'^srH €mt\\ ^nivmii^ J yihxm^ BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Henrg W. Sage A'NOFfS- 2^'?//;^.. OUTLINE GUIDE TO THE Study of English Lyric Poetry (^^^^^ ^^^ %^^ 9^^ ^^^ ^^^ 9^^ ^^ ^^ ^r* ^^ ^^ 9^^ ^^ ^^ t^^ ^^^ f^^ 9^^ 9^^ t^^ ^^^ ^^ t^^ 9^^ t^^ 9^^ ^^^ t^^ 9^^ ^^^ ^^ FREDERIC IVES CARPENTER Univef »ity of Chicago 1897 The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924013264803 AN OUTLINE GUIDE TO THE Study of English Lyric Poetry FREDERIC IVES CARPENTER Univetsity of Chicago 1897 Copyright, 1897, by Pkedebic Ives Carpenter. PREFACE. The aim of this pamphlet is to suggest various lines of organ- ized study in the rich field of English lyric poetry, and to provide the more important references for students and readers beginning work along any of the lines suggested. For theory and analysis chapters I, IV, and V may, it is hoped, provide a starting-point ; for the study of the history of the kind and of the work of spe- cific lyric poets chapters II and III ; for the special study of selected poems in the class-room or in the closet chapters VI and VII, with the help of many references and topics under III and IV. In its present form it is designed partly as a trial-list, and the compiler will gratefully receive corrections, additions, and sugges- tions from readers, teachers, and students. Obligations to Prof. Myra Reynolds of the University of Chicago and to Prof. E. H. Lewis of the Lewis Institute for valuable suggestions are acknowledged with much gratitude. F. L C. University of Chicago, August, 1897. TABLE OF CONTENTS* I. Nature and Definition of the Lyric: General Bibliography. . 1-3 II. Principal Sources of English Lyric Poetry 3-4 III. History of the English Lyric : i The Anglo-Scu-OH Lijt ic 5-6 ii The Middle English Li/rir 6-9 iii The Elizabethan Lyric 9-23 A. 1. References 2. Early XVI Century Lyric 3. Tottels' Miscellany and the New Lyric {4. Lyric Forms) 5. Sources of Eliz. Lyric 6 Eliz. Lyric Divisions 7. The Ag-e and its Characteristics. B. Jacobean and Carolan Lyric. C. Special Topics: l. The Elizabethan Miscellanies 2. Eliz. Song Lyric 3. Lyrics from Dramas 4, Pastoral Lyrics 5. Eliz. Sonnets 6. Shakspere's Sonnets 7. Other Ljric Subdivisions 8. Lyric Imagery and Conceits 9. Satire in the Lyric 10. Eliz. Music and the Lyric 11. Cavalier and Courtier Lyric 12. Puritan Lyric. D. Specimen Studies;, in detail, of the Lyric Production of three Rep- resentative Elizabethan lyrists,— Spenser, Donne, and Herrick. E. Chronolog-ical List of Lyric Poets of the Period, \\ ith Bibliog-raphy. iv Lyric of the Restoration and Classical Period 23-25 1. Reference. 2. Lyric Groups. 3. Gharacterietics 4 Chronologi- cal list with Bibliography. V Lyric of the Period of Modern Bomanticism 26-34 1. References. 2. Lyric Groups. 3. Characteristics. 4. Special Top- ics: (a) The Revival of the Sonnet, (b) The Idyl and the new Lyric Treatment of Nature, (c) Imagery, Epithets and Metaphor iu the XIX century lyric (d) Influence of Percy's Reliques (e) Minor Lyrists of the XIX Century, (f) Comparison of the Modern Lyrics of England, France and Germany. 5. Studies of Representative Lyrists. 6. Chronological list, with Bibliography. vi Lyric of the Victorian Pt-riod 34-40 1. References. 2. Lyric Groups. 3. Characteristics. 4. Chronolog- ical List, with Bibliography. lY Leading Lyric Kinds and Types 40 47 1. The Ballad. 2. The Lyrical Drama. 3. Idyllic, Descriptive, and Pastoral Lyric. 4. The Elegy, fi. The Ode, Hymn, Canzone, and Longer Lyric 6. Epithalamion. 7. Sonnet, and Sonnet-Sequence. S. The Song Lyric. 9. Epigram, Epitaph, etc. 10. Occasional and Ex- otic Lyric, Vers-de-Soci6t6, etc. V The Development of Lyric Form 48 49 1. In M.-E. and Pre-Elizabethan Period. 2. Reformsof Wyatt and Surrey. 3. Eliz. Versification and Poetic Diction. 4. Jacobean and Carolan Period. 5. Classical Period. 6. Romantic and Mod- ern Lyric Forms. VI Lyrics for Memorizing 49-51 VII Miscellaneous Studies 51-54 1. Studirs in Poetic Process. 2. In Lyric Setting. 3. In Lyric Growth and Revision. 4 In Lyric Structure. 5. Comparative Studies. 6. In Poetic Sources and Materials. 7. In Lyric Versifica- tion, Diction, and Style. 8. In Annotation and Poetic Allusions. 9. In Lyric Characterization and Criticism. I. NATURE AND DEFINITION OF THE LYRIC. (With General Bibliography). — See also special Bibliography uader each Period, Author, and Topic studied. 1. The Nature of the Lyric may be studied iaduotively in its origin and historical growth (see below, II "Sources of English Lyric"), or theoretically and a priori as a fixed kind and universal division of poetry. Read, for theoretical discussion of the nature of the lyric, the article on "Poetry" in the Encyclopedia Britaunica, by T. Watts, espec- ially the last eight columns. Keferences : Wemer. Lyrikund Lyriker (Hamburg and Leipzig 1890) —elaborate discussion of the nature of the lyrical faculty, with luimerous tliforetical classifications : Stedraan. Nature and Elements of Poetry 78 f ., 178 f . ; Crawshaw, The Interpretation of Literature ch. VI ; Blair, Rhetoric, lecture 39; Vapereau Dietionnaire des Littfiratures (Paris 1884), arts. " Lyrique" and " Lyrisrae" (mediocre), also " Hymne", " Chanson", and " Ode" ; Albert. La Po6sie, (Paris 1887) 147-187 (unimportant) ; see the various treatises on Aesthetics and Poetry, e. g. Carriere, Die Poesie (Leipzig- 1884) 367-434; Vischer, Aesthetik Pt. III. §§ 884 894; Gummere, Handbook of Poetics Pt. I ch. ii; etc. See incidental dis- cussion in Introductions to various anthologies and other references cited below. Clans Exercise : classify a selected number of poems in e. g. Ward's English Poets; discuss principle of the classifications proposed ; class to furnish lists iif the principal representative specimens of each type or class proposed. See ch. iV below. 2. Two chief differentiae in our notion of "Lyric"-: (a) Poeti-y adapted to song or to accompaniment with music (Greek idea) ; consequently in varied metrical form, as a rule. (b) Poetry of subjective expression and personal mood and feel- ing : so Hegel, Brunetifere, &c., &c. 3. The English Lyric accordingly may be taken to include (a) All English poetry adapted to music, or imitating Greek, Latin, and other forms originally so adapted : e. g. the modern ode, the madrigal, the song, etc. (b) Poetry in any form, not prolonged to didactic length, express- ing personal passion (Burns, Byron), or the mood of subjective thought (Shakspere's sonnets, much of Shelley, Tennyson, etc.) i. Two divisions convenient : (a) The Qreatev Lyric, more prolonged and involved : e. g. the Odes of Pindar, Spenser's Four Hymns, the Odes of Wordsworth or Lowell, &c. (b) The Lesser Lyric (the song lyric par excellence) : e. g., The l)oems of Sappho, most of the Elizabethan lyrics, shorter lyrics of modern poets, etc. — Similarly, the Art-Lyric may be distinguished from the Fulk-Lyric: see the theoretical dispute as to the priority of lyric over epic among primitive forms. Cf. Gummere, Old English Ballads p. xciv and references there given. 5. Forms doubtful but akin to Lyric : (a) The Ballad (to be linked rather with narrative poetry ; some tend to lyrical form and feeling, as generally most modern and literary ballads, e. g., Tennyson's Ballad of the Revenge, Words- worth's Lucy Gray, etc.) (b) The Idyl : cf. Symonds' Greek Poets, ch. xx ; do.. Essays Speculative and Suggestive .399 f. (c) The Sonnet usually subjective, and lyrical in the modern sense. (d) Eleg y : lyric in spirit, and generally so in form in modern poetry. (e) Pastaral Poetry : often lyrical, as with Spenser and other Eliz. pastoralists (e. g., in England's Helicon passim.) (f) Philosophical Poetry ; a mixed species; usually didactic, as in Davies' Nosce Teipsum, or Wordsworth's Excursion ; with Em- erson philosophic poetry (the word "philosophy" taken in its time-honored sense) tends to more lyrical form and feeling. G. Tlie Modern Lyric : Effect of the increasingly subjective and re- flective nature of the modern lyric. The development of modern music compared with that of the modern lyric : cf. Bosauquet, History of Aesthetic 422. Lyric the modern poetic form par excellence. Future of the lyric : of. Shelley's Defence of Poetry. —For chief lyric subdivisions and types see oh. IV below. 7. General Bibliography: There are innumerable anthologies of English Lyric Poetry. For those covering particular periods see ch. Ill infra ; particular kinds and lyric subdivisions see oh. IV. Some of the more important general anthologies are : Wards English Poets 4 vols, (with critical Introductions); CampbeU's Brit- ish Poets (with Ititrod,) ; Ellis, Specimens of Eng:. Poets 3 vols. ; Chalmer's Poets 21 vols.. 1810 (Collected Poems, with Johnsons Lives, etc.); Chappell, Old Eng-lish Popular Music, 2 vols. Lend. 1893 (Songs and music) ; Percy's Keliques ed. Wheatley 3 vols. ; Percy Folio MS. ed. Hales etc., 4 vols. ; Arber's English Garner 8 vols, passim (reprints of older lyric collections, etc.) ; Pal- grave's Golden Treasury. —On Lyric Poets and Periods see generally the above; also the several histo- ries of English Literature of Taine. Saiiitsbury, Craik, H. Morley, Warton, Courthope, Gosse, Hallam, etc. See also Dictionary of National Biography ; AUibone's Diet, of Eng. Lit.; Minto, Characteristics of English Poets; the several encyclopedias; and numerous volumes of critical essays. Cf. Dennis, Studies in Eng. Lit. 288-355. IL PRINCIPAL SOURCES OF ENGLISH LYRIC POETRY. The chief foreign sources of English Lyric poetry are to be found iu the Lyrics of Greece, Rome, Italy, France, and, to some extent, especially in the XIX century, of Germany. Other influences also enter, but are much less important. The influence of Arabic poetry comes through that of Italy and France together, as does also that of the trou- badour and trouvere lyrics : see ch. Ill, sect, ii. The Sources of the M. E. Lyric. For the influence of Mediaeval Latin poetry, especially Church Hymnody, see ch. Ill, sects, i and ii. The modern English Lyric shows few traces of the direct influence of its A. - S. and M. E. prototypes. The lyric in all three periods,, however, is the product of substantially the same stock. For later influences (modern lyric) see cb. Ill, sects, iii-vi. 1. Our modern notions of the lyric derive largely from the history of the Oreek lyric : cf. Symonds, Gk. Poets, ch. x "The Lyric Poets" ; Grote's Greece, III ch. xxix. The best general treatment is Croiset, La Poesie de Pindare et les Lois du Lyrisme Grec. (Paris 1886). —See any Hist, of Gk. Lit. on the Gk. Lyric, e. g., Jebb, Mahaffy, Mure, Mueller and Donaldson, etc. The Greater Oreek Lyric (Ode) : Pindar and choral odes in the dramatists : see Myers' translation of Pindar ; Pollard's Odes from the Greek Dramatists, — Text and Translat ions by various En- glish poets (London and Chicago 1890) . Union of Poetry, M^sic (voice and instrument), and Dance. Contrast modern Opera and modern pseudo- Pindaric Odes, TJie Lesser Greek Lyric (Aeolian) : Sappho, Alcaeus, Anacreon, etc. Personal, not choral ; usually stanzaic. AflQnity with mod- ern forms. Intluenoe on Horace and Latin poets and thus indi- rectly on English lyric ; e. g., imitations of Horace by Ben Jon- son, Marvell, Pope, etc. Later Greek Lyrics literary; Alexandrian, etc. Greek Anthology : see Engl, translations from, in Canterbury Poets. Greek Poetic Diction and Imagery in the Lyric : cf. Croiset. 