LIBRARY ANNEX Co™eU Univei CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDO^VMENT FUND GIVEN IN 189I BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE Cornell University Library NA 7562.D2604 Old cottages, farm-houses, and other sto 3 1924 014 904 605 All books are subject to recall after two weeks DATE DUE ISST^ mikvu *• CUw i C3AYL0RD PRINTED IN U.SA Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924014904605 OLD COTTAGES FARM-HOUSES ETC. IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT Uniform with this Volume. Price 21s. net. OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES AND OTHER HALF-TIMBER BUILDINGS IN SHROPSHIRE, HEREFORDSHIRE & CHESHIRE Illustrated ,on One Hundred Collotype Plates, from Photographs taken By JAMES W. PARKINSON, With Introductory and Descriptive Notes and Sketches Bv E. A. OULD, Architect, F.R.I.B.A. OLD COTTAGES AND FARM-HOUSES IN KENT AND SUSSEX. Illustrated on One Hundred Collotype Plates from Photogra.phs : By W. GALSWORTHY DAVIE With Descriptive Notes and Sketches By E. GUY DAWBER, Architect. Royal Octavo, Bound in art linen, gilt, price 15s. net. OLD ENGLISH DOORWAYS. A SERIES OF HISTORICAL EXAMPLES FROM TUDOR TIMES TO THE END OF THE XVIII CENTURY Illustrated on Seventy Collotype Plates from Photographs By W. GALSWORTHY DAVIE. With Historical and Descriptive Notes and Numerous Sketches By H. TANNER, Junr., A.R.I.B.A. ■)^^AGc^2> X i4 o a en o < H h o u O D O OS o OLD COTTAGES FARM-HOUSES, AND OTHER STONE BUILDINGS THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT EXAMPLES OF MINOR DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE, OXFORDSHIRE, NORTHANTS, WORCESTERSHIRE, &c., ILLUSTRATED ON ONE HUNDRED COLLOTYPE PLATES FROM PHOTOGRAPHS SPECIALLY TAKEN BY W. GALSWORTHY DAVIE WITH AN INTRODUCTORY ACCOUNT OF THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE DISTRICT ACCOMPANIED BY NOTES AND SKETCHES By E. GUY DAWBER, Architect LONDON : B. T. BATSFORD 94 HIGH HOLBORN 1905 BUTLER & TANNER, THE SELwooD Printing Works FROME. AND LONDON. PREFACE ^ I "^HE success which attended the publication of the volume -■■ entitled " Old Cottages and Farm Houses in Kent and Sussex " encouraged the publisher, in fulfilment of a promise made in the Preface of that work, to follow it by the issue of similar volumes dealing with the minor domestic buildings of other counties ; and it is not surprising that he should have decided to devote one of these to the delightfully characteristic work of the Cotswolds. This district contains some of the most typical stone buildings in England, and they illustrate in a wonderful manner the methods adopted by the old builde rs in producing most pleasing effects by the employment of one single material. Amongst them are some of the most noteworthy houses in the country, celebrated equally from an historic and a picturesque point of view ; but although these are outside the scope of this work, the smaller buildings dealt with in it show in their detail and construction the same high standard of work and design. Year by year the public show an increasing appreciation of the artistic qualities of the domestic buildings of England, and this neighbourhood, containing some of the most beautiful examples to be found, will appeal to all lovers of the picturesque in architecture. ' Mr. W. Galsworthy Davie has taken the charming series of photographs, showing the special characteristics of the Cotswold vi PREFACE style, which although resembling in its main outlines similar work in other parts of the country, here exemplifies in the greatest possible degree the perfect adaptability of material to design. The descriptive notes, and the illustrations accompanying them are the result of many years of personal study and knowledge of the locality, and although they do not pretend in any way to have exhausted the subject, it is hoped, they may be helpful and interesting alike to the architect and such artists and amateurs as take an interest in these matters. E. GUY DAWBER. 22, Buckingham Street, Adelphi, London, December, 1904. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PLATES ARRANGED UNDER NAMES OF TOWNS AND VILLAGES 50 Plate 23 51 56 64 24 70, 71 22 ARLINGTON, Glos., Cottages at Awkward Hill ASTON SUBEDGE, Glos., The Village School BAMPTON, OxoN., The School House BARFORD, OxoN., A Farmhouse BIBURY, Glos., A Cottage „ ,, Groups of Cottages . BLISWORTH, Northants., A Cottage at BOURTON-ON-THE-HILL, Glos., The Baker's House 77 „ „ The Carpenter's Shop ' 78 BOURTON-ON-THE-WATER, Glos., A House at 66 BROADWAY, Worc, A Cottage Window . . j6 „ „ The Court Farm . . 52 „ Top Farm . . • 30» 3^ „ ,, View in the Village Street . 27 „ ,, See Laverton BURFORD, OxoN., House in the High Street . 96 „ „ The Tolsey . . .97 CALLOWELL near STROUD, Glos., The Plough Inn 62 ,, „ ,, Callowell Farm 94 vii vm LIST OF PLATES CAMPDEN, Glos., A House in the High Street „ A Street House „ Cottages „ The " Almonry " . „ The Almshouses ,, The Market Hall „ View of the Main Street ,, See Westington CHALFORD HILL, near STROUD, Glos., Cottages CHEDWORTH, Glos., Cottages „ „ A House CHURCH ICCOMB, Glos., A Cottage CIRENCESTER, Glos., A Street View COLN ROGER, Glos., The Rectory . COLN ST. ALDWYN, Glos., Cottages „ „ Dean Row COLLEY WESTON, Northants, The Grocer's Shop DUCKLINGTON, Oxon., The Post Office DUDDINGTON, Northants, A Cottage EBRINGTON, Glos., Cottages FINSTOCK, Oxon., A Cottage „ „ Cottages . GRETTON, Northants., A Cottage . 3 J „ A Farmhouse „ „ The Manor House HARRINGWORTH, Northants., The Swan Inn LAVERTON, near BROADWAY, Glos., A Farmhouse Plate 9 6i 59 32 10 II . 98 8, 41 16, 95 91 73 46 90 6 75 29 19 58 85 18 17 20 . 15 21 12 34, 35 LIST OF PLATES LAVERTON, Cottages .... „ The Doorway, Bowmeadow Farm LECHLADE, Glos., The Swan Inn . LEONARD STANLEY, Glos., A Farmhouse . LILFIELD, NEAR STROUD, Glos., A Cottage LITTLE RISSINGTON, Glos., A Cottage . „ A Farmhouse, Street Front „ A Farmhouse, Back View LYDDINGTON, Rutland, A Gable from MICKLETON, Glos., Medford House, Front View „ 5, „ The Entrance „ 5, „ The East End „ „ „ The Kitchen Chimney ,, „ Tudor House NASSINGTON, Northants., A Cottage „ ,, A Farmhouse OUNDLE, Northants., The White Lion Inn PAINSWICK, Glos., A Street View . „ „ Cottages PAXFORD, Glos., A Farmhouse RAMSDEN, OxoN., The Manor Farm RISSINGTON, Glos., See Little Rissington SAINTBURY, Glos., A Farmhouse SNOWSHILL, Glos., A House STANTON, Glos., A Farmhouse „ Cottages IX Plate 88 43 6o 100 42 3 13 H 65 80 81 82 83 25 63 93 37 89 79 48 36 26 I 4 LIST OF PLATES STANTON, Glos., Cottage showing Dormer. ,, The Village Cross and a Cottage . „ Warren House, „ „ The Doorway STAMFORD, Northants., House in St. Paul's Street . ,, The Bull and Swan Inn . STANWAY, Glos., Cottages .... STOW-ON-THE-WOLD, Glos., St. Edward's Grammar School STROUD, Glos. (near), Back of Inn . „ „ Humphries End Farm „ In Church Street „ (near), See Callowell „ „ See Woodchester TEMPLE GUITING, Glos., The Manor Farm (South Front) „ The Manor Farm (South Front, End View) WESTINGTON, near Campden, Glos., Cottages WESTON SUBEDGE, Glos., Houses . 5, ,, Cottages WILLERSEY, Glos., Farmhouses ,, „ The Village Inn WITHINGTON, Glos., A Cottage . „ „ The Manor House WOODCHESTER, near Stroud, Glos., A House YARWELL, Northants., Cottages Plate 69 28 39 40I 4+ 92 33 53 74 86 45. 54 55 99 7, 38 49, 68 2, 5 84 47 72 87 57 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT No. I. 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. 7- 8. 9- lO, 12, 14. 15- 16, 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23- 24, 26, 28. Plan of Cottage at Iccomb, Glos. „ „ Snowshill {see Plate xxvii) „ „ Aston Subedge „ „ Chedworth Cottage at the Cross, Stanton {see Plate xxviii) Beam in Ceiling at Broadway Plan of Cottage at Stanton Floor of Cottage at Weston Subedge Porch at Manor Farm, Clifton, near Deddington, Oxon. .... II. Details of Porch at Manor Farm, Clifton 13. Doors at Iccomb, Glos. Doorway at Aston Subedge „ Broadway, Wore. 17. „ Gretton, Northants, with details „ Gretton, Northants. Doorhead at Campden ... „ Stow-on-the-Wold „ Campden . Door at Bourton-on-the-Water . Doorheads at Chipping Campden 25, 1 Casement Fastenings and Hinge from Broad- 27. I way and other Places . Window and details, St. Edward's School, Stow- on-the-Wold xi Page II II 12 13 14 15 16 19 20 21 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 25 26 26 27 29 xii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT No. Page 29. Window at Gretton, Northants. . . -32 30. Typical Hollow " Perpendicular " Label 31. 32, 33. Mouldings from the Almshouses, Campden 34. Window and details at Wansford, Northants. 35. Window at Iccomb 36. Lead-Glazing from Broadway 37. „ „ Tewkesbury 38. An Oval Window from Mickleton . 39. Ventilator from a House near Campden 40. A Gable in St. Paul's Street, Stamford 41 . Panel from the Gable at Stamford, shown on Fig. 40 42. Gable Opening, Top Farm, Broadway 43- 46. 47- 48. 49. 5) At Stanton 44. Date Tablet at Gretton, Northants 45. ,, „ at Spratton, Northants at East Haddon, Northants. . at the Manor House, Gretton at Chipping Campden at Stanton {see Plate i) 50. Plan of House at Aston Subedge (now the Village School) .... 5 1 . Doorway of the Village School, Aston Subedge 52. Chimney Stacks at Broadway 53. Cap of a Broadway Chimney 54. Chimney Cap at Stanton 55. „ 5, at Burford .56. Typical Profiles of Chimney Cornices 57. Chimney from Kingham 58. „ on a Barn at Bredon, Wore. 59. „ from Bibury 60. 61. Method of forming Ridge Cresting 62. A Dovecote at Bibury 33 33 34 35 36 36 36 36 38 39 39 39 40 40 40 40 40 40 42 43 43 44 44 44 44 45 45 45 48 49 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT xiii No. 63. Pigeon-holes in a wall, Stow-on-the-Wold 64. Finial at Weston Subedge 65. Finial of Gable at Top Farm, Broadway . 66. Gothic Finial on a Barn at Longborough . 67. Finial at Campden 68. „ from Chastleton . 69. „ „ Broadway . 7°- „ „ „ . . . 71. Typical Forms of Gable Copings > 72. Gable Termination from Snowshill 73. „ „ „ Winchcombe . 74. Kneeler from Deddington, Oxon. 75. „ „ Gretton, Northants. 76. „ „ Broadwell. 77. Plaster Patterns formerly on a House at Stow-on- the-Wold .... 78. Stone Chimney-piece, Manor House, Turkdean dated 1588 .... 79. Fireplace at Darlingscott 80. Plan of Medford House, Mickleton 81. Entrance Pier at Medford House, Mickleton 82. Archway Entrance at Burford . 83. Oriel Window at Burford 84. Coat of Arms on the Market Hall, Chipping Camp den . . . . 85. String at the " Kite's Nest," Campden • 86. A Gable at Campden . Page 50 52 52 52 52 52 52 53 53 54 54 54 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 68 68 70 Old Cottages, Farm-houses, etc., in the Cotswold District AMONGST the Cotswold hills are to be found examples of domestic architecture, as characteristic as in any other part of England, and although perhaps they do not rank in import- ance with larger or more pretentious edifices, they possess a singular interest and quiet charm of their own. The cottages, like the manor houses, the churches and farm- buildings, are all built of the native stone, and all are gabled and picturesque. Perhaps nowhere is there any architecture more perfect in its simplicity and grace than that found in these old English villages. The houses and hamlets form a more or less distinctive group, and are of great value as showing how simple and truthful building, in the hands of rustic craftsmen and designers, without outside influence, may develop an almost traditional style. Just as the various phases of architecture have been classified into so-called periods, so with this essentially local type of the Cotswolds, which is in reality a product of evolution, growing out of the inherited knowledge of the wants which the builders had to satisfy, and of the natural material at their disposal. In B 2 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, ^c the Middle Ages, and down to the eighteenth century, architecture, or building, as it is better called, was always influenced by local conditions, and the character of work was much the same all over the country; while such cosmopolitan methods as we adopt to- day Were quite unknown. From the earliest days the Cotswold hills were notable as pasture for sheep, which roamed the downs that spread in almost unbroken succession from the Severn to the Thames. As far back as the twelfth century wool was one of our staple articles of export, being sold to Italy and Flanders. English wool, and that from the Cotswold districts in particular, was esteemed beyond any other, and before we began the manu- facture of woollen goods, we exported so much unwrought wool, that the breeding and feeding of sheep was the general occu- pation, and it is owing to this that many towns and villages, long since fallen to decay, were once prosperous and wealthy. This prosperity led to the great era of church biiilding through- out Gloucestershire and Northamptonshire, when so many noble buildings, such as Northleach, Cirencester, Burford, etc., were erected by the pious munificence of the wealthy merchants of the staple. It also brought fortunes to the local " Woolmen," as they were called, and an excellent subsistence to hundreds of their workpeople ; indeed, it is not too much to say that it is due to their large trade in wool that the small towns and villages, scattered about these hills; are so full of finely built and beautiful houses. Centuries ago the Cotswolds were one great sheep-walk from end to end, and what with the wool from his sheep, and the v grain from his fields, the Cotswold farmer was well-to-do. But now, alas ! those times are no more, and the great barns stand empty, or are allowed to fall into ruins; but they speak very IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 3 eloquently of the days when this district was one of the wealthiest and most prosperous in all England. The country at first sight seems wild and bare. The great stretches of upland, chill and oppress the casual visitor with a sense of loneliness and melancholy, and perhaps it is only those who live day by day amongst its rolling hills that appreciate and love its beauties, for the Cotswolds possess a distinctive character of their own, and are unlike any other part of England. The richness of the colour of the soil, the depth of tone in the foliage, and the wonderful deep purples and blues of the hills, all combine to make pictures that appeal to all lovers of English rural scenery. Geologically these hills form a portion of the great belt of limestones, which extends across England from the Dorsetshire coast to between Filey and Scarborough. To architects in particular' the whole formation is of unusual interest, as- within these limits are found almost all the building limestones used in England. The hills form an elevated tableland or plateau some 800 to 1,200 feet above sea level, with a fairly steep escarpment facing west, and overlooking the valley of the Severn. This escarpment was perhaps a cliff range overhanging an arm of the sea, but the tableland behind has been cut into valleys by frost, rain, and streams, and swept completely bare of the gravels which lie so thick in the valleys beneath. The various strata which dip slightly to the S.E. and E., com- prise the whole of the Oolite series, a vast mass of more or less continuous beds of limestone, separated by partings of clay. These are all of marine origin and enclose, in places, great amounts of shelly matter ; such as beds of oysters, and reefs of coral. The series begins with the Inferior Oolitic limestones, which stretch from Bridport northward to Beaminster and Sherborne, 4- OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, e^fc. and broaden out on to the flat-topped Cotswold hills east of Cheltenham. These are succeeded by a band of the clayey sub- stance known as Fuller's earth, which, forming a water-bearing zone amongst the hills, supplies the numerous springs found on all sides. The great or Bath Oolite has at its base the well-known Stones- field slate, which splits into the coarse fissile slabs, commonly used for roofing. The middle and lower beds give the best stone for building purposes ; soft when first quarried, but possessing the well-known property of hardening with exposure. The stone is usually quarried from about April to October, after which the quarries are closed for the winter months. It is generally obtained by clearing away the upper layers of inferior stone and loose brash, though sometimes it is mined for, as most of the Bath stones are. When first quarried it is rather yellow in tone, but becomes bleached by exposure, and after a time turns to all manner of rich colours, and is quickly covered with lichens, for which it seems to have a peculiar attraction. It is an admirable weather stone, as much old work in the district testifies. Nearly every village at one time had its local quarry, though many of these have for years been unworked, and it is doubtless owing to their proximity to excellent stone, and the ease with * which it could be obtained, that the larger towns like Painswick, Northleach, Burford, Campden and many others grew so rapidly and prospered. Much of the stone used in building St. Paul's Cathedral came from quarries close to Burford, and in that church there is a marble tablet to the memory of Christopher Kempster, who was employed as master mason. These quarries, still called Christopher's or Kitt's quarries, lie a little to the south-west of Burford, and near to them is a large stone house bearing the inscription, " Christopher Kempster built this in 1698." IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 5 Owing to the nature of the formation of the hills, the whole district is essentially a stone one, and all the buildings are con- structed of the local limestone, which lies everywhere within a few feet of the surface. It is doubtless to this, together with the isolated positions of the villages and hamlets, cut off in many cases from the main arteries of traffic, that we Owe their preservation to-day, and as stone was practically the only material available, we cannot but admire the ingenious way in which the old builders adapted it in their work. Generally speaking we do not in this district find much do- mestic work of an earlier date than the close of the sixteenth cen- tury, and the bulk of the essentially traditional Cotswold style ranges from that time to 1700. Perhaps this may be attributed to the fact that during this period there were more resident gentry in the country than at any other, and they depended more or less for their livelihood on the produce of their estates. They therefore encouraged building, both amongst themselves and the tenants and inhabitants of their properties, and did much to in- fluence the taste of the time. During the reign gf Queen Anne, when the commercial classes became such a power in the country, owing to the great expan- sion of English trade, and fortunes were quickly made, many of the old Royalist families, who had suffered first by the Civil War, and then by the reckless extravagance of the Restoration, were forced to sell their estates. The wealthy merchants bought them up and expended money in either building new houses for them- selves, or in adding to and altering the old ones, but though this latter phase of work is particularly interesting, it stands in a cate- gory by itself, and cannot be called so essentially a Cotswold style as that ,of the seventeenth century. It is doubtful too whether these people, having no ancestral 6 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, ^c. interest in their purchases, did not somewhat neglect the village social life, for during the eighteenth century and even in later years, when the labouring classes became very poor, it was no uncommon occurrence for them to be turned out of their villages, and their cottages pulled down, so that they should not become a burden on the landowners. This in a great measure accounts for the lack of cottage building between the end of the seventeenth century and the middle of the nineteenth. Broadly speaking the recognized Cotswold type belongs to the period between 1580 and 1690. It was a thoroughly common- sense style of building, based on tradition handed down through generations of village craftsmen, and it remained without change for nearly a century. The main bulk of the buildings were with- out doubt erected by local ihen, and without any external aid, for we find the same methods adopted, with but slight local varia- tions, many miles apart. It was a style that was gradually evolved : at first retaining a few links with the so-called Perpen- dicular work of the preceding century, but slowly shaking these off, until in the course of some few years it settled down to be the traditional work of the day, the vernacular of building in which the craftsman expressed his ideas. It is no idle plea to urge that this phase of English domestic architecture, although of a humbler sort, merits as much atten- tion and careful study as that of our larger houses and ecclesias- tical buildings, for these cottages were built to be lived in by the dwellers of these country villages, and belong to a type of house- building and craftsmanship quite unknown to us to-day. Occasionally the individuality of the craftsman shows itself in the way of quaint finials, or some delicate wrought iron work to the doors or windows ; small touches that give a charm and vitality to his work. IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 7 In these cosmopolitan days the use of railways and cheap means of transit have almost obliterated tke older crafts, and the advent of bricks and mortar, corrugated iron and foreign timber, is very rapidly driving the local materials and methods of building out of use. This cannot be sufficiently deplored, for apart from its effect upon the employment of labour, it is a matter of serious import that the old handicrafts, which made this coun- try so pre-eminently beautiful, are dying out. The total lack of encouragement given to workers in these simple trades, and the introduction of methods of building quite at variance with those indigenous to the country, combined with the enforcement of restrictive Building Byelaws, are bound in the