friSian, gearwian, gristbltian, gylian, (be)h6afdi- an, hlynian, hogian, hopian, losian, manian, nySerian, nlwian, (ge)r6nian, sparian, starian, swutelian, swi(5rian, tAcnian, tilian, (ge)'5afian, "Solian, wunian ; n^osan, tw^ogan. Third Conjugation : f^tigan, habban, hogian (hycgan), libban, (ii)s^cgan, waeccan (vvacian? only pres. part, waeccende). PRETERITIVE PRESENTS. dgan, *durran, *m6tan, *mugan, sculan, Surfan, unnan, witan. VERBS IN -mi. b6on (wesan), d6n, gan, willan. The actual forms of h^on (wesan) are: ys 86, 87, 93, 154, 156, 285, 286; i?id. pres. T,d plur. syndon 195; ind.pret. 3^ sing, wses 12, 46, 56, 73, 113, 146, 161, 168, 272, 314, n^s 107, 257; ind. pret. T,d plur. vf£ror\ 17, 225, 238, 255, 284, 305, 323 ; opt. pres. ^id sing, sy 347 ; opt. pre t. 2,d plur. w^ron 31. Of Aim.: ind. pres. 2,d sing. d6b 95. Of gkTi: inf. gan 149 (gegangan54) ; ind.pret. ^d plur. 6odon 15, 55, 132, 243, ge- 6odon 332; pp. gegan 140, 219. Q/" willan : ind.pret. \st sing, wylle 84, 187 ; ind.pret. ^d sing, wolde 183. Syntactical Note. — The dependent sentences may be readily found and classified by reference to the Glossary under the fol- lowing connectives : aer, eer 'Son 8e, hti, nym^e, 68, 65 tSset, swA (11. 38, 123, 143, 197, 277), swylc, swylce, sy6«an, Si (11. 3, 145), Sd Se (11. 214, 238, 297, 323), Sss ^e (under Saet, dem. prn.), tSaet, cj., 5e, rel. prn. and cj., t56ah, S^nden, Sonne. VI PROSODY. Old English Verse in General. Old English verse is rarely strophic, but almost without exception stichic ; that is, consists of ungrouped lines, follow- ing each other as in Modern English blank verse. 1 Introduction. The line of poetry consists of two hemistichs, separated by the caesura. Example : bord for breostum and byrnhginas. The hemistich may be either normal or expanded. A normal hemistich contains two metrical feet. Example : his goldgifan. An expanded hemistich contains three metrical feet. Example : feran folces rseswan. A metrical foot is a portion of a line containing one primary stress. The syllable receiving the primary stress may or may not be followed or preceded by one or more lighter or slurred syllables. Of the lighter syllables following or preceding a primary stress, one may, under certain circumstances, receive a second- ary stress. A syllable which receives neither primary nor secondary stress is called unstressed. The primary stress nearly always falls upon a long syllable ; this long syllable may, however, be represented by two syllables, of which the first is short, and the second so light as to admit of syncopation. The substitution of two such short syllables for a single long one is called resolution. A long syllable is one which contains a long vowel or diph- thong, or a short vowel followed by two consonants. A short syllable is one which contains a short vowel followed by a single consonant. Long and short syllables are represented in metri- cal schemes by the macron, _, and the breve, w, respectively. Stressed syllables are indicated by the acute or grave accent, according as the stress is primary or secondary. Unstressed syllables are represented by the oblique cross, X. The syllable which receives the primary stress is usually the root syllable of a word, while the lighter or slurred syllables comprise the terminations, enclitics and proclitics ; occasionally, however, the second element of a compound word is reckoned as a slurred syllable. Introduction. li Old English metrical feet may be classified as follows : 1. Monosyllabic : The monosyllabic foot regularly consists of a long syllable luider the primary stress, -L. This foot is never found except in conjunction with one of the dactylic type having a secondary stress (i. /; to i. /5, p. liv). 2. Dissyllabic : The dissyllabic foot may be either trochaic, — X, or iambic, X -^. In the trochaic foot, the unstressed syllable may be replaced by a long syllable under the secondary stress. The dactyl formed by the resolution of the trochee may be called the light dactyl, to distinguish it from the heavy or normal dactyl, in which the first syllable is long. 3. Trisyllabic : The trisyllabic foot is either dactylic, -i. X X, or anapaestic, X X -^. If dactylic, either the second or third syllable has in some cases secondary stress. 4. Polysyllabic : If tetrasyllable, this foot resembles either a first paeon, -i X X X, or a fourth paeon, X X X -i . If it con- tains a greater number of syllables, it is still essentially dactylic or anapaestic in effect, _/ X X X ..., or ... X X X jl. In any of the foregoing feet, resolution may take place, thus apparently increasing the number of typical syllables. Anacrusis. Before hemistichs beginning with a primary stress, one or more unstressed syllables may occur. These un- stressed syllables constitute what is known as the anacrusis. It is rare at the beginning of the second hemistich, but more frequent before the first. Expanded hefnistichs. These are formed by prefixing a foot of the form J- X ... (less frequently ±, and rarely in the first hemistich X ^) to a regular hemistich of two stresses. Ex- panded lines are employed in passages of peculiar elevation and solemnity or expressive of unwonted agitation. Alliteration. Alliteration is a poetical ornament which is constantly employed in Old English verse. It consists in the employment of the same or similar sounds at the beginning of a syllable which receives the primary stress. The second hemistich contains one such alliterative syllable, as a rule that which has the first primary stress ; the first hemistich has Hi Introduction. regularly two, though frequently only one. The alliterative sound must be the same throughout, if consonantal ; if vocalic, it is usually different in the three syllables. In the following examples, as throughout the text of Judith, the alliterative letter is denoted by full-faced type : d) bealde byrnwiggende. p£6r wseron bollan st^ape. b") on "S^t djegred sylf : dynedan scildas. c) ealles orsawle : sldh tSa eornoste. In expanded lines, the additional foot frequently takes alliter- ation, thus removing it from one of its normal positions. The first hemistich frequently differs from the second, not only in the number of its alliterative syllables, but also in that of the unstressed syllables admitted between two primary stresses, or in the form of anacrusis. Rime. Rime and various forms of assonance are occasionally employed by Old English poets, sometimes for the purpose of uniting more closely the two halves of the same line, less frequently to associate the second half of a line with the first ' or second half of the following line, rarely in formulas or com- pounds within the same hemistich. Masculine or monosyllabic rime is perfect, when the riming vowels are identical, and are followed by the same consonants or consonant combinations. Example : ^ode yrremod : him of eagum stod. Feminine or polysyllabic (usually dissyllabic) rime is perfect when the first riming syllables are perfect masculine rimes and the following syllables are identical. Example : scildburh scsron, sceotend waSron. Imperfect rime is of various kinds. Thus, rime is imperfect a) when the consonants or consonant combinations of the riming syllables are identical, and the preceding vowels are similar, but not identical ; b) when the consonants are as in a, and the vowels are dissimilar ; Introductioit. liii c) when the vowels are identical, and the following conso- nants or consonant combinations are dissimilar (assonance) ; (/) when there is a blending of masculine and feminine rimes ; that is, when two syllables rime perfectly or imperfectly, but the one is, and the other is not, followed by one or more syllables in the same word. Examples : d) gelSafian, trymmes Hyrde, ac h^ him )>ses binges gestyrde. b) Jjone hae^nan hund bset him Jjset h^afod wand. c) .... prungon and urnon. d) J)a wearlS hyre rdme on mode haligre hyht geniwod. A species of perfect rime is the suflixal, in which two gram- matical terminations rime with each other, or a grammatical termination rimes with the radical syllable of another word. Example : fr^orig to foldan ongan his feax teran. The suffixal rime may also be imperfect, as in example d of the last paragraph. Intermediate between alliteration and imperfect rime is a kind of rime which we may designate as etymological, the resemblance of sound being effected by the employment of different words derived from the same root, like gedemed and dom in the following example : gedemed to dea'Se and ge dom agon. Kennings. A characteristic ornament of Old English, as well as of early Teutonic poetry in general, are the kennings. This term, which is of Norse origin, designates those synonyms or periphrastic phrases which are employed to diversify the expression of a thought, or to avoid the repetition of the same word, usually a noun. Many of these are striking metaphors, but by no means all; some, though metaphorical in their origin, were undoubtedly so familiar to poet and audience that their peculiar significance was overlooked, and they were regarded as stereotyped and convenient synonyms. A list of liv Introduction. the kennings occurring in Judith will be found on pp. 49-51, those peculiar to this poem being distinguished by the double dagger, \. Prosody of Jxjdith. Before proceeding to examine the metrical constitution of the hemistich, it is desirable to consider the ordinary sequences of long and short syllables in Old EngUsh, and particularly in Old English poetry. 1. Long syllables followed by short or slurred syllables. A long stressed syllable may be followed : a) by a derivative or inflectional syllable : sciiras — X b) by a monosyllabic proclitic : niht sdo — X c) by a monosyllabic prefix : m6d 4(r6ted) -^ X d) by a derivative or inflectional syllable + a monosyllabic prefix or proclitic : dr^ncte mid ^ X X e) by a dissyllabic proclitic or prefix : f;fnd,ofer(wunnen) Z X X /) by a monosyllabic prochtic + a monosyllabic prefix : gl^aw on ge(}iQnce) ^ X X g) by two monosyllabic words : 6t of ^am ^ X X K) by two syllables, derivative or inflectional : (a) m6digre ^i- X i) by the second, dissyllabic element of a compound word : (a) scirmaeled -^ ^ X (|8) ^llenr6f ^ X i- /) by a dissyllabic word, with the stress upon its second syllable : n^ar aetst6p (B6ow.) -^ X ii K) by a derivative or inflectional syllable + a monosyllabic word : setes georn -^ X ii 2. Long syllables preceded by short or slurred syllables. A long stressed syllable may be preceded : a) by a monosyllabic prefix : gef^oU X ± b) by a monosyllabic proclitic : and tir X S c) by a derivative or inflectional syllable : (eal) ne dseg X j1 Introduction. Iv d') by a derivative or inflectional ending + a monosyllabic prefix or proclitic : (healQne forcearf X X Z e) by a dissyllabic ending : (lir)ena g6d (B^ow.) X X -^ /) by a dissyllabic proclitic : btltan ^nd(e) X X Z g) by two monosyllabic words : and ])Kt word X X Z 3. Long syllables followed by long or stressed syllables. In addition to the cases instanced under i, h and /, which belong under the head of secondary stress, stressed syllables proper are here to be considered. A long syllable may be followed : a) by a monosyllabic word : brM swyrd jL jL {Z.^^ h) when a monosyllable, by the first syllable of a dissyllabic word : n6ar h6t(e) ^ ^ (^ ^) c) when a monosyllable, by the first syllable of a trisyllabic word : sang hild(eltoS) ji Z (Z 1.) d) when the second syllable of a dissyllabic word, by the first syllable of a dissyllabic word : (ge)g4n h3efd(on) ^ ^ (.^ Ji-) (?) when the first syllable of a polysyllabic word (often a compound), by the second syllable of the same word : niSheard, burhl^od(um), b^ncsitt(ende) jL ^ (— — ) 4. Short stressed syllables followed by short or slurred sylla- bles. A short stressed syllable may be followed : a) by a single unstressed syllable, forming with it two metrical syllables : cyning ^ X F) by an unstressed syllable, forming with it the metrical equivalent of a single long syllable, and capable of being sub- stituted for the latter in every position : hraSe -6^ (= — ) Compounds are metrically regarded, for the most part, as composed of two independent words, but their length, taken in connection with the invariability of their typical forms, restricts the employment of certain compounds to particular metrical schemes. Thus, compounds like hildenssdran are adapted to hemistichs of the trochaic type, _£ X | ^ X ; those like b^ncsit- tende to the type ^ | jl Jc X. Constitution of the hemistich. There are five normal types of the hemistich, which may be called respectively the i ) tro- chaic (dactylic), 2) the iambic (anapaestic), 3) the iambic- Ivi Introduction. trochaic, 4) the monosyllabic-bacchic (or -cretic), and the 5) bacchic-monosyllabic. Types 4 and 5 occasionally become trochaic-bacchic and bacchic-trochaic respectively. Every hemistich ends either in a stressed syllable, or in a stressed syllable followed by a single short syllable. Occasionally a greater number of unstressed syllables than three occur together, but without destroying the character of the verse as belonging to one of the foregoing types. Constitution of the various types. 1. The first or trochaic (dactyhc) type is formed by the union of two feet like those found in i. « to i. ^ above. Thus : biddan wylle ^ X 1 -^ X gumena ^r^ate \^ X X | -:1 X serest gesohte _il X X | ^ X With anacrusis : , in 'Sys ginnan grunde X X | _rl X ] -^ X ? Occasionally, by the introduction of two consecutive long sylla- bles, as in 3. e, there occur hemistichs of these forms : torhtlic toweard ^ ^ | _il X dtuncen and dolhwund _^ X X | -i ^ A short stressed syllable is rare : arfsest cyning -^ X 1 ,i X 2. The second or iambic (anapaestic) type is formed by the union of two feet like those found in 2. a to 2.