2. Latin Lyric generally imitative and literary; tendency to mixed and composite forms. Importance as intermediary in trausmis- mission of Greek influence on English lyric. Horace (see Prof. Shorey's edition with English translations, paraphrases, and imi- tations) ; Catullus ; etc. See Histories of Latin Literature. 3. Specimens of Classical Lyric Forms imitated in English : (see Symonds' Greek Poets). Hymn or Nome: Jonson's Hymn to Diana (in Carpenter's Eng. Lyrics 121). Prosodiaor Processional Hymn : Lyly's Hymn to Apollo (in Car- penter's Eng. Lyrics 51). Threnoi and Elegies: Milton, Lycidas ; cf. Baldwin ed,. The Book of Elegies (N. Y. 189.'?). Epithalamiori : Spenser's Epithalamion ; cf. Case ed., Engl. Epith- alamies (Lond. 189G). The Oile genei-ally : cf. Sharp ed,. Great Odes ; Gosse od,, English Odes, — Examples of other exotic lyric forms may be found cited iu vari- ous treaties, e. g. Gummere, Handbook of Poetics, — See also Poiau, Dithyramb, Epiiiikia (Pindar), Eucomia, Paroeniii, Scholia, Serenades, etc, 4. Moderrt Lyrics : see infra, ch, IIL III. HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LYRIC. — Read, Carpenter, Eng. Lyric Poetry 1500-1700, Introduction. i. The Anglo°Saxon Lyric. 1. Anglo-Saxon poetry presents no lyric in the modern sense ; but various short pieces, mostly in the elegiac manner, approach the lyric in form, and are of interest for what they reveal of the fun- damental subjective poetic mood of the Saxons : cf. Ten Brink, Early Eng. Lit., tr. Kennedy (N. Y. 1883) I 48, 61 ; GoUancz, introd. to the Christ, p. xvii. (a) These pieces are : 1. Deor's Lament : in strophes (cf. early Scandinavian poetry) ; all other A.-S. poetry is in a common alliterative measure (narrative). See however "The Riming Poem" (in Wuelker-Grein, Bibliothek der A.-S. Poesie III 156). 2. The Riming Poem. 3. The Wanderer. 4. The Ruin. 5. The Seafarer. 6. The Wife's Complaint. 7. The Husband's Message. 8. The Rune Song. — Versions of portions of many of these may be consulted in Brooke's Early Eng. Lit. ; in Ten Brink's Early Eng. Lit. vol. I ; and in Longfellow's Poets and Poetry of Europe ; of 3, 1, and 5 in Thorpe, A.-S. Poetry (Lond. 1842) pp. 286, 476, 306. (b) Lyrical Ballads : The Battle of Brunanburgh (see Tennyson's version). The Fight at Finnsburgh (vsrsion in Garnett's Beowulf p. 97). (c) Lyrical elements and quasi-lyrical passages in A.-S. " epics " E. g., Beowulf 11. 22^7-2266 : see Garnett's translation. Caedmon's (?) Daniel 11. 363-409 ("The Song of Azarias ") : in Thorpe 185. (d) The Christ, ascribed to Cynewulf, is probably a composite of three separate poems : see F. A. Blackburn in Anglia XIX 89. Parts are lyrical rather than epical : see edition by Gollancz with translations, e. g. p. 50 (rime, and crude attempt at lyric form). 5 (e) A few metrical prayers aud hymns (in Wuelker's Grein's Bib- liothek der A. - S. Poesie II 211 f., 280 f., 316, of. also II 149 f. 2. CJidrdcteristica of the Anglo-Saxon which persist and reappear in the lyric poetry of his descendants : cf. Traill, Social England I passim. — Their early ideal in Beowulf ; his traits. — Private virtues and vices. — Their attitude towards life : Originally stoical but active and brave ; Mediaeval Christianity and long inertia later weaken their character and develope melancholy and asceticism : e. g., the Wan- derer, the Ruin, and gen'ly the later A. -S. religious poetry. — On the form of the A. -S. lyric cf. Paul's Grundriss der Germ. Phil- ologie II pt. i, pp. 521 f. (by Ten Brink). .'!. licfci-eiices : Wuelker's Grundriss der A. -S. Litteratur (Leipzig 1885), on the several poems named supra : Ten Biiuk, Early Eug. Lit. I 48, 61. ii. The Middle-English Lyric. See ''Early Eng. Poets" (in Canterbury Foets) ed. Fitzgibbon, for a few modernized versions. Boeddeker's ed. of MS. Harl. 22.53 (Berlin 1878) is a representative collection of M. E. lyric texts. The rest of the material is to be found only in scattered publica- tions, especially in those of the Early Eng. Text Soc. There is no an- thology of M. E. lyrics, though one is promised in the Athenaeum Press Series, as well as in the "Old Eng. Library", ed. Horstmann. Cf. Aust, Beitraege zur Gesch. d. M. E. Lyrik ; Schlueter, Ueber Sprache und Metrik des M. E. Lieder des MS. Harl. 22.53 (in Herrig's Archil- LXXI 153, .357.) Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry ed. Hazlitt II 39- 45 ; Ten Brink I 2U.5-218, .302-.324, and passim ; Jusserand, Lit. Hist. Eng. People I 2.30-2, 352-8 ; Paul's Grundriss II pt. 1, pp. 611, 612, 617, 618, 62.3, 626 f., 634, 639 f ., 641 f., 648, 650, 667, 682 (Chaucer's Lyrics), 686, 690 f., 693,00'.) f,, 703-4,(711), 71.3,716, 717,741 f.,and (on Ballads) 657, 708, 837 f. ; Marsh, Origin and History of the Eng. Lang, and Lit. 241-2.56, 277 283. A. The Material of M. E. Lyric Classified. 1. ''Tin' (Jirl and the ?\i(jh1iiigule" (in Morris, Specimens of Early Eng. I 171 f.), aud similar tensons and estrifs. French influence. 2. "T/ip I'riii-r (ed. Gollanoz, w. modern version, Lond. 1891) : Head synopsis in Macdonald's Engl. Antiphon .34 f. A lyrical and ele- giac allegory or "vision" High poetical quality, 3. Laurencf Minofn Poi'fiis (ed. Hall, Oxford 1807 ; orseo Morris aud Skeat, Specimens of Early Eng. 11. 126-137). Political and patri- otic songs. i. Miscellaneoun Political Songs : Of. Boeddeker 95-143 ; Wright ed., Political Songs of England (with modernized versions) ; Pitzgib- bon, Early Eng. Po. ; Courthope, Hist. Eng. Poetry I. 187 i. 5. Miscellu-iwous Religious Lyrics and Hyiiuin : Cf. Boeddeker 180- 2S'2 ; Specimens may be consulted in : Old Eng. Misc.(E. E T. Soo. ) 72-83, U7 f., 197 ; Macdonald, Engl. Autiph. 9 ; Boeddeker 191, 196, 206; Minor Poems of Vernon MS. (E. E. T. Soo. ) 134-7 ; Polit, Relig., and Love Poems, ed. Purnivall (E. E. T. Soc.) 145-6, US- ISO, 226 ; Religious Pieces, ed. Perry (E. E. T. Soc. ) 72-74, 75-78, etc. 6. Miscellaneous Secular Lyiics and Love Songs : Cf. Boeddeker 144-179. Specimens may be consulted in Ten Brink I. 209-210 ; Morris aud Skeats' Specimens II. 43, 45, 48 ; Morris Old Eng. Miscl. (E. E. T. Soc. ) 95 ; Boeddeker 147,164,174,176; and in many other texts. Of. Maitland, Eng. Carols of the 15th Century. 7. Lyric Passages toitlnn other forms, (especially in the Mystery Plaj's) which are generally lyrical (stanzaio) in form, and often in spirit, aiming at " poetical " effects. For specimens see York Plays, ed. Toulmin Smith, 135-136, 216-218, 442 443. 8. Lyrics of Chaucer and his Folio icer s : Chaucer's chief lyrics : Mars and Venus, Truth, Gentilnesse> Lack of Stedfastness, Fortune, Adam Scrivener, To His Purse, Good Counsel, etc. Read as specimens the " Good Counseil" (in Ward's Eng. Poets I 80) and the Song from the Legend of Good Women (in Ward I 45). Cf. Chaucer ed. Skeat I 261-416 ("Minor Poems") ; Ten Brink 11, 191-195. Specimens of semi lyrical work by Gower, Lydgate, Ocoleve, etc. may be read (modernized) in Pitzgibbon's Early Eng. Poetry ; see Hoccleve's Works ed. Purnivall (E. E. T. Soc.) 52 f. Scotch School: James I., Dunbar, etc. Cf. Ward's Eng. Poets L 132 f. ; Fitzgibbon 68 f. ; Minto, Characteristics of Eng. Poets, ch. II, sect. IV. B. Formation of the M.-E. Lyric. — The M. E. lyric, a growth later than didactic poetry and the met- rical romance. Entirely the result of Latin (ecclesiastical) and French models. Influence of troubadour and trouvfere lyrics : cf. Ten Brink, Hist. Eng. Lit. I 156 f. Forms imitated : Ballade (Obauoer, &o.) ; Jen Parti ^Owl and Nightingale) ; Chanson ; Ron- del ; Complainte (cf. Jusserand, Hist. I 149-150, 230-2). — Rudel, Daniel, Bertrand de Born ; Chretien de Troyes, Blondel, Wace, Marie de France, Rutebeuf, Benoit de Sainte-MaurOi Guil- laume de Lorris, Jean de Meung, Guillaume de Machault, Thi- baut, Charles d'Orleans. — The Question of Norman influence vs. English stock : of. Free- man, Norman Conquest V ch. xxv especially § 3 ; G. Paris, La Poesie du Moyen Age 2d series (Paris 1895) 45-74 ; Courthope, Hist. Eng. Poetry I p. 64, also ch. iv. — Influence of the minstrels and wandering clerics ou the growth of the lyric ; cf. Ten Brink I 302 f.., II 186-7; Jusserand, Eng. Way- faring Life. C. Motive, Mood, and Idea in M.