course of a few years to have a disastrous effect, even if they have not done so already. In the districts with which we are dealing, it is now a somewhat rare occurrence to find new cottages built with local materials ; if they are so it is chiefly by people who have at heart the old traditions, and therefore resist new and strange innovations. This beautiful type of building, so simple and so strong, and which is as worthy of retention and preservation as any other either in this country or abroad, has never been appreciated at its real value, and buildings both great and small are either allowed to fall into a state of hopeless ruin, or, which is almost worse, to suffer such " restoration " as to render them quite unrecogniz- able. Of course we must recollect that' the builders of these houses had none of the difficulties to contend with that are ever present to-day. Drainage and sanitation were practically unknown in the way we understand them ; water supply and the consequent introduction of pipes inside the house, together with the compli- •8 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, £ifc. cation of modern requirements and the over elaboration of planning, were non-existent, so that, when examined in detail they are found to be simple both in plan and arrangement. The absence of small outbuildings, which detract from the restf illness of the main house, all contributed towards the desired effect, as in the farmhouse at Willersey, illustrated on Plate V. More than anything else the sense of proportion in these houses is the one thing that produces so much of their charm. It is always correct, there is never a false note, for these old builders seem to have understood intuitively the exact relation of voids and solids, of heights and widths, and in a quiet and unpretentious way their houses are almost perfect as specimens of village crafts- manship and building. An admirable example of this type is shown in the Rectory at Coin Roger (Plate xc). There was no striving after any eccentricities or unnecessary embellishment ; what was good enough for their fathers was good enough for them, and there are villages with houses dating and ranging from the end of the sixteenth to well into the eighteenth century precisely similar in detail, showing how thoroughly these people were imbued with one idea of building. It may be thought that these villages and country towns are all of a stereotyped pattern and somewhat monotonous, but nothing could be farther from this in reality, as a glance through the illustrations will show, for though there is a repetition of certain forms and features, and we recognize at once that every detail is familiar,- yet it is this very similarity of idea permeating the whole of the district during this period that gives such a broad and dignified character to the work (compare for example Plates XXX and Ixxii). The houses were mostly placed in such positions as would IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 9 shelter them from exposure to the weather, and give ready access to such roads as then existed. This however was by no means- always the case. Apparently no attention was paid to the ques- tion of aspect, as to whether the position commanded good views — indeed many of the sites seem particularly ill chosen, lying low, or close to streams, but this last point, in the case of the houses^ in the Painswick and Stroud valleys, was necessary for the carry- ing on of trade. Some illustrations of this type are given on Plates Ixxiv, Ixxxvii and xc. It is a mistake to suppose, as many people do, that the work of these old time builders was always sound and constructional, and to hold it up as an example to us of to-day, for although they built according to their idea of what was truthful, much of what they did we must perforce condemn now. Their walls, for instance, though thick and solid in appearance,, were often merely an inner and outer shell, filled with rubbish, and small stones, which had little or no cohesive properties and consequently could not withstand any settlements, and suffered severely from the effects of wet and frost. Many of the houses were erected without any foundations,, and in some cases the builders never even troubled to remove the turf, but began their walls directly from the surface of the ground. An eaves gutter, or downspout to carry off the rain was abso- lutely unknown in a Cotswold house, and the water running directly off the roof, was either blown against the walls, or dripped to the ground, thus accounting for the decayed and worn con- dition of the base of the walls. In some of the houses having an occasional parapet and lead gutter, the water emptied itself through a stone gurgoyle, project- ing some two or three feet from the wall, a system nearly as bad as the former one, for instead of the water being distributed lo OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, ^c. ■evenly around the house, it was here collected into a larger volume, which perhaps did greater damage to the building. The use of lead for any purpose, except window glazing, was in these smaller houses evidently xinknown, as a lead head or downspout is never found except in large and important build- ings. The wooden V-shaped eaves gutter, and square down pipes, were first used when the necessity became apparent for some means of getting rid of the water, and it is only during the last century that these have been superseded by the iron ones now more or less universal. No doubt a great deal of the charm of these old houses is due to the fact that they were nearly always self-contained. An ad- mirable example is shown in the cottage by the Cross at Stanton (Plate xxviii). The eaves projected without any gutters or spout- ing, the breadth of wall surface was unbroken by the vertical lines of down pipes, which cut all modern buildings into strips, and such things as ventilation pipes and sanitary monstrosities being then unknown. When the houses were built on sloping sites advantage was nearly always taken of it, to cleverly arrange some of the rooms ■on a lower level and by means of terraces and steps add to the picturesque appearance of the buildings — but unfortunately these lower rooms, owing to wet and damp, are now almost unusable except as store places (see Plates xvi, xxvii, xciv). As the rooms had outer walls on each side, on the ground floors particularly, and windows in them, they were always cheerful and sunny, but with regard to the bedrooms it was different. At this period — the seventeenth centiary — it was for some -strange reason thought injurious to sleep in rooms facing the sun, so most of the original rooms faced north and east, opening off a passage, or else out of each other. IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT II The stairs generally ascended in the middle of the house, direct into a room and, as Mr. Baring Gould says in his " Old Country Life," "At the head of the stairs slept the master and his wife, and all the rooms tenanted by the rest of the household were accessible only through that. The daughters of the house and maidservants lay in rooms on one side, say the right, with the maids in those most distant ; those of the men lay on the left, the sons of the house nearest the chamber of the master and the serving men furthest off." This arrangement of rooms opening out of each other, on a BCAi-e or p-tttT BASCMEr-iT "ZOOM SC/\L£ OF FtET FIG. I. PLAN OF COTTAGE AT ICCOMB, GLOS. FIG. 2. PLAN OF COTTAGE AT SNOWS- HILL {see also Plate xxvii). somewhat simplified scale, is frequently met with to-day, though as a rule an additional staircase gives access to the servants' quar- ters, from the kitchen below, but the great length of many of the houses shows that the custom must have been universal, as illus- trated in Plates v and 1. If we look at the plans of any of these small houses, the first thing that strikes us is the absolute simplicity, not to say baldness, of their arrangement {see Figs, i, 2, 3). The bulk of them have now been converted into two or more separate dwellings, and though many of the later alterations appear at a first glance to have entirely changed 12 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, 5ifc. the original plan, it is quite easy to. reconstruct it. As single houses they consisted of two or three rooms on the ground floor, one, perhaps the living room, being rather larger than the others {see Figs, i, 2, 3). In arrangement these houses carried on the medi- eval tradition of the one general living and sleeping room, with the " solar " opening off it, for beyond the actual rooms them- selves there was nothing ; no store cupboards, larders, or conveni- ences of any description, and everything was contained within the four outer walls. 5CALC OF FCCT FIG. 3. PLAN OF COTtAGE AT ASTON SUBEDGE. They were always planned one room in thickness, {see Fig. 4), so that they could be roofed in a single span, and the invariable width is from 16 to 18 feet. When more accommodation was needed, they were made L, E, or H shaped, with a central block and projecting wings, but however large the house, always retain- ing the single span roof. Another characteristic, noticeable in each room, is the large fireplace, which gives a greater suggestion of comfort and warmth than almost any other structural feature. It was the spot around which the family would cluster after the day's work in the fields IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 13 or at the loom, was done, and where the meals were cooked. Most of these fireplaces are very large, as a comparison with the plans will show — frequently 6 feet and upwards in width {see Figs. 3 and 4). They were not high — about 4 to 5 feet being the average, and the head was either formed of large stones, shaped as a flat four centred arch, or spanned with a plain lintol of oak. Wood was the usual fuel, burnt on the stone hearth, and pots and kettles were hung from the iron hinged trivet, fixed in one of the innermost angles. 10 5 « lo t ffOOCIsn OQQ0 SCALE or FecT FIG. 4. PLAN OF COTTAGE AT CHEDWORTH. Sometimes we find the flat iron ovens standing on the stone hearth, and on the top of these the fire is laid. These ovens are about 2 feet square and 7 or 8 inches deep, placed between small projecting stone piers, with moulded caps, and between these again is the iron fireback. These latter are found in many old houses doubtless owing to their proximity to the coal and iron fields of the Forest of Dean, but few have any great merit, unless it be that of plainness, and none show the exquisite workmanship of the Kent and Sussex examples. The bread oven, in which the fag- gots were burned, generally opened out of one side of the fire- r MODEEN BUILDINGS AT BACK» 14 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, tifc. place, and was sometimes built in the thickness of the wall, or else jutting out in the form of a semicircle with a small roof over it as in the house at Snowshill (see Fig. 4 and Plate xxvi). On one or both sides of the fireplace, inside the ingle, a seat was often arranged, in the thickness of the masonry. This consisted of a hollowed out recess, with a stone or wooden bottom, just wide enough for a person to sit down in comfortably, and arched above the head. Some few inches up on each side there were small places hollowed out to take the elbows, or else to stand a glass or cup upon, as in the cottage at Stanton (see Fig. 5). Sometimes little cup- boards were fitted in on either side of the fireplace as receptacles for food, or pipes and tobacco, as at Medford house (j^^ Fig. 80), and occasionally we find small windows behind the seats to light the ingle, but as a rule there are none. Though their close proximity to the fire has its drawbacks, yet these warm seats are much coveted corners, and in the village inns to-day one frequently sees the old labourers putting up willingly with smarting eyes and general discomfort rather than shift their places. When these houses were built reading was not much in vogue, and light was not wanted for that purpose. The women of the household evidently did not use the chimney corners for sewing in, owing to the smoke, and doubtless they were chiefly occupied by SCALE OF TEICT FIG. 5. COTTAGE AT THE CROSS, STANTON. IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 15 the men and children. These old ingle nooks, the real genuine article, usually have a large tapering flue carried straight up and open to the sky above. They doubtless smoked exceedingly, as the blackened ceilings show, but as doors and windows fitted badly and draughts must have been abundant, a little smoke more or less could have been of no great consequence ! With the exception of the internal fireplaces and chimney- breasts it is seldom that the rooms are divided by stone walls ;. the partitions were generally made of strong oak framing, filled in with lath and plaster, or panelled with oak. The smaller buildings therefore, unless the chimney stack happened to be inside the house, had practically no lateral tie,, and this is one of the reasons why so_many houses. are_found with their walls oirLof plumb, the weight of the roof having thrust them out of the perpendicular. The floors were carried on joists from wall to waU, or more frequently resting on beams, placed centrally in the rooms with- out any regard to the positions of the windows and fireplaces, over which they happened to come. These floors, in the cottages, were generally of unsquared joists of timber, often with the bark left on, laid some few inches apart and packed in between with a mixture of clay and chopped straw on interlacing hazel sticks. Underneath the ceiling was plastered, with the floor above either laid with oak boards or else finished with a smooth cement face. Sometimes in the better class houses, the joists were squared and 1 J J \^ -D J ,, /-T?;.^ <\ FIG. 0. BEAM IN CEILING AT moulded, as at Broadway (Fig. 6), broadway. and showed as an open ceiling below. In the smaller houses it will be seen that the ground floor i6 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, £ifc. SCALE OFFCET PLAN OF COTTAGE AT STANTON. rooms are very much alike in size {see Fig. 7). In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, spinning and weaving formed one of the occupations of many of the inhabitants. The spinning wheel converted the wool into worsted, which again was woven into cloth ; this of course was some years before the great mills in the Stroud valley mono- polized the bulk of the industry. The hand-looms have long since disappeared, but the spinning wheels are even now sometimes found amongst the forgotten lumber ■of the oldest houses, and in the villages around Campden there ■still exist a few old people who can call to mind hand-looms being used in the cottages. The walls of the houses which are always of stone throughout, are never less than 18 inches, and often considerably more than 2 feet in thickness. They are composed of rubble stone laid in rather thin layers, or in thicker courses of roughly dressed ashlar, the char- acter of the walling depending in a great measure on the way in ' which the stone comes from the quarry. Where the stone is only obtained in large blocks the walling is built either of roughly- squared pieces, with regular coursed joints, as in the illustration of the farmhouse at Stanton, (Plate i), or at Laverton, (Plate xxxiv), •or else the window dressings and angle quoins are of pieces of dressed stone and the general walling built of random rubble as in the grocer's shop at Colley Weston, (Plate xxix), or of coursed rubble as shown in the illustration of the farmhouse, at Gretton, IN THE COTS WOLD DISTRICT 17 (Plate xv), and the cottages at Bibury (Plate Ixx). It is therefore easy to tell at a glance from the character of the walling the nature of the stone found in the local quarries. In many cases in the better class work, this ashlar is carefully dressed and laid square on the beds and upright joints, as in the illustration of the almshouses and market hall at Campden, (Plates X and xi), but this was a costly method of building and is not often met with in the smaller houses. In the districts where the stone is not found in block, but comes out in thin layers of from 2 to 6 inches thick, the type of walling is again quite different, for here the stone is laid in courses almost as it conies from the quarry, on its natural bed, and the only dressed stone that is used is that to the angles and around the doors and windows — as seen in the illustrations at Harringworth in North- ants, (Plate xii), and Little Rissington and Chedworth in Glouces- tershire (Plate xvi). In many cases, especially in the eighteenth century, when wooden windows came into use, the ordinary walling stone was built around them, without any dressings at all — as in the illus- trations from Finstock (Plate xvii) and Ducklington (Plate xix) in Oxfordshire. In quite unpretentious buildings the stone was built in the walls, without any attempt to dress the face, beyond knocking off the projections with the hammer as the stones were laid, and the angle quoins were roughly dressed or scabbled with the mason's axe. In Northamptonshire we find a pleasant variety in the treat- ment of the wdUing, where alternate layers of red ironstone are interspersed with the limestone, as in Plates xx, xxi and xxii. This ironstone is found in its greatest thickness in the neighbourhood of Northampton, and is quarried largely at Duston, Blisworth, etc. 1 8 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, £ffc. • Where the stone was got out of large blocks, it had either to be axed square on the face and the beds, or else carefully dressed with the chisel, but in whatever manner worked it was always laid with wide and generous mortar joints. In many of the old barns and farm buildings, the walling was often laid dry, without any mortar, a method that is still adhered to in field walls and farm buildings. These dry stone walls are models of ingenious construction,, for incredible as it may seem, it is almost impossible to pull out the smallest stone of a well-built wall, the stones being so admirably fitted and dovetailed .together. Numerous illustra- tions are shown of these walls in the plates, those at Bibury and Arlington being particularly noticeable (Plates xxiii and xxiv). The wall surface, when not left with the quarry face, and the ashlar work for the quoins and dressings, being usually coarsely cut with the chisel, no attempt being made to rub or smooth it. It is to this as much as to anything else that the walls of these buildings owe so much of their charm, for one feels that these old masons, who worked the stone, thoroughly understood their material, and, unconsciously perhaps, obtained the best value ■out of it in every way. The ground floor, when there were no cellars underneath, was made of large slabs of stone, laid directly on the earth, with the result that the moisture readily soaked through, doubtless ! causing the rooms to be wet and unhealthy, and as damp courses were unknown when these houses were built the lower part of the walls in winter time was moist and damp. This method of laying the floors was but a slight advance on that of some century earlier, when the natural earth weD trampled upon formed the only, flooring. In winter, dry rushes and in summer sweet- IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 19 FIG. 8. FLOOR OF COTTAGE AT WESTON SUBEDGE. scented herbs were spread, but even then they must have been damp and dirty, and some idea of their state may be gathered from the fact that the doorway of the hall at Winchester was widened to admit of carts coming in. This was probably the origin of the raised dais we find in so many of the old halls, and which were evidently to enable the head •of the house to sit with some degree of comfort, raised above the floor, which added to his dignity and gave him a good view of his retainers. In many cases the stones were laid to a pattern, as in the house at Weston Subedge, {see Fig. 8), where they roughly radiate from an octagonal centre, or as at Stanton where the paving of the hall is made of alternate squares of blue lias and the local limestone. In numerous cases the floors were laid according to the whim or ingenuity of the mason. The old millstone set as a front door- step is a very frequent sight in these Cotswold villages, as shown in Plate xli. The staircase always opened directly out of one or other of the living rooms, and is generally found by the fireplace, con- tained in as small a place as possible, see plans, {see Figs, i to 8 inclusive). It was frequently circular in plan and in many of the oldest houses was of stone, with a central newel similar to those in church towers ; another instance of the manner in which old traditions lingered in these remote districts. Oak was the other material used, with a series of winders round a centre post, gener- ally cramped and awkward to get up and down. It is noteworthy that in all these houses the staircase, even in 20 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, ^c. ra*^«^' ■7^-" .;-.! ^^-«^r|?ri|l-,X^ those of the better class, was treated solely for the purpose of utility, and was but seldom made a decorative feature, for one finds houses with rooms beautifully pan- elled from floor to ceil- ing, with fine stone chimney-pieces, yet pos- sessing staircases with no detail worthy of notice, and in no way corre- sponding with the rest of the building. Some , of these staircases were in semi-circular turrets projecting from the main walls, finished at the top with a conical stone slated roof. At Burford there are still a few examples left, while one very fine specimen which was at the back of the Bear Inn has only recently been pulled down. Another point to be noticed is the absence of any porches, no shelter being given to the door, beyond an occasional hood, or slight projection of stone, {see Plates xli and xlii), and these are nearly always of later date. In the larger houses stone porches are' met with, sometimes carried up two or more storeys, and finishing in a gable, but a glance through the illustrations will show that the porches at Rissington, (Plate iii), and Mickleton, (Plate xxv), are almost isolated examples if we except those at the Manor Farms at FIG. 9. PORCH AT MANOR FARM, CLIFTON, NEAR DEDDINGTON, OXON. IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 21 Ramsden, (Plate xlviii), and Clifton in Oxfordshire, {see Figs. 9, 10, ii), where the regular early open type is adhered to, the latter having a moulded impost at the springing of the arch. The smaller two-roomed houses generally had but one outer door, as in the plans of those at Snowshill and Stanton, (Figs. 4 and 5), but as they grew in size and importance, two and sometimes three outer doors are not unusual, and it is only since these houses have been cut up into separate cottages that other doors and /^ FIGS. 10, II. PORCH AT MANOR FARM, CLIFTON. windows have been inserted, such as were never found in the original buildings {see Fig. 2). During the whole of the seventeenth century the employment of the lintol was universal, and one is struck by the almost entire absence of the arch in these buildings. Externally the openings were never made wider than the stone would carry, and stout oak beams were used across the door and window openings inside. 