^ above. Thus : se h^hsta dael X -^ | X _£ in ^am heolstran ham X X -^1 1 Y. ^ nfi ic gumena gehw^ne XX^i^ClXXv^J^C With extra unstressed syllables : Jj^t he in Jjxt bdrgeteld X X X X Z. | X jl 3. The third or iambic- trochaic type is formed by the union of two feet like those found in i. a to i. ^ and 2. a to 2. ^ re- spectively. Thus : Introduction. Ivii and cQmpwtge X -^ I _fl X J)i£r wses eallgylden X X _;! I _:1 X and on hyne njfenig X X >i ^ | Z X Raxely a short stressed syllable : of hornbogan X -i | v^ X of ^am wyrms^le X X -d I vi X With two extra unstressed syllables : };e hie ofercuman mihton XXXXviX|-dX It will be observed that where two long syllables meet in the middle of the hemistich there is such a sequence as in 3. a to 3. e, the examples above being both under 3. e. 4. The fourth or monosyllabic-bacchic type is formed by the union of a monosyllabic foot with such as are found in i. A and 1.2(a). Thus: mseglS mddigre ^ | _rl i. X maegen nealj&hte v^ X | ^ Ji- X Similarly, the monosyllabic-cretic takes groups like i. i (/3), i. j, and I. ^ for the second foot : ga^st ^Uor hwearf _d | _i. X — ides^Uenrof v^ X | ^ X^ An example of the trochaic-bacchic type (found only in first hemistichs) is : stopon styrnmode _;! X | -i — X Where two long syllables belonging to different feet come to- gether in the pure type, we have various cases under 3, the one above being under c. 5. The fifth or bacchic-monosyllabic type is formed by the union of such feet as are found in i. A and i. i (a) with a monosyllabic foot. Thus : tJrynesse i5rym _fl ^ X | j1 foremEerne blaSd v^ ^ ^ X I — An example of bacchic-trochaic (only in first hemistichs) is : dryhtguman sine _rl w X I — X Iviii Introduction. Expanded lines. These are 66>^ in number, or constitute nearly one-fifth of the entire poem. They are 11. 2-12, 16-21, 30-34, 54-61, 63-68, 88-99 (excluding 96"), 132, 272-74% 289''-9i, 298°, 338-50 (excluding 350"). Those of the first hemistich are distributed between the first, third, fourth, and fifth types in the proportion of 53, 3, 9, and i ; those of the second hemistich nearly all (66) belong to the first type, the fifth type having only one. The expansion consists in prefixing two or more syllables of the trochaic or dactylic type to an ordinary hemistich ; only exceptionally is a single stressed syllable or a foot of the iambic order prefixed. The expanded hemistich has three stresses, instead of the normal two, since the prefixed portion differs from the anacrusis in having a primary stress. As a rule, the first and second stresses of the first hemistich, when expanded, take alliteration, while in the second hemistich the place of the aUiterative syllable is unchanged, coinciding normally with the (new) second stress. Example : mundbyrd ast ISam mseran h^odne, Jia heo ahte mseste ^earfe. Numerical representation of the various types. Certain hem- istichs are excluded from consideration, either because they contain foreign names, whose accentuation is undetermined, or because they are corrupt. Such are 1°, 62°, 138*, 218% 232% 241% 249% 287% 288% 310"; 201% 265% 273*, 288% 306% 327% Subtracting these, there remain 340 first hemistichs, and 344 second hemistichs. These are distributed as follows : FIRST HEMISTICHS. SECOND HEMISTICHS NOR- EX- NOR- EX- MAL. PANDED. MAL. PANDED Trochaic (dactylic), 129 53 Trochaic (dactylic), 128 66 Iambic (anapsestic), 36 Iambic (anapsestic). 76 Iambic-trochaic, 52 3 Iambic-trochaic, 51 Monosyllabic-bacchic, 42 9 Monosyllabic-bacchic, 13 Bacchic-monosyllabic, 15 I Bacchic-monosyllabic, 9 I Totals, 274 66 Totals, 277 67 " Iniroduciion. lix Alliteration. The alliterative letters are distributed as fol- lows, the exponential ' and ^ signifying the number of alliterative syllables in the line : VoweP: 7, lo, 14, 21, 64, 65, 70, 95, 108, 109, 146, 169, 210, 237, 246, 252, 257, 265, 273, 337, 346(?). VoweP: 28, 35, 38, 46, 50, 75, 76, 102, 112, 133, 135, 150, 166, 170, 176, 180, 183, 185, 190, 215, 217, 218, 228, 231, 232, 242, 250, 253, 284, 310, 316, 321, 332. B' : 17, 18, 39, 57, 58, 63, 192, 213, 254, 267, 318, 327, 341. B^ 27, 36, 48, 84, 100, 128, 137, 138, 159, 174, 175, 187, 248, 276, 278. C^: 200, 312, 324, 333. C^: 134= iSS> 23s- 243. 259, 270, 311. D': 31, 61, 107, 196, 300. D^ : 29, 204, 266, 319. F': 5, 12, 19, 33, 41, 47, 99, III, 189, 194, 195, 202, 209, 221, 264, 281, 297, 301. F^: 24, 83, 104, 122, 127, 139, 143, 162, 220, 244, 262, 292, 302, 320. G^: 2, 22, 32, 123, 132, 149, 224, 279, 306, 329, 342. G^: 9, 13, 40, 62, 83, 112, 140, 144, 148, 168, 171, 186, 219, 238, 256, 271, 308, 334. ff : 4, 56, 87, 94, 98, no, 116, 121, 130, 179, 203, 216, 263, 290, 303> 317, 328. HP: 23, 205. Hr»: 37,282. ff: 51, 96, 105, 117, 126, 131, 160, 161, 173,212,222, 225, 234, 239, 251, 260, 294, 309. • Hw^: 214. U: 72, loi, 147, 184, 191, 280, 298, 347. V: 42, 150, 158, 178, 226, 288(?), 304, 311, 315, 323. M^: 3, 26, 92, 154, 167, 181, 261, 325, 330, 335, 344. M^ 52, 85, 90, 165, 198, 229, 236, 245, 253, 293. N^: 34, 81, 113, 277, 287(?). N': 45> S3> 73> 233. R'': II, 20, 54, 68, 97, 314, 339, 349- Ix Introduction. R2 : 44, i88. S=: 30, 55, 88, 89, 114, 182, 20i(?), 338, 340, 345. Stf : 230, 305. St?: 223, 227. Sw^: 240, 322. S^ : IS, 124, 136, 145, 152; 177. 2"> 269, 275, 285, 289, 29s, 299> 33i> 336> 35°- Sc^: 78, 79, 193. SF: 247. Sn^: 125, 199. St^ 25. Sw^ : 80, 106. T^ 6, 93, 157, 197, 272, 286. T^ : 43- D': 60, 66, 74, 86, 91, 118, 120, 129, 153, 164. D' : 85, 165, 172, 208, 268, 307, 332. W^: 8, 16, 59, 67, 71, 77, 103, 115, 142, 156, 163, 206, 249(?)> 274, 291, 296, 313, 326, 343, 348. W^: 49, 69, 82, 119, 137, 141, 151, 207, 241, 255, 258, 283. Summing up the lists, we obtain the following as the totals for triple alliteration and double alliteration respectively : Vowels : 21, 33. Semi-vowel: W 20, 12. Liquids : L 8, 10 ; R 8, 2. Nasals: Mii,-io; N 5, 4. Labials : B 13, 15 ; F 18, 14. Dentals : T 6, i ; D 5, 4 ; D 10, 7 ; S (including combina- tions) 16, 25. Gutturals: C4, 7;Gii,i8;H (including combinations) 21, 19. Total for triple alliteration, 177 ; for double, 181. It will be observed that the added totals for triple and double alliteration amount to 358, while the whole number of lines is only 350. The discrepancy is accounted for by the fact that, while the first line of the poem is necessarily omitted, nine lines, viz. 83, 85, 112, 137, 150, 165, 253, 311, 332, have Introduction. Ixi two alliterating letters each, and are therefore counted twice. The gutturals are most numerously represented, 80 ; next come the dentals, 74; labials, 60; vowels, 54; w, 32; nasals, 30 ; liquids, 28. Of the consonants, s occurs most frequently, 41 ; A stands next, 40 ; w andy^ 32 each ; ^, 29 ; <5, 28 ; w, 21 ; /, 18 ; '8, 17 ; ^, II J i*", 10; fl^and n, 9 each; t, 7. 199 lines, or more than one-half of the entire number, alliter- ate upon vowels, the semi-vowel w, or the spirants/, s, and h ; the sonant and nasal labial stand for 49 lines ; the liquids for 28 ; the surd stops for only 18. No distinction is observed between the guttural and the palatal g in alliteration, and the initial / of ludith is treated like g. In lines 249 and 314, w apparently alliterates with Aw. In line 223, s^r alliterates with j-/-|- vowel. When the first hemistich contains but one alliterative syllable, this is usually the first stressed syllable of the hemistich (145 times), but occasionally the second or last stressed syllable takes the alliteration. This is the case in 11. 15, 49, 75, 122, 134, 158, iS9> 160, 168, 174, 176, 177, 238, 258, 259, 278, 285, 323. In every instance but one (1. 259) these hemistichs are of the trochaic-dactylic type. Accentual principles. The accentual principles observed by Old English poets in their management of alliteration virtually reduce themselves to one : that the most important syllables of the most important words should receive primary stress. It must be borne in mind, however, that the stress is sometimes rhetorical, that is, depends not so much upon the intrinsic weight of the word as upon that which belongs to it in virtue of its relation to other words in the same sentence. For example, a preposition might be expected to have less intrinsic weight than a following noun, yet instances occur where the preposition alliterates. Ixii Introduction. A general rule is that if a noun and a verb are found in the same hemistich, it is the noun that alliterates. In Judith the rule is transgressed in the following instances : 11. 9% 29'', 44'', 72^ I83^ 204^ 2of, 209''(?), 2II^ 2S3^ 292''(?). The principle that the aUiterative syllable of the second hem- istich must be the first stressed syllable of that hemistich, except in expanded hemistichs, where it is usually the second stressed syllable, is disregarded in 1. 273. The law that, where a participle or infinitive depends upon a verb, it is the former which receives the stress, is broken in 11. 2o8^ 26o\ Adverbs are frequently employed in Judith to bear the alliter- ation of the second hemistich ; thus, 11. 2, 14, 24, 35, 37, 39, So> 53; 74> 7S> 86, 97, 102, 118, 125, 129, 139, 146, 147, 150, 158, 190, 199, 202, 216, 246, 252, 263(?), 268, 274, 280, 284, 287, 307. In 91'' a possessive pronoun takes the aUiteration, though its noun does not occur till 92". Peculiarities of Word Order. It may deserve to be noted that the poet is fond of beginning a hemistich with a verb, pro- noun, or conjunction followed by S4. This is more common in the second hemistich, though not avoided in the first. Ex- amples in second hemistich: 6odon Si 55, 132, gef6olSi67, genam 64 77, 98, gewit M 6r, haefde SA 64, h6t S4 34, naes Sa 107, ongan Si 80, sl6h Si 103, 108, waes Si 146 ; hi(e) Si 54, 94, 138, 220, 269, 290, h6 Si 280; and Si 41, 147, 169. In first hemistich: funde Si 278, haefde Si 122, sprsec Si 176; hi(e) Si 15, 302, and hit Si 130. Di wearS is common : 21'', S7*> 97^ ^99% 27s*; Si wurdon 159°. Waes, preceded by its subject or an adverb, frequently begins the second hemistich : h^re wses 161'', riim was 314'', Si waes 73'', 272'', Saer wses 46'', Sffit wses 12', ^(^, 168'' ; similarly, ys preceded by dative object : 6ow ys 154'', Saet 6ow ys 156''. A hemistich is begun by st6pon followed by its subject : st6pon cyner6fe 200'', st6pon heaSo- rincas 212'', st6pon stymm6de 227". H6r, whenever found, is always used to begin a hemistich ; 177, 285, 289. Introduction. Ixiii Rime. i. Perfect masculine rimes. These are all suffixal, with one exception : h^hstan D^man : hehslan br6gan 4 geleafan: ^Imihtigan &'-•]'>■ hlydde ; hlynede : dynede 23 fl^tsittendum : bearnum 33 ealra : woruldbdendra 8l''-82'' Jjfnre : Jiearfendre 85 under neowelne naes and ^£er geny^erad w^s 1 13 wornum: h^apum: Br^atum: 'Srymmum l53''-l64'' rsSswan : laSestan : starian \ 78-79 s^cgas; gesKas: Jiilfas 201 lirigfe'Sera : salowigpada 2lo''-2il'' ongeaton: WEeron 238 gecunnian : cumbolwigan 259 cohhettan: cirman: gristbitian 270'' ''-271'' licgan: goldgifan 278''-279» foldan: teran 281 geswutelod : getacnod 285''-286'' sweordum : wulfum : w£Elgifrum ; fuglum 295-297 geweorlSod: gedyrsod 299''-30o°' gedyrsod: God 300 worhton: heowon 303''-304'> helmas: madmas 3l8''-3l9» grundas : streamas 349 2. Perfect feminine rimes : in Bys ginnan grunde; heo ^ar ^a gearwe funde 2 hlynede and dynede 23 dryhtguman sine dr^ncte mid wine 29 bealofull his b^ddes neosan >£er he sceolde his blaed forleosan 63 wyrmum bewunden, witum gebunden 115 ludith aet gdtSe swa hyre God d^e 123 ^cgum gecoste slogon eornoste 231 scildburh scaSron sc^otend wseron 305 swylce eac r^6e streamas and swegles dr^amas 349''-5°* Suffixal feminine rimes : mid toSon torn >oIigdnde; i>a w£es hyra tires set ^nde 272 Ixiv Introduction. 3. Imperfect rimes, classified as above (a partial list) : d) b^dr^ste : gehlseste 3^ hyrde : gestyrde 60 sceacan: msegeneacen 292»^293* rQndwiggende : w^nde (sufKxal) 20 b") hund: wand no Hng: l?ng I S3 h^rewaS&n: onwri&n 173 gefeohte: gerihte 202 gefeoU: dael 308'>-3O9« ealdfeondum: unlyfigendum 316 e) trungon: urnon 164 fyrngeflitu : swyrdum 264 tide: ni«um 286»'-287l> geheawen : beheafdod 289''-290» fleam: ^acen 292>-293» sceacan: feaM 292 fuglura : flugon 297 greot: gefeoU 308 lythwon: becom 311 oninnan : nimanne 3I3''-3I4'' ■S^odguman : ge^odon 332 sigorlean : geleafan 345 (/) mode : geniwod 97''-98* laeg : geseeged 294 An example of etymological rime is ged^med : ddm 196 and an unclassified specimen is Jiringan: aninga 249''-250* Persistence of Type. There is a tendency to repeat a form once introduced. The ear becomes accustomed to it, and shrinks from a change. Thus hemistichs with a single allitera- tive syllable are apt to occur in groups : Of nine lines : 1 70-78. Of six lines : 48-53, 231-36. Of five lines: 42-46, 124-28, 158-62, 241-45. Of four lines: 133-36, 138-41, 185-88, 217-20, 268-71, 282-85, 292-95, 307-10. Of three lines : 27-29, 78-80, 104-6, 143-45, 258-60, 319-21. Introduction. Ixv Besides these there are 1 7 groups of two Unes each, and only forty single lines of this type. This fact may assist in determining the nature of the loss in I. 62. The group preceding, 11. 54-61, has double alliteration in the first hemistich; so does likewise the following group, II. 63-68. Consequently it is rendered probable that at least one word, and that alliterative, followed gAlferhS. There is a similar persistence of type in the case of hemistichs which alliterate the second stressed syllable, as in 11. 158-60, 176-77, 258-59. The same may be observed in the sequence of lines alliterat- ing on the same letter. Thus, VoweP 64-65 ; VoweP 75-76, 217-18, 231-32 ; VoweP + VoweP 169-70, 252-53 ; B^ 17-18, 57-58; B^ 137-38, 174-75; C^ + C^ 311-12; F' 194-195; F^ + F' 220-21 ; F^ + F^ 301-2 ; G^ + G^ 148-49 ; ff + H'' 1 1 6-1 7, 130-31 ; s' 88-89 ; s^ 124-25 ; Sc^ + Sw' 78-79, 80; D^ + D' 85-86 ; D3 + D^ 164-65 ; W^ + W8 141-42, W^ + W" 206-7. These include 11. 85, 137, 253, 311, which have double alliteration. The occurrence of expanded lines in groups is stiU another illustration of the same persistence. With respect to metrical structure, examples abound. The second hemistichs of 11. 1-2 1, for example, are all constructed on the trochaic-dactylic model. Even more striking is the sequence of first hemistichs in 11. 