LABORATORY OF ORNITHOLOGY. 
 CORNELL UNIVERSITY 
 ITHACA, MEW YORK 
 
 
 
 fWgv^ 
 
 '•'^"JS-"--"- 
 
 CORNELL 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 LABORATORY 
 
 OF ORNITHOLOGY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 Gifi of 
 
Cornell University Library 
 QL 694.H3B91 
 
 3 1924 022 529 691 
 
 
 DATE 
 
 DUE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 GAYLORD 
 
 
 
 PRINTED IN U.S.A 
 
The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924022529691 
 
KEY 
 
 TO THE 
 
 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN 
 
 GROUP. 
 
 WIIvI^IAM ALANSON BRYAN, 
 
 Curator of Ornithology in the Museum. 
 
 BISHOP MUSEUM PRESS. 
 1901. 
 

FOREWORD. 
 
 The following preliminary key to the birds of the Hawaiian possessions is based on a study 
 of the colle<flion of birds in the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, which institution now possesses the 
 most representative colledlion of the Hawaiian avifauna extant. The coUedlion at this time num- 
 bers upwards of six hundred specimens, embracing the famous Mills colledtion, a .series of skins 
 colledled by Mr. Palmer for the Rothschild museum, a valuable coUecflion made by Mr. R. C. L. 
 Perkins, together with colle<5lions by Messrs. W H. Hall, F. Gay, A. F. Judd, and others. To the 
 above colle(5lion almost daily additions are now being made through the efforts of the Museum's 
 skilled colledlor, Mr. A. Scale. 
 
 By the Hawaiian possessions it is intended to include all of the chain composed of some twenty 
 or more islands lying in'the central North Pacific ocean, stretching over an area extending from about 
 150'' West Longitude to 175° East Longitude, and from 18° to 30° North Latitude. 
 
 Though following the scheme usually adopted by systematic zoologists in the making of ana- 
 lytical keys there is some slight difference in the arrangement of the text. Since it may be necessary 
 for persons not entirely familiar with keys to make use of the following pages, it might be well to say 
 that the fundamental charadlers are used for the separation and identification of species instead of 
 lengthy and oftentimes misleading detailed descriptions. To facilitate this, dichotomous antithesis is 
 stridlly adhered to, so that there are but two alternatives ; the specimen must conform to the characters 
 given, for example, under a, or the whole matter under a, — that is, the sub-heads b, bb, C, CC, etc., 
 (if there are anj') must be passed over until aa is arrived at, whiqh is of equal value with and the only 
 alternative of the division a. If it is settled that the specimen corresponds with the charadlers given 
 under aa, the next step is to settle between the heads b and bb, then pass to c and CC, and so on, 
 taking up the charadlers in their natural order until finally the reference page is given, where the 
 key will be found continued. Thus the key to the higher orders will be found on the last pages of 
 the Memoir, and will indicate the order to which the bird belongs and the page where the order is 
 treated. Similarly the order will be broken up into families, the families into genera, and lastly the 
 genera into species. The index letters are in bold type, and charadlers of equal value are placed 
 immediately under each other, while the minor divisions are indented farther and farther to the right. 
 Hence bb is found set in an equal distance from the left-hand margin as b; CC is still farther indented, 
 but the same distance as c, while the body of the text extends the full distance across the page. 
 
 The measurements are, for the mo.st part, taken from specimens in the Bishop Museum, and 
 are given in English inches and hundredths. The length of the wing is measured from the bend 
 {i. e., the carpal joint) to the tip of the longest primary. The length of the tail is from the apparent 
 base to the tip of longest feather. The length of the culmen is the distance from the base of the 
 upper mandible on top to the tip of the same in a straight line. This measurement, as well as all of 
 the more exact ones, are best taken with the dividers. The depth of the bill is a vertical line from 
 
 [259] (iii) 
 
iv Foreword. 
 
 the base of the upper mandible through both mandibles. The length of the tarsus is measured from 
 the enlargement on the front outside of the tibio-tarsal {i. <?., the "knee") joint to the more or less obvi- 
 ous beginning of the middle toe. The middle toe is measured in a straight line along the top from 
 the last-mentioned point to the tip of the nail. 
 
 In bringing together the key I have made free and frequent use of the catalogue of birds in the 
 British Museum, and Ridgwa5''s Manual of North American Birds, together with the valuable con- 
 tributions to our knowledge of the Hawaiian ornithology — Aves Hawaiiensis, by Messrs. Wilson 
 and Evans, and Avifauna of L,aysan, etc. I have also had at hand the published notes of Mes.srs. 
 Gadow, Dole, Perkins, Stejneger, and others. In addition to the above I have had the pleasure of 
 examining the material in the National Museum at Washington, D. C, the Philadelphia Academy of 
 Science, the British Museum, Tring Museum, and the Jardin des Plantes. To all of these sources 
 of information I would make grateful acknowledgement of the service they have rendered. 
 
 WM. ALANSON BRYAN. 
 
 [260] 
 
Birds of the Hawaiian Group. 
 
 Order LONGIPENNBS.— Long-winged Swimmers.' 
 
 Families. 
 With the lower mandible not longer than the upper one and only moderately 
 compressed, while the covering of the upper mandible is made up of one solid piece 
 (/. r., with the seams fused together, no "nail" at the tip, etc.), through which the 
 nostrils are pierced. 
 
 Family I/AR'IDi^. — Gulls and Terns. 
 Genera. 
 a. Bill rather short, and deeper at the angle than at the nasal openings ; the 
 upper mandible longer and bent down over the lower one; tail usually even (Sub- 
 family Larincs) ; tarsus not roughened nor serrate behind ; hind toe moderately well 
 developed ; culmen more than two-thirds the length of tarsus ; nostrils linear or linear 
 
 ovate (Page 6. ) Larus. 
 
 aa. Bill slender with both mandibles about equal in length ; tail slightly or de- 
 cidedly forked; angle of the lower mandible not prominent. (Sub-family Stertiince.') 
 b. Tail more or less deeply forked ; head without plumes at the gape ; tar- 
 sus shorter than the middle toe and claw; outer tail feathers the longest, and pointed; 
 tail generally more than half the length of the wing; bill compressed and slender; 
 tarsus never exceeding and generally shorter than the middle toe and claw ; depth of 
 
 bill at base less than one-third the exposed culmen (Page 7-) Sterna. 
 
 bb. Tail graduated, pointed; outer pair shorter than the next pair; middle 
 toe shorter than the exposed culmen ; distance from the angle of the gonys to the tip 
 of the bill less than to the gape. 
 
 C. Tail feathers not all pure white. 
 
 d. Fourth pair of tail feathers from the outside the longest; 
 
 wing more than 9.50 (Page 9.) An'otis. 
 
 dd. Third pair of tail feathers from the outside the longest; 
 
 wing less than 9.50 (Page 9.) Microan'oiis. 
 
 CC. Tail feathers all pure white (Page 9. ) Gygis. 
 
 ? For the Key to the Higher Orders see last pages of the Memoir, [261] (5) 
 
BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP. 
 
 Genus I/A'RTJS Linn^us. 
 
 a. Head entirely white in the summer adults. 
 
 b. Primaries uniform pale grey, with no black, and fading gradually 
 into white at the tips (larger, wing more than 16.00). Head, neck, tail and under 
 parts white ; mantle grey ; the scapulars and secondaries white at their tips. Female 
 smaller, often considerably so. . Adult in winter: Mottled and streaked with pale 
 brown on the head and neck; back and under parts also mottled. Immature: The 
 mottling on the upper surface gradually disappears and for a short time the bird ap- 
 pears to be a creamy white. Young: Both the upper and under surface streaked and 
 mottled with ash-brown on a paler ground color ; the feathers of the mantle margined 
 with huffish white which produces a creamy appearance; upper, and under coverts 
 rather boldly marked with brown (Saunders). Length about 25.00-28.00, wing 16.25- 
 18.00 (17.12), tail 7.00-7.50, culmen 2.30-2.70, tarsus 2.40-2.78 (2.57), middle toe 
 with claw 2.35-2.75 (2.55). Hab. Bering Sea and adjacent waters northward to Point 
 Barrow ; southward in winter to Japan (Ridgway ) . Kauai,' Maui. 
 
 I. I/, barrovianus^ Ridgw. Point Barrow Gull. 
 
 bb. Primaries marked with distinct white tips and dark (black) subtermi- 
 
 nal spaces ; the two outer primaries with a distinct grey wedge on the inner web in 
 
 the summer adults; depth of bill through the angle .50 or more; mantle blue-grey 
 
 or dark pearl-grey in adults. 
 
 C. Larger, length 20.00-23.00, culmen 1.65-2. 15, -mantle-darker grey 
 than in the following species; scapulars and secondaries broadly tipped 'with white; 
 the outer primary with a large portion of black ; the first, chiefly black with about 
 2.00 of the terminal portion white; the second, with a small grey j^edge basally; 
 the third, fourth and fifth, black with white tips and increasing grey wedges ; bill, 
 bright yellow with an irregularly shaped spot of intense carmine near the' tip of the 
 lower mandible, and a dark spot or bar usually anterior to this on one or both mandi- 
 bles. Female smaller and duller in color. Adult in winter: Like the above but head 
 and neck streaked with greyish brown. Immature: Autumn birds of the second year 
 show grey on the mantle ; upper tail coverts begin to show grey at their bases ; tail 
 feathers more uniform umber brown than before, though the coverts are whiter ; under 
 parts whitish brown without distinct spots ; bill yellower at the base. Young: Much 
 darker brown throughout ; no signs of grey on the secondaries nor the basal portion 
 of the inner primaries, the paler inner webs being nearly dull brown; tail coverts 
 
 2 The single specimen in the Museum coUetflion is one of two taken on the island of Kauai by Mr. Francis Gay. Both specimens were 
 taken late in the autumn months. While neither specimen agrees as closely with the descriptions at hand as would be desirable, I have 
 seen fit to refer them to barrovianus, believing them to be immature birds of that form. This is probably the undetermined species mentioned 
 by Kittlltz. The following measurements are taken from the Museum specimen No. 9305 ; I,ength 25.50, culmen 2.00, tail 6.50, tarsus 2.85, 
 toe 2.75; locality, Kauai, H. I.; date, 1899, autumn. There is also a specimen in the cabinet of St, I^ouis College, Honolulu, taken on Maui 
 by Brother Matthias. 
 
 iLarusglaucus, Briinn, froml^aysan (Z>)-. Schauiniland); Hawaii (Henshaw, in Auk, Vol, XVII., p. 201). 
 
 [262] 
 
LARID^. 7 
 
 broadly and closely barred; tail feathers umber brown with dull white tips; bill 
 
 brownish basally, black terminally; tarsi and toes brown; wing 15.00-16.75, depth 
 
 of bill at the angle .60-.75, tarsus 2.00-2.60, middle toe and claw about 2.10. Hab. 
 
 Western North America, wintering on the Pacific coast. Hawaiian Islands (accidental; 
 
 one specimen in St. Louis College cabinet). 
 
 3. I/, californ'icus Lawr. California Gull. 
 
 CC. Smaller, length 18.00-20.00; mantle lighter grey; bill with a black 
 band in adult. Adult: Bill greenish yellow, crossed near the end by a distinct black 
 band; tip sometimes orange; feet pale yellow. Immature: Head slightly streaked; 
 mantle grey with a few brown feathers about the bend of the wing; outer primary without 
 indication of a white spot ; tail feathers white with the remains of the broad dark subter- 
 minal band. Young: Above brownish dusky varied with dull huffish white; quills black- 
 ish, j;he shorter ones greyish basally with white tips; bill blackish, paler at the base; 
 wing 13.25-15.25, culmen i. 55-1. 75, depth of bill at angle .50-65. Hab. Whole of North 
 America. Hawaiian Islands (accidental ; one specimen in St. Louis College cabinet) . 
 
 3. Iv. delawaren'sis Ord. Ring-billed Gull, 
 aa. Head uniform black or dusky in summer adults; lower parts, rump ai:d 
 tail pure white; mantle grey; tarsus not longer than the middle toe and claw; 
 wing more than 10.00 (culmen more than i.oo); bill reddish brown, with a darker 
 subterminal band ; head and upper part of the neck plumbeous black with a conspicu- 
 ous elongated white patch both above and below the eye ; lower parts white with a rosy 
 blush in freshly killed birds ; the secondaries broadly edged with white ; primaries all 
 tipped with white and all bluish grey next the shafts on the upper part, except the 
 outermost which has the outer web black and some white on the inner web, with a 
 black subterminal bar. Female similar. Adult winter: Like above with the head white, 
 spotted and mottled with blackish on the upper surface, hnniaturc: Similar, but with 
 a larger proportion of black in the primaries. Length 13.50, tail 4.25, tarsus 1.47, toe 
 with claw 1.50, culmen 1.25, depth of bill at gonys .32, wing 11.25. Hab. Interior of 
 North America from Iowa northward, breeding ; south to Middle America and Western 
 
 South America to Peru. Maui.* 
 
 4. I/, franklin'ii Sw. & Rich. Franklin's Gull, 
 
 Genus STBRNA Linn^us. 
 
 a. Crown black in the breeding plumage (more or less varied with white in 
 winter); wings rarely over 12.00; both webs of the outer tail feathers white at the base. 
 b. Mantle, back of neck, rump, upper tail coverts and all the tail feathers 
 except the outer ones (streamers) uniform sooty black ; forehead and superciliary stripe 
 white; superciliary stripe not reaching back over the eye: under parts white with a 
 greyish tinge on the abdomen ; bill and feet black. Winter adult: Like above except 
 
 4The above description and nieasurements are based on the single wbUer specimen in the cabinet of St. l^ouis College, Oahu. The 
 specimen was t^ken by Brother Matjhias on Maui, and is the first record of th? species being taken here. 
 
 ' • ' [263] • " 
 
8 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP. 
 
 witli white flecked through the black of lores and crown. Young:^ Brownish black 
 above, darkest on the upper wing coverts ; outer tail feathers almost as sooty black as 
 middle ones, except towards their tips. Half-fiedged birds: Feathers of the mantle 
 are blackish with broad white tips. Length 15.00-17.00, wings 11. 75-12.00, tail 7.00- 
 7.50 (forked for more than 3.00), tarsus .95-1.00, toe .99-1.05, culmen i. 80-1. 85, depth 
 of bill .45-.48, gonys .85. Hab. Tropical and juxta-tropical seas. Hawaiian Islands. 
 PI. XVI., 9153, 9155. 5. S. faligino'sa Gmei.. Sooty Tern, 
 
 bb. Back, rump, tail coverts, wing coverts, outer edge of secondaries and 
 tail feathers, except the outer pair, dark sooty grey; crown, lores and nape black; 
 primaries chiefly smoky grey with the white wedges on the inner webs; wings never 
 less than 10.00 ; under parts and forehead, white ; white superciliary stripe extending 
 back over the eye. Winter adult: Similar to the above, but showing more white in 
 the forehead. Young: Mantle with more brownish tinge of grey ; head mottled black 
 and white; wing 10.75, culmen 1.60, tarsus .85, toe 1.15. Hab. Central Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Laysan, etc. 
 
 6. S. luna'ta (Peale). Grey-backed Tern. 
 
 aa. Crown alwa5'S white, sometimes with a brownish tinge; nape, orbit and 
 ear coverts black; mantle pale grey; in front of the eye a black triangular patch, the 
 point of which does not reach to the base of the bill ; from the eyes, a black band ex- 
 tending about the back of the head ; band broadened and more or less prolonged down 
 the back of the neck ; neck and under parts white ; mantle and rump pearl grey ; shafts 
 of the primaries white ; outer primary with the outer web blackish, streak next the 
 shaft on the inner web blackish or greyish black. Winter adult:^ Similar, with less 
 black about the head. Immature: Similar to the above, but there is a brownish tinge 
 to the back of the nape, the wing coverts are ash-grey, and a dark line runs along 
 the carpal joint (Saunders). Young: Forehead and crown bufl&sh white with a black 
 streak which becomes confluent on the nape; feathers of the mantle and tail grey, 
 barred with ash -brown and tipped with buff. Length about 13.25-13.50, wing 
 9.50-10.00, tail 3.90-4.40, bill 1. 25-1. 40, tarsus .75-80, toe .95-1.00. Hab. Southern 
 and Western Pacific Ocean, north through Polynesia generally, the Philippine Islands 
 and China. Its range appears to depend in a great measure upon the existence of 
 coral islands of a certain size, and is probably still more extensive (Saunders). Kauai; 
 
 accidental. 
 
 7. S. melanau'chen Temm. 
 
 5 A September bird from Laysan Island has the head and neck dark sooty brown ; lighter sooty brown below, extending back to the 
 abdomen and over the flanks : belly white ; tail uniform blackish brown, both inner and outer webs tipped with dirty white ; upper tail 
 coverts, rump, and greater wing coverts uniform with the tail; lesser wing coverts darker, edged with fulvous or whitish ; edge of wing 
 white, under wing coverts stone-grey. I,ength about 14.75, wing 10.25, tail 5.25, tarsus .90, toe 1.05, bill 1.25, gonys .45, depth of bill .35. As 
 may be seen by the above the bill pattern is totally different from &Au\ifuli£inosa as well as some slight variation in all of the other measure- 
 ments. It w^as with difficulty that the specimen was made OMtfifliffmosa. 
 
 6 The two specimens in the Museum were taken at Mana. Kauai, by Mr. A. F. Judd during the winter of 1S92-3. Both have the white 
 foreheads a.ssumed by this species, while the remainder of the plumage is badly worn. This seems to be the first record of this species 
 being taken in the Hawaiian Islands. The above measurements are taken from these specimens. The 5". hergii of Dole has never been 
 noted from Hawaii since his early reference to it, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nai. Hist., 1869, p. 306. Bergii is, in general appearnnge, somewhat similar 
 to melanauchen, though the former is much the larger (length .20-. 21, wing 14.25, bill 2.05). 
 
 [264] ' ■ 
 
LARID^. 
 
 Genus ANGUS IvEach. 
 
 Plumage uniform sooty brown, becoming hoary on the forehead and top of the 
 head (larger, wing 10.30-11.00); crown and forehead lavender-grey. Summer adult: 
 Forehead nearly white at the base of bill, passing to lavender-grey, which becomes lav- 
 ender on the hind neck ; primaries and tail feathers nearly black. Adult female : Simi- 
 lar, but a trifle smaller and with a weaker bill. Young similar. Length 13.00-16.25, 
 wing 10.30-11.00, culmen i. 70-1. 75, tarsus .90-.93, tail 5.90-6.25, toe i. 52-1. 55, depth 
 of beak .40. Hab. Tropical and juxta-tropical seas, wide-ranging. Hawaiian Islands. 
 PI. XVI., 7903, 9157; XVII., 7900. 8. A. stolidus' (Linn.). Noddy. 
 
 Genus MICROANOUS Saunders. 
 
 Middle toe and claw shorter than the exposed culm.en; bill slender and long ; the 
 distance from the angle of the gonys to the tip of the bill greater than to that of the 
 gape ; lores deep black ; cheeks decided plumbeous ; nape, shoulders and tail, dull lav- 
 ender grey ; lower parts dark sooty brown ; forehead and crown dull greyish white in- 
 clined to a silvery white. Young: Similar but browner. Length about 13.00, wing 
 8.75-9.00, tail 5.25, tarsus .80, middle toe 1.30, culmen i. 50-1. 85 (Laysan specimen 
 with darker lores), depth of bill .32. Hab. Hawaiian Islands. 
 PI. XVII., 9164, 9165. 9. M. hawaiien'sis Roths. Hawaiian Tern, Noi'o. 
 
 Genus GYGIS (Ji'jis) Wagi,er. 
 
 Middle toe and claw shorter than the exposed culmen ; bill black, stout at the 
 base and sharply pointed; pure white except a narrow ring about the eye which is 
 black; toes slender, middle toe abnormally long, webs deeply excised (stouter, tail more 
 pointed); shafts usually brownish. Young like above. Length 12.00-13.00, depth 
 of bill .40, wing 9.50, tail 4.25-5.00, tarsus .45-.50, middle toe with claw i.io, culmen 
 1.80. Hab. Central Pacific generally. Laysan, etc. 
 PI. XVII., 7892. ID. G. alba kittlitz'i Hart. White Tern. 
 
 7 A specimen of stolidus in the Museum series (Coll. No. 1309), which varies somewhat from the typical form, is minutely described by 
 Mr, Scale in his "Field Notes on the. Birds of Oahu, H. I.," Occasional Papers of the B. P. Bishop Museum, Vol. I., No. 2. p. 35. 
 
 [265] 
 
lo BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP, 
 
 Order TUBIN ARES.— Tube-nosed Swimmers. 
 
 Families. 
 Nostrils opening from the anterior end of horizontal nasal tubes. 
 
 a. Tubes widely separated by the intervening culmen ; wings narrow and long; 
 birds of large dimensions (Page lo.) Diotnedeidse. 
 
 aa. Both nasal tubes united; no intervening culmen; birds of medium or 
 small size (Page lo.) Procellariidae. 
 
 Family DIOM:eDElD^.— Albatrosses. 
 
 Genus. 
 
 Sides of the lower mandible without sulcus (a longitudinal groove); tail short 
 
 and rounded and not more than one-third the length of the wing ; base oj upper division 
 
 of the bill wide and closely joined by the lateral division (Page lo.) Diomed'ea. 
 
 Genus DIOM^DBA Linn^us. 
 
 Culmen slightly concave; bill somewhat compressed. Lateral division of the 
 bill narrower at the base than in the middle. (Sub-genus Phcsbastria, Reich.) 
 
 a. Abdomen sooty brown (wings never more than 21.00, smaller and bill more 
 slender) ; dark sooty brown above ; bill dark brown ; under wing coverts and auxilia- 
 ries sooty brown; sexes similar. Voting: Similar to adult, but with sides of head 
 white; upper tail coverts whitish. Length about 29.00-36.00 (33.00), wing 19.50, tail 
 5.60, bill 4.00, tarsus 3.40, toe 4.90. Hab. North Pacific Ocean. Laysan, etc. 
 PI. XVIII., 8742. II. D. nigripes And. Black-footed Albatross. 
 
 aa. Abdomen white (bill rather slender) ; upper tail coverts white ; under wing 
 
 coverts blackish brown and white mixed ; wings and back blackish brown ; tail brown. 
 
 Female similar. Young similar to adult. Length about 32.00, wing 19.00, tail 6.00, 
 
 culmen 4.50, tarsus 3.60, toe 4.75. Hab. Gardner, Lisianski and Laysan. 
 
 PI. XVIII., 8746. 12. D. immutab'ilis Roths. Gooney. 
 
 Family PROCiei^I^ARIID^.— Petrels. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 Common charadlers as above (with thirteen or more secondaries); bill shorter 
 than tarsus; tail feathers 12 to 14 in number. 
 
 a. Of medium or small size (wing less than 15.00); wing more than 7.00; cul- 
 men more than half as long as the middle toe and claw. (Sub-family Fulmarince.) 
 
 [266] ■ 
 
PROCELLARIID^. ii 
 
 b. Partitioti between the nostrils very thin^ i. e.^ narrower than the width of 
 a single nostril and within the nasal tube ; depth of the bill at the shallowest part more 
 than one-fourth the length of the lower mandible measured along the side; tarsus not 
 compressed. 
 
 C. Wing more than twice the length of the tail; tail moderate, rounded 
 (i2 feathers); nasal tubes diredled straight forward (claw of hallux small, .10); nail 
 of lower mandible making up more than one-third the length of the mandible measured 
 along the side. Plumage and size differing among species. . (Page 11.) .^Strela'ta. 
 CC. Wing less than twice the length of the tail; tail of 12 feathers long 
 and cuneate, being graduated for a third of its length ; nail of the lower mandible making 
 up less than a third of the length of the mandible measured along the side ; plumage dark; 
 nasal tubes fleshy at ends and diredled forward and upward. . (Page 12.) Bulwer'ia. 
 
 bb. Partition between the nostrils thick, i. e., thicker than the outer edge of 
 one of the nostrils ; the partition scarcely, if any, shorter than the outer edges of the 
 tubes ; tarsus compressed and with a ridge on the front edge ; space between the end 
 of the nasal tubes and the base of the unguis (nail on the tip of upper mandible) more 
 than the length of the latter (nostrils at least partially visible from above; wings 
 less than 15.00). 
 
 d. Nostrils elevated above the line of the ciilmen when viewed from 
 the side; nasal tubes elevated and inflated anteriorly; under wing coverts dusky; 
 
 breast white (Page 12.) Prio'finus. 
 
 dd. Nostrils not noticeably elevated above the line of the culmen 
 when viewed from the side; compressed anteriorly and narrower than at the base; 
 edge of nostrils entirely visible from above (under wing coverts white or else lower 
 
 parts dusky) (Page 13. ) Puff'inus. 
 
 aa. Wing less than y.oo; tarsus not perceptibly longer than middle toe and 
 claw; tail forked, or at least emarginate (Page 13.) Oceano'droma. 
 
 Genus ^STRlBIyATA Bonaparte. 
 
 Exposed portion of inner web of primaries beneath dark ; bill wide at the gape; 
 under parts mostly white ; crown and back of the head dark ; upper tail coverts uniform 
 with the back ; tail dusky (outer feathers sometimes mottled with white) ; auxilliaries 
 and under wing coverts mostly white inwardly, iuargined ivith dark. 
 
 a. Larger and darker above; under tail coverts greyish dusky, very abruptly 
 
 white beneath the surface ; upper parts, including hind neck and upper tail coverts, 
 
 uniform brownish slate, darker on the wings and tail, and nearly black on the head; 
 
 the feathers of the hind neck and upper tail coverts (the latter very abruptly) white 
 
 beneath the surface ; forehead, lores, cheeks and entire lower parts white ; the sides 
 
 and longer tail coyerts spmetimes barred with dusky; wing 1 1.80-12.00, tail 5.50-5.75 
 
 L267] ~ .... 
 
12 
 
 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP. 
 
 (graduated for about 2.40), culmen 1.22, tarsus 1.40, middle toe witli claw 1.78. Hab. 
 
 Middle Pacific from Hawaiian Islands to Galapagos (Ridgway). (No specimen in 
 
 Museum.) 
 
 13. M. phaeopyg'ia Sai.v. Dark-rumped Petrel. 
 
 aa. Smaller and paler above; upper tail coverts ashy-grey, much less abruptly 
 
 white beneath the surface (bill stouter) ; larger; under wing coverts mostly dark; feathers 
 
 of the back distindlly edged with grey ; under parts white, except along the sides of 
 
 fore breast. Female similar. Young: Smaller, with the under tail coverts as long as or 
 
 longer than the tail feathers ; upper back and tail coverts much more broadly edged 
 
 with blue-grey ; whole aspect of the back lighter ; less blue-grey on the sides of fore breast. 
 
 Length II. 15-14.00 (12.75), wing7.40-8. 60, tail3. 20-4. 70, culmen i. 02-1. 10, tarsus i.io- 
 
 1.15, middle toe i. 40-1. 50, inner toe 1.15-1.20. Hab. North Pacific Ocean. Laysan, etc. 
 
 The following table will show the variation in measurements of young fledged birds 
 
 and adults : — 
 
 Juvenile (June ig ). 
 
 Male. Female. 
 
 II. 15 
 
 Adult (September ) . 
 
 lyeiigth II .50 
 
 Wing 7.50 
 
 Tail 3.70 
 
 Culmen i .08 
 
 Tarsus 1.15 
 
 Middle toe i .50 
 
 Inner toe i . 20 
 
 7.40 
 3.20 
 1.02 
 
 1-15 
 1.40 
 
 I-I5 
 
 PI. XIX., 7907, 7908. 
 
 14- ^ 
 
 Male. 
 
 12.50 
 
 8.60 
 
 4-45 
 I. ID 
 
 1.40 
 I-I5 
 
 Female. 
 
 i4.oo(?) 
 
 8-75 
 4.70 
 
 I. ID 
 
 1.50 
 
 I-I5 
 
 hypoleu'ca Salv. Benin Petrel 
 
 Genus BUI^WE'RIA Bonaparte. 
 
 Plumage entirely dusky sooty brown, darker on the upper parts (smaller); 
 under tail coverts falling short of the end of the tail by more than .50 ; the greater 
 iving coverts lighter brown on their edges, forming a quite well defined patch ; quills 
 nearly black. Downy young: uniform dark sooty brown. lycngth about 10.00, wing 
 7.75, tail 4.50, culmen .90, tarsus 1.20. Hab. North Pacific Ocean. Laysan, Kauai, 
 French Frigates, Hawaii (Mills). 
 PI. XIX., 8768. 15. B. bul'weri (JARD. & Selby). Bulwer's Petrel. 
 
 Genus PRIO'FINUS Hombr. & Jacq. 
 
 Tail long, cuneate; under surface of body white; feathers of the head and upper 
 plumage not edged with white ; back, greater wing coverts and primaries entirely deep 
 sooty brown with slaty brown beneath ; feathers of the back edged with paler brown; 
 sides of the neck greyish, mottled; under tail coverts dusky; auxiliaries dusky. 
 Length c? 17.50 $19.00, wing 11. 25-12.00, tail 6.00, culmen i. 50-1. 55, tarsus 1.75, 
 middle toe 2.15-2.25. Hab. North Pacific Ocean. Laysan, Kauai, etc. 
 PI. XIX., 7928. 16. P. cunea'tus (Salvin). Wedge-tailed Shearwater, Unu kane. 
 
 [268] 
 
PROCELLARIID^. 13 
 
 Genus PTJFP'INTJS Brisson. 
 
 a. Lower parts uniform dusky black (wing never over 10.00); bill deep black; 
 under wing coverts deep sooty black (darker); primaries and tail feathers black. 
 Length about 15.00, wing 9.10, tail 3.75, culnien 2.25, tarsus 1.70, middle toe 2.00. 
 Hab. Central Pacific Ocean. French Frigates, Laysan. 
 
 PI. XIX., 7942. 17. P. nativita'tis Streets. Christmas Island Shearwater. 
 
 aa. Lower parts uniform white including auxiliaries and the central under tail 
 coverts; primaries dark beneath; head, neck and back, including wings and tail, a 
 very uniform black ; the edge of the feathers sometimes brownish ; flanks and outer 
 under tail coverts blackish ; border of under wing coverts blackish. Length 14.60, wing 
 9.25, culmen 1.30, tail 3.45, tarsus 1.80, toe 2.20, depth of bill at base .50. Hab. Kauai. 
 
 PI. XIX., 9307. 18. P. new'elli* Hexshaw. 
 
 Genus OCKANO'DROMA Reichenbach. 
 
