V* "^ %J »• V -ft .3 k -t,- 1 ^ Hi > ti ^»- 0- ,1 5F vd ^ /?(^T.rjb Q P3^ v:i Cornell University Library SF 967.T5D34 Some of the economic aspects of the prev 3 1924 000 258 511 CORNELL UNIVERSITY THE Jflouif r Uplertnarg SItbrarg FOUNDED BY ROSWELL P. FLOWER for the use of the N. Y. State Veterinary College 1897 PREVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CAHLE. SOME ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE QUESTION. SHERIDAN DBLEPINE, PEOOTER PEOFESSOE OP PATHOLOGY, OWBNS COLLEGU, MANCHESTEE. Reprinted from ' The Veterinarian,' July '^nd August, 1899. % - . ■ ---AT-- — LONDON: Feinted by Adlaed and Son, 22ii Baetho!LO"m!e* Ciose, E.C., AND 20, Hanover Sqtjaeb, W. 1899. 5r W' SOME OF THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE PEEVENTION OP TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE.*^' By Sheeidan Delepine, Procter Professor of Pathology, Owens College, Man Chester. I. Introductory Bemarhs. I NEED hardly apologise for once more bringing forward, the question of tuberculosis. The position taken by the Grovernment makes it necessary for thinking and practical men all thi'ough the country to express their views. In ah address delivered at Newcastle at the beginning of this year, the President of the Board of Agriculture gave the following arguments to, prove that the time had not yet come for the Government to take any action (see Manchester Guardian, January 30th, 1899) : 1. The data were still too indefinite and wanting in preciseness to justify them in asking Parliament for great votes of public money, or to impose on stock- keepers com- pulsory measures entailing great loss. 2. They were not yet sure that those measures would be effectual. 3. The tuberculin test might be administered so as to render cattle incapable of reaction on a second applica- tion of the test, and that might be productive of fraud. 4. People who had studied the question most closely were not agreed as to the conditions under which the test should be applied. 5. The disease was difficult of detection unless one could rely on some such discovery as the tuberculin test. 6. At present too little was known, too much doubted, for Parliament to be justified in imposing upon the country heavy expenditure on wholesale restrictions, which would be strongly resisted in many quarters, and which might not do anything effectual for the extinction of the disease. I may say that Mr. Long had not expressed himself quite so unfavourably at Sudbury last summer after I had had the honour of addressing a meeting in his presence, yet, even then, he showed clearly that the Government could not * Read before the Lancaster Veteriaary Medical Assoeiation,June 22,1899. 1 2 FEEVENTION OP TUBEBCDLOSIS IN CATTLE. be expected to move unless there was a strong expression of public opinion and agreement among experts. In dealing wifch questions relating to the prevention of tuberculosis in' cattle^ it is not desirable to consider the aspects connected with breeding, dairy farming, town dairying, &c., singly or severally, but it is necessary to look lipon the question as if the breeding, fattening of cattle, dairying, were only branches of the same pursuit. ' - 11. General Facts which may be accepted as proved. On many occasions since 1892 I have given data which seemed to me to show clearly — ; 1. That tuberculosis is extremely prevalent in cattle, and that this fact was recognised by the large majority of authorities. 2. That a large amount of tuberculous milk is supplied by dairies, this being a source of serious danger to public health. 3. That the presence of tuberculous animals in a herd is a source of infection detrimental to the farmer. 4. That tuberculin gives the means of rapid diagnosis, and that diagnosis thus obtained is sufficiently accurate to fulfil all the requirements of practice. ' These statements were based on the study of the work , of Yillemin, Koch, Ohauveau, G-erlach, Johne, Bollinger, Bang, Nocard, Arloing, McFadyean, &c., and on my own personal observations. Of late, working in conjunction with Dr. Niven, in Manchester, Professor Hope (of Liver- pool), Mr. G-air Ashton, M.P., Mr. G. R. P. Ward, and Mr, eT. Laithwood (of the Cheshire County Council), Mr. King and Mr. Holburn (of the city of Manchester), I have greatly extended my own field of observations, and have been more and more confirmed in the belief that the above statements can be fully substantiated. It is impos- sible, and it would be useless, for me to repeat here what I have already expressed at Keswick and at Sudbury in March and September of last year. I will not enter into the same details again. Let me, however, before passing further, point out that my conclusions as to facts are in accordance with those published in the 1895 Report of the Royal Commission on Tuberculosis. This I consider as strong evidence in favour of the position I had already taken before the appearance y of that report. But whilst I agree as to facts, I think the , Royal Commissioners have shown in the 1898 Report undue PRETENTION OF TOBEECULOSIS IN CATTLE. 6 timidity with regard to preventive measures. The doubts of Mr. Long may therefore be justified with regard to the' nature of the measures to be adopted, and not as affecting' the facts indicating the need of such measures. 1. We all agree with Mr. Elliott when he says that, at the very least, 20 per cent, of our cows are tuberculous.* So far as I can see, the only form of disagreement existing' aniong experts, with regard to the prevalence of tuber- culosis, is that many believe the proportion of tuberculous animals to be greater than I have just stated. Sir Richard Thorne Thorne, who cannot be accused of being in favour of premature action, and therefore would not volunteer any exaggerated statement, is prepared to admit that 500,000 of our milch cows are at the present time tuberculous. There is no doubt whatever, therefore, as to the great prevalence of the disease. With regaird to cattle in the counties of Cheshire and Lancashire, 1 have' collected much evidence during the past five years, and I can say confidently that the above estimate does not repre- sent the total amount of tuberculosis in our district. From the table (Table I) in which I have summarised the ob^ servations made at Ford Bank, at the Dairy Institute of Worleston, and at the Agricultural School at Holmes Chapel, you will see that, according to age, from 20 to SLper cent, of the milch cows were tuberculous in farms where the disease had been kept in check by careful sani- tation (Worleston and Holmes Chapel), and that the pro- portion had reached from 75 to 100 per cent, in another farm, also well kept, but where the disease had evidently existed for a long time (Ford Bank). 2. We all agree that in its early stages tuberculosis is difiicult to detect by clinical examination ; Mr. Elliott tells ' us that skilled veterinarians would not be likely to con- demn from mere clinical examination even 10 per cent, of the tuberculous animals in the country,t therefore I do not propose to rely on such examination. But we have in tuberculin a reagent which fails very seldom when pro- perly used. . . - . 