'^^rt s a t ai kti^,,^ .. HSM^ mm un m 1 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 072 355 716 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924072355716 " A Work of Immense Utilify — A Dictionary and Eruyclopcedia Combined." THE Encyclopaedic Dictionary. A NEW, PRACTICAL AND EXHAUSTIVE WORK OF REFERENCE TO ALL THE WORDS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, WITH A FULL ACCOUNT OF THEIR ORIGIN, MEANING, PRONUNCIATION, HISTORY AND USE. WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS. EDITED BV ROBERT HUNTER, AM., F. G. S., — stem. BIbl. Archal. Soc, etc. ASSISTED BY PROF. CHAS. MORRIS, Phila. Academy of Natural Sciences, S. J. HERRTAGE, A. B., PROF. A. ESTOCLET, JOHN A. WILLIAMS, A. M., Trinity College, Oxford. And also by the following named Specialists in tlieir various branches : ASTRONOMY R. A. Proctor. PHYSIOLOGY Prof. Huxley, F. R. S. CHEMISTRY [ "^'^^ Francis Walker, A. M., F. C. S. ■ { William Harkness, F. I. C, F. R. M. S. MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY, T. Davies, F.G.S. MILITARY MATTERS, Lieut.-Col. Cooper King, R.M.A. MUSIC Sir John Stainer, Mus. Doc BOTANY PALiCONTOLOGY ZOOLOGY F. Britten, F. L. S. Mr. Carruthers, F. R. S. , . J. Davies, F. G. S. f Dr. Guenther, F. R. S. A. D. Bartlett. Dr Sdater, F. R. S. . Mr. Waterhouse. V Prof. T. Rupert Jones, F. R. S.; Dr. Moir, L. R. C. S. & P., E. It is impossible to mention by name a tithe of those who have contributed directly or indirectly to lighten the labors of the Editors in securing accuracy and in bringing this work to completion. Presidents, Secretaries and Members of Scientific and Learned Societies, the Chief Officsrs of Religious Bodies, University Professors, Government Officials and a host of private persons have rendered willing help by affording infor* •S*ition, in many cases possessed by themselves alone. PHILADELPHIA, PA.: SYNDICATE PUBLISHING COMPANY. COPVniQHT, 1894, SVNplCAie PUBIISHINQ CO. ^^^7'^ PEEFATORY NOTE. The principal points in which the Encyclopaedic Dictionary difters from other Dictioniuics are AiUy discussed in the Preface, but it may be well to draw attention to the following : (1) Compound Words are inserted under the first element of the compound, and not in the place they would occupy in strictly alphabetical order, if the second element were taken into account. Thus Ant-bear is inserted after Ajjt, and not after Antatrophic. (2) The Pronunciation is indicated by diacritical marks, a key to which will be found at the foot of the several pages, but the division into syllables has been based solely on pronunciation, and with no reference to the etymology of the word. In syllables wherein two or more vowels come together, not forming diphthongs, only that one of them which gives its sound to the syllable bears a diacritical mark, the others being treated as mute. Thus, in briad, sea, float, the a is mute, the syllables being pronounced as if spelt brM, se, flot. Words of more than one syllable bear a mark upon the accented syllable, as dl'-ter. (3) The Etymology will be found enclosed within brackets immediately following each word. To understand the plan adopted, let it be noted (1) that retrogression is made from modern languages to ancient ; and (2) that when after a word there appears such a derivation as this — ' In Fr. . . . Sp. . . . Port. . . . Ital. . . . from Lat. . . ,," the meaning is, not that it passed through Itilian, Portuguese, Spanish, and French before reaching English, but that there are or have been analogous w irds in French, Spanish, Portu- guese, and Italian, all derived, like the English, from a Latin original. LIST OF ABBEEYIATIOJS'S. The following List, which contains the principal abbreviations employed iii the Excyclop^dic DiCTioxARY, is inserted here for the convenience of persons using the work for the first time. A full list, containing also the chief abbreviations in general use, will be given at the end of the final volume. A.N. Anglo-Norman. Arab. Arnbir. Aram. Aramaic. Arm. Arinoncan. A.S. Anglo-Saxon. Asayr. Assyrian. Boeh. Bohemian, or Czech. Bret. Bas-Breton, or Celtic of Brittany, Celt. Celtic. ChaL Chaldee. Dan. Danish. Dut Dutch. E. Eastern, or Eas^. E. Aram. East Aratasean, generally called Chaldee- £ng. English, or England Eth. Ethiopic. Flem. Flemish. Fr. French. Fries. Frieslaud. Fris." Frisian. QaeL Gaelic. Ger. German. Goth. Gothic, Gr. Greek. Gris. Language of the Grisons. Heb. Hebrew. Hind. Hindustani IceL Icelandic. If. Irish. Ital. Jtaiian. Lat. I^atin. Lett Lettish, LeM'W^n. L. Ger. Low German, or Platt Deutach. Lith. Lithuanian. Mag. Magyar. Uedisv. Lat. Mediaeval Latin. M. H. Ger. Middle High German. Mid. Lat. Latin of the Middle Ages. N. New. N. H. Ger. New Higli German. Norm. Norman. Norw. Norwegian, Norse. O. Old. O. H. Ger. Old High German. O. 8. Old Saxon. Pers. Persian. Phcenic. Phoenician. Pol. Polish. Port. Portuguese. Prov. Provengal. Provinc. Provincial. Babb. Rabbinical. Russ. Russian. Bam. Samaritan. Sansc. Sanscrit. Serv. Servian. Slav. Slavonian. Sp. Spanish. Sw. Swedish. Syr. Syriae. Teut. Teutonic. Turk. Turkish. Walach. Walachian. Wei. Welsh. a., or (wf/. adjective. adv. adverb. art. article. con^. conjunction. interj. interjection. pa. par. past participle. particip. participial. prep, preposition. pr. par. present participle. pro. pronoun. i., subst., or substan. sub- stantive or noun. v.i. jVerb intransitive. v.t. verb transitive. ablat. ablative, accus. accusative, agric. agricuiture, alg. algebra, anat. anatomy. antiq.' antiquities, aor. aorist. approi. approximate, -ly. arch, architecture. archseol. archaeology. arith. arithmetic. astroL astrology. astron. astronomy. auxil. auxiliary. Bib. Bible, or Biblical bioL biology. bot. botany. carp, carpentry. Cent. Centigrade. cf. compare. C.G.S. Centimetre-gramme- second. chem. chemistry. Ch. hist. Church history. chron. chronology. class, classical. cogn. cognate. comm. commerce. comp. comparative. compos, composition. conchol. conchology. contr. contracted, or con- traction crystallog. crystallogr^ phy. def. definition. der, derived, derivatio**. dimin. diminutive. dram, drama, dramatically, dynam. dynamics. R East. eccles. ecclesiasticaL econ. economy. e.g. ^exempli gratia = tor example. elect, electricity. entom, entomology. etym. etymology. ex. example. f., or fem. feminine. fig. figurative, figurativelj" fort, fortification, fr. from. freq. frequentative. fut. future. gen. 'general, generally. gend. gender. genit. genitive. geog. geography, geol. geology, geom. geometry, gram, grammar, her. heraldry, hist. ' history, hor. horology, hortic. horticulture, hydraul. hydrauli cs. hydros, hydrostatics. i.e. id est = that is. ichthy. ichthyology. Ibid, ibidem = the same, imp. impersonal, imper. nmperative. indie, indicative, infin. infinitive. intena. intensitiva. lang. language. Linn. Linnpeus. lit. literal, literally, mach. machinery, m., or masc. masculine, math, mathematics, mech. mechanics, med. medicine, medical met. metaphorically, metal metallurgy, metaph. metaphysics, meteorol. meteorology, meton. metonymy, mil,, milit. military, iiiin., miner, mineralogy, mod. imodem. myth, mythology. N. North, n. or neut. neut. nat. phil. natural philo- sophy, naut. nautical nomin. nominative, numis. numismatology, obj. objective, obs. -obsolete, ord. ordinary, omith. ornithology, paheont. palaeontology. Iiass. passive, path, pathology. perf. perfect. pers. person, personal persp. per.spective. phar. pharmacy. phil philosophy. philol.^ philology. phot. ' photography. phren. phrenology. phys. physiology. pi, plur. plural. poet, poetiy, or poetical polit. econ. politioal economy. poss. possessive. pref. prefix. pres. present. pret. preterite. prim, primary. priv. privative. prob. probable, probably. pron, jironounced, pro- nunciation. pros, prosody. psychol. psychology. pyrotech. pyrotechnics. q. v. quod vide = which see rhet. rhetoric. Scrip. Scripture. sculp, sculpture.', sing, singular, S. South. sp. gr. specific gravity. spec, special, speciaUy, BufT. suffix. sup. supine. Burg. surgery. tech. technical. theol theology. trig, trigonometry. typog. typography. . var. variety. viz. namelv. W. West. ■ zool zoology. • Obsolete words. t Words rarely used. -- equivalent to, or signL fying. ^ Nota bene = take notice rhetorical— Rhine Philosophy of Rhetoric, and, in the yenr 1826, Archbishop Whately issued his Elements of Rhetoric. Campbell {Phil, of RhetoHc, bk. i., ch. i.)considers the art the same as eloquence, and defines it as " That art or talent by which the discourse is adapted to its end, ' and states that the ends of speaking (or writing) are re- ducible to four, to enlighten the understand- ing, to please the ima^nation, to move the passions, or to influence the will. Broadly speaking, the aim of rhetoric is to expound the rules governing prose composition, or speech designed to influence the judgment or the feelings. It includes, therefore, within its province, accuracy of expression, the structure of periods, and figures of speech. 2. The ai-t which teaches oratory ; the rules which govern the art of speaking with pro- piiety, elegance, and force. 3. Rhetoric exhibited in language ; artificial eloquence, as opposed to natural or real elo- quence ; declamation ; showy oratory. " He acquired a bouudlesa command of the rfte^ortc III which the vulgar express hatred aad contempt."— Macaulay : Bist. Kng., ch. iv. • 4. The power of persuading or influencing : as, the rhet(yric at the eyes. rhe-tor'-ic-al, *rhe-tor-lc-all, a. [Lat. rhetoricus, from Gr. pr,Topi.ayeLv {phagein) = to eat.] Entom. : A genus of NitidulidfiBi Ten are British. rlu-zoph'-or-a, «. [Fret rhizo-, and Gr. (^opds (phoros)'= bearing. Named from, the aerial roots which it throws out.] Bot. : Mangrove ; the typical genus of Rhfzo- phoracese. Calyx four-parted ; petals four, acute ; stamens eight to twelve. The stem separates into roots some distance above the water. The wood of RKizophora Mangle is good and durable, the fruit sweet and eatable, and the feimented juice forms a light wine. [Mamgrove.] The bark is good for tanning. Salt also is extracted from i& aerial roots. rhi-z6-ph6-ra'-9e-se, ». pi. [Mod. Lat. rhi- ztyphorip); Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff. -aceoi.] Bot. : Mangroves ; an order of Perigynona Exogens, alliance Myrtales. Trees or shrubs, growing along sea-shores. Leaves simple, opposite, sometimes dotted, with convolute, deciduous stipules between the petioles. Peduncles axillary or terminal ; calyx lobes four to twelve, sometimes all uniting into a calyptra. Petals inserted into the calyx, equal in number to the lobes, and alternating with them. Stamens twice or thrice as many. Ovary two-, three-, or four-celled, each with two or more pendulous ovules. Fruit inde- hiseent, one-celled, one-seeded, crowned by the calyx. Seed, on becoming ripe, sending a long radicle to fix itself in the mud and thus prevent its being carried away by the ocean. The trees form dense thickets along the shores of the tropics of both hemispheres. Known geuera five, species twenty. {Lindley.) rlii-zoph'-or-oiis, a. [Mod. Lat rhieopho- r(a) ; Eng. adj. suff. -ous.] Bot. : Root-bearing ; belonging to the natn- ral order Rhizophoracese (q.v.). rhi'-zo-pod* s. [Rhizopoda.] 