-E. Lyrics. Largely imitative. Three chief kinds : (a) Love and Secular lyrics : French influence. (b) Political Songs : national spirit. (c) Religious lyrics : influence of church. (a) Secular Lyrics and Love Poetry : Entrance of romanticism (espcly idea of romantic love) into Engl, poetry ; influence of metrical romances. Conventional motives of the love poetry : i. Praise of the beloved : conventional similes, ii. Love plaints ; hopeless aspiration ; conventional back- grounds. Examples : The " Luve Ron " of Thomas de Hales (in Ten Brink I 209-210). Song of Love and Spring (in Morris and Skeat, Specimens II 48 ; or in Boeddeker 164) (e. g. "Alysoun " in Morris, Specimens Pt. II 43) ; of. Boeddeker 174 or Boeddeker 147 8 or see Boeddeker 169-171). Lover's Plaint (in Morris and Skeat, Specimens II 45 ; or in Boeddeker 149). Other couveutioiiiil moUves: e.g., Ihe Ubi Sunt formula, spec- men in Morris, Old Eag. Miscl. (Early Eag. Text Soc.) p. 95. Various motives : e. g., Boeddeker 176 (The Man in the Moon). * (b) PoUtica! Songs : Of historic interest chiefly ; satire rather than lyric enthusiasm predominates ; some are patriotic songs of victory, etc., espc'ly those of Laurence Minot ; e. g„ modernized version in Pitzgibbon, Early Eng. Poetry p. 8. Represent the popu- lar side. Cf. Courthope, Hist. Eag. Poetry I 187 f. (c) Religious Lyrics : Gen'ly conventional but fervent and sim- ple ; very little theology ; mostly worship of Christ and the Vir- gin ; ascetic and monkish in tone, e. g., App. to Owl and Nightin- gale ed. Wright pp. 76, 78. Specimens of simple and fervent piety ; Boeddeker 191 f., 196 f., 206 f., (see modernized version in Macdonald, Engl's Antiphon 9 f.). Hi. THE ELIZABETHAN LYRIC, 1500-1650, 1. General Bibliography. ('oiisult collected works of Lyric poets studied. Carpenter, Eng. Lyric Poetry 1500-1700 (w. Hist and Crit. Iritrod.) Fitzgibbon. Songs and Sonnets of the Eliz. Era (Victoria Library). Schelling, Eliz. Lyrics (w. Iiitrod.) Ward's Eng. Poets vols. I-II (w . Introd.) Palgrave's Golden Treasury. Saintsbury, Seventeenth Cent. Lyrics (w. Introd.) Quiller-Couch. The Golden Pomp. Bullen, ed., Lyrics from Eliz. Song-Books. '■ " ■ " " Dramatists. " ^' '• " ' Romances, " England's Helicon. " Davison's Poetical Rhapsody. Arber " Tottel's Miscellany ; Robinson's Handful of PI. Delights 1581; Jahrbuch fuer rem. u. engl. Lit. N. S. II 81, 210, 346; III 92 ; Englische Studien XXin 267 f. (E. Koelbing), XIV 81 f., XV 92 f. Various other Eliz. miscellanies maybe consulted in Collier's reprints; va- rious early lyrics and lyric collections are reprinted in Arber's Engl. Garner as follows : I 14, 17, 24, 47, 57, 74. 128, 215. 273, 310, 456, 460, 580, 595, 611, 620, 651, etc. ; vol. II 71 (Byrd's Psalms etc. 1588). 225 (Constable's Diana); vol. Ill 32 (Youge s Musica Transalpina 1588), 197, 269, and 334 (Campion), 395; vol. IV 28. 519, 609 and 644 (Dowland's Book of Airs), 2.53, 353, 495; vol. V 14 (Sedley), 61, 335; vol. VI 29 (Morley's Triumphs of Oriana), 135, 167. 2S9, 389 (Alison's Hour's Recreation in Music); vol, VII 11, 135, 325 (Wilbye's Madrigals) ; VIII 171 (Smiths Chloris). 267 (Tofte's Laura). 413 (Fletcher's Licia) ; etc. Huth's In- edited Poetical Miscellanies; Anglla XII 225 f., 585 f., XIV 463 f. (early XVI (Tutury lyrics ed. from MS. by E.Fluegel) ; Linton, Rare Poems of the 16th and 17th centuries. See Chapters on Poetry in various Histories of Eliz. Lit., e. g. Saintsbury, Crofts. Courthope vol. II, etc. Bead Schelling's Introd. ; Carpenter, Eiig. Lyric Poetry, Introd. (in Warwick Libr.) ; Symonds, Essays Spec, and Sag. 388-423. Cf. Drake, Shaks. and his Times Pt. II ch. iv; Fleay, Guide to Chaucer and Spenser ch. iii. Eliz. Lyrics are to be found in various sources : in references above ; and (a) in separate and collected works of the Poets (b) ill the Miscellanies of the time (c) Songs in the Prose-Romances (d) Lyrics in the Song-Books (e) Songs in the Drama (f) Lyric passages in the Drama, including Masques and Pastorals (g) in MS. sources, still unpublished. A. The Sixteenth Century Lyric. Transitiona} lyrists : Skelton, Surrey, Wyatt, and School of Tot- tel's Miscellany. Early Elizabethan : Gascoigne, Turberville, Googe, Watson, and the early Miscellanies. Tiipically Elizabethan : Sidney, Spenser, Lyly, Raleigh, T. Hoy- wood, Breton, Constable, Greene, Peele, Lodge, Dekker, Nash, Barnfield, Barnes, Drayton, Campion, Shakespeare, etc. Transitional to Jacobean period : Shakespeare, Daniel, Donnp, Jonson, Chapman, Drummond, Davies, etc. 2. Early XVI Century Lyric. The XVI Cent, in Engl, poetry, marked by dpolineof French in- fluence and rise of classical and Italian influence. Hawes : allegorical, not lyrical ; of mediaeval school. Skelton, : chiefly satirical ; transitional and reveals new lyric note : distinguish his lyrics from his Skeltonical doggerel. Specimens in Fitzgibbon, Early Eng. Poetry 102, 105, 115 ; in Ward 1 186, 187-8. For specimens of miscellaneous and native lyric before Tottell's Miscellany see Fluegel in Anglia XII and XIV ut supra ; Flue- gel's Neuenglisches Lesebuch (Halle 1895) 115-17, 37-,39, 111-208 ; Maitland, Eng. Carols of the XV century (Lond. 1891). 3. Tottell's Miscellany and the New Lyric : marks full Italian influ- ence; Wijatt and Surrey chief contributors ; reproduce Petrarch in Engl. ; tailarge poetic diction and forms ; introduce blank-verse, 10 sonuet and other lyric forms ; new motives but narrow range ; courtly makers and amorists ; establishment of Renaissance lyric in England, popularized during succeeding age. The real found- ers of nur lyric poetry ; mark introduction of new poetic form. Modern subjectivity rapidly replaces Mediaeval impersonality. See references infra on Wyatt and Surrey. Oenl. References : Tottell's Miscellany ed. Arber Saintsbury, Eliz. Lit. pp. 1-10 Ward, Eug. Poets 1 248-262. Warton, Hist Eng. Poetry ed. Hazlitt IV 22-67. Minto, Characteristics of Eng. Poets 116-130 ; Spenser ed. Gro- sartlV pp. xii f. ; Courthope, Hist. Eng. Poetry II ch. vi, \i& f. 4. Development of Lyric Forms and Versification : see ch. V. 5. Chief Source, in Italian Lyric Poetry. i (a) Source of Italian Lyric in Troubadour poetry ; development of lyric forms in Sicily, espc'ly sonnet and canzone : at. Sy- monds, Italian Renaissance IV 23-25 ; Gaspary, Geschichte des Italian Lit. chs. i-iii, vii, xiii-xiv, xix, xxiii, xxvii. Specimens (tran.s- lated) of early Ital. lyrics may be read in Symonds (see list follow- ing index), or in Rossetti, Dante and his Circle. (b) Petrarch (1304-1374) the chief influence in Ital. lyric poetry and on the later renaissance lyric throughout Europe. His sonnet-se- quence, and his treatment of romantic love : cf . Symonds IV 89-97. Chief forms : sonnet, canzone (or ode) , hallata, madrigal, and ses- tina. His style and its influence. Specimens may be read in the Translation of Petrarch, in the Bohn library, The Sonnet in Ital. and in Eng. Poetry : see Miss Bowen's Thesis. (c) The Chief Petrarchists : Lorenzo de Medici, Costanzo, Poli- tiano, Bembo, etc. The 16th century, the great age of the re- vival of Petrarohism ; so also in Prance, and in England. Their characteristics. {A)Later Influence of poets of Italian lyric decadence (ingenuity, conceits, etc.),— Chiabrera, Filicaia, Tassoni, and espc'ly Marino (1569-1625) : for specimen of Marino see translation by Crashaw, Works ed. Grosart I 95. See Sidnev, Donne, Drummond, and the 17th century lyric gen'ly. (e) Inadequacy of the Renaissance lyric in Italy : cf. Symonds Ital. Renaissance V 250-1. Comparison with the Elizabethan lyric. 11 ii On the Spanish Lyric ; see Ticknor, Hist. Spanish Lit. vol. II chs. xxix-xxx. Three chief classes : (a) Religious Lyrics, simple, or mystical ; (b) Popular Lyrics, native, uatural, fresh, resemble old ballads ; (c) Courtly and Exotic Lyric, after Italian models and forms, espec'ly sonnets, odes, etc. Great number of lyric poets ( over 120 in the period). Influence of Gongora; his style. 6. Chief Elizabethan Lyric Kinds : of. Schelling, Eliz. Lyrics pp. XIV f . (a) Period of the Pastoral ; its subsequent history as a poetic mode : cf. Gosse in Spenser ed. Grosart III pp. ix-lxxi ; Chambers Engl. Pastorals, w. Introd. (Warwick Libr. ); Spenser's Shep. Cal. ed. Herford, w. Introd. (b) Period of the Sonnet : its several types ; the sequences ; ques- tion of poetic reality : cf. Oourthope, Hist. Eng. Poetry II ; Gro- sart's Introductions to his editions of works of several sonnet- eers ; see references on sonnet-writers infra. (c) Period of the Song : cf. BuUen's Lyrics from the Song- Books, Campion's Works, etc. (d) Imitative and purely literary forms of the Lyric : Ode, Elegy, Canzone, etc. 7. The Age and its Characteristics : Its Lyric utterance: Cf. Taiue, Eng. Lit. bk. II oh. I ; Traill, Social Engl. Ill chs. xi-xii ; Hazlitt, Age of Eliz. lect. I ; Proude, Hist, of England vol. I oh. i. — "The Pagan Renaissance." Fundamental English moods and ideas in this lyric. The religious lyric: cf. Macdonald's England's Antiphou. B. Jacobean and Cardan Lyric, 1600-1650. 1. References : as under "A"; also Gosse, The Jacobean Poets ; Dircks, Cavalier and Courtier Lyrists (Canterbury Poets ) ; Saintsbury, XVII Century Lyrics (Macmillan's Pocket Library ). See also references under E infra. 2. (_'hief Lyric Poets i>f the Period : (a) Transitional (in point of time or manner ) : Donne, Jonson, Chapman, Shakespeare, and Sir John Davies ; — in a certain sense also Druramond, Herriok, Browne, and Milton (bis lyrics) , while typical of the period, carry on the lyrical tradition of the first Elizabethan time. 12 ^ (b) Typical of tho Puriod : J. Fletcher, P. Boaumoht, Ford, Shir- ley, Randolph, Suckling, Lovelace, Herrick, Habiugton, Carew, Crashaw, Quarles, Vaughan, G. Herbert, Wither, Marvell. (c) The New School : Waller, Cowley, Sandys, Denham, Davenant. 