3. There is an overwhelming consensus of opinion regarding the value of tuberculin, as a means of diagnosis, and its harmlessness. I cannot do better than state the words of Professor McFadyean, who, as is generally known, has not been too rapidly convinced of the v^lue of tuberculin, * Ml". Tlios. Henry EUioU (Secretary to the Board of Agriculture), Re- port of the Royal Commission, 1898, Minutes of Evidence, q. 179, p. 12. t Loc. cit., question 175, p. 11. 4 PEEVENTION 01' TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLK. : "No person, whether he were a layman or a veterinary surgeon, when summoned to look at an animal suspected of showing symptoms of tuberculosis, could give an opinion that was really of much value, in the great majority of cases, unless he used tuberculin." Professor Mci-adyean "has the most implicit faith in tuberculin as a test for tuberculosis, when it is used on animals standing in their own premises and undisturbed " (Report of the Royal Commission, 1898, minutes, q. 1259, p. 62). The Commissioners endorse these remarks by saying, "We entirely accept these conclusions, and entertain no doubt as to the value of tuberculin, provided the test be applied by a competent veterinary surgeon, and that the tuberculin is of ' trustworthy quality " (Report of the Royal Commission on Tuberculosis, 1896, p. 4). . From a large number of observations which have been carried out, either under my directions or within my own sphere of observation, I am able to fully endorse these remarks. : I see in this no basis for the doubts expressed by the Minister of Agriculture, for reliable tuberculin and vete- rinary advice are both available in this country. 4. With regard to the possibility of rendering tubercu- lous cattle so tolerant to the action of tuberculin that they cease to react to the test, I think the fear expressed by Mr. Long is not altogether justified. His statements practically imply — A. That it is quite easy to render tuberculin useless as a diagnostic agent by a previous injection of that fluid. B. That fraudulent use of tuberculin would become gene- rally prevalent if measures were taken against tuberculosis on the basis of the tuberculin test. c. That the authorities would be incompetent to deal with such an abuse. With regard to the first point, I do not think that a respectable practitioner would willingly lend hiriiself to the practice of injecting tuberculin for the purpose of helping a farmer to deceive a buyer or inspector. The use of tuberculin by the farmer himself would not be wiihout danger of loss to himself, for a careless and re- peated administration of subcutaneous injections might often lead to septic infection. A single fraudulent injec- tion of tuberculin, to be of any use, would have to be made less than a fortnight before the inspection of the animal and even in that case the results would not be certain. Repeated injections do not produce tolerance rapidly, as PREVENTION OP TCBEECDLOSIS IN CATTLE. 5 shown by the experiments which Mr. James Laithwoodhas made for the Cheshire County Council. From February 6th to April 27th he tested four times five tuberculous cows, with the following results : April 27. Eef erence No. Feb. 6. March 23. April 5, 29 + + + 32 + + + 37 + + + 41 + + + 42 + + — It will be noticed that none of the cows reacted the fourth time they were tested, and that one of the cows ceased to react at the third injection. But the last three in- jections were made at intervals of thirteen days and twenty- two days respectively. It would, therefore, be necessary for a farmer to use tuberculin very systematically to obtain a degree of tolerance upon which he could rely to deceive the inspector or the buyer. From the record just given I have excluded a sixth cow, which had given a doubtful reaction the first time and had not reacted afterwards. Mr. Laithwood states that she had exhibited during the various tests an irregular temperature. After death nO tuberculous lesions could be found, and the liver contained an enormous number of flukes. This case shows clearly the necessity of a careful attention to the variations of temperature to which each animal is liable before the application of the test. Eegarding the probability of a large number of farmers using the test fraudulently to deceive buyers or inspectors, I believe that this would be greatly influenced by the view which the law might take of such an action. It seems to me that the selling of a cow under such conditions would not be less criminal than the selling of an adulterated article of food, or of any article under false pretence. With regard to inspection, surprise visits would probably be the best remedy against fraud, for it would be both costly and inconvenient to the farmer to keep whole herds in a constant state of tolerance. As a matter of fact, however, enlightened farmers begin to look upon the tuberculin test with favour, and are themselves desirous to get rid of animals which they are at last beginning to consider a source of danger to their stock. 5. Experts are also of opinion that by thorough and general measures tuberculosis could be stamped out just in the same way as pleuro-pneumonia has been stamped out, 6 PBEVENTION 0_F TUBBECULOSIS IN CATTLB. ;Sdine of fhem, however, shrink from recoinliiending such a measure on the ground of expenditure. In this I think theyiare quite right, but it is possible to deal with tuber- culosis efficiently withbiit having I'ecourse to methods as radiciil and wasteful as those which are , used in connection with pleuro-pneumonia. lII^lExpenditure is the Chief Ground for Administrative Inaction. The. only app,arently sound argument used by the Government to justify 'postponement of action is that the ;g|:penditure necessary to eradicate tuberculosis from our :fi9.itle would be considerable. .. ;I will grant at once that this is a strong argument, but j|oes itprove that inaction is justifiable ? .Have we not evidence to show that if we allow tuber^ ;Culosis to remain unchecked we must be content to have a milk gupply so contaminated that from one sixth to one fifteenth of all the milk we give to our children contains gerius which may at any time begin their work of destruc- ,tion, and not only shorten but embitter many lives ? The j-esults of the examination of 282 samples of milk, which have been tested in my laboratory during the last three years, show that I do not exaggerate this danger (Table II) . Is not that enough to justify expenditure, and extra- ordinary expenditure, even if there was not, as there is in this case, the prospect of ultimate commercial gain ? For it cannot be denied that the existence of tuberculosis in a farm is a source of loss. Expenditure has undoubtedly been a stumblingblock whenever an attempt has been made to enforce the IMMEDIATE slaughter and condemnation of all animals found tuberculous, so that, notwithstanding the wealth of this country, there is much to be said for the position taken by the Minister of Agriculture. We have had before us clear examples of countries {e.g. Belgium, Massachusetts) starting with very stringent mea- sures, and which have been obliged to reduce the stringency of those measures on account of cost. We have, however, a; not less instructive example in Denmark showing'^the reverse tendency. Professor Bang initiated in that coun- try, in 1893, measures having for object to give owners .facilities for their fight against tuberculosis, without the Government taking any very onerous part in the fight. Five years after this we find him speaking favourably of far more complete measures. , , -PKEVENTION OF TUBEECULOSIS IN CATTLE. 