w. ^-^^ r47 m ^i '■^1 •^W^ '.^ Cornell University Library ArY1450 Meteorological observations / 3 1924 014 983 997 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924014983997 ^^ . . r. ^ "^ M&Sc-'^iiMc /?^^25e^^ PMs^iea^!^. f^eAuMr 7^ ^^i^syu^^it^n^ Z^, C WVacI 9- S- 5-8 3- 2 12. 2 6.8 16.8 9-3 7-7 4-3 10. 6 5-9 18.8 10. 4 22. o 12. 2 7-5 4.2 6.7 3-7 12.0 6.7 II. 8 6.6 12. 2 6.8 9.4 5-2 18.6 10. 3 14. 4 8.0 17. o 9.4 10. 2 5-7 7-9 4.4 13-3 7-4 17.9 9.9 7-5 4. 2 12-5 6.9 18.8 10. 4 21. 2 II. 8 8-3 4.6 7-3 4- I 13-1 7-3 12. 4 6.9 14. 2 a 1-5 10. 6 S-9 9- S- IS- o o o 8-3 20. 7 II-5 7-4 4- I 14. o 7.8 19. 6 10. 9 20. 2 11. 2 9- 7 5-4 6.8 3-9 14-5 14. 7-9 13.6 7.6 9.6 5-3 19. o 10. 6 12. I 6.7 17. o 9-4 11. o 6. I 8. I 4.5 iS-9 8.8 23.8 13. 2 7.6 4. 2 II. 8 6.6 22. 8 12. 7 20. 4 II-3 II. I 6. 2 6. 3- IS- 8. 12. 7- a 1-5 14. 8. 9- S- 20. II. 12. 6. 19- 10. 12. 6. 8. 4- 13- 7- 24. 13- 8. 4- 13- 7- 22. 12. 20. II. II. 6. 6. 3- iS- 8. 13- 7- 14. 4 8.0 10. 2 S-8 21. 4 II. 9 12. 7 7- I 19. I- 10. 6 12. o 6.7 10.3 S- 13- 7- 23- 13- 9- S- 14. 7-8 22. I 12.3 21. o II. 7 II. 8 6.6 6-S 3-6 IS- 9 8.8 13.8 7-7 a; 02 14- 9 S 20 II 13-4 7-4 21. o 11. 7 12. o 6-7 9-9 S-S 14. I 7-8 21.3 II. 8 10. 2 S-7 14.4 8.0 24. 2 13-4 20. 7 II-5 10. I S-6 6-3 3-S 16. o 8.9 14. o 7-8 4J t> 125 II. 2 7-1 6.2 3-9 8.8 6.1 4.9 3-4 16.3 II- S 9- I 6.4 13.6 12.4 7-6 6.9 17. I 13.0 9-S 7. 2 10. 9 8.9 6. I 4-9 7-3 S-4 4. I 3-0 14-3 12. 7 7-9 7- I 19.2 IS- 6 10.7 8-7 8.8 7- 2 4.9 4.0 12. 7 10. 2 7-1 5-7 20. 6 18.2 II. 4 10. I 20. 6 18.8 II. 4 10. 4 6.9 S-S 3-8 3- I S-9 S-6 3-3 3-1 15.6 13-5 8-7 8.6 14-3 II. 7 7-9 6-S 5- 3- 4- 2. 7- 3- 10. 5- 9- S- 7- 4- 3- 2. II, 6. 12. I 6.7 S-6 3-1 7-8 4-3 14-5 8. I 17. o 9-4 4- r 2.6 s-4 3-0 II. 4 6-3 9. 2 5-r ' — Verhaltnisse des Russischen Reiches," page 90, et seq. lY DAILY MEAX TEMPERATURE. Menu amplitudes of various stations— Contumea. 1,^ ^ A 1 i Falir. Montgomery, Ala < Qgut. ( Fahr. New Orleans, La < Ceut. Cent! ( Fabr. Omaha, Nebr | Qg,||- Fahr. Philadelphia, Pa < Cent. „ ( Fahr. Pittsburgh, Pa | Qg„t;_ ( Fahr. Portland, Oregon < Qg,)(;_ Cent! „ , , ^ ( Fahr, Roseburgh, Oregon ^ Cent. T . ,, ( Fahr, Samt Louis, Mo < Ceut, Saint Paul, Minn < q^^^^ Salt Lake City, Utah San Diego, Cal San Francisco, Cal . . Ceut! Savannah, Ga < Cent, Toledo, Ohio If^l^l Washington City j Cent! Wilmington, N. C | Cent! -CTT- T.T f Fahr Winneniucca, Isev < ^^^^ I Fahr I Fah ( Cent, ( Fahr \ Cent, ( Fahr ) Cent II. s 6.6 9.0 S-° 6.8 3-8 10. 6 5-9 6.6 3- 7 6.6 3- 7 6. 2 3-4 4-4 2. 4 8.4 4- 7 8. 2 4.6 9.8 S- 9- S- 13- 7- 7- 3- 15- Yuma, Ariz. ( Fahr ( Fahr \ Cent 12. 7 7- I 9.6 5-3 7- 4 I 2. 6. 7- 4- 7- 4- 7- 4- 5- 3- 12, 6, 9 5 II 6 I14.S 8. 1 1. 6, 9 14 7 10. o 5-6 8-5 4- 7 12. 8 7- I 6 II. I 6. 2 6.8 3-8 8.q 10. 7 1 3- |i6. II. 6. 12. 10. I S-6 4.0 17-3 9.6 12. I 6.7 8.0 4-4 10. 8 S-9 12.0 6.7 16.8 9-3 20. o 11. I 6.9 13- 4 7- 1 1. 6. 16. 9- 10. 6. II. 6, IS- 8. 12. 7- 10. S- 14. 8. 10, S- !i7- !■': 7- iS-9 8.8 13.8 7- 7 10. 4 5-8 8.6 4.8 17.4 15-4 8.6 10. 8 6.0 11. 2 6. 2 14. I 7.8 13. 2 7- 3 12.0 ,6.7 :is- 1 10. 8 13. 2 7-3 9. 2 5-1 II. 6 6.4 12.0 6.7 ,11- '23- !'3. II. 6. 19. II. 13' 7- IS 8 IS 8. 9- S- 9- 5- 21. 12. II. 02 14- 7 8. 2 8.4 4- 7 ii-S 6.4 14. 8 8. 2 13-° 7. 2 13- 9 7- 7 IS- 8 8.8 |I2-S 6.9 I19. 9 {I I. I 13.0 14- 4 8.0 9.0 S-° 11. o 6. I 14-5 8. I 12. 8 7- I 14. I 7.8 14-5 4 4 2 6 o 4 6.3 II. 2 6. 2 IS- 2 8.4 II. 8 6.6 2S- I 14. I 27. 6 iS-3 7- iS- 8. 17- 9- 9- S- 9-S S-3 22. o Ii2-3 I I. 2 6. 2 II. 4 16- 14- 8. I 12.0 25.8 14-3 28.3 IS- 7 6-7 22. 4 12. 4 14. I 7-8 15.8 : 8.8 19. 6 10. 9 9-S S-3 lo-S 5-8 20. 2 11. 2 10. 8 6.0 12. o ; 6.7 14. 4 8.0 o I 3 3 o 3 14. 9 I 8.3 7-3 4. I [lo. 2 i S'- 7 IS- 4 8.6 12. I 6. 14. 7- 13- 7- 1 1. 6. 7 3 9 3 4 4 3 24. 9 ;i3-8 14. o 7-8 16. 4 9- I .18.4 10. 2 : 9-9 ; s-s 10. 4 S-8 ,18. 2 10. I 9-8 i S-4 12. 6 7.0 14-8 IS- I 8.4 9- 2 S- I 10. o S-6 iS-S 8.6 12. 6. 14. O 12 7 II 6 23. I 12. 8 14. 8 8. 2 iS-o 8.3 !i8. 4 S- / 21. 4 II. 9 1 1. 6. 12. 6, 14 iS-9 8.8 9.6 S-3 9.8 S-4 14. 6 8. I II. 2 6. 2 14. 6 8. I II. 6. 9- S- 16 9 13 7 12 6 c 14. 4 8.0 9-3 S-2 8. 2 4.6 12.0 6-7 8.4 4.7 [10. 7 i S-9 7.0 8.6 4.8 6.7 3- 7 10. o S- 6. 10. 2 10. 5 5 8 10 3 10. s- 33- ,18, '24 13 II. 4 6-3 31. 2 17-3 24.8 ,13-8 14. o 7-8 II. 2 6. 2 10. 2 S- 7 18.8 10. 4 12.0 6-7 10. 2 S- 7 15.0 8-3 13- 2 7-3 27. 2 15- I 24. 6 ;i3-7 4- 6. 3- II. 6. 9- S- 9- 5- II. 6. II. 6. 4- 4 16. 9 9- 4 12. 2 6. 8 7- 4 4 I II 6 6 4 12 8 7 I 22 8 12 7 20 4 II ' 6 9 3-8 6.9 3-8 S-S 3- I 4.0 2. 2 7. 2 4.0 7-4 4- I 7-4 4- I 8.4 4- 7 12.5 6.9 6.0 3-3 14.8 2 12. 7- 5- 2. 9- S-3 12. 7 7- I 16.6 9- 2 16.8 9-3 It is evident from the table that the amplitude is greatest over arid dry regions and least in marine localities. At Winneniucca in August the amplitude is 33°. 8, while for the same month at Oalveston it is only 6°. 5 Fahr., or somewhat less than one-fifth of the value at Winnemucca. Gal- veston is also a place where the amplitude varies but slightly, from month to month, there being but 1° Fahr. difference between the value for July (6°.6) and that of January (5°. 6). At Winnemucca the value for July (29°. 3) is nearly twice that of January (15°.!), the difference amounting to i4°.2. Galveston, Alpena, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago. New Orleans, and Toledo may be taken as types of the marine locality in which the amplitude is relatively small; and Winnemucca, Roseburgh, Yuma, and Santa Fe may be taken as types of tiie inland or continental locality, in which the amplitude is great. DAILY MEAN TEMPERATURE. It will also be seen that in all places, except San Diego, the least amplitude occurs in the winter months and the greatest in the summer months. San Diego is a striking exception to this general law. The climatic conditions in the vicinitj' of San Diego are remarkable in this, that during the winter months the isocheimals have a value equaling those of the country closely surrounding the northern portion of the Gulf of California, whereas the isotheral curves, showing the mean summer temperature distribution, are of a very different character from those on the eastern slope of the San Jacinto Mountains. B. The time of occurrence of the maximum depends upon locality. In the diurnal fluctuations it will be seen from the following table, showing the corrections to be applied at any hour to reduce to the true mean temperature, that this second of Wild's deductions also holds, and that making allowance for the time of the sun's reching the zenith and the seasonal influence, the time of occui"- rence of the maximum temperature depends upon the locality. The maximum occurs earliest in the purely marine climate and latest in dry and arid regions. Over the ocean and on the coast the highest temperature of the day occurs between midday and i o'clock p. ra. (in summer a little earlier than in winter), while in the interior of continents and particularly in deserts the maximum occurs between 2 and 3 p. m. (in summer somewhat later than in winter), as follows: Alpena Buffalo Chicago .... Galveston . . . . New Orleans. Roseburgh . . . Salt Lake City Santa Fe . . . . Winuemucca . Tuma 2. 00 3.00 00 00 00 00 30 2.30 3.00 00 00 00 00 00 3° 00 00 00 00 2. 00 2.30 3.00 3.00 3.00 4. 00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 00 00 3° 00 00 00 00 00 00 3.00 ^ S □ 1.30 3.00 2.30 2.30 2.30 4. 00 3.00 3-3° 3.00 3.00 3° 00 00 3° 00 4. 00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 < ■ 4^ a CO ^25 I. 00 I. 00 1.30 2. 00 2.30 3-3° 3.00 2.30 3.00 2.30 3-3° 3-3° 3.00 2.30 2. 00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.30 2. 00 2. 00 I. 00 1-45 2. 00 2.30 4. 00 4. 00 3-3° 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.30 2.30 2. 00 2. 00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.30 2. 00 3-3° 3.00 3.00 3.00- 2.30 2.30 3.00 2.30 3.00 2.30 o Q 2. 30 2.30 2. 00 2. 00 2.30 3.00 2. 00 2. 00 2. 00 2. 00 C. The time of the occurrence of the minimum temperature, making allowance for the season and the time of sunrise, is also determined by the nature of the locality. Over a purely marine locality the minimum occurs always a certain time (from i to 2 hours) before sunrise, and over dry and arid regions, in the interior of continents, and especially in deserts, almost exactly at the time of sunrise or a little (15 minutes) later. In the winter months, however, the time of the occurrence of the mini- mum is always much earlier than sunrise, and so it is only in localitie.s with continental climates that the minimum occurs m winter about the time of sunrise, as follows : Alpena — Minimum. Sunrise . . . Buffalo— Minimnm. Sunrise . . . Chicago — Minimum . Sunrise. . . Galveston — Minimum. Sunrise. . . j6 ■J, r^ ^ ^ S < 6. 00 5-3° 5.00 4. 00 7 36 7 07 6. 19 5-23 5 30 5 3° 5-30 5. 00 7 30 7 03 6, 18 5-25 6 00 6 00 6. 00 6. 00 7 27 7 01 6. 18 5. 26 .5 30 5 30 5-3° 5.00 6 55 6 42 6.13 5-3« "5 "a be 4. 00 4. 00 4. 00 4- 36 4. 12 4-23 5. 00 4- 3° 5. 00 4. 41 4. 19 4-3° 5-3° 5.00 5.00 4-43 4- 23 4-34 4-45 4-3° 4- 30 5. 10 5.01 5-09 4. 00 4- 55 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.02 4-45 5- 26 o O o 4-3° 5 00 6. 00 5-34 6 II 6. 52 5. 00 5 30 5-3° 5-35 6 09 6.48 5-3° 5 30 6. 00 5-35 6 08 6.45 5. 00 's 30 6. 00 5-42 5 59 6. 20 6. 00 7. 29 5-30 7. 22 6. 00 7.18 6. 00 6. 44 VI DAILY MEAX TEMPERATURE. Time of minimum and sunrise — Ooutinuert. New Orleans — Minimum . Sunrise . . . Eoseburgh — Minimum . Sunrise. . . Salt Lake City Minimum . Sunrise . . . Santa Fe— Minimum . Sunrise . . . Winnemucca — Minimum . Sunrise. . . Yuma — Minimum . Sunrise. . . O o 3° 06 00 30 00 37 00 51 00 34 00 59 5.00 5 00 5-30! S-2S 5 42 6. 00 4-3° 5 00 5-3° 5. 00 5 35 6. 09 5. 00 .S- 3° 5-30 5.04 5- 36 6. 07 5. 00 ,^- 00 6. 00 5- 14 5- 39 6. 03 5. 00 5- 00 5. 00 5.02 5 35 6.08 5. 00 6. 00 6. 00 5- 19 5- 41 6. 02 6. 00 6. 22 5-3° 6.48 6. 00 6-43 6-. 00 6-33 6. 00 6-45 6. 00 6. 27 6. 00 6.46 6. 00 7. 22 6. 00 7- 15 6. 00 7. 01 6. IS 7.18 6. 00 6-53 At Winu'emucca during the winter montbs the minimum occurs au hour before sunrise and in the summer months about half an hour after sunrise, whereas at Galveston or Alpena the minimum occurs in summer as well as winter before sunri.se. D. The amplitude of the daily oscillation and the times of maximum and minimum temperatures are influenced by the environment of the locality and in particular by the elevation. Just as the amplitude vaiies in passing from land to sea, so will it vary in passing from the surface of the earth to high atmospheric strata, and we will find the maximum coming earlier and nearer the time of the sun's reaching the zenith, while the minimum (but not always, however) appears to move back from the time of sunrise toward midnight. E. The amplitude of the daily oscillation, other influence being allowed for, varies somewhat with the latitude of the place, seeming to be less in high latitudes than in low. This influence would be opposed to those mentioned above, and again it is essentially modified of course by the day's length, J. e., the time the sun is above the horizon. F. The amplitude is greatly modified by the condition of cloudiness. Lamont* has shown for Munich, E. Quetelett for Brussels, Eykatscheff for St. Petersburg, Jesse for Hamburg, and Augot§ for Paris that the amplitude on clear days is much greater than on cloudy days. This influence may be so effective that the influence of the day's length may be entirely masked. Owing to the lack of adequate cloud observations (for only an extended and continuous series from self-recording instruments would be really valuable in a comparison of this nature) the relation between the degree of cloudiness and the variation in the daily amplitude cannot be given with any ■degree of accuracy. These few conditions seem evident : 1st. The times of the maximum and minimum temperatures vary in the course of the year much more on clear than on cloudy days. For example, if the maximum temperature occur at a given place in January, at 2.30 p. m., in July on clear days the times of maximum may vary as much as two hours from this time, whereas on cloudy days the tendency is to approach closely this time. 2d. In the United States the greatest amplitudes are found with the least cloudiness, e. T . 23 . 2 3 . 2 27 .6 I ■ 7 IS- •3 5 .6 13- •3 4- . IS- . 2 4- ■ 4 13- . 4- •4 10. .8 4- •4 14. ■ 7 4- 4 19. I 3- 9 9- 5 S- 25.8 3- 2 28.3 0.8 14. 7 4-9 13.0 4- 7 17. 7 3- 2 13.0 5-° 8.4 4.6 12. 6 4-5 22. o 3-3 8. I 4.8 =3 29.8 I- 7 24. o 1-7 14-4 4.6 12. 8 4.8 19. 6 3-° 14. I 4. 2 9.0 4-8 be s 33-8 31.2 1.4 1.9 24. 2 24. 8 14-8 4-9 14-8 4-7 12. I j 12.0 4. 7 4. 6 18.4 3- I 14. o 3-8 7-6 4.6 13.6 13.8 4. 2 ; 4. o 18.4 2-5 14.8 3-7 9.2 4-5 14. 2 4.0 20. o i8. 2 i 18. 7 4. 8 I 4. 7 3. p 8. 2 I 10. 3 9. 9 3. 6 I 4. 4 j 5.0 i 27. 2 22.8 2.6 3-6 24. 6 20. 4 I. 2 1-9 IS- I II. 6 4- 7 5- I II. 2 8.4 4.6 5-0 14. 11-5 3-7 4-5 13.2 9.6 3-8 5-2 9.6 9-3 3-9 4-7 14. 2 II. 7 3-8 5-1 19. 16.5 2.4 31 7-3 5-4 6.0 7-4 16.6 4.6 16.8 2. O 9.6 5-6 6.9 5-8 8.4 5-5 7-4 5-8 8.6 5-3 9-2 S-6 14.8 3- I 3-3 8. I G. Topographical features have also a marked influence on the daily amplitude, and Woeikof* has summarized these effects as follows : a. A convex land surface (such as a hill or mountain) has the effect of diminishing the daily amplitude, and the greater the ratio of the vertical to the horizontal dimensions the greater the diminution. b. A concave land surface (such as a valley or pass) increases the daily amplitude, but only increases up to a certain ratio between the vertical and horizontal dimensions. c. Only a perfectly level land surface can give a normal daily amplitude. TRUE DAILY MEAN. The true daily mean temperature is the sum of the observations made each hour of the twenty- four divided by 24. There are but few stations, however, where such a series of observations can be maintained for any length of time. Recourse has, therefore, been had to combination hours, from * " Lehrbuch der Meteor." Van Bebber. Page 30. Viii DAILY MEAN TEMPERATURE. which a meau very close to that of the true mean is obtained. The corrections to the various " combination hour " methods are given further on. The best Imowu of these means are— 6 a. m., 2 p. m., lo p. m., divided by 3. (Dove's system.) 7 a. m., 2 p. m., 9 p. m., divided by 3. (Mannheimer system; in use in Austria.) 7 a. m., I p. m., 9 p. m., divided by 3. (In use iu Switzerland and Eussia.) 7 a. m., 2 p. m., 9 p. m., 9 p. m., divided by 4- Maximum and minimum divided by 2. 8 a. m., 2 p. m., 8 p. m,, divided by 3. 8 a. m., 8 p. m., divided by 2. The first and fourth of these give means very close to the true means. The 8 a. m. and 8 p. m., on the ground of convenience to observers, has been discussed and the corrections given in detail, with also a table giving the corrections for the mean obtained from observations taken at local tim"es corresponding to 8 a. m. and 8 p. m., 75th meridian time. MEAN TEMPERATURES. Twice during the twenty-four hours occurs a mean temperature of the day. The forenoon mean over water surfaces occurs about 8 o'clock, and over dry and arid localities nearly an hour later. The evening mean, in general, occurs after sunset, and comes earlier over water surfaces than over dry and arid regions, and varies less in the course of the year than the morning mean. KOPPEN'S METHOD OF DETERMINING THE TRUE DAILY MEAN TEMPERATURE. In the "Ann. der Hydrog.," 1888, p. 341, and in Von Bebber's " Lehrbuch der Meteorologie," p. 34, is described a method for obtaining the true daily meau temperature from the mean of the 8 a. m., ^ p. m., and 8 p. m. observations in connectiou with the minimum. This last is not given equal weight with the others, but has a value varying with the juonth. Let m = mean of 8 a. m., 2 p. m., 8 p. m- 6=z minimum. m = trne daily mean. Then mzzzn — h (n — h) and fc = " , . The correction to be applied to —' — is propotional to the distance of the minimum temperature from the mean. The formula is _?■'_- P-' _ _P- _ ^ ) ^^wl^'K^i —minimum = true meau. A determination 3*3 ' of the value of this factor Ic shows that it varies from a mean value of 0^^.175 Fahr. [o°.i Cent.] in January to o°.22 Fahr. [0.12 Ceut.] in June. Table I on page ix gives the values of k, and shows also very clearly the variation in this value with the season as well as with locality. This method is open to criticism, however, in this that for general use it requires the nicest determination of the minimum tenii)erature, and in the absence of self-registeriug instruments this necessitates an observation at what is apt to be an inconvenient hour. Conversely the formula sug- gests an interesting method of determining tlu^ true minimum when the true mean and the various other observations are given. rj.n7 7 ii)-ir' 4. t S28, true mean , /S 2 8\, Let 1° — « = ft and . —i Minimum temperature=z---— U - z=zl ( )h — truemeau. TO DETERMINE THE TRUE DAILY MEAN TEMPERATURE FR03I THE MAXIMUM AND OTHER TEMPERATURES. Koppen's method, given just above, suggested the following method of getting the mean, making use of the maximum instead of the minimum temperatures and using the 8 a. m. and S p. m. (local time) observations. The maximum temperature occurs at a time of day when, in the ordinary routine of life, an observer is able to note with convenience to himself the temperature, and in this respect therefore, this method is more advantageous. o a —I- R r> The formula is, if we let -^ — ' ^b, maximum = c, true daily mean = (?, 1° Fahr.— A■'z=/i.. &— fc' (&— c)=(Z., b+k' (c — b) = d, hli = d — k'c, iim\d = bh-!rk'c. Table II on page ix gives the values of k' and h for different places in the United States, and it DAILY MEAN TEMPEEATUEE. IX will be observed that in the summer months the sign of ¥ may be changed and its value become a negative one, a partial interpretation of which is, that in these months, the 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. observa- tions divided by two, give a temperature very close to or a little above the true mean, where during the rest of the year this value is below the true mean. Table I. — Values of factor K. Albany . .♦. . Alpena Assinniboine . Bismarck Buffalo Cheyenne .... Chicago Denver Dodge City . . . Oalveston .... Memphis New Orleans. . Omaha Philadelphia. . Saint Louis. Saint Paul .... Salt Lake City Toledo Washington . . Winnemucca . Yuma 1 < May. >-. bis 0. i6 0. 18 0. 19 0. 17 0. 22 0.25 0. 22 22 o. 22 0.25 0. 16 0. 24 0.23 0. 23 0. 22 22 o. i8 0. ig 0. 19 0. 18 0. 21 0. 19 0. 20 22 o. 14 0.17 0. 20 0. 20 0. 21 0.23 0. 22 21 o. i8 0. 17 0. 17 0. 21 0. 20 0. 24 0. 21 20 o. 24 0. 21 0. 21 0. 21 0. 23 0. 23 0. 21 20 0. i8 0. 15 0. 15 0. 17 0. 20 0. 20 0. 20 19 o. 20 0.31 0. 21 0. 31 0.36 0-37 0. 3° 33 o. i8 0. 16 0. 13 0. 22 0. 20 0. 23 0. 21 19 o. i6 0. IS 0. 20 0. 22 0. 22 0.23 0. 22 19 o. i6 0.15 0. 16 0. 17 0. 20 0. 22 0. 20 17 o. i6 °- 15 0. 17 0. 20 0. 20 0.23 0. 26 22 o. i8 0. 16 0. 18 0. 18 0. 20 0. 22 0. 21 21 o. i6 0. 16 0. 18 0. 19 0. 20 0. 19 0. 21 20 o. 20, 0. IS 0. 12 19 0. 20 0. 21 0. 21 20 o. °9 0. 12 0. 17 b 18 0. 20 0. 21 0. 20 19 o 20 0. IS 17 21 0. 23 0. 20 0. 20 22 o. 19 0. 19 0. 18 21 0. 24 0. 25 0. 22 20 1.5 0. 16 18 18 0. 21 0. 22 0. 23 20 o IS 0.17 0. 19 19 0. 21 0. 21 23 24 o 16 0. IS 18 20 0. 18 0. 23 36 19 o, 18 O. 21 O. 18 O. 20 O. 21 O. 21 o. 17 °-39 o. 19 o. 19 o. 19 O. 21 o. 20 o. 19 o. 19 o. 16 o. 19 o. 19 o. 20 o. 18 O. 21 o o. 18 O. 20 o. 19 o. 17 o. 18 o. 20 o. 18 o. 27 o. 17 o. 17 o. 18 O. 21 o. 17 o. 18 o. 18 o. 20 o. 19 o. 17 o. 19 o. 18 o. 19 o 17 IS 19 17 16 23 18 o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. 29 o. 17 o. 16 o. 16 o. 17 o. 19 °- IS o. 17 o. 19 o. 20 o. 15 o. 16 o. 17 o. 19 o. 16 O. 22 o. 17 o. 19 o. 19 o.. 26 o. 16 0.30 o. 16 o. o. o. o. o. o. 17 17 17 18 18 18 o. IS o. 17 o. 17 o. 16 o. 14 o. 19 Table II.— Values of K' and H. - c ce < 0.87 0-93 £ I. 00 si) > ill 0.83 0.83 0.8s °-9S 0. 91 0. 92 0.84 0.80 0.84 0. 17 0. 17 0. IS 0. 13 0. 07 0. 00 0.0s 0. 09 0.08 0. 16 0. 20 0. 16 Alpena U' 0.8s 0.88 0.83 0.97 I. 02 I- OS I. 00 0.97 0.89 0.83 0.80 0.79 0.15 0. 12 0. 17 0.03 — 0. 02 — 0. OS 0. 00 0.03 0. II 0. 17 0. 20 0. 21 Assinniboine. ■\l 0.82 0. 18 0.82 0. 18 o.8s 0. IS 0.87 0. 13 0.88 0. 12 0.88 0. 12 0.94 0. 06 0.94 0. 06 0. 8s 0. IS 0. 82 0. 18 0. 80 0. 20 0. 77 0. 23 Buffalo 0.84 0.83 0.8s 0.98 0.91 I. 00 I. 00 0-93 0. 90 0.86 0. 82 0.84 0. 16 0. 17 0- IS 0. 02 0. 09 0. 0. 0. 07 0. 10 0. 14 0. 18 0. 16 rj-alveston .... ih 0.83 0. 81 0.86 0. 91 0. 90 0. 92 0. 90 0.88 0.8s 0.84 0.81 0. 78 0. 17 0. 19 0. 14 0. 09 0. 10 0.08 0. 10 0. 12 °- IS 0. 16 0. 19 0. 22 New Orleans. (h 0.81 0. 19 0.81 0. 19 0.83 0.17 0.84 0. 16 0. 92 0.08 0-9S 0. 05 0.98 0. 02 0-93 0. 07 0. 90 0. 10 0.86 0. 14 0. 81 0. 19 0.80 0. 20 Omaha M 0.84 0. 16 0.84 0. 16 0.87 0.13 0. 89 0. II 0.94 0. 06 0.99 0. 01 0. 96 0. 04 0. 92 0.08 0.87 0. 13 0.83 0. 17 0.84 0. 16 0.86 0. 14 Washington . r. 0.80 0. 20 0. 82 0. 18 0.86 0. 14 0. 91 0. 09 0.94 0. 06 0. 92 0.08 0. 91 0. 09 0.89 0. II 0.88 0. 12 0. 90 0. 10 0.8s o- IS 0.8s 0. IS Winnemucca. . M 0. 78 0.82 0.86 0-93 I. 02 I. 02 I. OS 1.03 0. 90 0.8s 0.81 0. 79 0. 22 0. 18 0. 14 0. 07 — 0. 02 — 0. 02 — 0. OS —0.03 0. 10 °- IS 0. 19 0. 21 Tuma M 0. 78 0. 79 0.85 0.87 0. 92 0-95 1.03 0.86 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.82 0. 22 0. 21 CIS 0.13 0.08 0.0s —0.03 0. 14 0. 14 0. 16 0. 18 0. 18 X DAILY MEAN TEJVTPERATUKE. The following values are based upon tlie observations of temperature made at the stations of the United States Signal Service from January, 1877, to July, 1888, covering a period of twelve years. These observations were carefully reduced in the ofQce of the Chief Signal Oflficer, and a series of mean hourly values for the twelve years determined. These values were plotted, and a series of curves representing the mean daily march of the temperature at each station and for every month obtained. Thermograph records for periods of Irom one to three years, which furthermore had been carefully checked each day at different times by eye readings of the exposed thermometer, were also available and were given proper weight in determining the true form of the curve. The value of the temperature at each of the twenty-four hours of the day was then taken from the curve and the true daily mean temiierature obtained by dividing the sum of the twenty-four by 24. For a large number of stations, as will be evident, these corrections have been worked out in full, but where interpolated values occur they have been obtained by determining first the average values of corrections for that time and locality, the hours at which the mean temperatures would occur, the times of maximum and minimum temperatures and their departures from the mean, and finally by comparison with a station in the vicinity, for which actual values had been worked out. In all cases where not otherwise stated local time has been used as the standard. It further remains for me to acknowledge my indebtedness to General A. W. Greely, Chief Signal OflScer. In its aim and scope this paper rightly belongs to him. He suggested most, if not all, of the methods emplojed, and daily gave the work, while in progress, his personal supervision and criticism. ALEXANDER McADIE. TA^BLES OF CORRECTIONS TO HOURLY TEMPERATURE READINGS TO EEDTJOE TO TEUE MEAK TEMPEEATURE. COEEECTIONS TO HOURLY TEMPERATURE READINGS ALABAMA, Local time . January . February ■ March* . . April .... May * . . . June .... I a. m . 2 a. m . 3 a. m . I 4 a. m . July* Au}i:ust*. . . . September . . October .... November * . December . . 3-4 4.0 4- 7 5-5 S-S S-S S-6 S-S 4-8 5- I 4- 4 3-6 [■ 2 4- .8 s- • 7 6. -5 7- ■3 7- . 2 6. . 7- . 7- .8 6. -9 6. . 2 S- -4 S- To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add 45 minutes. I. m . 6 a. m . 7 a. m. S-2 5-4 4.8 5-9 5-9 5-4 6.9 6.9 S-9 7-9 7-9 6.4 7-5 7- 2 S-S 7.2 6-5 4-S 7.0 6-4 4-4 7- I 6.8 5- 2 7-8 8-3 6-5 7-5 7-9 6-5 6-5 7.0 6.0 S-S 6. 2 S-4 a. m. 9a.m. 10 a.m. II a.m. 3-8 2.6 0.8 — 1.2 3-8 2. 2 0-5 — i-S 3-8 1.8 ~ °-3 — 2.6 3-9 1-4 — I.I — 3-7 2.9 0.4 — 1.8 — 4.0 1-9 — o-S — 2-5 — 4-3 2-3 — 0. 2 — 2. 2 — 4.0 2.8 0. 2 — 2.0 — 4.0 3- 7 0.8 — 2. 2 — 4.0 3-9 0.9 — 1-9 — 4-5 4. 1.6 — 0.8 — 3- 2 4.0 2. 2 0.2 — 1.8 ARIZONA, January . . February . . March . .\ . . April May June July August . . . . Sei)tember . October . . . November . December . 5-6 6.4 2 6.8 7-4 9 7-9 9-1 I 9- 7 II. I 7 13- 7 12. I 7 10. 9 12. II. o 9- I 9-7 9-5 7-7 6-3 7.0 8.0 10. I 12. I 13.6 13-3 II. 9 10. 7 10. 7 10. 4 8-3 6.9 7-4 8.4 II. I 13- I 14-3 13-9 12.0 11-5 II. I 10. 9 8-7 7- I 8.0 9.0 11-3 12. 7 12. I 13-3 10.3 II. I ii-S 11-3 8.9 7- I 8 8 8 9 7 10 I 9 I 10 3 7 8 3 10 7 9 9 7 9 6 5 To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add 2 hours and 38 minutes. 4-0 S-8 5-3 5- I 6.9 8. I 7.0 5-9 5-3 6. I 5-7 6-3 CALIFOENIA, January 3, February* 3. March* 3. April ...... 3. May* , 3. ■June I 3. July* I 3- August* I 3. September*..! 3. October , 3. November *. .' 3. December . .1 3. 4-3 4-3 4-3 4- 2 4. I 4- 1 4- 4- 4 4 4 4 4 4 4' 4' 4 4 To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add 2 hours and 48 minutes. *lNTEKPOr.ATED. 5-9 6. I 5-5 S-S 5-4 4. 4-9 4-5 2- 4 4-9 3-7 2. 4- 4 3-6 I- 7 1 4-1 3-7 1-4 4- 2 4-0 1-9 4-4 4- 2 2. 2 4- 7 4.6 2.9 5-0 5-0 3-6 5-2 5-3 4-6 5-4 5- 7 5- I 2- 7 1.6 0.4 o. o o. o O. I o. o O. I 0. 6 1. o 2. O 2.6 0. I — 0.6 — 2-5 — 2.6 -4-S ! '— 4-S — 1-3 — 2.0 — 1.9 — 1.8 — 2. 7 — 3-5 — 3-3 — 3-1 — 4-4 — 4-5 i— 4.2 :- 3-8 -1.8 — 1.9 — 1.8 — 1.6 - 3-3 - 3-6 - 3-8 - 4.0 ]— 4-3 !— 4-S !— 4.8 — 5-2 — 0. 9 - 0-5 — 3-S — 3-0 — 5- I |— 4-9 MONTGOMERY. TO REDUCE TO TRUE MEAN TEMPERATURE. Noon. I p. in. 2 p.m. 3 p.m. 4P.m. Sp.m. 6 p.m. 7p.m. — 2.8 8 p.m. 9 p.m. 10 p. m. II p.m. Mid. — 3- 2 - 4.8 - 5-8 — 6.2 1 - 5. 8 L 4- 8 - 3-8 ~ 1.8 — I. 0. 0.8 1.8 - 3-8 - 4-8 — 5-4 — 6.2 -6.4 — 6.8 — 6. 4 j— S-2 — 4. 2 — 3-2 — 1.9 — 0.8 0.4 1. 2 2. 4 — 7.2 — 7-S — 7-0 [— 5.7 — 4- 7 — 3-5 — 2.0 — 0.4 0.8 1.8 3- ° — 5-7 — 7- I ^7-9 - 8.3 — 7-5 '^ 6.3 — 5-2 — 3-7 — 2. I - 0.1 1-3 2-5 3-5 — 5- 7 — 7.0 — 7-7 — 7-9 — 7. I !— 6. — 4.7 — 3-1 — 1-3 °-S 1.8 2.8 3-8 — 5- 7 — 6.9 — 7-5 — 7-4 — 6-7 —5-7 — 4. 2 — 2.5 — 0-5 I. I 2-3 3- I 4. I — 6.0 — 7- I - 7.4 — 7.2 — 7.0 ^5.5 — 4-5 — 2.5 — 0-5 0.9 2- 3 3-0 4- I — 6.0 — 7.6 - 7-8 — 7-5 — 7- 2 !-' 5-4 — 4- 7 — 2.6 — 0.4 0. 7 2. I 2.9 4.0 — 5-3 — 6.5 — 7- 7 — 7-9 - 7- 7 - 6. I — 4-3 - 2- 7 — I.I 03 i-S 2-3 2.9 - 6.3 — 7-5 — 8.0 — 8.0 - 7-° '- 5-5 — 4- I — 2.5 — 1-3 °-3 1-5 2-5 3-5 — 5-0 — 6.5 — 7-4 — 7.2 — 6.4 — 5.4 - 3-8 — 2. 4 — 1-3 0. I. 1.9 2. 7 -3-8 — 5-4 - 6.3 -6.4 - 5-8 p 4-8 1 — 3-5 - ^-3 — 1-3 — 0.4 0.6 1-3 1.9 YUMA. 7 S — 10 8 — 9 6 9 3 — 10 9 8 3 — 12 3 10 3 — II 9 II. 3 —13 3 9- 8 — II 4 8. 3 — 10. 5 10. 3 12. 7 9- 5 II. 3 8. 7 10. 7 8. 3 — 9- 3 -II. o -10. 6 -II. 9 -14-3 -12. 9 -14. I -12. o -12.3 -13-3 -12. 7 ^ 9- 7 -"•3 -II. o -12.3 -15-1 -13- 3 -14.4 -12. o -12. 7 -13-3 -13-3 -ii-S - 9-3 -10. -10. -II. -14- -12. -13- — II. 2 — 12.3 — 12.3 — 13- I —10.3 — 7- 7 — 7 6 J — S-° — 8 8 - 5-8 — 10 3 — 7-3 — 12 3 — 9-3 — II. 7 — 9.9 — 12 I — 9-7 — 10. — 7-S lO. I - 7-9 — 10. 3 — 7-3 — II. 3 — 9. I — 8. I — 5- 7 — 5- 7 — 3Z 2.6 — 0.6 3-3 — 1-3 4-9 — I- 7 5-8 — 2.3 b.9 — 2.9 6.7 — 3- 7 S-o — 2.0 4-5 — 0.9 4- 7 — 2.3 .S- I — I. I 2. 7 °-3 1-5 0-3 I. 2. 0. 2 2. 0.7 2. 0. 7 2. 0.7 3- 0-3 4- I. 4- i-S 3- 0. I 2. 1.9 3- 2-3 3- I- 7 3- 4. 2 5-2 5-7 6.7 6.7 8-3 7.0 5-5 6.7 5-9 5- I 4-7 SAN DIBOO. 7-3 — 7-5 6.8 - 6.9 6. 2 — 6. 2 5-5 — S-2 S-i — S-i 4.6 — 4- 7 5-0 — 5-° .S-4 — S-4 .S-8 - .S-8 6. 2 — 6. I 6.6 — 6.6 6.8 — 6.8 °-S 1-5 2. I 2.9 3-5 0. b 1-5 2. 2 2.9 3-5 0.6 1.6 2.4 3-0 3-6 °-S 1-5 2-5 3- I 3-7 0. 6 1-7 2-5 3- I 3-7 0.6 1.8 2-5 3- I 3-7 0.7 2. 2.6 3-2 .3-6 0.8 2. I 2.8 3-3 3-6 0.9 2. I 2- 7 3-3 3-5 I. 2.0 2.6 3- 2 3-4 0.9 1.8 2.4 3-0 3-3 0.8 1.6 2-3 2. 9 3-3 CORRECTIONS TO HOURLY TEMPERATURE READINGS CALIFORNIA, Local time . January . , . , February * . March* .... April May June July* August* . . . September . . October . . . . November *. December I a. m. 2 a. m. To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add 3 hours and 10 minutes COLOEADO, January . February . March .... April May June July August . . . September October . . November December 6.8 6.8 7:8 6. 2 S-2 3-8 9 7 S- 4- 9 II 10. 6 10. 6 II. 4 8. 8 7 5 4 6.6 7.2 8.8 9.8 10. o 12. I II. 6 II-3 12. 2 9.6 7.6 5-8 To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add 2 hours. 10.3 9.8 10.8 II. 8 10. o 8.0 5-8 6.8 7- 2 4. 7 2. I — 0.9 — 3-9 4- S 1.6 — I. — 4.0 S.8 1.8 — 1.8 — 4. 2 2. 9 — 0. I — 3- I — S-o 3-° 0. 4 — 2. 2 — 4.4 1.9 — 1.9 — 4. I — S-9 3-3 — 1.2 - 4-8 — 7. 2 3.0 — 0.8 — 4. — 6. 2 3-2 — 1.2 — 4. 4 — 6.8 4.8 0. 2 - 3- 8 — 6. 2 4.6 0.8 — 2.4 — S-2 3- 2 0.6 — 2.3 — 4-4 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, January . . February . March .... April May June July August . . . September October . . November December 2. 8 3-6 4-S 6.2 6.7 6-3 3-1 4. o 5-1 6.8 7-1 6.8 6.7 6.6 S-S 7-3 7-5 7-3 6-7 7.0 6-7 6.9 4-9 3-9 3-8 4-8 5-6 7-4 6.9 ,6.5 6. I 6.6 4.0 4.8 5-1 5-8 S- I 4-3 4-3 S-2 5-3 5-6 4.9 4- I To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add 8 minutes. * Inteepolated. SAN PEANCISCO. TO REDUCE TO TRUE MEAN TEMPERATURE. Noon. I p.m. 2 p.m. 3 p.m. 4 p. m. 5 P- m. — 1-9 — 2.9 — 3-5 — 3.9 — 3-5 — 2.9 — 2.6 - 3-6 — 4. I — 4. I — 3.4 — 2.7 — 3-7 — 4.5 — 4.3 — 4.0 — 3.3 — 2-3 — 4.3 — 4.9 — 4.7 — 4. 1 — 3.3 — 2. I — 4.6 — S-o — 5.° - 4.6 — 4.0 -- 2.8 - 4.8 — 5-2 — S.I - 4.8 — 4.7 — 3.0 - 4.8 - 5.5 — 5.5 — 5.3 — 4.9 — 2.8 — 5-4 — 5-7 — 5-7 — 5-4 — 4-3 — 2.7 - 5-8 - 6.3 — 6.0 - S-i - 3-8 — 2.3 — 5-1 — 5-9 — 6. I — 5-1 — 3.5 — 2.3 — 3-5 — 4-3 - 4.6 — 4. 2 — 3.2 — 2.4 — 2.0 — 2.8 — 3- " — 3.3 — 2.9 — 2.4 6 p. m. 7 p.m. ' 8 p. m. 9 p.m. I. 3 — s 0. 8 0. I 8 0. 3 I I 0. 4 I. 4 0. 5 I. 8 0. 6 I. 9 0. 3 I. 0. 5 I. 3 0. I 0. S 0. 6 0. I. — 0. 4 0. I o-S 1. 2 i.S 2. O 2.5 2.3 1-7 1.9 I. I Q. 6 O. I 10 p.m. II p. III. Mid. 0-5 0.8 1-5 •■ 7 1. I 1.4 1-7 2. o 2.4 2.8 2.8 3-0 2.6 3.0 2. 2 2.6 2. I 2-S I-S 2. I I. 1-5 °-s 0.8 1-3 1-7 2, o 2. I 3-0 3- I DENVER. 5.9 6.4 6.6 6.6 6.6 7-7 — 9- -10 - 9 -10 - 9 - 9 - 7 8. 9 — 8 9 9- — 9 2 9- 2 — 9 6 8. 6 — 9 9- 2 — 9 6 10. — 10. 7 II. — II. 2 10. 2 — 10. 8 II. 6 — 12. 10. 4 — 10. 6 10. 4 — 10. 2 8. 7 — 8. 7 - 7. - 7. - 9- - 8. - 9. -10. -10. 2 -10. 2 -II. 6 -9.6 - 9.0 - 7- 2 — 5 — 6 — 7 — 7 — 8 — 8 — 7 — 8 — 9 — 8 — 6 — 4 .4 — 3-1 — I-S . — 4.4 — 2.6 .8 - 5-6 - 3-6 . — S-o — 3-2 . — 6.0 — 4.0 • 7 - 6.3 — 4. I . 7 — 5-2 — 2.8 . 2 .8 - 5-8 — 6.8 — 3-4 — 4-4 . - S.8 — 2.8 .6 — 4.4 — 1.6 ■7 — 1.8 — 0.4 0.3 1. o 1-4 1.6 2. o 1-9 0.4 I. 2 1.8 0.8 0.6 I. 2 0.8 I S 2. 0.8 2 3. 0. 2 I 4 2. 0.4 I 6 3- 0. I 6 3- 0.3 2 3 4- I- 4 3- 4. 0.8 2. 2 3- 0.8 2. 7 4- I. 2 2. 8 4- 2. 2 3- 2 4- 2-3 2. 8 3- 3- I 4.0 3-8 4.0 S-o 5-9 S-6 5-4 6. 2 S-2 4.8 3-S WASHINGTON CITY. — 2.9 — 4.0 - 4.6 — 4-9 - 4.6 — 3-9 — 3-0 — 2. 2 — I. 2 — 0. 2 0.4 I. 2 1.6 — 3-0 — 4.4 -5-4 - 5-8 — 6.0 — 5-0 - 3-6 — 2.4 — 1.2 — 0. 2 0.6 I. 4 2-9 — 3.9 — 4.9 — 5.7 — 6. I — 6. I — 5.3 — 3-9 — 2.9 — 1-7 — °-5 o-S I-S 2. I - 4.6 — 6.0 — 6.6 - 7.2 — 7-3 — 7.0 -5-8 - 3-8 — 1-9 — 0. 2 I. I 2-3 3-3 — S-i - 6.3 — 7.1 — 7-7 — 7-7 - 6.9 — 5.3 — 3-3 — I-S- 0. I 1.9 3- I 4- I — 5-5 — 6.6 — 7.3 — 7-4 — 7.1 — 6. 2 -5-4 — 3.2 — I. I. 2.3 3-3 4-3 — 5-7 - 6. 7 — 7-5 — 7.7 — 7.4 - 6.3 — 4.7 — 2.7 — 0.7 1-3 2.3 3.3 4.0 — 5-4 — 6.6 — 7.2 - 7.8 — 7.4 - 6.3 — 4.2 — 2. 2 — 0.8 0.8 2. 2 3- 2 .V8 — 5.5 - 6.7 — 7- 7 — 8.1 — 7-7 - 6.3 — 4.2 — 2.5 — 0. 7 0.7 2. I 3-1 3-9 — 5-5 - 6.9 — 7.9 — 8.8 - 7.6 — 6.2 -4-3 — 2.3 — 0.9 0.5 1-7 2.6 3-3 — 4.3 — 5-5 - 6.3 - 6.5 — 5-9 — 4.9 — 3-3 — 2.0 — 0.5 0.3 I. 2 1-9 2.7 — 2-3 — 4.7 — 5.3 — 5-5 — 5- I — 4- I — 2.9 — I. 7 — 0.7 0. ' 0.7 I. 2 I- 7 6 CORRECTIONS TO HOURLY TEMPERATURE READINGS. GBOEGIA, Local time. Jauiiary . February * March* . April. . . May * . . Juue . . . July*. .. August* September . October . . . November* December . I a.m. 1. b 2. O 2.6 2.8 3-8 4- 2 2 a. m. 3 a.m. 2. 8 3-6 4- 7 5-2 4-9 5-3 4 a.m. 3-4 4-4 S-4 6. 2 5-4 5-9 6. I 6.0 5-8 5- 7 4- 7 3-9 5 a.m. [6 a. m. To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add 37 minutes. January ... February* March .... April* .... May June July August .... September. October . . . . November* December . 3- 7 9 9 9 8 •5 4- •9 4- .6 .s- .8 s- ■9 s- •3 s- ■S s- • 7 4- . I 4- ■ 2 4- . I 4- . I 4- 4.0 4-7 6. 2 7. 2 6.7 6. 2 6. 2 6-3 . m. 7 a. m-. 4.6 4.6 5-4 6.4 S-3 6.0 7.0 6-.S S-2 4.6 6.0 4. I 6. I 4. 2 6-3 6.6 S.8 6.7 5- 7 S-8 5-S 5-0 4- 7 a. m. 9 a.m. 3-6 2.6 3-9 2.8 3-7 1.9 2-S 0. 2 2. 2 0. I- 7 — 0-3 2. — 0. 2 2.9 0. 3-8 0.8 4. I 1-3 4. 4 2.8 3-6 2. 10 a. m. II a.m. I 2 0.4 0. 6 — I. — 0. 6 — 2-4 — I 8 — 3-7 — 2 3- 7 — 2 I — 3-7 — 2 2 — 3-8 — I 7 — 3-5 — I 2 — 3-2 — 1 3 — 3-3 4 — 2. — 0.6 GEORGIA, 4-.S 4.9 4-9 4.9 S-6 S-3 .S-8 6.4 6.0 5-5 S-i 4- 7 5-3 4.9 2- 7 5-3 4-5 2. I 5-2 4-S 2.6 4-S 4-5 3- I 5-° S- I 3-7 S-4 S-b 4-4 5-3 S-6 S-° 5-3 5-6 S- 7 4- I 4.0 4- 2 2-S o. 7 0. I °-S 1. I I- 7 2. 4 3-7 4-9 2-5 1.9 1.6 °-3 0.9 1.6 2.6 2. 2 1.9 1.6 0.9 o. 2 1-5 2-3 3- 2 3-4 3- 7 4- I 3-8 3-S 3-6 3-6 3- 2 2- 7 To reduce local 75th meridian time, add 24 minutes. ILLINOIS, January . . February . March* . . . April May * . . . . June July August* . . September October . . November^ December 1-4 1.6 1- 7 1.6 2. o 2. 4 2- 7 2.6 2-4 2. 2 1.6 0.9 3-3 3-3 3- 2 3-° 2. 2 1-3 2.4 2.8 3-0 3- 2 2. 2.8 3-4 3-8 4. 3- 2- 7 3-2 1 3- 7 4.0 3- 2.6 3-1 3-6 3-9 3- 3- I 3-S 3-S 3-S 3- 3-S 3-9 3-9 3-4 2 . 3-7 4-3 4- 7 4-3 1 3-9 4- 4 , 4.8 4- 4 2. 4-0 4.6 ; S- 2 S-2 3- 3-6 4- 4-4 4- 4 3- 2-7 3-2 ■3-S 3-6 3- 1-7 2. I '■ : 2-S 2. 7 2. 2. 6 ! 2 . 2 I- 7 1-3 0.9 1-3 i-S 2. 2 2.4 2. 2 2. o I. 6 I- 4 0.9 °-3 o. o °-3 o. I 0-3 0. 8 1. o I. 2 I. 4 0. 6 ^0.6 0. 2 I. u — 0. 5 — 1-7 — I. 2 — 2.4 — I. 2 — 2. 2 — I. ^ — 2.0 — I. I — 2. 1 — I. I — 2. 2 — I. — 2.6 7 — 2.0 — 1-4 1 ° 4 -0.7 To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add 50 minutes. ■ Interpolated. ATLANTA. TO REDUCE TO TRUE MEAN TEMPERATURE. Noon 1. I p.m. 2 8 — 3-4 — 4.0 2 8 8 - 4.7 - 5-8 - 5-6 8 — 5-4 9 7 6 — S-S — 5-4 — S-6 7 4 4 - 5-9 - S-6 - 4-6 2 p. m. 4-4 S-o 5-S 6.4 S-9 5-7 3 P-m. S-o 5-4 6.2 6.8 6. I 5-9 6.0 6.4 6.8 6.9 6.6 S-6 "" " ' — — ). m. 5 P-m. 6 p.m. 7 p. m. 4.8 — 4.0 — 3-2 — 2. 4 S-4 - 4-6 - 3-8 — 2.9 6. 2 — S-o — 4-2 — 3-2 7- I — 6.8 -5-6 - 3-8 6.1 — 5-3 - 4.6 — 3-5 5-6 - 4-8 -3-6 — 2. 1 5-8 -S-o — 4.0 — 2-3 6. 2 — 5- I — 4.1 — 2.4 6.4 - 5-2 — 4. 2 — 2.6 6. I -4.9 - 3-7 - 2-3 6. 2 — 5-2 - 4-1 — 3-0 5-2 — 4. 2 -3-1 — 2.0 8 p.m. 1-4 2. o 2. I 2. 2 1-5 0.9 0.8 I. o I. 2 1. I 2. I I. I 9 p.m. 0.6 I. o 0.7 I. o 0.6 0-3 0.4 O. 2 O. 2 O. I O. 2 0-3 10 p.m. II p.m, Mid. 0. 6 I. 2 0. 2 8 1-5 0-3 9 1.6 0. I 6 I. 2 o-S I 4 2. 2 1-4 2 3 3- I i-S 2 4 3-0 I. 2 2 I 2-9 0.8 I 8 2.6 I. I 2 I 2.6 0.6 I. 5 1.9 0. 4 I. 1.4 SAVANNAH. 5-1 5-6 6. 2 5-8 5-3 5-5 S- 2 4-9 S- I 5-2 5-5 5-9 5-6 5-3 6. 2 6.4 6.6 6.8 5-5 5- I 5-6 6.0 6-5 6.9 S-S — 4 S-8 — 4 6.0 — 4 5-7 — 4 5-5 — 4 5- I — 4 4-9 — 3 4-S - 3 4- 7 — 3 5-0 — 3 5-6 — 4 6.2 — 4 5—3-3 5 — 3- 2 6—3-2 4—3-0 3—2-7 I — 2.6 8—2.4 3 — 1-9 4 — 2. I 6 — 2.4 3—2.9 9—3-3 2. I 2. o 2. o 1.6 1-3 I. I 0.8 0-5 0.9 I. 2 1.6 I. q 0.9 0.8 0.8 o. 2 0-3 0-3 o. 4 o-S o. 4 O. 2 03 0.8 O. I O. 2 0. 4 1. o 1-5 i-S i-S I-S I. 2 0.8 o-S o. I 0.9 I. o I. o 1.6 2-3 2-5 I S I 9 I 6 2 2 I 6 2 4 2 2 2 7 2 7 3 3 I 3 7 2 8 3- 2 2 5 2. 7 2. 2 ! 2. 6 I. 9 2. 4 I. 6 2. I I. 4 : I. 9 CHICAGO. — 1.8 — 2.6 — 3-4 - 3-6 — 3-4 — 2.8 — 2. 2 — 1.6 - I.O — 0.4 0. 2 0.6 I. — 2.0 — 2.8 — 3-4 - 3-8 - 3-6 — 3- 2 — 2.4 — 1.8 — 1.2 — 0.6 0. 0.6 I. — 2.5 — 3-0 — 3-5 — 3- 7 -3-4 — 2.9 — 2. I — 1-4 — 0-9 — 0. 4 0. I 0. 7 I. I — 3-0 — 3-4 - 3-6 - 3-6 — 3-2 — 2.4 — 1.6 — 0.9 — 0.4 0. I 0.6 0.8 I. 2 — 2.9 — 3-3 - 3-6 — 3-7 — 3-4 — 2. 7 — 1-9 — I.I — 0.4 0-3 0.9 I. 2 1.6 — 2-7 — 3-2 — 3-5 — 3-7 — 3-5 — 2.9 — 2. 2 — 1-3 ^ 0.5 0-5 I. I I-S 1-9 — 2.7 — 3-3 — 3-9 — 4- I — 4- I — 3- 7 — 3-3 — 2.3 — 0.9 0-3 I. I I- 7 2-3 — 2.8 — 3-5 — 4.0 -4-2 — 4.2 — 3- 7 — 3- 2 — 2. 2 — 0.8 0. 2 I. I-S 2. I - ,3-6 — 4-4 - 4-8 — S-o - 4-6 - 3-6 — ?. 6 — 1.6 — 0.6 — 0. 2 u. 4 I. 1.6 — 3-0 - 3-6 — 4-4 — 4-4 — 4.0 — 3-2 — 2.4 — 1.8 — 1.0 — 0.4 0.4 I. 1.6 — 2.4 — 3-1 — 3-7 - 3-6 — 3-2 — 2.6 — 2.0 — I-S — 0.8 — 0.3 0-3 0.7 I. I — 1.8 — 2-5 — 2.9 — 2.8 — 2.4 — 2.0 — 1.6 — I.I — 0.6 — 0. 2 0. 2 0.4 0.6 COKRECTIONS TO HOURLY TEMPERATURE READINGS IOWA, ■Local time . . January , . . February * . March April May June July August*. . . September . October . . November * December I a. m. 5-3 S-° 4-4 3-9 2-5 I. I 2-S 3- 2 3-8 4-5 S-S S-3 6-3 6. o 5-4 4.8 3-3 1.8 3 a.m. 4 a. m. 2.9 3-3 3-7 4-3 4-4 S-3 6. I 6.0 S-2 6.0 6.7 6.6 6.9 6.6 7-3 7-4 6.4 S-5 7-4 6.1 3-9 2-3 4-S 2.8 5 a. m. 6 a. m. To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add i hour and 6 minutes 7 a. m. 4. [ S-o S-4 S-S 4-5 3-4 a. m. 9 a. m. .10 a. m 3- I 3- 2 3-4 2.4 2. o 1.4 1-3 2. o 2.4 2.9 2. 7 2.6 2. I 1.8 1-4 o. 2 o-S 0.8 i-S 0.8 0. I 0-3 1. o 1.6 January . . . February * . March April May June July* August September * . October . . . . November * . December . . 7.0 6-7 6. 2 S-3 4-S 3-6 • 7 S-S 6. - 7 6.6 7- • 7 7-7 8. . 2 8.0 8. -3 8.3 9- ■3 9-3 10. . 8.9 9- - 7 8.S 9- . 8.0 8. -3 7-3 8. -S 6-3 7- •s S-3 6. 6. 8. 7 3 9- 9- 9 6 9- 7 10. 3 10. I 9- 9 9- S 9- 8. I 6. 8 To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add i hour and 40 minutes. 10. 9- . I • 7 7- 8. -3 .8 9- 7- ■3 S- ■3 4- ■9 S- ■S . s- 6. ■s 7- ■4 7- ■3 7- S- I S-6 6. I 4- I 2-3 I- 4 2. 7 3-S 4-7 4-9 S- I 2. 7 1-9 I. I I. o 0-3 1-3 KANSAS, 0. I 1. 2 2-.S 2. I 2. 7 3-3 3-0 2- 7 2.6 3-3 2. 4 i-S LOUISIANA, 2. 2.6 3-2 3" 2.4 2.8 3- 2 3- 3- I 3-7 4. I 4- 3-4 3-8 4- 2 4- 3-S 4- I 4-S 5- 3-3 3-9 4-3' 4- 3-3 3-9 4-3 4- 2.4 2.8 '3-2 3- 2. 7 3-3 3-7 4- 3-1 3-S 3-9 4- 2-4 2.8 3-2 3- 2-3 2.7 3- I 3- January . . February . March . . . . April May June July August . . . September October . . November December To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add i hour. * Interpolated. 4-S 3-6 4-S 4-S 4.0 3-8 3-0 I. 6 . 0. — 1-4 2.9 I. 4 — 0. 2 — 1.6 3-3 I. I — I.I — 3-1" 2. — 0.3 — 2. 4 — 3-4 I. I — 0.9 — 2.5 — 3-5 0-3 — I.I — 2. 4 — 3-3 0. I — 1-5 — 2.7 — 3-3 0. 2 — 1.2 — 2. 2 — 3- 2 I. I — 0. 7 — 2.3 ~ 3-3 i-s- — 0.5 — 2. I — 3-3 2-4 0.6 — I. — 2.6 2.7 1-5 — 0.5 — 2.3 _ KEOKUK. TO REDUCE TO TRUE MEAN TEMPERATURE. *■ Noon. I p.m. 2 p.m. 3 p.m. 4p.m. - 2,5 — 3-5 — 4-5 — 5-1 — 4.5 - 3- I — 4. 2 — 5-0 -5.6 — 5-3 - 3- 8 — 4.9 -.S-6 — 6. I — 6.1 - S-i — 5-° - 6.5 - 6.4 - 5-8 - 5-0 - S-8 - 6.3 - 6.5 - 6.3 - 5-1 - 5-8 - 6.3 - 6.5 — 6.0 - 5-7 -6.5 - 6.9 - 6.9 - 6.7 — 6.0 — 7.0 — 7.5 — 7-3 -^6.8 — 6. 2 — 7- 2 - 7.8 - 7.6 — 6.8 — S-2 - 6.5 — 7- I — 7-1 - 6.5 - 3-8 — 4-9 — 5.5 - 5-6 — 5.0 — 2.5 — 3-4 — 3-9 — 4- I - 3-6 5 p.m. 3-5 4-3 5' 2 4.9 S-S 5-3 5- 7 5-8 5-8 4-9 3.8 6 p. m. 7 p.m. 2.7 2.8 2.6 2. I 1.6 I. 2 8 p.m. 0.9 I. o I. 2 1.6 I. I 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.6 o. 7 0.6 0.6 9 p.m. 0-3 o. 2 O. 2 0. O 0-S 1. I 0.9 0.9 0.9 o-S O. 2 O. 2 10 p.m. II p.m. M °-3 0.7 °-S I. 2 0.8 1.6 I. 2. 1.7 2. 7 2-3 3-4 •2.3 3-5 2. 3-2 1.9 2.8 1-5 2.3 1 0.9 i-S 0-3 0.6 1-3 1.8 2-4 3-5 4.0 4-3 4.0 3-4 2.9 1.9 0.9 DODGE CITY. 5-9 6.9 — 7-9 — 8.8 7-9 7-8 6.9 7. I !— 9- 7 ;— 9.4 - 8. 9 I- 8.5 7. 2 7-3 7.8 8.7 -8.7 - 8.9 — 9-5 — 10. I 8.0 7.2 — 9-5 - 8.9 - 8.9 - 9-9 -10. 9 -10.8 -10. o - 9-7 - 9- -10. -10. -II. -10. - 9- NEW ORLEANS. - 8.9 -10.3 II. 7 -II. 4 -10. 5 -10. I -10. 6 -II. I -II. 2 -II. I -10. 4 - 9-7 — 7- — 9. — II. 9 6 3 — 5-9 — 7-5 — 9.1 — II ~ 10 3 I — 9.4 - 8.9 — 9 7 - 8.7 — 10 2 — 9.0 — 10 — 10 7 4 — 9.3 — 8.6 — 9 — 8 7 8 — 7- 7 - 6.3 — 7 9 — 4-9 3.7 S- I 6.5 6.4 6. 2 6.6 2-3 2.6 2.9 3.4 2,7 3-8 0.9 0.5 o. I 1-7 °-3 0.8 0.3 o. I o-S o. 7 0.6 0.6 1.9 2. I 3.0 2. o 1.9 1.7 1.5 2.3 3- 2. I 2.9 3- 2. 7 3.5 4. 3-4 4.6 5- 3-3 4-5 5. 3-3 4- 7 6. 3-3 4-7 5- 3-3 4- 7 S- 3-5 4-5 5- 3.1 3.8 4- 2.6 3- 2 3- 2. 2 2. 6 2. — 2.8 - 3.8 — 4- — 3.2 — 4, — 4. — 4.3 — 5- I — 5. — 4. 2 - 4.8 — 5- — 4-3 — 5- I — 5. - 3-8 — 4. I — 4- — 3-9 — 4- I — 4- - 3-8 — 4.0 — 3- — 4. I - 4-6 — 4- — 4. I — 4- 7 — S- - 3-8 - 4.6 — 5- — 3-3 — 4.5 — 4- 8 — S-o 8- :- 5. 2 7 2 — 5.9 - 5. 6 3 I — 5-3 — 4. I 5 7 7 I — 4.3 — 3- 2 — 4.3 — 4.9 — 5-° 7 - 4.6 ■4 .8 — 3- — 4. •3 ■4 ■9 • 7 — 4. — 3. — 3- . 7 .6 — 3- — I. • 7 — 2. . I — 3- . 2 — 3- . 2 — 3- 3- 7 — 3- I — 4 — 2 4 — 4 [ — 2 8 , — 6 3 : — 3 I — 9 — 2 3 , — 9 — 2 7 '— ^ 3 I — 2 2 — I I — 2 I — I I 8 ]■ I 2 — 2 7 , — I 9 , — 9 I I 9 1 — 9 — 2 ' — I I I 9 1 I 0.8 0. 0.6 I. 2 0.6 0. I. 1.6 0.9 °.3 I. 2 1.9 0. 0.8 1.6 2. 2 0. I I. I I- 7 2-3 0. I. I 1.8 2-5 0. I 0.9 I. 7 2. 4 0.4 1. 1.6 1.8 0. I 0. 7 1-5 1.9 0. 0.9 i-S 2. I 0. 0.8 I. 4 1.8 °.3 0-3 0.9 i-S 2.9 2. I 2.5 2.5 2. O 2. I 10 CORRECTIONS TO HOURLY TEMPERATURE READINGS MAINE, . m. 2 a.m. 3a.m. 4 a. m . 5 a. ni . 6 a. m . 7 a. m. 8 a. m . 9 a.m. 10 a.m. II a.m. O. Q I- 3 1.9 2.3 2. 7 3-° 2.9 2.3 I- 7 0.9 0. I I. O 1-4 2. 2. 4 2.8 3-0 2,8 2.4 I. 8 — I. 1 0. I- 7 2. 2 2. 7 3-4 3-5 3-3 2. 7 1.9 0. 8 1 — 0. 2 t — 1.2 2-3 2.9 3-4 3-6 3-7 3-5 3-1 1-7 D. I — 0.9 — 1-9 3- 4 3-9 4-3 4-S 4. 4 3-4 2-5 I. I — 0. 6 1- 1.8 — 3-0 4-S 4.9 S- I 5-3 4.6 3-3 1.9 0.4 — 1.2 — 2. 6 — 4.0 4-3 -4- 7 5-° 5-2 5-2 3-9 2-5 0.8 — i-S 1— 3-3 — 4-7 ^■6 4. I 4-9 S- I 5-4 4. 2 2.8 I. — 0.8 |— 3- I — 4. I 2.q 3-3 3-7 3-9 4. I 3-9 2. 7 I. I — °-3 !— I- 7 :— 3- I 2. O 2. 2 2. 4 2.6 2.8 3-0 2.6 1.8 0.6 ;— 0.8 — I. 8 1.4 1-7 2.4 2. 2 2. 4 ^■5 2-S 1.8 0.9 ' — 0. 2 — I. o. 8 I. I 1-3 1.6 1.8 2. I 2. 2 1.9 I. 2 0.4 — 0-3 Local time January . . . PebruarjT * . Murch* April May * June July * August*. . September October . . November '' December To reduce local to 75th meridian time, subtract 32 minutes. January . . . Februiiry *. March*. . . . April May * June July August* . . September October . . November * December . 3-7 3- 2 2-5 1.7 5-2 5- I 4- 7 4.0 3-2 2.4 3-7 3-9 4-5 5- I 5-3 S-5 To reduce local to 75th meridian time, subtract 14 minutes. 3-9 4. I 4-5 5-1 S-° 4.9 5-2 5-1 4.8 3- 7 3- I I. I. I. I. o. I. I. 2. 2. 4 2-3 2- 4 MASSACHUSETTS, 7 I 9 I 6 — 3 — 9 — I — 2 — I — 6 I o. 4 0.9 1-3 2- 4 2-3 1.9 1.6 o. 7 o. I MICHIGAN, January . . . February* . March April * . . . . May June July * August* . . . September . October . . . November * December . 2. 7 31 3-5 3-S 3- 2 2. 7 2.8 3- 2 3-6 3-6 3-3 2.6 3- I 3-7 4-3 4.8 S-° 4.6 4.0 4.4 4-7 4-S 3-S 2. 2 4-7 5- I S-S S- I 3-S 1.9 4.6 5-2 5-3 4- 7 2-S 1.8 4.6 S-2 S-4 4-7 2.4 2. 4-3 4.9 S- I 4-3 3-8 2-3 4. I 4.6 5- 2 S-S 5-4 3-6 2.9 3-2 3-5 3-9 4. I 3-7 2. 2. I 2-3 2.6 2.8 2.7 I. I I. 2 1-3 1.6 1.8 I- 7 1-7 1.6 3-0 0.9 0-5 O. 2 0. 7 0.6 1. O 0.4 I. I 1.4 0.4 — i-S 0.8 — i.o 1 1.6 — 0.6 2. I 0. 2 I- 7 0.4 1.2 °-5 2- 4 2. 2 2-7 1-9 I. I °-3 I- 7 1.9 2.6 2.9 3-5 3-6 3-5 3-3 4.0 3-1 2. o To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add 34 minutes. * Inteepolated. TO REDUCE TO TRUE MEAN TEMPERATURE. 11 BASTPORT. Noon, i I p. m. 0.9 — I I.O — 2 2. 2 — 3 2.9 — 3 3-9 — 4 4-9 — 5 5-6 — 6 5-6 4- I 3-° 2. o 1-3 !— 6, ■ 4 ■ 3 2 p. m. 2. 7 2.9 3-7 4-5 5-8 3 P- m. 3-3 3-5 4.0 4.6 S-i 5-7 5-3 5-5 4-9 3-8 3° 2.4 4 p. m. 5 p. m. - 2-7 6 p. m. 2. I 2. o 2' 3 2.4 2-7 2.6 2.4 1.9 1-5 1-5 7 p.m. 8 p.m. 9 p.m. — I- 7 — I. 2 -- °- 7 — 1.6 — I.I — 0.6 — i'7 — 0.-8 0. — 1-3 — °-3 °-5 — 1.2 0. I. 2 — I.I °-3 1.9 — 1.0 0.6 2. 2 — 0.8 0. 6 1.8 ~ 0. 6 °-S I. 2 — 0.8 0. o-S — 0.9 °-3 a. 2 — 1.0 — °-5 — 0. 2 10 p.m. II p. m . Mid. — °-3 0. I 0-5 — 0. 2 0. 2 0.6 0.6 I. i-S I. I 1.4 1.9 2. 2-5 30 2.8 3-5 4- I 2.9 3-6 4-5 2.4 3-0 4.0 I- 7 2-3 2.6 I. 1.4 1.8 0.6 I. . 1-3 0. 2 °-S 0. 7 BOSTON. ■ 7' — 4- . 2 — 4- ■9 — 4- .6 — ,S- •7 — 5- ■ 7 — S- . — .s- . — .=;■ ■9 — 5- . — 6. .8 — 4- ■ 7 — 3- 1^4-9 2 I— 4- 9 4 — S-o I 1— S.I 2—5-3 — 5-5 5-8 5-9 6.7 6. I 5-2 4- 2 4-3 3-3 — 4-3 — 3-3- 4.2 — 3-2 — 3-9 — 2.9 ;— 4-3 3-5 — 4.8 — 4. I — S-o — 4.0 ;— 5-3 — 4. T _ 5-9 — 4-3 — 4.6 — 5-3 — 3-8 — 2.8 - 3- 1 ~ 2-3 i— i 2-S 2-5 2.6 2. 2 2.7 3- I 3-° 2.8 2-3 2. 2 1.9 1.6 I- 7 I- 7 1.8 1. 4 I- 7 2. o 1.8 1.6 0.9 I. 2 I. 1 I. o 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.4 0-5 °-5 0.4 o. 2 0-3 o. 2 O. 2 0-3 0-3 o. 2 o. o 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.8 1-3 0.6 0.4 b. I °-3 0.9 1-5 0.4 I. 1.6 0. 7 I. 2 I- 7 I. I 1.6 2. I 1.6 2-3 2.8 2. I 2.9 3-5 1.6 2.4 3-2 1-7 2-S 3-3 1.9 2. 7 3-3 1.4 2. 2.6 I. I 1.6 2. I 0.7 I. I i-S ALPENA. — 2.9 ^ 3-7 — 4-3 — 4. I — 3-3 — 2.5 — 1-9 — 1-3 — °-S 0. I 0.7 1-3 1.9 — 3- I — 3-9 — 4-5 — 4- I — 3- 2 — 2.6 — 2.0 — 1-4 — 0.6 0. 2 0.8 1.4 2. - 3-6 — 4. 2 -4-8 — S-o - 4-8 — 4-0 — 3-° — 2.0 — 1.0 — 0. 2 0.9 I-S 2. — 3-9 — 4-S — 4-7 -4-3 — 3-5 — 3- 2 — 2.3 - i-S — 0.6 °-3 I. 2. 2.8 — 4-3 — 4-7 — 4-7 - 4-3 — 3-7 — 3- I — 2.5 - I- 5 — °- 7 0-3 I. I 2. 2 3-4 — 4.0 — 4. 2 — 4-3 — 4- 2 — 3-9 — 3-4 — 2.6 — 1.6 — 0.6 0.4 1.4 2.6 3-4 -4-2 — 4-5 — 4-4 — 4- I - 3-8 — 3-3 — 2-5 — i-S — °-S °-S 1.6 2-3 3- 2 — 4.0 — 5-1 — 4- 7 — 4.4 — 4- I — 3-3 — 2.5 — 1-5 — 0.4 0. 7 i-S 2. 2 2.8 -4-8 — 5- 2 -5-4 — 5-4 ~ 4-8 - 3-6 — 2.4 — 1.4 — 0.4 0.6 i.e 2.6 3-4 — 4- I — 4- 7 — 4-9 — 4- 7 - 3-8 — 2.9 — 1.8 — 0.9 — 0. I 0.9 1-5 2. 1 2.4 — 2. 7 — 3-2 — 3-3 — 3-3 — 2.6 — 2. I — 1.4 — 0.6 0. 0.7 1. 2 1-4 1- 7 — 1-9 — 2.4 — 2-5 — 2.5 — 1.8 — 1-3 — 0. 7 — 0.3 0. I °-5 0.8 I. I. 12 COEEECTIONS TO HOURLY TEMPEEATUBE EEADINGS MICHIGAN, Local time. January . . . February * . March April May June J uly August* . . . September . October . . . November . December . I a.m. 1.6 1.9 2. 2 4.-6 4-3 S-3 4-3 3-7 3-° 2-5 1-4 1-3 2 a. m. 2. o 2. 4 2.8 5-° 5' 2 5-9 S-° 4-S 4.0 3- I 1.8 1-5 3 a. m. 4 a. m. Sa.i To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add 35 minutes. Jauuary . . . . February * . . March April* May June July August*. . . . September October .... November* December . . 1. 4 2. 2 2.9 2. 7 2.6 2.8 " " " . 2 2.8 3- •9 3- 7 4- • 7 4.6 .S- .6 4-S 5- .6 4- 4 4- •3 3-8 4- .6 4.9 S- ■3 4.6 4. .8 4-2 i 4- .8 3-2 3- •3 -■ 7 3- • 7 2. 2 2. 6.7 6, 2 5-6 4-3 2.8 2. I 6 a. m. 7 a. m. I 8 2. 4 3-2 4.0 4.6 4.6 3- 7 4. 2 4.6 .S- I S-4 5-9 6-3 S-3 5- I 4.b 4.0 3-9 3- I S- I 4- I 4.8 4-4 4.6 4. 2 3-6 3-8 3-3 3-6 3- I 3-5 4.8 S-2 5-S 4. I 2.6 2. I 2-5 3-6 3-4 3-2 3-3 3-5 4- 2 4. I 4. I 2. 2 1-3 0.9 a. m. 9 a. m. loa. m. II a. m 1.8 I. 0. — 1.0 2-3 I. 2 0. — 1-3 2.8 I- 4 0. — 1.6 2.4 0.6 — 1-3 — 3-2 2. 7 I. — I. — 2. S 1.4 — 0.6 — 2. I — 3-7 2. 7 0.7 - 1-3 — 3-1 3-1 I. I — I. I — 3-° 3-S 1.4 — I.O — 3-0 2.9 1-3 — o-S — 2. I 2. I. — 0. 2 — 1-4 I- 7 0.9 0. I — 0.8 MINNESOTA, 3-° 1.6 — 0. 4 2. 7 I. I — 1.0 2-5 o-S — i-S 1-3 — 0.3 — 2.0 0. I — 1.2 — 2.4 0. 4 — I. 4 — 2. 4 0-3 — 1-3 — 2.6 0.6 - 1-5 — 2.8 0. 2 — 1.6 — 3-0 I. — 0.8 — 2. 2 i-S 0. I — 1-3 2. I. — 0.4 To reduce local 75th meridian time, add i hour and 8 minutes. MINNESOTA, January February . . . . March April May June July August September. . . October .... November December . . 1.4 2-3 3-0 3-6 4.0 4.4 4- 2. I 2,9 3-S 4- I 4- 7 S-3 S- 2-9 3-7 4-S S-i 5-7 6. I 5- 4-S S-S 6-S 7-S 7-9 7-8 6. 4-7 s-s 6-3 6.9 7-S 7-S S- S-2 6. I 6.8 7-S 7-S 6.6 4- S- I 6.1 6.9 7- 7 7-9 7- I S- S- 2 6.0 7.0 7-6 8.0 7.8 6. 4.0 4-8 5-6 6. 2 6.8 7-2 6. 3-0 3- 7 4-S S-2 S-8 5-9 4- 2- 7 3- I 3-4 3- 7 4- I 4-3 4- I-S 1.8 2. 2 2-S 2-9 3- 2 3- 2-S 3-6 4. 2 3-3 2-9 2- 7 3-4 I. 4 — 0.8 3-S 1-3 — I.I 2. I — 0.3 — 2. I 1-4 — 1.2 — 3- 2 I-S — 0.3 — 1.8 0. 2 — 1.8 - 3-6 0. I — 1-9 — 3-7 I. — 2.0 — 4.0 I. 2 — 1.8 - 3-6 I. I — 0. 7 — 2.S I-S 0. I — 1.8 I- 7 0-3 — r. To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add i hour and 12 minutes. *Intekpoi.atkd. TO REDUCE TO TRUE MEAN TEMPERATURE. 13 DETEOIT. Noou [1. I p.m. o — 2.6 - 4 8 — 3. 2 - - 3-8 - — 6.0 5 - S-S 9 ■^ S-9 5 6 — 5-7 - S-6 7 - 5-6 5 — 4-5 4 - 3- 2 7 — 2. 2 2 p.m. 3 p.m. 3-2 3- 7 4. 2 6-S 6-3 6-S 6-5 6-3 6.2 S-° 3-6 2-5 3-4 4.0 4-6 6.8 6.7 6-5 6.8 6.6 6.4 S-i 3-5 2-5 4 p. ra. S P-m. — 3- 2 — 2.8 — 3-9 — 3-3 - 4-6 - 3-8 - 6.4 - 5-8 - 6.7 - 6.5 — 6. 2 — 5-7 — 6.8 — 6.1 - 6.5 - 5-6 — 6. I — 5-0 — 4-5 — 3-5 — 3-0 — 2.4 — 2.3 — 2. I 6 p. m. 7 p. m. 1.4 1-7 2. o 3-4 3-S 3-2 3-3 2-7 2. o 1-7 I. 2 I. I 8 p. m. 9 ]). m. — 0.8 0. — 0.9 — 0. I — I. — 0. 2 — 1-5 0.4 — I. 0-5 — I. 0. 7 - I-S 0. 2 — I. 0.4 — 0-5 0.6 — 0.8 0. — 0.6 0. — o-S — 0. 1 10 p.m. II p.m. Mid. 0. 4 I. 1.6 0.4 I. 1.6 0.4 I. 1.6 1.9 3-2 4. 2 1-5 2-5 3-5 2. I 3-3 4-3 1-7 2-7 3-5 I-S 2.4 3-0 1.4 2. 2.4 0- 7 I-S 1.9 0.6 I. I. 2 o-S 0.8 I. I DULUTH. — 3-4 — S-o - 5-8 — 5-4 — 4- 6 — ■3-9 — 5-3 — 5-9 — 5-7 — 4- I — 4-5 — 5-5 — 6.1 — 6. I — 5- — 4- I - 4-8 — 5-2 — 5-2 — 4- — 3-7 — 4. 2 — 4-4 — 4- 2 — 3- I - 3-6 — 4.0 -4-3 — 4. 2 — 3- 7 — 4-5 — 5- I — 5-5 — 5-5 — 4- 9 - 4-5 — 5-2 — 5-4 — 5-4 — 4- 8 -4-4 — 5-0 - 5-2 -4-8 — 3- 4 — 4. I — 4-4 — 4-4 - 3-8 — 2. 6 - 3-5 — 4- 2 — 4.3 -3-8 — 2. 8 — 3-0 — 4.0 — 4. 2 - 3.8 — 3- 3-4 3-8 4-3 3-7 2.9 3-0 3-9 3-5 2. 2 ,1.8 2. o 2. 2 2.4 — 1.6 2.9 — 2.0 3-4 — 2.4 2.6 — I-S 1.8 — 0.6 1.6 — 0.4 2-3 -°-s 2. I — 0.8 I. 2 — 0.4 I. — 0.4 1-3 - 0.7 1.6 — I.O 0. a 1. I 1-4 °-S 0.4 0.8 I. I o. 7 0.4 O. 2 O. I 0.4 0. 2 0.6 0. I 0.9 < 0. I I- I 1 0. s 1,4 I. 1.6 1-7 2. 2 2. I 2-9 1.6 2-3 1-3 2. 0.8 I. 0.6 0.8 0-3 0.6 2-5 3-5 3-2 2.8 I. 2 I. o 0.8 SAINT PAUL. 2.6 _ 3-8 — 4- 2.9 — 4-5 — 5- 3-7 — 4.9 — 5- 4-9 — 6.3 — 7- 3-9 4.8 — 5-5 5-8 — 6. — 6. 4.9 5-6 — 5-9 6.6 — 6. — 7- S-2 — 6.3 — 7- 4-5 — 5-5 — 6. 3-3 — 4-7 — 5- 2-3 ~ 3-3 — 4- S-o — 4- 7 — 4.0 — 3- 2 2. 2 — 1-4 — 0.6 0. 6.0 — 5-7 — 4-9 — 3- 7 — 2.5 — 1-7 — 0- 7 0. I 6-3 — 5-9 — 5-1 — 3-9 — 2.9 — 1-9 -- 0.7 0. 2 7-9 - 7-9 — 7- 2 — 5-7 - 3-5 — 1-9 — 0.3 I. I 7-3 — 7-S - 7-3 - 6.S — 5-1 — 2. 7 — °-5 1-5 7-0 -7-4 — 7-2 - 5-8 -3-9 — 1.8 0. 2 1.8 7-5 — 7-9 — 7-5 - 6.5 — 3-9 — I- 7 0. I 1-9 8.2 -8.4 - 7-8 — 6.0 - 3-6 — 1.6 0.4 2. 7-8 - 7-6 - 6.4 - 4-8 — 2.8 — 1.2 0. 2 1.6 6-S — 5-9 — 4. 7 — 3-5 — 2. I — 0.9 0. I 1-3 S-S — 4-7 — 3-9 — 2.7 — I- 7 — 0. 7 0-3 I. I 4.2 - 3-6 — 2.8 — 1.8 — I.I — 0.5 — 0. I 0.6 0.4 0.8 I. 2 2.3 2.7 3-2 1-3 1-9 3-5 3-5 4-4 3-1 4. I 3-0 4.0 2.6 3-2 1-9 2-5 I- 7 2. I I. 1-3 14 CORRECTIONS TO HOURLY TEMPERATURE READINGS Local time I a. m. ; 2 a. m. 3 a. m. , 4 a. m. January . . February * March . T, . April . ... May ... . Jmie . July .... August . . September October . . November * December 2-3 2.6 3- 2 4. I 6-3 8. 2 6. 6 6. 6 6. S 4- I 3- I 2. I 2.8 3- 2 3-9 S- T 7. 2 9.8 7.6 7.6 7-S 4-8 3-6 2-4 3- 2 4.0 4,9 6. I 8.0 10. 6 8.4 8.4 3-6 4- 7 5- 7 6.9 8.8 10. 6 9. 2 9.0 8.9 6. I 4-5 2.9 5 a. m. 4.0 5-3 6-5 7-5 8.8 9.6 9, 2 9-3 9-5 6.7 4.9 3- I 6 a. m. 7 a. m. 8 a. m. 4-4 S-4 5-2 6. 2 7- I 6. I 4.6 3- I 9 a. m. I. o °-3 MINNESOTA, 10 a. rfl. II a.m o. o 0-3 0. 7 1.9 3- 2 4. I 3-6 3- 2 2.9 I- 7 1. o o. 4 2. o 2.4 2.9 4- I 4-7 S-S 5-4 5-5 5-5 4- 7 3-5 2-3 To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add r hour and 29 minutes. MISSOUEI, Jauuarj' . February March . . . April. . . . May June . . . . July . . . August . September October . . November December 2. 4 2-S 3- 2 4- 2 4-5 5- I 1-5 3-° 3- 2 3-4 3-6 3-6 3-0 2. 2 I. — 0.4 3- i 3-9 4-5 4- 7 4- 1 3-5 2-5 1-3 — 0-5 4.0 4.8 S-4 5-8 4.8 3-8 2. 4 0.8 — 1.2 5- 1 S-9 6.4 6.4 S-4 3-6 1.9 — 0.6 — 2.6 5-3 S-9 6-5 6-7 4-S 2-5 °-S — 1-5 — 3-3 5-7 6. I 6.4 5-9 4-3 2. 4 o-S — I- 7 — 3-2 6. I 6.7 7-3 6.7 4- 7 2-3 0-5 — I- 7 — 3-3 6-3 6.9 7-3 7-3 5-3 2. 7 — 0.4 — I- 7 — 3-3 6. I 6.7 7-3 7-3 5-9 3- I 0.9 — I- 7 — 3-5 4.9 5-6 6.P 6. I 5-S 3-9 1.9 0-5 - 3-1 2. 7 3-3 3-9 4-3 4- I 3- I 1-9 0-5 — I.I 1.9 2-3 2.8 3- 3 3- I ' 2-5 1.8 0. 7 — 0-3 To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add i hour and i minute. MONTANA, ■Jauuary . . February * March April May June July August . . . . September October November * December 6. 2 6.6 5-0 4-9 2.9 I. 4 7-7 8-3 3 3 5 8 9 8 9 10 8 6 4 10. 4 10. 8 9. ^ 6.9 4- 7 2.6 - 7 3-3 2-3 -4 4.0 3- 2 ■3 5-3 3-9 -3 (^■3 3-3 • 7 6-3 4-3 ■3 6-3 4-3 .6 5-8 3-0 ■ + 6.0 3-6 . 7.0 4. 6 -9 5-9 4- I .8 4- 4 3-4 -9 3- I 2.7 0.9 1-5 1-9 0.8 1-3 1-3 o. 2 0.8 2. o 1-3 1-5 1.8 0. 7 — I. °-3 — 2. 0. I — 2. 2-3 — 4- I- 7 — 4- 1-3 — 4- 2.8 — 5- 2. — 4- I. — 4- I- 7 ~ 4- 0. 7 — 2. °-3 — I. To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add 2 houra and 19 minutes. * Interpolated. TO REDUCE TO TRUE MEAN TEMPERATURE. 15 SAINT VINCENT. Noon. I p. in. 2 p. ni . 3 p.m. 4 p. in. 5 p.m. 6 p.m. 7 p.m. 8 p.m. 9 p.m. 10 p. m. II p.m. Mid. - 3-6 — 5-0 — 6.0 — 6.0 — 5-° — 3-5 — 2. 2 — 1.4 — 0.4 0.4 I. 1.6 1.8 — 4.0 — 5-3 - 6.3 — 6.6 — 6.0 - 4.8 — 3-2 — 2. X -- 0.7 0. 2 I. 1.6 2. — 4-5 — 5-7 - 6.7 — 7-3 - 7-1 — 6. I — 4.3 — 2.7 — I.I — 0. 1 0.9 r-S 2-3 — 5-7 - 6.5 — 7-3 — 7- 7 — 7-9 - 6-3 — 4-5 — 2.3 — °-7 0.9 1.8 2-3 2.9 — 6. 2 — 7. 2 — 8. 2 — 9. I — 9.2 — 8.6 — 7.2 — 4. 2 — ^1.2 I. 4 3- 2 . 4.4 5-4 — 6.8 - 7-8 - 8.7 — 9.2 — 9. 2 — 8.6 — 7-S - 4-8 — 1.8 I. 3-2 5-2 6.6 — 6.8 -.8.0 — 9.0 - 9.8 - 9-8 — 8.8 -6.4 — 2.8 — 0.3 1.8 3.6 4.8 5-6 — 7- T - 8-5 — 9-5 —10.3 -10.3 — 9.0 — 6.6 ~ 3-S — 0.4 1.9 3-5 4- 7 5-6 — 7.5 — 9- I — 10. I — 10. 9 —10.7 — 9. I - 6.9 — 3-9 — °-5 2. 1 3-5 4- 7 5-7 - 6.5 — 7.5 — 8.2 - 8.4 ~ 7-7 — 5-7 — 3-7 — I- 7 — 0. I 1-3 2-3 2.9 3-3 — 5-1 — 5-9 — 6.6 — 6.6 — 5-7 — 4.0 — 2.4 — I. 0. I I. I I. 7 2. 2 2-S — 3-7 — 4- 7 ~ 5- I — 4.9 — 3-7 — 2.2 — I.I — 0-3 0-3 0.9 I. I 1.6 I- 7 SAINT LOUIS. 2.8 3-5 4. 2 5-6 5-S 5-5 5-9 5-7 6.1 6.1 3-7 2.7 4.0 4.3 5-2 6.6 6. I 6.2 6-5 6-5 7-1 6.8 4-9 3- 7 .6 — 4- ■9 — 5- ■ 7 ~ 5- . — 6. . S — 6. .6 — 6. .8 — 6. •7 — 6. ■5 — 7- . I — 6. ■3 — 4- ■' — 3- 3-8 4.5 5-2 5-6 5- 5 5-S 6. I 5-9 6. I 5-3 3-7 2.7 2. 4 2-7 3- 2 2.8 2-5 2- 7 3-3 3-7 2. 7 2. I I- 7 I. 4 — 1.6 — 1-7 — - 1.8 — - 1.6 — - i-S — 1-3 ~ I- 5 — 1-7 — — I.I -I.I — 0.9 — 0.9 ~ I. o 0.7 0.8 O. 2 O. O O. I O. I O. I O. I O. I °-3 o. 4 0. 2 0.4 0. I 0.9 0. 0.8 0.9 l;8 1-5 2-5 1-3 2. 7 i-S 2. 7 1-3 2-5 I. I 2. I 0.9 1.9 o-S 0.9 0. 2 0-5 I. o I-S 1.8 2.4 3-1 3-7 3- 7 3-3 2.9 2.7 1-3 0.9 ASSINNIBOINE. . I 3-9 — 4- . — S-° - 5- . 7 — 6-3 - 7- •7 — 8.9 — 9- .7 — 8.2 — 9- •3 — 7-9 — 9- .6 — 9.0 — 9- . 2 — 9.4 — 10. .4 — 8.4 — 10. •3 — 7-7 — 8. .8 — 6.0 — 6. . 2 — 4-4 — 4- 4.7 — 4.5 — 3-7 — 2.7 — I- 7 — 0-3 °-5 1-3 1-9 2-3 6.0 — S-3 — 4.0 — 3-0 — 2.0 — 0.6 0.4 1-4 2.3 3-0 7- 7 — 7- I — 6.1 — 4- I — 2.5 — I.I 0. I I-S 2-S 3-3 10. I — 9-7 - 8.3 — 5-7 - 2.7 — 0-3 I- 7 3-3 4.3 S-3 9-S - 9-S — 8. I — 5-9 — 3- 7 — 1.7 0.7 1-9 2.9 ■ 3-7 9-7 — 9-S - 8.7 - 6.9 — 4- 7 — 1-7 0.7 2.3 3-9 4.9 9.8 — 9-2 - 7-8 - S-8 — 3- 7 — 1.8 0.6 2. 2 4.0 S-2 10. 6 — 10. 2 — 8.2 — 6.2 — 4- 2 — 2. 2 0. 2 2. 3-2 4-4 II. —10.8 — 9.0 — 6.0 — 3-0 — 0.6 I. 2 2.6 3-4 4. 2 9-3 - 8.3 — 6.1 -3-9 — 1-7 0. I I. I 2.3 3-5 4.3 6.7 -S-6 — 3-9 — 2.4 — I. 0. 0.9 1.6 2.4 2-9 4. I — 2.9 — I --7 — 0.9 — 0-3 0. I 0.6 0.8 I. 2 1.4 16 CORRECTIONS TO HOURLY TEMPERATURE READINGS NEBRASKA, Local time I a. m. I 2 a. m. January 2 February .... 2 March : 3 April 3 May 4 June 5 July •: 4 August 4 September ... 4 October 3 November ... 2 December ... I 2 3 a. m. 3- 2 3-9 5-3 5-6 6.0 6.8 6. I 6-5 6. 2 5-4 4.0 3-S 4 a.m. 5 3-8 4-S 6.0 6.6 6.6 7-4 3-9 To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add i hour and 24 minutes. a. m. 4 S S 6 7 7 6 7 7 6 7 7 2 8 7 6 3 8 5 I 4 3 6 a. m. 7 a. m. 6.6 7- I 7. 2 7.-0 5-4 4-5 a. m. 9 a. m. 3-9 2.9 4. 4 2.8 4. 2 1.9 3-6 1.6 2.8 0.8 2. 0. 2 2-5 0.4 2.4 — 0. I 3-3 0.8 4.4 2. 3-6 1.9 2.8 1-7 10 a. m. II a. m. 1-3 I. I 0-3 0.8 I. 2 I. 6 1.4 2-3 i-S 0.8 o. I °-3 o. 7 0.6 2. I 2.9 2.9 3- 2 3-0 3-8 3- 7 3-0 I- 7 1-3 NEVADA, January . , Febru a ry * March . . . . April .... May June July* Augu.st . . . September October . . November December 3-7 4- 5-2 6. 6.7 1 8. 5-6 7- 7-S i 9- 8.4 i 10. 9. 6 II. II. 3 13- 8. I 1 10. 6.9 8. 4-5 1 5- 3-4 4- 4-9 6.9 8.9 9.4 11. 7 12. 4 13- 15- 12. 10. 6. S-4 S-S 7.6 9- 7 II. o 13. 2 14. o 14-5 16. 5 14.9 ii-S 8-S 6. 2 6. 2 8.0 9.9 II. 2 14. o 14. 6 IS S 17 S 16 s 13 3 9- 9 7 2 6.7 8. I 9- 9- 10. 10. 14. o 17. I 14-3 13- I 10. 9 8.0 6.4 7. 2 8. I 6.6 S-4 5-2 7.8 9.6 8.9 10. 7 10- S 7-6 S-2 4-8 4 I o-S I. o 2-S I-S O-S 1.4 2.8 3- 2 2.9 2. 7 2-S O-S I. I 1.8 — 3- 9 — S- I — 6. 3 ~ 6. 2 — 7- s 5-6 6-3 S- 7 S- I 2-S I. o 8. 2 9-3 9-1 8-5 S-9 4- 2 To ruduoe local to 75th meridian time, add 2 hours and 51 minutes. NEW MEXICO, January . . . February * March . .' . . . April May * . . . June July * Augu.st . . . September October . . . November * December 8.6 6 6 7 7 9 10 ' "~ 6.6 7 1 ° i 6. 7-5 8 2 , 8. 8-S 9 3 9- 7-8 8 S 8. 10. 6 II 1 8. 1 1. II 4 8. 9.8 10 2 8. 8-S 8 9 7- 8.9 10 4 9- 8-3 8 9 ! 9- 7- 2 7 7 7- 6.1 6 5 6. To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add ihour 4 minutes. * Interpolated. 6.0 4.0 0. 6 6.4 3-8 0. I - 6.7 6.8 3-7 2,8 — 0.3 — 0. 2 5-2 2. — 1-4 5,6 2. 2 — 1-4 5-6 2. 2 — 1.2 5-7 6.6 2. I 2. 2 — 0. 9 j — 1.8 7-4 6. 2 3-4 2.8 — 0.6 — 0. 4 - 4-9 2-3 — 0. I 4.6 4.8 5- I 5- 2 6.0 6.0 5-7 5-3 6.0 6.4 5-8 5- I TO EEDUCK TO TRUE MEAN TEMPERATURE. 17 OMAHA. Noou. I p.m. 2 p. m. -2.3 — 3-9 — 5-2 -2.4 - 4-3 — S-7 -3-9 — 5-5' - 6.7 -4-4 - 5-8 — 6.8 - 4-S -5-7 - 6.7 - 4-6 — 5-4 — 6. 2 — 4-4 - 5-6 -6.4 - 5- I - 6.4 — 7-3 - S-6 - 6.9 - 7-8 -S-o -6.4 — 7-3 - 3-8 — S-4 — 6.6 — 2.9 — 4-3 — S-3 3 p. in. 4 p.m. I 1 — — 7 3 — 7 3 i — 7 8 — 7 2 . — 5 6 S . 5 p.m. 6 p.m. 7 - 4- 6 3-3 - 5-5 — 4.1 ^- - 5-9 — 4.5 - -6.4 — 4-8 - -6.8 — 6.1 - - 7- " — 6.6 '- ~ 7- I — 6.4 - - 6.3 — 4.8 - -6.8 — 4. 8 [- - 6.0 — 4.0 ,— ^ 4-5 — 3-3 — - 4. ^ 2.9 4-8 4.8 3- I 2.8 2.6 2. I 1.9 I- 7 2. I 2. o 1.8 1.8 2. 2 9P.m, 0.8 I. I 0.8 0.4 0-3 0.8 0.4 0.8 o. o O. I O. I 10 p.m. II p.m o. o O. I °-3 0.6 1.6 2. o 0.8 I. I 1-5 1.6 2.8 3-° 3- 2 2.9 2.7 1.8 I. 2 i-S Mid. 1.4 2. o 2.8 2.6 4.0 3-6 4. I 3- 7 3-6 2.4 1-7 2. I WINNBMUCCA. - 6. I - 7-3 - 8-5 - 8.0 - 8.8 - 8.8 -10.3 -12.3 -"-5 -10. 7 - 8.5 - 7-4 — 7 — 8 — 9 — 9 — 9 — 10 — II —14 — 13 — 12 — 10 - 8.4 - 9-4 -10.5 - 9-4 -10.8 -10. 9 -13.0 -IS- 7 -14-3 -13- 7 -II. 9 - 8.6 - 8.4 - 9-5 -10. 7 - 9.8 -II. I -II. 2 -13.8 -16.3 -14. 7 -13-9 -II. 9 - 8.0 - 7-5 - 8.9 -10.3 - 9.0 -10.5 -II. o -13- -15- -14. -12. - 9- - 7- — S-S — 3-5 — 4-8 — 6. I — 7-4 -9-3 -S-o — 6.8 —10. 4 — 8.8 — 12. — 9- 2 —13-3 — II.- 1 — 9.9 — 7- I —10. 5 -6-5 -5-4 — S-S — 3-9 — 3-4 — I 9 _ 0-5 — 2 4 — 0.6 — 2 9 — 0. 7 — 2 8 — 0. 4 — 3 9 0.8 — 6 4 I. 4 — 6 2.4 — S 9 — 2.9 — 3 7 — 0. 7 — I. 9 0-5 — I. S 0. I — I. 4 ~ 0. 2 7 I I 3 I I 7 2. 1-9 1. I 2. I 2-3 i-S 0.8 1-7 2. 2 2- 7 2. I 3- 2 3-8 3-S 4- I ■5 3- . 2 4- •9 4- .8 3- .6 S- .6 6. •4 7- . I 9- •3 6. -5 S- . 3- 2 2. SANTA FE. — 6 — 6 — 6 — 6 — 7 — 7 — 7 — 6 — 7 — 7 7-6 7-9 — 7- - 8.4 - 8.9 - 9-3 - 8.6 -10. o -10. 2 - 9 - 9 -10 - 9 - 9- — 9 ;— 9 I — 10. 6 — 10. 6 — 9- — II. — 9- — 8. — 7- - 6.8 -8.3 -9.8 - 8.4 -10. 6 -ID. O — 9. 1 i-8.3 — 10. o -9.1 ;— 7-6 — 6. I o 4 3 6 ,— i — 1. 6 : — 2.4 i — 2.4 6 2.9 2- 7 3-4 3-4 2.7 1-9 I. o I. I 0.9 0-7 9—2.9 — 4 — I 3 — I , — 4 7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0. 2 1. o 0.8 0.4 0. I 1. o 0.7 0.8 0.9 18 CORRECTIONS TO HOURLY TEMPERATURE READINGS NEW TOBK, Local time. January . . February . March . . . . April May .... June July August . . . September October . . November December 1-4 I. 1.6 2. 2. I 2. 3-6 4- 4.6 s- 4.8 5- S-4 5- 4-5 5- 4-0 4- 2-9 3- I- 7 2. I. I. 3 a. m. 2 3 2 6 3 I S 2 6. 6 I 6. 4 4 a. m, S-9 3-9 2-3 1.8 7.0 6-3 6. 2 4. 4 2. 7 2. 2 5 a. m. To reduce locfil to 75th meridian time, subtract 5 minutes. January . . February * March .... April Mny June July August . . . September October . . November December 0. 7 1. o 1.4 2.6 2.6 2.9 3- I 4. I 3-7 2.9 1-5 I. 2 3-S 4- 7 4- 2 3- I 2. o 1-4 6 a. m. j 7 a. ra. ' 8 a. m. 9 a. m. 10 a. m 7.0 6. I 7.0 5-° 3-0 2-S i-S ^- 7 I- 7 i-S 2. I 2-3 2-3 1.8 2.6 2.9 2.9 2-S 4.0 3-9 ' 3-° 2-3 4.6 4- 7 4-0 : 2.9 4. I 4. I . 3-7 2.4 3-9 4.1 i 3-8 ; 2.9 S- I S-o i 4-5 3-S 4.6 4-8 4-6 3-4 3-4 3-5 3-5 2.9 2. 2 2-5 2- 7 2-3 1-5 1.6 I 1.6 1.4 2. 4 2-5 3-6 3- I 2-5 1.9 I- 7 2. o 1-3 0.8 0.4 o. 7 0. o °-3 1. 2 1.6 1-3 I. 2 I. I I- 4 I- 7 1-3 1.6 1. 2 1.6 2. I 2. I I- 7 I-S I. T o. 7 0.8 0. I 1. 2 1-4 2. I 2. 2 I- 7 0.8 °-3 O. I °-3 II a. m. 0.7 0.8 I-S 3-0 3-° 3-4 4-0 3-5 2.8 2. 2 I. I 0.8 NEW YORK, To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add 15 minutes. 0. 7 7 7 0. 2 0. 2 0. 0. S 0. 7 0. I 0. 3 0. S 0. 7 O. I 0. I 0.4 1. I I. o I. o 0. 7 1. o 1-3 I. I 0.4 o-S 0.9 1-3 2. o 2. o 1.9 I-S 2-S 2. 7 2-3 1-4 °-S NEW YORK, January . . . February * . March* April May * June July* August* . . . September* October . . . November* December . I-S 1-9 2-3 1.9 2. 4 2.6 2-9 3-4 3-8 3-6 4. I 4-S 3-7 4. 2 4.6 3-S 4- 2 4-8 3-3 4.0 4.6 3- I 3-5 3-9 2. 7 3-3 3-7 2-S 3-1 3-5 1.9 2-S 2.9 1-3 1.8 2. 2 To reduce local to 75th meridian time, subtract 4 minutes. *Intbepolated. I 2-9 2. I 1-3 °-3 — 0.7 4 3-3 2-3 » I. 2 0. I — I.I I 3-5 2.4 I. I — °-3 — 2.0 8 4.0 2. 7 I. — 0.8 — 2.6 7 3-8 2-S 0. 7 — I.I — 2.6 7 3- 7 2. I 0-3 - 1-3 — 2. 7 6 3-8 2-3 0.6 — I. I — 2.6 5 3-9 2.6 I. — 0.9 — 2.5 4 4. 2 3-0 I-S — 0.7 — 2.3 3 4. I 2-9 I-S — °-S — 2. I 7 3-6 2-5 1.4 — 0. I — I-S I 3-2 2. 2 ^•3 0-3 — 0.8 TO REDUCE TO TRUE MEAN TEMPERATURE, 19 ALBANY. Noon. 1-7 2. 2 2-5 4-3 4.8 S-o S-6 5-1 4-6 4.0 2-5 I p.m. 2- 7 3-4 3-5 5-3 6.0 6.0 6.6 6-3 6.0 5-6 3-3 2-7 2 p. m. 3 p. m. 4 p. m. 5 p. m. 6 p. m. 8 — 8 — 7 — — 3 — 8 — 3 — 9 — 1 — 3 4 4 — 6 ■ 7 6 3-1 3-6 3-7 S-3 6.0- S-6 5-8 S-7 6.4 4. 2 2- 7 2. o 7 p.m. 1 I. » 1-7 2-3 3-0 3-0 7 — o. 9 — |— 3- — 2. — 3- ~ I- — I. I : — I. 8 p. m. 9 p.m. lop.m. 1 1 p. m . Mid. — 0.9 — 0.3 0. I 0. 7 I. I — 1.2 — 0. 4 0. 2 0.8 I. 2 — 0.9 — 0. I 0-5 I. I I- 7 - 0.8 0. 4 I. 2 2. 2 2.8 — 1.4 0. 1.6 2.8 3-6 — 1.2 0.8 2. 2 3-4 4-4 — 1.6 0.4 1.8 3-2 4-4 — 0.9 o-S I- 7 2.9 3-9 — 1-4 0. I. 2 2. 2 3-2 — 0.8 0. 2 I. 2 1.9 2.6 — o-S — 0. 1 0-5 0.9 1-3 — 0.7 — 0.3 0. I 0-3 0-5 BUFFALO. __ I — I- 7 6 — 2. 2 8 9 8 — 2. 4 — 3-5 — 3-6 — 3-4 3 7 9 I — 3-0 — 4-3 — 4- 7 — 3-5 — 2.4 I — 1.6 . ^ •4 .8 — 2 •9 . I .8 — 4 — 4 — 4 -5 .8 — 3 — 5 . I — 5 - 7 - 7 — 3 — 2 . — 2 1-5 1.9 2. 2 2.8 3-6 3-4 I I ' 7 I 4 — I I 7 — I 2 2 I — I 4 2 8 — I 7 2 9 — 2 2 3 I — 2 4 3-4 3-1 2. I I. 2 I. o 2. + — I. 9 — I I — 8 7 0-3 — 0. I 0.6 — 0. 2 0.8 — 0.3 0.6 0. 2 0.8 0. I. 2 — 0. 2 '■5 — o-S 1-3 — 0. 2 0.9 0. I o-S 0-3 0.4 0. 0. 4 0. 0-3 O. 2 O. I 0.7 0.8 0.7 0-5 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.4 O. 2 0-5 0.5 O. 5 o. 7 0.5 o. 9. 1.2 1.8 1-3 1-8 1.4 2. o 1.4 2. O 1.8 2.1 1.8 2.5 1-5 1-9 o. 8 1.2 o. 4 o. 6 NEW YORK CITY. 1.9 2. 1 2-5 4.0 3-9 3-9 3-8 3- 7 3-5 3-5 2.7 1.9 — 2.9 ,— 5 i- 3 3-9 5- I 5-8 5-9 6.0 5-6 5-3 4-9 4-7 3-9 3-1 7 — 2 I — 2 31—2 0—3 8 - 3 7 ~ 3 5 — 3 7, — T> 0—3 9 — 2 o — 2 4 — I — 0.9 — 0.3 0-3 0. 7 — 0.8 — 0. I o-S 0.8 — 0. 7 0. 2 0.9 i-S — 0.6 o-S 1-3 1-9 — 0.6 0.6 1-5 2. 2 — 0.6 0.6 I- 7 2.4 ~ 0.5 0- 7 1.6 2. 2 — 0.4 0- 7 i-S 2. I — 0.6 0.6 1-3 1-9 — 0.5 o-S I. I 1-7 — 0.6 0. I 0.6 I. I — 0-7 — 0.3 0. I 0-5 1. r 1-3 1.9 2.4 2.6 2-9 2.6 2.4 2. 2 2. 1 I- 5 0.9 20 CORRECTIONS TO HOURLY TEMPERATURE READINGS Local time . . January . . February * March .... April* . . . May . . . . Jnne July* .... Auji'ust* . . September October . . November December I a . m . 2 a. m . 1 3 a. m . 4 a. m . I. 2 1.6 2. 