182-85 and 190-93 (Luick Beitr. XI 490). VII ^LFRIC'S HOMILY ON JUDITH. The artistic excellence of our poem is thrown into bold reUef by a comparison with ^Ifric's Homily on the same subject, published by B. Assmann in Anglia, X 76-104. The latter is written in rhythmical prose, or rather, as Professor Skeat says, in a loose sort of alliterative verse, and composed, Ixvi Introduction. according to Assmann, between 997-1005 a.d. The manu- scripts (of the 12th century) are C.C.C.C. 303 (S) and Cotton Otho B. 10 (O), the latter being fragmentary in consequence of much damage by fire. Wanley mentions both, the former on p. 137 of the Catalogus, the latter on p. 192. The homily ends abruptly in both manuscripts, in S at the end of 1. 393, and in O near the end of 1. 445, according to the metrical arrangement of Assmann ; about 75 Unes appear to be wanting after the 445 originally contained in O. The story of Judith had already, however, been brought to an end with 1. 403, what follows being an allegorical interpretation, to which is appended a laudation of chastity. Certain verbal resemblances between ^Ifric's version and the older poem might suggest that he was acquainted with the latter : such are the words ffitywan, 318; bliSe, 293; daegred, 355 ; drdam, 384; faetels, 272 ; gemyndig, 217 ; h^rerdaf, 425 ; hlydan, 357 ; wlitig, 205 ; and the phrases beb^ad S4m folce, 232 ; hdt hire finene, 303 ; him fses ne sp^ow, 362 ; hire wses gerymed, 302. But against these must be placed the large number of words peculiar to .iElfric, or of prosaic tone and currency, which are substituted for expressions in the poetical Judith : among these are asnllc, 192,230,378; b^ddcMS, 306 ; burhgeat, 310 ; ddorwurS, 380 ; ealdormann, 237; fercung, 272; geb^orscipe, 291; h^afodl^as, 369; sceat, 380; tima, 191, 255; wimman, 192; wundorlice, 293, 370; on seme m^rgen, 236. The gulf that separates the two authors in respect to poetic talent becomes evident when one reads in succession two passages like 11. i89''-2i6°' of the epic fragment and 11. 355-58 of the metrical homily : Hi dydon \>i. swa sona on dsegred, and gewaSpnode fitf^rdon mid folclicum truman, swKe hlydende, to Jjam ungel^afJuUum, 6% fet J^a Syriscan gesawon heora fer. Or, since there is much poetical expansion in this extract from the older poem, compare 11. 3i2''-3i9'', describing the return of the Israelites, and the spoiling of their enemies, with the following (11. 378-81) : Introduction. Ixvii Israhela folc ha mid aenlfcum sige w^ndon him hamweard, and J>a h^relafa dseldon betwux him on deorwur^um sceattum, swa )>aet h! wurdon swKe gewelegode. The portion of the homily which corresponds to the existing fragment of the epic is only 105 Hnes in length (11. 280-384), and since it comprises more of the original narrative, as, for example, the episode regarding Achior (11. 338-47, Ch. XIII 27, 29, 30) than is covered by our poem, it is manifestly but a bare outline, following, with almost literal fidelity, the words of the Apocryphal story. In a word, ^Ifric's version is prose, in conception and language ; while the earher Judith, though it may not fully satisfy a taste formed upon the purest Greek models, displays at least an elevation characteristic of the noblest poetry. TESTIMONIES. The Anglo-Saxon was the earliest vernacular Christian poetry, a dim prophecy of what that poetry might become in Dante and Milton. While all the Greek and Latin poetry labored with the difficulties of an uncongenial diction and form of verse ; and at last was but a cold dull paraphrase of that which was already, in the Greek and in the Vulgate Bible, far nobler poetry, though without the technical form of verse ; the Anglo-Saxon had some of the freedom and freshness of original poetry. [MiLMAN, History of Latin Christianity, Bk. IV ch. 4.] The fragment which remains of the poem on Judith may be deemed another Anglo-Saxon poetical romance. The subject of this poem is taken from the Apocrypha, but the Anglo-Saxon poet has borrowed merely the outline of the story. All the circum- stances, the descriptions, and the speeches, which he has inserted, are of his own invention. He has, therefore, done what all the romancers did. He has applied the manners and characters of his day to the time of Judith, and thus really made it an Anglo-Saxon romance. It is curious, from another circumstance. It is a romance written while the old Anglo-Saxon poetry was in fashion, but when it began to improve : for, while it displays the continuity of narra- tion and minuteness of description of the more cultivated romance, it retains some metaphors, the periphrasis, and the inversions which our stately ancestors so much favoured. It has only laid aside their abrupt transitions and more violent metaphors. [Turner, History of the Anglo-Saxons, 3d ed. Ill 349.] Ixx Testimonies. Ill This fragment leads us to form a very high idea of the poetic powers of our forefathers. The entire poem, of which it probably formed but an inconsiderable part, must have been a truly noble production. [Thorpe, Analecta Anglo-Saxonica, p. x.] IV Of the poem of Judith, one of the finest specimens of Anglo- Saxon, we have only a fragment. [Wright, Biographia Britannica Literaria, Anglo-Saxon Period, p. 24.] V Formosissimi hujusce carminis maximam partem temporis injuria deperditam queri libet. [Ettmuller, Scbpas and BSceras, p. xii.] Hoc carmen, omnium hujus generis facile pulcherrimum. \IHd. p. 140.] VI Das bruchstiick Judith, denkmal einer dichterischen begabung, mit der sich Cynevulf kaum messen kann. [Rieger, Alt- und Angelsichsisches Lesetuck, p. xiv.] VII There is a noble fragment of a poem on Judith in the same Ms. which contains Beowulf. [Morley, English Writers, I 327.] VIII Of the poem of Judith only the last three cantos are preserved ; the first nine, with the exception of a few lines of the last, are entirely lost. The fragment opens with the description of a banquet, to which Holofernes invites his chiefs. Then follows the death of Holofernes at the hands of Judith, the attack on the Assyrian camp at daybreak, and slaughter of the Assyrians. Muti- lated as it is, this poem is one of the finest in the whole range of Anglo-Saxon literature. The language is of the most polished and brilliant character ; the metre harmonious, and varied with admira- ble skill. The action is dramatic and energetic, culminating impres- sively in the catastrophe of Holofernes' death ; but there is none of that pathos which gives Beowulf so much of its power : the whole poem breathes only of triumph and warlike enthusiasm. In con- structive skill and perfect command of his foreign subject, the Testimonies. Ixxi unknown author of Judith surpasses both Csedmon and Cynewulf, while he is certainly not inferior to either of them in command of language and metre. [Sweet, in Wartoris History of English Poetry, II i6.] IX Of this poem only the last three cantos have been preserved. Enough, however, is left to show that the complete work must have been one of the noblest in the whole range of Old English poetry. It clearly belongs to the culminating point of the Old Northumbrian literature, combining, as it does, the highest dramatic and con- structive power with the utmost brilliance of language and metre. [Sweet, Anglo-Saxon Reader, 4th ed. p. 157.] X Dieses stellt einen grossartigen Heldengesang dar, bilderreich und in der Form abgerundet, durchweg durchdrungen von dem Einen leitenden Gedanken : Judith als des Herrn Schildjungfrau. Selbst Thorpe kann nicht umhin, seine Bewunderung auszusprechen. Es erinnert lebhaft an die Gestalten der Heldenfrauen bei den alten Sachsen, in den eddischen Gesangen und im Nibelungenliede. Seiner ganzen Farbung nach verhalt es sich zu der biblischen Erzahlung, wie die Germanen sich verhalten zu dem Volke Israel. Aber seine alttestamentlich-religiose Leidenschaftlichkeit weiset uns zugleich in die Zukunft, gewissermaassen ein Vorbild der schott- ischen Puritaner. So reich und lebensvoU ist sein Inhalt. Es diirfte sich besser, als alle bisher besprochenen Dichtungen, dazu eignen, als Ganzes in neuere Sprachen iibersetzt zu werden. Es dient, neben vielen andren Denkmalern, zu einem Zeugnisse dafiir, dass auch die christlichen Skalden ganz besonders die Ehren des Kampfes und mannhafte Tugend liebten. [Hammerich, Aelteste Christliche Epik, pp. 69, 70.] But in the art of working out a plot, all the writers of religious epics, belonging to that period, are surpassed by the author of Judith. If indeed his subject-matter is extraordinarily happy, offer- ing, as it does, a well-rounded plot of almost dramatic interest, still we are wont to consider a judicious choice of material an added merit in the talent that can shape it worthily. Only the close of the Ixxii Testimonies. poem, little more than a quarter of the whole, is preserved. This fragment, however, produces an impression more like that of the national epos, than is the case with any other religious poetry of that epoch. To a lucid, well-constructed narrative are joined epic profusion, vigour, and animation. In the highest degree effective is the portrayal of Judith's return to Bethulia, of the warlike advance of the Hebrews, of the surprise of the Assyrian camp, the terror of the Assyrian nobles, who dare not disturb their lord in his rest, and finally of the disbandment and flight of the heathen host. If the poet seems stirred by his theme, if he does not refrain from giving a moral judgment, and occasionally anticipates the story, yet he resembles in all this, not only most of the religious, but also the national epic singers of his time. [Ten Brink, Early English Literature {Kennedy's Trans.), pp. 46, 47.] Von diesem Gedichte ist nur das folgende BruchstUck erhalten, dessen grosse dichterische VorzUge den Verlust des Anfanges um so beklagenswerter erscheinen lassen. [KOrner, Studium des Angelsachsischen, p. 234.] Dies ist ohne Zweifel das gelungenste der uns aus dieser Periode erhaltenen angelsachsischen Gedichte, welche alttestamentliche StofFe behandeln. Der epische Stil wird hier weder durch ein Uebermass der Rhetorik, noch durch Ueberfiille malerischer Schild- erung beeintrachtigt und verdunkelt, der klare Fluss der Erzahlung schreitet ungehemmt, wenn auch episch verweilend, vorwarts ; der Ausdruck, von Schwulst und Weitschweifigkeit frei, hat eine sub- jective religiose Warme durch die innige Theilnahme des Dichters an seinem Gegenstand : erscheinen doch auch hier die Juden als die Altvordern der Christen, Judith als eine christliche Heldin, welche selbst die Dreieinigkeit anruft. Um so eher rechtfertigt sich das angelsachsische KostUm, das, wie ich angezeigt habe, auch hier nicht fehlt. [Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Literaiiir des Mittelalters im Aiend- lande, III 26.] JUDITH JUDITH. * * * tw^ode gifena in tSys ginnan grunde ; h^o Sar t54 gearwe furide muiidbyrd aet ikm maeran p^odne, ]>k h6o ahte maeste f earfe hf Ido fses h^hstan D^man, fast h€ hie wiS pses h^hstan br6gan gefriSode, frymSa Waldend ; hyre tSses Fasder on-roderum s torhtm6d ti^e gefr^mede, ]>e h^o 4hte tmmne gel^afan a t6 tSim ^Imihtigan. Gefraegen ic Sa Holofernus winhitan wyrcean georiie,' and eallum wundrum frymlic girwan up swaesendo : t6 Sim hdt se gumena baldor ealle SA yldestan Segnas : hie Sset ofstum miclum lo raefndon rondwiggende, c6mon t6 i5am rican f^o'dne f6ran folces raeswan'. paet waes }y fdorSan d6g6r fffis tSe Iiidith hyne gI6aw on geSQnce, ivn,. ides selfscinu, aerest ges6hte. -.^^'-^- X. Hie Si t6 Sim symle sittan 6odon, _ iS wlance t6 wingedrince, ealle his w^agesiSas, bealde b)T:nwiggende. paer waeron boUan st6ape boren aefter b^ncum gel6me, swylce dac biinan and orcas l"' No tirmetodes Gr.; Torhtes tirfruman no ^. — l"" | : : eode Ms. — 2" gr : : d I ^j. — 2^ 'SsEr TAw. Th. Ell. Gr. R. K. 'Sar Sw. — ^ hire Ett. and so always. — (S^ tide Ett. — T' JJEem Thw. Th. Gr. R. «am Ett. Sw. K. — f' gefrajgn Ett.; ^am Ms. %3. Edd.; Holofernus Ms. Thw. Th. Gr. K. Olofernus Ett. R. 5ot. — 8» win hatan Ms. Th%o. Th. Ett. winhatan Gr. R. Sw. K. — 11" wigende Ett. always. — l'^ dogore Ms. Edd. — 13' hine Ett. always. — 15" symble Sw, JUDITH. She doubted not His gifts In this spacious realm ; readily then she found Favor from the famed Prince, when she felt the most need Of grace from the greatest Judge, — that God the Creator Might free her from fear. To her the Father in Heaven, Glorious one, granted this boon, because of her great faith Aye in the Highest. Holofemes (so heard I) A wine-bidding wrought well, and with wonders uncounted Made ready a banquet ; to this the boldest of captains Summoned all his chief servants ; with speed they obeyed, The bearers of bucklers ; came to the brave lord The fighting folk-leaders. That was the fourth day Since that Judith, judicious in mind. The elf-bright damsel, erst had sought him. Then they to that supper went to sit, The o'erweening to the wine-feast, all his comrades in woe, Bold bumy- warriors. There were bumpers deep Borne oft to the benches, with bowls and beakers 4 yudith. fuUe fl^tsittendum : hie pget faege fdgon ''''"' ■£egon Sw. — 21" drihten Gr. — 22'' gyste-salum Th. — 23" hloh an Gr. — 32''agotcneyKj. jEaW.; agrotene?^. — 32'' -.s^LAat Ms. (^expunged) aldor Th. Ett. Gr. R. baldov Thw. Sw. jT. — 33a fylgan Ms. Edd. fyllan? K. — 34" nea|£ehte Ms. — 38^ anbiht- Ett. arabyht- Sw. — 40' gist- i//. — 40'' iudith«e Ms. Th? luditjje Thw. Th)- Judi'Se Ett. R. Judithe Gr. Sw. K. — 44'' symle Zs'iP. — 46'' >a ^/^. — 47"- fleohnett /sT. ; and ymbe ^jr. Thw. Th. Leo Gr. R. and fasger Ett.; om. and Sw. jf. — 48' bedd K. yudith. 