1. Zool. : A member of the order Rhizopoda. 2. Bot. : The mycelium of a fungal, f rhi-zop'-d-da, s. pi. [Pref. rhizo-, and Gr. irovs (pous), genit iroSds (podos) = a foot] 1. Zool. : A name introduced by Dujardia for an order of Infusoria, which were defined as animalcules with mutable form, moving lif means of multiform exsertile processes, with- out vibratile cilia or other external organs. When the sub-kingdom Protozoa was formed, the name Rhizopoda was retained for the class containing individuals with the power of emit- ting pseudopodia (q.v.), and the class was divided into five orders: Monera, Amoibea, Foraminifera, Radiolai-ia, and Spongida. The Rhizopoda are the Myxopodia of Huxley, and this latter name has been retained by Prot Irfinkester in his reclassification of the Proto- zoa (q.v.). 2. PaJ,cBont. : [Foraminifera, Radiolabu* Sponqida]. rhi-zo-pd'-di-iiin, s. [Pref. rhizo-, and Or. troStov (podion) = a small foot, dimin. from jrovv ipotts), genit. ttoSos {podos)^a. foot] Bot. : [Rhizopod, 2.]. rhi-zo-po'-gon, s. [Pref. rhiso-, and Gr. wayyiitv (pogon) = a beard.] Bot. : A genus of underground Fungi. Rhi' zopogon provincialis is eaten in Provence. rlu-zos-to-m^, s. [Pref. rhizo-, and Gi^ tfTofia (stoma) = a mouth.] Zool. : The typical genus of Rhizostomidie. Body circular, hemispherir^l, excavated TmjIow, with four semilunar orifices, into which are inserted four roots of a pedunculated mass, afterwards developing intio eight appendages with fibrillary suckers. Type Bhizostoma cuvieri. European seas. rhi-zo-stom'-a-ta, s. pi. [Rhizostoma.] Zool. : A sub-order of Dlscophora (Medusas), having processes like rootlets around the mouth. They are covered with minute poly- pites, interspersed with clavate tentacula sus- pended from the middle of the umbrella. rhi'-zd-Stome, s. [Rhizostoma.] rbi-zo-stom'-i-dse, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. rhie»- atom(a); Lat. fem. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] 1. Zool. : A family of Luceniarida (Nichol- son), equivalent to the order Rhizostoma of Prof. Martin Duncan. 2. PakBont. : A species occurs in the Litho- graphic slates of Solenhofen. rbi-zd-t&z'-is, s. [Pref. rhizo-, and Gr. rofie (taxis) = an arrangement.) Bot.: The arrangements of roots, and ths laws of their growth. It has been investi- gated by Clos. rhi-zSf -ro-gus, s. [Pref. rhizo-, and rpoiyM (trogo) = to gnaw.] Entom. : A genus of Melolonthinse. Rhizty trogus aolstitialis is the Midsummer Chafer. rhi'-za-la, a. [Latinised dimin. from Gr. pi^a (rhiza) = a root] [Rhizinb.] iho'-da-Ute, s. [Gr. poSoet? (rhodoeis) = rose- coloured ; a connective, and Ai'flos (lithos) = a atone (Min.).'\ Min. : An earthy rose-red mineral, with a soapy feel. Hardness, 2*0 ; sp. gr., 2*0. Com- pos : silica, 55'9 ; alumina, 8'S ; sesquioxide of iron, 11-4; magnesia, 0'6 ; lime, I'l; water, 22'0 = 99*3. Occurs in amygdaloidal dolerite in county Antrim, Ireland. rho'-da-lose, rho'-da-loze, a. [Rhodha- L09E.] Hite, £it. &re, amidst, what, f^U, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot; or, wore, W9l^ work, whd, son ; mute, cub, ciire, ^nite, cur, rule, full ; try, SyrlaiL so, od = e; ey = a; qu = kw. rhodanic— rhodonite 4005 rbO-dSja'-ic, a. [Eng. Thodan(ide); -ic.] [SULPHOOYANIC] rlio'-d^'ll-ide, s. [Gr. p65ov (rhodon) = a rose.] Chem. : A name applied to sulphocyanates on account of the red colour whicli they pro- duce with ferric salts. (Watts.) rlld-d^ -the, s. [Gr. poSov {rhodon) = a rose, and avOoq (anthos) = a flower. Named from the colour of the flower-heads.] Bot. : A genus of Helychryseae. Only known species Rhodanthe Manglesii, a beautiful com- posite ; its flowers, of the dry and unfading kind called everlasting, roseate or purple on the upper part, and silvery below. It is found in Western Australia, has been introduced into British greenliouses, and will grow also in the open air in a temperature between 60" and S0°. There are several varieties, but it is possible that two of these, R. atrosanguinea and R. maculata are, as Paxton makes them, distinct species. fflid-de-i'-na, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. rhode{\is); Lat. neut. pi", adj. suff". -ina.] IcMhy. : A group of CyprinidaB. Anal of moderate length, with nine to twelve branched rays ; dorsal short, or of moderate length ; mouth with very small barbels, or none. Four genera : Achelognathus, Acanthorhodeus, Rhodeus, and Pseudopeiilampus. In the fe- males a long external urogenital tube is de- veloped annually during the spawning season, yhd-de-o-ret'-ic, a. [Eng. rTiodeoret(in) ; -ic.] Contained in or derived from Rhodeoretin (q.v.). rliodeoretic - acid, ». [Convolvulic- ACID.] jrho-de-or'-e-tm, s. [Gr. poSeos (rhodeos) = rosy, and priTivr) (rhetiTie) = resin.] [Convol- TULIN.] rho-de-d-ref-m-Sl, s. [Eng. rhodeoretin; -Ol,] [CONVOLVULINOL.] rhd-de-d-ret-in-ol'-ic, a. [E3ng. rhodeo- retinol; -ic] Contained in or derived from rhodeoretinol. rhodeoretlnoUc-acid, ». [Convolvu- ZJNOL.j Rhodes, s. [See def.] Geog. : An island off the south-west coast of Asia Minor. « • Rhodes-wood, s. Bat. : Amyris balsamifera, the West Indian Candlewood. Rhodes-wood seems a misnomer for an American plant. rho'-de-iis, s. [Gr. pofieo? (rhodeos) = rosy- coloured.] Ichthy. : The typical genus of the group Rhodeiua (q.v.), with threespecies from Central Europe and China. Rhodes amarus, some- times found in warm springs, has a silvery- bluish band on the middle of the taiL rhod-ha'-lose, «. [Gr. po8eos (rhodeos) = rose-coloured ; dAs (JwXs) = salt, and sufl^ -ose (Mim.).] Min. : The same as Bieberite (q.v.), Rho'-di-an, a. & s. [See def.] A. As adj. : Of or pertaining to Rhodes, an island in the Mediterranean. B. As suhst, : A native or iniiabitant of Rhodes. Rhodian-laws, s. pi. The earliest system of marine laws, said to have been compiled by the Rhodiaus after they had, by their com- merce and naval victories, obtained the com- mand of the sea, about 900 b.c. rhdd'-ic, a. [Eng. rhod(iu7n) ; -ic.] Contained in, or derived from rhodium (q.v.). rhodic-oxide, s. [Rhodium.] rho'-ding, s. [Etym. doubtful.] Naut. : One of the brass boxes for the journals of the pump-break. rho-di'-O-la, s. [Mori. Lat, from Gr. p68ov (rhodon) = a rose. So named because tlie roots smell like roses.] Bot. : A genus of Crassulea. Rhodiolarosea is now Sedum Rhodiola. [Sedum.] rh6d'-ite,s. [Eng. rhod(ium); snff.-ite(Min.).'] Min. : The same as Rhodium-oold (q.v,). rho-dl'-te^, s, [Gr. poSeos (r/todeos)= rosy.] Entom. : A genus of Cyuipidae. RhodUes roscB is the small gall-fly, the puncture of which produces the bedeguar of the rose. rho'-^-um, s. [Latinised from Gr. pdSof (rhodon) = a rose, from the red colour of some of its salts.] C/iem.; A tetratomic metallic element belong- ing to the platinum group, symbol Rh ; atomic weight, 104-4; sp. gr. 10*6 to 12; discovered by WoUastou in 1804 in crude platinum. To obtain it, the solution from which platinum, palladium, and iridium have been separated is mixed with hydrochloric acid, evaporated to dryness, and the residue treated with alcohol of sp. gr. 0*837, which dissolves everything except the double chlorides of rhodium and sodium. On fllteriiig, heating the residue to dryness, and boiling with water, metallic rhodium remains. It is a whitish-gray metal, very hard, less fusible and less ductile than platinum, unalterable in the air at ordinary temperatures, but oxidising at a red heat. When pure it is unacted upon by the strongest acids, but when alloyed it dissolves in nitro- hydrocbloric acid. Rhodium forms but one chloride, RbClg, a brownish-red deliquescent mass, solnble in water. It forms four oxides : monoxide, RhO, a dark-gray substance, un- attacked by acids ; sesquioxide or rhodic oxide, RI12O3, a gray porous mass, with a metallic iridescence ; dioxide, Rh02, a dark-brown substance ; and trioxide, Rh03, a blue floccu- lent powder, all insoluble in acids. The salts of rhodium are for the most part rose-coloured. rhodium-gold, s. Min. : A variety of native gold, said to con- tain from 34 to 43 per cent, of rhodium. Sp. gr. 15'5 to 16-8 ; brittle. rho'-c^-^te, rhd'-di-9ite, s. [Gr. poSt'^w (rAodi2o)= to tinge red; suff. itt(Min.).'\ Min. : An isometric mineral, found very rarely, and only in small crystals, on rubellite in the neighbourhood of Ekaterinburg, Perm, P,ussia. Hardness,-8; sp.gr.3'3to3*42 ; lustre, vitreous ; colour, wliite ; translucent ; pyro- electric. Not yet analysed, but fruni its blowpipe reactions it is supposed to be a lime boracile. rho-di-zon'-ic, a. [Gr. poSC^ta(rhodizo) = to tijige red ; Eng. (saff)ro(n), and sutt'. -ic.] (See compound.) rhodizonic-acid, s. Chem.-: A name applied to two distinct compounds, produced under dilfereut circum- stances from potassium carbuxide. a-Rhodi- zonic acid, C5H4O6 = (C^B.Oz)""tQ ^jg. H3 S covered by Heller in 18^7, is formed from carboxylic acid by the assumption of water, C10H4O10 + 2H2O = 2C5H4O6. It crystallizes in colourless rhombic ])rJBnis, easily soluble in water ami alcohol. On exposure to the air the crystals turn brownish-red, heated to 100° they turn black, at a higher tempera- ture they decompose, leaving a carbonaceous residue. The a-rhodizonates, produced from the hydro-carboxylates, are all red, and very insoluble. ^-Rhodizonic acid, CioHgOg. This acid is unknown in the free state, but its potassium salt, CioKgOg, discovered by Brodie in 1859, remains undissolved when potassium carboxide is treated with absolute alcohol. It is distinguished from a-rhodizonate by the rapidity with which it absorbs oxygen on exposure to air and moisture, being converted into potassium croconate. rho-do-, pr^. [Gr. poBov (rhodon) — a, rose.] Of, pertaining to, or in any way resembling a rose. rhd-d69'-er-a, «. [Pref. rhodo-, and Gr. Ke'pas (keras) = a honi.] Entom. : A genus of Papilionidse. RTiodocera rhamni of Newman is Gonepteryx rhamni of Staint.on, &c. rho'-do-chrome, s. [Pref. rhodo-f and Gr. ;f pwju.a ( chroma) = colour. ] Min.: A compact variety of Kammererite (q.v.), having a splintery fiacture. rhd-dd-chr6'-§(ite, s. [Pref. rhodo-; Gr. XpoiaU (clirosU) = colour, and suff". -ite (Min.).'