1 4.0 4-7 4.8 1.6 2. o 2.9 s-° 5-8 6. I 5a.m. 6 a. m. 7 a. m. i-S .8 2.0 I. 2 2. 4 2. . 3-0 2. . 4-7 3- .8 5-4 4- •3 5-2 4- . S-4 4- • 7 .S-3 4- •3 5-1 3- ■9 3-9 3- .8 2.8 2. ■ 7 1.8 I. 8 a. m. 1-4 6 8 o 8 2 3 4 I 3 9 5 2 I 6 I 3 2 2 2 3 2 S 2 9 2 7 2 7 I 8 I NEW YORK, 9 a. ra. 10 a.m. II a.m. 0.6 — 0.6 0.7 . 2 — 0.9 0.8 3 — I. 4 0.4 i 0. 8 :— 2.4 0.6 I. 2 — 3-4 0. 2 1 — 2. — 3-4 0-3 1 I 2. I — 3-5 0.4 '— 2. 2 ~ 3-0 0. I — 2. I — 3- 7 0. Q — I- I — 3- I 0.9 0. .S — 2.0 0.9 0. I — 0.8 To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add n minute9. NORTH CAROLINA, Januarj' . . . February * . March*.'. . . April* May June July August* . . . September* October . . . November * December To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add 23 minutes. 4.6 4.9 5-6 6-5 7.6 7-5 6-3 6.6 6.6 6.6 5- 7 4.8 7.0 6.6 5-9 6-3 6.7 6.8 6.0 5-2 . 6 3- •9 3- • I ! 3- .0 2. . 1 2. . I. ■ 3 : 2. • i 3- • 7 3- .8 3- •5 3- ■ 2 1 4- 2. 2 2. O I. 6 0.8 o. o 0.8 6 — I. 2 — 2. — 2. — 3- 6 — 4- ~- 4- 3 — 4- 5 — 4- 4 — 4- ^ 4- 9 — 3- 2 — 2. NORTH CAROLINA, January . . . . February* . . March* April May * June July * August* . . . . September . . October . . . . November * . December . 2-3 2.8 3-4 3-8 3-6 3-3 3-6 •9 3-3 • 4 3-8 . 4-3 ■4 4-8 . I 4.6 •9 4. 4 . 4-3 ■9 4. 2 . 4.6 •3 4- 7 . 4-5 .8 4. 4 4.6 s-° 5-3 5-1 4-9 4- 2 4- 7 5- 2 S-7 5-4 4-9 5-1 4.8 5-2 5-7 S-S 5-2 4-S 5- 2 5-3 5-8 5-2 4-5 4.6 4- 7 5-2 5-7 5-S S-6 To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add 12 minutes. ♦Interpolated. TO REDUCE TO TRUE MEAN TEMPERATURE 21 ROCHESTER. Noon. I — 1.4 — 1.8 — — 2. 2 — — 4.0 — - 4-6 - 4.8 — 4.9 — S-o — 5- I - 4-6 — 3-° — i-S p.m. 2 p.m. " 1 3 P-m- 4 p.m. S P- m- 6 p. m. 7 p. m. — 2.4 — 2. 2 ~ 1.6 — 1.2 — 0.8 — 3-0 — 2.6 — 2.0 — i-S — I. — 3-3 — 3-0 — 2. 4 — 1.8 — 1-3 — S-o — 4-S — 4. 2 — 3- I — 2.0 - S-8 — S- 7 — S-° — 4.0 — 2.4 — 6. 2 - S-8 — S-i — 4-4 — 2-7 — 6.0 — S-S — S- I — 4- 2 — 2.8 — S-7 — S-2 — s-o — 4.0 — 2.8 — S-9 — S-4 — 4-3 — 2. 7 - 1-3 — S-3 - 4-6 - 3-6 — 2. I — I.I - 3-8 --3-3 — 2,6 — 1.6 — 0.8 — 2. 2 — 2. I — I- 7 — I. I — 0.6 8 p. m. 0.4 0.6 0.6 I. o I. 2 I 0. 9 0. 8 0. I 0. I 0. 0. 2 9 p.m. 10 p.m. II p.m. 0. 0.4 0.6 0. o-S r. 0. 0.4 0.8 0. 0.8 1.4 0. I. 2.'0 0.4 1-4 2.6 0-5 1-7 2.8 0.6 2. 2.9- 0-9 1-9 2. 7 0-9 1-9 2-S o-S I. 2 1.6 0. I o-S 0.8 Mid. 0.8 I. 2 1. 2 2. 2 2-7 3-4 0.9 CHARLOTTE. 2.8 — 4.0 — S-o — S-3 — S-o — 4- 2 — 3-2 — 2.4 — 1-4 — 0.6 0. 2 I. 1.6 3- 2 — 4-4 — S-S - 5-8 — 5-4 - 4-6 - 3-6 — 2.6 — I. 2 — 0.3 0. 6 1-4 2. 40 — 5-2 — 6.0 — 6.2 — 6. I — 5- I — 3-9 — 2. 7 — I.I 0. I. 1.8 2. 7 4-7 — 6.0 1- 6-5 - 6.7 — 6.6 — S-S — 4- 2 — 2.9 — I. 0-4 i-S 2.4 3-2 S-6 — 6.6 I— 7.2 — 7-4 — 7-2 — 6.0 - 4-6 — 3-0 — I. 1. 2. • 3-0 3-8 6.1 — 7-0 '- 7-5 — 7. 2 - 6.5 - 5-6 — 4- I - 3-6 — 0.7 1. 1 2. 2 3- I 4.0 5- 7 - 6.3 1- 6.7 - 6.9 -6.3 — 5- I — 3-7 - — ^ 2. I — 0.3 1. 1 2-3 3- I 3-7 S-8 — 6.6 '- 6. 9 — 7- I -6.5 -5-3 — 3-7 — 2.0 — °-3 1. 1 2. I 2.9 3-6 6.0 - 6.9 — 7-2 — 7-4 — 6.8 — S-4 - 3-6 — 2.0 — 0.4 1. 2. 2.7 3-5 S-8 — 6.8 — 7-4 — 7-5 — 7-0 - 5-6 - 3-8 — 2 . 2 — 0.4 0.8 1.8 2-5 3-3 S-o — 6. I — 6.6 - 6.7 — 6.1 — 4.9 — 3-5 — 2. I :— 0.7 0-3 1-3 2. 2. 7 4- I — S-4 — 5-9 — 5-9 — 5-2 -4-2 — 3-2 — 2.0 — 1. — 0. 2 0. 7 1.4 2. WILMINGTON. 3-9 4.4 5-3 5-8 5-6 5- I — 5- — 5- 3 8 — 6. — 6. — 6. — 5- 4 2 6 5- I — 5-7 S-o -5-7 S-2 — 6.0 6. I — 7- I 5-7 - 6.7 S-o - 6.3 6.^ - 6.3 — 4.9 6.8 - 6.5 — 5-0 6.7 -6.4 — 5-2 6.6 -6.4 — 5-4 6.4 — 6.2 — S-o 5-8 — 5-5 - 4-6 5-9 - 5-8 — S-o S-9 - 5-7 — 4.9 6.2 — 6.0 — 5-2 7-5 — 6.8 - 5-8 7-3 - 6.9 — 6.0 7-0 — 7- I - 0.3 3-« 3-7 4.0 4-3 4- 7 5-0 2-3 2. 2 2 . 2 2. 2 2. I 2. o 2. 2 2. I 2.4 2.8 3-0 3- I 1-3 I. o 0.6 0. 2 0.4 0.6 o- 7 0.9 1. 2 1-3 1.4 1.6 0-3 o. o o. 4 0.8 0.8 0.8 o-S O. I O. 2 O. I O. 2 O-S 0-3 0.6 1. o 1-4 1-7 2. o 1.6 I. I 0.8 I. 2 0.8 0-3 1. I 1.4 1-7 2. o 2-3 2.6 2. 2 1-9 1.6 2. I 1.6 I. o i-S 1-9 1.8 2. 2 2. 2 2.6 2.6 3-0 2.8 3-1 3-0 3-2 2-9 3-3 2-7 3-1 2.4 2.8 2. 7 3-2 2. 2 2-7 1.8 2-3 '>':> CORRECTIONS TO HOURLY TEMPERATURE READINGS NORTH DAKOTA, Local time Janiuiry . . February * March . .". . April* .... May * . . . . June July August*. . September October . November December I a. m. I 2 a. m. | 3 a. m. | 4 a. m. 5 a. m. 6 a. m. 2. I 2. 2 3-5 S-2 S-8 6. I 6.4 6. 2 6.0 4- 4 3- I • 7 3- ■9 3- . 2 4- • 4 7- •5 7- • 7 7- .8 8. •4 8. . 8. •3 6. .8 4- ■4 2 . 3 3- 7 1 4 3 s : 3- 9 4 4 ' 7 : ,S- 3 .S 7 4 8. 2 8 8 4 8. 2 ; 8 7 5 8. 3 8 7 8 9- 1 6 9 6 4 9- 3 9 3 9- 10 i( I 6. 8 7 4 4 4- 9 S 4 8 3- I 3 S To reduce local to 75th meridian tiyie, add i hour and 42 minutes. January . . February * March .... April* May Juue July* August* . . September October . November December . I 2-5 2.9 3-S 3- .6 3-° 3-4 4.0 4- •.S 4-3 4.9 5-3 S- . 5-0 6.0 6.3 6. •3 6-3 6.9 7-3 7- .8 4-5 S- 2 5-9 5- . I 4-9 5- 7 6.3 6. ■ 4 S- 2 6.0 6.6 7- .6 5-4 6. 2 6.8 7- . 4-S S'3 5- 7 6. •4 3-8 4.4 4.8 4- •S 3- I 3-S 3-8 3- 7 a. 5-3 5-6 5-8 S-S 4. 4 3- 2 8 a. m. 1.4 3- I 4.0 4.8 3-8 2.8 2.9 3-0 3-7 3-3 3-S 3-4 3-3 3-6 3-8 3-9 3- I 2-3 9 a. m. 10 a. la 2-3 2. I i-S o. 2 o. 4 o-S 0.6 0. 2 1. O 1.8 1.8 1.8 a. m. II a.m. 0. I 2. 0. 1 2. 2 0. 7 2.6 2.8 2. 7 S-o 4.8 2-S 4. 2 2.6 4.6 2.8 2.6 4-9 S-6 2. S-2 I. 0. — 3-S 2. 2 I- 7 1.6 2. I I. 4 1-3 I- 4 1-3 1.6 1.8 I- 7 1-5 I- ;; o. 7 °-S 0-3 0.6 1-3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.6 °-S o. I o. 2 OHIO, To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add 38 minutes. °-5 0.8 1-3 2-3 3- I 2. 2 2-,4 2.6 2.8 2-S 1.8 I. I OHIO. January . . . February . . March April May June July August . . . . September . October . . . November . December 1-3 1-7 1-9 2-3 2-S 2-5 2-S 1-3 I- 7 2. I 2.4 2.8 30 3-0 1-5 2. I 2. 4 2.8 3- I 3-3 2-9 2. 2. 7 3-3 3-9 4-3 4- I 3- 2 3- 2 4, 2 4.8 5-4 S- 7 4-8 2.8 3-8 4-S 5- I 5-6 S-8 4-8 2.8 3-7 4- 7 S- 7 6-5 6.7 5-3 2-9 3-7 4- 7 S-3 6. I 6-3 5-S 3-9 3-4 4- I 4.8 5-4 5-8 5- 7 4- 4 2-3 3- I 3-7 4-3 4- 7 5-0 4-3 1.8 2. 2 2.6 3-0 3- 2 3-2 3-° 0.9 I. 2 1-3 1-5 1.6 1.8 1.8 1-9 0.9 2. 1.6 2. I 0.9 1-9 0. 7 0.8 — 0.8 I. - 0.6 0.9 — 0- 7 1.9 0. I 2.6 0. 2 2.6 °-5 2. 2 I. i-S 0.9 0. I — 0. 7 0.6 — 0.8 — 0. I — I.I - °-5 — I- 7 - 1.8 — 2.6 — 2.0 — 3-0 — 2. I — 3- I - I- 7 — 3-3 ^ 2. 2 - 3-8 - I- 7 — 3- I — 0. 4 — 1.6 0. — 0.8 To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add 27 minutes. * Interpolated. TO REDUCE TO TRUE MEAN TEMPERATURE. 23 BISMARCK. Noon. I p.m. — 5- 1 2p.m. — 6.1 3 p.m. 4 p.m. — 4.9 SP.m. 6p.m. — 2.5 7 p.m. — i-S 8p.m. 9 p.m. 0. I 10 p.m. 0.7 II p.m. 1-3 Mid. — 3- 7 — 6. I — 3-7 — 0. 7 I- 7 -3-9 — 5-3 - 6.3 - 6.3 — 5. 2 1— 4.0 — 2.7 — I. 7 — 0.9 0. 4 I. I 1.8 2. I -4-3 - 5-5 - 6.7 — 7-3 — 7-1 !— 5- 7 — 3-7 — 2.3 — I.I 0-3 1-3 2-3 2.9 — 6. 6 — 7-4 -7-8 — 8.0 - 8.0 j- 7.4 — 6. 2 ~ 4. — 1.4 I. I 2.6 3-S 4. 4 - 6.5 — 7-4 — 7-9 — 8. 2 - 8.2 — 7-4 — 6.2 — 4- 2 — !■ 7 0.9 2.8 3-9 5-3 — 5-7 — 7-0 — 7-9 - 8.3 - 8.3 — 7-S - 6-3 — 4-3 — 1.8 0.7 3-° 4-3 5- 7 — 6.6 - 7-6 — 8.6 — 9.4 -9.6 — 8.6 — 6.6 - 3-6 — I. 2 I. 2 2.8 4- 4 5-4 - 6.9 -^ 8. 2 — 9.4 - 9« — 9-3 -8.4 - 6.3 - 3-6 — 1.2 I. 2.8 4.0 5- 2 — 8.0 — 9-4 1 — 10. 6 II. 1 — 10. 2 -8.4 — 6.0 - 3-6 — I. 1.4 3-°- 4. 2 5-° — 7.0 — 8.4 1- 9-3 — 9.2 - 7.8 - S-8 — 4. 2 — 2.2 — 0.4 I. 2 2.4 3-2 3-6 — S-3 — 6.6 — 7-3 — 7. 2 — 7.1 — 4. — 3- I ■ — I. — 0. I I. 1.8 2-3 2.8 — 4.0 — 5-2 — 5-7 — 5-4 — 3-9 — 2. 2 — I.I — 0-3 0. 2 0.8 I. 2 1-5 1.8 CINCINNATI. — 2. 7 — 3-3 3- I — 3-7 4-3 — 5- I 4.9 — S-5 5-7 - 6.3 4-S — S-3 S-o — 6.0 S-6 — 6.6 ,S-8 — 6.8 5-5 - 6.3 4.4 — S-i 3-3 — 3-9 3-9 4-3 S-3 S-9 6.7 5-8 6.4 7.0 7.2 6.7 5-4 4.0 3-7 — 3- 4- I — 3- S-3 — 4- 5-9 — 5- 6.7 — 6. 5-6 — 5- 6. I — 5- 6.6 — 5- 6.8 — S- 6-5 — 5- 5-1 — 4- 3-7 — 3- 3 — 2. 7 7 — 3- I 7 — 3-9 4 - 4.6 I — S-3 3 — 4-3 4 — 4-5 6 - 4-6 8 - 4-8 I — 3-9 I — 3- I I — 2.3 2. I 2-S 2-9 3-8 4- I 3-4 3-3 3- 2 3-4 2-5 2. o 1.6 1-3 1-7 1-9 2-3 2-S 1.8 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.6 o. 7 o. 4 o. I o. o O. I °-s o. 7 o. 7 1.8 -0.4 0.8 1.8 — 0.4 0.8 1.8 — 0.4 0.8 i-S — °-5 0-5 I. 2 — 0.4 0.4 0.9 — 0-3 0-3 °-5 0.7 0.7 1-5 1.9 1.8 1.9 2. 1.8 I- 7 1-3 0.8 0.9 I. 2 I- 7 2-5 3- I 2.6 2-5 2.6 2.8 2-5' 1.8 I. 2 CLEVELAND. i-S 1-7 1.9 2-5 3-2 3-6 3-7 4-3 4.6 4- I 2.4 1-5 2. I — 2.7 — 2.9 — 2. 7 — 2.3 — I- 7 — 1-3 — 2.4 — 2.9 — 3-1 — 3-0 — 2.4 — 2.0 — 1-5 — 2.5 — 2.7 — 2.9 — 2.8 — 2-5 — 2. I — I- 7 — 3- I — 3-S — 3-7 - 3-6 — 3-3 — 2.9 — 2.3 - 3-6 - 3-8 - 3-8 - 3-8 — 3-5 — 3-2 — 2,6 — 4.0 — 4-3 — 4-5 — 4-5 -4-2 - 3-8 — 2.8 -4-3 — 4- 7 — 4- 7 — 4- 7 -4-3 — 3-7 — 2.9 — 4-7 — 4-9 — 5-° — 4-9 — 4- 7 — 4. I -3-3 — 5-4 - 5-6 — 5-4 — 5-° — 4.4 - 3-6 — 2.4 — 4-5 — 4.9 — 4-9 — 4-3 — 3- 7 — 2.5 — 1.4 — 3-1 — 3-5 - 3-6 — 3-2 — 2.6 — 2.0 — 1.2 — 2. I — 2.4 — 2.4 — 2. 2 -1-7 — 1.2 — o- 7 I 5 I 9 I 4 I 7 I 9 I 5 6 3 0-3 0. I °-5 0.6 — 0. I °-5 0. 7 — 0-3 0.4 °-5 0. I 0.9 I. 0. I. 2 0. I. 2 2. I 0-3 0.7 I- 7 0-3 0.9 2. I 0.4 1-4 2. °-3 1-3 1-7 0. 0.6 I. 0. u. 4 0.7 o. S 0.8 0.9 1-5 2.9 3-0 2. 7 2- 7 2.6 2. I 1.4 0.9 24 CORRECTIONS TO HOURLY TEMPERATURE READINGS OHIO, Local time I a. m. January . , . February*. March April May June July* August . . . September October . . . November . December 3-7 3-4 3-6 2-7 1-9 1-3 2 a. m. : 3 a. m. I. 2. 3- 4- 4- 4- 4- 4- 4- 3- .8 2. • 4 2. . o 3- • I 4- . 2 4- .6 5- •S 5- ■ 4 5- 2 5- •S 3- ■5 2. •5 I. 4 a. m. i 5 a. m. 2.6 3-3 4.0 5- I 5-2 S- 7 5-9 6, 2 S-8 4-S 3- I 2. O 2.8 6. 2 6.6 6 a. m. To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add 34 minutes. January . . . . February *. . March . .' April May * June July* August*. . . . September . . October . . . . November * . December . To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add 3 hours and ii minutes. 7 a. m n. 8 a. m. 6 2. 3 2.4 2.8 9 1.9 2. 1.6 1.8 2. I 2-3 2. 4 2.4 2. 2. I 2. 4 2. 7 2.9 3-0 3-° 2. 3-5 4- I 4- 7 S-3 S- 7 S-7 i 4- 4-5 S-2 6.0 6-5 7.0 6.5 4- 5-° 6.0 6.9 7-5 7.6 6. 2 4- S-S 6.7 7.8 8.6 8. 2 S-8 3- 5-2 6.1 6.8 7-5 7. 2 5-6 ' 3- 4.6 5-4 5-8 6. I 6. I S-4 4- 4.8 5-6 6.4 7.0 7-3 6-7 S- 3-3 3-9 4-3 4-7 4.8 4-7 : 4- 2-4 2.8 3- I 3-4 3-S 3-S i 3- 1.4 I- 7 1.9 2. I 2. 2 2-3 2 . 2. 2 2.8 2.8 3- I 2. 7 1.8 1.8 2. o 3-3 2-5 2. O 1.6 9 a. m. 10 a. m. II a. m. I. 2 0. 2 ^0.8 1-4 0. 1 — I. 1.6 0. — I. 2 o-S — I.I — 2.5 0. 2 ^1.6 — 3-0 — 0.4 — 2.0 — 3-3 0. 2 — 1-5 — 3-0 0.8 — I. — 2.8 0.6 — 1.8 — 3-4 I. 2 — 0. 7 — 2.5 I. — 0-3 — I- 7 I. I 0. I — 0.9 OREGON, 0.8 0.6 i-S O. I o. o O. 2 0. 7 1. I I- 7 I-S I. 2 0.9 o. 2 °-5 0-3 1-9 2. o 1-9 I. 2 I. 4 2-3 3-8 3-6 3-5 I- 7 1.6 I. o o-S 0.4 0-3 OBEGON, January | i. February*. . .' 3. March 4. April* ! 5. May 6. June ! 7. July* ! 7. August September .. 7. October . . . . ' 4. November *. ., 2. December . . i. -9 2-3 -> -3 3-9 4- ■7 5-5 6. -4 7.0 7- . I 8.0 9- -3 8.3 9- • 8 \ 9- I 9- . i q.O 10. -8 8.8 9- •4 S-4 6. .8 3-5 4- ■3 1-7 2. 2-9 3 I 3 3 3 I 2. 4-8 S 2 S 4 4 9 3- 6.8 7 3 7 5 6 7 4- 8.4 8 7 7 I S 8 3- 10. 4 10 8 S 6 3- 10. I 9 5 7 s 5 5 2. II. I 10 8 9 2 6 S 3- 12. 12 10 8 7 4 3- 10.3 II 3 10 8 7 8 4- 6.8 7 o 7 2 6 o 4- 4- 7 S S 4 5 3- 2-5 2 7 2 9 2 9 2. 1-5 o- I I. 9 I— o. I — °-3 — I-S — 2-3 — 3- I 2-3 1. I o. I o. 7 o. 2 0.8 0.7 1.6 1.9 2. I 2.4 1.8 2-5 I. 2 O. I 0.9 — 0.9 O I 2 4 4 5' 4' 4^ 5 3-4 2 o.'7 To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add 3 hours and 13 minutes. * Interpolated. TO REDUCE TO TRUE .MEAN TEMPERATURE. 25 TOLEDO. Noou. 1.8 2. 2 2.6 3-5 4.0 4-3 4-4 4. 2 4.8 3-9 2. 2 1.8 I p. m. 2.8 3' 3 3-8 4-5 4.8 5-1 S-° S-2 — 2-5 2 p. m. 3-4 3-9 4-4 5- I 5-4 5-5 S-7 5-8 6.2 S-2 3-8 2.9 3 p.m. 4 p. m. 3-4 3-7 4.0 5-6 5- I 5-5 5-8 5-6 5- I 3-6 2-5 5 p.m. 6 p. m. 7p.m. 8 p.m. -2.8 — 2. 2 — 1-4 — 0.8 - 3-2 — 2.5 — 1.8 — I.I - 3-6 — 2.8 — 2. 2 — 1.4 - 4.5 — 3-5 — 2.5 — 1. 1 -~ 4-8 - 3-8 — 2.4 — 0.8 — 4.4 — 3-5 — 2.5 — I.I ~ S-o — 4. I — 3-0 — 1-5 - .S-6 - 4-8 - 3-6 — 1.8 - 4.6 — 3-4 — 2. 2 — 1.2 — 4-3 — 31 — 1-9 — 0.8 — 3-1 — 2. g — 1.4 — 0.6 — 1-9 — 1-5 — 0.9 — 0.4 9 p. m. no p.m, II p.m. Mid. o. 8 0.8 0.8 1.9 2. 2 2.4 1. 2 1-3 1-4 2-5 3-0 3-1 3-° 2. 6 2.8 2. I 1.6 I. I POETLAND. 5-0 S-° S-8 4-7 3-5 2. 2 3-2 3- 7 S-3 6.9 6-5 6.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 5-9 4.4 2.8 — 3-6 — 4- I I- 6.3 — 7-7 — 7-2 — 6.8 1-6.9 — 7.0 I— 8.0 -6.9 — 4-6 — 3-2 3-2 — 2. 3-6 — 2. 7-1 — S- c-.s — s- 7.0 — 6. 7.6 — 7- 7.0 — 6. 6.,S — .S- 8. 2 — 6. S-9 — 4- 4-4 — 3- 2.4 — I. 1.6 2. O 3-9 3-5 4.6 5-8 0.8 I. o 2-3 2-3 3-2 4. 1 3-5 3-° 2.8 I. 4 I. o 0.6 0. 2 °-3 0.9 0.9 1. 2 1.6 I. 2 I. o 0.8 O. I o. o O. I O. 2 °-3 O. I o-S 0.6 0.4 O. 2 0. 2 0.8 1. I 0.8 0.4 0.8 I. 2 I. I. 1-5 I. I. I 1.9 2. I- 5 2-5 3- 1.8 2.9 3- 2. I 3' 2 3- 2. 3-1 3- 2. 3-° 3- 2. 2 3-2 3- 1-7 2. I 2. I. 2 1.6 I. 0. 7 I. I. EOSEBURGH. — 2.3 — 3-5 — 4- 7 — 5-t — 4-5 — 3-3 — 2.3 — 1-3 — 3 0-3 I. I i-S 1.9 — 3-4 — 4-7 -5-8 - 6.5 - 6.7 -6.3 — 4-3 — 2.5 — I 0. 1-4 2. I 2-3 — 4-5 -6.3 — 8.0 — 9.0 — 9-1 - 8.9 - 6.7 — 3-7 — I 7 0-3 1-7 2-7 3-7 — 5-4 — 6.8 — 8.0 — 9.0 — 9.0 - 7-8 - 6.9 — 4-5 — I 6 0-5 1-9 3-° 3-9 — 6.0 — 7-5 -8.5 — 9-3 — 9-5 — 9. I — 7-9 — 5-0 — I. 4 0.7 2. I 3-3 4-1 - 6.7 — 7-9 -8.9 — 9-5 -9.8 — 9- I — 7-4 — 4.9 — 2. 2 °-S 2.8 S-° 6-5 — 6.9 -8.5 — 9.9 — 10. 9 — "•3 — 10. 4 -8.3 — S-S — 2. 7 0. I 2.6 4.6 6-S — 7. 2 — 9. 2 — II. — 12. 2 — 12. 9 —II. 6 — 9.2 — 6.2 — 3- 2 — 0. 2 2. 2 4.2 6.4 — 7.6 — 10. 2 —II. 6 — 12. 2 —II. 9 — 10. 2 - 7-2 — S-2 — 2. 6 0.8 3-° 4.8 6.0 — S-8 — 7-8 — 9.0 — 9.4 — 8.4 -6.4 — 4.4 — 2.4 — 0. 4 I. 2 2.4 3-2 3-0 — 4. 2 -5-6 - 6.5 -6.9 - 6.3 -4.8 — 3-3 — 1.8 — 0. 3 0.8 1.6 2. I 2.4 — 2.5 — 3-5 —4-1 -4.3 — 4- I — 3.2 — 2. I — I. I — 0. 2 o-S 0.8 I. I. I 26 COEKECTIONS TO HOURLY TEMPERATURE READINGS PENNSYLVANIA, Local time , Jauuaiy . . . February . . March April May June July August . . . September October . . . November * December . I a. m. 2 a.m. 3 a.m. 4 a. m . 5 a. m. 6 a., m . 2. O 2-3 2.8 3-0 3-2 2. 2.6 3-0 3-4 3-7 3-0 3-S 4.0 4- 4 4.6 4-5 4.9 5-3 S- 7 S-7 4.8 S-6 6.2 6.4 6. 2 5- I S-6 6.0 6.2 S-9 S-° 5-6 6.0 6.0 5-8 4-4 4.8 S-2 S-6 5-6 3-9 4-3 4-S 4.9 5- I 3-3 3-7 4- I 4-5 4.9 2-5 3-0 3- 2 3-5 3-8 1.9 2-3 2. 7 2.9 3- I 7 a. m. a. m. 9a.m. 10 a. m. II a.m. 2.6 1.6 6 — 0.6 3-° 2. 8 — 0.6 3-0 1.6 4 — I. 3-5 I- 7 — I - 1-9 3-2 I. 2 — 8 — 2.8 3-2 0.8 — I 4 — 3-0 2.8 0.8 — I. 2 ~ 3-0 2.8 0.8 — I. 4 — 3-° 3-3 i-S — 0. 9 — 2.7 3- I 1-5 — 0. 3 — 2. I 3-0 1.6 0. — 1.6 2-3 1-3 0. 2 — I. Local time is 75th meridian time. PENNSYLVANIA, January . . . February * . March*.'.. . April* . . . May * June July * August* . . . September* October . . . November * December I. 2 1.8 2. 2 1.6 2. 2 2.6 2. I 2.7 3- I 3-° 3-5 4.0 3-9 4.4 4.8 4-7 5-3 5- 7 4-3 5-0 5-3 4-3 S-o S-4 4.0 4-8 S'2 3-8 4-7 S-4 2.7 3-4 4.0 1.6 2. I 2-S 2.8 3-2 3-4 3-6 3-7 3-9 4- I 4-S 4.8 4-4 S-3 6. I S-6 6.6 S-S 6.6 6.0 6.6 6.4 6.0 6.6 6.6 S-9 6.0 6.S 6.6 6-5 6.6 4.4 4.8 4.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8 3-3 3-8 4. 2 4.8 S-6 S-6 S-7 S-7 S-8 4-3 2.7 2. o 2. 2 2-S 2.8 3- 2 3-6 3-8 4.0 4- 2 4.4 3- 2 2. o I. 2 0.4 — 0.8 I. I °-3 — I. I. I 0. — 1-7 I. — 0- 7 — 2.5 0.9 — I.I - 3-6 0.8 — 1-9 — 4-3 I. 2 — 1.6 — 4. I i-S — 1-3 — 3-9 1.9 — 0.9 — 3- 7 2. 2 — 0.6 — 3-4 1.6 — 0.4 — 2.5 I. — 0. 2 — i-S To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add 20 minutes. TENNESSEE, January j 2. 2 February*...' 2.6 March 3.0 April : 4. 5 May ' 5.6 June* i 5. o July 4-S August* I 4. 7 September ... 4. 9 October 4. 5 November * . . 3. 7 December ... 2. 9 2.6 3-2 3-8 4-4 4.8 4-9 4.0 3-4 4. 2 S-o S-7 6. I S-S 4.2 j 4- 2 S-2 6. 2 7-0 7-4 6.2 4.4 ! S-3 5-9 6.6 7-3 7-6 6-3 4.0 6.6 8.0 9.0 9- 2 8.6 S-6 2.6 6.0 7.0 8.0 8-3 7.8 S-4 2.8 S-4 6. I 6.9 7-3 7- I S-i 2-9 S-4 6-5 7-3 7-7 7-S 6.0 3-4 S-3 6.9 7.6 8.2 8.0 6.6 3-8 S-3 6. I 6.7 7-3 7-9 7-1 S- I 4-4 S-o S-5 6. I 6.6 6.1 4-8 i 3-S 3-9 4-4 4-9 S-3 S- I 4-4 2.6 2-S 2.4 1.6 o. o o. o O. I 0.8 1-4 2. I 2.4 2- 7 I. 2 — 0.6 0.7 — I. 2 0. 2 — 1.8 0.7 — 3-3 2.4 — 4-4 2.4 — 4-4 2.4 — 4- I 1-9 — 4. I 1-3 — 4- I 0.9 — 3-9 0. I — 2.8 0.7 — 1-7 To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add 36 minutes. * Interpolated, TO BEDTJCE TO TEUE MEAN TEMPERATURE. 27 PHILADELPHIA. Noon. I p.m. 2 p. m . 3 p.m. 4 p.m. 5 p.m. 6 p. m. 7 p.m. 8 p.m. 9 p.m. 10 p. m. II p.m. Mid. — 1.8 — 2.8 — 3-4 - 3-6 — 3-4 — 2.8 — 2. 2 — 1.6 — I. — 0.4 0. 2 0.8 I. 2 2. O — 3-2 — 4.0 — 4. 2 — 4-2 - 3-6 — 2.8 — 1.8 — I. — 0. 2 0. 2 0.8 .1.4 — 2.6 - 3-6 - 4-6 — 5-0 — 5-4 - 4.8 - 3-8 — 2.6 — 1.4 — 0.4 0-5 I. 2 1.8 — 3-9 — S-° — 6.1 - 6.7 - 6.9 - 6.3 — 5- I — 3-S -- I- 7 — 0. I I. 2. 1 2.9 - 4-6 - 5-8 — 6.8 — 7-2 — 6.8 — 6.0 - 4-8 — 3-1 — 1-3 0.- 2 1.6 2.6 3-4 — 4-3 — 5-4 — 6.2 — 6.8 — 6.6 — 6.0 — 5-0 - 3-6 — i-S 0. 2 1-7 2.9 3-8 — 4-4 - 5-6 — 6. 2 — 6.8 — 6.8 — 6.0 - 4-8 — 3-0 — 1-4 0-3 1.6 2.6 3-4 — 4.4 — 5-2 — 6.0 -6.5 - 6.4 - 5-6 — 4.0 — 2.8 — 0.9 0.4 1.4 2.4 3-0' — 4-3 — 5-3 - 6.3 -6.9 - 6.3 — 5-3 -3-3 — 2.0 — 0.6 0.7 I- 7 2.4 2-9 - 3-8 — S-o — 5-9 - 6.3 — 6.1 — 4-9 -3-3 — 1-7 — °-S °-S 1-3 2. 2-5 — 2.8 — 3-7 — 4-3 - 4-6 — 4-3 - 3-6 — 2.6 — 1.6 — 0.8 0. 0.8 1-3 2. O' — 2.0 — 3-° — 3-7 - 3-8 — 3-4 — 2.8 — 2. I — 1.4 — 0.8 — 0. 2 0. 2 0. 7 I. I PITTSBURGH. — 2.0 — 2.8 -3-3 — 3-4 — 3-2 — 2.6 — 2. — 1.4 — I. — 0.4 0. > 0.4 0.8 — 2.4 — 3-2 — 3-7 - 3-8 — 3-7 — 3-1 — 2. 2 — 1-5 — I. — 0.3 0-3 0.8 I. 2 — 3-2 - 3-8 - 4-3 — 4.4 — 4.2 — 3-6 — 2.6 — I- 5 ^ I. — 0. 2 0.6 1-3 1.8 — 4.0 - 4-8 — 5-3 — 5-3 — S-i — 4-1 — 3-0 — 1-5 — 0.9 0. 0.9 1.8 2-3 — 5-1 — S-9 -6.4 — 6.4 — 6. I — 4.9 — 3-5 — 1.6 — 0.9 0-3 1-4 2-5 3-0- — 5-9 - 6.9 — 7-3 -7-3 - 6.9 -S-6 — 4- I — 1-7 — 0.9 0.6 1.8 3-1 3-8 - 5-8 - 6.9 — 7-S - 7-5 — 7.0 — S-5 — 4- I — 1-9 — 0.9 0-5 1-7 2.9 3-7 - S-8 - 6.9 — 7-7 — 7-7 — 7-2 - 5-6 — 4. 2 — 2. I — 0.9, 0.4 1.6 2.8 3-S — 5-7 — 6.8 - 7-8 -7-9 — 7- I -5-4 — 4. I — 2. 2 — 0.8 0-3 1-5 2.6 3-3 — 5-7 — 7.0 — 8.0 — 8.0 -7-3 - 5-5 — 4.0 — 2.4 — I. 0-3 i-S 2-5 3-2 — 4. 2 — 5-3 — S-9 — 5-9 — 5-3 — 4.0 — 2.8 — 1.6 — 0.6 0. 2 I. I- 7 2. I — 2.7 — 3-S -3-9 - 3-8 — 3-2 - 2.5 — I- 7 — 0.9 — 0-3 0. I 0-5 0.8 I. 2 KNOXVILLE. — 2.4 - 3-8 — S-o - 5-8 - 5-8 - 4-8 - 3-6 — 2.6 — 1.6 — 0.8 0. 2 0.8 1.4 -3-0 — 4-5 -5-8 - 6-5 - 6.5 — 5-5 -4-3 — 3-1 — 1.9 — 0.9 0, 2 0.9 1.6 — 3-5 — 5-2 — 6.6 — 7-2 — 7-2 — 6. 2 — S-o - 3-6 — 2. 2 — I. 0. 2 I. 1.8 — 5- I - 6.3 -7-3 -7.8. - 7-8 - 6.9 -- 5-4 — 3-7 — 2. I — 0.5 I. I 2-5 3-9 — 5-9 — 7-4 -8.4 — 8.8 -8.4 — 7-4 -6.4 — 4.4 — 1.8 I. 2 1.6 3-1 4.2 — 5-7 — 7.0 — 7-7 — 8.0 — 7- 7 - 6.8 - 5-6 — 3-9 — I-S I. 2 2. 3-1 4.0 — 5-5 - 6.5 - 6.9 — 7-2 - 6.9 - 6.3 — 4-9 -3-4 — I.I I. I 2-3 3- I 3-7 — 5-7 - 6.9 — 7-7 — 8.2 — 8.0 — 7-2 — S-3 -3-3 — I. I I. . 2.3 3-3 3-8 — S-9 — 7-3 - 8.5 — 9- I — 9- I — 8.1 - 5-6. — 3-1 — I.I 0.9 2-3 3-S 3-9 — S-9 -7-3 - 8.7 - 9.6 - 8.9 - 6.9 — 4-9 — 2.9 — 1.2 o-S 2. I 2.9 3-5 — 4-9 - 6.3 — 7-4 -8.4 — 7-3 — 5-7 — 4.0 — 2.4 — I. 0-3 1-5 2. 2 2-7 — 3-9 -5-3 -6.1 — 7-3 — 5-7 — 4-S — 3-1 — 1-9 — 0.9 0. I 0.8 I-S I. 8 28 t:()KKECTIONS TO HOURLY TEMPEKATUKE READINGS TENNESSEE, Local time. I a. m. I 2 a. m. 3 a. m. January . . , February . March April May June July August . . . . September. October . . . November December . 2. I 2. 7 2. 2 2.8 [ 2-S 3-5 .V2 4.0 4.6 5-2 4-S 5-° 4- 4 5-4 4.6 S-2 4. 2 4-9 3-7 4-7 2-5 3-5 2. 2. 7 5 a. m. I 6 a. m. ' 7 a. m. 3-9 4-4 1 5-3 i 5-7 I 7-4 6. 2 6.8 6.8 6.7 6.7 5-3 4-3 S-7 5-5 4. I a. m. 9 a.m. 3-3 1.9 3-6 2. 2 4-3 2-S 3-5 I. 2 2. 2 — 0.4 1-5 — 0.8 I. 4 I.I 1.8 — 0.8 2.9 0. I 3-7 I. 3-9 2. I 3-3 2. I 10 a. ni II a. m. o. 4 0.6 0-5 0.9 2.4 2.7 3- I 2.8 2. I 1.8 o. I 0-5 I. I 1. o i-S 2.4 4. 2 4. I 4.6 4.4 4- I 3-8 2. I I. I To reriuce local to 75th mei'idi.in time, add i hour. TENNESSEE, January . . . February * . March April* May June July August* . . . Septeinber . October . . . November* December . 1.9 2.6 3-3 4-3 S-3 4.9 2.6 3-4 4. I .S-2 6.3 5-6 S-S S-5 5-5 5- I 3-7 2.4 3-2 4- I S-i 6. I 7- I 6. 2 6. I 6-3 S-S 5-9 4.4 2.9 7- I 7-S 7-9 7-3 5-6 3-8 .6 4.4 3-4 2. 0.6 — I. •7 S-o 3-6 1.9 0. I — 1.8 .8 5-7 3-8 1.9 — °-3 — 2.5 . 2 5-3 2-5 1.8 — 1.9 - 3-6 •7 4.9 1-3 — 1-7 — 3-S — 4- 7 . I 3-9 1-3 — 0.9 — 2.9 — 4-3 • 7 4-3 1.9 — 0.9 — 3-3 — 4-9 •3 S-° 2.4 — 0.4 — 2. 7 - 4-8 •9 S- 7 2.9 0. I — 2. I — 4- 7 •5 6. I 4. I I. I — 1-9 — 4-S .8 5-0 3-6 i-S — 0. 7 — 3-° . 2 4.0 3- 2 1.9 0. 4 -^ 1-4 To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add 47 minutes. TEXAS, January . . February . March April May ■ . June July August . . . September October . . November December 5-9 6.2 6.8 7-2 9. 2 9-7 6.9 7- 9 8. 7 9- S 9-9 8-S 7.2 8. 4 9- 4 10. 4 10. 6 9-2 8.2 9- 4 10. 6 II. 8 II. 8 8.8 8.6 10. 2 II. 6 12. 6 10.8 7.6 10. 6 II. 8 13- 13- 8 II. 8 7.8 10. 7 II 5 12. 3 12. 7 10.3 6.7 10. 4 II I II 6 II 3 8.7 5-7 9-S 10 I 10 S 9 9 7-9 5-9 8.6 9 6 10 6 . II 2 9-4 6.8 9-2 10 2 II 4 II 6 9.6 7- 2 8.0 Q 10 10 8 II. 2 9.0 7- 2 7 8 8 6 9 4 9-4 8.2 6-5 6.2 4.8 i 3-8 4-4 3-3 2.9 3-1 3-8 3-8 5-4 5-2 3-5 3- 2 1.8 o. 2 0.4 O. I 0-3 °-5 0.8 0.6 1.8 2. 2 0. 5 — 0. 6 — I. 2 — 2. 4 — 3- 2 — 2 7 — 2 S — 2 I — 2 2 — 2 6 — I 6 8 3-° 3-8 4. 2 5-2 6.2 S-7 S-3 4-7 5-2 5-4 5-1 4-4 To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add 2 hours and 6 minutes. * Interpolated. TO REDUCE TO TRUE MEAN TEMPERATURE. 29 MEMPHIS. Noon. I p.m. 2 p. m. 3 P- m- 4p.ra. S P- !»• 6 p.m. 7 p.m. 8 p. m. 9 p.m. 10 p.m. II p.m. Mid. - 2- I |~ 3- I — 4. I - 4.6 — 4.4 — 3-9 — 3- I — 2. I — i-S — 0.9 0. 1 0.9 I-S — 2.4—3.6 — 4-4 — S-o — S-o — 4. 4 — 3-4 — 2.6 — 1.8 — 0.8 — 0. 2 0.6 I. 2 — 2. 7 — 4. I — 5- I — S-S — S-9 — S- I — 4.1 — 3- I — 2. I — I. I — 0. I 0.9 I- 7 - 3-6 — 4.8 - S-6 — 6.0 — 6.0 -5-4 — 4-4 — 3- 2 — 1.8 — 0.4 0.8 1.8 2.6 — 5-2 — 6.0 - 6.4 — 6.8 — 6.6 - S-8 - 4.8 — 3- ■s — 1.4 0. 2 1.8 3- 2 4.0 — 5-° — 5-7 — 6. 2 - 6.4 — 6. I — S-2 — 4.0 — 2. 2 — 0.4 1-4 2-3 3-3 4. 2 — 5-4 - 6.0 — 6.6 — 6.8 — 6.2 — 5-t> - 3-6 — 2. 2 — 0.6 1.4 2.4 3-4 4.2 — 5-4 - 5-8 — 6.8 — 7.0 — 6.6 - S-6 — 4.0 — 2. 2 — 0. 2 I. 2 2. 2 3- 2 4.0 — S-S - 6.S — 7- I — 7-3 - 6-S — S-3 - 3-7 — 2. I — 0- 7 °-s 1.9 2.9 3-S — 5-3 — 6.3 — 7-3 — 7-S - 6.7 — S-3 — 3-7 — 2-3 — 0.9 °-3 I-S 2. 2 2. 7 — 3-S — 4.9 — S-7 — 6.0 — S-5 — 4-S — 3-S — 2.5 — i-S — °-S 0-7 I-S 1-9 — 2.6 -3-8 — 4.5 — 4- 7 — 4-3 — 3-7 — 2.9 2. I — 1.4 — 0.6 0. 2 0. 7 I. I NASHVILLE. — 2.6 - 3-6 - 4-6 — 5-2 - 4-8 — 4.0 — 3-° — 2.0 — I. 2 — 0.6 0.4 I. 1.4 — 3-4 - 4-6 -5-4 - 5-8 - 5. 6 — 4-7 - 3-6 — 2.5 — I-S — 0.6 0.4 I. 2 1-7 — 4. 2 — S-S - 6.3 - 6.5 - 6.3 - 5-3 — 4- 2 — 3-1 — 1-7 — 0.5 o-S 1-3 2. I — S-o — 6.0 - 6.7 - 6.9 — 6.6 - 5-& — 4-7 — 3-4 — I-S 0. I 1-4 2-3 3-3 — S-7 - 6.5 — 7-1 — 7-3 - 6.9 - 6.3 — 5-3 — 3-7 — 1-3 0.8 2-3 3-3 4-3 — S-3 — 6.0 -6.4 - 6.5 — 6. I — 5-2 — 4- I -- 2.5 — 0.8 0.7 2. 2 3-3 4.0 — 5-9 -6.5 - 6.9 - 6.9 - 6.5 — 5- 7 ^4-3 — 2.5 — 0.5 I. I 2-5 3-5 4-3 — 6.0 - 6.9 — 7-3 — 7-3 - 6.9 — 5-9 — 4-4 — 2.6 — 0.8 I. 2-3 3-2 4.0 — 6. I — 7-3 — 7-7 — 7-7 — 7- I — 6.0 — 4-5 — 2.7 — I. I. 2. I 2.9 3-5 — 3-S — 7-S — 8. I -8.3 -7-3 — 6. I — 4-5 — 2-9 — I. I 0. I I-S 2.7 3-7 — 3-2 — 5-9 - 6.5 — 6.6 — 5-9 - 4-8 - 3-6 — 2.4 — I. 0. I. 2. 2.8 — 3-° — 4-3 — 4-9 — 5-0 — 4-5 - 3-6 — 2.8 — 2.0 — I. — 0. 2 O-S I. 2 1.8 EL PASO. - 6.5 — 9 5 — 12 I J 2 9 —II. 9 — 9- 5 - 6.9 — 4-S — 2 I 5 2. I 3-7 4- — 7.0 — 9 8 — II 8 — 12. 7 — 12. — 10 2 - 7-8 — 4-8 — 2 6 2. 2 4.0 5- - 7-8 — 10 2 — 12 — 12 8 —12.8 — 10. 6 — 7-7 — 5-2 — 2 4 3 2.4 4.2 S- — 8. 2 — 10 8 — 12 6 —13- 6 -13.6 — 10. 8 -6.4 - 4-6 — I 6 I 2 3-6 5-8 7- — 8.6 — 10. 6 — II 8 — 12. 8 —12.8 — II. 6 — 8.6 - 4.6 — I. 2 4-4 6.4 8. - 8.7 — II 7 —13 5 —14. 7 —14.9 —13- 7 — 9-7 — 5-7 — I. 7 2 3 S-3 7- 7 9- - 8.3 — 10. 7 — 12. 3 -13- 3 —13-7 — 12. 9 — 9-5 — 5-3 — I 3 2. 3 5- I 7-3 8. - 7-6 — 10. I — II 9 -13- I —13-3 — II. 7 — 8.1 — 4-7 — I. 3 I 9 4.9 6.9 8. — 8.2 lO. 2 — II. 8 — 12. 7 —12.9 — II. 2 — 8.2 — 4-2 — 0. 2 2 4 4-4 5-8 6. — 8.8 — II. 2 —13- —14. —13-4 — 10. 3 — 6.8 - 3-8 — 0. 8 2. 2 4.2 5-8 6. — 8.6 — II. — 12. — 12. 6 — 12. —10. 6 — 8.6 — 5- 1 — I. 6 I. 4 3-8 5-4 6. - 7-8 — 10. 4 — II. 8 — 12. 2 — 10.8 — 8. 4 - 5-8 - 3-8 — I. 4 I. 2.6 4. 2 5- 30 COKRECTIONS TO HOURLY TEMPERATURE READINGS TEXAS, Local time . . January . . . February * . March* April May * . . . . June July* .. . . August*. . . September . October . . November * December a.m. 2 a. m. i-4 1.8 1-5 1-7 1-7 2. 1.9 2-3 z. I 2.4 2-3 2-5 2. 4 2.6 2-3 2.6 2. 2 2-3 1.6 2. I-.^ 1.8 1-3 1.6 3 a. m. 4 a. m. ] 5 a. m. | 6 a. m. 7 a. m. 2. o 2. I 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.7 2-5 2.3 2. O 1.9 To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add i hour and rg minutes. January . . February . March . . . . April. ... May . . . . June July August . . . September October . . November December To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add 2 hours and 27 minutes. a. m. 9 2.6 2. 4 2.8 2.6 3- I 2.4 3-3 2. I 2.9 1.8 2.4 1-5 2.5 1-5 2.4 1.8 2.7 2. 2.8 2. 2 2.6 2-3 2-S 2-3 2.5 2.9 3-3 3-5 3-7 5-9 3- 2.4 3-0 3-4 3-8 4. 2 4-5 4. 3-8 4. 4 5-2 5-8 6.2 6.2 S- 4- 7 5-5 6. I 6.7 7-1 7-3 4- S-9 6-5 7-3 7.8 8.1 6.3 3- 6. I 7. 2 8.3 9-3 9.1 7.0 4. S-8 7.0 8.2 9.2 10. 2 , 8.2 4- 6.0 6.8 • 7-4 8.4 9.0 8.4 6. 5- 7 6.3 7-3 7-9 8.7 8.7 6. 4.0 4.6 5-2 5-8 6.2 6. 2 4. 3-4 . 3.8 4.0 4. 2 4.6 4.8 4- 2. I 2-3 2.6 2.9 3-2 3-4 3- 2. o 2. I I-S 0.9 0.7 °-5 0. 7 0.9 1. o I. 2 1.4 I- 7 2-4 3-2 3-2 0.9 0-3 1.6 1. 2 2.6 3-3 2. 2 2.8 2-3 I. m. 10 a. m. 1.4 0.4 1.4 0. 0. 7 — 0-5 0, I — 1. 1 0. 2 — 1. 1 03 — 1. 1 0.4 — I. 2 0. — 1-3 0. I — I. I 0. 2 — 0.8 0.6 — 0.6 0.9 0. 2 II a.m. 0.9 1.4 0.8 1-7 1.9 1.4 1.8 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 o. 7 0.6 1. o i-S 1.9 1.9 1.9 2. I 2. o 1.9 1.8 1.6 1-3 UTAH, 0.9 — 2.3 0.4 — 2.0 1.6 - 3-6 3-6 — 4.9 3-3 — 4-7 3-8 — 5-4 1 3-8 - 5-8 3-6 - 5-8 3- 7 — 5-9 3-2 — 5- I 1.6 -3-4 1-3 — 2.6 VIEGINIA. January . . February * March*. . . April*. . . . May* . . . . June July August*. . September October . . November ' December 2.6 3-2 3-6 4. 3-1 3- 7 4.2 4- 3-7 4.3 4.8 5- 4.4 5-0 S-S 6. S-2 S-8 6.4 6. 5-7 6.3 6.9 7- " s-(> 6.2 7.0 7- 5-4 5-9 5.9 7- 4. 7 5-5 6-3 7- 4.8 5-4 6.0 6. 3-9 4. 7 S'3 5- 3- I 3-9 4-5 4. 7.8 7- 7 7-7 7.0 S-9 4-9 3-4 3-2 3-° 2.6 2.3 1.9 2. 2 0. 2 — 1.8 1.8 — 0. 2 — 2. I I. 2 — 0.6 — 3-0 0-3 — 1.6 — 3-9 — 0.4 — 2. 7 - 4.8 — I.I — 3-7 — S-7 -0.8 — 2.8 - 4-8 — 0.3 — 2,6 — 4-9 0. 7 — 2.3 - 4-8 1.6 — 1-4 — 4- I 1.8 — 0-7 — 3-2 2. I — 0. I — 2.3 To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add 16 minutes. * Interpolated, TO REDUCE TO TRUE MEAN TEMPERATURE. 31 GALVESTON. Noon. I p. m. 2 p. in. — 1-4 _ 2. — 2.6 - 1.8 2.6 — 3-0 2. 2 3-0 — 3-4 — 2.5 3-3 — 3-7 — 2-5 3-1 — 3-5 — 2.5 2.9 — 3-3 - 2.7 3-0 — 3-4 — 2.7 3-0 — 3-3 — 2.5 3-0 — 3- I — 2.4 3-° — 3-0 — 2.3 2.9 — 3'0 2. I 2. 7 — 2.9 3 P- m. 4 p. m. 5 P- m- 6 p. m — 3-0 — 2.8 — 2. 2 — 1.8 — 3-4 - 3-6 — 2.9 — 3.2 — 2.3 — 2.4 — 1-7 — 1-5 - 3-8 - 3-6 — 3-5 — 3-3 — 2.5 — 2.6 — 1-3 — 1.6 — 3-4 — 3. 2 — 2.6 — 1-9 -3-6 — 3-6 — 3-4 — 3-0 — 3-3 — 3-3 — 3-° — 2.6 — 2.3 ^2.0 — 1.8 — I- 7 — 1.4 — I. — 2.9 — 2.8 — 2.5 — 2.5 - 1.9 — 1.8 — I.I — I. 2 1-4 I. 2 0.9 0.7 0.9 — 0.9 |— 0.9 M 0.8 i — o. 6 M 0.6 — o. 7 p.m. 10 ]). ni. II p. m Mid. 0.8 — 0.4 0. 0.4 0.6 — 0-3 0. I °-5 0.4 0. 0.4 0.9 0. I °-3 0. 7 1-3 0. 0. 7 I. I 1.6 0. I I. I 1-5 1.9 0. I I. 1.6 2. 0. 2 0.8 1-3 1.8 0. I 0.4 0.9 i-S 0. 0. 2 0.6 I. 0. 0. I 0.6 0.9 0. 2 0. I °-5 0.8 0.8 1. o 1-3 1-5 1.8 2. I 2. 2 2. I 1.8 1-4 I. 2 I. o SALT LAKE CITY. — 3-9 — 4.9 -5-4 — 5-3 -4.5 — 3-3 — 2. I — I.I — 0. I 0. 7 1-3 1.9 2- 3 - 3-6 — 4-8 -5-4 - 5-6 — 5-2 — 4.0 — 2.8 — 1-5 — 0. 2 0.8 1.4 2. 2. 2 — 5-2 — 6. 2 — 7.0 — 7. 2 — 6.6 -5-4 - 3-8 — 1.8 — 0. 2 0.8 1.8 2.8 3-2 — 5-7 --6.3 — 6.6 - 6.7 — 6.6 — 5-7 — 3-9 — 1.8 — °-3 I. 2 2.4 3-'4 4-5 — 5-7 - 6-5 — 7- 1 — 7-5 - 7-1 — 6. I — 4.9 — 3-1 — °-5 1-5 2.9 3-9 4.9 - 6.7 — 7-5 -8.1 -8.4 — 8.2 - 7-6 — 5-9 — 3-4 0. 1.9 3-0 4.0 4-8 — 7. 2 — 8. 2 — 9.0 -9.4 — 9.0 — 7. 2 - 4-8 — 1.8 0. 2 2. 2 3- 2 4.2 5-° -7-4 — 8.6 — 9.4 -9-4 - 7-6 — 7.0 - 4.6 — 2.6 — 0.6 1.4 3-° 4.2 5- 2 — 7-7 - 8.9 — 9-7 — 9-7 - 8.9 — 7- 7 — 4-7 — 2. I 0. 1 1-7 3- I 4.1 5- I — 6.4 — 7-4 - 7-8 - 7.6 — 6.8 — S-° — 30 — 0.8 I. 2.4 3-0 3-4 3- 7 — 5-2 — 6.4 - 6.7 -6.4 — S-2 - 3-8 — 2.6 — I. 2 0. 2 I. 2 1.8 2.8 3- 2 — 3-7 — 4-7 — S-° -4.5 — 3-3 — 2. I — 1.2 - 0-3 o-S I. 1.4 1-7 2. LYNCHBUEGH. - 3-8 — 4-8 - 5-6 -5-8 — 5-2 — 4.2 — 3- 2 — 2.0 — 0.8 0. 0.8 1.6 2. 2 — 4- I — 4-6 — 5-4 — S-° — 5-7 — 6.3 - 5-9 - 6.5 - 6.9 — 6.0 -6.4 — 6.8 — 5-4 — 5-8 — 6. 2 — 4.4 — 4-7 — S-° -3-4 - 3-6 - 3-8 — 2. 2 — 2. 2 — 2.3 — I. — 0.9 — 0.9 0. 0. 2 °-3 0.9 1-3 1.6 1-7 2. 2-3 2-S 3-0 3-8 — 6.0 — 6.6 — 6.6 — 7-5 — 7-5 — 8.0 — 7-3 — 7-7 — 6.6 - 6.9 -5-4 — 5-7 — 4. 2 -4.3 — 2.4 — 2.5 — 0.9 — 0.9 o-S 0.7 2. 2.4 2.9 3-7 4-3 4-7 - 5-8 — 6.2 — 6.8 — 7.0 — 7-4 - 7.6 - 7-8 — 8.2 — 7-4 - 7.6 — 6.2 — 6.2 - 4-8 - 4-6 — 3-0 — 2.8 — I. 2 — I. 0.8 0.8 2.8 2-3 4.2 3-7 S-o 4-3 - 6.3 — 6.1 — 7-3 - 7.6 - 7-8 — 8.6 -8.3 — 8.6 - 7-8 - 8.3 - 6.3 — 6.6 -4-3 - 4.6 -2-3 — 2.6 — 0.7 — 0.6 0.7 0.8 2. 2 2. 2.9 3-0 3-7 3-8 — S-o -4.0 - 6.5 — 5-3 -7-4 — 6. I — 7-S -6.4 — 7-1 — 5-9 — 5-S — 4-5 - 3-8 — 3-0 — 2. 2 — 1-7 — 0-7 — 0.7 o-S 0. I i-S 0.9 2-3 i-S 30 2. I 32 CORRECTIONS TO HOURLY TEMPERATURE READINGS WISCONSIN, Local time January . , February . March .... April .... May June July August . . . September October . . November December I a. m. 1-3 1-3 1.6 2-3 2.9 2.8 3- I 2.8 2.7 2. o 1-3 0.8 2 a. m. 3 a. m. 4 a. m. 2. I 2. 2 3-° 3-9 4. I 3-8 4-5 4-3 4.8 3-0 2-5 1.6 5 a.m. To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add 51 minutes. 2.7 3-4 4.0 4-S 4-3 4. I 6 a. m. 2.9 3-7 4.0 3-7 3-3 3-S 4-3 4- 7 5-7 4. 2 3-3 2.6 7 a. m. 2.9 3 3 8 a. m. 2-5 2.7 2. 2 1-5 o-S o-S 1, I 1-7 2.7 2. o 2. I 1.9 9 a. m. 1-5 1.6 I. o °-3 0.7 o-S 0-3 0-3 °-3 0.4 0.9 1-3 10 a. m. II a. m. 0.7 0.4 O. 2 0. 7 1-7 i-S 1-7 i-S I- 7 1. o 0-3 o. 4 o-S 0.8 1. 2 I- 7 2-3 2. I 2.8 2-9 3- 7 2.4 1-3 0.6 WYOMING, January . . . February * . March April May * June July August*. . . September . October . . . November * December 3- 7 4.0 4. 2 4-4 4.6 4.6 4. 2 2. 2 4. 2 4.6 4.8 S-o 5-2 5-2 4-3 2. 6.1 6-S 7- I 7-5 7-5 6.9 5-5 2.9 6.2 7- 2 8.0 8.8 9-1 8.0 4. 2 I. 2 7-3 8-7 10. 10. 7 10. s 8-3 3-8 0-3 8.4 10. 2 II. 9 12.6 II. 9 8-5 3-4 ~ 0. 6 8. I 9-7 II. I 12.5 12. 9 10. I 5- I I. I 7-6 9. I 10.5 12. 12. 2 9-3 5-2 1.6 7-S 8.9 10. s II. 7 12. I 11-3 8-3 2.9 S-9 6.6 7-4 7-9 8.4 8. 2 6.4 2.8 4.6 S-i 5-6 6.0 6-3 6.3 S-° 2. 3-4 3-6 3-8 4.0 4. 2 4-3 3-S 1-3 O. 2 0. 2 O-S 2. O 2.8 3-6 2.9 2. 7 3-1 1.6 1. 2 0.9 .8 - 4-8 . I — S-i -5 - 6.S . 2 — 6.2 . - 6.9 -9 - 7-6 -5 - 8.5 -3 - 8.3 . I - 8.3 .6 - 7-6 •5 - 6.5 ■3 — 5-5 To reduce local to 75th meridian time, add i hour and 59 minutes. "Interpolated. TO REDUCE TO TRUE MEAN TEMPERATURE. 33 MILWAUKEE. Noon. I p.m. 2 p. m. 3 p.m. 4 p. m. — 1.7 — 2.7 — 3-3 — 3-7 — 3-3 — 1.8 — 2.6 — 3'3 — 3-5 — 3-4 — 2. I — 2. 7 — 3- I — 3-4 — 3-4 — 2-3 — 3-0 — 3-5 — 3-7 — 3-5 — 2.7 — 3-2 — 3-3 — 3-3 — 3- T - 2.7 — 3-1 — 3-S — 3-7 - 3-6 — 3-5 — 4.0 — 4-3 — 4-5 — 4-5 — 3- 7 — 4. 2 — 4-5 - 4-6 — 4.5 — 4-5 — 4-7 — 5-0 — 5-0 — 4- 7 — 3-2 - 3-8 — 4. 2 — 4, 2 - 3-7 — 2. 2 — 2.9 — 3-4 — 3-4 — 2.9 - i-*5 — 2. 2 — 2.7 — 2.6 — 2. 2 S P-m. 2.7 3-° 2-. 9 3-3 2.9 3-3 6 p.m. 2. 1 2.5 2.4 2.8 2-3 2.9 3-5 3-1 2.9 2. o I- 5 1.4 7 p.m. i-S 2. o 1.8 2. I 1-7 1.9 2-5 2. 2 1.9 I. O I. I I. o p.m. 0.9 1.4 I. 2 i-S 0.9 0.7 0.9 I. I 1. 1 0-3 0.7 0.6 9 p.m. 10 p.m. II p.m °-3 0.8 0.6 0.8 o. I 0-3 o-S o. o O. I 0.4 O. I °-3 O. I 0.4 O. 2 O. I 0. 7 1. I 1-5 0.9 0.7 0.8 °-3 o. o 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.7 1-3 1-7 2. 2 1-7 1-3 1.4 °-S °-3 Mid. 0.9 I. O' 0.9 1-5 1.9 1.9 2.7 2-3 1.9 1-7 0.7 0-5 CHEYENNE. -6.4 - 7-6 — 8.0 — 7-2 - 4.8 — 2.8 — I. 2 0. 2 I. 2 2. 2 2.8 3- 2 3-4 - 6.7 - 7-8 — 8.2 — 7-S — 5-2 - 3-8 — 2.0 0. I. 2. 3- I 3' 7 4.0 — 7-9 — 8.9 — 9-3 — 9.1 — 8.1 -6.5 — 4. I ■— 1.9 0-5 2-3 3-5 4-7 5-3 - 7-6 -8.4 — 8.8 — 8.6 — 8.2 — 7.0 -4-8 — 2. 2 0-3 2. 2 3-5 4-5 5-3 — 8.4 — 9-5 — 10. - 9.8 — 9.2 - 7-8 — 5-4 — 2.6 0. 2. 2 3-9 5-3 6-3 — 9.2 — 10. 6 — II. 2 — II. — 10. 1 — 8.6 — 6.0 — 3-1 — 0.4 2. 2 4.4 6.1 7. 2 — 9.9 —10. 9 —II. 7 —II. 9 — 10. 9 - 8.9 — 5-9 — 2.5 0. I 2.9 4-5 S-S 6.7 — 9.9 —10.7 —II. 4 —II. 4 — 10. 2 -8.4 — 5-0 — 2.0 0. 4 2.8 4.4 s-° 6.3 — 10. I —II. 3 —12. I — 12.3 — II-5 — 9- 7 — 6.1 — 2. I 1.9 3-3 4-3 5-1 5-9 - 9.6 — 10. 4 —10.8 — 10. I — 8.1 -,S-6 — 2.6 — 0.6 1.4 3-2 4.2 5-0 S-6 -8.4 — 9.0 — 9-3 -8.4 — 6.0 — 3-5 — 1.2 0-3 1-7 2.9 3-6 4.1 4-5 - 6.9 — 7-7 - 7-8 — 6. 6 — 3-9 — 1-3 0. 2 1-3 2. 2.6 3-° 3- 2 3-3 34 COERECTIONS TO BEDUCE MEANS ALABAMA, MONTGOMERY. i § S Apr. ^ s 6 1-5 "a 1-5 Sept. 4^ > c5 6 a., 6 p. -h 2 0.8 0.8 I. I 1-4 I. 2 I. 2 I. I. 1.4 1.9 1.6 1.4 6 a., 2p.,iop. H-3.. — 0. 1 0. 0. 1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0. 2 0. 2 7 a., 2p., 9p. -=-3. . —0.7 —0.6 —0.6 —0.6 —O-S —0.6 —0.6 — 0. 7 —0.4 —0.4 — °-5 —0.4 8 a., 8 p. -=- 2 1. I. 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0. 9 I. 2 1-3 1-3 1.4 1-4 Max., min. -f- 2 — 0. 4 — 0. 4 —0-3 — 0. 2 0. 2 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 —0.4 —0.4 0. — 0. 2 — 0. 1 7a.,2p.,9p.,9p.H-4- — 0. 7 -o-S —0.4 —0.8 — 0. 2 —0.3 — 0-3 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 —0.4 —0.4 AEIZONA, YUMA. 6 a., 6 p. H- 2 i-S 1.6 2. I- 7 I. I 1.8 1.4 1.6 2. I I. I 1.6 6 a., 2 p., 10 p. + 3.. 0. 2 0. 7 0.4 0.8 I. 2 0.8 0.6 0-3 0-7 0. 2 7 a., 2 p., 9 p. H- 3... —0.6 —o-S -o-S — I. — I. 2 — I. 2 -1-3 —0.8 —0.8 —0.3 —0.4 8 a., 8 p. H- 2 3-2 3-° 2. 2 2. 2 I. I 0.8 —0.4 2. I 2. 2 2-S 2-S Max., min. -h 2 —1.4 — I. 2 —0.8 — I. o-S — 0. 2 0. —0.6 —0.9 1. —1-3 7 a., 2p.,9p.,9p.-f-4. — 0. 2 —0.4 — 0. 2 — 0. 7 —0.6 —0.8 —0.8 — 0. 4 —0.6 0. 2 0. 2 1.9 O. 2 -O-S 2. O -1-4 o. o CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO. 6 a., 6 p. -H 2 6 a., 2 p., 10 p. -7- 3 7 a.,2p., 9p. -j-3• 8 a., 8p. -^ 2 Max., min. -h 2. . . 7 a., 2p.,9p.,9p.-=- o. 2 -O. 2 1.6 -0.7 O. 2 1.6 0. 2 -O-S 1. I -0.7 o. o I. 2 O-S -0.7 O-S -0.6 -O. 2 I. I 0.8 0.8 I. I. I 1-4 1.6 1.6 0-3 0-3 o-S o-S o-S o-S o-S 0.4 —0.6 —0.6 — 0. s —0.4 —0.4 —0-3 — 0. 2 — 0. I 0. 2 0-3 0-3 0.4 0.4 0.8 I. i-S — 0-3 — 0. 2 0. — 0. 2 —0.4 -0.6 —0.6 —0.6 — 0. I 0. — 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 0.4 0.4 I. » 0.4 o. o 1-7 —0.6 o. 4 CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO. 6 a., 6 p. -r- 2 o. 6 0.8 I. 2 1-3 I. 0.6 I. I. 2 1.6 I-S I. °-5 6 a., 2 p., lop. -=-3. . 0. 0. 0. 2 0. I 0. I 0. 0. — 0. I 0. — 0. 2 — 0. I 0. 7 a., 2 p., 9 p. -^3. . . — 0. 2 —0-3 —0.3 —0-3 —o-S —o-S —0.6 —0.7 —0.4 -o-S —0-3 — 0. 2 8 a.,8 p. -=- 2 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.6 I. I I. I. 2 I. 0.8 ' 0.7 Max., min. h- 2 —0.4 — 0. s —o-S —0.6 —0.3 —0.4 —0.4 —0.6 —0.9 — I. —0.6 —0-3 7 a., 2p.,9p.,9p.-H4- — 0. 2 — 0. 2 0. I 0. I 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 0. 0. I — 0. I —0.1 — 0. 2 COLORADO, DENVER. 6 a., 6 p. H- 2 2. 1.6 1.8 3- I 1.4 2. 2-3 2-S 2-S 2. I 1.8 2. 6 a., 2 p., 10 p. -7- 3. . — 0. I 0. 2 0-5 0.8 o-S 0.8 O-S 0.9 I. 0.8 0-3 0. 7 a., 2p.,9p.^3... —0-5 —0.4 — 0. 2 —0.6 — I. I 1. I —0.9 —0.8 —0.9 0. 2 — 0-3 —0.4 8 a.,8 p. -=- 2 2. 2 1.8 2. 2 0- 7 O-S 0. I-S 0.9 0.7 2. 2. I. Max., min. h- 2 —0.8 —0.8 — 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 0.7 0. 2 0. 2 0. I — 0-3 — I. 2 —1.8 7a.,2p.,9p.,9p.-T-4- 0. 2 0. 1 — 0. I I-S —0.8 1. I —0.4 —0.4 —0.4 0. I 0-3 0-3 OBTAINED BY COMBINATION OBSERVATIONS. 35 DISTEIOT OF COLUMBIA, WASHINGTON. a 1-5 i ft ^ S 6 a 3 si .4^ >' ft 6 a., 6 p. -;- 2 o. 4 6 a., 2 p., lop. -i- 3. . — 0. 1 7a.,2p.,9p.-e-3-:— 0-3 8 a., 8 p. -h 2 I. 2 Max., min. -5-2 i— 0. 4 7 a., 2p.,9p.,9p.-^-4J 0.0 0.6 0. — °-3 1-3 —0-5 — 0. 2 0.9 0. 1 —0.4 1. — 0. 2 —0.4 0.8 — 0. 1 —0-3 0.8 0. — 0-3 0.8 0.6 —0.6 °-S — 0. 1 —0.4 0.6 O'S —0.7 0.6 0. — 0. 2 0.7 0-3 —0.6 0.8 —o-S I. 2 o-S —0.4 I. — 0. I 1-3 0.4 —0.6 I. I —0.6 — 0. 2 1-3 0. 2 —0.6 1.4 —0.6 —0-3 0.9 0. —0.4 1.6 -0.6 0.6 — 0. 2 —0-3 1-4 — 0. 7 — 0-3 GEORGIA, ATLANTA. 6 a., 6 p. -H 2 0.7 0.8 1-3 0. 7 I. I. 2 1. 1 1. 1 1. 2 i-S 0.8 I. 6 a., 2p., lop. -H3. . 0. 1 0. 1 0. 2 0. 2 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 0-3 0. 0. 7 a., 2 p., 9 p. -=-3.. . — 0. 1 — 0. 2 — 0. 1 —0.7 —0.6 —0.4 —0.4 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 —0.4 —0.4 —0-3 8 a., 8 p. -T- 2 1. 1 I. 0.8 0. 1 0.4 0.4 . 0.6 I. 1-3 1-5 I. 2 I. 2 Max., min. -h 2 — 0. 2 0. 0. 0. 0. 2 0. 2 0. 1 0. — 0. 1 — 0. I —0.4 0-3 7a.,2p.,9p.,9p.-T-4. —0.2 —0.4 — 0. 2 —0.8 —0.6 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 — 0. 1 —0.2 —0.4 —0-3 —0.3 GEORGIA, SAVANNAH. 6 a., 6 p. -H 2 o.8 I. 2 1.6 I. I. I I. I. 1-3 i-S 1.6 1-4 I. 2 6 a., 2 p., 10 p. -j- 3- • 0. 0. I 0-3 0.1 0-3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0. 2 0. 2 0. 0. I 6 a., 8 p. -^ 2 1.6 1.6 1-7 I. 2 o-S 0. I 0.4 0.8 I.O 1-3 I- 7 2. 7 a., 2 p., 9 p. -h 3--- —0.4 — 0. 2 — 0. I — 0. 2 —0.6 —0.8 -o-S — 0. 2 —0.4 —0.4 —0.4 —0-3 Max., min. -h 2 —0.6 —0.4 — 0. 2 —0.4 —0.4 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 —0.4 —0.6 —0.4 —0-5 —0.6 7 a., 2p.,9p.,9p.-^■4• -0.3 — 0. I 0. 0. I — 0. I — 0. 2 0. 0. 2 0. — 0. I — 0. 2 — 0. 2 ILLINOIS, CHICAGO. 6 a., 6 p. -h 2 o-S 0.8 I. I. 2 0.9 0.6 o-S 0.6 1-3 I. 0.8 0.6 6 a., 2 p., 10 p. -H 3- - 0. 0. 2 0. 2 0-3 0-3 0-3 o-S o-S °-3 0. I 0. I 0. 7 a., 2 p. ,9 p. -=-3... — 0-3 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 — 0. I —0-3 -0-3 -0.3 —0.4 —0.3 — 0. 3 — 0. 2 8 a., 8 p. H- 2 0.4 0-7 0-7 0.6 0.4 0. 2 0.2 0.4 0.8 0-7 0.7 0. 7 Max., min. -7- 2 ^0. 2 0. I 0. 2 0. 2 0. 0. I 0-3 0-3 0. I 0. 0. — 0. I 7a.,2p.,9p.,9p.-=-4- —0.4 — 0-3 —0-3 — 0. 2 — 0. I — o- 3 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 —0.4 —0.4 —0.3 — 0. I IOWA, KEOKUK. 6 a., 6p. -j- 2 0.6 0.7 0.9 1-7 I. 0- 7 I. I. 2 1-4 1-4 I. 2 0.8 6 a., 2 p., lop. -j-3-- — 0. 2 0. 1 0-3 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.6 0-5 0. 2 0. I 0. 7 a., 2p.,9p.-7-3..- —.0.4 —0.3 — 0-3 —0.4 —0.4 —o-S —0.6 —o-S —0-5 —0.4 — 0-3 — 0. 2 8 a., 8 p. -r 2 1. 1 1. 1 I. I 0.4 0.4 0. 2 0-3 0.6 0.9 I. I I'. 2. Max., min. -=-2 —0.7 —0.4 — 0. 2 0.4 0-3 0. 2 0.4 0. I 0. —0.4 —0-3 — 0. 2 7a.,2p.,9p.,9P.-=-4- —0.4 —0-3 — 0. I —0-3 — 0. 2 — 0. I — 0. 2 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 —0-3 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 36 CORRECTIONS TO REDUCE MEANS KANSAS, DODGE CITY. 6 a., 6 p. H- 2. . . . 6 a., 2 p., lo p. -r-3 7a., 2p.,9p,-r 3- 8 a., 8 p. -H 2 Max., min. -f- 2. . . 7 a., 2p.,9p.,9p.H-4 — o. 2 I. 8 0-3 -0-3 2.6 -0.8 o. o ^ eg 1-9 I- 7 0.7 0.8 — 0. I —o-S 3-0 I. 2 —0. 7 —0.8 — 0-3 0. I. I O-S -0.9 I. o -o. 4 -O. 2 2.9 0-S -o-S 2-7 -0.8 O. I > o 2. 7 O. 2 -0.4 2.8 -I. o O. I 2-S -O. I -°-3 2-3 -I. 2 O. 2 LOUISIANA, NEW OELEANS. 6 a., 6 p. -f- -' o. 8 0.8 I. I I. 2 I. I 0.6 0.7 I. I. I 1-3 I. 2 I. 6a., 2p., iop.-=-3. . — 0. 7 0. 2 0-3 0. 4 0.4 0-3 0. 2 0. °-3 0-3 0. 2 0-3 7 a., 2 p., 9 p. -r-3.. . —0.3 -0-3 — 0. 2 — 0. I —0.4 — 0. 4 —0.6 -0-3 —0.4 — 0. 4 — 0. I —0-3 8 a., 8 p. H- 2 I. I I. 2 I. 2 I. o-S 0. 2 0. 0-3 o-S 0- 7 I. 2 I. 2 Max., min. -h 2 -o-S -0.4 —0.3 —0.4 0. I 0. 2 0. 0. 2 — 0. I -0-3 — Q. 4 —0.4 7 a., 2p.,9P•,9P.-^■4■ — 0. 2 — 0. 2 — 0. I 0. I 0. 0. —0.4 0. — 0. 2 — 0. 0. I — 0. 2 MAINE, EASTPORT. 6 a., 6 p. -H 2 0.4 o-S o-S 0.6 0.4 0-3 0.6 0.9 6 a., 2 p., lop. -=-3- . 0. 0. 0. I 0. 0. I 0. I 0. I 0. 7 a., 2 p., 9 p. -=-3. • • — 0. 2 — 0. 2 —0-3 — 0-3 —o-S —0-7 — 0. 6 — 0. 7 8 a., 8 p. -h 2 o-S 0.6 0.6 0. 7 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.8 Max., min. h- 2 — 0. 2 -0-3 — 0-3 — 0. 4 — 0. 4 — 0-3 —0.6 — 0. 6 7 a., 2p.,9p.,9p.-=-4- —0-3 —0-3 — 0. 2 — 0. I 0. —0.4 — 0. I I. 0.8 o-S 0.4 — 0. 2 0. 0. 0. — 0. 7 — 0-3 — 0. I — 0. I I. 0.9 I. I 0. 7 —0.6 —0.4 — 0. 2 — 0. I — 0. 2 — 0. I 0; — 0, 2 MASSACHUSETTS, BOSTON. 6 a., 6 p. -r- 2 0-7 0.8 I. 1.4 I. 2 0.9 I. I I. 2 1.4 1-3 0.9 0.8 6 a., 2 p., lop. -H3- ■ — 0. 2 — 0. I 0. I 0.4 0. 4 o-S 0-3 0-3 0. I 0. — 0. I — 0. I 7 a., 2 p.,9P-H-3 ■-• —0.6 —0.6 —0.7 —0.4 —0.4 -0.4 — 0. 7 —0.6 —0.6 —0.4 —0.4 —0.4 8 a., 8 p. -=- 2 0.9 °-S 0. I 0.6 0.4 0. 2 0-3 0-5 I. 2 I. I I. I. Max., min. -h 2 —0-5 —0.4 — 0-3 0. 0. 0. 0. 2 0. I —0.7 —0.6 —0.7 —0.6 7a.,2p.,9p.,9P.-=-4- —0.6 —o-S -o-S — 0. 2 -0.1 — 0. I — 0. 4 — 0. 2 — 0. I — 0. I —0.2 — 0. 2 MICHIGAN, ALPENA. 6 a., 6 p. -H 2 0.6 0.6 I. 0.6 o-S 0. 0. 0.6 0.8 I. 2 0.7 0.6 6 a., 2 p., 10 p. -^3.. — 0. I — 0. I 0-3 0. 0. — 0. I — 0. I 0. 2 0. I — 0. 2 0. 2 0. 7 a., 2 p., 9 p. -^3.. . —o-S —0.6 — 0. I — 0. 7 —0.8 —0.7 -0.6 —0.6 —0.4 — 0. I 0. — 0. 1 8a.,8p.-^2 0.6 o-S I. 0. 2 — 0. I — 0. 2 0. 0. 2 0.6 I. 0.8 0. 7 Max., min. -^2 —0.4 —0.4 — 0. I 0. 0.4. 0-5 o-S 0. — 0-3 °-5 — 0. 2 —0.4 7a.,2p.,9p.,9P.-^4- 0. — 0. I 0.4 0. I — 0. I 0. 0. 2 — 0. I 0-3 0.4 0.4 0. 2 OBTAINED BY COMBINATION OBSERVATIONS. MICHIGAN, DBTEOIT. 37 c 1- 6 a.,6p 6 a., 2 7 a., 2 8 a., 8 Max., 7 a., ; o. 4 p., 10 p. -|- 3 . . o. o P->9 P--^3--- — °-3 P--=-2 : 0.5 min.-^ 2. . . , — o. 3 p.,9p.,9p.-^4.— o. 2 Eh 0.6 0.8 0. I 0-3 0. 2 0. I 0.7 0.9 0. 2 0. O. 2 — 0. 2 0.7 o-S -0-5 o-S -0-3 -0-3 0.4 O-S -0.4 0.8 o. o -O. 2 a) a s 1-5 0.4 o-S -o. 7 O. 2 O. I -0.4 0.8 0.6 -o-S 0.6 o. o -0-3 I. o. — o. I. — o. — o. 4^ > 1 6 — O. I —0.6 O.I o. o ;— 0-3 ^ s 0.6 O. 2 -0.4 0.4 O. 2 -0.4 0.4 O. 2 -O-S o. o O. I -0.6 a 0.4 0-3 -0.4 o. o o. o -0-5 9 0-5 o. I -0-5 0.4 -O. I -0.4 0.8 o. I -o-S 0.6 -O. 2 -0.4 u 125 0-7 . 0.8 0. 2 0. I -0.2 — 0. I 0.6 0.6 — 0. I 0. 0. — 0. I 1i 0-3 -o. I -O. 2 0.4 -O. 2 -O. 2 NEW YOEK CITY. 6 a., 6 p. -J- 2 °-S 0-5 0.8 0.6 0.6 o-S 0-7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 6 a., 2p., lop. -r-3. . 0. 0. 0. 0. I 0.1 0. I 0. I 0. I 0. 0. — 0. I — 0. 1 7 a., 2 p., 9 p. -h 3... —0-3 — 0. 2 o-S —0.4 -0-5 — 0. 2 —0-5 —0.4 —0-3 -0-3 —0-3 — 0. 2 8 a., 8 p. -r- 2 0.6 0.7 0.8 I. I I. 0.8 0.9 I. I I. 2 I. 2 I. o'. 8 Max., mia. -h 2 —0-3 —0-3 —0.6 —0.5 -o-S —0.6 —o-S —0.6 —0.6 —0.6 —0.4 -0-3 7a.,2p.,9p.,9p.-f-4. — 0-3 — 0. 2 — 0-3 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 — 0-3 — 0. 2 — 0. I 0. — 0. I — 0. 2 — 0. 2 NEW YOEK, EOCHBSTEE. 6 a., 6 p. H- 2 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.8 0-7 0.4 0.6 0-7 I. 2 0.9 0.6 0.4 6 a., 2 p., 10 p. -H 3- 0. 0. 0. I 0. I °-3 0.2 0.4 0.6 0-3 0. I 0. 0. 7 a., 2 p., 9 p. ^3... — 0. 2 —0.3 — 0. I — 0.-6 —0.5 —0.6 —0.4 — 0. 2 —0,4 —0-3 — 0. 2 — 0. I 8 a., 8 p. -r- 2 o-S 0-5 0. 6 0-5 0.8 0.6 0. 7 0.8 I. I. I I. 0.7 Max., mill, -h 2 — 0. 2 — 0-3 — 0. 2 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. —0.4 —0.8 —0-5 — 0. 2 7 a., 2p.,9p.,9p.-7-4. — 0. 2 — 0. 2 — 0. I —0.4 — 0. 4 -0-3 — 0. 2 0. — 0. I 0. 0. — 0. I NOETH OAEOLINA, CHAELOTTE. 6 a., 6 p. -T- 2 '. 0.9 0.8 I. I. 2 I. 2 I. 2 I. I 6 a., 2 p., 10 p. -7- 3.. 0. 1 0. I 0-3 o-S 0.8 0-4 , 0-5 7a.,2p.,9p.^3... — 0-3 —0-3 — 0-3 —0.4 —0.4 ^0.8 . — 0. 4 r 8 a., 8 p. -7- 2 I. I I. I. 0.8 0-7 0. 4 1 I. j Max., min. -T- 2 — 0. 2 —0-3 — 0. I 0. 0. I 0. 1 —0.3 - 7a.,2p.,9p.,9p.-7-4. —0.4 —0-3 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 0. — 0.4 j 0. 1-3 0-5 -0.3 1-4 -0-3 o. I I 1.6 ' 0.5 — O. 2 i-S ! — o. 4 i-S 0.4 -0-3 1-7 -0.4 o. o I I. 2 O. 2 -^0.3 1.6 -0.4 -o. I I. o o. o —0.3 1-5 —0.4 —0-3 NOETH OAEOLINA, WILMINGTON. 6 a., 6 p. -i- 2 I. I i-S 1.6 1.8 1.6 I. 2 I. 2 1-3 1-4 1.4 i. 2 I. 2 6 a., 2 p., lop. -=-3- - — 0. 2 — 0. I 0. 1 0.4 0.4 0.8 0-3 0. 2 0. 2 0. I — 0. I — 0. I 7 a., 2 p., 9 p. -=-3- ■ ■ —o-S —0-5 —0.4 — 0-3 —0-3 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 —0.4 —0.4 —0-3 —0.4 —0.4 8 a., 8 p. -7- 2 1-7 1.6 1-4 1-4 I. 0.6 0.8 0.9 I. 1.9 2. 2. Max., min. -h 2 —0.9 —0.8 —0.7 —0.4 —o-S — 0. 4 -0.4 —0.6 —0-5 —0.9 —0.9 —0.7 7a.,2p.,9p.,9p.-=-4- —0-3 — 0. 2 0. — 0. 2 — 0. 2 — 0. I — 0. 2 —0-3 —0-3 — 0. 2 — 0. I — 0. 2 40 COERECTIONS TO REDUCE MEANS NORTH DAKOTA, BISMAECK. 6 a., 6 p. -^ 2 6 a., 2 p., lo p. -H3 7a., 2p.,9p.H-3. 8 a., 8 p. -T- 2 Max., min. -h z. . . 7 a., 2 p., 9 p., 9 p. -f- p I. I -O. 2 -o. 4 1.8 -o. 6 -O. 2 be s 1-4 0. 8 -0.4 1. o -O. 2 -O. I ft 03 2. O 0.8 -0.4 1-5 -0.5 o. o o O o 1.8 1.3 o. 3 O. I — o. 4 — o. 3 2.2 1.9 — o. 8 — o. 8 0.0 0.0 o ft 1-3 -0-3 -o-S 1-3 -I. o -O. 2 OHIO, CINCINNATI. 6 a., 6 p. -H 2 o•S 0.6 0.7 I. 0.9 0.8 I. I I. 2 I. 2 I. 0.9 0.7 6a., 2p., 10 p. -H 3. . 0. I 0. 2 0. I o-S o-S- 0.4 o-S 0. 4 0.4 0. I 0. 0. 7 a., 2 p., 9 p. -j- 3 - - • — 0. 2 — 0. 2 —0. 4 — 0. 4 —0.5 — 0-3 —0.4 —0.5 - -o-S —0.4 —0.4 —0-3 8 &.,8 p. -=- 2 0.8 0. 7 0.9 o-S O-S 0.8 0.8 0.9 I. I. 2 I. 0.7 Max., min. — 2 — 0. I 0. 0. ^■l 0-3 0. 0. 2 0. 0. —0-3 — 0-3 — 0. I 7 a., 2p.,9p.,9p.-j-4- —0-3 —0.3 —0.6 —0.4 0.6 -0-3 0.0 —0.4 - -0.4 —0.4 —0.4 — 0-3 OHIO, CLEVELAND. 6 a., 6 p. -i- 2 0. 4 o-S 0.6 0.6 0.8 o-S 0.8 0. 7 I. I. 2 0.6 0-3 6 a., 2 p., 10 p. -=-3- 0. 0. 0. I 0. 2 0-3 0.6 0.4 o-S o-S o-S 0. I — 0. I 7 a., 2p.,9p. -T-3.. . — 0. 2 — 0. I —0.2 — °-3 — 0. 7 -o-S —0.7 —0.4 —0-3 — 0. I — 0. 2 — 0. 2 8 a.,8 p. -=- 2 0.6 o-S o-S 0. 2 —0.6 — 0. 2 —0.4 0. 0.8 I. 0.8 0.6 Max., min. -h 2 — 0. 2 0. 0. 2 0-3 0. I 0- 7 0. I 0- 7 0. 2 0. — 0. 2 — 0-3 7 a., 2p.,9p.,9p.^4. — 0. 2 — 0-3 —0-3 -°-3 — 0. 7 -0,4 —0.4 —0.4 — 0. I 0. — 0. I — 0. 2 OHIO, TOLEDO. 6 a., 6 p. -T- 2 0.6 0. 7 0.9 0.8 0- 7 0.8 0.8 0.7 1-4 0.9 0.4 0.4 6a., 2 p., lop. -H3. . 0. 1 0. 0. 1 0-3 0.4 0-3 0.4 0-5 0-3 0. 2 0. I 1 0. 7 a-, 2 p.,9p. H-3.. . —0.3 — 0. 1 —0-3 —0.4 —0.3 —0.6 -o-S -o-S -o-S — 0. 2 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 8 a., 8 p. -i- 2 0.6 0.6 0-7 0.4 0.6 0. I 0.4 0-5 0.8 I. 2 I. 0.7 Max., min. h- 2 — 0. 2 — 0. 1 0. 0. I — 0. 2 0. I 0.2 0-3 0. — 0. 2 —0-3 1 — 0. 2 7a.,2p.,9p.,9p.-T-4- 0. 0. — 0. 1 — 0. I 0. — 0. 2 — 0. I 0. — 0. I 0. 0. I \ 0. OEBGON, PORTLAND. 6 a., 6 p. -^2 0.4 o-S 0.9 i-S 0.8 0. 0. 2 0.4 0.8 0-9 0.8 0.6 6 a., 2 p., 10 p. -^3. . — 0. 1 0. 0. 2 0. I 0-3 0.4 0. 2 0. I 0. — 0. 2 0. — 0. I 7 a-, 2p.,9p.H-3-- - —0-3 —0-3 —0.4 —0.9 —0.9 — I. — I. —0.9 — I. —0.6 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 8a.,8p.-^2 0.8 0.8 I. 2 0.8 0- 4 0. 0-4 0.8 I. 2 1.6 I. 2 0.8 Max., min. -^2 —0.7 —0.6 — 0. 7 —0.4 0. o-S 0. I —0.6 —0-9 — I. 2 —0.8 —0.4 7a.,2p.,9p.,9p.-^4-. — 0. 2 — 0. 2 —0-3 —0-3 —o-S —0.6 —0.6 —0.6 —0.8 — 0. 2 0. 0. OBTAINED BY COMBINATION OBSERVATIONS. OREGON, ROSEBUEGH. 41 s si Mar. a < ! a 1 d s <1 4-> > i 6 a., 6 p. ^2 °-5 0.6 0.4 — 0. 2 0. 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.8 1.4 0.8 0.4 6 a., 2 p., Iop.-i-3•■ 0. I °-3 0.4 0'3 o-S 0-5 0.6 0. 7 0. 7 0. 2 0. — 0. 1 7 a., 2 p.,9 P...J-3... —0.4 — °-3 —0-3 —0.6 — 0. 7 — I. — I. I —1.6 — I. —o-S —0.4 — 0. 2 8 a., 8 p. -f 2 I. 1.4 1.6 I. 2 0.8 0. 0. 2 0. 3 1. 1 1.8 1.8 I. 2 Max., min.-^2 —0.9 —0.6 —0.8- — 0. 2 0.4 0. 2 — 0. I —0.4 —0.4 — I. — I. — 0. 7 7 a., 2p.,9p.,9p.-^4. — 0. 2 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 —0.3 —0.4 —0.6 —0.8 — I. —0.6 — 0. 2 — 0. I 0. PENNSYLVANIA, PHILADELPHIA. 6 a., 6 p. -^ 2 °-S 0.4 0.4 0-3 0.7 0. 4 o-S 0.8 0.9 0.8 I. I 0-5 6 a., 2 p., 10 p. -1-3.. — 0. I 0. 0. 2 0. 2 0-3 o-S 0.4 0-3 0. 2 0. I 0. I — 0. 1 7 a-, 2 Pv9P--=-3- - — °-3 — 0. I —0-3 —0.4 —0.5 — 0-3 —0.4 —0.3 ^0.3 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 — 0-3 8 a., 8 p.-^-2 0.8 I. 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 0. 7 0.6 0.9 1-3 I. I 0. 7 Max., miu.-^ 2 — 0. I — 0. 2 —0.4 —0.4 — 0-3 —0.4 —o-S —0.4 —0.7 —0.4 — °-3 7 a., 2p.,9p.,9p.-f4. — 0-3 — 0". 2 —0-3 —0-3 —0-3 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 — 0. I 0. — 0. I —0.3 PENNSYLVANIA, PITTSBURGH. 6 a., 6 p.-f 2 6 a., 2 p., 10 p. -^ 3 7 a.,2p.,9p.-^3. 8 a., 8 p. -f 2 Max., miu.-i-2. . . 7a.,2p.,9P-,'9P-=- 0.6 o. o -0-3 o-S -O. I -0.3 0.7 O. I -O. 2 0.6 -O. I -O. 2 .0.8 O. I -O. 2 0.8 -O. 2 -O. 2 0.7 0. o -0.4 1. o -0-3 -0-3 I. o 0. 2 -0.4 1. 2 -0.4 -O. 2 I. 2 I. 2 0.4 0. 2 0.4 —o-S 1-4 i-S 0.4 —0.4 0.1 —0.4 I. 2 O. 2 —0.5 — 1.6 0.6 0-3 I. 2 1-3 I. 0.6 O.I 0.0 0. — 0. 2 —0.6 —0.6 — 0-.S —0.4 — 1-7 -1-7 —1-3 —0.8 — 0. 6 — 0. 7 -o-S — 0-5 —0.4 — 0. 4 — 0-3 — 0. 2 TENNESSEE, KNOXVILLE. 6 a., 6 p. -;- 2 6 a., 2 p., iop.-^3. 7 a., 2 p., 9 p. -^- 3.. 8 a., 8 p. -f 2 Max., min. -^ 2. . . . 7a.,2p.,9p.,9p.-r4 0.6 0. o -0-3 1. 2 -0-5 -0.4 0.9 0. 2 -0.4 1. 2 -O. 2 -O-S I. 2 O-S -0-5 I. I O. I -0.6 I. I I. I I. I I. I I. I I. 2 i-S 1-3 0. 7 0.9 I. I. 2 I.O 1.4 0.6 0.4 o-S —o-S —0.4 — 0. 2 0. 2 — °-3 — 0. 4 -0-3 I. 0. 4 0.6 0.9 I. 2 1-4 2. 1-9 0. I 0. 2 0. 2 0. 0. 2 —0.4 —0.8 —0.9 o-S 0. I 0. 0. I 0. I 0. -0.3 r. I o. o -0-3 1.8 -I. o -O. 2 TENNESSEE, MEMPHIS. 6 a., 6 p. -^ 2 6 a., 2 p., 10 p. -^3. 7 a., 2 p., 9 p. ^3.. 8 a., 8 p.-^2 Max., min. -^2. . . . 7 a-> 2 P-) 9 P-1 9 P-^4 6 o-S, Q. 8 0-9 I. 0, I. 0.6 I. I. I 1.6 i-S I. I 0. 0. I 0. 2 0. 0. 7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0. I 0-3 0. 2 — 0. 2 — 0. I — 0. 2 — 0-3 —0.6 —0.4 —0.5 — 0-3 —0.4 —0.4 — 0. 2 0.9 0.9 I. I 0.8 0.4 o-S 0.4 0.8 I. I 1.4 I. 2 — 0. 1 0. 0. 0. 1 0-3 — 0. I 0. — 0. I — 0. 2 — 0-3 — 0. 2 —0.4 —0-3 —0.4 — 0-3 —0.4 0. 0. 0. — 0. 2 — 0. 2 -0-3 0.8 O. I -0-3 0.9 -O. I -0.4 42 CORRECTIONS TO REDUCE MEANS TENNESSEE, NASHVILLE. ^ ^ May. 6 a July. B 4^ ft CO 4^ : ^ Dec. 6 a., 6 p. -7- 2 0.8 I. 1-3 I. 2 I. 2 I. I. 2 I- 4 I- 7 I-S I 1. 1 0- 7 6 a., 2p.,iop. H-3.. 0. I 0. 2 0-3 0.6 I. 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0-3 0. 1 — 0. I 7 a., 2p., 9p. -H3... —0-3 —0.3 —0.4 —0.4 —0-5 —0.6 —0-5 —0.4 —0-3 —0.6 —0.5 —0.4 8 a., 8 p. -r- 2 I. I I. I I. I 0-5 0. 0. 2 0. 7 0.8 0.9 I-S 1-3 I. I Max., min. -^ 2 — 0-3 0. 0. I 0-3 o-S 0. 2 0. I 0. I 0. I —0.4 — 0.-4 — 0, 4 7a.,2p.,9p.,9p.H-4- —0.4 —0.4 —0.4 — 0. 2 —0-3 — 0. I — 0. I 0. -o-S —0.4 —0.3 TEXAS, EL PASO. 6 a., 6 p. -7- 2 I-S 1-4 2. 2. 2 1.6 0.3- —0.4 — 0. I 0.6 1-4 1-3 1.8 6 a., 2 p., 10 p. -^3. . 0. 0-3 0-7 0.6 1-5 0. 7 o-S 0-3 0. 7 0-3 I. 0. I 7 a., 2 p., 9 p, -H 3--- — I. —0.9 — I. -1-3 —1-3 —I-S —1-4 —1.4 —0.9 — I. 2 —o-S —0.9 8 a., 8 p. -r- 2 2. 2 1.8 I. 2 I. I 0. I 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.8 I-S 1-9 1.9 Max., min. h- 2 -I-S — I. — 0. 5 -o-S o-S — I. I — I. — 1-4 —0.9 — I. 2 — 0. 7 —I. 4 7a.,2p.,9p.,9p.-f-4. —0.6 —0.6 —0.6 —0.6 —o-S —0.6 —o-S 1— 0. 6 0. —0-3 0. 0.4 TEXAS, GALVESTON. 6 a., 6 p. -H 2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I. 0-7 0. 2 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.6 6a.,2p., lop. -H3-- 0. 0. 0. 0. I 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 0. I 0. 2 0. I 0. I 0. 7 a., 2 p.,9P.-f-3. . . — 0. 2 — 0. 2 —0.3 —0.4 —°- 3 — 0. 2 — 0- 3 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 8 a., 8p.-=- 2 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.4 0-3 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 Max., min. -h 2 — 0. 2 —0.3 —0-3 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 — 0. 2. —0-3 —0.4 — 0. 2 0. — 0. 2 — 0. 2 7 a., 2p.,9p.,9p.-T-4. — 0. 2 —0.2 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 — o-i 0. I 0. 0. — 0. I —0. I — 0. I — 0. I UTAH, SALT LAKE CITY. 6 a., 6 p. H- 2 0.9 0.8 I. 2 1-7 0- 7 0.6 I- 7 1-9 2.0 1.6 I. I I. I 6 a.,2p.,iop. -^-3-■ 0. 0. 2 0-3 I. 0-7 0.6 0.8 0- 7 0. 7 o-S 0. 0. 7 a., 2 p., 9 p. -r- 3 . . . —0.4 0. —0-3 — 0. 2 —0.8 —0.6 —0.9 —0.6 — 0. 4 — 0. 2 —0-3 — 0. 2 8 a., 8 p. H- 2 1. 2 I-S I-S 0-3 — 0. I 0.8 0. 7 I. 1.6 1.6 I-S 1-4 Max., min. -h 2 —0.8 —o-S ;— 0. 5 °-3 0-3 0.4 0. 4 — 0. 2 —0.5 —0.8 — 0. 9 —0.8 7a.,2p.,9p.,9p.H-4- — 0. 1 0. I — 0. 2 —0.2 — 0. 2 0. — 0. I 0. 0. I 0.4 0. I 0. I VIRGINIA, LYNCHBURGH. 6 a., 6 p. -H 2 0. 7 0.7 0.8 I. I. 2 1-4 0- 7 I.I I-S I. 2 I. I. 6 a., 2 p., 10 p. -=- 3. . — 0. I — 0. I 0. I 0.2 0-3 o-S o-S o-S 0.6 0. I 0. — 0. I 7 a., 2 p., 9 p. -T- 3... —0.4 —0.4 —o-S —0.6 —0-3 -0.8 — 0. 7 —0-7 —O-S —o-S —o-S —o-S 8 a., 8 p. -r- 2 1-3 I. I I. I 0.8 0. 7 o-S o-S I.O I-S 1-9 I- 7 1.6 Max., min. h- 2 —0.6 —0,6 —0.5 -0-4 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 0. — 0. 2 -0.2 —0.8 —0.8 — 0. 7 7a.,2p.,9p.,9p.H-4- -0-3 —0-3 —0-3 —0.4 0.4 —0.4 —0.4 —0-3 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 —0.4 OBTAINED BY COMBINATION OBSERVATIONS. WISOONSIISI, MILWAUKEE. 43 i J3 ^ g a >3 S3 ft 02 4J 6 6 a., 6 p. -^ 2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.4 O'S °'3 0.4 0.8 1.4 I. I 0.9 0.6 6a.,2p.,iop.H-3.- — 0. I 0. 0. 2 0. 0. 2 0.4 o-S 0.4 0-5 °-3 0. 1 0. 7a.,2p.,9p. H-3•■• 0. 2 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 — 0. 5 —0.5 — °-S —0.4 —0-3 — 0. I — 0. 2 — 0. 2 8 a., 8 p. -H 2 0.8 0.6 °-s 0. — 0. 2 — 0. 1 0, I °-3 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 Max.,min. -j- 2 —0.4 0. I °-3 0.4 o-S 0. 2 °-3 0. 2 0.4 0. 0. 0. 7 a., 2p.,9p.,9p.-^4. 0. 2 — °-3 —°-3 —0.6 —0.4 —0-3 — 0. 2 -0-3 — 0. 2 0. — 0. 2 — 0. 2 WYOMING, CHEYENNE. 6 a., 6 p. -e- 2 6 a., 2p., lop. -r- 3 7 a., 2 p., 9 p. -f- 3. 8 a., 8 p. -r- 2 Max., rain. -7- 2. . . 7a.,2p.,9p.,9p.-r- 1-7 — o. 2 — °-5 1-7 1.6 o. 2 1.6 o. o -0.6 -i-S o. o 1-4 0.4 -o-S 1-7 -0.9 o. 2 1.6 0.9 -0.8 0.8 O. 2 O. O I-S 1-3 2. I 2. 2 2.6 2.8 0. 7 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 o-S —1-3 —1.9 — I. 2 — I. I -0.7 —0.4 0. 2 —o-S 0.6 I. 1-5 2. I 0-3 0-7 0-5 0.4 — 0-3 — I. 2 —0.4 —0.8 — 0. 2 — 0. 2 0. 2 o-S 2.6 O. 2 -O-S 1.8 -I-S 0.4 2-3 -o. 2 -0.6 I- 7 -1.8 o. 2 44 CORKECTIONS FOB SPECIAL OBSERVATIONS. Corrections to reduce — '- — — (75 meridian time) to true daily mean. In all eases correction is additive. Montgomery . . Yuma San Diego. . . . San Francisco . Denver ...."... Wasliington . . Atlanta Savannah .... Chicago Keokuk Dodge City. . . I^ew Orleans Eastport Boston Alpena Detroit Duluth Saint Paul Saint Vincent. . Saint Louis . . . . Assinniboine. . . Omaha Winnemucca . . Santa Pe Albany Buffalo New York City. Rochester Charlotte Wilmington . . . Bismarck Cincinnati Cleveland Toledo Portland Eoseburg Philadelphia. . . Pittsburgh Knoxville. . . . Memphis Nashville El Paso Galveston Salt Lake City. Lynchburg .... Milwaukee Cheyenne c3 1-5 1. o 0.6 0.9 0. o 2. I 1. I I. 2 I •5 .6 I . 2 . I I I 5 8 7 S I 2 I I 4 6 3 I 2 6 2 2 7 4 8 5 I 2 I 7 I. 3 0. 7 0. S 0. 7 0. I 0. 3 0. 8 0. 6 I. 4 I. I. I I. 5 0. 5 0. 7 I. 2 0. 8 I. 7 X2 I. I 0.4 I. o °-3 1.6 I. 2 I. 2 1.6 0.8 1. I 2. 2 I. I 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.7 I. 2 i'3 1-5 0.8 0.7 I. o 1.8 2. o. o. o. o. I. I. I. o 9 5 9 5 3 7 3 0.8 0.8 0.7 0. I 0.6 1. o 0.7 1-3 I. I I. 2 I. I 0.6 0.4 1-3 0.8 1-7 I. 2 I. I I. I °-5 1.8 I. o I. I 1.8 0.8 I. I 2-3 1.4 0.6 0.7 I. I I. o I. I 1.4 1.6 o 7 I o I. I 1.9 I- 7 0.8 °-5 0.9 o-S T. 2 1.6 I. 2 0.9 0-5 o. 7 0. 2 0.9 0.8 0.8 1. 2 I. 2 1-3 1.9 0.8 I. o I. I 0.6 u a -< I. 2 I. I 1. I 0.7 2. o 0.8 I. o 1-3 I. o 1. I 2. o i-S 0-5 o-S 0.6 °-5 1. I 1.9 2. o I. 2 2. I. 2. I. o. o. I. O-S I. o 1.6 1-5 0.8 0-3 o-S 0. I 0.8 0.9 0.9 1. I I. o 0.9 1-9 0.9 1-5 I. o 0.6 1.6 I. o 1-3 I. I 0.6 1.4 0-5 0.8 0.7 O. 2 1-3 i-S 0.9 0.4 0.4 0. I 0.4 0.4 0-3 °-3 0.9 1-3 1. o 2-S 1-4 0. 2 °-S 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.6 o-S 1. o I. o O-S 0.7 O-S. I- 7 o-S I. 2 0.6 0. o 1. 2 a s 1-5 0.9 1.4 0-3 0.4 2. o 0.4 o-S 0.8 0.4 O-S 0.9 0-3 0-3 O. 2 O. O O. 2 O. 2 O. 2 O-S 0.9 0. o 0.7 2. 2 1. 2 0.4 O. I o. 7 o. I 0-3 0.7 O. 2 0.9 O. I o. o 0.4 O. 2 0. 7 1. 2 0-5 0.7 0.6 0-3 0-3 0.6 0.7 0. I 1. 2 B 1-5 0.9 1.4 0-3 0.4 2-3 0-7 0.8 I. o 0-3 0.7 I. I 0.4 0-3 O. I O. 2 o. 7 O. I 0.4 0.8 0.6 1.6 0.8 2. I i-S 0-3 0. I 0.6 0. I I. I I. 0.4 0. 7 0-3 0-5 0.4 0. 2 0. 7 0.8 I. 0. 7 0.9 0.4 0-3 1-4 0.4 0. I. 2 I. 2 I. I 0-3 0.4 2.4 I. I I. 2 I. 2 I. O I. I I- 7 0.8 0.6 0-7 o-S I. o 0.6 I. I I. o I. 2. I. 2. I. O 9 2 4 7 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 I. 2 I. I 1.6 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.4 0. o 0-9 0.9 1-3 1. 2 1-3 0. 2 0.8 1-5 1. 2 o-S 2. I I- 7 I. o 0.8 0.9 2.4 1-3 I. I. I. I. 2. 3 4 2 4 3 0.9 0. 7 0.9 0.9 1-4 1. o 1-7 1-3 1.6 0.6 1-7 2. 2 2. I 0.9 0.9 I. I I. I. I. 2. I. I. I. 0.4 0. 2 1-3 1. o 1-7 o O I. 8 0-3 1. o 0.8 2. o 1.4 1.6 I. o 0.9 I- 7 2-5 I. I 0.6 0.9 1-3 I. I 1. I 1.4 2. 2 I- 7 1-3 1.6 2. I 2. I I. 2 0.9 I. 2 1. 2 1.9 1.8 2. 2 i-S 1-3 1. 2 o. o 0. 2 1-3 I-S 2. o 1.6 1-7 I-S 0.9 1-3 2. o 1. o 2.8 o 1-7 0.9 I. o o-S 1.8 I- 7 1-4 1.6 0.8 1-3 1.8 1.4 0.6 I. 2 0.8 0.8 I I I I 1 I I 2. o I. o 0-9 I. I. I. I. I. I. I 0.8 0.9 0. I 0-3 1. o 0.8 1.6 I-S 1-4 1.8 0.8 0.8 1-7 0-9 2. 2 S3 I-S I. I 1. o 0. 2 1.8 1-3 1-3 2. o o- 7 1. I 1-7 1-3 0.6 0.9 0-3 0.7 I. o I. o 1-4 0.8 0.9 I. 2 1. 2 1.8 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.6 1.6 2. o 1-4 0.7 0.6 0.7 0. I 0.4 0-9 0.7 1-7 1. o 0.7 2. I CORRECTIONS FOR SPECIAL OBSERVATIONS max. min. 45 Corrections to mean temperature when obtained from Self-registering instruments. Montgomery . . . Yuma San Diego San Francisco. . Denver Washington . . . Atlanta Savannah Chicago Keokuk Dodge City New Orleans. . . Eastport Boston Alpena Detroit Duluth Saint Paul Saint Vincent. . Saint Louis. . . . Assinniboine. . . Omaha Winiieniucca. . . SantaFe Albany BuflFalo New York City. Rochester Charlotte Wilmington . . . Bismarck Cincinnati Cleveland Toledo Portland Eoseburg Philadelphia. . . Pittsburgh Knoxville Memphis Nashville El Paso Galveston' Salt Lake City. Lynchburgh . . . Milwaukee Cheyenne a O. 2 0-3 O. I -0-5 O. 2 O. I O. I O. I O. O —0.7 — °-3 o. — o. — o. o. o. o. °-3 O. 2 —0.6 — °-5 o. o — °-3 O. 2 O. I O. I — O. 2 o. o O. 2 0-3 —0.7 O. I O. I O. 2 —0.4 —0.6 O. 2 o. o —0.6 O. I o. o °-5 0.7 °-3 o. o O. 2 O. 2 .a En -O. 2 -0.4 -0.4 -0.6 -O. 2 -0.4 -O. 2 o. o o. o -°-3 -0-5 o. o -°-s -0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 O. 2 O. 2 -0.7 -°-5 °-3 o. o -0.4 -0.4 -O. 2 -0.4 -O. I p. o O. 2 -0.6 -0.4 -O. 2 -O. 2 -0.4 -O. I -0.4 -0-3 -0.4 -O. 2 o. o -°-s -0.4 O. 2 -O. I o. o -O. 2 u -°-3 -0.6 -0.6 -0.8 O. 2 -0.3 -O. 2 o. o o. o 0. -0.6 -°-3 -0-3 -I. I 0.4 -O. 2 -0.4 -O. 2 -0.6 0.0 O. 2 o. 5 o. 4 ■0. 1 o. 7 -0. 5 — o. 6 -0. 6 — o. 9 o. 7 0.0 o- 4 —o. 3 0-5 — 0-3 O. 2 O. I o. I — o. 9 O. 3 O. 2 O. 6 O. 2 o. 3 o. 4 0.3 1.2 o. 6 o. 6 0.0 o. 6 o. I o. 3 •0. 2 — o. 7 o. I o. 3 O. 2 — o. 4 o. o — o. 4 o. 5 O. 2 o. 7 O. 2 O. 2 O. I 0.0 o. 3 0.3 —0.9 1. 1 —1.5 O. 2 — o. 7 o. 4 — o. 4 O. 6 O. 2 O. I O. 2 O. I O. I o. 5 o. 3 0.0 O. I O. 2 — O. I O. I O. 2 o. o — o. 7 o. 3 o. 6 ^ s a) a B a -0-3 — 0. I 0-3 0. I 0. I 0. I 0. —0.6 -0. I 0. 2 — 0. I —0-3 -0.4 —0.6 -0-3 0. 2 o-S — 0. 2 — 0-3 -0. I — 0. I —0.5 —0.4 -0. 2 0.4 0. 2 — 0. I 0. I 0. I 0-3 0. I -0. I 0-3 0. 0. 0-5 -°-3 0. 2 0.9 °-3 0.9 0. 0. I —0-3 —o-S — 0. 2 -°-3 — 0-3 0. 0. -0.4 —0-5 — I. —0.7 -0.7 0. o-S 0. 2 0. 0-3 o-S 0. 2 -0. 2 — 0. 2 0-3 —0.3 -0. I —0.4 —0.7 —0.6 0. 2 0. 2 0. I 0. 0-3 o-S — 0. I —0.4 0. I 1.6 o-S —0-3 1.6 0.4 —o-S 1.6 o-S — 0. 1 1-4 °-3 0. — 0. I —0.8 0.4 0. 0.6 0.0 0-3 0.4 —0.3 - 0. 2 -0-3 — 0. I —0.8 —0.6 - 0. 0. 0.4 0. - -0. I — 0. 2 0. 2 0. - -0. I — 0. I 0.0 0. - 0.7 0. 2 1-3 0.8 0.6 0.6 o-S 0-3 - -0. I 0.8 0.4 0. 7 0. I 0.6 0. I 0.6 0. — 0. I — 0. I —0.3 - -0.4 0. I 0. 0. - -0.4 — 0. I —0.8 —0.6 - -0. I 0. 0. I 0. - -0.4 0. 2 0. —0.3 - 0.4 —0.4 — 0. 2 0. 0. 2 0.7 o-S — 0. I - 0-3 — 0. 2 — 0. 1 —0.6 - 0. I — 0. 2 0. — 0. I - 0.9 0. I 0.8 o-S I. 2 0.6 0.4 0. I - o-.S — 0. I — 0. I — 0. I - 0.8 —0.4 0. —0.3 - « -o. I -0.4 -0-3 -0-3 -o. 2 -o-S -0.5 -O. 2 -O. I -0-3 -0.4 O. I -O. I o -0.7 0.8 -0. 1 -O-S -0.4 -0. 1 -0.4 -0. I 0. 2 1-3 -O-S -0. I 0. -o-S -0. -0. 2 -0. 2 0. 2 0. I 0. 0. 2 ■0.6 0. 2 - o-S ■ 0-3 - 0.7 - 0. - 0-3 - o-S - 0. 2 0-3 0. I - 0.4 - 6. I - O. I 0-5 O. 2 1. 2 -O. I -0.7 -0.4 O. O -0.4 -0-3 -0.4 0-3 o. o -0.6 O. I -0. I -0.4 -0.4 O. 2 -0.6 -0-3 O-S 0.4 -0.6 o. o O. I ■0.5 O. I 0-3 O. I 0-3 0-3 o. I O. I 0.6 0.6 0.6 o. 7 0.9 0.4 o. I o-S o. o O. 2 O-S 0-3 0.4 o O. 2 O. 2 O. 2 —0.6 -0.4 -0-3 -0.4 o. o -O. I -0.4 -O-S O. 2 -O. 2 -0.4 O. 2 0-3 O. I -0. I O. I -O-S -0.7 0.6 O. I -0.4 -0-3 •0. I 0.8 O. I ■0. I O. o ■I. o O. I O. 2 0. I 0.7 0.4 1. O 0-3 0.4 O. I O. O 0.4 O. 2 0-3 0-3 O. I O. 2 to O. 2 O. 2 — O. 2 -0.4 O. o — O. 2 — O. I O. 2 — O. I -O-S -0.6 O. I — O. 2 -0-3 0.4 0-3 0.6 0-3 O-S -0.7 -0.4 O. 2 -0.6 -0-3 -O. I -O. 2 -0-3 O. I O. 2 O. O -0-5 O. o O. I -O. I -0.9 -O. 2 -0-3 -O. I -0-3 -0-3 O. 2 -0.3 -0-3 -O. 2 O. O -O. 2 -O. I Set SatDmetcrftanii unb ble 9ia(i^ ben in ®mben angefictften iBeofcaci^tungfn Berc^net »ott Dr. aR. C ?. fptejlcl, SDBnle^tn bet SKatl^ematit unb SiatUTtoiffenfi^aften am ©^mnaj^um ju @inben, ©irector bet natutforft^enben ®cfeKf(^aft bafelB^, b« JEaifwIii^ 8co^oIbinij(^=KaroImifc^cn beutfi^en SBabemte ber SBatw forf(^M:, bet fiaifettii^en ©efettf^aft bet SRatutfctfc^et fn SKog!au, bet ©efellfi^aft ffit SBatut= unb §eittunbe in ©teSben, bet ©efefffc^oft 3|?a bafettil, bet ©efellfc^aft jut a3ef6tbetung bet SRotutWiifenfi^aften in ©tcningen, bet fi^lejlfc^en ®efeff= fi^aft in Stellfttt, beS notutwt|yenj(^aftti(^en SSctcinS in JgomSutg, bet Sffiettctauifc^en ©efeKfc^aft in Jganan, bet OefeUfc^oft jut SBefotbeiung bet gefammten Sftatuttoiffenfc^aften in SKatButg, bet natutfotfi^enben ©efettf^aft in aSamSetg, bet fl. it. geclogifi^en 9teii^San|laU in 9Bien u. m. a. SD2itgIiebe obet @i]tteg))onbenten. Ut naturforf^enben ©efeUfc^ttft. fflebtudt 6ei §. SBoottmon sen. SBtte., ©tabtSui^btucEctci. 1860. Per |5arameterftanti untr tite barametrilldje litntivaCc ©ftfneelantJs. 9in^ ben in (Smbcn angc|ieKten Seobaci&tungen 6ete(!^net »on Dr. m. 21. g. ^veiieh I. ©ic ftorometrifjj^e aSBinbrofc, e*^enn man an einem in bcr nortlid^en gemafigten Sone liegenben Dttt ba« Steigen unb gaHcn beS Guecfitlbcr^ im SSarometet einige 3eit {)inburd^ mit 5lufmerffamfeit Derfolgt, fo jeigt fid) aldbalb, ba^ baS Satometer bei ojilid^en unb norblic&cn SBJinben l)ii^et fiefit, al6 6ci mfHii)in unb fublic^en; aud> l»irb e6 bem aufmerffamen SSeobad&tet nid)t entge^en, bag bad barometer fallt, wenn ftd^ ber 9Binb son Storboft burc^ Oft nacb ©iibwefi l^erumbrel&t, wenn et bann ober noc^ mikt liber 58Beiien l&inauS na^ 9iotben fortge^t, ba6 Ouetfitlbet roieber fleigt. Stefer SinflJuf ber »erj fdjicbenen SSBinbe auf bie .^ol&e ber fiuecffilberfdute im SSarometer njurbe fd&on Don £)tto son ©uerife unb »on SJfariotte balb nac^ (Srfinbung beg SSaromcterd ertannt, unb »on §alle^, 9D?airan, ©arfien, Saujfure u. a erortert. 3nbe^ nid&t attein baS Stctgen unb gallen bed tluerfiilberS im SBnrometer, fo wie bie Urfoc^e bed lectern, b. i. bcr 2)rucf ber Suft, fonbcrn aud) bie Sleraperatur, bie 8eud)tigteit, ber gro^ere ober geringere ®rab ber SSeWolfung, fo wie SRegen unb (gc^nee, ober mit einem SBorte, ba6 Sffietter iji burd) bie 9{id)tung beS SBinbed bebtngt. SQBenn ftc& nun burc^ fernerroeite Seobad^= lung i&erau3ftettte , ba5 fid) auS ber iBeriinberung bed 93aromelcr|innbeS mit einiger gid^erl^eit ein gc^Iug auf bie S03inbri(fetung mad)en liege, fo wiirbe man son le^tcrcr au3 weiter auf bie 8lcnberung beS SaSetterS fdjliefien lonnen unb in fofern wiirbe bo3 barometer mit aied&t ben 9?amen etneS SBet- tergtafeS serbienen. 2)ie (Sntfdieibung bcr grage in n?ie weit bcr Saromcterftanb ftd^ mit, ober gar cf)cr, alS bie ubrigen aQBitterung3erfd)einungcn anbert, fe|t bemnad) bie Unterfud)ung bed Sufammeni l^angcd 5Wifd)en iBarometerftanb unb SBinbric^tung fiorauS. 2)iefe foil unS ^icr in erfier SteKe be= fd)aftigen. llm bie Sejicl^ung jnjifd&en bem S3flrometerflanbe unb ber SBinbrid)tung aufjufinbcn tier:; gfi^cn bie altern *P^^fifer gen)6I)nlic& nur bie bciben ©rtreme im Snufe jebed SJJonntd. .