5 Full to the festive ones, and fey they received it. The spirited sliield- warriors, though their sovereign weened it not, Dread despot of earls. / Then was Holofernes, The gold-friend of men, in glee o'er his cups ; Laughed he and shouted, and loudly he dinned, That men far off the mirth might hear. How the stout-hearted cheered and stormed, How, rampant and raving, he roused with his urging The bench-sitting barons to clamor bhthely. So the hateful one through the whole' day Deluged with wine all of the drinkers. The strong-souled wealth-giver, till in stupor they lay. So drenched all his dukes as if by death they were slain Glutted with good things. > The prince gave order To fill for the feasters until the day faded. The darksome night neared them. Then the pernicious one Bade the blest maid be brought in haste, The ring-adorned, to his resting-place, The bracelet-laden. Forthwith obeyed they, The satelhtes, what their sovereign bade. The mailed warriors' master : marched they quickly To the guest-hall, where Judith they found Prudent in mind, and promptly then The buckler-bearers began to bring The virgin bright to the vaulted tent, Where Holofernes, hateful to God, Rich in power, always rested, Nightly reposed. There was of pure gold A finely-wrought fly-net round the folk-leader's Royal bed hung, that the baleful one, 6 yudith. mihte wlltan furh, wigena baldor, ' on seghwylcne fe ^ser-inne c6m S* hselega beania, and on hyne naenig mgnna cynnes, nym^e se m6diga hwsene ->- » fy-'-' nISe r6fra^ him fe n6ar h6te rinca 16 nine gegangan. Hie tSi on r^gte gebr6hton sniide t54 snoteran idese ; 6odon ?4 st^rcedferhSe SS haeleS heora hearran cy^an feet wses s6o hdlge mdowle gebr6ht on his bdrgetelde. pd wearS se br^ma on m6de IjlitSe burga ealdor, fbhte ?a beorhtan idese mid widle and mid wgmme besmitan j ne wolde fset wuldres D^ma, ^^ geSfafian, Jjiyrmjies Hyrde, ac h6 him fees fringes gest;^de, 60 Dryhten, dugeSa Waldend. Gewat Sd se d^ofulcunda, gilferhtS gumena t5r6ate bealofull his b^ddes n^osan, faer h6 sceolde his bised forl^osan Eedre binnan anre nihte ; hsefde %k his ^nde gebidenne on eorSan unswaeshcne, swylcne he ser aefter worhte, 65 pearlmdd ff^oden gumena, f^nden h6 on ffysse worulde ■wunode under wolcna hr'ife. Gef6ol 8d wine sw4 druncen se rica on his r^ste middan, swa he nyste rseda ndnne on gewitlocan : wiggend st6pon ut of Sdm inne ofstum miclum, 70 weras winsade, fe '6one wterlogan, IdSne l^odhatan, laeddon t6 b^dde n6hstan siSe. pi wses N^rgendes 50'' «£er inne Ms. Thw. Ett. Gr. R. K. «aer-inne Th. Sw. — t^if nim«e Ett.K.; hwane Ett.^—t,-^^ nKe-rofra Th. niSerofra ^/A — 53'' het Th. Ett. hete Ms. other Edd. — 54'' gebi'ohten Ms. gebrohten Thw. R. — 55" |"ude jKt.— 55* ste-—|ferh1SejMr. stercedferh^e Thw. Th. Gr.K. snelferh^e £«. because of alliteration, swercedferh'Se ? Gr. swercendferh'Se R. sweorcend- ferh'Se Sw. — 55>> h^leS | Th. Ett. \ h:ele« Gr. R. Sw. K. — l^fi halige Ms. Edd. — 60° gejjafigan Gr. gejiafjan Ett. and always -jan in verbs of this class ; hirde Ett. — 61" drihten Thw. — 61'' deofolcunde Ett. — 62° galferh'S [cyning] Gr. K. — 62'' Create garberendra Ett. — d'^ bealoful his bedes Gr. — 63l' forleosa. I jKt. — dip ^\i%e. Ett. K . — df' winessa Thw. — 71* wares Th!^ — 72* leod-hatan? Gr. — 72'' Isedon R. "jfudith. 7 Leader of legions, through it might look On every one that entered therein, The children of heroes, but none on him Of human kind, unless the haught one Perchance invited some valiant soldier To come to council. To the couch they brought With speed the seeress ; then went the stout-souled Their prince to apprise that the holy maid Was brought to his bower-tentJ Then was the burg-lord. The brave in heart, blithe ; the bright virgin meant he With foulness and filth to pollute ; the Dispenser of fame would not. Guardian of splendor, suffer that, but stayed him from it. Wise Wielder of hosts. The wicked one passed thence, The wanton caitiff, begirt with warriors, The baleful his bed to seek, where life he should lose In a single night ; shocking the end He awaited on earth, though this he had wrought out, The daring despot, while here he yet dwelt In this world under welkin. So wine-drunken fell The regal to rest, that no rede now remained In the cell of his sense : the soldiers paced forth Out of the hall with mickle haste. The wine-sated warriors, who the word-breaker, The terrible tyrant, to bed had attended For the last^Jime. Then the Lord's servant. 8 yudith. Jj^owen Jirymful pearle gemyndig hii h^o fone atolan eaSost mihte 75 ealdre bensman ar se uns^fra, WQmfull onw6ce. v Genam SA wundenlocc, Scyppehdes msegS, -f scearpne m^cCj sciirum hea^dne, and of sc6a^e dbrsed oml.^^ swiSran folme ; ongan 'Sa swegles Weard "6jL«.. 80 be naman n^mnan, N^rgend ealra woruldbiiendra, and pset word AcwseS : ' Ic ^6 frymSa God, and ff 6fre Gaest, ' , Beam Alwaldan biddan wylle miltse J'lnre m6 J>earfendre, . « 85 iffrynesse Sfrym. pej,rle ys m6 nii ^a ^'^ " " ^ heorte onhseted and hige geomor, ^-'>^" '^'^ sw^e mid sorgum gedr^fed ; forgif m6, swegles Ealdor, ■^'^sigor and s6Sne geWafan, pset ic mid pys sweorde m6te geh^awan fysne morSres bryttan ; geunne me minra gesynta, 90 fearlmbd pdoden gumena : nihte ic finre naefre kjjun^ miltse fon miran f earfe : gewrec nu, mihtig Dryhten, torhtmdd tires brytta, fset mk. ys fus torne on m6de, m hite on hreSre minum.' Hi S4 se h^hsta D6ma sedre mid ^Ine onbryrde, swi h6 d6? anra gehwylcne 95 h^r-bilendra J>e hyne him t6 helpe s6ceS mid rsede and mid rihte gel6afan. p4 wearS hyre rfime on m6de, hiligre hyht genlwod ; genam tSa f one hsSnan mannan fseste be feaxe sinum, t6ah hyne folmum wiS hyre weard bysmerlice, and fone bealofullan 100 listiim dl^de, MSne mannan, 74»&ymfull Thw. — 75*myhte Gr. — ye^ben^man^A — 77=' womful Gn — 78' scippendes Ett. — 83b gast Ett. — 84'' wylle Ms. Sw. wille other Edd. — 85* )pearf I fendre Ms. — 86» >rinesse Ett. — 86'' is Ett. and always; nu'Sa Th. — 87" heorte ys Ms. Thw. Gr. heorte (heorte ys note) Th. Ett. R. Sw. heorte K.—?,-]^'hyge Ett. and always; swy^e] Th. swi«e| Ett. IswySe Gr.R.Sw. K. — go"- mordres Th^ — 90'' me above line in Ms. — gi^naht- Ms. — ga"" driht- en Thw. — 96* Th. ends half-line with hyne, Ett. + with buendra. — gS* h^tSe- nan Ms. Edd. — ^<^ wiiS] Th. folmum | Ett. weard | Gr. R. Sw. /r. — ioi» alegde Ett. yudith. The matchless maiden, was wholly mindful How most lightly to rob of life That wicked one before he awoke, The carnal caitiff. The curly-locked Took a bright brand, the Master's maiden, Sharp from scouring, and drew from the sheath With her right hand. The Ruler of Heaven By name she besought, the Saviour of all Who dwell in the world, and spake these words : ' O God of beginnings, and Giver of comfort, The Almighty's Son, I seek for thy mercy ; Be now benignant to me in need, O Power of the Trinity. Terribly now My heart is heated, and heavy my soul. Sore troubled with sorrows ; vouchsafe. Lord of Heaven, True faith and full triumph, that I may o'erthrow With this steel the destroyer ; bestow on me weal, O masterful Monarch, for ne'er of thy mercy My need was more vast : revenge, mighty Lord, Splendid glory-dispenser, the rage of my spirit. In my bosom the burning.' The highest and best Judge Straight dowered her with daring, as each one he doth Of those dwelling here who seek for his help With reason and right faith. Her spirit grew roomy. To the holy new hope came ; she seized then the heathen Hard by the hair ; with her hands she there haled him Disdainfully toward her, the treacherous man, And laid him along, the bulk unlovely. lo Judith. swA h^o Saes uillEedan eaSost mihte, wel gewealdan. S16h Sa wundenlocc pone fdondsceaSan fagum mdce h^te}>9ncolne, pset h^o healfne forcearf ' - loj pone sw^oran him, pset hd on swiman Iseg, -i-^^^' - - druncen and dolhwund. N»s t5a d6ad p4 gyt, ealles orsAwle : sl6h Si eomoste ^°' ' - ides ^llenr6f opre siSe pone hffiSnan hund, past him pset h^afod wand no foi^ on ^k fl6re ; laeg se fiila Idap : ^ g^sne beseftan, gaest ^Uor^hwearf ■-•-- ^-"spx^^ under neowelne naes and Ssr geny^erad wss, i siisle ges^led sySSan sefre, wyrmum bewunden, witum gebunden, ns heaide gehsefted in h^Uebryne sefter hinsltSe. Ne Searf h6 hopian n6, p^^stram forffyhned paet h6 SfQnan m6te of 6am wyrms^e, ac tSser wunian sceal awa t6 aldre biltan ^nde forS 120 in tS4m heolstran hdm hyhtwynna l^as. '-■• ' XI. Hsefde %k gefohten foremseme blsed Iiidith bt guSe sw4 hyre God iSe, swegles Ealdor, pe hyre sigores onldah. pd s6o snotere masgS sndde gebr6hte 125 paes h^rewaeSan hdafod sw4 bI6dig on Sdm fsetelse, pe hyre foreg^nga, - blichl6or ides, hyra b^gea nest 105* hete poncolne Thw. Th. Ett. — 107'' git Ett. and always. — IDS'" eornost Thw. — 109'' ..teMs. no" hse^enun Ms. Edd. — II2» beseftan Ms. Thw. Th)- Ett. Cr. K. besftan Th:'' R. Sw. — 1 13" neowelne nses Ms. Thw. Gr. Sw.K. neowelnes ^^/. nevvelnses Th) neowelnses Th?' R. — 113'' geni^erad Ett. — ll&> helle bryne Ms. Thw. Th. jT.— I24'> onlah Ett.— las'" snu'Se Ett. — layt" fore genge Leo Gr. R. — laS*" hmEtt. and always. v>-- jfudith. 1 1 As she most meetly the wretch could manage, The woful one wield. Then did the wavy-haired Smite the foeman with flashing sword, The hostile-minded, so that his head Was half-way sundered, and he lay swooning, Dire-wounded and drunken. Not yet was he dead, Bereft of his soul ; again she smote. The valiant virgin, with nerve and vigor. The heathen hound, so that his head rolled Forth on the floor ; the body so foul Lay lifeless behind, but the soul sped away, Sank beneath the abyss, and there was abased, Ever thereafter pinioned with pangs, Bewound by serpents and bound by torments, Fastened firm in the flaming of hell, Since hence he removed. Nor may he hope ever That he shall evade from that vault of vipers. But, drowned in darkness, there shall dwell. Ever for ages without end. In that black abode, bereft of bliss. By fight there gained she glory renowned. By stoutness in strife, as God vouchsafed her, Guardian of Heaven, granting her speed. Then the prudent damsel promptly carried The bold war-chieftain's head so bloody. Shut in that scrip in which her servant. The fair-cheeked woman proficient in virtue, 1 2 yuditk. afdawum getTungen J^yder on Isedde, and hit Si swA heolfrig hyre on hond igeaf, 130 higeSgncolre him t6 berenne, I^dith gingran slnre. fiodon Si g^gnum fanonne fi idesa bi ellenpriste, 68 fast hie bec6mon coUenjerhSe, > • ' eadhrdgige maegS ut of Sim hqrige, '"■- 135 pffit hie sweotoUIce ges^on mihten fsere wlitegan byrig" weallas blican, Bethuliam. Hie Si b^ahhrodene ', . -. f^Seliste forS 6nettan, 6S hie glsdm6de gegin hsefdon 140 t6 Sim wealgate. Wiggend sseton, ■weras wseccende wearde hdoldon in Sam fsestenne, swi Sim folce ■£x • g6omorm6duni Iiidith beb^ad, ' searoSgncol msegS, fi h6o on siS gewit, " ' ■ 14s ides ^llenr6f. Waes Si ^ft cumen 16of t6 Idodum, and, Si lungre hdt i ^ '■ ' ' ' '"' ' gl6awh]^dig wif gumena sumne"- hyre t6g6anes gin of Ssere ginnan byrig, and hi ofostlice in forlsetan 150 furh Sses ■wealles geat, and pset word icwseS t6 Sim sigefolce : 'Ic 6ow s^cgan mseg'- ^ ■ jjQncwyrSe ping, faet g6 ne fyrfen l§ng ,__ muman on m6de : 6ow ys Metod bliSe, cyninga wuldor ; feet gecySed weariS iss geond woruld wide,' " pset 6ow ys wuldorblaed lag* on laedde Sw. K. onlsedde other Edd. — iso* ^a Ms. — 1 30'' hand Thvt.; ages.- Ms. — 131" •••■|^oncolre^i.hige))oncolre T'/^w. hige ISoncolre TA. hygejjoncolre £//. higeponcolre ^. hige))oncolre Gr. +. — 131'" beranne £/i. — 132" gingr-l Ms. gyngran £i/. — 132'> >anone Ei/. Sw. — 134'' hie hie Ms. Thw. — 139'' onetton Etl. Gr. K. — 141° weall- Thw. weal above line in Ms. — 142'' 1 oyheoldon corr.from r Ms. heoildon Thw. heoldon Th. +. — 144'' ludithe Afj. Thw. Th, — 149 Thus in R. Sw. of ISsre ginnan byrig hyre togeanes gan Ms. other Edd. to geanes faran 1 Z. — 1 50'' forl^ton Ms. forlaeten Thw. forlaeton K. forlastan other Edd. — 154'' met-d blilS- Ms, Judith. 1 3 Thither had brought the bread of them both. To her maid she gave it, the gory head, To the hand of the handy to bear it home, To her junior, Judith. Then went they joyful, Brave women both, and bold of spirit, Till the proud-souled and prosperous maids Trode forth in triumph out from the troops. And saw distinctly in the distance The gleaming walls of the glorious city, Bethulia. Then the bracelet-decked ones Hasted forthright upon the footway. Until the glad-minded at length had gone Unto the wall-gate. There sat the warriors, The heroes watching, holding their ward Within the fortress, as erst to the folk, The rueful-souled, Judith gave direction. The wily maid, when she went her way, The daring damsel. She, dear to her people, Had now returned, the tactful woman. And straightway commanded one of the men To come from the mighty burg and meet her, Then in great haste to hurry them in Through the gate of the wall. These words then spake To the triumphing people : ' Now can I tell you A mindworthy thing, that mournful of mood Ye no longer may be : the Lord is blithe toward you, The Splendor of kings ; it is now spread abroad. Far and wide through the world, that victory wondrous 14 Judith. torhtlic t6weard and tjr gifetSe pdra IseSSa fe g6 lange drugon.' pa wurdon bllSe burhsittende, sySSan hi gehyrdon hii s6o hilge spraec 160 ofer hdanne weall. H^re wses on lustum, wis fses festengeates folc 6nette, „ weras^wlf sQmod, wornum and h^apum, __^,t Sfr^atum and ffrymmum frungon and umon ong6an S4 }>6odnes maegS pusendmaelum, 165 ealde ge g^onge : seghwylcum weariS m^n on t5aere medobyrig m6d ardted, sytSSan hie ongdaton fset waes Iiidith cumen ?ft t6 eSle, and 6a ofostllce hie mid eaSmddum in forl^ton. 170 pd s6o gl#awe h6t golde gefraetewod hyre iffinMhe Jjancolm6de ' ■• " fees h^rewaetSan h6afod onwriSan, ^^^n-i^ and hyt t6 b^Me bl6dig setywan fdm burhl^odum, hii hyre set beaduwe gesp^ow. 175 Sprsec Sd s6o seSele t6 eallum f Am folce : ' Hdr gi. magon sweotole, siger6fe haeleS, l^oda rseswan, on tSses IdSestan hsetSnes heaSorinces hdafod starian, ^'''> ' ' Holofernus unlyfigendes, - ---; 180 fe 6s mQnna msest morSra gefr§med6, cl-, ^ », , ji-, sdrra sorga, and f aet sw^or gyt yean wolde ; ac him ne uSe God ? l^ngran lifes, fset h^ mid laeSSum lis 157" tyr £«. and always.— 11%" Ise'Sa £ii. [on last] tara laelfSa? G^r. «ara laelS^a [to bote] ? ^. t>ara laetSiSa [to leane] Z. — l6o» sKSan £A. «»gea 7';i. — ij/^" hit Elt. and always. — 175" burg- ia/. — 176'> •• --llu Jja Ms. — 177'' •• gerofe Ms. — 1 79* h^'Senes Ms. Edd. — 1 79* staria'S Ms. staiian Edd. — iSo^' unlifigendes Ell. and always. — 182 and J>set swyiSor Ms. Sw. K. and syjjor Thw. and swySor Th, Gr. JR. and swKot Ett. — i84''l8e'S«um| 2"A. IstSum us| £«, l2e««um us | (?>■■+, Judith. 