22 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, iffc. The four-centred doorhead out of one stone is the commonest treatment. At first steep in outline, as' at Colley Weston, (Plate xxix), Broadway and Campden (Plates xxxi, xxxii and xxxiii)^ and Stanway in Gloucestershire, it was later very generally flat^ as in the numerous illustrations given. The earlier doorways retained the label over the top, returning down on either side of the stone head, as in the farm-houses at Laverton and Saintbury, near Broadway, (Plates xxxv, xxxvi), and Painswick, (Plate xxxvii), or else treated with a simple cornice FIGS. 12, 13. DOORS AT ICCOMB, GLOS. above the opening as at Weston Subedge and Paxford (Plates xxxviii and Ixxix). In Broadway and two or three villages adjoining, are a series of very interesting doorways, evidently executed by the same hand. The villages are only some two or three miles apart, and they were undoubtedly all carried out within a few years of each other (see Figs. 14 and 15). There is a strong Gothic feeling about the shape of the head, the carved spandrils, and the termination of the labels, but the detail of the mouldings, the late character of IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 25 the carving, and the peculiarity of the stop to the jambs, all show evidence of the classical feeling that was at last pervading even these out of the way districts. In one of the ends of the label in the village school at Aston Subedge the date 1663 is cut, and on the other the initials of the builder or owner {see Plate li and Fig. 14). FIG. 14. DOORWAY AT ASTON SUBEDGE. FIG. 15. DOORWAY AT BROADWAY, WORC. Another interesting doorway is that from the Warren House at Stanton (Plate xl). Here we have a similar shaped head; moulded jambs, and the peculiar stops and rosettes in the spandrils, but instead of the label there is quite a classical treatment of architrave, frieze and cornice, all crudely detailed, but showing how, in the doorways, the builders were attempting some fresh treatment in place of the old traditional types 24 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, ^c. In some cases, as in the Northamptonshire examples, the doors had a plain straight lintol,, generally treated with a fine series of mouldings, returning down the jambs, but without any label or A DOORWAY AT CRETTON, cornice over, as at Gretton in Northamptonshire {see Fig. i8). Occasionally the doorways were sheltered with a projecting stone hood, on moulded brackets, as at Chalford Hill near Stroud and Lechlade, (Plates xli and Ix), and in Campden and Stow-on- the-Wold there is series in wood and stone of delightful and FIGS. l6,.I7. DOORWAY AT GRETTON, NORTHANTS, WITH DETAILS. IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT pleasing variety (j-^^Figs. 19 to 21). The doorway at Bow meadow Farm, in Laver- ton, (Plate xliii), is a typical Cotswold ex- ample, showing all the simple charm of the style. The deep head and large stones form- ing the sides all impart a sense of dignity and repose to the opening, which sets off to advan- tage the plain oak door. A pleasant variation of the flat four-centred head was obtained by inserting a key and im- post stones, sometimes plain as at Bourton-on- the-Water, {see Fig. 19), and occasionally with the latter moulded as at Deddington. The doorway has al- ways been the centre of attraction and that upon •which the best work- manship is most often found, for if there be FIG. 19. DOORHEAD AT CAMPDEN. FIG. 20. DOORHEAD AT STOW-ON-THE-WOLD. FIG. 21. DOORHEAD AT CAMPDEN. 26 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, ^c. '^ no ornament anywhere else, it is generally here/ that some effort was made in that direction, as we have seen in the examples re- ferred to. It must be noted that it was in doorways, fireplaces, and the memorial tombs in the churches, that the classical in- fluence first appeared, for it was on these features that the- builders generally tried to exercise their ingenuity. The proportion of the doorway greatly affected its decoration; a wide and low opening conveying a sense of homeliness and comfort that is seldom obtained by a tall and narrow one. And in these stone houses it was the key or focus upon which their energies were concentrated, and care and thought ex- pended (see Fig. 23.) It was in the de- tails and furnishing of their doorways, especially the exter- nal ones, that these old Cotswold build- ers so excelled, for the wrought iron work, the latches DOOR AT BOURTON-ON- THE-WATER. ^ DOORHEADS AT CHIPPING CAMPDEN IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 27 and hinges, made and designed by charm and character. Every touch shows the deUght they took in their work, and how admirably suited it was to its place. The construction of the doors — at first upright planks nailed to cross-pieces behind, allowed for the display of the beautiful hinges and fastenings still to be seen on some old examples. The modern method of hanging doors with what are technically called " butts " is of course responsible for the loss of much beauty, for the old way of hook and band hinges, beautifully hammered and worked, added much to the general effect of the door — it provided a good oppor- tunity for a fine piece of design on a plain oaken background; the iron work being delicately fashioned into minute tendrils and interlacing ornament, or simply forged into strong and sturdy bands. The handles were often the village smith, are full of JX^ H o Q < a <• o m S o OS b ^8 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, tifc. ■superb pieces of craftsmanship, heavy and massively wrought, frequently serving as knocker and handle in one, surmounted -on a circular or shaped plate, pierced and ornamented in all sorts ■of quaint designs. The examples of doorways illustrated from Bowmeadow Farm, Xaverton, (Plate xliii), and Warren House, (Plate xl), at Stanton, though plain show the hinges and fastenings found on them. The wrought iron work to the window casements was another opportunity for the exercise of the powers of the local smith. The variety of the shaped and perforated handle-plates seems ■endless and hardly any are found alike. Many contained the initials of the owner of the house, ingeniously worked into the design, as in the one illustrated, from a house near Broad- way, where the letter S is the initial letter of Savage, who built the house. All this iron work, both to doors and windows, was made by the local smith, doubtless from old traditional patterns, varied and altered to suit individual tastes. The windows are always stone muUioned, filled with lead- latticed panes and wrought-iron casements (see Figs. 29 and 34). They are nearly always treated in the same way, being 12 to 16 inches wide between the muUions, and 2 to 3 feet in height, while •over the head, and returning at each side, they have the hollow label or drip moulding — a survival of earlier days. Frequently this was carried round the building as a string <;ourse above the ground floor windows, as shown in the houses illustrated from St. Paul's Street, Stamford, (Plate xliv), the alms- houses at Campden, (Plate x), and the cottages at Broadway ^Plate xxvii). Sometimes, as in the Northamptonshire examples, the label is put close above the window head, worked in the same stone, IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 29^ returning at each end as a cornice, (Plate Ivii), while in Church Street, Stroud (Plate xlv) and in Cirencester (Plate xlvi) we see- it carried almost the entire length of the building and terminated with a drip over each end window. The number of lights in the windows in nearly every instance ' JL,1 J "l^ 1ZJ7~1~T^ -T FIG. 28. WINDOW AND DETAILS, S. EDWARd's SCHOOL, STOW-ON-THE-WOLD_ diminishes in each succeeding storey. On the ground floor the windows have four, or sometimes six lights, with a heavier central. muUion. The next storey will have three lights, and in the gable will be two. It was the invariable practice to lessen the number of lights as the windows ascend into the gables, as illustrated at 30 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, tifc. Withington, Broadway, Ramsden and Weston Subedge (Plates xlvii, xlviii, and xlix). This simple treatment allowed great elasticity of arrangement, and so long as the windows were well proportioned, and were placed in good positions for lighting the rooms, they nearly always •came in well with the external elevation. The symmetrical disposition and squareness of the plans, and the way in which they were roofed in one span, enabled the win- dows to be easily arranged to come centrally under a gable in every case. In many houses dating from the beginning of the seventeenth century we find the four-centred heads, as in the Warren House at Stanton, (Plate xxxix), where this treatment is also carried into the door, and at Stow-on-the-Wold, (Plate liii), in St. Edward's School all the windows are made so (^see Fig. 28). This shaping of the window heads is an echo of the perpendicular work of the preceding century, and in some villages it lingered for a great many years, but as a rule it was confined to the doors only, and gradually the window with the square lintols became universal. In the picturesque early sixteenth century house at Temple •Guiting, (Plates liv and Iv), for many years the summer resi- dence of the Bishops of Oxford, the windows have these shaped Jieads, and a few years ago they were filled with glazing con- taining the arms of the bishop,, or a mitre, a crozier, or other ■ecclesiastical symbol. The windows in every case were placed on the outer face of the wall, so that inside the deep recess gives that delightful sense ■of comfort that is only to be found where thick walls are used. Bay windows are not of very frequent occurrence in the smaller houses, but in the towns and village streets they are sometimes used with very happy effect, as in the illustration of the cottages IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 31 at Yarwell, (Plate Ivii), and at Duddington, in Northampton- shire (Plate Iviii). The house at Yarwell is of singularly pleasant proportion, and refined detail. The entrance was on the left side of the bay, which, with the gable above, is of dressed stone, contrasting with the general walling of thin layers of rubble. The whole front is tied together by a band of stone at the cill level. When the frontage of the street was very narrow the entrance doorway was placed in the centre, with a bay window of flat projection on either side, terminating in a gable above. A very effective instance of this is seen in the Szvan Inn at Lechlade, shown on Plate Ix, in the other shop at CoUey Weston, (Plate xxix), and in the houses in St. Paul's Street, at Stamford, (Plate xliv), which unfortunately loses much of its charm through having the intermediate muUions cut out. The houses in Chipping Campden, (Plate Ixi), and Callowel near Stroud, (Plate Ixii), have a doorway in the centre with windows and gables placed sym- metrically on either side, giving very much the effect of the Lechlade example, without the bay treatment. Sometimes the oriel window was used, corbeled out from the main wall, as shown in the illustration from Nassington in North- amptonshire, (Plate Ixiii), and at Burford in Oxfordshire, (Fig. 83), but these can hardly be classed with the genuine Cotswold work, and are distinctly of earlier date. Occasionally the bays are brought out square from the front of the house, as at Barford in Oxfordshire, (Plate Ixiv), where the ground and first floor windows are alike in the number and treat- ment of the lights. An unusual way is the method of putting the bay in the centre of the gable, as at Lyddington in Northants, (Plate Ixv), which is of three lights in width and finished with a gable at the top, but there is a sense of artificiality about the 32 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, ^c. chimney stack rising from the main gable behind it that is not entirely pleasing. No description of the windows would be complete without speak- ing of the dormers, the most characteristic feature of these Cots- wold houses. Their origin, which is very simple, af ose in the follow- ing manner. The buildings were roofed in a single span, generally commencing about 12 or 15 feet above the ground^ or some 4 feet above the bedroom floor. This did not give height enough for windows to be placed under the eaves at the sides, and as the bed- room was always con- structed partly in the roof, it was necessary to carry up the side walls and form a series of smaller gables, with windows in them. These were treated in all respects similarly to the ordinary ones, finished either with a coping and finial, or else with a stone slate verge. In almost all the examples illustrated of these dormer windows are shown, but particular attention might be drawn to the charming effect of the farm-house at Willersey, Plate FIG. 29. WINDOW AT GRETTON, NORTHANTS. IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT V, and that at Little Rissington (Plate xiii). A later type of dormer is occasionally seen, formed entirely in the roof, as illustrated in the Dean Row, Coin St. Aldwyn (Plate Ixxv), and Medford House, (Plate Ixxx), but they lack , the charm of the earlier ones. Another window also peculiar to this Cotswold district, though again of much later date,is that illustrated in the Baker's and Carpen- ter's Shops at Bourton-on-the-Hill, (Plates Ixxvii and Ixxviii), and in the cottage at Broadway (Plate Ixxvi). Here we have a simple bay win- dow with a stone base, above which is a frame- work of wood, and lead-lights, covered by a stone slated roof and generally accompanied by shut- ters, folding back against the wall on either side. These windows are only found on the ground floor rooms, and are most picturesque additions to the houses they adorn. There was during the 17th century a great similarity in the mouldings of domestic build- ings, and this was so whether the houses were large, or small. The earliest form of moulding, and one that continued in use in a modified form longer than any others, was the hollow moulded muUion and jambs {see Fig. 28). This usually accompanies the Tudor or Gothic-shaped head, as at Stow-on-the-Wold, (Plate liii), and was eventually superseded by the ovolo-shaped muUion, as in Fig. 29, FIG. 30. TYPICAL HOLLOW PERPENDICULAR " LABEL. MuUions. o Centre MuUion. Plinth. FIGS. 31, 32, 33. MOULDIl^GS FROMTHE ALMSHOUSES, CAMP- DEN. D 34 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, ^c. The hollow " perpendicular " label was used indiscriminately with both these types, and lasted as long as any other features in the houses (see Fig. 30). Occasionally the centre muUion — ^where six or four lights are used in one window, had the jamb moulding repeated as an additional fillet, {see Figs. 28 and 32), generally square but sometimes round as in the Almshouses at Campden, where the label moulding again varies {see Figs* 3 1-3 3). WINDOW AND DETAILS AT WANSFORD, NORTHANTS. The ordinary window detail was the plain chamfered mullion with the hollow moulding over, as shown in Fig. 30, and this was universal throughout the whole district for a great number of years, and is found even where the entire design of the house is altered, and almost every other detail changed, as at Medford House, Mickleton, (Plates Ixxx to Ixxxiii), where the windows are practically the only features retaining the old traditional forms. The sizes of the stonework to the windows is invariably the IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 35 same, the muUions some 5 inches to 5-1 inches wide, with the larger central one anything between 7 inches and 9 inches, the heads about 7 inches to 8 inches in depth, the cills shallower, and the . hollow label over, some 4 inches deep, returning on either side the depth of the head. Every village mason knew and kept to these proportions, and consequently repeated them time after time. With the gradual change in style towards the end of the seventeenth century and the introduction of classic detail, the lights became wider and higher, and as the rooms too became loftier, transomes and upper lights were inserted, as will be seen in the example on Plate ix. In Burford there is a very charm- ing house, dated 1672, facing the main street, which contains some extremely pleasing detail of this transitional period, where the mul- lion style still prevailed, but evi- dencing the endeavour to graft the newer fashion on the older forms. At CoUey Weston in Northants is another variety, where the muUions are still ovolo moulded, but with a hollow treated as an architrave all round, dying out on to a projecting splayed cill, and covered by a cornice over the head. The example from Iccomb in Gloucestershire, (Fig. 35), is plainer; here the chamfered muUion and jambs are used, but all round a raised fillet forms an architrave from which a hollow moulded cornice springs. ^ > WINDOW AT ICCOMB. FIG. 36. LEAD- GLAZING FROM BROADWAY. 1p^ H" OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, ^c. The lead latticed glaz- ing of these houses forms quite an integral part of their construction, and a stone-muUioned win- dow without its accom- panying small panes of glass is but a sorry sight. In the earlier houses we find the diamond panes, or patterns based upon a variation of the diamond and square, sometimes very small and intricate, as in Fig. , FIG. 38. AN OVAL WINDOW FROM MICKLETON. 6> FIG. 37. LEAD- GLAZING FROM TEWKESBURY. 9- OCJHOTta Q1.AZ.IN* VN<31. AX-ED ■ FIG. 39. LEADED VENTILA- TOR FROM A HOUSE NEAR CAMPDEN. 36 from Broadway, but always such as the vil- lage glazier could cut and put together. Any attempts at circular or interlacing leading are only occasionally met with, as at Winchcombe and Tewkesbury, (Fig. 37), where the tops of the lights are rounded, giving a little variation to the monotony of the square panes. Towards the middle of the seventeenth century the rectangular oblong panes became very popular, and continued so down to the close of the eighteenth with but little change ; indeed it is doubtful if any form of latticed lights were so suitable with either stone or wooden muUioned windows. The oval windows in the gables were occasionally filled with patterned leading as at Mickleton, (Fig. 38), and sometimes in dairies and such places the lead was left unglazed for ventilation — a IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 37 quaint example being given from a house near Campden (Fig. 39). Here, as in everything else in the district, the ingenuity and spon- taneous originality of the craftsman is very marked. This was doubtless a pattern worked out by himself, and though it doe's not pretend to anything in the way of design, yet the forms selected are suitable and it serves its purpose admirably, besides giving a pleasant touch of character to the window it fills. The colour of the old glass again is noticeable, varying from pale amber to bottle green ; somewhat unsuitable for seeing through, as it distorts the vista outside in a painful manner, but yet seeming to adapt itself to the old stone windows in a way that quite clear glass perhaps would not do. The leading of the small panes of glass always enabled the texture of the masonry walls to be carried, as it were, through the windows without a break, getting a continuity of surface that is very pleasing, and which these old builders thoroughly appreciated. The mistake so many people make to-day is in glazing the win- dows, with single sheets of glass, producing a cold effect inside and breaking up the exterior with cavernous spots of black, and emphasizing the muUions in a manner that was never intended. It would of course be wearisome and profitless to go through the category of trifling variations of the detail of doors and win- dows, as they differed but little from those in general use all over the country, and where they did the changes were evidently attributable to the whim and ingenuity of the mason, who wanted to be in the fashion and adopt the newer styles, and who having probably once seen them in other parts of the country, inter- preted them in his own work as best he could. In dealing with the subject of windows, the panel decorations placed over them in the gables must not be overlooked. These, like most other features in the houses, were distinctly 38 OLD COTTAGES, FARAl-HOUSES, tifc. local in their treatment, consisting in many instances of merely a small single light, either filled with glass or made solid. In Northamptonshife, as a glance at the illustrations will show, they were nearly always either square or diamond-shaped panels containing a date and initials, as at the White Lion at Oundle (Plate xciii), St. Paul's Street, Stamford, shown in Figs. 40 and 41, or else projecting with a moulded cornice above, as at CoUey Weston, (Plate xxix), and occasionally taking the form of a shield as at Nassing- ton (Plate Ixvii). In the neighbour- hood of Broadway, the oval or circular form was universal, the opening bor- dered with a series of small rustica- tions. This treat- ment was evidently FIG. 40. A GABLE IN S. PAUL's STREET, STAMFORD. popular and lasted for many years, as the examples at Paxford, (Plate Ixx), Willersey, (Plate Ixxxiv), and Stanton, (Plate iv), show, and it appears again on either side of the central window in the front of Medford House at Mickleton, (Plate Ixxx), a very charming composition, many years later in date than the other examples. IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 39 V FIG. 41. PANEL FROM THE GABLE AT STAMFOB.D HILL. These openings were doubtless originally glazed, as in the case of the small opening at Top Farm, Broadway, {see Fig. 42), and in the house just referred to, but often they are found plastered up on the outside. Sometimes, as at Weston Subedge, the panel took the form of a plain sinking with a curved head, (Plate xxxviii), and the form of two lancet lights cut out of a single stone, as at Stanton, (see Fig. 43), is not uncommon. At first sight this looks like some early thirteenth century work inserted in the more modern building, but a closer inspection reveals the handi- work of the seventeenth century village, craftsman. In the Stroud district a favourite form was the round cut out of one piece of square stone, as at the Plough at Callowel (Plate Ixii), and in many of the larger houses designs of more pretentious charac- ter are often seen. Square stones, built in flush with the walling, and bearing a date and initials. FIG. 42. GABLE OPENING, TOP FARM, BROADWAY. either sunk or raised, were very popular, and were generally placed over the door- way and sometimes worked in the actual lintol itself. These tablets, generally of the seven- teenth and eighteenth centuries, in some form or other, either enriched or plain, are found more or less all through these districts following the belt of limestone, FIG. 43. AT STANTON. 4° OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, ^c. that traverses England diagonally from the Dorsetshire to the Yorkshire coasts (see Figs. 44 to 49). I Where brick or wood are the ordinary building materials, it is seldom that such tablets are seen, but stone offered a ready material 615 mn J 1671 NX/C FIG. 44. FIG. 45. FIG. 46. AT AT GRETTON, AT SPRATTON, EAST HADDON NORTH A NTS. NORTH ANTS. NORTHANTS. at hand for the easy exercise of local fancy, and much quaint in- genuity was displayed in the fashioning of them. They are doubtless a lingering survival of the old custom of \ / h^04| lIOHNrjAI^Sl / . \ FIG. 47. AT THE MANOR HOUSE, GRETTON. FIG. 48. AT CHIPPING CAMPDEN. FIG. 49.' AT STANTON. placing the owner's coat of arms over the entrance door, and are interesting if only for that reason. The simplest form is just a slab of stone, with the initials and IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 41 date upon it, within a panel, the disposition of the initials gener- ally following one fashion — that of the surname at the top — the Christian names of the man and his wife beneath, and the date at the bottom. These stones are very frequently seen upon the houses in Gloucestershire and Northants, sometimes two and even more being on the same house, showing the changes of occupation they have undergone at different periods {see Fig. 49). It seems a pity that so simple a means of adding some small amount of interest and individuality to the entrance of a house should be but seldom seen now-a-days, but like most other local customs this is rapidly dying out. In the smaller houses, as the rooms were usually about 7 or ■8 feet high, the windows were always one light in height, and it was only towards the end of the century, and in the larger build- ings, that a transome and upper light became common. It is the lowness of the storeys, and the length of the windows, that give the charming sense of good proportion common to nearly all these small houses and cottages, for though the old builders may have had but rudimentary ideas upon the soundness •of building, they have never been excelled as regards the beau- tiful and simple proportions of their houses. Although they were all built on traditional lines and well- recognized principles, yet we may traverse the district from end to end and not find two houses exactly alike. The style was elastic, and the arrangement of the roofs en- abled the builders to dispose of the windows and gables as they pleased. It is this infinite diversity of form and variety of treatment that make these stone-built houses stand out so pre- eminently as a phase of domestic architecture, quite apart from anything else in the country. 42 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, ^c. If we turn to the plan of the house at Aston Subedge, {see Fig. 50), we find it consists of one simple parallelogram. The main doorway, {see Fig. 51), is in the centre, with a room immediately right and left of it, and through the latter a smaller one, the back kitchen or brew-house. The original staircase was by the chimney, which contains, two wide fireplaces. As the ground falls from right to left a series of steps lead out of the porch into the smaller living room, which has an addi- tional outer doorway. This house is now used as the village school, and its interior MODCE^' " SCA-.E orrtcT FIG. 50. PLAN OF HOUSE AT ASTON SUBEDGE (nOW THE VILLAGE SCHOOl). has been considerably altered by partitions, but the simplicity of the original plan is reflected in the elevation, which shows a roof unbroken from end to end, with the exception of two small gables over the entrance doorway, and the window beside it. The farmhouse at Willersey, (Plate v), has a somewhat similar plan with a series of windows carried up as dormers into the roof above, all thoroughly well balanced and giving on the exterior a clue to the arrangement of the rooms within. The heights and widths of the windows, and the disposal of the gables, leave nothing to be desired. The whole composition, free from any IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 43 striving after effect, is an example of simple direct building and a lesson in the sensible use of material. The chimneys are amongst the most characteristic features of these Cotswold houses, and are invariably carried up, mas- sive and solid, and suggest wide ingle nooks and cosy fire- sides, as in the instance shown from Medford House at Mick- leton, (Plate Ixxxiii), where the stack is taken up the full width and is finished with a roof hav- ing the chimney in the centre of the gable. The stacks at Snowshill, (Plate xxvi), the Warren House at Stanton, (Plate xxxix), the cottages at Ebrington, (Plate Ixxxv), at Humphries Farm, near Stroud, (Plate Ixxxvi), and Woodchester (Plate Ixxxvii), are typical of the external treatment of the fireplaces. They were always placed centrally over the ridge or on the apex of the gables at either end, and when the stacks were at the sides of the building, then on smaller roofs connect- ing them with the main one, as in the house at Weston Subedge (Plate xxxviii). FIG. 51. DOORWAY OF THE VILLAGE SCHOOL, ASTON SUBEDGE. FIG. 52. STACKS AT BROADWAY. 44 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, iffc. The chimney-stack immediately above the roof, and up to the base moulding, was invariably square, while on the other side, and coinciding with the gable coping, is a projecting weather course, under which the slates were tucked, and which also returned along the bottom edge (see Fig. 52). This treatment, which is invariable with the stone roofs, can be seen in numerous houses, and is shown at Weston Subedge, (Plate xxxviii), at Temple Guiting, (Plates liv and Iv), and Broad- way (Plate xxxi). When the roof is cleared, the flues are often built separately, either square or diagonally, in clusters of three or four, always made of slabs of sawn and dressed stone, about three or four inches thick, and eight or ten inches in depth, standing on edge and breaking joint over each other, tied together at the top by a moulded stone cap of simple section, as at Withington, (Plate xlvii), and Broadway (Plate xxxi). Sometimes this cap was treated as a cornice with architrave and frieze, enriched with sunk patterns, raised diamonds, or other devices that took the mason's fancy, as FIG. 53. CAP OF A BROADWAY CHIMNEY. L r FIG. 54. AT STANTON. FIG. SS. AT BURFORD. in the house at Broadway, (see Fig. 53), and at Campden (Plate xxxii). Fig. 56 gives some char- acteristic sections of these cornice- ■c FIG. 56. TYPICAL PROFILES OF CHIMNEY CORNICES. IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 45 cappings. Occasionally the earlier Gothic treatment is seen, where we find the battlemented top as at Stanton and Burford, (Figs. 54 and 55), but these are somewhat isolated instances and only emphasize, by their rarity, the frequency with which the others were used. Many of the earlier chimneys still remain in this part of the country, some incorporated in work of a later date. These generally con- FiG. 57. CHIMNEY FROM KINGHAM. FIG. 58. CHIMNEY ON A BARN AT BREDON, WORC. sist of octagonal or circular shafts pierced with lancet openings, crowned at the top with a pyramidal roof, as in those illustrated from Kingham, Bredon, and Bibury (Figs. 57, 58, and 59). In the arrangements of the roofs too the old Cotswold builders greatly excelled, and^ here we find the most characteristic features \ of their buildings. \ If we analyse them in order to discover what constitutes their charm, we find that they resolve themselves into very simple forms, but the masterly way in which, in almost every instance, the grouping and disposal of the gables, dormers, and chim- ney-stacks was managed is pjc r*^ worthy of admiration. , CHIMNEY FROM BIBURY. 46 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, ^c. The roofs were nearly always treated in the same way, having a fairly steep pitch, of about 55 degrees, and being hung with stone slates, graduated in thickness from the eaves to the ridge, where the thinnest and smallest are placed, arid crowned on the top with a stone cresting of some simple section. Here we see the effect of material upon design and construc- tion, and how these old country builders realized that one was dependent on the other. The nature of the stone of which the slates, or " slats," as they are locally called, were made, limits them to certain sizes, so that the stone roofs of somewhat low pitch, with the large and heavy slates found in Sussex and the North of England, are quite unknown here. As soon as the angle of the roof was flattened the slates had to be larger, for the small slates would not keep the wet out, and ■so after finding the exact pitch at which they had least strain on the pins and were most weather proof, the old slates never varidd it. The names of the slates are exceedingly quaint, and doubt- less have their origin in very remote times, but the slaters are chary of using them before strangers, and it is only amongst them- selves that one hears them spoken. The bottom or under slates at the eaves — the one bedded on the top of the walls — ^is called a " cussome." This has a slight tilt downwards, to throw the water off, and projects some seven or eight inches. Above this the eaves commence with long and short " eighteens " down to long and short " elevens " ; then we have long and short " wivetts," ■" becks," " bachelors," " movedays," " cuttings," and long and short " cocks " at the apex under the cresting. They are hung dry with oak or deal pegs, which are driven tight into holes in the slates, whilst they are being sorted to sizes, or else nailed in the ordinary manner. When plastered or torched IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 47 with hair mortar, level with the underside of the laths, they will last for years, as so many existing buildings testify. The " valleys " are formed of the same slates, in a wide sweep with no hard line of demarcation where the roofs intersect, laid in regular formation and ranging with the ordinary slating. Each valley slate has its distinctive name, the centre one being the " bottomer," with two " lie-byes " on either side, and above and below in the next courses two " skews " to break joint. Numerous examples of this work in the roofs, are shown in the plates, as for instance Nos. 27 and 94. There are of course only certain districts where the stone from which these slates are made is found. It has to easily laminate in thin beds, to be hard and weather resisting, and without sand- holes or flaws. In Northamptonshire there is a bed of stone, at CoUey Weston and Easton, which laminates very freely, and has formed from a very# early period the prevalent roofing material of the locality. These Northamptonshire slates, as a rule, are of a larger size than the Oxford and Gloucestershire ones, obtained at the celebrated Stonesfield and Guiting and Eyford Quarries, but all are equally durable and weather resisting. The method of getting the slates is interesting, as it differs from the general custom of splitting by hand. In October a piece of ground at the quarry is measured off and the upper eight or ten feet of loose " brash " is cleared away, this process being called " ridding." The " pendal," as the stone for the slates is called, is then uncovered and wheeled to the top of the ground, laid down flat, and roughly fitted together as nearly as it will allow, in thicknesses varying from two to twelve or four- teen inches, just as it comes from the quarry. It has then to lie and wait for the winter frosts, which swell 48 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, ^c. the beds of natural moisture in the " pendal," and when a thaw sets in, a few blows of the hammer soon separate the layers, which are then cut to the sizes required and sorted ready for use. But should the winters be mild, the stone has to wait until the following year. The ridge cresting or " crease," as it is locally called, was sawn out of a block of stone in a very simple and economical way. A piece of stone nine inches or ten inches wide and about two or -three feet long is stood on edge, and a series of saw cuts in the form of a V made in it from end to end, the pieces are then lifted out, the top sharp arris and bottom edges squared off, and the ridge is ready for use. By this means a comparatively small piece of stone will make sufficient cresting to cover a very large quantity of roofing. (Figs. 60 and 61 show this method.) Owing possibly to the cost or difficulty of pro-^ curing lead in these country towns and villages," the builders did without it, and the houses, as mentioned before, however large or small, were alvgays planned so that they could be roofed in one single span. Hips, or any cutting or mitreing of the slates was absolutely unknown in a genuine stone-roofed house, and there are invariably gables with the slates carried out over them to form a verge, or butting, up to and tucked under the stone coping. Even at the junction of a lower roof with a higher one, where the ridge dies in, no lead was used, but a length of cresting was turned up- side down to throw the water off, as shown in the inn at Willersey, (Plate Ixxxiv), or the cottage at Bourton-on-the-Hill (Plate Ixxvili). FIGS. 60, 61. METHOD OF FORMING RIDGE CRESTING. IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 49 The old craftsmen could do almost anything with these stone slates. The clever way in which the outside ovens are roofed, with the slates worked up on the curve as at Snowshill, (Plate xxvi), or over the circular outer staircases with pointed roofs, and again in the beautiful dovecots, of which so many still remain scattered about the country side is truly remarkable. A good example of these is stiU standing at Bibury ; it is circular, with a later cupola addition on the top {see Fig. 62). Another at Southrop shows the traditional gabled treatment with four equal sides. In this latter in- stance we see how successfully the roofs were treated, for a simple square on plan, roofed as this is, pro- duces a building fuU of charm, and gives effects of light and shade that perhaps no other form of roof could. It is interesting to note here a wall at Stow-on-the-Wold in which the pigeon holes have been built at regular intervals, as shown in Fig. 63. Then again the way in which difficulties were got over is always instructive. FIG DOVECOTE AT BIBURY. 50 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, Sifc. In many buildings we find the stone bays, with canted sides carried up to the eaves without any awkward problems to solve, but as soon as the roof was reached it meant either a lead flat and parapet, or else some way of getting back into a flat gable, and many and ingenious were the means adopted to attain this. Sometimes it was clumsily managed, but at Lechlade is seen the simplest possible way, (Plate Ix), while in other cases, as in the Northamptonshire examples, the junctions between the canted sides of the bay and the gable over, were made a specially delightful feature, as shown in Fig. 40. But however it was treated the full gable over- hanging the sides is never quite satisfactory, always having a certain sense of weakness and makeshift, never seen in the gable over the square bay. For stone houses there is no more beautiful or suit- able material than these slates as a roof covering, which harmonize so admir- ably, and seem almost to grow from the walls supporting them. When old and covered with lichens their colour is inde- scribably exquisite, and seen in their proper setting amidst trees and fields the general tone of silver grey harmonizes admirably with the surrounding landscape. Even when new they are pleasing, as the slates are of all shades of greys, browns, and yellows. Unfortunately, owing to the advent of railways and cheap means of locomotion, the purple blue Welsh slates, and even FIG. 63. PIGEON HOLES IN THE WALL, STOW-ON-THE-WOLD. IN THE COTSWOLD! DISTRICT 51 galvanised iron, are now becoming common. Both materials are doubtless good in themselves, but they are out of all harmony with the buildiilgs, and do not in any way blend with them. Such " foreign " rnaterials possibly have the advantage of being cheaper and easier to carry, the stone slates requiring slightly heavier timbering, more care and trouble in fixing, and occasional repairing. But these are poor reasons to set against the fact that houses and barns two hundred and more years old still stand covered with their original roofs. The slates, if properly seasoned at first, are almost imperish- able, for no frost or wet will touch them ; they can be taken off and re-hung again and again, and as a consequence old ones com- mand a ready sale and are eagerly sought for. It seems unreasonable to go miles afield to obtain an inferior, if cheaper, material, when the better one lies literally at one's feet, but this now happens, and as a result it becomes more and more difficult to get slaters who understand the work, as the craft, like that of the thatcher, seems to be dying out for lack of employment. Many of the modern stone slates are not so good as the old, not by reason of any failing in the quality of the stone, but simply from the demand for mechanical precision which seems to pervade all trades to-day. They are now made as smooth and thin as possible, and with all the edges dressed square and true, and when hung look hard and cold and but little different, except in colour, from a blue slate roof ; possessing none of the softness and texture of the old roofs. Nor are they so durable, the old slates being rough and uneven, never laid close, and the wet and moisture soon dried out of them ; but the new ones, closely fitted and bedded tight down, one on the other, the circulation of air between them is 52 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, ^c. prevented and the wet retained much, longer, giving a better chance to frost. In a great degree this is due to the irregularity of the old A FIG. 64. FINIAL AT WESTON SUBEDGE. FIG. 65. FINIAL OF GABLE AT TOP FARM, BROADWAY. FIG. 67. AT CAMPDEN. FIG. FINIAL FROM CHASTLETON. FIG. 66. GOTHIC FINIAL ON A BARN AT LONGBOROUGH. ' FIG. 69. FROM BROAD- WAY. IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 53 slates, which gives such a texture to the surface of the roofs and which one so sadly misses in many new ones. The old slates were always thick and rough, with irregularities of surface 'and uneven edges, and the old oak riven laths, on which the slates were hung, not being always straight, the bottom edges varied and did not carry a hard straight line, thus giving a charmingly diversified effect. In connection with the roofs the variety of the gable termi- FIG. 70. FROM BROADWAY. FIG. 71. TYPICAL FORMS OF GABLE COPINGS. nations is very worthy of notice, for perhaps in no district of England is such diversity of form and detail found. They are generally placed on the apex of the gables, but some- times on the springers as well, and many are pierced and cut in a delightful manner {see^ inter alia. Figs. 64, 65 and 70). They are found all through the stone districts, but in the neighbourhood of Campden, the villages round, and in parts of Northants, there are some extremely pleasing examples. These finials express as much as anything else the individuality '54 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, ' ^c. of the men who made them. In every village and town, as before mentioned, the style of building and proportions were almost traditional, and there was little or no departure from it, but these FIG, 72. GABLE TERMINATION FROM SNOWSHILL. FIG. 73. GABLE TERMINATION FROM WINCHCOMBE. finials were little instances of personal detail that the country mason let himself go upon, and some are much stronger and more full of vitality than others — notice the excellent open ones at Weston Subedge, (Fig. 64), and Willersey, (Fig. 68), and Top Farm Broadway, (Figs. 65, 69, 70), and the early Gothic example on the tithe barn at Longborough (Fig. 66). FIG-. 74.