3. Characteristics, Forms, and Lyric Groups: (a) The Transition ; Beginning of the reaction ; New Mood and View of Life ; Widening of Experience and Deepening of Thought ; The Subjective and Philosophic Vein ; Transformation of lyrical Style. (b) General Tendencies ; Leading Motives and Themes ; Widen- ing Scope ; Occasional Verse ; Themes of actual life ; Growth of poetic melancholy ; Poetry becoming a more formal art ; Use of "Poetic Particulars" ; Imagery, a tuore ornamental Lyric. (c) Groups and Schools : the "Metaphysical" School ; an uncritical classiflcatiou ; Cowley and Donne. Three Schools : (i) School of Donne (ii) of Jonson (iii) of Spenser. Loose use of term "School". Development of the new lyric style. Difference in artistic meth- ods ; new method of "simplicity" plus "remoteness" (Saints- bury) . Idyllic and objective note of earlier lyric reappears in Drummond, Browne, Drayton, Herrick, Milton, etc. Herrick, the last "pagan" of the Renaissance ; his artistic sophistication. The two chief tendencies, objective and subjective, and their interac- tion. The religious Lyric. Latin Influences, and the new Clas sicism. (d) Intrusion of non-lyrical influences : satire and didacticism. Example in new lyric treatment of Love ; new and conflicting ele- ments of satire, raillery, a subtleizedpseudo-Platonism, and cyni- cal paganism ; effect on form. Decadence of poetic spirit : Cowley. C. Special Topics : 1. The Elizabethan Miscellanies : (a) Tottel's Miscellany 1557 ; reprint ed. Arber (see supra IV A 3 ) . (b) The Paradise of Dainty Devices 1576 ; reprint ed. J. P. Collier 1865? ; ed. See E. Brydges 1810. (o) A Gorgeous Gallery of Gallant Inventions 1578 ; reprint ed. Collier (1866) ; by Roxburghe Club 1844: in Parks' Heliconia 1815 vol I. (d) A Handful of Pleasant Delights (Song-Book) 1584; re- print ed. Arber 1878 ; by Spenser Soc. 1871 ; in Parks' Heliconia vol. II. (e) The Phoenix Nest 1593 ; reprint ed. Collier 1866 ; in Parks' Heliconia vol. II. (f ) England's Helicon 1600 ; reprint ed. BuUen 1887. (g) Davison's Poetical Rhapsody 1602 ; reprint ed. Bullen 1890, 2 vols. 13 — Note contributors, themes, style, poetical quality and characteris- tics, diction and forms, historical importance. See also, in Bre- ton's Works ed. Grosart, The Arbor of Amorous Devices 1567, and Breton's Bower of Delights 1592 ; see The Passionate Pilgrim 1599 (with many editions of Shakespeare). See The Mirror for Magis- trates 1559, etc. ; reprint ed. Haslewood 3 vols. 1815. See also the quotation books such as Bodenham's Belvedere 1600; reprint by Spenser Soc. 1875 ; and Allott's England's Parnassus 1600. -Cf. Morley. Eng. Writers VIII 212-218, XI 424 (bibliography of the miscel- lanies) ; Schelling Eliz. Lyrics pp. xxiv f . ; Hallam, Lit. of Europe pt. II ch. v§§57.63; Courthope, Hist. Eng-, Poetry II 162 f, 2S9 f . ; Brydges, Ceusura Litteraria passim (extracts) ; Morley ed., Shorter E[ig. Poems lCassell)ch. xi ; Ward's Eng. Poets I 465. The Elizabethan Song Lyrics : See BuUen's Selections from the Eliz. Song-Books, and references in appendix ; Publications of Musical Antiquarian Society, London (reprint of many of these song books, words and music) ; Chappell's Old Eng. Pop. Music ; Symonds' In the Key of Blue (with estay on "Lyrics from Eliz. Song-Books" ) . See references on Campion infra ; see references to Arber's Garner III iii 1 supra. Lyrics fr(_im the Dramatints: See Bullen's Selection ; Bell's Songs from the Dramatists ; Symonds' In the Key of Blue 241-264. — Note style, forms, quality, etc, of lyrics of each dramatist given ; effect of the dramatic setting, and influence on the setting ; prin- cipal themes (classify ) . The Pastoral "i'ein in the Lyric : Growth of the Idyl. See refer- ences on Pastoral supra ; also infra ch. iv on Idyl. England's Helicon is the chief collection of Eliz. pastora' lyrics. Elizabethan Sonnets and Sonnet-Ci/cles . See references infra on Sidney, Spenser, Constable, Lodge, Watson, Daniel, Draytom Fletcher, Chapman, Drummond, etc. See Crow's Eliz. Sonnet- Cycles (reprints with Introductions ) ; Minto, Characteristics of Eng. Poets, ch. v ; Schelling pp. xv f . lix f. ; Hallam pt. Ill ch. v §§ 48-51; Traill, Social Eng. Ill ,")24~6; Courthope, Hist. Eng. Poetry II 91 f., 298 f. Shiiksjiei-f's Sonnets : Note and classify the various interpretations • form, diction, and style ; relation to other sonnet-sequences of the time ; proportion of convention and of real feeling and experi- ence. Cf. Delius, Guizot, Minto, H. Brown, Massey, Dowden 14 Furuivall, Gervjiius, Tykr, C. A. Brown, Simpsou, Pleay, etc., on the Sonnets. CI'. Knight, Studies in Sh. 457-50i ; Wendell's Wm. Shakspere ch. viii ; Saintsbury, Hist. Eliz. Lit. 161 f. ; etc. 7. Epithalamia, Odea, Elegies, and other lyric subdivisions in the Eliz. period : see ch. IV infra. 8. The Development of Imagery and Orowth of Conceits in Eliz. Lyric: Note nature of the "conceit" ; the Petrarchan conceit ; later de- generation ; trace evolution chronologically in selected poems (in the anthologies, etc. ) ; compare conceits in Donne and Cowley. 9. The Orowth of Satire in the Eliz. Lyric. 10. Eliz. Music and its Influence on the Contemporary Lyric: Cf. Traill, Social England III 509 f. ; Rockstro, Gen. Hist, of Mu- sic ; Paine ed.. Famous composers (Boston, 1890, etc.) pts. 29-30. 11. The Cavalier and Courtier Lyric. 12. The Puritan Lyric. D. Study of Lyric Production of Representative Lyrists : See refer- ences under E. below. Poets whose lyric production is especially important in the history of the lyric, and deserving of detailed study are : Wyatt and Surrey, for the first half of the XVI century ; Gascoigne and Watson as representative of the interme- diate period before the full efflorescence of Eliz. poetry ; Sidney, Spenser, Shakspeare, Drayton, and Campion among the Elizabe- thans ; Donne and Jonson, representatives of the transition ; Drummond, Browne, Milton, for the later group of Elizabethans ; Lovelace, Suckling, Randolph, Carew, etc., the Cotrtier lyrists ; Herbert, Vaughan, and Crashaw, the Religious lyrists ; and Her- rick, the finished and final minor lyric poet of the age. See also Special Topics under C, above. Suggested outlines of three such special studies follow : 1. Edmund Spenser, 1552-1599. i Life : outline sketch, chronological ; divided into two or more main periods ; chief works produced in each ; growth of his mind and art ; chief poetic interests and traits of style in first and in later periods. Influences upon his life and poetry summarized, ii Classification of his poetry : Pastorals, Elegies, Lyrics, Sat- ires, Allegories, Sonnets, etc. 15 iii Lyric Forms in Spenser, iv Lyric Themes classified. V Chief Lyrics discussed ; analysis of the sonnets ; poetic sin- cerity in the lyrics (proportion of the real and the conventional), vi Characteristics, style, poetic modes of thought, peculiarities of his art, traits of his mind, etc. The subjective and personal element in his verse. His poetic philosophy and criticism of life ; leading ideas. vii Historical Relationships to preceding and succeeding poets, and place in the history of lyric poetry. See references below. JoTm Donne, 1573—1631. i Life, in detail, by periods ; poetic production in each, ii Character (see espc'ly Walton ) : Personal charm ; varied Learning ; ecstatic moods, rapt, earnest, extreme, morbid, intro- spective, ascetic; attitude towards sin ; sophisticated, subtly para- doxical ; his two points of view. Illustrate each point, iii Classification and analysis of his works. iv Views of life and poetic philosophy; aim; esoteric bent; Theory of Love (various phases ) ; views on sin, virtue, the soul ; asceticism. v His Art and Poetic Form ; not an artist ; aim as a poetic inno- vator ; his imagery, vi His Influence, vii General Characteristics and Criticism. Robert Herrick, 1591— 1G74. i Life and Poetic Period, ii Works: Chronology (cf. Hale); contents classified ; favorite and recurrent themes, iii Sources and Poetic Masters ; Older Eliz. Contemporaries, Latin, iv Char- acteristics. V View of Life, vi Art and Forms ; versification and diction ; conceits ; felicity in epithet ; appeal to the senses ; music ; personal quality ; artistic spirit ; inevitableness ; style in general, vii General Historical Position. E. Chronological List of Lyric Poets, with Bibliography. For further references see Lowndes' Bibliographers' Manual ; Son- nensohein's Best Books, and Readers' Guide ; bibliographies in Dictionary of National Biography, in various Lives of the Poets, etc. See in each case the Histories of Literature, Encyclopedias, etc. 16 i. Elizabethan Poets. l-teo— 1529 John Skeliun Poems iu Cholmers' Poets vol. II (incomplete) ; Works ed. Dyee 1843, or in Kiverside ed, Boston (see further reference in Dyoe I pp. ov, cviii f.) ('f. Engl. Studieii VI 288; Retrospecfivi' Review (index on S.); Lowell, Works IV 273 f; Ten Brink, Eurly Eng. Lit, III 108-121, 127-9. Read specimens in Fitzgibbon, Early Eng. Poetry 102, 105, 115; in Ward's Poets I 180, 187; in Pluegel, Neuengl, Lesebuch I 8 f. ; cf. 397-406, 465 n. 1503—1542 «ir Thonws U'yatt In Chalmers' II; in Aldiue Poets; ed. W. M. Rossetti (.VIoxon's Poets); ed, Nott. 1S15. Cf. W. E. riimonds, Wyatt and his Poems (Bost. 1889); Alscher, Wyatt und die Entwickelungsgesch. d. Eng. Lit. (Vienna 1886) ; Anglia, XIII 77, XVIII 2S3, 455 (Text. fr. MS. ed. Fluegel); Mod. Lang. Notes YI U-ii' 178-184 CJourthope ch. ii; Ten Brink III 215 f. Read selections in Ward, or in Carpenter's Eng. Lyrics 1500-1700; or in Flue- gel, Neuengl, Lesebuch IS f., cf. 376 f. 1515 — 1547 Earl of Surrey In Chalmers' Poets II; in Aldine Poets; ed. Nutt 1815 (still the best edition). Cf. Life of S. by Nott; Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry gxxxvii; Mod. Lang. Notes, Dec. 1889; Courthope. Hist. Eng, Poetry ch. iii; Spenser ed. Grosart IV pp. XII (P. T. Palgrave)f ; E. Bapst. Deux Gentilshommes Poetes a la Cour de Henry VIII (Paris 1891); Ten Brink Eng. Lit II pt. II Book VI Sect, vi; Pehse, Henry Howard Earl of Surrey, ein Beitrag zur Gesch. des Petrarchismus ■l><' x.xil (on Ms Sonnets); DeQuincej', Hullam, Lnudor, etc.; on. M. pa.ssim (see indexes); Brydges. Cens. Lit. VI 4H f . ; Keightley, Life of M. passim. ifcad in Ctirpenter; or Hymn on Nativity, L' Allegro, II Penseroso, Arcades, Lycidas, Comus, Sonnets. 