7 I take frdin his address delivered in Paris last summ'Si", and reported in the Semaine Medicale for' August 3rd, ' 1898j the following sentences, which I have translated ha accurately as possible : ' - ".After reviewing all that has been attempted iit Va;rions countries, One sees that the ideal prophylactic mtosufes which one should, adopt to combat bovine tuberculosis and to malse it disappear radically are the following : *' (a) To recognise all the animals affected, with tube?- . culosis and to notify them, this to be followed by ah inspection of all the beasts which have been exposed to the contagion. ^' • . ' " {b) Destruction' of all animals suflBciently diseased to be a source of infection. , ' i "(c) Complete isolation of animals slightly alfected,,these to be slaughtered as soon- as disease tends to progreste." He adds, however, that^— " The carrying into effect of such a programme would present great difficulties." It will be seen by cotaparing these desiderata with the ineasures I suggested at Keswick five months before the publication of Professor Bang's statement, thaf "they are in substantial agreement with mine. I, however, -suggested some means of dealing with the ■ questions of compensation, inspection, &c.,* which are not includedin , Professor Bang's- suggestions.. When it is remembered that Professor Bang has, since 1893, been the originator of , preventive measures based chiefly on the action of owners, assisted to a very slight extent by the Government, it is very significant that he should suggest more complete measures at the end of his five years' experience. The question of cost is such an important one that, how- ever much outside my ordinary sphere of work, I have been obliged to study it in order to be able to understand the value of the objections raised by practical men. Realising fully the complexity of the economic aspects of farming, I have confined^ myself to those points ■jvhich seemed to me capable of clear proof, and did not .require an exp^t knowledge of farming, which I have not. ly. Practical Hxperimentsat Ford Banh, Worleston, and Holmes Chapel. Towards the end of 1897, Mr. Qair Ashton, at my advice, determinedio stamp out tuberculosis from the herd which * See Addendum, p. 23. 8 PBEVBNTION OP TUBBRCnLOSIS IN CATTLE. is kept on the estate at Ford Bank, Didsbury. The work was carried cub, generally speaking, according to the lines I suggested, and Mr. Ashton placed at my disposal all the information I might wish to have regarding the results. , The Ford Bank experiment is one of considerable prac- tical value, owing to the great care and ability with which all the data have been collected by Mr. J. Jones, and the very liberal and public-spirited way in which Mrs. Ashton and Mr. Gair Ashton have conducted the experiment so as to make it as useful as possible to all interested in the matter. In May, 1898, the approximate value of the old stock, which consisted chiefly of well-bred Yorkshire shorthorns (not pedigree cattle), was — 7 milch cows at £19 2 new milch cows at £22 10s. 3 heifers at £14 3 young bullocks at £8 3 heifer calves (six months) at £4 3 young calves at £2 21 Thirteen of these gave a positive reaction at the first testing with tuberculin, and were slaughtered at once, vi;^. eight cows, three heifers, and two bullocks, which were all found post mortem to be tuberculous. Except in one case, all the viscera had to be condemned ; in addition to this, one whole Carcass was condemned on account of generalised tuberculosis, and the half of another was also found unfit for food. The sum realised for the carcases , • ; was ... ... £159 4 8^ The value of the remaining stock was — 1 cow ... ... 1 bullock . 6 calves The actual loss was therefore To which must be added the yete- • rinary charges ... £ s. d. 133 45 42 24 12 6 £262 22 10 8 18 £207 14 8 £54' 5 4 10 £64 5 4 PREVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE. 9 There was also a serious loss on dairy produce wMch was due to the immediate slaughter, and which would not have occurred had arrangements been made to slaughter the diseased cows only at such time when they were in a proper condition, and it had been possible to replace them rapidly. (The milk of diseased cows should, of course, be always sterilised before use.) It will also be evident that if the herd had been sub- mitted to periodical inspection every six months, and animals reacting separated and fattened at once, they could have been gradually replaced without interference with dairy work, and sold to the butcher at a much lower loss, since no animal would have been in such a state of tuberculosis as to necessitate condemnation of anything more than some viscera. Finally, had the testing been done as a part of a general system of inspection the cost of it would have been con- siderably reduced. On all these grounds I think I may safely state that the ' actual loss of £64 5s. 4td. is much greater than it should have been. It will also be noticed that the proportion of milch cows affected was greater than the average, eight outof nine cows being found tuberculous (88 per cent.). This is easily ac- counted for by infection from cow to cow. In 1893, a cow A, apparently very excellent, was placed in one of the shippons j this cow died of generalised tuberculosis in 1896. The cow B, occupying the adjoining stall, became tuberculous also, and died of generalised tuberculosis in 1897. A cow occupying the stall next to cow then became tuberculous, and was slaughtered in 1897, when only three and a half years old, and many of the thoracic and abdominal glands besides the lungs were found tuberculous. Cow D stood two stalls from cow A ; cow 2, in list of Ford Bank old stock (see table) , stood in stall next to D ; cow 1 was in the same stall with No. 2, &c. All these cows became tuber- culous. It is, of course, evident that, in the absence of any previous investigation, it is impossible to aflSrm that cow A was the only source of infection. It is worth noticing that five out of the six calves which were found non-tuberculous were born of tuberculous dams. The amount of air allowed for each animal varied from over 600 to 1000 cubic feet, and the cattle were kept appa- rently in perfect condition. The Srst tuberculin testing was carried out by Mr. Locke, Mr. King, and Mr. Holburn ; then all the diseased 10 PEBVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE. animals were slaughtered at the Manchester Abattoir, in- spected by Mr. King a.nd Mr. Holburn, and portions df organs sent to me for examination. The experiment was therefore carried out with sufficient care and publicity to make the results absolutely reliable. The next step taken was to replace the diseased stock. The shippons having been thoroughly