- KNEELER FROM DEDDINGTON, OXON. FIG. 75. KNEELER FROM GRETTON, NORTHANTS. The gable copings also are of simple outline ; those to the more unpretentious cottages being no more than a flat stone pro-' jecting slightly, back and front, with the slates tucked closely IN THE eOTSWOLD DISTRICT 55 under behind— others again have a more Gothic outline. We find many and various ways of treating the springing apex generally quite plain — sometimes as at Snowshill, (Fig. 72), and sometimes as at Deddington, (Fig. 74), and Gretton, (Fig. 75), and Broadway (Fig. 76). The examples shown in many of the Northamptonshire houses are quite unique, and are rather different from the Cotswold ones. A very frequent and favourite treatment is to reverse the apex with a small cusped opening under, and kept quite plain, (see Fig. 75), an echo of earlier perpendicular tradition. Some- times this was on the actual ridge cresting itself, when no stone coping was used, as at CaUowel Farm (Plate xciv). In many of the houses all through the Cotswolds there are small features of this kind, emphasizing the thoughtful way in which the builders settled the problems they had to deal with. Of timber-built houses, we do not find in the hill country any large amount, but directly we get oflE the stone and into the valleys, where ^^'^- 7^' 1 C J 1 1r • 1 J 1 ^'^ BROADWELL. oak was grown, we nnd half timber and plaster houses, and these combined with the stonework make most picturesque buildings. Under the slopes of the Bredon Hills there are whole villages in which this treatment is adopted, and it is found in the Stroud valley, as at Leonard Stanley, (Plate c), and again in the Warwickshire vale. AU these places are bordering on the stone districts, and in all a mixture of the two materials is met with. Plaster or rough cast houses are somewhat plentiful, though it is questionable whether this rough cast — which is generally of 56 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, ^c eighteenth century date— was not, on the stone houses at any rate, used as a protection against the driving rain, wMch in this part of the country penetrates even these thick stone walls. In the houses at Burford, (Plates xcvi and xcvii), it is doubtless put on over the timber framing below, and at Woodchester, (Plate Ixxxvii), a stone-built house is so treated. At Winchcombe, Stow-on-the-Wold, Cirencester, etc., there are numerous instances of this kind of work, in which imitation quoins are stamped at the angles and around the windows. A very fine house at Stow-on-the-Wold, now unfortunately pulled down, had the front feS/^ ' - . L ^^^ .1 covered with geometrical pat- plaster, with raised 1 i-t/- Sunk i" terns in mouldings, diapers and pat- ■^C Rs-fA ^^"^ terns of a type not found in other ^;vT Stinhf y^ FIG. 77. PLASTER PATTERNS FOR- MERLY ON A HOUSE AT STOW- ON-THE-WOLD. districts and possessing a distinct individuality {see Fig. 77). The bulk of this work is un- fortunately only executed in a material that will not withstand the weather, and sad havoc is being wrought with much of what still remains. In the smaller houses and cottages, though the general fabric was precisely similar to the manor houses, and the detail of doors and windows, chimneys and roofs was the same, the treatment of the interior was much simplified, and but little ornament or decoration is met with. Instead of richly-panelled walls and delicately-fashioned plaster ceilings, we find plastered walls and roughly-hewn joists of oak or elm, with only occasionally a moulded beam. IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 57 Occasionally there are plaster ceilings, panelled rooms, and decorated fireplaces, but though these have suffered from rough usage and neglect, yet the workmanship of everything, however plain or simple, inside these houses was always the same, thoroughly honest and good. It seemed to be a maxim that every house, irrespective of its FIG. 78. STONE CHIMNEYPIECE, MANOR HOUSE, TURKDEAN, DATED 1588. size, should be of the best workmanship and contain some work of interest and charm. It must be remembered, however, that most of the larger houses were not in the first instance built as farmhouses and 58 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, i^c. cottages, but having fallen on evil days, they have arrived at their present condition and occupation. • In the great houses, after the shell was built, it often happened that strange workmen were imported to execute the internal finishings, but in the simple buildings, where the work was plain it was aU done by local workmen and with native home-grown material, and always has a dignity and simple charm that is very pleasing. As we noticed before, it was on the fireplace and its surround- ings that any little display of architectural design was generally lavished, and in some of the houses quite decorative treat- ments were adopted. The fireplace and chimneypiece at Turkdean, {see Fig. 78), is an instance of a somewhat unusual character, whilst that at Darlingscott, shown in Fig. 79, is of the commoner type. Wood was the universal fuel, so that fires were always on the hearth, and hence we find hardly any wrought iron work, with the exception of the fireplace where the cooking was done. There is a good deal of characteristic building of late date, and many of the houses and cottages have been added to in Queen Anne's reign. One typical example of a building of this date is Medford House, near Campden, (Plates Ixxx to Ixxxiii), of which the plan i? given in Fig. 80. Here a more symmetrical arrangement has been adopted, thp FIG. 79. FIREPLACE AT DARLINGSCOTT. IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 59 , entrance being placed in the centre, with slightly projecting wings on either side. The windows are the usual stone muUioned ones, traditional :in detail, but the pedimented doorway, dentilled cornice and hipped roofs all show the classical influence of the times. FIG. 80. PLAN OF MEDFORD HOUSE, MICKLETON. The squareness of the entrance court, flanked by piers with well-designed urns, {see Fig. 81), is quite a departure from the hap- hazard though picturesque approaches to the ordinary houses. Painswick and the Stroud valley contain many remarkably- fine specimens of Queen Anne and Early Georgian work, — ^indeed it is freely scattered throughout all the towns and villages, but such work hardly falls within the scope of these notes, and merits a study by itself. The ancient town of Burford is situated on the borders of Oxfordshire, and like many villages in the Cotswolds, lies in one of the narrow valleys that intersect the hills in all directions. The surrounding country is typical of the whole district, with its wide stretches of bare uplands, dotted with groups of beech and elm trees and grey homesteads. The old town is similar to many 6o OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, ^c. others, with its broad and open High Street, scrupulously clean, and bordered hy quaint houses of all ages and styles. Fifty years ago it was a thriving and prosperous place, but the advent of railways has long since left it high and dry and out of the world of to-day. It was once renowned for the manu- facture of paper, malt, sail cloth, sad- dlery and beU-cast- ing. But. though it has lost all its trade, and activity and bustle, yet Burford of to-day is a peace- ful spot to visit. Like all these towns, it once played its part in history, and during the Civil Wars King Charles I was several times there. Queen Eliza- beth hunted in Wychwood forest, and WiUiam III spent his birthday there in 1695 on his way to Oxford. Burford is well known for its Manor House, built about the year 1600 by Sir Lawrence Tanfield, whose monument is now in the church. The history of the house is indeed the history of Burford, but can hardly be considered as belonging to the class of smaller houses. FIG. 81. ENTRANCE PIER AT MEDFORD HOUSE, MICKLETON. IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 6i The church is probably unique, and its size and magnificence give some idea of what must have been the importance of the place in the Middle Ages. The town contains numerous inter- esting buildings ; one of which is the old Tolsey House (Plate xcvii). It dates from the fifteenth century, and stands in the centre of the town. It originally stood on stone columns and was open below, but the spaces have been filled in some long time back. The tolls due to the Lord of the Manor, and those incurred by strangers at the fairs, used to be paid in this building, and there still remain in a room upstairs the old chairs, muniment boxes and chest of drawers with the town arms engraved upon them. The house immedia- tely opposite, of fifteenth century date, is well worth attention, (Plate xcvi), with its three gables, beautiful trac- eried barge boards, pro- jecting oriel windows, and great pent roof over the shop-fronts below. Inside there is a fine chimney-piece, and, in the courtyard behind, the original wooden windows with arched heads, and a fine timber and plaster front with coved plaster cornice under the eaves. It was at one time all one house, and the perpendicular windows in the back gable facing the east may have been connected with an oratory chapel on the first floor. Burford in the time of the Middle Ages must have been full of fascinating buildings, for on all sides are moulded and carved doorways, some of stone and several bearing dates, initials and ARCHWAY ENTRANCE AT BURFORD. 62 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, ^c merchants' marks of the original builders. As a rule the older houses, dating from the time of Henry VHI and Elizabeth, had an arched entrance facing the street, opening into a passage with '"j^ the rooms leading off it on either side {see Fig. 82). This passagq further led into a courtyard at the back, and in many of the later buildings the old circular outer staircase, so characteristic of the period, still remains, though gen- erally greatly mutilated. These courtyards — of which there are many at Campden and Northleach — are delightfully pic- turesque and are reminiscent of similar instances on the Continent, showing how similar treatments of the same subject produce much the same result in effect, even though executed by different people, hundreds of miles apart. One remarkably fine house, the Old Bear Inn, standing in the main street, no doubt owes its name to some connection with the great Earl of Warwick, and there are continuous references to this inn in the Burgesses books from the' commencement of the seven- teenth century. It has a beautiful oriel window in the centre of the street front, and though its architectural composition ORIEL WINDOW AT BURFORD. IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 63 has been much mutilated, enough remains to show what the building was originally like. Only a short time ago the staircase, enclosed in a circular turret with a high pointed roof, was standing in the large courtyard at the back, but within the last ten years this has unfortunately been pulled down. All over Burford are typical examples of Cotswold building, and though few are in their original state, even now they are ex- tremely pleasing, and show by what simple and straightforward means such charming effects were gained. To architects the work is especially interesting, for we can see how the different styles and periods overlapped, how traditions lingered, and how loth the builders were to give up accustomed methods. As is the case in aU these Cotswold towns and villages, there are many beautiful Renaissance buildings scattered, about the streets of Burford, delightful and pleasing touches of a later date, full of charm and simple dignity, and with exquisite detail. Campden, like Burford, Northleach, and other Cotswold towns, was the abode of rich wool-merchants, who have left be- hind them lasting traces of their taste, in fine examples of mediaeval aft and of their wealth and piety in the fifteenth century church. It is almost unique amongst the many interesting towns, and within its small limits contains some beautiful examples of domestic architecture. Here we find all styles, from the exquisitely delicate four- teenth century work in the remains of the old town hall, to the stately and scholarly work of Sir Baptist Hicks and the dignified examples of Queen Anne and the early Georges. Small they may be, and perhaps to the passer-by insignificant and hardly noticeable, but all betraying that sense of fitness of purpose and simplicity of expression so characteristic of English architecture at these periods. 64 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, ^c. We .find in Campden the genuine Cotswold commonsense style of building brought almost to perfection, for it lies in the heart of the stone district, and this material is used almost to the exclusion of all others. Apart from the picturesqueness of its long street, with the somewhat unusual arrangement of groups of isolated buildings, and the strong and sturdy character of its architecture, it is sin- gular in possessing a series of buildings, designed evidently by one hand and erected within a few years of each other. Though possessing all the charm and variety of the local work, they are stamped with a scholarly feeling and grasp of design and composition that impart an air of distinction apart from the other buildings in the town, and before dealing with them more in detail, a short account of the causes that led to their erection may not be out of place. As mentioned before, Campden owed its prosperity to its wool trade in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and reached the zenith of its prosperity during the time when England was the great centre and distributor of finished goods all over Europe. The town has been continuously mentioned by early chroniclers from the seventh century; its historical interest increasing with succeeding years. A search through the Patent Rolls and records reveals many most interesting facts concerning the lives and doings of its inhabitants during the Middle Ages. In the church there are a series of memorial brasses and tablets to many eminent " woolmen," as they were styled ; amongst others that of William Grevel, citizen of London, " flos merca- torum lanar 'tocuis Anglie," who died in 1401, and his wife Marion in 1386. Part of Grevel's house, built at the close of the four- teenth century, is still standing in the main street, the superb bay IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 65 window, two storeys in height, so delicately wrought both inside and out, showing the interest and pride that must have been taken in these houses of our forefathers. After passing through many hands the Manor was bought in 1609 by Sir Baptist Hicks, a wealthy and influential mercer of London, sometime Lord • Mayor. He succeeded to his father's business at the sign of the White Bear in Cheapside, where he supplied the Court with " silks, satins and rich mercery wares," and in addition made a large fortune through money-lending transactions with the nobility, even extending, so it is said, to the king himself. In 161 2 in the height of his prosperity, he bought a large property in Kensington and built himself a town house at Campden Hill, which, after undergoing many vicissitudes, was destroyed by fire in 1862. In 1613 he commenced to build a large mansion at Campden, on the high ground overlooking the vale to the south of the church, but this also came to the same untimely ending, being unfortunately burnt purposely during the Civil War under the mistaken impression that it would fall into the hands of the Parliamentarians. Sir Baptist Hicks was raised to the Peerage as Viscount Camp- den in 1628, and died the following year at another of his London houses in the Old Jewry, and was buried in the South Chapel of Campden Church. He left his two daughters co-heiresses with the enormous fortune (in those days) of ^100,000 each. One married Lord Noel, an ancestor of the present Earl Gainsborough, and the other Sir Charles Morison. When the Civil War broke out the Noels were staunch sup- porters of the Royalist cause, and Baptist Noel, the third Vis- count, raised and kept up at his own expense a regiment of horse and foot soldiers for the service of King Charles I. F 66 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, ^c. It would be. out of place here to read this page of history and follow his career, intensely interesting as it is, throughout the Civil War, but after being heavily fined and having much pro- perty confiscated by the Parliamentarians, he managed to com- pound for the estate, and eventually died in 1682 and was buried at Exton in Rutlandshire, another of the family seats, where an enormous monument, the work of Nicholas Stone, was erected to his memory in the church. In the chapel in Campden Church are the several monuments to the Hicks and Noel families, the largest and most striking being that of Sir Baptist Hicks and his wife. It is very elaborate, of black and white marble, finished with pediments and a canopy supported by twelve columns of Egyptian porphyry. Beneath are effigies both lying in their state robes and coronets upon a black marble slab. There is unfortunately no record of either the designer or sculptor of this splendid piece of workmanship. The chapel also contains many other monuments in the form of effigies and busts, with quaint inscriptions and gorgeously em- blazoned coats of arms, all of about the time of Charles I, and apart from their excellent workmanship as examples of the cos- tume of the period, they are well worth noticing. Sir Baptist Hicks planned his country house on a scale of lavish magnificence even in those opulent days, and with terraces, gardens, fishponds, and extensive outbuildings, it covered a space of over eight acres in extent. Little of the original house remains, excepting the two pavilions at either end of the great terrace, the entrance gateway and the Almonry (Plate xxxii), but these show the fine quality of the work and its peculiar characteristics. It is to be regretted that the architect of these buildings is unknown, but it is more than probable that Sir Baptist, being one IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 67 of the wealthiest men of his day, would have employed a man of recognized skill and ability in his profession. By the same hand are the Almshouses, (Plate x), a simple group of buildings on a raised terrace, overlooking one of the approaches to the great house, and in the main street the beautiful old Market Hall, dated 1627, (Plate xi), still stands as a testimony to the gener- osity of Sir Baptist and the skill of his architect. We may in all probability assign to the same man the re- building of the church porch, and the conical tops to the stair- case turrets leading to the roofs at the N. and S.W. angle of the nave, also the Jacobean pulpit, brass eagle lectern, and many other details in and about the building. These few buildings are " foreign " in their origin and conception, in the sense that they were not indigenous to the district. They stand apart from the traditional local work and show traces not only of a more trained hand, but also of the Renaissance feeling which was then prevalent in the centres of learning and culture. Turning to the Market Hall in the main street, we see that it has five arches on either side, with three gables over them, and a wide solid pier beyond, and two arches and gables again at each end of the building, with a series of stone columns inside support- ing the"roof trusses. There are windows in the gables, originally glazed, but doubtless blocked up in the days of the window-tax. These are too high, and the labels over them too ill-proportioned for the effect to be pleasing. There is a decided attempt at a classical composition in the arrangemeiit of the arches supporting the architrave, frieze and cornice, which are carried all round the building, with a parapet above, a gutter behind, and lead gargoyles to throw the water into the street below. At one time there was probably a stone balus- trade between the arches overlooking the roadway, but a fragment 68 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, Wc. only now remains. The mouldings and the stone finials are of a character quite different to the traditional' work of the country, and a comparison with the building on the other side of the road, (Plate Ixi), almost immediately opposite, will better explain the difference than any words can do. The Almshouses, planned in the form of a letter H with an elongated centre, have precisely similar details with the unusual addition of parapets. The delicate mouldings of the windows, and labels over, vary from those in the district, (Figs. 31-33), the centre muUion of the four-light win- dows in particular having a cir- cular bead in lieu of the square fillet. The panel containing the coat of arms of the founder both here, and on the Market Hall is the same, (Fig. 84), even to the cutting of the queer little pyra- midal ornaments at either corner. The carving to the mantling and crest is done with fig. 85. strings a vigour and feel- „ "-J ™^ „ ° " KITE S NEST, ing quite beyond that seen in purely local work. campden. The small building, (PI. xxxii), one of many of those in connec- tion with the great house, shows in its mouldings and general character a close relationship with the other buildings, the string courses being identical and the arrangement of the chimneys with the FIG. COAT OF ARMS ON THE V MARKET HALL, CHIPPING CAMPDEN. IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 69 gable between them, the moulded caps and shafts being the same as those to the almshouses. Some few miles distant there is a house called the Kite's Nest, which again contains all the peculiarities of detail just referred to, (.f^^Fig. 85), and as these are quite unusual in this district, it is per- haps not too hasty a conclusion to draw, that they were all done within a few years of each other and by the same hand. There are numerous other buildings in Campden which merit more than a passing glance, many of these much later in date, but all containing some detail or characteristic rather out of the common. Look for instance at the house in the main street dated 1705 (Plate ix). This was the period when the fine panelled white rooms of Queen Anne's reign had usurped the place of the low beamed tellings of the preceding century. We see in the main features of the outward shell the local traditions still adhered to, but the muUioned windows have now a transome