} Min. : A mineral belonging to the group of anhvdrous carboniites. Crystallization rliom- boliedral ; also occurs globular, botryoidal, and massive. Hardness, 3"5 to 4'5 ; sp, 'gr. 3-4 to 37 ; lustre, vitreous ; colour, shades ol rose-red when pure, dark-red to brown ; streak, white. Compos.: carbonic acid, 38*6 ; proti- oxide of manganese, 61-4 ; but the latter la frequently partly replaced by lime, magnesia, or protoxide of iron. rho-do-cri'-ni-dsB, s. pi. [Mod. Lat, rfca- doGrin(us); Lat. pi. adj. suff. -idoi.] Palceont. : A family of Crinoidea. Basals five, parabasals or sub-radials five ; arms ten or twenty, bifurcated two or three times. Devonian (?) and Carboniferous formations. rho-doc'-ri-nite, s. [Mod. 'La.t.rhodocriv^us); suff. -ite.] Any individual of the genus Rhodo- criuus. rho-do-cri'-niis, s. [Pref. rhodo-, and Gr, Kpivov (krinon) = a lily.] Palceont. : The typical genus of Rhodo- crinidae. Eight species are known, from the Devonian (?) to the Carboniferous. rho-do-den'-dre-se, s. pi. [Lat. rhododen^ dr(on) ; Lat. fern. pi. adj. suff". -eas.] Bot. : A tribe of Ericaceee. Fruit capsular, septicidal. Buds scaly, resembling cones. rho-do-den'-dron, s. [Lat., from Gr. poS(5- SevSpov (rhododendron) — the oleander or the rhododendron ; pref. rhodo-, and Gr. 6eV5pov (deiidron) = a tree. Named from the similarity in the flowers.] .Bo;. : The typical genus of Rhododendrea (q.v.). Evergreen shrubs or low trees, with tive-lobed corolla, occasionally a little irregu- lar, and uoriimlly ten stamens, sometimes declinate. Akin to Azalea, which is distin- guished from it by having only five stamens, A few small species occur in Europe and Siberia, but the mountain regione of the United States and India are the true homes of the genus. R. mdximtis forms dense thickets in parts of the Alleghanies, and presents a magnificent appear- ance wlien in bloom. The flowers are large, in corymlis, iheir color from pale caimine to lilac. R. ccdawbiense. a species with large purple flowers, grows in the southern Alleghanies. Numerous species occur in India, especially in the ea.itern Himalayas, anioog them H. Falco- ne.ri, wliich is a tree 30 to 50 feet high with superb foliage, the leaves 18 inches lung. R. argenteuin beais Howere 4J4 inches long and eqiiiilly broad, the clnsters being very beautiful. The llhododendrons have becnme favorite culti- vated flowere, and mnny vaiietiea have been produced, some of them magnificent. The acid stems of R. nobile are eaten by the Hindoos. The flowers of R. arboreum make a good sub- acid jelly, besides being of use as applied to the forehead fur headache. R. chrysanthum and R./eirugtneum are narcotic. rho-do-me'-la, s. [Pref. rhodo-, and Gr. fteXos (melos) '= a limb. Named from the colour of the fronds.] Bot. : The typical genus of Rhodomelem (q.v.). Frond cylindrical, inarticulate, opaque; tetraspores in pod-like receptacles. rhd-d6-me-la'-9e-», rho-do-me'-le-s^ s. pi. [Mod. Lat. rhodoniel(a) ; Lat. fem. pL adj. sufl". -acm, -ecB.] Bot. : An order of Algalea, or a sub-order of Ceramiaceae. Frond jointed. Ceramidia hav- ing pear-shaped granules at the base of a cup- shaped envelope, which finally bursts by a pore. Tetraspores enclosed in transformed branches or stichidia. [Rhodymenia.] [Rodomontade.] rho-do-me'-ni-a, s rhod-d-mon-tade', ^ rho-do-myr'-tiis (yr as ir), s. [Pref. rhodo-, and Gr. juiipTos (vvurtos) = a myrtle.] Bot. : A genus of Myrtea. Rhodomyrtus tomeniosa, a South Indian mountain shrub, like the common myrtle, produces sweet fleshy berries, eaten raw or made into a jelly. rho'-don-ite, s. [Gr. p6Sov (rhodon) = a rose ; suff. -iie (Mm.).] Min.: A mineral crystallizing in the tri- clinic system, though its angles approximate to tliose of pyinxone. Hardness, 5-5 to 6'5 ; s)). gr. 34 to 3-G8 : lustre, vitreous; colour, shades of red ; some varieties, greenish, yellowish ; streak, white ; very tough. Compo.s. : silica,4y-9; protoxide of manganese^ 54-1 = 100, represented by the formula, MnO boll, boy ; pout, j^^l ; oat, jell, chorus, 9hin, bengh ; go, gem ; thin, this ; sin. as ; eaepect, Xenophon, exist, ph - t -cian. -tian = Shan, -tion, -sion = shun; -f^on, -^ion^ shun, -cious. -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble^ -die, &c. = b^l, d^L 4006 rhodophyllite— rhubarb 8102 ; the manganese is frequently partly re- placed, however, by protoxide of iron, lime, and sometimes zinc. Dana distinguishes three varieties : (1) Ordinary, (a) crystallized, (b) granular, massive ; (2) Calciferous (Busta- mite), which contains from 9 to 15 per cent. of lime; (3) Zinciferous (Fowlerite). Vho-do-ph^l'-lite, «. [Pref. rTiodo-, and Eng. phyllite.] Min. : The same as Eaumeberitc (q.v.). Vll6-do-rhl'-za, s. [Pref. rhodo-, and Gr. pi'fa (rhizd) = a root. So named because the root- Btocks smell like roses.] Bot. : A genus of Convolvuleae, from the Camiry Islands. The roots of Rhodorhiza fiorida and R. sc(yparia are used as sternuta- tories. An oil, Oleumlig^ii Bhodiicstherewniy is extracted by distillation from their roots. rli6'-dar, 9. [DoLOMn-E.] rhomb- (& silent), pre/. [Rhombo-.] rhomb-ovate, a. [Rhomboid-ovate.] rhomb-ar'-sen-ite, ». [Pref. rhomb-y and Eng. arsenite.] Min. : The same as Claudetite (q.v.). rhom'-bic, * rhom'-biclE, a. [Eng. rhornb; -ic.) 1. Ord. Lang. : Having the figure or shape of a rhomb. " Many other sorts of stones are regalarly figured ; tbe asteria in form of a atar, and they are of a rhom- tick figure." — Grew. * 2. Crystall.: Orthorhombic (q.v.). rhombic-mica. s. [Phloqofite.] rhom-bo-, pr^. [Rhomb.] With the form or shape of a rhomb. rhom.-b6-he'-dral, a. ["Eng. rhorribohedripn); -al.] 1. Geom. : Pertaining or relating to a rhom- bohedron ; having forms derived from the rhombohedron. 2. Crystall. : A crystal system in which all the forma are, or can be, derived from one or more rhombohedrons, or which have the habit of a rhombohedron (q.T.). rhom-bo-he'-dron, s. [Pref. rhombo-, and Gr. eSpa (Tiedra) = a base, a side.] GcoTji. £ CrystcUl. : A polyhedron bounded by six equal rhombuses. rhom'-b6id, a. & s. [Gr. pojLi|3o6i5^$ (rliom- boeides), from pdjupos (r/iowvbos) = a rhomb, and elfios (eidos) = form, appearance.} A. As adjective: L Ord. Lang. : Shaped like a rhomboid ; rhomboidal. II. Bot. : Oval, a little angular in the middle, as the leaf of Hibiscus rhom- \ \ bifoliits. \ \ B. As sub' \ \ stantive ; \ \ 1. Geom, : A > n. \ parallelogram^ rhomboid. all of whose sides are not equaL The rhombus is but a particular form of the rhomboid, in which the sides are all equal. • 2. Crystall. : Formerly used by a few min- eralogists for rhombohedron (q.v.). rhombold-Ugament. s. Anat. : A ligament connecting the cartilage of the first rib with the sternal end of the clavicle. rhomboid-muscles, s. pi. Anat. ; Two muscles, the rhomboideus minor and the rhomboideus major, connecting the spinous process of the seventh cervical aud first dorsal vertebrse and the ligamentum nuchas with tlie scapula. {Quain.) rhomboid-ovate* a. Between rhom- boid and ovate in shape ; partly rhomboid and partly ovate. rhom-boid'-al, a. [Eng. rhomboid; -al.] Having the sliape of a rhomboid ; resembling a rhomboid in sliape. " Another rhambcndal selenltes of a compresHed form, had many others infixed round tbe middle of it." — Woodward. rh6m.-bd-i-de9, s. [Gr. po/ijSoeifi^? {rluym- boeidis).'^ A rhomboid. " The croase lines of a i^iomimideg." Store: On the Soul, pt. IL, bk. L rhom-bSid-ich'-th^s, s. [Mod. Lat. rhomr b{us) ; Gr. elfios {eidos) = form, and \x^% {ichthus) = a fish.] Ichthy. : A tropical genus of PleuronectidsB (q.v.), but represented in the MediteiTanean, and on the coast of Japan. There are sixteen species, prettily coloured r-nd ornamented with ocellated spots. In a few species the adult males have some of the fin-rays prolonged into filaments. Rhomboidichthys grandisgiiama, the Japanese form, ranging to the American coast, has the scales deciduous. rhom.-b6-so -le-a, s. [Pref. rhombo-f and Mod. Lat, solea (q.'v.).] Ichthy. : A genus of Pleuronectidae, with three species, from the coasts of New Zealand, vi'here they are valued as food fish. The eyea are on the right side, the lower in advance Ot the upper. rhdm'-biis, s. [Rhomb.} 1. Geom. : The same as Rhomb (q.v.). 2. Ichthy. : A genus of Pleuronectidae (q.v.X Eyes on left side ; mouth wide, each jaw with a band of villiform teeth, vomerine teeth pre- sent, none on palatines. Dorsal fin com- mences on snout ; scales none or small. Seven species from the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Rhombus masrimus is the Tur- bot (q.v.) ; R. mceoticus, the Black Sea Turbot ; R. IcBvis, the Brill, and R. Tnegastoma, Bloch's Top-knot. R. jmnctatus is often confounded with Phrynorhomlyus unimaculatus, the Top- knot. 3. PaUeont.: One species, ^omfcusmiTiimwa, from the Eocene of Monte Bolca. rhon'-Chal, a. [Lat. rJioncT^ts); Eng. adj. suH". -al.]' Of or pertaining to rhonchus (q.v.Jt * rhon-chi-so'-nant, a. [Lat. rhojichv^ = a rattle, a snore, and sonans, pr. par. of sono = to sound.] Snorting. rhon'-chus (pi. rhon'-chi), s. [Lat., from Gr. pdyxos (rhongchos).^ Physiol, dt Pathol. : A " dry " sound, heard by auscultation, in acute bronchitis, in the larger bronchial tubes. Sibilant rhonchi are' heard also in asthma. rhone, s. [Rone, s.] A rain-water pip& (Scotch.) rhoo'-de-bok, s. [Roodeboe.] rhO-p^Vic, a. [Gr. pon-aAor (rhopalon) = ti club which gradually becomes bigger from the handle to the top.] Pros. : Applied to a line in which each suc- cessive word has a syllable more than the one preceding it. (Browne : Miscel. Tract 7.) Bern tlbi confecl, doctlssirae, dulcisonorum. Hope ever solAiea miserable individuals. rhd-pa-l69'-er~g,, s. pi. [Gr. porraXov (rho- palon^ = a club, and Kepas (keras) = a horn. So named from the thickened club-like termination of the antennse.] Entom. : Butterflies. [Butterfly, II.] rhd-pSl'-O-don. «. [Gr. p6ira\ov (rhopalon)= a club ; -odon. (Bull. Soo^ Imp. Nat., Moscou. xiv. 460.)] Paloeont. : A genus of Dinosanria, of Per- mian age, from a mine on the banks of the Dioma river, Oren- burg, Russia. It was found- ed on a frag- ment of a lower jaw, containing nine teeth not unlike those of Iguanodon, There is but one species, Rhopalodon wangenheimii (namedinhnn- our of its dis- coverer). R. Tnantelii (F. de Waldheim) » Iguanodon mantelii. [Reonosaurus.] rho-ta-9i§t'-mus, ». [Rotacism.] rhu'-barb, "^reu-barbe* *rew-barb, * m-barbe, s. & a. [O. Fr. rheubarbe (Fr. rhu- barbe), from Low Lat. rheubarbarum (= rJieiim barbarum), fiom Gr. prjov fiapfiapov (rheon kar- baron) = rhubarb ; lit. the rheiim from a JAW OF RHOPALODON. Gite, flat, fare, amidst, what, fSll, £a.ther; we, wet» here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pot, or. wore, W9U; work, wlio, son ; mute, ciib, ciire, ^nlte, cur, rule, fall ; try, Syrian, ce, oe = e ; ey = a ; qu = lew. rhubarbaric— rhynohonella 4007 barbarian country. Gr. pi]ov (rheon) is an adjectival form, from Rha the old name of the Volga, on the banks of which the rhubarb is indigenous. Sp. riuharho; Port. Wieu&arbo; Ital. reubarharo, reobarbaro.] A. As substantive : L Bot. : [Rhe*m]. 