160.^ — Iti.M',' Win, Habington In Chalmers Poets VI ; Castara in Arber's Reprints, -t'f. Corser VII 117-126. Read in Carpenter. 1S91— 1674? Robert Hirrick Poems ed. Grosart 3 vols. {Lond. 1>^77); in Aldine Poets ed. Saintsbury; ed. Hiizlitt 1869; ed. A. W. Po'lard 1891 (Muses Libr.) ; Selections in Morley's Univ. Libr.; in Golden Treasury Serie.s; in Canterbury Poets; in Athenaeum Press Series, w. Introd. by E. E. Hale. Jr., 1895.— Cf. Gosse, Seventeenth Cent. Studies Ul-UO; Swinburne, Studies in Prose and Poetry 14-U( (also essay on H. by S. in Muses Libr. ed. of H.) ; Retrospective Reviexo V 156 f. List of critics of H. in Grosart's ed. I pp. Vll f. R&ad in Carpenter, or any vol. of selections above, or {shorter list) in Ward. 1S98?'-1639? 77i..s. Cur.-ir In Chalmers' Poets V; Poems ed. Hazlitt (Roxburghe Libr.); ed. Ebsworth 1N9:! (Libr. Old Authors).— Cf. Corser III 2)2-;t5;). Read in Hazlitfs al. pp. 8, i:i, 14, 1\ 19, 21, Ma, 50, 5i, .58. 60a. 70a, 12r>, 126, 12X, 139, 15S. 1609—1641 sir John Sueklinrj In Chalmers' Poets VI ; Poems ed. Hazlitt 1^74 (Libr. Old A uthors) ; ed. Stokes iX. Y. 1.^x7).— Cf. Hazlitt, Lects. on Engl. Comic Writers, lect. ill; Schwarz, Suckling (dissert. Halle l.Wl). Read in Ward, 1618—1658 Richard Lot el, lie Poems (Lucastal ed. Hazlitt (Lilir. Old Authors l.s64l.— Cf. Retrusiiei-tire Ee- eiew IV 116-i;J0, Read 25, 26. Mh, 60-71. 89. 94, 117. 125. 16^. 2((7. 1.596-1666 James flhirletj In Dram. Works and Poems ed. Gifford and Dyce, IM^.— Cf. Campbell, Spec- imens, Introd. p. Lxxvlll; Miuto ch. VIII S ix; AngliaXlll 405, 1581— 1K4S Lord Hcrliert of Clierliurt/ Poems ed. J. C. Collins l^M. Cf. Montegut, Essais sur la Litt. Anglaise liaf ; H's Autobiograph.> . 15.4:1—16:11 lleonje Herlurl Poems ed. Grosart (Fuller Worthies Libr.) ; in Aldine Poets; etc.--Cf. Whipple. Age of Eliz. 216-9; Ruskin, Praeterita II l;i5: Macdonald, Eng's An- tiphon eh. xiii; Life of H. in Waltone's Lives; Corser VII 19;i-9, Head in Ward ; or in Grosart's ed. I 29. 47. 1^, 7:la, 79, \s. 94, 99, 112b, 125, 149, 17gb, 1n:i, VM, 2(0, 201, 205, 217; II 2:1. 1592-1644 Francis (..Hiarles Works ed. Grosart 1880 (Chertsey Worthies Libr.) parts in GilflUan's Poets l'<21. Cf. Gosse. .Tacol). Poets 18s i»4; Lamb. Letter to Southey, Nov. 8, 1798. iei:r.'--1649 Kichard CniHlunii In Chalmers'Poets VI; Works ed, Grosurt l,s72 (Fuller Worthies Libr.).-Cf. Gosse, 17th Cent. Studies Ul-IKS; Pope, Letter to H. Cromwell Dec. 17, 1710; Reti;,xij. Rev. 1 22."i ; Mnedoimld, Eng's Antiph. 2:).Sf ; Corser IV .TOS-.UO. Read in Grosart's ed vol. I ;t-10. 19-34, 70, 9.'i-lis, 141-,H, 197-203, ao, 2.i2-8, 284-5. 1621— 169."> Henri/ Vuughuii Works ed. Grosnrt 1.S71 (Fuller Worthies); ed. Chambers 189G (Muses Libr.) ; Sacred Poems in Aldine Poets; Secular Poems ed. Tutiu (Hull 1893).-- Cf. Shairp, Studies in Hist, and Poetry; Macdonald, Ene's Antiph. ch. xviii. Read in Grosart's ed. vol. I, (.7. 103, 121, 149, 171, 184, 209.217. 239, 2.i4, 283, 313,317; II 10.i. 1614— 16S7 Henri/ More Poems ed. GrOsart 1878 (Chertsey Worthies Libr.) -Cf. Macdonald, Eng's Antiph. 223-232; A. C. Benson, Essays, 1896. 1620—1678 Andreic Marvell Works ed. Grosart (Fuller Worthies Libr.) ; Poems ed. Aitken (Muses Libr. 1892). --Cf. Gosse, From Shaks. to Pope, Isu f ; A. C. Benson, Ess-iys, 1896. In Chalmers' Poets and in the Anthologies may be found specimens of many other minor poets, as Sackville, Ph. Fletcher, G. Fletcher, Sir Fulke Gre- ville, Sir E. Dyer, .Toseph Beaumont, John Taylor, Cartwright, Sherburne, Brome. Randolph, Cotton, etc. IV. THE RESTORATION AND "CLASSICAL" LYRIC. 1. References : Gosse, From Shakespeare to Pope. Gosse, Hist, of 18th Cent. Literature ohs. i, iv, vii, x, xii. Ward's Eug. Poets vols II and III. Garnett, Age of Dryden. Dennis, Age of Pope. 2. Chief Lyric Poets of the Period. Transitional :' Waller, Cowley, Denham, Cotton, Davenant, etc. Typical of the period : Dryden, Dorset, Sedley, Rochester, Prior, Lady Winohilsea,Pope, A. Philips, Parnell,Young,Allen Ramsay, etc. 3. Characteristics: Kinship of Restoration lyric with earlier Cavalier lyric (Sucltling, Carew, etc. ) ; Restoration lyric essentially a con- tinuation of the cavalier lyric. Not a vital poetic form in this period. Transformation of poetic style ; decline of the sonnet ; pinching out of lyric vein, and disappearance of lyric inspiration. Pre- dominance of the didactic, the descriptive, and the satiric. French Influences. Provincial note. "Wit" the standard, rather than fancy or imagination. Taste transformed. Conventionalities of form and diction ; narrow range of lyric forms. 23 ThePindarique Ode and its history from Cowley to Gray and Collins; Cf. Sharp ed. Great Odes (Introd.) ; Gosse ed. English Odes (Introd.). See ch. IV, infra. Imitations of the Horatian Odes. Eighteenth Century Idyllic verse. Continuance of popular literature of Ballad and Song in Scotland and on the Border. Cf. Minto, Lit. of Georgian Era ch. xi. Reaction and beginnings of the Nea-Romantic Movement (see v below) . 4. Chronological List of Lyric Poets, with Bibliography. 1630—1687 Chas. Cotton In Chalmers' Poets VI— Cf Lowell, Latest Ltt. Essays 78, 80. 1605—1687 Edmitiid Waller In CUalmera' Poets VIII; Poems ed Drury (Mn.ies Llbr. 189-;) ; ed. Bell (Al dine Poets).— Cf. Gos»e, From Shaks. to Pope, :U f., 196f. , and passim; Camp- bell's Specimens, app. A.; Voltaire, Letters on England (Cassell's Natl. Libr.) no. 21. Read in Carpenter, In Bell's ed. 80, 85, 121a, 122b, 133a, 219b. 605—1668 Hir Win. Davenant In Chalmers' Poels VI.— Cf. Gosse, From Shaks. to Pope, 119 1. ; Angtia VII 128, Vin 41.5 1618—1667 Ahriiham Cowley In Chalmers' Poets vri ; Works ed. Grosart (Chertsey Worthies Llbr )— Cf. Gosse from Shaks. to Pope 117 f, U.'i f . ; Gosse, 17th Cent. Studies 169.202: Hazlitt, Lecls. on Eng Comic Writers lect. iii; Leinh Hunt, Men and Books 223 f. ; W. C. Bryant, Prose Writings I 129. 141 ; Dryden, Works (see In- dex) ; Lamb, Works (see Index). Read in Ward. 1615—1668 Sir John Denham In Chalmers' Poets VII— Cf Gosse, From Sliaks. lo Pope 81 f., 207 f . ; Cf. Armster, Denham, eln Beltrag (Halle 1884). 1647—1680 Jolm Wllmot, Earl of Rochenter Selected Poems in Chalmers' Poets VIII.— Of Voltaire, Letters on Eng. no. 21. 1639—1701 Sir CharU'a Sedlcy Works 1702, 1778, etc. (No modern edition). 1631—1700 John Dryden Various editions, e. g.. Globe ed. (Cf. pp. 367-384). -Cf. Gosse, From ShaliS. to Pope 194 f. ; Lowell's Essay on Dryden; J. O. Collins, Essays and Studies 1-90; Garnett, Age of Dryden; Green, Hist. Eng. People III 44'2-9 Read in Carpenter, or In Ward. 16d7— 1706 Charlf.i Sucki'ille, Earl of Dijrset In Chahnirs' Poets VIII. •24 I(i64— 1721 Matthew Prior In Clialmers" Poets X; in Aldlne Poets.— Cf. Jeffrey, Contributions to Edinburgh Review II 46; Dennis, Studies iti Eng Lit. 109-147; Chalmers' Poets XV UO; Thackeray, Eng. Humorisla; etc. Head in Ward. 1671—1749 Ambrose Philips In Cbalmer's Poets XIII. 16S8— 1744 Alexander Pope. InOlialmers' Poets XII; ed. A. W. Ward (Globe ed.); etc. Standard edi- tion is that of Elwin and Courthope, 11 vols 1870-89.-01'. Mlnto. Lit. of Georgian Era>, Clis. il-iv, and vi, and pp. 307-342; Dennis, Studies in Eng. Lit. 1-78; Blrrels. Obiter Dicta II 52-108; and essays on Pope of Lowell, DeQuin- cey, Jetlrey, Jos. Warton, W. Hazlitt, Leslie Stephen, etc. 1679—1718 Thos. Parnell In Clialmers* Poets IX; in Aldine Poets. 1684—1765 Edieard Yuuiig In Chalmers' Poets XIII; la Aldine Poets —Of. Stephen, Eng. Thought in XVIII Century 11 362 f . ; W. Hazlitt, On the Eng. Poets, lects. vl. 1660 — 1720 Anne Finch, Countess of IVinchilsea Selections in Ward's Eng. Poets III.— Cf. Gosse, Gossip in a Library. 1685-1732 John Gay In Chalmers' Poets X ; in Muses Llbi-. 1893, ed. Underbill. 1686—1758 Allen Bamsay Works ed. Tennant 1877; Poems ed. Mackay 1870. Gentle Shepherd, in Canterbury Poets series.— Cf. Shalrp, Poetic Interp. of Nature 194 f . 1714—1764 William Shenstone In Chalmers' Poets XIII; ed. Cowden Clarke 1880. 1721-1770 Mark Akenside In Chalmers' Poets .\IV; In Aldine Poets ed. Dyce. 1722—1770 Christopher Smart In Chalmers' Peets XVI.— Of. Browning's Parleyings. For further study of tjie verse in lyric form of this period see the indications in Dennis' Age of Pope 119-122 ("Scottish Song- Writ- ers"), 242-248 ("Index of Minor Poets" ) ; and in Garnett's Age of Dryden ch. iii ( "Lyric Poetry ") . See also Gosse's History of XVIII Century Literature (with Bibliography ) . See ch. IV below on "Ode, Pindaric" . Cf. Southey, Later English Poets, 3 vols. (Otway to Cowper) . 25 V. THE LYRIC OF THE PERIOD OF MODERN ROMANTICISM. 1 References : Ward's Eng. Poets vols. Ill and IV ; Miles, Poets and Poetry of the Century, 10 vols.; Linton and Stoddard eds., Lyr- .ics of the XIX Century (w. Introd.) ; Phelps, the Engl. Romantic Movement ; Reynolds, Treatment of Nature in Eng. Poetry from Poi)e to Wordsworth ; Minto, Lit. of the Georgian Era ; Perry, Eng. Lit. in XVIII Century ; Courthope, The Liberal Movement in Eng. Lit. ; Saintsbury, Nineteenth Century Literature ; Her- ford, Age of Wordsworth ; Dixon, Eng. Poetry fr. Blake to Browning. 2 Chief Lyric Poets of the Period: Transitional: Collins, Gray, Thos.Warton, Chatterton, Fergusson, etc. Typical of the Period: Burns, Blake, Cowper, Wordsworth, Col- eridge, Scott, Byron, Campbell, Moore, Shelley, Keats, Landor, etc. 3 Characteristics, Forms, and Schools: i The Romantic Reaction ; its effect on the lyric ; nature of the transition ; predominance of subjectivity, the personal note, etc.; variety and volume of lyric production ; classes and types, ii (a) The Objective and Idyllic Poets, (Scott, Cowper. Keats, —cf. Wordsworth), (b) The great subjective school ; contrasting ten- dencies (Crabbe, Landor, etc), iii Characteristics in common: spirit of revolt and reform ; enthusiasm ; sensibility and senti- ment ; a spiritual renaissance ; sense of humanity ; insight and spirituality ; new feeling for nature ; heightened sense of exist- ence ; democracy, partly reversion to Elizabethan, mediaeval, and romantic models, diction, and canons of taste ; introspective mood ; melancholy and nascent pessimism ; exceptions. Welt-Schmerz. Burns, Blake, Byron, Shelley, Scott, Wordsworth, Keats, as types. iv The Idyl and the Lyric : cf. J. A. Symonds, Essays Specula- tive and Suggestive 399 f. The Modern Lyric, a mixed species. Artistic inferiority of modern song-lyric. 