^ierbei jcigten fii} naturltd^ stele 5lnoma(ten. Urn bicfe ju entfcrnen fd)lug Sambert') fd)on 1771 oor, bie mtttlern Sarometerfianbe bet ben etnjefnen SBinbcn nuftufud^en. Surf^arb fii^tte fpater btefe Slrbctt fiir ^Parie au3^). Seiner 93erec^nung beS 3«Wenn)crt^e3 bet iBcranberungen, welc&e bie a\x9 »erfd)iebenfn J&tmmel3(trid^en tve^enben SBinbe im S3arometcr|ianbe 6er»orbringen, Itegen bie eon aKcffter in ben ^ai)tm 1773 bis 1801 angeftcKtcn SSeobnd&tungen sum ©runbe. Son ben »on ^am^ ^ nai) S3urt= ^arb'« Slngaben bered^netcn ^aiiUn au3gel)enb, (a^t ftd) bie S5e5ic()ung bed SSarometerftnnbeS jur SOBinbrid^tung auf folgenbe Seife »eranfd)au(id)en. 5Parifer Sinien. 2Binb: @iibofi. 2)a3 SSarometet jief)t niebriger urn 0,97 ©lib. » » » » » 1,36 @ub»eft. » » » » » 1,20 SaSeft. » » » » » 0,29 Silorbwejl. 2)a« SSaromtter ftel)t Ijofter iim 0,69 SfJorb. * » » » » 1,27 Storbo^. » » » » » 1,45 Oji. » ,} » » » 0,45 @pater ^at S5ou»atb bie »on 1816 bi3 1831 auf bcm Obfcr»atortum ju ^]ari3 gemrtd^feii Seobac&iungen auf biefclbe SBctfe bercd^net. '35ei ber 9SetgIcid)ung bc6 iebcm ctnjclncn SQSinbe ange- ]&6tenben SotometerftanbeS mit bem mittlcrn Saromcferftanbe fiir $ari6 fleDt fic^ cbcnfallS cine ^aij- lenrei^e l^eraud, weld^e barin mit jener itbercinflimmt, ba§ ber SSarometerftanb bei 9Jorbnjeft=, 'Sloxt)=, $Rorbofis unb Cfiwinb grower ift, a(6 ber mittlere, bei Sitboft^, ®itb'; , Siibweft; unb SOBefiminb aber fieiner. ©anj baffclbe ergiebt fid) au6 ben f)ier in Smben »on 1844 bid 1858 angcdetlten 35e; obac^tungcn, nur mit bcm Unterfc&iebe, ba^ bie 3)iffcrenjcn jmifd^cn ben mittlern 23oromcterftanben, «)etd)e ben einjelnen SSJinbric^tungen angcboren weit grower ftnb. S)er mittfcre Snromcterftanb fur (Smben ift 336,65 5?ar, ?inien. (Sine 33erg(cicl)ung ber mittiern SSaromcterftdnbe fiir bie einjelnett 3GBinbric^tungen mit jenem SKittel ergiebt 5)]arifer Sinien. SSJinb : '@uboft. Xa^ Sarometer ftei^t niebriger urn 0,46 ®iib. » » » ,)• » 2,33 ©ubweft. » » » » » 1,85 ffieft. » » » » » 0,67 9fforbtt)efi. 2)nd SBarometer ftei)t I)6f)er um 0,96 9torb. -> » » » >, 1,77 5torboft. » » » » » 1,92 £)ft. . » >, » » » 0,87 3)ie Slnjaf)! ber SSeobad^tungcn, !»efd)e auf ber fitblid)en ^aibfuget ber grbe gcmocfet uiiP »er6ffentlid)t ftnb, ift bi« je^t gering, baS grgebnig au6 benfeiben entf>)rici)t nbcr bcm fo cbcn angege^ benen, nur ift bie SBirtung ber SQSinbe bie umgcfci>rte »on ber auf ber norblic^cn ^aibfugci. 3taif 5 ben 9JltttlieiIungcn son 2)o»e *) fteigt ba6 SBrttomctct in Subamcrifa bei Sffiinben nu8 SSBefi, ©ubiuef}, eitb unb namcntUd) au« Suboft, waf)reub e3 bet Oiij,-9lorbofi, Siorb unb befonbcrS bd Slorbweft failt. Slu6 ben im SBoirnnfte{)enbcn aufgcfut)rten (Srgebnifffn ber S3eobad)tungen bnrf man fomtt folgern, baf 5it)ifd)ett bcm Sarometerftance unb ber SEBinbridbtung etne beftimmte Sejiefiung (Statt ftnbet, ber 3"' faramentjang jwifdjen ben Slenberungen bet .§6f)e be3 OuedfrtlbcrS tra SSarometet mit ber SBinbrid).- tung lait ftd) auc^ bilblic^ »cranfd)au(tc^cn unb jwar auf 5tt)eifad)e 5a5etfe. Sinmal tnbem man auf einer geraben Stnic einc ber Sln^a^f bet 2Binbrtc^tungen qUiiji 3(n5aI)I Slbfcfenitte macfct, bonn in ben Sbeilpunften 8ott)e errid)tet, ouf bicfen bann, uon jencr ©eraben auSgel^enb, Slbfc^nitte mad)t, beren Sftnge bet ben einjelnen 9Btnbtid)tungen entfpredjenben Slenberung beS SarometerftanbeS )3ro})or= tional ifi , unb bte baburd) gefunbenen 5)?unttc burd> eine jufammcn{)angenbe Sinic cerbinbet. (Sine jweite 2)ariieUung ift bie, baf man cine SOSinbrofe oer5etd)net, bann bte ben 933in*ri(i&tungen entfpre=: (i^enben Sinien iSber ben bie 2Binbrofe einfd)licfenbcn ^retS f)inau6 oerlangert, ferner auf jeber ben ju; get)6rigen SBatometerftanb abtragt unb fd)Iiegiid) burd) bie fo gefunbenen Snbpunfte einc PcHgc Sinie fubrt. 2)ie auf bie angegebcne SQSeife gefunfcenen Surocn baben burcfe Seopolb son S3u^ ') ben 9?a; men barometrifd)e SQSinbrofen erl)aUen. 2)ie erfte batometrtfc^e SBinbrofe bat tnbe^ fd^on ^ot^Iei im Sabre l'/75 betedbnet. 3)a6 ©enauere itber ben 3uf weld)e bie bet ein unb berfelben SEinbricbtung beobadbtetcn SSaromcterftanbe angeben, weidben fo febr son etnanbct ab, ba^ unter ibnen beim erften Slnbtitf gar fein ^u^ammm^ I)ong fiatt ju ftnben fd)eint. @o j. S3, ifi ber b6d)fte SBarometetfianb, »eld)et bet SBcftminn uon 1844 bi3 1849 bcobacbtet wutbe 28" 8,9'" bet niebtigfte 26" 11,0"' bie itbrigcn 3ablen liegen m- fcben biefen urn 1" 9,9"' Bon einanbct entfernten ©renjen. a[bn[id)e Siffcrenjen ftnb id alien fibri= gen SQBinben beobad)tct. 5Rid)t3 bcfio roeniget entfpridbt jebet einjelnen SQBinbricbtung ein befttmmter SBaromctcrfianb unb bie ^Kcbrjabl bet 93eobad)tungen nabern ftdb biefem. 3ene fo auffaDenben Slbs tt>eid)ungen ftnben ibre Srildrung in bem Umflanbe, ba^ bie SBinbfabne, nadb beren (Stanbe bie JRidb^ tung be3 SBinbcd aufgejeidbnet wirb, nur bie Suftjiromung unmittclbar an ber Dbcrflddbe ber (Srbe (insetgt. 8c$tete i|i aber nicbt felten nur 6rtlid), anbrcrfcitS fiimmt ftc nid)t tmmer mit ber burdb ben 3ug bet SSSolfen angebeuteten , in ben libijim JRegionen bcsi Suftmeerc6 bfnfdbetjben SRidjtung bc6 SQBinbed uberein. !Die erfJe ber beiben folgenbcn Safeln entbiitt bie in jebem einjelnen SRonate hd jeber tffiinbridbtung bcobad)teten b6d)jien unb niebrigften Sarometcrflanbe , bie jwcite bie auS ben fammtlis d)m Seobad)tungcn fur jebe SEBinbrid^tung berecbneten barometrifdbcn SWittel. Zaftl I. ^Myyte unb niebrigftc bet ben »erf«*ie&eitcn SBinbciAtttiigcn von 1§44 bIS 1859 beobadytete aSarometcrftdn&c. 9?orb. 9torboft. Oft. Sub oft. Ttomt. aSarometcrftanb b6d)flfr.|tiefiiet.lUnterfd). SBarometerftnnb f)3d)(ier.| tiefffer.|Unterfcf) aSaromctcrftnnb bSdiflpr.! tUflict.lUntftf*. SSaromcterftanb bSdillet. lttefftcr.lUnt«f*.J Sanuar . /// 315,3 4H 336,6 III 9,7 346,6 335,1 tit 11,5 HI 346,1 til 326,2 19,9 Ill 344,8 III 326,7 III 18,1 gebruar . 3li2,S 330,1 12,7 345,7 321,7 24,0 345,1 330,6 14,5 343,3 331,5 11,8 Tiax^ . . 3M,5 333,0 11,5 347,9 325,5 22,4 342,6 332,7 9,9 343,2 330'6 12,6 Slprtt. . . 343,9 330,6 13,3 343,3 331,0 12,3 345,0 329,9 15,1 341,7 327,9 13,8 Wlai . . . 342,7 331,4 11,3 342,6 332,0 10,6 342,5 332,4 10,1 339,8 332,0 7,8 3uni. . . 342,3 331,4 10,9 341,4 330,7 10,7 342,4 331,1 11,3 339,6 331,4 8,2 3ult . . . 342,7 335,2 7,5 341,9 335,0 6,9 339,9 333,8 6,1 339,9 332,3 7,6 Sluguft. . 341,8 332,1 9,7 341,7 331,0 10,7 341,1 330,2 10,9 340,4 329,8 10,6 @ej)tembcr 343,2 ; 335,1 8,1 343,1 334,8 8,3 341,5 332,6 8,9 342,6 327,7 14,9 Cctober . 345,0 1 333,3 11,7 344,8 333,1 11,7 343,8 326,0 17,8 342,6 326,7 15,9 Slocember 341,7 328,6 13,1 346,0 327,1 18,9 347,0 328,7 18,3 343,0 327,6 15,4 JDecember 345,2 I 333,4 11,8 345,9 329,9 16,0 344,7 326,4 18,3 346,3 324,8 21,5 3a^r. . . 345,3 328,6 16,7 347,9 321,7 26,2 347,0 326,0 21,0 346,3 324,8 21,5 ®ub. S u b n) e ft. 2Beft. Slorbweft. SDlonat. Satometerftanb Sarometcrftnnb SSarometetftanb Sarometerftanb f)(Sd)|}er.|ticfflft.|Mnterfd). Md)(ier.ltief(tpr,|Uiitfrf4. ti6*ftpr. 1 tipfftpr. iUntftfd). l)3d))iPC.|tiff(ipr.|UntPcfd). /// III '" Ill III tu ,// ill /// ,// /// lU Sanuar. . 342,6 323,2 19,4 342,7 324,3 18,4 344,9 326,1 18,8 339,2 331,7 7,5 gcbruflr . 342,1 329,1 13,0 342,8 ! 320,4 22,4 343,1 328,2 14,9 345,1 331,9 13,2 Wax% . . 340,9 325,2 15,7 347,0 323,2 23,8 343,3 327,2 16,1 344,9 331,4 13,5 mxii. . • 338,8 325,8 13,0 339,8 325,6 14,2 341,7 325,3 16,4 342,5 332,0 10,5 gjJat . . . 338,8 330,0 8,8 339,9 329,1 10,8 340,5 1 324,8 15,7 342,6 331,6 11,0 Sum. . . 338,0 1 329,8 8,2 340,5 1 330,2 10,3 340,0 1331,0 9,0 342,5 330,0 12,5 3uli . . . 336,8 329,2 7,6 340,1 330,8 9,3 340,0 i 329,6 10,4 342,1 335,9 6,2 Sluquft. . 337,9 329,6 8,3 340,0 330,9 9,1 341,0 j 330,8 10,2 341,1 332,7 8,4 ^eptmin 338,3 324,7 1 i;^,6 342,7 327,4; 15,3 342,7 ! 328,1 14,6 343,0 333,2 9,8 £)ctobcr . 34.^7 326,7 17,0 340, J .324,0 16,3 341, t 327,4 14,2 343,5 328,7 14,8 9fo»cmbcr ;39,4 326,7 12,7 34?'5 323,8 18,7 343,6 i 323,0 •>iebenen 3eUen bed ^a® juge: l^dcige ^acometerftdnbe, nbgeleitet and ben in @tnben von 1844 bid 1858 angefteUten fSeobac^tnnsen. SRonat. I. 11. HI. IV. V. VI. gfiotb. Slortoft. Oft. Suboft. <5iib. ©iibmcft. aSeji. '53ar. Cin. ^M. Sin. '^at. Cin. ¥or. Sin. ¥at. Ctn. 9)oc. Sin. ^at. Sin. Vlf. 5Rorbweft. ^ar. Sin. December Sanuar . gebruat . gWarj . . Slprtl. . . Wlai. , . Sum. . . Suti . . . Slugufi. . September October . JBoPember SRittel . . 2Btntet. . gruljling . Soraraer - §erb(i . . 2»ittet . . 337,96 40,63 37,40 339,68 40,10 38,53 339,06 38,37 38,32 337,72 37,09 37,00 333,39 34,54 37,62 335,83 34,44 34,31 336,29 34,84 36,12 40,09 37,29 37,89 39,52 37,73 37,42 37,56 36,50 36,64 36,61 34,59 35,66 33,38 33,S1 34,82 33,57 33,69 35,19 36,30 35,38 35,57 38,62 38,15 38,08 37,66 37,77 38,16 37,76 37,17 36,47 36,84 35,50 35,77 34,89 34,55 34,37 35,38 34,94 35,50 35,86 36,50 36,01 38,78' 38,84 37,36 39,25 39,01 38,05 38,15 36,61 37,59 36,07 35,07 36,39 33,91 33,62 32,91 34,85 35,01 34,83 36,74 35,88 36,25 336,58 35,67 37,88 38,71 37,79 37,45 37,79 38,39 37,46 38,70 37,26 37,70 338,424 338,573 337,516 336,192 334,317 334,795 335,978 337,615 338,663 8,423 8,283 8,327 339,437 8,223 7,863 8,770 338,583 6,900 7,133 7,450 337,270 5,620 6,037 5,843 335,183 4,003 4,603 3,480 334,860 4,150 5,273 4,896 335,750 5,750 6,123 6,290 336,710 7,983 7,S80 7,886 338,424 338,57 337,516 336,192 334,317 334,795 335,978 3.37,615 ©d)on auS ben »oranftet)enben ^aWn, nod^ me^r aber aui ber Stnie, weld^e man erl)a[t, njenn man btefelben ouf bte oben angecjebene SBetfe grap^ifc^ barftellt , ift erflc^tlic^ , ba^ bet SSaros meterfianb son bem jur 3«tt bet SSeobac^tung ^ettfd)enben SBinbe fo obpngt, baf et al« etne gunfs tion be« le^tetn angefefien icerben lann. SBejeid)net man mit bm ben Sarometetpanb, wefd^et einem SSStnbe entfprid^t, bet com SfuOpunfte bet 3;f)eilung bet SJBinbtofe gejaljtt, son biefem um ben S5oj 2 n gen m entfetnt tfi, fo f)at man bm = u +Ui sin (Ui + m-^f-) + "2 sin (Uj +m— ^ ) + U3 sin (U3 + m ^-) + . . • Unter u, u, , Uj unb Vi , U^, U3, ftnb l)tet Konftante ju setflefien, beten W3aM*ein; lidbfte aOertl^e au3 ben n gfeid^ weit son einanbet obfte^enben batomettifc^en SKttteIn beftimmt ttjetben, bie fur bte SBinbe 0, -^ . -„- . "V" • • -^-^^"au^ »'«" SSeobac^tungen gefunben ftnb. 8 II. ?l6lcitung bet Sntervolationsforracl fiit bic hatomttti^e aBinbrofc. gtttwirfelt man in (I.) bm = u + 0, sin (U, + m—J + u, sin (U, + m^) +U3 sin (U3 + m-;p)+... bie @inu6, fo er^alt man , 2 T . »T • 2 re bm = u + Ui sin Ui cos m—^ + u, cos U, sin m~ \- ^ n , ,T • 4 « , + Ui sin U2 cos m— — + «j cos U2 sin m— \-... fefet man: u, sin U, = a. u, cos U. = b, Uj sin U2 = 82 Uj cos Uj = bj u. f. XD. «• f- »• Serner m — — = z fo nimmt bie le^tcre ©lei^ung folgenbe %om an. (II.) bm = u + a, cos z + b, sin z + Ej cos 22 + bj sin2z + as cosSz + bj sin 3z +... ©3 feien fiit m = nno , m, , oij , mn — i bit aScrt^e »on b = ao , ai , aj orn — 1 2n 2rt 2« 2» unb ni„— — = zo , m, — — r= z, , >Hi— „— = z^ . . . lUn - 1 — — = z„ — . fo et^att man a^ ^^ u + a, cos Zg + b| sin Zo + *» ^°^ ^ ^0 -|" "'a *'" ^ z» + . . . . a^ ;^ u + a, cos z, -J- b, sin Zi + a^ cos 2 Zi -)- b, sin 2 Zi -j- . . . . a, zr: u + ai cos Zj + bi sin Zj -j- aj cos 2 Zj -f" bj sin 2 Zi -f- • • • • an — I := u + 81 cos zn — 1 + b, sin Zn — 1 + 82 cos 2 Zn — 1 + bj sin 2 Zn — 1 -f" • • • • 2)te SBert^e ao , «! ; «j , . . . an — 1 fmb bie butd^ bie SBeobaditungen bcjiimmten. (Se^t man mo = 0, nii =r 1 , mj = 2 . . . ran — 1 = n — 1 2n *" o 2 (n-l) 7t fo Wltb Zo = 0, Zi =— — , Z2 = -— = 2z, ... Zn — 1 = =(n— 1) z, SBcnn man biefe 2Bcrtl)e in bie obigen gormefn fubftituirt unb z fiit zi fe^t, fo ets ilhU man Uf, = u -f- ai + aj + + an — 1 «( = u -j" *i cos z + bi sin z + a2 cos 2z -f" ^i *i" 2z + . . . ttj = u + a, cos 2z + bi sin 2z + a, cos 4z + b: sin 4z -}- . . . flfj =; u + a, cos 3z -p bi sin 3z -j- aj cos 6z + b2 sin 6z -j- . . . an _,= u + a, cos(n— I)zH- b, sin (n— I)z+ aj cos2(n— I)z+ bj sin 2(n— I) z +, 9 3)it Sffiert^e b« Sonjianten u, a, , a^ , 83 , . . b, , bj , b, . . . werben mii in Zfitctit hit Hfinfien Guabrate flffunben. ffiefanntlicfj ifi fiir bicfeI6en ber SQBertl) ber wnf)rf^etnlid)fte, WilAtt bie ©umme btr jQuabrnte oHet SBeotad^tungSfeljIet ju einem SJKinimum mck^t. @« fci biefe ©urnme -2' [ — am + u -|- a, cos mz + b, sin mz + aj cos 2mz -}- bj sin 2mz +...]* = S Um I)ierau8 bie SBerf^e »on u, a, , a^ b, , b, , bj . . . ju ftnben, flit ml^i bie Summe ein SKinimum wirb, mu^ man S in SBcjie^ung auf bie ®r6§cn u, a, , a.^ . . . b, , bj bifferenjiiren unb bie 3)iffetenjialquoticnten , weil jene ®r6^cn »on einanber unab^angig (tnb, in Sejiefeung auf jebe berfelben gleid^ fe^en. ©e^t man ber ^flrje roegen — am + u + a, cos mz ~\- b, sin mz + a.^ cos 2mz -|- . . . . = P fo ne^raen bie 2)iffercntiaIquotienten bie gorm an ^ = 2 -TP = 0, 5^ = 2 2 cos mz . P = 0, ^-f- = 2 J' sin mz . P = 0, III. du ' da, db, ' i— — 2 ^ cos 2mz . P = 0, tt =2 ]s sin 2mz . P = 0, da, ob^ Urn bie einjelnen ?(bbenben in jebet Summe ju bclommen, mu^ man in ieber bicfer ©(eid^ungen mr=o, 1,2,3,... n — 1 fe^en. 9lu3 bicfcn ®Ieid)ungen, beten Slnjaf)! gfeid) ifl bet 2lnja{)I bet gonfiantcn , TafTen fid& Ic&teie auf fofgenbe SBeife betedjncn =). Sfficnn in ben ®lcid)ungen HI. bie Summen alS entwicfett angcnommen werben, fo ^an* belt ed [lii um folgcnbe 9Iu6btu(fe 2 (sin rmz), i: (cos rraz), i; (sin rmz)% 2 (cos rmz)% 2 (sin rmz sin ^mz) 2: (sin rmz cos ^mz} unb 2 (cos rmz cos ^mz), in mlijtn r unb q ganje ^a^n, nz = 2>r unb bol^et (n — 1) z = 2>r — z finb, fiit m afiet 0, I, 2, 3 .... (n - I) JU fe^en ifi. (Si Mt fid) nun betiueifen, bag 1) g sin rmz =0 2) g cos rmz = 3) S (sin rmz sin ^mz) — 4) .2' sin rmz cos Qmz =0 n n 5) :S cos rmz cos pmz - baf abet 6) i: sin rmz' = y unb 7) g cos rmz^ - -= 3fi biefe« gefc^e^en, fo laffcn ft* bie gefud^fen SGBcrtfie ber gonftanten u, a, a, . . . b, , b, fo n>ie afle fibtige in SRed^nung fomracnbc ©rogen fe{)t feid^t finben. 1. SQBenn man ben 3lu6brucf entwirfelt, inbem man nat!^ einanbet x r= 0, 1,2 x> fe^t, fo boM bet ©tenjwett^ auf bet einett, x' H^et auf bet anbcrn Seite ift; fo etl&aft man __ 1 q q q 2 ^ ^ — J sin (p + xq) sin -^ = 2sin p sin -^- + 2 sin (p + q) sin — - + q q -j- 2sin (p + 2q) sin -^ f .... 2 sin (p f x'q) sin -2" io 866t man bie cinjelnen XhtiU ouf bet tcd^ten ^iiit be« @leid>l)eitejet(i)en« auf, inbem matt f?e bet ©(eidjung cos i// — cos (jp = 2 sin ^^JIJ^' sin ^Lzi^ 2 2 entfvte(i^enb be!^anbe(t, fo eifealt man (cos (p _ y) - COS (p t y)) t (cos (P t t) — ^°^ (P t q i T)) f t (cos (P t q t T^ - *"" (P t 2q f y)) t t (cos (p t (X' - 1) q t Y) - cos (p t (x' f y,) p)) Offenbat ifi Met in jcbcm eingcflammctten Slbbenb bag jtoctte @fteb bcm erfJen Oliebe in bem folgcnben %Uid) , tjat ober miberfitcitmbee 3et^en; e8 bfeibt folgjtd^ »on bet ganjen ©umme nut ba6 etfte ®(ieb beS etften unb ba6 jweite ®tteb beg le^ten Slugbtucfg. Semnad^ i|i k- X = x- . ^ , ^ cos (p - {) - cos (p + (X- + >A) q) 2 sin -J Untet bet Sotau«fe&ung , bag p = ift, nimmt bet »otan|ie^enbe Sludbrucf bie gorm an J. , _ ^, cos -^ cos (x' + %) q («) g ^ = s.n (xq)= ^ 2 sin — @e^t man in £ sin rmz fut m bie Sffieitfie 0,1,2,3... n — i,fo «^art man S m = ~ ^ ®"' ^™^^ ~ ®*" '■'* + ®'" ^""^ + ^'^ 3rz + . . sin (n — I) rz Wfenn abet in bet @(eid)ung («) q — rz unb x — m «nb fofglid^ x' =; n— i gefc^t n>irb, fo ifi rz u-i „ — „ - I cos -r- — cos (n— Vi) rz g ^ - n 'sin (rmz) = ? ^ 1— 2 sin -y unb Weil nz = 2«, (n - v,) z = 2« - Y, (n - '/,) rz = 2»rr - ^^ ' abet immet eine IJOjttibf ganje 3al)t ift; fo ift cos (n — 7j) rz = cos -„- rz rz cos -^ — cos — unb 2: sin rmz = — n rz ■ — ' 2 sin -^ folglid) =z sin rz -f sin 2rz + sin 3rz + . . . sin (n — 1} rz. 2. aSirb bet SfuSbtud 2 S X = «os (P + xq) sin -y entHDirfetf, fo ttijdU man "> 11 S X = ""* ^P "*■ ''^^ sin — = 2 cos p. sin -^ + 2 cos (p + q) sin -jj- q q 2 COS (p + 2q) sin -^ + . . . . 2 cos (p + x'q) sin -y SDBenn ^iet bie Slbbenben entfpre^enb ber gormel sin (p — sin 1// =2 cos (zJJ—L') sin (i- -i-) be^anbelt wcrben, fo er^filt man + (sin (P + q + y) — sin (p + --)) + (sin (p + 2q + 4) — sin (p + q + "f )) + . . . . (sin (p + x'q+ -^ - sin (p - (x'- 1) q + -5-)) fofgll* ift 2 Sx = "°^ (P + *^) ®^° T = ^'" CP +x'q +y) — sin (p — y) 3)tefet Sluebrud ge^t, roenn mnn p = fe^t in ben fotgcnben u6er: ^ _ ^, sin (x'q + -^) + sin — ^x=0 •"»« ^«1 = q 2 Sin -^ aSitb aud^ liter q = rz, x = m unb x' = n — 1 gefe^t fo ifi TZ sin (n — 70 rz -f- sia -j- 2: COS rmz = 2 sin -q- rz rz rz — Sin Y + *»« T unb meil (n — y,) rz = 2»rr — ^ , fo ift ^ cos rmz = = (6) 2 sin "^ folglic^ aud) = 1+ cos rz + cos 2rz + cos 3rz -(- . . . cos (n — 1) rz. fiir r fann aud) !&ier icbe ^jofttioe ganje ^aljl gefe^t werben. 3. SBcIanntlid) ift 2 sin qp sin i/f = cos (^ — i/;) — cos (qp + -y/) folgltd^ aud) sin rmz . sin ^mz = '/j cos (r — p) mz — '/j cos (r + p) mz unb -£■ sin ynz sin pmz = 'A .T cos (r — p) raz — % ^ cos (r + ^) mz ^tet werben runb? aI6 ganje 3*>f)fcn «nb r > p angcnommen, folgltd& jtnb aud^ r — ^ unb r f f ganje :pojiti»e ^aijlm , unb jcbeS Olieb ouf bet wd^ten n 'z = 2 ' '^'" ^""^ ^^ 2 , . . . . • • • B a * • / i\ , 1 — cos 2 (n— 1) rz , » .-i sin (n— 1) rz' = ^ folgltd^ H sin rmz* = ■ j — Vj (cos 2rz + cos 4rz + . . . cos 2 (n — 1) rz) 6eftt mon p =: q == 2rz wnt) p 4. xq =: 2 (n— 1) rz, p + xq = (1 + x) 2rz unb 1 -f X = n — 1 unb X = n — 2 fo ei'^&It man £ cos (p + xq) = £ {l + x) 2rz, Sfifit man in bfefet ©umrae x oon bt« n — 2 wad^fen, fo txifaU man § ^ ^ °~^ cos (p + qx) = cos 2rz + cos 4rz + . . . cos 2 (n — 1) rz. SEBie f*ott oben gejefgt ift q 1 1 sin (p + x'q + -y) — sin (p — -^ ) 2 sm "n" sin (2 (n — 1) rz ^ rz ) — sin rz 2 sin rz sin ( 2nrz — rz ) — sin rz 2 sin rz , ,, _ , , , ^ _ — sin rz — sin rz SSJeU nz - 2n, foift2nrz = inr unb ^ (p + qx) ^r—. =—1 *^ M 1 » X 2 sin rz alfo aud& cos 2rz + cos 4rz 4 • • • cos 2 (n — 1) rz = — I folgli* 2- (sin rmz)^ = '^— + '/, _ y 13 7. 9luf gleid&e SBSetfe, ttjie oben, erl^Slt man ^ (cos rmz)" r: 1 + cos rz' -|- cos 2rz'* + ... cos (n— 1) rz' — _|- ^ + cos 2rz I 4* "^os 4rz 1 + cos 2 (n - 1) rz — 1 "T 2 "1 2 + • • • 2 — 1 -| ^ [- Vj (cos 2rz + cos 4rz + . . . cos 2 (n — 1) rz) — » + 2 '2 SSBetttt je^t in ben oben unter Ilf, aufgefflfirten ©tetd^ungen bie ©ummen »»eggelaffen werben, ttjeld^e gleid^ SfiuU ftnb, fo etl)ait man (1.) 2 V zz 2 ( — am -I- u -I- a, cos raz + b, sin mz + 83 cos 2mz + .,.) 3n biefem SluSbrude ftnb filt m bic SBettl&e ton 6td n — 1 ju fegcti; fofgUd) erfd&eint ber eingcflammerte SluSbrud n mal oM Slbbenb. 2)a nun bie Oro^en 2 cos rmz unb 2 sin rmz fimmtlid) gleid^ fwb, fo folgt, ba§ .T P = ^ (— am) + na = (2.) 3)a ^ cos mz . P = fo ifi aac& ^ cos mz ( — am + u -|- a, cos mz + b, sin mz -j- a, cos 2mz + ...) = unb 2 ( — am) cos mz + ^ cos mz (u + a, cos mz -f b, sin mz + ...) = iffieil abet 2 cos rmz = 0, 2 cos rmz sin qtoz = 0, 2 cos rmz. cos ^mz — % a unb 2 cos rmz^ zz — t|i, fo jic^t fic& ber soronfte'^enbe Slu6bruct in n 2 (— am) cos mz -|- 2 «i = jufammen. (3) 9IuS per ©leici^ung 2 cos 2mz . P = ^ ( — am) cos 2mz + 2 cos 2mz (u + a, cos mz + b, sin mz^.,..) =0 ~ 2 (_— am) cos 2mz + a^ 2' (cos 2mz)'' = • ergiebt fic^ 2 i— am) cos 2mz + y «> = <* n _ (4.) (Sbenfo ift aud) 2 {— am cos rmz) + -^ ar - (5.) SQSeil -S sin mz . P = sin mz (— am f u f a, sin mz f b, sin mz f ...) = 11 " _ fo ift au* -S' (— am) sin raz -|- y b, = 0, 2 { — am) sin 2mz + -^ b^ - 0, . . . n attgemein ^ ( — am) sin rmz + y br = ecfrt man in biefen ®Iei4)ungen fur m alle ganje ^a%Un son bis n — 1 , fo er^ait man fur bie gefu^ten gonfianten folgenbe S5Bertl)e in " — T f"" "J" "' + «» f • • • On— l) a, = -- (tto T ai cos z •{• 02 cos 2z f . . , «n— 1 cos (ri — I) z) b, = — (ffi sin z f Oi sin 2z f aj sin 3z f . . , «„— 1 sin (n— 1) z) 2 42 =: — (ffo t «i cos 2z f aj cos 4z f . . . an-i cos (n— 1) z) 2 bj = — (ar, sin 2z •{• «i sin 4z f . . . an— 1 sin 2 (n — I) z) «i = -^ («o t «! cos 3z f Ki cos 6z f . . . «n— 1 cos 3 (n — 1) z) 2 bs — ~ («! cos 3z f «a sin 6z f . . . an— I sin 3 (n-1) z) • • • • • 2 ar r: ~ («o t «' cos rz f aj cos 2rz f . . . «n-i cos r (a — 1) z) 2 br — — (flti sin rz f aj sin 2rz •{•... an— l sin r (u — 1) z) 9la(i^i)em bie Sonftattten u , a, , aj . . . b , b, , bj . . . abgelettet finb, laffen ftd) ani) bte Sottfianten bet 9lei^e I. leld^t bered^nen. 8lu6 Si u, Sin U, = a, unb ui cos U, = b, folgt tg U, - -^ , unb ebfti fo ttfjaU man *S ^' = "S; *S U, r: -^ u. f. m. Xit SQSert^e fut Ui , Uj , uj . . . er^alt mon butc^ ^lilfe bet ®Iet(i)ungen ai _ bi _ 8} _ bi ' " sin U, cos Ui ' sin Uj 83 bj sin U3 cos U3 ' 3)ie ®r6^en «k , Uj , U3 . . . wetben immet aid :pi>fttis) angenommEti , beSljalb ful)«n bie @tnu« »Ott Ui , U2 , U3 . . . imraer gfeid&ed 3etc&«n wt* »i / ''j » aj . . . bte SoftnuS bcrfelben nbct gleid&e3 3«t^«n »"'* "'" ''»' ^3 ■ . . ^k 3ct<^en bet (Sinud unb Softnu« bet SSJtnfel beftimmen bonn abet ben Ciuabtauten , in tt)eld)en bet bettegtid^e (Sd)enfel be6 SSBinfele fitlt. 3)a* arit^metifc^e aWitJcI aKer butd^ bie ©leid^ung bm = u 4- "1 sin (Ui + ™ "V") + "« *'" (Ui+m-^) + U3 sin (U3 + in — ^) 2 " oudgebtiltften SOScittje »on bm ifi bera etften Oliebe u g[eid>. ©e^t man -^ = q unb beobad^ttt man, baf in jebcm ©liebe fur m aHe SOBert^e »on bis n — 1 gtfe^t wetben muffen, fo erf)5lt mon a(« ©umme attet SBert^e »on bm ^ bm - nu + u. g™ Z J-" sin (U, + mq) + u, j^™ E J"* sin (U, + Zmq) f «a SSir'"°(U. + 3mq) + (&i ifl (@. 9. !•) tvenn fui x eine ganje ^a^l gefe^t wirb 2 ;^^1U~* sin (U, i xmq) sin xq = cos (U, - -^-) — cos (U, f (n-V^) xq) obet ba 2»r = qn, x2« = xqn 2 g^ 1 S~* "" (Ui t xmq) = cos (U. - f^l - cos [U, f x2« - ^] xq xq - cos [U, — -^] — cos [U, — -j] = folglld) OU* g™ E S~' si" [U' t xmq] =0 unb 2: bm = nu, worauS folgt, baS u = 5^ 3n bet obigcn gormel [I.] bm = u f u, sin [U, + m —^] f u, sin [V, f m —-^ t "s »>n [U3 f m -^] 2 »r ill n = 8, mttfim — - = 45" ju fe^en. golgit* bm = ■ f u, sin (U, + m . 45"] + u, sin [U, f m : 2 . 45] f \x, sin [U, f m . 3 . 45'] unb u = Va [«o f «i t «J t • . . a? ] ai == 'A [«!) — a4 + («i i «7 — «j — as) cos 45°] b, = V* [«j — «6 t («i + as — «5 — et?) sin 45»] ai ^ 'A [«o + «4 — «« — «»] bj = V4 [«, t as — as — «?] as = 'A [ao — a. t («» t «5 — «i — «?) "»» *5»] b, = 'A [as — a, t («i t «2 — «s — «r) sin 45o] 2. Uin bte SBtnbrid)tun3 ju ftnben, fiJt wetc&e ber SSarometcrfianb etn SWatimitm »b(t ettt SWtntmum toitb, fcje man ben erfien 3)tfferenjia(quo«enten con bm = u + u, sin [U, + ni.45°] + u, sin [Uj + ni.2.45'^] + «3 sin [U3 + m . 3 . 45°]+. . , b. i. -J- = u, cos [U, + m . 45"] + 2u, cos [U, + m . 9Q»] = dm 16 @tttfad&er unb Pnetter, a(« burc^.3lufI6fung biefer ©felc^ung, erf)dU man ben gcfuc^ten SBert^ bonm auf inbtrectem SGBege burd^ foIgcnbe« aSerfa{)ren, mldjii ebenfaUS »on Collet fjertul&rt. Sejetd^net man allgemein bte SQBertl^e »on m, jttJtfc^en mldjen man einm SSenbe^unft Detmut^en barf, burd) k unb k ', unb ftettt ftd) bann Ijeraud, ba^ wenn in ben obigm 3IuSbru(I k fur m gefegt wirb, berfelbe gletd) vcirb, fo bejeic^net k ben SBenbepunft felbft; pnbet mon aber, bag fir m = k ber SBettt) ber ©leid&ung = d unb fur m = k> ber iffiettf) bet ©leid&ung = 6' toirt), fo barf man anndl^ernb fegen, bag in eben bem 58erl)altnig in weld&em 6 unb 3' »on abweid&en, and) bie SHJertl&e »on k unb k ' jjon bem gcfud)ten 513unlte entfernt ftnb. 3Jn 3eid)ett , rf' : d = k' — X : k - X. Slug d' — d : d = k' — k : k — X folgt bann X - k <^ i: *^' - ^ _ u , ^[k-k'] _ . , c^ [k- - k) '^ "" d' - (J - *" + d' — d - K T- rf_ 5 . , 5 [k — k>] X = >. _ g = k + — ^. _ g — ., wie oben. 3. Urn bie SQ3inbrid)tung ju ftnben, bei wetd^er ber SSarometerftanb feinen mittlern SBertf) l^at, fe^t man bm — u unb beflimmt bann au8 ber ©teid^ung - u" sin [U* + m —^1 + Uj sin (Uj + m —^] + • • • ben Sffieri^ son m. SKud^ ^ier geniigt in ben meiften gaHen bie SSefiimmung »on m nad^ ber inbis reften SWetl&obe. 17 HI. (Srgebnife am ben SSeobaii^tungett. SluS ben oben in Safet 11. jufammcngeftellten niitttern S33ertf)ett bet SScoba^tungen »on 1844 bi3 1858 ergiebt ftd) fur ©mben bie Snterpofationaforiiiet A. bm = 336'",676 + 2,106 sin (67" 39' + ra.45°) + 0,2179 sin (239° 45' + m. 90 «] S)le m6) biefer %oxmd bered^neten SSJert^e jtnb nebfi ben beobac^teten in folgenber S^afel ent^aUen. X afel III. aSinb. SBarometerfianb Unterfc^teb. Slnja^I bet beobnd)tet. berec^net. Seobac^tungen. ?Rorb 338,"'424 338,435 +0,011 480 ?Rcivbo|i . 338,573 338,509 —0,063 516 Oil . 337,516 337,675 +0,149 754 ©uboji 336,192 335,975 —0,218 400 ©ub . 334,317 334,540 +0,223 466 ©ubtoeft 334,795 334,622 —0,173 1106 Seii . 335,978 336,064 +0,086 781 ?«orbtt)e|i. . . . 337,615 337,596 —0,119 544 Snbera man ben etften Siffcrenstalquotientcn »on A. = fe^t, eti/hU man = 2,106 cos [67° 39' + m . 45°] + 0,4358 [cos 239° 45' + m . 90"] ^terauS ergtebt [ti) bet gefuAte SBert^ »om m. 2lu3 ben ^aiikn tioranfte^enber Zabeik III. ift erftdbtlid) , ba^ bte SBenbe^Junfte ctncrfeits jwif^en 9lorb unb Storbofi, anbrerfjeitS jwtfdben ©lib unb 6ubn)e|i fallen. Urn burd) baS inbirefte SSerfa^ren baS SWaximum ju finben muf mon bemnad^ k = unb k' = l fc^cn. ^an al/aU S =z 2,106 cos 67° 39' — 0,4358 cos 59° 45' unb 5' = — 2,106 cos 67° 21' + 0,4358 cos 30° 15' bemjufotge tjl 5 = 0,8008 — 0,2707 = + 0,5301 unb 3' — — 0,8110 + 0,3764 = — 0,4346 2)cr gefu(^te aSettl) »on m Itegt alfo jwifd&en 8 unb 3' unb man eri&alt ffit bie eriie Slnnal&me m = 0,549, 2)aS mtttlere fWaxtmum beS 93arometerfianbe3 ffillt bemnad^ mtt N 24° 42' ober na^e rait NNO ;\ufammen unb betrogt 338,"'573. 3)er niebrigfte SSatometerftanb fSHt jwifd^en m =r 4,309. !l)ie aQ3inbrtc^)lung, bet voddta ba« Sarometer feinen niebrigften (Stanb ^at, tji folgltd^ S I3» 54' W obet mite SSW, ber niebrtgfte mittlere SBarometerftanb felbft betragt 334,'"379. 2)te SQBinbrtdbtung , id toeliin baS Sarometer feinen mittfcrn Stnnb l)at, isirb ani ber gotmel = 2,106 sin [67» 39' + m . 45»] + 0,2179 sin [239" 45' + m , 90"] abgeleitet, unb jnjar gcnugt and) ijiexUi ba« tnbirefte SSerfabren. 3lai) ben in 2afel III. ent^aftes nen 2)atcn faUt ba6 SWittel einerfeits jroifdjen (Suboft unb Dft, anbrerfeit« jwifd^en SJorbwefi unb SBeft; teftimmt man bte beiben gefud)ten $unfte na(^ ber inbircftcn SKet^obe, fo credit man einer^ f8 bemerfte SJamonb rt^tig, ba^ bie bnrometrifd^en SBinbrofen weit beffer jut S3e|iimmung bet SBinbticfctung ftnb, ali bie I)auftg »on Sofalftromen gebtef)te SBinbfa&ne. SBBerben au3 ben 3ntet^>olation6fotmeln fut bie in ber folgenben Safel aufgefu^irten £)rter bie spunfte be« ^crijontd abgcfeitet, a\xi bencn ber SDBtnb miien mug, njenn bad Sarometer feinen l)6d^fien, niebrigiJen obet mittlem Stanb l&aben foil, fo etj)alt man folgenbe aBinbftrid^e unb Saro- metetfi&nbe. SRatimum. SUlidjet SRinimum. ^orijont. Untets f^ieb. QJat.Sin. SWittlet. Saiometeis ftanb. 5|}t. *orij. I SBJejii. |)orij. Sonbon . tt)eremeffet er^atten, fonbern oI« iJBettcrgrnd, »on beffen SRegifict bie mit bem SBettet borgebenben SSeranberungen ^immitteI6at flbgelefen werben fonnen. Slue ber itijxe son btt barometrlfd)en SQStnbtofe unb bem JDre'^ungSgefefte be« aGBinbed, son wctdbem weiter unten au«fill)ttis ^et bte Siebe i|i, wtrb ftd^ etgeben, in wit fern bad SSarometer ben Stamen efnc« //SBetterglafefl" »erbient. ^oHei), bet gr6§te )3rafdf(ibe Slflronom Snglanbd, wie Salanbc i^n nennt, fieUte fd)on Bcr 100 Sal&ten fur baS ©teigen unb fallen be« S3arometer« bte fofgenben JRegeln auf: 1. !Da8 Satoj meter jieftt bet fitder S93tttetung, weldbe ftd) jum SRegen netgt, gero6&nti(i& ntebrtg. 2. Sei I)elterer unb anf)a(tenb gutcr SBitterung ftel)t baS SSorometer get»61)nli(l& l^od). 3. S5ei fiarfen SBinben unb €turmen, wenn fie gletd^ nidbt son 9iegen begteitet finb, ftcl)t baS SBarometet om allcr niebrJgfien. 4. !Da« Sarometer fie^t am ^6d)|}en bci 6|ilict)en unb norbltd^en SBinben. 5. Set fttKer Suft unb fiarfer ^filte flef)t ba« SSarometcr ge»6()nltd) ^od^. 6. Sffienn ba« Sarometer nad^ l&el^em Setter fattt, fo gibt eS SJonnerroetter. 7. @te'&t ba« Sarometer nlebrig bet f(^Ied^tera SBetter, fo mu^ ed fieigen, wenu e« ^fiterca SQBctter iDcrben foH. 2)tefc JRegeln finb jiemlid) jutrcffenb. Urn tnbe^ bem SScobac^ter bed SBaronietcrS nud) nidbt ben gevingfien ©egcnftanb jum 9kd)benfen iibrig ju (affcn, fo ()at man fpatet, ftatt bed aWnaft ftabc3, an weldbem bie ^o^e ber Cluectfilberfaule abgelefen wevben fann, cine 3;afel angebtadbt, auf roeffber burd) : b6d)fter @tanb, — fe^r trocfen, — beftanbig, — fd)6n, — Jieranbcrlid), — SRcgen unb SBinb, — ©turm, — Drian, — tiefflcr gtanb, unmittelbar bie SSiitti'rung6bcfd)offen&eit berjeid^net ift, bie ben »crfcbtebenen Sarometcrftdnben entf^3re(^en foH. Seberinbeg, wer nut furje 3"* i)*" @tanb bed SatometeiS mit bet jeweiligcn a3Bittetung »etgletdbt, uberjcugt ftd) gar ba(b, ba^ bie S3c-- jeidjnung bed SQBetterd, welcfee auf bet 2BetterffaIe neben bem (Stridbe jie^t, bia ju welcfccr bie Ouerfs filberfdule teid^t, leiber nut ju oft bon bem witHt^ jiatt finbenbcn 3uftanbe bet Sltmofp^fire ab>»eid&r. SBer fic^ nun ein Sarometet mit bet notfcn 3ub«ftd)t angefdjafft ijat, con bemfelben bie gegenrofittige unb sufitnftige SBittetung mit bcrfelben @id)et^eit ablefen ju fonnen, roie bie 3eit bon bem 3iff«blats te einet tic&tig gelfeenben Ul&t, bet wirb fi^ bittet getdufd)t fcficn. 3)ct SSoIfSipi^ Ijat fcinem Unmut^ libet biefe 3;dufd&ung nic^t ubel in bem aSotfdfelagc Suft gcmad&t, ba^ e8 wol)! am befien fei, bie SQettetffale jum barometer beweglic^ ju madden unb bann immer fo n;eit ju t)erfd^ieben, bid bad SSarometet mit bem SflSetter itbercinflimme. 2)ad SBatometet be()dlt ntc^td befto roenigcr auc& aid SBettetglad feinen S93ert6, ja ed ift jut 3«it iJa^ einjige 3n|itumcnt, nud beffcn Stanbe unb SSerdnberung mit jiemlid^et ten unb ju berfi(fftcf)ttgen. Slugerbem fe^en bie fici) auf ben 53arometcrftanb Ttu^enbcn Scbluffe, wenn fte ju einem rtc&tigcn grgcbni^ fufiren foflen, bie ^enntnifj bc« 3)rel)ung«gefe^e6 be6 SOSinbeg unb ber barometric fc&en SBinbrofc »orau3. gerner ift ju beadjten, ba^ bie §6t)e ber ;DuerffUberfaure , je na^ ben sers fd^iebenen Sa^re^jeiten eine serfdjiebene 33ebeutung ^at. ©erabe auf bie S03itterung3erfdbcinungen, beren SSorI)erbeftimmung fur ben @eefaf)rer, ben SReifenben, ben Sanbmittt) unb bieJ^au6frau fetir oft Dom grogten SBelang ftnb, baS finb ®turm, Oe^ witter obcr 9legen, lagt jtd^ au3 bem Stanbe unb ben S3e»egungen beS SiuerfftlberS ira Sarometer mit jiemlid^er (Sidbcrl)eit fc^Iie^en. 3u genaueru 58eoba<^tungen bcbient man ftd) be§ ^eberbaromeVrS; bie SSarometcr {)inge5 gen , weldie im gemcincn Sebcn sort ommen , finb ®efa§ s ober ^Ijtolenbarometer. S8ei lectern I)at man bei Slbtefung beS 33arometerftanbeg ju berucfficfitigen, ta^ bie ttefflen 6tdnbe »on ber Sfole berfelbcn urn 0,3 bi6 0,5 Sinien ju f)Ocb, bie ^od^ften aber um cben fo »ie[ ju niebrtg angegeben roerbcn. 3)ie wal&re ©ro^e be3 :&ier angebeutetcn ge^IerS bangt »on bem 9SerI)a(fni§ ber 9Beite ber 58arpraeterr6t)re ju ber beS Oefa^eS, ober ber 5)31&io[e ab. gcrner ift bie Siemperatur bcS Guecfftlberd im SSarometer ju berucEfic^tigen. Se^tcre anbert itd^ mit ber iSem^Jeratur beS 3laume3, in tttetd)em fid& baS 33arometer beftnbet. SQBenn ba6 £luc(f(i(ber eine f)6f)ere 5^emperatur anntmmt, fo wirb feine 3)td^tigleit geringer. §atte bie Siuecffilberfaufe nad^ i^rer Sem^seraturcr^ofiung biefelbe Sdnge , wte t)or berfelben, fp wurbe tl)r ©ewic^t im jweiten Salte geringer fein, unb baS SSarometer tt»are wa^j tenb ber S^em^jeraturerl&o^ung gefatten. SBoflte man nun annefemen, ber 2)rHd ber Sttmofpfiare fei bei beiben 58eobad)tungen gtetc^, fo wurbe man, je nadb ber S^emperaturbiffercnj, eincn grofern ober ges ringern gel)ler bege^en. Um alfo beim Steigen, ober galten beS £luerfftlber3 fefte Stn^altpunfte ju t)aben, ift erforberlid^ , ba^ bie Sange ber C^uedftlbcrfaute bei atten S3eobad^tungen burc^ 9le(^nung fluf bie jurudgefu^rt werbe, wel^e eS M einer beftimmten un»cranber(icben Semiseratur baben njurbe. Um bie 3;emperdtur beS £luecffilber6 im SSarometer ju erfabren, befeftigt man ein il^ermometer im .^olje, ober in ber metattenen gaffung beffelben. SBefinbet ftc^ Cann baS Snftrument in einem Slaume, in wetc^em jt^ bie 3;em^)eratur nur langfam dnbert, fo barf man anne&men, ba^ ba3 2;^crmometet bie SBdrme be3 £iuecfftlber3 angibt. S^afel IV. cntb&rt bie Orofien, weld^e ffir jeben ®rab ber 3;ems jseratur beS C^mdUbni ju ber »on ber (State beffetben abgelefenen §6^e fjinjugelegt luerben mujfen, um bie Sange berfelben auf bie surucfjufu^rcn, wefc^e fte bei ber Siem^jeratur beg @efrier^5unfte3 f)a' ben wurbe. SQSerben in jebem einjelnen gaKe bie Sa^'en^ roelc^e neben —5° bis + 1° fte£)en, ju ber abgelefenen Sange ^inju abbirt, bie neben + 2° bt3 f 25" ftel^enben babon aber abgejogen, fo er? l^alt man bie auf 0" B. rebuctrte SSnge ber Cluecfftlberfdufe. V. 21 Zafei jur SfTebtiction t>e8 ^avometetS in (lUfrdnjdflfiJbcm Tiaa^e duf O" R. Semt^erdtuv. Sent)). 26" 27" 28" 3;em^. 26" 27" 28" Sieaum. 0'" 6'" 0"' 6"' 0'" 6'" 11"' Sleaum. 0"' 6"' 0"' 6"' QUI j QUI 11"' +"' +'" +'" +"' +'"" +'" +« _'" /// ie bad Z^nmomtin. (Sine tdglid^e unb ia^tlid^e ^eriobe im (Sange bet Xtm)ftxatnx ergiebt fii) felb^ aud ganj ro^en 93eobad^tungen M S^etmometevS, felbft wenn biefe nut einen lurjen 3eitraum umfaf en; ber tfiglid&e periobifdbe @flng be6 SSacometerd ^ingegen ttitt in ben meifien %aUtn gegen bie unregelmdfigen @cf)n)anfungen fo fegr ^U:: tu(f, ba$ er babur^ lE^erbecFt tvitb. Urn le^tetn ju ermittein, ftnb flunbtid^e, Idngete ^tit fortgefe^te Seobfldbtungeu erforbetlid). fftad) ben neuejien l^pd^fi forgfSKigcn Untcrfud^ungen Somont'S ') tt)irb bet tdglid^e ®ang bed 93arometetd burc^ bie folgenben ^ntetpolationdfoimeln batgefleQt. Madras . . +0,"'26lsin(15n + 180''35')4.0,538sin(30n-f- l65»440 + 0,007sin(45n +243<>50O Miinchen . -f 0,052 sin (ISn+lOl" 9') + 0,107 sin (30n-f-l49° 46') + 0,012 sin (45n4-l84»2') Petersburg +0,015 sjn (15n + 255» 100 + 0,035 sin (SOn + SaSo 22') + 0,006 sin (45n + 6»43') @« ergiebt ftd& ^ietaud, ba$ bie @r6^e ber tfiglid&en S3ett ben ju a)?und)en »on 1841 l)l6 1.845 unb 1847 biS 1856 angefietlten SSeobad&tungcn Dere^nek 2:afcl enttjalt bic ©rofm, n)el(i^e man ju ben Sarometctbeobac^tungen bcr einjelnen ©tunben feinjufugcn mug j urn bad wa^ite a.a9e8mtttel ju erfealten. VI. Slafcl jiir 9lei>uctioit be6 i8avometet& fliif &a6 2:agrgmittel. Stanb . . lA 3A s/< 4/* 5A G/i 7h 1 8A 9A lOA IIA 13A ®iorgen« 5lbenb6 . —0,03 0,04 0,00 0,10 0,03 0,13 0,06 0,15 0,05 0,02 0,14 0,10 —0,04—0,10 0,04 —0,02 -0,13 -0,06 —0,14 -0,08 -0,11 —0,08 —0,04 —0,06 2)tefe gdebuctionSjofelen ber einjclnen Stunben mit umgefe^rten ^tii)tn ^n turn WtitUU jianbe feinjugefugt, ftellen ben togdd^en ®ang be« S3arometer6 bar. a;ofei VII. SOtittlccc ^arometerftanbe in ben ein^elnen Tionaten unb ^a^ten. San. ?{ebr. mm. 9H)rif. SWat. Sunt. Suit. Slug. Se^t. Oct. 9?0». aJec. Safer. ' 27"+ 27"+ 27"+ 27"+ 27"+ 27"+ 27"+ 27"+ 28"+ 27"+ 27"+ 27"+ 27"+ US /'/ ttt III III III III <*# ttt $tt It* 4tt III 1844 11,99 8,60 10,72 14,90 13,62 12,01 11,60 10,24 1,74 10,02 11,58 14,82 11,56 1845 10,99 11,45 12,14 11,99 11,68 13,10 12,58 11,53 0,91 13,30 11,27 9,83 11,90 1846 11,75 12,36 11,35 10,69 13,21 14,27 12,59 13,39 0,32 10,88 14,80 11,42 12,43 1847 14,30 12,34 14,21 10,81 13,10 12,97 14,18 13,59 0,20 13,73 14,36 13,32 13,27 1848 14,91 9,35 9,96 10,25 14,52 12,15 13,18 11,90 1,27 11,83 11,41 14,13 12,26 1849 12,86 14,78 13,76 10,40 12,90 13,08 13,28 13,21 1,21 12,16 12,32 12,89 12,91 1850 13,85 11,91 14,48 11,53 12,29 13,70 12,87 12,11 2,25 10,72 11,36 13,55 12,72 1851 12,74 13,91 10,90 11,80 13,05 13,73 11,78 13,52 2,83 12,03 11,07 16,07 12,96 1852 11,20 12,18 15,75 15,15 13,08 11,07 14,11 11,45 0,48 11,64 10,22 10,88 11,74 1853 11,76 9,42 13,40 11,31 12,77 11,80 12,47 12,71 0,57 11,07 14,96 13,12 12,20 1854 11,69 13,82 16,83 14,77 12,16 12,33 13.03 13,24 2,86 11,99 11,13 10,12 13,25 1855 14,84 11,68 10,24 13,62 11,24 13,40 11,88 13,11 2,82 10,02 14,07 12,25 12,45 1856 9,47 13,78 15,48 11,13 11,03 13,60 12,99 12,14 0,30 15,89 12,44 10,85 12,71 1857 11,09 15,41 12,56 11,53 13,42 14,06 13,09 13,75 1,36 12,58 15,61 16,85 13,10 1858 16,73 16,52 11,72 13,65 12,83 14,39 12,32 13,13 2,28 13,64 13,36 13,31 14,12 1859 15,22 12,78 12,12 11,99 13,33 12,74 14,72 13,47 0,34 11,05 13,67 11,88 12,94 miM 12,77 12,52 12,85 } 12,26 j 12,77 j 13,02 12,92 12,65 1,36 12,04 12,73 12,83 12,65 a;afel VII. entfealt bie SffonotSs unb SafereSmittet bet SSeobad^tungen in ©mben son 1844 bl6 1859. 3n bm feter Dorliegcnben ^aX)\m lagt ftd) eine regelmagige jafirlic^e *Pettobe nidbt crferaien, bod^ muffen fte bet 33curtfeetlung bet SSeranbctungen bed Satometerftanbea in ben einjelnen SKonoten betudfrtd^tigt werben. SBi^tiger, a(S bte a)?itte(n>ert{)e in Slafel VII., ftnb fitt metcoromantifd&e Swede bie in Xa^tl VJII. jufammengcflentcn feoc^flen unb nicbttgfien Sarometetfidnbe in ben einjelnen aRo^ naten unb ber Umfang ber Sarometerf(!^njan{ungen , n)el($er ftd^ au« ifenen eigiebt. 23 Xaftl VIII. i^bd)^e unb ntrbtigfle f8arometer(tdiibe ju @mb^n. Sanuar. Setruar. SWflrj. Slpril. a»n{. Sunt. C7 aSawmetetftattb. aSwometerftanb. SBatotneteicftonb. 58«otttetcrftanb. SBaMtnetetftanb. iSflrometetftanb. ^iS)'- SCief= $6(^= SCief= ^4 ^'iS)'- S£icf= ft,A §3ct)= 5£ief= ^a&)'- SCief. g^ §6(i;= aief= hji jler. Pet. fl«. pet. flet. jlct. si r5?v flet. |ict. ftct. fto- It ftcr. jJet an as't 26"t 28"t 26''t 28"t 26"+ §^ 28''f 26"t §S 28"t 27"t ^^ 2»''t 27''+ III iii- "T«~ /// /// "ir" ,11 ;// II, ■■■■//;■- —nr- "'//; ' 1844 9,69 17,36 16,33 3,00 9,71 17,29 7,91 14,87 17,04 6,47 21,95 8,52 6,64 10,18 8,46 2,51 7,23 7,28 1845 3,95 11,21 16,74 4,92 15,94 12,98 6,85 17,67 13,18 5,01 13,81 15,20 4,01 8,27 7,74 6,53 6,85 11,68 1846 8,87 14,05 18,82 5,08 19,10 9,98 8,53 16,40 16,13 4,51 15,47 13,04 6,71 6,33 12,38 5,72 6,20 11,52 1847 8,84 16,07 16,77 6,37 15,28 15,09 7,77 18,37 13,40 2,51 15,97 10,54 6,60 9,23 9,37 6,26 9,26 9,00 1848 7,72 17,27 14,45 6,71 13,15 17,56 5,08 11,55 17,53 3,78 18,28 9,55 5,57 6,00 11,57 2,24 7,00 7,24 1849 7,33 14,73 16,60 9,42 17,77 15,65 7,63 19,73 11,90 5,64 19,96 '9,68 3,81 7,40 ' 8,41 4,24 10,13 6,11 1850 8,53 15,40 17,13 6,21 8,39 21,82 6,15 14,71 15,44 5,41 16,97 12,44 4,14 7,07 9,07 5,37 6,53 10,84 1851 5,71 17,54 12,17 7,31 19,73 11,58 5,18 16,50 12,68 3,01 19,33 7,68 6,31 8,10 10,21 5,51 7,03 10,48 1852 5,08 15,84 13,24 9,74 14,31 19,43 11,41 18,86 16,55 5,71 19,3610,35 3,92 7,96 7,96 2,34 5,80 8,54 1853 4,35 16,27 12,08 4,29 13,64 14,65 4,55 22,33 6,22 3,01 18,17: 8,84 4,65 7,86 8,79 2,37 8,06 6,31 1854 8,50 14,94 17,56 8,72 14,81 17,91 11,07 22,66 12,41 9,05 17,90;i5,15 4,34 5,50 10,84 2,76 8,60 6,16 1855 7,61 19,03 12,58 3,97 18,47 9,50 6,42 13,47 16,95 7,32 13,61 17,71 3,28 6,73 8,55 5,10 7,43 9,67 1856 9,12 14,24 18,88 6,78 20,98 9,80 7,18 23,77 7,41 3,74 18,04 9,70 2,68 8,00 6,68 4,74 7,20 9,54 1857 6,65 14,64 16,01 7.20 23,21 7,99 7,94 15,53 16,41 5,01 14,24 14,77 5,04 7,84 9,20t 6,41 9,48 8,93 1858 10,10 18,65 15,45 7,44 17,93 13,51 7,49 9,23 20,26 7,91 16,93 14,98 6,59 5,06 13,53 5,26 12,16 5,10 1859 10,61 18,09 16,52 6,65 16,02 14,63 5,59 15,94 13,65 4,79 11,99 16,80 6,40 10,40 8,00 4,69 9,46 7,23 3uli. Slugwft. @c})tember. Dctobct. 9? OS) ember. 2)ecem6er. SBarometerjianb. aSatometerftanb. aSorometerftonb. aSotometerftanb. aSorometerftanb. aSototneterftonb. §Bi^= a;tef« h^ ^iS)'- aief= fet ja §5(^= SCief= ft^- Sqo&j' Sief= &^ Jp6(^= 5Eief= S« §6^^^ a;icf= Sjtj Per. fter. Per. per. ■Si «> Pet. per. a Si B^ Per. per. ■« -^ per. Pet. per. per. ^-" 28"t 27"+ BS. 28"+ 27"+ as 28"+ 27"4. 28"+ 27"+ a»^ 28"+ ?&'f SU- 28"+ 26"+ iSS: ,1, HI III /// Ill III ,1, HI III m 1,1 III ill III III 1844 2,87 5,59 9,28 5,87 5,86 12,01 6,23 9,59 8,64 2,91 2,74 12,17 4,58 14,91 13,67 7,6118,68 12,93 1845 5,26 9,36 7,90 4,54 7,26 9,28 5,14 8,00 9,14 8,69 7,33 13>36 6,84 16,64 14,20 5,90 10,83 19,07 1846 4,54 6,83 9,71 3,30 10,05 5,25 6,36 8,68 10,68 4,94 5,3011,64 8,80 17,17 15',.63 10,31 12,75 21,56 1847 4,40 11,75 4,65 5,43 8,43 9,00 6,31 3,28 15,03 7,80 7,73il2,07 7,01 17,84 13,17 6,61 11,15 19,46 1848 6,73 6,90 11,83 2,81 6,90 7,91 6,31 8,63 9,68 3,31 4,74il0.57 6,42 17,34 13,08 9,43 14,76 18,67 1849 5,93 5,93 12,00 5,37 •9,49 7,88 5,31 3,68 13,63 9,00 2,87118, 13 5,51 14 74 14,77 8'78 13,21 19,57| 1850 2,34 10,12 4,22 3,54 6,87 8,67 5,51 4,74 12,77 3,35 4,9010,45 6 32 15;60 14,72 7,98 13,88 18,10 1851 3,67 6,87 8,80 4,63 7,66 8,97 7,11 9,51 9,60 5,51 5,0012,61 4^58 IG,74l 11,84 8,2123,22 8,99 1852 3,77 11,68 4,09 3,87 6,00 9,87 6,98 4,40 14,58 5,58 0,4517,13 2,35 15,14 11 21 4,7816,78 12,00 1853 3,31 8,03 7,28 4,96 7,16 9,80 4,80 0,68 16,12 4,34 4,50 11,84 4,34 16,50 11,84 6.82'l7,51 13,31 1854 4,04 9,39 6,65 5,66 8,98 8,68 6,60 11,95 6,65 7,74 1,98,17,76 6,45 11,05 19,40 5,5212,42 17,10 1855 3,90 6,60 9,30 4,24 8,36 7,88 7,18 10,03 9,15 3,78 4,10 11,68 5,29 19,34 9,95 9'54|l6,24 17,30 1856 5,10 5,80 11,30 5,10 6,20 10,90 5,27 3,01 14,26 7,77 10,591 9,18 7,91 16,64 15,27 9' 1413,50 19,64 1857 5,40 9,80 7,60 4,44 10,68 ■5,76 4,73 8,44 8,29 5,94 3,32:14,62 10,02 17,09 16,93 9'75'22,94 10,81 1858 3,91 5,20 10,71 6,35 8,65 9,70 6,76 9,20 9,56 8,76 6,48 14,28 7,56ll5,65 15,91 6,57 14,61 15,96 1859 6,14 10,66 7,48 4,30 9,08 7,22 3,73 6,93 8,80 4,84 3,35 13,49 ll,02;il,85 23,17 12,1214,07 22,05 24 ^ai) obigen Seoba^tungcn jieHen ft^ »te ©cfjroantungen be3 S3arometer« ^erauds 3an. gebr. aWarj Slpr. mai. 3uni. 3ult. Slug. |6ept.| Oct. | 5'Io»'. | 3)ec. J tm SSRittel ■v^ grSfte S^wanf.. e- Ifefnfte » Ji- grofte S^wanf. . s!= ffeinftc .. Ill 15,71 18,88 12,08 23,40 8,82 //I />/ 14,33 14,20 21,82 20,26 7,99 6,22 25,35 25,18 4,79 4,78 Ill 12,18 17,71 7,68 21,06 4,56 Ill 9,42 13,53 7,74 13,58 4,28 Ill 8,48 11,68 5,10 12,73 2,08 8,30 12,00 4,09 13,53 2,59 8,67 12,01 5,25 12,49 4,13 III 10,97 16,12 6,65 18,50 3,78 m 13,18 17,76 9,18 20,55 4,32 II. 14,68 23,17 9,95 23,97 7,01 III 16,72 22,05 8,99 25,29 5,56 Um mit einiger 3ui)erlaf|?gfett au8 ben 93eranberungen bc« S3arometerfianbc« barauf \iiliu ^m ju fonnen, wie M ba« SBetter geftaften ttjerbe, ift bann nod^, aufct bet Sefanntfdiaft mtt ben in ben Doranfie^enben 3;abeHen entfinftenen ergebniffen bet Seobad^tungen , cine gcnaue ^enntni^ bet gefe&ma^igen 2)tef)ung be3 S33inbe8 crforbetItd>. 2)a8 »on Do»c begtunbcte Dtcf)ung«gcfc5 fautet: '") A. 3n bet notbfidben etb&fiffte btc^t jidt) bet SBinb, rocnn ^lofarftrome unb 2tcquafotiafi firome mit einanbet a6wed)fcf«, im SWittef im Sinnc ©., SB., 9i., £)., (g. burd) bie aBinbrDfe, unb sronr fpiingt et jwifd^cn ©. unb SB. unb jmtfd^cn 9t unb £). l^auftgcr juriicf, aI3 jwif^cn SB. unb , 9i. unb 5n>if4)en £). unb ©. B. 3n bet fublid^en grbl^Sffte bte^t |td^ bet SBinb, wenn $ofatiit6mc unb Sfequatotiafs fitomc mit einanbet abwed^fcln, im SKittcI im ©innc ©., C, 9f., SB-, S. butd^ bie SBinbtofc, «nb jwat fptingt et jwifc^en 91. unb SB., unb jroif^cn @. unb £). l^Suftgct jutucf, al3 jwifAen SB. unb @. unb jwifdien O. unb 9t. Die SSejie^ung nun, in roefc^et ba8 ©teigen unb fallen be« Guecfltlbcta im SSflrometcr 5Ut SSetanbetung bet SBinbrid&tung fJe^t, etgiebt itd& fut unfete ©egenben unmittefbat ou0 bet batos metiif^en SBinbrofe (©. 7.) gin S3fict auf biefefbe jcigt, ba^ jie jicei $ofc beS JitucfS %ai, b. \i. bag eS jwci einanbet na^e gcgenflbcflicgcnbe ?l?unfte in betfelben giebt, an betcn einem ba3 SSaiometet am ]&6dbften ftc^t, an betcn anbetem abet e3 feincn niebtigften @tanb crteid)t. SSon bem SKaximum bed 3)tu(fe3 sum 9Kinimum bcffclben ncfimen bie batometrif^cn SBinbmittef ununtetbtod^en ab. J)et etjie *13untt fattt in bie Waiit »on 9lotboft, bet anbetc in bie SJa^e »on ©SB. SSetfolgt man, son @SB. au6ge:^cnb, bie SSarometetftanbe ubet SB. 9t9B. 91. bi3 S'lO., fo fief)t man, ba^ bie mittlcrn aSatometerlianbe road^fen; gef)t man nodb weitet, fo finbet man, bag in bet 3ict^e son SRO. auS ubet O., @iO. nail @SB. jutiidE bie mittletn SSatometetPanbe iuiebet abnel&mcn. SBa6 fidi) I)iet bet ben batometrifdien SBinbmittefn jeigt, mug audf) bei ben Ucbetgangen betfefben in einanbet b. I), in ben mitftem batomettifd&en SSetanbemngen ftetBorttcten , man mag nun cine gfeidf)bleibenbe obet cine »cr; nnberftdbe Sie^ungSgcf^roinbtgfeit ijotauSfe^en. ^f)nlidb tier^alt ee fid) mit bet burd) bie 3?cranbetung bc6 SinbeS l)etbei3efuf)ttcn SSetanbetung bet Semperatur, nut ift bet ber tf)etmifd)en SBinbtofe ba6 SScr^ciltnig bet SBarme jut SBinbi rtd^tung bad Umgefe^tte con bem be6 2)rucfcS. Sin bem $unfte ber Sinbtofe na»nlid>, tt)0 bad SBa* rometct am ^6d)fien ftefjt, f)at bad 3:()etmometet feincn niebrigften @tanb; eS ift i>i\ 9?otboftwinb am tiilteften. Sim gegeniibetliegenben ?Uo(e, ber na^e 6et @SB. fattt, m baS S3arometet om niebrigften 25 fte^t, erreidjt ba6 3;f)etmometev feinen l)6cb(ien ®tanb. Siefed an ben f){ev in (Smben gemad)ten SScj obad^tungen nac^juweifen , 6ct)a(te id) mir fur eine anbete @c(egen^eit Bor. 3)a« ©efeft fiit bie aSerftnbetungen be6 93arometcr« feier in OfJfrie8(anb , fo «jie fiir aUe Orte in bet geraa^igten 3one in norbli^cn (Srb^alfte iSkt^aupt, ift bem SBcrangebenben jufolge furj fofgenbeS : 3)oe SSavometet fftllt bei O-j, 60.s, «nb ©ubwinben, gc{)t bei @2B. au6 Saltett in ©teigen lUer, fteigt bei SQ3. 91933. unb 9lovbn)inben unb geljt bei SfiS- aud ©teigcn in SaUen fiber. 2)ad @teigen unb %aUiTX bed Sdaroinetetd bei ben betfd)iebenen SQSinben ^dngt fo innig mit ber mittteren Sertl^eitung be3 «tmofp:^arifd)en 2)turfe8 in bet baroinetrifdien SBinbtofe jufammen, baf , wenn jmei SBaiima unb jtoei «!)?iniraa in berfelben »or!ommen, aud& bei ben 3wif<^enn)inben ein jweimaligeS Steigen unb ein jweimaliged fallen beoba^tet witb. SEBenn ber SBinb jururffpringt obet, wie bie Seeteute fagen, einfrimjjft b. I). fld> in ei* net bem 3)tebung0gefe6e wiberfireitcnben SRid&tung ober gegen bie 6onne brefjt, fo tt)irb et felten in ber neuen SRid^tung I&ngere 3eit be^arren. ©3 ifl ein fd&on alki ©pri^wort ber ©eefa^rer When the Wind veers against the sun. Trust it not, for back it will run. S>er fo eben angegebene 3nffln»"ien]&re()ungSgefe§ in aHen Sa^reSjciten, am meijien ouffattig ober im Sinter auSgeprftgt ftnben. ©c^on SampabiuS^^) jeicbnet treffenb biefen SSetlauf ber SOBitterungSerfd^einungen. @r fagt: »3c^ ^a'bc inbe^ boc^ an ben au^erorbentlidfy »eranberli(i)en SGBinben in 2)eutfd)Ianb ju: weilen eine Slrt Bon periobif^em ®ang bemerft. ®S i|i fotgenber: 3c& nel^me an, eS me^e ©ubroinb feet f)eiterem SEBetter. 2)a3 Sarometet fattt, bie 8uft trftbt jtd^ unb eS jieKt jid^ SRegen ein. SBa|renb 26 beffen get)! ber iffiinb in 2Be|i u6er. (Se rcgnet nod) fort, baS Sarometer fteigt, ber SBinb mirb 9?SS3. 3)a3 SBctter ge{)t in @trid)regcn u6cr. ee roirb fatter. SJo* immet jietgt ba3, iBarometcr unb ber SQSinb wirb Sflorb unb iWorboft. fftm Ut baS Sarometer feinen I)6d)fien @tflnb erreid)t. 2)er ^inis met iU f)eiter unb e3 f)etrfd)t bie ^od^i^c ber 3at)re3jeit mi) m6gtid)c ^atte. 68 wirb Dfiwinb, ba8 SBarometcr fdttt ein wentg; aber nod^ bteibt ba3 SBetter f)eiter. 2)er 9Binb bref)t fid) nac& SD. unb nod& fftllt baS SSarometer. 35ie SBSarme nimmt wteber ju. 3l\m getit ber SCBinb in S. unb bie SEBar^ me erreid&t if)ren ber Sal&redjeit angemeffenen i)b(i)9m ®rab. 3)a3 Sorometer fatit unb nun ftnb wir auf ben erfien 5)3unft jurudgelommen. g3 gibt in iebcm 3a&re mel^rere fold&er ^jSerioben ju feber 3a^re«jeit. Suweiten bauert bie !l)ret)ung einige 2Bod)cn, juweifen nur einige 3;age. @et)t felten fpringt ber SBinb auf einer folcben Siour suritd. Ucbert)au^)t finb atle 2)re^ungen |)aufig« f"" ber linten jur red)ten ©eite urn ben ^orijont, unb ubcr^aupt ift ber ©itbwinb am feltenften. 5tnbiefe trefftic^e 33ef(^reibung bed ?P^anoinen9 fnitpft 8ampabiu3 bann nod) bie folgenbett meteoromantif(^en Seftimmungen. 2)ie SQSinbe in 23eutf^Ianb ^aben jwar gewijfe ®gentPmlid)feiten, n)etd)e aber boc^, nad)bem fie furjere ober ISngcre ©trecfen burd)faufen, nac^bem fte fid) fd&neller ober tangfamer t)erabfcnten, mieber fel^r »on einanber abroei^en fSnnen. 3n ber 9tegcl beinerfen wir baruber fotgenbeS: bie weftliciben SBinbe ftnb feud)t unD son einer ma^igen nid)t fet)r t)eranbertid)en 3;eKH)eratur, bat)er fte uni im Sommer fu^I unb im 583inter fau Dortommen. @te Cerbnnfen ifire Sefd^affentieit bem attantifc^en Ojean. 2)ie n6rbtid)en SBBinbe bringen un3 bie jeber Sn^reSjeit mogfts dbe fiarlfte ^alte, toorjuglid^ ber 9torbofi; bie SRorbwefJwinbe (gtrid^regen , ©raupel; unb €d&nee= fd^auer, ber 9lorbtt)inb an^altenbe Sanbregen, ober tang an^attenbe3 (Sd)nee«)ettcr. 2)ie iDfiwinbc ftnb Bon ^eiterm SBetter unb grower 3fro(fni$ begleitet. 2)ie grofte 9Barme bringt un6 juweilen ber SSO. unb (Subwinb; ber 6ubofl»inb fafi nie unb ber ©iibwinb 6fter« 3iegen; bie I)cftigfien ant)attenben Stiirme |inb faft allemat roeftlid) unb am fjaufigfJen mit 9iegen begleitet, ba^er man auc^ in 2)eutfd); lanb aDgemein bie SBeftfeite ber Oebaubc bie SSJetterfeite nennt. 5fioc^ febenbiger unb anfc^aulid)er ift bie folgenbe S)arfiet(ung be6 aSerfaufS ber SBtttes tung6s@rfd)einungcn »on !Iio»e") »Sffienn ber ©ubweft immcr befttger rocl^cnb cnbli^ t)oUtommen burc^gebrungen ift, cr^obt er bie Siem^seratur bi& uber ben 3;t)au)3unft; e3 tann baf)er nid)t me^r fcfeneien, fonbern regnet, wal^renb ba3 iBarometer feinen niebrtgftcn €tanb erreid)t. giJun bre^t ftd) ber SBtnb na^ aSefi, unb ber bid)te gtocfenfd)nee beweift eben fj gut ben einfattenbcn fattern SBinb, alS ba3 rafd) fietgenbe SBaromcter, bie SOBtnbfatjne unb ba6 3:;f)ermomefer. Ttit 9?or!) I)eitert ftd) ber ^immel auf, unb mit 9tO. tritt baS SWarinmm ber Salte unb bed SSaromcterd ein. ?lber altmalig beginnt biefeS ju fatten, unb feine (Sirti jeigen burd^ bie 9iid)tung ber ©treifen bei tt)rem ®ntftet)en ben oben eingetrctencn fubli^en SBinb, ben bad ^Barometer fd)on bemertt, roenn aud^ bie SBinbfa^ne nod) nid)t3 ba»on wei^ unb noc^ ru^ig £)ft jeigt. 2)od) immer beftimmtcr Berbrangt ber fublid)e SBinb ben Oft Don oben f)erab, bet entfd)iebenem fatten bed CmedfftfberS wtvb bie SBinbfabne SO, ber ^immet bcjie:&t ftd) attmafjlig immer met)r, unb mit fteigenber Sffiarme Berwanbett ftd) ber gdjnee mit @0. unb ©. bet ©SB. wteber in Siegen. 9hin get)t eS son neuem an, unb I)6d)f} d)araftertftifd) ift ber SRieberf^Iag ouf ber Oftfcite bon bem auf ber SBeftfeite burdi) eine furje Sluf^eUung getrennt. 27 Smrnat befannt mtt ber (Srfci)einung, wenn fte am retnft*n ^crcorttttt, wtrb e« (ei^t, fte aud& in ben mucgelraa^igficji aJerAnbetungm wiebet ju erfennen, ja bicfe felbft, etn l&duftgeS 3i":urffpri«9«K bed SBBinbee auf bee aSBeftfeite, nbjuleiteu. SOSir woUcn je^t bte l^iet in aHgeraetnen ^i\%m angebeuteten SS3ttkrung8s(5rf(l^einungen meftt inS ginjelne gel)enb betrad)ten 9Sergtei(^t man bie burd)bte2Binbfaf)ne angejeiglc 3ltci)tuug beS SQSinbeS mit ber bur^ ben 3ug ber SBoIfen angebeuteten in ben ^6l)ern SRegionen be6 8uftmeere3, fo ftellt e« fid& balb berau^t ba§ ttjenn bie SBinbfa^ne €S03. ober 910. jcigt, aud& ber 3wg ber -^od^ften SBolfen mit biefer Slid^tunfl ubereinjuliimmen pflegt, ba^ J^ingegen bei SOS. unb 9tO., ober bci D. irnb (g£). bie [Rid^tung bet SBinbfa^ne unb ber tiefern cumutuSartigen SBolten red&trointlic^t auf ber obern SBinbrid^tung ift. SSJenbet ftc^ ber SSJinb nad^ eincm barometrif^en ■B?intmum bei ©933. nady aBeflen, unb ge'ftt er bann nad& Slorben I)erum , - fo riitf en buntle gebirgdartige Sumuloftrati com SBefi^orijonte l&erauf; unmittclbar son biefen ^er wel)t ein fatter SEBinb, rait mliitm, tt5ft6renb baS Sarometer fteigt, im SBinter ein bid^teS Sd)ncegeft6ber , im grueling Oraupmfcfeauer, im ©ommer ©(i^fdblage , im ^erbft Sdfelagregen unb ©raupenfdbouer oerbunben ju fein ^Jflegen. Slbmed&felnb wtrb ^ierbei bet ^immci wieber t/ctt, unb burd^ bie SttJif^fitaurae ber untern SEBolfenmaffen fie^t man in ber obern Slegion bed SuftmeereS Sirti, roildic bie 3lid)tung »on (S9B. nad^ 9i£). babcn. 3D?it jebera neuen 9?ieberf^Iag jieigt bod SSatoraeter fprungweife, babei ructt bie untere SBoIfenbilbung tmmer ^o^ct ^inouf 5 enblidf) bric^t bie SBoIfenbecfe, unb bei rafd^em S)urdbgange ber SBinbfa^ne »on 5^. nad) 3iS). »etfd^irinbet oben ber (Sirrud. 2)ie a33iHbfat)ne jeigt nun anbauernb 3tD., ber .^immel ift oeflig, flar, baS barometer ^at feinen I)6c^fien, bad 3;^etmometer feinen niebxigjien ©tonb crteidjt. 3Seiginnt barauf bad 5Barometer ttjieber ju fallen, fo crfc^emen roieber auf bem bunfein ^immeldgrunbe feine 6irri in bet SRidbtung wn irb abet fut mand^e £)rte aid Seft, biefer aid £ift auftreten, je nad) bem entferntcren Urfprunge. 2)ie gtf^einungen an bet 2Be|ifeite bed SWetibiand ftnb cine golge bed Ucbetganged bed fiiblid&en ©tromed in ben norblid^en, bie (Srfd)einungen an ber Ojifeite l)ingegen ftnb aid eine golge bed Ucberganged bed n6rblid)en ©tro; raed in ben fiiblid^en ju betrad&ten. 3)a^ SSerbtangen bed fiihlic^en ©tromed burd^ ben norblidijen gef(^ie{)t juerft auf bem ©runbe bed Suftmeercd , bie bed norblidE)en burd^ ben fublidj^en juerfi in ben 28_ o6crn 9ieglonen ber 5(tmof)3'&ate , bann au^ unten. SomU bte weftltd&en, afs bic 6rtltd)en iffitnbe I)aben fubli^e libcr fid>; e3 wirb abet bet ben aBeftrotnben bie obere SQBtnbeflrtd&tung burc^ bte untere, bet ben Oftwtnben bte untere burd^ bie cbcte serbrfinqt. a. !Ca§ ^teigeii unb ^aUeii ^eS f8(iroineterg unt> bie ^nbecung be§ SBettec6. 2)et (Sd)IufTeI jut Stfiatung ber SlBitterung3»eranberungen unb ber biefelben beg(ettenben ffiercinberungen im ©tanbe beS S3arometet3 unb XUtmomtktS, i|i burd& folgenbe 6a&e gegeben, mU i)t eine unmittelbare golge bed ©re^ungegcfe^ed ftnb. 2)(e Suftfirotne »erbrfingen ftd) auf ber norbli^en ^alblugef in bem @tnne ©. , SB. , 3?., £)., @. S3erudfid)tigt man nun sugleicfe, ba^ ber fublic^e Strom warm, feud&t unb leicfit, ber norb^ liiji fait, fd^wet unb trocten tfi, fo ergebcn ftd^ folgenbe allgemeine Oiegeln fur bie SSeranberungen bed S3arometerftanbe«. 1. 3m Sltlgemeincn ifi ju bemerfen, ba§ bie SSeranberungen bed Sffietterd auf ber SBeftfeite unb bte SBetanberungen bed SJarometerftanbed, son roelc&en fte begleitet werben, tterfd&ieben ftnb »on ben auf ber Cftfeite. 2. !t)ie SSeranberungen auf ber SOBeftfette erfolgcn mit ben SSerfinbcrungen beS SarometerS gleic()5etttg, roo^renb bet ben 9Seranberungen auf ber £)ftfeite bte Slnjcigen beS SSarometerd bett eintres tenben 9iteberftrb man burc^ bie (5rfal>; rung befiatigt ftnben. @d tfi aber aud) eine golge bed 2)r?l)ungdgefe^ed , tok tin 33liif auf bic baro; mettifdie SOBinbrofe jeigt. — 2)ie 9tegel, ba§ bad barometer Bor unb roStjrenb bed SRegend- falle, ift, obgleid) fci^on »on spadcal unb sielen anDcrn 5pi)9fifern audgefprod^en , aid allgemein ^ingeftcHt, nic^t ric^ttg. ?)}olem fanb in 12 3at)rcn ju (Babua unter 1175 Stegen nur 758 bei benen bad Sarometet ftel, unb »an Swinben beobad)tete im 3nt)rc '778 ju granerfer fo oft gallen, aid ©teigen. H. gine nail bem Siegen erljo^t bleibcnbe 3^emperatur wirb tmmer ncucn 3iegen anjeigcn; benn auf ber Ofifeite ift fte eine golge bed gefc^maf igen llbcrfjaubnelimend bed fiiblid)en aSinbed ; auf ber SBeftfeitc ift fte ein 3eid)cn bed Suriiidfptingend bed SBinbcd, roeld^ed buret) ein neued SSorge^ t)en, ober eincn neuen SfJieberfc^lag audgeglid^en wirb. 5. 2)er Saroineterftanb roirb wa^renb bed 3legend niebriger fein, aid ber, mele^cr bem 9Binbe ber ben 9iegcn begleitet, nad^ ber barometrtfd)cn iffiinbrofe jufommt. SBenn ber SBinb oftlid^ wax, bad Saromcter aber rafd? fdllt unb ber Subroinb aud bet^ §6^e fdinell ^erabfddt, fo regnet ed bereitd in ber §6^e unb ed fallen tleine burd^ftd^tige Sidforner. Siefe ftnb aid SRegentropfen ju betrad^ten, nseldbc watjrenb bed 3{egend gcfallcn ftnb. 2)a ber balb folgenbe JRegen gleld)faUd am Soben gefrictt unb biefen mit ©latteid ubcrjtet)!, fp fagt man ed fdllt ©latteid. S3ci fetjr ntebrigem SBarometerftanbe ift bann Sturm aud SSS. ju erroarten. 6. 23et ftetgenbem SBarometer unb Oftwinb irirb im SBintcr ber 3tegcn in S^n«, ber @d)nee aber bet weftltcl)cn SSSinbcn unb faKenbem Saromcter in 9tegen uberge^en. 7. SBenn im grut)jal&r ber SBinb butd) 5JBeft nad) SiJprb gcf)t, fo fte{)t bet fc^nelter 3luf= l)ellung ein 9f?a^tfroft b«bOT- 29 8. 33et ant)oltenb fd)Iecbtem SBettcr gel)t bie SBtnbffll^ne jwif^cn 6ubweft unb SBefi Un URb ^er; babet fmb bie Sd^tvanfunfjcn bc6 S3arometerd geritig, 9. SBenn bie fublid)e unb n6rbli(i)e Suftftromung fid) nid)t feitltd) »erbrangcn, fonbem einonber jiauen, fo fteigt baS S5arometer taf^ in bie ^6f)e. %&Ut bann baS SSnrometer eben fo fd&neO, fll« e« gejJiegen, fo W ber ©ubjirom bod Uebergenji^t erl)oIten unb ein jiarler ©turn fiel&t iu ftefArc^ten. 10. 2){d)tet fftebel im SEBintcr, bei I)ol)em SBarometerflnnbe, jeigt an, ba^ ein warmer unb ein falter Suftfirom aneinanber grenjen. aSetf^winbet ber 9lebel plb^ii unb Ui)xt er barauf wiebet • juriict, fo fd)M3an{t bie ©renje, inbem 6alb ber (Subfirom, balb ber 5Rorb|irom 8urutfn)eid)t; ftnbet aber bei an^altenbem 5RebcI jugleic^ iffiinbpiae jiait, fo fiauen ft^ bie ©trome. SflSenn id biefem ^am^fe ber 513olariirom ftegt, fo folgt ftrenge ^4(te. 11. iffienn bei jiiHer Suft baS barometer jiarl aufs unb abfd)tt)anTt, fo liegt bie Urfadie »on le^term in einer feitwartS liegenben ©tromung. 3n biefem gade fann auf ber einen Seife ba3 SSorometer i)o6) ftei&en unb ftrenge SBinterlalte fierrfd^en, wal^renb auf ber anbern fteigenbem SSarometer herein bric&t. 12. SBenn in ben SOSintermonaten guftbrurf unb a;emperatur gleiti^jeitig ungewo^nlid^ ]&od& ftnb, fo Wt bie ^oI)e 3;emperatur, wenn fte I)ingegen ungewofmlid) tief gefunfen ftnb, bie tiefe Sterns peratur no^i^ an, unb jwar befto longer, jc mef)r to6 9?ormalmon^ itberfd)rittcn worsen ift. ") b. 'S^ie fSetantetunq Z>eg fSncometecfitaiibeg unb bie (Betoittet. ®en)itter, weld&e nid^t blo^ locol ouftreten fonbem eine roeite 3Serbreitung l^oben, jeigen ftc^ immer oI3 SSegfeitcr beS KonfltctS ber norboPIicben unb fubweftlidben Suftftromung unb nurben eben bierburd) nicbt blo^ ibeele, fonbem rcele 9J?orfcn fur bie ©renjen ber SSettcn, in »c(d)eu iene atmofpborifd^en ©trome (tdb bemegen; ferner jeigen fie on, n>o jene Suftftrome in ibrem Soufe ftd^ Der^ anbern unb serfd^iebcn. 2)iefe ©o^e b^be ii) in einer 1856 erfdbiencnen Slbl^onbtung : S>ie ©emitter bed 3abre6 1855") an ben Seobocfttungen nod^gewiefen unb oufgejeigt. 3cb ^abe biefe Unterfuc^ung fortgefufirt unb bie ferncrn grgebniffe in ber 1858 erfd)ienenen @(^rtft: ©ie geoi giopbifdbe SSerbrettung ber ©emitter in 5[Wittelsguro})a im Sabre 1856, fo wie itbet bie gegenfeitige SSejiebung jmtfdben bem Sluftreten ber ©emitter, ber Xemi pcrotur, ber SSinbricbtung unb bem SSorometcrjianbc'O »cr6ffcnt(icbt. Surd) biefe tln= terfudbungen bot fid) ber ©o^ o(3 gonj oBgemein gcftcnb berouSgefiellt, ba^ wenn on einem Drte bie S^em^serotur jemcilig uber bie mittlere binouSgebt, ein ©emitter olles mal bann i^ura Slu6brud) fommt, menu ber ^orometerftanb bei feinem Uebergonge »on einem SWorimum su einem SJlinimum, obcr umgefebrt son einem SRinimum ju einem SWorimum fid^ fo meit Beronbert bflt, bo^ er mit bem mittlern ^arometeta ftanbe beS OrtS ber S3eobo^tung nobeju ubcreinftimmt. 5 30 9ll« weitere Selege fiir bad ebett au3gcfptod)cne ®efe& mogen bie in ben Sa^ren 1857, 58 unb 59 Don mit gemad&ten SBeobac^tungen l)ler tine ©teCe finben. 3:afel IX. SSetranbecuiid be$ ^Barometers unb Sl^ermometer:® tanked unb bet SSin&rtd^tuno wd^tenb beg 3(uftreteng ber ©etottter. 1857. S ©ot^er. saSa^tenb. ^aii^et. iKonat its 5Cem= SBawmeiet' «. S8aro» SSotometer* 5Eem« SBinb. 5 S8emet!tmgen. 6 aSinbcg. ^cr. ©tanb, SScrdnb. H meter. SBeranb. Stanb. )?n. £ aisril 3 2 ©so. 10,2 27 8,00 ftelgenb. falfenb. 12,8 27 11,80 fleigcnb II III 28 1,00 9,8 SB.SR/O. 4 • iDJai 21 21 sffisaas. 17,3 28 1,18 22,8 2711,19 fteigenb 28 0,48 17,1 5K9JO. 22 24 23 o@o. 23,0 27 8,35 ^eigenb. 15,9 2710,22 fatlenb. 27 9,56 13,5 O. 25 26 jlekenb, faUcnb. 16,6 2 7 10,24 jieigcnb 28 0,00 12,3 D. 28 3 ©ctoitter an 1 Sage. Sunt 7 6 ®. 22,1 28 3,28 15,5 27 11,08 jieigenb 27 11,72 12,0 ©SB. 8 8et(|te« ©etoittet. S8te« 3utt ? 4 ®. ^ 14,8 28 1,49 faHenb. 17,0 17,3 2711,93 27 10,45 fbannjl ^cigenb 1 berfc^Iag gertng. 7 11,8 27 10,82 jieigenb 28 0,25 13,0 ©SB. 9 15 14 3JSB. 18,2 28 5,21 faltenb. 18,2 28 2,70 fallenb. 27 11,42 18,1 SR/O. 16 ©c^toa^eS ©etoittcr. 19 18 2B. 15,6 28 3,74 faHenb. 17,0 28 3,43 rattenb. 28 0,36 19,6 ©O. 20 @ff;wai|e8 ©ewittw. StuguP 4 5 3 21,8 28 2,92 faHenb. 25,4 21;9 28 1,14 27 11,80 faltenb. faHenb. J ©c^tttac^, ( »on ©. na^ 3J. 7 SB. 19,0 2711,66 faHenb. 14,1 27 10,68 fleigcnb 28 0,50 17,2 ©as. 8 1 burc^ as. Bot= 9 14,5 28 1,38 fteigenb 28 2,50 16,8 ma. 10 1 flBerjie^enb. 14 13 D. 19,3 28 1,86 fallenb. 22,6 27 11,49 tation. 27 11,64 21,6 o. 15 6Iof aOBettej:leit(i^ten. ©C})t. 1 31 a. 4 SRSB. 18,2 28 1,07 faltenb. 14,0 28 0,38 altenb. 27 9,79 14,0 D. 2 5 @D. 17,3 27 11,18 jletaenb. fallenb. 16,6 28 0,32 ieigenb 28 0,74 17,0 ©as. 6 7 — 17,5 28 1,00 17,5 28 0,04 ■aEenb. 27 10,01 li,6 ©SB. 8 10 9 ©SB. 17,3 27 11,92 jlationat. 17,3 27 11,98 tation. 11 15,8 27 9,72 Ieigenb 28 0,72 16,4 ©©SB. 12 13 16,8 28 1,51 tcigenb 28 3,49 16,4 m& 14 25 24 D. 13,7 28 3,66 faHenb. 15,9 28 0,16 tation. 28 0,26 16,6 — 26 SBettetIeu*tcn. SKittet 27 11,93 1858. ^" // /„ Ti' III Sffiai 14 13 ©28. 10,3 27 10,39 fteigenb. 12,9 27 11,29 faltenb. 27 9,33 15,0 O. bonn 15 ©c^toad;, in @. Dot' 23 21 ©2B. 16,4 28 2,00 faHenb. 13,7 27 11,32 BIoJ fc^wanf fteigenb ©as. fiBetjic^enb. 24 10,9 27 11,01 28 6,59 7,8 SR. 26 ISim flarf. 3uni 11 10 9}. 17,6 28 1,68 ftationat. 19,4 28 1,70 ftaticn. 3ie$en son 3JO. nac^ 12 19,6 28 1,64 fteigenb 28 8,89 24,3 ©O. 16 ©as. BDtfliet. 17 fallenb. 26,6 28 1,37 flat on. ©(^VBa(^. 19 18 @2B. 21,5 28 1,30 fteigenb. 16,5 28 2,83 fteigenb 28 3,29 15,3 SB, 20 SId§ ®cnn. ®cH). i. b. 3«ti 11 10 O. 12,8 27 11,58 faEcnb. 14,0 27 10,59 fteigenb 28 2,08 16,0 ©SB. 13 @(^ioa(^,(g.MruBer5, 17 16 D. 21,9 28 1,20 altenb. 23,3 28 0,47 fteigenb 28 3,85 19,4 ©as. 18 ©ct)toa4. 19 attenb. 22,7 28 1,51 fleigcnb 28 2,37 16,7 bann O. Sto^ ®DnncT. 24 23 ©, 15,5 28 1,91 attenb. 17,6 27 11,56 fattenb. 27 5,20 13,3 m&. 20 S8to| ®onnet. Stugufl 13 12 D. 23,2 28 2,25 attenb. 23,8 28 1,10 fattenb. ©, 25 SJa^m. ®onn. in @0. 14 22,7 28 0,91 Ieigenb 28 2,68 16,5 StBettctt. 9tB. in O. 20 18 D. 23,0 28 0,38 fattenb. 20,4 27 10,05 fattenb. 27 9,55 16,2 SB. 15 @^n)ac§e§ ®e»5itt«. ©e))t. 5 4 ©2B. 18,0 28 0,13 fattenb. 18,6 27 10,82 fteigenb 28 0,56 14,8 ©. ©as. 21 6 Oevoitter in Dflen. 3,b.gernei)OTuBct5, 3Hittel , . . ■ 28 0,40 31 1859. SBJonat. | SSor^er. ' Sa^tenb. 1 5Radf)t)er. p 1 beg SCem= S9iiiDmetct= '^ SdaxO' SJntometers SCem= Sffilnb. i 1 SSemerfungen. 9 SBinbeS. \)n. ©tanb. aSerdnb. ^ meter. aSrafinb. ©tanb. ?er. SWoi 17 16 SRO. 13,2 II ' ill 27 11,83 'altenb. 27 10,70 // III leigenb 27 11,29 17,9 ©.©0. r 19 ©etoittet in ©D. 20 19@.