cleansed and disin- fected, new stock was bought subject to the tuberculin test. That is to say, the cows were kept at Ford Bank for about a fortnight, during which they were tested, and only those not reacting- kept. A fee of £8 was paid to th'e seller as a general consideration for the trouble caused by this arrangement. But I think he found further compen- sation in the prices he charged for the cattle sold under these special conditions. As it is probable that considerable care was taken to avoid the supplying of cattle likely to react, the results of the testing of this new stock is of great interest, as they indicate the state of things which would probably prevail under the very best market conditions. These results are shown in Table I, and may be summarised as follows : Out of eleven cows iive years of age or more, six, ov 64"54 per c6nt., reacted. Out of thirteen young cows or heifers two to five years old, one, or about 8 per cent., reacted. Among the thirteen young cows and heifers there were six animals, three years old, none of which reacted, bnt the entire absence of tuberculosis from that group was probably a mere accident, as the other figures given in Table I clearly indicate. Most of those animals have now been at Ford Bank a year or more, and have been retested once. The only case in which a positive reaction was obtained subsequently, after an interval of five months, was that of a cow seven years old which had just calved at the time when tuber- culin was injected the first time, so that it is quite prob- able that the first negative reaction could not be relied upon. Some of the young animals remaining from the old stock have now been tested three times in the course of a year ; they have continued to give a negative reaction and are in splendid condition. I must now refer to the Cheshire County Council experi- ments. Through the kindness of Mr. E. P. Ward, the organising secretary, I am able to give you the results so far obtained and bearing on the subject I am now dealing with. PEEVJENTION OP TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE. 11 ■ . 'This important experiment was conducted on very much 'the same lines as the Ford Bank experiment, but about one year later. A general account of the work done up to the beginning of March has already been published {Man- chester-Guardian, March 23rd, 1899, and several other newspapers) . I cannot do better than to quote verbatim part of the account given in the Guardian : • " The herds at the Dairy Institute, Worleston, and at the Agricultural School, Holme Chapel, were tested with tuberculin, with the following results : — In the Worleston herd, numbering fifty-four, thirty-seven were found to be healthy, fourteen reacted to the test, and hence were classed as tuberculous, and three were classified as doubt- ful. In the Holmes Ohapel herd of seventeen, thirteen were found to be healthy, three tuberculous, and one doubtful. Of those classified as doubtful one had just calved, two were about to do so, and the other had a high temperature before injection ; hence it was hot considered that a reliable conclusion could be come to in these cases. In each herd there was a valuable shorthornpedigree bull, both of which reacted. The next step was to prove the reliability of the test by slaughtering those which had reacted, and having a careful and thorough post-mortem examination of the bodies made by reliable ,men. It was, however, •deemed advisable to retain a few of those which were con- sidered tuberculous for further experiments. Accordingly, arrangements were made for ten animals — including the two bulls — to be taken to the abattoirs in this city and there slaughtered, and the bodies examined by Mr. King, chief veterinary inspector for Manchester ; Mr. Storrar, chief veterinary inspector for the city and county of Chester; and Mr. Laithwood, chief veterinary inspector for Cheshire County Council. Arrangements were further made with Professor Delepine, of Owens College, that, ' should any difficulty arise in detecting tuberculosis in any of the carcases, he should be called in to make a micro- scopic and physiological examination, so that no doubt might remain. Again, in order to test whether or not the milk of the cows that had reacted was tainted with tuber- culosis^ a sample from each cow giving milk was sent in a special sterilised bottle to Professor Delepine, to be analysed bacteriologically and physiologically. Mr. Laith- wood examined the udders of all the cows that had reacted at the Dairy Institute, Worleston, and found only one with an indurated udder; the remainder, so far as could be ascertained by manual manipulation, being 12 PREVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE. entirely free. The slaughter of the animals and the post-mortem examination took place in Manchester on thp 8th instant, in the presence oi^ three members of the Cheshire County Council and of the organising secretary. Of the eight cows sent, two were in full milk, having but recently calved, and were low in flesh ; one had an indurated udder, one was a little over two months off calving, was a heavy milker, and a lean, shelly cow. One cow was fat and ready for sale, and another in very good condition. Hence they represented all classes, and consequently the loss on them may be taken as approximat- ing, if not exceeding, the average of what would ensue by saci'ificing animals at once under such conditions.. "'I'he veterinary inspectors found every animal more or less affected with tuberculosis, and have since made a detailed report of each. The disease was chiefly found in the glands, lungs, and liver, and in the majority of cases the inspector certified that the ' carcases were otherwise very good.' The examination is regarded as strong evidence of the reliability of the test. The examination, of course, was most complete, being carefully done by experienced men, who not only knew what they were looking for, but exactly where to look. All the carcases were declared suitable for human food, and they werp placed in the hands of a salesman, who disposed of them at prices varying from £22 Is. 8c?. to £4 14s. Id. (less expenses) All the cattle had been carefully valued before being sent away, such valuation being their worth to the farmer as milking cattle or dairy stock. The total value of the nine animals was £149 18s. 6d. Their sale pro- duced £97 7s. Od., showing a total loss of £52 lis. 6d. The main loss was in the cows which had recently calved. Being heavy milkers, they were low in flesh. Hence, though high in value as dairy cows, they were of low value for selling as meat. The remaining cows that reacted to the test had been isolated from the rest of the herd, and further experiments will be conducted to ascertain if tuberculosis can be cured. The experiments already carried out show that the disease is not hereditary." It will be noticed that the loss on the diseased stock was a little greater in the Cheshire County than in the Ford Bank experiment, otherwise the results obtained are very much the same. In both cases the greatest loss was due to the immediate slaughter of milch cows, and especially of those which had recently calved, a procedure whicji I have already deprecated more than once. PEEVENTION OF TOBEKCnLOSIS IN CATTLE. 