2. Hort., Ac. : The common Garden Rhubarb te kkeum Rhaponticum, though some of the red-stalked rhubarb is from R. undv^atvm. The former plant has broadly cordate leaves, strongly veined beneath. The footstalks are long, thick, and fleshy, with a channel above. Its growth is exceedingly rapid. It was brought, about 1573, from the banks of the Volga, where it is wild. Since 1820 the^ stalks have been used for tarts, and made intn jam. 3. Pharm. : Three leading kinds of rhubarb are recognized ; (1) The Turkey or Russian rhubarb, which is wild neither in the one country nor the other, but used to be brought to Europe from China vid Turkey, and then from China vid Russia ; (2) tlie East Indian, and (3) the Batavian rhubarb. An extract, an infusion, a syrup, a tincture, and a wine of rhubarb, with a compound rhubarb pill, are used in pharmacy. In small doses rhubarb is stomachic and slightly astringent ; in large doses, a purgative, but its action is followed by constipation. [Gregory's powder.] *1^ As adj, : Bitter. " Witb your rhubarb words." Sidney : Attrophel A Stella, xIt. IT Monk's Rhubarb : [Monk's Rhubarb}. Au-1}ar'-bar-ic, a. [Eng. rhubarbar(in); ■ic] Contained in or derived from Rhubar- barin. rhubarbarlc-acld, s. [Chrysopbanic- ACID.] rliu-'bar'-bar-in, a. [Low Lat. rhubarhar- (um); -m(CAeni.).] [CHRvsopnAHic-Acm.] " rhu-bar'-bai-tive, a. [Etym. doubtful. A correspondent of Notes db Queries (Sept. 18, 1886, p. 233) says that it is the Fr. rebarbatif = stern, crabbed, cross. There is also, per- haps, a play on the Eng. rhubarb.} (For def. see etyin.) " A man were better to lye under the handa of a Hang- man, than one of your rhubarbative iacei."—Dekker .■ Match me in London, iiL ■ rhu'-barb-S^, a. [Eng. rhubarb; -y.] Of or belonging to rhubarb ; like rhubarb. rbtixnb (b silent), «. [Rumb.] rhiis, 5. [Lat., from Gr. povs (rhous) = Rhus Cotinvjs (?).] 1. Bot. : A genua of Anacardiaceaa. Leaves simple or compound. Flowers in axillary or terminal panicles, bisexual or polygamous.- Calyx small, persistent, tive-partite ; petals five ; stamens Ave ; ovary one-celled, sessile ; fruit a dry drupe, with one exalbuminous seed. Nearly a hundred species are known. Most are shrubs, from six to ten feet high. They exist in all the continents. R. iyphina, the Virginian or Stages-horn Sumach, R. coriaria, the Hide Sumach of Europe, and R. coiinas of India, yield leaves which are used in tanning leather. The Smooth-leaved Sumach ( B. glabra)^ of the United States, has very acid leaves and fruit. The poisonous species of this country are R. toxicodendron^ the Poison Ivy or Poison Oak, and R. vcnen^a, the Swamp Sumach or Poison Elder. These cause severe ekia eruptions, with violent itching, to some persons, from handling or even standing near them. In India, R, parviftora, R. semialata, R. Buccedanea are used medicinally. Exudations from incisions in the bark of R. succedan^a and R. vamidfera yield the varnish used iu Japanese and Chinese wickerwork. The former produces astringent galls, and its seeds yield a kind of wax ; as do also those of R. Wallichii and the Japanese R. vamix. The juice of the latter species blisters the skin. The Turks use the acid fruits of R. coiiaria to sharpen their vinegar. The plant yields sumach (q.v.). The wood of R. Cotinm is employed for inlaid and cabinet work. [Fustic] 2. Palmabot. : From the European Pliocene. rhus'-ma, s. [Rubma.] Ltath^r-rmnvf. : A mixture of caustic lime andorpiment or tersulphide of arsenic, used in depilation or unhairing of hides, »hy-a«'-6-lite, s. [Gr. pva$ (rhuax), genit, pyaKos (rhua1cos) = A lava-stream, and Ai0os (lithos) ■=■ a stone ; Ger. rhyacolith.} Min. : A name given by Rose to the clear * crystals of orthoclase found in cavities in lavas, and especially in the volcanic bombs of Monte Somma, Vesuvius. rhy-a-coph -i-la, s. [Gr. pu'af (rhuax), genit. pvaKos (rhuakos)'=SL mountain stream, and 0tAos {philos) = a friend.] Entom. : The typical genus of Rhyaco- philidas (q.v.). rby-a-co-phil'-i-dso, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. rhydcophil(a) ; Lat. fem. pi. adj. sufF. -idee.] Entom. : A family of Trichoptera. Pupa enclosed in a brown cocoon within a case. rnysie, a., v.i. & t. [This spelling is more com- monly used than the older " Rime," but many writers now prefer the older spelling. Rhyme was introduced in the 16th century through a mistaken correspondence with rhythm. Ety- mologically it is incorrect.] [Rime.] rhyme' -less, a. [Etig. rhyme ; -Uss.} Destitute of rhyme ; not having consonance of sound. " Doth beside od rhymelesi numbers tread." Bp. Sail : Satires, bk. 1., sat. 4. t rhym'-er, * rym'-er, «. [Eng. rhym^e) ; -er. ] One who writes rimes; a rhymester, a versifier. * thym.'-er~ft 8. [Eng. rAynw;-ry.] The act of making rimes. rhyme'-ster, • rhym'-ster, s. [Eng.rhyme; iter.} One who writes rimes : a poor or mean poet. *' Way more, though all my rival rhvmestert frown, I, too, can hunt a poetaster dowii. Byron : English Bardt & Scotch Reviewers. •rhym'-ic, o. [Eng. rhym(e); -ic.] Of or pertaining to rime. •rhym'-ist, o. [Eng. rhy7n(e); -ist} A rhymester. " He waa a good rhj/mitt, but no poet."— Johnson : Z4fe of MUton. * rbym'-S^, * rhim'-J?, a. [Eng. rhyn\j(fi) ; -y. ] Riming. (T. Brown : Works, iii. 39.) rh jrnch-, pr^. [Rh yncho-. ] rhyn-ohse'-a, a. [Gr. pvyxos (fhungchos) = a , beak, a bill.l Omith. : Painted Snipes ; a genus of Nu- meniinae, with four species, from the Ethio- pian and Oriental regions, Australia, and temperate South America. The females are more richly coloured than the males, having the lores, sides of face, and neck chestnut. There is reason to believe that the male of Rhynchfea bengalensis undertakes the duty of incubation. {Ibis, 1866, p. 298.) rhyn-che'-ta, ». [Pref. rhyn^ch)-, and Gr. XoiTjj (chaite)'= long, flowing hair.] Zool. :■ A genus of Tentaculifera Suctoria, with a single species, Rhyncheta cyclopum, parasitic on Cyclops coronata. * rh^ncU-ich'-th^S, s. [Pref. rhynch-, and Gr. txflus (ichthiis) — a fish.] Ichthy : A genus of Berycidae, erected for the reception of forms now known to be the young of Holocentrum. They differ from the adult fish in having the upper part of the snout pointed and elongate. rhS^-chi'-tej, s. [Gr. pvyxos (rhungchos) = a snout ; sufiT -ites.] Entom. : A genus of Curculiouidae. They have brilliant metallic colours. Seventeen are British. The female deposits her eggs in young apples and pears, damaging the peduncle as well as the fruit, so that the latter falls. Rhynchites bacchus, a richly golden purple species, sometimes greatly injures the pear crop in France, and damages the buds and leaves of the vine. rhj^-cho-, rhynch-, pre/. [Gr. puyxos (rhunchos) = a snout.] Having a snout, or any process resembling a snout. rh^-CbO-b&t'-iis, s. [Pref. rhyncho-, and Gr. ^oTi's (batis)=- the prickly roach.] Ichthy.: A genus of Rhinobatidae (q.v.) ; dorsals without spine, the first opposite to the vontrals ; caudal with lower lobe well de- veloped ; teeth obtuse, granular, the dental surfaces of the jaws undulated. There are tw(( species, Rhynckohat'us ancylostomiLS and R. djedden^is, both about eight feet long, com- mon on the coasts of the Indian Ocean. rh^rn-chob-del'-la, s. [Pref. rhyncho-, and Gr. pSeWa (hdella) = a leech.] Zool. : The typical genus of Rhynchobdel- lidEB (q.v.). rh^n-chob-der-li-dsSt s. pi (Mod, Lat. rlLynchobdell(a) ; Lat. fem. pi. adj. sufT. -idce.J Zool. : A family of Leeches, having a pro- trusible proboscis. They are divided into Ichthyobdellidse and Clepsinidae. * r]i^-cho-9e-pba'-li-9., s. pi. [Rhynoho- CEPHALUS.] 1. Zool. : An order of Lacertiform Reptilia, with four limbs. Vertebrae with flat ends ; quadrate bone united by sutures with the skull and pterygoid ; an osseous infra-temporal bar. Sternum and a system of abdominal ribs well developed. One recent genus, Sphenodon (q.v.). 2. PalcEont.: Represented in the Upper Cre- taceous and Lower Eocene by Champsosaurus, in the Trias by Rhynchosaurus and Hyperoda- pedon, and in the Permian by Proterosaurua, Sphaenosaurus, Telerpeton (?), and Sauroster- num (?). rh^-oho-ge-plia'-li-an, a. &«. [Rhyncho- CEPHALIA.] A, As adj. : Belonging to, or having the characteristics of the order Rhynchocephalia {Encyc. Brit. xx. 473). B, As suhst. : Any individual of the Rhyn- chocephalia. " These reptiles are rhynchocepJialians." — EncifO. Brit. (ed. 9th), xx. 465. t rli^n-ch6-9ep&'-a-ljis, s. [Pref. rhyncho-, and Gr. Kei^oAij (kephale)= the head.] Zool. : Owen's name for the genus Sphenodon (q.v.). t rhyn-ch6-9e'-ti, s. pi. [Pref. r^j/iicAo-, and Gr. ktJtos (ketos)= a sea-monster.] Zool. : The Ziphioid Whales. [Ziphiin.«.J t rh^n-cho-^oe'-la, s. pi. [Pref. rhyncho-, and KoiAos (koilos) = hollow.] [Nemertea.] rhyn-ch09'-^-6n, 5. [Pref. rhyncho-, and Gr. Kvitiv (kudn) — a dog. The latter element has reference to the large canine teeth.] Zool. : A genus of Macroscelididae, with one species, Rhynchocyon cernei, from the coast of Mozambique. It is about eight inches in length, exclusive of the rat-like tail ; the muzzle is produced into a long, movable snout ; fur rusty-brown, blackish on head and neck, with light reddish spots on hinder part of back. It lives in botes in the ground, and comes out at night to feed on insects. The hind limbs are not so disproportionately long as in the true jumping shrew ; all the feet are four-toed, and the dentition is anomalous. rhjrn'-cho-diis, s. [Pref. rhynch-, and Gr. iiSovq (odous) = a tooth]. Paloiont.: A genusof Chimseroid fishes, dis- covered by NewbeiTy in the Devonian rocks of Ohio. rh^-chd-flag-el-la'-ta, s. pi. [Pret rhyncho-, and Mod. Lat. Jlagellata (q.v.).j Zool. : A class of Corticate Protozoa, of globular or lenticular form, with a firm cuticular membrane, and reticular protoplasm. There are two genera: Leptodiscus and Noctiluca. (Lankester.) rh^'-cho-lite, 5. [Pref. rhyncTw-, and Gp. At'flos (lithos) — a stone.] Palmont.: A popular name for the fossil mandibles of some Cephalopods. (See ex* tract.) "Calcareous mandlblas occur In all tlie secondary strata, but not hitherto in such numbers or circum* Btfiiices as to imply that they belonged to any other genus besides the true Nautilus. They Hre of two forms; those correBponding to the upper matidibia have been called lih^ncholites (Falceoteuthis nnd Rhyu- choteuthis of D'Orbiguy) ; whilat the lower mandibles constitute the genua ConchorhynchUB of X>e Blain- ville."