 Plumage sootj?^ black ; upper tail coverts more or less white; base of all the tail 
 
 feathers white except the centre pair (tail not deeply forked ; longer of the upper tail 
 
 coverts tipped with black. Length about 8.75, wing 5.90, tail 2.75, tarsus .82, middle 
 
 toe .95, tibia 1.60, culmen .58.' Hab. Central Pacific Ocean. Kauai, French Frigates, 
 
 Niihau(?). 
 
 19. O. cryptoleucu'ra. '° Hawaiian Storm Petrel, Oeoe. 
 
 Order STEGANOPODBS.— Totipalmate Swimmers. 
 
 Families. 
 
 a. Tail cuneate (or rounded); web between the toes only slightly emarginate; 
 no terminal hook to the bill." 
 
 b. Middle tail feathers greatly elongated ; whole head feathered ; bill con- 
 ical, compressed and pointed; nostrils plainly visible. . (Page 14.) Phaethon'tidse. 
 
 ^The description is taken from a specimen given to the Museum by Mr. Francis Gay. April 17, igoo (B. P. B. M. No. 9307). During the 
 interval between the writing and the publication of the description Mr. Henshaw has described a specimen taken by Mr. M. Newell (Brother 
 Matthias), which seems to be the same as the Kauai specimen in the Museum. I therefore withdraw my matiuicript name (with due apology 
 to Mr. Gay) in favor of Mr. Henshaw's published name. See Auk (1900), Vol. XVil., p. 246. The locality of Mr. Henshaw's type is at fault. 
 It doubtless is a misprint and should be Waihu Valley, Island of Maui, in the place of "Waihu Valley. Island of Mani." 
 
 9 Female in the colledlion taken by Mr. A. F. Judd on Kauai during the winter of 1892-93, from which the above measurements 
 were taken. 
 
 ^°Dr. Schauinsland, in his list of the birds of Laysan Island, adds O. fiiligiriosa (Gm.) to the Hawaiian fauna. It can be easily dis- 
 tinguished from O. cyyptoleucura by its larger size (length .10, wing 7.50) and having the upper tail coverts the same color as the back. 
 
 ^^ .Since the preparation of the above I have a list of the birds obtained on Laysan by Dr. Schauinsland, Dire<ftor Stadt. Museum, Bremen, 
 in which he gives Phalacrocorax plagicns. Pall. The species may be identified by the foUowinp;: The upper mandible terminating in a dis- 
 tinct hook ; tarsus longer than the hind toe a-nd claw; with a small, scarcely noticeable gular sac ; bill slender with outline straight ; tail much 
 longer than the wing, graduated and composed of twelve feathers ; culmen less than 2.50 ; feathers on the lower jaw projedting forward be. 
 yond the anterior angle of the eye ; head and neck rich glossy silky violet black : more purplish towards the head, becoming silky dark 
 green on the lower parts. Breeding plumage: Neck and rump ornamented with very narrow white feathers, i'oung: Uniform brownish 
 dusky. Length 25.00-29.00, wing 9.50-10.60. //ab. Coast of Asia from Kamschatka to South China, from Alaska to South Mexico(?). (Hawaiian 
 Islands, Laysan. — Br. Schauinsland.) 
 
 [269] 
 
14 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP. 
 
 bb. Middle tail feathers not greatly produced; no external nostrils ; head 
 
 partly feathered ; bill thick through the base (Page .14.) Sal'ldse. 
 
 aa. Tail deeply forked ; webs between the toes'deeply emarginate ; tarsus very 
 short, not longer than the hind toe and claw ; wing and tail exceedingly long. 
 
 (Page 15.) Fregat'idae. 
 
 Family PHABTHONTlDi©.— Tropic Birds. 
 
 Genus. 
 Charaders the same as for the family (Page 14.) Pha'ethon. 
 
 Genus PHA'ETHON Linn^^us. 
 
 Plumage very close and satiny ; general color white, usually tinged with pink 
 or salmon color, with some black on the upper parts. 
 
 a. Outer web of primaries white to the base ; elongated tail feathers carmine with 
 black shafts ; a black comma-shaped patch on the side of the head, starting at the cor- 
 ner of the mouth and prolonged backward behind the eye ; inner secondaries with a black 
 band down the middle ; flank feathers with a greyish black shaft stripe ; feet black ; at 
 the base of toes yellow ; bill red. Fcviale similar. Ve7y young have the whole back, head 
 and wings white barred with black. Length 30.00-36.00, culmen 3.50-3.70, depth of 
 bill .85-1.05, wing 12.50-13.00, tail without middle feathers 5.00, with middle feathers 
 16.50-20.00, tarsus 1.15-1.20. Hab. Central Pacific and Indian Ocean. Laysan, etc. 
 
 PI. XX., 8554, 9715. 2o. P. rubricaud'a Bodd. Red-tailed Tropic Bird, 
 
 aa. Outer primaries ivith the outer web black for the greater portion of its 
 length ; elongated tail feathers white or apricot color ; black on outer web of first pri- 
 mary falling short of the tip by an inch or more ; basal two-thirds of both mandibles 
 more or less blackish horn color ; black on the side of the head much as in P. rubri- 
 cauda; a black band along the wing formed by the black tips of the median wing 
 coverts ; innermost secondaries and scapulars with a very broad oblique black band ; 
 shaft of long tail-feather black above, white below. Length 23.00-28.00, wing 10.50- 
 11.00, culmen 2.00, depth of bill .70, tarsus .75, middle toe 1.40, tail without plume 
 4.50, tail with long feathers 16.50-18.00. Hab. Inter-tropical seas. Hawaiian Islands. 
 
 PL XX., 9895, 9896, 7599. 21. P. leptu'rus Lacep. & Daun. White-tailed Tropic Bird. 
 
 Family SUI,ID^.— Gannets. 
 Geints. 
 Charadlers the same as for the family (Page 14.) Stlla. 
 
 Genus STJI^A Brisson. 
 Bill sub-cylindrical and tapering to a point, the extremity of which is slightly 
 curved ; ivhole of lozuer jaw together ivith the throat and chin naked. Young: Upper 
 
 parts unicolor. (Sub-genus Sula.) 
 
 [270 
 
FREGATID^. 15 
 
 a. Plumage of the head and iieck^ as well as most all of the upper parts^ 
 pure iL'hite. 
 
 b. Greater part of tail feathers broivnish black; naked skin of the face and 
 throat blackish (blueish in life); neck and body entirely white; primaries, secondaries 
 together with most of the tail, brownish black; wing coverts white. Young: Head, neck 
 and upper parts plain dark brown ; part of the neck streaked with white. Nestlings 
 covered with white down-. Length 25.00-29.00, wing 15.00-17.00, tail 8.25-10.00, 
 culmen 3.60-4.25, depth of bill i. 40-1. 60, tarsus 2.25, middle toe 3.25. Hat. Central 
 Pacific Ocean. Laysan, French Frigates, Midway, etc. 
 PI. XXI., 7933. 22. S. cy'anops Sund. Blue-faced Booby. 
 
 bb. Tail pure luhile; outer web of primary feathers hoary grey; outer webs 
 of secondaries and their coverts hoary ; smaller wing coverts white like the rest of the 
 body; all more or less rich white and tinged with buff; feet reddish. Young: Above 
 sooty brown, hind neck and lower parts light smoky grey (plumage extremely variable) . 
 Length 23.00-27.00, wing 15.00, tail 6.75-7.25, culmen 3.40-3.50, depth of bill 1.40. 
 Hab. Inter-tropical seas. Niihau, Oahu, Lisianski, Laysan, French Frigates, etc. 
 PL XXI., 7933. 33. S. pisca'tor (Linn.). Red-footed Booby. 
 
 aa. Plumage of the upper parts uniform deep sooty brown; head, neck and chest 
 deep sooty brown like the back ; lower parts white ; tail and wings u.niform with the 
 back. Young: Nearly uniform sooty brown, paler beneath. Length 30.00-31.00, wing 
 15.50, tail 7.50, tarsus 1.80, culmen 4.00 (4.25 ? ). Hab. Tropical seas. Niihau, 
 Laysan, etc. 
 
 PI. XXI., 8752. 34. S. sula Linn. Booby. 
 
 Family FRBGATID^.— Man-o'-war Bird. 
 Genus. 
 Chara6lers for the genus same as for the family (Page 15.) Frega'ta. 
 
 Genus FREGATA Cuvier. 
 
 Culmen more than 4.25 ; bill long and strongly hooked at the extremit}^, both 
 mandibles being curved downward. Male: Breast and sides sooty black and culmen 
 strong; feathers of the head, back and scapulars elongated, pointed, and a glossy oil- 
 green with a bronze sheen (no white on the flanks); gular pouch scarlet orange 
 (fading). Female: Breast and sides white; culmen longer (5.00); head and neck not 
 so glossy ; back of the neck, lesser and median wing coverts brown with paler margins. 
 Young., both sexes: Head and neck as well as upper half of chest white with an occa- 
 sional rusty feather about head and sides ; upper breast dark sooty brown ; otherwise 
 as in the female. Length 37.50-41.00, wing 23.00-25.00, tail 15.00, tarsus .65. Hab. 
 Tropical and sub-tropical seas. Hawaiian Islands. 
 
 25. F. a'quila Linn. Man-o'-war Bird, Iwa. 
 
 [271] 
 
i6 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP. 
 
 Order ANSBRBS.— Lamellirostral Swimmers. 
 
 Family. 
 Only one family. Charadlers same as for the order. . . -(Page i6.) Anatidae. 
 
 Family ANATID^.— Ducks, Geese, Etc. 
 Genera. 
 a. Tarsus shorter than middle toe with claw. 
 
 b. No trace of teeth (lamellae) along the side of lower mandible ; distinct 
 tooth serrations along the upper edge (Sub-family Mergincs); culmen shorter than 
 
 tarsus ; bill narrow and peculiar (Page 17.) Mergan'ser. 
 
 bb. A very distinct row of teeth along the side of the lower mandible, in 
 addition to the series along the upper edge. ( Sub-family Anatince. ) 
 
 C. Hind toe narroivly lobed; neck shorter than the body; a colored 
 speculum on the wing. 
 
 d. Bill not spatulate ( upper wing coverts not blue, more usually 
 dark grey;) tail feathers rather narrow and pointed at the tips. 
 
 e. Tail moderate with the centre pair of feathers not very 
 long and tail graduated for less than one-third its total length ; bill rather broad and 
 
 about the length of the' head (Page 17.) AnaS. 
 
 ee. Tail long^ with the central pair of feathers very long and 
 pointed; culmen longer than the middle toe (speculum broader than the light band at 
 
 the tip of the secondaries) (Page 18.) Da'fila. 
 
 dd. Bill spatulate, i. r., broad at the end and narrower at the base; 
 upper wing coverts blue ( no soft membrane on the sides of the bill towards the tip) . 
 
 (Page 18.) Spat'ula. 
 
 CC. Hind toe with a broad membranous lobe (Sub-familv Fuligulin(e)\ 
 
 feathers on the lores not reaching beyond posterior border of nostrils ; graduation of 
 
 the tail much more than the length of the bill from the nostrils ; distance from anterior 
 
 end of nostrils to tip of bill much greater than the same place to loral feathers. 
 
 (Page 18.) Charitonet'ta. 
 
 aa. Tarsus equal to or longer than the middle toe without the claw ; neck mod- 
 erately long, no cere on the bill. (Sub-family Anserince.) 
 
 f. Serrations on the cutting edge of upper mandible visible 
 from the outside for the greater portion of the length of the tomium; bill very stout, 
 its depth through the base more than equal to the length of the culmen ; color of adult 
 
 either white or bluish with black primaries (Page 19.) Chen. 
 
 [272] 
 
ANATID.il. 17 
 
 ff. Serrations on the cutting edge of upper mandible not I'lsi- 
 h/e from the outside, except at the base; tomium almost straight; bill moderate but strong. 
 
 g. JVeb of feet not deeply excised, i. e., cut away 
 
 from back along both sides of the middle toe (Page 19.) Branta. 
 
 gg. Web of the feet deeplj' excised. 
 
 (Page 19.) Nes'ochen. 
 
 Genus MiERGANSlBR Brissox. 
 Distance between nostrils and nearest feathers on the sides of upper mandible 
 decidedly less than the depth of the upper mandible at base ; feathering on sides of 
 base of upper mandible projedling far forward, forming a very decided though obtuse 
 angle. Adu/t male: Head dull greenish black, the occiput with a long pointed crest; 
 neck and sides of chest dull brownish buff or light cinnamon streaked with black ; other 
 lower parts mainly white, usually tinged with cream color (Ridgway). Female: Head 
 and neck reddish brown, darkest on the crown; back scapulars and small wing coverts 
 umber brown ; edge of the feathers paler ; a white patch on the wing ; under parts white. 
 Length 20.00-25.00, wing 8.60-9.00, culmen about 2.50, tarsus i. 80-1.90, middle toe 2.40. 
 Hab. Northern portion of northern hemisphere, breeds northward. Hawaii," Oahu. 
 
 36. M. serra'tor (IvInn). Red-breasted Merganser. 
 
 GExrs A'NAS Linn^us. 
 
 Culmen shorter than the middle toe; central tail feathers but slighth- curled, 
 some specimens not at all. 
 
 a. No ichite ring aroiind the eyef^ speculum greenish blue; .under tail coverts 
 in fully iledged niale(?) more or less blackish, edged and mixed with chestnut; riimp 
 blackish, with varying amount of chestnut; abdomen with pale greyish chestnut 
 ground streaked and spotted with blackish ; neck and breast of the same chestnut as 
 the under tail coverts, with oval blackish centres to the feathers of the chest, which 
 become mere streaks on the neck, most numerous on the chin (one specimen with less 
 black on the chin); lesser wing coverts dark grey, with some paler edges; under wing 
 coverts white ; feet orange ; speculum edged with a band of black followed by a white 
 one (variable in width in front), behind by a black baud followed by a white one 
 equal to or wider than the black. Female similar. Length i about 18.50 (Scale), 
 wing 9.10-9.50, tail 3.50, culmen 1.80, tarsus 1.35, middle toe 2.10, depth of bill 
 .68-. 70; ? wing 8.50, tail 3.60, bill 1.80, tarsus 1.38, toe 2.00. Hab. Hawaiian Islands. 
 PI. XXII., 9168, 9424. 27. A. wyvillia'na Scl. Hawaiian Duck, Koloa maoli. 
 
 aa. Ring of ivhite feathers about the eye; centre pair of tail feathers but little 
 curled at the tips. Male: General color of plumage rufescent ; head and nape with a 
 
 >2 Mr. Henshaw reports the takings of two specinien.s near Hilo, November 1899. Sec Auk, \'ol. .Will., p. 20,;. I am also informed that 
 It has been taken on Oahu. 
 
 13 Dr. Schauinsland's list adds A. bosais. I.inn., from Ivay.san. It is distinguished from other Itawaiian ducks b\- having' no white riny; 
 about the eye, and with the speculum greenish blue. T^ength 24.00. It is hardly possible hat tlie Doctor has confused this with the much 
 smaller form which is indigenous to I.aysan. 
 
 Mfmoirs B. p. H. Museum, Vol. I.. No. 3.-2. L^ySj 
 
i8 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP. 
 
 greenish lustre, especiall}' on the nape; throat mixed with a few white feathers; back, 
 fore neck, breast and flanks with dark ruf escent markings. Female: Similar, but di ffers 
 in having more white on the chin; the upper throat much duller; some of the upper 
 and under tail coverts paler rufescent with dusky marks or bands; speculum blackish 
 in female. Length c? 16.00-16.50, wing 7.10-8.00, tail 3.30-3.50, tarsus i. 25-1.55, 
 culmen i. 38-1. 50, toe 1.80-2.00. Hab. Laysan Island. 
 
 PI. XXII., 8745. 38. A. laysanen'sis'* Roths. I^aysan Teal. 
 
 Genus SPAT'XJI/A Boie. 
 
 Longer scapulars with a white band along the centre part; abdomen deep chest- 
 nut ; head and upper portion of the neck deep glossy green ; lower neck, breast and 
 outer scapulars white; rump and upper tail coverts dark glossy green with pale edges; 
 upper wing coverts and outer edge of the two longest scapulars pale blue. Female: 
 General color of upper parts brown, each feather edged with a broad reddish margin; 
 throat reddish and unspotted. Young similar to adult female. Length 17.00-21.00, 
 wing 9.00-10.00, culmen 2.60-2.90, width of bill at end 1.10-1.20, at base .60, tarsus 
 1.40-1.50. //(3(^. Northern hemisphere. Hawaiian Islands. (No specimen in Museum. ) 
 
 39. S. clypea'ta (Linn.). Shoveller. 
 
 Genus DAF'II/A Stephens. 
 
 Tail feathers not barred across ; centre tail feathers blackish, lateral ones grey 
 with pale whitish margins; head dark., hair broivn; a narrow band at the tip of the 
 last row of wing coverts cinnamon (larger, culmen 1.85-2.25); anterior part of the 
 sides of neck, breast and abdomen greyish white ; the breast with very narrow, brown, 
 zigzag bars ; head and upper neck hair brown, with a faint gloss on the sides of the 
 occiput. Male: Length 26.50-30.00, wing 11. 10, tail 7.50-9.50, culmen 2.08, tarsus 
 1.80. Female: Smaller; tail feathers blackish, barred irregularh- across with whitish 
 or ochraceous ; above greyish dusky varied with irregular bars of 3'ellowish white or 
 pale ochraceous, each feather, except on throat, streaked with blackish. Male in first 
 breeding plumage has pale margin to the wing coverts, and most of the feathers of the 
 rump are broadly barred. Young male similar to adult female. Hab. Northern hemi- 
 sphere southward. Hawaiian Islands. 
 
 30. D. acuta Linn. Pintail, Koloa mapu. 
 
 Genus CHARIT0N:^T'TA Stejneger. 
 Head and upper half of the neck rich metallic green with a purplish gloss on the 
 crown ; with a patch of white extending from behind the eye across the occiput ; lower 
 neck, lower parts, secondaries and scapulars white; back and upper parts black. 
 Female: Head and neck brown with faint gloss, a white patch on cheeks and ear 
 coverts; upper parts blackish brown, darkest on rump; under parts white tinged more 
 
 UDr. .Schauinsland's list gives !\;-llhii crecca, I,inii., Querquednla dnia, Ciaiis-iila albeola, Unn., and Mai ecu americam (Gmel.), from 
 I^aysan Island. These references are inleresting- additions to the Hawaiian birds, and are of value in the study of distribution 
 
 [274] 
 
ANAT/Dy^. 19 
 
 or less with brownish gr&y. Length about 12.50, wing 6.25, tail 2.45, culmen 1.15, 
 tarsus 1. 12, toe 2.00, depth of bill .60. Hab. North America. Maui.'^ 
 
 31. C. albe'ola (Linn.). Buffle-head. 
 
 Genus CHEN (Keii) Boie. 
 
 Adult with the luJiolc head and at least part 0/ the nec/c ivhite as ivell as the re- 
 mainder of the plumage, except the primaries and their coverts ; bill a deep purplish 
 (in life) with a white nail; primaries black. Young: Head, neck and upper parts pale 
 greyish, the feathers of the latter with whitish edges, and striped medianall}' with 
 darker, especially wing coverts and tertiaries ; rump, tail coverts, tail and lower parts 
 plain white. Length 23.00-28.00, wing 14.50-17.00 (16.36), culmen 2.55-2.70, tarsus 
 2.80-3.25 (3.01), middle toe 2.00-2.50 (2.34). Hab. Western America, breeding in 
 Alaska, migrating south. Hawaiian Islands. (No specimen in the Museum.) 
 
 32. C. hyperbofe'us''' (Paee.). I^esser Snow Goose. 
 
 Genus BRANTA Scopoei. 
 
 Bill and feet entirely black at all ages ; tail coverts white ; tail and quills uni- 
 form black; upper parts brownish, the feathers with lighter tips. 
 
 a. Head partly zvhite.^ a white triangular patch on the cheek usually meeting 
 on the throat; lower parts deep brownish or brownish grey (often not much paler 
 than the upper parts) abruptly defined against the white of anal region; (stnaller size, 
 zuing less than 16.00, culnieii less than 1.2^;^ tail feathers usually 14 to 16 in number. 
 Length 23.00-25.00, wing 13.60-14.00, culmen .95-1.15, tarsus 2.40-2.75. Hab. Pacific 
 coast of North America, breeding at Norton Sound, south in winter. Hawaiian Islands.'' 
 
 33. B. canaden'sis minima Ridgw. Cackling Goose. 
 
 aa. Head entirely black; middle of the neck encircled by a broad white collar, 
 interrupted only behind; no chestnut on the breast; upper tail coverts very long; 
 upper parts nearly uniform dark sooty brown ; lower parts dark sooty slate, not dis- 
 tindlly if at all contrasted with black of chest, but abruptly defined against white 
 of anal region. Young: Similar to adult but collar indistinct or obsolete ; the larger 
 wing coverts broadly tipped with white. Length 22.00-29.00, wing 12.70-13.50, cul- 
 men 1. 20-1. 35, tarsus 2.20-2.50. Hab. Western Ardlic America, south in winter along 
 
 the western Pacific coast. Maui.'^ 
 
 34. B. nigricans (Lawr.). Black Brant. 
 
 Genus NES'OCHEN Salvad. 
 
 Head and throat black, ivhich color extends a little beloiv the eve and down the 
 neck ; side of neck tawny buff, becoming lighter towards the lower parts ; upper sur- 
 
 15 The specimen from which the above is taken is one in the St. Louis College cabinet. Brother Alfred, the curator, informs me it was 
 taken on Maui by Brother Matthias during- his sojourn there. 
 
 16 Hon. Walter Rothschild (through Palmer) in lilt.: also adds A user albifrons ;;ambcli (Hartl.) from Hawaii. 
 "Hon. Walter Rothschild, In liu, Kauai. 
 
 IS Specimen in St. Louis College cabinet taken on Maui by Brother Matthias ; also Hon. Walter Rothschild, in lilt. 
 
 [275] 
 
20 BIRDS OF THE HA]VAf[AN GROUP. 
 
 face dull dark umber, the feathers edged or barred with whitish; rump dusky black; 
 abdomen and under tail coverts white. Female: Black extends farther down on the 
 side of the head and neck; bill and feet black. Length about 23.00, wing i5-00, bill 
 1.75, tarsus 3.00, toe 3.25, tail 6.75. Hab. Hawaii. 
 
 35. N. sandvicen'sis (Via). Hawaiian Goose, Nene. 
 
 Order HERODIONES.-Herons, Ibises, Etc. 
 
 Families. 
 
 a. Bill much cjirved, long and with nasal groove, linear and produced almost to 
 the tip of the bill. (Sub-order Ibides.) Bill almost cylindrical, slender and narrower 
 than deep towards the tip, and curved do^\•nward for nearlj' the whole length. 
 
 (Page 20.) Ibid'idae. 
 
 aa. Bill practically straight; sides of upper mandible without any groove ; hind 
 toe inserted on a level with the anterior ones ; the middle toe with its claw pedlinate 
 (toothed) on the inner edge (Sub-order Herodii); bill lance-shaped or compressed 
 and pointed (Page 21. ) Arde'idse. 
 
 Family IBID'ID^.— Ibises. 
 
 Genus. 
 
 Anterior aspect of the tarsus plated ; head never more than moderately crested 
 
 and not very noticeable; chin, lores and base of cheeks bare, but the latter feathered to 
 
 beyond the anterior line of the eye ; claw of the middle toe nearly straight. Head of 
 
 the adult wholly feathered except lores . . (Page 20.) Pleg'adis. 
 
 Genus PIvDeCADIS Kaup. 
 
 Adult with head, neck and lower portions uniformly chestnut; upper parts 
 metallic green bronze and purple, most brilliant on upper surface of wings and tail; 
 lores lake-red in life, turning brown in skin, or somewhat reddish brown; feathers sur- 
 rounding the base of the bill luhite. Young: With lower parts greyish brown. Length 
 about 19.00-26.00, wing 9.30-10.80, culnien 3.75-6.00, tarsus 3.00-4.40, middle toe 
 2.10-2.85. Hab. Tropical America in general, west coast from Lower California to 
 Oregon. Hawaiian Islands."' (No specimen in Museum.) 
 
 36. P. gfuarauna (Linn.). White-faced Glossy Ibis. 
 
 J^rrofessor Hrighain iiiforni.s me that specimen "found on ^Tolokai, which the natives said was a 'nialihini' or straue-er and 
 
 which were placed in the coHedlion of the society " (Dole, Hawaiian Annual, 1879, p. 41) was one taken by himself from a fl k f fi 
 
 (hiring September or Oiftober, 1S65. The "fragments" were .sub.sequently sent to Professor Baird at the Smithsonian Institution W h" 
 
 IJ. C, and have since been lost track of. Professor Brigham has since satisfied himself that the specimen was Pir^adis This r d ^^^ 
 
 in conne(5lion with the immature bird coUedted by Mr. Knudsen on Kauai in 1872, seems to confirm Mr. Ridgway's belief that P - ^" 
 
 an accidental visitor to the islands from the west coast of America. ' "'"^ ^^ 
 
 [276] 
 
ARDEID. IL 2 V 
 
 Family ARDi^lDi^.— Herons. 
 
 Goifra. 
 
 With the tail composed of 12 feathers; claws rather short and strongly curved 
 (tail feathers stiffer than the coverts); (Sub-family Ardei'nce;) bill only moderate, 
 never equal to the length of the middle toe and tarsus combined ; bill without distinct 
 serrations on the upper mandible; upper mandible with notch near the tip. 
 
 a. Cnhiicn longer than the tarsus^ the latter longer than the middle toe. 
 
 (Page 21.) Demiegret'ta. 
 
 aa. Cnlrnen shorter than middle toe and about equal to tarsus; plumage of young 
 and old very different; bill thick, i.e.^ culmen rarel}' more than four times as long as 
 the depth of bill at base (Page 21.) Nycti'corax. 
 
 Genus D:EMIEGRETTA Bi.yth. 
 
 General color above and below deep blackest slate, the feathers almost black; 
 
 feathers of the upper breast elongated like those of the middle back, both paler slaty gre^■; 
 
 abdomen and vent feathers tinged with ashy white ; a pure white streak down the centre 
 
 of the throat. Female similar. Young: Paler and more sootv brown. White form: 
 
 Exacftly similar to the grey form, only white. Hab. Malay Peninsular and islands to 
 
 Australia, Islands of the Pacific, Fiji, Samoa, etc., north to bay of Corea. Hawaiian 
 
 Islands (? ).'" 
 
 37. D. sacra (Gmel.). Sacred Heron. 
 
 Gknus NYCTI'CORAX Stephens. 
 
 Prevailing color ^ bluish grey in adult ^ broiunish and sti-iped longitudinally zuith 
 zvhite in the young; gonys nearly straight; culmen and tarsus about equal (Sub-genus 
 Nycticorax); base of forehead and eyebrow white ; no chestnut on the back and tail ; no 
 white on the back; under tail coverts \\hite, as well as the under sides of the body, with a 
 delicate shade of grey, especially on the neck and chest; back and cro-wn glossv black 
 green; wings dove color; head with two or three long slender white plumes, in the 
 breeding plumage. Female: Similar to adult male both summer and winter. Young: 
 Light brown above, tinged with cinnamon, most marked on the wing quills ; each 
 feather of the body with a white tear-shaped shaft stripe; quills with small white 
 tips ; sides of head and neck and entire lower parts striped white and greyish brown; 
 throat whitish. Length 23.00-26.00 (25.00), wing 11. 60-12. 50, tail 4.10-4.75, culmen 
 2.70-3.35, tarsus 2.72-3.05, middle toe 3.10-3.45, depth of beak .85-.95. ^^f^f^- Wide- 
 
 20 The reference which President Dole makes (Hawaiian AnnuaL 1879, p. 52) to this species is the uiily .-iccount of ith ever hLiiiy seen in 
 the Lslands. Since he speaks of it as "common all over the group," and "when in full plumage the long feathers of the crest and back are 
 blackish purple, and from th? back of tlie head three long feathers of the purest white hang." etc.. it is quite probable that the bird de- 
 .scribed is the common Aukii. 
 
 [277J 
 
22 
 
 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP. 
 
 ranging form in suitable localities, North America southwards. Hawaiian Islands 
 The following table of measurements are from specimens in the Museum : 
 
 38. 
 
 PI. XXIII. 
 
 Adult. 
 
 Wing 12.50 
 
 Tail 4.60 
 
 Culmen 3.25 
 
 Tarsus 2.95 
 
 Middle toe 3.45 
 
 Depth of bill 85 
 
 N. nycticorax nsevius" (Bodd.). 
 , 5584, 9170. 
 
 Males. 
 
 Adult. Juvenile. 
 
 Fevialcs. 
 
 Adult. Juvenile. 
 
 2.10 
 
 11.60 •■ 
 
 .. 12.50 
 
 12.00 
 
 11.50 
 
 4.70 
 
 4.50 .. 
 
 4.10 
 
 4-75 
 
 4-50 
 
 3-30 
 
 3-IO •• 
 
 3-35 
 
 3.00 
 
 2.70 
 
 3-05 
 
 2.85 •■ 
 
 •• 3-05 
 
 3.00 
 
 2.72 
 
 345 
 
 3.20 •■ 
 
 3.40 
 
 3-40 
 
 
 
 •95 
 
 .85 •■ 
 
 .80 
 
 •95 
 
 .82 
 
 Black-crowned Night Heron, Auku kohili 
 
 Order PALUDICOL^.-Rails, Coots, Etc. 
 
 Family. 
 
 First primary longer than the seventh; wings less than 10 inches (except ii 
 Porphyria):, toes very long and slender, with "scallops" along the side in Fulica; tai 
 usually quite rudimentary (Page 22.) Rallidae 
 
 Family RALI/ID-^. — Rails, Gallinules and Coots. 
 
 Genera. 
 a. No enlarged shield-like process extending over the front part of the head 
 (Sub-family Rallincs;) middle toe and claw exceeding the length of the tarsus ; sec 
 ondaries pra6lically equal to the primaries in length, or falling short of them by les: 
 than the length of the hind toe and claw. 
 
 b. Tail feathers very soft and entirely hidden at the ends by the covert; 
 
 (Hawaii) (Page 23.) Pen'nula 
 
 bb. Tail feathers not decomposed but ordinary and evident with no whiti 
 secondary quills, the inner toe without the claw longer than the culmen; plumagi 
 variegated ; wings feebly developed and not as long as the tarsus and toes combined 
 
 (Page 23.) Porijan'ula 
 
 aa. An enlarged frontal shield. 
 