1 5 And radiant awaits you ; renown shall be wrought For dole and distress which long ye endured.' Then were blithe the dwellers in burg When they had heard how the holy one spake Over the high wall. The host was joyful ; To the fortress-gate hastened the folk Men and women in multitudes many, In throngs and bands, thousands in number. They swarmed and surged towards the servant of God, Elders and youths : of every man In the mead-city the mind was cheered, As soon as they heard that to her home Judith was come ; full quickly then In lowly wise they let her in. Then the adroit one, adorned with gold. Called to her servant, clever in mind. The head to unhide of the leader of hosts. Blood-stained as it was, and bear as a sign How in battle she fared, to the dwellers in burg. Then the noble one spake to the people unnumbered : ' Here can ye clearly, conquering heroes. Leaders of legions, see the most loathsome Head of the heathen Holofernus, Lacking life, and alarming- no longer. He, most of all men, wrought murders and crimes. Harrowing hardships, and higher had heaped them, These galling griefs, but God vouchsafed him No longer Ufe, that he might rack us i6 yudith. < eglan m6ste : ic him ealdor 6S])rQng i8s «v;f«-- f urh Godes fultum. Nd ic gumena gehwsene fyssa burgl^oda biddan wylle, randwiggendra, fset g6 recene 6ow w^-v-. f;^san t6 gefeohte ; sySSan frym^a God, >^/ Cuvs^,*-' arfaest C^ing, eastan s^nde '^ 190 Itohtne 16oman, beraS linde forS, .lUui;<<^ bord for br^ostum and byrnhgrnas, scire helmas, in scea^ena gemQng, W<"f>' fyllan folctogan fagum sweordum, fsege frumgaras. Fynd syndon 6owere 19S ged^med t6 d6a8e and g6 d6rn dgqn, 4,-i>-*-'^ tir set tohtan, swA 6ow getAcnod hafaS -^^-i mihtig Dryhten furh mine hand.' pd wearS snelra werod snilde gegearewod, c6nra t6 campe ; st6pon cyner6fe '^»^v" s^cgas and gesi"6as, baeron [sige]pilfas, ^cvn^w^* 'r^ , ^_Jfc>^ Ua^-M)*' 205 >earn setes geom, urigfetSera, X salowigpdda sang hildel^oS, -t^ -. x'hymedn^bba. . St6pon heaBorincas, beomas t6 beadowe bordum be^eahte, 1; h — ^ Atifeu'i 186'' gehwone Ett. — iSy* Jjissa Ett. and always; burh- Thw. Gr. — iS;* wille Ett. — \'&'& recen Ett.— 190" ssrfest Th. Ett. Gr. R. K. arfsest Thw. 5ze/. — 194" fyllan (0//. ist pi.') Ett. fylla«? £«.— 198'' -andAfj.— 199" snellra Thw. — igg* g-gearewod Ms. — 201'' >ufas Ms. Thw. Th. sigejjufas Ett. [sigej^ufas Gr. Sw. K. *>ufasi?. — 2031) haligran Th>'^ Ett. haligan Ms. other Edd. — 2a^ hluin mon Thw. — 206'' hrsfn Ett. — 208'' westan Ms. Thw. Th. Gr. R. K. weston Ett. wiston Sw. — 209'' eac? Gr. eac R.; last Ms. Thw. Sw. K. laste Th. Ett. Gr. R. jfudith. 1 7 With thrilling throes : I thrust him to death Through the succor of God. Now will I beseech Each buckler-bearer, each dweller in burg, To busk and bown him without delay, Go forth to the fight ; when the Maker of first things, The King transcendent, hath sent from the East The lustrous light, bring your linden-shields, Bucklers for breasts and byrnie-coats. Helmets aflame to the phalanx of foemen. There to fell the folk-leaders with flashing swords. The death-fated captains. Doomed are your haters, Destined to die, while to you will redound The boast of battle, as he has boded. The Master of might, by this my hand.' Then the host of the swift ones was speedily harnessed, The dauntless to conflict ; the daring ones stepped forth. Brave soldiers and comrades, bore banners emblazoned, Fared to the fight forth by the straight road, Heroes with helms from that holy city. At the day-dawning ; shields loudly dinned. Rang and resounded. Then reveled the lank one, The wolf in the wood, with the wan bird, the raven, Greedy of prey : well they both guessed That to them the fighters meant to furnish A feast on the fated ; then flew the eagle Hunger-driven, with homed beak. Dewy-pinioned and dusk of apparel. Sang the war-slogan. The soldiers marched forward, The barons to battle, warded with bucklers, i8 Judith. Hie ^d frQmlice flina sairas, ijlAJ "7 22S iU. hwealfum lindum, \>&. Se hwile ser ^IS^pdigra edwit foledon, , 21S haeSenra hosp ; him Ji^t hearde weartS ffit tSam aescplegan ealliim forgolden Assyrium, sySSan Ebr^as under giiSfanum gegin hsefdon t6 Sam fyrdwicum. Mton forS fldogan hildensedran I of hombogan, strselas st^deljearde ; styrmdon hliide •-- gr^e giiSfrecan, g^as s^ndon in heardra gemang. HseleS waeron yn;e, landbiiende ^ li'Sum C)nine, i^c-i st6pon styrntnbde, st^rcedferhSe -i-i^J Cwr^hton uns6fte , ealdgenltSlan medow^rige ; mundum brugdon '^•' scealcas of sc^aSum scirm^led swyrd 230 ^cgum gecoste, sl6gon eornoste Assirla oretmaecgas, l.^ eawdon Elt, — 241 ebrisce Ms. Th, ebreisce other Edd. ^A.*^w-tA/» JLc-mT^ yudith. 1 9 Linden-shields curved, who a little before Had suffered the scoff and the scorn of the stranger, The hiss of the heathen ; hard was the guerdon Paid the Ass)T:ians with play of the ash-spears, After the host of the Hebrew people. Gonfalon-guided, onward had gone Against the camp. Then they with courage Sharply let fly the showers of shafts. Battle-adders from bows of horn, Stoutest of arrows ; loudly they stormed, The warriors wrathful, winging their spears At the horde of the hardy ; the heroes were ireful, The dwellers in land, 'gainst the direful race ; Marched the stem-souled ones, the stout of heart Fiercely o'erwhelmed their long-standing foemen, Drowsy with mead ; then drew they with hand Forth from their sheaths their finely-decked swords, Trusty of edge ; tirelessly slew they The Assyrian chosen, champions all. Nerved with malice ; none did they spare Among the myrmidons, mean nor mighty. Of living men whom they might master. So the retainers at morning-tide Harassed the strangers through the whole season, Till at length they felt, the furious foemen. The chiefest champions of the army, That sturdy were the sword-strokes dealt them By Hebrew heroes. They hurried off The princeliest vassals to apprise, 20 yudith. cySan dodon, wr^hton cumbolwigan *j.j^ - ^ aiid him forhtlice fsrspel bodedon, /Vj-.UU*fA«. medow^rigum morgencoUan, 24s " atolne ^cgplegan. pd ic sedre gefrsegn -^tcil,^ sl^gefaege haeleS slsepe t6br6dan '' ,j^ and wis fses bealofuUan biirgeteldes ■weras [w6rig]ferhSe hwearfum fringan ^ Holofernus ; hogedon aninga 25° hyra hldforde hilde bodian, 1^. , ' " aer Son Se him se ^gesa on ufan ssetey o^iisv^ maegen Ebr6a. Mynton ealle ^,,^-i« faet se beorna brego and s6o beorhte msegtS in 6Am wHtegan traefe vs^^ron aetsijmne, sss Iiidith s6o aeSele and se gdlmoda, ^m^ ^gesfuU and afor ; nses ?6ah eorla nin, fe t5one ■wiggend i'w^ccan dorste ~, ot5Se gecunnian hii Sone cumbolwigan ■^ wit5 154 halgan maegS hsefde geworden, 260 Metodes m^owlan. Maegen ndalshte, " "-' folc Ebrda, fuhton fearle ^^^ heardum heorawsepnum, hseste guidon hyra fyrn^etlitu figum swyrdum ealde sefSQncah ; Assyria wearfS 265 «_ on 84m dsgeweorce d6m geswiSrod, bselc forblged. Beornas st6don ymbe hyra fdodnes trsef fearle gebylde, ^ sweorcendferhSe. Hi %k scjmod ealle ongunnon cohhettan, cirman hldde, 270 243'' weahton Z« wehton Gr. wr^hton? rehton? £//. — 247* tobredon Ms. Thw. Th. K. tobredan Ett. Gr. R. Sw. — 2^g'- ferhjie Ms. Thw. Th. wideferhiSe Ett. werig- Gr. hreowig-? R. [hreowig-] Sw. [werig-] K. — 249l> wornum £«.; bringan Thw. — 250" ho"|fernus jlfi. Olofernes^*. — 250* hogodon Ett. — 251* hyldo ^:r. Thw. Th. Ett. hilde Zco+. — 263* h^fte Ms. Thw. Th. Ett. Gr. R. K. hseste? Gr. hseste 5ra. — 265° ealde EeKoncan Ms. Thw. Gr. Sw. K. ealle afSoncan Ett. Th. ealde af'Soncan R. — 265'' Assiria Gr. — •266" dasge weorce Ms. Thw. Gr. — 267* forbyged Ett. — 270" cohhetan Ms. Edd. ^ sM- jfudith. 2 1 Inform with words ; they woke the chieftains, And timidly told them the tidings of fear, To the wearied by mead the woes of the morning, The direful sword-play. Straightway I learned That the slaughter-doomed roused them from sleep, The men with heart-throes hastened in throngs To the pavilion of the vengeful one, Holofernes ; they hoped forthwith The battle to bode to the baleful prince. Ere upon him fell the force of the Hebrews, The dread of their down-rush. For so they all deemed. That the lord of men and the lovely maid In the gorgeous tent together were, Judith the worthy and he, the wanton. Frightful and fierce ; no earl was found Who dared the warrior to awake. Or seek to know how they had sped. The martial of mood and the holy maid. The Creator's virgin. The crowd approached, The Hebrew folk, and fiercely they fought With hard-tempered weapons ; they hotly avenged Their former feuds with hostile falchions. Their grudges deep-grounded ; Assyria's glory Was weakened and wasted by that day's work. Its haughtiness humbled. The heroes stood Round their ruler's tent mightily roused, Woful in mind. Then one and all. By God forsaken, began to storm, 22 Judith. >s and gristbitian Gode orfeorme, '''• i mid t6t5on torn foligende ; \k waes hyra tires set ?nde, *., eades and ^Uendaeda. Hogedon \k eorlas dw^ccan hira winedryhten : him wiht ne sp6ow. 3 ' ■ ■■-.•-■'- p4 weartS sIS and late sum t6 Sim irpd 27S para beadorinca, faet h6 in paet biirgeteld niSheard n68de, swi hyne n^d fordrif : funde t5i on b^dde blicne licgan, i- his goldgifan gaestes g^sne, / lifes belidenne. H6 fa lungre gefdoll 280 ^ ' fr6orig t6 foldan, ongan his feax teran N hr6oh on m6de and his hrsegl somod, '^ and paet word dcwaeS t6 ?5im wiggendum, fe Sser unr6te ute waeron : ' H6r ys geswutelod lire sylfra forwjTrd, 285 tbweard getdcnod, fst paere tide ys [nii] mid niSum n^ah getSrungen, 1 pe w6 [life] sculon losian sQmod, ' set saecce forweorSan : h6r li6 sweorde geh^awen, beh^afdod healdend tire.' Hi tSi hr6owigm6de 29° wurpon hyra wsepen of dilne, gewitan him wdrigferhSe on fl6am sceacan. Him mgn feaht on list, msegen^acen folc, 6S se msesta dsel pses h^riges Iseg hilde gesgged >,^iit. on 6am sigewonge, sweordum geh^awen, 29s \vulfum t6 willan, and 6ac wffilgifrum , , ^ , ayi* gdde £«. TTi.^ gode Thy\. — 273" ••des^jr. — 273'' hogedon ta eorlas Ms. Thw. Th. Ell. Gr. K. J)a eorlas hogedon R. Sw. — 274" awecC"| Ms.; l-ra Ms. hyra Thw. hira Etl. hire Th. hira Gr. +; wina- Ms. wine- Edd. — 275a |.i'SA/j. — 275'' arsed? anr^d? Ett. — 2l9> Ucg--| Ms. — 279'' gaasenne Ett. gsestes gesne his goldgifan? Gr. — 281" foldan Af:r. (^Siev.) feoldan Ms. {Th. Sw.) feoldan Th. Ett. foldan Thw. +. — 285" gswutelod Ms. gewutelod Gr. — 286'' tide J)a git lis Ett.; is Thw. — 287* [nu] mid ni^um Gr. K. mid ni^a bearnum R. [nu] mid niSum Sw. mid ni^um Ms. Thw. mid nWum Ett. — 288* J>e"| Ms.; | sculon ^j. sculon Thw. Sw. life sculon Ett. R. [life] sculon Gr. K. — 29i» ofdune Th. — 293' -Icen Ms. yudith. 23 Loudly to noise, and eke to gnash, With their teeth enduring wrath ; here ended their triumph, Their prosperous prowess. The earls proposed Their ruler to rouse ; success was not wrought them. At length one ventured, though late his valor, A battle-man, to enter the bower-tent. Nerved for the peril, since prompted by need ; There found he his gold-lord lorn of his ghost, Stretched on his pallet, paUid of hue. Relinquished by life. Then fell he belive Agrised to the ground, ungoverned of mood, Gan tearing at once his hair and attire. And spake this word unto the warriors. Who, sombre of spirit, were waiting outside : ' Here is predicted our own perdition. Tokens are toward that near is the time Full of afflictions, and now pressing forward, When we shall lose our lives together, Sink in the strife : hewn with the sword here-"^ Lies headless your chief.' Cheerless they then Hurled down their weapons, and, weary at heart, Hurried to flight. Behind them were fighting The mighty people, until the most part Of the pagan legion lay low in the battle On the conquest-plain, carved by the sword. At the will of the wolves, and none the less welcome 24 Judith. fuglum t6 fr6fre. Flugon ^k tSe lyfdon M^ra lindwiggendra. Him on laste f6r sw6ot Ebr6a sigor geweorSod, d6me gedyrsod ; him fdng Dryhten God 300 ^ fsegre on fultum, Fr6a selmihtig. Hi 84 fromlice fdgum swjrrdum hffileS higer6fe h^rpaS worhton "^ furh IdSra gemong, linde h^owon, scildburh scseron : sc^otend w^ron 30s ..\ gti'Se gegr^mede, guman Ebrtisce, pegnas on Sd tid fearle gelyste 1 gargewinnes. pier on gr^ot gef^oll se h^^hsta dael h^afqdgerlmes -v^,^ Assiria ealdorduguSe, 31° V IdBan cynnes : lyth.w6n bec6m k~ cwicera t6 cyS'Be. Cirdon cyner6fe, <=^ wiggeiid on vinaeftrod, wselsc^l oninnan, dJ^jf^-t^fi. ^ r^ocende hraew; riim waes t6 nimanne oy^^^4:^. iQndbiiendum on Sim MSestan, 315 hyra ealdftondum unlyfigendum X.^ heolfng h^rer^af, hyrafa sc^ne, ^J^.A--t<-^ bord and brdd swyrd, briine helmas, dyre madmas. Heefdon d6mllce on S4m folcst^de f^nd oferwunnen 320 eSelweardas, ealdhettende swyrdum Asw^fede : hie on swaSe r^ston, "^ \k 'Se him t6 life li^ost wseron cwicera cynna. Di sdo cn6oris' call, ^^ tt • 297'' lyfdo'l Ms. lifdon Ett. — 298' lindeg-| Ms. lindvvig(g)endra Ett. C^. lind Thw. Th.LebSw.K. lind*^. — 299''sigore above linein Ms.sigoTe Edd. — 300" dom -j Ms. — 301" fultu -I Ms. — 301'' almihtig£«. — 303* heipaB Ms. Thw. Th. Sw. 'hete^a.^ Ett. Gr.Ji.K.—yi^'' scaer-l Ms. — ys^^ waeran Th. Gr. R. K. wEEron Ms. Thiu. Ett. Sw. — 310" Assiria Ms. Thw. Sw. Assyria Th. Ett. Gr. R. K. — ^l^ tirdon (= tirigdon) ? £«. — 3i3l> onin- nan Sw. on innan other Edd. — 314" rsewe? Ett.\ recende (reocende Sprachschatz) Gr. — T,\&> unlifigendum Ett. — y.'j^ bord| Th. Ett. — 2,\^vs\2.°&ra.ii.'iEU.Gr.K. — 320'' fyrd T'.^zc. — 324'' [■wicetail/j. — 324'>ealCPn Judith. 25 To ravening ravens. Away fled the remnant Of hostile shield- soldiers. Behind them pursued The troops of the Hebrews, enhanced by their triumph, And graced with new glory ; their God gave them help, Became their ally, the Lord almighty. Gallantly then with gleaming blades The high-souled heroes hewed out a war-path Through forces of foemen, shore down the phalanx, Shivered the shields ; the shooters were Embittered by battle, the Hebrew barons ; The thanes at that time were mightily thirsting For death-play with darts. There fell in the dust The principal part of all their poll. The high in rank of the hostile race, Ass3rrian soldiers : to their own soil Came back few survivors. The valiant ones wheeled, The conquerors returned through the midst of the carnage, Through blood-reeking bodies ; away they could bear. The dwellers in land from those unliving. Their old-time foes, baleful and odious, Bloody booty and trappings brilliant, Bucklers and broadswords and brown-hued helmets, Treasures of price. Powerfully had they On that folkstead their foes overcome. The home-defenders their haters of old Had slain with the sword : in their footsteps they stayed. Those who in hfe were to them most malign Of Uving races. The whole array, 26 yuditk. 