and upper lights, though still moulded exactly the same as before. The four-centred doorway is the old form, but instead of the hollow label, we have a delicately moulded cornice and broken pediment showing at a glance the influence, even in these remote parts, of Wren and his school. There is a moulded cornice over the win- dows and under the eaves of the roof a stone cove. With the exception of these later innovations all else is in the local style, and this house, which is a type of many others scattered about these Cotswold towns, is to architects particularly inter- esting as showing how the new ideas were grafted on to the older forms. In the street view, (Plate xcviii), the house in the foreground, which has been much altered in the course of its existence, has a fine gable of somewhat unusual width, not particularly notice- able in itself, except for the arrangement on either side. At the 70 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, ^c. springing of the gable there are two moulded and carved square, pedestals, supporting smaller circular vases (j-^^Fig. 86). These are in stone, but planted in each is a tulip flower, with leaves and. stalks, daintily wrought in iron, a quaint and pleasing conceit which is quite unique in this part of England. II - V «r- FIG. 86. GABLE AT CAMPDEN. It is impossible to do more than touch upon the .most salient features of these Cotswold houses, but an endeavour has. been made to show that in these quiet villages and hamlets work still ex- ists as good and truthful as that which we all so admire in other IN THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT 71 and more populous parts of the country. We are apt to forget that it is in these villages the history of our country life is written, and that the sturdy yeomen who built these houses and quarried the stone and cut the timber with their own hands, formed a distinct style of architecture. To-day such buildings are out of the question, for the conditions of life and of labour throughout the whole country are changed, and though this may be a matter for regret, yet it is impossible to revert to the old ways. But we can gain many valuable lessons from a study of these old buildings, and one is that the necessity of using only the mate- rials to hand contributed greatly to the restfulness of the old work. There are very few country districts in England that do not possess much beautiful local material, be it stone, or brick, flint or chalk, that is far more suited to its surroundings than strange importations out of harmony with the locality. Modern build- ing suffers because architects do not sufficiently rely upon the use of the materials of the districts they are building in. t Years ago, and to a certain extent even to-day, one could teU by glancing at a building, not only the character of the local materials, but almost the particular district of England in which it was built ; each neighbourhood was stamped with its special features, not of style or date, but of material, which in its own particular vernacular, spoke eloquently a language not to be mis- taken or confused with that of any other part of the country. To-day all this delightful tradition seems to be abandoned, and we use all sorts of materials, regardless of their appropriate- ness, in every part of the country — green Westmorland slates in Kent, red tile hanging in the heart of stone districts, and stone houses in the places where stone is not. Consequently there is a feeling of unrestfulness pervading 72 OLD COTTAGES, FARM-HOUSES, ^c. much of the country building of to-day, and it does not seem to fit either its occupants or its surroundings. In face of the fact that such beautiful work has been done in the past, there is no sound reason for the introduction of " foreign " materials, and to break entirely with the traditional use of local ones, which is now so often done, seems quite unnecessary. ■ Of course it will be urged that expense is the chief obstacle; but the fact that in many parts of England their use has been neglected for so many years, not only adds to the cost, but renders their employment to-day a matter of great difficulty. Those who build should try to foster and encourage all local crafts and industries, as they are rapidly dying out for want of employment, and it will soon be too late to bring them into use again. New buildings should be designed in as modern a spirit as we wish,- but using the materials at hand. The very fact that in so doing we shall be more or less governed by the same conditions and limitations as these old builders, will give our work to-day a continuity in design and feeling, in harmony with the old, and will help to carry on in a certain sense the spirit and tradi- tion of bygone days, which surely in these times of change and hurry, will appeal to many. Butler & Tanner, Th<; Selwood Printing Works, Frome, and' London. 7) O ,-1 o o H < H en H. <; w en D O < o o >-" (I) tn U ►J 3 O K Ifl o o z" o H o (4 H o o K U O ■" w tn K M W c« D O X S K < 1^ tn O ►4 O >< D h Z O u h W O < h h O u o o m a o a CO D t/i Z o H «J W 3 O K Plate VIII. AT CHALFORD HILL, NEAR STROUD, GLOS. Plate IX. .il W _i0ki?;i^^^^^^H?*^^'^. H^jS^, HOUSE IN THE HIGH STREET, CAMPDEN, GLOS. y. o o z w Q S ■< u uT w D O ffi < w K H X f 05 O J o o < u <; tn E- M < H K H r r :] fE3 H < H « O z h O g 2 < g w Plate XIII. STREET FRONT OF A FARMHOUSE, LITTLE RISSINGTON, GLOS. > o H o w H O a « o o < pa H < H O Z '£ o o < M en D O a: < > X ifpMMW \ iW'ii'" o o X H U O n M s H a < o u > X < cn W O < H H O O > X z o X o i£ o o H en g W O < H H. O O z o o z o H O o p o w cj o H c/1 O B. w K H en H < o o H H H » O H w < H O O ixl o X K o < S w K Plate XXII. A COTTAGE AT BUSWORTH, NORTHANTS. X X o o •£ o h o g w o < h H o u Plate XXIV. A COTTAGE AT BIBURY, GLOS. > X X, O o o H m o 5 o IB « o D D Plate XXVI. A HOUSE AT SNOWSHILL, GLOS. Iff > X X < ' ' I o a o / 1 1 i 1 < o ; K n ( ( H 1 w H « ) H 1 \ tn 1 1 H 1 1 ) 1 4 < > W a h 2 jB f, ^ 'I ', J > J'f •it ; J 't p'\ i i 1 '( > X X o o o H < X X o ►J o D < O w 2 « > 1-1 w" D O K a! ft, o O n Plate XXXVI. MFUf^imli A FARMHOUSE AT SAINTBURY, GLOS. Plate XXXVII. B^:^. A STREET VIEW, PAINSWICK, GLOS. > X X X m O iJ a w o w P) D a; o h W m O a Plate XXXIX. , . . r-^ '■•*■■ WARREN HOUSE, STANTON, GLOS. Plate XL. v^ J\^ * DOORWAY AT WARREN HOUSE, STANTON, GLOS. aS%, X! O ►J O o H X < w 2 i-l P o -" < o « n « H z' O H K w > ►J a! O 2; o b W a h > •J X tn O ►J a a p o M u Bi > 1-1 O ►J o W tn u !? W PS Plate XLVII. A SMALL HOUSE AT WITHINGTON, GLOS. y. o X o •£ w Q m S < S < O < w H X O ►J o w" o a H n en Z O h w < tn W O < H H O O tn O O Q M n D o ►J O o a o w o < w Plate LI. THE VILLAGE SCHOOL, ASTON SUBEDGE, GLOS. 'tras?f o < a < o a! n < H K D O O W K H o o D ►J O I w X h I ^; o & o O o K u O Q O m en O ►J O O 2; o M H Oh « o < Z o h o Plate LV. END OF SOUTH FRONT, MANOR FARM, TEMPLE GUITING, GLOS. > o > w p: < H W O < H O O iMLtlllJH'Mj A COTTAGE AT DUDDINGTON, NORTHANTS. Plate LIX. COTTAGES AT CHIPPING CAMPDEN, GLOS. Plate LX. THE SWAN INN, LECHLADE, GLOS. Plate LXI. A STREET HOUSE IN CAMPDEN, GLOS. THE PLOUGH INN, CALLOWELL, NEAR STROUD, GLOS. Plate LXIII. A FARMHOUSE AT NASSINGTON, N.ORTHANTS. Plate LXIV. A FARMHOUSE AT BARFORD, OXON. Plate LXV. ■in^^'--^ A GABLE FROM LYDDINGTON, RUTLAND. Plate LXVI. A HOUSE AT BOURTON-ON-THE- WATER, GLOS. > ►-1 < HI « O ^; o H O g en < M O < H O O > X c o o w" o n w M D 2; o H m M < en M O < H H O O Plate LXIX. ji^eK A COTTAGE WITH DORMER AT STANTON, GLOS. en O O >■' a! & Da tn M O < h H O U b O cu D O » X o o o H g s en :^ o K K o z < K X o 1-1 a « o o o K o K U < w o < H H O U o 1-3 o q" O en < W g < O o < n Plate LXXV. DEAN ROW, COLN ST. ALDWYN, GLOS. Plate LXXVI. A COTTAGE WINDOW, BROADWAY, WORC. Plate LXXVII. ..' \. i,~< ,-:J:: THE BAKER S HOUSE, BOURTON-ON-THE-HILL, GLOS. Plale LXXVIII. THE carpenter's SHOP, BOURTON-ON-THE-HILL, GLOS. Plate LXXIX. A FARMHOUSE AT PAXFORD, GLOS. X X X o ►J o o m ►J tin u D O X Q O ft. Q W b O riale LXXXI. THE ENTRANCE, MEDFORD HOUSE, MICKLETON, GLOS. Plate LXXXII. EAST END OF MEDFORD HOUSE, MICKLETON, GLOS. Plate LXXXIII. THE KITCHEN CHIMNEY, MEDFORD HOUSE, MICKLETON, GLOS. Plate LXXXIV. r^ THE VILLAGE INN, WILLERSEY, GLOS. Plate LXXXV. COTTAGES AT EBRINGTON, GLOS. > X o ij o a o « h en W w Plate LXXXVII. A COTTAGE AT WOODCHESTER, NEAR STROUD, GLOS. > X o < a < o K n < w z o > < < cn W O < h H O u Plate LXXXIX. COTTAGES AT PAINSWICK, GLOS. X o ij o bT m ■o o X z o o o H O w X H S H Plate XCI. A HOUSE AT CHEDWORTH, GLOS. Plate XCII. THE BULL AND SWAN INN, STAMFORD, NORTHANTS. I'lale XCIII. THE WHITE LION INN, OUNDLE, NORTHANTS. u in O I-) o o" D O (2: H < •-> w o _] <: o > u X o o a H ti o. Q M B o o u / \ z o X o a' o 6. « D CI H~ U H H K o a: (-1 D O X Plate XCVII. ^*%* -.«,j 4'Wo-^l^iai fe*#^ P ^ -^ THE TOLSEY, HIGH STREET, BURFORD, OXON. > u X o ►J o c W X O w a < O H O g H 05 M o o q" ID o « H 0] K < W 2: (il ij Z <; < o w < W en U o K Bi < Thick demy 8vo, cloth, gilt. ]£>i \s. net. A HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE for the Student, Crafts- man, and Amateur. Being a Comparative View of all the Styles of Architecture from the earliest period. By Professor Banister Fletcher, F.R.I.B.A., and Banister F. Fletcher, F.R.I. B. A. Fifth Edition, revised and greatly enlarged. Con- taining upwards of 800 pages, with 300 full-page Illustrations, reproduced from Photographs of Buildings of all Ages, and from specially prepared Drawings of Constructive and Orna- mental Detail, comprising in all 2,000 Illustrations. "Par excellence The Student's Manual of the History op Architecture." — The Architect. *' A complete, trustworthy, and extremely attractive manual." — The\B'uilder. " Immeasurably superior to the original edition. . . ." — Architectural Review. " The plates are beautiful reproductions from photographs and drawings, and the whole forms an up-to-date history of architecture, the perusal of which should be as absorbing to the amateur as it will undoubtedly prove stimulating to the architectural student." — Architectural Association Nates. "... The architectural student in search of any particular fact will readily find it in this most methodical work. ... As comi'LETE as it well can be." — The Times. Large folio, cloth, gilt. j£i los. net. SOME ARCHITECTURAL WORKS OF INIGO JONES. Illustrated by a Series of Measured Drawings of the Chief Buildings designed by him, together with Descriptive Notes, a Biographical Sketch, and a complete List of his Authentic Works. By H. Inigo Triggs and Henry Tanner, Junr., AA.R.I.B.A. Containing Forty Plates (14 ins. x 11 ins.), and over Forty Illustrations in the Text. ' The plates are quite perfect as specimens of draughtsmanship, and possess a crispness and reedom of handling which differentiate them from ordinary measured drawings. " — A . A . Notes. " For the student who wishes to make himself better acquainted with the genius of this great architect, such drawings as those in this book will render his task relatively easy. "The authors have illustrated all that they have found good reason to regard as Jones's work, and their capitally produced volume forms a worthy addition to the nistory of the Later Renaissance in England." — The Building News. "An admirable and most useful piece of work .... the volume is one which every architectural library should possess." — The Builder. 2 vols., royal ^to, half bound. £,2 2S. net. {Published at JC^ ^s.) ANCIENT DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE IN GREAT BRITAIN. By F. T. Dollman, Architect. Containing 161 beautiful Lithographic Plates, illustrating by means of careful measured drawings and sketches the principal examples of Domestic Architecture in England prior to the Renaissance, with Analytical and Descriptive Text. "Mr Dollman's is the best illustrated and most generally useful book on the «'z/r7 archi- tecture of the Middle Ages. The buildings here drawn and described comprise not only dwelling-houses of varying degrees of importance— from the mansion of a lord-of-the-manor or merchant-prince to the cottage of a small tradesman in a country town-hut also palaces, col- leges, halls, schools, hospitals, and almdhoases."— Arthur S. Flower, M.A., F.S.A., A.R.I.B.A. B. T. BATS FORD, PUBLISHER, 94, High Holborn, London. 2 mh., royal d^to, cloth, gilt. ^£2 2s. net. {Published at ;£e, 5^.) DETAILS OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE, measured and drawn from Existing Examples of the Xllth, Xlllth, XlVth, and XVth Centuries, by J. K. Colling, Architect. Containing 190 Lithographed Plates, chiefly of measured drawings. '* Mr. Colling's work on the Architecture of Mediseva! England seems destined, in spite of all changes of fashion both in draughtsmanship and in popular building, never to become obsolete. Such beautiful and accurate records of a great architectural epoch and of the indigenous art of this country have an inherent value and interest which can never entirely disappear. The illus- trations, nearly all of them carefully measured drawings, offer invaluable assistance towards understanding and comparing the various phases of Gothic design, from the general lines of comiiosition down to the most minute details of construction and of ornamentation, in stone, in tile, in timber, and in iron." — Arthur S. Flower, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. Royal /^to, cloth, gilt. i^s. fiet. {Published at JQ2 2s ^ MEDIEVAL FOLIAGE AND COLOURED DECORATION IN ENGLAND. By Jas. K. Colling. A series of Examples taken from Buildings of the Twelfth to the Fifteenth Century. Containing 76 Lithographic Plates, representing 600 examples. " A book of exceptional and very nearly unique interest. It would not be quite accurate — recollecting Pugin's ' Gothic Ornaments ' — to say that this work of Mr. Colling is the only collec- tion that exists of well-drawn specimens of old English carved work, both in stone and wood, a?ui ranging over the ivhole of the Middle Ages, but in several points it so far excels the older work — its only rival — in comprehensiveness, that for most purposes it may unquestionably be regarded as the book on the subject."—^. S. Flower, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. Large Svo, art canvas. \os. net. EUROPEAN AND JAPANESE GARDENS. A Series of Papers on Italian, English, French, and Japanese Gardens. Edited by Glenn Brown. With 148 views and plans of celebrated gardens. Large ^to, art canvas, gilt, ^r <^s. net. THE ART AND CRAFT OF GARDEN MAKING. By Thomas H. Mawson, Garden Architect. Second Edition, revised and much enlarged. Containing upwards of 200 Illustrations (50 of which are full-page) of perspective views, plans, and details of gardens, ranging in size from a tiny cottage garden to gardens of twelve acres in extent. Folio, half morocco, gilt. ^4 4s. net. FORMAL GARDENS IN ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND. Their Planning and Arrangement, Architectural and Orna- mental Features. A Series of Illustrations, mainly from Old Examples, with an Introduction and Descriptive Accounts. By H. Inigo Triggs, A.R.I.B.A. Containing 125 fine Plates, 73 from the Author's Drawings, and 52 from Photographs specially taken ; with descriptive text. "That the book will make a charming addition to the libraries of artistic-minded people there can be no doubt whatever, and to the lover of gardens, from an architect's point of view particularly, we can hardly imagine a more welcome or elegant publication."— TAe Building News. 5 Crown ifto (lo ins. x 7 ins^, handsomely bound in art canvas, gilt. Price 21s. each, net. OLD ENGLISH COTTAGES AND FARM-HOUSES. A Series of Volumes designed to illustrate the most typical and beautiful remains of minor Domestic Architecture in England. Each volume contains 100 Photographic Plates, artistically printed in Collotype, accompanied by Descriptive Notes and Sketches. (i) KENT AND SUSSEX. Photographed by W. Galsworthy Davie and described by E. Guy Dawber. The rural buildings of Kent and Sussex are typical of native homely English work, and amongst them may be found nearly every style of archi- tecture. '* All who are interested in bygone days and beautiful objects must be thankful to the authors and to the publisher for bringing before us, in such charming form, this tribute to the artistic value and beauty of one phase in the history of our native building craft." — yoitmal of iheR.r.B.A. "Many of these charming old-world places have furnished our architects with admirable types of how cottages can be built gracefully, and with fine proportions in all their parts." — Atheneeutn. " Every cottage illustrated has interest through its picturesqueness, and the variety of them is remarkable." — The Architect. " All lovers of our domestic architecture should buy this book." — The Anizgitary, (2) SHROPSHIRE, HEREFORDSHIRE, AND CHESHIRE. Photographed by James Parkinson and described by E. A. OuLD. This volume illustrates the half-timber buildings characteristic of these counties. (3) THE COTSWOLD DISTRICT, comprising parts of Glouces- tershire, Oxfordshire, Northants, and Worcestershire. Photo- graphed by W. Galsworthy Davie and described by E. Guy Dawber. The buildings illustrated in this volume are essentially of a stone type, and present a special variety of architecture, very dissimilar to those illustrated in the two previous volumes. Large &vo, art canvas, gilt. 15J. net. OLD ENGLISH DOORWAYS. A Series of Historical Examples from Tudor Times to the end of the XVIIIth Century. Illus- trated on 70 Plates, reproduced in Collotype from Photographs specially taken by W. Galsworthy Davie. With Historical and Descriptive Notes on the subjects, including 34 Drawings and Sketches by Henry Tanner, A.R.I.B.A., Author of " English Interior Woodwork." The study of the Doorway as a feature of English Architecture during the Renaissance is of so much interest that surely no apology is necessary for the issue of the present volume, which presents a representative series of examples ranging over the whole of this period. B. T. BATSFORD, PUBLISHER, 94, High Holborn, London. Imperial ^to, cloth. los. 6d. ORDERS OF ARCHITECTURE — Greek, Roman, and Italian. A Collection of Typical Examples from Normand's "Parallels" and other Authorities, with Notes on the Origin and Development of the Classic Orders, and descriptions of the plates, by R. Phene Spiers, F.S.A., Director of the Architectural School of the Royal Academy. Fourth Edition, revised and enlarged, containing 27 full-page Plates, seven of which have been specially prepared for the work. * ' A most useful work for architectural students, clearly setting forth in comparative form the various orders. Mr. Spiers gives recognised examples of the principal forms of capital and base, and of the liner and bolder profiles of entablatures, with their decorative complements. A good feature of the plates is the scale below each in English feet. Mr. Spiers's notes are also very appropriate and useful.'' — The British Architect. " An indispensable possession to all students of architecture." — Architect. Large folio, cloth. ^1 lOs. net. EXAMPLES OF GREEK AND POMPEIAN DECORATIVE WORK. Measured and drawn by J. Cromar Watt. Con- taining 60 Collotype Plates (17 ins. x 13 ins.), reproduced from the original Pencil Drawings of the Author, and comprising Architectural Details, Ornament in White Marble, Painted and Modelled Terra-cotta, Mosaic Pavement, and a variety of Ornamental Bronze Work. " The best drawn and most charming book of illustration of classic ornament which has been published." — The Builder. Small folio, cloth, gilt. £1 ^s. net. THE HISTORIC STYLES OF ORNAMENT. Containing 1,500 Examples of the Ornament of all Countries and Periods, exhibited in 100 Plates, mostly printed in Gold and Colours. With Historical and Descriptive Text (containing 136 Illus- trations), translated from the German of H. Dolmetsch. A well-selected " Grammar of Ornament," which gives particular attention to the Art of the Renaissance. Royal 8vo, cloth, gilt. 55. net. A MANUAL OF HISTORIC ORNAMENT. Treating upon the Evolution, Tradition, and Develepment of Architecture and other Applied Arts. Prepared for the use of Students and Craftsmen. By Richard Glazier, A.R.I.B.A., Headmaster of the Manchester School of Art. Containing 500 Illustrations. "Not since the publication of Owen Jones' celebrated 'Grammar of Ornament' have we seen any book, brought out on popular lines, that could compare with Mr. Glazier's * Manual.' In many ways it is the better book of the two. ... It simply abounds with beautiful, delicately-drawn illustrations, and forms a perfect treasury of designs." — The Bookselier. " It would be difHcult, if not well nigh impossible, to find a more useful and comprehensive book than this, which contains examples of all the leading groups of ornamental design, and many more minor ones, but invariably interesting and valuable."— 7"A« Athenaum. 7 Thick demy ^vo, cloth, gilt, i zj. dd. A HANDBOOK OF ORNAMENT. With 3,000 Illustrations of the Elements and the Application of Decoration to Objects. By F. S. Meyer, Professor at the School of Applied Art, Karlsruhe. 3rd English Edition, revised by Hugh Stannus, F.R.I.B.A. "A Library, a Museum, an Encyclopedia, and an Art School in one. To rival it AS a book of reference one most fill a bookcase." — The Studio, In stout wrapper-envelope. 2s. 6d. net. AN ALPHABET OF ROMAN CAPITALS, together with three sets of lower-case letters, selected and enlarged from the finest examples and periods. By G. Woolliscroft Rhead, R.E., Hon. A.R.C.A., Lond. Each letter 7 ins. square, with descrip- tive text. Professor W. R. Lethaby writes : — "I am very glad that your speci- men Alphabets have been published. Some definitive examples to which one could point have been badly wanted. I hope every Art School in the country will soon be provided with a copy, and in that case I don't doubt we shall shortly see a much needed improvement in this simple matter of lettering." Crown Svo, cloth. 