13 A general consideration of the results obtained at Worleston, Holmes Chapel^ and Ford Bank leaves no doubt as to tbe value of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent, — that is to say, as far as the positive reactions are concerned. This is a matter of great importance from an adminis- trative point of view, for tuberculin could hardly be employed for administrative purposes if it were found that many non-tuberculous cows gave a reaction similar to that given by tuberculous cows. With regard to the value of tbe negative reactions, this has not been tested in our experiments, but numerous observations have been made regarding this point by other observers, and the results have also been satisfactory. It is also evident that the immediate loss caused by indiscriminate slaughter of all tuberculous animals is very considerable. There was a loss of £52 lis. 6d. on the nine tuberculous animals from Worleston ; that is a little more than £5 16s. Od. per head. At Ford Bank the loss 0^1 the thirteen animals slaughtered was £64 5s. 9d., i. e. ai„little under £5 (veterinary charges included). On the twenty-two animals from both places the average loss was nearly £5 7s. Qd. per head. The number of cows and other cattle above two years of age in the county of Cheshire alone was, according to the Returns of the Board of Agriculture, 115,193 in 1897. Admitting that about 20 per cent, of these cattle were affected by the disease, this would give, roughly speaking, some 23,000 tuberculous animals, and if all these had been dealt' with as they have been at Ford Bank and Worleston, the total immediate loss would not have been less than £123,000. It is not possible to make a similar calculation for the whole of the United Kingdom, for we have evidence which tends to show that the disease is too unequally distributed to allow of this being done, but still the loss would probably be about fifty-five times greater, i. e. about £6,765,000. You will notice that in this calculation I have excluded cattle under two years. My reason for doing so is that on an average the slaughter of young tuberculous cattle is not a source of loss. In fact, it is not till the calving period has been reached that the losses begin to be serious. The cows which have recently calved, and specially the heavy milkers, have a very poor value as meat compared to their value as dairy stock, so that the loss on these cattle is absolutely and relatively very heavy. I have already pointed out the desirability of not slaughter- ing milch cows till their milking period is over (communi- 14 PKBVBNTION OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE. cation which I made at the beginning of this year to the Cumberland and Westmorland Chamber of Agriculture), and the results of the Cheshire County Council experiment have entirely confirmed this view. 'V. Losses caused by the Slaughtering of Cattle of Various Ages. In order to obtain further information on this point I divided all cattle into five groups : 1. rive years and over. 2. Three years and up to five exclusive. 3. Two years and up to three. , 4. One year and up to two. 5. Under one year. Then I found for each group the number of tuberculous , animalSj their estimated value under ordinary circumstances as dairy stock, and their value as meat after they had been slaughtered on account of tuberculosis and thoroughly inspected at a public abattoir by competent veterinajry ; inspectors. It seemed possible in this way to obtain some practical ■ information which might serve as a guide to those wishing to obtain herds free from tuberculosis, without unnecessary waste of money. The numbers at my disposal are unfortu- nately small, but I hope that other investigations conducted' on the same lines will place us before long in possession of confirmatory data. The outcome of this inquiry has been tabulated in Table I, pp. 20, 21. (See also detailed account in Ap- pendix II, p. 26, et seq.) You will notice that the Ford Bank Farm represents one of which tuberculosis had taken such a firm hold that only one cow, out of the nine above three years of age, had escaped. This may, therefore, be considered as an instance of the worst efllects of tuberculous infection in a farm otherwise in perfect condition, but where no special precautions had been taken against tuberculous infection. On the other hand, Worleston and Holmes Chapel farms may be taken as types of places where the utmost of what can be done by ordinary sanitation, and selection of cattle to prevent the development of tuberculosis (short of using the tuberculin test and isolating the tuberculous animals) had been carried out. These two kinds of farms are therefore representative as far as the prevalence of the disease is concerned, but PREVENTION OP TUBEECULOSIS IN CATTLE. 15 ..." I . with I'egard to .the value of the stockj especially after daughter, they are probably both above the average. ^ ! Group I. — Cows Five Years and Over. At Ford Bank all cows in Group I reacted ; their average value per head was about £19 before the test; they realised £11 13s. Od. as meatj there being a loss of about £7 7s. Qd. per head. As 100 per cent, of the cows in this group were affected, the loss on the capital of £1900 necessary to buy 100 such cows _niay be estimated at £735, i. e. about 38 per cent, of the capital invested. In the corresponding group at the Cheshire County Council farms, the loss on £1515 representing the estimated value of 100 cows under the same conditions would have been £189, that is 1247 per cent. This smaller loss is due to the fact that only 31"25 per cent, of the cows were tuberculous ; the loss on each cow was about 40 per cent, at Worleston and a little over 38 per cent, at Ford Bank. Group II. — Oows Three Years and up to Five Exclusive. . In this group the number of cows affected was very large at Ford Bank, 75 per cent. The loss on each animal was £8 6s. Qd. ■ The value of 100 such cows would be about £2015, the loss on capital £622, or 30' 86 per cent. ' In the County Council farms 20"69 per cent, of the cows were affected, the loss on each animal was £11 12s. Od!. The value of 100 of these cows would have been according to estimates £1800, the loss on capital £240, or 13"33 per cent. In these first two groups the loss of dairy produce was considerable, and has not been taken account of in the above estimates. Group III. — Heifers Two Years and up to Three Years Exclusive. In this group, only three heifers were tested at Ford Bank, and these happened to be all tuberculous; this was certainly an exceptional accident. The animals, however, being in go.od condition and the disease not advanced, the carcases sold for a price higher than the value estimated during life. So that instead of there being a loss there 16 PKEVBNTION OF TDBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE. was an apparent sliglifc gain on the capital represented by these three heifers. The estimated value of 100 such heifers would be £1400, the surplus value being £15. At Holmes Chapel none of the heifers reacted, so that there