33° 335 m^g^a mserost, dnes in6n6es fyrst, 325 ■wlanc wundenlocc wAgon and laeddon a i. v t6 ^aere beorhtan byrig Bethuliam helmas and hupseax, hare byrnan, giiSsceorp gumena golde gefraetewod, mserra madma, f onne mQn senig is^cgan maege searojQncelra ; eal faet fik Sf^odguman J>ryrn,me geeodon, c6ne under cumblum on CQmpwIge furh Iiidithe gWawe Mre- maegS ni6digre. Hi t6 mdde hyre of «4m slt5fate sylfre br6hton eorlas 8escr6fe Holofernes sweord and switigne helm, swylce ^ac side byrnan, ger^node r^adum golde, and eal fset se rinca baldor swiSm6d sinces 4hte oS6e sundoryrfes, b^aga and beorhtra magma, hi fat fsere beorhtan idese Ag^afon gearopQncolre. Ealles Sses Iiidith saegde ■ - - • ' ' wuldor weroda Dryhtne, fe hyre vs/eorSm)Tide geaf, maer^e on moldan rice, swylce 6ac m^de on heofonum, sigorMan in swegles wuldre faes Se h6o Ahte s6Sne gel^afan 34s [a] t6 t54m jElmihtigan ; hiiru set \ka\ ^nde ne tw6ode faes 16anes fe h^o lange gyrnde. paes sy "Sdm 16ofan Dryhtne wuldor t6 widan aldre, fe gesc^op wind and lyfte, roderas and riime grundas, swylce 6ac r^Se str^amas and swegles dr^amas purh his sylfes miltse. 350 -f 340 325" |-£erost jKi. — 3261 w.lance Etl. Gr.; wiindenloce ^j. Thw. Th. Ett. Gr. wundenlocc R. Sw. K.; wlanc wigena heap? R. — 326'' |-agon Ms. — saS* herebyrnan Th. — 329'' gefrsetwod iJi'/. — 330" ma1Sma£«. Gr. K. madma fela? madma worn? R. — 333'' -] Ms. Thw. and Th. and (preposition) Gr. set Ett. on R. Sw. K. — 3361' sylfne Thw. — 337'' Holo- ferees Thw. — 343" wuldor-weroda Th. — 343* weor'Smynte Ett. — 345"- sig- orlean is the last word in fol. 206^ ; the rest is added on the lower margin, apparently in a hand of the I'jth or iSth century, and is now for the most part illegible {Siev.).- — 345°- wuldore Sw.vfiAixe Ms. other Edd. — 346^ [up] Gr. upi?. [a] i'w. ^. — 347" si £«. ; drihtne T^a-. — 348" he £«. Judith. 2 7 The most noted of nations, for fully a month, The lordly and curly-locked carried and led To Bethulia, the brightest of burgs. Helmets and hip-swords and hoary corselets, The deckings of fighters, adorned with gold, CostHer treasures than could be recounted By any man of those who are mindful ; All that the doughty by daring won. Brave under banners amid the battle, Through the wise judgment of Juditli their guide. The mettlesome maid. They brought as her meed. From the foray afar to the virgin fair. The spear-stanch earls, Holofernes' sword. His blood-stained helmet and broad- spreading hauberks, Graced with red gold, and all that the great prince. The haughty of mood, had of treasure or hoard. Of bracelets or bright gems, this to the bright damsel They gave, to the prudent, v Judith praised for all this Him, Sabaoth's Lord, who bestowed on her honor, On earth highest worship, reward eke in Heaven, Meed of triumph in glory, because she had true faith Ay in the Almighty ; at the end no doubt made she Of the long-desired guerdon. For this to the loved Lord Be world-during glory, who wind and air wrought, Rolling skies, roomy plains, with raging streams. And Heaven's mirth, through his own mild mercy ! GLOSSARY. [The typical forms of words are taken directly from this text, without reference to norms otherwise estabHshed. The dash, — , is used to indicate the occurrence of an inflected word in its typical or dictionary form. Abbreviations like asm., gpn., etc., stand for case, number, and gender, in the order named. The double dagger, J, indicates that the word does not occur elsewhere in the poetical texts as published and indexed by Grein,] &, av., evef, always, 7, [346]; see awa. dbregdan, sv., draw, ind. pret. 3d sing, abrsed, 79. ac, cj., but, and{J'), 60, 119, 183,209. dcweSan, sv., speak, ind. pret. 3d sing. acwselS, 82, 151, 283. sfedre, &y., forthwith, 64, 95, 246. sfefre, av., ever, 114. sefter, prep. vi. dat., along, after, 18, 117. sefter, av., towards, 65. sefS^nca, soi., grudge, ap. aefSgncan, 265. EfeghTpylc, prn., each, asm. slgh- wylcne, 50, dsm. aeghwylcum, 166. Jaelfsciiie, aj., beautiful as an elf, nsf. selfscinu, 14. jelmihtig, aj., almighty, nsm. — , 301; dsm. wk. aelmihtigan, 7, 346. Aai^, indef. prn., any, nsm. — , 330. sfer, av., before, previously, 65, 143, 214. efer, cj., ere, before, 76. At Son 3fe, cj. w. subj., before, 252. sferest, av., erst, first, 14. Jaescplega, sm., ash-play, spear-play, ds. Kscplegan, 217. BBScrof, aj., spear-brave, npm. 2es- crdfe, 337, set, prep. w. dat., at, from, in, 3, 123, 175. i97i 217. 272, 289, 346. sfet, sn., food, prey, gs. Eetes, 210. setsQmne, av., together, 255. setywan, wv., display, inf. — , 174. seffele, aj., noble, nsf. — , 176, 256. Afor, i^)., fierce, nsm. — , 257. &gan, anv., own, have, ind. pret. 3d sing, ahte, 3, 6, 340, 345; ind. pret. 2d plur. agon, 196; with negative prefix : ind. pret. 1st sing. nahte, 91. dg6otan(?), sv., drain, deprive, infl. pp. agotene, 32 (but perhaps rather agrotene, vifhich see). dgifan, sv., give, place, bestow, ind. pret. 3d sing, ageaf, 130; ind. pret. 3d plur. ag^afon, 342. dgroten(?), cloyed, drunken, infl. pp.(?) agrotene, 32 (emendation for agotene, vvhich see under ageot- an). dhdn, sv., hang, pp. ahcjngen, 48. aldor, see ealdor, sn. dl^cgau, vvv., lay down, ind. pret. 3d sing, alede, loi. alTvalda, sm., all-wielder, ruler of all, gs. alwaldan, 84. dn, aj., one, that{l'), gsm. anes, 325; dsf, anre, (JhaiT) 64; gp. anra, 95. 30 Glossary. anbyhtscealc, sm., retainer, np. anbyhtscealcas, 38. and ( 339- be, prep. w. dat., by, 81, 99. beadu, sf., battle, war, ds. beaduwe, 175, beadowe, 213. beadorinc, sm., warrior, gp. bea- dorinca, 276. Jbeseftan, av., behind, 112. b6ag, sm., ring, bracelet, gp. b^aga, 341 ; dp. b^agum, 36. bfeahhroden, aj. (pp.), adorned with rings, npm. b^ahhrodene, 138. beald, aj., bold, npm. bealde, 17. bealofull, aj., baleful, wicked, nsm. — , 63; nsm. wk. bealofuUa, 48; gsm. wk. bealofuUan, 248; asm. bealofuUan, 100. bearhtme, av., instantly, 39. beam, sn,, child, son, as. — , 84; np. — , 24; gp. bearna, 51; dp. bear- num, 33. bebeodan, sv. w. dat., command, ind. pret. 3d sing, bebead, 38, 144. becuman, sv., pass, arrive, ind. pret. 3d sing, becdm, 311; ind. pret. 3d plur. becdmon, 134. b^d, sn., bed, gs. b^ddes, 63; ds. b^dde, 72, 278; as. b^d, 48. b^dr^st, sf., bedrest, ds. Ij^dr^ste, 36. bfegeii, num., both, npm. begen, 207; npf. ba, 133; gp. begea, 128. Jbelifeafdian, wv., behead, pp. be- heafdod, 290. tbfehff, sf., sign, proof, ds. b^h^e, 174. beliffan, sv., deprive of, infl. pp. belidenne, 2S0. beoEeman, wv. w. instr., deprive of, inf. — , 76. b^nc, sf., bench, dp. b^ncum, 18. b^ncsittcnde, sm. pi., bench-sitters, ap. — , 27. beorht, aj., bright, fair, illustrious, nsf. wk. beorhte, 254; dsf. wk. beorhtan, 327, 341 ; asf. wk. beorht- an, 58; gp. beorhtra, 341. beorn, sm., man, hero, np. beornas, 213, 267; gp. beorna, 254. beran, sv., bear, carry, infl. inf. to berenne, 131 ; ind. pret. 3d plur. biKron, 201 ; imp. plur. bera'S, 191 ; pp. boren, 18. besmitan, sv., pollute, inf. — , 59. beS^ccan, wv., cover, protect, infl. pp. be'Seahte, 213. Bethulia, pr.n., as. Bethuliam, 138, 327- bewindan, sv., bewind, encompass, pp. bewunden, 115. bidan, sv., await, infl. pp. gebid- enne, 64. biddan, sv., request, implore, inf. — , 84, 187. bindan, sv., bind, pp. gebunden, 115.- Jblnnan, prep. w. dat., within, 64. bide, ^y, pale, asm. blacne, 278. bldchleor, &]., fair-cheeked, nsf. — , 128. Glossary. 31 blEcd, sin., life, glory, as. — , 63, 122. blican, iv., glitter, inf. — , 137. bliSe, aj., blithe, joyous, friendly, nsm. — , 58, 154; npm. — , 159. blodig, aj., bloody, asn. — , 126, 174. biQndan, sv., mix, infect{T), pp. geblQnden, 34. bodian, wv., announce, inf. — , 251 ; ind. pret. 3d plur. bodedon, 244. |bolla, sm., bowl, np. bollan, 17. bord, sn., shield, dp. bordum, 213; ap. — , 192, 318. brdd, aj., broad, apn. — , 318. bregdan, sv., draw, ind. pret. 3d plur. brugdon, 229. brego, sm., prince, ns. — , 39, 254. br6ine,aj.,yrtOTi3Mj,nsm.wk.brenia,57. breost, sn., breast, dp. br^ostum, 192. bringan, wv., bring, ind. pret. 3d plur. brohton, 336. broga, sm., peril, gs. brdgan, 4. brun, aj., brown, apm., brdne, 318. brytta, sm., divider, distributor, ns. — , 30, 93; as. bryttan, go. bAne, sf., cup, np. btinan, 18. burg, sf., city, fortress, gs. byrig, 137; ds. byrig, 149,203,327; gp. burga, 58. Jbfirgeteld, ^rv., pavilion, gs. bdrge- teldes, 248; ds. bilrgetelde, 57; as. — , 276. burglfeode, sm. pi., citizens, gp. burgleoda, 187; dp. burhleodum, 175- burhsittende, sm. pi., citizens, np. — 159- bfitan, prep. w. dat., without, 120. byldan, wv,, excite, infl. pp. gebylde, 268. byrne, sf., hauberk, corselet, ap. byrnan, 323, 338. JbyrnhQin, sm., hauberk, corselet, 3.^. byrnhy, ap. dr^amas, 350. drefan, wv., perturb, afflict, pp. ge- drefed, 88. dr 343; as. hie, 4, 170, hf, 94, 150; np. hie, 134, 136, 138, 140. heofon, sm., heaven, dp. heofonura, 344- Jbeolfrig, K^.,gory, asn. — , 130, 317. Jbeolstor, aj., dusky, darksome, dsm. wk. heolstran, 121. heorte, sf., heart, ns. — , 87. tbeoruwsfepen, sn., sword, dp. heoruwa§pnum, 263. h6r, av., here, 111, 285, 289. b§rbtiende, sm. pi., here-dwellers, dwellers on earth, gp. h^rbdendra, 96. h^re, sm., artny, host, ns. — , 161 ; gs. hedges, 294; ds. h^rige, 135. Jh^refolc, sn., army, gs. h^refolces, . 234, 239. h^rpaS, sm., war-path, passage for the army, as. — , 303. h^rerfeaf, zn., plunder, spoil, as. — , 317- Jh^rewsfeSa, sm., warrior, gs. h^revvteSan, 126, 173. Jh^teO'Qncol, aj., hostile-viinded, as, h^te'Sgncolne, 105. hige, sm., soul, ns. — , 87. bigerof, aj., valiant-souled, npm. higerofe, 303. higelSQncol, aj., thoughtful-mitided, dsf. hige^Qncolre, 131. bild, sf., conflict, battle, as. hilde, 251; is. hilde, 294. JbUdeleoS', sn., battle-song, as. — , 211. bildenafedre, sf., battle-adder, ap. hildeniedran, 222. binsiS', sm., departure, death, ds. hinsiiSe, 117. hit, pers. prn., it, as. hit, 130, hyt. 174. 38 Glossary. Maestan, wv., lade, infl, pp. ge- hlteste, 36. hldford, sm., lord, ds. hlaforde, 251. hlauc, aj., lank, nsm. wk. blanca, 205. hUhhan, sv., laugh, ind. pret. 3d sing, hldh, 23. hlimman, sv., resound, ind. pret. 3d plur. hlummon, 205. hUide, av., loudly, 205, 223, 270. hlydan, wv., roar, ind. pret. 3d sing. hlydde, 23. Myuian, wv., clamor, ind. pret. 3d sing, hlynede, 23. taogian, vpv., have in mind, beflan- ning, ind. pret. 3d plur. hogedon, 250, 273. Holofernus, pr. u., ns. — , 21, 46; gs. — , 180, 250, Holofernes, 337; as. — , 7. hQnd, see hand. hopian, wv., hope, inf. — , 117. hoi'nboga, sm., bow of horn, dp. hoinbogan, 222. hosp, sm. ( ?) , reproach, abuse, as. — , 216. Iirsegl, sn., raiment, as. — , 282. hrtfew, sn., corpse, ap. — , 314. hraiefe, av., speedily, 37. hrefn, sm., raven, ns. — , 206. hrfeoli, ^y, furious, raging, nsm. 282. hreoSan, sv., ador-n, infl. pp. ge- hrodene, 37. hreowigni6d, aj., sad of mood, npm. hreowigmode, 290. hrelSfer, sm.(?), breast, ds. hreiSre, 94. hring, sm., ring, dp. hringum, 37. hrof, sn,, roof, ds. hrofe, 67. hii, av., how, 25, 75, 160, 175, 259. hund, sm., dog, hound, as. — , no. hupseax, sn., hip-dagger, ap. — , 328. liuru, av., at all, in the least, 346. hvrd, indef. prn., some one, asm. hw^ne, 52. Ihwealf, aj., vaulted, hollow, dpf. hwealfum, 214, hwearf, sm., crowd, dp. hwearfum, 249. hweorfan, sv., depart, flee, ind. pret. 3d sing, hwearf, 112. hwil, sf., while, time, as. hwi'Ie, 214. hyht, sf., hope, confidence, ns. 97. {hyhtwyn(n), sf., joy of hope, gp. hyhtwynna, 121. hyldo, sf., grace, favor, gs. hyldo, 4. hyrde, sm., shepherd, guardian, ns. — , 60. hyrnedn^b(b), aj., horny-beaked, nsm. wk., hyrnedn^bba, 212. hyrst, sf., orKom^K/, ap. hyrsta, 317. ic, pars, prn., /, ns. — , 7, 83, 89, 91, 152, 185, 186, 246; ds. m^, 85, 86, 88, 90, 93; np. we, 288; gp. (ire, 285, 290; dp. lis, 181, 184. ides, sf., woman, ns. — , 14, 109, 128, 146; ds.idese, 341; as. idese, 55. 58; np- idesa, 133. in, prep. w. dat. or instr., in, 2, 116, 121, 143, 206, 25s, 345; w. ace, 193, 276. In, av., in, 150, 170. inn, sn., chamber, ,ds. inne, 70. Inne, av., in, 45. inwid, aj., wicked, malign, nsm. wk. inwidda, 28. irnan, sv., run, ind. pret. 3d plur. urnon, 164. ludith, pr. n., n. — , 13, 123, 132, 168, 256, 342, ludithe, 144; g. ludithe, 334; a. ludithlSe, 40. lefedan, wv., lead, bring, inf. — , 42; ind. pret. 3d sing, liedde, 129; ind. pret. 3d plur. Mddon, 72, 326. lE^tan, sv., let, ind. pret. 3d plur. l^ton, 221. lafeSffu, sf., affliction, gp. lj6OTa, 158; dp. li^«6um, 184. landbiiende, sm. pi., land-dwel- lers, np. — , 226; dp.lgndbdendum, 315- Glossary. 39 lang, aj., long, comp. l^ngra : gsn. l^iigran, 184. lange, av., long, 158, 347; comp. l«ng. '53- Idr, sf., counsel, guidance, as.lare, 334. Idst, sm., track, footprint, as. — , 209, 292; ds. laste, 298. late, av., late, —, 275. Ids, aj., hostile, hateful, nsm. — ,45; dsn. laiSum, 226; asm. la'Sne, 72, lOI; gsn. wk. la'San, 311; gp. laiSra 298, 304; superl. (in predi- cate) la'Sost, 323; gsm. laSestan, 178; dpm. lalSestan, 315. l^an, sn., reward, gs. Manes, 347. Jleap, sm., trunk, ns. — , iii. 16as, aj. w. gen., without, deprived of, nsm. — , 121. Ifeode, sm.pl.,/co;>/f,gp. — , 178; dp. leodum, 147. I§odhata, sm., people-hater, tyrant, as. leodhatan, 72. leof, aj., dear, beloved, nsf. — , 147; dsm. wk. Mofan, 347. l^oht, aj., bright, radiafit, asm., leohtne, 191. l^oma, sm., light, as. leoman, 191. libban, wv., live, ind. pret. 3d plar. lyfdon, 297. licgan, sv., lie, inf. — , 278; ind. pres. 3d sing. li'tS, 289; ind. pret. 3d sing, laeg, 106, III, 294; ind. pret. 3d plur. lagon, 30. lif, sn., life, gs. lifes 184, 280; ds. Iffe, [288,] 323. lind, sf., linden-shield, shield, dp. lindum, 214; ap. liiide, 191, 304. lindwiggend, sm., shield-warrior, np. lindwiggende, 42; gp. lind- wiggendra, 298. list, sm., skill, dp. listum (av.), lOl. iQnd, see land. losian, wv., lose, be lost, inf. — , 288. luiigre, av., forthwith, instantly, 147, 280. lust, sra.,joy, dp, lustum, 161. lyft, sf., air, ap. lyfte, 348. l^thwdn, sn. w. gen., few, — , 311. inaigen, sn., force, armed force, ns. — , 253, 261. maegeneacen, aj., abundant in might, powerful, nsn. — , 293. msegS, sf., maid, maiden, ns. • — , 78, 125, 145, 254; gs.