©D, 17,9 27 11,29 affenb. 27 11,13 teigenb 'ftUenb. 28 3,31 14,2 SfJD. 23 ©ewittev in ®D. 27 26 91. 16,10 28 1,52 attenb. 28 0,70 27 11,42 11,6 5RD. 28 Sftut 5Dcnne»: u. 316. SBettcrlcuc^ten. 3imi 2 3 1 SIO.SO 21,6 28 0,28 aKcnb. aHenb. 2710,26 27 9,46 altenb. teigenb 27 9,46 28 3,07 22,2 19,0 ©DSRD ©D.O. 3 6 jentfemte ©cwitter. 11 iO D. IKO. 21,9 27 9,83 leigntb. 23,0 27 10,68 teigenb 1h 5«aM. 12 teigenb. 20,6 27 11,69 teigenb 28 0,13 16,0 SB. 13 3A SBSK. 3uH 3 2 iKSffi. 17,6 28 4,27 aHenb. 22,1 28 3,51 teigenb 28 6,14 18,9 Sffiinb^ 6 SBIcp ©onnet. 21 20 Sffiinbfl. 23,6 28 2,33 oHenb. 23,6 28 1,27 aHenb. 3V2A s«aR. 22 23,5 28 0,51 aEenb. 27 11,10 16,3 !«a5B. 23 Sh SRSm. fflupjl 15 14 @. 21,4 28 1,19 faltenb. 18,6 28 0,14 etiif. bann jl. (teigenb faltenb. 28 4,31 16,5 fUSB. 17 8— 9A 5Ra». 27 26 SR. 22,2 27 10,71 flelgenb. 20,2 28 0,12 28 • 28 1,20 27 9,16 15,3 ©O. 30 ©tarfeS @ch>ittet. ©Ci)t. 7 6 ®SES. 14,9 28 3,14 faHenb. fattenb. 11,8 27 11,31 ^eigenb 28 2,10 14,6 @S. 8 25 24 ©SB. 17,1 28 2,05 20,0' 28 1,45 teigenb 26 10,8 28 3,06 attenb. 28 oHenb. 16,8 28 0,53 fattenb. 29 aHenb. 12,2 127 10,14 fteigcnb 28 1,41 13,8 ©SB. 30 SKittel 28 0,09 §etr ?|3rofeffot SSu^^sSBaltot, 2)ircctot be6 itoniglid) SKJiebcrlanbifd&en meteorologifd^en Snftitute 5U Utrecht, f^ricb mir ubet obtge 5RegcI: //3^rc fRegel itbet bie Ungewtttfr ijabe ii) bejiattgt gefunbeti." Sliid^ i)at er biefelbe unter bie wenigcn S35itterung9rcgttn aufgcnommen, weld^e er, alS jU; »eria[itg, in bem con bet Maalschappij lot Nut van 'i Algeineen ^erauSgegebenen „Volks - Almanak voor het Jaar 1859" mitt()et(t. SEenn ein Oewitter auf bet ©rcnje beS courant ascendant nut n(S locnf jut @tfd)einung tommt, obct and) wenn ein fold^ed im 22intct [xi) al3 Scgleitet cine6 ©tutmee jcigt, fo iji e3 mo^s Hi), baf jene Slegel eine ^udna^me et(etben fann. ^ietubet l^abe iH) tnbe$ bid jie^t nod^ feine $e: obac^tungen raacfeen lonnen. c. !Dag fallen bcS ^aromrterg tinb tie ^tiicmc. 9Son ben ^uf bet SBettetffale bed S3atometet3 fie!&enben SSejeid^nungen ttifft bie am uns tetn 6nbe betfelbcn i^c^enbe wfe&t ftutmifc^w obet //Ottan", n)oI)I noi) nm meiften ju. @d)on Otto con Ouetife bcobad)tcte bcngro^etn obet gctingetn 2)tucf bet Suft on einet oben »etfd)Ioffenen, mit einet gdtffigleit gefuHten 3l6I)te. 6ine fleine auf bet in bet 9l6!&te befinblid^en gWfftgfeit fc^roimmenbe gigui jcigte mit intern ginget auf bie ®tabe einet ©fale, unb jeigte fo bad Steigen obet fallen bet gliifftgfeit unb babutd^ bie gtofete obet getingcte ©dfewete bet Suft an. 3)iefe SSottidjtung, tceld^e et untet ben Slamen Semper vivum befc^teibt, '^ 'mat fpfltet untet bem Slamen bed ®ueti{'f<^«n SGBettetm&nnd^end obct Perpeiui mobilis in Oebiaud^. Otto con 32_ ©uertte ^ntte, n>te auS j^olgenbem bersorge'fet, fd)on bie (gtfafirung gemad&t, ba§ eine tiebeutenbe aSerminberung im 2)rucE bet SltmofpWte (Sturm anbeute. dt erja^It"): 3m 3a&re 1660 roar bie Suft fo ungctt)6f)n((c& letd^t geworbcn, ba^ bet ginget be3 SWann^enS unter ben tiefficn *Punft jcigtC/ bet ouf bet ®(a6r6[)te angegcbcn wat. 31(0 id^ btefcS fa^, fagte id) ben Slnwefenben, eS fet oi^ne 3tt>etfet trgenbmo cm gto^ct @tutm entftanben, unb laum waten jwet ©tunben uergangcn ali jlenet Ctfnn, wenn and) mlt gertngeter ^eftigfett, a(§ er auf bem Ojean ge^abt, and) in unfere ®egcnb eintrad^." 3)tcfet Sag, ba^ eine bcbeutenbe SSerminbetung bc3 3)ru(l3 ber Sltmofpfjate ©turm anbcu* tet, I)at ftc^ im Saufe bet feitbcm Berfloffenen 3a()tf)unberte Dielfad) beftiitigt. !Da3 SSatometet ift baburd^ flit bie Seefabtct ju einem {)6d)ft wtd^tigen ^nfftument gcwotben, fo bag (gcoreSb^ bnjfel&e ben 6eeleuten, mliie bet SQBaffif^fang jafjtlidb in bie gefaf)ti)oIlen ©eroaffet I)o^et Steiten fufjrt, btingenb em^jftel^It. 2)utd) ein gattcn fcincg gcfeiffgbatomctetg son 9,"'29 aufmetffam gemad)<, enttann er am 5. Stprit 1819 in 70° 49' 31.^. unb 70» 15' S03.S. ». @t. ben@efaf)ren einee jttjeiSage tang un= unteibtod^en h)ittbenben ©tutmeS. ®leid)e SScbeutung fiat ba3 SSatometei an alien Dtten bc3 Oje^ ana. SQSenn in bet ?Pa(fatjone unb ber @egenb bet aWonfoonS bie a;j?foond unb ffiBcftinbia ^utticane^ einbrec&en, fo jeigt biefe ba3 aSatometet butc^ ben ungewo^nlic^ cerminbetten 2)tu(( gfeid)fal](0 an. Sim 2. Stugufi 1837 fiinbigte bet ^afenmetftet »on qjuctto SRtco um 4 Ui)t 9?adt)mittag3 ben (Sdijips fii^tern an, bag fid^ ein *Stutm naf)e, ba ba3 SSatometct bebeutenb frnfe; e3 ftanb SlbenbS 8 U^r fdjon 333,"'28, um 11 U^t 329,"'90 unb fiel 6i3 315/"27. Sluf @t. S^oma^ fiel e3 wa^renb beffcU 6en ©tutmS t)on 337'" auf 3 16'". 3ene iBotfotge wat (eibct Dergeblidb. SSon ben 33 »or 9(nfcr liegenbcn ©d^iffen fonnte fein3 »om Untetgange gctettet wetben. 2)ie ©ematt be6 ©turmcS mat fo grog, bag in HuiTicanes« obet »Cyclones,« wie ite con Piddingfon genannt roerben, unb fetnet bie S^tomben obet SBitbelwinbe »on fleinetm SDutdbmeffet ),n untetff^cibcn. Obglcid) biefe i^rem SBefen nad^ fSmmtlic^ uetfd^ieben ftnb, fo madden fid) iod) bei alien, in i^tem ©ntfte^en aI3 aucfy __33 in tftrem mitem 58ev(aiife gewiffe atlgcmetne ©nmbbebingungen geltenb. SwJ'^rberft muffen wir Ui fR.\iH\xn% ber bettjcgUn Suft ind 3Iuge faffen. Diefe fann eine breifa^e fein, nSmlid): I.) !Die 8uft fteigt an einem gemiffeii Orte auf unb flie^t okn fcitrodrW nad) aHcn Sets ten l&in ai, uia^renb bte untere 8uft auS ber Umgebung wieber nac^ jenem Otte ^infiromt; obet bie Suft finit an einem Orte I)erab unb flie^t con biefcm unten m6) alien €eiten 6tn ab. ®n 33eif^)iel ftierfur geben bie Sanbs unb (Heewinbe tleiner 3nfeln jwifd^en ben S^ropen ju ber ^dt, wenn feine beftiramte SOSinbricfetung »orl)errfd)t. 2.) 3)te Suft freift urn eincn Ort, entwjeber »on ber Stnfen jur 9ied&ten, ober son ber Slec^ten jur Sinfcn. 3.) !Die 8uft 6ei»egt ftd& in gro^ercr 33rcite Don einer (gtelle jur anbern, unb jwar bie cinjelnen 8uftt^eitd)en in paraHekn SBaljncn. 3m erfien galle berocgen ftd) bte 8uftt£)eild)en centripetal ober centrifugal unb burcbtaufen fo conoergirenbe .ober biccrgirenbe gerabe Sinicn. SSei ber jweiten aSorau3fe^ung bcwegen lie ftd) in conccntrifdbcn ^retfen. 3n bciben gdHen blctbt bie Sitcbtung ber SEBinbfabne biefelbe unb jwar l)at fte im legtern gntte bie 3ii(^tung ber 3^angente beS nidbt fortriicEenben 2Birbel3. 3m britten %Me njirb bie SBinbfabne nur bann ibrc 9flid)tung unoeranbert beibebaltcn, wenn bie ©telle, son weldjer bie Suft abflie^t unb bie, nad) mli/ex fte binftromt, unter glel(ib« geograpbifdbet SBreite liegen. 2)ie Slidbtung ber SBinbfabne dnbert rt(^: 1.) aOScnn im erfien galle bie ©telle forfriidt nadb Wclcber bie 8uft binfiromt, ober son tseldber fte abflieft; 2.) SGBenn im jweiten gatle ber £)xt fortrurft, um weldbcn bie 8uft freift; 3.) SBcnn bet einem ftetigen SBinbe bie Sntfernung bc6 SlnfangpunfteS ober bie@efd)win= bigfeit be« ©tromeS ftdb dnbert. 2)ie unter biefcr SSorauSfe^ung ftatt ftnbenbe 2)rebung ber SBinb; fabne erfldrt ftcb auS bem Sose'fdjen 2)rcbung8s®efc^, unb jroar breben fietige SBinbe bie Sffiinbfabne nur mit bet ©onne, b. b- ©•/ 92., 91-, O., @. bur(ib bie SBSinbrofe. SBenn aber ftctige 3Binbe son serf(!biebener 9iid)tung ftcb treff^en, fo fann bie SBinbfabne mit ber ©onne, ober and) gegcn biefelbe fid) breljen; crfiereS finbet ©tatt wenn auf ber 2Be|ifeite ber Sffiinbrofe ber folgenbe SBinb norbli^et ili, al§ ber sorbergebenbe, Ic^tcreS, isenn er fiiblicber ifi. 9luf ber Ofifeite brebt ltd) bie aCinbfabtie mit ber ©onne, »enn ber folgenbe 2Binb fiibtidber i% als bet sorbergebenbe; gegen bie ©onne br»bt cr fid), wenn er n6rblid)er ifi. 4.) SDSenn ba^ Centrum centripetaler SBinbe ober ber SOStrbelwinbe fortfcbreitet, fo brebt ftd) bie SBinbfabne, balb mit ber ©onne, batb gegen biefelbe, je nadb ber ©eite, an welcber ba3 6ens trum bem a3eobacbtung6otte sorbeigebt- 5.) 3n ber SKitte eineS centripetaten 3uf}r6men« ober eine« SBirbetS ift SBinbftiae. (Sine fofd)e fann ober aucb bie golge jiseier cinanber entgegengefe^ter 2Binbe fein, bie ftdb fiauen. 3n jebem einjetnen gatle wirb auS bem ©tanbe unb ben bamit sorgebenben Slcnbcrun= gen beS 53arom«terS gefolgert werben fonnen, ju »»eld)cr son ben aufgefiibttcn ©rfcbeinungen berfclbe rfd)ung baju Ui- tragen fonnte, |te minbet fc^ablic^ unb »erl)cerenb in i^ren Sofgen ju macben. (Sr ging n«n, in iBers binbung mit Slebfielb ju ^emort, beffcn SScrbienfte «m bie S^^eorte ber @tutme nic&t geringet jinb, aid bie feinen, baran, bie Sogbu(!ber bee ntlnnttfdjen CceanS ju fJubiren, wa^tenb, auf feine SBeran; laffung, 5}3ibbington im Sluftrage bet oftinbif^en Som))agnie bie Slnnalen bet inbifd&en ©ewaffet buid&j fotWte. ee fteHte ftd& l^ietbutd) al« Zi)at^a(tie iiexaui, ba^ fdmmtlid^e Dtfane bet Stopengegenb un^ ge^eute SSSitbet* obet ^teifelwinbe ftnb, weldjc einen 3)utcbni€ffet »on JOObid 300 geogta^)I)if*en SWei* ten !&aben, fetnet baf i^t witbelnbet ^teialauf fiibliA bom Slequatot bet 33emegung eine3 Ul^tjeigctg, b. f). von 9?orb burd) Dfien nn^ Sitben unb SGBeftcn, notblid) »om Slequntoi bagegen bet cntgegens gefe^ten Siic^tung folgen. Slu^etbem jeigte bet Sauf bctfelben, bfl§ jte auf bet n6tbli(!&cn ^albfugel ungtfa^t auf bem 15. SSteitengtabe auffptingen unb bann, in bet eben bejeidineten SSa^n, in unges l)euten ^teifen notbn>e|ilid) bi6 jum 25. obet 30. @rnbe fottfaufen , bott in iiixet SButlft nad)Inffen, eine 93iegung mii 5Rotbofi madden, in roeld^ct SJii^tung fie, immet in i^tet fpitalfotmigen Sewegung, mit erncuettet SButt) bi3 jum 50. SSteitcngtabe fottftiStmen, urn bnnn jwifd&en bem 50. unb 55. ©tas be oUma^Itg nbjuftetben. 5fluf bet fiiblidjen ^albtugel beginnen biefe Dtfnne ebcnfalls etroa auf bem 15. ®tabe bet Steite, ge^en fttbroeftfid^, bicgen auf bem 25. Otabe nad; (Suboft ab, unb gel)en in biefct Siid^tung fott, bi6 fie auf bem 50. ®tabe auf^oten. Officii biefe Ottane, einem fpiitcnben Sagbs l)unbe al)nlid), ntd)t getabc au9, fonbern in njeiten Stcifen laufen, fo bewegt ftd) iftt 2JiittelpunIt nut langfam, etn>a 2 'A bid 4 geogta)5l)ifd)e 9Wei(en in bet Stunbe fort, gurc^tbat abet ift bie @es fd)tt)inbigfeit mit welci)et bie 8ufttl)ei(d)en bie einjetnen SSogen if)rer ©pitaUinie butc^meffen. 9ieib l^at in jWei SBeifen^") ba3 ®efe^ biefet Sewegung fefigeftetlt, Juglei(^ abet aud) gejeigt, bag bie ^ennt* ni§ bet Stutmtbeotie bie fSlaciit ift fie ju entmaffnen, inbcm fie bem Seemanne cinfad)e SiKittel an bie ^anb gicbt ju etmcffen, ob er in bet 9?dt)e beS Drtand iii, ob ba6 ®d)iff ben ©tutm, obet bet ©tutm bad re:&ftutme« liegtttben $unf ten bet SBinb [li) immer ubeteinftimmenb mit ber Sonne btebt, ober wie ber ©eeraann fagt, aud» fc^ie^t, an ben jur linfen §anb Uegenben 5Punften I)ingegen gegen bie Sonne Ifiuft ober einfrimt>ft; ferner, ba^ ba« gatten bc« SJarometerd anjeigt, bag ber SQSirbel ober ba« @turm« = ^uge ftd> nafeert unb fein barauf fo(genbe8 Steigen, bag ber SflSirbel jtd& entfernt: fann ber (jSifot, roenn er ba0 8aros meter xa^i) fallen jtebt , fdbnetl bie Srage entfd&eibcn auf weld)er Seite be« @(!&iffe« ber Sturm lt«gt unb bemgema^ feinen Surd beftlmmen. 3)ie IRi^tung bee SSBinbeS wirb iftm feierbei bie Sage be« aSittelpunfteS be« Sturme8 anjeigcn, bie "Sre^ung aber bie SRidbtung, in h)eld&er ber Sturm forts fc^reiten wirb. 3n bet ^affatjone anbert ba« Sarometer feinen Stanb in ber jal)rlid^en $eriobe fefir ices nig, jie^t aber an ber augerften ©renje 1 bi6 2 Sinien l)6^er, al6 an ber tnnern. 3)ie SSeranbetungen in bet tdglid^en ^JJeriobe betragen faum eine Sinie, itnb aber fel&t regelm&igig. 3)a5 S3aroraetet erreid^t i)kt gegen 6 U^r 5l!Korgen« unb 9lbenb6 feinen b6cf)jien Stanb unb nad& 3 Ul&r SWorgene unb Sis benbS feinen tiefjien. S5ei etnem SSJirbelfJurme abet fSHt ba9 S3arometer oft um einen 3oll, bobet ifi ein folc^e6 gaHen ein ftd)cre6 3ei*en *>" SlnnSIjetung eine« fold^en. $ibbington ") fii^tt I)ieruber folgenbe Seifpiele an. 3)a3 Sarometer ftel auf bem Duke of York id £ebgeree, 1838 um . . . . 2,70 engt. 3oIL ©c^iff Howqua, aimoT»©ee, 1844 um . . . . 2,20 „ „ ©i^iff John O' Gaunt, SKeer Bon ^ina, 1846 2,15 ,, „ SBrlgg Freak, SSai Bon Sengalen, 1840. . . . 2,05 „ „ @(|iff Exmouth, fiibinbifd^er Ocean, 1846. . 2,00 „ „ ^aBannal^, 1846 1,94 „ „ ©^iff London, S8ot Bon SBengalen, 1832. . . 1,90 „ „ ©c^iff Anna, mm'Btt, 1846 1,€5 „ „ iKautiHuS, 1824 1,70 „ „ SBcjitun, ©5ina«©ce, 1809 1,55 „ „ SJJott Soulg, aRautltiug, 1819 1,50 „ „ Mary, SQSejlinbien, 1837 1,50 „ „ 3tt ber Oegenb ber SRonfoonS t)crrfd)t auf ber fublidben ©tb^alfte in ber Ijeigen 3one im inbifd^en Ocean ber Suboftpaffat, im n6rblid)en Ziiiik berfelben ber Subwejimonfoon; in ben 2Bins termonaten bott Siorbweftmonfoon, bier ber 9Jorboii»)affat. SO?an nennt bort, im Oegenfa^e ju ben 36 ©fibttjeiimonfoon , ben 9?orboPpaffat ben SfJorboftmonfoort, ben ®ubDP^)nffet ahet ben ©uboffmonfoon. 3m S""if)Itn9 wnb ^erbfi f)errfd)en SQSinbftitlen , wafjrenb biefer nber an ber Mfte in ber tagltd)en 5?crtobe 8anb= unb (geewinbe. 2)a8 Umfc^en be6 cinen ?!}?onfoon in ben entgegengefe^ten gefd^ie^t lldufig burd^ einen @turm, man fagt bann bet SWonfoon bridjt an&. 3m ^affat ber ©egenb ber SDfonfoonS bleibt ber Sarometerftanb in ber jafirlid^en 5)S«iobe naf)e ju gleid;, ma^renb er tm ©ebiet ber 9Konfoond ft(|) ^eriobifd) anbert. !I)a3 93arometet ftel&t wal^renb beS (SubwelimonfoonS, befonber6 in ben norblid^en Ocgenben ber f)ei^en 3one, me^rete Sinten ttefer a(3 tm 2Binter. 2)afTeIbe ift ber ^aU auf ber fublict)cn (Srb{)alfte h5af)renb beS Storbweftmonj . foonS. Stm Slcquator »erfd&>»inbet btefe ja^rltd)e SSeranberung be6 SarometerS ol8 Uebergang jener cntgcgengefeiten SSen^egungen faft ganj. 5lu(i& l^ier jeigt ^li) bet Sirbelroinben, bap mit faUenbem SSarometer bie ®tarfe beS S93in= be6 ununterbrodjen junimmt. 5Be( un6, in ber n6rblid)en gema^igten 3one, ift ber Sffiinb h)eber conftant, »ie in ber spaffatjonc, nod) anbert er jtd) ^criobifcf), wie in bem Oebiete ber 9J?onfoon3, bie SBinbrtd)tung iii ^ier, ba bie §JequatoriaIftr6me uber bie ?(Jo(arftr6me baS Uebergcroicfet baben, »or»a[tenb @2B. 3n @Us ti'pa ifi biefe mefttic^e Slid^tung im SBinter fitblidber ali im fortfc^reitenben SBirbelfturme beffen (Centrum nad) (£2B. ^in licgt. 2)ad (Sd)iff mu§ bann wo moglid) nac^ 9Jorb»cft fteuern, um son ber (Stetle ber gro^tcn ©efabr, bem Senfrum bc6 SQBirbelS, fid) ju entfernen. ®ebt aber ber SGBinb mit faKenbem SSarometer son @£). burd^ S. nadfe @5ffi. , fo ifi jweiertei moglid). ©ntweber liegt ba3 (Sd&iff in einem ftetig fortfc&rettenben ©turme, ober e3 befinbet ftc& auf ber ©uboflfeite etneS 9BirbeIfturnie6, beffen Scntrum na^ 9torben bin liegt. 3m lectern %aUe n^^ e« nacb ©uboft fteuern, aber aud^ im erften galle ifi biefe fRidbtung inne ju batten, ba uberbau)3t bie ftetigen ©iibwefifiurme in ber 9iegel mitix nad) SBejien bin an 3ntenrttdt junebmen. 2Benn ber ffiinb an^attenb au5 on 1836 biS 1854 heoba^teten Sage mit @turm. aRonat. Sffiinbtic^tung. o 6 o ^ 'fi, , rn o xn , V) © o o GC cc cc QC 32 Sums me. 3m fd^ttitt. Sanuat . gebruat . 5Karj . Slpril. . moi. . 3uni . . Suli . . Sluguji . @e))tember October . 9lo»embet 5)ecemb6t 3 2 7 13 7 5 35 23 7 1 9 7 6 7 17 22 22 10 4 9 2 2 4 10 3 3 6 7 3 14 5 3 I 4 1 5 2 7 7 6 75 53 40 14 13 19 16 26 24 43 53 45 4,0 2,8 2,1 0,7 0,7 1,0 0,8 1,4 1,2 2,2 2,8 2,4 ©umme in 19 Sal^ren 3 10 — 19 3 59 21 156 20 60 58 421 22,7 9ttimerfutigen. 1.) 3- §• 8omBeict, beutfi^w gdcl^rter SBriefwedjfcI IV. 107. 2.) M^m. de 1' Inst. 1808. @. 130. 3.) 8. g. S«m|, 2i^xin^ ber aReteoMlosle 2. S8. §alle 1832. ©. 314. — SKftttraw Sawmetcrjianb ffit gSaSs = 335,"'23. 4.) ©(^4ma(^et'8 ^al^rBuc^ 1841. 5.) as^^anblungcn bcr SStxUnn Stfobemie 1818. ®. 103. 6.) C®- 9 Pe^t 5.) ®ie Sffiet^obe nac§ toeti^eT: :^ier bie Sonjlanten bet antetjjolattongtet^c 6e|litnmt hjorben, ijl bie »on SKarion SoUex im 1. SSanbe ber Senffi^ilften bet f. Btfabemie in Sffiien »et8^entUc^te. 5* nieteorolog^ische Untersuchung^en betreffend die Verbreitnng des Moorraiichs in den Tagen vom 20. bis 36. Mai 1860, die isobarometrisclien Linien am 33. Mai und die Gewitter am 30. und 36. Mai 1860. Von Dr. M. A. F. Prestel. Kleine iScliriften der Natnrforschenden Gesellschaft in Emden. VIU. Mit 2 Tafeln in Steindruck. m^S^m-^Hy^t- Emden. Schnellpressen-Druck von Th. Hahn Wwe. 186L I. Ueber die Verbreitung des Moorranchs io den Tagen vom 20. bis 26. Mai 1860, so wie iiber die sogenannten trockenen Nebel iiberhanpt. Cin Beltras zur Ijehre voiu Holienrauch. Im Eriihjahre 1857 verbreitete sich der Moorrauch von OstMesland aus iiber Mittel- und Siiddeutschland bis nach Krakau bin. Ich babe micb iiber dieses Phano- men und den Moorraucb in einem Artikel in den Mittbeilungen aus Justus Perthes geographischer Anstalt, berausgegeben von Dr. Petermann, Jahrgang 1857, ausge- sprocben. Ausfiibrlicber babe icb die Lebre vom Hbbenraucb im 2. Hefte des 2ten Bandes der von Meidinger herausgegebenen Monatsscbrift „Aus alien Reicben der Natur" unter der Ueberscbrift „Ueber den Moor- oder Hohenraucb und das Moor- brennen" bebandelt. Die Veranlassung zu der vorliegenden neuen Arbeit iiber den Hohenraucb iet ein Aufsatz in Nr. 29 des 9. Jabrganges der von Dr. Ule heraus- gegebenen Zeitschrift „die Natur" von Herrn Dr. K. Mtiller, in welcbem ver- sucht wird, den Hohenraucb auf elektrische Ursachen zuriickzufiiliren und ihu fiir ein sogenanntes „zersetztes Gewitter" zu erklar^n. Dr, MUller geht hierbei von Beobachtungen aus, welcbe von ihm am 24. Mai v. J. in der Wake von Blankenburg am Harze gemacht wurden. Schwarze Gewitterwolken stiegea herauf, es folgten Blitz, Donner, Hagel, das Gewitter zog weiter, es wurde wied!er hell, und nun war die ganze G^end mit Hohenraucb gefiillt, dnrob welchen sich die Sonne als blutrothe Scheibe jzeigte. In diesem Nachdnander der Erscheinungen siebt Dr. Miiller den Be- weis, dass der von ihm beobachtete Hohenraucb ein Product des zersetzten Ge- witters sei. Der in der Nabe von Blankenburg am 24. Mai nach dem Gewitter auflxetende Hoh«iraueh haite, nach Angabe des BeobachteBs, denselben Geruch wie Moorraach, sab aus wie .Mrrauch und flirbte auch die Sonne blutnoth >vie der Moorraucb, Aus meinem meteor ologischen Tagebuche ergab sich, dass das Auftreten desselben in die Mitte der durch Moorbrennen und Moorraucb ausgezeichneten Tage vom 20. bis 26, 1* — 4 — Mai fiel; bei Vergleichung der mir von anderen Stationen vorliegenden Beobachtungen stellte sich iiberdies heraus, dass der beobachtete Hohenraiich auch im Raume im continuirlichen Zusammenbange mit dem hier in Ostfriesland erzeugten Moorrauche stand. Hiernacli blieb nicht der leiseste Zweifel darilber, dass der bei Blankenburg beobachtete Hbhenrauch kein dm-ch „Wechsel der Polwertbe der Wolken aufgelostes" und mit Ozon versetztes Gewitter, sondern wirklich Moorrauch war. Aus brieflichen Mittlieilungen, die ich erhielt, ging hervor, dass das Gebiet, iiber welches sich der Moorrauch um die angegebene Zeit ausgebreitet hatte, von bedeutender Ausdehnung sei. Diese Angaben bedurften nur weniger Erganzungen, um nach ihnen ein deutliches Bild des Verbreitungs-Bezirks des Moorrauchs entwerfen und neben den Richtungen, in welchen er sich von seiner Geburtsstatte aus verbreitet hatte, auch seine Geschwindigkeit nachweisen zu konnen. Dieses wurde Veranlas- sung, dass ich die Untersuchung iiber den Moorrauch, deren Ergebniss in der vor- liegenden Abhandlung enthalten ist, aufs Neue aufgenommen und ins Einzelne gehend durchgefiihrt habe. Die Beobachtungen, von welchen ich bei den folgenden Betrachtungen ausgehe, verdanke ich dem freundlichen Entgegenkommen derHerren: Dr. O. Volger in Frank- furt a. M., Dr. Konig in Loningen, Professor Buys-Ballot in Utrecht, Gymnasial- lehrer Strodthoff in Lingen, Professor Heis in Miinster, Dr. Friedmann in Miin- chen, Assessor B. Ellner in Bamberg, Oberlehrer Schoof in Clausthal, Professor Lachmann in Braunschweig, Dr. Kohlrausch in Liineburg, Dr. med. Zimmer- mann in Hamburg, Oberlehrer Helmes in Celle, -Oberlehrer Fischer in Hildesheim, Lehrer J. Becker in Cronberg und Herrn Pfarrer Snell in Hohenstein. Ausserdem wurden mir von dem Koniglich Hannoverschen Ministerium des Innern und von dem Vorstande des Grossherzoglich Oldenburgischen statistfschen Bureau's, Herrn Regie- rungs -Assessor Becker, die Beobachtungs-Tabellen der Hannoverschen und Olden- burgischen meteorologischen Stationen gewogentlichst anvertraut. Obgleich sich der Moorrauch 1860 nicht so weit ausgebreitet hat^ als wohl in frliheren Jahren, so ist doch der Verbreitnngs-Bezirk immerhin ganz betrachtlich. Er erstreckt sich von dem Hochmoore Ostfrieslands, des Saterlandes und dem Bour- tanger-Moore aus iiber Westphalen nach dem Herzogthum Nassau bis Frankftirt a. M. hinunter, verbreitete sich westlich liber den an Hannover "grenzenden Theil der Pro- vinz Grdningen, ostlich vom Grossherzogthum Oldenburg aus in nordbstlicher Rich- timg nach Holstein, in siidlicher und siidostlicher Richtung hinunter liber das Herzog- thum Braunschweig und das Konigreich Sachsen. Herr Pfarrer Snell in Hohenstein bemerkt in seiner trefflichen Abhandlung: „Ueber den Einfluss des Heerrauchs auf die Witterung und Vegetation"*) mit Recht, dass man in nieinem frliheren Aufsatze liber die geographische Verbreitung des Moor- rauchs im Mai 1857 die Erorterung des einen Punktes, welcher zur Ueberzeugung auch der Unglaubigsten nothwendig gewesen ware, na,mlich die genaue Angabe der gleichzeitigen und vorhergehenden Windesrichtimgen an den Orten des Moorbrennens und an denjenigen, wo der Heerrauch beobachtet wurde, so wie auch etwa noch an *) In den Jahrbuchern des Vereins fur Naturkunde im Herzogthum Nassau, 13. Heft. Wiesbaden 1858. S. 64. 5 — einigen dazwischen liegenden Punkten, vermisse. Es wiirden solche genaue Beobach- tungen auch noch insofern' interessant sein, als daduroh auch das bisweilen ausnalims- weise doft eintretende Erscheinen des Heerrauchs bei einer andern Windesrichtungy als der ndrdlichen und nordwestlichen, seine Erklarung find en miisse. Ich habe diesen Pnnkt bei der hier betrachteten Ersclieinung so ausfiihrlich wie nur immer raoglich nachgeholt. 1. Schon am 19. Mai begann im Saterlande und auf den ostfriesischen Hocbmoo- ren das Moorbrennen, jedoch noch vereinzelt. An diesera Tage ist scbon in Olden- burg Moorrauch beobachtet. Der Wind war Morgens SO, Mittags S, Abends NW. Der Rauch wurde vom Saterlande aus durch den SO- und S-Wind in nordlicher Rich- tung fortgeflihrt, anderte dann seine Richtung und gelangte durch NW zuriick und seitwarts getrieben nach Oldenburg. Mai 20. Das Moorbrennen wurde fortgesetzt. Der Rauch verbreitete sich in grosserer Ausdehnung liber das slidUch von Weener, an beiden Seiten der Ems lie- gende Terrain. In Emden schwankte der Wind zwischen N und NO, ging in dieser Richtung weiter und trieb den Moorrauch siidwarts. In Lingen war der Wind NW und ftihrte Abends den Moorrauch herbei, aber noch verdiinnt, ; Der Hauptstrom lag in- dess westHch von Lingen. Ein Zug war schon am 20. mit NNW bis Hohenstein fortgeschritten. Der Moorrauch zog sich, von den siidlichen Theilen Ostfrieslands ausgehend, in geringer Breite nach Deutschland hinein. Die dem Strome seitlich he- genden Orte bUeben an diesem Tage noch vom Rauche frei. Mai 21. Auch am 21. Avurde Oldenburg vom Moorrauch heimgesucht, doch nicht stark. Der Nordwind trieb an diesem Tage den Moorrauch vom Saterlande aus in gerader Richtung vor sich her, und so gelangte derselbe nach Loningen, Miinster und weiter hinunter nach Hohenstein. Am letzten Orte traf er mit NNW ein, was der Lage genaii en'tspricht. AUe auf beiden Seiten der liber Miinster, Hohenstein ge- zogen gedachten Linie Hegenden Orte waren auch an diesem Tage noch vom Moor- rauche frei. Mai 22. Am 22. ti'at der Moorrauch auf in Emden, Loningen, Lingen, Miin- ster, Hohenstein, Cronberg, und seitWarts in Oldenburg, CeEe, Olausthal, Nach Emden kani er gegen Abend; der Wind war Nachmittags NW, Abends war e^ windstiU, am andern Morgen SW. Die Windstille rllhrte . waihrscheinMch von einer Stauung des nbrdhchen Windes durch den siidhchen her. . Letzterer Wind flihrte zugleich den Moorrauch herbei. In Lingen, Miinster war der Wind N und kam direct von den Brandstatten her. Oldenburg erhielt den Rauch mit NW, CeEe mit W, Olausthal mit' NNW. ■■' '■' ■ ■■'"■•'' " ' i ■ ' ■ .■■■:' Mai 23. Am 23. kam der 'Moorrauch nach Groningen und Norderney mit SSW, nach \Emden mit SW. In Loningen war der Wind 'des Morgens N, Nachmit- tags S, in Lingen S, Abends W, in Miinster W, in Hohenstein war der Unterwind — 6 — SW, der Oberwind WNW. Die stidlichen und westlicheii Winde dieses Tages fiilir- ten den am vorhergehenden Tage durch den Nordwind weit siidwarts fortgetriebenen Rauch zurlick und seitwarts, so dass nun aucb Jever, Elsfletb, Oldenburg, Celle, Hannover davon heimgesucht wurden. Clausthal blieb bei S, Hobenstein bei SW frei, was sebr erklarlicb. Westwind, WSW und SW fiihrte ihn an diesem Tage liber Ot- terndorf Mnaus bis Eutin fort. Mai 24. Am 24. hatte der Moorrauch seine grbsste Verbreitung geftmden, Groningen und Norderney sind bei NW frei davon. Wir finden ihn aber liber Emden, Lbningen, Lingen, Mlinster, Hobenstein, dann liber Oldenburg, Jever, Elsfleth, Ottern- dorf, Eutin, Lllneburg, CeUe, Hannover, Braunschweig, Clausthal, Blankenburg bis Dessau hinauf verbreitet. Beobachtet man nun, dass der Wind Tags iiber in Nor- derney und Emden NW, in Kbln WNW, in den welter bstlich liegenden Orten Mit- tags W Oder SW war und dass er am Abend fast durchgangig als NW oder WNW auftrat, so lasst sich die Bahn, auf welcher der Moorrauch fortgetrieben war, genau nachweisen und seine weite Verbreitung erklaren. Mai 2 5. Am 25. kam der Moorrauch nach Groningen mit SW, nach Emden Abends mit S, nach Lbningen Morgens mit NW, nach Mlinster rllckkehrend mit S, Oldenburg, Jever, Elsfleth ebenfalls zui'lickkehrend mit SSO, nach Hannover durch SW seitwarts getrieben, nach Braunschweig und Clausthal Morgens frllh mit NW und WNW. An diesem Tage hatte er sich selbst bis Dresden und Lichtenstein bin ver- breitet. Am letztern Orte beobachtete ihn Dr. 0. Volger aus Frankfurt auf einer Reise. Derselbe schrieb in einem Briefe, d. d. Junil.: „Freitag, 25. Morgens 4 Uhr. AUes grau und trllb. Um 7 Uhr war es eben so — wie ich zum Fenster hinaus- sehe (Lichtenstein) rieche ich den unverkennbaren Hbhenrauch! Die Trlibe der Luft war gelb und Hess kaum das Gewblk erkennen. Nachmittags 1 Uhr konnte ich im Freien beobachten. Der Rauch kam mit Nordwestwind vom Osterlande (Altenburg) her und zog sich nach Chemnitz u. s. w. Von West undSlldwest zogen beidrllcken- der Schwiile des durch den Rauch dringenden Sonnenscheins schwere Gewitterwolken herauf. Andere thurmten sich in Nordnordost hinter dem Mittelgebirge. Der Rauch ward immer lichter. Offenbar hatte der Wind seinen weitern Zuzug abgewendet.: statt West und Nordwest war er mit einem Male Nord und Nordnordost. Das Auf- steigen jenes zweiten Gewitters schien diese Richtung gleichsam verkundigt zu haben. Er ging noch mehr nach Ost herum und nun kam nochmals Rauch — namlich der schon ostwarts vorgeruckte kam nun westwarts wieder zurllck. Mit dem Ostwinde verschwand nicht allein das Gewittergewblk in Westen, sondern auch das in Nordost, welches vermuthlich an der Nordwestseite des Mittelgebirges bHeb. (Ich bitte ja nicht an das bbhmische zu denken!) Es kam zu keinem Regen, ward rauchfrei, aber der Himmel bHeb halb bedeckt." Mai 26. Am 26. Morgens trat der Moorrauch nochmals schwach in Emden auf. Er wurde von SW-Wind herbeigeflihrt. Die Belege zu dem Vorstehenden sind in den beiden folgenden Tafeln enthal- ten. Auf der ersten sind die Orte, an welchen Moorrauch beobachtet wurde, die zweite ^nthalt die vom 22, bis 27. Mai an den genannten Orten beobachtete Windrichtang, Ubersichtlich zusammengestellt. T a f e 1 I. Yerbreitnng des Moorranchs oder Hohenranchs vom 20. bis 26. Mai 1860. Iff a i Ort. 30. 21. 22. 23. 24. 1 25. 2fi. — — ■ — H — — — — _-^' ,. — H — H — — , — ■ M M M M M — M M M M M. — M — M M M — — — M M M M M — — — H — — — — H H H — H — — — — — H H H — — — — M M M — H Hi H H H H — — — , — M M M — — — * M Abends — M — — — — • — — — — — — — ' — H h: — — — — — M M — — — i — ) — ? ^ i\ — — ' "■-i — — H — — ,-_ ".' '•- ' ' M M M — — • — — 1 — — • '. M; M — '*'. *!" ' '-■•-i H — , , - H ; H . — ^B~ ; >C~' — — ■' 1 H — ;.-• 'p '< • •" ; H M _, , '^ ! ]Sof' I ■'> T a f e 1 II. Windesrichtuiig ?om 22. bis 27. lUai 18 60. Ort. 99. 93. 94. Morg. Mittag Abend Morg. Mittag Abend Morg. Mittag NNO NNW WNW ssw NW WSW NW NW N NW — SW SW — NW WNW N N N N s s S W NW NW — s s w SW W — N — — w — — W NO N N N SW SW SW SW N N NO WNW SSO WNW SW WNW SW wsw W NNO NNO NNO so NW WNW WNW NNW NW NW sso SYf WSW SW NW NNW NW NW s S s SW W NW NW — s S w SW W NW NW NNO so s SW wsw WNW NW N NW NO s s ssw W N NW NO SW s SW s NW NW NW wsw wsw SW ssw s WNW NW NW NW s s SW SW W NW NW NW SW ssw — wsw WNW NW N NW so SW s s W W SW W w SW SW w W NW N N NW N s N SW SW w SW SW N NNW NNW so s S SW W W ONO ONO ONO s S sso SW W W NW w W Abend Norderney . . Emden. . . . Loningen . . Lingen. . . . Miinster . . . Cronberg . . Hoheusteiu . Koln Jever .... Elsfleth . . . Oldenburg . . Hannover . . Hildesheim . Odttingen . . Eutin .... Ottemdorf. . Hamburg . . Llinebnrg . . CeUe Braunschweig Clausthal . . Bamberg . . Munchen . . NW NW NW W NW NW WNW WNW NW W w w NW WNW NW WNW W W NW WNW ^W NW T a f e 1 II. Windcsrichtung vom 22. bis 27. Mai 1860. Ort. 35. Morg. Mittag Abend 96. Morg. Mittag Abend Morg.- Mittag Abend Norderney . . Emden. . . . Loningen . . Lingen. . . . Mlinster . . . Cronberg . . Hohenstein . Koln ..... Jever .... Elsfleth . . . Oldenburg . . Hannover . . Hildesheim . Gottingen . . Entin .... Otterndorf. . Hamburg . . Llinebnrg . . Celle Braunschweig dlansthal . . ■ 'Hi; Bamberg . . llliii^'chen . . SO NW NW NW NW SW SW .„w SW SW; SW' NW WlSTW SW WNW WNW 'w; ;NW 'Wsw SW s s s SW s SW wsw sso sso sso s ssw SW WNW SW SW WNW '■-'w ^ - W h ' ssw , < I SW NNW s s w SW NO SSO' NO SW sso 'S^v; so SW s , w w sso w NO l-J wsw s s s s SW wsw w sso s SW ssw SW so SW sso. > s w s SSO w w ssw SW SW SW SW SW wsw w SW SW SW, ssw SW w SW SW wsw s w SW SW' SW SW WNW S' s SW w SW wsw NW ssw s so S' SW' ssw SW wsw • Wi sw'.. 'SSW w SW SW SSW NW SW NW SW SW w WSW w NW NW SW SW SW SW SW w SW w w w sso SW SW SW SW SW . w. ,, ,W: , SW w SW SW' — ; wsw w w w WNW NW SW W w w w s w w w w SW — 10 — In Siiddeutschland war die Luftstrooiung an den Mer in Betracht kommenden Tagen von der in Norddeutschland verscMeden. In Bamberg und Miinchen war der Wind am 22. und 23. Mai bstlich, vom 23. an aber vorherrschend Sildwest. Baiern blieb daher an den Tagen vom 20. bis 26. Mai 1860 frei von Moorrauch. ') Norderney. Mai 23. Morgens wenig. ^) Groningen. Fur Mai 23. und 25. ist Heibrand notirt. 5) Emden. Mai 22. Abends 7u. 23. und 24. Nachmittags. 25. Den ganzen Tag, Nachmittags dicbtund stinkend. 26. Gegen Abend sohwacher Moorrauch. *) Loningen. Mai 21. Mittags starker Kauch bis Abends. 22. Mi-ttags bis Abends. ^3. Mittags bis Abends. 24. Mooriauch den ganzen Tag; Morgens 9u 15m und Nachmittags 2u Gewitter mit etwas Regen und Graupeln. 25. Moorrauch Morgens. ^) Lingen. Mai 20. Gegen Abend schwacher Moorrauch. 22. Nachmittags 4u Ankunft des Moorrauchs, znerst massig, war vim 7 und 8 Uhr sehr dick, dauerte bis in die Naoht. 23. Morgens sohwacher Moorrauch bei SW-Wiud. Nachmittags 6u und Abends bis lOu starker Moorrauch, bei. Westwind; Abends 11 Uhr Regen. 24. Vormittags 9u Regen, der Wind ging von SW nach W, darauf heiter; um llu Moorrauch, der bald sehr an Starke zunahm, Abends sehr stark. *) Mtinster. Mai 21. Von 2u Naclimittags an, um diese Zeit trat derselbe plotzUch sehr stark auf; Wind Nord. 22. Von 3-Ju Nachmittags an; die Sonne Abends blutrotli. Wind Nord. ' ) Hohenstein im Herzogthum Nassau , Meereshohe 1250 Fuss. Herr Pfarrer S n e 11 ist so gtitig gewesen , mir aus dem von ihm gefuhrten meteorologischen Tagebuche einen rollstandigen Auszug mitzutheilen. Diesem entlehne ich die folgenden Bemerkungen: Mai 20. Morgens bei NNW bewolkt und Heerrauch, welcher Nachmittags verschwindet. 21. Morgens bei NNW. schwacher zunehmender Heerrauch, gegen Mittag zugleich Hochnebel; Nachmittags, der Heerrauch stark, um 4u bei diinner Bewolkung rasch verschwindend. 22. Morgens bei N-Wind Heerrauch, schon wahrend der Nacht angekommen, gegen Mittag abnehmend, Nachmittags verschwindend. 23. Gegen Abend starker Cirrusschleier. 24. Morgens hell mit starkem Cirrus, Mittags hochgehender Cumulus, gegen Abend (ca. 5u) bewolkt und schwacher Heerrauch, Morgens massiger Wind aus WSW, llu W., Mittags Sturm, Abends sohwacher Wind aus NW ; Wind unten SSO, oben Morgens SW, Nachmittags WSW, Morgens und Abends schwacher. Tags starker Wind. Den ganzen Tag dunstig (?). 26. Nachts ein kurzer heftiger Sturm aus NW mit einem nachfolgenden Regenguss, Tags hell und Gewitterregen, Abends ein starkes Gewitter mit Sturm. Vom 27. bis 31. eine Kalteperiode mit Schuee. ^) Jever. Mai 23. Hbheurauch den ganzen Tag. 24. HiJhenrauoh den ganzen Tag bis 7 u Abends. 25. Starker Hohenrauch den ganzen Tag. ^) Elsfleth. Mai 23. In der Beobachtuugs-Tabelle heisst es: Nebel oder Moordampf seit 7u. 24. Moorrauch den ganzen Tag, nach durchgedrungenem Nordwind. 25. Schwacher Nebel, wahrscheinlich Moordampf. '") Oldenbni'g. Hohenrauch schon Mai 19. aufgezeiohnet, am 20. ist nichts bemerkt. Die iibrigen Tage mit mehr oder weniger dichtem Hohenrauch. ^•) Hannover. In der N. Hannov. Ztg. steht: Mai 23. Nachmittags viel Hochdunst, die Landflache feinrauchig. 24. Frtih dunkel hedeckt, daun Sonne im schleierformigen Hoobdunst, Unterluft mit verdiinntem Moorrauch. 25. Friih wie gestern, dann niedrige Nebelwolken mit WSW ohne Regen, Unterluft noch rauchdunstig. ^^) Eatin. Mai 23. und 24. Der Beobachter hat fiir beide Tage recht gut notirt: Hohenrauch an der Erde. *^) Clanstbal. Mai 24. Abends und Nachts stark. 25. Morgens friih starker, Hohenrauch, welcher mit SW verschwindet. 2. Der Moorrauch vom Winde fortgefiihrt, kennzeichnet zugleich die Bahn, auf welcher letzterer sich fortbewegt. Moglich, dass in der Folgezeit sich dadurch An- haltepunkte zur Beurtheilung der auf- und niedersteigenden Luftstrome ergeben. Zu- weUen tritt er bei seiner Ankunft in der obern Region des Luftkreises auf, " in anderen Fallen wird er an der Erdoberflache fortgetrieben. Es ist zu wiinschen, dass, wo das Eine oder Andere wahrgenommen wird, dieses bei der Beobachtung angegeben werden moge, und ebenso, welche Aenderungen in der Richtung des Ranches beebach- tet werden, Ist die Bahn des Windes eine kreisfdrmige, so muss auch die des Moor- — 11 — rauchs eine solche sein; wi«l d«r Luftstrotn durch einen ihm entge^enkommbnden von seiner Bahn abgelenkt oder ztiruckgeworfen, so wird die damit verbundene AeH- derung d«r Richtung des Rauchs dieses sichtbar maehen. In dieser Bieziehung konn- ten sorgfaltige, auf die Bewegung des MoorrauchS' gerichtete Beobachtungen fiir den Fortschritt der Meteorologie von grosser Bedeutung werden. Aus der kreisformigen Bahi der Luftstrbme und dem Umsetzen der Windesrich- tting erklart sich, '♦^ie Winde, welche aus Geg^nden herkommen, lvo kein Mbor ge- brannt wird, einem Grte Moorrauch zufiihren kbnnen. ' Eine wichtige, bis jetet unbeatntwortete Frage ist die nach der Greschwindigkeitj mit welcher der Moorraueb' fortschreitet. Die Beobachtungen, welche hier vorliegen, bieten einige, wenn auch nur sehr lockere Anhaltepuiikte. Am 21. trat der Moor- rauch in Loningen mit NW um MJttag auf, in Mtester urn 2 Uhr Nachmittags. Die Entfernung beider Orte betragt etwa 15 deutsche Meilen, mithin hatte der Rauch etwa TVi Meile im einer Stunde zuriickgelegt Am 22. Mai erschien der Rauch in Lingen etwa um 2 Uhr Nachmittags, in Mtinster 3'/2 Uhr; er hatte also einen Weg von etwa IIV2 Meilen in anderthalb Stunden durchmessen. Dieses giebt eine Geschwindigkeit vOn etwa 7% Meilen in' einer Stunde. Ich bemerke hierbei aber ausdriicklich, dass diese Bestimmungen nicht den geringsten AnSpruch auf Genauigkeit maehen. Die Frage najeh Geschwindig*kteit des Windes und des von ihm fortgefiihrten Morrauchs lasst sich indess bei stehendem Nordwind durch genaue auf die Ankunft des Moor- rauchs gerichtete Beobachtungen auf den Stationen Loningen, Lingen, Munster und Hohenstein in den nachsten Jahreh leicht vbllig genau erledi^en. 3. Die In der Luft durch den Moorrauch bewirkte Trubung wird, ausser durch Moorrauch und Moordampf, auch durch Heiderauoh, Landrauch, Hohenrauch, Sonnen- rauch, Heetfrauch, Haarrauch, trockener Nebel und troekener stinkehder Nebel bezeich- net. Die Ursache der in Deutschland im April, Mai und Juni vorkommenden Trli- bwig der Luft ist in der That in den meisten Fallen das Abbrennen des Moores oder der Heibrand, wie es in Holland genannt wird. Dass aber all und jede dem Moorrauch ahnliche Trubung auch durch das Moorbrennen verursacht sei, wird Niemand behaupten woUen. Wenn es nun aber wirklich noch andere Tru- bimgen der Luft, als die durch den Moorrauch verursa/ehten , giebt und beide unter Umstandeft'einanderahnlich sein kbnnen, so mu$ste, indem ^ man beide ohne Unter- schied durch die obeU' aufgeflihrten Namen: Landrauch^ Hohenrauch, Heel^auch u. s. w. bezeichnete, eine Verwirrung hervortreten. Diese Verwirrung ist aber dadurchj dass man dem' vorliegenden Phanomen gleich seinen Unsprung atisehen oder auoh anrie- eheil win, nichlf 1 geringer' geworden. Di« Wisdensohaft wird sehr gewinnen, wenn es Jemand gelingt, Merkmale aufzustellen, durch welche eine leichte Trubung, wenn sie hoch oben in der Luft auftritt, als verdiinnter Moorrauch, als leichter Nejbel, als ein noch nicht fertiges, oder als ein aufgelbstes .Qiewitter unfehlbar erkannt werden kann; und eben so ist zu wiinschen, wenn bei einer solchen Trubung die Geruchs- — 12 — nerven afficirt werden, class sichere Merkmale angegefeen werden, durch w0lche ent- schieden werden kann, ob der Geruch vom Moorrauch oder vom Ozon herriiliri Betreffend die oben aufg6fUhrten Kunstwbrter, , mbgen Ihier, urn dieselben zu sichten, folgende Bemerkungen steben. Die Triibung der Atmosphare , welcbe vom 19. bis , 26. Mai in Nordwest^ Deutschland und dariiber Mnaus beobachtet wiirde, heisst: 1. In Ostfriesland und im Oldenburgischen in der Volkssprache Moorrook oder Moordamp, in der Schriftsprache Moorrauch oder Moordampf. Diese Wbr- ter bezeicbnen das Phanomen und zugleich die .Ursache desselben. 2. In Holland bezeicbnet man diese Erscbeinung durch Veenrook oder Veen- damp (von veen , Moor) und .die Ursache durch Heibrand, 3. In Westphalen bezeichnet man diese Ekscheinung durch Haarrauch, in eini- gen Gegenden durch Haerrauch. Nach Eg en bezeichnet Haar oder Hardt eine massige Berghbhe; Finke leitet das Wort von Haar en her, was in manchen Gegenden die in der Nahe von Niederungen und Mooren befindlichen Anhbhen bezeichnet, indem diese Anhbhen sich vorzugsweise zum Rasenbrennen eignen. 4. Im Nassau' sch en bezeichnet man das Phanomen durch Heerrauch. Snell*) sagt: Heerrauch oder Haarrauch lautet das Wort in der Volkssprache und ist ab- zuleiten von dem norddeutschen Haar, gleichbedeutend mit Moor. (?) Vgl. Haarschnepfe = Moorschnepfe. 5. Im Hannover'sehen und Braunschweig'schen nennt man das Phanomen ebenfalls Heerrauch oder auch Hbhenrauch. „Was den Namen Hbhenrauch be- trifft," sagt Kamtz**), „so hat in der BeOage zu Nr. 194 des Hamb. Corresp. von 1846 Herr H. d. M., ein polabischer Kelte, wie er sich nennt, die Ansicht zu wider- legen gesucht, dass der Rauch iiber Hbhen. kame und davon seinen Namen habe. Er glaubt vielmehr, die Kelten batten die Fana oder Fbne, d. h. das Licht der Sonne vprehrt. Er setzt daher den Ausdruck in Verbindung mit dem Island'schen „faenna", leuchten, welcher dem griechischen g,aivm verwandt ist; nun werden h und f im indo- germanischen Sprachstamme haiifig verwechselt, und so glaubt er „Hon" (rook) sei ein altkeltisches Wort und durch Feuerrauch.zu itbersetzen." . Starker und verbreiieter, als der Moorrauch; in' Eletitschland, tritt ein vom „KUttis"-Brennen herriihrender Ranch in Livland, Finnlaud und einem grossen Theile Russlands auf. „Es ist slavische und finnische Sitte", sagt Kamtz***), ,,das niedrige Gestrauch auf den Buschlandereien ' (finnisch Kiittis) im Anfauge des SommerS' zu ver- brennen; eben dieses geschieht in den grbssteJitheils waldlosen Gegenden des schwar- zen Bodens in RuSsland mit' den Stoppeln; ist, es bei diesel- Arbeit trocken, so ver- breitet sich der: Rauch ungemein weit, und Waldbr^nde ,finden in jedeiAi trockehfen Sommer in ungeheurer Ausdehnung im ganzen Norden statt , Das, Phanomen; heisst im Russischen„Tuman-gar"; als ich diesen Ausdruck zuerst in den Ta^ebiichem fand, glaubte ich, es sei aus dem deutschen Haarrauch entlehnt, da die Slaven kein h haben,. , iJiV- .: \ " . ,'* , - . •) A. a! b. " .•■■'• : ' : **) Eepertorium der Metcorologie. 1. B. 1, H.^ Dorpat 1859. S. 106. •") A', a. 0. 1 ' • - ( ■ 10 O sondern dafiir gewohnlich g setzen. : Filr die urspriingliclle slavische Bezeichflung bieten sicli zwei Ableitungen darjl/n Man kann daS^Wort ini Verbinduiig sctzeu mit „gar4t" brennen, einem Zeitwort, welches maCh Reiff, Diet, etym., verwandt istnait dem Sanskrit „kara", , breunend. Nun bezeiobnet „gar" nacbReiff: „odeur de cboses bruises, empyreuine", und so ware „Tunian-gar" ein brandig riechender Nebel.*) Ueber diesen Geruch sprecben die Bewohner des nordwestlichen Deutschlands zur Geniige, und eben so durcbdringend babe icb ihn bier gefixnden.'* : nhhr' ■)'! 'itfi Ausser diesen durcb daSi Brennen des Moores und d^s „Kuttis"-Brennen verur- sacbten Erseheinungen, • welche periodiscb auftreten, kprnmen andere durcb Ranch ver- ursachte vor, welche weder an Zeit noch Ort gebunden sind, wie der Waldbrand. Hierzu diirfte derjdlistere Nebel gehoren,jjwelcher sich im Herbste 1829 liber die Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika verbreitete. In Ma^ihe und Canada war die Fin- Sterniss zu Zeiten sebr gross; es Icamen zugleich mehrere Starke Gewitter dabei vor. Die Dunkelheit hielt, rait Unterbrechungen, langere Zeit an. f, Der Regen, welcher bei diesem Nebel fiel, war schAvarz wie Dinte, und offenbar flit einer schwarzen, Russ ahnliqhen Materie vermischt. An einigen Tagen musste man in den Hausern Licht anziinden.'i Zu Montreal, ziindete der Blitz, bei einenjwahrenddes Nebels ausbrechenT den Gewitter, einen Kirchthiirm. , (Gilbert, Annalen der Physik. B. 67.) lErrlige' Jalire spater ereigneten sich wieder ungeheure Waldbrande in Maine und Neubraunschweig. Sieobreitetent^sicb iiber Strecken von 30 Meilen. Lange aus und verheerten ganze' Gegenden. Mehrere Mensohen verloreu ibr Leben, viele Dorfe? wurden ganz zerstbrt. Der aufsteigende Ranch verbreitete.fSich liber 10 Breitengrade, und drang als sehr dunkler Nebel bis Philadelphia und dariiber binai^s vor. Ellner**) erwahnt eines stinkenden Nebels, welcher im Vorsommer 1728 auf- trat und in Buchner's MisceUen, Physico-Medico-Matheni. beschrieben ist, Es heiB^t amrletztgenannten Orte: Beim Nachschlagen der Wetter-Beobachtungen wurde einige Male bemerkt gefanden, dass, wenujes in den Friihlings-Monatenfjange hinaus kalt gewesen, und hierauf eine Zeit lang warm, dann wieder kalt wurde, sich starke, meistentheUs ubelriechende Nebel gezeigt haben. Es ist hier folgendes Beispiel vorgefiihrt: „April kalt, Mai bis aaf-die Jetzten fiinf Tage watm und in den letzien fiinflTagen kalt und am 1. Juni wieder warm, so war der Schluss leicht, dass die ordentlichen Frllhlings- Ausdlinstungen erst im Mai geschehen konnteni'J'Diese also in der Luft sichwdbehden und zwar noch kalten Ausdlinstungen wurden durcb die Kalte der letzten Tage des Mai rarefaciret und constirpiret und hierauf durch die am 1. Juni eintretende Warme wieder resolviret und' auseinander ^4trieben und teo ein Nebel verursacht, der solchen hasslichen .Gestank veqbreitete,, well ihm-die,gWinterunreinigkeiten der Erde noich' a^hingen. ., ' .[^ ^,[,3, j , .,itil> . "j ■,j/:\ Nach den angegebenen IJmStandefli, halte icb diesen stinkenden Nebel im Mai 1728 ,ftir MoorraucL ij Avis den vom FUrsten Ernst August am 29. April 1720 und am 28. Juni desselben Jahres in Osnabrllck erlassenen Verordnungen, das Moor- rr— — ' ■■' .'.^..i.MJ'. /' ) !■/'/ 'i-il (An .'"yun'ji '.-jh tia'^O'. • •.■■ ', ii')arboi'' t'A .H -!*-!) Mjf''^^^™ 'Wp|tje,,wird^an.:aii |)Fe5?el aii,;,^er KJiS^iej vcm Ru^ru uu^^giiiU ecinnert, welchgr J^h Ajsv. ,Hum- i) i a t ourch den Nam'en' 'Garua Bezeiclinef w'ird. ' ' ' ' ' ' .",..' **) Der HShenrauch nnd deasen Geburtsstatt. V. B. Ellner. Frankfurt a.M. 1857. S. 12. " H9BflJi'Jv — 14 — brennen betreffend, gelit hervor, dass schon zu jener Zeit das Moorbrennen in einem Umfange getrieben wurde, dass sich def Moorrauch in einzelnen Jahren, wie g-egeh^ wartig, bis nach Mittel-Deutscbland verbreiten konnte. ' ■ Phanomene, welche dem Auftreten des Moorrauchs ahnlich sind, konnen auch durch vulkanische Ausbriiche und Erdbrande hervorgerufen werden. Ich rechne dahin den liber einen grossen Tlieil Europa's verbreiteten trockenen Nebel im Jahre 1783. Die Beobachtungen, welche bierflir sprecben, babe icb in dem oben genannten Artikel „Ueber den Moor- oder Hohenrauch und das Moorbrennen" in der Monatsschrift „Aus alien Reichen der Natur", zusammengestellt. Besonders spricht dafiir die Beobach- tang des Pastor Gotze in Quedlinburg. Die grosste Uebereinstimmung mit dem trockenen Nebel von 1783, sagt Foissac in seiner Meteorologie, zeigte der von 1831. Man bemerkte diesen zuerst am 3. August an der afrikanischen Ktiste, dann am 9. zu Odessa, am 10. in Frankreich, am 15. in den Vereinigten Staaten. Er sohwachte den Glanz der Sonne so bedeu- tend, dass man zu jeder Tageszeit unbelastigt in dieselbe blicken konnte. Des Nachts klarte sich das Wetter bisweilen auf, so dass man selbst die Sterne zu erkennen ver- mochte. Nach mehreren Angaben war in Algier, im siidhchen Frankreich und in den Vereinigten Staaten die Sonnenscheibe bald azurblau, bald smaragdgriin. Im Jahre 472 flog die Asche des Vesuvs bis nach Constantinopel; 1812 ver- setzte der Staub, welcher von einem vulkanischen Ausbruche auf der Insel St. Vincent herriihrte, Barbadoes in tiefe Finsterniss; 1794 war ganz Calabrien in Ranch wolken gehiillt, die der Aetna ausgestossen hatte. Im Jahre 526, dem 7. Jahre der Regierung Justinian's, herrschte nach Theo- phanes ein allgemein verbreiteter, die Sonne verdunkelnder, rbthlicher Nebel. Auch der Nebel in dem Jahre 1652 gehort vielleicht hierher. Um die so in Nebel gehiUlten Phanomene deutlich erkennen zu konnen, ist erfor- derlich, sie gehorig zu scheiden und auseinander zu halten. Im Voranstehenden haben sich herausgestellt: I. Trubiingen des liiiftineeres durcli Raiicli. - ii ■ 1. Yon vcrbrannten organischen Wesen. A, Periodisch auftretende: a. Als Folge des Moor- und Rasenbrennens. b. Als Folge des „Kuttis"-Brennens. Hierher gehort auch , wenngleich sich Itber ein beschranktes Gebiet verbreitend, der hier in Ostfriesland im Hochsommer beim Verbrennen des Rapsstrohes entstehende Raudh. Fer- ner der von Hiittenwerken herriihrende, und der iiber grbsseren Stadten lagernde Raudh. B. Nicht periodisch auftretender Ranch, wie der von Waldbranden u. a. 3. Der Rauch und die Asche, welche Folge von vulkanischen Aushnichen und Erd- branden sind. — Xb — II. Triibiinsen des liUftnteeres, deren eigeiitliches l¥eseii, ebeiiso i«renig ^vie die IJrsaclie, bis jetxt niclit liat nacligewiesen werden lionneu. Bei Erbrterung dieger liat di^ Phafltasie einen urn so grbsseren Spielraum, je unvollstandiger die Beobachtungen sind. In alien den Falle>D,, wo eine Untersuchung eines solchen Phanomens auf physikaliscliem und ejieiniscliem Wege nicht vorliegt, diirfte es zu empfeMeii sein, bei Erklariing degselben Kometen- uad NordJichtmaterie, die sich auflbsende Substanz entz^undeter Feuerkugeb, PJektricitat und Ozon mbglicbst sparsam zu verwe^iden. Pass das von Professor Lacbmann in Braunschweig mit Harnebel (wel- ches Wort nach Lachmann wahrscheinlieh vQn dem angelsacbsischen Worte „har", grau abstammt) bezeichnete Phanomen*), welches im Volk ebenfalls mit Haar- rauch u. s. w. bezeicl]inet wird, zu den trockeneij Nebeln, von welchen ebeji die Rede gewesen ist, zu zahlen sei, scheint mir noch problematisch ; eben so, dass es mit der Luftelektridtat in einigem Zusammenhange stehe. Die Umstande, unter welchen ich diese Erscheinung zu beobachten Gelegenheit gehabt habe, spheinen mir darauf hinzu^ deuten, dass sie mit dem eigentlichen Nebel verwandt sei. Vor AUem ist indess die Erscheinung selbst genauer zu clieirakterisiren. Lachmann sagt a. a. 0. : Der Har- nebel, ein vopi Mpordampf, mit welchem er oft yerwechselt wird, sehr verschiedenes Phanomen, verursacht, wie auch der gewbhnliche Nebel, Triibung der Atmosphare. Der Hiarnebel zeigt sich im Winter, Avie im Sommer, zu unbestimmter Zeit, mit dem Moorbrand?- Qualmzug entgegenge^etzten Luftstrbmungen , nieistens in unbewblkter und trockener Atmosphare eintrgtenden nebeligpn Triibungen. — Lachmann hat ver- sehi^ene Male, den Harnebel in siidlichen Gegenden, in Baiern, Oesterreich, Ungarn, Frankreich und in der Schweiz in den Monaten August, September und October beobachtet, wo von Moor- und Waldbranden. weder zur Zeit, noch spater die Rede war. Dort, wie bei uns, erscheint der Haarnebel stets mit Siidost und Ostwlnd^ selten mit Siidwest. Um Hyppthetisches zu vermeiden, babe ich schon seit 1844 eine von mir nicht selten beobaohtete ahnliche Triibung der Luft, unter der Beijennung Duft, in die Beob- achtangs-Tabellen rpingetragen. Fitr die Annahme, dass diese Erscheinung mit der Elektricjtat oder mit dem Ozon im Zusamme]puti.ai;ige stehe, lassen sich bis jetzt weder Beobachtungen, noch Versuche anfiihren. Mein Observatorium verstattet mir, die Erscheinung in ihrer Verbreitung, liber der Umgegend und Uber dem Spiegel des DoDart zu iibersehen und in ihrer Veranderung zu folgen. Diese Beobachtungen machen es mir Tiv3.hrscheinlich , dass der Duft, obwohl vom, Nebel verschieden, doch damit verwandt ist^i • Eine and^re hierher gehbrende Erscheinung tritt hier im > September, October und November bei vblUg klarem Himmel mit Nordost- und Ostwind auf. Es zeigt sich diese als dunkel-grauT^chwarze Schicht, welche 2° bis 3° hoch auf dpm West- horizonte lg.g,ert. , Sink^ die Spnne beiin Untergange.hinter^.sdiege Schicht hinab, so verschwindet sie nicht , wie .dies^si bei einerj ,ganz alujliohen aus Wolken gebildeten *) Braunschweigisches Maga^H. 1857. S§. S. — 16 — Bank der Fall ist, sonderii ist durch dieselbe als purpurrothe Schfeibe feichtbar, die Form letzterer ist die eiiier Ellipse, deren kleine vertikale Achse sich zu- "der grosSen liorizontalen wie 2 : 3 verbalt. In dieser ScMcht bleibt die Sonne bis zu ihrem vol- ligen Untergange sichtbar und kann mit blossem Auge betrachtet werden, ohne dass letzteres im Geringsten angestrengt wiirde. Eine andere Frage ist die, ob der im slidlicheli Europa und den warmen Gegenden sich zeigende Sommerbrand in Beziehung zum „Harnebel" oder zum „Duft" steht. Der Sommerbrand, ' welcher in der Schweiz Haar, in Spanien CaUina genannt wird, liegt in diesen Gegenden bisweilen ringsum auf dem Horizont; er giebt dann dem Himmel ein bleifarbiges Ansehen, und doch bemerkt man niclits von ihm, wenn man in seiner Mitte stelit; denn die naheren Gegenstande erscheinen voUkommen deutlich, ganz wie bei der eben beschriebenen, auf dem Horizonte lagernden, dunkeln DuftscMcht. Nach Willkomm stelit sich der Sommerbrand in Spanien im Monat Juni, Juli und August bei schbnem Wetter ein. A. v. Humboldt spricht von ihm, als von etwas ganz Gewbhnlichem, an der Westkiiste Mexiko's. In der Schweiz faUt er jedes Mai aUgemein auf, weil er ungeachtet des schonen Wetters, welches Nord- und Nordostwinde zu bringen pflegen, die Alpenkette verschleiert und dem Blicke entzieht. Er macht den Eindruck eines grauen und rbthlichgelben Dunstes, welcher am Horizonte gelagert ist, die Sonne bekommt einen rothlichen Schein und verliert merklich an ihrem Glanze. Folgende von Saussure*) am 16. October 1785 aufgezeichnete Beobachtung zeigt, wie schwer es ist, trockene Nebel von Dunst oder Duft durch den blossen Anbhck zu unterscheiden. Das hier beschriebene Phanomen ist um so bedeutsanier, als bei seiner Beobachtung zugleich der Stand des Hygrometers und Elektrometers beobachtet wm'de. Es heisst a. a. 0.: Blauer Dunst, dem von 178 3 gleich. An dem Tage, welchen ich auf dem Mole zubrachte, bemerkte ich deutlich einen blauen Dunst, welcher, die Dichtigkeit ausgenommen, dem im Sommer von 1783 herrschen- den vollkommen ahnMch war. Es ist sehr selten, denselben so dicht und so bestan- dig, wie er in dem angezeigten Jahre war, zu sehen; aber nicht selten bemerkt man ihn minder dicht; ich hatte ihn haufig vor 1785 beobachtet. Wenn dieser Dunst nicht dicht ist und man sich in demselben befindet, so kann man ihn kaum unterscheiden; ist man aber liber denselben erhaben und dabei doch nahe an seiner Oberflaiche, so kann man ihn deutlich unterscheiden, und sein oberes Ende scheint sehr gut ausge- zeichnet und immer voUkommen horizontal. Bei meiner Ankunft auf dem Mole be- merkte ich diesen Dunst nicht; er wutde mir erst um IVj Uhr sichtbar und ich sah ihn damals in gleicher Hbhe mit dem Saleve 500 Klafter hoch liber dem See. So wie nun die Sonne sich allmalig ihrem Untergang nahte , stieg er auch tiefer hina;b, und da ich geschwinder als er liber den Berg hinabstieg, so erreichte ' ich gegen 4 Uhr des Abends seine obere Flache in einer Hohe von iihgefaht 400 Klaftern liber der Ebene und hielt mich daselbst auf, meih Hygrometer zu ilntersuchen, welches ich auf 80 Grad fand, d. i. 37 bis 38 Grad mehr Feuchtigkeit, als auf dem Gipfel des Ber- ges (hier hatte S. nur 42, 2 Grad geftmden, das Elektrometer zeigte auf dem Gipfel *) B. V. Saussure Eeisen durch die Alpen. Aus dem Franz. Thl. 4. Leipz. 1788. S. 376. — 17 — -|-4,3, an iier Grenze des Dunstes nur +0,6. Der Himmel war aller Orten hell und das Hygrometer zeigte zu Cologne, nahe bei Grenf, zu derselben Zeit 85,8 Grad). Es ist wahr, dass die Warme in dieser Zeit abgenommen, wodurch der hygrometrischei Untersohied iauf 31'/2 Grrad reducirt wurde; dieser Unterschied ist aber immer betrachfc- lich und hilfit beweisen, dass dieser Dunst, obschon viel weniger feucht, als der Nebel, dennoch stets einige Feuchtigkeit mit sich fiihrt. 11. Die Gewitter an den Tagen vom 19. bis 27. Mai 1860. In die Tagevom ip, bis 27. Mai fallen drei Crewitterperioden. , pie ej;ste, tritt am 19, und 20., die zweite am 22, und 23., die leljzte am 26. auf. Die Gt«witterkette am 19. und 20. Mai erstreckt sich, auf dem von uns betraph- teten Grebiete, von Eutinji iiber Otterndprf na,cji Jever, nimmt hier eine mehrjsudliche Richtung an und .yCirlauft von Oldenburg aus in siidbstlicher Riehtung liber ttannqy^r, Braunschweig, Cl^usthal nach Dessau bin. In Loningen wurde diese Grewitterkette, nur wetterleuchtend wahrgeriommen. An . den Orten, welche zunachst auf einer, auf der Karte von Norderney, liber EmdenJ Lingen, Miinster und Hoheijstein gezogep gedachten Linie Uegei), wurden weder am 19. noch am 20. Grewitter beobachtet. Am 23. treteu- Grewitter in Grottingen, Hamburg und Eutin auf. Am, 24. auf. der von Putbus iiber Luiieb,urg, Oldenburg und Loningen gezogenen Linie. Von letzterem Orte aus erstrecken sich dieselben in einer nach Osten hin umbij^gen4en Linie, an Hannover vorbei (Clelle und Hildesheim sind frei davon) iiber Braunschweig, Glausthal, Hlankenburg, Dessau,, Leipzig, Dresden und weiter hinaus. Am 26. geht eine Kette von G^ewitterri von lilutin iiber Lune)burg, Celle, im Nqrden von Braunschwqig und . Clausthal*), iiber Dessau, Dresden — ■ Kremsmtihster, Miinqhen, Hohenstein, i Miinster. ,. Mit dem Mooifrauch stehen diese Grewitter nicht einmal entfernt in Beziehung. Das Vor-, Neben- und Nacheinander beider Ersohe^nungen ist rein zuf allig, undebenso yerhal- ten sich bejde Phanomene ganz gl^|phgultig, gegen eipander. Im Volke ist die ^nsicht ver- breitet, der Moorrauchwirke zersetzend auf die Grewitter; denselben Satz^teUt Finke auf un(i fiigt diesem noch, bei: der Moorrauch vertreibe den Regen. Die Grewitter am 23. und, 24, verbreiteten sich im Gebiete des Moorrauchs, letzterer hat somit nicht zersetzend auf diese||)en eingewirkt, und .ungeachtet des vom 19. bis 26. Mai beobachteten Moorrauchs breitete sich am 26. der Regen iibpr das ganze Gebiet aus. ,, .Dag, was bis jetzt in den Lehrbiichern der Meteorolpgi^ liber die Gewitter enthal|;pn ist, kann man nur Bruchstilcke nennen. Auch die Angaben liber die Vefiii^ilung der Gewitter liber die l^rdoberflache sind noch mangelhaft, ja dlirftig. Bevor an eine Erklarung dieser grossartigen Phanamene gedacht werden kaw, wird man sich jiber den ZijS(taud; des Luftkreises vo^v, wahrend und nach ih^em Auf- '*) In Bi-aHiiBchweig' und Clausthal wilrde nur Wetterlencliten beobaettet. ' j> iU — 18 — treten vergewissern miissen. Vorzugsweise sind die Temperatur und der Druck der Luft, sowie die Richtung des Windes nach Maass und Zahl festzustellen. Um hier- mit einen Anfang' zu machem, stelle ich hier noch die mir vorliegeiideil Beobachtungen zusammen. Es werden sich dadurch wenigstens einige Anhaltpunkte bei Beurthei- lung der Verbreitung der Gewitter am 23. und 24. Mai ergeben. Die vom 19. bis 26. Mai, auf dem gesammten von uns betrachteten G-ebiete, beobachteten Gewitter findet man auf Seite 24, Tafel III, ilbersichtlich zusammengestellt. In der Abhandlung: „Die Gewitter des Jahres 1855, Emden 1856," habe ich an den im Jalire 1855 beobachteten Gewittern nachgewiesen : dass di& Ge- witter, welche nicht bios lokal sind, sondern weitere Verbreitung haben, als Begleiter des Zusammentreffens der polaren und aquatorialen Luft- stromung auftreten, und eben hierdurch nicht ideale, sondern reelle Mar- ken fiir die Grenze.n der Betten werden, in welchen sich die Strome des Luftmeeres fortbewegen; ferner, dass sie anzeigen, wo sich die Luftstr(5me in ihrem Laufe verandefn und sich gegenseitig verdrangen und verschie- ben. Ferner habe ich in der, im Jahre 186'8, in den Sitzungsberichten der mathem.-naturw. Klasse der kaiserlichen Akademie in Wien, verbffentlichten Abhandlung : „Die geogra- phische Verbreitung der Gewitter in Mittel-Europa im Jahre 1856" nachgewiesen, dass die Gewitter an einem Orte, wo zeitweilig die Temperatur liber die mittlere hinausgeht, wenn sie iiberhaupt zum Ausbruche kommen, dieses immer dann geschieht, wenn der Barometerstand bei seinem Uebergange von einem Maximum zu einem Minimum, oder umgekehrt von einem Mini- mum zu einem Maximum, sich so weit verandert hat, dass er nahezu mit dem mittleren Barometerstande des Orts der Beobachtung iibereinstimmt, oder bei raschem Steigen oder Fallen der Quecksilbersaule, kurz vorher oder nachdem letztere durch's Mittel gegangen ist. Bis jetzt habe ich noch keine Ausnahme zu beobachten Gelegenheit gehabt. Am 26. Mai wiu'de in Hannover ein Gewitter beobachtet. Der Barometerstand war am Morgen 27" 7,'" 54, das Monatsmittel betragt 27" 10," 47, mithin ist die Abwei- chung 2,"' 9.3. Aber auch hier, scheinbar ein Ausnahmefall , war das Barome- ter, rasch fallend, in den vorangehenden 12 Stunden durch's Mittel gegangen. Am 26. Mittags stand es daselbst noch auf 27" 11,"' 76 und also 1,"' 29 liber dem Mittel. Ich bentitze die mir vorhegenden Beobachtungen , ilm' die obigen Satze an den vom 19. bis 26. Mai 1860 aufgetretenen Gewittern zu veranschaulitthen, und habe zu dem Zweck auf der lithographirten Tafel 11. die Veranderung des Barometerstandes und der Windesrichtung fur Loningen, Gbttingen, Clausthal und Braunschweig graphisch dargesteUt. Dass auch fiir alle iibrigen Orte del- Verlauf der Veranderungen des Barometerstandes und der Richtung des Windes jenen allgemein^n Satzen entspricht, geht aus der vorstehenden Tafel 11., sowie aus den Tafeln in. und IV. hervor, in welchen die Maxima und Minima der Barometerstande, so wie deren Abweichungen vom Monatsmittel zusammengestellt sind. Tafel IV, die beobachteten Barometer- stande enthaltend, steht auf Seite 22 und 23. Betrachten wir jetzt deti Druck, die Temperatur und die Riclitung des Windes in den Tagen vom 19. bis 26. Mai in ihrer Gesammtheit und nach ihrer VertheUung. ? m. Der Barometerstand und die isobarometrischen Linien am 22. Mai, sowie der Thermometerstand und die Windesrich- timg vom 22. bis 26. Mai. Der Barometerstand hatte an vielen der oben genannten OrtC' am 21. Mai, an den Ubrigen aber am 22. seinen hbchsten Stand erreicht. In Norderney und in Emden stand das Barometer b'" hoher, als das Monatsmittel, an den ubrigen, in der Nahe der Kiiste liegenden Orten Hollands und Deutschlands aber 4'" bis b'". Letzteres war der Fall zu Vlissingen, Utreclit, Helder, Leeuwaarden, Groningen und Jever, uiid weiter landeinwarts zu Loningen, Oldenburg, Elsfleth, Otterndorf, Celle, Han- noYer, Hildesheim. In Lingen, Hamburg und Gottingen stand das Barometer 3,9'" liber dem Monatsmittel. An den weiter bstlich, siidlich und westKcb liegenden Orten: in Eutin, Llineburg, Braimschweig, Clausthal, Leipzig, Hobenstein, Cronberg, Mastriobt, war der Barometerstand 2,8'", fur Putbus und Dresden 2,5'" hoher. Bemerkenswerth ist, dass der zu Miinster beolaachtete Barometerstand das Mittel urn 5)3"' iibertrifft. Der WeUenberg hatte hier also, vielleicht dureh einander widerstreitende, die Luft auf- stauende Winde, seinen hochsten Gipfel. -Das Barometer-fiilg nun an, ziemlich rasch zu fallen, und ging am 24. fast auf dem ganzen Gebiete unter den mittleren Stand herunter; aUein in Miinster, Celle und Hohenstein war die Abweiehung vom Mittel noch positiv, dort -|- 0,3"', hier -|- 3,1'". Auf Norderney, in Lijningen, Lingen, Putbus, Eutin, Hamburg, Otterndorf, Leipzig und Dresden war das Barometer bis auf 1'" unter das Mittel heruntftrgegangen. 