 C. Toes without lobes or flaps. (Sub-family Gallinulince.) 
 
 d. Nostrils oval, in a distinct nasal depression; frontal shieL 
 
 rounded; wings nearly three times' the length of the tarsus. . (Page 23.) Gallin'ula 
 dd. Nostrils rounded ; no nasal depression ; plumage blue (win| 
 
 coverts ordinary); primaries much longer than secondaries. . (Page 24.) Porphy'rio 
 
 21 The Hawaiian A uku seems not to differ from the American sub-species by any constant characfter. 
 
 f278] 
 
RALLID.€. 23 
 
 CC» Toes provided with conspicuous lateral lobes or flaps; primaries 
 about equal to secondaries. (Sub-family Fulicuia.) (Page 24.) I'^ulica. 
 
 Genus I>BN'NUI,A D01.E. 
 
 General color above dark ruddy brown with darker centres to the feathers, pro- 
 ducing a somewhat mottled appearance; wing coverts like the back and very much 
 elongated; quills blackish with rusty brown outer edges; tail feathers blackish, com- 
 pletely hidden by the feathers of the rump ; head more uniform brown with a ruddy 
 tinge ; sides of the face like the top of the head ; throat and under surface of the body 
 dark vinaceous ruddy, a trifle paler shade on the throat. (Measurements from the 
 two mounted specimens in the Museum from Mills colle6lion.) Length about 5.50, 
 wing 2.70 do., tail .75 do., tarsus i.oo, 108, toe (?) .85, culmen .75-76, depth of bill 
 .30 do." Hab. The uplands of Hawaii ; rare or extinct. 
 
 39. P. ecauda'ta'3 King. Sandwich Rail, Moho. 
 
 Gknus POR^AN'UI/A Frohawk. 
 
 Upper parts generall}' sandy brown with black centres to the feathers ; some- 
 times white in the centre of the back or rump ; wing coverts uniform with the back 
 except for the black streaks ; sides of the head, throat and breast dark ashy grey; flanks 
 and under tail coverts sand}' brown, like back, with occasional white spots ; under wing 
 coverts sandy buff ; wing and tail feathers brown with sandy margins. Length about 
 6.00, wing 2.18-2.25, tail i.oo-i.io, culmen .65-.80, middle toe 1.10-1.30. Hab. Laysan. 
 PI. XXIV., 7911, 7912. 40. P. palm'eri Froh. I^aysan Rail. 
 
 Genus GAI/I^IN'TJlyA Brisson. 
 
 Uniform plumbeous, sides of body streaked with white ; base of lower mandible 
 red vermilion like shield ; bill tipped -with greenish yellow. Male: General color of 
 the back dark olive brown refledling ruddy brown ; head and neck blackish fading into 
 slate-gre}' on the upper neck and under parts. Winter adult: Similar, but frontal shield 
 smaller. Young: Sooty black more or less mixed with Avhite below. Adults in the 
 
 22 Mr. Wilson, doubtless in error, gives total length about 13.00, wing 6.00, tarsus 3.25. middle toe with cl.iw just under 3.00, culmen .75. 
 
 23 Mr. Scott B. Wilson, in discussing the genus Pennula (Aves Hawaiiensis, p. 171-178) finds grounds for the making of three species — two 
 species in addition to the typical P. ecaudata. His description of P. sandvicensis (Gniel.) is based on the drawing executed by :\Ir. W. W. Ellis 
 in 1779, to which Mr. Wilson appends Latham's description which is as follows : "Size small ; bill dusky ash color ; general color of the plum- 
 age pale ferruginous ; the feathers on the upper parts darkest in the middle : tail short, hid by the upper coverts ; legs dusky flesh color. 
 Inhabits Sandwich Isles. Was also found on the island of Tanna: but the plumage is darker on the upper parts and the bill and legs yellow- 
 ish.— Sir Joseph Banks." The Ellis drawing is only the crudest suggestion of the general form of a Pennula, while Latham's description is 
 very meagre ; and since there seems not to be a single example in any museum, and "no example of the Sandwich Rail has been met with 
 within human memory," it is quite possible that the drawings and description could have emanated from, and therefore should be referred to, 
 the well known extinct and exceedingly rare ecaudata of King (1785). Pennula witsoni'xs based "on the so-called 'Sandwich Rail' in the Leiden 
 Museum." The original description by Dr. O. Finsch is here appended. "Schlegel's type in the Leiden Museum : Upper parts dark ruddv 
 brown with blackish centres to the feathers of the back and wings, producing on these parts well marked longitudinal stripes ; head and 
 neck somewhat lighter and uniform ruddy bi-ownlike the sides of the head and neck ; under parts uniform rusty brown shading into vinous 
 red, a little darker on the flanks ; middle of chin somewhat lighter; anal region and lower tail coverts dark vinous red forming a well 
 marked darker patch ; primaries blackish very narrowly margined with brown on the outer webs ; broad and lax upper tail coverts with 
 very narrow light rusty brown apical margins, showing as lighter undulations ; bill and feet light horny brown (as far as can be judged 
 greenish in life). Sex and habitat unknown." Measurements (/. c. Finsch) ; 'fotal length 1^0 mm., wing 73 mm., culmen ig mm., tarsus 
 30 mm., tibia 7 mm., middle toe and claw 3.S mm. 
 
 ■■ ■ [279] 
 
24 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP, 
 
 autumn and winter have white on the abdomen and under wing coverts. Length about 
 
 14.00, wing 6.75, tail 1.50, culmen and shield 2.00, tarsus 2.25-2.50, toe 3.00, hind lot 
 
 1.25. Hab. Hawaiian Islands. 
 PI. XXIV., 9745. 41. G. sandvicen'sis Streets. Hawaiian Gallinule, Alae. 
 
 Genus PORPHY'RIO Brisson. 
 
 Thighs purplish brown ; inner secondaries black (with no distinct patch of blue 
 on the throat) ; under surface uniform bluish except the under tail coverts which are 
 white ; general color of back black ; primaries black ; frontal plate, bill, legs and feet 
 red. Length 17.25, wing 14.50, tail 4.00, culmen and shield 2.70, tarsus 3.35, toe 4.00. 
 Hab. Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea. Oahu; introduced. 
 
 43. P. melano'tus Newt. Alae awi. 
 
 Gknt.s FUXICA LfNx^u.s. 
 
 General color above and below slaty grey; under tail coverts black, the lateral ones 
 white with the inner half of the feather black ; outer secondaries broadly tipped with 
 white, one specimen with under parts suffused with whitish, and flank stripes wanting in 
 all the specimens in the colledlion; quills blackish brown; back browner. Length 
 16.25, 15-60, 16.25; wing 7.00, do., do.; tail 2.10, 2.20, 2.30; culmen including shield 
 2.25, 2.05, 2.10; tarsus 2.25, 2.15, 2.20; toe 3.25, do., do. Hab. Hawaiian Islands. 
 PI. XXIV., 9432. 43. F. alai Peale. Hawaiian Coot,^* Alae keokeo. 
 
 Order LIMICOL^.-Shore Birds. 
 
 Families. 
 
 a. Naked portion of the thigh much more than the length of the middle toe; 
 tarsus more than twice the length of the middle toe ; nasal groove not extending be- 
 yond half the length of culmen (Page 26.) Recurviros'tridae. 
 
 aa. Naked portion of thigh less than the length of middle toe ; tarsus less than 
 twice the length of the middle toe. 
 
 b. Toes with distindlly scalloped web, and with a serration along the edge 
 
 of the planta-tarsi as in the grebes (Page 25.) Phalaropo'didse. 
 
 bb. Toes without scalloped webs and no serrated edge to the planta-tarsi; 
 nasal groove extending along the greater part of the upper mandible. 
 
 C. Front of tarsus covered with a continuous row of transverse scutulse. 
 d. Bill slender ; exposed culmen longer than middle toe without 
 the claw ; end of bill with a more or less rounded or sometimes expanded tip. 
 
 (Page 26.) Scolopag'id», 
 
 =^4 A partial albino (Museum No. 8708) was colle<5led on Maui tiv Mr. G. P. wilder, November 4 1899 
 
 [280] 
 
PHALAROPODIDJL 25 
 
 dd. Bill stout and pointed, culmen arched toward the tip, \cry 
 pointed and wedge-shaped at the tip ; or, exposed culmen equal to or shorter than the 
 
 middle toe without the claw (Page 29.) Aphri^f'idae. 
 
 CC. Front of tarsus covered with small irregular or hexagonal scales 
 in front and behind, and with the dentrum or end of the upper mandible enlarged ; bill 
 shorter than the tarsus (Page 28. ) Charadi'idae. 
 
 Family PHAI,AR0P0'DID^.— Phalaroiks. 
 
 Gciirra. 
 
 a. Bill slender, almost cylindrical, not widening towards the end ; nostrils sepa- 
 rated from the loral feathers bv a space equal to the depth of the upper mandible at 
 the base ( Page 25. ) PhalaropuS. 
 
 aa. Bill broad, flattened, somewhat widened toward the end; nostrils somewhat 
 separated from the loral feathers by a space less than the depth of the upper mandible 
 at the base (Page 25.) Crymo'philus. 
 
 (iKNUs PHAIvAR'OPUS Briss(jx. 
 
 Web between middle and outer toes extending to or beyond the second joint of 
 the latter; lateral membrane of all the toes distinctly scalloped. ( Sub-genus /"//^/a- 
 ropus.) Adult female in sitinmer : Above dark plumbeous, the back striped with 
 ochreous buff; wings dusky, the greater coverts broadly tipped with white; lower parts 
 white; chest and sides of neck rufous. Adult male in summer: Similar to the female, 
 but colors duller, the rufous confined to the sides of the neck and less distinct; the 
 chest chiefly mixed with white or greyish. IViiiter plumage • Forehead, supercilliary 
 stripe, sides of head and neck with lower parts generalh' pure white ; top of head grey- 
 ish ; upper parts chiefly greyish ; under parts for the most part white. Length 7.00, wing 
 4.10, tail 1.90, culmen .88, toe .90. //ad. Ar(5lic regions; southward in winter. Kauai. 
 
 44. P. loba'tus'5 (LiNx). Northern Phalerope. 
 
 Genus CRYMO'PHIIvUS Vieillot. 
 Suvimer female : Fore part of head deep plumbeous black; hind neck plain 
 cinnamon and plumbeous ; sides of head white ; sides of neck and entire under parts 
 vinous chestnut ; general color of back sandy buff, streaked with black centres to the 
 feathers; lesser wing coverts slaty blue with whitish edgings. Male: Similar to the 
 female, but less brightly colored; the head sandy brown streaked with blackish like 
 the back; a good deal of white on the under surface of the body and throat. Male in 
 winter: Bluish grey above; wings more dusky than in summer, but still retain the 
 white markings ; head, neck and lower parts pure white, with the occiput and space 
 about the eye dark plumbeous. Young : Top of head, hind neck, back and scapulars 
 
 25 The only specimen in the Museum was one shot by Mt- A. F. Judd on Kauai during the winter of 1S92-93. This stems to be the first 
 record of P. lobQtits appearing in Hawaii 
 
 [=8iJ 
 
26 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP. 
 
 dull black, the feathers edged with ochraceous ; wing covens, rump and upper tail 
 coverts plumbeous. Length about 7.75, wing 5.00, tail 2.10, tarsus .80, culmen »8o, 
 toe .82. Hab. Northern portions of northern hemisphere. Hawaii, Maui.'^ 
 
 45. Ctymo'philus fuleca'rius (Linn.). Red Phalafope. 
 
 Family RBCURVIROS'TRID^.— Stilts and Avocets. 
 
 Genus. 
 With the hind toe absent ; toes with scarcely any web, and divided to the base; 
 bill nearly straight (Page 26.) Himan'tOpUS. 
 
 Genus HIMAN'TOPUS Brisson. 
 
 Under surface of the body white ; head and neck behind black, with no complete 
 white collar on the latter ; forehead white ; ear coverts and sides of face black ; back of 
 neck and upper parts, including wings, black with a deep gloss ; tail light grey tipped 
 with black. Length about 15.00, wing 8.75-9.50, tail 3.25-3.30, culmen 2.80-3.10, 
 tarsus 4.75, middle toe 1.80. Hab. Hawaiian Islands. 
 PI. XXV., 9429. 46. H. knud'seni Stejn. Hawaiian Stilt, Kukuluaeo. 
 
 Family SCOI/OPAC'ID^.— Snipes, Sandpipers, Etc. 
 
 Genera. 
 a. Back of tarsus with continuous row of transverse scutulae ( i. e., square plates ) ; 
 bill straight. Ears situated decidedly posterior to the eye (not underneath it^'); plum- 
 age varying with the seasons. (Sub-family Tringiiuc.) 
 b. Hind toe present. 
 
 C. No web between the anterior toes ; bill but slightly if at all widened 
 at the tip ; exposed culmen longer than the middle toe and claw .... (Page 27.) Trin'ga. 
 CC. Middle toe united to one or both of the lateral toes by a membrane; 
 tail not more than half as long as the wing. 
 
 d. Tail longer than the exposed culmen; wing more than 4.50; 
 axillaries uniform greyish or dusky ; no web between the middle and inner toe. 
 
 (Page 27.) Heteracti'tis. 
 dd. Tail shorter than the exposed culmen; wing more than 7.00; 
 
 terminal portion of both mandibles smooth and hard (Page 27.) I/imo'sa. 
 
 bb. Hind toe absent (Page 28.) Cal'idris. 
 
 aa. Back of tarsus covered with hexagonal scales. (Sub-family Nmnince.) 
 
 (Page 28.) Nume'nms. 
 
 20 A specimen in line winter plumage is in the coUeftion made by Brother Matthias, on Maui, which ia now in the St. Louis College 
 cabinet, Honolulu. From this specimen the above description and measurements are taken. (See also Henshaw, Auk, XVII., p. 203.) Dr 
 Schauiusland lists this species from Laysan Island. 
 
 ?7Mr. Hensha^y adds Gallinago delicata (Ord.;, from Hawaii. 
 
 L282] 
 
SCOLOPACID^. . 21 
 
 Genus TRINGA Linn^us. 
 
 Middle tail feathers longer and more pointed than the rest; tarsns longer 
 than the middle toe and claw; exposed culmen not longer than the tarsus, and less 
 than half as long as the tail (Sub-genus Ado' dramas) \ wing more than 4.50; rump and 
 tail coverts plain brownish black ; shaft of all the quills white for a portion of its 
 length. Adult male: General color above sandy rufous streaked with black down the 
 centre of the feathers ; lesser wing coverts dull brown ; primary coverts blackish; crown 
 of head bright sandy rufous streaked with black ; lores and a distinct eyebrow white 
 with a narrower streak of blackish; under surface of body white; the chin unspotted; 
 the throat and fore neck tinged with rufous and minutely spotted. Female similar. 
 Winter: Much browner than the summer plumage without the rufous except on the 
 head Young: With more rufous on the upper parts than the old birds. Length 7.75, 
 wing 5.10, tail 2.10, culmen .90, tarsus 1.20, middle toe i.io. Hab. Far north, breed- 
 ing in Alaska, migrating south. Oahu,"'* Maui, Laysan. 
 
 47. T. acumina'ta'' (Horsi. ). Sharp-tailed Sandpiper. 
 
 Genus HBTl^RACTI'TIS Stejneger. 
 
 General color above uniform ash-greyisli with slightly indicated lighter margins; 
 
 nasal grooves more than half as long as the exposed culmen ; lower back, rump and 
 
 upper tail coverts- purer grey; wing coverts like the back; lores blackish. Winter: 
 
 Under surface of the body white with ash-grey shade over the fore neck and chest; sides 
 
 of flanks and chest also ashy grey. Female similar. Summer: Above plain brownish 
 
 grav varied with dusky ; lower parts white tinged with grayish on the fore neck ; fore 
 
 neck streaked; rest of lower parts barred with dusky. Young: Above brownish grey, 
 
 the feathers margined with buff or pale ochraceous and finely mottled transversely with 
 
 greyish. Length 10.50-12.00, wing 6.40-6.75, tail 2.90-3.00, culmen i. 50-1. 70, tarsus 
 
 1. 25-1. 32, toes 1. 25-1. 30. Hab. Pacific coast of America, southward, wide-ranging. 
 
 Hawaiian Islands. 
 PI. XXV., 9159. 48. H. incanus (Gmei,.). Wandering Tatler, Ulili. 
 
 Genus I^IMO'SA Brisson. 
 
 Wing without white patch ; with the tail distincflly barred ; upper tail coverts 
 white with brownish or dusky markings ; under parts, head and neck plain cinnamon 
 color ; general color over the back blackish mottled with chestnut red ; wing covert s 
 greyish varied with dusky shaft streaks and whitish margins. Ulntcr: Head, neck 
 and lower parts whitish, darkest on the chest, streaked with dusky about the head and 
 neck ; breast and sides of body with a few shaft streaks and bars of brownish grey. 
 
 28The Museum's specimen of T. acuminata was taken by Mr. A. V. Judd iu Moanalua valley near Honolulu. I have examined a specimen 
 taken on Maui by Brother Matthias which is now in the St. Louis College cabinet. Dr. Schauinsland includes it in his list from Laysan. 
 29 Tringa americana^ Cass., is added by Dr. Schauinsland's list of birds from Laysan ; also T. maculata, Vieill, from Hawaii (Hensh.) 
 
 [283] 
 
28 , BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP. 
 
 Female: Similar to male but larger. Young: Above, including wing coverts, buffy 
 greyish or dull clay color irregularly varied with duskj^ ; lower parts dull buffy whitish 
 shaded across chest with deeper greyish buff. Length 14.60-16.00, wing 8.25-9.15, 
 
 culmen 3.17-4.70, tarsus 2.00-2.45, middle toe 1.10-1.33 Hab. Coasts of 
 
 Eastern Asia and across to Alaska, migrating south in winter to New Zealand and 
 Australia; Lower California, casual in winter (Ridgway). Kauai. '° 
 
 49. 1/. lappon'ica bau'eri (Naum.)- Pacific Godwit. 
 
 Genus CAI^'IDRIS Cuvier. 
 
 Winter-: General color above light ashy grey with more or less distinct hoary 
 edges to the feathers and blackish shaft stripes ; under parts white. Summer: Differs 
 from the winter in being mottled and not iiniform ; greater wing coverts broadly tipped 
 with white ; above light rusty, mottled and spotted with blackish on the feathers ; head, 
 neck and chest light rusty. Spring: Above light greyish coarsely spotted with black, 
 streaks of black on the neck. Young: Similar to winter adult but not so uniform 
 above. Only seen in winter plumage in Hawaii(?). Length about 8.00, wing 4.80-' 
 4.90, tail 2.25-2.30, tarsus .95, middle toe .73, culmen .90-1.00. Hab. Nearly cosmo- 
 politan. Hawaiian Islands. 
 
 50. C. arena'ria (Linn). Sanderling, Hunakai. 
 
 Genus NUMK'NIUS Brisson. 
 
 Feathers of the thighs terminating i?i long bristle-like points; quills with whitish 
 or rufous on the inner edge; a central longitudinal pale band down the crown, with 
 the sides of the crown blackish brown forming a broad band down the sides of the 
 latter; auxilliaries pale cinnamon barred with wide stripes of dark brown ; upper parts 
 sooty brown and buff; tail coverts uniform cinnamon buff; lower parts dull buff; 
 cheeks, neck and breast streaked with brown. Female similar. Length about 17.00, 
 wing 9.00-9.25, tail 3.75, culmen 2.95-3.25, tarsus 2.15-2.35. Hab. Most of the islands 
 of the Pacific. Hawaiian Islands. 
 PI. XXV. , 9752. 51. N. tahitien'sis (Gmel.). Bristle -thighed Curlew, Kioea. 
 
 Family CHARADRI'IDJ^.— Plovers. 
 
 Genus. 
 With no spur and no facial wattles; wing less than 8.00; plumage witho.ut 
 metallic tint; head not crested; no hind toe (Page 28.) Charad'riuS. 
 
 Genus CHARAD'RIUS Linn^us. 
 No hind toe. Adult summer: General color above mottled with black, golden 
 and ashy chin, throat and lower parts dull dusky black ; a frontal band and long eye- 
 
 30 The specimen from which the above description was taken is in the possession of Mr. Francis Gay and was secured by him on the 
 island of Kaua The measurements are, length 17.00, wing 9.00, tail 3.00, culmen 4.10, tarsus 2.25, middle toe 1.50 (?), A fine winter specimen 
 is in ,St. Louis College cabinet. Dr. Schnuinsland also records Lhnosa tinva:-zealandirr Salv from I^vsan 
 
:Mal(j. 
 
 Male. 
 
 MaK-. 
 
 Hale. 
 
 Male. 
 
 I'eniale. 
 
 l-emale. 
 
 l-'emale. 
 
 9.90 
 
 9-85 
 
 10.00 
 
 9-75 
 
 10.00 
 
 10.00 
 
 10.00 
 
 10.00 
 
 6.65 
 
 6.40 
 
 6.50 
 
 6.55 
 
 6-35 
 
 6 
 
 45 
 
 6-75 
 
 6.50 
 
 2.90 
 
 2.80 
 
 2.80 
 
 2.72 
 
 2.80 
 
 2 
 
 65 
 
 2.80 
 
 2.75 
 
 .98 
 
 .98 
 
 I .00 
 
 .90 
 
 1 .00 
 
 
 8,5 
 
 .90 
 
 ■97 
 
 1.85 
 
 1.92 
 
 1.70 
 
 I .60 
 
 1.70 
 
 r 
 
 70 
 
 1.76 
 
 1-75 
 
 1-25 
 
 1.30 
 
 1-25 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.32 
 
 I 
 
 25 
 
 1.30 
 
 1-25 
 
 ■25 
 
 .26 
 
 ■25 
 
 •25 
 
 .26 
 
 
 2,S 
 
 .26 
 
 .26 
 
 CIIARADRIfD.li. 29 
 
 brow white or buffy white; wing feather.s black with white shafts. Aditll luni/cr: 
 With no black on under parts, which are whitish on the throat and belly and light 
 brownish streaked with grey elsewhere, more streaks on the chest; usually less yellow 
 above than in summer. Young: Similar to adults but with more golden above; crown 
 blacker. Length 9.85-10.00, wing 6.35-6.65, tail 2.65-2.90, culmen .85-1.00, tarsus 
 1. 60-1. 92 (1.70), toe 1. 20-1. 32, depth of bill .25. Hab. Breeding in Northern Asia 
 and Alaska, southward to Polj'nesia. Hawaiian Islands. The following table of niea.s- 
 iirements is taken from specimens in the Museum series : 
 
 Length 
 
 Wing 
 
 Tail 
 
 Culmen 
 
 Tarsus 1.85 
 
 Toe 
 
 Depth of bill 
 
 52. C. domin'icus fulvus'' (Gmf;i,.). Pacific Golden Plover, Kolea. 
 
 PI. XXV., 9397, 9897. 
 
 F.AlImily APHRI^'ID^. — Surf Birds .\nd Turnstones. 
 
 Genus. 
 Nasal grooves not more than half the length of the upper mandible ; tail slighth- 
 rounded; terminal half of the bill pointed (Page 29. ) Arena'ria. 
 
 Gents ARENA'RIA Bri.s.sox. 
 
 Head white and streaked with black, or head blackish brown ; throat white, 
 followed by a broad black band. Fall adult male: General color above black mixed 
 with chestnut or partly chestnvit feathers ; entire rump pure white ; upper tail coverts 
 black, longer ones white ; quills black with white shafts ; crown of head and hind neck 
 white; lores white; sides of neck, fore neck and breast black; throat white; abdomen 
 white. Female: Duller all over and with less chestnut. Winter: Above nearly uni- 
 form dusky brown, edges of feathers ashj' brown; head uniform brown like the back; 
 hind neck and side of neck ashy mottled with dusky centres. Young: General color 
 above dusky brown; throat and under surface of bodj- white. Length about 8.00, wing 
 5.60-5.95, tail 2.40-2.50, culmen .88-.90, tarsus .95-1.05, toe 1.05, depth of beak .30. 
 Hab. Cosmopolitan. Hawaiian Islands. 
 PI. XXV., 8726, 9174. 53. A. inter'pres'-'' (Linn.). Turnstone, Akekeke. 
 
 31 Mr. Henshaw adds Squatarola squatarola (Linn.) from Hawaii. (Aiik, XVII., p. 202. 
 
 32 It is probable that A. intcrprcs (Linn.) and A. viclanocephala (Vig.) both visit the islands. However, I have seen no specimens of the 
 latter that have been taken in the group. 
 
 [285] 
 
30 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP. 
 
 Order GALLING.— Gallinaceous Birds. 
 
 Families. 
 
 Hind toe rather small and short, less than half the length of the outer toe and 
 inserted above the level of the middle toe. (Sub-order Phasiatii.) 
 
 a. Head entirely feathered, tarsus without spur. . . . (Page 30.) Tetraon'idae. 
 aa. Head partly naked, tarsus with spur (Page 30.) Phasian'idse. 
 
 Family TETRAON'ID^.— Quails, Etc. 
 Gemis. 
 Tarsi and nasal fossse naked; wings less than 6.00 (Sub-family Perdicin(s)\ 
 cutting edge of lower mandible somewhat serrate ; first wing quill shorter than the 
 seventh; tail shorter than the wing; wing not more than 5.50; plumage much varied; 
 tail more than two-thirds the length of wing; crest lengthened and distinct from the 
 feathers of the crown (Page 30.) I/Ophor'tyx. 
 
 Genus I^OPHOR'TYX Bonaparte. 
 
 Crest black ; throat uniform black in the adult males ; flanks olive brown or 
 greyish streaked with chestnut. Male: Belly with black scale-like markings and a 
 central patch of chestnut. Female: Prevailing color smoky greyish or brownish. 
 Young: Above finely mottled brownish ; throat and abdomen dull whitish. Length 
 about 9.50, wing 4.35-4.70, tail 4.10-4.70, tarsus i. 20-1. 25. Hab. California and 
 Oregon. Hawaiian Islands ; introduced. 
 
 54. ly. californ'ica (Shaw). California Partridge. 
 
 Family PHASIANlD^.— Pheasants. 
 Genus. 
 Head feathered except about the eyes; tail lengthened and graduated, the 
 feathers tapering to a point; sexes different. (Sub-family Phasinintr.) 
 
 (Page 30.) Phasia'nus. 
 
 Genus PHASIA'NUS Linn^us. 
 
 a. Under parts fiery copper chestnut. Male: A white ring about the middle of 
 the neck ; the neck metallic green ; the breast with metallic coppery and purple reflec- 
 tions. Female: With all the tail feathers barred with blackish and dirty white on a 
 brownish ground. Length 20.00 in the female to 30.00 in the males ; wing 8.50-10.50, 
 tail 11.00-20.00. Hab. China. Hawaiian Islands; introduced. 
 
 55. P. torqua'tus Gmei.. Ring-neck Pheasant. 
 
 [286] 
 
PER IS TERID^E. 3 1 
 
 aa. Under parts dark green ; no white ring about the neck ; throat and side of 
 the neck with a purplish gloss ; top of the head bronze green ; the lower neck and 
 mantle dark green varied with buff lines which follow the shape of the feathers ; lesser 
 wing coverts greenish slate ; larger wing coverts as well as the lower feathers of the 
 mantle with bright ferric ochraceous markings; rump greenish. Female: Feathers of 
 the mantle almost entirely black in the middle, with sometimes a shaft stripe of rufous 
 and green tip to the feathers ; feathers to the mantle and nape indistindlly tipped with 
 dark green ; under parts light buff ; all the feathers of the chest, breast, sides and flanks 
 strongly marked with black. Length 24.00-29.00, wing 8.20-9.65, tail 10.00-14.00, 
 tarsus 2.20-2.70, toe 2.50. Hab. Japanese Islands. Oahu; introduced. 
 
 56. P. versi'color" Vieii,i.. Japanese Pheasant. 
 
 Order COLUMB^.-Pigeons. 
 
 Family. 
 Tarsus almost as long or longer than the middle toe ; tail feathers twelve or more. 
 
 (Page 31.) Peristeridae. 
 
 Family PBRISTER'ID^.— Ground Pigeons, Etc. 
 
 Ge)iiis. 
 Without metallic spots on the wings ; tail rather broad ; tarsus naked on the 
 upper parts ; neck with a dark collar. ( Sub-family Titrturincc. ) Same charadlers 
 for the genus (Page 31. ) Turtur. 
 
 Gknus turtur Selby. 
 
 Feathers of the hind neck bifurcated (forked at the tip); black with white ter- 
 minal spots (Sub-genus Spilopelia)\ under tail coverts grey; upper parts, back, rump, 
 etc., light brown edged with lighter brown; top of head blue grey; back of neck vin- 
 ous ; lower parts rich vinous, lightest on the chin and abdomen ; outer wing coverts 
 lead-grey; outer pair of tail feathers black tipped with broad white band. Fcviale 
 similar. Young: Paler and duller all over. Length 12. 50-13.00, wing 6.00-6.25, tail 
 5.00-5.50, tarsus .90-1.00, toe 1.20. Hab. China. Hawaiian Islands; introduced. 
 
 57. T. chinen'sis (Scop.). Chinese Turtle Dove. 
 
 33 Hybrids between the two species of pheasants here given frequently occur. The numerous attempts to introduce game birds into the 
 islands have met with varied success, so that "wild" turkey, chickens, guinea fowls, pea fowls, etc., are not infrequentlv met with. 
 
 [287] 
 
32 BIRDS OF THE HAir.lf/AN GROUP. 
 
 Order RAPTORES.-Birds of Prey. 
 
 Faiinlies. 
 
 Head entirely feathered; no web between the inner and middle toe; hind toe 
 with large sharp claw. 
 
 a. Eyes lateral, not snrrounded by disks of radiating feathers; outer toe not 
 reversible. ( Sub-order Falcones. ) (Page 32.) Falcon'idse. 
 
 aa. Eyes surrounded by disks of radiating feathers ; both eyes diredled forward; 
 cere concealed by loral and frontal feathers (Sub-order Striges); facial disks distinct 
 and extending as far above the eye as below it ; inner toe decidedly shorter than the 
 outer one; first quill shorter than the third (Page 33.) Bubon'idae. 
 
 Family FAI/CON'ID.^.— Falcons, Hawks, Etc. 
 
 Genera. 
 Nostrils not circular, nor linear and oblique ; with the upper end of the nasal 
 opening the anterior one ( Sub-family AccipitrincF ) ; tail not forked ; front of tarsus 
 covered with large transverse scutulae ; claws grooved beneath ; cutting edge of upper 
 mandible not notched; tip of upper mandible produced into a conspicuous hook. 
 
 a. Face encircled by a ruff of short stiffened feathers, as in the owls. 
 
 (Page 32.) Circus. 
 
 aa. Face not encircled by a ruff; tail not more than two-thirds the length of the 
 wing ; primaries exceeding the secondaries by much more than the length of the tarsus 
 in front; wings more than four times as long as the tarsus (Page 33.). Bllteo. 
 
 Gknus circus Lacepedk. 
 