— -Ousn ; Palaoni. (ed. 2ud), p. 98. rh^-cho-ner-lai, s. [Latinised ftom Gr. pvyxps {rhungchxis) = a snout.] 1. Zool.: The typical genus of Rhyncbonel- lidas (q.v.). Shell trigonal, acutely beaked, usually plaited ; dorsal valve elevated in front ; ventral flattened, or hollowed along the centre. Known recent species four, from the North Polar regions and New Zealand. 2. PalcBont. : Known species 332, from the Lower Silurian onward. Found in Europe, Asia, and North and South America. b^ bd]^; po^t, J 6^1; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9hln. ben^h; go, gem; thin, this; sin, as; expect. Xenophon, e^st. -ing, -dan, -tian = shan. -tlon, -sion = shun ; -tlon, -^ion = zhiin. -cious, -tlous, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. — b^l, deL 4008 rliynehonellidae— rhytidolepis rhynchonella-zones, s. pi Geol. : Two zones, the one that of Rhyncho- nella ■tnartiiii, iu the Lower Chalk of England, between the Cambridge Greeiisand and the Totternhoe stone ; aud the other that of Rhync?ionella cuvieH, in the Middle Chalk, between the Melbourn Rock and the zone of Terebratula gracilis. (Etheridge.) rhyn-cho-ner-li-dse, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. rhynchondl{d) ; Lat. fein. pi. adj. sutf. -ida;.] Zool. & Palmont. : A fan^ily of Brachiopoda. Shell impunctate, oblong or trigonal, beaked ; hinge line curved ; valves articulat-ed, curves otteii sharply plaited ; hinge teeth supported by dental ]ilates. Animal with elongated spiral arms directed inwards. From the Lower Silurian to the Trias. rhyn-cli6ph'-6r-a (1), s. [Pref. rhymho- (q.v.), and fern. sing, of Gr. «^op6s {p1wros) = bearing.] Palceont. : A genus of Weevils from the Purbeck beds. {EUieridge.) rliyn-choph'-6r-a (2), s. pi. [Pref. rhyncho-, and neut. pi. of Gr. »^op6s (phoros) — bearing.] EiUOM. : A tribe of Tetramerous Beetles. Front of the head prolonged into a rostrum or snont, with the mouth at its extremity. The antenna are placed on the sides of the rostrum, at its base, its apex, or tlie parts intermediate. They are geniculate, and have the tip clavate. The body is often covered with scales. It contains tlie weevils, the footless grubs of which are so injurious to many plants, in the interior of whose stems, fruits, or seeds they live. Families : Cur- culionidffi, Brentidse, Authribidge, and Bru- chidae. rhyn'-cho-phore, 5. [Rhynchophora.] Any individual member of the Rhynchophora(q. v.). rhyh-choph'-or-iis, s. [Pref. rhyncho-, and Gr. ipop6<; {j)horos) = bearing.] Eiitom. : A genus of Curculionidpe. They are of large size. The larvse live in the stems of succulent plants, as palms, bananas, the sug.ir-caue, &c. rliyTa-ell6-pi'-n8e,s. pi. [Mod. Lat. rhynchops, genit. rhynchop{is) ; Lat. fem. pi. adj. sutf. ■ince.] Ornith. : Skimmers, Scissor-bills ; a sub- family of Laridas, with a single genus, Rhyn- chops (q.v.). rhyh'-chops, s. [Pref. rhynch-, and Gr. oi/* (ops) = tlie face.] Ornith. : Skimmer, Scissor-bill ; the sole genus of the .sub-family Rhynchopina;, with three species: one from America, one from India, and the third from the Nile and the Red Sea. They differ from the Steminfe (q.v.) in having the bill long and thin; the mandibles very narrow and compressed, the lower one being longer than the upper. ffhyn-cho-rhi'-nus, s. [Pref. rhyncho-, and Gr. p''s-(r/tis), genit. picds(r/tinos) = the snout.] Palwont. : A genus of Murseuidse, with one species, from the Middle Eocene. rlisna-cho-sau'-ri-an, a. [Mod. Lat. rhyn- chosauriim) ; Eng. suff. -ian.] Belonging to, characteristic of, or resembling Rhynchosau- rus. (Owen : Palmont. (ed. 2nd), p. 267.) rhyn-clio-sau'-rus, s. [Pref. rhyncho-, a«d Gr. (Taupo! (saiiros)^ a lizard.] Palceont. : A genus of Cryptodontia. founded on fragmentary remains from the New Red Sandstone oftheGrinsill quarries, near Shrews- bury. The skull differs from that of existing Lacei-tilians, and resembles that of a bird or turtle, especially in the absence of teeth. Tliere is one species, RhynxJwsaurus articeps. rliyn-chd'-§i-a, s. [Mod. Lat., from Gr. pvyxo^ (rhungcJios) = & snout, ao named from its beakefl flowers.] Bot. . The typical genus of Rhynchosieae (q.v.). Herbs or undershrubs, generally twining, with trifoliolate or simple leaves, and racetiies generally of yellowish flowers. Speries numerous, from Southern Asia, Australia, and America, rhyn-cho-i^i-e'-ae, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. rhyn- ch^si(a); Lut. fem. pi. adj. suff. -ecB.] Bot. : A sub-tribe of Phaseolese. rhyn-chos'-por-a, s. [Pref. rhyncho-, and Gr. a-iropa. (spora) = a seed. Named from the beaked fruit.] Bot. : Beak-rush ; the typical genus of the Rbynchosporidae(q.v.).Spikelets few, flowered in axillary or terminal corymbs or panicles, only one or two glumes flowering; bristles' six or more, or none. Known species about fifty, from the temperate and tropic regions. Two, Rhychospora alba, the Wliito, aud R. Jusca, the Brown Beak-rush, are British. rh^-cho-spbr'-e-SB, s. pi [Mod. Lat. rhynclbospoiXa) ; Lat. fem. pi. adj. suff. -ew.] Bot. : A tribe of Cyperaceae, containing two families: Rhynchosporidse (typical), and Schoeuidae (q.v.). rhyn-cho-spor'-i-dse, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. rhynchospor(a) ; Lat. fenj. pi. adj. suff. -idee.] [Rh YNCHOSPORE^ ] rhyn,-cho'-ta» s. pi [Mod. Lat., from Gr. pvyxoi; (rhungchos) = a snout] Entom. : An order of Hemimetabola, the same as Latreille's Hemiptera. Sub-orders : Homoptera and Heteropteia. rh^n-clio-teu'-tliis, s. [Pref. rhyncho-, and Mod. Lat. a«y Telegraph, Nov, 9, 1BS2. f&te, &t, f^e, amidst, what, f^ll, father ; we, wet, here, camel, her, there ; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine ; go, pdt; or, wore, vroU, work, whd, son; mute, cub. ciire, ujiiite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian. S9, oe = e; ey — a; qu = lew. ribston— richesse 4011 db'-Stdn, s. [From Ribston, in Yorkshire, vhere Sir Henry Goodricke planted three pips Bent to hira from Houen, in Normandy. Two of the pips died, hut the third became the parent of the Ribston apple-trees in England. {Brewer.)] A fine variety of apple ; also called a Bibston-pipplu. rlbston-plppln, s. [Ribston.] Xlb'-wort, j>. [Eug. rib, and wort.] Botany : 1. Sing. : Plantago lanc&>lata. [Ribobass.] 2. PI. : Plantaginaceae (q.v.). (Lvndley.) -ric, * -ricU, suff. [A.S. rice = power, kingdom, dominion; Icel. HM; Ger. reic/t; Dut. rijfe; Goth, reiki. From the same root as Lat. rego = to rule ; Eng. regal, region, right, rich, &c.] A suffix denoting jurisdiction, or the district over which jurisdiction or authority is exer- cised, as bishopric, &c. As a termination in proper names it signifies rich or powerful, as Frederio = rich in peace. llo'-9i-a, s. [Named after P. Francisco Riccio, a Florentine botanist] Bot. : The typical genus of Ricciacese (q.v.). Minute green thalloid plants. Two terrestrial species, Riccia glauca and B. crystallina, and two aquatic, B. fluitans aud R. jiataiis, are British. rio-9i-a'-9e-Be, s. pi. [Mod. Lat. ricdia); Lat. fem. pi. adj. suflF. -acece.] Bot. : Crystalworts ; an order of Acrogens, alliance Muscales. Small terrestrial herbs growing in mud or swimming and floating in water, their leaves and stems blended into a cellular creeping frond, green or purple be- neath. Capsule valveless, sunk in the frond, rarely free, at length bursting irregularly or opening by a terminal pore, aud discharg- ing numerous spores without elaters. From Europe, the south of Africa, America, &c. Known genera eight, species tweuty-iiine. Closely akin to, if not constituting a tribe of, Uarchantiaceee. life, * rize, * ryce, s. [Ft. viz; Sp. & Fort. arroz; Ital. riso; Lat. orysa; Gr. 6pv^a{oruza); Pers. orz; Arab, rozz, or with the article ar-roz.] The grain produced by Oryza sativa, believed to be a native of southeiii Asia, though it grows apparently wild along some livers in South America. It is a marsh plant, and the land on which it is cultivated requires to be artificially irrigated. Sometimes small fields are surrounded by an earthen rampart descending from which one will sink ankle deep in mud. Rice is very extensively culti- vated in India, especially in Bengal, in the Eastern Peninsula and Islands, and iu China. It constitutes half the cereal crop of Africa. In 1700 it was accidentally introduced into the Southern States of America, and is now largely grown there. To a less extent it is grown in Southern Europe. It probably supports a larger number of the human race than any other cereal, or indeed than any other plant. It contains 85 per cent, of starch, and is con- sidered less nutritious than wheat. Professor Watt says that the husked seeds and the flour are demulcent and diuretic. In India they are sometimes used in diseases of the urinary organs and in catarrh, also as an external application to burns and scalds. IT Canada, Water, or Wild Bice is Zizania aguatica. [Zizania.] Hungry Rice is Pas- jKtlum exile. Mountain Rice, a variety of Oryza sativa, growing in dry places on Indian mountains. [Faddy.] rlce-bird, s. Omith. : The Bob-o'-link (q.v.). rice-dust, rice-meal, s. The refase of rice after cleaning, consisting of the husks, broken grains, and dust ; ilce-meaL It is used as food for cattle. rice-field mouse, s. Zool. : Hesperomys palustris. By some natu- ralists this species is made a distinct genus, Oryzomys (q.v.). rice-flour, «. Ground rice for making paddings, &c. rice-glue, «. A cement said to he made in Japan by mixing rice-flour with cold water, and then boiling the mixture. It is white, becomes nearly transparent, and is useful for cementing layers of paper together. RTCE-STARCH. (Hae:niQed 200 diameters.) rice-grains, s. pi. Astron. : Certain fonns of what may be bright clouds floating in the sun's atmosphere, with a dark background. rice-meal, s. [Eice-dust.] rice-starch, s. Chem. : The starch or flour of rice. The gra- nules are the small- est of all the com- mercial starches, varying in size from -OOOIO to •00027 of an inch in diameter, angu- lar in form, and possessing an ex- tremely minute, often impercepti- ble