1. Die Isobaren. Auf der Karte Tafel I, habe ich die isobarometrischen Linien fur den 22. Mai so genau gezeichnet, Ti^ie.das mir vorliegende Beobachtungsmaterial gestattete. Aug diesem ersten Versuche,, die Vertheilung des Druckes im Luftmee^-e darzusteUen, leuciitet hervor, dass die Erkenntniss des Zusammenhanges der Vorgange im Luft- meere durch diese DarsteUungs-Methode sehr , gefordert werden wird, namentUch wenn die Berge und Thaler der LuftweUen fiir ein grbsseres Gebiet entworfen werden. Die Linie auf der Karte, welcbe die Verbreitung der Gewitter am 23. und 24. Mai versinnlicht, verlauft auf dem Abhange an der Ostseite des Wellenberges des sich weit Mnaijs erstreckenden Gebietes, ungefahr in der Mitte zwischeu den Orten des relativ hochsteji und niedri^sten Barometerstandes am 22. Mai. 3. Der Thermometerstand. Am 22. Mai war die inittlere Tageswarme wenig vom Monatsmittel verschieden; in Elsfleth, Emden, Litigen iibertraf sie das Monatsmittel um 2^y auf Norderney, in Eutin, Hamburg, Jever, Loningen, Oldenburg war sie 1" bis 29, in Otterndorf, Llineburg, Hildesheim, Braunschweig 0" bis 1° tiber dem Monatsmittel. In Hannover und- Hoheii- stfein war sie dem Monatsmittel gleich, und in Celle, Clausthal, Gottingen geringer. — 20 — Am 23._ hatte sich die Temperatur an alien Orten gehoben. In Breda ging sie 5,6°, in Utrecht, Nymwegen, Norderney, Oldenburg, Elsfleth, Eutin, Emden, Li%en etwas liber 4", in Jever, Ottetodorf, Hamburg, Liineburg, Clausthal 3 big 40, in CeUe, Hannover, Hildesheim, Braunschweig, Hohenstein 2 bis 3° liber das Monats- mittel hinaus. Fiir Gottingen betragt der Ueberschuss 1,9 «. Am 24. ist die Temperatur, gleichzeitig mit dem Barometer, heruntergegangen ; Braunschweig und Gottingen ausgenommen. Am 25. zeigt die Temperatur fiir die meisten Orte wieder hbher. Die Abweichungen der mittleren Temperatur der Tage vom 22. bis 25. Mai 1860 finden sich auf Tafel' V, Seite 24. 3. Richtiing des Windes. Am 22. Mai war der Wind auf dem ganzen Gebiete vorherrschend NW, an einigen Orten N, in Clausthal NNW, nach der Slidwestgrenze hin, in Koln NNO. In Gottingen und Hohenstein hatte der Wind Abends die Richtung NO, in Eutin WSW. Diese Richtungen stehen auf den isobarometri^chen Linien mehr oder weniger normal und gehen von der Gegend des hochsten Druckes aus., welche durch eine liber Norderney, Emden, Lingen nach Mllnster gezogene Linie faUt. Am 23. war der Wind umgesprungen. In Norderney, Emden, Jever, Hamburg war er Slldwest, in Elsfleth, Oldenburg, Loningen, Lingen, Otterndorf, Liineburg, Hannover, Hildesheim, Gottingen, Clausthal Slid geworden. In Braunschweig und Hohenstein war der Wind unten Slldwest, oben Nord und Nordwest. Vermuthlich war auf dem ganzen Gebiete der Oberwind nbrdhch. Das Auftreten des slidlichen und sudwestlichen Unterwindes hatte llberaU eine Erhohung der Temperatur zur Folge, wo- durch die Luft aufgelockert wurde und stieg. Am 24. erhielt ein von Norden herandringender Luftstrom das Uebergewicht. Auf Norderney war der Wind schon Morgens NW und behielt diese Richtung bis zum Abend, ebenso in Emden. Am letzteren Orte war dadurch, dass die slldliche und nordliche Luftstromung einander staueten, am Abend des 23. WindstUle eingetreten. In Jever, Elsfleth, Otterndorf war der Wind aus SW, ebenfalls schon nach WNW und NW. herumgegangen. In Mllnster war der Wind W, in Koln WNW, in Hohen- stein W und NW. Ueber der, durch die liber Liineburg, Oldenburg, Loijingen und von da zurlick nach Hannover, Braunschweig, Clausthal gezogene punktirte Linie angedeuteten Ge- gend entspann sich zwischen der slldUchen und nordliehen Luftstromung ein Kampf, welcher die Gewitter am 24. zur Folge hatte. Letztere setzten sich liber Blankenburg, Dessau, Dresden, Leipzig nach Deutschland hinein fort. In CeUe und Hildesheim, welche an der concaven Seite der ebeu bezeichneten Curve liegen, war der Wind West; diese Orte blieben von Gewittern frei. An den Orten, fiir welche Gewitter aufgefllhrt sind, war der Wind am Morgen S Oder SW. An den mehr nordlich gelegenen Orten Liineburg, Oldenburg und iji Hannover war der Wind Abends W, in Loningen, Braunschweig, Clausthal aber NW geworden. , ■ ,< ' j Die Gewitterzonfe am 24. Mai fallt somjt etwa zwischen die Orte, wo am 22. — 21 — einerseits der hochste, andererseitst der. niedrigste Druck beobachtet wurde, und an welchen am 23. die hochste und niedrigste Temperatur auftrat. Die Gewitter begleiteten die mit der Drehung der Windesrichtung eng verkniipfte Ausgleichung beider und trateii ebetf da; auf ^ w®adie verschiedenen Wind«srichtungeii mit einander in "den scharfsten Kampf geriethen. , Der machtigere JllvFordwegt&trom verdrlingte hierbei den schwacheren Slidwest und stlirzte sich in das durch die Warme aufgelockerte Gebiet. Beim Schlusse' dieser den Moorrauch und die Gewitter betreffenden Unter- suchung muss noch die von Beamten, Forstern und Schafern, ja selbst von Natur- forschern gemachte l^eobaehtung, dass der Moor- oder Hohenrauch die Gewitter zersetze und auflose, erbrtert werden. Es wird von diesen Beobachtern erzahlt, wie sie. oft ^esehen batten, dass der Rauoh in einer dem Zuge der Wolken entgegen- gesetzten Richtung gegen die Gewitterwolke getrieben sei, worauf sich die Wolke aufgelost habe, und zwar zuweilen ohne Blitz und Donner, dann aber auch nach vorheijgegangenem Blitz und Donner; doch habe im letzteren FaUe Blitz und Donner sofort aufgehbrt und die Wolke sich au^elost, wenn der Rauch die Wolke erreicht und sich theilweise mit ihr vereinigt habe. — Ich erkenne die Richtigkeit der Beobachtung an, aber nicht die auflosend« Kraft des Ranches. Die beobachtete Erscheinung wird auoh ohne diie auflbsende Kraft des Rauches ganz so verlaufen, wie sich bei der Beobachtung herausgestellt hat; Die auflijsende Kraft des Rauches ist hier kein Ergebniss der Beo]bachtung, sondern nur dm-ch den auf das „post hoc, ergo propter hoc" gegriindeten Schluss mit deralelben in Verbindung gebracht. Die Ge- witterzonen sind immer von einer, im Verhaltniss zu ihrer Lange, geringen Breite. Beobaichter, welche sich ausserhalb der Zone, aber in ihrer Nahe befinden , sehen die Gewilfterwolken aufsteigen, die am nachsten stehenden hbren den Donner roUen, sehen atich wohl den Bhtz. In gi-osserer Entfernung nimmt ein Beobachter nichts von beiden wahr, sieht aber das Gewittergewblk. Geht nun die I^angsaxe des Gewitterglirtels nicht. durch den Ort des Beobachters, so vCrschwinden die Gewitterwolken nach eini- ger Zeit. So verhalt es sich bei alien Gewittern, welche nicht periodisch auftreten. 1st die Luft zugleich mit Moorrauch geschwangert, so sieht der Beobachter diesen durch -den Unterwind, welcher in der Nahe der Gewitterzone immer nach dem Orte, wo die elektrische Enfladung stattfindet, hinstroint, nach derselben Bichtung fortgeftihrt. Nach kurzer Zeit hat der eigentliche Herd des Gewitters seinen Ort verandert, und der Beobachter ist weiter davon entfernt, als zuvor. Die Wolken sind noch sichtbar, das, Gewitter hat aber fiir den Beobachter aufgehort. Letzteres wiirde aber auch stfitlg^eftinden habepj wenn kein Moor- oder Hohenrauch vorhanden! gewesen ware, und zwar ganz auf dieselbe Weise. Die Beobachter, indem sie niu" sich und ihre nachste Uin^ebung im Auge haben, sehen ganzlich' iiber den Umstand hinweg, dass die Gefwitter zeitweiilig auch in eihe Gegend, woi die Luft weit und breit von^ Moor- oder Hohen- rauch impragnirt ist, hereinbrechen. Hatte der Moojrrauch die ihmpzugeschriebene auf- lbsende Kraft wirkhcli, so wiirde es ganz junmoglich sein, dass itiber einem solchen Terrain, so lange' dfer MoorraiicH'vorhanden ist",' sich it^end efrhebliche Gewitter- Erschfcinungen zeigenfktonten. :- — 22 — T a f e 1 IV. Beobachtete hochste und niedrigste Barometerstande uud deren Abweichung vom Hlonatsmittel 1860 Mai 31—38. Ort. 3t. und 99. Max. Abw. 9^. Min. Abw. 35. und Max. 34. Abw. Norderney . . Emden .... Louingen . . Liugen .... Miinster . . . Miiucben . . . Bamberg . . > Jever .... Elsfletb . . . Oldenburg . . Gottingeu . . Eutin .... Otterndorf . . Hamburg . . Ltineburg . . Hannover . . Braunschweig Clausthal . . Putbus .... Leipzig . . . Dresden . . . Prag Hohenstein Celle Hildesbeim. . m 341,41 m 341,40 a 340,38 f 336,50 f 339,11 a 319,35 a 330,60 m 341,06 m 340,89 m 340,95 f 334,73 f 337,94 f 340,78 f 340,2 f 339,86 f 338,84 f 337,52 m 318,20 f 335,58 336,04 m 335,16 a 331,55 f 332,79 f 339,6 a 338,40 + 5,06 + 4,98 + 4,68 + 3,90 + 5,30 + 2,61 + 1,37 + 4,71 + 4,66 + 4,55 + 3,98 + 3,62 + 4,43 + 3,9 + 3,82 + 4,37 + 3,71 + 3,47 +2,80 + 3,51 + 2,53 + 2,73 + 3,55 +4,70 +4,41 f 335,20 f 335,45 f 334,66 f 331,35 f 334,14 m 317,14 m 328,05 m 336,39 f 335,33- f 335,41 f 330,49 f 333,31 f 335,22 f 335,6 m 335,38 f 333,66 m 333,18 f 314,67 m 331,56 m 331,93 m 331,32 a 328,07 f 329,30 336,0 333,90 —1,16 —0,97 —1,16 — 1,25 + 0,33 + 0j30 +0,02 + 0,04 —0,90 —0,99 —0,26 — 1,01 — 1,13 -1,5 —0,66 —0,81 —0,63 —0,26 — 1,22 —1,40 — 1,21 —0,75 + 0,16 +0,30 —0,09 f 338,05 f 338,09 f 337,39 24. a 333,86 f 336,40 f 318,57 f 329,70 f 338,24 f 338,18 f 338,16 f 332,48 f 336,01 f 338,29 f 328,4 f 337,60 f 336,29 f 335,42 f 316,35 ; m 334,04 f 333,94 f 333,80 f 330,61 f 330,80, 337,6 f 335,95 + 2,30 + 1,67 + 1,69 + 1,26 + 2,39 + 1,73 + 1,67 + 1,89 + 1,95 + 1,76 + 1,73 + 1,69 + 1,94 + 1,3 + 1,56 + 1,82 + 1,61 + 1,52 + 1,26 + 1,41 + 1,27 + 1,69 + 0,65 + 2,90 + 1,96 — 23 — T a f e 1 IV. Beobachtete hochste nnd niedrigste Baromctcrstande nnd deren Monatsmittcl .1860 M 21— %8. Abwcichnng vom Ort. Horgens. I Abends. 99. und 96. Min. Abv 39. und SS. Max. Abw. 9§. Min. Abw. Norderney . . Emden .... Ldhingen. . . Lingen .... MUnster ... Munchen . . . Bamberg . . . Jever Elsfleth . . . Oldenburg . . Gottingen . . Entin Otterndorf . . Hamburg. . . LlinebTirg . . Hannover . . Brannscbweig Claustbal. . .' Futbns,. . . r Leipzig. . . Dresden . . Prag . . . . Hobenstein . CeUe .t: . i Hildesheim 26. 2,6. 26. 27. f 329,24 f 330,09 f 329,99 f 326,07 a 328,97 a 314,30 a 324,00 f 329,94 f 330/30 f 330,38 a 325,97 f 328,00 f 329,28 m 326,2? f 330,20 a 329,21 ': f 328,67 f 310,05 £ 32^,86 f 327,96 f 327,68 a 325,00 a 325,30 a 330,9 f 330,06 — 7,11 — 6,33 — 5,71 — 6,53 —4,84 —2,54 —4,03 —6,39 —5,93 —6,02 —4,78 —6,32 , ^—7,07 — 10,9? — 5;84 —5,26 —5,14 —4,78 —5,92 —4,57 —4,85 —3,82 —3,85 —3,80 ' ' —3,94 a 334,29 a 334,44 333,0; ... ,331,00 ill'' ' ■ a 333,39 28. f 316,84 a 328,00 a 333,91 333,47 334,14 a 329,58 28. f 33J,63 28. f 333,59 '332,2? 28. f 333,79 332,38 a 313,08 m 328,98 a; 331,45 28. f 331,38 28. . i 3^8,39 27. a: 328,80 —►333,10 —2,15 — 1,98 —2,69 — 1,60 -^0,42 4-0,00' —0,03 — 2,44 —2,76 —2,26 -1,17 -2,29 —2,76 —4,9? -2,09 -j-1,75 —3,80 — 1,08 ^1,15 — 0,43 — 0,35 — 0,89 m 328,30 327,26 327,91 326,47 328,33 313,94 325,40 328,49 328,87 328,91 325,90 328,74 329,74 330,36 329,21 f a m a a 310,02 327,85 329,01 328,57 325,26 —8,06 —9,16 —7,79 —6,13 —5,48 — 3,10 —2,63 —7,86 —7,36 —7,49 —4,85 —5,68 — 6,61 —5,68 —5,26 —4,81 —4,93 —3,52 —3,96 —6,66 24 T a f e 1 III. Gewitter, bcobaehtct vom 19. bis 36. Mai 1860. bi> a fa » r e • s M « H e fa' Z s • s r. m s it • s s • fa n .s i s © ■ .a S fa 1 1 9 m it 1 • fa 1 • s ■A •c • « s fa e « S- fa 1 • M) fa S A 5 m :5 i •■1 \ "S a a « fa ■3 A 1 • 8 iS 8 ft) vm a. 4) • \ fa s » » H ri nS g X tt *i H 3 X s ' » . H e a ri V H U a a n9 SQ 19 w OG GG 1 \\ GR , .G , G GW«) G G GG G 6 GW GW G _ _ 20 G • GWR GR GGR G G G 6 G — — — ■ 21 ,. G G — G — 22 0' — 23 OR . OR a G GE G G 24 OE OR Ga OE G2)R G3)R ;o GE 6E5) G G G G G — 25 OR OR .0 . 26 OR OR OR OE GR G G E OESt bRSt GR G G OE GE G W W G G 27 OK OE stR St OR — — i — GstRi) OESt OstE ,0,stE BtE OStE OStE StE StR — StR StE — ■ — — — — Es bedeutet: G Gewitter, W Wetterleuchtsn, st sturmisch, St Sturm, R Eegen. 1) Schwacher Donnei- in SW, 12 — 12^ Uhr Vm. (GehSrt vielleicht zum 26.) 2) Gewitter zwischen 12 bis 1 Uhr, bei viel Moorrauch, verzieht seitwarts, einzelne Eegentropfen. 3) Naohmittags Gewitter, Abends Hohenrauoli. *) Mai 19., Naohmittags Gewitter in Osten, Abends schwacheg Wetterleuohten in N, O u. S. . Mai 20., Vormittags Gewitter aus SO und S, vorbeiziehend nach W, Abends heftiges Gewitter aus SO mit starkem Eegen. Mai 23., 11 bis 2 Uhr zwei Gewitter aus W und N und in S, nach vorbeiziehend. '■) 2 — 2^ Uhr Naohmittags Gewitter aus SW durch SO naoh 0, viele starke Schlage; Abends 6 Uhr Moordampf. T a f e 1 V. Abweichung der mittlcreu Temjieratiir der Tage vom %%, bis 33. JMai 1860 vom IHonatsmittel. 22. 23. 24. 25. Or«. Abw. Abw; Abw. Abw. Mittel. Mittel. Mittel. Mittel. Norderney. . + 1,5 + 4,5- + 0,9 + 2,6 Emden. . . . + 2,2 + 4,1 + 1,7 + 3,9 LSnihgen , . + 1,9 ■ +3,9 + 2,9 + 2,9 Lingen. . . . + 2,5 + 4,6 + 2,6 + 2,9 Hohenstein . + 0,0 + 2,7 + 2,7 + 3,6 Jever .... + 1,9 + 3,6 + 1,0 + 2,8 Elsfleth . . . + 2,4 + 4,0 + 1,8 + 2,9 Oldenburg . . + 1,3 + 4,6 + 1,8 + 3,8. Celle — 0,2 + 2,4 + 1,8 + 2,7 22. 28. 24. 25. Ort. Abw. Abw. Abw. Abw. Mittel. Mititel. Mittel. Mittel. Hannover . . , 0,0 + 2,6 .+1,1 + 2,0 Hildesheim . + 0,4 + 2,0 + 1,9 + 2,4 Braunschweig + o;6 + 2,2- ■+•2,4 + 1,5 Clausthal . . ^i;o + 3,4 + 1,8 + 1,8 Gottingen . . — 0,6 + 1,9 + 2,9 + 2,1 Entin .... + 1,4 + 4,3 + 2,0 + 1,7 Hamburg . . + 1,2 + 3,8 + ? + 2,7 Ltneburg . . + 0,9 + 3,2 + 1,0 + 1,6 Otterndorf . . + 0,8, + 3,6 i + 1.6 + 3,0 \ \ V V /•'////r ^ ^ -»' ^^ . i'' . §; 1— s; - + ■ r * ^ ^ 1^ /' ^ \l 1 V, ^ \ ^■s 1 ^ § 1 ! = J' y'' ^^ (| 1 + ^r ■ > / 1 ~1 \ _ ^ \ \ "^ ^ r - 4^ 1 ^11 'pu nf-SuSf^tuouag^ \ \ ^ ^ ' ^ . ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 y 1 > ' ?^^^IM^? 1 ^ 1; ^ t^ ^ 1 1 ^^l^r^^^'^H 1 c ' ^ • §; ^ 15 $; 1 4= 1 '? ^^l^l^?''^ ■W >«? ^ Is' S «l ^1 •^ > .•^ «. Nj <1> S 5:^ 4. 1 ^ > • ^ • ■ IS • ' ^ • 1 ' § - - ^ §'^|n|^^'>§ • Sun^^lJius^utj^ mm mxiiln ber 9laturfotf(^en^ell ©cfcUfc^aft m 6 in b e n. VII. ®in SSeitrai jur f limatologic beg ^arjeg C DO 111 berlt^rcr C^r. |uii rokSdj^o of. 9Mtt ctner labelle. 3»citcr 9l6bturf. €lan8tl)ot, Truct ber Sctroe igerfdjen Dfficin. 1860. ®i?0c^tttffe bet iDBterDlEgisitfn fctoriitDiigpn }u Claiistlial bom 1. S5ecem6er 1854 bis 1. ®ecem6er 1859. ©in SSeittag pr tUmatologie be8 §arjt8 B m eottefiionbicienbeiii ei)t(n=aXit3lU!)t bet Kotuifotf^enben fflefeUfe^aft ju (Smben. 3Rtt etner iaitllt. aSorfefmerfungtn. SDie S;>iht te$ Scc('«d!turt(5«Iowl« iiber, bcm €|jiegrf tet SJorbfee Settiigt 1940,6 fjannev. eitt 174S,0 *«»• S«S. *i« gecgr. Srcite 51" 48' 20,9", tie w. SStige 27" 59' 52". — SDie Seo6a^tmtg«jeit^ ift 6 ll^r SWctgenS, 2 U^r 9la(^mittag« unb to Ufir abenbe. — Die ^gftc ber ®,ef5jje,, wtiiji ic)t SHcgen unb ben S^nte duffangen imb ven bcitett erllewS etue trid>ter=, bag aiibere cine vflraflelcpfpebifc^e J^orm Iiat, Setragt etwa 8 ^ar. gufi ii6cr ctencr fitbei bie ©eite bcr quabr. Ocffiiungcit eijncn \>m\n gug. — !>«« imterVill' 24 €tuiib(n,.»on 10 1% Sltenbs an, gefallene Ouantuni ifl tSgli^ wenig' ftenS ciiimat, I'ei ununfcrbrcdjen en Slieberf^Iageft SltenbS IV)T. gemeffen', bcr €$nte: ttmrbe Bor^ier er|l gef^moljen. — Sun ben bcpptltcn tuSer cmanber ftc^enben) 3a^len ber 6elgefftgten grogeren labclle 6'ejie^t ft^ bie erjle auf ba« ?lormaI», bie anbere auf bag iWinimaUiBermomcter. — Den jjrurf ber trotfenen Suft cr^alt man, wcnn man bie !Dunflfi)«nnung ten bem Sarometetjlanbe ijt'jielit. — 3um SJerjiSnbnifi ber ratt„»onig ^eit. ^., Ui 5 Seb. ^. it." fi6erfdirie6encn Solumnen ber ia&ette bitne, bag man ben ^immel m 10 gteidje Ifjeile tfceilt unb niit bert BcDtDmrnen ?)eitcrn, mit 10 ben. ganj tebedten ^iminel unb mit 1, 2, 3 6i« 9 bie bajwif^en licgenben SBewSltungeigroJen bejei^net, fo bag j. S3. 6el 1 neun mat (o »tet I'tauer .^jmrnet at? SBotlcii, tei 5 eten fo Diet 6(antr liimmet als SBoKcn, bet 9 neun mat fo tiiel Sffiotfen al« btauer Jfiimniet fit^tbar Tmb. 3lu« ben fic^ auf biefe SBeife ergeienben tagtl^en brei Seoba^tungen ifi baS SWittet genommen , unb fo ge^Stt a. S5. etn lag mit ben 3abten 0, 6, 10 in bie mit „5 bis .9", cin ;tag mit 7, 3, 1 in bie mit „0 bi« 5" flberfc^rietene gotumne. — Die gtiHiBif^t Darftetlung bes t5gJi(^en ©angeS ber Snftrumente torn 1. December 1854 bi« 1. December 1859, eine titbogr. Sei^nuilg Don ttwa 5 gug SSreite unb IJ gug ^Sb'. ntli)t t<^ biefer Slrbeft beijugeSen bie abft(^t ^atte, mugte, »cif fie bie Soften jti' febr er^o^t batte, juriitfbteibett ; BieDeit^t gctangt fie fdion im ?aufe be* ©ommerS auf einem anbcrn SBege tu bie Cefentltt^feit. sCOie bflS fflliit au9 bcm §erjen Oclcbenb uiib ctnatjrcnb in ode i£[}cilc bc8 IDrpcrS fltSmt unb buri^ bie Cungeii regciicriert wiebcr jum §frjf" bringt unb fo ben grofen unb fUinen ^reislauf coQenfcet^ mie ber ©lift in ben ^Pflanjfn fieigt unb fflBt unb iCjncn Sefecn unb SBiic^St^um tjcrlcitit^ mie ba§ SBnJTrr au8 bni SKeeten in Xunfiform nuffteigt, in 9Bolfcn ii&cr bit grbe jit^t, ftdj ucrbii^tet, bie (Srbe btlcbeub in Stegen ^erabfdllt unb in a3ad)en, fjliijfen unb ©trBmcn, ben ^uiaabern ber ®rbf, beni SlHeerc inieber ^ujirbmt^ — ebcnfo finbtt nu^ ber SreiSfiiuf bet Suftflremungcn nac^ flctriifrn'p^t)ftfalifcf)cu;(S5i;fr^En jt.itt. SBSIjrcnb bie bie (Srbc nm Sfequator fenfredjt treffenben Sonnenjlriitjien bnfflbft an ber Dbetflndje ber (Srbc einen bcbeutenben SBarmcgrab erregen, ba& fIBciffer in S)ampffcrm Dcrrannbeln, bie ^ei^e unb feuc^te 8uft DermiJge i^rcr geringen fpecififc^en Si^icere fcnfre^t in bie §b[K jieigt unb jtc^ in ten cibere" raiteren Suftregiouen t^eitS Derbidjtet unb unter SlectricitatScntroiieiung in Parfcn 9tcgengiijfEn roieber ^era-bfaUt, ttjeilS na6) beiben Seiten, nciii bem (Siib= unb Sfbrbpol nbflieft: — firijmt, urn ben IuftPer= bOnnten 9laum am Sfequntor nndj p[)t)ftfalifcben ©eft^en Dom ©letc^gfWidjt mieber augjufiitlfn, bie trorfene, fnlte unb fi^were 8uft Don beiben spolen an ber Dberpc^e ber ®rbe in fu^ aflma[)[i(^ crmeitcrnben ffletten nat^ bem ^tequator ^in, ninimt, inbcm fie in ben fii^ crroeiternben ffietten jt^ nuflotfert, iiber bie SLHeere uiib ,bic fcud)te ®rbe flie^t, in aHmafjIic^ marmere Srciten gelangt, cine urn fo grCpere 38njTermenge in ftc^ nuf unb einen urn fo b5t;eren 2Bnrmegrab nn, je naber fte ber ©onnenoerticafe fommt, wo fte ben Sattigung6= ■unb .^bt^fien aBarmegrnb erreic^t roicber in bie §e£)e fleigt unb oben polnrroart§ abffieft. Unb ba ficb bie aWeribiane n.iij. ben spolen ^in atlma^Iic^ na^ern, fo oerengen ftdj bie Strombetten ber cberen feut^ten guftflrbme. ®ie crieiben alfo nuf bem SBege na^ ten *PoIen ^in (Sinengungen unb sprefTungen, roeldje urn fojme^r ju jlarfen 3flegengiijTcn aSeranlajfung geben, ba fic in admatjli^ [}i)(jere Srciten gelangenb fti^ abrii^Ien unb einen geringeren SBarmegrab annfE)men. Saburdj fpfcififd; ft^toerer gerocrben, fenfen fte fid) in bie unterm falteren ©trbme ^erab unb con jefet nn flie^en bie beiben Strbme, ber pclare unb aqun= toriale, ni^t mt^r iiber einaiiber, fonbern neben einanber. ®9 finbcn bemnadj jwei Dftfc^iebene 8uftjlri5= mungen flatt, bie untere falte unb trotfene Don ben 'Polen- uad) bem ?Iequator, bie obcre irarme unb feudjte Don bem Sfequntor na^ ben ^olen l;iii. SBare bie Srbe ein ru^enber Ifbrper, fo gabe c8 auf berfeiben nur jwei 9Cinbri(^tungen, wenn man namlic^ Don ben focaleu STbfcnfungen burcb a?ergjiigc u. bgl. foroie Don ben an ben 2Jl^ereSfiiflen taglii^ regelmn^ig wcdjfetnben ®ee= unb Sanbroinben (58rifen) nbfiebt, namltift ©iib= unb 9torbttinb, unb ^icar in ber nbrblidien Srojje nur ?lorbreinb, in ber fublic^en Srope nur tJicIen SKobiftcntionen untcrroBrfcn flub, gcbt fdjon bnrnnS bftPcr, ta^ bic SBnrmeentreicfclung, tie D.uellc nOcr Snftflremungcn, in ben Oerf^ic'bencn 3nbre8jciten nuf ber ubrblid)en unb fublid)en C'l'bFngel fcbr t)erfi|icbcn ifl. 5Bcnn nnmlid) bic eonncnfirnllcu burc^ bE'terc 8uftfd)itt)tcn nuf ben 9?cb:enbe8 8nftmmc8flclnngen, fo trrcgcn fie *) (Sbeiifo WJie bei Sen frctanntcn g-an»S5er|'ud)cii in im SWic^aetiStliuvnie ju .^•om Sfequator crfiredt. Se^t grtifen bie ©inincnflraljlfn 2'i^/^o Qbcr bm ?lorbpo[ [)innu3, rontjrcnb fic nnr 231/2° t?or bcm Siib* pol bic (Srbe tangicrcii. Jjer bei ber Slrenbrffjuiig bcr grbc jule^t Oefdjrie&cne 9tinj ber ®ptra[c Ijci&t bcfanntlid) 5Sfnbcfrfi8 beS J^'rebfeS, bie in bcr giidjlnng beS aRcribianS Don bew beiben Sanncnteu ma[}rcnb ber gtotation Oer ttrbe bcFd^riebenen Srcifc, fmb bie sflolarfreifc. 3)ic nBrblidjc spoLirjone Ijat jtfet i[)rcn (annen S.ig, n)a[)renO bie fiiblid)c spolarjonc in ^iladjt gc[)ii(It i(} unb nnr con bcm SOtonbe belcudjtct reirb. Sdjrcitet bic (Srbc Don bcm Sommerfoljlitiatpuuctc burt^ ben ^crbjlpnnct fort unb fouimt nad} 6 OTo= naten am 21. 2jcc. im SBintcrfoIjlitialpmictc an , fo l)at bic SonncnDcrtialc auf bcr rotiertnbcn (*rbe cine Spfralc Dom nijrblidjcn aScnbcfreifc iiber ben- 9f equator ^inau8 nai^ bcm fiiblidjcn SScnbcfreife (bcm SBcnbefrcifc beS Steinbocf^) befd;ricben, beren letter Dliufl Don bcm ?fequator cine fublidje gntfernnng Don 23V2O l)a\. Sefet tjaben ftdj bic Serfiattnitfc , roel^c cor cincm iialbm Sat^e am (SommcrfoipitinU puncte flattfanben, gerabe^n Hmgefc^rt^ bic nbrbli^c spofavjonc ^ot jefet Sflac^t, bic fiiblidje Sag. tfuS bcr ja^r(i(^cn ©eracgung ber (Srbc am bic Sonne ober ber fi^cinbarcn fflcwegung ber Sonne 5tDifd)en ben SBenbefreifen ergiebt fidj, ba^ ber oben mit « bejeic^nete 5BinfcI fiir jcbcn ^uutt ber @rbe abiDcdjfcInb 6 SRonate continuicrlic^ grb^er unb 6 aJlonotc fleincr wirb. f5iir spuncte bcr nbrblic^en gc* niapigtcn 3onc l)at cr am 23. Xiec. ben fleinftcn, am 21. 3nni ben grb^ten SBertt) errcic^t, fiirl bie fiib= lidjc finbct ba8 UmgcWjrte flatt. I)ie SoiincnDcrticale beilrcic^t jnr 3cit ber 9fcquinotticn inncr^alb 24 Stunbcn 4155 SDleilen SBajfer unb 1245 gjlcilcn 8anb, jur 3eit beS SommcrfoI|litium8 3177 9Jlcilcn SSafcr unb 1775 ajlciten 8anb unb jnr 3cit bc8 5Binterfoli]itium8 3644 9}leilcn SBaffet unb 1308 SOteilen 8anb. ') grmagt man ferner, ba^ auf bcr nbrblic^cn -^albfu^cl ba9 SScrl^dUnif beS SanbeS jur SBajferpcftc (fiir bic gema^igte unb ^cife 3onc jufammen) 1 : 1,5^ bingcgen fiir bic gemagigtc unb ^eife ber fiiblit^en §albfugcl 1 : 5,6 t|i, fo iDirb man gcrabe Ijierin ben §auptgrunb fiir bie aBbtfanntc S^atfac^c ju fut^cn ^aben, ba^ bit n5rbli(^e .t>a(bfugel miirmcr i|l al9 bie fiiblidjc. %\ij ©uperrc^ nic^t ganj cinen dJrab. **) CDcnn bie Sonnen» *) SR.itfi ben ?liuvit>fu be>3 um tie OJJctcDrolojiic fo fcdr Bcrbicnteii ^profeffin- Saclimanii in 'Btaunfd) ivcij. •*) 9;ac[) ben 5?crcd)nuii,ien »oii I)u))errci;, tic cr 1.R33 in %u\imk tcr ffii|Tenfd)aftcit ju qjaris Biirjjele.^t f)at, hi ba? SJerliiltniff bcr Ct'crf(ad)cii bet ('ciben nini^iietifdjcn .''>cniil"pt;SrcH uiii) juHir ber nrH-blitftcH jur fiiblirf^en gleic^ 1,000 3teit 26 3.18 N 12.57» R. Sim 9ten 26" 0.13'." 26" 1.49'" 26" 2.74"' 11.80 » lOtcit \ 26 2.47 ' 26 3.17 2^ 3.49 14.47 STm 26. a^ecembet 1856 bre^te fi* ber SEBinb maijtd nac^ 0, am Sage aaraa^lid? nac^ N, W unb roieber na^ SSW. 35abei roar ber ®ang ber Snjlrumente roie folgt: _ 3tnt 26ficn 25" 2.84'" 25" 2.84'" 25" 4:22'" — 1.20" R = 27Jien 25 4.85 25 6.33 25 7.77 — 2.07 -- 28fien 25 8.56 25 9.68 .25 11.22 — 2.97 Sfm 2. ajtoi 1857 SfRittagS brcbte fi^ bcr SBi'nb burd) W nac^ S unb roieber nac^ NO, roorauf ber SDBinb om 3ten fe^r oeranberlii^ rourbe. 2.770 R. 2lm 2ten 26" 3.72'" 26" 4.41'" 26" 4.61'" 3.40 - 3ten 26 4.53 26 4.50 26 4.19 4.03 26 3.20 am 7. Sfpril 1858 btebte fic^ ber 9Qinb aRittn^ Don NO burt^ N nacb W, bann 91a4)mittflg8 roieber nat^ N unb 2fbcnb§ nae^ SO. — 1.73" R. 3lm 6ten 26" 1.56'" 26" 2.34'" 26" 3.19'" — 1.27 -- 7ten 26 3.52 26 3.34 ' 26 2.41 —0.30 = 8ten 26 1.04 26 0.84 26 0.85 .' —0.90 2fm 20. tfugufi 1858 brffjte fttf) btr 5Binb Don nadj S, W unb N unb roieber burc^ nac^ SW. 3tm 19ten 26" 2.39'" 26" 1.89'" 26" 1.83'" 15 87" R = 20fiett 26 0.91 26 0.89 26 0.52 1173 ' 2lflen 26 0.50 26 2.02 26 3 30 9 80 ' 22ften 26 3.60 26 3.73 26 3.72 1067 0»:t'' - t* - ;,, %m 5. Sfipewn^ieif 185,8 9»o?8fii8 btefett fii) &er aBinb eon .0 nat^ S, W gen N, bairn niitbtf 6 M^t aWorfltn*. 2 U9r Slactiirtittagd. 10 tt|c «6enbS. i SRittlere Xa^dwatmei Mm 4ttn 26" e.52<" 26" 6.00"' 26" 5.09'" t- — 5.00" R* -■ 5ten 26 4.26 26 3.67 26 2.85 -2.9Q ' 6teii ,,,26 - 1,99 26 2,42 2^ 3,47 -3.63 Stm 5. 3anuflr 185a mndjte ber SBinb ara Snfle einjs Dolle U9itite^iHifl unb jio^it Bon NO .^utdSf S, W jc. wiebetjift!^ NO. atm 4ten 26" 5.99'" 26" 6.21'" 26" 7.58"' 0i27» R. ' 5tett 26 8.64 26 9.67 26 9.44. — 3.40 - 6ten .■;^ :8.47,, ,; 26 7.45 .26 _5.57. -4.40 ^ 7ten ■ 26 4.30 i ■ ■:! 1 ' - ', ' ■ 26 3.95 26 5.33 -2.80 :m 26, aipril; 1859 aj{ot4Bn8 bre^te jit^ bet SBinb Oon nai) S, W unb toifbft 1 Sim 25iien^ 26" 4.68'" 26" 4.9'2",' ■ 26" 5.13"' 1.23" R. : i 26jlen: ; 26 5.27 26 5.50 26 5.64 3,13 > a7flm 26 5.32 , 26 4.87 26 3.99 . 4.23 9lin 4tett 26" i;59"' 5 5tcn 25 10.83 » 6tcn 26 4.39 = 7ten 26 5.28 '- 8ten 26 4.89 arm 6. SOtai 1859 *j bre^te fti^^bcr 2Binb roS^tcnb beS iSngeS Bori' N nad? W tmb S unb toitbtx jurucf iiurt^ W, N nac^ 0; am 7. con nai) S, W unb N^'bann jurtirf mdj W, S unb Sb. 26" 0,69'" 25" 11.23'", , 7.57* R. 26 1.31 26 3.33 ' '5.13 26 5.11 26 5.23 5.33 26 5.30 -; ^6,, ,,5,21 ., . 9.53 26 4.68"" ' '^6 4.60 10.90 RB -,.^ , - werauf es wjgbM jieijt . . 7.77 9fm 21. Dctober 1859 wurbc bcr SSInb in SW lim mtiaa [nft rit^ig utib bre^te f^ urn 2 U^r Sla^mittagl nqdj NW, bann tcieber juriirf na^ Wl. T llfcc! 3tm 20iien 25" 10.99'" 25" 9.56'" ■ - ' 25''' 8.46"' 5.97» R. » 21flcit 25 6.46 25 5.55 25 6.35 3.63 = 22iien 25 7.37 25 9.84 25 11.'75 0.53 ®a§ S9lin. iS^crmomtto, toel^ee am aJlorgen bci^ 21. no^ 4.3o jfigtt, |ipl in bet folgenben ^ai/t auf — 1.2 unb bann auf —2.0 ^erab. ®c^r bcmerfcnSroert^ ifl bcr ®ang bcr aBitterung in Cm crftcn Sflgm bc9 2Ronflte SloOembet, roo bcr fiarfc SW=®trom unfcrc SBctgc ^cimfurt)te; Stadjbcm nSmfid) am 30. Dct. 1859 bie 2Binbri(^= tung 2 U^r Jtaiftmittage SW, 10 U^r SfbcnbS S,'flm'31. 6 U[)r aWorgfrte SO, unb gintfimittagS O gc» rotfen war, rourbc bcr SBinb auf furje 3cit ru&ig. X>arauf brft)tc cr ftt^ bur* N nadj W unb reiebcr nai) N, TOO cr na^ furjcr 3eit mieber ru^ig murbe^ bann brcljte cr fidj na* S, too fcine ©tatfe bifl *) S5em iebeatage iti gtogeit JE>utn60lM. _ 12 - Siftti*!. 9fot). affmS^Iii^ jundT^m uiib fie^ 'Hbmbd feci bet S)rtl;una iiac^ SW in einen Dtfan tjcrwdnbelU, ber 9lac^t8 1 U^r feiiie grb^te .Startc erreii^tc. ©cit bicfer 3cit ^errf^te ber SWs(Strom mit tafllid) roec^fetnbet ©tarfe (Don 4 6i8 1) bi8 jum 9. 2£ben^8; 10 Jl^r, tpo er fi^ bei btr 35re^ung mi} NW noc^ finmat biejut 5ten = 25 9.00 25 10.96 26 0.37 5,53 5.2 15.5 = 6ten '- 26 0.72 26 0.47 26 2.38 7.17 3.2 44.5 =. 7ten » 26 2.12 26 2.30 26 2.70 7.57 6.0 — = 8ten « 26 1.02 26 1.34 26 0.90 5.07 3.2 ^ 71.0 < 9teit » 26 0.63 26 2.47 26 4.66 2.40 , 1.5 121.5 » lOten '- 26 7.35 26 9.65 26 10.97 0.07 —1.2 — = lltcn = 26 11.60 26 11.82 26 11.23 —2.13 —4.3 — — 62 — *) 3tu(i) am 30. ©cccmOer 1859 menii Hi U^r jeugten rcc^t ^elle Sli^c »on bet Bcbcutenben (Itectricitat ber SBcIfen, bie bet ^cftige SW'»Stutm untet ftatfcn SJiebetfijIagen, bet 4.8" SBSrmc, flbet unfetc SSctgc tticb. 3u gleidjct 3cit i|l auif iai @t. glniSfeuet mit intenjtBcii gfammcit inoiadjUt uiotbcn. 13 - " TlnT erne WgTiW ffhfc UeteriTc^f Wtt tie 5Bff flttbeVttiifltn !JeT*8Tiiftlntff8 JT 'ft^aTftii , T^ ttt 6er folgenbeh lEafcI bie ■ jStiftagigen 5Dlittcl beS auf Qo R. tebutietten fflflfbftletcrjtanbte mit i^ren gtegten "emtn unb SJlitteTn "jufammeugeflcdt. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. ®r»6te SBiffetertj. aRiftel. aJecember 2-^6 25" 11.08"' 25" 10,20"' 26'^ 1.97'" 26" 6,49'" 26'( 4.18'" 8.29''f 26" 1.98'" 7 ^ 11 26 0.02 26 0.22 26 2.18 26 9.45 26 6.50 9.43 26 3.67 12 — 16 26 1.83 26 0.61 26 0.29 26 7.86 26 5.49 ■ 7,57 , 26 ,3.22 17 — 21 25 10.06 26 5.49 26 5.69 2.6 5.68 26 3.50 .7.63 26 3.68 ,, 22 — 26 25 11.40 26 1.53 25 8.70 26 5.72 26 0.36 9.02 26 2.72 27 r- 31 26 3.54 26 4.99 26 1.00 26 8.32 26 0.93 i.Z9 26 3.76 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 3«nuair 1 — 5 26 1.69 26 2.20 26 0.58 26 8.44 26 8.09 ■7.86 26 4.20 6-10 26 7.62 25 7.08 26 4.64 26 6.98 26 8.21 13.13 26 4.51 11 — 15 26 6.09 26 4.34 25 9.96 26 6.45 26 6.00 8.49 26 417 16 — 20 26 2.53 2511.35 26 4.21 26 4.04 26 5.56 6.21 26 3.14 21 - 25 26 2.27 25 7.84 25 9.52 26 5.83 26 4.00 9.99 26 2.69 26 — 30 26 0.70 25 10.33 26 0.03 26 6.91 26 1.65 8.58 26 1.52 31—4 26 0.70 26 1.80 26 1.98 26 0.78 26 0.60 1.28 ' 26 1.21 getJruav 5—9 25 11.42 26 3.52 26 3.45 26 5.89 26 0.67 6.47 26 2.59 10— 14 25 8.69 26 2.22 26 4.31 26 4.71 26 3.23 8.02 26 2.23 15 — 19 26 0.75 26 1.58 26 5.91 26 3.78 26 3.33 5.16 26 3.07 20 -■ 24 .26 1.19 26 1.37 26 7.91 26 4.93 26 6.73 6.72 26 4.43 25— 1 25 11.45 26 6.74 26 8.14 26 2.81 26 3.42 8.69 26 4.11 aJl5tj 2—6 25 11.32 26 5 00 26 5.40 25 9.93 26 5.08 7.47 26 2.55 7 — 11 26 0.00 26 3.60 25 11.62 25 8.t8 26 4.08 7.30 26 0.82 12 — 16 25 9.12 26 5.39 26 1.41 26 0.42 26 0.53 ,8.27 26 0.97 17 — 21 • 25 11.63 26 3.80 26 5.36 26 6.20 26 3.94 6.57 26 3.79 22 — 26 25 6.56 26 3.14 26 0.49 26 5.14 26 1.79 10.58 ' 26 1.02 27 — 31 26 4.75 26 3.58 26 1.28 26 2.90 25 11.77 4.98 26 2.46 fflprfl 1 — 5 26 2.34 26 2.53 26 0.71 26 0.93 26 4.67 3.96 26 2.24 6 — 10 25 11.71 25 10.11 26 1.59 26* 1.97 26 2.16 4.05 26 0.71 11 - 15 25 11.93 26 0.34 25 9.53 26 3.55 25 8.25 7.S0 25 11.52 16 — 20 26 5.28 26 3.28 26 5.17 26 4.79 25 10.93 6.35 26 .3.49 21 — 25 26 4.54 26 2.30 26 1.91 26' 5.86 26 1.78 4.08 26 3.28 26 - 30 26 3.83 2510.08 26 2.12 26 1.44 26 3.11 5.75 26 1.72 ajJai I — 5 26 0.84 , 26 0.13 26 3.89 2511.60 26 1.72 4.29 26 1.24 6 — 10 26 1.20 26 0.97 26 4.03 26 4.97 26 4.90 4.00 26 3.21 11 — 15 25 10.61 26 0.01 26 4.59 26 1.01 26 4.78 6.17 26 1.80 ' il6 — 20 26 1.81 26 0:30 26 4.15 26 3.93 . 26 1.20 3.65 26 2.32 21 — ' 25 26 2.20 26 0.69 26 1.44 26 2.99 26 3.11 2.42 26 2.09 26 — 30 26 1.42 26 1.74 26 1.66 26 5.31 26 2.18 3.89 26 .2.46 Snni 31—4 26 2.26 26 2.76 26 4.06 26 5.60 26 1.71 3.89 26 3.28 5—9 26 4.00 26 4.72 26 4.21 25 4.82 26 3.65 1.17 26 4.18 10 — 14 26 3.12 26 3.53 26 3.43 26 4.65 26 1.67 2.98 26 3.28 15 — 19 26 1.00 26 3.00 26 4.78 26 4.69 26 2.95 3.78 26 3.28 20 — 24 26 2.64 , 26 3.34 26 5.72 26 5.62 , 26 3.33 3.08 26 4.13. 14 ' ■ 1855. 1856. , 1857. ,, 1858, 1859. S&lfferchj. mttti. 3uni 25 - 29 26" 5.56'" 26" 4.54"' 1 26-5.14"' 26" 4 47'" 26" 5.83'" 1.36 ■' 26" 5.11'". 3«ti 30 - 4 26 4.72 26 4.02 26 2.84 26 3.52 26 5.57 2.73 26 4.13 5 - 9 26 2.68 26 1.75 26 '2.60 26 1.84 26 6.50 4.75 26"5.W ■ 10 -r- 14 26 1.89 26 2.99 26- 6.07 26 -2.67 26 6.41 4.52 26 4.01 15 - - 19 26 0.74" 26 4.30 ' 26 4.86 26 4^0- 26 5.09 4.35 26 .3.9S- 20 - 24 26 1.79 26 2.43 26 3.40 26 3.63 26 3.67 . ■ 1.88 26 2.98 25 - 29 26 2.45 26 4.72 26-4.27 26 '1.78 26 4.96 3.18 26 3.64 ail^ufl '; 30 - 3 26 '2.69 26 6.16 26 5.12 26 3.35 26 4.25 ■3.47 ' 26 4.31 '" '.fj 4 - ■ 8 26 2.fe 26 3.67 26 3.27 26 5.71 26 4.39 "3.43 ' 26 3.86 9 - 13 26 3.83 26 3.28 26 '4.56 26 5.07 26 4.21 1.79 ^ 26 4.19 14 — 18 26 4.44 26 1.47 26 1.87 26 4.53 26 4.ie 3.06 ' 26 3.28 19 - 23 26 2.98' 25 11.64 26 4.63 26 2.43 26 ,5.35 5.71 26 3.01 24 - 58 26 3.85 26 2.67 26 6.27 26 1.85 26 4.00 4.42 26 3.73 ®e^>tein6er 29 — '2 26 4.85 26 2.79 26 .4.06 26 2.34 26 1.77 3.08 26 3.16 3 — 7 26 3.70 26 3.84 26 3.i8 26 3.42 26 3.81 0.66 , 26 3.59 8 — 12 26 4.47 26 3.64 26 2.87 26 5.81 26 ■ 4.68 ,2.94 ' 26 4.29 13 — 17 26 3.09 26 3.91 26 6.21 26 5.56 26 0.05 6.16 26 3.76 18 — 22 26 5.07 26 1.17 26 5.39 26 5.75 26 2.56 4.58 ', 26 3.99 23 — 27 26 6.39 25 8.73 26 5.02 26 6.36 26 5.06 9.66 26 3.91 Octc6et 28 — 2 26 0.60 26 0.94 26 4.67 26 4.29 26 4.47 4.07 26 2.99 3 — 7 2511.95 26 4.22 26 2.17 26 3.58 26 ■ 5.33 5.38 26 3.05 8 — 12 25 9.89 26 5.13 26 1.32 26 2 30 26 3.38 7.24 ' 26 2.00 13 — 17 25 11.79 26 4.78 26 5.57 26 5J28 26 1.81 5.78 26 3.45 18 — 22 26 4.J8 26 7.42 26 1.61 26 2.44 25 10.72 8.70 26 2.87 23 — -27, 26 0.99 26 7.95 26 4.51 26 5.32 26 0.59 , 7.36 ; •■ 26 3;87 28 ,T 1 25 8.94 26 7.39 26 4.76 26 6.13 2h 9.52 '10.45 ' 26 2.55 Olevtmbn 2 '4' 6 56 2.99 26 6.62 26 '4.02 26 5.26 26 0.31 6.31 ' 26 3.84 ■ 7 — 11 26 3.59 26 1.12 26 8.09, 26 6.17 26 5.38 6.97 26 4.85 12 — 16 26 4.02 2^11.08 26 7.59 26 1.29 26 6.36 8.51 26 3.67 17 — 21 26 4.52 26 3.93 26 8.16 26 1.46 26 6.27 6.70 26 4.87 22 — 26 26 2.27 25 11.88 26 0.77 26 2.74 26 4.94 5.06 26 2.12 27 — 1 26 0.50 2511.25 26 3.59 25 9.62 25 11.99 5.97 26 0.19 3)ie kigegcbmc greferc tabennrifcfac Ucberftt^t ent^alt olS mttel bn funfja^rigen ^oMen ffiflro- meterjtanbe 26" 10,70'", als mttd ber i.ifbrigfifn 25" 3,20"', Sifftrens I" 7 50'" mb olS mittirren ©tanb fut bag ffieobac^tungglocal (1745 par. m "• ^.) 26" 3,01'". S)er feit funf 3a^«n beobat^tete aajl.e fBarometerflanb con 26" 11,82'" fanb am 11. gioDember 1859, ber niebtigfic Don 25" 1,93'" am b. JJiara 1858 flatt. ©cmnacb betragt ber Unterfc^ieb jttifc^eii bem ^bc^pen unb niebngftcn Stanbe 1" 9,89'". UiflitrfdjlSgt. ^ir 6aben oben barauf aufmerffnm gemac^t, ba^ ber nni bie bebeutenben 5«.eberfcDlage .ufiibrenbe feu^te ^abmepnnnb, unb iiberbaupt ber au9 ben Cuabranten S big W me^enbe bei unS ber bebeutenb Ootl,errfdjenbfle i(t. Serforgen mir bie Slic^tung biefeS SBinbeS aberjben §ars ^inaug unb berutfp,^49en, m ber .'f"!"" auffieigenbe ^arj ale ba^ nbrbltt^fie C)o*gebirge fu^ b.efem 3uge entgege^jieat ur b «, gen fe neg reid,e„^g.c^te„bePanbe6 - eine gfrut|t unferer auSgeieiineten gorflcermaltung - ^ie ffeu^tig eit Der Suft m fl(^ auffaugt, bie 2Bo[fen anjie^t unb beren 3„^alt jum grofen S^eile abforbiert, fp iff in= 15 ieudjtenfr, M^ ebm ber |)nrj ben flti)|ten ehijiuli auf bif TOebetf^tflgrtJcn floOj Storbbeutfc^fnnb au«« flfeiin niu^. JieS beftatigen mtc^ bie ffleobal^tunfleti. gfi fcctraflt ncimlii^ bif butc^f(^nittric^e \&f}vUd)t Sftegen^ebe in Dftetobe (amrfftibtceflUdien gu^e bus S«»tjea 656 par. gg. iibet bem ©|3ieflel ber Slorbfee) nur 23>59 par. 3oD, in einuSt^d Intit anliBgenber: ^abelle 50,14 pnr. 3on, aiff bem SSrotfen 46 Soft (in tinipn 3a^ten;>50) in fflatlmfiabt no^ 34i,in SBernigetebe com 1. Oct. 1858 6ie 1. Oct. 1859 nut 21,30 par. 3oa,:ma^renfc ^icr in: SiouSttral in berfe(6en 3tit 49,36 par. 3oa gefiaaen jlnb. ^iertnit ijJ aBfiJ auc^, rcie 3)ot)e in feinen „er9cbniffen bet 2C. ffieobat^tunflen" fogt; bn fSoxtatf) trf^epft utib ba^er fmft jie an ben merflenburgiif^en ^iijlen, ber StS^e bet Djifee Hngeat^itet, auf beti Snfel fotl (53o 59' n. St.) auf 14, in SBujliOW (540 21') fogar aiif 13 3oa ^erab. : fmben ^at nnd? einem tJietje^ns ja^tigen ©urdjf^nitt (1844-^1857) ttpfe bet 'Sl&i)t beri sRotbfee nut ei«e fWegen^b^e con 26,24 pot. SoVi, roeldie jic^ auf 129 9tegen« unb 19 ©djneetage Pert^ejlt*). a5ie gtO^ten a)iffcttnfa> in tin jS^tlii^en Sftegrn^ij^cn , ben 9legen= unb (Scfjneetagen bettagen. bott '^OQn 1855 Bie 1858) bejie^nngStceife nut 7,-80 3oa, 24 unb 5 Sage, tocl^tenb §ier bie gte^ten Unterf(%:icbe 31,49 Bott, 51 unb 34 Sage jlnb, nsie man au8 anlicgenber SSafeellt etfe^en tann. ©S etgibt fte^, alfo fiit ®mben ein CicI conftanteteS Set^filts ni^ in ben jabtlic^en Sftieiberfi^lagen, ale fiit (Slanfttbnl, t»nb ftagen mir nadj ber Utfac^e bicfer grfii^ei* nun(i,-fo ifl fie nadj meincr Sfnfidjt nut bariu ju fucfcen, :ba^ f mben feine Sniebetfdjiage DotjugSweife ber 9ta^e be6 SWectea Derbanft, unb bcS^alb bie ja^tiii^e :9legenmenge fowie bie Sfnja&I bet 9legens unb ©c^tieetage cine jiemtid) confiante blcibt, watjfenb ixi ^atj fie mit bem (Siibwtfijitomc et^olt, bet feinen SEBftffetgctjdlt jura gtofen X^tik balb in fiiblidjftn boib in nBrblit^ctn.Oegcnien niebetf^iagt unb mS) fertit Jftiftfung 6alb ilber me^liidje balb ubcr 'tffllitfce ^uncte nimmt. Um ben (Sinflii^ beS .^arjeS auf bie mctecr. Sflieberftbiage bcjfet tibetfe^cn gu fbnnen, j^abe i^ in ber folgenben 'Eafel bie Sflieberfdjlage. in Dfteiobe unb SlauSt^al ncbencinanber gejielltj etflete tjcibanft t(^ bet ^iite be6 ^errn ©cbulinfpcctot spupp^ert, mJl(^ei: aud) bie gleit^jeitigen raSarometersSBeobaj^tungen auf meinen aSunfd) um fo bcreitroiDigtr ubernommen f}cA, al§ cr fi^ fiir 0iaturmiffenf(feaften fe^t leb&aft intctefjtett. 9lii§ bpr SSetglcid'ung bieftt S?eo6nd>tungen fterfpte(t)c id) mir inteteffonte SRcfultate. no; Oftetote eiauStljal' 5'fierobe ElauSt^al Ofiisrofte 61au3t:^al (far. 3oU. ■ Unt. 3oa. )>(tr. Son. ©ccemSet . . . ' 1856 2.26 4.86 1857 1.38 4.80 1858 1.98 3.99 Sanuav . ... , 1857 1.20 3.09 1858 2.10 S.58 1859 1.58 3.97 ^ebruAX .... 0.17 o!56 = 0^9 1.51 : 2.68 6.84 ffltfirj .... . = 1.73 4'.37 ' - 1.3t 4:43 5 3.^5 10.13 9(pril .... '. 2:81 3.18 ' • ' = 0.77 1.66 * 2.32 5.98 ybi > 1.44 t.83 -- 2.42 5.16 S 2.01 2.10 Sunt ... , , :. - 0.78 1.70 - 1.86 0.91 s 3.61 2.89 3uti . . . . ^ , ' 2.76 3.60 7.75 10.49 9 2.70 2.90 ^tuguft .... - = 2.65 4.41 4.15 4.42 i 1.78 2.56 ^e^ttmhtT -. . . " 0.72 1.53 '- 1.20 1.64 ' '■ ' C ,1.59 3.47 OctoSer .... 0.76 1.48 1.55 3.23 ■' 1.08 2.63 9i0Bem6ec . . . = 0.57 - 0.95 . 0.45 1.30 ' 2.34 5.82 34r 17.85 31.56 25.39 45.13 27.52 53.28 Unterfd^iebe . . . 13.71 19.74 25.76 1J' *) 5«an ^trglcid^e ..Seittage jur ^cnntnijj l>e8 .StHma'g soit OfifricStaJ) son Dr. iJJrtftct. ffimien 1858." _ 16 - aOit [e^en au8 biefcr Safe(, bn^ bie ^liebcrft^fage in alien SJlonatcn mit SfuSna^me ber ©emitters raonote in Dfierobe getinge^r [mb al8 in bcm 1089 par. fSu^ ^e^er Ucgenbcm SlauSt^al. 3)ie SDSolfen jie^en namlic^ iiber Djierobe roeg, gelangen in bie fSftere ©crgluft, mo ftc ft(^ grb^tetit^cilS bi9 jur iEtppfeiibilbung conbenjicren unb i^ren 3n^a(t fnflen tafen. SDjierobc erljalt megeii [finer gcringcn Snts fernung (cine aJleile) con bicfcn Sflicberf^tagen glcic^jcitig fcincn Sfnt^cil, menn au(^ nur in cinem gcrin= gem W.a^e, ma9 au8 bcm gleid)jcitigen Steigen unb ?5aIIcn btibcr Suroen beutlit^ ju crfc^en ift. S)a^ ber Unterfd)teb bcr Sticberfc^tagt in ben Sommcrmonaten fleiner ift al8 in ben iibrigcn SUtonaten nnb ba^ riamentHc^ in ben 3uni = SKonatcn ber Sn^re 1858 unb 1859 in Dfierobe mc^r ifJlegen gefailen ift al9 in ®au8t^n[, rii^rt (ebigfic^ oon ben ©eroittern ^er, bie mit bem SW= unb W^tStrome 6i8 an fcie Serge ge* jogen finb, aber roegen i^rer ©(^mcrc ni(^t auf bie Serge gelangen fonnten unb' fomit genbt^igt roaren, jt^ an ben fabroeflUc^en Sfbpngcn berfelben alfo iiber Djterote ju-entlnben. ©inen a^nlii^en (ginflu^ wie ber ^arj iiben anbere ©ebi^ge unb fctbft unbebeutcnbe ®cbirg8fetten au6. @o gaben spaberb'orn unb ®iiter8lo^, auf ber SfQefifeite beS Seutoburger aQalbe8, in bemfelben 3a^re 28 BoQ, mo ba8 auf ber entgegcngefe^ten ©eite gefegcne Saljuflcn nur 21,8 3oII lieferte. 35ie in ^rag 14 3o[I bctragcnbe 3ftegcnmenge fteigert ftt^ am ®{ibab§ange be8 3fliefcngebirge8 aHma^Iii^ bi8 38, faUt aber ft^on in Stcige unb i8re8(au -auf 16 3off ^erab. 3m allgemcinen f)angt bie Stcgenmcnge unb bie Sfnja^t ber Slegentage con ber grb^ern obcr gtrin= gern SflS^e beS SReereS ab. ©o ift 5. ffl. (nac^ ?5oiffac'8 COleteoroIogic) bie ja£)rli(^e Slegenmenge an ber SBefifiifte Don;i®ng(anb 35 par. 3oII, im 3nnern nur 24, an ben ^iiften Don f^ranfreii^ unb ^oUanb 25, im 3nncrn 24. (Sin a^nlidieS SSer^aitnig finbet in S3etreff ber 9legentagc ftatt. (gnglanb ^at 152, «5ranfrei(^ 147, g^icbcrbcutfdjlanb 141, in Dfen 112, ^afan 90, im 3nnern ©ibiricnS nur 60. SlauSt^ar iibertrifft mit fcinen 188 Sagcn, namtii^ 132 3tegen= unb 56 ©c^nectagen, ade genannten, unb bicS ift gerabe fiir ben Dber^arjcr ©rubenbnu unb filr bie gorftcultur :c. con ber grbpten ffiebeutung. STn ben treflii^ untcr^altenen Sfjauffeen unb auf ben §albcn, roel^e tc^tere noc^ cor 20 Sa^ren cinen fterilen 9fnb(itf barboten, ^at man jc&t iiberatl bie [)errli(^ften Saub^olssSfupflanjungcn gcmnt^t, unter wtl6)tn fi(^ ein gruner Seppi^ nu8brcitet, ber Con 3a[)r jU 3aijr untcr bcm f($u^enben 8aUbbo(^e Bfi^ter mirb. SBenn nidjt bie baufigen Sfliebcrfc^lage bie SSermitterung be8 S^tjonfcfjiefcrS unb bie §umu8bilbung begiin= ftigtcn, fo miirben biefe SinpfTiinjungen, bie nad) 3a^ren eine ^errli^e 3icrbe ber nad)ften Umgebung Con (ElauSt^al fein mcrben, unb tie ben Suitmanbclnben fcbon jefet liberaQ fo frcunblicb begrii^cn, ni(i)t fo iippig gebei^cn, al9 e8 tro| ber baufig au9gefpro(^enen Sefiird^tung ber gatt ift. SlBa8 bie SSert^eilung ber 9tcgfnmcnge auf bie cerft^iebcnen Sa^reSjeiten betrift, fo finbet biefe nai^ S)oDe'8 fdjarffinnigcii Worf^jungcn nad) aUgcmeinen ©efcgen ftatt. SBenn bie Sonnencerticafe ben fiib[. SBenbefrciS trift, fo fenft fic^ ber obcre bfi^e ©trom fiiblidj con ben Sanaren unb Sfjoren, unb ba&er ^aben biefe ©egcnbcn im SBinter i§re gtegenjcit. ffleroegt ftc^ bie Sonne raicber norbmart8, fo fattt audj ber obcre ©trom mciter nbrbticb .^eruntcr unb fo ^atiber ©iiben Suropa'e eincn naffen §£rbft, SBinter unb ?5rub[ing, unb bcfonbcrS ffidt bort im §crbft unter beftigcn ©etcittern fetir ftarfer Slcgen. Sfn ben ciftgen ©d^eitcln ber ^ftpcn brid)t fid; ber bciBc unb fcud)te ©from, er fc^milst ben ©t^nee, bie :J)dmpfe coubcnfieren ftdj, fallen in furc^tbarcn ©trbmcn ^erab unb Ccrurfadjen in Dberitalien unb bcm fiiblidjcn Sranfreidi nid}t felten ccrbccrenbc Uebcrfdjiremmungen. aBa[)rEnb bie STtpen ben aBnffcrge^alt ber Suft abforbieren, ^aben roir ^ier im nbrbiidjcn S)EUtf(^(anb trotfenc 3eit, bie ben ^jlarxim in i^rcr - 17 _ trflen ©nttBitfelungSperiobe oft fo nflc^t£)eilig mitb. 35em Dom fflorben oorbrinfltJibm falten ©trotnf ift ber 58eg na(* (Sttben oerfpetrt, er ftnut flc^ gegm ben ©abfltom unb nimmt bie Stii^'tung Bon Dfi nac^ SBep an, bie et fo lange beibe^cilt, biser einen Sfusmeg nai) ©Uben finbet. ©leroue iji ber bebeutenbe Suftbruil ju crfiaren, ben n^it ju biefet 3eit ^ier beobai^ten. Stnc^bem ber feitroflrts gefi^obem spolar* firom im ©uben (Suropae ft^ Sa^n gebroct)en ^nt, ge^t er (ber Dflroinb) wieber in Storbwinb ilber, fcer fiuftbrud roirb geringcr unb bnS barometer faOt „X)er nun ale tramontane*) au^ im fttbli^en (guropa bie ©errf(^aft beS corner bouernben ©cirocco beenbigt unb bie trodene 3eit bort einleitct", fagt aDoOf. S)ie8 pnbet flatt, menn bie ©onnenoerticale fidb bcm nbrblif^cn SBenbefreife nd^ert unb babure^ ber bei^c Sfequatorinlfirom in ^btjere JJtegionen getioben nun ungefiinbert iiber bie Sflpen ^inttJegflic^en fann. (Sr fenft jlc^ in unfern sBreitcn al8 (isiibmeftflrom Ijerab unb fommt oufS ncue mit bem Pen norb= atlantifc^en Ocean tjorbringenben Slorbmejljlrom in (Eonflict, unb fo beginnt jur 3eit ber ©iebenfc^Wfer unfere Sftegenjeit**), bie oft ber (grnbte fo nac^t^eilig unb Den ©abereifenben fo unangene^m Wirb, a)ie aSeoba^tungejournale ent^alten eine 5Rengc Don ®eifpielcn, mo burd) ben 3ufammenflu5 jener beibtn ©trbme bie bcbeutenbften 5Rieberf(^iage erfolgten. ®in f^Bner 5«a{^fommer entf^jSbigt unB ni^t felten bmi) ben Jefet eintretenben trocfcnen ©eptember unb October mrt fiarfem fiuftbrudf unb ^)o^er Sempera= tur^ attein ber 3legen wirb in anberer Jftaifit^t befonberS bann entbe^rt, roenn autft ber ©ommer trofc ber temporarcn SRieberfe^iage im gonjen -ein troifencr gewefen ijl. 3)a0 SOSaffer, roeldjee jum ©rubenbes triebe :c. rait rceifer unb umfH^tiger ®<3arfamfeit in ^eid)en gefammelt unb aufberoa^rt iBirb, Cerminbert ftd) taglicfy burc^ SSerbunfiung unb ©cbrau^, o^ne ba^ bie SlefertJoire einen neuen 3ufluf er^arten, unb bicS erfUDt ben flei^igen unb betriebfamen ffiergmann mit banger SSeforgnif fiir ben SBinterj bo^ tritt rei^t oft na^ bem erftcn Urofte wieber giei]en ein***) unb beru^igt bie bangen ®emiit^er. ginen fo lange an^altenben 5BaJTcnnanfle[ wie im 3a^rc 1822, loo auf einen trotfencn ^tvi\i avA) ein trotfener SBinter folgte unb erfi mit 9fu6gang gebruar fid) bie ©djlcufcn bee §immele i^ffneten um bie allgemeine Sflot^ ju linbern, ^aben roir feit^er nit^t roieber gebabt. 5)amale ift jeboc^ nacb autbentif^en SOtitt^eilungen ber ajiangef fiir ben Ocubenbetrieb nii^t fo ^eroorgetreten ale im 3a^re 1857, roeil bamale bie (SJruben bie je^ige Siefe noi^ ni(^t errei^t fatten unb alfo eine geringere SBaJTerfraft gtnilgte, nie jefet trforberli^ ifi, um ba8 ©rubenioaffer au6 ber ^iefe ju ^eben. Um bie jum ©rubenbetriebe erforberlit^e i'aljxlidjt SBaffermenge unb bereh SSert^eilung auf bie ein= jelnen TOonate obue roeitiauflge Stei^nungen aDein nu§ ber grfabrung annabernb ju befiimmen, genilgt t6, bie in ber ^LabtUt ent^altenen monatlic^en unb jabrlit^en SBaffermengen mit einanber ju Dergleii^tn unb babei ju beriitffx^tigen , ba^ rcir 1855 einen Ucberflu^, bagegen in ben brei lejten Sa^ren einen temporaren SRangel fatten, wo einige Oruben jeitweilig eingefteQt unb ben SBergleuten anbere Sfrbeiten ert^eilt werben mupen unb ba^ ba8 3a^r 1856 ate baejenige bejeit^net werben fann, wel^ee bie auereiii^enbe SBaffermenge (57,67 par, 3oII) lieferte. ©abei ijl, wie f^on bemerft, barauf 9tu(I|l(^t ju ne^men, in ^) La tramonlana ^eigt bd ieii 5t«lieitcrn ber 9Jorbmnb, m\\ er flber bie Mlpeii ju i^iieu fotmiit; ebenfo'netinett fie I>en ijSoiarftern stella tramoDtana. **) SRan uerfllei^e in ber loieDe bie SBJoffer^S^eii. ♦**) SDie fogenannte SBel^nad^tSftutb. — 18 — melt^cn SD^onatcii 5ic TOeberf(^lngf erfolgcn. ©inb j. 58. nur bie grflt)[iii96moii(itc tibetwiegciib crfliebifl, fo ^at mnn auf bie SJerbuniluiig in ben ©ommetmonaten, 6efonbcr§ bei gcringcm 3Dunftget)flIt ber 8uft, eine nic^t unbctrfic^tlii^c SJlengc in ^Ibjug ju bringen. 9Ba8 nun bic £)erDorragenbflen Sniebcrfdjlage betrifft, fo jcic^nct ftdj in biefer ffiejicl^iing ber ajJo= nnt 3Decbr. 1854 itiit feinen 16,85 pnr. BoU. Dor alien iibrigen nnS. .®nDon liefertc ber 16. oon StndjtS bis 11/2 U^r Sflflctim. 301 Jtbfjoa SBaffer nuf eincn Qunbrntfuf nnb [;atte ftc^ ni^t plOfelidjcr grcft cin= gcfleQt, mit bem bi8 10 UCjr 9f6b§. nod) 34 SbfjoH ©ctinee fiel, fo roarc, trofe ber bur* bic gtottjglotfen tierbeigerufenen ^iilfe, rooburc^ dn S)amnibrud) Der()iitct murbc, eine Ueberfc^meramung eiitfinnben, bie urn fo gefntjriic^er tcerben fonnte, ba ber 9tegen in ticfcn unb lodfern fdjon on ben bciben Dor^erge^enben S£ngcn burd) 294 SbfjoQ 9tegen nufgemcic^ten . Cuft. yiotmaUZ^nm. SBintiridljtung. .^immelSanfirfjt. 6 lllit 2 ni)X lOUtn- 6 nt)v 2 nijr lOll^r 6 ll^r 2 m)r lOUtjr 6 Itlir 2 ni)r lOWtir mora,. Olm. 3^o^c.. ■Wnc\. 9lm. ar5 djaraftcriflifc^. 3)ic Urfat^'e biefer [)icr im SBintcr oft cintrefcnben grfdjcinnng licgt ot)ne Btucifct DorjugSmeifc in bem 3ufammcntieten unb UeDcrcinanbcrlcgcn ber beiben §au|)tluftflrbme bt& polaxm unb dquatoriaien, uon bencn ber crfte ben jroeitcn [jerabbriicft. 3)ie§ beftatigt and) ber ®ang bc9 SBnrometera. 3)a^ foldje abnormcn SSertjaltnijfe, roic ftc oben angcfiiljrt fmb, anf ben ©cfunbbcitgjupanb ber 2Renfc^cti *; iDij^ fcucljtc 3;f)ermomcter ftnnb 0.8" €»niteit5of mit vcd)t fet^afteit J?«v6en. ^of)cr ali bus ttorfenc. %i bemfclben SKorafti (jattcn nn'r eincn fe^v f^oiien - 19 - natftt^tilig einwirfcii majTen, ifl: mo^l nicjjt jii bcjiceifelrij. uiib in bee Xf^at tratcn nadj jenen Sogen l)flu= jtge ^rnnf^eites unb iEpbeefdlle cin; bn8|®cl5mipfenfie6er murbe epibemifi^. Sflr bie Derfc^iebenen nieteorotogifctjcn'iSnljrtejeiten [;o6e i(^ in ber fotgcnben Uc6etfi(i)t bie mittletc Siajticitat bev SBnfferbfimpfe (3:;unfl[ponnutifl) in par. Sinien, ben i.tittferen ©unflflctjalt ber 8uft (rcla* tiDe Seuc^tigfeit) in sprocenten unb bie mittlcrc 3legent)i)6e in par. 3oII fiir ben 3eitraum oom 1. ®ccbr. 1854 bie 1. Dccbr. 1859 bere^net. aBinter. Srii^Iing. Scnitnev. $cr6fl. ^taflfcitfit bet SBaffevbanivfe iDunflge^fltt ber 8uft . . . SRcgenP^e 1.65 91 14.40 i26 79 12.21 4.17 74 14.00 2.88 84 9:53 35a8 ajtinimum ber 3)un|l[})nnnung fciflt in ben SBinter, bn8 SDtnpmum in ben iSommeri' bei ber relatitjen Seuc^tigfeit ber 8uft finbet ba& umgete^rtc ffatt. 3ugleic^ erfie^t man, bai bie SRieberfi^iagc mit ber relaticen Seuc^tigfeit ber 8uft ni^t im gleic^cn SScrpItni^ ju= unb abne^tnen. |tr trjte tttib U^tt Sdjneefnll. ®er crfie ®d)nee pel: 1855 am 2. Sdoo. 1856 » 6. SfloD. 1857 1858 26. SRoD. 29. Dct. mit Sc^lo^en unb Slegcu. Sine fe(te S^neeberfe ftedtc jtd) erjt am 24, cin^ ber erj^e Srojt am 3. 3)ie fefie ©c^ncebecfe erfolgtc om 9.^ fc^on am 25. Dct. fiel ba8 aJlin. S^icrm. ^ nuf —0,4 ^erab. 59,5 ^bfjoa? am 9. ftel ba8 SJlin. Xl)txm. auf 0,0 o, am 10. auf —1,5. 139,5 ^bfjoH. ^i$on am 9. fiel bn9 aJlin. S^erm. nuf —0,1, am foIflen= ben XoQt auf —0,6, trorauf e8. bis jum 29. fiber blieb, aber am 30. plb^li(^ auf —4,3 unb 31. auf — 5,9o fiel. ®(^on nm 22. fiel ba8 'JRin. S^erm. Don 4,3 auf — l,20^erab. 3Jer lefete ©c^nee fiel: 1855 am 8. u. 9. >JHat 25 Sbtjoa 6ci mittl, iScmtseratur cou refp. 2,73. unb l,10o u. SW u. NW, 1856 -■ 2,, 3. u. 4. gJiai '40,5 SbfjoQ bei tjiittl. Scmperatur Don rcfp. 0,13, 0,23 u. 0,93 o u. W. U..NW. 1859 » 25. Dct. 1857 1858 6. aJlai' 12. mai 1859 . 25. Wpril 62'.Sbfjpa bei mittt. SSemp. Don 2,03 unb NO. ,, ,, , , 80 ^bf^od bei mittt. Semper. Don 3,23 unb N unb SW. %m 7. ijnb 8, ■jfi'gtc ba6 anin. S^erm, — 1,8 unb — 0,8° bei N. ' . ,, ' ,. STm 12. unb 13. gjtai fiel, ba8 aJlin. iS^erm. refp. auf — 0,3 ' «nb. — 1^0 .^erob; nac&bem c8 fc^pn bie Sage Dormer eine Pinimatrcarme Don 4 6i8'5,9o gejeigt ^atte. (35er ginftuf ber gejirengen §errcn ^anfratiuS u^ ©erDatiue.) 3 _ 20 - tSroflsSperioben Don minbejlcnS brei XaQtn fonbtn jtatt com 3«6I bet Za^t 6 5 3 25 19 9 15 7 6 8i 8 5 11 4 8 16 5 5 3 4 7 6 U 4 27 8 10 3 8 14 5 5 STuS bet aniieflenbm ^abeOc, roeldje bic ?!Jlonnt8= unb 3nt!rc8niittel , foroie bie SUlittfl fflr bit meteor. Sa^reSjciten u. ent^nlt, ijt ju erfetjen, ba^ bic EjOc^fte Suftmarme 24,8 o (4. 3uli 1859), bie ge* jingjte _ 16,6 (21. S)ec. 1855) alfo btr Unterft^ieb 41,4o bctragt. CDagegen ijl bn9 buti^ft^nittlit^e jfilr* lic^e aJlapmum 23,0o, onS aninimum — 13,lo, bemnnc^ ber Untcrfdjieb 36,lo. 3e wciter man jlc^ na^ bet ^ei^en 3one tiin beroeflt, be|lo gcringer roirb ber Unterftfeieb aroifd;en ben (Sj:tremen. 3n ben Sropen fennt man feine fnlte unb ttarme 3eit, [onbern nur cine naffe unb trotfene unb bie Semjjetaturcjrtreme biefer beiben 3obre6seiten betragen bott nur wenige ®rabe. Sntereffante Slefultate liefetn bie SSergleic^ungen ber SBatmemittel in l)erf(^iebenen ©egenben. 2BS&* rent j. ©. am SR^ein bie mittlere 3a^te8»firmt 7V«o, bie mittlert SBarme befl SBintete IVjO unb be8 8. CecemDet aJlorgenS bl ! 14. SDcccinbcr SKotgenS 1854 16. 2l6cnb8 5 22. = 27. SOTovgenS - 29. ■- MbcnbS 9. 3anuar Sl6eni>8 ■i 5. gebtuar « 1855 6. 5^ebtuat SKoi'gcng i 25. = SMorgeng 6. iMarj aiOenbd S 16. anatj 1. SDecemBer SKotgeti? * 15. 2)ec£inber SlbenbS 16. StbcnbS ^ 26. 10. 3aiiuar « i 17. Sanuar 2)lotgen8 1856 28. » SWorgcnS 2 5. ??cbruat 9lad)in. 16. JeStuar 5l6ertb8 24. J SIbcitbS 4. SMatj OTcrgcnS S 9. OTarj COtovgcns 11. JioDemfeer 9tbcnbs S 22. 9l0Bembet gia^m. 25. > SEKorgenS tf 5. ©eccmbet 9tbcnb« 14. S)ccembcv 2tbeub6 '■ 18. 23. » SWorgeitS s 31. = 5JJorgcn8 5. 3anuat 9!ac^m. >: 18. Sanuar %\,t\\U 1857 22. JKotgenS d 7. g-cbruar aSorgeiiS 9. aSarj s 14. SKatj 24. aprit « ' 29. Slprit 20. 9lo»cm6et 2lbcnb« * 23. 9to»cmbcv fflbenbS 13. SDecembet SWorgcnS i 17. SDctcmbcr ajforgcnS 2. 3anuar SlbcnbS s 9. Sanuar 9Ibenb8 1858 12. 5 £ 18. 20. * s 4. gebruar ajforgcnf- 6. gcbtuat : 10. = Slbcnbs 14. , -. 5 14. anSrj Worgeng 2. Jlottembct • S 11. 9fo»embcr 13. s » 5 24. = a»orgen8 6. 35eccniber » « 9. SDcccmbcr 2tbenb«i 11. ajlergtns f 19. = iKorgena 27. 9t6enb« - 10. Sanuar 2lbcnb8 1859 13. 3anuat SfflorgenS = 17. 1. g-cbruar 9tienb8 s 7. gcbruar SDJorgenJ 14. 3le»embct « s 20. 9loBcmbcr - 21 - Sru^linflS fnfl 7o betrfigt, ^nt ©mbenfnoc^ dnem tjieria^tigen S)ur(^fc^nttt) nut cine Srt^reSwarme eon 6,510, bet SQinter 0,18o, ber Sril^Iing 5,03o, btr ©ommer 13,46o, ber §erbfl 7,37o unb Slauet^al eine mittlete 3a^re8rofirme Don mir 4,930, ber 3Bintfr -l,61o, bet Stti^Iing 3,6ao bet ©ornmet 12,17o unb bet §etbjl 5,47 o*). aSetgleii^t man bie mittlete Sa^teewStme bet 8uft in S(au6t^al mit btx mittleten Sempetatut beO QueHttJflffete, roelt^e id) Don Oct. 1855 biS Suni 1857 beobac^tct unb = 5,17© gefunben l}abt, fo et» flibt ft(^ eine ^Bifferenj Don 0,24o, I8ei ein'et langeten 9lei^c Don ffleobat^tungen, bie bai Stotfenroetben bet SHuette in bem Sa^te 1857 ni^t geftattcte, reirb bet Untctfc^ieb ma^tfi^cinlii^ noc^ fleinct, DieHeit^t =0 wetben. eiligenftabt unb ben JBtodEen (51 o 48') jeSnia^tige SJlittel (1848 bi8 1857), fttt SBetnigetobe (51 o 49' 46" n. St.) fei^Sja^tige unb fttt Slau8t§al (51 o 48' 21" n. aSr.) ffinfia^tige (1854 bi8 1859). 35ie 3a^len fUt bie etften «punctc ftnb au8 bet „®tatijlif be8 joHd. unb nbrbl. 35etttf(^Ianb Dom ffierg^auptmann D. 35e(%en" entle^nt, bie fttr SBernigerobe Derbanfe i(| ber freunbiii^en Sftitt^eilung beS §ettn Dbetle^tet ©etfeet. ^etligenflabt. dlaumaU »toceen. 9Becnigecobe. @al)webel. Decem6cr . . 0.23 •• — 0.86 — 2.54 0.61 1.01 Sanuar ... — 1.09 . — 2.13 — 3.86 — 0.08 — 1.00 geBruut . . 0.55 — 1.82 - 3.72 — 0.30 0.65 anarj .... 1.66 — 0.11 — 3.19 2.28 1.79 Slprft .... 5.89 3.87 0.71 5.59 5.85 Wlal .... 9.14 7.27 4.32 9.04 9.65 Suni .... 12.13 11.97 7.20 13.03 12.91 3utt .... 13.45 12.11 8.26 13.86 13.99 Qlugujl . . . 12.89 12.43 8.17 13.81 13.59 intet grii^Itng ajoifommer Sommer Slac^fommer 21. 21. gjtcira 1. aiprit 20. = 15. mai " 20. 3«nrj » 31. = » 19. Stvrif ' 14. 8.18 5.88 3«nf 31-4 — 2.98 9.94 9.82 7.58 5—9 — 9.04 11.38 7.24 9.22 10 — 14 — 3.50 11.56 9.54 8.20 15 — 19 — 4.68 12.58 4.36 7.21 20 — 24 — 8.48 7.44 7.18 7.70 25 — 29 — 9.78 5.38 8.92 8.03 3ulf 30—4 — a70 5.18 10.84 5.24 5—9 '— 8.50 7.42 10.20 8.71 ' 1. .''■. . ,);!' 1855.,,,. . 185S, 1857. 1858. WlitteU Mi, 10 -- 14 , . ■ — '7.48 7.98 9.74 8.40 15 — 19 — 9.70 11,38 10.04 10.37 . . 20' - 24 — 8.82 9.68 11.44 ' 9.98 25 - 29 — 10.32 ' 7.82 9.40 ' 9.18 Stuguft 30—3 — . 9.78 7,58 8.90' ■8.75.' :.4^, 8 — 12.90 ' 8.80 10.10 10.60 9 — 13. _ 9.58 11.52 9.58 10.23 14 — 18 — 10:36 9.84 9.82 10.01 19 — 23 9.34 9.88 9.481 • 9.72 9.61 ' 24 — 28 ■:7.14 8,92 7.24. 11.50 ' 8.T0 ' ©e^jtembev 29—2 6.62 . 9.16 5.98, 7,52 7.32 3—7 5.94 9.34 9.18 5.96 7.60 . . 8 ^ 12 7.44 10.38 6.94 6.28 7.76 13 — 17 4.94 7.96 8;92 • '4.76 6.65 18 — 22 4.46 5.52 7,08 :4.94'. 5.50 23 — 27 5.78 5.45 7.50 9.52 7.06 OctoBev 28 — 2 6.42 6.94 6.82 8.76 , 7,24 3—7 6.52 6.04 4.96 7.76 6.32 8 — 12 8.54 4.96 2 68 4.58 5.19 13 — 17 6.68 5.34 ,4.56, 5.90 5.62 18 — 22 3.98 5.84 4.26 3.46 4.39 23 - 27 2.08 4.36 '' 2.64 0.26 2.32 ■9le\>mi^t Don 4000 W^. ii. ajl. niifet erreit^en. 9ti^t felten _ 26 - beobac^tet man t)ier fo fc^merc ©fWittfr, ba^ fie unter bem *piatcau Don SlanSt^ot bleifcen, an ben SSergen fid) t^etteh unb nn ben fiiblii^en unb nbrblic^en §tb§angen berfclbett enttaben ober aui) auf bet entgegcngcfelten ©cite j. 93. beS ffaleflbergcS (2232 S^.),. ""& ffiocf66erge9 (2230 eg.) jl^ rcicber Der= einigen unb nac^ bet SScreinigung fti^ noc^ nie^r fcnfen, ^ommt ein ©ewitter nu8 W. f)od) genug, urn fiber unfere 58crgc jie^en ju f&nncn, fp'bre^t fic^ ber SBinb' in ber Slcget m6) S. unb fpringf erft bann plbpcE) wiebcr nac^ W., wcnn ba8 ©ciuitter bie fSerge erreic^t ^at ®ie ©etoitter, weli^e ^ier obcn fti^ bilbcn, jie^cn meijicnt^eifS am SSruc^bergc (2832 g^.) ^inouS unb jwar oft fo tief, bag man cinjelne ^uncte bc8 aSergriiifene iibcr ben aBoIfcu ^ctDorragen fte^t unb enttaben fit^ Dbllig am 83rocfen^ anbere enttoben fi(ii aber au(^ am 93d(I6= unb ^alenberge. — 2ft9 i(f) Dor langeAr 3eit ben ffirocfen 6efu(^tc unb 9 UI)r 2Rorgen§ mit mebrcren 9teifcnbcn ba8 Stodeu^auS certieg, tear ber §immct Bodfommen n;cl= fenlecr, bie 8uft rul^ig unb fdimiit. ^oum tcarcn mir aber 15 bi8 20 SRinuten in ftibl, Sli^tung, nncf) DbcrbriiiJ }u, Com l8ro*ent)aufe entfernt unb baS SSrocCen^auS unferen fBliden cntfc^wunben , ale mir jjltt^liii) eincn fe^r fiarfcn Sonner Derna^men. ®rfiaunt fa^en Kiir un8 an, bliclten urn un8, iiber un9, iiberati roar rein btauer §immet unb DftHig ru^igc unb [c^miite 8uft; feboc^ roenige ©ecnnben barauf fatien mir rcc£)t8 tief unter un8 bie obcren bunfetgrauen nierenfbrmigen SBblbungen einer fc^mercn @e= mittermolfe, mel^e bie Quelle be8 S)onncr9 unb ber nun ftc^tbaren 95[i^e roar. SBir fatten eben ben ^unct errei^t, mo bie ,5Segetation ber Sidite beginnt (3200 par. gg.), al8 ein furc^tba^er ©turm btt8 ©emitter ju un8 ^erauf trieb^ im SRu jucften bie 93Ii^e iiber unb unter un8^ ber 9tegen crgog fti^ in ©triJmen auf un8 t)erab, gegen ben bie bereitS eom ©turme scrriffenen ©i^irme nic^t fi^ii^ten. So luiigten mir budifiabli^ bur^ baS ©emitter ^inburi^. S)0(h fanm maren 15 2Hinuten Dccfloffen, a(8 and) nidjt bie geringfie En"9fnblid Dergrbgerte unb bei ben anmefcn= ben Srcmben ©tauncn unb ©emnnberung erregte. — 3m SJtonat 3uni 1838 umjogen ben Srodfen Diet ©emitter, namlidj am 7. jmei, ferner am 18. unb 26. Don bencn ba& am 18. am fidrfflen -mar 5 baffelbc ^ielt beinatjE eine ©tunbe lang bit^t iiber bem SSroden an, fo ba^ man glauben mufte, man befanbe fi^ im ©emitter 5 eg jertfieilte ftdi bann in jmei ©emitter, bie gegen ONO unb OSO jogen. ®ic 8uft rnurbe oben £)titer, beibe ©emitter fenften pd) unb bie ffili^c maren flarf unb long. Wui^ baS am 27. 5Rac^m. — 27 - 1 U^r jog au9 SSW iiber ©ti^ierte m^ N unter bem ©rocCen tJorBet. — STm 31. 3uli 1838 9lncl)ui. 5'U^r ittnjogcn ben ®ro(fen jttei ©emitter futj ^inteteinanber con W nnc^ tinb jttar foiniebrig, ba$ man bit freie ?fugj\^t ^e^iclt^ j^c jtiegen, gcgen 6 Utjr in bk §&^e unb cermanbetten fi) in £flebel. — 3m SOflonat 3uni;1839 fnmen je^n ©emitter in bic Sta^e bc8 ffirotfenS, dber feinS jog afier bcnfelben, beina^e afle mnren mit bem 58ro(fen'in gteicl)er ^b^e unb gcma[)rten burc^ bie berfc^iebcnen oft me(^fcln= ben SBolfengeflalten Don obcn betrai^tet .ben ^errU(^(tcn SfnblicE. — 3m (Sept. 1840 marcn in ber SlS^e be9 a3rotfeii§ brci ©eroiteet^ bnS eine nm 15. 9ta4m; ZV^ U^r jog Don SSW na^ 0, bie beiben anbern ftnnben am 19. SD^orgenS BVg U[)r jmifti)i:n bem SSrotfen uitb bem SBurmbergc iiber einanber. 3)(i8 uns tere jtnnb mit bem am SBurmberge ^Sngcnbcn gro^ett SBinterbcrge (2775 pax. S^.) in> gleii^cr §b^e wb bo8 obere ©emitter ungefa^r 200 ?5^. [)i)^ei: al8 bie fflvDcCcnfuppc. t>ex Sftaum jroifdjen beiben ©emittern 6ttrug ungefdl^r 900 ^^. 35ie SGoIfen beS untern ©emitters roartn jtnrf bunfelgrau, bagegcn beS obcren ^edfarbig o^ne Sfiicberfd)lag, fo ba^ man ben -SQurmbcrg jmifi^en beiben fct)r beutlii^ fe^en fonnte. »83eibe ©emitter fenbeten einanber untcr ^eftigen S)onner[c^fagen ftnrfe ffitifee ju, erfiere8 con unten nac^ oben unb Ie|tere8 Don oben nai^ unten; ©emi§ cin fe^r fcltene8 ^bflnomen , ba@^ au^ Don ben anmefenben ©ajten al8 ein foI(^e8 angeftaunt murbe. ffieibe ©emitter bercinigten fi(^ nac^ tieftig bejtanbencm ^ampfe^ baS untcrc er^ob ftift unb beibe jogen toereint gen Djt. — 58ielc berfltti^f" ffleifpiete fbnntc ic^ 3^nen noc^ anftt^ren, inbeffcn merben biefe fdjon getiilgen unb ic^ giaube bejlimmt annebmen ju biirfen f'ba^ bic C>aifte ber ©emitter, mclcfec in bic Sfta^e bc8 ffirofcnS fommen , 500 bis 1000 ?!up niebriger alSbje aSrotfcnfuppc Dorilber jie^en." »^u8 alien bicfen S3c'oba(^tungen mirb fid) boS Siefultat trgeben, ba^ bie ajte^rja^t ber ©emitter ^ier am §arj bie ^eijc Don 4000 g^. ii. SOf., nid)t iibcrftcigt, momit man bic Btocifel, mettle mc^rere ©ete^rte unb inSbefonbcre ber berii^mtc^ SRaturforfc^er £am^ in bie SlJlittljeilungcn ber Sleifenben fcfet, ba^ jtc namlid) Don ber ffiroifcnfpi^c unb anberen minbcr b^bcn §arjbergen ©emitter ju i^reu Siifen gcfc^en fiaben, ats unbegriinbct an'fe^en fann. Dbmo^I Sranliin*) unb de Saussure beftaupten, ba^ cine cinjeinc SOBoIfe fcine ©emittermolfe fein fbnne, fo ^at fti^ bo^ ,biefc Sfnfti^t bur^ bic jn^lrcic^en Sicobaclitungen Don Sergmann, Duhamel du Monceau unb Marorelle (Don mctc^cn Foissac beriditet) unb benen ii^ ,no(^ me^rere Ijitx auf bem §arje gema^tcn SBeobatfjtungen binjufiigen fann, a(8 irrig crmiefen. 5tuc einen SaCt. mill it^ noc^ furj anfii^ren, ber jugleidj iiber bie §bbc ber ^ier ilbcr bem *p(atcau entfianbencn ©emitter ^uffc^lu^ gibt. Wm 31," Sdlai 1858 Stodjm. 6Vg Ubr fnb id? anf einem ©pajiergange norbbjtl. Don glauStbal cine cinjige fleine mei^e ober t)eflgrauc SQolfe**) bci iibrigenS Dbttig beitertn §immel unb fe^r ruljigcr 8uft gera&c iiber mir^ i(^ bielt jtc anfangS nic^t fiir tine ©emittermolfe, mcii fie mir ju unbebeutenb fifeicni aber plbfelit^ Dcrnabm i(^ cin grcHeS Bifcbcn, mcli^em S3Iifefira[)t unb SJonnerfi^Iag momentan foigtcn. ^aum 200 ©(^ritte Don mir cntfcrnt, batte ber (fetra^l einen jungcn ?ftornbdum ncbft ^fa^l, ber ctma 25 ©c^ritte *) iiiefcm Setu^mtcn Slaturfbrfiler, Bsn bent lurgof fagt: "..Eripuit coelo fulmen, sceplrumqae tyrSnnis" »etbdnft Me SSfffenf^oift jWat aK^txetimtlM) Btel, aHetn feit jener 3«W tp fie fcod; and) bcbeutenb fortgefcbrittcn uni) but^ eine SRen^e von Sfcofrai^tuttgen Beretc^ert, toeli^e man'jum I^ett in Slvago'g ©c^rift'fl6er bnS ®e>»ittet aufgejei^net finbet. j 'i: i **) ^a'd) pettier' eiit^alten iii ttiefgen, rSt^titben uAi> ■ ordttgefatBenen ®Ia«efectticitat; 'bie grauen unb ft^itfetfstSigen .Jiatjefictricitat. ;• - '■'■'■'' ■:.. -■■ \." ' •.;.-■ — 28 — Don einem f ulbetl^aufe ewtfcriit jlan&,i jerfc^mettertuSflac^. meitift ®(|a^aiig imt) ber ®«|rRelIiflfeit mitttfeU ^ct ber ©i^tag bem jlarfen .3if(^en fofgte utib bit imaf)i =0 irar,'ronntc bic §i)[}e bet flBolfe, votldjt jtc^ nadj biefetn cinen iBIi^flra^t, o|nc 9tieberf(^Iei[9 entiabcn, t^eil§ iiber Slaugt^nl meggcjogcn [inb, .betragt in bem Sfltraum com 1. 3>ec. 1854 biS 1. T'ec. 1859 89 unb ebcnfo Dicte Sage mit SBetterfeuditen fmb in ben a3eDbadjtung§ = 3ounia[cn Derjeidinet, iibcr bercn SOcrt^cilung auf bit Der= fdjicbchen SKotiate bic SabcQe baS' SRd[)ere cnt[)alt. Sfu^crbem- fiub noc^ 46 Sage mit ©eiDittcrn in ber 9ta£)c, 14 Sage mit Conner o[)ne ©li^, unb ein Sag mit SBIife ofjne S)onncr in ben a3coba(^tung8= ,3ournaIcn Dcrseidjnct. S)iefe Dert^eilen fn^ auf bie einjeinen 3abre tpic folgt: iage mit 3m '"—Ml, r»— -^ ^t 'J ' — ^^ 3a^t. 6cc ©ettjittcr. Setterleuc^teii. ©emitter in ber SJa^c. SDonner, 1855 23 14 7 4 1856 22 14 2 2 1857 16 27 8 1 1858 12 18 15 5 1859 16 16 .14 2 Sunimc 89 89 46 14 Salirf. !Dut ■djfc^mtt 17.8 17.8 9.2 2.8 ^afln£ti|'d)e (SctDJtttr. (^polartidjt). 91ad? §umbo(bt unb S^icnemonn mirft ber ©rbmagnctiSmuS auf bie SftmofpSarc ein, inbcm er bic in berfclben aufgelof^cn 'SUnfle Dcrtiditct. XicS fc^Iie|cn fie barau§, ba^ am folgenben OTorgen nat^ einem SRorblii^t rotipe SBoIftn in ber 3tic^tung ber magnetifi^en SOJcribiane 5ic[;en, bie roa[}ren5 bc8 Sifor&s Ii^t§ Dcrmut[;[ic^ leui^tenbc (2tra[;Icn gemefm ftnb. 9lac^ ?5araba^'9 ©ntbedung, ba^ bmd) magnctif^e ^raftc Sidjt cntmidfelt mirb, if} bie fd)on Dor ca. 170 Sa^ren Don ^allc^ auSgefproc^enc SSermut^ung, bai ba§ 5Jlorb[i^t cine magnctifi^e grfc^einung fei, jur empirifdien ©croi^^cit gcroorben, unb §um6olbt 29' - fagt (iloSmoa 1., ®. 198) „6ie prai^tboOe ©rfi^einung 0e8 fcirbigen spolnrlttlte ip bet Wet 5er dntlabunQ,- 5n8 ®nbc ciae8 magnctifc^eti UngercittfrS, roie In 5cm clectrifc^en efienfaUe cine Sic^tcntrcidcfung, 6cr ffillife, bie SBieber^erjieaung bc8 ge|lertcn ©reic^gemicEite in ber SSert^ciluiig ber (glectricitat fcCjcidjnct*', S)ic magnctifc^e Sntenfttat fc^cint alfo bei ber gntflc^ung cineS giorblidits oon ttjcfcntlii^cm ©influ^ ju fcinj lie nimmt nai$ §iim6o[bt Don bcm Sfequator nadj ben «poIen ju unb jroar liegt roic ®rman gcfunben l)at ba^ SDlinimum berfelbcn, ndmlic^ 0,706, untev 19o 59' fiibt. ffiir. unb 37o 24' roeftl. SSnge, bnS aOlajrimum betrfigt 2,071*) 5 jebod) .finbcn jreif^cn bicfen beibcn gjrtrcmcn oft auf na^e gefcgencn spunctcn bebeutenbe aScrfc^ieben^eiten ber mtignctifdjcn SntenHtat flatt. 