there is no loss to record. Orowp IV. — Heifers One Year and uf to Two Years Exclusive. Out of five of these tested at Ford Bank none reacted. Only one was tested at Holmes Chapel and did not react. Group V. — Calves under One Year. None of these reacted. I have not included the male animals in this summary, because two of them were valuable bulls and could not be compared with ordinary dairy stock. In Group II (three to five years) there was at Worles- ton a well-bred bull estimated at £27, and which realised £22 Is. Od. after slaughter, a loss of £4 19s. Od., that is less than half the loss on cows of the same age, although the estimated value of the cows was much lower than that of the bull before slaughter. In Group III (two to three years). A pure-bred short- horn bull, valued at £35, reacted, and after slaughter realised £25 12s. Od. But the loss on such an animal cannot be compared with that on ordinary stock. In Group IV (one to tv/o years). At Ford Bank there were one young bull and three steers, valued £8 each. Two of them reacted. One was in such an advanced state of tuberculosis that the carcass was condemned and was entirely lost, the other realised £9 19s. Od. These numbers are too small to allow one to calculate anything from them. The excessive value ob- tained for one and the complete loss of the other may be considered as quite exceptional. The number of male animals included in the experiments is so small that nothing can be concluded from the results obtained, but they leave one with the impression that bulls and bullocks are not less affected by tuberculosis in this district than the cows and heifers. Owing to the marked differences between the returns from Ford Bank and the other two fai-ms, they may with advantage be summed up separately. PREVENTION OP TUBBECULOSIS IN CATTLE. 17 Ford Bank. 1 Estimated Loss on ICO Percentage of cows value of 100 such animals and heifers animals after slaughter tuberculous. before test- of tubercu- ing. bus ones. Percentage loss on capital. Group I . . 100 percent. ... £1900 ... £735 ... 38 per cent. „ II . . 76 2015 ... 622 ... 30-86 „ , „ III . .. 100 1400 ... ... „ IV . . 800 ... ... ,. V . . „ ... 320 ... ... Worleston and Holmes Chapel. ^ Group I . . 31-25 per cent. ... £1515 ... £189 ... 12-47 per cent. : „ II .. . 20-69 „ ... 1800 ... 240 ... 13-33 „ / „ III .. „ ... 1300 ... ... ,, IV .. . „ ... 800 ... ... 3 It is evident from these figures that both experiments prove the same things viz. that if herds are to be kept free ' from tuberculosis hy removing all animals which have, become tuberculous, this must be done before they have reached their third year. Before that date the slaughter of tuberculous animals does not involve any serious loss to the farmer ; at a later period the loss becomes very seriouSj and that more especially between the third and fifth year, when the cows have their greatest value as milkers. With regard to bullocks the problem is simpler, but it is equ4lly, evident that all tuberculous animals should be slaughtered before they are two or three years of age. It seems, therefore, evident that if all the tuberculous stock over three years were eliminated from our herds, it would be quite easy for the farmer, assisted by competent veterinary surgeons, to keep his stock ever after free from tuberculosis, without any serious expenditure, and with the definite prospect of doing away with the depreciation which tuberculosis causes. The problem which we have to face at present is there- fore the rapid — VI. Removal of the Tuberculous Animals above Three Years of Age (or perhaps, to give a more natural limit, of all cows which are or have been in calf) . I have already shown that this should not be done by indiscriminate slaughter, which would cause a very con- siderable and unnecessary loss. 2 ' 18 PREVENTION OF TDBEECHLOSIS IN CATTLE. I wouldj on the contrary, again suggest that, of the reacting cattle, only the cows with tuberculous udders, or the animals showing evidence of wasting, should be slaughtered at once. The others would then be isolated in suitable sheds, which need not be so expensively con- structed as those intended for sound dairy cows. Bullocks or cows not in calf should be rapidly fattened for the butcher. Cows in calf or in milk should be allowed to calve and yield milk till the period of lactation ceases (or can be made to cease without inconvenience) ; the animal should then be fattened. The calves should be separated from their dam and fed on milk from the tuberculous cows after this milk had been thoroughly sterilised. The milk which could not be employed for that purpose should be utilised for making butter or cheese after the cream had been sterilised by continuous heating at a suitable tempe- rature. [I have not found that cream heated up to 85° C, as recommended by Bang, gave good butter. But I have succeeded in killing the tubercle bacillus, in cream, at a lower temperature without the butter made with that cream acquiring any unpleasant flavour, or showing any marked alteration of composition. I cannot enter here into these experiments, which are not yet complete.] By taking these precautions tuberculous cattle over three years of age could be disposed of more profitably than by immediate slaughter, and the loss on dairy pro- duce need not be great. Still the loss would be suflBciently heavy to make it necessary to find some means of helping the farmer. I have previously expressed my views with regard to the administrative methods which seemed to me most desirable {Manchester Guardian, April 1st, 1898, and Lancet, Sep- tember 17th, 1898). The statements I have made to-day justify the position I have taken regarding the need of compensation for a limited period, and of general adminis- trative action. At the same time it is evident that by voluntary independent action much may be done, and that by proper management the expense of extirpating tuber- culosis may be considerably reduced. With regard to the special loss caused by tuberculosis of the udder, and advanced tuberculosis rendering the carcass unfit for food, it is not easy to estimate it before- hand. Of the twenty-seven animals found tuberculous at Ford Bank, Worleston, and Holmes Chapel and slaughtered PREVENTION OF TDBEECULOSIS IN CATTLE. 19 afterwards, two, or 7'4 per cent., were ia such a bad state that the whole carcass of one and the half of the other had to be condemned. Out of the same numbfer of cows reacting, only one had a tuberculous udder, that is about 3-7 per cent.* Professor McPadyean has kindly given me the follow- ing answer to questions which I asked him on these points : " I have personally examined the udders of about 5000 milch cows, and have come to the conclusion that some- where between ] and 2 per cent, of them are affected with tuberculosis of the udder.