4 Special Topics : (a) The Rex'ival of the Sonnet (see ch. IV on "The Sonnet") . (b) The Modern Idyl ami the new Lyric Treatment of Xature : 2i; Read Lady Wiuohilsea, Parnell, Ramsay, Thomson, Dyer, Gray, aud Goldsmith, in Ward's Poets III. Of. Symonds, Essays, Spec, and Suggestive '289-.S-iO, 399 ; and Greek Poets oh. xx (on the Idyl) ; Shairp, Poetio Interp. of Nature ; Palgrave, Landscape in Poetry ; Reynolds, Phelps, Minto (ch. ii, 345 f.). Perry (225 f.); Gosse (chs. vii, x), ut supra. Gf. Myers' Wordsworth 124 f. ; Dennis, Studies in Eng. Lit. 356 f . ; Pater, Appreciations, 41 f. Trace idyllic, pastoral, and descriptive poetry from Wm. Browne and Milton ; how it has influenced the modern lyric ; crossing of species ; nature as a motive in the modern lyric ; its several uses (c(. Shairp, Ruskin, M. Arnold, etc.) ; characteristics in this re- spect of poetry of Blake, Keats, Shelley, Byron, Coleridge, Words- worth, Tennyson, Browning, Rossetti, etc. (c) Imagery, Epithet, and Metaphor in the XIX Century Lyric : Study Poetic Diction in XVIII century verse (Of. Reynolds, Shairp, ut supra ; Wordsworth's Prefaces ; Myers' Wordsworth 105 f. ; Coleridge, Biog. Lit. chs. xviii-xx ; De Quincey, "On Wordsworth's Poetry") ; the attempts of Wordsworth and Col- eridge at reform ; results ; nature of later poetic diction ; stock phrases and epithets of XIX century verse ; characteristics of use of imagery in each of the chief poets of the period. See for specimen analyses of imagery, Minto, Characteristics of Eng. Po- ets passim. Cf. Dallas, The Gay Science I 264 f. ; Whately, Rhet- oric pt. Ill oh.ii ; Gerber, Die Sprache als Kunst; Gummere, Hand- book of Poetics, etc. (d) Influence of Percifs Reliques and of the Ballad Revival on the XlXth Century Lyric : Nature of Percy's Reliques ; earlier fortunes of the ballad. Influence of the Reliques on Scott, Words- worth, etc. ; reflex iufluence through the German romanticists (Buerger, Uhland, etc. ). Nature of this influence, on form, dic- tion, subject-matter, etc. (see oh. IV infra). Cf. Reliques ed. Wheatley ; Percy Folio MS. ed. Hales ; Paul's Grundriss II pp. 850 f. ; Phelps, Eng. Romantic Movem. ch. vii ; Kiebitz, Influence of Percy's Reliques, 1874 ; Wordsworth's Prefaces ed. George 79 f ., 84. (e) Minor Lyrists of the XIX Century : The minor lyrists may be conveniently studied in the exten- sive anthologies of Miles, Randolph, and Stedman. See also Ward's Poets IV ; Collins' Treasury of Minor British Poetry ; Gilflllan, Specimens of the less-known British Poets vol. in ; 27 Saintsbury, Hist, of XIX Century Lit. ohs. vi, xii ; etc. Dis- cuss and briefly oharacterisie lyric work of minor lyrists in each period (e. g. Scott, Southey, Bowles, Hogg, Campbell, Moore, Wolfe, Mrs. Hemans, Leigh Hunt, Motherwell, etc., for earlier pe- riod ; Landor, Procter, Macaulay, Beddoes, Peacock, Praed, H. Coleridge, Kebel, Clough, Kingsley, Dobell, Hood, Patmore, Jas. Thomson, etc., for later period ; see also full lists in Stedman, Miles, etc., espo'ly for contemporary lyrics). Analyze and classify principal themes, motives, ideas and forms. How the minor lyric illustrates tbe typical poetic movements of the century. Contributions of minor lyrists, espc'ly in the fol- lowing forms : Hymns, Sentimental Verse, Humorous Verse, Ex- otic Forms and Vers-de-Societe, and the Song-Lyric. (f) Cmnpiirison of the Modern Lyriea of England, France, and Oermany : See Bachheim, Deutsche Lyrik (Golden Treasury) ; Von Klenze, Deutsche Gediohte, w. Introd. ; Francke, Social Forces in Ger- man Lit.. ; Scherer, Hist, of German Lit. vol. II ; Masson, La Lyre Fraucaise (Golden Treasury) ; Bowen, Introd. to Modern French Lyrics ; Pellisier, The Lit. Movement in France in the XIX Cen- tury : Bruiieti6re, Evolution de la Po^sie Lyrique en Prance au XIX Sitele. Compare and contrast in respect of forms, style, poetic criticism of life, treatment of nature and man, chief motives, poetical art and general historical weight and importance. 5 Studies of Representative Lyrists: See Hodgkins, Guide to the Study of XIX Century Authors (Bos- ton 1890 ) —references and outlines for Scott, Wordsworth, Cole- ridge, Shelley, Keats, Byron, E. B. Browning, R. Browning, Tenny- son, D. G. Rossetti, M. Arnold, W. C. Bryant, Emerson, Longfellow, Whittier, Holmes, and Lowell. See further references under 6, below. i In Collins and Oray may best be studied the beginnings of the new lyric spirit. Note nature of preceding lyric in ode, elegy, sonnet, idyl, etc., and in rhythms, stanzas, diction, subjects, and stylr ; changes incipient with Collins and Gray as Transitional Figures ; new elements and old studied in selected passages from 28 their poems. CoUins and Gray disorimiuat.ed as lyrists. Gray's poetry classified; "romanticism" in tiis later odes. Romantic sentiment in Collins ; traces of romantic style ; change from the Oriental Eclogues of 1733-42 to the Odes of 1747-49. Significance of Dr. Johnson's attitude towards each. Their poetic aims and his- torical position. ii Wm. Blake is the first great lyrist (art-lyric) of the now school. The three poetic periods in his career : metaphor, symbolism, mys- ticism. Characteristics : early, transitional ; influence of Collins ; use of personifications, run-on lines, and excessive romanticism : later, depth and originality of imagination and poetic sympathy ; Elizabethan cadences ; lyric simplicity, spontaneity, and freedom of style ; artistic quality. Poetic temperament and philosophy : a symbolist ; bizarre, paradoxical, and reactionary ; gospel of the heroic affirmative ( cf. " The Everlasting Gospel," etc.) ; new human- itarian and democratic sympathies ; sympathy with childhood and animals (of. Burns ) ; exaltation of imagination over memory and the analytic powers. First exponent of lyric individualism. His importance in the history of the English lyric. Burns: the poet of lyric passion and song. — Connection be- tween his life and his poetry. Periods in his life and growth of his art through each. — His works classified : ( a ) Poems of Occa- sion, of Friendship, and Epistles (b ) Narratives and Idyls (o) Sat- ires and Lampoons (d) Poems of Fancy ( e ) Songs for music (f) Pure Lyrics ; all his poetry personal and suggested by immediate circumstances ; thus the typo of the lyrist.~His Sources ( cf. espcly Minto, and Henley and Henderson's edition of his works vol. IH ).— His lyrical presentation of life : scorn of hypocrisy, narrowness, and conventionalism; revolt against Philistinism and conserva- tism ; a moderate democrat ; emphasis on the primal passions ; spokesman for the poor and lowly and for simple manhood ; sym- pathy with nature and life ; anti-ascetic ; conveys heightened sense of life.— Burns as an art-poet ; artistic handling of popular material, motives, and forms ; self-consciousness of his processes ; explicit aims ; critical powers.— The lyrical in Burns ; reviver of song-lyric ; poet of moods and personal interests ; contra, his strong satirical vein.-Defects in his poetic philosophy and in his lyrical art; limitations of his sympathies; always reactionary; narrow world ( cf. M. Arnold on B.) ; conventional elements in his diction and sentiment ; careless rime ; lack of variety and subtlety. 29 A'^arious Characteristics ; genial power, verve, virility, and com- mand over a certain range of passions and sentiments ; pathos ; dramatic sense ; feeling for nature ; temperamental melancholy ; enthusiasm, sympathy, and inspiration ; realism and audacity ; humor and archness ; ease and felicity of expression. Illustrate each point. His historical position as a lyric poet. Shelley ami Lyric Subjectivity: "one of the greatest lyric poets in the world " (Saintsbury).— Periods iu Shelley's Lite: First 1792-1811; Second 1811-1818 ; Third 1818 1822. Characterize each ; effective circumstances ( environment ) in each ; poems written in each ; growth of mind and art (study passages illustrating his life : see list in Hodgkins).- Classify S's lyric poems.— His poetic criticism of life: Illustrate from his poetic treatment of the theme of Love, espcly in Epipsychidion and Prometheus Unbound. — Characteristics as a lyric poet ; type of pure lyric subjectivity. — Compare S. with the world's great lyric poets ; with his great contemporaries. — Perma- nent elements in his art : divergent views in recent criticism. — See studies of poems by S. under chs. IV and VI, infra. Byron and the Personal Lyric of Storm and Stress: Byron rep- resents modern lyrit? individualism largely dissociated from purely lyric form. His poetry may be most profitably studied in close connection with his life. B's Life and Works : four periods : First Period 1788-1809, Youth in England, Hours of Idleness, and En- glish Bards and Scotch Reviewers ; Second Period 1809-1812, First Sojourn abroad. Cantos I-II of Childe Harold ; Third Period 1812- 1816, Life in London, Verse Romances ; Fourth Period 1816-1824, Life abroad. Production of the great poems— Childe Harold ( last cantos) Don Juan, Manfred, Cain, Vision of Judgment, etc. — Works classified : ( a ) Lyrics and Songs. ( b ) Satire and Didactic Verse, ( c ) Narrative Fantasies and Personal Records ( Ohilde Harold, Don Juan, etc.), ( d ) Lyrical Dramas, ( e ) Verse Romances, ( f ) Miscellaneous ( Prophecy of Dante, Lament of Tasso, etc ). See chronological list of B's Works in app. to Noel's Life of B. ( Great Writers ). — Characteristics and Dominant Ideas : Melancholy ; Pessimism and world-weariness ; Scepticism, and a superficial cyn- icism ; artist's and poet's aspiration for the unattainable ideal ; essentially manly and generous ; humanitarian scope, with aristo- cratic limitations ; elemental power and sweep of passion and im- agination ; grandiose and Titanic ; feeling for elemental nature ; the poet of revolution and reaction ; fundamental sincerity, with superficial affectations. To illustrate each point— Historical position. —Similar methods of study may profitably be applied to the lyric work of Wordsworth, Coleridge, Keats, Scott, etc. for the Romantic Period ; and of Tennyson, Browning, M. Arnold, Rossetti, Swin- burne, Emerson, Lowell, etc. for the Victorian Period. See out- lines in Hodgkins ; also references infra. 