3^^. dd. net. ALPHABETS, OLD AND NEW. Containing 150 complete Alphabets, 30 Series of Numerals, Numerous Facsimiles of Ancient Dates, &c. Selected and arranged by Lewis F. Day. Preceded by a short account of the Development of the Alphabet. With Modern Examples specially Designed by Walter Crane, Patten Wilson, A. Beresford Pite, the Author, and others. The most handy, useful, and compre- hensive work on the subject. " Everyone who employs practical lettering will be grateful for * Alphabets, Old and New. Mr. Day has written a scholarly and pithy introduction, and contributes some beautiful alphabets of his own design." — The Art Journal. Crown Svo, cloth, ^s. net. LETTERING IN ORNAMENT. An Enquiry into the Decora- tive Use of Lettering, Past, Present, and Possible. By Lewis F. Day. With 200 Illustrations from Photographs and Drawings. " The book itself is an admirable one, and the author's clearness of thought and expression makes it most readable and instructive. . . . The illustrations range over a wide field and are invaluable, as they show at once what has been done by the artists of many nations.' —7"fe Buiider's Journal. Crown 8vo, cloth, ^s. net. ART IN NEEDLEWORK : A Book about Embroidery. By Lewis F. Day and Mary Buckle. Second Edition, revised, containing 80 full-page Plates, reproduced from photographs, and 45 Illustrations in the text. An invaluable Review of the Art and Practice of Embroidery. B. T. BATSFORD, PUBLISHER, 94, High Holborn, London. MR. LEWIS F. DAY'S TEXT-BOOKS of ORNAMENTAL DESIGN. Demy Svo, cloth, gilt. is. 6d^ net. PATTERN DESIGN. A Book for Students, treating in a prac- tical way of the Anatomy, Planning, and Evolution of Repeated Ornament. Containing 300 pages of text, with upwards of 300 Illustrations, reproduced from the author's drawings and from photographs. "Every line and every illustration In this book sholild be studied carefully and continually by everyone having any aspiration toward designing." — The Decorator. Demy Svo, cloth, gilt. 85. dd. net. ORNAMENT AND ITS APPLICATION. A sequel to "Pattern Design," and an Introduction to the Study of Design in relation to Material, Tools, and ways of Workmanship. Containing 320 pages, with 300 Illustrations of Decorative Objects and Orna- ment, reproduced from Photographs and Drawings. Mr. Walter Crane, -writiiig In the " Manchester Gnardlan," says: "The author brings not only his extensive knowledge of historic styles, but also the results of his ripe and varied practical experience as a designer, to the exposition of the nature of ornament itself and the necessary conditions of its design. His illustrations are extremely rich and varied. . . . The work can be confidently commended as a most workmanlike and accomplished treatise not only to all students of design, but to artists and craftsmen generally." Thick crown Zvo, cloth, gilt. izj. dd. NATURE IN ORNAMENT. An Enquiry into the Natural Element in Ornamental Design, and a Survey of the Orna- mental Treatment of Natural Forms. With upward.s of 450 Illustrations of Design and Treatment in Ornament, Old and New. 3rd Edition, revised and enlarged. "A book more beautiful for its illustrations or one more helpful to Students of Art can hardly be imagined." — The Queen. " The Treatise should be in the hands of every Student of Ornamental Design. It is pro- fusely and admirably illustrated, and well printed." — Magazine of Art. Crown Svo, art linen, ^s. 6d. SOME PRINCIPLES OF EVERY-DAY ART, Second Edition, revised, with numerous Illustrations. " If anybody wants a sensible book on Art asapplied to everyday ornament, let him buy Mr. Day's nicely-printed little volume. Easy to follow, well arranged and extremely concise. .... Mr. Day knows what to say and how to say it." — AthenteutH. Medium Svo, cloth, gilt. ^1 is. net. WINDOWS : A BOOK ABOUT STAINED AND PAINTED GLASS. By Lewis F. Day. Second Edition, revised, con- taining 50 full-page Plates, and upwards of 200 other Illustrations in the text, of Historical Examples. " Contains a more complete account— technical and historical— of stained and painted glass than has previously appeared in this country." — The Times. 9 Large 8vo, cloth. $s. net. A HANDBOOK OF PLANT FORM FOR STUDENTS OF DESIGN. By Ernest E. Clark, Art Master, Derby .Tech- nical College. Containing loo plates (size io|^ ins. by 7 j ins.), illustrating 6r varieties of Plants, comprising 800 illustrations. With an Introductory Chapter on the Elementary Principles of Design, Notes on the Plants, and a Glossary of Botanical Terms. "A tiventieth-century Herbal." — The Art Journal. STUDIES IN PLANT FORM for the Use of Students, Designers, and Craftsmen. By G. WooLLiscROFr Rhead, R.E., Hon. A.R.C.A. Containing 25 photo-lithographic plates, reproduced in black and white from the author's drawings, illustrating upwards of sixty varieties of Plants, together with over eighty illustrations of Detail. Folio (size 1 1\ ins. by 13 ins.), in cloth portfolio, 20^-. net. Mr. Walter Crane, writing to tlie author, says :— " I think your ' Studies in Plant Form ' are well selected, and powerfully drawn, and give the characteristics of growth and structure very definitely, in a way likely to be useful to students and designers." ' ' Mr. Rhead's broad and manly draughtsmanship ought of itself to commend his studies to the * students, designers, and craftsmen ' to whom he dedicates them. Drawings more trust- worthy have not been published in our day, nor yet studies upon which they could so surely rely for information." — The Art JoumaL Imperial ^to, handsomely bound in cloth gilt. £1 ^s. net. DECORATIVE FLOWER STUDIES for the use of Artists, Designers, Students and others. A series of 40 Coloured Plates, printed by hand by a stencil process in facsimile of the original drawings, accompanied by 350 Studies of Detail showing the Development of the Plant in successive stages. With Descriptive Notes. By J. Foord. " A truly valuable and beautiful book The coloured plates are nearly all good ; they have a certain spaciousness of treatment that is full of delicacy and freedom ; and we have no doubt at all that the book, considered as a whole, is a real gain to all who take delight in the decorative representation of flowers." — The Studio. " The author is duly regardful of the designer's wants, and supplements the coloured page by outline drawings of details likely to be of use to him." — The Art Journal. Crown 8vo, cloth, ^s. 6d. net. DECORATIVE BRUSHWORK AND ELEMENTARY DE- SIGN. A Manual for the Use of Teachers and Students. By Henry Cadness, Second Master of the Municipal School of Art, Manchester. Second Edition, revised and enlarged, with upwards of 450 Examples of Design. Synopsis of Chapters: — Materials. — Preparatory Work. — Methods of Expression. — Elementary Forms of Ornament. — Natural Forms.— Influences in Styles.— Application of Study. " In fact, the very grammar and technique of design is cemented within the compass of this volume, which is likely to prove a powerful aid to those who propose to devote themselves to designing, an occupation in which there is a wide and ample field." — Tlie Queen. B. T. BATSFORD, PUBLISHER, 94, High Holbom, London. Folio, buckram, gilt. jP^t^ 5^. net. OLD SILVERWORK, CHIEFLY ENGLISH, FROM THE XVth TO THE XVIIIth CENTURIES. A series of choice examples selected from the unique loan collection exhibited at St. James's Court, London, in aid of the funds of the Children's Hospital, supplemented by some further fine specimens from the collections of the Dukes of Devonshire and Rutland. Edited, with Historical and Descriptive Notes, by J. Starkie Gardner, F.S.A. Containing 121 beautiful collotype plates reproduced in the most effective manner. The edition of this work is limited to 500 copies, of which 400 are already disposed of. Folio, cloth, gilt. jQ\ ids. net. ENGLISH INTERIOR WOODWORK of the XVI., XVII., and XVIII. Centuries. A series of 50 Plates of Drawings to scale and Sketches, chiefly of domestic work, illustrating a fine series of examples of Chimney Pieces, Panelling, Sides of Rooms, Staircases, Doors, Screens, &c., &c., with full practical details and descriptive text. By Henry Tanner, A.R.I.B.A., Joint Author of " Some Architectural Works of Inigo Jones." Large 8vo, cloth, gilt. 1 2X. 6^. net. THE DECORATION OF HOUSES. A Study of House Decoration during the Renaissance Period, with suggestions for the decorative treatment, furnishing, and arrangement of modern houses. By Edith Wharton and Ogden Codman, Architect. With 56 full-page Photographic Plates of views of Rooms, Doors, Ceilings, Fireplaces, various pieces of Furniture, &c. " The book is one which should be in the library of every man and woman of means, foe its advice is characterised by so much common sense as well as by the best of taste." — The Queen. Large folio, handsomely bound in old style. ^1 10s. net. THE DECORATIVE WORK OF ROBERT AND JAMES ADAM. Being a Reproduction of all the Plates illustrating Decoration and Furniture from their "Works in Architec- ture," published 1778 — 1812. Containing 30 large foHo Plates (size, 19 inches by 14 inches) giving about 100 examples of Rooms, Ceilings, Chimney-pieces, Tables, Chairs, Vases, Lamps, Mirrors, Pier-glasses, Clocks, &c., &c., by these famous Eighteenth-century Designers. This volume contains every plate of decorative value from the complete work, which now fetches £70, and therefore forms a complete key to the graceful style for which the Brothers Adam are so universally renowned. II Medium 8w, doth, gilt. 15J. net. OLD CLOCKS AND WATCHES AND THEIR MAKERS. Being an Historical and Descriptive Account of the different Styles of Clocks and Watches of the Past in England and Abroad, to which is added a List of 10,000 Makers. By F. J. Britten. Second edition, much enlarged, with 700 illus- trations, mostly reproduced from photographs. 740 pages. ^ *' It is a book which majr be augmented in the future, but will scarcely be replaced, and whidi holds, in its way, a unique position in literature. ... To the collector and amateur it is indispensable." — Notes and Queries. Small folio, doth, gilt, old style. ^2 los. net. HEPPLEWHITE'S CABINET-MAKER AND UPHOL- STERER'S GUIDE; or, Repository of Designs for every article of Household Furniture in the newest and most approved taste. A complete facsimile reproduction of this rare work (published in 1794), containing nearly 300 charming Designs on 128 Plates. Original copies when met with fetch from ^I'j to jQi8. " Hepplewhite's designs are characterised by admirable taste and perfect workmanship. . . They are kept clear of the pitfalls which proved so fatal to the reputation of Chippendale, and not a few of them attain to a standard of refinement beyond which it seems hardly possible to go." — The Cabinet Maker. Folio, half doth, ;£2 ^5^- ^^U or strongly bound in half-calf ^£4 4s. net. CHIPPENDALE'S THE GENTLEMAN AND CABINET- MAKER'S DIRECTOR. A complete facsimile of the 3rd and rarest Edition (1762), containing 200 Plates of Designs of Chairs, Sofas, Beds and Couches, Tables, Library Book-cases, Clock-cases, Stove Grates, &c., &c. Large 4to, cloth, gilt. £1 is. net. EXAMPLES OF OLD FURNITURE, English and Foreign, Drawn and described by Alfred Ernest Chancellor. Con- taining 40 Photo-lithographic Plates, exhibiting some 100 examples of Elizabethan, Stuart, Queen Anne, Georgian, and Chippendale Furniture; and an interesting variety of Continental Work. With Historical and Descriptive Notes. Demy 4to, art linen, gilt. £1 ^s. net. COLONIAL FURNITURE IN AMERICA. By Luke Vincent LocKWOOD. An Historical and Descriptive Handbook of the Old English and Dutch Furniture, chiefly of the 17th and 1 8th Centuries, introduced into America by the Colonists. With 300 Illustrations of Chests, Couches, Sofas, Tables, Chairs, Settees, Cupboards, Sideboards, Mirrors, Chests of Drawers, Bedsteads, Desks, &c. B. T. BATSFORD, PUBLISHER, 94 High Holboni, London. 12 Imperial \to, in doth portfolio, gilt. ;£i 8s. DETAILS OF GOTHIC WOOD CARVING. Being a series of Drawings from original work of the XlVth and XVth Centuries. By Franklyn A. CrallaN. Containing 34 Photo- lithographic Plates, two of which are double, illustrating some of the finest specimens of Gothic Wood Carving extant. With sections where necessary, and descriptive text. " This admirable work is one of great interest and value. . . . ^ Every variety of Gothic detail is here illustrated. Hitherto no full-sized details have been published, so that the present work will be invaluable to the wood carver, as the drawings possess all the strength and vigour of the original work." FRENCH WOOD CARVINGS FROM THE NATIONAL MUSEUMS. A series of Examples printed in Collotype from Photographs specially taken from the Carvings direct. Edited by Eleanor Rowe. Parti., Late 15 th and Early 1 6th Century Examples; Part II., 1 6th Century Work; Part III., 17th and 1 8th Centuries. The 3 Series complete, each containing 18 large folio plates, with Descriptive Letterpress, folio, in portfolios, price 1 2S. each net ; or handsomely half-bound in one volume, £2 55. net. " This invaluable collection . . . should be possessed by every carver, both professional a.ttd amateur, . , . The plates are on so large a scale, and are so clearly produced, that they become equivalent, for the purposes of study, to the original works." — TAe Architect. Demy i,to, half -bound. los. 6d. ECCLESIASTICAL WOODWORK. A Series of Examples of Stalls, Screens, Book-Boards, Roofs, Pulpits, &c., illustrated on 21 beautifully engraved Copper Plates, from drawings by T. Talbot Bury, Architect. I'olio, cloth, gilt. £2 2S, net, OLD OAK ENGLISH FURNITURE. A Series of Measured Drawings, with some examples of Architectural Woodwork, Plasterwork, Metalwork, Glazing, &c. By J. W. Hurrell, Architect. Containing no full-page Plates reproduced by photo-lithography. For ingenuity and quaintness of design, richness of moulding, and profusion of ornament, the old oak furniture of England is probably unsurpassed by the contemporaneous work of any other country. In the present volume Mr. Hurrell has striven to represent by accurate measurement and delineation to scale the true spirit of the work in exhaustive detailed analysis of its construction and design. The examples illustrated include a great variety of subjects, and are selected from mansions and other buildings chiefly in Lancashire and Cheshire. 13 Crown %vo, paper covers, is. HINTS ON WOOD CARVING FOR BEGINNERS. By Eleanor Rowe. Fourth Edition, revised and enlarged, with numerous illustrations. I' The most useful and practical small book on wood carving we know of." — Builder. " Full of sound directions and good suggestions." — Magazine of Art. Crown 8w, paper covers, is. HINTS ON CHIP CARVING. (Class Teaching and other Northern Styles.). By Eleanor Rowe. With 40 Illustrations. " A capital manual of instruction in a craft that ought to be most popular." Saturday Review. Crown Zvo, paper covers, is. net. THE ART OF BRASS REP0USS6. A Manual of Practical Instruction for the Use of Amateurs. By Gawthorp, Art Metal Worker to His Majesty. With a Prefatory Note by the Rt. Hon. the Countess Amherst. Third edition, revised and enlarged, with 43 illustrations. 4/0, bound in old style. 5s, net. A BOOK OF SUNDRY DRAUGHTES FOR LEADED GLASS. By Walter Gidde. Containing 114 Plates of Designs for Lead Glazing, with Recipes on Glass Painting, &c. The whole reproduced in facsimile of the rare original published in 16 15. *»* Only 100 copies are for sale of this quaint old treasury of decorated drawings for leaded glass. Imperial folio, buckram, gilt. ^^3 t,s. net. ENGLISH AND SCOTTISH WROUGHT IRONWORK. A Series of Examples of English Ironwork of the best period, with which is included most that now exists in Scotland. By Bailey Scott Murphy, Architect. Containing 80 fine Plates (size 21J ins. by 14J ins.), 68 reproduced from measured drawings, and , the remaining 1 2 from photographs specially taken. With De- scriptive Text. " This volume stands alone as a unique collection of the best work in wrought iron done in Great Britain. It is replete with exact delineations and precise dimensions technically and thoroughly realised for the student and practical craftsman." — Tke Building News. Demy 8vo, cloth. 6j. A HANDBOOK OF ART SMITHING. By F. S. Meyer, Author of " A Handbook of Ornament." With an Introduction by J. Starkie Gardner. Containing 214 Illustrations. " An excellent, clear, and intelligent, and, so far as its size permits, complete account of the craft of working in iron for decorative purposes Replete with illustrations of well- chosen specimens of the leading styles and applications of the craft."— 7"A« Athemeum. " A most excellent manual, crowded with examples of ancient work. The Introduction is by Mr. Starkie Gardner, and students know what that name implies."— 7"/:« Studio. B. T. BATSFORD, PUBLISHER, 94, High Holborn, London. 14 Demy 8vo, cloth. 2S. 6d. net. THE PRINCIPLES OF ARCHITECTURAL PERSPECTIVE. Prepared for the Use of Students, &c., with chapters on Iso- metric Drawing and the Preparation of Finished Perspectives. By G. A. T. MiDDLETON, A.R.I.B.A. Illustrated with 51 Diagrams and 8 finished Drawings by various Architects. Demy 4to, doth, gilt. js. 6d. net. ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING. A Text-book with special reference to artistic design. By R. Phen^! Spiers, F.S.A., Author of "The Orders of Architecture," &c. New edition, with 28 full-page and folding Plates. Crown 8vo, art linen. 55. dd. net. PEN DRAWING. An Illustrated Treatise. By Charles D. Maginnis, Instructor in Pen Drawing, Boston Architectural Club. With a special chapter on Architectural Drawing. Illus- trated by 72 Reproductions of the Work of the principal Black-and- White Artists, Practical Diagrams, &c. Large Imperial 8vo, cloth, gilt. los. net. THE PRINCIPLES OF ARCHITECTURAL COMPOSITION. An attempt to Order and Phrase Ideas which have hitherto been only felt by the Instinctive Taste of Designers. By J. B. Robinson, Architect. With 300 Illustrations of Ancient and Modern Buildings in elucidation of the points dealt with. "This powerful and intelligent exposition of the great prin'ciples of Archi- tectural DESIGN will enable the student to study in a vastly more intelligeut way, and will help the practitioner toward the happy and ennobling career of the artist rather than the less attractive life of those who merely plan and erect buildings to order." — Rvssell Sturgis. Large 8vo, cloth, gilt. 8s. 6d. net. THE PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING. By Percy L. Marks, Architect. With Notes on the Essential Features and Require- ments of Different Classes of Buildings. Illustrated by 100 Plans, mainly of important modern Buildings. Second Edition, revised and greatly enlarged. " It will be found a suggestive and useful book on the subject." — British Architect. Square 8vo, cloth, gilt. 6s. net. FARM BUILDINGS: THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT. By A. Dudley Clarke, F.S.I. 3rd Edition, revised and much enlarged. With new chapters on Cottages, Homesteads for Small Holdings, Iron and Wood Roofs, Repairs and Materials, Notes on Sanitary Matters, &c. Containing 52 Lithographic Plates, and other Illustrations of Plans, Sections, Elevations, Details of Construction, &c. Adopted as the text-book by the Surveyors' Institution. " Mr. Clarke's handbook is the best of its kind." — Surveyor. " Both for the construction of new and the modernising of old buildings the book may be consulted with the fullest confidence." — Land Agents Record. IS 3 vols., large folio, strongly bound in buckram, gilt. £1^ it,s. net. MODERN OPERAHOUSES AND THEATRES. Examples of Playhouses recently erected in Europe. With Descriptive Accounts, a Treatise on Theatre Planning and Construction, and Supplements on Stage Machinery, Theatre Fires, and Pro- tective Legislation. By Edwin O. Sachs, Architect. 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This virotk deals with walls, paving, roofs, floors, and other details of Concrete Construction, and fully describes the latest methods for rendering buildings fire-proof. 2 vols., large %vo, cioth, gilt. £,1 ^s. net. FACTS ON FIRE PREVENTION. An enquiry into the Fire- Resisting Qualities of various Materials and Systems of Con- struction, conducted by the British Fire Prevention Committee. Edited by Edwin O. Sachs, Architect, Author of " Modern Theatres." Containing Accounts of Tests of Floors, Ceilings, Partitions, Doors, Curtains, &c., with 100 full-page Plates, and many other Illustrations from Photographs and Drawings ; also Plans of the Testing Chambers, Diagrams of Temperature, &c. An important contribution to the science of fire-protective construction. B. T. BATS FORD, PUBLISHER, 94, High Holborn, London. i6 Large Imperial 8vo, doth, gilt, ^i 55. net. MODERN SCHOOL BUILDINGS, Elementary and Secondary. A Treatise on the Planning, Arrangement, and Fitting of Day and Boarding Schools. With special chapters on the Treatment of Class-rooms, Lighting, Warming, Ventilation, and Sanitation. By Felix Clay, B.A., Architect. 500 pp., with 400 illustrations of plans, perspective views, constructive details, and fittings. "Mr. Clay has produced a work of real and lasting' value. It reflects great credit on his industry, ability, and judgment."— TV/ff Builder. *' It gives the practising architect as well as the student that complete and full information upon most subjects connected with the planning and erecting of schools that he really needs. The volume is likely to be the standard work upon the subject for many a year to come." — London Architectural Association Notes, "An invaluable work of reference. Every type of secondary and elementary school is fully illustrated and adequately described." — The School World. Demy 8vo, cloth, gilt. "js. 6d. net. THE PLANNING AND FITTING-UP OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL LABORATORIES. With Notes on the Venti- lation, Warming, and Lighting of Schools. By T. H. Russell, M.A. Illustrated by 36 Plans of Laboratories, Working Drawings, Sketches, and Diagrams of Fittings and other Details. Folio buckram, gilt, ^i is. net. THE ROYAL INSURANCE COMPANY'S BUILDING, LIVERPOOL. By J. Francis Doyle, Architect. An Illus- trated Monograph on this fine Building, containing 31 large Plates of Exterior and Interior Views, reproduced from Special Photographs, with Descriptive Text, by J. Nevj'by Hethering- TON, including 16 further Illustrations of Plans, Details of Con- struction, Sculptures, &c. Imperial 4to, cloth, gilt, ^i is. net. A BOOK OF COUNTRY HOUSES. Containing 62 Plates reproduced from Photographs and Drawings of Perspective Views and Plans of a variety of executed examples, ranging in size from a moderate-sized Suburban House to a fairly large Mansion. By Ernest Newton, Architect. The houses illustrated in this volume have been planned during the last ten years, and may be taken as representative of the English Country House of the present day. They offer much variety in their size, their sites, the charac- ter of the materials in which they are constructed, and their types of plan. Large 4to, art linen, gilt. 15^. net. COUNTRY HOMES. A Series of Illustrations of Modern English Domestic Architecture, selected from the Professional Journals of the last few years, including Examples by Leonard Stokes, James Ransome, Bateman and Bateman, R. F. Atkinson, Arnold Mitchell, Ernest Newton, C. F. A. Voysey, E. Guy Dawber, C. H. B. Quennell, Wimperis and Arber, and other archi- tects. Containing 50 Photo-lithographic and Ink-photo Plates. 