* " I think that if the regulations suggested by the recent Royal Commission on Tuberculosis were adopted in judg- ing of the fitness of carcases for human food, probably about 5 per cent, of tuberculous animals would have to be condemned." Professor W. Williams, in answer to similar questions, has kindly informed me that, "as near as he could make out, 3 per cent, of tuberculous cows have udder disease." * The mean between these various estimates would corre- spond to a total of about 20,000 cows. That is to say, there would be at present in the United Kingdom some 20,000 tuberculous cows with tuberculous udders, which should be removed ivithout delay. This is certainly not an impossibility. Professor S. Stockman has also given ine information re- garding the prevalence of tuberculosis in cows slaughtered in Edinburgh, and the frequency of tuberculosis of the udder in tuberculous cows. But as a strong effort is being made there to clear the byres from tuberculous animals, and specially from those with tuberculous udders, the large pro- portion of the latter which he has observed cannot be relied upon for purposes of comparison. The tables accompanying this communication give fully the details of the experiments on which it is based. * Accepting the estimate (vide p. 3) tliat 20 per cent, of our cattle are tuberculous, the actual number of milch cows with tuberculous udders living at present in the United Kingdom would be about — 8,000 to 16,000, according to McFadyean. 24,200 „ Williams. 29,800 „ myself. 20 PREVENTION OF TUBBECrLOSlS IN CATTLE. Table I.— Ford Bank, 1898-9, and Geoup I — Animals 5 years and over Ford Bank — Old stock . . New stock . Cheshire C. C. . GEOtrp II — 3 years and up to 5 exclusive Ford Bank — Old stock . . New stock . Cheshire 0. C. . Gboup III — 2 years and up to 3 exclusive Ford Bank — Old stock . . New stock . Cheshire C. C. . Ghoup IV — 1 year and up to 2 exclusive Ford Bank — Old stock . . Cheshire C. C. . GEOtrp V — Up to 1 year ex- clusive Ford Bank — Old stock . , New stock . Cheshire C.C. , Grand totals Number of animals tcBted. 48 43 14 11 128 48 41 120 27 21 82 38 43-8 100 54'54 31-25 24-40 75 23-33 35-7 100 16-66 20 18-18 22-22 31-66 Cows or heifers. 48 40 13 113 27 79 21 34 43-8 100 54-54 31-25 22-50 75 20-69 30-77 100 16-6 30 Steers or bulls. 4 3 steers 1 bull 1 PBBVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE. 21 Cheshire Cownty Council (1899) Experiments. Ordinary stock. Valuable stock. Estimate of loss on capital— cow* and heUers only. Loss on dairy produce not included. Estimated value. Value realised at abattoir. Number and kind. .2 ti g-s. 1 |1 II "1 Average loss on eacb animal, valuable stock excluded. 1.°. 1° 1 = 5 n il Average value before testing. -' ■3 . ii Average ■ value after slaugbter.. 11 s'g- a u React- £19 5 1 " £11 13 ... £7 7 £735 1900 38 ing 5 ; , React- 15 3 9 i 9 2. 6 1 189 1515 12-47 ing 9 React- 20 3 3 11 17 8 6 622 2015 30-86 ing 3 React- 18 3 6 8 1 bull. 27 22-1 11 12 240 1800 13-33 ing 3 i good breed ... 3 14 3 14 3 1 IduU, pure breed 35 25-12 No loss No loss 1400 1300 • ■i( 2 steers 8 1 1 9 19 con- demned No loss on heifers 800 800 5 3 4 ... ... ... ... ... No loss 320 ... ... ... ... ... ... The value of animals was estimated by experts before testing in each case. N.£.—The number of male animals was too small to base upon it any calculation. 22 PREVENTION OP TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE. Table II. — Result of the Examination of 282 Samides of Milk, 1896-9. Number of cows aud Results of tlie examinations samples. of the milk. ■ai bo ■S s C m oi at o -i ^ 2 ^ 3 S's Sis "^ ^ ^ ;-.£ t.o t, E3 t. 3 6 »> b'. Small red Kot in calf (hag had 5 calves) 7 SJ + ... j» 14 i» B. Bark red Good cow 6 33 + Ford Bank- 1898 Now stock . 30 » ... Small dark red Newly calved, aborted since 6 Jun.24 Aug 23 it 36 » Red cow Newly calved 7 July 9 — Oct.25 39 38 j» ... Brindled roan ., 6 »3 — 1899 i» 39 i» ... Strawberry roan Not in calf 5 Oct. 25 - Apr. 7 » 40 Cumberland Red JI 7 1899 - 33 " 43 Yorkshire shorthorn ... Dark red Newly calved 6 Jan. 1 — ... Fold Bank- 1898 Cattle re- 27 » .,. Red and 7 Jun.l7 + turned white After first 28 „ ... » 3% 6 + testinf; » 37 « ... Strawberry ? over 7 ^, + J, 43 » ... Light roan Newly calved 5 Nov 28 + ... 3t 44 >» Dark roan >» 6 Dec. 17 1899 Feb. 6 + ... Worleston 6 Cross-bred Red and 4 calves 6i + shorthorn white >» 7 ,j ... Light roan »» 6 >» 8 « " jf 6i )» + * £25, price actually paid on buying, subject to tuberculin fe T These four carcases were sold together, and the price obtain PREVENTION OF TUBEECULOSISilN CATTLE. 27 at Ford Bank, Worleston, and Holmes Chapel. Yeabb and otee. tcBtirigs. Lesions found P.M. and parts condemned. 1 Value of animal. Value as milker. Ill IV History when known certainly. 1 1^ ■i 1 ... 2 forequarters and all viscera 19 £ s. 5 8 d. 3 Average All viscera, hmgs 19 13t 5 Good ... '"l poor carcass Lrnigs Lungs and glands (slightly diseased) 19 19 13t 5 13t 5 Bad Good 1 ... Lungs, mesenteric glands, &c. 19 13t 5 Good Dam slightly tuberculous. :: ... ... No tuberculous lesions, June 22, 1899 25 (22 10)* 25 (22 10) 25 (22 10) 25 (22 10) 26 (22 10) 26 (22 10), 25 (22 10): 25 i 17 3 Good Good Good Average; Average Good Good Average Returned after second testing. i ■(•■ i "\ .:;. ...: Lungs thorncicj, mesenteric sternal glands Mesenteric glands, liver, lungs, slightly 25 26 (22 10) 26 (22 10) 8 15 10 16 10 J., 8 lO 10 18 b Average Good Good : Good Average lower price (£22 10s.) probably nearer true value. for each separately could not be ascertained afterwards. 28 PREVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE, Appendix II — PiBST GbOUP— PiTB Race. i Description of animal. Tuberculin I — . 11 Number '^g Mg Colour. of Age. jj ■Sa ■s calves, &e. S 9 s ^ d d M eS S et (Si- pq q P3 P P< Tears. 1899 1899 "Worleston . ll Cross-bred shorthorn ... Light roan 3 calves 5i Feb. 6 — •';' >» 12 « Bed and white 11 5i fj — ... >i 13 11 Light roan 4 calves 6i ft — „ 14 11 ... 3) jj 6i )> — >s 16 11 ... 11 2 calves 5i ft — ... ... tf 17 11 ... f> 4 calves 6 »t + it 18 Red 3 calves 5 t> 19 11 ... Light roan Several Aged t> — ... ,» 20 11 ... 11 3 calves 5 if — *.. ... » 21 11 ... 11 91 5i » — ... „ 23 If B. 11 Several Aged ft — ■ ... >» 24 Welsh Blue roan 11 11 -f Mar.23 + )» 25 Cross-bred " shorthorn ... Bed roan 11 11 ft - ft 26 IS White 3> s> ft _ ■ .. ...' ft 27 11 Red 3 5 If + Mar.23 + 28 11 Light roan 4 6 jf it 29 11 Boan 3 5 tt + ... " 30 11 Light roan 4, had aborted 6 ti + » 31 11 ... Bed Several Aged ft _ ... ... >t 32 11 Light roan 11 11 ft -^ Mm.23 +; ft 33 „ Bed roan 3 5i ft - • •t tf 35 Cross on Welsh ... Eeli and white 4 6 ft -? Mar.a8 "" " 36 Cross-bred shorthorn Red Several Aged t> + i ... " 45 46 » ... Light roan Red roan 3 ft 5 ft - ... 1 ::: i ft 47 Jersey Grey 4 6i •' — Mar.23 ! PREVENTION OF TUBBECULOSIS IN CATTLE. 29 continued, Ybabs and oteb. teitingB. Lesions found P.M. and parts condemned. Value of animal. Value as milker. Ill IV a •2.S it History when known ' certainly. .J ^ a ss J "3 u ■3 .§a-a = i-s ° 1 1 r-B 0s 1899 1899 £ t. £ t. d. ... ... 19 ... ... ... ... ... ... 18 ... ... 20 ... ... ... ... 19 ... ... ... 16 10 ... ... ... Lungs, left costal 18 12 2 9 Average pleura, thoracic, and mesenteric supra- ... ... ... ... sternal glands 18 10 20 18 10 16 10 ... ... Ap. 5 + Ap.'27 Lungs; costal pleura, mediaistinal, mesen- teric, inguinal glands Lungs, costal pleura, bronchial, medias- tinal, inguinal glands, liver Thoracic glands, mesehteric glands 2 mesenteric glands 16 10 15 10 15 10 16 10 17 18 10 22 7 i'i 4 7 3 6 12 10 10 4 14 Good Poor ... Ap.'5 + Ap.'27 ... Bronehial, medias- tinal, sublingual, mesenteric glands, liver 20 16 16 10 16 13 10 15 10 10 4 19 11 Good •■ 30 PREVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE. Appendix II— FiBST Grotjp^Pivb 1 (J i Description of aDima]. Tuberculin I II 5 Race. s Numlier ' ' i§i fqg Colour. of Age. ^ °.