 Male: Above dull blue-grey, darker and inclined to brownish on the head, baclc 
 and scapulars; the neck somewhat mottled with buffy white; facial ruff ashy grey; 
 chin whitish ; throat, sides of neck and breast dull greyish ; rest of under parts white; 
 tail bluish grey; upper tail coverts white. Fe^nale: Above dusky brown ; head and 
 neck streaked; the lesser wing coverts spotted; feathers of rump edged with rusty; 
 facial ruff buffy white streaked with dark brown ; tail ashy grey with five bars of dark 
 brown, the interspaces more or less rufous; under surface of body buffy white with 
 broad streaks of brown on the breast, thighs and abdomen. Young: Above ashy brown 
 or blackish brown with rufous margins to the feathers ; wing coverts spotted with deep 
 rusty ; ear coverts uniform bright dark brown ; feathers of the disks browner ; lower 
 
 parts rich rusty ochraceous, paler posteriorly. Length 19.50-24.00, wing 12.90-16.00, 
 
 [288] 
 
BL^BONrn^E. 33 
 
 tail 8.80-10.50, tarsus 2.85-3.25, middle toe i. 20-1. 55. Hab. Whole of North America, 
 
 southward; accidental in Hawaiian Islands. (No specimens in the Museum.) 
 
 58. C. hudson'ius (Linn). Marsh Hawk. 
 
 Genus BUTBO Cuvier. 
 Upper parts, back, head and upper tail coverts blackish brown ; secondaries and 
 wing coverts like the back ; all with paler margins, and with some tawny rusty ; throat 
 white ; sides of breast brown mottled with white ; black shafts to all the dark feathers; 
 abdomen, tibia and under tail coverts white with faint brownish markings; quills 
 blackish above ; from the notch to the base of inner web white with faint brownish bands 
 varying in size and extent ; tail, general color brownish with bands of smoky brown and 
 dull ash-grey. Female: Larger and similar (one specimen shows indistinct bands of 
 brownish and tawny on the wing coverts and back ) . Young: Darker above, more rusty 
 edgings to the feathers of the sides and back of the neck ; throat with narrow shaft 
 stripes; breast and under parts with more brown than white; thighs brown with rusty; 
 iinder tail coverts whitish with cross bars of brown slightly edged with ochraceous 
 rusty. Length about 15.50. Measurements taken from three specimens: Wing 9.50, 
 10.60, 11.75; tail 5.50, 5.60, 6.40; tarsus 2.60, 2.30, 2.60; culmen i.io, 1.25, 1.30; toe 
 1.90, 1.75, 2.10. (The last set of measurements are from the female.) Hab. Hawaii. 
 PL XXVI., 5521. 59. B. solita'rius'" Peale. Hawaiian Hawk, Id. 
 
 Family BUBONI'D^.— Owls. 
 
 Genus. 
 Charadlers as given for the family (Page 33.) Asio. 
 
 Genus A'SIO Brisson. 
 
 Light bands on quills less than ten in number; under surface of quills barred 
 
 across with brown ; tips entirely brown ; face more or less f ulvescent with brownish 
 
 black ; ear tufts short ; ground color varying in individuals from tawny ochraceous to 
 
 buffy white relieved by dark brown stripes; wings mottled with dusky and ochraceous; 
 
 tail ochraceous and buffy ; outer feathers lighter. Young: Above dark sepia brown, the 
 
 feathers broadly tipped with buff; face uniform brownish black; lower parts wholly 
 
 plain dull buffy tinged with smoky greyish anteriorly. Hab. Hawaiian Islands. The 
 
 following measurements seem to justify the separation sub-specifically of the Hawaiian 
 
 form from the larger North American bird : 
 
 Sex. Length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Toe. Culmen. 
 
 B. P. B. Museum No. 9,835. S 13.25 11. 15 5.40 1.35 1.60 i.io 
 
 No. 10,067. 9 14.00 11.80 5.50 1.35 1.58 1. 12 
 
 No. 1,284. — 14-25 II-20 5.55 1.38 1.55 1.08 
 
 No. 9,272. S 14.00 11.50 5.45 1.36 1.55 I.IO 
 
 PL XXVI., 9835. 60. A. accipitri'nus sandvicen'sis" (Blox.). Hawaiian Owl, Pueo. 
 
 34 There are some uncertain references to ^'Pandion solUaHui" which are with difficulty reconciled with the habits of the species given 
 above. A fish-hawk {Pandion) may yet be taken in the group. 
 
 35 To correspond with the form usually adopted sandwichensis is changed to sandvicensis. 
 
 Memoirs b. P. B. Museum, Vol. I., No, 3,-3. L^SgJ 
 
34 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP. 
 
 Order PASSERBS.-Perching Birds. 
 
 Families. 
 
 Tarsus compressed behind, forming a comparatively sharp edge, or else hind 
 claw longer than its digit and straight, the enveloping membrane {i. ^., tarsal sheath) 
 divided into not more than three longitudinal segments which may be either cut up 
 into transverse segments or fused into continuous plates. (Sub-order Osanes.) 
 
 a. Posterior half of the tarsus not compressed but rounded and divided into dis- 
 tinct segments like the anterior half (Page 35.) Alau'didse. 
 
 aa. Posterior half of the tarsus compressed with the lateral plates forming 
 a sharp ridge. 
 
 b. No bastard primary {i. e., the first primary obsolete), the outer primary 
 falling short of the wing by less than the length of the hind toe without the claw; bill 
 of various forms but with a well developed operculum ; tongue a more or less modified 
 tubular brush. A very heterogeneous family embracing the greater part of the 
 
 Hawaiian passerine avi-fauna (Page 39.) Drepan'ididse. 
 
 bb. Tenth or outer primary present, but varying in length. 
 
 C. Primaries apparently only nine, the tenth being exceedingly rudi- 
 mentary ; tip of the bill not hooked ; bill straight and cone-shaped. Bird sparrow-like. 
 d. Wing less than 2.40; nostrils placed high on the bill nearer the 
 
 culmen than the tomium (Page 39.) Ploce'idae. 
 
 dd. Wing more than 2.48; bill notched and with a few bristles 
 
 at the gape ; true sparrows (Page 38.) Fringiiridse. 
 
 CC. Primaries obviously ten, or else the bill hooked; tarsus longer 
 than the middle toe with claw. 
 
 e. Tarsus more or less distindlly scutulate in front. 
 
 f. Tail feathers normal, but not especially long; nasal 
 feathers erect or inclined backward ; nasal bristles either present or wanting. 
 
 g. No nasal bristles; nasal feathers inclined back- 
 ward somewhat; first primary minute, not reaching to the tip of the wing coverts; 
 
 white patch on the wing at base of primaries (Page 37.) Stur'nidae. 
 
 gg. Nasal bristles present. 
 
 h. Large birds ; wing more than 4.00. 
 
 (Page 35.) Cor'vidae. 
 hh. Small birds ; wing less than 4.00. 
 
 i. First primary not over .30; bill slender 
 
 and notched near the tip; nasal openings not pronounced. . . . (Page 58.) Sylvi'idse. 
 
 [290] 
 
ALAUDID^—CORVID^. -hS 
 
 ii. First primary more than a third the 
 length of the second ; bill rather broad and flat ; nasal bristles extending forward for 
 
 half the length of the culmen ( Page 36. ) Muscicap'idse. 
 
 ff. Tail feathers long, graduated; tail longer than the 
 wing ; nostrils basal in an unossified groove ; first primary about half the length of the 
 
 second; with or without auxiliary plumes (Page 56.) Melipliag'idse. 
 
 ee. Tarsi not divided into scutulse in front except at extreme 
 
 lower portion ; with few redlal bristles. 
 
 j. Wing less than 3.00; small brown 
 birds; young not spotted (See i., page 34) (Page 58.) Sylvi'idae. 
 
 jj. Wing more than 3.00; the young 
 spotted ( Page 59. ) Tur'didae. 
 
 Family ALAU'DID^.— Larks. 
 
 Geims. 
 Wing falling short of the tail by more than the length of the tarsus ; hind claw 
 very long ; culmen shorter than the middle toe ; first primary rudimentary ; plumage 
 mainly dull brownish ( Page 35.) Alau'da. 
 
 Genus AI/ATJ'DA Linn^us. 
 The feathers with blackish centres, everywhere producing a streaked appear- 
 ance ; the scapulars and lower mantle with greyish edges to the feathers ; chest tawny 
 buff streaked with black ; outer tail feathers white with some dusky along the inner 
 web. Winter: Plumage more tawny. Young: More tawny than the winter adults, 
 with more white above and black streaks changing to subterminal spots of dark brown. 
 Length about 7.50, wing 4.35-4.55, tail 2.90-3.05, culmen .45-.50, tarsus .95. Hab. 
 
 Europe and Asia. Hawaiian Islands ; introduced. 
 
 61. A. arven'sis Linn. Skylark. 
 
 Family COR'VID^.— Crows, Etc. 
 Genus. 
 Bill without a distinct subterminal notch at the tip ; hind toe strong ; wing fall- 
 ing short of the tip of the tail by less than the length of the tarsus ; nostrils concealed 
 by bristles ; first primary long as secondaries ( Sub-family Corvince) ; tarsus longer 
 than culmen ( Page 35. ) Cor'vus. 
 
 Genus COR'VUS I^inn^us. 
 
 Head deep brown or blackish; back lightest on the tertiaries and secondaries, 
 and grey-brown on the primaries; rump and tail blackish brown uniform with 
 mantle; primary shafts brown above, below more whitish brown. Length 18.00-20.00, 
 wing 13.00, tail 7.75-8.50, culmen 2.20-2.40, depth of bill i.oo-i.io, tarsus 2.50-2.65, 
 
 toe 2.10-2.30. Hab. Hawaii. 
 
 PL XXVI., 6599. 62. C. hawaiien'sis Peale. Hawaiian Crow, Alala. 
 
 [291] 
 
36 
 
 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP. 
 
 Family MUSCICAP'ID^.— Fly-catchers. 
 Genus. 
 Bill broad, soft, rather flat, slightly hooked at the tip, and furnished with numer- 
 ous reftal bristles which reach beyond the middle of culmen; culmen keeled; wing 
 falling short of the end of the tail by about the length of the tarsus; wing longer than 
 the tail ; bill at base not as broad as the length of the hind toe without the claw ; the 
 second primary a half inch shorter than the third. Peculiar to the Hawaiian Islands. 
 
 (Page 36.) Chasiem'pis. 
 
 Genus CHASIEM'PIS Cabanis. 
 
 FIG. I. C. SANDVICENSIS. 
 
 a. Young of all species: Wing coverts spotted with tawny ochraceous ; throat 
 ochraceous ; base of lower mandible lighter without black or white on the throat. 
 
 b. Browner above, ochraceous of throat and tail coverts deeper; head not 
 so ochraceous. (See description of adult C. sandvicensis.) 
 
 bb. Lighter, more ochraceous above, throat and upper tail coverts rusty 
 ochraceous. (See description of adult C. gayi z.-x\A. C. sclateri?) 
 
 aa. Adult oj all species : Wing coverts spotted with white ; black or white or 
 both on the throat ; lower mandible dark ; tail coverts white. 
 
 C. Above bluish grey. Adult: Above uniform dark smoky grey; up- 
 per tail coverts pure white ; wing coverts blackish, with greater and lesser coverts 
 tipped with white forming two fairly distinct bars across the wing; quills blackish 
 with grayish fulvous edges tipped with white ; lores and superciliary stripe whitish or 
 buffy white ; centre of throat white surrounded by buffy and buffy grey feathers, form- 
 ing a more or less distinct perioral girdle ; sides of the body greyish white with wash of 
 rusty ; abdomen and under tail coverts white ; white on outer web of tail feathers narrow 
 and extending along the edge for the greater part of its length ; white tip about .35 broad. 
 Young: Deep tawny buff or ochraceous about the rump, head and neck; under tail 
 coverts tawny; wing bands rusty. Length 5.25-5.50, wing 2.55-2.95, tail 2.35-2.60, 
 culmen .45-50, depth of bill .16, width .22, tarsus .80-89, toe .65. Hab. Kauai. 
 PL XXVII., 6657, 9410. 63. C. scla'teri Ridgw. Apekepeke. 
 
 CC. Above brownish. 
 
 d. White tips to the outer tail feathers, usually longer than .50; 
 
 white tip and outer edging of the secondaries neither wide nor prolonged. Adult: 
 
 [292] 
 
STURNID^. 37 
 
 Above brown tinged with rufous ; upper tail coverts white ; forehead, lores and super- 
 ciliary stripe white ; wing coverts black with white spots ; primary coverts blackish; 
 primaries brown with rusty or buffy white edges ; feathers of the throat black tipped 
 with white, which is conspicuous in older birds ; chest and sides of the body reddish 
 brown, sometimes with white tips ; abdomen and under tail coverts pure white ; outer 
 edge of outer pair of tail feathers whitish for most of their length ; inner web white for 
 at least .40. Intermediate plumage : Forehead, lores and superciliary stripe rusty 
 white ; upper parts similar to adult, usually more rusty ; upper tail coverts white with 
 ochraceous tinge ; wings as above ; throat white, followed by a sooty black patch, and 
 this in turn by rufous brown as in adult ; rest of lower parts similar to adult. Young; 
 Tawny ochraceous brown above ; head tawny with darker centres to the feathers ; upper 
 tail coverts ochraceous ; primaries and tail feathers showing ochraceous ; wing coverts 
 brown tipped with ochraceous ; under parts rusty, buff and grey passing to whitish 
 grey on the abdomen. Length 5.50-5.75, wing 2.70-2.75, tail 2.40-2.65, culmen .47-.53, 
 depth of bill .20, width .18, tarsus .90, toe .63. Hab. Hawaii. 
 
 PI. XXVII., 9923, 9924. 64. C. sandvicen'sis^'* (Gmel.). Hawaii ^Blepaio. 
 
 dd. White tips to outer pair of tail feathers usually less than .50; 
 white tips and edgings to the secondaries quite pronounced ; above brownish (feathers 
 with bluish bases) washed with tawny ochraceous, especially aboiit the head; tail 
 coverts white ; wing coverts brownish black forming a well defined bar ; lesser coverts 
 tipped less regularly with white ; primaries brown with buff edges ; forehead rusty 
 ochraceous ; lores and about the eyes white ; chin white ; throat black with more or less 
 white tips (not so conspicuous as in sandvicensis) ; breast with some reddish brown ; ab- 
 domen white. InterTfiediate plumage : Similar to young, but showing brownish black 
 in the throat, and more or less white in the wing and tip of the tail. Young: Above, 
 tawny ochraceous brown, most ochraceous on the sides and back of the neck ; upper 
 tail coverts tawny ochraceous ; forehead, lores, chin, throat and chest tawny ochraceous; 
 abdomen white; under tail coverts tawny; wing coverts and primaries brown with 
 ochraceous edges, larger wing coverts sometimes showing white tips forming a less 
 conspicuous bar than in adults. Length 5.50-6.00, wing 2.55-2.65, tail 2.50-2.55, 
 culmen .40-.45, tarsus .95-1.00, toe .60. Hab. Oahu. 
 
 PI. XXVII., 9252, 9258, 9255, 9259, 9260, 9407. 65. C. gayi Wii^son. Oahu Blepaio. 
 
 Family STUR'NID^.— Starlings, Minas, Etc. 
 
 Genus. 
 
 Hind claw stronger than the claw of the middle toe ; in prepared skins the feet 
 reach almost to the end of the tail ; bill somewhat curved ; culmen less than the tarsus 
 in length (Page 38.) Acridothe'res. 
 
 ?*■ with the material at hand it is impOvS^ibk to separate thg two [onus which are supposed to occur on the island of Hawaii, 
 
 [293] 
 
38 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP. 
 
 Genus ACRIDOTHB'RKS VieilIvOT. 
 
 With a bare patch of yellow skin below and behind the eye ; lower mandible 
 black at the base ; with white on the base of primaries forming a speculum ; no black 
 on breast and abdomen ; above vinous brown with an ashy shade, as is also the breast 
 and sides of the body; abdomen and under tail coverts white; head and neck blackish. 
 Female similar. Length 9.50, wing 5.50, tail 3.45, tarsus 1.40. Hab. Indian Penin- 
 sula. Hawaiian Islands; introduced. 
 
 66. A. tristis (IvInn.). False Mina. 
 
 Family FRINGII/VID^.— Sparrows, Finches, Etc. 
 
 Genera. 
 Depth of bill at base less than the length of hind toe with claw, and less than 
 two-thirds the length of the tarsus. 
 
 a. Gonys slightly convex; a light brownish spot on speculum at base of quills. 
 
 (Page 38.) Passer, 
 aa. Gonys not appreciably convex ; no light spot or speculum at base of quills; 
 wing less than five times as long as the tarsus ; first quill decidedly longer than the 
 fourth ; depth of bill at base about equal to the length of culmen. 
 
 (Page 38.) Carpod'acus. 
 Genus PASSBR Brisson. 
 
 Brownish above ; the back streaked with black ; wing with two white bands; 
 under parts pale greyish or greyish white. Male: With black throat continued over 
 the chest ; ear coverts dull grey ; top of head greyish with a large patch of bright 
 chestnut on the sides. Female: With the throat not black ; back streaked or mottled 
 with blackish ; a pale superciliary stripe; cheeks dingy brown like the ear coverts; 
 browner than the male. Young: Both sexes resemble the adult female but are whiter 
 below, especially on the throat. Length 5.50-6.25, wing 2.90-3.00, tail 2.45-2.50. 
 Hab. Europe, America, etc. Hawaiian Islands; introduced; common. 
 
 67. P. domesticus IvInn. [European House Sparrow. 
 
 Genus CARPODACUS Kaup. 
 Sides of body streaked or always with well defined shaft lines of brown, and with - 
 a distinct eyebrow ; tail not decidedly shorter than wing ; not distiuAly emarginated 
 (Sub-genus Burrica); crown of head not broadly streaked; abdomen ashy white 
 streaked with brown ; general color above light ashy brown slightly streaked with 
 darker brown. Male: Rump, lores, forehead, throat and breast crimson. Female: 
 General color above brown slightly mottled with dusky centres to the feathers ; upper 
 tail coverts like the back ; crown similar and more or less mottled ; lores ashy white; 
 under surface white broadly streaked with dusky brown. Length about 5.25-5.50, 
 
 [294] 
 
PLOCETDy^—DREPANIDID^. 39 
 
 wing 3.10, tail 2.35, culmen .40, depth of bill .30, tarsus .75, toe .50. Hab. Western 
 part of North America. Hawaiian Islands ; introduced. 
 
 68. C, mexica'nus obscu'rus McCai^Iv. House Finch, "Rice Bird." 
 
 Family PI^OCBID^.— Weaver Birds. 
 Genus. 
 The first primary short, not longer than the primary coverts (Sub-family 
 ViduincB)\ tail about equal to the wing; centre feathers somewhat produced and 
 pointed, but the tail itself wedge-shaped and not greatly graduated ; bill swollen and 
 rounded ; culmen strongly arched ; tail moderately long, never exceeding the wing by 
 as much as the tarsus with the middle toe and claw (Page 39.) Mu'nia. 
 
 Genus MU'NIA Hodgson. 
 
 Legs dark ; under tail coverts buffy white ; throat deep chestnut ; sides of body 
 oculated with black and white spots; tail from above greyish olive yellow; rump 
 feathers plain with lighter edges ; general color above warm chocolate brown with nar- 
 row whitish shaft lines, the lower back waved with dusky brown cross bars ; quills 
 dusky brown. Adult female similar to the male in color. Young: Nearly uniform 
 reddish brown ; upper tail coverts more yellowish brown ; wing coverts like the back; 
 ■ crown of head and sides of face like the back ; under parts of the body deep sandy 
 brown; feet and bill paler. Length 4.40-4.55, culmen .45, wing 2.15-2.30, tail 1.60- 
 1.80, tarsus .60. Hab. Malayan Peninsula. Hawaii, Maui, Oahu; introduced. 
 
 69. M. niso'ria (Temm.). Chinese Sparrow. 
 
 Family DREPAN'IDID^.— Honey-suckers. 
 Genera. 
 a. Bill very strong^ deep and hawfinch-like in form ; depth of bill at base about 
 equal to (never less than) hind toe without the claw; culmen not longer than hind 
 toe with the claw, and never shorter than .50. Length never less than 5.15. 
 
 b. Upper mandible longer than the lower by at least .10; both gonys and 
 culmen strongly curved ; plumage in adult males yellow on the throat. 
 
 C. Wing not exceeding 3.10; culmen strongly curved (parrot-like) and 
 exceeding the lower mandible by the length of the hind claw ; yellow super-loral stripe. 
 
 (Page 53.) Pseudones'tor. 
 
 CC. Wing more than 3.10; culmen curved but not exceeding the lower 
 mandible by more than the length of the hind claw (except rarely in Psittacirostra^ . 
 
 d. Back without any back shaft streaks; head yellow; upper 
 mandible light colored. 
 
 e. Head, neck and chest bright gamboge yellow; primaries 
 
 edged externally with yellow oHye , . r r , (Page 54.) lyOxioi'de^, 
 
 [295] 
 
40 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP. 
 
 ee. Head and ueck in the male yellow, female olive green; 
 edge of primaries slightly yellow olive ; feet light brown (in the skin) . 
 
 (Page 53.) Psittaciros'tra. 
 
 dd. Back with more or less distinct blackish or brownish shaft 
 streaks ; upper mandible horn-color ; feet black or bluish black. 
 
 (Page 54.) Telespi'^a. 
 bb. Upper mandible exceeding the lower by not more than .10; bill very 
 wide and deep; depth not less than .58, and width not less than .38. 
 
 f. Wing more than 4.00; bill bluish grey; gonys 
 
 straight or very slightly decurved (Page 55.) Rhodacan'tbis. 
 
 ff. Wing less than 4.00; bill dull flesh color and very 
 
 thick and clumsy; gonys curved . , (Page 56.)' Chlor'idopS. 
 
 aa. Bill of various forms but never deeper nor broader than .30; or, if so, very 
 long and much decurved. 
 
 g. Culmen, cutting edge of mandibles and gonys 
 all perceptibly decurved, except in Heterorhyvchus wilsoni where the gonys is straight 
 (where curve of bill is questionable, culmen more than .50). 
 
 h. Culmen very long and remarkably curved; 
 culmen never less (usually much more) than .70. 
 
 i. Upper mandible at least one-third its 
 length longer than the lower mandible ; color never red or black. 
 
 (Page 51.) Heterorhyn'chus. 
 ii. Upper mandible not one-third longer 
 than the lower mandible ; tip of the wings falling short of the tip of the tail (in the 
 skin) by less than the length of the tarsus. 
 
 j. Bill light vermilion (becoming de- 
 cidedly paler in old skins); primaries and tail feathers black. (Page 42.) Vestia'ria. 
 
 jj. Bill for the most part black or 
 blackish brown; lores black or brownish black. 
 
 k. Plumage chiefly olive; prima- 
 ries never edged or tipped with whitish ; bill sickle-like. (Page 50.) Hemigna'thuS. 
 
 kk. Plumage chiefly black; pri- 
 maries edged or tipped with whitish. 
 
 I. With yellow feathers over 
 the rump in adults ; under tail coverts elongated and loose-webbed ; bill less curved. 
 
 (Page 41.) Drep'anis. 
 
 II. With no yellow in the plu- 
 mage at any age; bill much stronger and much more curved; under tail coverts 
 
 normal (Page 42.) Drepanoram'phus. 
 
 [296] 
 
DREPANIDID^. 41 
 
 hh. Culmen not very long nor remarkably 
 curved ; both of the mandibles of pra6lically the same length. 
 
 tn. With a more or less 
 
 prominent crest; length more than 6.50 (Page 43.) Palme'ria. 
 
 mm. Without crest; adult 
 birds either crimson or yellowish olive; length less than 6.50. 
 
 n. General color crim- 
 son, or with more or less red cast to the plumage ; bill and feet black or blackish. 
 
 (Page 43.) Himati'one. 
 nn. General color yel- 
 lowish olive or olive grey ; upper mandible brown or bluish slate at the base. 
 
 O. The bill but slight- 
 ly curved; culmen more than .75; wing more than 2.95; bill bluish slate. 
 
 (Page 46.) Viridon'ia. 
 00. The bill curved ; 
 culmen less than .75; wing less than 2.95; upper mandible brown. 
 
 (Page 44.) Chlorodrep'anis. 
 ^^. Bill pradlically straight, or where questionable 
 less than .50; wing less than 3.40. 
 
 p. Bill bluish horn 
 at the base (finch-like), sometimes slightly crossed at the tip; feet black or blackish. 
 
 q. Lores not black; 
 neck above and below nearly uniform in color ; crown never gamboge yellow. 
 
 (Page 48.) I/Ox'opS, 
 qq. Lores black; 
 color of neck above and below different; crown gamboge yellow in adults. 
 
 (Page 48.) Chrysomit'ridops." 
 pp. Bills of various 
 forms, but not bluish horn at the base; feet brown or pinkish in life. 
 
 r. Breast, wings 
 
 and tail black, with red on under parts; length 5.50 (Page 44.) Cir'idopS. 
 
 rr. The breast, 
 wing and tail not black; no red in the plumage; length less than 5.50. 
 
 S. Larger; the 
 wing more than 2.30; outer primary (first primary wanting) as short or shorter than 
 
 the fifth from the outer (Page 46.) Oreomy'ija. 
 
 SS. Smaller; 
 wing less than 2.30; outer primary equal to the fifth from the outer; bill slender, very 
 slightly decurved; never more than .55 (Page 46.) Rothschild'ia.^* 
 
 Genus DRBP'ANIS Temminck. 
 
 With yellow on the rump and upper tail coverts ; both mandibles pradlically the 
 same length and strongly curved; culmen more than equal to the tarsus in length; 
 
 37 Included under the genus Loxops; see page 48. 
 
 38Umted with the genus Chlorodrepanis, the single species thereby becoming Chlorodi epanib parva (Stejn.). 
 
 [297] 
 
42 
 
 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP. 
 
 body, both above and below, fine deep black; rump, upper tail coverts, under tail 
 
 coverts, thighs, lesser wing coverts and margin of the wing fine rich yellow, "crocus 
 
 yellow" (Wilson); primary coverts white; tail feathers blackish, showing a little dull 
 
 white for .50 along the shaft of the outer pair; primaries black with the outer edge, for 
 
 its distal third, white ; secondaries black tipped with white. Sexes and young: Length 
 
 about 8.00, wing 4.00-4.15, tail 2.65-2.90, chord of culmen i. 62-1. 70, depth of bill .30, 
 
 width .30, tarsus 1.15, toe .75. Hab. Hawaii. 
 
 70. D. paci'fica (Gmel.). Mamo. 
 
 Genus DRBPANORHAM'PHUS Rothschii^d. 
 
 FIG. 2. D. FUNEREA. 
 
 With the upper and lower parts fine deep black, with no yellow on the rump; 
 base of the upper mandible yellow or whitish; tail and inner edge of primaries deep 
 black ; outer edge of primaries smoky black at base, passing to whitish and forming a 
 white conspicuous patch. Female: Similar, but with a shorter bill. Length about 
 8.00, wing 3.90-4.00, tail 2.55-2.80, chord of culmen 1.85-2. 15, depth .32, tarsus i.io- 
 1.20, toe 1. 00. Hab. Molokai. 
 PI. XXVII., 6696. 71, D. fiine'rea^' (Newton). Perkins' Mamo. 
 
 Gknus VBSTIA'RIA Fleming. 
 
 FIG. 3. 
 
 COCCINE.V. 
 
 Bill curved ; about the same length as head ; bill and feet vermilion in life, dry- 
 ing whitish ; general color uniform scarlet vermilion including scapulars and lesser wing 
 
 39 1 take pleasure in adopting the new generic name for D. funerea (Newton) proposed by the Hon. Walter Rothschild in his "Avifauna 
 of I<aysan, etc." (Part III., p. 163). While it is unfortunate that the single example of this genus could not have been left as a species of the 
 old and vfell known genus Drepanis, the fadts are the form differs from it sufficiently to warrant the change, 
 
 [298] 
 
DREPANIDIDAL. 
 
 43 
 
 coverts ; tertiaries tipped with white ; wing and tail feathers deep black. Female similar. 
 Yojing: All the vermilion parts grey, with some greenish and gallstone yellow ; feathers 
 with black tips, and vermilion showing here and there. Length 6.00, wing 2.87, tail 2.00, 
 tarsus 1.00-1.12, culmen .97-1.10. Hab. Hawaiian Islands, throughout the group. 
 PI. XXVIII., 9792, 9342, 9338, 9333, 9340, 9348, 9899. 73. V. coccin'ea Forster. liwi. 
 
 Genus PAlyMB'RIA Rothschii,d. 
 
 FIG. 4. p. DOr^EI. 
 
 Forehead and crown covered with long lanceolate feathers forming a linear 
 
 crest which rolls forward over the base of the beak; crest grey in front, darker on the 
 
 crown; occipital feathers lanceolate, elongated and tipped with bright scarlet orange; 
 
 feathers of the back blackish with silvery shaft stripes and tipped with scarlet orange; 
 
 tail and wing feathers black, the former tipped (?), the latter narrowly margined 
 
 with whitish ; throat dirty silver grey ; breast like the back. Young: Brownish grey 
 
 above, with some black feathers showing orange tips ; breast showing smoky grey; under 
 
 tail coverts whitish. Length 6.50-6.75, wing 3.30-3.50, tail 2.65-2.80, culmen .70-.75, 
 
 depth of bill .25, tarsus 1.10-1.20, toe .80. Hab. Molokai, Maui. 
 PI. XXVIII., 6595, 6596. 73. P. dolei^? (Wilson). 
 
 Genus HIMATI'ONB Cabanis. 
 
 FIG. 5. C. STEJNEGERI. H. SANGUINEA. 
 
 c. PARVA. 
 
 o. BAIRDI. 
 
 a. General color above dark crimson (blood red) , richest on the head and neck; 
 primaries black, faintly edged with ashy ; secondaries with crimson buff ; tail feathers 
 black; throat, breast and sides uniform with the back; abdomen white. Female: 
 Slightly lighter than the male(?). Young: General color brown, washed with ful- 
 vous or buff ; with buffy margins to the wing coverts ; lower parts similar to upper; 
 with or without crimson feathers here and there, varying with age. Length 5.15-5.25, 
 wing 2.70-3.00, tail 2.05-2.15, culmen .65-.70, depth of bill .15, tarsus .75-.80, toe .70. 
 Hab. Hawaiian Islands, throughout the group. 
 PI. XXVIII., 7996, 9803, 9322, 9898, 9309, 9324. 74. H. sanguin'ea (Gmei,.). Apapa'ne. 
 