6 Chronological List of Principal Lyric Poets, with References. —For further lists tmiiior poets) see contents of anthologies of Ward. Miles, Stedinan, Randolph, etc.; see references in Sonnenschein's Best Books, and Reader's Guide, in A.. L. A. Indexes, and in Poole's Index. 1721-1759 WilUam Collins In (Jhahners' Poets XIII; in Aldine Poets ed. Thomas; etc.~Cf. Diet. Nat'l. Biog. (.and references there given) ; Swinburne in Ward's Poets III; Gosse. Hist. 232-6; Lowell, Works IV ;!-!; Phelps oh. ix. Read in Ward III. 1716—1771 Thomas Gray In Chalmers' Poets XIV; in Aldine Poets ed. Bradshaw ; Works ed. Gosse, 1 vols., Lond. iys5; in Athenaeum Press Series ed, Phelps, w. Introd..— Cf. Diet. Nafl Biog.; Phelps ch. ix; M. Arnold's Essay in Ward's Poets III; Gosse, Hist. 236 f.: Lowell, Latest Lit. Essays 1 f. ; Gosse, Life of Gray (Eng. Men of Letters) ; Ferry, Eng. Lit. in the XVIII Cent. 3W f. ; Steplien, Hours in a Li- brary III 101 f. ; Bain, Teaching of Engl. i:il f., 162 f. Bead in Ward III. 172S-1790 Thomas Warton In Chalmers' Poets XVIII (see also Joseph Warton, ibid.) ; Poems 1802, 2 vols. — Cf. Dennis, Studies in Eng. Lit. 192-22.1 ; 'Gosse, Hist. :i2.i-6; Selections in Ward's Poets III :J82 f. 17.52-1770 Thomas Chattel-ton In Chalmers' Poets XV ; in Aldine Poets, ed. Skeat ; in Canterbury Poets.— Cf. Watt's essay in Ward's Poets III ; Gosse, Perry, Hazlitt, Masson, Foster, etc. ; E. Stumpflp in the Archiv f. d. Studium der neiteren Sprachen, etc. XCVIII 105- 120. Read in Ward. 1750—1774 Robert Fergusson Selections in Ward's Poets III 501 f. ; Poems 1773. 17.J1— 1800 William Coioper In Chalmers' Poets XVIII; Globe edition, ed. Benhani; in Aldine Poets; in Canterbury Poets, etc.— Cf . Wright, Life of C (Lond. 1892) ; Sainte-Beuve, Causeries XI 139 f. (in "Essays", tr. Lee. in Scott Library) ; Shairp. Poet. In- terp. of Nature 213 f. ; Boucher, Wm. C, sa Correspondanoe et ses Poesies ; Minto, Lit. of Georg. Era. ch. x ; Birrell. Kes Judicatae 84- lU; see also essays by Jeffrey, Hazlitt, Lowell, Brydges, Dobson, etc. 31 17r)9— 179fi Robert Jiurns Worka ed. A. Smith {Globe ed.) ; ed. Douglas 6 vols. ; in Aldine Poets ed. Ait- ken. 3 vols, ; ed. Henley and Henderson.— vols. 1 1^117 f}.— Cf. Bluckie, Life of B. WITH BibIjIOG. (Great Writers) ; Craig-ie, Primer of Burns; Angellier, R. H., sa vie. ses oeiivres, 2 vols. (Paris 1S93); Minto, Lit. of Georgian Era 344 f. ; Diet. Natl Biog. ; see also essays of Carlyle. Hazlitt, Jeffrey. Lowell, R. L. Stevenson; Taine's Hist, Eng. Lit., etc. See Lyrle Poems of B. ed. Rhys (in Lyric Poets Series l>>9.'i). Read selections in Ward III or in Rhys. 1757-1827 WilUain Blake Poems in Muses Libr. ed. Yeats; in Aldiue Poets ed. W. M. Rossetti ; in Can- terbury Poets ; Conxplete Works ed. Ellis and Yeats, 3 vols. 1893, w. Memoir.— Cf. Gilchrist, Life of B. ; Swinburne. Wm. B.. u Study; Garnett, Wm. B., Painter and Poet; Story, Wm. B., his Life, etc. (Dilletante Libr.); D. G. Rossetti. Works I 3;is, 443 f . ; Ruskin, The Eagle's Nest; Reid, Life of Lord Houghton II 222 ; Letters of Coleridge II 68.5-8 ; Dennis, Studies in Eng. Lit. 329-336; Thomson, Biog. and Critical Studies 240-270. Read in Ward's Poets III, or in Miles Poets I 85, or in Muses Libr. ed. pp. 4. f)h, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 47, 49, 56, 58, 59b, 67a, 73b, 74, 75b, 7i)u, Sjb, .^9b, 90b. 110-120. I2ltt. 1770-18,50 Witiiam n^ordsirorth Poems ed. J. Morley in Globe ed., w. Bibliog.; Complete Works, with Life by W. Knight 10 vols., lH97etc.; Poems ed. W. M. Rossetti, w. Memoir; in Aldine Poets ed. Dowden. Selections from. ed. M. Arnold {Golden Treasury series) ; ed. W. J. Rolfe; ed. Symington (Canterbury Poets); Lyrics and Sonnets of W. ed. Shorter (Stott Libr.).-Cf. Myers. W. (Eng. Men of Letters) ; Herford, Age of W., Introd. and. ch. vii; Coleridge, Biog. Literaria; Legouis, La .Jeunesse de Wm. W. (Paris I'-^Wi ; H. N. Hudson. Sludics in W; Minto, Lit. of the Georgian Era chs. xii-xiv, and art. on W. in Encycl. Brit.; Saintsbury, Hist, of XJX Century Lit. ; and essays on W. by M. Arnold. .Dowden. Symonds, Lowell, DoQuincey, Masson. Shairp, Hutton. Doyle, Sir Henry Taylor, A. de Vere. Switiburne, Pater, etc. Read in Ward IV 1 f. ; in Miles" Poct^ I 211-:^46: or in M. Arnold's Selections. 1772-1834 Hnmvcl Tdi/lor Co}rrid) ; Bayne, Two Great Englishwomen ; Mayer ed,, Letters of Mrs. B.,2 vols. ; NieoU and Wise. Lit. Aiiec. of XIX Cent. XI 81 f. ; Stedman, Vict. Poets ch, iv ; Essays on Mrs. B. by Poe, Mont6gut, G. Sarrazin, R. H. Home, Walford, etc. Cf . Let- ters of R. Browning-. Read in Ward IV .-ilU-.lso ; in Miles VII 1.3r.-22N ; in Randolph II 79-104 ; or in Stedman, Victorian Anthology 128-1411 1.S12-1>S9 Robert Bntintuiii Poems ed. Birrell (Globe ed.) 2 vols. 189ti ; Poems, in one vol. (Boston 1896) ; Poems, his own Selection, ed. Porter and Clarke 2 vols., w . Introd. and Notes; Selected Poems of B. ed. R. G. White.— Cf. Orr, Life and Letters of R. B, ISdi , 2 vols,; Orr, Handbook to B.: Sharp. Life of B., w. Bibliog. (Great Writers) Nicoll and Wise, Lit. Anec. of XIX Cent. I (Bibliog.) ; Berdoe, B. Cyclopedia, 1,S!)2; Cooke, B. Guide Book, LSill; Alexander, Introd. to Poetry of B.; De- fries, B. Primer, tsa3; Wilson, .V Primer of B., l.yn ; Awjlia XI .jOO; Beatty. B's Verse-Porm (Columbia Univ., 1897) ; Stedman, Vict. Po:'ts ch. ix; Corson latrod. to Study of B., IS^ii; A. Symons, Introd. to Study of B , 1886; E. Gosse, R. B , Personalia; Uevell, B's Criticism of Life, (DiUetante Libr , 1892). See essays, etc., on B ]ty Birrell, Hutton, Thomson, Triggs, Bagehot, Dowden. Fotheringham, Nettleship, Sarrazin, Saintsburj-. Forman, etc. Rend in Ward, IV Bl..")-704; in Miles IV 29:!-;)r)0( w. Essay by Furnivall; cf. i\ ;J57) ; in stedman :i4:J-:^6j; in Randolph II 4li to 7^; or (chief lyrics) in Poems ed. Birrell I 57, 202, 208, 21U„ 21^, 249, 250, 251, 254, 257, 239, 260, 27.), 2^0, ZSi, 29:1, 294. ■■m. 1(12-5. 4IIS-412, 42(5, 4i4, 4:M, .5IH-8, 5X(l-.'i,8;i, .599b, 599d, 624, vol. II 20, -169. 542. 6;30. 1S09-1,S92 Alfrcil, Lord Teiuii/sun Works (Globe ed } in one vol.; T's Song-s w- Music (pub. Harpers); numer- ous other editions.— Cf. Handbooks, Priniri-s, etc., on T. by Van D.^kr. Luce, Dixon, Collins, Pai'sons. Wace, vVangh, Tainsh, Brooke, Walters. Jennings, etc. ■^ee Essays on T. by Wilson ( '■ iMust.\ fusty Christopher " ) Hutton, Mont6gut, Sarrazin, K. Scherer, Tairie, (in his Hist.), Austin, Em. 892c, .S93. 1S19--1861 Artliiir Huijh Chnujh P()(>ms and Prose Remains ed. by his wife, w. Memoir. 2 vols., isyy; Selec- tions fi-om his Poems (Golden Treasury, 1S9!) ;— Cf. Waddington, .\. H. C. ti Monograph, lss:i; M. .Arnold's "Th.^ r.sis'' : .Seeburg, Ut^ber A. IT. ('. (Goettin- ■«; jreri, 1K7,S,) ; see Essays on C. by Hiittou, Uiijrohot, Shiilrp, Patmore, ote, Rend in Ward IV 589-607; in Miles IV r,g7-624; of. IX 409; in Randolph II I19-2;U; or in Stedraan 2U-219. , 1822— 18S.S Matthew Ariwld Poems 3vols. Lond. 1881-2 (vol. ii "Lyrio and Elegiac Poems'); Poems in one vol. (Globe ed., 1890).— Cf. Smart, Bibliog. of M. A. (Lond. 1892) : Russell ed., Letters of M. .\. 2 vols. : Stedraan, Vict. Poets in ch. ill; See Essays, etc., on A. by Button, Swinburne, Saintsbury, Birrell, Formau, Lang (in Century, Apr., 1882),Vlda Scudder (in Andover Review. Sept.. 1888), H. W. Preston (in Atlantic. May, 1884). Cf. Pall Mall Budget, Apr., 19, 1888; E. Scherer, Etudes sur la Litt. Contemp. VII 3 f. Read in Ward IV 705-7.')6; in Jliles V 8.i-l07 ; in Randolph III 3-20; or in Stodman 22l-2:». 182.S-1,H,S2 Dante Oabriel Rossetti Collected Works, Lond. .1886, 2 vols.; I'oetieal Works, ed. W. .M. Rossetti, Loud., 1891; 'iCelmscott, ed. 2 vols., 189S-4— Cf. Knight, Life of D. G. R., w. BiiiLiOG ; T. Watts on U.G.R. in Eacycl. Brit.; Nicholson, R., poet and painter (Round Table Series. 1887); W. M. Ro.ssettl, D. G. R. as Designer and Writer, 1889; Wm. Sharp. D. G. R., a Record and a Study; Calne, Recollections of P. G. R. ; Tirebuck, D. G. R., his Work and Influence. See essays and articles on R. by Myers, Pater, Swinburne, F'orman, Mabie, Sarrazln, Gosse, Shalrp, Wood- berry, etc. Cf. Stedman, Vict. Poets In ch. x; Saintsbury, Hist. \l\ Cent. Lit. 288-292. Read in Ward IV 633-064; Miles, V 396-420; in Randolph IV 3-37; in Stedman .892-399; or in Works, ed. of 1886 vol. 1 1-17, 2Cn., 66, 83, 177a, issb, 190b, 192a, I93h, 201-2, 2(>4b, 209b, 210a, 212-213, 220a, 223a, 226b, 227b, 229, 232, 240, 244, 2.02, 266, 2S», 295, 296, 2S7, 298a, 300, 301, 304, 308, 31,'i, 317, 327, 334, S.'ill, II 40,'), 409, 4(11. 1837 — Algernon Charles Swinburne No collected edition. See selections from his works (made by himself) London, 1887; Chief works containing lyrics are (A) Atalanta In Calydon 1864; (B) Chaste- lard 136'); (C) Poems and Ballads 1 1866; (D) Song of Italy 1867; (E) Ode on the Proc- lamation of the ITrench Republic 1870; (F) Songs before Sunrise 1871 ;(G) Songs of Two Nations 187B; (H) Erectheus 1876; (I) Poems and Ballads. II. 1878; (J) Studies in Song, 1880; (K) Specimens of Modern Poets, or the Heptalogla(paro(Iies) 1880; ( L) Sours of the Spring-Tides 1880; (.VI) Tristram of Lyonesse and Other Poems 1882; (N) A Century of Roundels 1883;(0) A Midsummer Holiday 1884; (P) Poems and Ballads, III, 1889; (Q) Astrophel and Other Poems 1894; (R) The Tale of Balen 189-; (S) The Ajrmada 189-.