— , 335; as. — > 35. 43. 165. 260; np. — , 135. msfegS, sf., tribe, nation, gp. msegSa, 325- niEfere, aj., renowned, splendid, dsm. wk. ma§ran, 3; comp. gp. mserra, 330; superl. msferost, nsf. — , 325. mEferSu, sf., glory, as. mjfer'Se, 344. inEest, see micel. magojfegn, sm., clansman, hench- man, np. niagoSegnas, 236. man, sm., man, one, ns. niQn, 292, 330; ds. m^n, 167; gp. mgnna, 52, 181, manna, 235. manian, wv., admonish, exhort, ind-. piet. 3d sing, manode, 26. manna, sm., man, as. mannan, 98, lOI. mdra, see micel. mdS'm (mddm), sm., treasure, jewel, gp. ma15ma, 341, madma, 330; ap. madmas, 319. me, see ic. mece, sm., sword, ds. mece, 104; as. — , 78. m6d, sf., meed, reward, ds. mede, 335; as. mede, 344. {medowerig, aj., mead-weary, drunken with mead, apm. medo- werige, 229; dp. medowerigum, 245. medoburg, sf , tnead-city, ds. medo- byrig, 167. medugdl, aj., wanton with mead, nsf. — , 26. m^owle, sf., virgin, woman, ns. — , 56; as. meowlan, 261. metod, sm., Creator, Ordainer, ns. — > 154; gs. metodes, 261. 40 Glossary. micel, aj., much, great, ip., miclum, lo, 70; comp. mara: asf. maran, 92; superl. msest: aj. nsm. wk. m£6sta, 293; asf. maeste, 3; sn. as. maest, 181 ; av. msest, 181. mid, prep. w. dat. or inst., ^uith, 29, 59 (2), 88, 89, 95, 97 (2), 170, 184, 272, 287. militig, aj., mighty, nsm. — , 92, 198. milts, sf., grace, favor, gs. miltse, 85, 92; as. miltse, 350. min, poss. prn., my, dsm. minum, 94; asf. mine, 198; gp. minra, 90. mod, sm., mood, heart, soul, ns. — , 167; ds. mode, 57, 93, 97, 154, 282. m6flig, aj., excited, courageous, proud, nsm. — •, 26; nsm. wk. modiga, 52; gsf. modigre, 335. molde, sf., earth, gs. moldan, 344. monaSf, sm., month, gs. m6n%s, 325. m 225, 238, 255, 284, 323, w^ran, 306; opt. pres. 3d sing, sy, 347; opt. pret. 3d plur. WE^ron, 31. ■wid, aj., distant, enduring, dsn. wk. widan, 348. ■wide, S.V., far and wide, 156. ■widl, sn., pollution, defilement, ds. widle, 59. ■wif, sn., woman, ns. ■ — , 148, 163. ■wiga, sm., warrior, gp. wigena, 49, ■wiggend, sm., warrior, as. — , 258 ; np. —, 69, 141, 313; dp. wiggen- dum, 283. ■wlht, av., a whit, at all, 274. ■willa, sm., enjoyment, gratification, ds. willan, 296. ■willan, anv., will, desire, ind. pres. 1st sing, -wylle, 84, 187; ind. pret. 3d sing, wolde, 59, 183. ■win, sn., wine, ds. wine, 29; is. wine, 67. Glossary. 47 wind, sm., ■wind, as. — , 348. 'windan, sv., roll, ind. pret. 3d sing. wand, 1 10. ■winedryhten, sm., friendly lord, as. — , 274. ■wingedrinc, sn., wine-drinking, wassail, ds. wingedrince, 16. Jwinh&te, sf., invitation to wine, as. winhatan, 8. winsaed, aj., wine-sated, npm. win- sade, 71. Tritan, anv., know, ind. pret. 3d plur. wistan, 207; with prefixed ne, ind. pret. ,3d sing, nyste, 68. ■wite, sn., torment, agony, ip. witum, 115. ■wiff, prep. w. gen., against, toward, 4, 99, 162, 248; w. ace, 260. wiffertrod, sn., retreat, as. — , 313- wlanc, aj., lordly, stately, nsf. — , 326; npm. wlance, 16. 'wlitan, sv., look, inf. — , 49. wlitig, 3.]., fair, beauteous, gorgeous, gsf. wk. wlitegan, 137, dsn. wk. wlitegan, 255. ■wolcen, sn., cloud, welkin, gp. wolcna, 67. ■wurh his sylfes miltse, J. 350. swegles dreamas .... l>urh Jja ae^elan miht. An. 641-2 (cf. 525). a) gliWrec, J. 224, An. 1 1 19 (cf. Ph.) . st^rcedferh'S, J. 55, 227, An. 1235 (cf. El.). swa§sendo, J. 9, An. 386 (cf. Gen.). «rymlic, J. 8, An. 245 (cf. B.). unsyfre, J. 76, An. 131 2 (cf. Chr.). w^rigferh'5, J. 291, An. 1402 (cf. Whale). h) folces rseswa, J. 12, An. 619, 1088 (cf. Gen.), sciirum heard, J. 79, scfirheard, An. 1135 (cf. B.). sweordum asw^bban, J. 322, An. 72 (cf. Brun.). 3- a) healdend, J. 290, An. 225 (cf. Gen. and Rid.), dretmaecg, J. 232, An. 664 (cf. B. and Edw.). sigewQng, J. 295, An. 1583 (cf. Ph. and Gu.). ^tisendmaSlum, J. 196, An. 874 (cf. Ex. and Sat.). V) hKle« higer6f, J. 303, An. 1007, 1056 (cf. Gen. and Chr.). 58 Verbal Correspondences. a) eljj^od, J. 237, An. 974 (cf. H.M., Chr., and El.), sigerof, J. 177, An. 1227 (cf. B., El., and Az.). b') 'Srynesse 'Srym, J. 86, An. 1687 (cf. Gu., Chr., and El.). Apostles. 3- *) ealle 'Srage, J. 237, Ap. 30 (cf. Wid. and Ps.). b') set ssecce, J. 289, Ap. 59 (cf. B., El., and Brun.). AZARIAS. 4. a) sigerof, J. 177, Az. 47 (cf. B., El., and An.). Beowulf. I. a) eallgylden, J. 46, B. 1 1 1 1, 2767. fl^tsittende, J. 19, 33, B. 1 788,2022. ore, J. 18, B. 2760, 3047. i) bdnan and orcas, J. 18, B. 3047. ^Uor hwearf, J. Ii2, B. 55. fagum sweordum, J. 194, 264, 302, B. 586. gegan haefdon, J. 140, 219, B; 2630. him wiht ne speow, J. 274, B. 2854. 2. 0) beadorinc, J. 276, B. 1109 (cf. Met.), b^ahhroden, J. 138, B. 623 (cf. Rid.), byrnwiga, J. 39, B. 2918 (cf. Wand.). ^UendE&d, J. 273, B. 876, 900 (cf. Gen. B.). f^ondscea^a, J. 104, B. 554 (cf. Rid.). g?gnum, J. 132, B. 314, 1404 (cf. Sal.), goldgifa, J. 279,B.2652(cf. Seaf.). hornboga, J. 222, B. 2437 (cf. Ps.) . morgentid, J. 236, B. 484, 518 (cf. Brun.). sigefolc, J. 152, B. 644 (cf. Cot. Gn.). swatig, J. 338, B. 1569 (cf. Chr.). ■Srymli'c, J. 8, B. 1246 (cf An.). *) eorla dryhten, J. 21, B. 1050, 2338 (cf. Brun.). goldwine gumena, J. 22, B. 1 171, 1476 (cf. El.). hate on hr^lSre, J. 94, cf. hat on hr£«re, B. 3148 (cf. Ruin), la^ cynn, J. 226, 311, B. 2008, 2354 (cf. Gen.), linde beran, J. 191, B. 2365 (cf. By.), neowol naes, J. 113, cf. B. 141 1 (cf. El.), scdrum heard, J. 79, cf. sctirheard, B. 1033 (cf. An.), se rica, J. 20, 44, B. 310, 399, 1975 (cf. Gen.) a) bdne, J. 18, B. 2775, 3047 (cf. Ex. Gn. and Wand.). ^Uor, J. 112, B. 55, 2254 (cf. Gen. and H.M.). ^tSelweard, J. 321, B. 616, 1702, 2210 (cf. Dan. and Met.), geba&ran, J. 27, B. 1012, 2824 (cf. Fin. and Ps.). hea^orinc, J. 212, B. 370, 2466 (cf. Ex. and Met), firetmsecg, J. 232, B. 332, 363, 481 (cf. An. and Edw.). 4. a) sigerdf, J. 177, B. 619 (cf. El., Az., and An.). Verbal Correspondences. 59 i) aet SKCce, J. 289, B. 953, 1618, 2612, 2659, 2681 (cf. El., Brun., and Ap.). sinces brytta, J. 30, B. 607, 1 1 70, 1922, 2071 (cf. Gen., El., and Wand.). Brunanburh. 2. a) inwid, J. 28, Brun. 46 (cf. Sat.), morgentid, J. 236, Brun. 14 (cf.B.). salowigpad, J. 211, Brun. 6l (cf. F.M.). V) eorla dryhten, J. 21, Brun. i (cf. B.). sweordum asw^bban, J. 322, Brun. 30 (cf. An.). 4- b) set sscce, J. 289, Brun. 4, 42 (cf. B., El., and Ap.). Byrhtnoth's Death. I. b') bord and brad swy rd, J. 3 1 8, By . 1 5 . earn setes georn, J. 211, cf. earn seses georn, By. 107. gd'Se gegr^mede, J. 306, By. 296. tir aet tohtan, J. 197, cf. tir set getohte, By. 104. 2. a) scildburh, J. 305, By. 242 (cf. Sat.). b") lindeberan, J. i9i,By. 99(cf.B.). ms^ste 'Searfe (agan), J. 3, By. 175 (cf.Jul.). a) dseg(e)weorc, J. 266, By. 148 (cf. Ex. and El.). a) hearra, J. 56, By. 204 (cf. Dan., Edw., and Gen. B.). Christ. I. a) bealofuU, J. 63, Chr. 259, 909. hlydan, J. 23, Chr. 883. nWhycgende, J. 233, Chr. mo. i) tires brytta, J. 93, Chr. 462. swegles wuldor, J. 345, Chr. no. a) swatig, J. 338, Chr. 1459 (cf. B.). swinia, J. 30, 106, Chr. 1300 (cf. Gen.). swKlic, J. 240, Chr. 955 (cf. Jul.), unsyfre, J. 76, Chr. 1232 (cf. An.), wide, J. 59, Chr. 1007 (cf. Gen.). wQmfuU, J. 77, Chr. 1535 (cf. El.). *) wyrmum bewunden, J. 115, cf. Chr. 625 (cf. Moods). a) ar^tan, J. 167, Chr. 1501 (cf. Rid. and Hy.). b~) Frea aslmihtig, J. 301, Chr. 1379 (cf. Gen. and Ps. L.) ; see also Caedmon's Hymn 9. hsle^ higer6f, J. 177, 303, Chr. 534 (cf. Gen. and An.). a) el)>eod, J. 237, Chr. 1084, 1337 (cf. H.M., An., and El.). b') 'Srynesse «rym, J. 86, Chr. 599 (cf. Gu., An., and El.). CoTTONiAN Gnomes. 2. d) sigefolc, J. 152, Cott. Gn. 66 (cf. B.). Daniel. I. a) h^a'S, J. 303. Dan. 38. 6o Verbal Correspondences. b") burgaealdor, J. 58, Dan. 677, 713. ^a^ost mihte, J. 75, 102, Dan. 50. a) medugal, J. 26, Dan. 703 (cf. F. M.). onhsfetan, J. 87, Dan. 225, 243 (cf. Sal.). a) e^elweard, J. 321, Dan. 55 (cf. Met. and B.). a) heai-ra, J. 56, Dan. 393 (cf. By., Edw., and Gen. B.). V) read gold, J. 339, Dan. 59 (cf. Gen., Met., and Rid.). Doomsday. I. b') 'Ses ginna grund, J. 2, D. 12. Edward. a) 6retm2ecg, J. 232, Edw. 11 (cf. An. and B.). 3) hearra, J. 56, Edw. 32 (cf. By., Dan., and Gen. B.). Elene. I. a) aescrdf, J. 337, El. 202, 275. ferh«gleaw, J. 41, El. 327, 881 (fyrh«-). fyrngeflit, J. 264, El. 904. hildensedre, J. 222, El. 119, •141. niSheard, J. 277, El. 195. i) be naman n^mnan, J. 81, El. 78. ehton ^Weoda, J. 237, El. 139. flana scdras, J. 81, El. 117. gumena 'Sr^ate, J. 62, El. 254, 1096. Iythw6nbec(w)6m, J.3ii,El. 142. s^o se^ele, J. 176, 256, El. 1131. S^ostruin for'Sylmed, J. 118, El. 767. wigena baldor, J. 49, El. 344. hlynede and dynede, J. 23, cf. El. 50-1, 'Sonne rand dynede, campwudu clynede; see also Riming Song 28. sfisle gess^led, wyrmum bewunden, witum ge- wunden, J. 115, cf. El. 1244-5, synnum asseled bitrum gebunden, bysgum be- "Srungen. 2. a) byrnwiggend, J. 17, El. 224, 235 (cf. Hell), ^adhre^ig, ea'Shre^ig, J. 135, El. 266 (cf. Jul.), gleawhy'dig, J. 148, El. 935 (cf. Ps.). Modhata, J. 72, El. 1300 (cf. Ex.). lindwiggend, J. 42, El. 270 (cf. Met.), st^rcedferh^, J. 55, 227, EI. 38 (cf. An.). drigfetSere, J. 210, El. 29, iii (cf. Seaf.). wQmfull, J. 77, El. 761 (cf.Chr.). b") fseder gn roderum, J. 5, El. 1151 (cf. Chr.). frym'Sa God, J. 5, 83, 189, EI. 502 (cf. Gu.) ; see also frum- «a God, El. 345. goldwine gumena, J. 22, El. 201 (cf. B.). lifes belidenne, J. 280, cf. life be- lidenes. El. 878 (cf. Gu.). neowol nass, J. 1 1 3, El. 832 (cf. B.) . •Srymmes hyrde, J. 60, El. 348, 859 (cf Jul), wolcna hrof, J. 67, El. 89 (cf. Ex.). Verbal Correspondences. 6i a) dseg(e)weorc, J. 266, El. 146 (cf. Ex. and By.). b) ged^med to d^atSe, J. 196, cf. El. 500 (cf. Gu. and Jul.), ofstum miclum, J. lo, 70, El. 44, 102, IOCX3 (cf. Gen. and Sat.). 4- «) #«od, J. 237, El. 139 (cf. H.M., An., and Chr.). sigeidf, J. 177, El. 47, 71, 158, I90> 437> 868 (cf. An., B., and Az.). b) set ssecce, J. 289, El. 11 78, 11 83 (cf. B., Brun., and Ap.). sinces brytta, J. 30, El. 194 (cf. B., Gen., and Wand.). «rynesse «rym, J. 86, El. 177 (cf. Gu., Chr., and An.). Exeter Gnomes. 2. a) nest, J. 128, Ex. Gn. 38 (cf. F.M.). 3- a) btine, J. 18, Ex. Gn. 83 (cf. B. and Wand.). Exodus. I. a) fyrdwic, J. 220, Ex. 129. h^rer^af, J. 317, Ex. 583. randwiggend, J. 11, 20, Ex. 435. a) Uodhata, J. 72, Ex. 40 (cf. El.). *) wolcna hrof, J. 67, Ex. 298 (cf. El.). a) daeg(e)weorc, J. 266, Ex. 151, 315,506, 5i8(cf.By.andEl.). hea^orinc, J. 212, Ex. 241 (cf. B. and Met.). WsendmEelum, J. 165, Ex. 196 (cf. An. and Sat.). FiNNSBURG. 3- a) geb^ran, J. 27, Fin. 38 (cf. B. and Ps.). Fortunes of Men. I. a) b^ncsittende, J. 27, F.M. 78. torhtlic, J. 157, F.M. 70. b) wer wmssed, J. 71, F.M. 50. a) medugal, J. 26, F.M. 52, 57 (cf. Dan.), nest, J. 128, F.M. 28 (cf. Ex. Gn.). salowigpad, J. 21 1, F.M. 37 (cf. Brun.). Genesis A. I. a) selfscine, J. 14, Gen. 1827, 2730. b^dr^t, J. 36, Gen. 2248, 2715. ealdordugulS, J. 310, Gen. 2081. torhtmod, J. 6, 93, Gen. 1502. wilSertrod, J. 313, Gen. 2084. ^) baelc forbiged, J. 267, baelc for- bigde, Gen. 54. blachleor ides, J. 128, Gen. 1970. gumena baldor, J. 9, 32, Gen. 2693. l^ngran lifes, J. 184, Gen. 1841. leoda rseswa, J. 178, Gen. 1656 (l^ode r.), 2075. swegles aldor, J. 88, 124, Gen. 862, 2540, 2807, 2878. ^2§re tide ... is n^ah ge^rungen, J. 286, Gen. 2508. 62 Verbal Correspondences. a) anbihtscealc, J. 38, Gen. 1870 (cf. Ps.). h^rbdende, J. 96, Gen. 1079 (cf. Met.). swE&sendo, J. 9, Gen. 2779 (cf. An.), swima, J. 30, 106, Gen. 1568 (cf. Chr.). ■Sancolmod, J. 172, Gen. 1705 (cf. Met.), widl, J. 59, Gen. 1294 (cf. Chr.), wingedrinc, J. l6, Gen. 2579 (cf. Met.). h) folces raeswa, J. 1 2, Gen. 1 669 (cf. An.). laS cynn, J. 226, 311, Gen. 2548 (cf. B.). se rica, J. 20, 44, Gen. 148, 2845 (cf. B.). 3- a) §llor, J. 112, Gen. 773, 1868, 1896, 2733, 2784 (cf. H.M. andB.). healdend, J. 290, Gen. 172, 2315 (cf. An. and Rid.). i) Frea aslmihtig, J. 301, Gen. 5, 116, 150. 173. 852. 904> 1359, 1427. 2351, 2759 (cf. Chr. and Ps. L.). hade's higerdf, J. 303, Gen. 1550, 1709 (cf. An. and Chr.). ofstum miclum, J. 10, 70, Gen. 2672 (cf. El. and Sat.); see also Gen. 2502, 2930. 4- b") r^ad gold, ], 339, Gen. 2404 (cf. Dan., Met., and Rid.), sinces brytta, J. 30, Gen. 1857, 2727 (cf. B., El., and Wand.). Genesis B. I. a) hr^owigmfid, J. 290, Gen. 771, a) ^ll^ndjSd, J. 273, Gen. 484 (cf. B.). a) hearra, J. 56, Gen. 24 times (cf. By., Dan., and Edvv.). Gifts of Men. I. a) rasegeneacen, J. 293, G.M. 98. b) helmas and hupseax, hare byrnan, J. 328, helm oWSe hupseax oS'Se healSubyrnan, G.M. 64. GUTHLAC. I. a) afor, J. 257, Gu. 490. orsawle, J. 108, Gu. 1 167. gehlEEstan, J. 36, Gu. 1307. b) ^ft to m.t, J. 169, Gu. 326. a) torne, J. 93, Gu. 1314 (cf. Jul.). b') frym«a God, J. 5, 83, 189, Gu. 792 (cf. El.), lifes belidenne, J. 280, cf. life be- lidenne, Gu. 1312 (cf. El.). 3- a) sigewQng, J. 295, Gu. 714, 893 (cf. An. and Ph.). b) gedemed to deaSe, J. 196, cf. Gu. 521 (cf. El. and Jul.). 4- *) «rynesse 'Srym, J. 86, Gu. 618 (cf. Chr., El., and An.). Harrowing of Hell, 2. a) byrnwiggend, J. 17, Hell 38 (cf. El.). Verbal Correspondences. 63 Husband's Message. I. a) meduburg, J. 167, H.M. 16. b) s^cgas and gesMas, J. 201, s^cgum and gesi'Sum, H.M. 33. a) gewitloca, J. 69, H.M. 14 (cf. Met.). a) ^Uor, J. 112, H.M. 3 (cf. B. and Gen.). a) #6od, J. 237, H.M. 36 (cf. An., El., and Chr.). Hymn. 3- a) aretan, J. 167, Hy. 10,36 (cf.Chr. and Rid.). Juliana. I. a) gristbltian, J. 271, Jul. 596. b) ealde aefiSgncan, J. 265, Jul. 485. haligre hyht geniwod, J. 98, \>i. weartS J>86re halgan hyht ge- niwad, Jul. 607, cf. haligra hyht, Jul. 642, and Chr. 529, An. 1012, Gu. 926, Rood 148. on fl^am sceacan, J. 292, Jul. 630. ongan his fepx teran, J. 281-2, OTT. Xe7. cf. Jul. 595. miltse tSInre me ^earfendre, J. 85, ijset \A miltsige mi ])earfend- um, Jul. 449. s6o halige, J. 56, Jul. 315, 345, 567, 589, 696, 716. a) £adhre«ig, ^a'ShreSig, J. 135, Jul. 257 (cf El.). swi'SKc, J. 240, Jul. 55 (cf. Chr.). tome, J. 93, Jul, 73 (cf. Gu.). b') mzSste 'Searfe (agan), J. 3, Jul. 659 (cf. By.). J;rymines hyrde, J. 60, Jul. 280 (cf. El.). b) ged^med to d6aSe, J. ig6, cf. Jul. 87 (cf. Gu^and El.). Menologium. I. b') cwicera cynna, J. 324, Men. 93. Metra. I. a) hopian, J. 117, Met. 7**. symbel, J. 15, Met. ii^*. woruldbflende, J. 82, Met. 8^5, 27^7, 29^^. b") ealde ge geonge, J. 166, Met. 26^', cf also B. 72, Gen. 1207, 2452, and Ps. 14812. hearde gehsefted, J. 1 1 6, Met. 25*'. 