 40 The above species was named in honor of Hon. S. B. Dole, and not a "wine jar" as the erroneous spelling rfo/zV would make it, 
 
 [299] 
 
44 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP. 
 
 aa. Head, throat and breast bright scarlet vermilion, ricliest on the head ; abdo- 
 men grey-brown ; under tail coverts lighter brown ; upper tail coverts a lighter shade 
 of vermilion than the head ; primaries brownish black edged with buffy ; secondaries 
 brown edged with buffy and vermilion. Female: Similar, but paler. Young: Dull 
 brown above and light ash on the under parts. Lighter than H. sanguinea^ and with 
 a shorter bill. Length about 5.25, wing 2.48-2.65, tail 2.25-2.40, culmen .50-55, 
 depth of bill .20, tarsus .80-.85, toe .70. Hab. Laysan. 
 
 75. H. freethi Roths. I/aysan Honey-eater. 
 
 Genus CIR'IDOPS Wii^son. 
 
 Breast, wings, tail and forehead black ; occiput and upper part of mantle silvery 
 
 grey, shading into smoky grey-brown on the mantle ; lower breast, rump, upper tail 
 
 coverts and median wing coverts bright scarlet ; under tail coverts rich brown. Sexes 
 
 and young unknown. Length about 5.50, wing 3.30, tail 2.20, culmen .40, tarsus .75, 
 
 toe .70, hallux with claw .65. Hab. Hawaii. 
 
 76. C. anna (Dole). TJlaaihawane. 
 
 Genus CHIyORODRieP'ANIS Perkins. 
 
 Upper parts olive ; lower parts more or less olive or yellow ; bill curved ; first 
 primary wanting ; second primary equal to or longer than the third and fourth ; nasal 
 opercula overhung at the base by a few weak bristles ; fifth quill equal to or longer 
 than the first. Young: Duller and very similar in color, usually greyish olive on 
 the back. 
 
 a. Wing never less than 2.35, bill perceptibly decurved. 
 
 b. Adults larger in size with stronger bills; beak not less than .60; wing 
 in males not less than 2.55. 
 
 C. With scarcely a trace of black on the chin at the base of the lower 
 mandible ; lores blackish with a yellowish super-loral stripe ; scarcely a trace of black 
 at base of upper mandible ; upper parts olive green, yellowest on the rump ; forehead 
 yellower olive than the crown ; primary coverts, wing and tail feathers brown edged 
 with olive ; lower parts golden green, almost lemon yellow ; bill strongest of the seven 
 species. Female very similar. Length about 4.50-4.85, wing 2.62-2.70, tail i. 62-1. 70, 
 culmen .72-.75, depth of bill .25, tarsus .92, toe .70. Hab. Kauai. 
 PI. XXIX., 9396. 77. C. stejneg'eri (Wilson). Kauai Amaki'hi. 
 
 CC. With a fairly distinct, narrow, ill-defined, blackish band about the 
 base of the beak ; lores blackish ; yellow super-loral stripe not reaching quite to the 
 base of the beak. 
 
 d. Trifle larger; tarsus .82-.95 ; centre of breast yellower; upper 
 parts dark olive green, yellowest on the rump, darkest on the head; lower parts fine 
 yellow, yellowest on the chest; thighs grey; wing coverts, wing and tail feathers 
 
 brownish black edged with olive. Female: Above greyish olive, greyest on the head, 
 
 L300] 
 
DREPANIDID^. 45 
 
 showing most yellow on the upper tail coverts and outer edge of primaries and tail 
 feathers ; with a whitish yellow super-loral stripe ; lower parts grey washed with yel- 
 low. Length 4.50-4.70, wing 2.45 ( ? wing 2.75?), tail i. 75-1. 95, culmen .60-70, depth 
 of bill .16, tarsus .80-.95, toe .65. Hab. Maui. 
 
 78. C. wilson'i (Roths.). Maui Amakihi. 
 
 dd. Trifle smaller; tarsus .75-.82 ; centre of breast more olive 
 
 yellow% Length about 4.50, wing 2.40-2.60, tail i. 65-1. 95, culmen .55-.65, depth of 
 
 bill .16, toe .60. Hab. Molokai. 
 
 79. C. kalaa'na (Wilson)*'. Molokai Amakihi. 
 
 bb. Adults averaging smaller in size ; with weaker bills ; beak not more 
 than .60; wing not more than 2.60. 
 
 e. Above yellowish green, yellowest on the rump; bright 
 yellow on the chest. 
 
 f. Abdomen showing more white; rump not so decided 
 yellowish olive ; wing coverts, primaries and tail feathers edged with olive green ; edge 
 of wing yellowish ; under wing coverts white ; lores, together with a scarcely percepti- 
 ble streak over the base of the upper mandible, blackish ; super-loral stripe indistinct 
 yellow. Female: Grey olive green, greyest on the head; more tawny on the rump; 
 wings and tail edged with olive; secondaries outer edge at tip white; median and 
 greater wing coverts tipped with white or ochraceous white; greyish on the throat 
 with more or less wash of yellow passing to tawny white on the breast, and fulvous 
 on lower flanks. Young males: Showing more yellow and olive on the under parts. 
 Length 4.75-5.10, wing 2.45-2.60, tail i. 70-1. 80, culmen .56-.60, depth of bill .16, 
 
 tarsus .80, toe .86. Hab. Oahu. 
 
 80. C. chloris (Cab.). Oahu Amakihi. 
 
 ff. Back olive yellow, becoming decided yellow olive on 
 the rump ; less olive below ; lores greyish sooty ; super-loral stripe less strongly con- 
 trasted with the adjacent parts. Female: Back quite olive grey, yellowest on the 
 rump ; lores darkest ; super-loral stripe quite distinct ; lower parts yellowish grey with 
 olive. Length 4.20-4.40, wing 2.35-2.50, tail i. 70-1. 80, culmen .60, tarsus .75-85, 
 
 toe .65. Hab. Lanai. 
 
 81. C. chloridoi'des'*" (Wilson). I^anai Amakihi. 
 
 41 Differing but slightly from typical C. chloris and Mr. Wilson's proposed Lanai species C. chloridoides. Seledled specimens from a short 
 series of spring birds (May to June) show the following fairly constant differences. Males: Under parts of *a/aa7?a more olive and golden 
 than in cklortdoides, -which in turn is less lemon yellow than in typical chloris; color of feet and beak similar ; Aa/aawa duller olive yellow 
 above than chloris, which is duller than chloridoides which is decidedly yellowish olive on the rump ; lores of kalaana blackest, chloridoides 
 "next, while chloris is decidedly greyish sooty ; super-loral stripe most extensive in kalaana, brightest in chloris, and least contrasted with the 
 adjacent parts in chloridoides. With the females kalaana is lightest olive grey above, quite light over the upper mantle and differing from 
 chloris, which is deeper, and from chloridoides in being less olive grey ; rump and tail coverts of kalaana grey with but slight olive cast ; chloris 
 is tawny olive, while chloridoides is olive green ; lores of kalaa7ia smoky grey, not differing from chloris, but lighter than chloridoides where 
 t hey are sooty ; super-loral stripes in kalaana yellower and more noticeable than in chloris, and less so than in chloridoides which is quite a de- 
 cided yellow ; below, kalaana greyish olive white with yellow wash ; chloris with more grey and less yellow ; chloridoides yellowish olive. 
 Hence, male kalaana has the under parts more olive and golden, duller olive yellow above ; lores blackest; super-loral stripe more extended; 
 otherwise similar to r/i/oW.s. Female: Lighter olive grey above, quite light over the mantle; rump similar to upper mantle; lores smoky 
 grey; super-loral stripe more noticeable than in chloris ; below, greyish olive washed with yellow ; differing least from chloris. Both kalaana 
 and chloridoides seem to be species of only sub-specific value. 
 
 *2.See note to C. kalaana. 
 
 [301J 
 
46 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP. 
 
 ee. Above yellowish olive with faint indication of orange(?) 
 — not noticeable on old faded specimens — which is strongest on the rump; primaries 
 and tail quills brownish edged with olive ; lores and a narrow line over the forehead 
 blackish ; lower parts yellowish olive. Female: Duller than the male, with ashy cast 
 to the upper parts ; lower parts paler. Young: Similar to female. Length 4.40-4.60, 
 wing 2.45-2.60, tail 1.65-1.80, culmen .50-.55, tarsus .85-.90, toe .65. Hab. Hawaii. 
 
 82. C. virens« (Gmei<.). Hawaii Amakihi. 
 aa. Wing less than 2.30; bill but slightly decurved; smallest of the Hawaiian 
 birds; bill more slender than in typical Chlorodrepanis ; upper parts more uniform 
 yellow. Male: Above, head, mantle and outer edge of wing and tail quills yellowish, 
 brighter than an olive yellow ; rump yellowest ; below uniform yellow with but slight 
 greenish tint. Female: Similar in size but much greener both above and below, with 
 the under parts much duller, fading into greyish olive on sides of the abdomen. 
 Young similar to female. Length 4.00-4.25, wing 2.20-2.30, tail 1.45-1.55, culmen 
 
 .50-.53, tarsus .75--80, toe .55. Hab. Kauai. „ « .; ^ 
 
 83. C. parva« (Stejn.). 
 
 Genus VIRIDON'IA Rothschild. 
 
 Bill straight or but slightly curved, high and strong at the base, more atten- 
 uated towards the tip, and sharp; fourth and fifth primaries about equal, second 
 shorter than the seventh ; tail rather short ; sexes similar ; above olive green, showing 
 more yellow on the forehead, chin and upper tail coverts ; under parts more yellowish 
 olive, greener than the upper parts and with a faint ochraceous cast ; tail blackish 
 brown with yellowish olive margins ; under surface of wing dark ash with dusky white 
 quills. Wing 2.80-3.00, tail i. 70-1. 75, culmen .70, tarsus .83-86, toe .73-75, depth 
 
 of bill .23. Hab. Hawaii. 
 
 84. V. sagittiros'tris Roths. 
 
 Genus OR^OMY'^A Stejneger. 
 
 Under mandible straight, or at least not perceptibly curved; plumage soft and 
 fluffy; tarsus covered in front with four, five or six scales ; nasal operculum slightly 
 overhung at the base by tiny feathers; tip of the wing formed by the third, fourth, 
 
 43 Mr. Rothschild (Avifauna of Laysan, Part III., page i2g) gives Oreomyza perkinsi as a new species from Hawaii, describing it as fol- 
 lows : '^ Adult male : Above light olive green (Ridgway Nom. Colors, PI. X., No. i8), brighter on the rump ; quills black edged with oil green; 
 below olive yellow ; vent greenish white ; thighs dirty white ; under wing coverts white with a yellow tinge ; lores black ; iris dark brown; 
 legs and feet greyish brown ; soles of feet yellowish-flesh color ; upper mandible dark brown with paler base ; lower mandible grey. Total 
 length about 5.5 inches ; wing 2.6, tail 1.7, tarsus 0.85, culmen 0.63. One male, Puulehua, Hawaii, September 25, 1891." In commenting on the 
 
 specimen in the Tring Museum Mr. Rothschild states that the "remarkable specimen has a long but straight bill The coloration is 
 
 that of Chlorodrepanis virens and that it might be a hybrid between Oreomyza mana and Chlorodrepanis virens." The B. P. Bishop 
 
 Museum series, embracing many recently colle(5led specimens, show virens with beaks approaching the straight form, though none that are 
 to be confounded with the Oreomyza type ; while fine old males of Oreomyza mana are much more highly colored than has been usually sup- 
 posed. The only charadler in Mr. Rothschild^'s description which seems to be of specific value, when compared with the Museum series, is 
 the length, which is given as almost an inch longer than the average of either mana or virens. Since the author fails to call attention to this 
 point it may possibly be a typographical error. Mr. Henshaw informs me he has taken nothing that conforms with the description, and as 
 Mr. Perkins has not met with the bird the status of the species is some.what doubtful. 
 
 44 At the suggestion of my friend Professor H. W. Henshaw we have made a careful study of the alcoholic material in the Museum, and 
 find the tongue oiparva to be distincftly tubular in form ; a fact which alone would at once remove it from the genus Oreomyza^ and which at 
 the same time indicates its affinity with the tube-tonged Chlorodrepanis group. My obsei'vations of the bird alive, while colledling on Kauai, 
 convince me that its habits are those of the Chlwodrepanis rather than of Oreomyza. 
 
 [302] 
 
DREPANIDID^. 47 
 
 fifth, or by the fourth, fifth and sixth feathers, the second shorter than the sixth; first 
 primary obsolete. 
 
 a. Plumage not red. 
 
 b. Under parts not yellow or greenish yellow; culmen about .50, tail 
 about 1.85. 
 
 C. Bill light colored ; breast white or buffy white. Male: Above clear 
 
 olive grey faintly washed with olive green, which is most marked on the rump ; nearly 
 
 white on the chin, becoming olive buffy on the breast; more yellowish on the abdomen, 
 
 with the sides of the body light smoky olive grey ; lores and forehead buffy white. 
 
 Female: Similar, but duller. Young: With forehead, lores, superciliary stripe and 
 
 throat white. Length 4.40-4.65, wing 2.50-2.75, tail i. 75-1. 85, culmen .42-50, depth 
 
 of culmen .20, tarsus .78-85, toe .55. Hab. Kauai. 
 
 PI. XXIX., 9402. 85. O. bairdi Stejn. Akikihi. 
 
 CC. Bill dark colored; below, whitish buff on the throat, becoming 
 
 greener and greyer on the lower breast ; lores sooty ; abdomen and under tail coverts 
 
 white with a yellowish wash; primaries and quills brownish. Female: Similar, but 
 
 duller in color. Young: Similar, but showing more buffy white about the base of the 
 
 bill and lores. Length 4.25-4.50, wing 2.60, tail i. 80-1.90, culmen .50, depth of bill 
 
 .20, tarsus .85-.90, toe .70. Hab. Hawaii. 
 
 PI. XXIX., 6664. 86. O. mana'« (Wii^son). 
 
 bb. Under parts, throat, etc., greener or yellower; bill and tail relatively 
 
 longer. 
 
 d. Yellowish olive green above ; yellow of the forehead extending 
 farther back onto the crown ; crown and entire upper parts, including the edge of outer 
 web of primaries and tail feathers, light yellowish green ; primaries and tail feathers 
 brownish black ; lower parts, including edge of wings, lemon yellow ; sides of body 
 yellowish olive. Female: Similar to adult male, but less bright yellow below (Roths- 
 child). Quite young: Greyish olive above, tail showing the most olive shade; median 
 and greater wing coverts tipped with buffy white, forming two distinct bands across 
 the wing; below, greyish white showing some yellow. Length about 4.50, wing 2.30, 
 tail 1.95, culmen .50-.55, depth of bill .18, tarsus .92, toe .65. Hab. Lanai. 
 
 87. O. monta'tia (Wilson). Alauhiio. 
 dd. Olive green above, yellow of the forehead more restridled. 
 
 e. Broad dusky loral mark ; bill stronger ; color deeper olive 
 brown; more golden beneath. Adult male: Somewhat similar to adult C. chloris.^ but 
 with the olive upper plumage darker, though tinged with yellow; forehead brighter 
 than the crown, and with an obvious though ill-defined yellowish streak over the 
 eye; lores brownish black; chin, cheeks, auriculars and throat clear golden yellow, 
 which color pervades the breast and belly, becoming very pale, almost white on the 
 
 *5 See note following Chloradrepavis virens, page 46. 
 
 [.303J 
 
48 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP. 
 
 abdomen ; lower tail coverts pale yellow ; wing coverts with distinct whitish marks of 
 
 considerable size. Female: Very imlike the male above described; streak over the 
 
 eye and under parts yellowish white ; sides of breast and flanks washed with olive grey; 
 
 above, olive ; the greater wing coverts with large greenish white tips. Young: Quite 
 
 young birds and nestlings are much like the females, but are browner above and of a 
 
 mottled appearance. Length 4.50-5.00, wing 2.60-2.81, tail 1.85-2.00, tarsus .80-86, 
 
 culmen .60-.65 (Rothschild). Hab. Oahu. 
 
 88. O. macula 'ta Cab. 
 
 ee. Loral mark not so pronounced ; greener above and paler 
 
 yellow below; bill a trifle slenderer; forehead, lores, cheeks, chin and under parts 
 
 bright lemon yellow ; upper parts olive green, yellowest on the upper tail coverts ; 
 
 sides of body washed with olive; quills and tail feathers brown externally, edged with 
 
 olive. Female: Similar to the male, but duller above and below. Young: Above grey 
 
 with an olive tinge, more greenish grey on the rump ; indistinct whitish super-loral 
 
 stripe ; throat and centre of body light buffy grey, greyer on the sides, with a faint 
 
 wash of yellow ; a distinct whitish buff band formed by the tips of the greater wing 
 
 coverts. Length 4.50-4.65, wing 2.40-2.50, culmen .45-.50, depth of bill .15, tarsus 
 
 .82-85, toe .65. Hab. Maui. 
 PI. XXIX., 6684, 6685. 89. O. new'toni (Roths.). 
 
 aa. Plumage rich scarlet ; bill and feet light ; head all round, back and lower 
 parts bright rich scarlet, darkest on the back, purest scarlet on the throat ; upper man- 
 dible brownish grey above, darkest near the tip ; under mandible whitish yellow ; tar- 
 sus light brown in skins, pink in life. Fem,ale: Back and head brownish grey with a 
 mixture of brownish dull scarlet, most apparent on the head and rump, outer edge of 
 wing and tail feathers ; under parts greyish white tinged with salmon and dull scarlet. 
 Young males have more or less strong mixture of ferruginous brown or rufous above, 
 washed with deep brown along the sides of the body, more obvious in younger indi- 
 viduals. Length 4.95-5.20, wing 2.60, tail 2.05-2.20, culmen .53-.55, depth of bill .17, 
 tarsus .85-.90, toe .70. Hab. Molokai. 
 PI. XXVIII., 6681, 8089, 8088. 90. O. flam'mea (Wilson). Kakawahie. 
 
 Genus I/OXOPS Cabanis. 
 
 FIG. 6. L. COCCINEA. 
 
 Bill short and finch-like ; culmen much shorter than the tarsus ; wing moderate 
 length, falling considerably short of the tail, and not equal to the length of the tail 
 
 and tarstis combined; bill bluish grey. 
 
 [304] 
 
DREPANIDID^. 49 
 
 a. General color red, foxy or orange ; no black on lores or forehead. 
 
 b. General color above, scarlet orange, dullest on the mantle; wing coverts, 
 wing and tail feathers brownish black edged externally with dull scarlet orange ; below, 
 uniform scarlet orange, brighter than the back. Female: Greyer on the crown ; loral 
 region dusky whitish ; back greyish with olive tinge, olive most pronounced on the 
 rump and edge of wing and tail feathers ; chin grey ; breast greyish olive, greyer on 
 the sides of body. Young: Similar to female; bill paler than in adults. Length 4.25- 
 4.60, wing 2.40-2.50, tail 1.85-2.05, culmen .42, depth of bill .20, tarsus .77-. 79, toe .60. 
 Hab. Hawaii. 
 PI. XXVIII., 6648, 6642. 91. ly, coccin'ea (Gmel.). Akep'a. 
 
 bb. General color above, orange or foxy. 
 
 C. Uniform orange, brightest on the breast ; more yellow orange on the 
 rump ; primaries and tail feathers blackish brown edged with orange, like the back. 
 Female: Similar, but duller. Young: Back of head and mantle decided grey with 
 slight olive tinge ; rump and breast more olive ; sides greyer olive, very similar to 
 young of L. coccinea. Length about 4.50, wing 2.60, tail 2.00, culmen .40, depth of bill 
 .20, tarsus .80, toe .67. Hab. Maui. 
 PI. XXVIII., 6638. 93. X,. ochra'cea Roths. 
 
 CC. Body, red foxy ; lores blackish ; wings and tail olive brown ; wing 
 
 coverts, quills and tail red-edged ; inner edge of quills and under wing coverts white; 
 
 bill short, triangular, conic; tip straight, acute, whitish; feet brown; tarsus nine 
 
 lines (Grey's description). Gould saj^s "that the whole of the plumage is rich rusty 
 
 red deepening into brownish red on the back Length 4 inches, bill ^5-, wing 2^, 
 
 tail f, tarsus f." Hab. Oahu. 
 
 93. I/, rufa-t^ (Blox.). 
 
 aa. With lores, a ring about the eye, and forehead smoky black; crown gam- 
 boge yellow fading into rich olive and passing into olive green on the mantle and wing 
 coverts ; rump, tail coverts and edge of tail feathers brighter yellowish olive ; edge of 
 primaries like the back; lower parts, including the sides of head, bright gamboge yel- 
 low, passing to olive yellow on the sides of the body ; thighs smoky grey ; wings and 
 tail blackish brown. Female: Similar, except more green in the yellow, and with 
 loral region not as well defined. Young: Greyish green above, grey with a very faint 
 j^ellowish green wash below ; sometimes smoky tips to the feathers ; lores and forehead 
 not well defined; bill lighter. Length 4.50-4.60, wing 2.40-2.50, tail 2.00-2.15, cul- 
 men .43-.45, depth of bill .20, tarsus .85, toe .60. Hab. Kauai. 
 PI. XXIX., 9353, 9361. 94. I/, caeruleiros'tris-" (Wilson). Ou holowai. 
 
 46 Since the above description was written I have had the pleasure of examining the Loxops in the British Museum collet5tions and quite 
 agree with Mr. Rothschild in separating the Oahu species ; and with Mr. Wilson in placing westenholmii. Roths., as a synonym of L. rufa 
 (Blox.). 
 
 47 Should be held sub-generically distinct from the other three members of the genus on account of the stronger bill, smoky loral patch 
 and general color which is always different from typical Loxops, 
 
 Memoirs B, P. B. Museum, Vot. 1., No. 3.-4. L3'-'5 J 
 
50 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP. 
 
 Genus HKMIGNA'THUS Lichtenstein. 
 
 FIG. 7. H. OBSCURUS. 
 
 Bill very long, slender and curved, witli the tongue as long as the bill ; feet 
 reaching to the tip of the tail (in the skin) ; tip of the wings falling short of the tip of 
 the tail by less than the length of the hind toe and claw. 
 
 a. Back dull olive green ; species has very inconspicuous plumage; 
 
 the whole upper surface and wing feathers on the outside are dull olive green, the 
 inner webs of the flight feathers dull brown. The under surface is light but still dull; 
 throat and centre of the abdomen, as well as the under tail coverts, pale buff. A bright 
 yellow superciliary stripe is very conspicuous, especially as diredlly underneath it from 
 the beak to the eye there is a dark brown streak. The bow-shaped, curved bill, which 
 terminates in a very fine, almost hair-like point, is exactly half as long as the body, 
 and the under mandible is three lines shorter than the upper. The whole length, from 
 the point of the bill to the end of the tail is 7 inches, bill i^, tail i^, tarsus 11 lines, 
 middle toe and claw 9 lines (Excerpt from Rothschild's translation of Lichtenstein' s 
 description) . Hab. Oahu ; rare or extinct. (No specimens in the Museum.) 
 
 95. H. lichtensteini't^ Wilson. Kipi. 
 
 aa. Yellowish olive green above ; under parts yellower. 
 
 b. Smaller size ; bill shorter ; above all over a beautiful bright olive green 
 with a yellowish cast, yellowest on the rump, and with a distinct yellow mark over the 
 eye ; throat, sides of face and breast duller olive green than the back, fading into dis- 
 tinct whitish on the abdomen and under tail coverts, varied only with an olive wash; 
 primaries and tail feathers brown with olive on the outer edges ; lores smoky black; 
 wings falling short of the tip of the tail by less than .50 (in the skin). Female: Above, 
 greyish olive green; more olive green on the rump; lores blackish, above which is a 
 pale superciliary stripe ; chin whitish or greyish white -with a yellowish tinge, becom- 
 ing yellower on the chest and under parts, with olive tinge along the sides. Young: 
 Similar to female. Length 6.25-6.50, wing 3.00-3.15, tail i. 80-1. §5, chord of culmen 
 1. 25-1. 38, tarsus .87-.92, toe .80-.85, depth of bill .20, width of bill .25. Hab. Hawaii. 
 PI. XXIX., 9421. 96. H. obscur'us (Gmei,.). Akialoa. 
 
 48 Since the first refereuce in Gray's synonomy (Cat. Birds Trop, Isds., p. 9) for Drepanis {Hemigiiaihu s) cllisiana is given ''Cei-thia obscura 
 (nee Gmel.) Vieill. Ois. dor. t. 53?". I prefer to consider that it is the teference to the exact place in the volume cited that Gray was in doubt 
 about, and that he did not intend questioning the name Certhia obscura. That being the case Di'epanis {Hemignathus) ellismna "will become a 
 synonym of Hemignathiis obscurus. Hence it seems that Mr. Wilson's name H. lichicnsteini should stand, 
 
 [306^ 
 
DREPANIDIDy^. 51 
 
 bb. Larger size, bill and wing longer. 
 
 C. Chord of culmen not less than 1.95, averaging 2.15; above, bright 
 olive yellow, yellowest on the rump ; on crown and forehead the feathers have dark 
 centres with olive edges which give a "scaled" appearance to the region; a distinct 
 superciliary stripe ; under parts from chin to tail yellow with an olive tinge ; wings 
 and tail brown edged with olive on the outer webs ; lores black. Female: Quite differ- 
 ent from the male ; above, grey with an olive tinge ; rump yellowish olive ; head scaled 
 as in the male ; super-loral line dingy yellowish white ; lores black ; throat greyish 
 white; breast yellowish white with an olive green wash. Young: Have less yellow 
 below and over the eye, scarcely any olive on the back, which is greyish ; scales on the 
 crown less noticeable. Length 7.00-7.50, wing 3.40-3.55, tail 2.10-2.25, chord of cul- 
 men 1.95-2.35, tarsus 1.05-1.10, toe i.oo. Hab. Kauai. 
 
 PI. XXIX., 8130. 97. H. pro'cerus Cab. Kauai Akialoa. 
 
 CC. Chord of culmen not exceeding 1.95 (?). Above, yellowish olive 
 
 green somewhat mixed with greyish brown on the head where the bases show through 
 
 Quills dark brown edged with the color of the back ; rectrices the same. Below, 
 
 yellowish olive green much less bright than on the back and with little yellow in it, 
 
 shading into olive buff on the vent, and with a brown pale shade on the throat, etc. 
 
 Length 6.00 inches in the skin, wing 3.30, tail 2.10, tarsus 1.93, chord of culmen 1.90. 
 
 Female: Smaller, more greenish olive, and less bright ; superciliary stripe faint and 
 
 greenish. Chin, throat and middle of abdomen bu£&sh yellow (From Rothschild's 
 
 description). Hab. Lanai. 
 
 98. H. lanaien'sis Roths. I/anai Akialoa. 
 
 Genus H:BT:BR0RHYN'CHUS Rothschild. 
 
 FIG. 8. H. AFFINIS. FIG. 9. H. WILSONI. 
 
 Upper mandible much longer than the lower ; tongue not as long as the upper 
 mandible. 
 
 a. The under mandible curved ; smaller size. 
 
 b. Head yellow ; no decided superciliary stripe. 
 
 C. Color of the forehead bright deep gamboge yellow, not extending 
 over the crown, sharply defined from the greyish olive of the neck and back ; wings 
 
 and tail blackish brown with olive outer edges to the feathers ; lores black, and con- 
 
 [307] 
 
52 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP. 
 
 neAed by a narrow black band across the forehead ; throat and chest rich gamboge 
 yellow ; abdomen whitish with a yellowish cast ; flanks olive grey ; edge of wing yel- 
 lowish. Female: Above, olive green, a yellowish super-loral stripe; lores dusky grey; 
 chin and throat yellow; centre of lower parts pale yellow; sides olive grey. Young: 
 Similar to female. Length 5.00-5.35, wing 2.95-3.00, tail i. 80-1. 95, chord of culmen 
 .95-1.05, tarsus .85-90, toe .75-.80. Hab. Maui. 
 
 PL XXIX., 6620. 99. H. afa'nis Roths. 
 
 CC. Gamboge yellow of the forehead more or less indefinable from the 
 fine olive yellow of the back into which it gradually merges, olive yellow purest on the 
 rump ; primaries and tail feathers brown edged with the olive of the back ; lores and a 
 narrow line above the bill a deep black ; throat, breast and sides of the head a bright 
 gamboge yellow, brighter than the forehead ; breast with a slight olive tinge ; abdomen 
 and under tail coverts white. Female: Above, grey with an olive cast, most pro- 
 nounced on the head and rump. Below, dusky white, greyest on the sides of the body 
 and throat. Young: Similar to females, the males showing yellow on the throat at an 
 early age. Length about 5.50, wing 2.85-3.20, tail 1.85-2.05, culmen .95-1.10, tarsus 
 .90, toe .80. Hab. Kauai. 
 
 PI. XXIX., 6633, 6636. 100. H. hanape'pe (Wilson). Nukupu'u, 
 
 bb. Head green; a very distinct superciliary stripe. Male specimen in 
 
 Paris Museum : Above, olive green, darker and more olive on the back ; lighter, more 
 
 green on the head, wing and tail coverts ; lores and line behind the eye brownish black. 
 
 Across the forehead and above the eyes conspicuous orange yellow superciliar}' stripe; 
 
 Quills deep brown, outer web edged with greenish yellow ; chin, throat and upper breast 
 
 bright orange yellow; abdomen yellow and fading into pale greenish grey on the vent 
 
 and under tail coverts. Adult feTfiale or immature male in the Frankfort Museum: 
 
 Above, dull brownish olive tinged with greenish on the top of the head, rump and 
 
 upper tail coverts and on the edge of the quills and tail feathers. Lores dusky ; a 
 
 somewhat ill-defined but distinct superciliary stripe; sides of the head and throat 
 
 yellowish. An immature male in the Leiden Museum is somewhat similar to the 
 
 Frankfort specimen. Length 5.50, culmen i.io, wing 2.95, tarsus .76, tail 2.9(?). 
 
 (Condensed from Rothschild's descriptions in Avifauna of Laysan, etc.) Hab. 
 
 Oahu; extinct. 
 
 loi. H. lu'cidus (I^iCHT.). 
 
 aa. Gonys of under mandible straight and strong at the base; above, olive 
 green, brightest on the rump, and yellowest on the head ; lores black ; below rich gam- 
 boge yellow on the chin, gradually fading into olive yellow on the sides of the abdomen 
 and under tail coverts ; under wing coverts with yellowish shade of white ; quills and pri- 
 maries brown edged with olive. Female: Above, greenish olive grey, with olive bright- 
 est on the rump ; throat and breast pale yellow shading into greyish white, with olive 
 
 [308] 
 
DREPANIDID^. 53 
 
 infusion on the belly and flanks. Yomio- duller and gi-e3'er. Length 5.50-5.75, wing 
 3.20-3.35, tail 1.85-2.00, culmen .85-1.03, tarsus .90-96, toe .85. Hab. Hawaii. 
 PI. XXIX., 6632, 6630. 102. H. wil'soni^ Roths. 
 