17 Demy 4(0, doth, gilt. \os. 6d. net. HOMES FOR THE COUNTRY. A Collection of Designs and Examples of recently executed works. By R. A. Briggs, Architect, F.R.I.B.A., Soane Medallist. 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With descriptions, including the actual cost of those which have been built, and the estimated cost of those not yet erected. *' Economy, convenience, and comfort in small country houses are important elements, and these have been studied with an artistic appreciation of effect and rural charm in Mr. Briggs' designs." — The Buildijig News. Those who desire grace and originality in their suburban dwellings might take many a valuable hint from this book.*' — Times. Royal 4to, doth, gilt. \os. 6d. net. MODERN COTTAGE ARCHITECTURE, illustrated from Works of well-known Architects. Edited, with an Essay on Cottage Building, and descriptive notes on the subjects, by Maurice B. Adams, F.R.I.B.A. Containing 50 plates of Perspective Views and Plans. Demy ^to, doth, gilt. 7s. 6d. net. MODERN SUBURBAN HOMES. A Series of Eighteen Distinc- tive Designs for Small and Medium-sized Houses, with some Practical Hints on their Planning and Arrangement. By C. R. Snell, Architect. Containing 18 Plates of Elevations and Plans, together with Descriptive Notes, and Estimates of Cost. Imperial \to, doth, gilt. £,t. \s. net. HOUSES FOR THE WORKING CLASSES. Comprising 52 Typical and Improved Plans, with Elevations, Details, &c., and Descriptive Text, including Notes on the Treatment and Planning of Small Housesr By S. W. Cranfield and H. I. Potter, AA.R.I.B.A. Second Edition, thoroughly revised, with many additional Plans. This book deals with Cottages suitable for the Working Classes in Suburban and Rural Districts. The majority of the examples illustrated consist of two and three-storey dwellings, adapted to be built in pairs, groups, or terraces, and vary in cost from;^i6o to {fiyi. "The book meets a distinct want. The subject is not written round, but thoroughly threshed out." — The Surveyor. „.„,„„„„„ B. T. BATSFORD, PUBLISHER, 94, High Holborn, London, i8 Large Imperial &V0, cloth. 12s. 6d. net. MODERN PRACTICAL JOINERY. A Treatise on the Practice of Joiner's Work by Hand and Machine. Containing a full Description of Hand-tools and their Uses, Workshop Practice, Fittings and Appliances, the Preparation of all kinds of House Joinery, Bank, Office, Church, Museum and Shop-fittings, Air- tight Cases, and Shaped Work. With concise Treatises on Stair-building and Hand-railing, and a Glossary of Terms. By George Ellis, Instructor in Joinery at the Trades Training Schools of the Worshipful Company of Carpenters. 380 pages, with 1,000 practical Illustrations. " In this excellent work the mature fruits of the first-hand practical experience of an exceptionally skilful and intelligent craftsman are given. It is a credit to the author's talent and industry, and is likely to remain an enduring monument to British craftsmanship. As a standard work it will doubtless be adopted and esteemed by the architect, builder, and the aspiring work- man." — Building World. Large imperial 8vo, doth, i is. 6d. net. STAIR-BUILDING AND HANDRAILING. A Practical Treatise on the Construction of the various Classes of Wood and Stone Stairs, with a complete course of Handrailing, &c. By William Mowat, M.A., and Alexander Mowat, M.A., Masters at the Technical School, Barrow-in-Furness. 390 pages, with over 440 practical Diagrams. " This is a thoroughly practical work, not written to put forward any particular theory, but combining the good points of all its forerunners, and presenting a clear and connected course of instruction for the artisans, as well as for the architect, in all that pertains to the designing or construction of wood and stone stairs and handrailing." — The Builder s Journal. Crown Svo, cloth, gilt. ^s. net. CARPENTRY AND JOINERY. A Text-book for Architects, Engineers, Surveyors, and Craftsmen. By Banister F.Fletcher, F.R.I.B.A., F.S.I., and H. Phillips Fletcher, F.R.I.B.A., F.S.I. Third Edition, revised. With 424 Illustrations. Large Svo, cloth, gilt. ^s. net. SCAFFOLDING: A TREATISE ON THE DESIGN AND ERECTION OF SCAFFOLDS, GANTRIES, AND STAGINGS, with an Account of the Appliances used in connection therewith, and a Chapter on the Legal Aspect of the Question. By A. G. H. Thatcher, Building Surveyor. Illustrated by 146 Diagrams and 6 full-page Plates. "a really valuable little treatise." — Tlu Builder. " The author has had a wide and varied experience of the subject, and his book is clearly written, and essentially practical." — The Buildei^s Journal. Crown 8vo, cloth, gilt. y. DANGEROUS STRUCTURES AND HOW TO DEAL WITH THEM. A Handbook for Practical Men. By George H. Blagrove, Author of " Shoring, and its Application," &c. " We recommend this book to all young architects and students of building." — The A rchitect. 19 Large crown Svo, cloth, gilt. los. net. BUILDING MATERIALS: their Nature, Properties, and Manufacture. A Text-book for Students. By G. A. T. MiDDLETON, Architect, A.R.I.B.A., Author of "Stresses and Thrusts," " Drainage," &c. Containing 450 pages of Text, with 200 Illustrations from specially prepared drawings, and 12 full- page Photographic Plates. This work contains a resumi of the latest and most reliable information on the subject, presented in a clear and concise way. Crown Svo, cloth, gilt. 3^. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND DRAWING. A Text- book ON THE Principles and Practice of Construction. By Charles F. Mitchell, Lecturer on Building Construction at the Polytechnic Institute, London, First Stage or Ele- mentary Course. 6th Edition (4bth Thousand), revised and greatly enlarged. Containing 400 pages of Text, with 1,000 Illustrations, fully dimensioned. "The book is a model of clearness and compression, well written and admirably illustrated and ought to be in the hands of every student of building construction." — The Builder. Crown Svo, cloth, gilt. 55. 6^. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. A Text-book on the Prin- ciples and Practice of Construction. (Advanced and Honours Courses.) By Charles F. Mitchell. For the use of Students preparing for the Examinations of the Science and Art Department, the Royal Institute of British Architects, the Surveyors' Institution, the City Guilds, &c., and for those engaged in building. Containing 620 pages of Text, with over 600 Illustrations, fully dimensioned. 4th Edition (19th Thousand), thoroughly revised and much enlarged. *' Mr. Mitchell's two books form unquestionably the best guide which any student can obtain at the present moment. In fact, so far as ir is possible for anyone to compile a satisfactory treatise on building construction, Mr. Mitchell has performed the task as well as it can be performed." — The Builder. Cro7un Svo, cloth, gilt. ^s. BRICKWORK AND MASONRY. A Practical Text-book for Students and those engaged in the Design and Execution of Structures in Brick and Stone. By Charles F. Mitchell, assisted by George A. Mitchell. Being a thoroughly revised and remodelled edition of the chapters on these subjects from the authors' " Elementary " and " Advanced Building Construc- tion," with special additional chapters and new illustrations. 400 pp., with about 600 illustrations (fully dimensioned), including numerous full and double-page plates. " Regarded in its entirety, this is ainost valuable work. It is not a treatise, as the term is generally understood, but a compendium of useful information admirably collated and well illustrated, and as such has a distinct sphere of usefulness." — The Builder. B. T. BATSFORD, PUBLISHER, 94, High Holborn, London. Large thick 8vo, cloth, gilt. 185. net. BUILDING SPECIFICATIONS for the use of Architects, Surveyors, Builders, &c. Comprising the complete Specification of a large House, with Stables, Conservatory, &c. ; also numerous Clauses relating to Special Classes of Buildings, and Practical Notes on all Trades and Sections. By John Leaning, F.S.L, Author of " Quantity Surveying," &c. Containing 630 pages of Text, with 140 Illustrations. The most comprehensive, systematic, and practical treatise on the subject. " A very valuable book on this subject, and one which . must become a standard work in relation thereto. . . . Mr. Leaning has thoroughly mastered his subject in all its intricacy of detail, and in dealing with it is clear, concise, and definite." — The Architect. Large 8vo, cloth, gilt. 4J. dd. TREATISE ON SHORING AND UNDERPINNING, and generally dealing with dangerous Structures. By C. H. Stock. Third Edition, revised and enlarged by F. R. Farrow, F.R.I.B.A. With 40 clear and practical Illustrations. " Mr. Stock has supplied a manifest want in the literature of practical architecture and surveying, and there is no doubt his book will be of great practical use. " — The Builder. Crown %vo, cloth, gilt. 4^. 6rf. net. STRESSES AND THRUSTS. A Text-book on their Determi- nation in Constructional Work, with Examples of the Design of Girders and Roofs, for the use of Students. By G. A. T. MiDDLETON, A.R.I.B.A. Third Edition, thoroughly revised and much enlarged. With 170 illustrative Diagrams and Folding Plates. *' The student of building construction will find in this book all he ought to know as to the relation of stresses and thrusts to the work he may be engaged in. Foundations, chimneys, walls, roofs, steel joists, girders, stanchions,' are all taken in detail, and the varying degrees of stress are calculated in a simple way, so that the merest tyro in mathematics will be able to appreciate, and apply the principles laid down." — The Surveyor. Crown 8vo, cloth, gilt 3J. net. THE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF GRAPHIC STATICS. Specially prepared for the Use of Students entering for the Examinations in Building Construction, Applied Mechanics, Machine Construction and Drawing, &c., of the Board of Education. By Edvstard Hardy, Teacher of Building Con- struction. Illustrated by 150 clear Diagrams. Prof. Henry Adams, writing to the Author, says; — "You have treated the subject in a very clear and logical manner, and I shall certainly recommend the book to my elementary students as the best of its kind." Small 8vo, cloth, gilt. 2S. 6d, net. THE CONDUCT OF BUILDING WORK AND THE DUTIES OF A CLERK OF WORKS. A Handy Guide to the Superintendence of Building Operations. By J. Leaning, F.S.I. Second Edition, revised and enlarged. "This most admirable little volume should be read by all those who have charge of building operations . . . . In a concise form it deals with many of the important points arising during the erection of a building." — The British Architect. Large crown 8vo, doth, gilt. "js. dd. net. HOW TO ESTIMATE : or the Analysis of Builders Prices. A Complete Guide to the Practice of Estimating, and a Reference Book of the most reliable Building Prices. By John T. Rea, F.S.I. , Surveyor, War Department. With typical examples in each trade, and a large amount of useful information for the guidance of Estimators, including thousands of prices. Second Edition, thoroughly revised and much enlarged. "Here at last is a book that can be confidently recommended as a comijrehensive, practical, trustworthy, cheap, and really modern book on estimating. The book is excellent in plan, thorough in execution, clear in exposition, and will be a boon alike to the raw student and to the experienced estimator. For the former it will be an invaluable instructor ; for the . latter a trustworthy remembrancer and an indispensable work of reference." — The B-uildins; World. Crown 8w, cloth, gilt. 45. ()d. net. ESTIMATING. A Method of Pricing Builders' Quantities for Competitive Work, without the use of a Price Book. By George Stephenson. 4th Edition, the Prices carefully revised " Mr. Stephenson has succeeded in removing many of the difficulties in this branch of his profession, and anyone who has mastered this little book will be enabled to price a bill of quantities without recourse to his Laxton." — The Building News. Crown 8vo, cloth, gilt. 3^'. dd. REPAIRS : HOW TO MEASURE AND VALUE THEM. A Handbook for the use of Builders, Decorators, &c. By the Author of " Estimating." 3rd Edition, revised to date. " * Repairs ' is a very serviceable handbook on the subject. The author proceeds, from the top floor downwards, to show how to value the items, by a method of framing the estimate in the measuring book. The modus operandi is simple and soon learnt." — The Building News. Large crown 8vo, cloth, gilt. ^s. net. GASFITTING. a Practical Handbook relating to the Distribution of Gas in Service Pipes, the Use of Coal Gas, and the best Means of Economising Gas from Main to Burner. By Walter Grafton, F.C.S., Chemist at the Beckton Works of the Gas Light and Coke Co. With 143 Illustrations. " The author is a recognised authority upon the subject of gas-lighting, and gas-fitters and others who intend to study gas-fitting in practical detail will find the book most serviceable." — The Builder. Large 8vo, cloth, gilt. 4^. 6d. net. THE DRAINAGE OF TOWN AND COUNTRY HOUSES. A Practical Account of Modern Sanitary Arrangements and Fittings. By G. A. T. Middleton, A.R.I.B.A. With full particulars of the latest fittings and arrangements, and a special chapter on the Disposal of Sewage on a small scale, including an account of the Bacterial Method. Illustrated by 87 Diagrams and 6 Plates. B. T. BATS FORD, rUBLISHBR, 94, High Holborn, London. Thick royal Svoj cloth, gilt. 1 2S. 6(1. ' THE PLUMBER AND SANITARY HOUSES. A Practical Treatise on the Principles of Internal Plumbing Work ; or the best means for effectually excluding Noxious Gases from our Houses. By S. Stevens Hellyer. 6th Edition, revised and enlarged. With 30 Plates, and 262 Woodcut Illustrations. "The best treatise existing on Practical Plumbing." — T/ie Builder. Large thick 8vo, cloth, gilt £^\ 12s. net. SANITARY ENGINEERING. A Compendium of the latest and most reliable information on Sanitary Science in all its branches. By Colonel E. C. S. Moore, R.E., M.S.I. Second Edition, thoroughly revised and greatly enlarged. Containing 830 pp. of Text, with 860 Illustrations, including 92 large Folding Plates. "... A full and complete epitome of the latest practice in sanitary engineering. . . . As A Book of Reference it is Simply Indispensable."— T'A* Public Health Engineer. ". . . We know of no single volume which contains such a mass- of well-arranged information. It is encyclopEedic, and should take its place as the standard book on the wide and important subject with which it deals." — The Surveyor. Large Svo, cloth, gilt. ds. net. WATERWORKS DISTRIBUTION. A Practical Guide to the Laying Out of Systems of distributing Mains for the Supply of Water to Cities and Towns. By J. M. McPherson, A.M.Inst. C.E. Fully illustrated by 122 Diagrams. " The author has evidently a large practical experience of the subject on which he has written, and he has succeeded in compiling a book which is sure to take its place among the standard works on water supply." — The Surveyor. Crown 4to, cloth, gilt. 6s. net. LECTURES TO PLUMBERS : Second Series. By J. Wright Clarke. Containing a variety of Papers on Sanitary Fittings and their Fixing, Leadwork, Coffin-lining, Baths, Sinks, Basins, Hydrostatics, and Hydraulics, &c. With 225 Illustrations. "The * Lectures ' are based principally on the practical experiences gained by the author during his exceptionally busy and diversified career, and it is hardly necessary for us to refer to Mr. Cflarke's ability to treat of his subject in the most masterly manner," — The Plumber atid Decorator. Small pocket size, leather, \s. 6d. net, or in celluloid case 2s. net. CLARKE'S POCKET-BOOK OF TABLES AND MEMO- RANDA FOR PLUMBERS, BUILDERS, SANITARY AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS, &c. By J. Wright Clarke, M.S.I. With a new Section of Electrical Memoranda and Formulas. Entirely New and Revised Edition (1904). Large 8w, cloth, gilt. 5^. net. PRACTICAL SCIENCE FOR PLUMBERS. By J. Wright Clarke. Treating of Physics, Metals, Hydraulics, Heat, Temperature, &c., and their application to the problems of practical work. With about 200 Illustrations. 23 Crown 8vo, cloth, gilt. 2^. 6d. net. PUMPS : THEIR PRINCIPLES AND CONSTRUCTION. A Series of Lectures delivered at the Regent Street Polytechnic, London. By J. Wright Clarke, Author of " Plumbing Practice." With 73 Illustrations. Second Edition, thoroughly revised, with all the Illustrations specially re-drawn. Crown 8vo, cloth, gilt. 2s. HYDRAULIC RAMS, THEIR PRINCIPLES AND CON- STRUCTION. By J. Wright Clarke, Author of " Pumps," " Plumbing Practice," &c. With results of Experiments carried out by the Author at the Regent Street Polytechnic and in various parts of t^e Country. Illustrated by 36 Diagrams. Crown Svo, cloth, gilt. 5^. net. ARCHITECTURAL HYGIENE, or Sanitary Science as applied to Building. By Banister F. Fletcher, F.R.I.B.A., F.S.I., and H. Phillips Fletcher, F.R.I.B.A., F.S.I. Second Edition, revised. With upwards of 300 Illustrations. Royal Zvo, cloth, gilt. 1 5^. net. CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT relating to Building Works. By Frank W. Macey, Architect. Revised, as to the strictly legal matter, by B. J. Leverson, Barrister-at-Law. PROFESSOR BANISTER FLETCHER'S VALUABLE TEXT- BOOKS FOR ARCHITECTS AND SURVEYORS. Arranged in Tabulated Form and fully indexed for ready reference. Crown divo, cloth, gilt. "js. 6d. QUANTITIES. A Text-book explanatory of the Best Methods adopted in the Measurement and Valuation of Builders' Work. 7th Edition, revised throughout and much improved by H. Phillips Fletcher, F.R.I.B.A., F.S.I. With special chapters on Cubing, Priced Schedules, Grouping, the Law, &c., and a typical example of the complete Taking-off, Abstracting, and Billing in all Trades. Containing about 450 pages, with 10 folding Plates and 100 other Diagrams in the Text. '' It is no doubt the best work on the subject extant." — The Builder, "We compHment Mr. Phillips Fletcher on his revision, and on the accuracy of the book generally." — The Surveyor. " A safe, comprehensive, and concise text*book on an important technical subject. We imagine few surveyors' or architects' shelves will be without it." — Brilisk Architect. " One of the most complete works upon the subject. Of great assistance to students." — The Builder's Journal. "A good treatise bya competent master of the subject." — The Building News. B. T. BATSFORD, FUBLISHBR, 94, High Plolborn, London. 34 PROFESSOR BANISTER FLETCHER'S VALUABLE TEXT- BOOKS FOR ARCHITECTS AND SURVEYORS. Arranged in Tabulated Form and fully indexed for ready reference. The New Editions, Revised and Brought up to Date By BANISTER F. FLETCHER, F.R.LB.A., F.S.I., and H. PHILLIPS FLETCHER, F.R.LB.A., F.S.L, Barrister-at-Law. Crown 8vo, uniformly bound in cloth, gilt. ds. 6d. each. LONDON BUILDING ACTS, 1894-8. A Text-book on the Law relating to Building in the Metropolis. Containing the Acts in extenso, the By-laws and Regulations now in force, notes on the Acts, and reports of the principal cases. Third Edition, revised. Illustrated by 23 Coloured Plates. "It is the law op Building for London in one \oi.iirAK"—Arckitect. " Illustrated by a series of invaluable colonred plates, showing clearly the meaning of the various clauses as regards construction." — The Suruevor. DILAPIDATIONS. A Text-book on the Law and Practice, sth Edition,, thoroughly revised and much enlarged, with all the most recent Acts and Legal Decisions. *' An excellent compendium on the law and practice on the subject." — Builder. LIGHT AND AIR. With Methods of Estimating Injuries, Reports of' most recent Cases, &c. Illustrated by 27 Coloured Plates. 4th Edition, revised and enlarged, with an Appendix containing a rtsumi of the House of Lords' decision in the case of " Colls V. Home and Colonial Stores." " By far the most complete and practical text-book we have seen. In it will be found the cream of all the legal definitions and d^asions."— Building News. VALUATIONS AND COMPENSATIONS. A Text-book on the Practice of Valuing Property, and the Law of Compen- sation in relation thereto. Third Edition, revised and enlarged. With an Appendix of Forms of Precedents and an extensive series of Valuation Tables. " Very useful to students preparing for the examination of the Surveyors' Institution." — Swveyor. " A complete guide to valuing land and houses for mortgage, rentmg, or investment, as well as for making valuations, when lands and houses are taken under compulsory powers by public bodies or companies. The tables contained in the Appendix are especially valuable, and there is an exhaustive mdex."— Property Market Review. ' Crown 8vo, cloth, gilt. t^s. 6d. ARBITRATIONS. A Text-book for Arbitrators, Umpires, and all connected with Arbitrations, more especially Architects, En- gineers, and Surveyors, in tabulated form, with the chief cases governing the same, and an Appendix of Forms, Statutes, Rules, &c. Third Edition, revised and largely re-written. " Especially useful to yqung surveyors as a compendium of the knowledge which professional ' experience gives in more concrete form and with infinite variety of detail." — Tke Surveyor. B. T. BATSFORD, Publisher, 94, High Holborn, London.