9Qie in ber torricellifc^cii Seere iiber ber Sluccffllbcrfflule im ffiflromcter obcr untcr bem 9tccipienten ber Suftpumpe Si^tenttDicEcIuhgcn flatt jtnbcn, fo roirb, roie audj aJlorlct M)a\iptet', bit in fe^r gropen §i3^en bebeutenb oerbUnnte 8uft unter bem 3utritt be§ in ber Vftmpfp^orc cnttjartencn electrif^icn «5Iuibum8 leuc^tenb. SBa^rcnb bie elcctfifc^cn ©emitter fic& t;orjug8nJeifc unter ber ©c^neeregion innerl&arb beS SEBarmefp^aroibS entlaben unb nad} bem Sfequntor ^in, nifo mit ber 3una^mc ber aBfirme unb ber §b^e ber (Sd^neeregion an ^aupgFcit ju\ie^men, fi^einen bie mngnetifc^en ©croitter ftc^ iiber ber CSc^neeregion, Diedeii^t an ber ©renjc ber Wtmoftj^arc, ju bilben unb fu^ DorjugSWeife ba ju entlaben, mo bie 8uft am bUnnjten, bie taite unb juglcic^ bie magnctifdje Sntenfttat am grbpten iji. ®a nun an ber Jftotation ber (Srbc aut^ bie Sftmofp^arc Sfecil nimmt, fo mirb le^tere aij.nlic^ roie b'tc ®rbc, unb in einem no(^ grbperen SSer^oItnip al8 baS bie (Srbe umfpanncnbe aBarmeftsOaroib, an ben spoten abgcplatfet ffin unb jwar um fo bcbeutenbcr, ats eineSt&eifS bie 8uftt^eil(|en fu^ fetir Iciest Dcr= fd^iebcn laffcn unb anbcrnt^cilS , loeil bie 9lotationegefd)tt3inbigfeit berfelbcn fiber bem Sfequator etroa 1518 jjp. iu ber ®ec.**) betragt, roabrenb fic fiber ben a« aScr|»afmt§ bcS ffllinimums jum SMasimuin na^e =1:3. '*) ®te ^&f)t ber 9ltmof))pre am %e([\tatox ju 10 OTeflcn angenoinfflen. _ 30 — tctiieobai^tungeti an ben aJlccreSfiijlcn in Derfc^iebemn Sreitcn ju fpret^en, con benm ipoggenborff tine intercffante 3ufatnmenfteaun9 Don ©i^ouK*) mitt^citt. S)araug ergibt ji^, ba^ ber mittlerc atmofp^fl^ tif^c XirucE 761,35 aRittimeter bctrSgt. 9(m Sfequator, roo bit ber Si^were cntgcgen rcirfcnbe Sugatlrcift am griJgten unb bic Cuft wegen i^ter tjo^en Semperntur am Icidjicjlcn i|i, betrdgt ber atmofp^. S)ru* nur 758 ,2Jtinim., Con ba fieigt er bi8 jum 40. ©rabe nBrbl. S3r., wo cr bie §b^c con 764 aJliUim, er= reii^t. Ueber ben 40. ®rab ^inauS nimmt er o^nc sruSna^mc wieber nb unb betragt bei 50 ®rab ©reite nut 760 ailiaim. 3n ben nod) ^B^eren nbrbl. Srcitcn ge^t er aamatjlic^ auf 756 aJlittim. ^crab. 9tuf ber [iibl. ^cmifppre beginnt bie Slbn'n^me be6 atmofp^. ®rutfe fdion bei 25o f&x. 2(ud) bieS ft^cint mir cine golge ber geringeren 9ftmofpprenp[)e ju fein, [o ba^ bie 8uft am Siibpok iiber^aupt cine geringerc §e[)e ^at al9 am ^Jlorbpole, roel^eS fti^ t^eilS au8 bem Semperaturuntcr[d)iebe bcibcr ^emifp^Sren, t^cita au8 ber ffugalfraft erftaren lap. ma6) ber obigen §^pot^efe cerbiinnt fi^ bie Suft'iiber ben spoten unb eS entfte^cu bafelbfl jmei rabialjlra^Ienfbrmige luftlcere obcr boc^ jlarf luftocrbunntc 9flaume:j bie ©tromungen beg magnetif(^en Stuibumg, oieUeic^t in aBet^fettcirfung mit ben clectrifi^en ober oielme^r bie aEgemcine Sflaturfraft, ©lectros ajtagnctiemuS , au§ welc^er gleii^fam al8 ©tamm, nac^ Derfiebte gntbecEung, jene beiben 3tccige b"= eortretcn, finben con bem STequator no(fe beiben 93oIcn ^in, cfcer rit^tigcr con bem einen ^ole jum anbern jtatt unb inbem fie nun in bie lufttecren ober cerbiinnten Sflaume getangen unb biefe robial bur^jlrbmen unb fo ba& gc^brte ©IHi^gcitjic^t tcieber bErfleH^n , finbet bnrin bic Sii^tentroicEcIung auf cine d^nlit^c SBeifc jlrttt, tcie in bem luftlecrcn Sflaume, in roelc^em bic beiben *PoIe cineS electro = magneti[(^cn StromeS gefii^rt jinb. 'Sie oerfi^icbcnfarbigcn ©tra^Icn unb Strcifen ber spolarlict)ter , roctdie man ^ier unb in no(^ geringeren Sreiten gcma^rt, jinb meiflen§ nur bie au^crpen ®pi|cn ber froncnfbrmigen (Srfc^cinungen, bie" man in grb^eren SBrcitcn beobac^tet unb bcjcii^ncn bic flrnbtcnibrmige rabiate ©epalt ber luftoerbilnns ten 3tdumc, in rcelc^en bic tceipn unb gelbcn ®tral}(en cermut^Iidj 3Bafferbampfc jtnb, auf melii)c baS magnctifi^c gtuibum jerfc^enb eintcirft. SJeat^tcnStcectb ijl, baf bic Si^tenttcicfclungen iiber beiben *PoIen gteic^jeitig eintrctcn, worubcr neucre 93eoba^tungcn (j. ffl. com 28. Slug, unb 2. (Sept. 1859) corliegcn, njo nic^t aHein bie SJlagnetnabcIn in ben mogn. Db fercatoricn in grop Unrube geriet^cn — roie bo§ \a me^r obcr mcniger immcr bei spolarlii^tcrn ber ffati ift — fonbern fogar bie elcctriftfeen Sclegrap^cn, auf entgcgengcfe^tcn *puncten ber ®rbe, ©tbrungen crlitten. ©otlten ftdj nii^t bic Strbraungen beS mognet. gluibumS in entgegcngcfe|-tcii ajieribianen unb bie glcid)icitige (Sntlabung an ben magnet. *Polen eben fo ju cinanbcr ccr^altcn, mie bei cincni efectrif(^en ©trome? 3Dic §bbe ber spolarlic^ter ^at mon bi9 ic|t nod) nit^t bejiimmt. Sietccilen foHcn ftc, nac^ S a- nc'&**) ©eobai^tiuigen am 9lorbpolc nur in aBolfcn§e[;e, bann abcr audj ein paar SDteilen iiber ber ®rbt in cerf^icbener ®r5p unb spradjt an aflcn ^unctcn bc9 5Rorben8 auftrcten. 3)a^er fommt c8 benn anij, ba^ mx in 'Dcutfdjlanb nur bic [;b(^f}en unb grbften erblicfcn. ®od) fbnnen reir, mie an ber U|r bit 3eit, fo an ber aRagnctnabel bic magnctift^cn ©etoitter am ^oxb- unb ©iibpole bcobai^tcn. 2)a^ bit spolartic^tcr ^aufiger auftrcten, al8 man gcrob[}n[id) annimmt unb trie mun ftc in geringeren 59reitcn ju *) ^Poggenborffs 3ltina[. Sb. 88. ©. 260. ®te)'e Seoba^tungen, mldje 6etannt(icf> 610 jcgt noc^ aid)t crtlart jiitt, biirften, wit ti miv f*eint, buvd) bie oBigc ^^potliefe iibev bie ©eftatt ber 3ltmcfvt)are i^re fetlaruijg finben. **) S8eTg(eid)e i?ane'8 SUn-bpotfaiirteii. — 31 — .^tet Sfnmefen^nt ,„ ^offefot, nuf 5er Stifle .on Sawlnnb in 120 M^Un 160 5«or5Ii,^ter glfe^ tsen! St. tlittsfentr. »eiene nannte, gait ,m Wltert^ume fUr einc bBfe SBorbebeutung unb rourbe als ein bro6enbe§ Ret*en anaefe^en, bngegen f.^ ,„a„ ba8 (Srf^einen s^ier Wlammen, /after unb ^oHuV ar/d utfS " ebeuung an, fte .erfUnbeten glMIi^en grfofg, g„te6 SBetter «. :c. m iH ^un uS' 1 S b. oberglaubtft^enSbeen oon einem 23oIfe jum anbern burc^ eine lange mif, IrilXlnZf!^' crct.us re^t |at wenn er fagt, ba^ ber menf,^Ii,^e ®eiji ttunber= unb fabelfadjtig fei. ©o mm mir reitct fpat SfbenbS auf emfamem SQege in ©ebanfen Derfunfen nac^ $aufe mxM mmi& fl Bt er ben ^opf feines ^ferbeS t,on ^ettem Si^te umgeben. „,eIc^eS befonbera au8 ben Spifeen be Lm un tn femer Sfngfl atte meg[..^en Sannformel an, aHein o^ne ©rfolg. ®a ruft er enbfi,^ in ber BOAften ^ufregung „met,^e uon m,r ober i^ fc^ie^e", unb al8 ber S^u^ gefafftn, fei pwm ta^ Si^ er= TT\ .Ttf ""I*"""'-" ''' ^'**'' ^" " ''^^^ "^ "** •" feinemsfberglauben beVrft fetne SfngMabe [^d) fortma^renb gejteigert, ju §aufe angefommen, ^abc er fi^ aufs ^ranfentager fle= worfen unb fe,, troMngemanbter drstHc^er §aife, am. britten- JSage gejtorben. SJlein Sreunb Fnttpfte an .1 » T?l"".?. ^^"' ""' "'**"« ""^ nct^menbig eg fei, ba^ fu^ jeber gjJenfc^ mit 9taturwiffen= fi^aftcn befttjaftige. " 3n 9frago'§.g^rift „uber taS ©emitter" finben ft^ eine aJtenge Don ^r,atfac^en aufgeffl^rt, bie fe^r tntcrejfant unb metfwiirbig ftnb, wenn fxc auc^ nii^t ein fo tragifd;e§ gnbe ^aben " ' ' ' 9fu(^ an ber ^ieftgen SBinbrnii^re ijl oon bcm (Sigentljiimcr berfelben §rn. ffloffe in ben rebtcer- floffenen 5 3n^ren baS ®t. (g(m§feuer 5 mat beobac^tct raorben unb jtcar: 1) am 12. Dot. 1855. Sflac^bem t?on 2 U^r ajtorgenS an, erja^lt §r. ffioffe, ein geftiger ©turm gewefen roar, fprang eine Stunbe fpdtcr ber fffiinb roa^rcnb eine§ ftarfen Slegcnft^auerS mit Sc^fofien pim^ na* W, roo er bie ©tarfe eineS DrFanS anna^m, bie er 15 SWinuten fang be^auptete. SBaBrenb ■ bes DrfanS jetgten ft* an Den SGinbrnii^Ienfrugeln unb sroar nn ben nac^ oben geMrten febr Belle (St. (Simeprnmi^en, bie bei ber ?Reigung ber SItigcl na.^ unten Derlofc^ten unb ficB bei iet Xire^ung nai) oben roieber einftellten. (Sbenfo 2) am 24. 3an. 1856. SfbenbS fiV^ U^r rofl^renb eine§ jlarfen 9legenf.^auer8 au§ SW, roelc^eS , *) Stmvctten ttenttt man fie au(^ St. 3Jic.ofa§feucr, St. ^eleitenfcucr ober ®t. gkrugfcuer.. **) SenecS, nat, quaest, I. cap. 1. * ***) Caesar, de bello Afr. capf; 47. - 32 - Don einem Drfan unb ftarfcn ffllifecn begleitet raucbc. ?fl8 ber Drfan bie gre^te (Starfc errei^t^atte, Icu^tetcn bit ®t. SImSflammcn 5 ajlinuten [ang an alien ©pifecn ber SBinbmUHcnflilgcl. 3) nm 14. Sfpril 1857, 2f6cnb8 82/4 U^r. SBS^renb cineS parfcn ©t^neef^auerS mit ©^turm au6 SW ifl btx oBcte ^§eil ber aSinbmii^Ie unb inSbefonbere ftnb bie «5IugeI mit STuSna^mc bc9 jcbcSmal nad) unten gefe^rten in ciu fo fiarfeS ©t. (SlmSfcuer einge^tidt gemefcn, ba^ §r. IBoffe in bem erftcn ?[ugcn= iM gcgtaubt ^at, feine SKtt^Ie fianbe mirflic^ in glammen. 35od? nl§ er ftt[)t, ba^ an bem nai^ unten fi^ brc^enben Wtiigcl roic immer bie Slammcn t)erli)f(^en unb beim SfufroattSjleigcn ijber bie ^orijontale Sli^tung ^inauS |t(^ biefelbcn mieber einjicDen, ge^t er beru^igt mit feinen ©c^iilfen an baS ®cgclauS« ne^mcn. §ierbei bcmcrft er, ba^ bei jebem ©(^lage mit bem §ammer ober 6ei einer fonfiigen aSerii^tung au8 bem natf) unten gefc^rten f-ic^ nic^t im electrifi^en Sitfjte befinbenbcn Sliigel Heine gunfen mit beutlii^ wn^rne^mbaren ^nij^ern iiberfpringen unb in ben gingerfpifeen bicfclbe (Smpfinbung ^ercor* rufen wie bie «5un!en ber ®Iectriftermafc^ine. Die burt^ ben ^etlen Slaum mieber in ba8 S)unfel ^inab= fatlenbeu ©c^neeflocfcn \)abm Did baju bcigetrngen, ba8 ^pnomen nodj magif^cr ju ninc^en. Werner jcigtcn ftc fic^ wicber ober mit gcringcrcr Sntenfitat 4) am 27. 3nn. 1859, 5 U^r 2fbcnb9 bei einem jtarfen ©i^neeft^aucr au8 W unb enblic^ 5) am 9. 9(ug. 1859, 3% U§r SUlorgenS, al8 ein jlarfeS Oewittcr mit ^eftigem C8Ii| unb Sonnet oon W na^ ubcr Slrtu8t^a[ ^inroegjog. 3Die8maI mar ber SBinb con ma^igcr ©tarfe (2) flu8 N. Sfe^nlidje ^p^anomenc fmb auc^ on onbern Drten cielfodj beobat^tet morben. ©0 5. 93. ^ot con ^^iclou am 25. 3an. 1822 roo^renb cincS florfen ©^nccft^aucr§ aUt ©pi^cn ber 93aume am SBegc nod; Wreiberg [eudjtenb gcfetjen unb im Sfuguft 1768 t)at Sie^tejibcrg auf bem ©t. Sacobitfjurme in ©Dttingen ©t. (glmeflommen bcmcrft. iBcrgmann fitireibt ber fbnigl. ©ocietot in Sonbon, „ba^ er Smeiniol gegen 'iCbcnb, o[;ne ba^ e@ mitterte, 9tcgen beobad)tet £)abc, bei melc^cm nUeS, ronS er traf, funfelte, fo bap bie grbe Kie mit fcurigen SBogcn bcbetft fc^ien"; auii ^ot er boffclbe sp^anomen bei jiarfen ©i^ncefaacn beobot^tet. Wn einem briitfenb ^ei&en Sage (22. ©cpt. 1773) ^at man in ©djltebcn eine a^nlic^e -Seobai^tung gemac^t. ^Rad) biefen 33eoba(|tungen fonn bo8 St. gImSfeuer nur al& ein Sneinanbcrfirbmcn ber grb= unb Suftelectricitiit angefefeen rocrben, rooburd? bie SBiebcr^erPeaung bc9 gcfti)rten ©leidigeroii^tS beibcr eicctri= citaten ^ctbeigefti^rt mirb. " . aSaS bie Suftetectricitot im oagcmcinen bcttifft, fo fdngt fie, nadj ©diiibler, bei ©onnenaufgnng, wo fie am fd3ma(^fien ift, on ju fieigcn, im §od)fommer bi9 gegen 7 U^r aJlorgenS, im grupng unb §crbft bi8 gegen 9 U^r, unb im SBinter bi8 gegen 11 U^r, roo fie i^r aRojrimum erreidjt. felei^itig jtnb bie unteren Suftfdji^ten oft bunftig, bie fjeuc^tigfcit ber 8uft nimmt ju, bie Semperatur beS iS^au. puncteg fteigt unb im SBinter tcitt oft bit^ter giebel ein. Um 2 U^r, noc^bem fid) ber Sflebel Dcrminbcrt unb bie -mmofp^are wieber [;citer gemorben, i|l bie glectricitat in ber 9tegcl fc^on fc^r fc^rooc^ unb nimtnt bi8 einige ©tunben oor ©onnenuntergong oama^Iit^ ob. 9Jlit ©onnenuntergong fJcigt fie mieber unb errcii^t etmo jmci ©tunben nod) ©onnenuntergong i^r jmeiteS SWopmum, mo mieber ©unft unb X^aw^ bilbung ftottfinbct, morouf bie ©torfe ber ©lectricitot bi8 flcgen ©onnenoufgong mieber obnimmt. m^ - 33 - Sfraflo'8, ©iot'S, ®djiibler'8, Cluetelct'e, itamfe'9 Jt. 93eobat^timgen ifi bie ©[ectridtat bci ^eiterm .^immel iiii asinter jlflrfer aU im <3ommer. aoa^renb spinfetegen unb finrfe ©c^neefdHe in bet 0tegel doh ®Iectricitat9 = fflilbung begleitet, Ttnb, ent^ait ein gelinber an^altenbet Jftegen feine ©pur oon ©[cctricitat. fflei Jlorbtoinbcn i[t bet 3tegen mei« flentt)eil§ tjoptic electrifi^, 6ei (Subroinben negatiD. §Bci ber S^aubilbung fJeigcrt fli^ bie elcctrifd)e ®pan= nutifl, roobfi bie pofitioe ©lectticitat Ootmaltet. 3)ic ©Itctricitat be8 StcbeO bebnrf nocf) forgfaltigcre Sieobcic^tiingen unb sprilfungen; d)t man ju einem ndgemeinen {ftefultate gelnngt, 2)enn obrco^t ©auffure Derft(^ert, nicmalS Sftcbel o^nc (glectricitat8= cntmitfelung gefe^en ju ^abcn, fo be^nuptet boc^ ffnmfc, bn^ ^eitere unb feuc^te fiuft fJarfcr clectrifc^ fei a(8 ber Sfltbel. ®t ^at auf ben 9f(pm bie 93eobai^tung gemnc^t, ba^ mit ber 9fnna[;erung ber gSoIfcn bie Sntenfttat bee (Slectricitat nUma^tii^ abgenommcn unb tnblii) bci feiner ©in^uHung in bie SQSoIfen gteid) gcworben fei. Oottte nic^t gerabe biefe Seobac^tung fur ba8 S3prl;anbenfcin Con ©Irctricitat in bem in SCBolfenform frcift^hjebenben 5Rebel fprci^cn? SQie e9 mir f^eint, fo ^aben fic^ bie ben 93cob= adjtn umgebenbe Sicttricitat ber 8uft unb bie cntgegengefefetc ber SEBoIfcn bei i^rer *2fnna^crung gegen= feitig gcbunben. '@auffure'8 unb ®^abler'8 ffleobai^tungen, na(^ benen bie Sntenfttat ber ®Iectrici= tat mit ber Sii^tigfcit beS 9'lebcl8 nat^ oben junimmt unb in eincr §i)[)e Don 4 W^. fiber ber @rbober= flai^e f^on tta^rne^mbar ift, fi^einen mir bamit im Sinffange ju fic^en^ benn biefe fprei^en Com Stebel ber unmittelbar an ber (Srboberftadje entfianben ifl unb 6ei bem alfo nod) feine Sfleutralifation ber ®lec= tricitat ftattgefunbcn baben fann. JJtrhuini'&iiit lOolKenforiiifn. Sie SBolfenbilbung ge^t ^ier oft fo rafc^ Bon jiatten, ba^ ber oor wenigen SJlinuten noc^ obaig ^citere §immel ft* j3li)feli* ganj mit SBolfen bcbccEt unb cben fo raf(^ erfofgt nic^t fe[ten bie gntwbltung befelbcn. Sine grft^einung, bie befanntlid) untcr ben Srojjcn unb namcntlii^ unter ber (Sonnenocrticale taglit^ regclmafig beobat^tct mirb. ®ie SEBoIfen finb auc^ oft in alien ?5ormen unb (Srb^en Con ber St. bis jur Ci. Dertreten unb gtroa^ren ie na^ bem ©tanbe ber ®dnnc unb ber Derfc^iebenen ffieleuc^tung cinen impofanteu 9fnblirf. ffiefonberi grofartig fmb bie am nbrbl. ^orijont fid) lagernben ©tratuSmaffen, bie con ber ©onne bef(^ienen roie fejle ©letft^ermafl^n unb biigelige @c^nccgefilbe frft^eincn^ je langer ber aSIiif barauf CerWeilt, um fo gropartiger unb fi^rofer treten bie mac^tigen ©crgfuppcn Don roftgem Siite umflojfen nu8 ben bunfclgraucn ^baicrn ^eroor. — 9fu(ft ber ©onnenuntergang ifi bejonberS im §erbft ein majcjlatif(^er. 3n alien ©^attierungen prangt Winter ben fdibn gruppierten Ci-sti®treifen, fiber me[= d)m oft orangcfarbcne unb weipe Ci. f^roeben, baS Sfbenbrotbr bag mit bem ^infcn ber (Sonne fein prac^t= tioHee Sarbenfpiel in jebem ?(ugenbliife ceranbert. iBiStoeilen fenft ftc^ bie ©onnc auf eine Dollfommen re^tetffbrmige SBolfcnmajfe, bie mit i^rer untercn ©cite auf bem ^orijonte ru^t unb wcnn bie Sonne 5ur ^aifte ba^inter getreten ijl unb i^re (Stral)Ien au8 bem Ibiutrot^en §albfreife nai^ oben fenbet, fo er= fi^eint ba8 ganje mie ein Cpfcraltar, fiber melc^em ber reinb[aue §immet fic^ roBlbt. — gincn licblic^en 9rnbli(f geroa^ren bie ^errli^en oft cbDig f^mmetrifc^en (Sruppierungen ber Gi-cus9B5IFd)en. ®o roar 5 - 34 - 5. 9}. am 15. ?Cug. 1856 %btiM 9 U[)r 6cr giinje ^immd iiiit biefeii ©c^afifieii luMOini'B ubftiogeii. 9fuf bem bunfclblaucn (Srunbe Panbcn &ie funfefnbcn Sterne iinb blitftcn burdi bic Dbflig >g[eii^en Dlautcn be3 tjoti bem a)lonbn(^t fif6er(jcfar6ten ^t^iS [;crburcb. — 35iiiiii gruppicren ft* bic Ci-cu audj rec^t ^aufig in gro^eu Sogen ber Sonne gegcniibev, mo ftc biSmciten in 'boippeltcn unb brcifacben cinnnber paraUelen Stei^en ben tibrigcnS DbHig (Kiteren §immcl nmfpatinen unb in W unb auf bem ^orijonte jle^en. Safctbe finbet oft audj M ben Gi flntt. — 2fm 23. Dct. 1859 wax uon etron 11 U§r ajlorgenS bi§ 4 UCir Stac^mittagS ein ffac^er S3ogen Don mei^tn unb ^cQgrauen Streifen nm rotfllidien ^immel^ cr tcidjte oon SW nac^ NW unb ilim pnrnllel gingen bie Strcifen iibct ba5 3niit6 [jinauS, con ito jte a[I= ma£)[i(^ biS nnd) bem bfit. |)ovijont [)in inS miitt^flein = n)olfigc iibergingcn. Untcr bem fE[)r fc^arf ics grcnsten fflogcn, ber etica 20° §b[)e Ijntte, ftanb ber finve tiefblnne Ajimintl nnd) nnten allmn[;lic^ inS ©elbc ocvlnnfenb. — 9fuc^ iim 25. Oct. mblbten \\ii fon SW nnd) NO bnnbfbrmige 5BoIfen in gro^en ffiogen i'lber ben gnnjen §imme(^ mafirenb in SBcflen Cu flnnben. — JBemerfenSroettE) iji bie eigcntt^iims lic^e fadjerfbrmigc ©rnppierung ber bunfcln SBolfenninfl'en , roelc^e am 9. Slug. 1859 *2(benb8 9 U[)t in NNO (tanb. @8 maren 9 DoHfommen ft^arf begreujte eKiptifdjc 3Bolfen, beren groge,^);en cerldngert in cinen spunct beS Joorijont§ trafen unb con ber mittieren nad) linfS unb redjtSDbdig ft)mmctrifcb iiegenb, mur= ben pc a[(md[)(i(^ ftadjer, fo ba^ bie tnnge 'ilj:e ber beiben' iiu^eren (biamttral gegeniiberliegenben) boppett fo lang roar atS bie ber mittieren. "Xic ganje ®ruppierung nuf liditblauem (Siriuibe bifbete eine gro^c fiatbe ®[lip[e bcren lange ^fjre im ^orijonte tag 5 gernbe gcgeniiber f)anb in SSW bie ^eHe SJlonbfdieibe. Xiot^ a((e bie ^crrlic^en SBolfengebilbe, roe(d)e id) beobac^tet unb in ben 3ourna(en aufgejcic^net tjabe, ^ler aufjuja^len unb roo[)( gar noc^ bie grfidrung berfclbeu ju cerfuc^en, miirbe ben 9loum biefer 3ei[en bebeutenb .iiberfd)reiten nnb fiige id) be8f)a(b nur nod) folgenbe auf bem ffirotfen gcmad)tc a3eobad)= tung l)in5u. y(t§ id) einft mit me[)reren Stcifenben S'/g ll&r 9Jtorgcn§ au8 bem iSrocfenbaufe trat um bie fluf= ge&enbe ©onnc ju begriifcn, roar 9f(le8 in fo bic^ten 91ebe( gel)unt, ba^ man faum brci Si^ritte roeit fcEien fonnte, bie ft^neibenbe ^cilte trieb einige roieber ins roarme 3immer juriicf, onbere f(^ii|ten ji(^ ge^ gen bie .f filtc burc^ 9fn(egung Don birfcn ^eljen unb ajlantetn (Plaids roaren bamal8 noc^ nit^t mobern). ®o ^arrete man ber fic^ ercignenben Xiinge. ^aij roenigcn SJlinuten fc^offcn eiujelne Straiten roie gol= bene ^feitc burd) ben bid)ten Stebel unb man t)otte gtanben follen, man pnbe in ®efa[)r Don i^nen gc^ troffcn ju roerben^ ber SRebel fenfte jtd), iiber ini8 rourbe er Iid)ter, purpurner Sc^immer unb bie 3flid)= tung ber (StraE)len bie jn nn8 gelangten in i^rer begren^ten fiangc, benteten auf ben ^unct ber aufge^en* ben (Sonne. Soc^ a(8batb tnud)ten unfcre ^bpfe au8 bem Stebclmeere l)crDor unb mit bicfen jngteii^ aa6) ber oberc Stanb ber gro^en blntrotfien Sonne, liefer SJloment roar majejiatifd) urtb ift mit SBortcn niir matt 5U fc^ilbcrn. S8 roar cine grane l)ori5onta[e Doilfommen freiSrunbc Dom SlRorgentjaudie nur fdiroa(| gcfraufctte aJfeercSfiac^e, uber roclc^cr fn^ ber ajurbloue §immel robtbte. 3m ayjittefpuncte tauite baS aSrocfen^auS in DoQcr fffarbeit au8 bem 9tebelmeere empor unb bie majeflatifdjc Sonne, (Dor roe[c^er ein roei^et fe^r matter Sdjteier Don ber ©rb^c unb ^orm ber Sonne nuf unb nieber tanjte), cr^ob ftc^ lang- fam. Xioc^ al8 ber unterc SJlanb berfelbcn bie 91cbclfldd)e bcriifjrte , fi^icn eS , al8 ob baS Stioeau bc§ aJlcereS auf bem ftd) ttcinc aBellen nat^ 2Beflcn beroegten, |Tc^ etroaS rafc^et fenfte 5 balb trat bie *8rotfenfuppe, SBic einc 3ufet Don fnnften SBctlcn umfpiilt, an8 tiem SDffecre i)envx. Unb rocnn eine SBcHe burc^ b(i8 35 — ^etcorragenbe (Seftein abgetiffcu unb jurilifge^alteii mutbe, fiufc^te fte raf(^ bet fmfeubcn glSc^e iiad), uui fid) aufs ncuc barin ju nioeaietui. S)ie ©pifeen ber fUergt, roic ?f(^.termann8^i}[)c k. traten aama[)lic^ ie mi) i^ret §B[}c raie fUiiu Snfcln Obet bie Slac^e^ bann erfc^iencn bie iSpUr beS ^arjeS trie 8anb= feen*), bS^renb norbmarts nod), mit ben Seen immet im gleic^en 9liDeau, ba& reugenbe SUleer biS an ben §orijont teic^te. ' Sejjt gewatjrte ba8 Sfugc iiber ber gldc^e in ber JKidjUtng nac^ ONO em Dom aSinbe bemegtee golbene§ SSiercd an bem fid) bie ©tta^Ien ber Sonne brat^en^ e9 roar bieS eine fja^ne cineS S^urmeS bpn SUlagbeburg. ?na langfl fd)on feine ©pur Don 5yiebet in ben iSplern beS §arje8 me^r ftd)tbar roar, lag nod) ber Stebel in bem ®lbct[)nle roie ein madjtiger ©trom unb e§ roar etroa S'/g U^r gJlorgenS dl8 auc^ bort bie lefetc ©pur con ?lebel oerfdjroonb unb man ba8 ©ilberbanb ber gibe burc^ ben SBiefengrunb M fc^langelnb erblidte. ®er 9kbel batte atte frembartigcn 3:[)cile ber Suft fo coflfommen mit mebergcfd)Ia= gen, m man nidjt aBein bie §auferreil)en oon SIau8tp[ unb BeUerfelb, fonbern fogar ,tie grD^eren §au'[er mit ibren ja^lreidjen genitcrn mit bto^en Slugen beutlic^ nnterfdjeibcn toiuite. ©ptil'djc |(t)ditoiiuDe. gjlan nennt befanntlid; bie farbigen Sftinge, roelt^e baufig um §immel8f&rper (off auc^ urn 8i^t= flamme.i) beobac^tet roerben, §efe unbitranje. 3)ie[e optifdjen fljdnomene, roelcbe ftd) befonberS an ber ©onne unb bem aJlonbe oft jeigen, roerben noc^ W. t»it *« Sfltcrt^ume puftg tnit einanber Derroec^felt^ aeroiJbntid) gebrautbt man ba8 SBort §of (halo) roenn ba8 0totb auf in innern ©eite liegt. S)ie Srdnje**) entfteben bur* bie Srec^ung ober Seugung ber Sidjtfirafjien in 3)unjlbla8d3en Bon g[ei(^en S)ur*me|Tetn unb [ebon ©eneca***) fagt, ba^ trube Suft in ben Sabern SRinge um Sampen etjeuge. ©inb. bie 3)ur** mcffcr ber Suftbla8c^en ungleic^, fo fann nad) ben ©efegen ber Seugung nur ein leu^tenber ©i^ein ent= fteben 91at^ Samfef) ac^i^"" ^" ^^^"J^ ^^"^ SumuIuS, bie §i)fe bem (Eirru8 an^ aucb nac^ maxi= otte'8 ?[nftd)t rttt^ren fcie §Bfe con einer aJlenge fleiner giSpriSmen ber, roelibc in ber 9[tmofp§are [d)roe= ben unb mit ibren Sladjen unfer 60o geneigt fmb. 3)iefc §l)pot^efe, roelt^e ber (gntjle^ung be8 5Regen= boaenS burc^ bie Qlblenfung ber 8id)t|tra^len. im Sdegentropfen analog ifi, roirb buri^ atte ©eobac^tungen, bie man feftber gemad5t ^t, beflatigt unb namentlic^ bie (gntflebung ber ffreife con 22o mit ibren gar= fecnorbnungen. 3^re (Urb^c fatui jli^ aber au* bi8 ju 46 o fieigern. ®ic bier in bem Beitraumc com 1. Sec. 1854 biS 1. Sec. 1859 con §rn. a3offe unb t^eilroeife aud) con mir bebbadjteten optifi^en sp^nomene, ^bc ic^ in nai^fte^enber Ueberftdjt jufammengepent, roobei ic^ ^ranje unb §bfe nud) nic^t roeitcr unterfdjieben ^abe. *) man ^dttc bie ^ortjontaten an bem SBlorsen x(i)t gut nbfterfen fonne'ii, fc |cf,«rf wav i-ie ©vettjc. **) »ei ben Oriec^en Sias, 6ei ben giemcrit corona .***) Seneca, nat. qnaest, lib, I. cap 2. ,'^ f) aReteBtoIcgie III. @. 88 ff. , 36 "^"••cas 9lnjaljl 6ci- 3n Sen 9Honateii ®riiiicnl)6fe. 5«cnM;iJfe, 9lebcnfoii«c«. SDeccmt'cr 2 6 1 3aii«(ir 4 3 1 ^•etituat 10 3 2 SKatj 8 3 6 Sljjrit 10 2 8 -Mai 11 1 10 5imi 3 — 5 3uli 4 — 4 Otufluft 2 — 5 Scutemt'cr 3 1 1 Cctohcv 5 2 — 9hnicmt'cr 4 4 3 ouiiiina 66 25 46 X<\» Jnljr 1855 29 7 21 1856 16 9 3 1857 3 2 5 1858 10 6 11 1859 8 ■ 1 » 6 teenier nod) am 23. 3)ec. 1855 (SBcamonb) S;WorgEn§ 5 lUir eiu ?flcbeiitnonb ^ niii 3. Simi 1855 •ffllorflenS 2 Ut)r cin fflloiibrcaenbugcn unb am 28, ®f|jt. 1856 ciii ^tegmbogeii luir ©oimfiiaiifgang. S3on ben 46 9le6eiifotuicii maren 18 einfat^, 24 jtnfifad) unb 4 bvcifad). 3n ben am 31. Sajar} 1855 oon 6 bi8 7 U[)r SDlorgcnS fc[}r flavf glaiijenben beibcn gifbenfcnncn trat um 7 Ufjr mi} eiiic britte mit gleidjer 8id)tiutenfitat [jinju. ®@ reiirbe ^u meit fiJtjren, menn idi alle CRebenfoniifn, ©onneutibfe jc. [)ier iicitiEr befdjreiben motltc unb it^ bcfd^ranfe nii(^ bolder auf ^Ingabe bcrjfnigfn, bie fid) tljcilS bind] it)r inttnfitiee 8id}t, tbeilg burc^ bie sprai^t i[;rer ffnrbcn auSjfidineten. 2)iefe inarcn anifolgfnbm S^agen: 1) ^m 31. Sanuar 1855 91ad)m. 3 Ul)r. (Sin fdjbner ©onnentiof mit jwei SRebenfonncii. 2) 9fm 5. SOtai 1855. SSot Sonuenimtergnng fJaiib fenfvfd;t iibcr bcr @onue cine Stebenfomie, lueli^eTmit bcr Sonne gleidic Sidjtjlavfe unb ©rb^e [)iitte. roieber ein. ?5eruer ifl am 23. Sfugnft uub btn foigenben 'Eagen ein 6e= beutenber tlJloorbranb im fogenaunten §a^nenmoor jroifc^en §erj(adCe unb SBOrjlel geroefcn*), ber baburd) fntjlanbene 3Jloorbampf i^eOte fictj in glanSt^ai am 28. SfbenbS 8 U^r mit 91orbroe|isSBinb ein. 68 roare inteteffant, roeun man ben SBeg, ben ber §bbenrauc^ Don feiner (Sntflebung on nimmt^ uerfolgte, rooju bie jefet nadj aDen Jftit^tungcn (aufenben Seicgrap^enlinien bie bejle ©elegen^eit bietcn^ man roiirbc nebenbei ouc^ noc^ iiber bie Slii^tung bc8 8uft(}rome9 unb feine ®cf(^roinbigfeit k. na^eren ^uffc^lu^ cr[)alten. ^I'm'Sage Dertiinbet ber ^b^enraudj feine Sfnfunft bier auf btn ©ergen burt^ feine intenftDe rbtb* litbe unb gelblidje Sarbe , rop er banii in (anflen banffbrmigen ©treifen nm fporijonte ^injie^t unb mit eintretenbem NW aud) bem ©erui^Sjtnne bemerfbar roirb. §ier ijl er an fofgenben iSngen beobac^tet iDorben: *) ^ad) „Jpanm)»erf(^eii 91att)ti£^teu vem 26. Stugujl 1S57, 9it. 201." — 38 - om 8. unb II Suni 1855 » 24 @e))tem6cr = - 5., 6., 8., 10., 11., 12., 17., 18. unb 29. 3um 1856 » 6. unb 7 3un > 8 atuguft '- 16., 19. unb 20 m3C3 /'Absolute maximum „ minimum Mean maximum „ minimum Mean „ daily range Solar radiation (in Vacuo), mean ... „ absolute maximum al Mean terrestrial radiation „ amount of cloud, 0-10 CO *0 a a ffl 3 > o J3 09 am 5-1 /■Absolute maximum ,,__ minimum Mean maximum „ minimum Mean „ daily range Temperature, 9 a.m „ of dew point, 9 a.m. Difference of air and dew point m N.E. B. ... S.E. Ph.S s s.w w N.W /Crowborough _. a. Uckfleld b. Forest Lodge, Maresfield c. Woodleigh, May field Jan. 29.947 61.0 26.2 44.2 34.5 39.3 9.7 49.1 58.2 33.0 7.2 50.2 27.7 43.1 35.3 39.2 7.8 39.5 37.7 1.8 2 1 3 6 5 7 5 2 3.16 2.73 2.79 2.72 Feb. 30.095 67.4 300 48.5 34.7 41.6 13.8 55.1 66.0 32.6 7.5 52.0 32.0 45.9 36.6 40.7 10.3 41.0 38.7 2.3 4 3 8 5 5 3 4.94 4.27 4.37 4.26 Mar. 29.934 58.6 19.0 45.9 27.7 36.8 18.2 68.4 70.0 25.0 6.6 52.6 21.1 42.0 29.1 35.5 12.9 35.0 30.9 4.1 10 10 3 3 4 1 1.28 1.24 0.97 1.16 April. 30.017 73.6 28.8 59.8 36.4 48.1 23.4 71.6 86.0 32.6 7.1 68.2 .30.0 53.9 37.9 45.9 16.0 46.3 39.1 7.2 6 11 5 2 2 4 1.84 1.38 1.58 1.63 May. 29.962 77.2 28.1 65.3 41.3 63.3 24.0 June, 29.931 83.6 37.0 71.2 47.0 59.1 24.2 79.1 1 86.1 92.6 I 97.0 38.0 6.2 72.6 30.1 60.3 42.7 51.5 17.6 64.3 46.2 8.1 1 2 2 7 1 1 2.56 2.62 2.00 44.3 •6.0 78.2 38.6 66.4 47.4 66.9 19.0 59.4 51.8 7.6 11 3 4 6 3' 3 2.26 2.32 1.64 2.67 : 2.92 July. 29.865 80.6 41.0 72.7 49.4 61.0 23.3 86.4 94.0 46.3 7.9 76.0 43.5 67.1 50.2 58.6 16.9 60.7 53.1 7.6 5 3 6 10 3 4 2.86 2.31 2.26 2.12 Aug. 30.038 84.2 45.0 76.2 51.3 63.2 23.9 86.5 94.1 48.2 6.0 79.1 46.4 69.9 53.2 61.5 16.7 62.6 55.9 6.7 3 3 1 2 10 8 4 1.38 0.63 1.22 1.13 Sept. 29.837 77.0 .40.0 68.7 48.5 68.6 20.2 80.2 88.6 46.1 6.9 72.4 42.2 63.3 49.1 56.2 14.2 66.1 52.9 3.2 3 6 2 4 2 4.49 3.13 2.82 3.23 Oct. 29.985 70.2 33.0 58.7 42.8 50.7 16.9 66.7 82.5 40.7 7.3 65.0 36.0 55.2 44.0 49.6 11.2 60.0 46.9 3.1 4 3 3 3 3 6 7 2 3.16 2.88 3.89 2.89 Nov. Dec. 29.864 56.7 28.0 49.9 36.8 42.8 14.1 56.4 67.0 33.4 6.4 52.3 30.0 47.9 36.8 42.3 11.1 43.0 41.7 1.3 2 3 2 1 3 9 6 4 5.35 4.59 4.75 5.04 30.197 62.8 23.4 42.9 33.3 38.1 9.6 46.8 56.5 32.2 8.4 61.2 25.7 42.0 34.3 38.1 7.7 38.4 36.0 2.4 8 5 1 1 7 6 3 1.78 1.39 1.34 1.47 Year. 29.971 84.2 19.0 58.5 40.2 49.3 18.3 68.4 97.0 37.7 6.9 79.1 21.1 54.7 41.3 48.0 13.4 48.8 44.2 4.6 56 62 16 31 40 78 54 29 35.05 29.49 29.52 31.14 * The observatory is situated 825 feet above the level of the sea, in Latitude 51° 3' 14" North, and in Longitude 0° 9' 30" East. a. From the Begister kept by Miss Lauba Day, Uckfleld House. b, „ „ „ Captain Wm. Noblk, F.E.A.S. ,. .. „ „ Mhs. Lonsdale. i^ E m: ^\. JR K s The general meteorological features of the year 1883 were not remarkable for any extreme temperature, pressure, or rainfall. JANUARY was mild with frequent fluctuations of temperature and sudden variations in the direction of the wind. Eain fell more or less on 17 days, but on no occasion was the amount large. Some snow fell on the 9th, and again on the 24th, during a gale from the S.E. A strong gale was also prevalent on 28th and 29th, which continued almost uninterruptedly on the latter day. FEBRUARY was very mild also, and scarcely any frost occurred. The morning of the 17th was the coldest, but even then the lowest temperature was not more than 2° below the freezing point. A great quantity of rain fell during the first three weeks, so that the total for the month consider- ably exceeded the average. The wind varied very much be- tween S.E. and W. Gales were rather frequent, especially on 1st, 9th, 10th. The readings of the barometer were very high during the last week. MARCH was the coldest month of the year, as often happens when the two or three winter months have been milder than usual. The mean temperature was nearly six degrees below the average, and, therefore, the coldest since March, 1865. The frost was severe during the second week, accompanied by keen northerly winds and frequent slight falls of snow. The rainfall was very much below the average. There was a great rise of temperature during the last day _of the month. APRIL. — Tlie mean temperature was a little above the average, but the usual fluctuations peculiar to this month were not wanting. There were, however, only four frosty nights, and the greatest cold was 28'8° on the morning of the 24th. It was a remarkably dry month, and the first seventeen days passed away without a shower. A rather heavy fall of snow occurred on the 23rd, which, however, soon melted under the increasing heat of the sun's rays. This snow lay very heavily upon evergreen shrubs, some of which received injury from its weight. Northerly winds were very prcvak'ut. MAY, — Although there were some frosty nights during the first week, yet the mean temperature of the month was about equal to the average. After the 12th the night temperature was much warmer, and vegetation advanced very rapidly. There was, however, a frequent prevalence of northerly wind. The rainfall was rather above the average? and very heavy on the 11th during the passage of some thunder showers. During the latter part of the month there was brilliant sunshine on several days. JUNE. — The temperature of this mouth was slightly above the average of the last few years, but there was very little real summer weather throughout the month. During the first fortnight there was a great prevalence of N.E. wind, and (with the exception of the rain during a thunder- storm on the 9th) an entire absence of rain. This storm was very heavy to the N.W. of this hill, where many hop gardens and general foliage received serious damage from the fall of very large hailstones. The temperature at night was very high during the last week. The rainfall was below the average. JULY. — Tliis was a very dull and showery month, rain falling more or less on eighteen days ; nevertheless, the total fall did not equal the average amount. The mean heiglit of the bai'ometer was the lowest for the year. Westerly winds were the most prevalent. AUGUST- — This was the hottest month of the year, and the mean temperature was above the average of the other summer months. Many days were characterised by cloudless skies and brilliant sunshine. The harvest progressed very satisfactorily. The atmospheric pressure was, upon lite whole, very equable, and the mean was above the average. The first half of the month was showery, but the total vaiii- fall was much below the average. SEPTEMBER. — The mean temperature of this montli was also somewhat above the average. There were a few fine days, but the month was, upon the whole, dull and showery. The total rainfall was considerably above the average. The wind was very changeable, but for the most part westerly. A rather severe gale occurred on the 2nd, with a considerable fall of the barometer, which was the only occasion throughout the year when the reduced reading at 9 a.m. was below 29-000 inches ; viz., 28-907. OCTOBER. — The mean temperature was about equal to, and the rainfall considerably less than, the average, although the wind was, for the most part, westerly. The month passed without any frost or any particular gale. NOVEMBER. — The mean temperature was about equal to the average, but the rainfall was considerably in excess. The reading of the barometer was low on the 6th and 2oth. On the latter occasion the weather was stormy with much lightning and thunder at midnight, accompanied by heavy rain and bail. The westerly winds were again very preva- lent, but variable. Slight frosts occurred during the second week. DECEMBER.— With the exception of some rather sharp frosts near the beginning of this month, the weather was very mild throughout, accompanied by great atmosphffl'i' pressure, particularly during the last week. A somewW heavy snow storm occurred on the 6th, which was almost the only snow shower during the winter of 1883-4. A fery dense fog prevailed both day and night during the last week, which appears to have been general over the S. and S.E. ol England. The rainfall was much below the averao-e whicli is somewhat unusual when the month is characteriued byniM weather. THE DPHENOlVIEISr^L HXJIS^HBTS, tfec. itifal phenomena wWch have been observed during /w months over the greater part of the world, in with sunrise and sunset, may be regarded, I think, , ^ . nnique so far as our records extend, and more particularly in their long continuance. Readers of our various scientific periodicals must have become acquainted with several theories which have been advanced respecting their origin. The primary idea appears to have been that thoy were the result of the great volcanic eruption at Kra- katoa, on which occasion an enormous amount of volcanic dust was forced up, retained in, and floated about, the higher strata of the atmosphere. I could never accept this theory ; but at the same time I do not hold the great eruption at Krakatoa and other rolaces by any means innocent of, or un- connected with, these phenomena. From the vast amount of terrestrial displacement occurrent, and the equally vast amount of sea water which rushed into the chasm, an incon- ceivable quantity of steam, charged with the various saline ingredients of which sea water is composed, was forced up to an extraordinary height, where, on account of a low temperature, it became suddenly crystallised. These saline particles would naturally crystallise into their respective normal forms, and exhibit the various colours due to the refractive indices of their components. The colours assumed by the layers of cloud nearest the earth, would doubtless originate from the refraction of those coloured ice particles situated in the upper atmosphere, which latter would of course not be visible to any one observer, unless, at his station, the emergent re- fracted ray reached his eye. Hence the time would be accounted for which elapsed between what would be con- sidered an unusually fine sunset, and the after-glow. From my exceptionally good position for observing the various phases of these very interesting phenomena, I have watched, with care and attention, their frequent appearance and disappearance upon the occasions of the more brilliant displays in the months of November, December and January. I usually noticed that at the approach of these phenomena an extremely faint violet-tinted semi-circle, or bow, of 4° or 5° in diameter, appeared above, and on either side of the sun • which tint would last, as a rule, not more than two or three minutes, when there was a change to a greenish hue, which continued about the same time ; this was succeeded by an orange tint. Subsequently, and at an uncertain interval, the lower portion of this orange-tinted stratum assumed a red tint which was much more persistent, and finally this red stratum, together with the remaining portion of the orange, became of a very deep red, and sometimes even of a scarlet colour, producing that splendid glow along the horizon which extended many degrees both to the east and west of the point of sunset. On one occasion it extended just 90° on either side ; I allude particularly to the evening of December 23rd. The question arises why these phenomena were not con- stantly visible ? I should consider that their visibility much depended upon the incident and reflected rays not being interrupted to any one observer ; and as the angles between these would be very considerable, the phenomena would be seen at a very considerable height above the surface of the earth, or not at all. Extensive areas of cloud, so common during the winter season, would of course be a frequent cause of interruption. The hypothesis that the crystalliza- tion of saline particles is an important factor in the production of these phenomena is supported, I think, by the record of the displays having been at their greatest brilliancy in cold weather as exemplified, in a remarkable manner, during the first week of December. For several weeks past, I have frequently noticed that the upper layer of a composite cloud has been tinged of a very light salmon, or copper colour, irrespective of any particular cloud formation, and I have noticed, further, that when there has been no well defined cloud in the neighbourhood of the sun, the latter has been surrounded by a haze of aqueous vapour, of a similar tint, which has extended 3° or 4° from the limb. A long interval has now elapsed since we have had a " remarkable sunset " and I am disposed to believe that these lighter tints will be visible, at intervals, until the saline matter has been wholly eliminated from the several cloud strata of the atmosphere. One of the grandest sunsets occurred here on the evening of January 16th. On the morning of that day a dense fog rested on Crowborough Hill, but shortly before noon the fog sank somewhat, from its summit, but still enveloped the surrounding country, the Observatory alone being above it. Just upon sunset the usual violet tint became visible near the sun, and a pinkish haze above, which extended nearly to the zenith — a sure •commencement of a brilliant display. Upon the horizon, and for about 3° above it, the sky soon assumed a decidedly green colour which very shortly changed to a brilliant scarlet band which extended from the S.E. to the W.N.W. points on the horizon. The whole district of the country below jnae .^ was thus enveloped in fog, the upper surface of which was heaped up into irregular and undulating masses. By degrees, this surface situated to the S.W. of my position became lit up with a beautiful pink colour, by reflection from the in- tensely red glow upon the horizon, which being interrupted here and there by the fog undulations, these latter had the appearance of huge rocks arising from a blood-stained sea — the scene was a very remarkable one. That the reflection was very brilliant is confirmed by the fact that on the evening in question, Capt. Wm. Noble, F.R.A.S., of Forest Lodge, Maresfield, noticed this pink tint which, to reach him, must have penetrated the fog to the depth of 550 feet ! In conclusion I will mention that on the morning of Aug. 27th, near sunrise, I noticed a precisely similar phenomenon as regards the various tints, and their relative positions, as I did on so many mornings during the winter months which strengthens my belief in the supposition that aqueous vapour, under exceptional conditions, has been more con- cerned in the production of the late phenomena than any amount of volcanic dust. C. L. PRINCE. The Observatory, Crowborough, Sussex, May 14, 1884. THE SUMMARY METEOEOLOGIOAL JOUENAL, KEPT BY C. LEESON PEINCE, F.E.A.S., F.R.Met.S., ^^:^-l/|>UiV AT HIS OBSERVATORY, CRO^^BOEOUOH. SUSSEX. 1890, 1890. Barometer, mean 9 a.m., sea level Absolute maximum „ minimum Mean maximum „ minimum „ temperature „ daily range Solar radiation (in Vacuo), maximum. , » „ „ mean Terrestrial radiation— minimum „' „ mean Mean amount of cloud, 9 a.m. (0.10) O b. -^ ta a a No. of Fine Nights for Astronomical Obser- ) vations, including Moonlight Nights ) 0) -95 3'S il 0} o ■ .1 1 ^ Absolute maximum „ minimum Mean maximum „ minimum „ temperature ,, daily range Temperature, 9 a.m ,. of dew point, 9 a.m. Elastic force of vapour _ Eelative humidity N.. N.E. E S.B.., S S.W. W. ., N.W. I rt Crowborough a. Eridge Castle S. Mayfield Vicarage , e. Forest Lodge, Maresfield d. Bryokden, Waldron e. Uckfield _ /. Warbleton Rectory Jan. 29-976 53°-l 25-3 46-6 350 40-8 11-6 BO-O 49'8 23-0 33-5 6-6 51-0 27-9 45-4 36-4 40-9 9-0 41-5 39'9 •246 94 2 1 2 6 10 9 1 3-87 4-17 348 3-25 3'17 2'74 3-33 Feb. 30-203 53°'0 23-1 44-8 30-4 37-6 14-1 62-0 61-0 21-8 28-6 6-0 13 48-2 •24-7 41-4 31-8 36-6 9-6 36-4 32-9 •187 87 4 9 8 4 3 1-12 0-68 1'21 1-45 1-38 1-15 1-36 Mar. 29-876 64°-l 12-0 52-2 33-1 42-6 19-1 73-7 60-1 8-7 30-4 5-6 16 60-0 15-8 48-2 34-8 41-5 13-4 42-9 38-2 -230 83 3 5 1 1 2 11 6 2 2-88 2-69 2-63 2-49 2-22 2-04 2-71 April. 29-823 69°-0 27-8 56-7 35-8 46-2 20-9 80-2 63-9 24-4 33-6 6-1 11 62-0 29-8 51-9 37-2 44-5 14-7 46-9 38-8 -231 71 4 8 3 3 2 7 1 2 3-00 2-87 2-75 2-74 3-19 2-61 2-95 May. 29-844 80°-2 33-3 68-0 42-4 55-2 25-6 88-9 78-2 28-8 38-8 5-7 16 74-5 35-7 62-2 44-0 53-1 18-2 56-0 46-9 -322 71 2 12 6 4 5 1 2 1-62 1-91 1-42 1-97 1-79 2-14 1-73 June. 30-032 79°-4 35-0 67-8 45-4 56-6 22-4 90-0 77-7 28-7 43-4 8-1 74-4 38-0 62-7 46-3 54-5 16-4 56-3 49-4 -353 77 2 4 1 3 10 8-26 2-97 3-58 2-94 4-86 2-60 3-09 July. 29-916 84°-0 40-4 71-7 48-9 60-3 22-8 95-4 80-2 37-7 47-4 8-1 76-0 42-6 64-6 50-0 57-3 14-6 59-4 49-6 -356 70 4 1 2 11 6 7 4-19 3-62 3-55 3-65 3-83 3-69 3-39 Aug. 29-904 82°-4 39-0 71-9 49-7 60-8 22-2 92-0 82-4 36-8 47-8 6-6 13 76-8 41-1 66-7 50-8 58-7 15-9 59-5 53-8 •414 81 6 4 2 2 1 9 7 4-02 3-14 3-85 3-64 3-06 3-75 3-90 Sept, 30-181 80°-5 38-0 72-2 49-9 61-0 22-3 91-6 80-9 36-0 48-8 5-9 11 75-0 40-0 66-7 51-0 58-8 15-7 60-6 54-7 -428 81 1 3 6 3 4 9 3 2 0-85 1-05 1-02 1-07 1-22 1-09 1-01 Oct. 30-131 70°-8 24-4 69-1 41-9 50-5 17-2 79-2 66-3 22-5 38-1 5-8 13 69-2 27-3 56-0 42-1 49-0 13-9 50-6 45-1 •300 81 5 2 2 1 3 10 7 1 1-71 1-08 1-22 2-65 1-62 1-.35 1-68 Nov. 29-888 58°-0 8-6 48-2 35-2 41-7 13-0 64-0 53-5 3-2 32-9 6-6 55-5 11-3 46-4 36-6 41-5 9-8 42-1 39-7 -244 91 8 2 1 2 5 11 1 4-27 4-51 3-60 3^74 3'66 3^40 3^70 Deo. 30^043 42°-7 13-0 32-9 23-5 28-2 9-4 48-0 36-2 10-3 21-3 7-7 9 39-5 14-8 31-7 25-1 28-4 6-6 29-0 25-3 •137 85 1 17 9 1 1 2 0-74 0-94 0-65 0-63 0-72 0-48 0-95 Year. 29-984 84°-0 8^6 57^6 39-2 48-4 18-4 95-4 65-0 3-2 37-0 6-5 132 76-8 11-3 63-6 40-5 47-0 13-1 48-4 42-8 •287 81 42 68 33 23 28 92 59 20 31^63 29-53 28-86 30-22 30^62 27-04 29-80 The Observatory is situated 825 feet above the level of the sea. Latitude, 51° 3' 14' North, Longitude, 0° 9' 30" Bast. a. From the Register kept by Mr. Rust, Eridge Castle Gardens. t. „ „ „ The Rev. H. T. M. Kibby. e. „ „ „ Capt. Wm. Noble, F.R.A.S. d. From the Register kept by Dr. Ubaham. e. „ „ „ Miss Laura Day. /. „ „ „ The Rev. R. G. Penny. GENERAL REMARKS. JANUARY. — The year commenced cold and frosty until the afternoon of the 3rd, when a sudden increase of temperature occurred, and very little frost was recorded during the remainder of the month. Its mean temperature was about l°-5 above the average, with a great prevalence of Westerly winds, very dense fogs, and the atmosphere more frequently saturated with moisture than I have observed for some years past. Eain fell more or less on 24 days, but the total quantity was not more than about half-an-inch above the average. Gales, more or less violent, came over on the 5th, 9th, 18th and 26th, whilst that on the 23rd reached the force of a hurricane during the afternoon. The barometer at 9 a.m. on this day had fallen to 28-745 inches at sea level. FEBRUARY. — The mean temperature was 1° below the average and the night temperature, both in the shade and on the grass, was below the freezing point. The general character of the weather throughout the entire month was, upon the whole, seasonable and pleasant. Eain fell on six days and the total quantity was nearly an inch below the average of many years. Frosts were frequent, but not severe, and the lowest temperature was registered on the last morning. The readings of the barometer were unusually high, which was probably due, in a measure, to the great prevalence of Easterly winds, which ranged between S.E. and N.E. for three out of the four weeks. From the 9th to the 12th, both inclusive, the sky was almost cloudless both day and night and telescopic definition remarkably good. At the close of the month a few primroses were in bloom in sheltered situations. MARCH. — The frosty weather which prevailed during the two last days of February became very intense during the first four days of this month. On the morning of the third the temperature in the shade fell to 15°-8 ; on the grass to 9°'6 ; and on the following morning to 16°-2 in the shade, and on the grass to 8°-7. These were the lowest temperatures which had been recorded in March since the year 1845. On the night of the 4th milder weather came on very suddenly, notwithstanding that the wind was Northerlj'. The mean temperature was rather more than one degree above the average in consequence of the warm weather, frequent rain and Westerly winds which prevailed during the last ten days. The average height of the barometer was the lowest recorded in March since 1877. On the morning of the 4th, and when there was no visible cloud, some beautiful snow crystals fell occasionally, which, when lying upon the frozen snow, refracted the sun's rays with great brilliancy. S.W. winds were the most prevalent after the first week. The two last days were particularly fine and the highest temperature in the shade was 60° on the 30th. APRIL. — The fine weather which prevailed at the close of last month continued very steadily to the 6th. The days and nights were for the most part brilliant and almost cloudless ; but the N.E. wind caused slight frosts at night, particularly on the 5th. Durjng the second week the temperature was much lower and sharp frost occurred almost every night, with snow showers occasionally. Some lightning and thunder with a hail shower occurred about noon on the 8th. Lightning was visible to the S.E. on the evening of the 16th. The third week was warmer, with frequent showers. On the 26th, after a very fine morning, some heavy electric masses of cloud appeared to the Westward and thunder was heard in that direction at noon. These clouds passed Southward of Crowborough Hill towards the S.E., where they were arrested by a oui-rent bearing another mass of cloud from that quarter. Upon their junction a very vivid flash of lightning was seen, followed almost immediatelj- by a very heavy precipitation, which proved to be snow, after which the cloud came up to the Observatory, where a heavy shower of rain fell, but no snow. The snow shower was very local, extending over about a square mile. The remainder of the month was fine and dry, nevertheless the mean temperature for the month was about two degrees below the average, and the rainfall half-an-inch in excess. MAY was, upon the whole, a fine and pleasant month. The mean temperature was above and the rainfall rather less than the average. The N.E. wind was the most prevalent, which occasioned some cold nights towards the end of the month. A splendid sunset was visible on the evening of the 10th, when some long lines of Cirrostratus cloud were beautifully illuminated by a deep crimson tint for a considerable distance along the horizon, both East and West of the setting sun. On the evening of the 15th the Comet was well seen, having a bright nucleus with a short but broad tail, very well defined. On the evening of the 19th, some vivid lightning was seen along the Eastern horizon, between 9 and 10 o'clock. With the exception of a slight shower on the morning of the 30th, the last twelve days of the month were fine and dry. A slight frost on the grass was registered on the last morning. JUNE.— This was a very gloomy, cold, unseasonable month. The mean temperature was as much as 3''-5 below the average of the last seventeen years. A shght frost occurred on the grass in the early morning of the 1st. The rainfall was 3-26 inches ; a quantity three-quarters of an inch above the average. It was not, however, the actual amount of rainfall but the number of days upon which it fell which rendered the weather so unfavoui-able for the hay harvest, more especially during the last week ; confirming the old precept that it is not wise to commence haymaking during the Midsummer week.. The wind was generally from the Westward and the sky so overcast that there was but one really bright morning throughout the entire month ; nevertheless, the barometer remained very steadily above the average height. Thunderstorms visited this district on the 12th and a severe gale of wind with heavy rain on the 30th. The morning of the 17th was not very favourable for observing the partial solar eclipse, but a very good observation of last contact was obtained. JULY.— The general character of this month was for the most part similar to that of June, more especially during the first half of it. The large quantity of grass which had been cut during the latter part of June remained on the ground in most districts saturated with moisture for nearly thi-ee weeks, so that scarcely any of it was ever sufficiently harvested to be used as fodder. The mean temperature was three degrees below the average and summer heat, in the shade, was only once registered during the entire month, viz., on the 16th. The rainfall was rather more than a fourth greater than the average of twenty years at Crowborough, but at Uckfield the quantity exceeded the average of 47 years by 1-35 inches. There was very little sunshine at any time, but a few nights were clear during the last fortnight. The S.W. wind was by far the most prevalent. A thunderstorm occurred in the vicinity of the HiU m the early morning of the 11th, which was the only instance of electrical disturbance AUGUST. — Although this month was somewhat finer than June and July, yet we had very little true summer weather. The highest temperature occurred on the 5th and 6th, when the maxima were 76°-5 and 76''-8 respectively but only on three other days did it reach 70° in the shade, which was unusually low for the time of year. The first week was tolerably free from rain and there was a great improvement in the amount of sunshine. The mean temperature of the month however was about one degree and a half below the average and the rainfall one inch in excess, and fell, more or less, on sixteen days. The total quantity would have been much less had it not been for the heavy rain of 1-26 inch on the 26th. Some distant electrical disturbance was noticed in this neighbourhood on the 10th, 17th, 18th, 24th, 28th and 29th. The wind blew very generally from the Westward. SEPTEMBER. — This was by far the most pleasant month of the year and had the highest mean temperature. Many days and nights in the second and third weeks were brilliantly clear and most favourable for astronomical observations. The barometer remained high throughout and there were very few readings below thirty inches. The wind was variable but chiefly from the Westward. The rainfall was less than an inch, therefore the deficiency was nearly two inches and a half below the average. With the exception of a slight shower on the 2nd no rain fell until the 17th, when a slight thunderstorm visited this locality. This spell of fine weather was of incalculable benefit to the farmers in the S.E. of England, where much of the late harvest and the whole of the hop-picking was completed in a far more satisfactory manner than could have been anticipated. OCTOBER. — The fine weather diiring the first three weeks was a most agreeable continuation of that of the preceding month ; nevertheless, although the night temperature during this time was higher than usual, yet the month's mean was scarcely equal to the average. This deficiency was occasioned by the sudden advent of cold frosty weather from the 26th to 29th, both inclusive. The rainfall was less than half the average quantity. The amount of cloud was less than usual in October, while from the 8th to 17th, both inclusive, the sky was almost cloudless both day and night with the exception of the 15th, which was a windy, showery day. The entire month passed away without any gale. Westerly winds were the most prevalent. On the evening of the 12th, after a brilliant day, I directed my telescope (6-8 inches aperture and twelve feet focal length) upon Jupiter and saw the first satellite, as a dark spot, near the centre of the planet's disc. As the general details of the planet's surface were extremely well defined, I watched the transit for some time, and when the satellite was passing the last third of the disc it gradually assumed a grejdsh tint until a few minutes before emersion, when it became bright as usual. About 6-h. 20-m. the shadow of this satellite appeared upon the limb, and it was not very much darker than the satellite itself had been. When the shadow had reached the centre of Jupiter's disc two small dark spots appeared upon the upper edge of the principal northern belt, and I have no record of having seen dark spots in such a position. At this time the upper half of this same belt was of a more decidedly crimson tint than I had noticed some months previously. The following sketch represents the general appearance of the planet on this evening. NOVEMBER, — During the first twenty-four days of this month the weather was unusually mild and the mean daily temperature was upwards of three degrees higher than the average of 1 7 years, but the severe frost on the last six days so reduced this excess that at the close of the month the mean temperature was half a degree helow the average. On several days in the second and third weeks the air was almost oppressively warm, in consequence, perhaps, of its great humidity, while thrushes were singing at intervals, as in early spring. Bain fell more or less on 19 days out of the 24 ; and the wind was almost constantly from the Westward. The total amount of rain and product of melted snow, for the entire month, was about equal to the average of 20 years in this locality. A severe gale came on during the evening of the 6th, which occasioned a very considerable fall of the barometer during the night, so that the reading at 9 a.m. of the 7th was '629 of an inch lower than at the same time on the previous morning. Another gale came on during the night of the 23rd. The following are some particulars of the great and sudden change of weather from unusual mildness to intense frost, which prevailed during the last six days. The 24th was a densely overcast and dark day, but during the evening the wind veered suddenly to the Northward with a rapid decrease of temperature, which was in fact the commencement of the great frost which continued for several subsequent weeks. The morning of the 26th was fine and frosty, but about 4 p.m. snow commenced falling and the individual flakes were of larger size than I ever remember to have seen. They were comparatively few in number, but each flake upon reaching the ground was the full size of a halfpenny. The frost was more severe on the 26th, while heavy snow commenced falling «arly in the morning and continued thi-oughout the day, so that by sunset it was about a foot deep upon the level. There being no wind accompanying the snowfall, the evergreen trees and shrubs were much loaded by it and were leaning in all directions, to their great detriment. On the 27th the frost was stiU more severe and increased to stiU greater intensity until the afternoon of the 28th, when at 2.30 the temperatui-e in the open air was 14°; at 4 p.m., 11°; at 5 p.m., 10°; but at 10 p,m. it had risen to 13°. A self-registering thermometer, also exposed to the open air, gave a record of 8°-6, while another in Stevenson's screen recorded ll°-3 as the mimmum in that position. I believe that the lowest temperature occurred between 4 and 5 p.m. Another instrument lying just above some gi-ass, swept of snow, recorded 3°-2 as the minimum of terrestrial radiation. The 29th was a dull day with hard frost and a little gi-anular snow fell occasionally. The 30th was a finer morning and day, but with hard frost until the afternoon, when the temperature was above the freezing point for the first time since the 25th. The following table gives the highest and lowest temperature recorded during the six days. 25th. 26th. 27th. 28th. 29th. 30th. Highest Temperature in the Open Air Lowest „ „ „ 41-0 27-4 27-0 39-2 29-4 0-68 31-0 21-8 20-0 29-0 25-2 0-48 29-0 19-9 17-6 26-2 22-3 0-10 27'0 13-6 8-2 25-3 lo-l 31-2 8-6 3-2 27-8 11-3 0-03 39-8 21 '0 12-.'5 3.5-2 24'0 Highest „ in the Shade Lowest „ „ „ Melted Snow in Inches of Water The mean temperature of the six days in the screen was 25°'8. The low readings on the morning of the 29th occurred, as I have before stated, in all probability between 4 and 5 p.m. of the 28th ; but in accordance with established rule the minima readings taken in the morning, from self-registering instruments, are recorded for that day, being in fact the minima of the preceding twenty-four houi-s. I have thus given these particulars of this severe frost for two reasons ; in the first place, on account of the greatest intensity having occurred during the daytime, and, secondly, because such severity is unprecedented in the month of November in our meteorological annals since the introduction of trustworthy self-recording thermometers. DECEMBER. — The severe frost which commenced on November 25th continued with varying severity during the whole of this month. Tlie temperature fell to, or below, the freezing point on every night. From the 1st to 11th, both inclusive ; although the highest temperature during the day was above 32°, yet it never reached 40°, while from 1 1th to 31st there were fifteen days wherein the maximum in the screen was below 32°, and on two separate occasions for five days consecutively. The mean temperature was 28°-4, or nearly four degrees below the freezing point and no less than 8''-2 below the average of the last seventeen years on Crowborough Hill. So far as I have been able to ascertain, this was the lowest mean temperature for December in the S.E. of England, on record. I have lately seen it stated that December, 1788, was as cold or colder than now, but the most trustworthy records of that month registered a mean of 30°'4, or two whole degrees warmer. Again, December, 1796, was a very cold month and its mean temperature was 31°; fi'om which time no long continued severity of frost in December is on record until December, 1844, when I registered a mean of 31°-4 at Uckfield. These are therefore the only three previous instances of the mean temperature for December having been below 32° since the year 1786. The readings of the barometer exhibited little fluctuation with the exception of a sudden depression on the 19th, when some, parts of the kingdom were visited by heavy snowstorms. The atmosphere generally was remarkably dry, considering the low temperature, as the Dew Point taken at 9 a.m. was as much as 3°-7 below that of the air. As is usual in cold December, the rainfall was much below the average. The total quantity was only 0'74 of an inch ; the average of the last twenty years at Crowborough being 3-47 inches ! Although the frost was so continuous, j'et its intensity was at no time so great as might have been expected, thus confirming previous observation that severe frosts are less intense on the summit of a hill than on much lower ground. As an instance, I will mention that on the morning of the 15th Captain Noble registered a minimum of 12°-3 at Forest Lodge, and Dr. Graham, atWaldron, 14°-6, but the mia. at Crowborough was not lower than 21°-3. The temperature of radiation on the same morning was 5°-l at Forest Lodge, 7°-5 at Waldron, but not lower than 16° at Crowborough. On twenty-eight days the wind varied from N. to S.E., having been 17 days from N.E., 9 from due E., due S.E. 1, due N. 1 ; as to the remaining 3 days it was from due S. 1 and S.W. 2 ; but from the latter point it continued only for a few hours. On the 15th some beautiful snow crystals fell in very considerable numbers. During the night of the 18th a piercingly cold gale came from the Eastward, with a little snow, and on the 1 9th small granular snow fell almost continuously. More snow fell on the 20th which yielded •22 of an inch of water ; but, with the exception of some granular snow on the 30th, no more fell to the end of the month. At 10 p.m. on the 25th a fine prismatic halo surrounded the moon — the red and yellow colors being well defined. There was a northerly gale on the 29th and the most severe frost occurred on the morning of the last day, viz., 14°-8 in the shade ; 13° in the open air and 10°-3 above grass. The last day and night of the year were densely overcast, dark and frosty. THE STAND FOR THE EXPOSED THERMOMETERS. Some Remarks upon the Great Prevalence of N.E. Wind during the Fiye Years ending with 1889. ^ ^^ '^y annual Meteorological Eeport for the year 1889, I drew attention to the fact of the greater prevalence of N .E. over S.W. wind at my Observatory during that and the preceding four years. The statements which I made in reference thereto induced Mr. Ellis to refer to the Greenwich records of their relative prevalence for the same period at the Eoyal Observatory. The result of his enquiry formed the subject of a paper read by him at the meeting of the Eoyal Meteorological Society on June 18th, 1890, in the coui-se of which he gave some very interesting details of the respective wind currents at Greenwich during a long series of years, viz., from 1841 to 1889, both inclusive, which exceeded in point of time my averages of 47 years by two years. A remarkable discordance was found in the frequency of the polar and equatorial winds at the two Observatories for which it appeared difficult to account. The following is the comparative fi-equency of the N.E. and S.W. winds at Greenwich and Crowborough respec- tively as given by Mr. Ellis for the five years under consideration. Mean frequency Ceowbokough. N.E. S.W. 102 72 Greenwich. N.E. S.W. 52 100 From this statement it appears that during that lustrum the days of prevalence of N.E. wind at Crowborough were nearly double in number those at Greenwich. Mr. Ellis stated that " until 1869 the results are given for days and since 1870 for hours. The day unit is, however, here retained for better comparison with Mr. Prince's values, or with those of other observers, that is to say, the values for hours since 1870 have been divided by 24 hours." With aU deference to Mr. EUis's enquiry, I must state my belief "that his method of deduction is scarcely applicable for comparison with my single daily observation at 9 a.m.; and I am very much disposed to consider that much of the discordance between our results may be due to his particular mode of dealing with the Greenwich records. In the discussion which followed the reading of Mr. EUis's paper (the particulars of which I had no opportunity of reading until I received the Quarterly Journal of the Society on Nov. 12th) the President remarked that "he did not trust to vanes, as they so frequently got fijxed; and probably some of the differences shownin the paper might be due to errors in the vanes." The information which Mr. EUis gave respecting the sensitiveness of the Osier Vane at Greenwich induces me to give the following section of the method of arrangement for my vane at Crowborough, which renders it very sensitive to any wind variation. It rarely happens that at 9 a.m. the wind current on Crowborough Hill is too calm for the vane to be acted upon. Its very high position above the surrounding country and its distance from the somewhat higher part of my house allow it to have free and unobstructed action. EXPLICATION. A. M.