— Cf. Nicoll and Wise, Lit. Anec. of XIX Cent. II (w. BiHLioo. ofS.); Stedman, Vict. Poets ch. xi, 434-9; Saintsbury, Corrected Im- pressions, 60 f; Forman, On Living Poets 335-375; Sarrazln, Pontes Modernes de rAngleterre275f; see various reviews of S's works in pbrlodicals. Read\n Randolph III 116-129; In Miles, VI 277-354; in Stedman, 417-434; or in A pjssim, espc'ly the choruses; In B song " Between the sundown and the sea;" In C 39, 61, 75, 100, 116, 128, 129, 198, 232, 347, 311, 318; D and E, reprinted in G; In F 1, 10, 30, K2, 93, 109, 143, 229; II passim; in I 27, 71, 104, 116; In J 107-124; In L 3. .!7, 67; In N 1, 10, 36, 47,48, 55; in P 1, 62, 70,83, 117; in H. I, 11, 137, 204; S. 1834—1896 William Morris Numerous volumes of poems, uncollected. For lyrics see esp'c'ly Defense of 37 Guenevere and other poems 1858; Poems by the Way 1891.— Cf Swinburne, Essays and Sturtles, unf,; Salntsbury, Corrected Impressions, 187-197; Forman, Our Living Poets :)7r>-4-'i;, Stedman, Vict. Poets In eh x. Read In Miles VI 1-80; In Randolph IV 38-62; in Stedmao 402-414. l<^2iM - George Meredith No collected edition See Modern LoTe and other Poems (1851-1802), 1886: A Beading of Earth, iks9; Poems and Lyrics of the Joy of Earth, 1883; Ballads and Poems of Tragic Life 1887; Poems 1892.— Cf. E. Le Galllenne, Geo. M., some Char- acteristics 1893; Lynch, Geo. M., a Study 1891; Wm. Watson, Excursions In Criticism 133-9: A. Monkhouse. Books and Plays 1894; J. A. Noble in Miles Poets V355-3«8. Betid in Stedman 371-5. 1S3IJ -1894 Christina Rossefti Poems, collected, 1890; New Poems, ed. \V. M, Eossettl, 1896.- Cf. Salntsbury, Hist. XIX Cent. Lit. 203-4; Forman, Our Living Poets 229-264; B. Taylor, Critical Essays :J30 f. ; Robertson, Eng. I'oetesses 338 f. Bead in Miles VII 417-448 (cf. X 597-010); in Randolph III 250-4; and in Sted- man :iTi;-380; or in Poems 1, 21, rM. m. 66. 67, 93b, 102, 121, lS4a, 137a, 147, 150, 166, \56a, 157, 179, ISO, 182b, 186, 194, 19j, 254, 260, 263, 274; and in New Poems, 4, .SS, S9, 102, lae, 145, 148, 149, 154. 158, 160, 190, 233, 2,50, 3CC. 367. 1823-1.S97 Coventry Patinore Poetical Works, 2 vols., issu; Angel in the House 1880; The L'nknown Eros 1892; Florilegium Amantis, ed. Garnett I.ss.s (selections).— Cf. Forman, Our Living Poets 25r.-i72 Read in Miles V 131-100, X 485-8; in Randolph II 197-203; or in Stedman, 233-236. 1840— Austin Dobson Poems, N V 1».m9. 2 vols. Read in Miles VI 391-424, J .\ 533-546; in Randolph III 291-311, or in Stedman 483- 491. 1844- Andrew Lumj No collected edition. See Ballads and Lyrics of Old France 1872: Ballades in Blue China 1880; Rhymes a la Mode 1H,S5; Grass cif Parnassus 1889; Ban and Ar- rlere Ban 1894. Read in Miles VIII 193-210; In Randolph III 312 ;)23; or In Stedman, 495-500. 1'865— Rudyard Kipling Bafrack-room Ballads 1892 ; The Seven Seas 18%.— Cf. Lang, Essays in Little; Dawson, Quest and Vision; NlcoU and Wise, Lit. Anec. of XIX Cent. II. Read In Miles VIII 051-670; in Stedman 595-601 . Representative American Lyric Poets: Of. stedman, Poets of America; Histories of American Literature, by Richard- son, Pattee, Mcliol, I'nderwood. Beers, etc.; Stedman and Hutchinson, eds.. Library of Amer. Lit. 10 vols , N. Y 1887-9; A. B. Simonds, ed., American Song, w. Introds. and Notes, N. Y. 1894; Sladen, ed.. Younger American Poets 1830— 1890 (Lond. 1891). 38 1794-1879 William Cullen Bryant Poetical Works eel. Godwin N. V. 1888— Cf. Blgciow, W. C. B. (Amer. Men of Letters) ; B. Taylor, Crlt. Essays; G. W. Curtis, Life of \V. C. B.; see lives of or essay on B. by Godwin, Hill, Symington, Wilson, Poe, Lowell, and Whipple; S'.ed- man, Poets of America, cli. HI. Read Selections In Stedman and Hutchinson. 1809-1S49 Edgar Allan I'uf Works ed. Btedman and Woodberry 10 vols. ; ed. Stoddard 6 vols. ; ed. Ingram, i vols.; Poems ed. Lang with Ebsay (Lond. I8t2)-Cf. Woodberry, Life of Poe tAmer. Men of Letters 1M<4); see lives by Gill. Ingram, etc. Cf. essays on Poe by Minto, Lang, Lowell, Whitman, Baudelaire, etc.; Stedman, Poets of America' ch vli. Bead In S. and H 1802-1882 Ralph Waldo Emerson Poems (vol. IX of Complete Works, Boston lhS4).— Cf. Cabot, Life of K. W. E., 2 vols., 1887; Garnett, liile of E., w. Bibliog. (Great Writers) ; Norton ed.. Cor- respondence of Emerson and Carljle 2 vols., 1888; O. W. Holmes, Life of It. W. E. See works on Emerson by Alcott, Conway, Cook, Dr. Emerson, Ireland, Sanborn, etc. See essays or articles on E. by Hermann Grimm. J. Morley, M. Arnold, H. E. Scudder, Wultman, Burroughs. Frlswell, Gilllllan, Whipple. Blrrell, Dowden, Fronde, Brother Azarlas, Lowell, etc See letters of Lowell, M. Arnold, Lord Houghton, Carlyle, etc. Cf. Stedman Poets of Am. ch. v: Nlcoll and Wise, Lit. Anec. of XIX Cent. II 191 f. ; Anglia XII 464. Read In S. and H. ; or Poems pp. 9, 14, U. 27, 36, 39, 42, 78, 80, 84, 87, 92-104, 106, 130, 1S9, 143, 170, 190, 207, 210, 899b, 811. 1807-1892 John Greenleaf Whittier Poems (vol. 1-IV of his Complete Works).— Cf. Pickard, Life and Letters of \V. ; Linton, Life of W., w. Bir.Lioi;. (Great Writers); see works on W. by Claflln, Fields, Kennedy. W. Whittier, Underwood; see essays or articles on W. by Stoddard, Whipple, LoweU, etc. Stedman Poets of Am. ch, Iv Bead in S . and H. 1807—1882 Henru Wadsnurth Longfellow Poetical Works (vols. III-VIII of Complete Works, Riverside ed.); Ballads, Lyrics, and Sonnets of L. (Golden Treasury Series)- Cf. s. Longfellow, Life of H. W. L. 2 vols.; Final Memorials, 1 vol.; Robertson, Life of L., w. Bibliog. (Great Writers) ; see also works on L. by Underwood, Kennedy, etc. See essays etc. on L. by Dowden, Poe, Scudder, Lowell, CTiirtls, Howells, Dawson, XroUope, B.Taylor,ete. Cf. Stedman, Poets of Am. eh. vl.; Knortz. L., ein literar-hls- torische Studle. Read In 8 . and H. 1809—1894 Oliver Wendell Holmes Poems, various editions. —Cf. works on H. by Kennedy, Brown, Jerrold, etc. Cf. Stedman, Poets of Am. ch. vUl; see on H., Lowell, Whipple, B. Taylor, Whit- tier, etc. Bead in S. and H. 1819-1891 James Russell Luirell Poetical Works (vol. Vll-X of Complete Works, Boston 1890-92); Last Poems, dd Boston. 1806. -Cf. Letters of L. e7ti ; Gum- mere, Handbook of Poetics 47 ; Vapereau Diet., art. " Pindarique " ; Lowell's Letters II 180 191 ; (Jo.sse ed. English Odes; Sharped., Cireat Odes. 6. The Epithdidiiiioii : Study chief specimens in English and note mo- tives, style, form, etc.. in common. See Oase ed. Engl. Epithala- mies (Lond. and Chicago 18S«!). — Cf. classical prototypes of Theoc- ritus, Catullus, Stesichorus, etc. Examples in Spenser, Sidney Donne, Chr. Brooke, Herriok, Shelley, etc. — Cf. Chalmers' Poets, (see index) ; Puttenham, Arte of Eng. Poe.sie ed. ArberGfi f, ; Va- pereau, Diet. art. "Epithalamie"- 7. Sonnet mid Soiiitet ,Sf<[ueii<-i' : Petrarchan sonnets, iu various forms and not all "orthodox". Modifications in sonnet by Surrey and the later Elizabethans. Differentiation of the kind. Souuet- form and laws in Sidney, Spenser, Shakspere, etc. .V different type with different aims from the "regular " sonnet of Milton, Wordsworth, etc. The sonnet as a stanzaic unit, and development of the Eliz. sonnet-sequences. Structural laws and poetic aims of the sequences. See M. F. Crow ed., Eliz. Sonnet-Cycles, Study forms, motives, style, poetic reality, etc. See also .sonnet sequences of Rossetti, Mrs. Browning, Wordsworth, Spenser, Sidney, Shaks- pere, etc. Revival of the Sonnet after long desuetude in XVJII Century. —On the sonnets see Sehelling, Eliz. Lyrics pp. xv f., lix f. ; Minto, Char, of Eng. Poets ch. v ; Courthope, Hist. Eng. Poetry II 91 f.,' 298 f. : Noble, The Sonnet of England, 1893 ; Dennis. Studies iu Eng Lit. 392-444 ; Miles' Poets X app. pp. i-iii ; Phelps, Eng. I^m. Movem. 44 f . ; Poet Lare VIII 593 f. ; Biartene, Morfologia dei Son- netti ; Lentzner Das Sonnett bis Milton, Halle IHSG; Chalmers' Poets (index on "Sonnet") ; Corson, Primer of Eng. Verse 143-18;"). See the .sonnet collections of Main, Hall Caine, Waddington, Sharp, Lofft, Tomlinson, Dennis, Honsman, Leigh Hunt, Dyce, (,)uiller-C^)nch, i4c. 8. The Song Lt/ric: The original lyric form; narrowed range in modern poetry from the dilt'erentiation of the arts, and the development of music as an iudopeudent art. Necessary conditions of a song- lyric; its qualities. Various attempts to develop the alliance of verse and music; the oratorio, cantata, opera (espc'ly of Wagner), recitativo, etc. Nature of the Eliz. song-lyrics : study in BuUen's Lyrics fr. Eliz. Song-Books, and his Lyrics fr. Eliz. Dramatists; see reprints (with music) by the Musical Antiquarian Society; London. Effect of peculiar nature of Eliz. music on the develop- ment of the lyric. Contrast the modern song-lyric (Moore, etc.) and music, with Elizabethan. See Symonds, Essays Speculative and Suggestive 404 f. ; in the Key of Blue (essay on " Lyrics fr. Eliz. Song Books ") ; Chalmers' Poets (see index on "Songs ") ; Rimbault, Bibliotheca Madri- galiana. 9. The Epigram, Epitiii>li, (innmic or SentPntioiis Ly}ic, etc. Prototypes in many poems in the Greek anthology : see Selected Translations from, in the Canterbury Poet* series. Cf. Martial. Compare the German " Spruch." Landor the most finished En- glish lyrist in this vein; see also Ben Jonson, Herrick, Sir John Davies, Emerson, etc. — Cf. Chalmers' Poets (index on "Epigrams"); Wits Recreations 1640 pp. 1-224. Differentiae of such verse in compactness and brevity; in classicizing periods (Latin influence) lyric element neglected and wit, point and sententious meaning become the chief test. — For Epitaphs see Ben Jonson, Wordsworth, etc. Cf. Chalmers' Poets (index "Epitaphs"). 10. Occasional Lyric, \'erii-' ^"""•['ne guide to the study of Englisti 3 1924 013 264 803 ^^ T .^, r *'v