2. a) beadorinc, J. 276, Met. i^s (cf, B.). gewitloca, J. 69, Met. lo^^, iz^* (cf. H.M.). h^rbdende, J. 96, Met. 29^2 (cf. Gen.), lindwiggend, J. 42, Met. I^' (cf. El.). ISancolmod, J. 172, Met. 19W (cf. Gen.), wingedrinc, J. 16, Met. 25^8 (cf. Gen.). 3- a) £«elweard, J. 321, Met. i^* (cf. B. and Dan.). hea'Sorinc, J. 212, Met. 9" (cf B. and Ex.). 64 Verbal Correspondences. b) r^ad gold, J. 339, Met. 19^ (cf. Rid., Gen., and Dan.). Moods of Men. 2. b") wyrmum bewunden, J. 115, cf. Moods 56 (cf. Chr.). Phcenix. I. a) Ise^'Su, J. 158, 184, Ph. 582. b) goda gehwylces, J. 32, Ph. 624. 2. n) gd'iSfrec, J. 224, Ph. 353 (cf. An.). 3- a) sigevvQng, J. 295, Ph. 33 (cf. An. and Gu.). Psalms. I. a) h^afodweard, J. 239, Ps. 77W. hlanca, J. 205, Ps. 118*'. r^ocan, J. 314, Ps. 1033°, 143'. sundoryrfe, J. 340, Ps. 67'°. unswEeslic, J. 65, air.Xey. cf. Ps. 87*. b) edwi't 'Solian, J. 215, Ps. 731°. mid t6'Son torn Jjoligende, J. 272, cf. Ps. I n' and Heliand 2143. 2. a) anbihtscealc, J. 38, Ps. 133I (cf. Gen.).^ J gl&wh^dig, Jr-r48, Ps. iii^ (cf. El.).^.— hornboga, J. 222, Ps. 75= (cf. B.). 3- a) gebseran, J. 27, Ps. 113^ (cf. B. and Fin.). *) ealle 'Srage, J. 237, Ps. 101^ (cf. Ap. and Wid.). Psalm L. 3- b) Fr^a selmihtig, J. 501, Ps, L. 97 (cf. Gen. and Chr.). Riddles. I. a) wundenlocc, J. 103, 326, Rid, 2&-^. a) beahhroden, J. 138, Rid. 15^ (cf, B.). f^ondscea^a, J. 104, Rid. 151^ (cf. B.). a) aretan, J. 167, Rid. 7^ (cf. Hy, and Chr.), healdend, J. 290, Rid. 21^3 (cf. Gen, and An,), *) read gold, J, 339, Rid, 496 (cf. Gen., Dan., and Met,). Rood, I, b) sarra sorga, J, 182, Rood 80, sorgum gedrefed, J. 88, Rood 20; also Ruthwell Cross 1 1 , Ruin. 2. b) hate on hreSre, J. 94, cf. hat on hre«re, R. 42 (cf. B.). Salomon and Saturn, I, a) bysmerlice, J, 100, Sal, 27. a) g^gnum, J. 132, Sal, 352 (cf,B,), onhaltan, J, 87, Sal. 43 (cf. Dan.). Verbal Correspondences. 65 Satan. I. 3) burgl^ode, J. 175, 187, Sat. 561. a) inwid, J. 28, Sat. 731 (cf. Brun.). scildburh, J. 305, Sat. 309 (= arx) (cf. By.). 3- a) Jidsendmaelum, J. 165, Sat. 236, 509, 569, 632 (cf. An. and Ex.). b) ofstum miclura, J. 10, 70, Sat. 629 (cf. Gen. and El.). Seafarer. a) gecunnian, J. 259, Seaf. 5. a) goldgifa, J. 279, Seaf. 83 (cf. B.). tlrigfe^ere, J. 210, Seaf. 25 (cf. El.). Waldere. b) hare byrnan, J. 328, Wald. 2^'. Wanderer. a) byrnwiga, J. 39, Wand, 94 (cf. B.) . 3- a) bdne, J. 18, Wand. 94 (cf. B. and Ex.Gn.). b) sinces brytta, J. 30, Wand. 25 (cf. B., El., and Gen.). Whale. 2. a) w^rigferh^, J. 291, Whale 19 (cf. An.). WiDSITH. 3- b) ealle «rage, J. 237, Wid. 88 (cf. Ap. and Ps.). REPEATED PHRASES. Repetition Complete. biddan wylle, 84'', iS;*. ^aiSost mihte, 75*, 102''. fagum swyrdum (sweordum), 1 94*, 264'', 302''. gegan hsefdon, 140'', 219''. golde gefraetewod, 171*, 329*. •Sses h^refolces, 234% 239". . . . beorhtan idese, ^8^, 341''. swylce ^ac . . ., 18'', 338'', 344'', 349*. . . . frymlSa God . . ., 83% 189''. hi(e) Sa frgmlice, 22o'>, 302='. ^earlmod ^eoden guraena, 66", 91". and ^set word acw^^, 82'', 151'', 283". . . . h^t se gumena baldor, 9'', 32''. Repetition Partial. fulle fl^tsittendum, 19". fyllan fl^tsittendum, 33*. in forlaetan, 150''. in forleton, 170''. . . . sweorde geheawen, 289''. sweordum geheawen, 295''. . . . se hehsta Dema, 94*. . . . ISses hebstan Deman, 4". on fes la^estan, 178"'. on 'Sam laSestan, 318''. sldh 'Sa eornoste, 108''. slogon eornoste, 231''. swi'Smod sinces brytta, 30". swi^mod sinces ahte, 340'. hi(e) 'Sa frgmlice, 220'', 302' (see above) . and ^a frgmlice, 41''. fysan to gefeobte, 189". foron to gefeobte, 202'. of 'Ssere ginnan by rig, 149*. of ISsere halgan byrig, 203''. ^set hi on swiman lasg, 106''. &S fet hie on swiman lagon, 30''. ■Saes h^rewse^an heafod swa blodig, 126. ^Ks h^rewsS^an heafod onwri'San, 173- ^e heo ahte trumne geleafan a to ^am jElmihtigan, 7. tSaes^e heo ahte solSne geleafan [a] td 'Sam .lEhnihtigan, 346. CERTAIN PHRASES PECULIAR TO JUDITH. [See also Kennings.] beornas to beadowe, 213. bord for breostum, 192. brfine helmas, 318. faeste be feaxe, 99. freorig to foldan, 281. gsfestes gesne, 279. gleawe lare, 334. golde gefraetewod, 171, 329. grarae gilSfrecan, 224. heeled under helmum, 203. hseSenra hosp, 216. hringum gehroden, 37, lifes beliden, 280. mid widle and mid wijmme, 59. ongan his feax teran, 281. r^ocende hrsfew, 314. re^e streamas, 349. side byrnan, 338. styrmde and gylede, 25. sdsle ges8§led, 114. ^earlmdd ^eoden gumena, 66, 91. Seawum gelSungen, 129. •Srymme gegangan, 332. BIBLIOGRAPHY. I. Editions. These are contained in Edward Tkwaites, Heptateuchus, Liber Job, et Evangelium Nico- demi; Anglo-Saxonice. Historiae Judith Fragmentum; Dano- Saxonice. Oxford, 1698. Benjamin Thorpe, Analecta Anglo-Saxonica. London, 1834. (2d ed., 1846.) Heinrich Leo, Angelsachsische Sprachproben. Halle, 1835. Heinrich Leo, Altsachsische und Angelsachsische Sprachproben. Halle, 1838. Louis F. Klipstein, Analecta Anglo-Saxonica, Vol. IL New York, 1849. Ludwig EttmUller, Engla and Seaxna Scopas and Boceras. Quedlinburg and Leipzig, 1850. C. W. M. Grein, Bibliothek der Angelsachsischen Poesie, Bd. I. Gottingen, 1857. L. G. Nilsson, Judith. Copenhagen, 1858. Max Rieger, Alt- und Angelsachsisches Lesebuch. Giessen, 1861. Henry Sweet, An Anglo-Saxon Reader in Prose and Verse. Oxford, 1876. (2d ed., 1879; 3d ed., 1881 ; 4th ed., 1884.) Karl KSrner, Einleitung in das Studium des Angelsachsischen. Heilbronn, 1880. Selected portions in J. P. E. Greverus, Empfehlung des Studium der Angelsachsischen Sprache. Oldenburg, 1848. L. G. Nilsson, Anglosaxisk Lasebok. Lund, 1871. Julius Zupitza, Altenglisches Lesebuch. Vienna, 1874. C2d ed., 1881.) 72 Bibliography. 2. Translations. a) Complete: German in Grein's Dichtungen der Angelsachsen, Bd. I. Got- tingen, 1857. Swedish in Nilsson's edition. German in Korner's Einleitung (above). b) Partial: English in Turner's History of the Anglo-Saxons (3d ed.), Vol. III. London, 1820. (ist ed., 1799-1805.) German in Greverus' Empfehlung (above). Swedish in Nilsson's Anglosaxisk Lasebok (above). Danish in Hammerich's De episkkristelige Oldkvad. Copenhagen, 1873- German in Michelsen's translation of Hammerich, under the title : Aelteste christliche Epik der Angelsachsen, Deutschen und Nordlander. GUtersloh, 1874. 3. Manuscript, Collations, and Textual Criticism. H. Wanley, Catalogus, p. 219, in Hickes' Thesaurus, Vol. II. C. W. M. Grein, in PfeiflFer's Germania, X 419. Eduard Sievers, in Haupt's Zeitschrift fur Deutsches Alterthum, XV 461-62. P. J. Cosijn, in Tijdschrift voor Nederl. Taal- en Letterkunde, Bd. I (on Judith, 1. 312). 4. Metre and Rime. Friedrich Kluge, Zur Geschichte des Reimes im Altgermanischen, in Paul und Braune's Beitrage, IX 444-49. Karl Luick, Ueber den Versbau des Angelsachsischen Gedichtes Judith, in Beitrage, XI 470-92. Eduard Sievers, Der Angelsachsische Schwellvers, in Beitrage, XII 454-82. 5. Author and Date. G. Stephens, The Old Northern Runic Monuments, Vol. II. Lon- don and Copenhagen, 1866-68. F. Hammerich, Aelteste christliche Epik (see 2, above). G. Vigfussow and F. York Powell, Corpus Poeticum Boreale, V0I..I. Oxford, 1883. Bibliography. j^ E. Groth, Composition und Alter der Altenglischen Exodus. Got- tingen, 1883. F. Kluge (see 4, above). Karl Luick (see 4, above). 6. Descriptive and Bibliographical. walker, Grundriss zur Geschichte der Angelsachsischen Litteratur (pp. 140-43, 512-14)- Leipzig, 1885. (See also the works cited in the Testimonies, ante, p. 000.) APPENDIX. COLLATION IN DETAIL. My collation of the printed text of Judith with the autotype fac-simile of the Ms. in my possession has yielded the results which are here recorded. The poem covers folios 199^ to 206'' inclusive. Fol. 199* ends with ealle, 1. le""; fol. 199'' with nea-, 1. 34'; fol. 200* with gebrohton, 1. 54'' ; fol. 200'' with stopon, 1. 6<)^ ; fol. 201* with ge (of gesynta), 1. 90'' ; fol. 201'' with rof, 1. 109° ; fol. 202° with hit, 1. 130*; fol. zoz** with leng, 1. i^-^ ; fol. 203" with seSele, 1. 175°; fol. 203* with mine, 1. 198''; fol. 204" with scuras, 1. 221''; fol. 204* with hsleS, 1. 247"; fol. 205° with ende, 1. 272''; fol. 205'' with to, 1. 297^; fol. 206° with waeron, 1. 323'' ; fol. 206* (all that is legible) with dreamas, 1. 350". The following words have an accent over the stressed vowel : k, 7"; win, 8'; win, 16°; 4cwsS, 82''; n6, iif' ; ham, 121°; blac, 128°; bd, 133°; gegin, 140''; aer, 143''; beb^ad, 144"; r6f, 146'; wif, 148°; gin, 149°; drfsest, 190°; d6m, 196"; tir, 197"; tid, 236"; nin, 257''; draf, 277''; tid,307°-; hw6n, 311''; bec6m, 311''; ram, 314''; r^af, 317"; d6mlice, 319''. Daet is frequently represented by p; so 4^ 12'', 19'', 24°, 27'', 3o^ 33^ 48^ 82^ 89^ 93^ I05^ Io6^ no" (2), II8^ 134% 136% I5I^ I53^ 155*, Is6^ I68^ I82^ I84^ I88^ 208% 2I6^ 238% 240% 254% 276" (for second fset), 332", 339^ 34I^ Final m oi a. word or syllable is often represented by a stroke over the preceding vowel ; thus (the reference will always be unmistakable), 5% s"", 6', S'' (3), 10'' (miclu), 15' (syle), 19°, 76 Appendix. 22', 33', 36^ 37", 38', 43', 44', 52^ 53*, 7°', 74% 79% §3% 88', 94°, 106", no'', 115% 121' (6a), 129% I43^ 144° (modu), 148'' (sune), I6I^ les^ (wornu), 164" (3), I6s^ I66^ 175% I84^ I85^ I89^ 192°, 194" (2), 195% 200% 203% 208" (hi), 209\ 213'', 214° (hwealfu), 216'', 217% 217'', 218", 219°, 220'', 226^ 229*, 230% 231", 240", 241", 242% 242*, 243% 244% 245% 249^ 252", 255% 255% 259% 263' (2), 264^ 266% 266% 274% 275" (2), 283" (2), 287% 291% 292% 295% 295% 296% 296% 298% 300% 302% 302" (2), 315% 315% 316% 316% 320% 322% 323% 332*, 333° (cumblu), 336% 339% 344% 347". The prefix ge is frequently represented by g, but only in the latter half of the poem; thus, 225% 228% 231% 240% 248% 259% 260% 264% 266'', 268% 276% 280% 285% 286% 299% 300% 306% 307% 308% 308% 329''; similarly, final ^if in werige, 229'. Less frequently other letters are represented by the stroke. So us : 7% 46\ £r: 18% £n : 21% 274% 300"- JVe : 330% Letters, or portions of letters, are cut away, and no longer appear in the Ms., or are quite illegible : the final e of wiggende, ii"; the first half of h, in his, 16''; the final e and the upper half of 4 in wiggende, 1 7' ; the lower half of i, in bencum, 18° ; o of orcas, 18'' ; the right half of a, in niSa, 34* ; the final letter of symbel, 44'', the one following 6 being either part of an e or of an /; the two last letters of weras, 71° ; the sy of gesynta, 90'' ; the final e of J^earfe, 92% and the right half of/; the two last letters of fystrum, 118"; 5a, 130% and the upper half of j in swa ; the upper half off, in ageaf, 130'' ; almost the whole of &, in Soncolre, 131'; the right half of n, in mihten, 136''; mu of muman, 154"; i^e of blifSe, 154''; ^/ of torhtlic, 157'; what follows heap, in heapum', 163''; the final e of sweotole, 177'; e of cyne, 200''; left half of n, initial of nsedran, 222°; a of hearde (in addition to k and e), 223'; n of frecan, 224"; g of garas, 224''; n of waeron, 225''; & of wearS, 275°; the first f of 276'' ; nearly all of ^, in licg • •, 278'' ; the final e of belidenne, 280° ; right half of u and bar, in wiggendura, 283'' ; we, 288' (possibly has never existed) ; final d and right half of n, in healdend, 290'; n of waepen, 291°; oU of folc, 293°; right Appendix. "jy half of ^ in lyfdon, 297''; last two letters of dome, 300*; what follows ful, in fultum, 301"; last two letters of ebrisce, TfiG^ ; the whole of the word preceding cynna, 324', only fragments of the lower portions of the letters being visible ; d of 'Sa, 324'' ; wa of wagon, 326'' ; of searo, 331'' ; by of byrnan, 338'' ; words between sigorlean and wuldre, 345°; m of Sam, 346"; nes oi leanes, and two following words, 347"; a of lange, 347°, and lower halves of / and n ; Idor of wuldor, 348° ; rum of rume, 349'; gles of swegles, and lower half of w, 350"; the whole of 35°"- The following are scarcely legible : the final e of gehlaeste, 36", of gleawe, 41", of traefe, 43"; re of of re, 109"; a of idesa, 133°; a of Sa, 169''; n of cyne, 200*"; ^ of bur, 248''; last two letters of maegSa, 325', might be en as probably as '8a; J of roderas, 349''. A few further corrections are : 2'', tSar is correct ; 154'', metod is legible ; 1 76'', // of eallum not certain ; 2 74", wine, not wina, is the Ms. reading ; 298°', linde, not lindeg ; 326% wundenlocc, not loce. ADDENDA. In the note at the head of the Glossary, supply the following between the first and second sentences : For glossarial and grammatical purposes, p and i5 have been uniformly represented byS. The Ust of Verbal Correspondences is to be augmented by the subjoined citations, distributed among seventeen poems, viz. : Andreas, Azarias, Beowulf, Christ, Daniel, Elene, Exeter Gnomes, Exodus, Guthlac, Juliana, Metra, Phoenix, Psalms, Riddles, Salomon and Saturn, Wanderer, Whale. I. a) forhtlice, J. 244, Chr. 1320. 1. i) nehstan sKe, J. 73, B. 1203, 251 1. 2. a) domlfce, J. 319, Ar. 124, Ps. n8"8. (ge)gyrnan, J. 347, Gu. 43, 229, 291, Ph. 462. gelystan, J. 307, Met. i^, Whale 23. 2. i) to ISjfere beorhtan (byrhtan) byr(i)g, J. 327°, B. 1199", Chr. 519". ■SaSre halgan byr(i)g, J. 203'', Chr. 461'', El. looei", lo54'>, 1204''. 3. a) cirman, J. 270, Ex. 461, Gu. 880, Rid. 9^ 58*. unrot, J. 284, B. 3148, Chr. 1 183, 1408, Gu. 1037, 1234. wr^ccan, J. 228, 243, Dan. 577, El. 106, Ps. 145'. 4. a) f^rspell, J. 244, An. 1088, Ex. 135, Gu. 1023, Jul. 267, 277. freorig, J. 281, An. 491, 1261, Gu. 1130, Rid. 36^, Wand. 33. gesynto, J. 90, B. 1869, Ex. 272, Gu. 303, Ps. 114^. unls^d, J. 102, An. 30, 142, 745, On. Ex. 120, Jul. 616, Sal. 21, 349, 365. 382. 391- pssv'- JUL 23 1W