— Hollow brass pipe with vane brazed on the top, which passes through the apex of the Observatory dome as weU as through D. 0. B. G. B. — Circular, well supported platform with the several points of the compass marked upon the under side. C. — Piece of thick plate glass upon which wheels F turn. D. — Flat brass bar carrying brass frame work E. for the wheels F., which are of carefully turned box-wood with convex edges working upon brass axles. G. — Horizontally placed arrow which moves synchronously with vane. H. K. — At each of these points is a brass pin, the former passing through the brass bar and the vane rod, thus fastening the vane rod to the wheels, and the latter through the arrow G. and the vane rod, fixed in such a manner that both it and the vane show the existing current. It is probable that even more sensitiveness might be obtained by having at the bottom of the vane rod a steel point, working upon an agate bearing, but in such an arrangement I should of course lose the usefulness of the horizontal arrow upon the index compass within the Observatory. In continuing the discussion, Mr. Harding said that he had compared the wind observations obtained Dy tne Meteorological Offioe for 8 a.m. each day at London, Dungeness and Hurst Castle (near Portsmouth) for the five years, 1885-89, and had found the number of days of N.E. and S.W. winds to be as follows : — Years. London. Dungeness. Hurst Castle. N.E. S.W. N.E. S.W. N.E. S.W. 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 42 41 68 61 48 69 62 53 66 60 38 41 65 41 40 66 46 48 65 66 72 78 92 72 73 6.^ 67 61 75 66 Mean for 5 years 48 62 45 64 77 52 Considering the mean result for the five years 1885-89 and taking the N.E. winds as unity, Mr. Harding obtained the following results : — N.E. S.W. Crowborongh 1 0'7 Greenwicli 1 1'9 London 1 13 Dungeness I 1'2 HuratCastle 1 0-7 The preceding table shews that while the records fi-om Greenwich, London and Dungeness give an excess of S.W. wind, yet those from Hurst Castle give results more in uniformity with those from Crowborongh HiU, as to the excess of N.E. wind during the five years ending with 1889, while further investigation would probably reveal the fact that considerable diversity of wind currents exists over the S.E. of England, at points not far distant from each other, and influenced, if not caused, by the general contour of the Weald and its surroundings. Finally, I wiU remark, that the correctness of the indications of the wind vane at Crowborongh is fully confirmed by the records kept by Captain Noble, F.E.A.S., at his Observatory, Forest Lodge, Maresfield (which is situated rather less than five miles in a S.W. direction from Crowborongh) and by his kindness in supplying me with the necessary data, I am enabled to give his results, in comparison with mine and those from Greenwich, in the following table : — Years. Crowborough. Forest Lodge. Greenwicli. N.E. S.W. N.E. S.W. Blank Days. N.E. S.W. 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 98 102 128 96 88 74 83 67 71 65 77 88 120 73 96 71 80 71 89 78 51 23 33 72 37 55 49 62 49 44 107 97 94 105 96 Mean 102 72 90 76 43 52 100 Ratio 1 0-7 1 ; 0-8 1 1-9 The records at Forest Lodge Observatory are not complete, through occasional absence of observer, but the ratio of frequency differs so little from that at Crowborough that the results at both places are practically the same. It may be seen by inspection of my Meteorological Summary for the year 1890, that there would have been a close approximation to the mean relative frequency of N.E. and S.W. winds which existed prior to the year 1884, had it not been for the great excess of the former during the cold month of December. Some Eemarks upon the Registration of Dew as Rainfall. One would suppose that the atmospheric conditions which immediately preceded the formation of Dew was a subject susceptible of easy explanation, but from the time of Aristotle and Pliny, to the commencement of the present century, various and uncertain theories have been broached as to the actual cause of its deposition. From the year 1814, when Dr. Wells published his celebrated treatise, to within a few years of the present time, his theory, beautiful as it was thought to be, was held supreme and almost unquestioned. The main drift of his argument went to prove that dew was formed by the condensation of invisible vapour, from the stratum of atmosphere in contact with the earth's suirface, which became deposited upon vegetable, metallic, and other good radiating objects when they had attained a temperature equal to, and below, that of the dew point {i.e., the temperature of the air at which the invisible vapour can no longer be suspended therein). About four or five years since, Mr. J. Aitken, F.E.S., of Falkirk, N.B., whose papers on various scientific subjects are well known in Scotland, entertained considerable doubt as to the correctness of the theory of the formation of dew as promulgated by Dr. Wells. The result was a paper by him upon the subject, which was published in the Transactions of the Eoyal Society of Edinburgh. An epitome of many of his experiments and researches is given by the Eev. Dr. J. Gordon McPherson, in a most interesting little volume, entitled "Tales of Science," published by James Gemmell, of Edinburgh, 1889, a book I would commend to the notice of every student and admirer of the thirty-six beautiful phenomena of nature described therein, and from which I purpose making a few extracts. " What first caused Mr. Aitken to doubt Dr. Wells's theory, so universally accepted, that dew is formed of vapour existing at the time in the air, and to suppose that dew is formed of vapour rising from the ground, was the result of some observations made in summer on the temperature of the soil at a small depth under the surface and of the air over it, after sunset and at night. He was struck with the unvarying fact that the ground a little below the surface was warmer than the air over it. By placing a thermometer among stems below the surface he found that it registered 18° Fah. higher than one on the surface. So long, then, as the surface of the ground is above the dew point, vapour must rise from the ground ; the moist air will mingle with the superincumbent air • and its moisture will be condensed and form dew whenever it comes in contact with a surface cooled below the dew point." * * * Mr. Aitken also " turning his attention to roads, he found that on a dewy night the under part of the gravel was dripping wet, while the top was dry. "We remember when walking about in the vicinity of Hexham with an acute observer trained to farming, that, on our remarking that the farmers might to their profit remove the extraordinary quantity of small stones in the fields, in the way of giving more room for the growth of the grain, he shrewdly remarked, ' These stones collect moisture from the ground ; the soil is thin, with a gravelly subsoil, and unless the maximum amount of moisture is collected (which can only be done by allowing these stones to remain) there would be a very deficient crop. They must not then be removed.' " And we have a letter fi-om a gentleman in India who noticed there that, around pieces of iron and old implements in the field, there was a very marked increase of grass, owing to the deposit of moisture near these articles. Now where did the moisture come from in these cases ? It did not fall from above, but it issued in vapour from the ground. Just as the cold grass trapped the warm vapour in its ascent from the heated earth, so the vapour rising from the warm under-stratum was trapped by the cold stones. The theory of Dr. Wells, that the dew falls from the air above, is untenable ; and Mr. Aitken has convincingly shown us that the guess of Nardius (1642) established the true theory, that dew rises from the ground. "But the investigation brought out a more astonishing fact. Not only was there a revolution as to the theory of the formation of dew, but what has been so long called dew in vegetation is not dew at all. Mr. Aitken observed that certain kinds of plants in his garden were covered with moisture, while others were quite dry ; also that in clusters of plants of the same kind some were wet while others were not, all being independent of any exceptional exposure to the sky. On a more careful examination he found that the plants which were wet at night, were all in vigorous growth, whereas the dry plants were not so healthy. The' leaves of the broccoli plants especially gave evidence that the moisture collected on them was not deposited according to the laws of radiation or condensation. The moisture was collected in small drops placed at short distances apart, along the very edge of the leaf, while the rest of the leaf was often dry. What then were these drops ? Wells had hinted something about the transpired humour of plants ; and Musschenbroek had regarded dew as a real perspiration of plants. Could this liquid, then, be an exudation from a healthy plant, instead of being drawn from the air ? Mr. Aitken placed a lantern behind a blade of broccoli and observed that the beautiful sparkling drops which fringed its edge were all placed at the points where the nearly colourless and semi-transparent veins of the leaf came to the outer edge. Prom this he concluded that the veins were the channels from which the drops had been expelled ; and that these drops were not dew at all, but watery juices exuded by the plants. This excretion of water by the leaves of growing plants is not a new discovery, but its relation to dew has never before been recognised. * * * * TJ^e drops are always formed at a point near the top of the blade, and are of some size ; whereas the true dew is distributed all over the blade in a moist film. The exuded liquid forms large diamond drops, but dew covers the blade with a fine pearly lustre." The above are merely brief extracts from the second chapter of the before-mentioned interesting volume. I find that " with one exception the highest authorities in this country and on the Continent admit the conclusions to which Mr. Aitken has come." My object in drawing the attention of meteorologists to Mr. Aitken's theory of the formation of dew has reference to its bearing upon Eule 18 of Mr. Symons's " Arrangements for the Systematic Observation and Eecord of the Eain- faU of the British Isles," which is as follows : " Dew and Fog. Small amounts of water are at times deposited in rain gauges by fog and dew; they should be added to the amount of rainfall because (1), they 'tend to water the earth and nourish the streams ' and not for that reason only, but (2), because in many cases the rain gauges can only be visited monthly, and it would then obviously be impossible to separate the yield of snow, rain, &c. ; therefore, for the sake of uniformity, all must be taken together, and as except by watching all night it is never possible to be certain that small amounts are wholly dew, it is best to count all entries of 01 inch or upwards as days with ram." In considering the application of (2) we may remark that in cases wherein the rain gauge is examined monthly, it should be borne in mind that the indications fi-om such a gauge can be only approximately correct, and, therefore, any amount wHch may have been the product of dew or fog should be taken q. v. Eule 18 therefore, amounts to this-that when the quantity of moisture found in the rain gauge measures -01 of an inch or more, whether the said quantity is known or not, to be wholly the product of dew, the said 'Ol is to be entered as rainfall and the day formaUy registered as a wet one. My particular attention has lately been called to this rule m consequence of a friend of mine, a most accurate and painstaking observer, havmg reported to me the number of wet days which he registered in a certain month of last year, viz., October. The number given being more than double that of my own and other obseiwations in this county, I made enquiry of him m reference thereto. His reply was : "That whenever dew equals or exceeds -01 inch, that is measured, and the day on which it is measured, recorded as a wet one, e.g., from Oct 8th to Oct. 13th inclusive, there was -01 inch of water m the gauge every mormng. Now what are some facts connected with these six consecutive days and nights? Why-that they were abnost clou.UesI Ind I do not beheve that a drop of rain feU throughout the entire county of Sussex dunng the period; and yefin conformity with the rule drawn up by our highest authority on rainfall they were solemnly to be entered as wet days ! Surely some modification of Eule 18 is required. 13 T • „= T ^^ +T,a+ Mr Aiken's theorv of the formation of dew is the correct one, it occurs to me that Believing, as I do that Mr Aiken stneory o^ J^f'^ ^ ^ ^ ^e ^e^ (of ^tich we can frequently be registered twice over, viz., once when it tell to the eartn, ana, seconuij, «xi , , ,. J, • i „ t ^ +T,o oavfh how often have we heard a remark of the useful- With reference to the exhalation of moisture ^^^^^^^^^^^^Xles^Sl^ to refresh vegetation, but it is quickly ness of dewy nights m a period of long drought. T^^^Y^^^^^^'X^'^^^ and lost. This nightly exhalation goes TnTltl aYtt \^r.ri::.t:.^^^::i tgrhr^lSlmpanying evaporation^ exLust tHs supply and our parched meadows and land exhibit the consequences. On the Suitability of Orowborough Hill as a Site for the Hirection of an Astronomical Observatory. It is very satisfactory to observe the increased interest whioh is taken in the cultivation of astronomy andits kindred sciences among the more intellectual portion of the community ; a study which should not fail in exciting their admiration of the marvellous immensity of the universe of which this little world of ours is but a comparatively insignificant atom. In confirmation of the above remark we may allude to the creation of a new Astronomical Society, viz., the British Astronomical Association, which already, in the first few months of existence, has enrolled within its ranks upwards of five hundred members ; a fact which I think must be unparalleled in the archives of any scientific society in this country. It is very probable that among its associates there will be a certain number who will earnestly cultivate observa- tional astronomy, and for them it will be of the utmost importance to ascertain where a site, with suitable climatic conditions and surroundings, may be found which would give them fair prospect of practical success in their several astronomical studies. Experience has found, only too often, that the climate of England, generally, is not favourable to the astronomer, more particularly as affecting the prosecution of astronomical photography, and it is a familiar fact that considerable difiioulty has arisen in the selection of a site for the successful conduct of this specially and increas- ingly interesting branch of astronomical research. In the hope that I may be able to fui-nish, perhaps, some useful information on this head in reference to the general atmospheric, or rather cloud conditions, of this elevated portion of the county of Sussex, I purpose giving in a tabular form some records of cloudless weather from two observations daily, viz., at 9 a.m. and 9 p.m. for the long period of 40 years. Although I commenced taking meteorological observations in a desultory manner so long ago as 1837, and a more complete diary a few years afterwards, yet it was not until January 1 st, 1851, that I recorded, twice daily, the presence or absence of cloud at my position at Uckfield, and wMch record I continued there to the year 1872. This series of observations wiU be embodied in the first table. Since my removal to Orowborough I have con- tinued a similar record. These tables are the result of my personal observation and registration with the exception of the occasional assist- ance of a deputy who, however, was probably not required for more than a few weeks, in the aggregate, during the whole period. I am not aware that information as to the absence of cloud, at stated intervals, in one locality, has ever been arranged in such a tabular form by any observatory, public or private, and I therefore deem it a matter of importance that the same should be placed on permanent record for future reference. I have thought it desirable that the two series should be given, separately, but their mean shows, most conclu- sively, that the whole might have been given in one general result. Although the distance between Uckfield and Orowborough Hill is seven miles, yet the two places are almost within sight of each other, so that the area of obser- vation may be fairly stated to be the same. It seems necessary for me to explain what I term a cloudless morning and night, respectively. In the majority of instances on record the sky may be considered to have been cloudless from sunrise to the time of observation at 9 a.m., and frequently so for some time afterwards. With respect to the night observation, it means that the sky was free from cloud, except near the horizon, from sunset to 9 p.m., and very generally for three or four hours afterwards and not infrequently throughout the entire night. I have many instances on record wherein no cloud was visible here during four, five, and even more consecutive days and nights. An inspection of the tabular matter given below will furnish evidence that a desirable site should be found either on Orowborough Hill or in its neighbourhood. It occasionally happens in the winter season that dense clouds rest upon the hill for many hours together, but, as a rule, both the air and soil are dry, and the presence of any actual fog is a rarity. We frequently see that the MetropoHs and its suburbs are enveloped in dense fog when the weather is very fine and clear at Orowborough. On some other occasions, when we notice the greater part even of the Weald of Kent and Sussex to be under a canopy of fog, the summit of Orowborough HiU is quite free from it, and telescopic definition is most excellent, in consequence of the great mass of local vapour being condensed around the dust particles of the lower ground. Table I. The Daily, Monthly and Yearly Number of Fine Olear Mornings and Nights, from 1851 to 1872, both inclusive, AT UCKFIELD, SUSSEX. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1857. 18.58. 1859. 1860. 1861. M. N. M. N. M. N". M. N". M. N. M. N. M. N. 8 6 5 7 12 10 12 17 11 7 6 106 M. N. M. N. M. N. M. N. Januar Februa March April May June July August Septem Octobe Novem Decern y.... ry •• ber . . r ber . . ber . . 6 6 3 3 7 U 2 6 11 2 11 4 4 6 4 6 10 11 4 11 15 6 16 6 13 10 12 13 7 1 13 3 4 8 1 5 12 13 13 17 7 3 19 10 12 16 4 5 5 4 8 6 10 6 5 6 1 8 6 5 7 12 6 14 8 6 12 15 5 U 5 4 12 9 14 5 5 4 15 9 11 8 1 9 15 16 10 4 10 7 14 9 6 7 1 3 3 10 2 6 4 3 10 1 4 i 5 7 9 6 8 6 10 13 3 5 9 5 2 6 2 2 10 4 8 5 3 4 8 6 4 6 10 2 8 7 12 8 9 8 6 3 7 5 ■5 9 13 10 10 9 3 3 6 9 10 13 7 5 12 6 4 4 6 9 4 89 12 14 12 10 8 12 10 17 7 7 11 6 126 6 6 6 4 8 4 11 7 4 4 7 5 72 4 8 7 8 12 2 12 4 4 8 9 10 2 6 4 3 8 4 1 6 8 6 2 9 9 7 8 12 3 I 10 13 6 3 7 3 6 12 7 3 7 7 9 6 11 9 6 13 13 8 7 1 12 10 9 11 10 To tal .. 72 99 90 131 64 105 96 108 46 85 59 85 83 98 49 93 78 109 January 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. ■ 1870. 1871. 1872. M. N. M. N. M. N. M. N. M. N. M. N. M. N. M. N. M. N. M. N. M. N. 6 7 4 3 8 10 10 fi 4 7 fi 7 4 4 6 2 7 7 6 4 3 6 February . . 2 2 11 12 S 9 6 3 4 11 fi 3 9 7 6 6 1 6 1 2 1 3 March 2 2 7 IS 8 R 7 9 3 fi 4 fi 9 11 1 6 4 8 9 13 9 9 April May 5 7 9 8 10 14 13 12 7 9 3 3 6 7 11 9 17 16 2 6 9 7 4 6 7 fi 8 8 10 9 12 8 12 9 14 2 4 8 16 11 13 1 6 June 3 10 3 6 3 R 12 Ifi fi 8 13 11 11 19 8 9 9 11 2 9 6 6 July 2 7 12 23 7 12 8 11 fi 11 4 fi 13 13 11 9 6 9 1 7 5 7 August .... 6 9 3 11 10 Ifi 5 7 9, 10 7 fi fi 10 13 12 9 10 18 21 6 7 September . . October .... 8 9 5 7 7 11 17 24 3 9. 2 7 12 13 3 4 16 17 1 9 6 9 6 7 3 4 S R 9 11 9 R R 7 12 11 11 10 5 12 fi 9 6 7 November . . 7 7 3 7 16 12 10 11 10 12 7 fi fi fi 7 R H 6 10 10 1 2 December . . Total .. 7 4 4 4 4 6 3 3 3 6 2 5 4 6 5 10 6 1 6 7 4 1 56 76 69 105 85 |l22 108 123 66 101 68 77 101 121 83 88 93 118 73 110 55 69 Table II. The Daily, Monthly and Yearly Niimber of Fine Clear Mornings and Nights, from 1873 to 1890, both inclusive, AT CEOWBOEOUGH HILL, SUSSEX. January . . . 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. M. N. M. N. M. N. M. N. M. N. M. N. M. N. M. N. M. N. 6 3 6 8 3 2 2 6 5 8 6 6 3 6 10 11 7 9 February . 2 2 7 9 7 3 6 2 3 7 5 3 2 2 4 7 4 8 March 8 11 6 11 fi 2 4 10 6 U 4 9 7 7 10 10 R 17 April 3 8 10 11 8 13 8 8 3 4 13 1 7 2 14 3 7 May 7 10 2 8 4 17 5 13 5 10 3 9 3 9 6 16 9 14 June 4 fi fi 12 3 8 9 8 12 15 4 10 3 1 9 5 7 July 6 10 7 14 4 5 11 9 3 10 7 13 5 8 12 16 August ... 2 6 7 12 1 8 12 13 10 1 6 4 4 1 12 7 11 September . 4 7 4 7 5 10 2 8 6 11 6 13 8 9 6 11 5 10 October . . . R 10 4 R 6 10 4 10 8 7 3 10 7 11 4 4 R 14 November . 3 4 7 9 1 3 7 8 7 9 6 7 o 7 6 9 3 7 December . Total . 4 9 7 8 2 4 2 3 7 13 5 7 7 6 4 8 5 8 67 86 73 117 49 85 71 98 61 114 54 106 47 76 53 119 76 127 January .... 1882. 1883. 1884. 1886. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. M. N. M. N. M. N. M. N. M. N. M. 1 N. M. N. M. N. M. N. 3 7 6 6 6 8 6 3 6 R 6 6 7 9 8 4 8 4 February . . 6 4 6 10 1 7 4 7 5 10 13 2 2 3 9 10 13 March 12 13 7 11 6 9 6 7 6 11 6 10 2 4 4 8 11 16 April fi 9 6 10 3 4 9 12 4 8 11 9 2 12 2 8 7 11 May 8 17 8 10 11 11 3 9 5 11 4 3 7 14 4 9 9 16 June R 7 9 6 10 9 14 4 8 10 16 1 4 11 13 1 9 July 3 6 1 6 5 11 12 13 8 11 12 15 1 12 2 9 August .... 1 9 8 12 17 20 6 11 6 13 9 16 2 7 8 13 5 13 September . . 5 12 8 9 5 13 4 8 8 11 2 7 9 12 12 15 R 11 October 5 6 5 9 fi 11 4 4 8 4 7 9 11 14 8 10 12 13 November . . 10 7 8 6 4 5 5 8 6 10 6 8 1 5 6 12 9 8 December .. Total .. 3 7 1 6 3 4 11 7 11 14 4 6 9 12 8 8 7 9 62 104 69 103 73 113 79 103 76 114 87 118 54 95 79 121 89 132 Table ni. Summary of Tables I. and II. 1851-1890. First Series from 1851 to 1872 (both inclusive) At ITcki'ield. Second Series from 1873 to 1890 (both inclusive) At Ceowboeouqh Hill, Average Number of Fine Mornings. January February March April May June July August September , October , November , December Yearly Averages 5-6 5-5 6-3 7-7 6-4 6-4 6-0 6-4 7'3 6-1 6-3 6-0 76-0 Average Number of Fine Nights. Average Number of Fine Moi-nings 6-0 6-8 8-6 9-4 9-4 8-6 9-4 11-1 10-5 8-4 8-2 5-6 102-0 5-8 4-7 6-5 4-9 6-6 5-1 5-5 6-4 6-0 6-5 5-5 6-5 67-0 Average Number of Fine Nights. 6-3 6-3 9-8 9-3 11-4 9-4 9-5 10'9 10'2 9-0 7-3 ■7-6 107-0 The Obsbevatoet, Ceovboeottgh Hill, Sussex, February 24, 1891. C. LEESON PfllNCE. THE SUMMARY METEOEOLOGICAL JOUEl^AL. KEPT BY C. LEESON PRINCE, F.E.A.S., F.R.Met.S., &c., L . u^vi^g^g^ u^.u^'.j^u^^' UAj^^ u.\ x ^ 'Mm^mt^mmM AT H|IS OBSERVATORY, CRO^W^BOKOUG^H Ullil., SUSSEX. 1891, 1801. Barometer, mean 9 a.m., sea level . O H flJ 1—! r^ ■n > o -i >, ^a Absolute maximum , minimum Mean maximum ,. minimum ,, temperature „ daily range Solar radiation (in Vacuo), maximum., mean Terrestrial radiation— minimum „ .. mean Mean amount of cloud, 9 a.m. (0-10).. No. of fine Xiglits for Astronomical Obser- vations, including Moonlight Sights rt^- -P 0! (0 02 Absolute maximum ,, minimum Mean maximum ,, minimum ., temperature , daily range Temperature, 9 a.m ,. of dew point, 9 a.m. .. Elastic force of vapour Relative humidity o - r N N.B. E S.E... S S.W. W. .. [_ N.W. Cro wborough h. Mayfield Vicarage c. Forest Lodge, Maresfield 27-0 11-8 58'9 4i-9 10-2 L'4-'.l 5;i Feb. 30-479 68-0 2G-8 ■J'.)-7 32-1 40-9 17-C 73-8 t(\-i 2.S-2 29 -1 frO 3-38 305 2 90 2-58 2-41 8 16 49(1 66-6 18-3 27-0 37-9 47-6 20-3 33-4 33-6 40-5 8-6 14-2 33-2 40-3 30'8 34-8 ■173 •202 91 80 1 7 3 (1 4 2 6 4 3 3 1 Mar. 29-838 62-0 20-8 48-4 31-3 39-3 17-1 74-8 67-3 11-4 30-0 7-9 10 58-8 23-3 44-4 32-4 39-2 .33-5 -192 80 6 8 1 April. 30-004 68-0 28-0 55-2 33-4 44-3 21-8 77-0 64-7 25-0 32-1 7-2 0-00 0-05 0-12 0-07 0-00 4-06 2-40 2-42 2-35 2-30 63-6 29-4 50-4 .34-8 42-r, 15-6 44-5 36-3 -214 May. 29-787 80-0 28-0 63-1 .39-9 51-5 23-2 90-0 73-0 26-1 38-1 7-0 11 75-8 29-5 58-6 41-0 49-8 17-6 50-7 44-5 -294 79 June. 30-015 83-4 37-4 73-2 49-1 61-1 24-1 93-4 83-8 350 47-7 6-6 10 78-4 39-5 67-9 ,50-1 59-0 17-8 61-0 52-6 •398 74 8 8 3 3 9 3 ^ 3 3 3 1 1 6 * 3 6 4 2 3 2 2 'i> July. 29-954 82-0 41-5 73,-0 49-4 61-2 23-6 93-6 83-8 39-8 48-2 7-0 78-0 43-2 67-8 51-0 59-4 \Cri^ 60-8 53-9 -417 78 5 5 1 10 6 1 Aug. 29-843 79-5 42-7 70-5 49-5 60^0 2h0 90^0 80-3 37-8 47-2 7-7 9 74-0 44-2 66-0 50-4 58-2 1.5-6 59-3 54-4 ■424 84 1 1 5 17 4 0-59 i 3-88 2-18 , 3-(;2 2-85 1-81 jf Candlemas Day be dry and fair, The half of the winter's to come and mair ; If Candlemas Day be wet and foul, The half of the winter is gone at Yule. As far as the sun shines in a Candlemas Day, So far will the snow blow in before May. Si Sol splendescat Maria purificante, ^ _ Major erit glacies post festum quam fuit ante. Where the wind is on Candlemas Day, There it will stick to the end of May. Ponl weather is no news ; hail, rain and snow Are now expected, and esteemed no woe ; Nay, 'tis an omen bad, the yeomen say. If Phcebus shows his face the second day. If these proverbs refer to Candlemas Day only, how much more probable shoiild it be for them to be borne out when the whole month was fine and dry ! MARCH. — The unusual warmth which prevailed during the latter part of February gradually decreased on the 1st and 2nd of this month, but the drought continued to the 6th. On the second night the wind veered to the westward with a further great decrease of temperature, insomuch that at 9 a.m. on the 3rd it was 14° colder than at the same hour on the previous day. It continued westerly and very cold till the evening of the 8th, when it veered suddenly to the N.E. and increased in force. On the 9th, during the forenoon, some sleet and snow fell, and at noon a severe gale came on with increasing severity all the afternoon, accompanied by a driving snow fall (quite a bhzzard), while from 9 to 10 p.m. it blew quite a hurricane, and the snow was so extremely small that it penetrated into every available crevice before midnight. This gale continued very violent during the greater part of the night with almost continuous snow. By the morning of the 10th the snow had been driven into deep rifts, which varied in depth from one to five feet ; but it was deeper in those lanes which were at a much lower level than the adjoining fields. My rain gauge was covered by two feet of snow. Upon due consideration I estimated the average depth upon the level at six inches. This snow, having been very small, and densely packed in bulk, yielded no less than 1-30 inches of water. Frost occurred on several subsequent nights and the lowest temperature was recorded on the morning of the 12th, viz., 23°-3 in the screen, and ll°-3 on the surface of short grass. Snow fell again during the night of the 10th, and the wind having entirely subsided, it lay very heavily on the evergreen trees and shrubs. Very cold weather continued throughout the month, yet its mean temperature was only 1°'2 below the average. Several showers of pelletiform snow fell on the 26th, with some electrical display about 2 p.m. to the southward. These pellets were rather larger than peas. They were very soft, without any particular nucleus, and remained quite stationary upon reaching the ground and housetops. The rainfall was much above the average. APRIL. — The cold weather of the previous month continued for the most part throughout this month, so that its mean temperature was considerably more than two degrees below the average. The direction of the wind was from N. to E. on twenty-one days, and frequently blew with some force, so that it felt colder than the thermometer indicated. Throughout the entire month the air was most ungenial and very unfavourable for animal and vegetable life and, as a consequence, vegetation advanced very slowly, so that the spring season was more backward than for many years past. The readings of the barometer were high with but little fluctuation until the last few days. The cold weather of this month was verj' general throughout "Western Europe. It was a very dry month and the rainfall was about one-fourth of the average of the last twentj'-one years. At the close of the month the injurious effects of the late great frost, upon certain trees, shrubs and flowers, became apparent. The following trees were quite killed or very much injured: — Pinus Insignis, Eucalyptus Globulus, Cedrus Deodara, Quercus Ilex, Cupressus Lawsonia Gracilis and Pyramidalis, Oryptomeria Elegans. The following shrubs and flowers : — Veronica, Cistus Ladaniferus, ' Esoalonia Macrantha, Euonymus, Buddlea Globosa, Hydrangea, Fuchsia Eiccartoni, Leycesteria Formosa, Laurus Nobilis, and Viburnum Tinus. The Portugal and common Laurel were not injured. I think that the greatest injury was occasioned by the sudden and very severe frost during the last week of November, 1890 ; and for the following reasons. The weather had been unusually mild during the first half of that month, consequently the sap was in full vigour and therefore more sensitive to the extreme cold ; moreover, all the above-mentioned plants had fully with- stood the cold of several previous winters when the advent of cold had been less sudden in its intensity. MAY. — This month was remarkable for the great variation in its temperature. The first half was fairly warm and more genial than for many weeks past, while on the 11th, 12th and 13th the highest temperature in the shade was 67°-5, 74°-9 and 75°-8 respectively. This sudden heat was felt to be -quite oppressive, but it was of very short duration, for on the 14th it decreased nearly 12°, while on the 16th the highest was only 47°, or a decrease of nearly 29° since the 13th. The 16th was a remarkable day for the time of year; some rain had fallen during the previous night, but in the course of the afternoon snow and hail showers were frequent, which caused such a decrease in temperature that at 7 p.m. it was only one degree above the freezing point ; more snow fell during the evening, after which the clouds dispersed and a sharp frost ensued in the early morning of the 17th. The greatest cold registered in the air was 29°'5 and on the gi-ass 26°' 1. The evergreen trees and shrubs were much loaded with snow, which, however, soon disappeared after sunrise. From the 17th to the 28th the weather continued cold and unseasonable, with rain, more or less, every twenty-four hours, the wind frequently' changing to all points of the compass. Notwithstanding the great variation in temperature, the mean for the month was little more than one degree below the average of seventeen years. It is many years since there has been so much snow in May. The rainfall was one inch and a half above the average, which was a welcome amount after the long drought which commenced on February 1st, the greater part of the precipitation in March having been snow. JUNE.— Although this month was fine, upon the whole, and its mean temperature above the average, yet there were considerable alternations, while on several days during the second week, owing to the prevalence of northerly and easterly winds, the air was unseasonably cold and cheerless. Eainfall occurred on nine days and the total amount registered was somewhat below the average. A N.E. gale prevailed on 6th, 7th and 8th, with cold rain at intervals, from which time to the 22nd the weather continued dry and warmer both day and night. During the nights of the 22nd, 23rd and 24th nearly one and a half inches of rain fell and on the early morning of the 25th a thunderstorm passed away to the S.E. The atmospheric conditions on the 6th were very unfavourable for any observations to be taken of the partial solar eclipse. JULY.— Gloomy and unseasonable weather prevailed, for the most part, thi-oughout this month, and its mean temperature was below the average. The great deficiency of sunshine had a most unfavourable influence upon vegetation. The only really warm days were the 16th and 17th, when the temperature rose to 76° and 78° respectively. The rainfall was above the average, but this excess was due to the heavy thunderstorm on the morning of the 27th. Electrical disturbance was observed also on the 8th, 17th, 30th and 31st. The wind was chiefly from the westward. +1, ^y^^UST.— This was anotlier very unfavourable summer montli, and a very low temperature was observed tm-ougiiout, with frequent and heavy rains, much westerly wind and very small amount of sunshine. The mean temperature was two degrees below the average and the rainfall nearly double the average of the last twenty-one years on Orowborough Hill ihe total amount Avas ,V79 inches, of which no less than four inches feU during the last twelve days. Electrical disturbance was observed here on the 3rd, 10th, 13th, 21st and 23rd. Southerly gales occurred on 25th and 31st. A fine solar halo was seen on the 30th. During the storm of the 23rd Uckfield Church was struck by hghtnmg and sustained considerable damage. SEPTEMBER.— The weather of this month was, for the most part, a pleasant change from that which had prevailed during the two pi-evious months, which enabled a considerable portion of the late harvest to be secured in a tairly good condition. Hop-pickmg was carried on with but little interruption. The mean temperature was nearly xif " , !\-r. '^';gi"e'^« ^h^^}^^ average, and the highest dav temperature in the shade, for the whole year, occui-red on tne 1 im viz., 78°-5. The fluctuations of the barometer were slight and the mean reading was above the average. The rainfall was only one and a half inches. The prevailing winds were from 8. to 8.W. A slight thunderstorm occurred on the ^1 St. On the 4th I took an observation of Wolfe's Comet as it was passing through the Pleiades, and toundit to be a very inconspicuous object, its light being much overpowered by the brilliancy of Eta Tauri. I saw it again on the evening of the 8th, when a faint nucleus was quite observable, the night being very favorable for telescopic defanition. During the night of the 10th a strong auroral light was visible, due North. OCTOBER was a very mild, stormy, wet month. Its mean temperature was nearly two and a half degrees above the average, while the rainfall was more than twice the average of the last twenty-one years at Crowborough Hill, as well as twice the average of forty-nine years at Uckfield. Moreover, it was the heaviest October rainfall in Sussex during the last half century, with the single exception of October, 1865. There was a very unusual prevalence of Southerly wind, with an occasional variation to S.W. and W. The month passed without a trace of frost until the last morning, when the temperature of the air fell to 30°, and that of radiation to 22°-6. On the evenings of Sept. 30th and Oct. 1st the phenomenon of Will-of-the-Wisp was seen over the low ground in Crowborough Warren ; its appearance is a certain indication of an approaching wet period, and the higher the gentleman ascends the more stormy and wet will the weather be. Gales of more or less violence prevailed on the 11th, 13th, 15th, 2l8t and 22nd. On the 1 7th a thunderstorm passed to the westward, with some very vivid lightning, and the peals of thunder were unusually loud and prolonged. 8«rious fioods occurred over most of the low grounds, particularly at Buxted, Uckfield, Barcombe and Lewes, after the heavy rains of the 20th, 21st and 22nd. The month terminated in bright hut colder weather. A remarkable group of sun spots was visible on the 8th, and the changes which it underwent in the course of a few hours were very remarkable. NOVEMBER. — The first half of this month was much overcast, the temperature low and the rainfall heavy ; nevertheless, the total fall for the entire month was rather below the average. A violent gale, which increased to the force of a hurricane, occurred during the night of the 10th, and continued more or less violent till late in the after- noon of the 11th. This was the most severe gale which had occurred in this county for several years past, evidence of which was shown by the number of trees completely blown down and a still larger number partially uprooted. The corrected reading of my barometer at noon was 28'557 inches, which was the lowest point observed here since December 8th, 1886. Variable winds prevailed between N.E. and S.W. by S.E. The evening of the 15th was very unfavorable for observing the lunar eclipse. DECEMBER. — This month was very mild and rainy to the 15th, with an almost constant Westerly wind. From the I7th to the 25th the weather was much colder, but without any precipitation. It was the warmest December since 1 880. The rainfall was about an inch above the average and feU more or less on twenty days. Gales of more or less violence occurred on the 3rd, 7th, 10th and 13th. Notwithstanding the unsettled weather there was a considerable amount of sunshine, more particularly from the 19th to the 24th, both inclusive, and during the month there were twelve clear nights for astronomical observations. The rainfall for the whole year was more than five inches above the average of twenty-one years at Crowborough HiU, and at Uckfield it was two inches and three- quarters above the average of forty-nine years. C. LEESON PKINCE. The Obseevatobt, OKOWBOEorGii Hill, Sussex, May 10th, 1892. OBSERVATIONS UPON THE GREAT DROUGHT DDBING THE 8PBING MONTHS OF 1893. The drought which prevailed during the late Spring and first three weeks of Summer was, I think, without any doubt, the most severe and protracted over the South and South-East of England, of which we have any satisfactory record during the present century. Tradition reports that somewhat similar conditions prevailed in the years 1818 and 1826, but the registers of rainfall for those years, although not strictly reliable, yet distinctly shew that the drought was not so severe as that of the present year. , As we have no evidence that rain gauges were employed for any statistical purpose until the latter half of the seventeenth century, we have no means of ascertaining how far ancient records are reliable with respect to the severity and continuance of the droughts mentioned by them. Mr. G. J. Symons, F.R.S., has given, in his Annual British Rainfall for 1887, a very comprehensive list of droughts which are supposed to have occurred in the British Isles since the third century, some of which are, to a certain extent, confirmed by successive historians. A very remarkable one is recorded by the Venerable Bede, who states in his Ecclesiastical History, B. iv. C. xiii., that about the year 678 there had fallen no rain in the province of the South Saxons for three years, and the people were brought into such misery by reason of the famine which ensued, that often forty or fifty men, being spent with want, would go together to some precipice or the sea-shore and there hand in hand either perish by the fall or be swallowed up by the waves. The chief sources of information respecting severe droughts in former times are The Saxon Chronicle, Holinshed's, Stow's and Short's Chronicles, also Walford's Famines of the World, &c. f- But to return to our own days, the Summer of 1842 was very dry in Sussex, and I did not register any rainfall between June 30th and August nth. In 1844 the Spring and first two weeks of Summer were excessively dry, while from March 13th to June i6th I registered only 0-90 of an inch of rain in the g6 days. In that year the months, of July, August and September had a rainfall considerably below the average, and it was not until the month of October that a sufficient rainfall occurred to be of any essential service to the deeper springs of our wells. Since 1844 there has been no drought in Sussex at all comparable with that of 1893, either in point of severity or continuance. Before entering more particularly into details, it seems desirable to explain what is meant, in a meteorological sense, by the term "drought." Mr. G. J. Symons, our highest authority upon rainfall statistics, has given a chapter upon this subject in his volume of " British Rainfall" for 1887, p. 15. He divides the period into two terms, viz. (i), an absolute drought or rainless period, and (2), a partial drought. The former indicates an absence of any rain continuing upwards of fourteen days, and the latter a period of twenty-eight days and upwards, to any length of time, during which the total rainfall does not exceed a mean rate of -oi of an inch per diem. In order to illustrate how general has been the drought throughout this county, I have compiled the following tables from information kindly supplied to me by the ladies and gentlemen whose several names are appended to their respective returns. As I have been anxious to obtain a fair average of Sussex rain- fall, I have selected stations widely spread over the county, z.e., from East Grinstead on the North to Brighton on the South, and from Chichester on the West to Winchelsea on the East, in order of decreasing latitude. Table I. comprises the whole period of the drought, viz., one hundred and thirteen days, z.e., from March 2nd to June 22nd, 1893, both days included, and shews the stations where the amount of rainfall was less than -oi of an inch per diem as well as the total quantity recorded. Table II. comprises the same period and shews the stations where the rainfall exceeded -oi of an inch per diem (chiefly in consequence of local thunder showers), as well as the total quantity recorded. These stations could not be included in the term " partial drought " on account of their total rainfall having exceeded the prescribed rate of -oi inch per diem. TABLE I. Details of Rainfall at the following Stations, in inches, from March 2nd to June 22nd, 1893 (both days inclusive), comprising a period of one hundred and thirteen days. 1893. March. April. May. June. Total. Authority. U'21 0-28 0-22 0-26 0-42 (1-07 0'23 0-11 0-17 0-22 0-04 0-00 0-05 0-04 0-05 0-03 0-00 0-06 0-00 0-05 0-14 0-04 0-79 0.36 0-57 l)-47 0-58 0-87 0'63 0-38 0-63 0-67 0-67 0-02 0-12 0-05 0'20 0-08 0-07 0-05 0']3 0-18 0-00 0-06 1-0.5 0-81 0-88 0-98 Ml 1-01 0-97 0-62 1-03 1-03 O'Sl Percy E. Wallis, Esq. Mr. Rust. iliss F. E. Allcard. C. Leeson Prince. Capt. Wm. Noble, F.R.A.S. Miss Stileman. The Rev. F. Clyde Harvey. Colonel Lewis. R. Holmes, Esq. Dr. Tyaclie. Dr. Treutler. Horsham Crowborough Forest Lodge, Maresfield Arundel Chichester... . Average 0-20 0'04 0-60 0-08 0-94 TABLE II. 1893. March. April. May. June. Total. Authority. Scotney Castle, Lamberhurst ... Mayfield 0-18 0-50 0-23 0-22 0-25 0-24 0-12 0-00 0-02 0-06 0-03 003 0-03 0-06 0-92 0-67 0-86 0-78 0-59 0-84 0-90 0-06 0-52 0-B8 0-45 0-47 0-62 0-06 1-16 1-71 1-53 1-48 1-.34 1-67 1-14 Edward Hussey, Esq. The Rev. H. T. Murdock Kirby. G. Eames, Esq. Miss Laura Day. Dr. Brown. Dr. Graham. Aubrey Hillman, Esq. Midhurst Uckfield Cross-in-Hand Bryckden, Waldron Lewes Average 0-25 0-03 0-79 0-36 1-43 In order to illustrate still further the extraordinary drought of the present year, I may state that the rainfall for the spring season at Uckfield,. upon the average of fifty years, is 5-68 inches ; but this year the amount has only been 1-24 inches, consequently there has been a deficiency of 4-44 inches, which in weight of water represents a loss to the land of nearly 450 tons per acre. During the above-mentioned period of fifty years the three most droughty Springs were those of the years 1844, 1875 and 1880. The most droughty occurred in the year 1875, when the rainfall was 2-86 inches (including the whole of the months of March, April and May only), therefore the quantity— 1-24 inch*— for the Spring season of 1893 at Uckfield is not equal to one half that of the most droughty Spring on the record, or, more strictly reckoning, is but 43% of the season of 1875, and only 22% of the average. * This includes the Rainfall on March Isl. Upon reference to my. record of the Rainfall at Uckfield since 1842, I find the following instances of Partial Droughts. It maybe observed that the most severe ones occurred in the years 1844, 1852, 1854 and 1887. Year. Partial Droughts, during which the Rainfall did not exceed •01 inch per diem. No. of consecu- tive days. Total Amount of Rainfall. Year. Partial Droughts, during which the Rainfall did not exceed •01 inch per diem. No. of consecu- tive days. Total Amount of Rainfall. 18-13 Aug. 3rd to Oct. 5th 37 Inch. 0-23 1857 Dec. 23rd to Jan. 29th Feb. 6th to March 13th May 26th to July 4th 38 Inch. 0"19 1843 18U Nov. 28th to Dec. 31 34 96 0'32 0-90 1858 1868 36 40 0-22 0-17 March 13th to June 16th 1844 Nov. 18th to Jan. 9th 53 0-50 1858 Oct. 16th to Nov. 16th 32 0-31 1846 Aug. 21st to Sept. 20th 32 0-29 1861 Jan. 1st to Feb. 12th 43 0^32 1847 Feb. 19th to March 27th 37 0-28 1863 April 13th to May 11th 29 0^18 1847 June 26th to Aug. 4th 40 0-22 1864 July 4th to Aug. 19th 47 0-24 1849 1§50 June 8th to July 18th 40 39 0-29 0-18 1865 1869 Aug. 26th to Oct. 7th 43 40 0-02 0-08 Feb. 21st to March 31st June 22nd to July 31st 1851 Feb. 8th to March 9th 30 0-26 1870 March 23rd to May 10th 49 0^38 1851 Aug. 30th to Sept. 29th 31 0-09 1870 May 16th to June 15th 31 0-10 1851 Nov. 11th to Dec. 18th 38 0-35 1880 April 27th to May 27th 31 0^10 1852 Feb. 11th to April 27th Nov. 28th to Dec. 30th Feb. 6th to April 30th 77 0-61 1882 Jan. 12th to Feb. 10th 29 0^20 18.53 1854 33 84 0-28 0-59 1887 June 4th to Aug. 15th 73 0-57 OBSERVATIONS AT CROWBOROUGH. With respect to the rainfall at my Observatory onXrowborough Hill, the following are a few particulars of the late drought as compared with other Spring seasons since the year 1870. During this period the mean aggregate rainfall of the months of March, April and May was 6'89 inches, but for 1893 the amount was only i '05 inch*, which is 1 5% of the average, and, in this instance, was even 8% less than at Uckfield. This shews a rainfall deficiency at Crowborough of 5 '84 inches, which in weight of water represents a loss to the land of 590 tons per acre. Little wonder, then, that field crops are so exhausted, while some have disappeared altogether ! Although some of our wells have been dry, yet the two public springs have well maintained their ancient character of being inexhaustible ; otherwise our population would have been in great straits for the important element. As I have previously stated, we must refer back to the year 1 844 for the prevalence of a drought at all comparable in its consequences with that which has lately been so extensively experienced over the greater part of England. It may perhaps be interesting to state what were the general atmospheric conditions (for which I have received many enquiries) which obtained during the remainder of that year. The drought commenced on the 13th of March and continued, as a partial drought, until the i6th of Tune, after which date some heavy rain fell in the neighbourhood of London and in the Eastern Counties, but very little in the S.E., where the weather continued dry, for the most part, to the end of the month. Some refreshing showers fell in July, at intervals, but the total rainfall for the month was little more than half the average. A considerable rainfall occurred during the first fortnight of August, which was succeeded by a rainless period to September 6th, after which date only occasional showers fell until the second week in October, but during the remainder of that month the rainfall was considerable and exceeded the average. Wet weather continued during the first half of November, but subsequently another dry period ensued and continued, very generally, to the end of the second week in January 1845. Notwithstand- ng these dry periods the year's rainfall amounted to 7870 of the average in consequence of the excess of '^et weather during the months of January and February. The winter of 1844-45 was very severe. severe. .^k * This )l/^ infa TEMPERATURE. In consequence of the brilliant sunshine which prevailed day after day and week after week, the mean temperature of March, April, May and June was higher throughout those months than I have ever recorded on Crowborough Hill, that is to say, during any Spring season in the last twenty years. It was as follows : Mean Temperature Average Highest Mean Mean Highest Highest 1893. in the Shade at 9 a.m of Dew Point at 9 a.m in Sun's rays (Bright Bulb in Vacuo) in Sun's rays (Black Bulb in Vacuo) March. 4r,o.8 390.8 620.8 on 30th 47°.6 38°.3 79° Not observed April. .51°.8 U°.8 78° on 20th .52°.9 40°.6 97°.6 1.30°.0 May. 5.j°.9 .50°. 9 74° on IJth .57°. 9 46°.6 92°.0 136°.0 June. .59°. 7 56°.8 88° on 19th 61°.l 49°.2 103°.0 142°.5 The dryness of the air on several days in June was very remarkable, and as an instance I will inention that at 9 a.m. of the 17th the temperature of the Dew Point was no less than 3o°-9 below that of the air ! With the month of July came a most beneficial change. The first really refreshing shower came on the night of the fourth, and throughout the month copious showers occurred at intervals which were so quickly absorbed by the parched soil that but little passed away off its surface. The total rainfall exceeded the average by more than half an inch. o RESULTS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS MADE AT THE BLUE HILL METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATORY, MASSACHUSETTS, U. S. A., IK THE YEAR 1886: tINDER THE DIRECTION OF A.. X.^^^^IlE]S^OE HOTOH, S. 13. BOSTON: ALFRED MUDGE & SON, PRINTERS, No. 24 Franklin Street. 1887. SUNSHINE RECORDS FOR DESCHI PTION OF INSTRUMENTS SEE mO-E Vll/ . " -" " PHENOMENA -" PR -^f 2»-W. CAMPBELL -STOKES V /IP 1 R.7 I8t 6. I X X II II V 1 \ JORDAN . TfTTTnTTTTTTTT TT' ' '° " '^ ' I Y C I CAMPBELL-STOKES JORDAN . A V. /886' n LJ_L RESULTS or THE METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS MADE AT THE BLUE HILL METEOEOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY, MASSACHUSETTS, U. S. A., IN THE YEAR 1886 UNDER THE DIEECTION OF A.. L^TV-RBN^CE ROTCH, 8. B. BOSTON : ALFRED MUDGE & SON, PRINTERS, No. 24 Franklin Street. 1887. ERRATA AND ADDENDA BLUE HILL OBSERVATIONS FOR 1886, Page viii. — To the description of the Sunshine Kecorders, add : " Eecords of both the instruments are given in the Frontispiece." Pages 3 to 7 . — Supply the following omitted dates on which western mountains were visible : — Nobscot : March 22, June 22, August 4, November 22. Wachusett : Decem- ber 28. Monadnock: July 12. Page 3 ; April 7. — Amount of sunshine, read Oh. 6 m., instead h. m. Page 3 ; April 7. — Per cent of sunshine, read 01, instead 00. Pages 3 and 8. — Duration of bright sunshine for April, read 177 h. 25 m., instead 177 h. 19 m. Page 8. — Duration of bright sunshine for year, read 2,098 h. 19 m., instead 2,098 h. 13 m. Pages 16 to 27. — The total wind movements for each day are not always the exact sums of the hourly movements, as they were otherwise obtained. Page 18. — Mean wind movement for March, 3-4 p. m., read 25.4, instead 2.54. Page 31. — Sum for last eight days of February, at 2 p. m., read 232.400, instead 332.400. Page 32.— Monthly sum for March, at 10 p. m., read 904.303, instead 304.303. Page 39. — In the sums for the last eleven days of October, from 5 a. m. to 11 p. M., inclusive, the three left-hand figures of each column read 323, instead 393 or 293. Page 44. — In the description of the phenomena of April 7, insert: "For the automatic sunshine record, see the Frontispiece to this volume." Page 45. — To the mention of the humidity record of November 4, add: "The record of this day's sunshine is shown in the Frontispiece." CONTENTS INTEODUCTION TO THE BLUK HILL OBSERVATIONS. AN ACCOUNT OF THE OBSERVATORY. Its History and Personnel Its Location and Description Its Auxiliary Siations . V THE INSTRUMENTS AT THE OBSERVATORY. Remarks concerning the Sele-Recording Instrujients . Barometers . ..... ThERMOJIETERS AM) HYGROMETERS Anemoscope and Anemometeiis Rain and Snow Gauges . Sunshine and Cloud Instruments . VI vi vi vii THE REDUCTION OE THE OBSERVATIONS. General Results ........ Hourly Values from the Self-Recording Instruments , VllI ix RESULTS OF THE OBSERVATIONS. General Results op the Observations ....... Number of Hours of Prevalence op Each Wind ..... Hourly Measures op the Horizontal Movement of the Wind . Hourly Values of the Atmospheric Pressure ..... 