^ -^ calves, Sec. a 3 li 3 w •^ d = ; ^ 1S V St S a-* pq a « n p; Holmes Years. 1899 Chapel 13 14 1 16 : Irish shorthorn Good bred shorthorn Irish shorthorn Eed Roan Red and white 3 5 Feb. 14 + Second Gbottp— Thbee and Ford Bank- 1898 Old stock . 1 Yorkshire shorthorn B. Red and white Icalf 3i Max 9 + ... 4 . " B. Light roan »j 3i + 1898 „ 13 „ B. Roan 2 calves 4J » - Aug.23 - " 20 " B. Dark roan 1 calf 3 » + Ford Bank- New stock . 21 23 3> Light roan Dark red Barren 3 3 Jun,24 1899 - Oct. 25 - „ 31 „ Light ro^n J, 3 i July 9 - ^^ _ i) 32 " ' Very dark red , « 3 ; it - " — » 33 " Dark red In calf 3 >. — J» - " 35 " Spotted roan Barren 3 1898 - " + " 42 IJ Red and white Newly calved 4 : Nov.] 1899 - Worleston . . 3 Shorthorn cross-bred ... Roan Icalf 3 ; Feb. 6 - "1 j> 4 " B. Red „ 3 „ - ...' „ 5 Irish Red roan " 3 + ? 1899 Mar.23 _ Very irregular : underjobserva to sta^e of the " ' 9 » Red and white 2 calves 4i "l — ...., » 10 '■ Light roan » 4J ,, - ! PEEVBNTION OP TCBEECULOSIS IN CATTLE. 31 continued. Ybabs and otbb. testings. Ill Lesions found P.M. and parts condemned. Lungs, thoracic glands TIP TO Five Yeaes EXOLirsrvB. 1899 1899 Ap. 5 - Ap. 27 temperature whilst tion, probably due liver Lungs, thoracic glands, mesenteric glauds Lungs, bronchial, mesenteric glands Lungs, mesenteric glands Value of animaL .§3 « "to S ">* £ s. 16 18 £ .■>. d. 14 2 8 No tuberculous lesions (extensive hepatic distomatosis) 19 19 22 10 22 10 12 15 12 15 15 15 15 15 25 (22 10) 14 10 15 15 16 10 17 10 Value as milker. Not in milk, fatting History when known certainly. 12 5 12 1 ill "4 3 18 Average Good Good Average Dam slightly tuberculous. Dam died of gene- ral tuberculosis. Dam tuberculous. Calved since bouglit. Barren still. Calved since bought. §2 PREVENTION OP TUBBECULOSIS IN CATTLE. Appendix II — Second Geottp — Thbbe a»d —I — Race. 1 Description of animal. Taberculin Numljer I II ' ' MS ^ o Colour. of calves, &c. Age. d -3 s it d a ^ s e6 a- ■ m n f§ n » Years. 1899 1899 Worleston . . 15 Cross-bred shorthorn Light roan 2 calves 4 Feb. 6 — ••'• " 22 „ B. Red roan »> 44 J> + 34 it ... Red roaln it 44 _ , 37 Light roin 31 I] + Mar.23 + 38 " B- Ked and white a 3f — ... 39 it B. Bed jj 3| ... • •• 40 B. ,, f > 4 41 .' B. Light roan 3f >S + Mar'.23 + 42 JJ B. Bed a 3f Jf + M + 43 3> B. Red and white 3i >» — ... 44 ,^ B. Red ji 3i " _ 48 »J B. „ 3f • •• 49 „ Light roan ,, 31 >* _ 50 ' » B. Red and white " 31 ; - 51 " B. Red and white 1 3 »J + Mar.23 + . 52 »j B. Light roan 1 3 Si ... 53 „ „ 2 44 _ 54 ,j B. 9J 2 4 >.. 55 Good breed, valuable Bull 31 "" + ... Holmes Chapel . 2 Parmer's cross-bred shorthorn Red 1 3f Feb. 14 + ... „ 3 It » 2 4 _ ... ... „ 4 )> .•• jj 2 4 " ^ • *. jj " 3i Irish shorthorn Roan 2 3* , - ... ... „ 7 Jersey Grey 3 4i ' ? »> 8 Crpss-bred shorthorn Red and white 1 3i " ... „ 9 5> Roan 3 4 _ 15 Irish shorthorn Red 2 4 '* 4 PREVENTION 01 TtrBEBCULOSIS IN CATTLE. S3 continued. tjp TO Five Ybabs bxcIiUSIvb. teBtingB. Ill 1899 Ap. 5 ' + Ap. 5 + 1899 Ap. 27 Ap. 21 IV Lesions found P.M. and pkrta condemned. Lungs, mediastinal broiichial glands Lun^a, bronchial, mesenteric, &c. Value of animal. M-^* Lungs, thoracic and mediastinal glands 15 10 19 10 18 15 16 17 15 10 19 10 19 12 16 18 « ''I'm £ s. d. 7 17 1 7 9 Value as milker. Good Average' History when known certainly. 27 22 1 .Tust at calving, will be again tested To be tested again. 34 PEBVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS JN CATTLE. Appendix II — Thied Gboup — Two Ybaes ozv and 1J s 1 Kace. Description of anlinal. Tulierculiii Number I II ' 1 ms Colour. ot calves, &c. Age. + ... >t 9 j» B. Light roan Aborted 2J ff + ... Ford Bank - 1898 New stock . 22 » ... Dark roan white heifer Barren 2 Jun.24 — Oct. 25 - j» 24 >y Brownish red It 2 " •" t> - '■f 25 " ... Small red and white ly 2 i> — J> - » 26 « ,, » ■ 2 July 9 — ,, _ 29 34 " 1 Dark red White- faced roan 2 2 Jun.24 + Oct. 25 : Holmes 1899 Chapel . 1 Farmer's cross-bred shorthorn Roan 1 25 Feb. 14 ... 6 Irish shorthorn f» 1 2f ■ " — ... „ 10 Jersey B. Grey At calving 2i • 3J - ". 11 Cross-bred shorthorn ... Bed and white »a 2 ^ »S — s» 17 Pure bred shorthorn, valuable Boan Bull 2i J» + FouETH Geotjp — One Yeae and Ford Bank- 1898 Old stock . 10 Yorkshire B. Bed and Steer li May 9 + shorthorn white' , , »f 11 3» B. Light rop it H >> + »» 12 ,. B. Dark roan " 1 1899 — Oct. 25 — » *16 „ B. » Bull calf 1 Ap. 7 " *15 i> B. Bed and white' Heifer calf U 1898 — >» •17 » B. M » ItV Oct. 25 — * These animals between the first and the last testing had PREVENTION OF TTJBEECULOSIS IN CATTLE. continued. UP TO Thbee Ybahs bxclttsivb. 35 testings. Ill IV Lesions found P.M. and parts condemned. Mesenteric bronohial glands Mesenteric gland, pleura, lung Bronchial sternal, mediastinal glands slightly Mesenteric glands ■ only Value of animal. £ s. 14 14 14 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 12 5 35 OJ O lis £ s. d. 14 10 14 10 13 10 6 25 12 5 Value as milker. Good History when known certainly. Dam healthy. Dam, prize cow. Dam died general tuberculosis. Calved since bought. Returned to seller. UP TO Two Tbaes bxolusivb. Whole carcass condemned Lungs, bronchial and mesenteric glands 8 8 9 19 ... 8 8 7 ... ... 9 become old Enough to pass from Group Five to Group Four. Dam healthy. Dam tuberculous. 36 PREVENTION OF TDBEBCDLOSIS IN CATTLE. Appendix II — FouETH Geoup — One Ykae and 1 U R S Race. ■i Description of animal. ' Tuberculin Number I II ' ' Si n S Colour. of Age. _^ =5 1 calves, &c. % V s 6 a 1^- p & 1 1 Ford Bank- ! Years. 1898 Old stock . *18 Yorkshire shorthorn B. Red and white Heifer calf 1-5^ Oct. 25 MoutljB. » *19 >» B. White »> Hi . „ Months. 1899 ... ... *41 " B. Light roan j» 11 Years. Ap. 7 ..* ... Worleston . 1 Shorthorn B. Boan Bull H Feb. 2 Holmes Chapel . 12 Cross-bred ... Red Heifer calf 1 Feb. 14 shorthorn FiiTH Geoup— Feom Bieth Ford Bank- Old st6ck . *15 *16 *17 *18 *19 *41 Yorkshire shorthorn Red and white White Light roan Months. 1898 1898 Heifer calf 3 May 9 — Oct. 25 3» li SJ ,j n » — n „ 7 — j> 6 " — 1899 » 5i Oct. 25 Ap. 7 * These animals between the first and the last testing had PEETENTION OP TUBEECULOSIB IN CATTLE. 37 continued. TTP TO Two Ybabs EXOLTTBITB. teatinga. Ill IV Lesions found P.M. and parts condemned. Value of animal. Value as milker. Ill 111 £ s. 9 ... 7 ... ... 6 ... ? ... ... ? ... History when Icnown certainly. Dam tuberculous. Granddam tuberculous. Dam tuberculous. TO Onk Yeab exclubivb. 1899 Ap. 7 2 2 ... 4 • •> 4, ■ *■ ... 4, ... ... ? ... ... Dam tuberculous. Dam healthy. Dam tuberculous. Granddam tuberculous. Dam tuberculous. become old enough to pass from Group Five to Group Four. PBINTED BY ADLABD AND SON, BABTHOLOMBW CLOSE, B.C., AND 20 HAHOVBE SQUABB, W. A' ill! ''■iii Kiiii':!'!' 'ill liiiif I m i .1 !'! !».; P {ill f^? 'I'll I.!.: f^ l!','l,"' '^ "i!'! ''h .'■