 Genus PSi^UDONBS'TOR Rothschild. 
 
 FIG. 10. p. XANTHOPHRYS. 
 
 Upper parts with grey bases to the feathers, and greenish olive ends, giving the 
 back a somewhat greenish grey cast, more inclined to olive on the rump ; broad super- 
 loral stripe light yellow ; lores dusky, extending backward through the eye; breast 
 canary yellow ; abdomen yellowish white ; greyish olive on the flanks ; under tail coverts 
 with a yellowish tinge ; upper mandible blackish ; lower mandible whitish ; bill strongly 
 hooked ; gonys much curved. Female and yoimg : Duller above ; yellow of throat not 
 so pronounced. Length 5.15-5.50, wing 2.70-2.90, tail i. 75-1. 90, culmen .65-.85, 
 depth of bill .55-.65, tarsus .85-87, toe .80. Had. Maui. 
 PI. XXIX., 6607. 103. p. xantho'phrys Roths. 
 
 Genus PSITTACIROS'TRA Temminck. 
 
 FIG. II. p. PSITTACEA. 
 
 Head and upper neck, all around, a rich light gamboge yellow, sharply defined 
 against the greenish grey of the mantle and olive grey of the chest ; rump olive green; 
 tail and primaries dusky brown edged with olive green ; olive on the sides and flanks; 
 abdomen and under tail coverts whitish grey ; bill and feet pink ; upper mandible ex- 
 ceeding the lower usually by about .15. Female: Upper parts, including head and 
 neck, uniform olive green; greyish on the neck; under parts greyish white, washed 
 with yellow ; under tail coverts white. Young: Similar to the female, but more uniform 
 grey above and below, except the abdomen, which is whitish; bill dark. Length 6.30- 
 
 -*9Tlie above charac5lers are sufficient to separate wihoni from its fellows, siib-generically at least, if not entitling it to generic rank. 
 
 [309] 
 
54 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP. 
 
 6.60, wing 3.80-4.00, tail 2.50-2.60, culmen .55-.60, tarsus .87-.90, toe .90-.95. Hab. 
 Kauai, Molokai, Lanai, Hawaii, Oahu.^° 
 PI. XXIX., 6612. 104. P. psitta'cea (Gmei..). Ou'. 
 
 Genus JvOXIOI'D:^S> Oustalet. 
 
 Head and neck to the mantle, and breast to the middle of the body, uniform 
 
 bright gamboge yellow ; back and upper coverts ashy grey, decidedly ashy on the 
 
 rump; wing coverts, primaries and tail feathers dusky brown or blackish edged with 
 
 yellowish olive ; abdomen and under tail coverts dusky whitish with a bluish cast. 
 
 Female: Similar, but with the yellow showing a brownish wash ; with a greenish cast 
 
 to the under parts. Length about 7.50, wing 3.55-375, tail 2.55-265, depth of bill 
 
 .60, tarsus .95-1.00, toe .75. Hab. Hawaii. 
 
 105. I,, bailleu'i Oust. Palila. 
 
 Genus TBI/ESPI'^A Wilson. 
 
 FIG. 12. T. CANTANS. 
 
 Head all around, neck and under parts to the middle of the abdomen bright 
 yellow, brightest on the head ; back bright olive yellow with varying blackish shaft 
 streaks ; rump grey with some olive cast at times ; webs of primaries and tail feathers 
 brown; secondaries blackish edged with yellowish olive; wing coverts deep brown 
 broadly edged with yellowish olive ; bill horn color. Immature : Feathers of the head 
 deep brown with yellowish edges ; upper surface with centre of feathers deep brown or 
 blackish edged with light brown; rump uniform brown; tail and primaries brown 
 edged with olive yellow; throat and breast yellow with brown shaft stripes; centre of 
 the abdomen white; sides and under tail coverts brown, or olive brown, and with brown 
 shaft stripes. Young: Similar to immature birds, except yellow reduced to the slight- 
 est tinge about the head and wings. Length 6.25-6.50, wing 3.25-3.40, tail 2.55-2.60, 
 culmen .65-.70, depth of bill .47-.50, tarsus .95-1.00, toe .95. Hab.^"^ Laysan. 
 PI. XXIX., 8731. 106. T. can'tans^' Wilson. I^aysan Fincli. 
 
 5<^ In Oc5lober, 1899, I saw a specimen in the bushes up Moanalua valley which I believe to have been the above species, though of course 
 I cannot be positive of the identity. Since the preparation of the above, Mr. Rothschild (Birds of I^ysan, Part III;, page 193) has separated 
 the Oahu fonn from the Hawaii bird, giving the principal differential character as "having the middle of the breast and belly, the feathers 
 of the tibia and under tail coverts whitish ; whereas, the adult males qf the Hawaii bird "have the under parts olive green merging into whit- 
 ish only in the middle of the lower abdomen." The name given to "the Honolulu Ou" is Psittacirostra olivacea^ Roths, 
 
 51 With a good series of birds before me I am unable to separate cantans, Wilson, from ^avzssima, Roths. The latter seems to be only 
 fully mature specimens of the former, and in a plumage which requires some time for the individual to assume. Diredlor Win. T. Brighani 
 also informs me that specimens brought from Laysan and kept in his aviary for a long time passed through several of the intermediate stages 
 on the way from cantans to Jlavissima before they were accidentally killed. 
 
 [310] 
 
DREPANIDIDAi. 
 
 55 
 
 Genus RHODACAN'THIS RoTHSCHr^D. 
 
 FIG. 13. R. PALMERI. 
 
 a. Head, throat and under parts throughout rich scarlet orange ; breast purer 
 orange tinge; under tail coverts and flanks showing some grey; mantle brown; rump 
 orange brown; tail and wing feathers brown, with some orange brown; wing and tail 
 feathers brown with orange brown edgings to the outer webs; bill bluish grey. 
 Female: Above, greenish olive with dark grey bases to the feathers ; more olive on the 
 rump and upper tail coverts ; tail and wing feathers with olive edges ; breast showing 
 grey as the under color, with yellowish olive edges, yellowest on chin and upper breast; 
 centre of the breast whitish with but faint yellowish wash; flanks greenish yellow. 
 Young: Similar to females; young males brighter below. Length about 7.50, wing 
 4.20-4.40, tail 2.90-3.00, culmen .80-.85, depth of bill .58-.61, tarsus 1.00-1.05, toe 
 1. 00. Hab. Hawaii. 
 PI. XXIX., 6603, 6601. 107. R. palm'eri Roths. 
 
 aa. Head, neck and under parts generally apple yellow, brightest and richer 
 on the head and neck, and greener on the under parts; upper parts ashy green, becom- 
 ing bright green on the lower back, rump and upper tail coverts. Wings and tail dull 
 blackish brown, feathers externally margined with green ; bill blue-brown ; legs grey; 
 iris brown. Total length about 7.50, culmen .72, wings 3.80, tail 2.50, tarsus i.oo. 
 Adult female : Differs from the male in being much greener and duller in color, only 
 the forehead being yellow ; the crown similarly colored to the back ; under parts dull 
 yellowish green. Palmer obtained a small series in the district of Kona at the same 
 place where R. palmeri was first colledled. The smaller size and yellow head of the 
 adult male serves to distinguish this species very easily from the much larger R. palmeri 
 with its orange red head in the adult male. Neither Wilson nor Perkins met with this 
 bird (Rothschild in Part III., Avifauna of Laysan, etc.). Hab. Hawaii. 
 
 108, R. flav'iceps Roths. 
 
 [311J 
 
56 
 
 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP. 
 
 Genus CHI,0'RID0PS Wilson. 
 
 FIG. 14. C. KONA. 
 
 Female: Above, decided olive green, more olive on the upper tail coverts, and 
 
 with dark centres to the feathers of the head, producing a scaled appearance ; under 
 
 parts of the abdomen and flanks yellowish olive ; under tail coverts whitish ; quills and 
 
 tail feathers brown with olive edgings on the outer web ; bill extremely thick and 
 
 clumsy. (Male probably brighter?) Length 6.00-6.50, wing 3.30-3.45, culmen .70, 
 
 depth of bill .70, width of bill .60, tarsus ,85-.90, toe .85. Hab. Hawaii. 
 
 109. C. ko'na Wilson. 
 
 Family MBI/IPHAG'ID^.— Honey-eaters. 
 
 Genera. 
 
 With no white feathers about the eye ; nostrils operculate ; first primary about 
 
 half the length of the second ; secondaries three-fourths the length of the wing ; tip of 
 
 the wing formed by the fourth, fifth and sixth primaries. (Sub-family MeliphagincB.) 
 
 a. Smaller; wing less than 5.00; tail black or brownish black ; with or without 
 
 pectoral tufts . (Page 56.) Moho.^' 
 
 aa. Larger; wing more than 5.00; tail brown or greenish brown. 
 
 (Page 58.) Chsetop'tila. 
 
 Genus MOHO I^esson. 
 
 y 
 
 FIG. 15. M. NOBILIS. 
 
 a. With no yellow pectoral tufts ; tail feathers uniform blackish without any 
 trace of white on the outer pair ; crown black with a greyish cast ; upper surface brown 
 
 5^ Since it is doubtful if Moho should ever have been set aside, to accord with the Stricklandian code, and since it is certain that by the 
 A. O. U. code Moho would stand against Aa^iocejrus, it is preferable to use the former name for this genus, 
 
 L312] 
 
MELIPHA GID^. 5 7 
 
 or brownish black with faint white shaft stripes on the mantle; upper tail coverts 
 rusty brown ; wing and tail feathers blackish brown ; throat and neck to chest black with 
 white shafts and bars ; under wing coverts mostly white ; thighs yellow ; breast uniform 
 with the back ; sides of the body less rusty brown than the upper tail coverts ; bill and 
 feet black. Female: Similar to male, but smaller. Young; Differing from the adult 
 in having the tibiae blackish instead of yellow, and with the greyish shaft stripe to the 
 feathers of back and breast indistinct or wanting. Length 7.50-9.00 (according to 
 tail), wing 3.70-4.00, tail 3.60-4.25, culmen 1.10-1.15, depth of bill .25, tarsus 1.25- 
 1.35, toe .95. Hab. Kauai. 
 PI. XXIX., 5463. HO. M. bracca'tus (Cassin). Oo aa. 
 
 aa. With yellow pectoral tufts, and more or less white on the outer pair of 
 tail feathers. 
 
 b. With elongated yellow ear tufts, uniform in color with the few yellow 
 feathers under the wing and the under tail coverts ; a faint edge of whitish on the outer 
 margin of the outer pair of tail feathers ; remainder of tail uniform glossy black, like 
 the primaries ; crown and rump black ; back, chest and abdomen black, with conspicu- 
 ous white shafts to the feather ; throat black ; bill and feet black ; central tail feathers 
 with weak shafts; long and plume-like. Female similar (?). Length about 11.00, 
 wing 4.55-4.75, tail 5.00-6.25, culmen 1.32, depth of bill .30, tarsus i. 50-1. 55, toe 1.05. 
 
 Hab. Molokai. 
 
 III. M. bish'opi (Roths.). 
 
 bb. Without elongated yellow ear tufts ; tail with prominent white tips to 
 the outer feathers. 
 
 C. With only the two outer tail feathers with white tips ; head, rump, 
 back, wing coverts and lower parts deep black with some gloss ; upper mantle, lower 
 part of the abdomen and inner edge of secondaries inclined to umber brown ; tufts 
 under the wings and under tail coverts bright golden yellow; primaries and tail 
 feathers black; bill and feet black. Female: Similar, but smaller. Young: With no 
 yellow beneath the wings. Length S 12.50-10.50 ? , wing 4.85-4.90, tail 7.50, culmen 
 1. 15, depth of bill .25, tarsus 1.40, toe i.oo. Hab. Hawaii. 
 PI. XXIX., 5457. 113. M. nob'ilis (Merrem.). Oo. 
 
 CC. All the tail feathers, except the middle pair, tipped with white. 
 General color sooty black ; tail brown, all tipped as above ; centre pair somewhat nar- 
 rower than the others and gradually diminishing to the apical third of their length 
 into fine hair-like, or filamentous, upturned points; axillae or under surface of the 
 shoulder white; flanks and under tail coverts bright yellow; bill and legs black. 
 Total length 12 inches, bill i^^, wing 434, tail 6^, tarsus -l]^ (Gould). Hab. Oahu; 
 rare or extinct. (No specimen in the Museum.) 
 
 113. M. apicalis Gould. Yellow-tufted Honey-eater. 
 [313] 
 
58 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP. 
 
 Gends CH^TOP'TII/A Sclater. 
 
 Tail greenish brown ; feathers of the forehead, crown and back of the neck, with 
 whitish shaft stripe, blackish webs and tipped with olive — black predominating on the 
 crown — most olive on the neck; lores and ear coverts blackish; an indistinct grey 
 superciliary stripe ; throat dusky white, washed with yellow ; breast dingy white with 
 black stripes ; abdomen and under tail coverts with fewer stripes and more olive than 
 the chest ; flanks and upper tail coverts ochraceous black with white shafts and termi- 
 nal spots ; primaries and secondaries brown edged with olive ; under wing coverts 
 brown. L,ength about 13.50, wing 5.75, tail 6.65, culmen 1.25, depth of bill .31, width 
 .45, tarsus 1.60, toe 1.15, hallux with claw 1.02. Hab. Hawaii; rare or extinct. 
 
 PI. XXX., Frontispiece. 114. C. angfustiplu'ma (Peale). 
 
 Family SYIvVI'ID^.— Warblers, Etc. 
 Genus. 
 Bill slender, but rather wide and depressed ; wing long and flat, about equal to 
 the tail in length, with a very small bastard primary not extending beyond the wing 
 coverts; birds not migratory; no white on the tail (Sub-family Sylvuncp)^ rectal 
 bristles fairly well developed; wing more than 2.70; second primary longer than the 
 fifth ; upper parts brownish with greyish cast ; a faint buffy white super-loral stripe; 
 outer tail feathers more than .25 shorter than the longest pair. 
 
 (Page 58.) Acroceph'alus. 
 
 Genus ACROCKPH'AI^US Naumann. 
 
 FIG. 16. A. FAMII<IARIS. 
 
 Upper parts brownish with a greyish cast, greyest on the neck ; under parts 
 buffy white including the edge of wing, and a super-loral stripe ; wing and tail feathers 
 brownish ; feet black ; bill horn-brown ; nostrils rounded and exposed ; sexes similar. 
 Young (?). Length about 5.65, wing 2.30-2.40, tail 2.30-2.40, cu.lmen .60, tarsus .75- 
 .90, toe .72, depth of bill .15. Hab. Laysan. 
 
 PI. XXVII., 8735. 115. A. familia'ris Roths. Miller Bird. 
 
 [314J 
 
TURDID^. 
 
 59 
 
 Family TURDIDJe.— Thrushes, Etc. 
 Genus. 
 The young different from the adults, having the under parts spotted ; tarsus for 
 the greater part of its length without transverse scutulse, being booted; bill somewhat 
 depressed, with a few rental bristles; gonys about one-third the length of the com- 
 misure of the beak (Sub-family MyadestincB)\ inner toe about equal to the hind toe; 
 nostrils exposed and not hidden by bristles, aild situated in a wide oval groove ; culmen 
 not longer than the hind claw ; second primary longer than the secondaries ; bill with 
 a distinct sub-terminal notch (Page 59.) Phseor'nis. 
 
 Genus PH^OR'NIS Sclater. 
 
 FIG. 17. P. OBSCURA. 
 
 a. Uniform in color above, brown or hair-brown, with faint olive wash. 
 b. Very conspicuous buffy white mark on the outer tail feathers. 
 
 C. Wing less than 4.00; feet light flesh-color; above, dull brown with 
 an olive cast, most pronounced on the middle of the rump and mantle ; throat and lores 
 bluish grey; chest bluish ash or grey, sometimes mottled with blackish; abdomen 
 and under tail coverts buff-white ; outer web of primaries with very dull brown edge; 
 inner web edged so as to form a dull buffy patch at base of feathers ; outer tail feathers 
 edged with whitish or fulvous on the inner web ; ends of primary coverts blackish, 
 forming a patch. Young: Feathers above, brown with broad blackish borders to the 
 tip, and before this a creamy buff, more or less triangular spot ; feathers of lower parts 
 ashy brown at the base, then lighter cream color and broadly bordered with blackish 
 brown, these borders blackest and broadest on the breast (Rothschild) . Length about 
 6.15, wing 3.35, tail 2.45, culmen .70, depth of bill .20, width of bill .22, tarsus 1.30, 
 toe .95, gonys .32. Hab. Kauai. 
 PI. XXVII., 6693. 116. P. palm'eri Roths. Puaiohi. 
 
 [,3i5j 
 
6o BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP. 
 
 CC. Wing more than 4.00 ; feet dark colored ; above, dull brown witli 
 a rusty olive tinge ; sides of bead and ear coverts tawny, always more or less mottled 
 with rusty and grey ; quills blackish, edged externally with rusty olive, which color 
 forms a spot at the base of the inner primaries, below which the blackish tips of 
 the greater wing coverts form a less pronounced spot ; inner edge of the wing feathers 
 without buffy patch; outer edge of each primary for almost its entire length rusty; 
 lower parts dull smoky grey in appearance, shading into whitish on the abdomen ; tail 
 feathers like back, outer three pairs tipped with white or buffy white, pronounced on 
 the tips and gradually fading into the ground color of the web; feet dark brown. 
 Female similar. Young: Similar to P. obscura, but can be distinguished by the mark- 
 ings on the outer web of primaries, the white of the tail, and the broader bill. Length 
 7.50-8.50, wing 4.05-4.18, tail 3.20-3.30, culmen .50-55, depth of bill .22, width of 
 bill .40, tarsus i. 25-1. 32, toe .95, gonys .25. Hub. Kauai. 
 PI. XXVII., 9385. 117. p. myadesti'na Stejn. Kamau'. 
 
 bb. With no conspicuous white markings on the outer tail feathers. 
 
 d. Wing 3.50-3.75 ; color lighter below ; a distinct black patch near 
 the base of the outer web of inner primaries ; above, olive brown with a faint wash of 
 greyish ; head darker ; primaries and tail feathers brown (quills and webs pradlically 
 the same color) , Avith the edge of the outer webs rusty or rusty brown ; outer web of 
 the inner primaries and the secondaries with a distinct black patch, bordered in front 
 and behind by the rusty edges of the feather ; chin and throat pale grey, the grey pass- 
 ing to white on the abdomen ; under tail coverts buffy white ; wing pattern on the 
 inner web of primaries marked at all ages ; no white on outer tail feathers. Female 
 similar. Young: Similar to allied species, but with the wing pattern on the inner web, 
 no white on the tail, and with the black patch on the outer edge of inner primaries as 
 in adults. Length about 7.00-7.50, wing 3.50-3.75, tail 3.25-3.30, culmen .57-.60, 
 depth of bill .22, width of bill .30, tarsus i. 25-1. 30, toe .95, gonys .27. Hab. Lanai, 
 Molokai." 
 PI. XXVII., 8094, 8096. 118. P. lanaien'sis Wilson. Olomau, 
 
 dd. Wing not less than 3.90; color darker below; above, dusky 
 olive brown (fading to hair-brown — Mills specimens); forehead greyer; under parts 
 ash-grey; white on the abdomen and under tail coverts; primaries and tail feathers 
 brown, shaded with dusky olive ; quills of tail feathers umber brown above ; base of 
 secondaries showing a rusty spot ; pattern on the inner web of quills scarcely discerni- 
 ble ; bill and feet blackish ; no white on the tail feathers. Female similar. Young: 
 Spotted like young thrushes ; each feather above is bordered with blackish, and before 
 the blackish border is a more or less triangular buff spot ; the feathers below are buffy 
 white and broadly bordered with blackish brown (Rothschild). 
 
 53 The form from Molokai should probably be separated as a sub-species. No specimens from Molokai at hand. 
 
 [316] 
 
TURDID^. 6 1 
 
 Length 6.90-8.00, wing 3.95-4.00, tail 2.85-2.95, culmen .55-.62, depth of bill .22-.25, 
 width of bill .30-35, tarsus i. 22-1. 30, toe .97, gonys .26. Hab. Hawaii. 
 PI. XXVII., 6615, 9922, 9923. 119. P. obscu'ra (Gmel.). Omau. 
 
 aa. Upper parts olive brown, extremities of the feathers much lighter color; 
 
 tail and wings brown; bill bristled at the base; length 7.50 (Bloxham). Nothing 
 
 farther is known of this evidently extinct species than is given above, and which is 
 
 taken from Bloxham's account of the birds secured on the voyage of the Blonde, where 
 
 it is given as '"''Tiirdiis sandvicensis (var.), from Oahu." 
 
 lao. P. oahuen'sis Wilson & Evans. 
 [317J 
 
KEY TO THE HIGHER ORDERS. 
 
 a. All four toes united by a web or membrane .... (Page 13. ) Order Steganopodes. 
 aa. Hind toe, when present, not connected in any way with the other toes. 
 
 b. Nostrils peculiarly tubular, and feet webbed .... (Page 10.) Order Ttlbinares. 
 bb. Nostrils not tubular, or feet not webbed. 
 
 C. Feet webbed ; cutting edge of the bill dentate ; bill as in ducks, geese, etc. 
 
 (Page 16.) Order Anseres. 
 CC. Cutting edge of the bill not fringed or dentate, or else feet not webbed. 
 
 d. Toes distindlly webbed; legs inserted well forward towards the middle of 
 
 the body, which is held horizontal (Page 5.) Order I/Ongipennes. 
 
 dd. Toes not distindlly webbed, or else tarsus longer than the tail. 
 
 e. Lower portion of thigh naked, or else bill long and with grooves ex- 
 tending along the sides. 
 
 f. Lores naked; hind toe long and inserted on the same level with 
 
 the middle toe (Page 20.) Order Herodiones. 
 
 ff. Lores feathered; hind toe, when present, never exceeding the 
 length of the lower mandible. 
 
 g. Hind toe longer; inserted on a level with middle toe (when long 
 
 as the under mandible head with frontal shield) (Page 22. ) Order Paludicolse. 
 
 gg. Hind toe shorter; if present, inserted more or less above the 
 
 level of the middle toe (Page 24.) Order I/imacolae. 
 
 ee. Lower portion of the thighs feathered; the bill, if lengthened, not 
 grooved along the sides. 
 
 h. Bill strongly hooked, with a distinct naked cere at base of 
 
 upper mandible (Page 32.) Order Raptores. 
 
 hh. Bill not strongly hooked, and without naked cere at the 
 base of upper mandible ; or, if with a cere, it is soft and swollen in life. 
 
 i. Hind toe small and elevated. 
 
 (Page 30.) Order Gallinae. 
 ii. Hind toe always well developed and on the same level 
 with the middle one (mainly perching birds). 
 
 j. With soft swollen cere at the base of upper mandible. 
 
 (Page 31.) Order Columbse. 
 
 jj. Without a soft swollen cere; toes, three in front, one 
 
 behind, and on the same level ; not united by web, and tarsus equal to or longer than 
 
 the hind toe with claw (Page 34. ) Order Passeres. 
 
 [319] ' (63) 
 
TABLE SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF BIRDS 
 IN THE HAWAIIAN GROUP. 
 
 The o denotes its occurrence ; t rare or extinct ; ? uncertain or questionable record . 
 
 Name. 
 
 Larus barrovianus . 
 
 californicus . . . 
 
 delawarensis 
 
 franklinii .... 
 ' Philadelphia' 
 Sterna fuliginosa . . 
 
 lunata .... 
 
 melanauchen . . 
 Anous stolidus 
 Microanous hawaiiensis 
 Gygis alba kittlitzi . . . 
 Diomedea nigripes 
 
 immutabilis 
 ^strelata phseopygia^ 
 
 hypoleuca 
 Bulweria bulweri . . 
 Priofinus cuneatus . . . 
 PufEnus nativitatis 
 
 newelli 
 Oceanodroma castro^ 
 
 fuliginosa 
 Phalacrocorax plagicus 
 Phaethon rubricauda ■ • 
 
 lepturus .... 
 Sula cyanops • • 
 
 piscator .... 
 
 sula . . . • 
 Fregata aquila .... 
 Merganser serrator ■ ■ ■ • 
 Anas boscas ■ ■ . • 
 
 wyvilliana 
 
 laysanensis .... 
 Nettion crecca 
 Querquedula circia 
 
 Poli-hula lake, on Kauai, on March 15, 
 2 There seems to be some reason 
 
 1891 
 
 O 
 O 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 m 
 
 
 • tH 
 
 M 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 OJ 
 
 
 
 aJ 
 
 ri 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 S 
 
 K-t 
 
 S 
 
 o 
 
 
 ri 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 m 
 
 (LI OS 
 
 ^ 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 
 't 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 o 
 
 ^ since the foregoing pages were in print Mr. Rothschild has published a record of the taking of a single specimen of this small gull at 
 
 by Mr. Palmer. See Avifauna of I^aysan, etc.. Part III., p. 286. 
 for separating the Hawaiian form from the Galapagos form under the name - Estirlaia phcfopy^ia 
 sandvirfiisis, Ridgway. More material is required to thoroughly establish the sub-species. 
 
 3In the text this species is given as O. crypioleucura . That name has been recently found to be a synonym for Oceanodroma casiro 
 (llarcourt). 
 
 Mrmoirs B. P. B. Museum, Vol. I., No. 3.— 5. LS^^J '^5) 
 
66 
 
 BIRDS OF THE HAWAIIAN GROUP. 
 
 TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION 
 
 . — Continued 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _M 
 
 
 o g 
 
 -i bo 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 fe 
 
 
 Name. 
 
 ■A 
 
 ctf 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Pi 
 
 
 •^ A 
 
 
 
 awa 
 aui. 
 
 • --1 M 
 ri o 
 
 ri .— ( 
 
 § 3 
 
 
 •5 
 
 ri 
 
 <A 
 
 •r.4 
 
 tn 
 
 .5 
 
 
 idw 
 
 ccid 
 vide 
 
 
 W ^ 
 
 a s 
 
 O 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 A 
 
 vA 
 
 fe 
 
 ^ ,<^ 
 
 Charitonetta albeola--.. .... •••. 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 Spatula clypeata • • • .... . ■ . • 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 O 1 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 Mareca americana .... .... .... 
 
 
 
 
 . . 
 
 . . . . 
 
 . . 
 
 o 
 
 
 . . 1 . . o 
 
 Dafila acuta .... .... .... 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 . . 
 
 o 
 
 o o 
 
 
 
 
 • . j • . o 
 
 Chen hyperboreus .... .... . • • . 
 
 
 o 1 .. 
 
 . . 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 .. ' .. , o 
 
 Branta canadensis minima . • • • • • 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 
 o 1 ■ . 
 
 
 
 ■ • : • • o 
 
 nigricans .... • • • • 
 
 ? 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 Nesochen sandvicensis . • • . . . . • 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Plegadis guarauna .... .... . • • • 
 
 . . 1 . . 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 Demiegretta sacra. . .... • • • ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . . 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 Nycticorax nycticorax nsevius . . • • • • 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 . • o 
 
 Pennula ecaudata- • .... •.•• 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Porzanula palmeri .... . • • . • • • ■ 
 
 
 
 
 . . 
 
 , , 
 
 . . 
 
 . . 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 Gallinula sandvicensis . . ■ • . ■ • • 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 ? 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 Porphyrio melanotis .... • • • • • • ■ • 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 Fulica alai .... .... ■ ■ • • 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 ? 
 
 ? 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Phalaropus lobatus .... • . • • • • • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 Crymophilus fulicarius .... • • • . 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 Himantopus knudseni . . .... . . • • 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gallinago delicata • ■ • . • • ■ • 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tringa acuminata .... • . . • • ■ • • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 ameneana • • • . • . • • • • • • 
 
 
 . . 
 
 . . 
 
 
 . . 
 
 
 . . 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 .•ID 
 
 maculata . • ■ • . • • • • • • • • • 
 
 o 
 
 . . 
 
 , . 
 
 . . 
 
 . . 
 
 . . 
 
 . . 
 
 
 . . 
 
 . . 
 
 
 o 
 
 Heteractitis incanus • • • • • • • • 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 Limosa lapponica baueri • . ■ ■ • • • • 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 . . 
 
 . . 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 Calidris arenaria... .... •••• 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Numenius tahitiensis- . • .... •■•• 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 .... 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 Charadrius dominicus fulvus • • • • 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 ? 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 O j o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 Squatarola squatarola • • • • • • • • • • 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . . 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 Arenaria interpres . . • • • • • ■ 
 
 O I o 
 
 ? 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o ? 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 Lophortyx californica • • • • • • • • • • 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Phasianus torquatus • • • • • • • • 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 versicolor .... • ■ ■ • • • • • 
 
 . . 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Turtur chinensis. . . • • • • • • ■ • 
 
 o 
 
 o o 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Circus hudsonius .... • • • • • • • • 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 . . 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 Buteo solitarius .... ■ ■ ■ . • • • ■ 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Asio accipitrinus sandvicensis • . • • • • 
 
 • o 
 
 DOG 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Alauda ar\?ensis ... • ■ • • • • • • 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Corvus hawaiiensis • . • • • ■ . • • • • • 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chasiempis sclateri ■ • • • • • • • 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sandvicensis .... ■ ■ • • • ■ ■ • 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 gayi 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Acridotheres tristis • ■ . • • • . • ■ • • • 
 
 o 
 
 o 1 o : o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Passer dome.sticus • • • ■ • • • ■ 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Carpodacus mexicanus obscurus • • • • 
 
 o 
 
 o : .. I o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Munia nisoria • ■ . . • • • ■ • • • • 
 
 o 
 
 o • . 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Drepanis pacifica • • . ■ • • • • • ■ ■ • 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Drepanorhamplius funerea . . • • • • 
 
 
 . ■ ! o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Vestiaria coccinea ■ ■ • • • • • • • • • • 
 
 o 
 
 o . o , o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Palmeria dolei • • . • • • • • ■ • • • 
 
 
 o . . o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [322] 
 
TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 67 
 
 table: 01^ m^I^'^Vm^lO'^. —Continued. 
 
 Nams. 
 
 1 
 
 
 a 
 
 '3 
 
 
 
 1' 
 
 3 
 
 
 cti 
 
 
 ■5 
 
 Accidental or 
 wide-ranging. 
 
 Himatione sanguinea . • .... .... 
 
 freethi .... .... .... 
 
 Ciridops anna . .... .... .... 
 
 Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri ... .... 
 
 chloridoides . • ■ . .... .... 
 
 wilsoni .... .... .... 
 
 kalaana ... .... .... 
 
 chloris .... .... .... 
 
 virens • ■ . ■ .... .... .... 
 
 parva ■ . ■ • • .... .... 
 
 Viridonia sagittirostris . .... .... 
 
 Oreomyza bairdi ... .... .... 
 
 mana .... .... .... .... 
 
 montana .... .... .... 
 
 maculata • . .... . • ■ . .... 
 
 newtoni .... .... .... 
 
 flammea ... .... .... • • • • 
 
 lyoxops coccinea ... .... 
 
 ochracea . .... .... .... 
 
 ruf a . . .... .... . • ■ . 
 
 cseruleirostris .... .... .... 
 
 Hemignathus lichtensteini. . .... 
 
 obscurus . .... .... • ■ . . 
 
 procerus .... .... .... 
 
 lanaiensis . .... .... • . . • 
 
 Heterorhynchus affinis .... ■ • . • 
 
 hanapepe. . .... .... • • • . 
 
 lucidus .... .... . • ■ • 
 
 wilsoni ... .... .... • . . ■ 
 
 Pseudonestor xanthophrys 
 
 Psittacirostra olivacea* • .... .... 
 
 psittacea .... . • . • • • • . 
 
 Loxioides bailleui .... . ■ ■ . .... 
 
 Telespiza cantans . .... . . . • 
 
 Rhodacanthis palmeri • ■ .... • • • . 
 
 flaviceps .... • • ■ • 
 
 Chloridops kona .... • • • . . ■ • ■ 
 Moho braccatus ... . ■ ■ . • . • • 
 
 bishopi .... . . . • • • • ■ • • • • 
 
 nobilis .... • ■ • • • ■ . • 
 
 apicalis ... ■ • • . • ■ . • • • • • 
 
 Chsetoptila angustipluma 
 
 Acrocephalus familiaris . . • • ■ ■ ■ • 
 Phseornis palmeri . . • • . ■ • • . • 
 
 myadestina .... ■ ■ • • • ■ • ■ 
 
 lanaiensis • • • • . • • • 
 
 obscura . • . • . • • • • ■ • • • • 
 
 oahuensis .... .... . • • • 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 t 
 
 t 
 
 t 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 The addition of tlie uew Ou to the list brings tlie total number of species of Hawaiian birds up to 1,^2. 
 
 [323] 
 
INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 
 
 Accipitriuse 
 Acridotheres 
 
 tristis 
 Acrocephalus 
 
 familiaris • • 
 Acrulocercus apicalis 
 
 bishopi .... 
 
 braccatus 
 
 niger 
 
 iiobilis . . 
 Actitis incanus . 
 Actodromas 
 
 Aeo 
 
 ^strelata 
 
 hypoleuca 
 
 leucocephala 
 
 phseopygia 
 
 sandwicensis 
 Akaiearooa 
 Akakane .... 
 
 Green 
 Akapane . . . • 
 Akeake 
 
 Akeka 
 
 Akekee 
 Akekeke .... 
 Akepa • . ... 
 
 Akepeuie ■ . . 
 Akialoa 
 
 Kauai . . 
 
 Lanai .... 
 Akihialoa (Sp. indet.) 
 Akihipolena .... 
 Akikihi .... 
 Alaalai (Sp. indet 
 Alae 
 
 awi . . . • 
 
 keokeo . . . • 
 
 ula .... 
 
 Alala 
 
 Alauda — 
 
 arvensis — 
 Alaudidae. • ■ . 
 Alauhiio' .... 
 
 Alauwahio • . • . 
 Alawi ■ • • . • • . • 
 
 Albatross, Black -footed 
 
 de la Chine . ■ 
 
 32 
 
 37> 38 
 
 38 
 
 58 
 
 58 
 
 57 
 
 57 
 
 57 
 
 57 
 
 57 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 
 26 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 50 
 
 96 
 
 49 
 
 91 
 
 49 
 
 94 
 
 43 
 
 74 
 
 29 
 
 53 
 
 29 
 
 53 
 
 29 
 
 53 
 
 29 
 
 53 
 
 49 
 
 91 
 
 49 
 
 91 
 
 50 
 
 96 
 
 51 
 
 97 
 
 51 
 
 98 
 
 43 
 
 72 
 
 47 
 
 85 
 
 24 
 
 41 
 
 24 
 
 42 
 
 24 
 
 43 
 
 24 
 
 41 
 
 35 
 
 62 
 
 35 
 
 
 35 
 
 61 
 
 34. 35 
 
 
 47 
 46 
 46 
 10 
 10 
 
 Amakihi, Hawaii 
 intermediate 
 66 Kauai .... 
 
 Lanai .... 
 115 Maui .... 
 
 113 Molokai . 
 
 111 Oahu .... 
 no ochraceous 
 
 112 scarlet . . . • 
 112 Amakika (See Amakihi) 
 
 48 Amaui . • .... 
 
 Anananii .... .... 
 
 46 Anas 
 
 boscas ( See note ) 
 14 boschas .... 
 
 1 3 clypeata 
 
 1 3 laysanensis 
 
 1 3 sandvicensis 
 
 superciliosa . . 
 
 (var.) 
 
 ' ' ( var. a . , sandvicensis 
 
 wyvilliana 
 Anatidae 
 Anatinae .... 
 Auauanii 
 Anous — 
 fuliginosus. . 
 hawaiiensis 
 melanogenys 
 niger .... 
 pileatus 
 spadicia 
 
 stolidus • • . 
 
 tenuirostris 
 
 (Also No. 8 in part.) 
 Anser hauaiensis 
 hawaien.sis 
 hawaiiensis • . 
 sandvicensis 
 Anseres . . .... 
 
 Anserinse .... 
 
 Anthochsera angustipluma 
 87 Ao (Sp. indet.). 
 
 83 Apane ... 
 
 83 Apapane • • ■ • .... 
 
 1 1 Apekepeke .... ... 
 
 1 1 Aphrizidae . . . • . • 
 
 [325] 
 
 . 46 
 
 82 
 
 45 
 
 78 
 
 • 44 
 
 77 
 
 45 
 
 81 
 
 • 45 
 
 78 
 
 45 
 
 79 
 
 • 45 
 
 80 
 
 49 
 
 92 
 
 • 49 
 
 91 
 
 . 61 
 
 119 
 
 46 
 
 83 
 
 • 16, 17 
 
 
 17 " 
 
 
 • 17 
 
 27 
 
 18 
 
 29 
 
 . 18 
 
 28 
 
 17 
 
 •27 
 
 • 17 
 
 27 
 
 17 
 
 27 
 
 ) 17 
 
 27 
 
 17 
 
 27 
 
 . 16 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 . 46 
 
 83 
 
 5, 9 
 
 
 . 8 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 • 9 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 ■ 9 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 • 9 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 . 20 
 
 35 
 
 20 
 
 35 
 
 . 20 
 
 35 
 
 20 
 
 35 
 
 . 16 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 • 58 
 
 114 
 
 • 43 
 
 74 
 
 43 
 
 74 
 
 • 36 
 
 63 
 
 25, 29 
 
 
 (69) 
 
1o 
 
 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 
 
 
 tAdE. 
 
 KB. 
 
 Ardea csetulea (var. y) 
 
 . 2t 
 
 37 
 
 exilis .... .... .... 
 
 23 
 
 38 
 
 grisea .... . ■ . • • . > 
 
 • 22 
 
 38 
 
 (Herodias) sacra .... 
 
 21 
 
 37 
 
 nsevia .... .... 
 
 . 22 
 
 38 
 
 nycticorax .... . . . • 
 
 22 
 
 38 
 
 sacra .... .... 
 
 . 21 
 
 37 
 
 vulgaris 
 
 21 
 
 37 
 
 Ardeidae 
 
 . 20, 21 
 
 
 Ardeinae 
 
 21 
 
 
 Arenaria 
 
 • 29 
 
 
 interpres 
 
 29 
 
 53 
 
 Asio 
 
 • 33 
 
 
 accipitrinus .... .... 
 
 33 
 
 60 
 
 accipitrinus sandvicensis- 
 
 • 33 
 
 60 
 
 braciiyotus • . • . .... 
 
 33 
 
 60 
 
 sandvicensis • • .... . . . 
 
 • 33 
 
 60 
 
 sandwichensis . ■ . . .... 
 
 33 
 
 60 
 
 Atagen aquila .... .... 
 
 • 15 
 
 25 
 
 aquilus • • .... . • ■ . 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 Attagen aquila ... .... 
 
 • 15 
 
 25 
 
 Aua 
 
 35 
 
 62 
 
 Auku kohili .... .... 
 
 . 22 
 
 38 
 
 Aukuu 
 
 22 
 
 38 
 
 Bee-eater, Yellow -tufted 
 
 • 57 
 
 113 
 
 Bernicla sandvicensis .... 
 
 20 
 
 35 
 
 sandwichensis ■ ■ • . . . . 
 
 . 20 
 
 35 
 
 Booby .... .... .... 
 
 15 
 
 24 
 
 Blue-faced • . . • . • 
 
 ■ 15 
 
 22 
 
 Red-footed 
 
 15 
 
 23 
 
 Brachyotus gallapagoensis 
 
 • 33 
 
 60 
 
 Brant, Black 
 
 19 
 
 34 
 
 Branta 
 
 • i7> 19 
 
 
 canadensis minima — 
 
 19 
 
 33 
 
 (lyeucopareia) sandwichensis . 
 
 . 20 
 
 35 
 
 nigricans 
 
 19 
 
 34 
 
 Bubonidas .... .... . . • 
 
 ■ 32. 33 
 
 
 Buffle-head 
 
 19 
 
 31 
 
 Bulweria 
 
 . II, 12 
 
 
 anjinho • . .... .... 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 bulweri 
 
 . 12 
 
 15 
 
 columbina .... .... 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 macgillivrayi .... 
 
 . 12 
 
 15 
 
 Burrica .... .... .... 
 
 38 
 
 
 Buteo 
 
 • 32, 33 
 
 
 (Onychotes) solitarius . . • • 
 
 33 
 
 59 
 
 solitarius 
 
 • 33 
 
 59 
 
 Calidris 
 
 • 26, 28 
 
 
 arenaria 
 
 28 
 
 50 
 
 Callipela californica .... 
 
 • 30 
 
 54 
 
 Carduelis coccinea . • .... 
 
 49 
 
 91 
 
 Carpodacus 
 
 • 38 
 
 
 frontalis .... . . . ■ 
 
 39 
 
 68 
 
 frontalis rhodocolpus. • ■ ■ ■ 
 
 • 33 
 
 68 
 
 mexicanus obscurus — 
 
 39 
 
 68 
 
 Certhia coccinea. . .... . . . 
 
 • 43 
 
 72 
 
 obscura .... . • . • 
 
 50 
 
 96 
 
 pacifica .... . • • • 
 
 • 42 
 
 70 
 
 sauguinea .... . . ■ . 
 
 43 
 
 74 
 
 t>A(iE> 
 
 Certhia vestiaria . > • • 
 
 •••43 
 
 
 73 
 
 virens > . . . t • • ■ • • . 
 
 46 
 
 
 82 
 
 Cheetoptila 
 
 ...58 
 
 
 
 attifustipluttia 
 
 58 
 
 
 114 
 
 Charadriidse .... • ■ . • 
 
 ••• 25, 
 
 28 
 
 
 Charadrius 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 auratus orientalis 
 
 • ..29 
 
 
 52 
 
 dominicus fulvus — 
 
 29 
 
 
 52 
 
 f ulvus .... .... 
 
 ...29 
 
 
 52 
 
 glaucopus .... ■ ■ ■ . 
 
 29 
 
 
 52 
 
 hiaticula 
 
 ...29 
 
 
 52 
 
 "like C. hiaticula" 
 
 29 
 
 
 52 
 
 pluvialis .... .... 
 
 ...29 
 
 
 52 
 
 taitensis .... .... 
 
 29 
 
 
 52 
 
 virginianus . . 
 
 ... 29- 
 
 
 52 
 
 xanthocheitus .... .... 
 
 29 
 
 
 52 
 
 Charitonetta 
 
 ... 16, 
 
 18 
 
 
 albeola 
 
 19 
 
 
 31 
 
 Chasiempis 
 
 ... 36 
 
 
 
 dolei .... .... .... 
 
 36 
 
 
 62 
 
 gayi 
 
 ••■37 
 
 
 65 
 
 ibidis .... .... .... 
 
 37 
 
 
 64 
 
 ridgwayi .... . • . • 
 
 ■••37 
 
 
 64 
 
 sandvicensis 
 
 36 
 
 
 64 
 
 (Also No. 65 in pt.) 
 
 
 
 
 sandwichensis 
 
 ■■•37 
 
 
 64 
 
 (Also Nos. 63 and 65 in pt 
 
 .) 
 
 
 
 sclateri 
 
 ...36 
 
 
 63 
 
 Chasiempsis obscura. . .... 
 
 61 
 
 
 119 
 
 sandvicensis . . .... 
 
 ■■•37 
 
 
 64 
 
 sandwichensis .... .... 
 
 37 
 
 
 64 
 
 Chen 
 
 ... 16, 
 
 19 
 
 
 hyperborboreus ■ . .... 
 
 19 
 
 
 32 
 
 hyperborea • . . • • . 
 
 ...19 
 
 
 32 
 
 hyperboreus 
 
 19 
 
 
 32 
 
 Chloridops 
 
 ••• 4o> 
 
 56 
 
 
 kona 
 
 56 
 
 
 109 
 
 Chlorodrepanis — 
 
 ... 41, 
 
 44 
 
 
 chloridoides 
 
 45 
 
 
 81 
 
 chloris 
 
 ■■•45 
 
 
 80 
 
 kalaana 
 
 45 
 
 
 79 
 
 parva 
 
 ... 46 
 
 
 83 
 
 stejnegeri — — 
 
 44 
 
 
 77 
 
 virens 
 
 ...46 
 
 
 82 
 
 wilsoni 
 
 45 
 
 
 78 
 
 Chrysomitridops • . .... 
 
 ... 41, 
 
 48 
 
 
 caeruleirostris .... .... 
 
 49 
 
 
 94 
 
 Cinclus interpres 
 
 ...29 
 
 
 53 
 
 Circus 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 cyaneus hudsonius .... 
 
 ■■•33 
 
 
 58 
 
 hudsonius 
 
 33 
 
 
 58 
 
 Ciridops 
 
 ... 41, 
 
 44 
 
 
 anna- • 
 
 44 
 
 
 76 
 
 sp- 
 
 ■■■44 
 
 
 76 
 
 Clangula albeola (See note) .... 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 Cnipolegus sp. (?) .... 
 
 ■■■ 37 
 
 
 64 
 
 Colluricincla (?) sandvicensis . . 
 
 61 
 
 
 119 
 
 Columbse .... .... 
 
 ... 31 
 
 
 
 Coot, Hawaiian .... .... 
 
 24 
 
 
 43 
 
 Corethrura obscura .... 
 
 ■■■23 
 
 
 39 
 
 sandwichensis .... .... 
 
 23 
 
 
 39 
 
 [326] 
 
INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 
 
 71 
 
 Corvidse ■ ■ • . . ■ ■ . 
 
 • 34- 35 
 
 
 Dysporus parvus . • • - 
 
 .... 15 
 
 24 
 
 Corvinse .... .... .... 
 
 35 
 
 
 piscator. . .... 
 
 15 
 
 23 
 
 Corviis 
 
 • 35 
 
 
 sula . . .... ■ . . • 
 
 .... 15 
 
 24 
 
 hawaiiensis 
 
 35 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 
 (Physocorax) hawaiiensis e 
 
 t 
 
 
 Eee-eve- . .... • • . • 
 
 .... 43 
 
 72 
 
 tropicus .... . • • • 
 
 35 
 
 62 
 
 "Eine Art Ente" 
 
 18 
 
 28 
 
 tropicus .... .... ... 
 
 • 35 
 
 62 
 
 Eki-aki 
 
 .... 9 
 
 10 
 
 Cracticus ater .... .... 
 
 35 
 
 62 
 
 Elepaio, Hawaii . . • • 
 
 37 
 
 64 
 
 Crake, Laysan. ... .... 
 
 • 24 
 
 40 
 
 Kauai .... 
 
 .... 36 
 
 63 
 
 Creeper, Crimson .... .... 
 
 43 
 
 74 
 
 Oahu 
 
 37 
 
 65 
 
 Great Hook-billed 
 
 • 42 
 
 70 
 
 Eniberiga sandvicensis (Syn. 
 
 ndet.). 
 
 
 Hook-billed Green .... 
 
 50 
 
 96 
 
 atricapilla (Syn. indet.). 
 
 
 
 Olive-green ■ . .... . . . 
 
 . 46 
 
 82 
 
 Entomiza (?) angustipluma 
 
 .... 58 
 
 114 
 
 Red Hook-billed 
 
 43 
 
 72 
 
 Eopsaltria sandvicensis 
 
 37 
 
 64 
 
 Crow, Hawaiian 
 
 • 35 
 
 62 
 
 (Chasiempis) maculata 
 
 •••■ 37 
 
 64 
 
 Tropic .... .... 
 
 35 
 
 62 
 
 ' ' obscura • 
 
 61 
 
 119 
 
 Crytnophilus 
 
 • 25 
 
 
 sandwichen 
 
 sis 36 
 
 63 
 
 fulicarius 
 
 26 
 
 45 
 
 (Phaeornis) obscura 
 
 61 
 
 119 
 
 Curlew, Bristle-thighed ... 
 
 . 28 
 
 51 
 
 Ewaewa .... .... 
 
 .... 8 
 
 5 
 
 Otaheite 
 
 28 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 
 Cymochorea cryptoleucura 
 
 • 13 
 
 19 
 
 Falcones .... . . . • 
 
 Falconidae . . .... 
 
 .... 32 
 32 
 
 
 Dafila 
 
 . 16, 18 
 
 
 Finch, Crimson House .... 
 
 39 
 
 68 
 
 acuta 
 
 18 
 
 30 
 
 House . . .... 
 
 39 
 
 68 
 
 caudacuta. . .. .... 
 
 . 18 
 
 30 
 
 Laysan .... .... 
 
 .... 54 
 
 106 
 
 Demiegretta 
 
 21 
 
 
 scarlet • • .... 
 
 49 
 
 91 
 
 sacra 
 
 . 21 
 
 37 
 
 Fish Hawk (See note) 
 
 • • • • 33 
 
 
 Diomedea 
 
 ID 
 
 
 Fly-catcher, Dusky ■ ■ ■ 
 
 61 
 
 119 
 
 immutabilis 
 
 . 10 
 
 12 
 
 Sandwich .... .... 
 
 37 
 
 64 
 
 nigripes 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 Spotted-winged • . 
 
 37 
 
 64 
 
 Diomedeidse .... .... 
 
 . ID 
 
 
 "Fou de Cayanne" 
 
 15 
 
 24 
 
 Dove, Chinese Turtle 
 
 31 
 
 57 
 
 Fregata 
 
 15 
 
 
 Singapore .... .... . . . 
 
 • 31 
 
 57 
 
 aquila 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 Drepanidid«. . .... • • • • 
 
 34. 39 
 
 
 aquilus . . . . . • 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 Drepanis 
 
 • 40, 41 
 
 
 leucocephala • • • • 
 
 .... 15 
 
 25 
 
 aurea ... . • ■ • • • • . 
 
 49 
 
 91 
 
 leucocephalus, et palmerstoni 15 
 
 25 
 
 byronensis . . . ■ ■ • 
 
 • 43 
 
 74 
 
 minor .... .... 
 
 .... 15 
 
 25 
 
 coccinea ■ . • • • . • • 
 
 50 
 
 96 
 
 strumosa " . . . . 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 ellisiana .... ■ . . • ■ . • 
 
 ■ 50 
 
 96 
 
 Fregatidse .... .... 
 
 14, 15 
 
 
 flava • . . • .... • • . • 
 
 46 
 
 82 
 
 Fregeta • • • ■ .... 
 
 15 
 
 
 funerea .... • • • ■ 
 
 • 42 
 
 71 
 
 aquila ■ . • . .... 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 (Hemignathus) ellisiana . . 
 
 50 
 
 95 
 
 Frigate, Palmerston . . 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 ( " ) lucida 
 
 • 52 
 
 lOI 
 
 White-headed 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 (Himatione) sanguinea. . . . 
 
 45 
 
 80 
 
 Fringilla coccinea .... 
 
 49 
 
 91 
 
 lucida • • . • . • • ■ 
 
 ■ 52 
 
 lOI 
 
 Fringillidae .... .... 
 
 • • • • 34, 38 
 
 
 obscura .... .... 
 
 50 
 
 96 
 
 Fulica 
 
 23, 24 
 
 
 olivacea ■ • • . 
 
 • 52 
 
 101 
 
 alai 
 
 24 
 
 43 
 
 pacifica 
 
 42 
 
 70 
 
 Fulicinse .... .... 
 
 23 
 
 
 rufa . • • • • • . • 
 
 • 49 
 
 91 
 
 Fuligulinse .... .... 
 
 16 
 
 
 (Also No. 93 in pt.) 
 
 
 
 Fulmarinse . . . . . • 
 
 10 
 
 
 sanguinea ... 
 
 • 43 
 
 74 
 
 
 
 
 vestiaria • . . • 
 
 43 
 
 72 
 
 Gallinae- . .... .... 
 
 30 
 
 
 ■ (Vestiaria) coccinea 
 
 ■ 43 
 
 72 
 
 Gallinula 
 
 22, 23 
 
 
 Drepanorhamphus — 
 
 40, 42 
 
 
 chloropus .... .... 
 
 .... 24 
 
 41 
 
 funerea 
 
 • 42 
 
 71 
 
 galeata • . .... 
 
 24 
 
 41 
 
 Duck, Hawaiian .... .... 
 
 17 
 
 27 
 
 galeata sandvicensis . . 
 
 24 
 
 41 
 
 Dysporus cyanopus .... 
 
 • 15 
 
 22 
 
 sandvicensis 
 
 24 
 
 41 
 
 dactylatra .... .... 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 sp- 
 
 .... 24 
 
 41 
 
 fiber 
 
 • 15 
 
 24 
 
 Gallinule, Hawaiian . . 
 
 24 
 
 41 
 
 hernandizi .... .... 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 ■ Gallinulinse .... .... 
 
 .... 22 
 
 
 leucogaster 
 
 • 15 
 
 24 
 
 Gambetta fuliginosa . . 
 
 27 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 [327] 
 
 
 
72 
 
 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 
 
 Gannet, Brown . . .... ... 
 
 masked . . .... .... 
 
 Godwit, Pacific. . . .... . . . ■ 
 
 Gooney .... .... .... 
 
 Brown .... .... . . . . 
 
 Goose, Cackling .... .... 
 
 Hawaiian .... .... . . . . 
 
 I,esser Snow .... .... 
 
 Sandwicli Island .... . . . . 
 
 Gracula longirostra . . .... 
 
 nobilis .... .... . . . . 
 
 Grosbeak, Parrot-billed .... 
 
 Gull, California . . .... . . . . 
 
 Franklin's .... .... 
 
 Point Barrow .... . . • ■ 
 
 Ring-billed .... .... 
 
 Gygis 
 
 alba .... .... .... 
 
 alba Candida .... . . . . 
 
 alba kittlitzi 
 
 Candida .... .... . . . . 
 
 Haakoae .... .... . . . . 
 
 Halijeus aquilus .... .... 
 
 Haliplana fuliginosa .... . . . . 
 
 lunata .... .... .... 
 
 Hawk, Brown .... .... . . . . 
 
 Hawaiian .... .... 
 
 Marsh .... .... . . . . 
 
 Heiiiignathus 
 
 affinis .... .... . . . . 
 
 (Also No. I02 in pt.) 
 
 ellisianus .... .... . . . . 
 
 hanapepe .... .... 
 
 lanaiensis 
 
 lichtensteini 
 
 lucidus .... .... .... 
 
 obscurtis 
 
 (Also Nos. 95, 97, 102 in pt.) 
 
 olivaceus .... .... .... 
 
 (Also No. 102 in pt.) 
 
 procerus 
 
 stejnegeri .... .... 
 
 wilsoni .... .... .... 
 
 Herodii . . .... .... 
 
 Herodiones .... .... .... 
 
 Heron, Black-crowned Night . . 
 
 Sacred .... .... .... 
 
 Heteractitis 
 
 brevipes .... .... .... 
 
 incana . . .... .... 
 
 incanus 
 
 Heterorhynchus 
 
 affinis .... 
 
 hanapepe 
 
 lucidus 
 
 olivaceus .... .... 
 
 wilsoni 
 
 Heteroscutus brevipes .... 
 
 incanus .... .... .... 
 
 15 
 15 
 28 
 10 
 
 ID 
 
 19 
 20 
 
 19 
 20 
 
 57 
 
 57 
 
 54 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 5, 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 15 
 
 33 
 33 
 33 
 
 40, 50 
 52 
 
 50 
 52 
 51 
 50 
 52 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 51 
 
 51 
 
 53 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 21 
 
 26, 27 
 
 27 
 
 27 
 27 
 
 40, 51 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 53 
 27 
 27 
 
 NO. 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 49 
 12 
 II 
 33 
 35 
 32 
 
 35 
 
 112 
 
 112 
 
 104 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 I 
 
 3 
 10 
 
 ID 
 ID 
 ID 
 
 21 
 25 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 59 
 59 
 58 
 
 99 
 
 95 
 
 100 
 
 98 
 
 95 
 
 lOI 
 
 96 
 
 96 
 
 97 
 
 97 
 
 102 
 
 38 
 37 
 
 48 
 48 
 48 
 
 99 
 100 
 
 lOI 
 lOI 
 
 102 
 
 48 
 48- 
 
 Himantopus 
 
 candidus .... .... 
 
 kandseni .... .... . . . 
 
 knudseni .... — 
 
 nigricollis .... . ■ • . 
 Himatione 
 
 aurea .... .... 
 
 chlordoides .... .... 
 
 chloris .... .... . . . 
 
 (Also No. 77 in pt.) 
 
 dolei .... .... . . . 
 
 dolii .... .... .... 
 
 flava .... .... . . . 
 
 fraithii . . .... .... 
 
 freethi 
 
 kalaana. . .... .... 
 
 maculata .... .... ... 
 
 niana ... .... .... 
 
 montana .... .... 
 
 newtoni . . .... .... 
 
 parva .... .... . . • 
 
 sanguinea 
 
 (Also No. 82 in pt.) 
 
 stejnegeri . . . . ■ • ... 
 
 virens ... .... 
 
 (Also Nos. 78, 80, 88 in pt.) 
 
 wilsoni .... .... . . . • 
 
 Hirondelle de nier brune .... 
 
 Honey-eater, Hook-billed. . . . . • 
 
 Laysan . . .... .... 
 
 Yellow-tufted .... . . . . 
 
 Hoo hoo .... .... .... 
 
 Hunakai .... .... • . . • 
 
 Hydrochelidon fuliginosum .... 
 
 Hypoloxias aurea .... . . . . 
 
 coccinea. . .... .... 
 
 lawi .... .... .... . . . . 
 
 Ibides .... .... .... 
 
 Ibididae .... . . . . 
 
 Ibis, White-faced Glossy .... 
 
 li 
 
 liwi .... .... .... 
 
 liwipolena .... .... 
 
 lo 
 
 loa .... .... .... . . . . 
 
 Iwa . . .... .... .... 
 
 Iwi .... .... .... . . . . 
 
 Iwipolena . . .... .... 
 
 Iwipopolo .... .... . . . . 
 
 Kaao=Ao (Sp. indet. ). 
 
 Kaio ... .... .... . . . . 
 
 (Also No. 60 in pt.) 
 Kaka (See note) .... . . . . 
 
 Kakawahie . . .... .... 
 
 Kala 
 
 Kaniao .... .... . . . • 
 
 Kamou . . .... .... .... 
 
 Kanono (Sp. indet.). 
 
 . 26 
 
 26 
 . 26 
 
 26 
 . 26 
 
 41. 43 
 
 • 49 
 45 
 
 • 45 
 
 • 43 
 46 
 
 . 46 
 44 
 
 ■ 44 
 45 
 
 . 48 
 
 47 
 
 ■ 47 
 48 
 
 46 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 46 
 
 45 
 
 9 
 50 
 44 
 57 
 42 
 28 
 
 8 
 49 
 49 
 
 43 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 43 
 43 
 43 
 33 
 15 
 15 
 44 
 43 
 43 
 
 33 
 
 46 
 46 
 46 
 46 
 
 92 
 81 
 80 
 
 77 
 72 
 82 
 
 75 
 75 
 79 
 88 
 86 
 87 
 89 
 83 
 74 
 
 77 
 82 
 
 78 
 8 
 
 96 
 
 75 
 
 113 
 
 70 
 
 50 
 
 5 
 
 92 
 
 91 
 
 74 
 
 36 
 
 74 
 72 
 
 74 
 59 
 25 
 25 
 77 
 72 
 72 
 
 59 
 
 17 
 
 27 
 
 48 
 
 90 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 60 
 
 117 
 
 60 
 
 117 
 
 [328] 
 
INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 
 
 72, 
 
 Keke 
 
 Kioea .... .... .... 
 
 Kiowea • • .... .... . . . . 
 
 Kipi 
 
 Kleiner rother. ... .... . . . . 
 
 Koae .... .... .... 
 
 Koae ula .... .... . . . . 
 
 Kolea .... .... .... 
 
 Koloa maoli .... .... . . . . 
 
 mapu .... .... .... 
 
 moha .... .... . . . . 
 
 Kukuluaeo . . .... .... 
 
 L,a Mouette brune .... . . . . 
 
 La Paille-en-Queue a brins rouges 
 
 de I'isle de France .... . . . . 
 
 Laridse .... .... .... 
 
 Lark, Sk3r .... .... . . . . 
 
 I/arus 
 
 barrovianus 
 
 californicus 
 
 delawarensis 
 
 franklinii 
 
 glaucus .... .... . . . . 
 
 iiiger(?) 
 
 Philadelphia ( See note ) 
 
 Lauwi • • . • .... .... 
 
 Le Fou .... .... .... 
 
 blanc .... .... .... 
 
 brun .... .... . . . . 
 
 commune .... .... 
 
 Liniicolse .... .... .... 
 
 I/imosa 
 
 lapponica baueri 
 
 Linaria coccinea .... .... 
 
 (Also No. 93 in pt.) 
 Longipennes .... .... .... 
 
 I/Ophortyx 
 
 californica 
 
 Loxia pityopsittacus . . .... 
 
 psittacea .... .... .... 
 
 lyoxioides 
 
 bailleni .... .... .... 
 
 bailleui 
 
 1/OXOpS 
 
 aurea ... .... .... 
 