central hilum. It is used to adul- terate pepper and ground ginger. rice-mil]E» «. Milk boiled and thickened with rice. rice-paper, e. [Ricepaper.] rice-pudding, s. A pudding made of boiled rice and milk, with eggs aud sugar. Currants are often added. rice-Shell, s. 2ool. : The genus Oliva (q.v.). rice-soup, s. A kind of soup made with rice, enriched and flavoured with butter, cream, veal, chicken, or mutton stock, a little salt and pepper, and thickened with flour. rice-tendrac, s. Zool. : Oryzorictes hova tetradactyla, an in- sectivorous mammal described by Grandidier in 1870. In size it is somewhat smaller than a hedgehog, grayish-brown in colour, and having the snout prolonged into a short trunk. The damage it does to the rice-crops is doubtless occasioned by its burrowing in pursuit of worms and insects. rice-trooplal, «. The same as Rice- bird (q,v.). rice-water, s. Water thickened by boil- ing rice in it, sweetened with sugar, and flavoured with cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, &c. It is often given in cases of diarrhoea. Rice-water evacuations : Pathol. : Evacuations resembling rice-water passed in cholera. More narrowly examined, there are found granular corpuscles, an abun- dance of water, a little epithelium, vibriones, albuminous flakes floating in a colourless fluid (whence the rice-water appearance), a little biliary matter, and a quantity of salts, especially chloride of sodium. (Tanner.) rice-weevil, s. Entom. : Calandra oryz(B, which attacks the rice plant in the Southern States of America. Called also Sitophilus oryzce. rice - wine, s. A highly intoxicating liquor made by the Chinese from rice. rife'-pa-per, s. [Eng. rice, and paper.] 1, A kind of paper introduced into England about 1803, and named from its supposed material, which was thought to be a sort of dried pulp of rice. It is, however, made of the pith of Aralia papyri/era, which grows wild in abundance in the island of Formosa. The stem is cut into lengths of eight or ten inches, and the pith pushed out, much as elders are cleared of pith. This is cut into a continuous spiral ribbon, about four feet long, which is spread out and flattened into sheets. Pictures are painted upon it by Chinese artists. 2. A kind of paper made from rice straw, used in Japan, &c. ri9h, • riche, * ryche, a. [A.S. rice = rich, powerful. (For the change of c to ch, cf. pitch, from A.S. pic, speech, and speak, &cO Cogn. with Dut. rijk; Icel. rikr; tiw.riJc; Dan. rig ; Gotli. reiks ; Ger. reich; M. H. Ger. riche; Fr. riche; Sp. & Port, rico ; Ital. ricco.] 1. Abounding in riches, wealtli, or material possessions ; having a large portion of land, goods, money, or other valuable property ; wealthy, opulent. (Opposed to pom\) " And Abram -was very rich in cattle, lu silver, and In gold. "—Genesis xiii. 2. 2. Composed of valuable, precious, costly, or rare materials or ingredients ; valuable, precious, costly, rare. " Ther on rede rubies and other riche BtqneB." Piers Plowman, p. 21, 3. Abundant in materials ; yielding large quantities of anything valuable ; producing ample supplies ; productive, fertile, fruitful. " The gorgeous Eaat with richest hand Pours oil her sous barbarick pearl aud gold." AliUon : P. L., ii. a. 4. Well supplied; abundant; well-filled; ample : as, a rich treasury. o. Abounding in qualities pleasing to the senses : as — (1) Gratifyingto the sense of ta8te;abounding in nutritive or agreeable qualities ; as applied to articles of food, higlily seasoned, abounding in oleaginous- ingredients ; as to articles of drink, sweet, luscious, highly flavoured : as, a rich pudding, rich soup, rich pastry. (2) Gratifying or agreeable to the sense of sight ; vivid, bright ; not faint or delicate : as, rich colours. (3) Gratifying or agreeable to the sense of hearing ; sweet, mellow, harmonious, musicaL " But village notes could ne'er supply That rick and varied melody." Scott: Rokeby, v. 25. 6. Abounding in humour or wit ; highly pro- vocative of mirth or amusement ; laughable, comical, funny : as, a tt^c/i joke. If The rich: A rich man or person; rich people collectively. " Tbe poor is hated even of hjs own neighbour; but the rich hath many ineinls."~Proverbt xW. 20. T[ Rich is frequently used in the formation of compounds, the meanings of which are sufficiently obvious, as rich-coloured, rich- fleeced, rich-laden, &c. * rich-left, a. Inheriting great wealth (ShaJcesp. : Cymbeline, iv. 2.) * ri9h, v.t [Rich, a.] To make rich ; to en- rich. " Of all these bounds . . . With shadowy forests, and with cbampains rich'd. We make thee lady." Shakesp. : Lear, i. L riph-ar'-di-a, s. [Named after L. C. L. M. Richard, the'French botanist (1754-1821).] Bot. : A genus of Orontiacese, The corm of Biciiardia aJHcana, a beautiful plant with a snowy spathe and golden spadix, was formerly used in medicine. It is the White Arum or Trumpet flower, sometimes cultivated in draw- ing rooms. Ri9h'-ard Roe, «. [John Doe.] righ-ard-so'-ni-^, s. [Named after Richaid Richardson, an English botanist.] Bot. : A genus of Spermacocidae. Trailing American herbs. The roots of Richardsonm rosea and R. scabra have some of the proper- ties of ipecacuanha. ri-Qhel'-lite, s. [After Richelle, Vis6, Bel- gium, where found ; suff. -ite (Min.).] Min. : An amorphous mineral of a clear yellow colour. Hardness, 2 to 3 ; sp. gr. 2 ; lustre, greasy to resinous. Compos. : a hy- drated phosphate of alumina, sesquioxide of iron, and lime. righ'-e^u • rich-esse, s. [Properly a singu- lar, but now used as a plural. Fr. richesse = riches, from riche = rich (q.v.) ; Sp. & Port riqueza; Ital. ricchezza.] * 1. Orig. : Used as a singular noun in the same sense as 2. " The riches of tbe ship Is come on shore !" Shakesp. : Othello, 11. L % Asa plural : (1) That which makes rich or enriches ; abundant possessions ; abundance of land, goods, or money ; wealth, opulence, affluence, " My riches to the earth from whence they come." Shakesp. : Pericles, i. L (2) That which is or appears valuable, pre- cious, or estimable ; valuable or precious quali- ties. " The riches of our minds, our virtuous and com- mendable qualitiea."— S/iurp.- Sermons, vol. i., aer. t * (3) Abundance. " Id whom we have redemption, through hia blood . , . according to the riches of his grace.' — KphesiauM i. 7. * rich-esse, s. [Fr.] Riches (q.v,). " After the richessis of his gloria."— Wydiffe : Efiht- tians iii. hSil, h^; po^t, jd^l; cat, 96!!, chorus, 9hln, ben^h; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a§; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. -mg. *da]i» -tian <=■ sh^in. -tion, -slon = sh^ ; -tion, -§ion — zhun. -cious, -tious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = b^l, d^L 4012 richly— rickety ri9h'-l3^, * riche - licli. * ryche - liche, * ric-llce, adv. [Eug. rich; -ly.] 1. In a rich manner ; with rlclies, wealth, or abundance of goods or estate ; with abundant or ample funds or possessions. " A lady ricWy left." Shakesp. : Merchant of Venice, L t. 2. In a costly manner ; splendidly, sumptu- ously. *' And fipat, brought forth tTlyBsea' bed, and all That richly furnialit it." Chapman : Bomer ; Odyatcy riil 3. Plenteously, abundantly, copiously ; in plenty or abundance. •* The living God who giveth tu richly all things to enjoy."— 1 Timothy vL 17. 4. Highly, strongly : as, a punishment ricWy deserved. 5. In a laughable or comical manner : as, a story richly told. Bi9h'~m6nd, 5. [See def.] Geog. : (1) A town in Surrey ; (2) a borough in Yorkshire ; (3) the former capital of Virginia. Richmond-eartli, s. Geol. : An earth or bed near Richmond, in Virginia. It is of Eocene or Miocene age, aud is largely composed of diatoms. ri^li'-lliond-ite, s. [After Richmond, Mas- sachusetts, where found ; suff. -ite (Mm.).] Min. : A variety of Gibbsite (q.v.) in which Hermann states that he found 37'62 per cent, of phosphoric acid. Newer analyses indicate that Hermann's result was obtained from analysis of a wrongly labelled specimen. ri9h-ness, * rich-nessep o. [Qng. rich; -ness.] 1. The quality or state of being rich or of possessing, abundance of wealth, goods, or lands ; wealth, affluence, opulence, riches. 2. Abundance of precious, costly, or valu- able ingredients or material ; preciousness, co.stliness, value. "And ill the richncts of the productions of this third kingdom, he flattered himself he had foimd a full compensfttiun for the inijlguiticaucy of thuae of the other two."— Smith : Wealth of Natitms, vol. IL, bk. iv., ch. vii. 3. Abundance, plenty, fulness of supply. 4. Productiveness, fertility, fruitfulusss. ** Bring forth that British vale, and be it ne'er so rnra. But Catinus with that vale for rtcjineis shall com- pare." Drayton: Poly-Olbion, s. 24. 5. Abundance of nutritive or agreeable qualities : as, richness of food, &c. 6. Abundance of qualities pleasing or agree- able to the sight ; brightness, briUiaucy ; as, Tichness of colour. 7. Abundance of qualities pleasing or agreeable to tlie ear : as, richness of tone. 8. The quality of being highly amusing or laughable ; comicality, funniness, wit : as, the richiiess of a story or joke. rich'-ter-ite, s. [After Prof. T. Richter; suff. -ite (Mill.).'] Min. : This mineral as described by Breit- haupt appears to be in composition near the Schefferite of Michaelson (q.v.). Crystals acicular; sp. gr. 2*S26; colour, isabella-yellow to pale yellowish-brown. Igelstrom found a similar mineral at Pajsberg, Sweden, wliich afforded the formula (MgO,MnO,CaO,KO,NaO) SiOs, tlie alkalis amounting to between 8 and 9 per cent. It is still uncertiiin whether this species should be referred to pyroxene or hornblende. rich' -weed, 9. [Eng. rich, and weed.] Bot. : Film pumila. ric^m-e-la-id'-a--imde, s. [Eng. ricine- tatd{ln), and amide.] Chem. : CigHgsNOa. A product obtained by the action of alcoholic ammonia on ricine- laidin. It closely resembles elaidamide, melts at 91-93°, and solidifies at 89*. (Watts.) ric-in-e-la -id-ate, s. [Eng. ricinelaid(ic) ; -ate.] Chem. .