2-8 10-13 16-28 30-42 TRACINGS FROM THE SELF-RECORDING INSTRUMENTS TO ILLUSTRATE CERTAIN PHENOMENA. Descriptive Text 44, 45 Plates, Nos. 1 to 9. INTRODUCTION TO THE BLUE HILL OBSERVATIONS. AN ACCOUNT OF THE OBSERVATORY. Its History and Personnel. — The Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory was established as a private observatory by the undersigned in 1885, and is now one of the best equipped meteorological stations in the United States. Tri-daily observations were commenced Feb. 1, 1885, and liave since been regularly made at the hours of 7 A. M., 3 and 11 p. m., seventy-fifth meridian time, adopted by the United States Signal Service. Monthly summaries of these observations have been sent to the New England Meteorological Society for publication in its Bulletin, to the Signal Service for its Weather Revieiv, and to persons interested. A summary of the observations for the year ending Jan. 31, 1886, together with a summary of the corresponding observations made at the Boston Signal Service station, ten and one half miles north of and five hundred and fifteen feet below the observatory, was printed and distributed. Besides the regular meteorological observations, considerable experimental work has been done, notably in weather predictions. Details of this work may be found in a pamphlet by the undersigned, printed not published, entitled An Account of the Foundation and Work of the Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory. ' The current expenses of the observatory, amounting to about $2,500 a year, are paid by the undersigned, who directs the work. Mr. Willard P. Gerrish was the observer during the first year, and since that time the position has been filled by Mr. H. Helm Clayton. Frank Brown has acted as steward from the opening of the observatory. Its Location and Descrij^iion. — Great Blue Hill, upon whose summit the observatory stands, is situated in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, partly in the town of Milton and partly in that of Canton. The elevation above sea level is about six hundred and thirty-five feet, and it is thus not only the highest land in eastern Massachusetts, but is also the highest point within ten miles of the Atlantic coast from Maine to Florida. Great Blue Hill exceeds the other summits of the Blue Hill range by more than one hundred feet, and the surrounding country being low, its exposure is free in all directions, which renders it admirable as a site for a meteorological station, uninfluenced by the causes which affect the records of most of the Government Signal Stations. A road nearly a mile long, and practicable for carriages, has been built up the hill, and a telephone line connects the observatory with Boston. The position of the observatory ^ fixed by a brass plate on the lower floor of the tower. This marks the supposed site, 2.2 feet below the plate, of the copper l)olt set by Simeon Borden, about 1834, for the Massachusetts Trigonometrical Survey, in latitude 42° 12' 44" N., longitude 71° 6' 53" W., and 635.05 feet above mean tide. The bolt set by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, in 1844, is 27.35 feet N. 11° 16' E. of the supposed site of the Borden bolt. The observatory itself is a two-story circular tower, twelve feet in diameter inside and twenty-five feet high, built of the broken stone found on the hill. This contains some of the instruments, others being exposed above its flat roof which is surrounded by a parapet. Extending southward fi'om the tower is a one-story hip- roof house with two bedrooms, a dining-room and kitchen. This is also built of stone, but has a wooden shed attached. In the construction of the building every precaution was taken to insui'e solidity, the walls being twenty inches thick and the roof securely anchored to them. It has, however, been found impossible to make the walls impervious to rain which is driven by the high wind through the minute cracks which the stone must contain, and several coats of marine varnish have not rendered it water-proof. A large stove in the lower room of the tower heats the upper room through a register, and by its flue and that of the kitchen range also warms the other rooms. In the cellar is a wooden tank which collects the rain falling upon the roof. A safe built into the chimney protects the records and charts from fire. The cost of the building, designed by Messrs. Eotch and Tiklen, was about $3,500. Its Auxiliary Stations. - — A station was established July 1, 1886, at the foot of the hill, four hundred and forty feet below the observatory and three quarters of a mile northwest of it, which is visited daily. It is provided with maximum and minimum thermometers aad a Draper thermograph exposed in a Hazen shelter, and with a rain gauge similar to that on the hill. Some curious variations of temperature and precipitation between the two stations have been noted, but enough data has not yet been accumulated for publication. Another station in Milton and one in the neighboring town of Randolph send monthly records of temperature and precipitation to the observatory, which receives reports of the synchronous observations made at the Boston Signal Service station. (V) THE INSTRUMENTS AT THE OBSERVATORY. Remarks concerning the Self-Jieeording Instruments. — A feature of the instruments is their automatic record, the "eye" ol)servations of the standard instruments serving only as a control upon the registration. With the exception of the force of the wind, the species of clouds and their direction of motion, all the elements observed are recorded continuously. So far as possible, the principle of having duplicate instruments for use in case of accident is applied. The register sheets of all the instruments are changed daily at 11 p. m., at which hour the meteorological day ends. Barometers. — The barometers are kept in a glass case in the lower room of the tower, where the tem- perature is most uniform, though a considerable range of temperature necessarily occurs in winter between the day and the night. The barometer cisterns are six hundred and forty feet above mean tide. The standard since November, 1885, is Hicks, No. 818. This barometer is constructed on the Fortin system, has a tube about 0.5 inch in diameter, and is read by a vernier directly to 0.002 inch. The instrumental correction, as determined at Kew Observatory, in October, 1885, is +0.009 inch, including capillary action. As compared indirectly with the Signal Service standards at Washington, in February, 1886, its corrected readings are 0.015 inch too low. A Green barometer. No. 2,677, of the Signal Service pattern, reading also to 0.002 inch, is kept as a reserve instrument. It was formerly used as the standard, its readings being 0.017 inch lower than ihe assumed Kew standard now adopted by the observatory. A Draper self-recording mercurial barometer, in a glass case near the other barometers, has given an almost continuous record since May, 1885. The principle of this instrument, which was constructed by Black and Pfister, of New York, is as follows : A glass tube thirty-six inches long, with the upper portion of larger diameter than the lower, is held firmly in a vertical position, and filled in the usual manner with quicksilver ; its lower or open end dips into a tube or reservoir containing the same metal. This reservoir is suspended on two spiral steel springs, and has freedom of motion up and down. When the pressure of the atmosphere diminishes, a portion of the mercury flows out of the tube into the reservoir; this, becoming heavier, stretches the steel springs, causing the ink pencil fastened to them to mark downwards. If the pressure increases, the reverse movement takes place. The ink pencil makes its mark on a ruled paper register, carried at the rate of half an inch per hour from right to left by a clock. The movement of the pencil on the register can be magnified to any extent by increasing the length of the spiral springs ; in this instrument it multiplies three times. The ink pencils used in the Draper instruments are tubes of glass filled Avith red ink, which touch lightly against the paper register ; the advantage of these over lead pencils is that little or no pressure is required. This barograph gives the correction for temperature, or reduction to 32°, from the fact that it weighs the column of mercury instead of measuring its length, which is aff'ected by heat. There is a slight temperature error caused by the unequal bore of the tube and by the expansion of the steel springs, but this is very small. Since July, 1885, the record has been checked by daily comparisons with the standard barometer, and the barograph is now so well regulated that the average correction is only 0.01 inch. Tracings of the barograph, somewhat reduced in size, are shown in Plates Nos. 1 and 1 A, at the end of this volume. An aneroid ))arograph, made by Richard Broihers, of Paris, is kept as a reserve instrument. It consists of eight small aneroid boxes placed one above the other, which, by means of a pen on the end of a lever, register the variations of atmospheric pressure upon a paper-covered drum, which is revolved by clockwork inside. Unlike the Richard instruments in general, the drums of those constructed for this observatory revolve once a day instead of once a week, thereby making the time scale much larger. For an aneroid barometer this is remarkably accurate. Thermometers and Hygrometers. — These are exposed in a wooden louvre shelter built from a north window of the tower, fifteen feet above the ground. In its construction special pains were taken to secure ventilation by making the roof double and setting the shelter six inches out from the wall, and to cut off radiation from inside the tower by having double windows. Comparisons have been made between this shelter and an isolated one built according to Prof. H. A. Hazen's specifications, now adopted by the Signal Service as the standard. Except during rapid changes of temperature, when the wall shelter was somewhat sluggish, the error of the latter was less than -f 0.5°. For convenience the window shelter is employed. The observatory standard thermometers are Hicks, No. 252,161, verified at Kew, and Baudin, No. 10,682. The working standards are H. J. Green wet and dry bulb and maximum and minimum thermometers. These have been frequently compared with the standard instruments, and the resulting corrections applied. A Richard thermograph has been in use since April, 1886. This instrument has a curved brass tube filled with alcohol, which straightens by the expansion of the alcohol when the temperature rises, and recurves again when the temperature falls and the alcohol contracts. The motion of the tube is registered on a drum by means of a pen on a lever. The error of the thermograph, ascertained several times daily by comparison with the standard thermometer, is not more than 0.5°, except for the maximum and minimum temperatures which are obtamed from the maximum and minimum thermometers, and their hours of occurrence only from the thermograph. In cold weather a Koppe hair hygrometer, made L)y Hottinger, of Zih'ich, has been used to determine the relative humidity and the dew point. In winter the mean relative humidity given l)y the hair hygrometer is about six per cent lower than that calculattul from the readings of the wet and dry bulb thermometers, which are (VI) Known to give erroneous results at low temperatures. In summer the mean relative humidity olitainod by the two methods agrees within one per cent. An Alluard condensation dew point apparatus is occasionally used as a check upon the other instruments. A Richard registering hygrometer has been in use since April, 1886, and has given satisfactory results for such an instrument, its error relative to the hair hygrometer or psychrometer being noted several times daily. The hygrometric material employed is a thin strip of horn, whose alteration in length with variations of moisture is registered, as in the thermograph, upon a drum, which revolves once a day, giving a time scale of three tenths of an inch per hour. Sheets from these instruments are shown in Plates Nos. 2 to 5, slightly reduced in size. Anemoscope and Anemometers. — The instruments for measuring the direction, velocity, and force of the wind are exposed about ten feet above the roof of the tower and thirty-five feet above the ground. A Draper recording anemoscope and anemometer, made by Black and Pfister, have given almost continuous records since March, 1885, with the exception of short pei'iods when repairs wore necessary. The anemoscope is constructed as follows : From the wind vane a vertical shaft descends into the tower. The lower end of the shaft carries a brass cylinder covered with paper to receive the record of the oscillations of the wind. An ink pencil, bearing lightly against the paper, descends from the top to the bottom of the cylinder in the course of twenty-four hours, its movement being regulated by a clock. When the wind shifts, the paper register, therefore, correspondingly turns and the pencil makes a trace of the movement; if there is a calm, the pencil makes a straight line downward, a gentle breeze being sufficient to cause the cylinder to oscillate on each side of its mean direction. On the sheet of paper are printed the eight points of the compass and the hours, the trace thus showing the direction and all the variations of the wind, with the times of their occurrence. A reduced copy of the anemoscope sheet, after removal from the cylinder, is given in Plate No. 7. The principle of the Draper anemometer is this : On the ends of a cross supported by a vertical shaft are four hemisphei'ical cups, which, by the action of the wind, are caused to revolve with a speed, as determined by Dr. Robinson, of about one third the velocity of the wind. On the lower end of the shaft, thus made to revolve by the cups, is an endless screw connecting with a train of wheels which move a cam. This is so arranged that one turn of the cam corresponds to twenty miles movement of the wind. An ink pencil, which rests on the edge of the cam and slides in vertical guides, is carried by each revolution of the cam from the bottom to the top of a sheet of paper, which is drawn aside by a clock at the rate of half an inch per hour. The number of times that the pencil moves from the bottom to the top of the paper ^.multiplied by twenty, gives the number of miles that the wind has travelled in an hour or day. A reduced copy of the anemometer sheet is shown in Plate No. 6. A smaller Robinson anemometer records electrically by the Gibbon self-register each mile travelled by the wind. This apparatus, which is that made for the Signal Service ))y the Hahl Manufacturing Company, of Baltimore, has been used during 1886. On account of the open time scale of the register (two inches per hour), it serves to show the velocity of brief gusts of wind better than does the Draper anemometer, and is also available to supply breaks in the latter record. The average movements recorded by the Draper and Signal Service anemometers differ by less than one per cent. The latter instrument, in a series of tests, gave about five per cent lower velocities than did a Hicks portable anemometer, whose dial was graduated at Kew Observatory by comparison with the standard anemometer. A wind pressure gauge, constructed from the writer's designs by the Crosby Steam Gauge Company, of Boston, has been in use during 1886. A vane keeps a diek with a square foot of surface normal to the wind, whose pressure stretches a spring in the tail of the vane and leaves an index at the maximum pressure in pounds, to which it has been subjected. After the pressure has been converted into velocity by the formula v = V~p7 where v is the velocity in miles per hour, and p is the pressure in pounds per square foot, the velocity thus obtained agrees closely with the maximum velocity foi a period of five minutes, as registered by the Signal Sei"vice anemometer. The extreme velocity of the gusts would naturally be expected to exceed the mean velocity for five minutes, and this is generally found to be the case. The agreement is closest at moderate velocities, but whether this is owing to the inertia of the pressure plate causing it to be sluggish with light winds, or whether the velocity of the gusts exceeds in a greater ratio the mean velocity during high winds than during low winds, has not been determined. Main and Snow Gauges. — Three of these have been used during 1886. They are placed near one another in a freely exposed position, one hundred and fifty feet northeast of the observatory, with their rims within two feet of the ground. The standard rain gauge is a copper cylinder, fourteen inches deep, with a turned brass rim eight inches in diameter. The rain is measured with a stick in a tube having one tenth the area of the receiver. This is the gauge recommended by the New England Meteorological Society. To ascertain the rainfall during a storm without emptying the gauge, it is weighed upon a spring balance compensated for the weight of the empty gauo-e and graduated to indicate 0.02 inch. The standard snow gauge has an aperture similar to the rain gauge. The receiver is sixteen inches deep, and is enlarged below to keep the snow from blowing out, this plan having been tried in Europe. The i>'au^e, with the unmelted snow, is weighed upon the spring balance, which is compensated as before for the weio-ht of (VII) this empty gauge. This method obviates loss by evaporation in melting the snow for measurement, and enables the snowfall to be quickly ascertained. The self-recording rain and .snow gauge constructed after the writer's design, by Richard Brothers of Paris, has been in use since March, 1.S86. The receiver in this gauge rests upon a platform balance, and when rain falls its weight causes the balance to record the amount and time of occurrence of the rain upon a revolving drum, as in the other Richard instruments. Tracings of this gauge, slightly reduced in size, are shown in Plates Nos. 8 and 9. To adapt it to snow another receiver is used, which is deeper, with an inner shield to prevent clogging l)y sleet. The author believes this to be the first successful attempt to record snow automatically without first melting it. The records of the registering gauge agree fairly well with those of the standard with which they are compared. The former gauge has been surrounded by a flaring wire screen on the Nipher system to protect it from the wind, and more snow has thereby been caught in windy Aveather than before. Sunshine (ind Cloud Instrument'^. — The sunshine recorders are placed on the south parapet of the tower, with no obstructions to affect their records. A level stand in the centre of the tower roof with a meridian reference line serves as a base for the cloud mirror. A Campbell-Stokes sunshine recorder, -which has been in operation during 1886, is the standard instrument in Europe for registering sunshine, but it is believed that there are none used in the United States. It consists of a glass liall held in a concenti'ic frame at the distance of the focal radius from the centre of the ball. This frame holds a strip of cardboard which is charred whenever the sun shines brightly, and by the apparent motion of the sun the hours into which the cardboard is divided are successively traversed by its image. The strip is adjusted in the frame to gise approximately the standard time of the seventy-fifth meridian. A Jordan sunshine recorder, made by Negretti and Zambra of London, has also been in use the jiast year. A 1)rass cylinder, with its axis parallel to the earth's axis, has in its opposite sides two holes through which the sun shines upon sensitized paper, and the traces thus made are rendered permanent by immersing the paper in water. This generally records more sunshine than does the burning instrument, whose action is stopped when the sun is jiartly oljscured by cirrus clouds or light haze. A cloud mirror for the measurement of the azimuth and altitude of clouds has been used by Mr. Clayton. Frequent measurements, in degrees of azimuth, of the direction of motion of the clouds, particularly those of the cirrus tj'pe, have been made but are not ready for publication. The altitude of the clouds is obtained by first calculating their velocity of motion by noting the time jivhich their shadows require to traverse known distances on the plain below. Only clouds of the stratus and cumulus types give shadows which can thus be used. The velocity of a cloud being known, two angular measurements of its altitude, at a definite interval of time apart, enable its height to be calculated. THE REDUCTION OE THE OBSERVATIONS. General Results. — The daily results refer to the twenty-four hours ending at 11 p. m. The figures in the first four columns following the date, pages 2 to 7, are the daily means obtained from observations at 7 a. ji., 3 and 11 p. JI., seventy-fifth meridian time, according to the practice of the Signal Service. Until April, eye observations were taken at these hours; after that, the data for 7 a. af. and o p. m. were generally obtained from the sheets of the self-recording instruments, controlled by eye observations of the standard instruments made at least twice a day. All tempiu'atures are expressed in Fahrenheit degrees. The table used for the reduction of the barometer to 32° is that computed from Schumacher's formula, and contained in the Jnstnirtioris for Vohoitdri/ Observers of the Sif/nal Service. The reduction to sea level from a height of six hundred and forty feet is effected by a table calculated from Laplace's formula, in which the arguments are the temperature of the external air and the height of the barometer corrected to 32^. The cor- rection to reduce to the standard gravity of latitude 45°, is — 0.007 inch, which is the constant employed by the Boston Signal Office. The liarometer reduced to sea level and standard gravity is only used in the monthly and annual means and extremes. The actual barometer is also given in the means. The dew point and relative humidity are calculated from the readings of the wet and dry bulb ther- mometers, by means of the table, computed for a barometric pressure of thirty inches, contained in the above Iiisfradions; or inversely, the dew point is calculated from the relative humidity, when such is obtained from the hygrometer. The hours of actual sunshine are got from the Camjibell-Stokes instrument, and the daily percentage of possible sunshine is determined from the average possible duration of sunshine in latitude 42°, which is given for each month in Jelinek's yinleitnn;/ znr Ausfilhrani/ Ble/eoralo'/ischer Beobachttmr/en, revised by Dr. Hann. From the number of hours thus found, thirty minutes are subtracted daily to allow for the time when the sun, on account of its proximity to the horizon, does not affect the register. The mean cloudiness for the first three months was obtained from tri-daily eye observations. After March it IS assumed to be the complement of the percentage of bright sunshine, the cloudiness thus got having been found here and elsewhere to b(^ about four per cent less than that obtained from eye observations. In the Annual Summary, page 8, the mean cloudiness has been obtained from the sunshine for all the months. (VIU) Aue Litiiispaieiicy oi lue tur from March to Decemher, inclusive, is indicated by the record of Y'sibility of distant mountains, which subtend about the same visual angle as seen from Blue Hill, the highest mountains being the most distant. The height above the sea of Nobscot is 602 feet ; Wachusett, 2,018 feet ; and Monad- nock, 3,170 feet ; their distances from Blue Hill being as stated in the records. The prevailing direction of the wind and its daily movement are omitted from these tables, because they appear in the Hourly Values, pages 10 to 28. In the Annual Summary, page 8, the table of monthly means and totals is compiled from the preceding monthly sums and means. The tigures for sunshine and precipitation, and the number of days with precipitation which are given as 3'early means, arc, strictly speaking, the monthly aver- ages of these elements for the year. In the table of monthly extremes, the first three columns should be headed "Barometer Reduced to 32°, Sea Level and Standard Gravity," instead of "Pressure," etc., as printed. Hourly Vahte,'< from- (he Self- Recording Instrument,^. — The tabulation of all the sheets from these instru- ments has been done by Mr. Clayton, so that the personal equation introduced is nearly constant. The figures in the tables have been added by the arithmonteter of Thomas de Colmar. The maximum values are indicated in the sums and means of the pressure and wind velocity, and in the annual summary of the wind direction, by heavy-faced type, and the minimum values by light-faced type. The ten-day means of pressure and wind velocity can be easily obtained from the ten-day sums by moving the decimal point. The hours of prevalence of each wind, pages 10 to 13, need no special explanation. The anemoscope from which the data are derived gave a continuous record during the year except on Jan. 30, when the action of the vane was impeded by ice, and on thirty-two hours distributed through the year, when the direction of the wind was otherwise obtained. Only two hours of calm are given, but the record of the sensitive electrical anemometer shows that in reality there wei'e no absolute calms of an hour's duration during the year. The hourly wind movements, pages 16 to 28, are also continuous with the exception of the last four days of January, when both anemometers were stopped by ice. A few other breaks in the Draper record, besides the values for very low velocities, have been supplied by the records of the electrical anemometer. The two hours of calm, before mentioned, however, remain. The hourly data for the atmospheric pressure, pages 30 to 42, are complete for each hour, the values for four scattered hours, missing from the Draper barograph sheets, having been interpolated. The figures given are the readings, corrected for temperature and instrumental error, the latter being ascertained several times daily, and the correction for each hour interpolated. For economy in printing the hourly values, twenty-nine inches is omitted, unless the pressure for the same hour of the preceding day is twenty-eight or thirty inches ; and twenty- nine is to be supplied elsewhere when no whole inches are given. The double diurnal maxima and minima are indicated in the sums and means by heavy and light faced type. These are among the most complete hourly values of wind velocity and atmospheric pressure which have been published for a few stations in the United States. A. LAWRENCE ROTCH, Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory. May, 1887. (IX) GENERAL RESULTS METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS MADE AT THE BLUE HILL METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATORY, YEAR 1886. 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CO CO -T)H iO CO CO CO CO CI CO 'CO CI CI CO CM C-1 CM CO tC' CM CO O b- rH O CO CI C7 ^ CM CO t- '0 CD X d X X "^ O rH O 1=1 3 >^ Cl-^XIOTtlOCDCRQOO-^CD COb-rHt^'^COiCO-'^-^t-CO rHt-COOXCOlOOSXClCMCO C^rHrHrHOCDOOOOrHrH b-rHt>iOCDXCOCDlOXOO COTt1CD-fCOCI.--iOCOCOCMG<)COTHCO'^CD 3 C pa » a g s a (8) O OOOO-^lOLOOlOOCO^t- t- -^^ O' '~- t^ C^ O tH CO O O' o NUMBER OF HOtJUS OF PREVALENCE OF EACH WIND KEli'EKKED TO DIFFERENT POINTS OF AZIMUTH, EACH DAY, MONTH, AND THE VEAR 1886, AS DERIVED FROM THE RECORDS OF THE DRAPER ANEMOSCOPE. J^N^Ui^RY. FEBRUARY. Date. 1 S. E. 1 1 B. W. w. 1 N. w. N. N. E. E. 1 ' Calm, i 1 Date. S, E, S. S. W. w. 15 N. W. 6 N. N, E. E. Calm. 1. 1 1 2 20 h 1. 3 2. 5 8 8 3 1 H 2. 12 3. 15 11 •-"• 7 10 7 4. 24 4. 5 19 5. 11 13 N 5. 24 i; 3 21 '^ ' 0. 4 5 9 7. 23 1 li 7. 2 10 1 };< (1 10 s --> 4 1 1 8. 3 21 9 2 1 5 3 3 7 3 i 9. 5 3 9 7 10. 21 10. 3 21 n i 11. 23 1 11. 24 1 12. 10 14 ' 12. 9 i) 4 13. 11 • ) 5 o 1 13. 1 18 5 (1 l\ 14 1 23 14. 7 10 1 (1 lo 15 1 5 3 15. 3 9 10 ^) 1(3. 11 13 10. 1 2I 2 (1 17 11 s 5 (1 17. 5 7 (3 18 14 10 (1 18. >■> 1 13 8 '/ 19. 4 .0 t> 4 12 19. 6 IS 1 20 13 1 2 ! 20. 4 13 V 21. 15 1 3 ■ ) 21. t 7 10 •>^:> n 9 IS 4 i 22, 4 4 1 1 7 23. 4 () 14 i -3. 3 9 4 s 24 •) 'f't 24, IS 4 (I 20 6 14 9 1 1 25, 20 • > 20 ; II 10 14 1 : 2(;. 4 8 12 27 ■ 21 3 27, 24 " 28. ' :', 21 1 i ' 28. 24 '^ 29. I 15 !) ; 1 30. Vane ' clogged by Ice. I 31. 1 8 't 12 1S2 2 " 12 49 89 133 120 ~ut u Sums. 71 ' 23 18 120 140 112 SuniR. 170 40 1 -- - ^- _ — — M^RCH. ^RRIL. 1 JJatc. 1 1 s. 1 1 N, W, 21 N, , X, E E, Calm. Date. S. E, 17 iS, «'. w, N.W. N. ! N, E. ' E. Calm. 1. 7 1 1. II 1 II 24 . 2. 5 7 4 8 , •' 24 1 3, 1 4 s 9 1 24 li 4- 2 li 5 -1 ' ' H 11 13 1 1 1 13 3 1 • 9, (i 18 ** 10 0' 1 11 12 <• 10. II 18 1 5 3 11 4 12 s 11. 1; S 7 12 5 19 ' ' 12, 4 20 1.3 4 • ) 9 1 13. •J 20 1 \ 9 14 11 1.3 14. 5 1 1 1 11 3 ITi 12 3 1 •J • ) ' 15. 3 V 9 II l(i 7 1 9 4 1 10. 4 15 5 17 1 5 ;; 7 1 17. ;) 12 2 1 IS '■') 5 10 , 18, 1 3 6 s 2 19 1 14 .3 ' 19. ,'J '} 4 (i 20, 21 11 12 4 4 9 ! ! 20, S ' 11 21, 5 14 5 (1 14 •>■> (i 13 ^> t> 1 22, • ) '} 2 3 K 4 '*"» 18 •) 1 23, 15 21 24 , 21, 5 1 4 1; 2 4 1 1 2.-I ^t 11 ;j 4 II 1 2."). 3 1; ■ > 1 1) 5 1 20 21 :; 21;. ■ ) ') S s 1 2 •'7 4 15 4 1 I) 27. ^) 1 ■t 1 ! i s 9 ■'S, 1) 10 1; 2S, .J 1 ■> 1 9 4 20 10 1 (1 13 29, n II II II 7 17 30. 8 2 • 4 4 .30, 9 1 10 7 31. 0."i 24 78 loo 270 1 58 II SmiiB, .->i; 9;-! 93 7s 72 1 72 15:! Sump. TiS 100 1 (10) iyx.j^ x JXJJSTE. Date. S. E. s. B. W. w. N.W. n. N. E. E. Calm. Date, S.E. s. s. w. W. N.W. N. N E. E. Calm. 1. 5 4 7 s 1. .3 4 2 1 9 5 2. 2 21 1 15 9 3. 2 11 7 2 2 3. 8 5 8 3 4. 7 16 1 4. 3 9 1 10 1 5. 11 10 2 1 6. 11 13 (1 6. 2 3 3 9 6 1 6. 9 14 1 (1 7. 12 5 5 2 7. 10 14 8. 3 9 10 2 8. 5 6 13 9. 8 10 9. 3 7 5 i) 10. 5 9 3 2 3 2 10. 1 5 4 5 7 2 11. 8 3 6 7 11. 3 2 (1 5 10 4 12. 2 1 12 9 12. "3 2 2 a .3 13. 1 2 11 10 13. 11 1 1 14. 3 12 9 14. 13 11 15. 13 11 15. 17 7 16. 9 1 1 9 4 1(1, 5 !) 7 1 2 17. 1 18 5 1) 17. 7 17 18. 12 11 1 18. 9 11 4 19. 1 23 19. 3 3 u 2 5 2 20. 2 19 2 1 20. 4 4 3 3 3 4 1 2 21. 1 1 22 1 21. 3 13 6 2 22. 4 18 2 / 22. i) 14 1 23. 4 4 12 4 23. 7 2 2 2 4 7 24. 2 5 3 1 2 6 2 3 24. 1 23 25. 4 6 4 10 25. 1 3 2 2 3 4 26. 3 21 26. 1 8 15 27. 9 13 2 27. 9 10 2 2 1 28. 2 5 6 11 28. 5 1 9 8 1 29. 3 4 6 7 5 29. 6 16 1 1 30. 3 20 1 .30. 15 4 5 31. 8 4 O O 3 3 3 Sums. 54 116 169 70 106 87 88 54 Sums. 74 103 147 103 105 45 61 79 JULY. ^uausT, Date. S.E. s. 8. W. w. N. ^Y. N. N. B. B. Calm. Date. S.E, 8, s w. w. N.W. N. N.E, j:, ! Calm. 1. 3 5 6 4 6 1. 2 12 4 3 3 2. 3 19 2 2. 5 1 7 11 .0 3. 4 2 3 2 3 3 5 2 3. 22 2 4. 1 9 6 3 5 4. 14 10 0. 2 1 10 5 2 4 5. 1 3 9 11 6. 7 17 6. 10 10 3 1 7. 6 17 1 7. 1 1 3 1 2 13 o 8. 5 6 6 2 5 8. 1 5 2 2 11 .3 9. 2 4 8 10 9. 19 5 10. 3 2 3 6 10 10. 24 11. 3 .s 9 2 2 11. 1 23 12. 5 1 12 6 12. 3 11 8 2 13. 8 6 10 13. 3 11 5 3 2 14. 12 2 10 14. 8 6 4 4 2 15. 3 14 1 6 15. 1 19 4 16. 22 2 16. 2 16 3 1 2 17. 15 9 17. 4 2 3 3 1 3 4 4 18. 1 11 11 1 18. 4 8 o 6 4 19. 2 4 16 2 19. 1 5 11 1 1 2 3 20. 3 17 4 20. 13 7 1 2 1 (1 21. 2 9 2 6 4 1 1 21. 12 4 3 5 22. 4 16 3 1 22. -J 1 4 16 1 23. 1 1 1 2 8 10 1 23. 7 5 3 9 24. 19 3 2 24. 1 7 11 5 25. 6 13 6 25. 1 7 16 26. 11 18 26. 12 5 5 2 27. 9 13 2 27. 6 9 8 1 28. 5 3 2 3 4 3 2 2 28. 1 4 6 7 4 1 1 29. 1 20 3 29. 1 4 1 1 12 5 .30. 2 19 3 30. 3 5 1 3 3 9 31. 6 8 2 4 4 .31. 15 2 1 6 Sums. 40 148 191 144 66 01 43 61 Sums. 51 131 144 140 106 63 77 32 (11) SKPTEMBKR OCTOBEH. Date. 1. 4. s. ii. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. V< 19 4 r) 14 1!) s. w. w. i 1 2 n 10 ;! 22 2 1.5 2 7 5 Q 13 ") in. 6 17. 10 18. 19. 7 10 20. 21. 22. ;} 23. • } 4 24. 25. 5 O 20. 7 27. 28. 10 i> 29. o .30. Suras. 07 99 3 13 o 4 2 :! a 17 o i 3 122 1 2 11 22 4 11 11 1 iV. V,'. 2 12 5 11 2 13 11 1 s 7 4 3 i; 4 1 3 5 1 11.'- 49 s 13 13 11 9 7 2 1 r-, 9 1 90 2 o .) 11 7 1 3 8 15 1 2 4 5 9 83 1. : 2. 3. 4. •>. 4 0. 7. s 2 9. 10. 4 11. 12. 13. 14. 10 15. 10. 17. 18. 19. 4 20. 21. 22.. (1 23. 24. 3 25 1 20. 27. 28, 29. 30. 31. 1 1 2 4 8 8 1 11 s. w. s 2:i 7 1 20 2 9 5 19 12 13 12 1 1 2 2 1 12 12 ] 15 23 ',) 1 2 12 15 14 1 3 7 4 7 N. \v. 28 .57 1 141 . 113 (1 24 ii 2 (1 9 4 I 83 b 11 (I 10 09 2 11 21 9 14 2 9 7 11 (1 (1 4 s 10 11 2 13 Ii 14 24 15 10 7 NOVIUMl^KR. I3ECE1VCBER. Date. 8 1 iNT. W. 7 1 iN, 14 X. E. E. 1. (1 2. 4 3 . 11 4 3. 24 (1 4. s 1 3 12 5. 9, 1.3 3 3 ;; II e. 13 5 7. 2 -, ^> 15 8, 24 9. 9 15 10. 1 1 15 4 1 2 11. 2 19 (1 (1 12. (1 2 9 3 o 8 13. (1 4 ;', 6 5 14. (1 23 1 15. II 20 4 10. 4 19 1 (1 17. 5 10 .> 18. 14 3 7 19. 5 19 20. 5 18 1 21. 21 3 22. (1 -.', 15 1 3 2 23. 13 .^ 7 i 24. (1 9 11 25. 3 1 7 1 20. n 1 o;; 27. •; 19 2.S. o 10 (■> (1 29. 4 17 (1 30. 1 1 r 2 .) 7 1 i Sums. 43 120 95 1 270 99 38 23» 32 Im. iiiitf. ! 1 1 S.E " 9 1 s. w. w. ! 15 N.W. N. N B. B. Calm. 1 o : 3 5 10 3. 20 4 i 4. 2 22 ' 5. 24 i 0. I 10 8 17 7 u . 8. 1 16 7 1 , 9. ' 12 ii 1 2 10 1 3 15 4 1 11 12 5 1 12. 1 3 / 13 1 13. II 1 1 7 14 1 14. 4 20 1 15. Ii 10 1 3 .'! 1 '• 10. .^ 10 12 17. 14 10 1 18. ■ ) 4 16 1 19. (( 12 9 3 ! 20. oo 2 21. 14 4 oo 3 s 10 3 ' '"'3 ,s o 1 s 4 I ' i 24. 8 10 0' i 1 2,0 ■> 1 1 20 II ' 20. IS 11 27. :i 4 ,s •) 4 1 1 28. 20 i 4 : 29. 9 rt 1 1 30. 24 1 31. , 12 160 12 i 0,5 ! ' Hums. oo 43 i 110 188 134 i (12) ^IS^ISrU^L SUIMM^RY S. E. S. W. W. N. W. N. E. Calm. January (30 days) February March April May June July August September October November December 71 49 65 56 54 74 40 51 67 28 43 22 23 89 78 95 116 103 148 131 <)'.) 57 120 43 18 133 53 93 169 147 191 144 122 141 95 116 182 120 100 78 70 103 144 140 95 113 270 188 126 176 270 72 106 105 66 106 115 83 99 134 146 40 02 72 87 45 61 63 49 69 38 160 112 65 58 153 88 64 43 77 90 177 23 65 42 9 58 100 54 79 51 32 83 76 32 16 1 1 Year . 620 1,102 1,422 1,603 1,458 892 1,005 632 (13) HOURLY MEASURES IN MILES HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT OF THE WIND FOB EACH DAY, MONTH, AND THE YEAR 1886, AS DEEIYED TEOM THE EEOOEDS OF THE DEAPEE ANEMOMETEE. ft iH CM* CO "^ iO CD t-^ 00 05 O 1 t-T-Ht^t^coogccKMcoio O CD H H O iO iO CM CM 's^l Oi O iO Ol O H ^^coTtiT-HOcoOicrit-io CNrHrH-^CNCNT-lrH^lCq S ODC(MC^COCM 1^ CO 00 b-05COlOrHG<|100Tt1CO G— I 1— 1 ^ 1— 1 C^ T— ( "-O CO CI rH '^ IQ CI Oi CO t- CO fX' CI IQ •<#C^T-li-H-^T-lC^rH^^'CO )0 CD CO t- X' Oi X t- CO iQ t- -tHCMth.— t'^— «cii— i-:c-c5 O 1' CO CM 1— I l- tC3 lO X' "■ a? O T-H -^ CI r-l ^ -t1 .^ CI rH -^ CO « CO l-^ CO 05 CO I- *C> --D 'C O COr-lT-lT-H'^i— iCli— I'OCO TO CI CD CI iO -^ O X lO -- --■ CO' r- 1 T— 1 i-( 1— 1 * " r-" C 1 CI rff -M o CI 1 o '-T »o -^ 'C' X X' X' oi ■--£: T-ti-HT— lrH-*^ClClTt T^ O O T-H rH i-H CM CI 1— ( C<1 O rH '-0 W CI lO CI CO 'O' 'Cv T— I T— I 1— ( i-H CM CO 1— 1 iH Oi CI CM X O O iC CI CM t- T— I I— I rH rH CI OO 1-H rH CI CD CO t- Tt^ CM ^ CM t- CD CI CM rH ^-oCMrHrH rH (O -<:H 'C lO lO -^^ rtH cr CO CI CI rH rH CI C^ rH CM :) Cv ''^ I ~ C 1 'C' CO '\D t - H T— I rH ri rH rH CI CI rH CI CO -t^ <0. cr L- X ■-■ O '-Hr-iT-HrHrHrHrHrHrH CI r-(Ci:DC0Tj<-^O':D'rHrH CI CI r-i rH CM C^ CM CM 00 CD rH j: CD X :d Cl CZ) I- t- rH rH rH CI rH rH rH CM CI CM -+ X' CO' O Cq CI O -. ~. t- 1-^ ^ CM CI rH CI rH CM CD rH rH 'X' C I rH CO *0 •■:■ CI X CO rH rH I— ' CI CI CI rH CI CO 7—^ iC -H T^ CI CO CO o O' r: oi rH Cl rH CI CM rH CI CM rH 'X Xi tH CO CI rt CI CI r: ^ CO .-< i-H r-(C-l ,^ CI 1- Cl 0-. rH •^ b- JO O CO ^ Cl CO I~ «> .-H CI rH CI CI rH rH CO CI Oi tH g CO CO rH CO rH C/j CO 05 CM 05 Ttl C^ QC rH CO rtl Tjl CD to CO CO lO C!5 O iO GO O OS lO rH rH CM Cl CM rH CM CM 00 CM 00 rH CO CD rH rH CM G t-^ CO OJ o E s 3 o ci3»n-*oot~co-l 1-1 CO 1-1 CO CO I-l cor^oq T— 1 cq S OCOOOOOiCTit-CNO T— 1 (N OCOOO>0 cooqcolOI^5O5Ot~-*-0-*!i-l05C5 ■qcocqcq •* i rHl^l>050 1C-*COCOQO ■*in COOICMCMi— ICOi— ICOCOCO 1— ( CM cococo<:Dooa5coiO"^io CO Cq CO (M rH (N (M CO S<1 CM OGO>OOSfMCqcOi-ICO'* CO CO oq rH CO oq (?q cq 05 oqooqi^oioocoo^i-i-^ CO CO CM CM rH CM CM CM I— 1 oq Or^^CMi>C01000rH CO rH CO CM 05 05 05 01 en . cococoiot-oqoorHoioi CO rH CO CM (M Ol Ol Ol oq I— 1 oq C00C<31^-r^C35OrH^0T^^ IMrHCOCMrHCNrHOCIOlCM 7-i rHCOOtOOJCJ-.'COOOi-lrH C0CM-*CMi-IOlrHrHCMOl CO oq CB->lHOC0l--010Doc33»ocX)cOT)(ioco (MCO^CM05COIM05rHrH i COt~l^-C0THO3t~»ot^co OCOcncDcMeocDCO to 0^1 lo lo t~ CD ■* oq_ i-rr-TrH* CD tr- io co" rHOOOICOaaOlO rHOqcOrHCOlOCDlO CO Ol lOOll-OCOtDlOCO rHi— l01rHOC0l0-:J1 05 ^SS^SSSSS CO Ol lOt-lOOrHOCJSI:- rH I— 1 CO rH lO I ^ '^ lO CO l^ t^ CO Ol t- CO CJi c^ rHrHCOrH^tOlOlC r-l OS COC0 010t>-*rH<35 rHrHC0 0qiO»OO«5 OS ifflOrHOlCDCOCP^ rHrHC0 01>OlO«010 05 CO • 05 "1*1 Ci to iO CO rH CO rH Ol 05 -^ -^ 1:0 to t- -* CO C 01 rH CV 01 rH -M Ot -* -!)H CC tC' T»(10^CCU3CO^C35 rH 05 01 COtH to 10 CO S5 OltCOt-tOt-ODOO rH oq 05 CO ■* to 10 CO g5 lOOOtOOOt-OSTHO Ol rHCN CO -* CO 10 5 >:^rHCOiHC00005 O5rHrHC0C0iOC0i* O5COOt^-^CO tH rH CM oq rH CO CO CJl CNJ rHCiOOt^OSi— ICCrH tH 05 05 rH CO^ CM ■*l0^t-a5lOCD10 "* Ol CO rH CO -* 10 ^^§5SSSg^ CO rHCMCO-*lcicO]D~^Q0 oqo5oqo5oqoqoqoq (17) ls 1 s- a to -=ti oq CO oq r^ CO 10 ^ •* •* s s 05 oq gi § 1— ( CD g § l>- cc © oc C-.' ai l- Ol 01 10 I- CD 05 CD „ CO t- oi 1 co CD ^ t- 01 05 ^ 10 oq t- CO CO CO oq co oq CO S ^ CO 05 CO oq oq r-i I- 10 05 m M- CO U3 -*- CNJ 05 ^ rH ^ r^ rH CO oq ■* 05 05 10 oq CO 05 10 CO oq rH CO CD oq co rH ^ 10 oq CO CO id 05 - ^ s: § t- CO ^ >, , 3 1 1^ OQ i 1-1 -M « -* iQ '- I— rr_. cj-j o :■ -o rj o — . 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Means. (38) o i 1-1 H tDCOt^COOrHOOCOiHt- § s ro ■* § o H OOOOCOTtHOOOSOlOtD ost^QOeoooosoioto § e "0l0O-*OO0iO^>0 i « (M(Mi-IOOC»rHO>OiH (Ni-'tH-*OOJ05rHCOlO 1—1 r- t^C^OSi— lOJOr-IOOOS Q0O3rH^O3O3C0r-IC9^ § !B OC(3tD(MCD^i-IO>ODOi l0t^CMC005a0t^O0 OOtDCO-5HCOlO>0-*»0 § ■* OQDOSttiCOCDG<101>^ OrHCOrHOOOOOOrH-^ T-HlitlCOCOTtlCO'OUS-^iO oi CM 1— i » COCOCMtMCOCOOS^COCD COrHiOCNQOOQlOT-lrH-^ 0100COtI;CO>010'*"0 oi CO « CO ':d i-H CI CO o i^ x o CO CO O I- -* X X IC Cl rt -* O iC CO CO -t^ OO it o ^ ':^ oi CN OS H COt-COO'^I'lOCOG^iOO coc7;a5coooo>o^(M^ O'^COCOTjH-^lOlO-^lO d 8 C0Cl»O05T-HC^rHCnC5»O O^I>C0'^"0 us 00 COO'^CD'^OCO'^IOIO -Sotcocococooocoo 0-*t--*^-*'OCOT|H10 o CM r- CO(M05rHO<7110COt'p ■3l t- lO 1:~ ^ L-~ CO OS t~ -* ci CM CO o locMcoocoooosOcqco i*lOTh00OiCOCOO3J>CM 0-*t-^CO-*-*»OTt<10 ^ CO -* >9 COrH^iHiH'-HlOaOOCO ^-*COCSll>COTtHCOl--0 o-*t-^co^_^_>o^io oi lO ■* CDCOi— ^l7q{^^l>OI^-^>l"1:t^ § » OCOt^'OCO^ThlO'^^ ai CN « COCOCOCOGOOO^COTfl CO t~ OCT COOS ' ' ' ' 00 OS o en a CO '-0 rH lO »> L^ CO 00 O tH Ttl C;. 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THE tracings on Plates Nos. 1 and 1 A show the barometer corrected to 32° Fahrenheit. This correction is made automatically by the barograph. Plates Nos. 4 and 5 give the relative humidities in percentages of saturation. Curve 1, Plate No. 1 A, shows the barograph trace on Jan. 1), during a remarkable cyclonic storm which, moving northeastward along the Atlantic coast, apparently passed centrally over this station, and the barometer reached the lowest point yet recorded. Plate No. 6 shows the tracing of the Draper anemograph on this day. The lull in the wind in the middle of the day was coincident with or immediately preceded the passage of the cyclone centre, as well as can be determined from synoptic charts ; but this lull preceded the occurrence of the minimum pressure recorded at this station by nearly two hours. Plate No. 7 shows the changes in wind direction during this cyclone. The sinuous line on this plate was traced through the centre of the oscillations of the wind vane, as shown on the original anemoscope sheet. (The vane is never steady during high winds, but continuously oscillates, first to one side, then to the other, making a broad trace on the anemoscope sheet.) The results of a special study of this cyclone are given by Prof. Upton in the American Meteorological Journal, Vol. III., No. 8. Curve 2, Plate No. 1, shows the tracing of the barograph on the morning of Feb. 27, during one of the severest gales on record. The sharp depression at 10.20 a. jj. was coincident with the opening of a trap door in the top ot the tower, and the other less marked sharp depressions were noted by the observer as being coincident with severe gusts of wind. The pressure gauge shows the pressure during some of the gusts to have been over forty pounds per square foot, which is equivalent to a velocity of about 90 miles per hour. The total wind movement for the day was 1,467 miles. The barograph tracing is but a sample of what occurred in a less marked degree during all of the severe gales of the year. (For further information, see Science, Vol. VIIL, page 325.) Curve 3, Plate No. 1 A, shows the barograph trace during four hours, ending at 3 a. m., of March 22. There was also a slight upward swell of the temperature curve during these hours. An inappreciable quantity of snow fell, and bright flashes of lightning were seen about 1 A. M., but no thunder was heard. kSevore thunder- storms were, however, reported from distant points on this night. The wind suddenly backed for a l)rief interval from northeast to west at 12.15 a. m., then, returning to northeast, slowly backed during the night to west. A decided decrease in wind velocity between 12.30 and 2 a. m. accompanied the rise in pressure. Curves 1, Plates Nos. 2 and 4, show tracings of the thermograph and self-recording hygrometer, respec- tively, from 10 A. M. to 12 m. of April 7. The sudden rise in temperature and fall in humidity at 11.20 a. m. was coincident with a brief clearing of the sky near the zenith and the appearance of the sun, the observatory during the rest of the day being enveloped in a dense fog. Accompanying these phenomena, there was a sudden shift of the wind from southwest to north. Similar appearances of sunshine during the year did not produce similar effects on the temperature and humidity, and it is suggested that in this case the ■i)hemomena may have arisen from a brief, local descending current of air. Curves 2, Plates Nos. 2 and 4, show the sudden fall of temperature and sudden rise of humidity which accompanied a thunder-storm between 4.45 and G.20 v. y\. of jMay 5. There was also a slight rise of the baro- graph curve. The wind suddenly shifted from south to northwest at 4.45 p. m., after which it slowly backed again to south. No noticeable change in wind velocity occurred. Rain fell from 4.45 to .S.40 p. n., and amounted to 0.42 inch. Curve 1, Plate No. 8, shows the tracing of the self-recording rain gauge during the time. Curves 4, Plate N'o. 1 A, 3, Plates Nos. 2 and 4, show the tracings of the barograph, thermograph, and hygrometer, respectively,. between 3 and 6 a. m. of May 31. Thunder was first heard on this morning about 3 a. m. Rain began at 4.15, and ended at 5.20 a. m., and 0.35 inch fell. Curve 2, Plate No. 0 ■* «0 *> '~ s tn < r O U a: o UJ m cc Ui X a. CO o z !< LU X I- u. o Ld OC (0 CO UJ cc a. I 55 ^ ^ s < r O o a: 5 u i I- UJ < OQ -J m !< UJ (C lU X OL (O o !< LU o u oc =) «0 CO Ul oc a. 01 < UJ CD Si a; s ■^ - p - — — ■— «a ©• _ I — — - . ^^ — ■ = — — — cc ^^ ^^ — — — — . "■^ — - ~ — — ■— __ ^ "^ ^^ "1. ^H ,^^ ^^ -■ .« Co J- 0} - - ^ "— ■!— •^ — = lO ft: — — = = ^ 1 ~ — = z. "■ = = "■*■ ^~" ■^*' = — = 1 _ ■= — — = ^^ — — =r ..^ ■-^ — - - — 5* "*^ "^ ffj -- - - — . 15 E o E 03 C -c o c .£ ■ oo CO i- (D Q. S5 a OS OS s ^ = = = = « ^ so ■3- r ^ s = _™ =^ -— = E Z to S3 ■ — — = = 1 =z: E — — = — M "■' "=' - — ^ ■"■ ^: ' 1 3' a i ^ ? s C; ■Xi '0 J- 5 k ^ s <*. q: o « S >" 1 . s « •) t ■^ " J% M).. 7 , EITJE HILL METEOROLO^CAL OBSERVATOllir. ANEMOSCOPE. DIRECTION OF THE WIND AT BLUE HILL.NORFOLK CO, MASS. Btcordtdbtj Drapers SelF-recording Pencil Anemoscope. s. s,w. vy. NW. UAR ^UEENSLA ID. METEOROLOGICAL REPORT FOR 1888, 1889, 1890, AND 1891. Presented to both HoTises of Farliament by Command. TO THE HONOURABLE THE POSTMASTER-GENERAL. ■ CMef "Weather Bureau, Erisbane, 1st June, 1892. Sib, — I have now the honour to lay before you a Report on the operatiouB of the Chief "Weather Bureau, under my direction during the last four years, with valuable climatological tables for all parts of Queensland following. In accordance with the intention expressed on the opening page of the Report for 1887, 1 have as far as possible published, in the form of tables, daily and monthly results of pressure, temperature, and rainfall in the Government Gazette and general Press, in order that such information might be in the hands of the public as early as practicable. The climatological tables* for the years abovenamed are ready to be printed. They form a standard and complete resumi, whence mean results have been deduced, and are specially arranged for purposes of comparison. It is hoped that they will be found of great value, especially in hygienic and agricultural interests. The intention was to issue a separate Report for each of the years now under consideration ; but for the main reasons set forth below the present course has been followed, resulting in this publication — a Combined General Report : — (a) The necessity of practising economy as regards the cost of printing and producing a voluminous Report each year. (The Report for 1887 was necessarily somewhat bulky, as it was essential that the system should be clearly defined on which I was organising and carrying on the work of the important oflSce with which I have the honour to be charged.) (J) The fact that my time was specially engaged in other important duties. (c) Tour instructions to hold over the publication of the Report until my return from the International Meteorological Conference, at Munich, which I attended in August last. PROGRESS MADE. In the Report for 1887 were reprinted the recommendations (originally made in 1885) for a thorough iineteorological service in Queensland. The following is an account of the progress which has since the close of 1887 marked the operations of the Chief "Weather Bureau : — As the accurate observation of rainfall, with a knowledge of its distribution over Queensland generally, is of supreme importance to the agricultural and pastoral interests of this Colony, the best efforts have been used to increase the number of oificial rain-gauge stations, and also to bring within the system the gauges at the various sheep and cattle stations. Circulars, together with standard rules for the scientific observation of rainfall, were sent to the owners or managers of such stations and plantations throughout Queensland ; and these gentlemen responded most cordially. I am now, therefore, enabled to furnish elaborate rainfall maps, accompanying the present Report, for 1888 and 1889, and also for the first quarter of 1890, which proved so remarkably wet, for purposes of comparison ; and the complete maps for 1890 and 1891 it is intended shall follow in course. The numbers of standard rain-gauge stations yielding data now appear as follows : — North Queensland.t 185 ; South Queensland, 289 ; as against 83 and 122 respectively at the end of my first year of office ; — an increase which it is trusted will be considered satisfactory. "With respect to the increase of our first order, sc. ,>Gd order, and climatological Mthird order stations, and the valuable data yielded by them resuHi'J; in uiore accurate weather forecasts and an improved knowledge of our various local climates, almost p ^>ater progress has been made. It was found necessary to add largely to the number, especially of first aR'f second order stations. Such are established and Gupplied with the finest barometers and other instr. 'nents (Refer to R. 24 to 32, inclusive, in the Report for 1887) for the jield of forecasting data. J . " The * Anyone interested can get full information {rum this Office. t For scientific purposes, the Tropic of Oapricom is taien as tb« di\^|ding 1 _e between North and South Queensland. :;: Climatological data also are, of gpurse, extra';tied >f spa^'B^ft st .3 i.ioi. t. I C. A. 79-1892. :-4i^ °\^ i^^^I The practical meteorologist in his wL .,;adily keeps two objects in view : — (a) He uses his utmost endeavours to issue accurate forecasts or ^weather in shipping, agricQltural, mining, pastoral, and general interests ; and (b) he aims at discd .iritg and thoroughly examining peculiarities of local climate. The eminently practical value of (a) is efct once manifest ; and that of (6) becomes so too_ when we consider that, especially in agricultural and hygienic interests, it is necessary to know the climate that prevails on plains, in scrubs, and on the summits of our hills, as well as on the slopes, and in the pockets and gullies. I cannot illustrate this better than by referring to our sugar lands. A knowledge of the line to which ground frosts reach is of vital importance to the sugar industry in the southern part of Queensland. To examine the progress made, let us note the following facts; — At the end of 1887 Brisbane was our only first order station. Cape Moreton and Eoma second order, and Bulimba and Warwick climato- logical stations, strictly so speaking ; since, although instruments had been fixed at Mackay, Cooktown, Thursday Island, Burketown, Boulia, Thargomindah, Eockhampton, Townsville, Normanton, Hughenden, and Blackall, these places only gave imperfect data, and were not then on a proper footing. But the following is a list of the new observatories existing at the present time. The geographical positions have been selected and finally chosea with the utmost possible care and consideration ; and the latitudes, longitudes, and distances from the coast have been re-determined from the latest ofBcial data: — FIRST ORDER. Alice River— Lat., 23° 3i' S.; long., 145° 47' E.; 257 miles from coast Boulia— Lat., 22° 55' S.; long., 139° 38' E.; 359 miles from coast (C) Brisbane— Lat., 27° 28' S.; long., 153° 6' E.; 10 miles from coast. Burketown— Lat., 17° 43' S.; long., 139° 33' E.; 22 miles from coast (C) Cooktown— Lat., 15° 28' S.; long., 145° 17' E.; on coast Mackay— Lat., 21° 9' S.; long., 149° 13' E.; 1 mile from coast Mein— Lat., 13°13'S.; long., 142° 47' E.; 45 miles from coast Mitchell— Lat., 26° 32" S.; long,, 147° 52' E.; 278 miles from coast Richmond Downs— Lat., 20° 44' S.; long., 143° 10' E.; 238 miles from coast Kockhampton— Lat., 23° 24' S.; long., 150° 30' E.; 18 miles from coast Sandy Cape— Lat., 24° 41' S.; long., 153° 16' E.; off coast. Thargomindah— Lat., 27°58'S.; Ions., 143° 43' B.; 492 miles from S.A. coast Thursday Island— Lat., 10° 34' S.; long., 142° 12' E.; off coast. Townsville— Lat., 19° 15' S.; long., 146° 40' B.; on coast Windorah— Lat., 25° 26' S.; long., 142° 36' E.; 490 miles from coasb A few items of Equipment have yet to be added to some of these stations SECOND ORDER.* Adavale— Lat., 25° 56' S.; long., 144° 36' B.; 403 miles from coast Avon Downs— Lat., 21°49'S.; long., 147° 15' E.; 123 miles from coast Balfe's Creek— Lat., 20° 12' S.; long., 145° 58' E.; 88 miles from BoUon— Lat., 28° 6' S.; long., 147° 29' E.; 347 miles from coast Bowen— Lat., 19° 59' S.; long., 148° 16' B.; on coast Bustard Head— Lat., 24° 2' S.; long., 151° 48' E.; on coast Cairns- Lat., 16° 55' S.; long., 145° 47' B.: on coast Cape Moreton— Lat., 27° 2' S.; long., 153' 29' B.; off coast Oardwell— Lat., 18° 15' S.; long., 146° 3' B.; on coast *Cecil Plains— Lat., 27° 32' S.; long., 151° 13' E.; 115 miles from coast Charleville— Lat., 26° 25' S.; long., 146° 13' E.; 3.51 miles from coast Cloncurry— Lat., 20° 43' S.; long., 140° 30' E.; 207 miles from coast Croydon- Lat., 18° 12' S.; long., 142° l.y E.; 97 miles from coast (C) Cunnamulla— Lat., 28° 5' S.; long., 145° 38' B.; 453 miles from coast Dalby— Lat., 27° 32' S.; long., 151° 15' B.; 110 miles from coast Donor's Hill— Lat., 18° 45' S.; long, 140° 35' E.; 73 miles from coast (C) Double Island Point- Lat., 25° 55' S.; long., 153° 13' E.; on coast Dulacca— Lat., 26° 36' S.; long., 149° 38' E.; 209 miles from coast Emerald (Special)— Lat., 23° 28' S.; long., 148° 5' E.; 124 miles from coast Goondiwindi— Lat., 28° 33' S.; long., 150° 21' E.; 186 miles from coast Hughenden— Lat., 20° 51' S.; long., 144° 12' E.; 191 miles from coast Karumba (Special)— Lat., 17° 27' S.; long., 140° 54' E.; on coast (C) • I Normanton— Latr; 17° 40' S.; long., 141° 5' E.; 38 milt 9 from coast (C) Eoma (Special)— Lat., 26° 36' S.; long., 148° 42' E.; 247 miles from coast St. Lawrence— Lat., 22° 20' S.; long., 149° 32' E.; 7 miles from coast Tambo— Lat., 24° 52' S.; long., 146° 16' E.; 280 miles from coast Wallangarra— Lat., 28° 54' S.; long., 151° 59' E.; 90 miles from coast * Places marked with an asterisk are private stations. rf Winton— Lat. , 22° 23' S. ; long., 143° 3' E. ; 316 miles from coast *Yandilla— Lat., 27° 50' S.; long., 151° 22' E.; Ill mUes from coast It will thus be seen that the first and second order stations are placed at distances averaging 100 miles apart ; and when the additional first and second order stations mentioned here- after, with further climatological stations, have been estab- lished, no country in the world' will possess a meteorological service more complete than that of Queensland. THIRD ORDER, OR CLIMATOLOGICAL. Albion (near Brisbane)— Lat., 27° 20' S.; long, 153° 4' E.; 7 miles from coast Ashwell (Rosewood Scrub)— Lat., 27° 37' S.; long., 152° 39' E.; 35 miles from coast Beauaraba^Lat., 27° 42' S.; long., 151° 39' B.; 93 miles from coast Blackall- Lat. 24° 24' S.; long., 145° 26' E.; 302 miles from *Blinkbonnie— Lat., 27° 45° S.; long., 151° 33' B. ; 104 mUes from coast ♦Bon Accord— Lat. 27° 33' S.; long., 151° 14' B.; 115 miles from *Braeside— Lat. 28° 30' S. ; long., 151° 51' E.; 105 miles from coast. Bulimba (near Brisbane)— Lat. 27° 28' S.; long. 153° 9' E.; 7 miles from coast Cambooya— Lat.,27°41'S.; long., 151° 53' B.; 80 miles from coast Camooweal— Lat., 19° 57' S.; long., 138° 17' B.; 192 mUes from coast (C) Clermont— Lat. 22° 45' S. ; long., 147° 38' E. ; 129 miles from coast Geraldtou— Lat. ir 32' S.; long., 146° 4' E.; 4 miles from coast Herberton— Lat., 17° 23' S. ; long., 145° 23' E. ; 40 miles from coast ♦Huntly— Lat. 22° 40' S.; long., 147° 55' E.; 107 miles from coast Ipswich— Lat., 27° 37' S. ; long., 152° 47' E. ; 29 miles from C03iSti Kangaroo Point (Brisbane)— Lat., 27° 29' S.; long., 153° 7' E.; 9 miles from coast Kamerunga— Lat. 1C° 53' S.; long., 145° 41' E.; 6 miles from coast KiUarney— Lat., 28°18'S.; long., 152° 21' B.; 72 miles from coast Lowood (near Ipswich)— Lat., 27° 25' S.; long., 152° 34' E.; 32 miles from coast Miles— Lat., 26° 39' S.; long., 150° 7' E.; 182 miles from coast *Mt. Playfair— Lat., 25° 4' S.; long., 147° 2' E.; 250 miles from Musgrave- Lat., 14° 50' S.; long., 143° 35' E.; 35 miles from coast IS'ormantpn (Hospital)— Lat., 17°39'S.; long., 141° 11' E.; about 39 miles from coast (C) Port Douglas— Lat., 16° 30' S.; long., 145° 28' E.; on the coast Prairie— Lat., 20° 48' S.; long., 144° 35' E.; 177 miles from coast Sandg!i,te— Lat., 27° 20' S. ; long, 153° 5' E. ; on coast. Stanthorpe— Lat., 28° 37' S. ; long., 151° 58' E. ; 97 miles from coast •Texas- Lat., 28° 51' S. ; long., 151° 12' E. ; 137 miles from coast Toowoomba— Lat., 27° 34' S. ; long., 151° 58' E. ; 71 miles from coast Urandangie— Lat., 21° 35' S. ; long., 138° 24' E. ; 287 miles from coast (C) Warwick— Lat., 28°12'S.; long., 152° 4' E.; 85 miles from coast Many of these stations I have myself established at great labour, especially in inland and far Western districts away from the railways. I had often personally to carry the baro- meters and " nurse " them tor many weary miles on the coaches lest harm should happen to these very delicate instruments. This will be the better understood when it is known that should a barometer receive any knock, , jar, or concussion, it may , become ..r (C) refers to the distance from the Gulf of Carpentaria. become usdesa for scientific observation if not actually broken. In other cases the managers at the Telegraph Stations, acting upon the book of " Meteorological Instructions " which I pub- lished in 1889, erected the instruments. I have also given great attention to inspection duty and field-work in various parts of the Colony, including the West and North, thereby making the acquaintance of the head observers, and giving thorough courses of personal instruction. SPECIAL STATION. Capemba, (near Brisbane)— Lat., 27° 30' S; ; long., 1B3° 2' E. ; 12 miles from coast. (My own private observatory.) Special stations in connection with the Queensland service I have also established at Noumea, in New Caledonia; Aneit- yum, in the New Hebrides ; and Norfolk Island ; and the stations at Mabudauan, Mekeo, Port Moresby, and Samarai in New Guinea are now in connection with the Queensland Weather Service, His Excellency Sir William Macgregor having placed the direction thereof in my hands ; Fiji also reports, as also do several ships supplied with instruments from the Chief Weather Bureau. Additional stations in the South Sea Islands will, it is hoped, be established in the early future, if ways and means allow (data from the Solomons, Samoa, and Tahiti being urgently needed), in accordance with the resolution of the International Meteorological Conference recently held at Munich. The following new stations will shortly be opened in Queens- land or existing third order stations raised to the class below indicated, as soon as practicable : — FiKST Ordeb. Camooweal, Georgetown, Mungindi, and probably Birdsville. Second Okdeb. Blackwater, Bogantungan, Boonberry, Cluny, Cunnamulla, Ciamantina Lakes, Gayndah, Isisford, Kynuna, McDonnell, Musgrave, Muttaburra, Palmerville, Prairie, Tambo, Tate River, Vergemont, Winton, Wyandotte, Urandangie, and Oontoo. iSarographs, recording by clockwork, have already been fixed a' 'Diamantina Lakes (Lat., 2.3° 42' S.; long., 141° 11' E.) j and K"/nuna (Lat., 21° 39' S.; long., 142°0'E.) for special barometric investigation. A special station is also intended to be placed at Lake Nash, on the borders of Northern Territory. Our system of exchanging data between the other Colonies still continues, and the follow- ing are the intercolonial otations reporting to the Chief Weather Bureau : — Western Australia. Albany, Ashburton, Carnarvon, Cossack, Derby, Esperance Bay, Euola, Geraldton, Perth. Northern Tbreitoet and South Austeama. Adelaide, Alice Springs, Barrow Creek, Cape Northumberland, Cape Borda, Charlotte Waters, Daly Waters, Farina, Port Darwin, Port Atigusta, Port Lincoln, Robe, Strangways Springs, Streaky Bay, Tennant's Creek, The Peake, Wallaroo. New South Waies. Albury, Burke, Cape St. George, Clarence Head, Deniliquinj Dubbo, Forbes, Gabo Island, Hay, Newcastle, Port Macquarie, Sydney, Walgett, Wentworth, Wilcannia. Victoria. Ballarat, Cape Otway, Cape Northumberland, Cape Schanck, Echuca, Hamilton, Horsham, Lake Entrance, Melbourne, Omeo, Portland, Wilson's Promontory. Tasmania. Circular Head, Falmouth, Hobart, Low Head, Soutbport. New Zealand. BiUssell, The Bluff, Wellington, and occasionally Gisbourne. The daily work of the Office has remained, and still remains generally, as set forth on pages 15 and 97 to 101 of my Eeport for 1887 ; but the advices have become much more extensive. The assistants continue faithfully to perform their duties, and are now thoroughly trained to every detail of their ordinary routine. Inteecolonial METEOEOLoaT AND Geneeal Fohecasts. It is now necessary specially to refer to the intercolonial meteorological work performed at this Bureau in the intercolonial shipping and general interests of Queensland. This chiefly comprises the vreather forecasts for all the Australasian colonies, IS'ew Zealand, and surrouoding areas of ocean, which are issued about 5 p.m. daily.* These forecasts are the most prominent feature of our work, and include warnings of gales and the directions from which they will blow ; hot winds, cold spells, frosts, rains, dry periods, rough seas, and other phenomena ; and calculation shows that they are verified to an extent of from 80 to 85 per cent. At the Intercolonial Meteorological Conference held at Melbourne in September, 1888, my esteemed colleagues of the sister colonies adopted the following motion : — " That no meteorological forecast or prediction made in one colony, and having reference to any other colony, shall be communicated by telegraph to any other person or destination than the meteorologist of the colony to which such prediction refers." I steadily refused assent on the following grounds : — (a) That I was not in a position to alter the Queensland plan of daily weather reports in any way, inasmuch as the forecasts issued for all the colonies in the interests of Queensland had already become part and parcel of the Queensland new meteorological service, and were much appreciated by the general public ; adding that if Press agents wished to wire them to the various papers in Australia they were at perfect liberty to do so. (J) That (taking one instance) if I received a forecast made in New South Wales, and found that its context implied fine weather on the north-east coast of that colony, while my own construing of the data indicated that conditions dangerous to shipping would be likely to occur on that coast, I should consider it a first duty to warn all vessels in Brisbane bound for southern ports that bad weather was to be expected ; life and property being of the very first importance. The following statements with reference to this Office will be found to be thoroughly sound and logical: — 1. Brisbane by virtue of geographical position is eminently fitted for the location of Chief Weather Bureau. 2. Hitherto the staff has given attention entirely to meteorological researchj and hence is able practically to serve Australasia generally. 3. To understand and properly interpret the conditions of Queensland weather, it is absolutely and axiomatically imperative that we look farther afield than our own colony. We must know by telegraph the conditions prevailing over the vast continental areas around, if our ordinary daily forecasts are to be successful. Thus the true meteorologist, if he would avoid an absurdity, cannot recognise boundary or frontier lines projected into the general atmosphere between countries or colonies : he must get his information from the utmost possible limit. 4. By our intercolonial exchange of data surrounding conditions are known, enabling us to prepare a daily weather chart for all Australasia showing where mountains and valleys of atmosphere exist, and where areas of disturbance prevail. 5. Erom this chart I am enabled to forecast the weather for any part of Australasia and adjacent seas, as well as for Queensland only. 6. It is my duty to do the utmost for the colony employing me — turning every opportunity and advantage to the best account on behalf of the public. Hence as Director of the Weather Bureau I must issue these forecasts in the home and foreign interests of Queensland, and must not withhold meteoro- logical information from any section of the community that is of national and intercolonal value. 7. It * Forecasts issued on Fridays are framed with a view to covering the probable weather of the ensuing three days. Special warnings and notices are issued as occasion demand«v»v.en at midnight or in tne early morning up to 2 a.m., in time for the newspapers ; the telephone lately erected by the Government to a»y private observajfory enabling me to perform this service. ^ 4 -*^ 7. It is only by the collection of data for purposes of consideration and final discussion (especially for forecasting problems) at one chief or central offiSe, that the meteorology of any large area of country or ocean can be adequately investigated. SPECIAL STANDAED WEATHER CHART OF AUSTRALASIA. I am now perfecting, and have already issued, specimen numbers of a standard weather chart of Australasia, which embraces barometric and other data from all waters and ports lying between latitudes 10 degrees N. and 55 degrees S., and longitudes 80 degrees E., thence easterly to 160 degrees W. Speci- mens of these charts will be given in the forthcoming Appendix to this Eeport. Prom the positions given you will note the wide area from which we desire information. In order to endeavour to determine the causes which give rise to our periodical droughts and floods, for instance, we must obtain data not only from all the available land areas of Australasia ; we in Queensland must not only know what atmospheric conditions are developing over Western Australia, the Northern Territorv, Central Australia, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania, New Zealand, and the Western Pacific, but we must get all the information we can from the Arafura Sea, the Eastern Archipelago, China, Japan, the Indian Ocean, and the Pacific generally; and it is of the utmost importance that we obtain information from high latitudes of the Southern Ocean. Many disturbances, Antarctic in origin, assume the shape of inverted Vs between Tasmania, New South Wales, and New Zealand ; and on the extent of energy displayed in the centres of such types of disturbance depends in a large measure the force and hydrometric factors of the westerly winds which, especially during the winter months, affect all the southern and south-eastern districts of Queensland. I unhesitatingly assert that it is only by such a thorough investigation of atmospheric conditions far outside Australia that the causes which give rise to our periodical droughts and floods can be adequately investigated and subsequently forecast. Sun spot data per se can, as observation conclusively proves, do but little in this line of research. We must know the loidely -spread and general effects produced by solar influences on the courses, energies, and types of the cyclones and anti-cyclones of our atmosphere. With this view as an object, these new special and standard charts are issued ; and, in order to make them as complete as possible, we have despatched letters from time to time to the Admiralty House, Sydney, and to all the shipping companies and commanders trading to Australasian and New Zealand ports, begging for data especially from the areas of latitude and longitude above specified. Responses have at once been hearty and spontaneous. His Excellency the Naval Commander-in-Chief (Admiral Lord Charles Scott), the British India, Peninsular and Oriental, Orient, China, New Zealand, and other Shipping Companies and commanders help us by supplying valuable data which, when fully corrected and reduced, enable the isobario lines to be continued with great precision over the oceans. Thus we can the more readily ascertain the courses of atmospheric disturbances, and compare them from time to time as the files of these charts accumulate, thence drawing conclusions and determining approximately their origin and rate of travel. I trust to be in a position to give longer warnings of coming changes of weather than have ever before been attempted. Necessarily, owing to the collecting of data from ships' logs, the issue of these standard charts will be always more or less delayed ; but an analysis of the above remarks will show that such delay will in no way lessen their value, but rather increase it. Shortly we hope to receive data from China and Japan, and also to establish stations in Samoa, Tahiti, and other islands in the Pacific; for that there is an intimate connection between the atmospheric circulations of the Northern and Southern hemispheres, between certain meridians of longitude, is fully conceded by meteorological science. INTERlSrATIONAL METEOEOLO&ICAL CONFERENCE AT MUNICH. With regard to the recent International Meteorological Conference held in August last at Munich, many important matters came under discussion in which I had the pleasure to take part. Among these I may mention the following headings: — I. — Instruments and Methods of Observation; II. — Methods of Calculation ; III. — Publication of Observations and their Discussion ; IV. — Weather Telegraphy: V. — Administration. Delegates from nearly all the meteorological centres of Europe and America were present, including Brazil ; but I was the only one present from Australia. My esteemed colleague, Mr. Charles Todd, C.M.G., of Adelaide, was, however, represented by my friend, Mr. Eobert H. Scott, E.E.S., of the Meteorological Office, London. The proceedings of the Conference will shortly be published, and copies shall duly be presented to the Government on receipt thereof. I may finally mention that the utmost cordiality and goodwill prevailed among the many delegates ; that the high meteorological position to which Queensland has attained, especially vdth reference to her intercolonial forecasts, was fully explained by me, cordially appreciated and listened to "with the greatest interest;" and that the entire Conference expressed itself as higlily satisfied with the rapid progress of meteorological science in Australasia. A resolution was passed heartily ajiproving of our proposal to establish additional stations in the South Pacific islands, especially Tahiti, so soon as means allow ; since it is of the first importance to obtain reliable data, especially in south latitude between the meridian of 160 degrees East and the west coast of South America, with a view to determining the destination and rate of travel of the types of atmospheric disturbance which pass over Australia. Einally, it may be mentioned that the publications of this Office are despatched to the principal scientific societies, observatories, and meteorological bureaux throughout Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America, and Australasia, including Madagascar, Japan, and the Sandwich Islands, and many valuable donations we have received in exchange from all parts of the civilised world. I have, &c., CLEMENT L. WEAGGE, P.E.G.8., E.R. Met. Soc, &c. (late of Ben Nevis Observatory), Gold Medallist of the Scottish Meteorological Society, Government Meteorologist of Queensland. J'rice l.s. Od.] By Authonrjr : jAyKli C. Bbal, aoTepment Printer, WUliRTn street. Brisbane. m ' K& /^ CO • r- -\ f1\ H t GO H M i i s? ^^ i I p i w I uu > ac UJ C/3 ^ H ^ OQ O ^ ic >- CC m W 1— 1 1— < lACH MO FROM J r H ft EPORTS FROM VOLUNT A.SHINGTON CITY: ^SIGNAL OFFICE. 1888. ■ . 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