 (Also No. 91 in pt.) 
 
 caeruleirostris 
 
 ( Chrysomitridops ) caeruleirostris 
 
 coccinea 
 
 coccineus .... .... .... 
 
 fiammea .... • • • . 
 
 ochracea 
 
 rosea .... .... .... 
 
 mfa 
 
 wolstenholmei .... .... 
 
 Mamo ... .... .... 
 
 Perkins • ■ • . 
 
 Man-o'-war Bird .... 
 
 Memoirs B. P. B. Museum, Vol. I., No. 3.-6. 
 
 29 
 28 
 58 
 50 
 
 44 
 14 
 14 
 29 
 
 17 
 i8 
 18 
 26 
 
 9 
 14 
 14 
 
 5 
 35 
 
 5,6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 6 
 
 57 
 65 
 46 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 24 
 
 26, 27 
 
 28 
 
 49 
 
 5 
 30 
 30 
 54 
 54 
 
 39, 54 
 54 
 54 
 41, 48 
 
 49 
 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 49 
 48 
 
 49 
 43 
 49 
 49 
 
 42 
 42 
 15 
 
 54 
 
 51 
 
 114 
 
 95 
 75 
 21 
 20 
 52 
 27 
 30 
 29 
 46 
 
 20 
 20 
 
 61 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 I 
 112 
 
 83 
 24 
 
 23 
 23 
 24 
 
 49 
 91 
 
 54 
 104 
 104 
 
 105 
 105 
 
 92 
 
 94 
 94 
 91 
 91 
 90 
 
 92 
 
 72 
 
 93 
 93 
 
 70 
 71 
 25 
 
 Manuku .... .... 
 
 Mareca americana (See note). 
 Megalopterus tenuirostris. . 
 
 stolidus . . .... 
 
 Meliphaga fasciculata .... 
 
 Meliphagidas .... 
 
 Melithreptes vestiaria .... 
 
 Melithreptus obscurus 
 
 pacificus .... . . . • 
 
 vestiarius .... 
 
 (Also No. 96 in pt.) 
 
 virens .... .... 
 
 Mellisuga coccinea ... 
 Merganser 
 
 Red-breasted • ■ • • . . • 
 
 serrator 
 
 Merops fasciculata .... 
 
 niger .... .... 
 
 sp- 
 
 Microanous 
 
 hawaiiensis — 
 Miller Bird 
 
 Mina .... .... 
 
 False • • • • .... 
 
 Moha .... .... 
 
 Moho 
 
 ■(Also No. 113 in pt.) 
 Moho .... . • . • 
 
 angustipluma .... 
 
 apicalis 
 
 atriceps .... .... 
 
 bishopi 
 
 braccata 
 
 niger .... .... ... 
 
 nobilis 
 
 (Also No. 113 in part.) 
 Mohoa angustipluma 
 
 apicalis .... .... 
 
 braccata .... 
 
 fasciculata . . .... 
 
 (Also No. 112 in pt.) 
 
 nobilis (in part) .... 
 Morus parvus .... 
 
 piscator .... .... 
 
 sula .... .... 
 
 Mud hen .... .... 
 
 (Also No. 41 in pt.) 
 Muuia 
 
 nisoria 
 
 nisoria punctata .... 
 
 Muscicapa maculata ... 
 
 - obscura .... .... 
 
 sanduicensis .... . . . . 
 
 (Also No. 63 in pt.) 
 
 sandvicensis. . .... 
 
 sandwicheusis .... . . . . 
 
 Muscicapidse .... .... 
 
 Mynah, House .... . . . . 
 
 Myzomela nigroventris .... 
 
 sanguinea .... . . . . 
 
 [329] 
 
 • 31 
 18 
 
 • 9 
 9 
 
 • 57 
 35, 56 
 
 • 43 
 50 
 
 • 42 
 43 
 
 . 46 
 
 43 
 
 • 16, 17 
 17 
 
 • 17 
 57 
 57 
 57 
 
 5, 9 
 9 
 58 
 
 38 
 38 
 18 
 
 23 
 
 56 
 58 
 57 
 58 
 
 57 
 57 
 57 
 57 
 
 58 
 57 
 57 
 57 
 
 57 
 15 
 15 
 i5 
 
 24 
 
 39 
 39 
 39 
 37 
 61 
 
 37 
 
 37 
 
 37 
 
 35, 36 
 
 38 
 
 43 
 
 43 
 
 57 
 
 72 
 96 
 70 
 72 
 
 82 
 72 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 112 
 112 
 112 
 
 9 
 115 
 66 
 66 
 29 
 39 
 
 114 
 
 113 
 114 
 III 
 no 
 112 
 1 12 
 
 114 
 
 "3 
 1 10 
 no 
 
 no 
 
 24 
 23 
 24 
 43 
 
 69 
 69 
 64 
 
 119 
 64 
 
 64 
 63 
 
 66 
 72 
 
 74 
 
74 
 
 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 
 
 Nau kane .... . • • • 
 
 .. 12 
 
 16 
 
 Otus brachyotus. . .... 
 
 ••■33 
 
 60 
 
 Nectarinia byronensis .... 
 
 43 
 
 74 
 
 Ou 
 
 54 
 
 104 
 
 coccinea . • • • .... 
 
 •• 43 
 
 72 
 
 (Also No. 117 in pt.) 
 
 
 
 flava .... .... .... 
 
 46 
 
 82 
 
 holowai .... .... 
 
 •••49 
 
 94 
 
 lucida .... .... 
 
 •• 52 
 
 lOI 
 
 Honolulu (See note) 
 
 54 
 
 
 niger . . .... • • ■ • 
 
 57 
 
 112 
 
 polapalapa ... .... 
 
 •••54 
 
 104 
 
 sanguinea . . .... 
 
 •■ 43 
 
 74 
 
 Owholowai . . .... .... 
 
 49 
 
 94 
 
 Nene .... • • • . • • • • 
 
 20 
 
 35 
 
 Owl, Short-eared .... 
 
 •••33 
 
 60 
 
 Nesoclien 
 
 •• 17. 19 
 
 
 Hawaiian .... .... 
 
 33 
 
 60 
 
 sandvicensis 
 
 20 
 
 35 
 
 Pakalakala .... .... 
 
 ... 8 
 
 6 
 
 Nettion crecca (See note) 
 
 .. 18 
 
 
 Palila 
 
 54 
 
 104 
 
 Noio .... .... • . . • 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 Palmeria 
 
 ••• 41, 43 
 
 
 Nukupuu .... . . • • 
 
 •• 52 
 
 100 
 
 dolei 
 
 43 
 
 73 
 
 Numenius 
 
 26, 28 
 
 
 dolii .... .... 
 
 •••43 
 
 73 
 
 australis .... .... 
 
 .. 28 
 
 51 
 
 mirabilis .... .... 
 
 43 
 
 73 
 
 fenioralis .... .... 
 
 28 
 
 51 
 
 Paludicolae .... .... 
 
 ... 22 
 
 
 phaeopus .... .... 
 
 .. 28 
 
 51 
 
 Pandion (See note) 
 
 33 
 
 
 tahitiensis 
 
 28 
 
 51 
 
 ( Polioaetus) solitarius 
 
 •••33 
 
 59 
 
 taitensis .... .... 
 
 .. 28 
 
 51 
 
 solitarius .... 
 
 33 
 
 59 
 
 Nycticorax 
 
 21 
 
 
 Partridge, California .... 
 
 ... 30 
 
 54 
 
 griseus .... ■ . ■ . 
 
 .. 22 
 
 38 
 
 Passer 
 
 38 
 
 
 nycticorax .... .... 
 
 22 
 
 38 
 
 domesticus 
 
 ... 38 
 
 67 
 
 nycticorax naevius 
 
 . . 22 
 
 38 
 
 Passeres . • . • .... .... 
 
 34 
 
 
 Oceanodroma 
 
 II, 13 
 
 
 Pelecanus aquilus .... 
 
 •••15 
 
 25 
 
 castro .... . . • • 
 
 •• 13 
 
 19 
 
 fiber .... .... .... 
 
 15 
 
 23 
 
 cryptoleucura 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 leucocephalus .... 
 
 ...15 
 
 24 
 
 fuliginosa (See note). . 
 
 •• 13 
 
 
 leucogaster .... .... 
 
 15 
 
 24 
 
 Oeoe .... .... .... 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 palmerstoni . . .... 
 
 ...15 
 
 25 
 
 ■ajstrelata bulweri .... 
 
 ■ . 12 
 
 15 
 
 parva .... .... .... 
 
 15 
 
 24 
 
 hypoleuca .... . . . • 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 parvus .... . • . • 
 
 ...15 
 
 24 
 
 pliseopygia 
 
 .. 12 
 
 13 
 
 sula .... .... 
 
 15 
 
 24 
 
 sandwichensis .... .... 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 Pennula 
 
 ... 22, 23 
 
 
 Oio 
 
 •• 9 
 
 8 
 
 ecaudata 
 
 23 
 
 39 
 
 Olokele 
 
 43 
 
 72 
 
 miller .... .... 
 
 ...23 
 
 39 
 
 liokii .... .... 
 
 ■• 43 
 
 72 
 
 millsi ... .... 
 
 23 
 
 39 
 
 popolo ■ . .... 
 
 43 
 
 72 
 
 palmeri .... .... 
 
 ...23 
 
 40 
 
 'Olomao 
 
 .. 60 
 
 118 
 
 sandvichensis .... 
 
 23 
 
 39 
 
 (Also No. 119 in pt.) 
 
 
 
 sandwichensis 
 
 ...23 
 
 39 
 
 ■Olomau .... .... 
 
 .. 60 
 
 118 
 
 wilsoni (See note) 
 
 23 
 
 
 Omao .... .... 
 
 61 
 
 119 
 
 Peristeridse .... 
 
 ... 31 
 
 
 ■Onyclioprion fuliginosa ... 
 
 .. 8 
 
 5 
 
 Petrel, Bonin .... .... 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 fuliginosus 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 Bulwer's .... .... 
 
 ... 12 
 
 15 
 
 lunatus .... . . . • 
 
 .. 8 
 
 6 
 
 Dark-rumped .... .... 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 serratus. . .... 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 Hawaiian Storm .... 
 
 ... 13 
 
 19 
 
 Onychotes gruberi . • . • 
 
 •• 33 
 
 59 
 
 Salvin's White-breasted . • . 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 solitarius .... 
 
 33 
 
 59 
 
 Petrodroma sanguinea .... 
 
 •••43 
 
 74 
 
 Qo 
 
 •• 57 
 
 112 
 
 Phsebastria 
 
 10 
 
 
 Oo aa .... . . . • 
 
 57 
 
 no 
 
 Phaenicurus rubricauda . . . 
 
 ...14 
 
 20 
 
 Oreomy^a 
 
 •• 41, 46 
 
 
 Phseornis 
 
 59 
 
 
 bairdi 
 
 47 
 
 85 
 
 lanaiensis 
 
 ...60 
 
 118 
 
 flammea 
 
 .. 48 
 
 90 
 
 myadestina 
 
 60 
 
 117 
 
 maculata 
 
 48 
 
 88 
 
 myiadestina 
 
 ...60 
 
 117 
 
 mana 
 
 •• 47 
 
 86 
 
 oahuensis 
 
 61 
 
 120 
 
 montana 
 
 47 
 
 87 
 
 oahunsis 
 
 ... 61 
 
 120 
 
 newtoni 
 
 .. 48 
 
 89 
 
 obscura 
 
 61 
 
 119 
 
 (Rothschildia) parva . . . • 
 
 46 
 
 83 
 
 palmeri 
 
 •••59 
 
 116 
 
 wilsoni .... .... 
 
 •• 47 
 
 85 
 
 Phaethon 
 
 14 
 
 
 Ortygometra obscura 
 
 23 
 
 39 
 
 aethereus .... • . . • 
 
 ... 14 
 
 21 
 
 sandvicensis. • .... 
 
 •• 23 
 
 39 
 
 atherus .... . • . • 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 sandwichensis .... .... 
 
 23 
 
 39 
 
 lepturus 
 
 . ... 14 
 
 21 
 
 ■Oscines- . 
 
 •• 34 
 
 
 phsenicurus .... .... 
 
 14 
 
 20 
 
 Ospray (See note) 
 
 33 
 
 
 rubricauda 
 
 14 
 
 20 
 
 [330 J 
 
INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 
 
 75 
 
 Phaethontidse 
 
 Phaeton aethereus • • • • 
 
 (Also No. 20 in pt.) 
 
 candidus .... 
 
 phaeuicurus • • . . 
 
 rubricauda . . 
 
 rubricaudata .... 
 
 rubricaudatus 
 
 rubricaudus .... 
 Phalacrocorax plagicus (See 
 Phalarope, Northern . . 
 
 Red 
 
 Phalaropodidse • ■ • . 
 Phalaropus 
 
 lobatus — 
 Phasianidse .... 
 Phasianus 
 
 torquatus 
 
 versicolor — 
 Pheasant, Japanese 
 
 Mongolian .... 
 
 Ring-necked 
 Phyllornis tonganensis 
 
 virens .... 
 
 Pintail 
 
 Pipi 
 
 Piscatrix Candida .... 
 
 piscator .... 
 Planetis guttatus .... 
 Plegfadis 
 
 guarauna — 
 
 Ploceidae .... 
 
 Plover, Pacific Golden 
 Pluvialis fulvus . . 
 
 longipes .... 
 
 Polena . . .... 
 
 Poliosetus solitarius . . 
 Porphyrio — 
 
 melanotus — 
 Por^anula 
 
 palmeri — 
 Priofinus 
 
 cuneatus — 
 Procellaria alba . • 
 
 anjinho. . .... 
 
 bulweri .... 
 
 bulwerii. . .... 
 
 macgillivrayi 
 Procellariidse .... 
 
 Pseudonestor . . 
 
 xanthophrys — 
 Psittacina olivacea ( See note 
 Psittacirostra — 
 
 icterocephala 
 
 olivacea (See note) 
 
 psittacea 
 
 Psittacopis psittacea . . 
 Psittirostra icterocephala • 
 
 psittacea .... 
 
 sandvicensis 
 Ptiloturus fasciculatus 
 Puaiohi. . .... 
 
 note 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 NO. 
 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 NO. 
 
 13, 
 
 14 
 
 
 Pueo .... .... .... 
 
 •••• 33 
 
 60 
 
 14 
 
 
 21 
 
 Puffinus 
 
 II, 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 columbianus 
 
 .... 12 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 
 21 
 
 cuneatus .... 
 
 . . .. 12 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 
 20 
 
 knudseni .... .... 
 
 .... 12 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 
 20 
 
 nativitatis — 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 
 20 
 
 n. sp. .... .... 
 
 .... 13 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 
 20 
 
 newelli — 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 
 20 
 
 Quail, California Valley . . 
 
 .... 30 
 
 54 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 Querquedula circia ( See not 
 
 ;).. 18 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 44 
 
 Rail, I^aysan .... 
 
 .... 23 
 
 40 
 
 26 
 
 
 45 
 
 Sandwich .... 
 
 23 
 
 39 
 
 24, 
 
 25 
 
 
 Wingless .... .... 
 
 23 
 
 39 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 (Also No. 40 in pt.) 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 44 
 
 Rallidse 
 
 .... 22 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 Rallus 
 
 22 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 acaudata .... .... 
 
 .... 23 
 
 39 
 
 30 
 
 
 55 
 
 ecaudata • • ■ . 
 
 23 
 
 39 
 
 31 
 
 
 56 
 
 obscura .... .... 
 
 .... 23 
 
 39 
 
 31 
 
 
 56 
 
 sanduicensis .... 
 
 23 
 
 39 
 
 30 
 
 
 55 
 
 sandvicensis.. .... 
 
 .... 23 
 
 39 
 
 30 
 
 
 55 
 
 sandwichensis .... 
 
 23 
 
 39 
 
 46 
 
 
 82 
 
 Raptores .... .... 
 
 .... 32 
 
 
 46 
 
 
 82 
 
 Raven .... .... 
 
 35 
 
 62 
 
 18 
 
 
 30 
 
 Recurvirostridse . . .... 
 
 24, 26 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 104 
 
 Rhodacanthis — 
 
 40, 55 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 23 
 
 flaviceps 
 
 •••• 55 
 
 108 
 
 i.S 
 
 
 23 
 
 palmeri — 
 
 55 
 
 107 
 
 8 
 
 
 5 
 
 Rhynchaspis clypeata .... 
 
 .... 18 
 
 29 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 Rice Bird 
 
 39 
 
 68 
 
 20 
 
 
 36 
 
 Rothschildia .... .... 
 
 .... 41, 46 
 
 
 34- 
 
 39 
 
 
 parva .... . . . ■ 
 
 46 
 
 83 
 
 29 
 
 
 52 
 
 Sanderling .... .... 
 
 28 
 
 50 
 
 29 
 
 
 52 
 
 Sandpiper, Sharp-tailed 
 
 27 
 
 47 
 
 29 
 
 
 52 
 
 Siberian Pectoral (See n 
 
 Dte) 27 
 
 
 43 
 
 
 72 
 
 Scarlet Bird 
 
 43 
 
 72 
 
 33 
 
 
 59 
 
 Scolopacidse .... .... 
 
 24, 26 
 
 
 22, 
 
 24 
 
 
 Scolopax guarauna . . 
 
 20 
 
 36 
 
 24 
 
 
 42 
 
 incana .... 
 
 .... 27 
 
 48 
 
 22, 
 
 23 
 
 
 ph8eopus(?) .... 
 
 28 
 
 51 
 
 23 
 
 
 40 
 
 solitaris .... 
 
 27 
 
 48 
 
 II. 
 
 12 
 
 
 tahitiensis .... 
 
 28 
 
 51 
 
 12 
 
 
 16 
 
 undulata .... .... 
 
 27 
 
 48 
 
 12 
 
 
 13 
 
 Shearwater, Black 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 
 15 
 
 Christmas Island .... 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 
 15 
 
 Knudsen's .... 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 
 15 
 
 Wedge-tailed .... 
 
 .... 12 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 
 15 
 
 Shoveller .... .... 
 
 18 
 
 29 
 
 ID 
 
 
 
 Sickle-bill, Green 
 
 51 
 
 97 
 
 39, 
 
 53 
 
 
 Sittacodes ... .... 
 
 54 
 
 104 
 
 53 
 
 
 103 
 
 Skylark 
 
 35 
 
 61 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 Snipe, Ash-colored. ... 
 
 27 
 
 48 
 
 40, 
 
 53 
 
 
 Sparrow, Chinese .... 
 
 .... 39 
 
 69 
 
 54 
 
 
 104 
 
 European House. . 
 
 38 
 
 67 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 Spatula 
 
 .... 16, 18 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 104 
 
 clypeata 
 
 18 
 
 29 
 
 54 
 
 
 104 
 
 Spilopelia .... .... 
 
 .... 31 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 104 
 
 Steganopodes .... 
 
 13 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 104 
 
 Sterna 
 
 5. 7 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 104 
 
 alba .... .... 
 
 9 
 
 ID 
 
 57 
 
 
 112 
 
 bergii (See note) .... 
 
 .... 8 
 
 
 59 
 
 
 116 
 
 Candida .... 
 
 9 
 
 ID 
 
 [33 1 1 
 
76 
 
 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 
 
 Sterna fuliginosa — 
 
 fuscata . • . • • . 
 
 gouldii .... . . . • 
 
 guttata . . • ■ • . 
 
 infuscata . ■ • . ■ ■ • . 
 
 luctuosa . . . • 
 
 luuata 
 
 melanauchen ■ . 
 nivea .... .... 
 
 oahuensis • . . • 
 
 (Onychoprion) serrata 
 owhyhaensis .... 
 
 panaya .... .... 
 
 serratus. • .... 
 
 stolida .... .... 
 
 unicolor .... 
 
 Stilt, Hawaiian . . . • . • 
 
 Storm Petrel, Hawaiian 
 Strepsalis interpres • • • . 
 Strepsilas interpres .... 
 
 Striges ■ . .... 
 
 Strix delicatula . . . • 
 
 sandwichensis • ■ . . 
 
 Stryx accipitrina .... 
 Sturnidse .... .... 
 
 Siila 
 
 bassana .... • . • • 
 
 brasiliensis .... 
 
 cyanops 
 
 dactylatra .... 
 
 erythrorhynclia • • . ■ 
 , fiber .... . . . • 
 
 fulica .... .... 
 
 fusca .... .... 
 
 leucogaster . . .... 
 
 leucophsea .... 
 
 melanops .... .... 
 
 nigrodactyla .... 
 
 parva .... • • • . 
 
 personata .... 
 
 piscator 
 
 piscatrix .... 
 
 plumigula .... .... 
 
 rubripeda .... 
 
 rubripes • ■ • . .... 
 
 sinicadvena .... 
 
 sula 
 
 Sulidse 
 
 Sultana Bird • ■ • . .... 
 
 Sylviidas .... .... 
 
 Tachypetes aquila .... 
 
 aquilufe . . .... 
 
 leucocephalus .... 
 
 palmerstoni .... 
 
 Tsenioptera obscura . • . • 
 Tatare familiaris .... 
 
 otaitensis .... .... 
 
 Tatler, Wandering .... 
 
 Teal, Laysau .... .... 
 
 Telespi^a 
 
 cantans 
 
 flavissima .... 
 
 . 8 
 
 5 
 
 Tern, Grey-backed 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 Hawaiian .... 
 
 . 8 
 
 5 
 
 Noddy .... 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 Peale's 
 
 . 8 
 
 5 
 
 Sooty 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 White 
 
 . 8 
 
 6 
 
 Tetraonidse .... 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 Thalassidroma .... 
 
 • 9 
 
 10 
 
 bulweri .... 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 sp. (?) 
 
 . 8 
 
 5 
 
 Totanus brevipes 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 fuliginosus .... 
 
 > 8 
 
 5 
 
 (Gambetta) incanus 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 incanus 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 oceanicus .... 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 pedestris .... 
 
 26 
 
 46 
 
 polynesiae ... 
 
 13 
 
 • 19 
 
 solitarius .... 
 
 29 
 
 53 
 
 undulatus ... 
 
 29 
 
 53 
 
 Tringa 
 
 32 
 
 
 acuminata. • 
 
 33 
 
 58 
 
 americana (See note) 
 
 50 
 
 96 
 
 interpres 
 
 33 
 
 60 
 
 maculata (See note) 
 
 34, 37 
 
 
 oahuensis .... 
 
 14 
 
 
 Tropic Bird, Red-tailed 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 White-tailed 
 
 15 
 
 24 
 
 Tubinares. ... . . .• 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 Turdidae 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 Turdus sandwichensis 
 
 15 
 
 23 
 
 sandwichensis (var.) 
 
 15 
 
 23 
 
 woahensis .... 
 
 15 
 
 24 
 
 Turnstone .... 
 
 15 
 
 24 
 
 Turtur — — 
 
 15 
 
 24 
 
 chinensis . . 
 
 15 
 
 23 
 
 Tyrannula obscura . . 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 Uau 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 Ukaka 
 
 15 
 
 24 
 
 Ukeke 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 Ukekeke 
 
 15 
 
 23 
 
 Ula 
 
 15 
 
 23 
 
 Ulaaihawane .... 
 
 15 
 
 23 
 
 Ulald 
 
 15 
 
 23 
 
 Ulili 
 
 15 
 
 23 
 
 Uluaihawane .... 
 
 15 
 
 24 
 
 Unu kane . • .... 
 
 15 
 
 24 
 
 Uwau ... .... • . . 
 
 14 
 
 
 Vestiaria 
 
 24 
 
 42 
 
 akrona .... 
 
 34,35, 
 
 58 
 
 coccinea — 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 evi . . • . ■ • 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 heterorhyuchus . . 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 hoho .... . . . 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 Viduinae .... .... 
 
 61 
 
 119 
 
 Viridonia 
 
 58 
 
 115 
 
 maculata 
 
 61 
 
 119 
 
 sagittirostris 
 
 27 
 
 48 
 
 Weaver Bird 
 
 18 
 
 28 
 
 Wideawake .... 
 
 40, 54 
 
 
 Grey 
 
 54 
 
 106 
 
 Yellow head. Bird with. . . 
 
 54 
 
 106 
 
 Zapornia sandwichensis 
 
 
 [332] 
 
 • 8 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 ■ 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 . 8 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 30 
 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 27 
 
 48 
 
 27 
 
 48 
 
 27 
 
 48 
 
 27 
 
 48 
 
 27 
 
 48 
 
 27 
 
 48 
 
 27 
 
 48 
 
 27 
 
 48 
 
 27 
 
 48 
 
 26, 27 
 
 
 27 
 
 47 
 
 27 
 
 
 29 
 
 53 
 
 27 
 
 
 29 
 
 53 
 
 14 
 
 20 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 
 35, 59 
 
 
 61 
 
 119 
 
 61 
 
 120 
 
 61 
 
 120 
 
 29 
 
 53 
 
 31 
 
 
 31 
 
 57 
 
 61 
 
 119 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 54 
 
 104 
 
 29 
 
 53 
 
 29 
 
 53 
 
 14 
 
 20 
 
 44 
 
 76 
 
 35 
 
 62 
 
 27 
 
 48 
 
 44 
 
 76 
 
 I? 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 40, 42 
 
 
 50 
 
 96 
 
 43 
 
 72 
 
 43 
 
 72 
 
 52 
 
 lOI 
 
 42 
 
 70 
 
 39 
 
 
 41, 46 
 
 
 48 
 
 88 
 
 46 
 
 84 
 
 39 
 
 69 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 54 
 
 104 
 
 23 
 
 39 
 
MriMoiRH nisiior ^rlTSEtl^r, Voh. 1. 
 
 PLA-ll. XVI. 
 
 yi53, Qloi), Sturua fulifi'iuusa, 
 
 9157, 7903, Anuua stoliclus. 
 
AIlOMOIUH lilSllOl' MUHKl'M, \\>L. i. 
 
 I'i.ATK X VII. 
 
 vm:)'3 
 
 I 
 
 !)lf)4, 'Jl(>5, MicToniioiiK liawaiiiMisif. 
 
 7SW2. Gyft'is nlba kittlitzi. 
 
 nxiO, AuoTis stolidiihi. 
 
l\riCMOins BisTTor MnsEi'Nt, ^'ol. T. 
 
 hLk.NiC!- F-AL'AHl BISHOP M'J 
 
 P/.ATIC XVIII. 
 
 -"^ 
 
 / 
 
 1 
 
 8742, Dlomedea nig-ripes. 
 
 y74(), Dioiuedea immutabiliy 
 
^rKMoiKs Hrsiini' MirsKHM, Vol. I. 
 
 1*1, ATK XIX. 
 
 BBRNICK PAUAHl BISHOP MUShUM, 
 
 / 
 
 i^. 
 
 7!)2S, I'riofiuus cuneatiis. 
 S7ti8, Bulwei-ia bulweri, 
 
 7008, 7907. -listrelata hypoleuea. 
 
 1)307, Puffiiius newelli. 
 7942, Pijffimjs uativitatiB. 
 
.Mkmoiks ISisiroc Ml SKIM, \*( 
 
 9S95, 9896, 7!t.".r.. Phaethon lepturus. 
 
 S754. 0715. Phaethon riibrit-aiula. 
 
:\ri:!\io]Ks Bishop :\Ivsi'UM, A'oi., I. 
 
 I'r,ATK XXI. 
 
 87.")0, Snltt piHfj-jlii 
 
 71l;t:i, Sula eyauops, 
 
 iS7-"'>2, Sula sula. 
 
Memoirs Bisiior I\Iusici-jr, Vol. I. 
 
 pj.ATi-: XXII. 
 
 '.M-'-(, !I1(;n, Aii;I,s w.vvilli 
 
 .S745, Ann.s kiA-wiiiK'H.- 
 
Mi'.MoiRs Bi^i-ioi' Mrsi'i'M, Vol. I. 
 
 i'l.\'lE XXlII 
 
 \ 
 
 riM(jin-.). 917111-fi. N,Vi-ticor;ix ii.vi lii^orax lliVViils. 
 
MiiMorRs Bishop l\trsi;i'M, voi.. I. 
 
 Pj.ati-: XXIV. 
 
 i 
 
 9745, Galliuula sandviceusis. 
 
 7911, 7912, Porzauula palmeri. 
 
 m:y2, Fulica alal. 
 
Memoirs Bishop Museum, Vol. I. 
 
 Plate XXV. 
 
 9159, Heteractitis incanus. 
 8726; 9174, Arenaria interpres. 
 
 W.\7, !lSi)7. CharadriuB doininicus fulvns. 
 9725, Numenius tahitiensis, 
 
 9429, Himantopus knudseni. 
 
MRMorRS Bishop Museum, Vol. I, 
 
 Plate XXVI. 
 
 5521, Buteo solitarius. 
 
 G!i99, Corvus liaw alien sis. 
 
 !).Sori, Aeio accipitrinus sandvieeneie. 
 
f -<l\^_ ., -> 
 
ME^toiKS BiSHOr Mrsil'M, Voi-.'l. 
 
 I'HTF. XXVIIt. 
 
 EESNICE PAJAHI BISHOP MUSEUM. 
 
 L,^ 
 
 9792, 9S42, 933S, 9338, 9348, 9340, 
 
 9, Vestiaria coccinea. 
 
 7996, 9803, 9332, 9898, 9309, 9324, Himatione Bangniiuea. 
 
 668], 8089, 80SS, Oreomyza flarainea. 6038, Loxops ochracea ; 6648, 6042. L. coccinea. 
 6696, 6B96, Palineria dolei. 
 
Memoirs Bishop Muskum, Vol. T. 
 
 PLATE XXIX. 
 
 66(i;!. fifiOl, llhoiloc-antliiK palinm. Nl:i(), HpiniR-iuilhiiH procerus. (iOl^. rsittacii-ostrie iisittncpji. s7:>l, Telespiza cantaiiK. 
 
 !i4i'1 , HeiTiifiiiathtis obsciiriiM. 
 
 tt:)5;;, n3(>l, Lftxnits ca'Tiilc-'iroNtris. (Jill)4, OvHoiiiyza niinia. (i(i:iL', 6030, HeteTOi'li.vTifhns wilfioni. i;(;n-]. (iiisri, o. newtoni. 
 
 'Mii-2. Ori'oniyzii bfiii-di. (i(i:!3, (iil.'iii, Hetororhynehns lianapepe. (>(;07, Psendoiiestor xanthrophrvM. HUTU, ('liiovcMli-ciKinis (jjirvr 
 
 ()()20, Hetcvoi-hynchus alTiiiis. li:{|)(». {'. f^trjiit'^A'cri. 
 r,4:>7, Mf.lio nobilis. r,4(i;!. Afolm in-a.-.-alns. 
 
Memoibs Bisuop Museum, Vol. I. 
 
 Plate XXX. 
 
 ^■■■•f U Ir 
 
 Chsetoptila angustipluma.