- A salt of ricinelaidic acid. ricinela'idate of ethyl, s. Chevi. : C20H38O3 = Ci8H33(C2H5)03. Ricine- la'ulic ether. A crystalline mass, formed by tlie artion of hydrochloric acid gas on an alcoholic solution of ricinelaidic acid. It melt.s at 16°, and is slightly soluble in cold, but very soluble in hot alcohol. rif-m-e-la-id'-ic, a. [Mod. Lat. rian(ws), and Eng. elaidic] Derived from or containing ricinelaidin. ricinelsudic-acid, s. Chem. : C18H34O3. Palmic acid. Produced by the action of nitrous acid on riciuoleic acid, or by saponifying ricinelaidin with caustic potish, and decomposing tlie resulting soap with hydrochloric acid. It crystallizes in white silky needles melting at 50°, is insol- uble in water, soluble in alcohol aud ether, decomposing alkaline carbonates. The ricine- laidates of the alkali-metals are readily soluble iu water ; the other salts are very insoluble, ricinelaidlc-ether, s. [Bicinelaidate OF ETHYL.] ri9-m-e-la'-id-m,s. [Eng. ricinelaid(ic); -in.] Chem.: C3j)H7207 (?). A fatty body produced by the action of nitric peroxide ou castor oil. It forms small white nodules, melts at 62°, and is insoluble in water, but very soluble in alcohol and ether. Boiled with caustic potash it is converted into glycerine and potassium ricinelaidate. When submitted to dry distil- lation it yields a dark red spongy residue, aud a distillate of oenanthol. ri-9m'-ic, a. [Eng. ricin(ine); -ic.] The same as Ricinoleic (q.v.). ri9'-m-ine, 5. [Mod. Lat. rici7i(us) ; -ine.] Chem. : An alkaloid found in the seeds of the castor-oil plant. To obtain it, the bruised seeds are repeatedly boiled with water, filtered, and the filtrate evaporated to a syrup and treated with alcohol. It forms colourless rec- tangular prisms insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ether and benzene, but very sol- uble in alcohol. When heated it melts to a colourless liquid, and sublimes unchanged be- tween two watch glasses. ric-in-d-le'-a-mide, s. [Eng. rici7wle(ic), and amide.] CJiem. : C18H35NO2 = C18H33O2 ) jj_ ^ ^^.yg. talline body produced by saturating an alco- holic solution of castor oil with ammonia gas, and heating for forty-eight hours in a salt bath. It forms beautiful white needles, melts at 66'', insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol and ether. By heating with acids or alkalis it is converted into ricinoleic aeid and ammonia. riy-in-o'-le-ate, b. [Eng. ricinole(ic); -ate.] Chem. : A salt of ricinoleic acid. riclnoleate of ethyl, $. Chem. : C20H38O3 = Ci3H33(C2Hg)03. Ricin- oleic ether. A yellowish oil produced by passing hydrochloric acid gas into an alcoholic solution of ricinoleic acid, and purifying by washing with water and sodic carbonate. It cannot be distilled without decomposition. rl^-in-o-le'-ic, a. [Mod. Lat. ricin^us), and Eng. oleic] Derived from or contained in castor oil. ricinoleic-acld, s. Ch£m. : C18H34O3 = C18H33O2 ) Q Elaiodic acid, ricinic acid. Amonobasicacid produced by saponifying castor oil, or the oil of Jatropha curcas with potash or soda ley, and decompos- ing by hydrochloric acid. It is a pale yellow, inodorous oil, with a disagreeable harsh taste, sp. gr. "94 at 15", solidifies at — 6' to a granular mass, and mixes in all proportions with alcohol and ether. It does not oxidi-seon exposure to the air, and gives, on dry distillation, oenan- thol. All ricinoleates are crystallizable and soluble in alcohol, many of them also in ether. rlcinoleic-ether, 0. [Bicinoleate of ETHYL.] ri9~in-d'-lic, a. [Ricinoleic] ri-9iii'-U-l^, s. [Dimin. from Mod. Lat. ricinus (q.v.).] Zool. £ PaXoBont.: A genus of Bnccinidae, with a thick tuberculated or spiny shell with callous projections on the lips. Recent species thirty-four, from Southern Asia and the Pacific. Fossil three, from the Miocene of France. ri9'-in-US, s. [Lat. = (l) a tick, (2) Ricinus communis, the fruit of which was supposed to resemble a tick.] Bot. : A genus of Crotonese. Trees, shrubs, or herbs, having their leaves alterhate, stipu- late, palmate, with glands at the apex of the petiole ; flowers in terminal panicles, calyx three- to four-parted, petals none, stamens many/ polyadelphous ; stigmas three, bipartite, feathery; fruit capsular, tricoccous. Jiiciims communis, the Common Castor Oil plant, or Falma Christi, is a large shrub or small tree, indigenous in Arabia and North Africa (and India ?). It is largely cultivated all over the warmer countries. In Europe it becomes an annual. 'Fifteeu or sixteen varieties of the plant have arisen. Prot Wutt (Calcutta ExHb. Rep., iv. 60) reduces them to three sections: (1) small-seeded, (2) large-seeded, (3) a form grown, on account of its leaves, as food for the Eria silkworm. The small-seeded form is grown as a crop, the large-seeded one as a hedge. The seeds furnish castor oil, and are also used by dyers to render colours permanent. Persons camping near a field of the plant are apt to be attacked with diar- rhcea. The fresh juice is used as an emetic; made into a poultice with barley-meal it is used in inflammation of the eye. The leaves as a decoction, or as a poultice, are lacta- gogues and emmenagogues. IT Ricini oleum is Castor oil (q.v.). *-rick, suff. [-Ric] rick, * reek, * reke, s. [A.S, hriac; cogn. with Icel. hraukr ; 0. Sw. ruica, ruga.] 1. A pile or stack of corn or hay regularly heaped up, and generally thatched to preserve it from wet. " A crop 80 pleuteous as the Imid to load. O'ei'CDiiie tlio crowded biirus, and lodge on Weft* abro.id," lirydan : Virgil ; GeorgiciU liB. 2. A small heap of corn or hay piled up by the gatherer. .(Prov.) " Iq the North they bliid them up in small buiidleSi and make small ricks of them iu the fiold."— J/arili mcr : Husbandry. * 3. A heap, generally. " So mauy hils to heap upon a rick." Sylvester : Magnificence, 1,117. rlck-cloth, s. A tarpaulin or canvas cloth placed over ricks to protect them from wet. rick-Stand, s. A basement of timber or iron, or sometimes wholly or in part of masonry, on which corn-ricks stand or are built, tlie object being to keep the lower part of the stack dry and free from vermin. rick (1), v.t. [Rick, s.] To pile or heap up in ricks. rick (2), v.t. [Wrick.] rick'-er§, s. pi. [Etym. doubtful.] The stems or trunks of young trees cut up into lengths for stowing flax, hemp, or the like ; or for spars for boat masts or yards, boat-hook staves, &c. * rick' - et - ish, a. [Eng. ricket(y) ; -ish.] Soinewliat rickety. " Surely there ia some other cure for a ricketlih body thaii to kill it." — Fuller: General Worthiei, ch. xi. * rick'-et-l^, a. [Rickets.] Ricketty, for which it is perhaps a misprint. "Weak, ricketly, and coutemptuous."— ffauifen.' Tears af Vie Church, p. 2G2, rick'-StS, s. [Prov. Eng. of Dorset and Som- ersetshire. Mahn connects it either with A.S. rig, hric — back, spine, or with wriggian = to bend; cf. Eng. wriggle; Skeat derives it from Eng. wrick, Mid. Eng. wrikken ~ to twist, with the pi. suff. -ets, and compares it with AS. to wring. The Greek looking ra- chitis is derived from it, and not vice versd.] Pathol. : Mollities ossium. Softening of the bones owing to the want of lime, shown by curvature of the long bones and enlarge- ment of their cancellous ends, usually ap- pearing between the ages of four and twelve months. Milk and lime-water, and cod-liver oil, with good nourishment, ventilation, and pure air, are the chief requisites for recovery, but this is not always certain. rick'-et-^, rick'-et-ti^, u. [Rickets.] I. Lit. : Suffering from or aflected with rickets. " In a young animal, vhen the solida are too lax (the case of rickety children), the diet should be gently astringent." — Arbuthnot : On AUnienls, prop. 7. II. Figuratively : 1, Shaky ; threatening to fall ; unsteady tottering. " There we climbed on top of a rickety old coach."— Scribner's Magazine, Aug. 1B77, p. 401. f^te, fat. f^e, amidst, what. f^ll. fatker; we, wet, bere, camel, lier, there; pine, pit, sire. sir. marine; go, p5t» or, wore, W9II; work, who, son; mate, cuh, cure, qjoite, cur, rule, full; try, Syrian, se, cs = e ; ey = a; qu = kw. rickle— rideau 4013 2, Like a child affected with rickets ; feeble tn the joints : hence, feeble or imperfect generally. ** So crude and rickety Dotions, enfeebled by re- straint, at length acquire health and proportion,"— WarbuTton ■' Works, i. 145. ric'-kle, 5. [Eng. rick, s. ; dim. suff. -le.] 1. A little rick or stack ; a stook. 2. A heap of stones, peat, &c. rXo'-o-^het, s. [Ft. = the sport of ducks-and- drakes (q. v.)-] A rebounding from a flat sur- face, as of a stone ftom water, or a cannon- ball or bullet from water or the ground ; the motion commonly known as ducks-and-drakes; a shot which rebounds from a flat surface. "My third shot was more effective, although an vudoabted ricochet." — I^Held, Jan. 23, 1866. rlcoobet-fire, ricochet-firing, & Mil. : A mode of fii.ng with small charges and small elevation, resulting in a bounding or skipping of the projectile. In firing at a fortification, sufficient elevation is given to just clear the parapet, so tliat the ball may bound along the terre-plein or banquette without rising far above its level. It is used with eflTect on hard, smooth ground against bodies of troops or such obstacles as abattis ; and also upon water, either with round shot or rifle-balls. It was introduced by Vauban at the siege of Fhilipsburg, in 16S8. ricocliet-shot, s. Gunnery : A bounding or leaping shot, fired at low elevation with small charge. gic'-o-Qliet, v.t. & t. [Ft. ricocher.} [Rico- chet, 5.] A. Travs. : To operate upon by ricochet- firing. B. hUransitive : 1. Lit. : To skim or rebound, as a stone or ball along the surface of water. •' Then ricachetting, deposited half the brasa shell In the wooden screen."— /^eW, Oct. 17, 1885. • 2. Fig. : To be made ducks and drakes of ; to be squandered. i^C'-tal, a. [Lat. rict(us) ; Eng. sufT. -oZ.] Zool. : Of or belonging to the rictus. " The mouth is open, defended by rictal bristles. "— Sieainson : Birdt, L, § 55. * ric'-ture, ». [Lat. nciwro.] A gaping. ric'-tus, s. [Lat. = the opened mouth.] 1. Bot. : The orifice of a ringent or of a per- sonate corolla. 2. Ornith. : The gape or opening of the mouth ; the mouth. • rid, pret. & pa. par. of v. [Ride, v.] rid, * redde, * ridde, v.t. [A.S. Jireddan — to snatch away, to deliver ; O. Fries, hredda; Dut. redden; Dan. redde; Sw. rddde; Ger. retteuj prob. from A.S. ArcedA = quick ; M. H. fier. hrat, rod.] * 1. To free, to deliver, to save. "That he mij^ht rid him out of their hand*." Senenis xxxvii. 22. 2. To free, to clear, to disencumber. (Fol- lowed by of. Frequently used reflexively.) [Rid.] , " I . . . shall soon, \ Arm'd with thy might, rid heav'n of tLese rebell'd." 1 Milton: P. L., vi. 737. *3. To drive away, to get rid of, to expel. " I will rid evil beaeU out of the \a3id."—Leviticiu XivL 6. • 4, To get rid of ; to do or make away with. " To lose a friend to rid a foe." ' Daniel : Cioil Wan, 1. •5. To dispose of, to finish, to despatch. " The red plague rid you." tihdkesp. : Tempett, i. £. * 6, To make away with ; to destroy by violence. " You have rid this sweet young prince !" Shakesp. : 3 Henri/ y^-> ▼■ 5. rid, a. [Rid, v.] Free, clear, (denser : F. Q.. VL iv. 38.) if To get rid of: To free or clear one's self from. " Beduce his wages, or get rid of her." Cowper: Truth, Z\\. Hd'-dan^e, 5. [Eng. rid; -ance.] *1. The act of ridding or freeing; a clean- ing up or out ; a clearing away. " Thou ahalt not make eJeau riddance of the comers of thy &eld."— Leviticus xxiii. 22. 2. The act of getting rid of something ; the act of ridding one's self of something ; the state of being rid or free ; freedom, deliverance. " But rather riddance from long languiahmeiit." Spenser : Daphnaida, % A good riddance: A fortunate or pleasant relief from a person's company. rid'-den, pa. 2>ar. [Ride, v.] ^ Fi'equently used in composition, as priest- ridden. [Ridk, v., B. 4.] rid'-der, s. [Eng. rid, v. ; -er.] One who or that which rids. rid'-dle (1), * red-els, * ryd-els. * ryd- del, s. [Prop, with a final s, from A.S. rckdelse, pi. rddelsan, from rcedan = to read, to interpret; jyat. raadsel, fi-om raden = to counsel, to guess ; Ger. rdthsel, from rathen.] 1. A puzzle ; a puzzling question ; an enig- ma ; a proposition put in obscure or ambigu- ous terms to exercise the ingenuity in dis- covering its meaning. " Make a iHddle what he made so plnin." Dryden : Hind * Panther, i. 140. 2. Anything puzzling or ambiguous ; a puzzle. " I live, yet I seem to myself to he dead. Such a riddle is not to be found." Cotoper ; Ouion ; Stmtvs Favourable to Ifeditation, rid'-dle (2), * rid-il, ». [For hriddle, from A.S. ftridder = a vessel for winnowing corn; cogn. with Ir. creathair ; Gael, criathar; Corn. croider; Bret. ferouer=a sieve.] 1. A sieve with coarse meshes, made of iron or basket-work, and used in separating coarser substances from the finer, as chaff from grain, cindere from ashes, gravel from sand, large pieces of ore from the sinallei', &c. " The same are shred and minced so small as they may passe through a sieve or a riddle."— P. MoUand: PliniA, bk. xvi., ch. ii. 2. Wire-working : A board with slotting pins which lean opposite ways, and between which wire is drawn in a somewhat zigzag course, to straighten it. 3. i*'ou7idi»^.* A coarse sieve (half-inch mesh), used to clean and mix the old floor-sand of the moulding-shop. 4. Hydr.-eng. .- A kind of weir in rivers. rid'-dle (l), v.t. & i. [Riddle (1), *.] A. Trans. : To solve, to explain. " Is't requisite another bow my nostrilsf Riddle me that." Beaum. i Flet. : Tamer Tamed. * B. TntraTis. : To speak enigmatically, or in riddles. rid'-dle (2), v.t & «. [A.S. hridian,} [Riddle (2), s.] A. Transitive : 1. To pass through a riddle, so as to separate the coarser parts from the finer ; to sift. " To riddle the coal before sending it to the pithead." — Daily Chronicle, SepL 3, 1885. 2. To perforate with balls or shot, so as to make like a riddle. "Whose hull he riddled till it was a perfect sieve."— Daily Telegraph, August 25, 188&. B, Intrans. : To use a riddle ; to sift or screen materials with a riddle. " Robin Goodfellow ... he that riddles for the couutry maides."— A&n Jonton : Love Restored. rid'-dler (1), s. [Eng. riddl(e), v. ; -er.] One who propounds riddles ; one who speaks in riddles. "Thou Tiddler, speak Direct and clear ; else I will leacli tby soul." Home ! Douglas, iiL 3. rid'-dler (2), s. [Eng. riddUfi), t. ; -er.] One who sitts or riddles. rid'-dlihg, pr. par. or a. [Riddle (1), «,] A. As pr. par. : (See the verb). B. As adj. : Enigmatical. " Riddling triplets of old time." Tennyson. rid'-dling, s. [Riddle (2), v.l Metall. {PI-): The middle size of broken ore which i.s obtained by sifting. * rid'-dling-ly, adv. [Eng. riddling; -ly.] In manner of a riddle ; in riddles ; enigmati- cally, obscurely. " Like the pestilence and old-fashlon'd love, Rlddlingly it catcheth men, and doth remove Never." Donne: Satires, ii. ride, * ryde (pa. t. *rid, *rood, rode, pa. par. * rid, * riden, ridden), v.i. & t. [A.S. ridan (pa. t. rod, pa. par. riden); cogn. with Dut. rijden; Icel. ridha; Dan. ride; Sw. rirfa; Ger. reiten; O. H. Ger. ritan. From tliesamo root as raid, ready, and road.] A. Intransitive : 1. To be borne along, on the back of an animal, especially of ahorse. 2. To be borne or carried in a vehicle : as, To ride in a carriage, a train, &c. ; to drive. 3. To be mounted on ; to sit astraddle. " To r-ide on the curled clouds." Shakesp, : Tempest, i. % i. To have skill or ability as an equestrian; to understand or practise horsemanship. *' Wei coude he sitte on hors, and fayre ride." Chaucer : 0. T. (Prol. 0&) 5. To be supported in motion ; to rest. " The axle-tree On which heaven rides." Shakesp. : Trollus A Cressida, L X. ^ A rope is said to ride when one of the turns by which it is wound lies over another, so as to interrupt the operation or prevent its rendering. 6. To be borne on or in a fluid. " A vessel rides fast by, but not prepared For tliis design." Shakesp. : Wintei^s Tale, It. & 7. To support a rider; to move under a saddle ; to move when driven or pulled : as, A horse rides easy, a carriage rides easy. * 8. To move or dance in a triumphant manner. " Disdain and scorn ride aparkUng In her eyes." Shakesp. : JUuoh Ado About Nothing, iil. L * 9. To have free play ; to practise at will. " Thou hast caused men to ride over our heada"— Psalm Ixvi. 12. B. Transitive: 1. To sit, or be supported and borne on ; t» mount and manage, as a horse. 2. To go over or traverse in riding : as, To ride a mile. 3. To do, make, perform, or execute, as on horseback : as, To ride a race. * 4. To manage, treat, or practise on in- solently or at will ; to tyrannize or domineer over. [Ridden.] "I'll ride your horse as well as I ride you." Shakesp. : Twel/th Night, iiL 4. IT 1. To ride at anchor : Naut. : To be anchored ; to lie at anchor. 2. To ride down : (1) Ord. Lang. : To trample down or over- throw by riding or driving over. (2) Naut. : To bend or bear down by main strength and weight : as. To ride down a sail 3. To ride easy : Naut. : Said when a ship does not labour or feel a great strain on her cables. i. To ride hard : Naut. : Said when a ship pitches or labours violently, so as to strain her cables, masts, or hull. 5. To ride out: To continue afloat during, and withstand the fury of, as a vessel does a gale. 6. To ride the high horse : [High, % (3)]. * 7. To ride the wild mare: To play at see- saw. (Shalcesp. : 2 Henry IV., ii. 4.) ride, s. [Ride, v.] 1. An excursion on horseback or in a vehicle. 2. A saddle-horse. {Prov.) 3. A road or avenue cut through a wood or pleasure-grounds for the exercise of riding; a riding. " A fox, and a good big one too, was aeeu crossing a ride that runs through the plantation."— /"leW, Dec. 8, 1884. 4. A division or district established for excise purposes. ride-offlcer, s. An excise officer in charge of a ride. [Ride, s., 4.] ride'-a-ble, a. [Eng. ride, V. ; -aUe.] 1. Capable of being ridden over ; passable on liorseback. " The water was rideable."—Ltster : Autobiography, p. 45. 2. Capable of being ridden. " I rode everything rideaUe." Savage : R. MedU- cott, bk. ii., ch. 111. ri-deau' (eau as 6), «. [Fr. = a curtain, a rideau.] Fort. : A small elevation of earth, extending itself lengthwise on a plain, serving to cover a camp from the approach of an enemy, or to give other advant-jges to a post. boil, bo^ ; poiit, jo^l ; cat, fell, choms, fliin, ben^h ; go, gem ; thin, this ; sin, a^ ; expect, Xenophon, exist, ph = f; -cian, -tian = sh^n. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -$ion = zhun. -cious, -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble. -die, &c. = bel, d^L 4014 rident— riding * li'-dent, o. [tja-t. ridens^ pr. par. of rideo = to laugh.] Laughing, smiling. " A smile bo exceedingly rident."— Thackerap : Ifevt- eomet, ch, xxiv. rid'-er, «. [Eng. ridie), v. ; -er.] L Ordituiry Language : I. One who rides ; one who is carried on a horse or in a vehicle. " Look whftt a borse should have, be did not lack, Save a proud rider on so pruud a back." Shakesp. : V'eniLS & Adonii, 3O0. * 2. One who breaks or manages a horse or horses. [ROUOH-RIDER. ] " They are taught their mnnage, and to that end riders dearly hireu."— SAo4c«p. ; As Tou Like It, L 1. * 3. A mounted robber or reiver ; a moss- trooper. " In Ewsdale, eight and forty notorious ridert are huDg on growiDfr trees, "—/trummond; HUt. of James V. * 4. One who travelled for a mercantile house to collect orders, &c. Now called a traveller. " They eome to us as rider$ in a trade." Crabbe : Borough, let. iv. 5. An addition to a MS., as a roll, record, or other document inserted after its first com- pletion on a separate piece of paper ; an addi- tional clause, as to a bill in parliament. " A rider was added, which permitted a merchant possiissed of five thousand pounds to represent the town ill which he resided." — JUacavlai/ : Bist. Eng., cb. xxii. 6. A subsidiary problem in geometry. * 7. A Dutch coin, so called from being im- pressed with the figure of a man on horse- baclt, and worth about 278. II. Technically: 1. Mining : A deposit of ore overlying the principal lode. 2. Shipbuilding: (1) A rib within the inner sheathing, bolted through the latter into the main ribs and planking, for the purpose of stiffening the fi-ame. The ridere extend from the keelson to the orlop-beams. (2) A second tier of casks in a hold. (3) A rope which crosses another and joins it. 3. Ordu. : A piece of wood in a gun-carriage on which the side-pieces rest. rider-roll, s. A separate addition made to ii roll or record. [Rider, I. 5.] rid'-er-less, a. [Eng. rider; -less.] Without a rider ; having no rider. " Herds of riderless horses." Longfellow : Evangeline, IL A. ridge, • rlgge, *rig, "rug, s. [A.S. hrycg = the back of a man or beast ; cogn. with Dut. rug = a back, ridge ; Dan. ryg ; Sw. rygg; Icel. hryggr ; 0. H. Ger. hruchi; Ger. riicken ; Gr. pax^s (rAac/iis).] L OTdinary Langitage : * 1, The back ; the top of the back. " Upon hiB rig." Bavelole, 1,776. 2. The top of any protuberance. "The line that forms a ricijre of the nose la beautiful when it Is straight." — ReynoMs: Idler, No. 82. 3. In the same sense as II, 1. 4. An elevation or rise of ground of greater length than breadth. " Green is the churchyard, beautiful and men, Jtidge rising gently by the side of ridge. Wordsworth : Hxcursion, bk. vt. 5. An extended elevation of the ground or earth's surface, long in comparison with its breadth ; a long crest or summit ; an extended line of the earth's surface, raised from or Btanding above the adjoining surface ; any long and steep elevation or eminence. " The frozen ridges of the Alps." Shaketp. : Richard II., L'X n. Technifially : 1. Agric. : A strip of ground thrown up by the plough or left between furrows ; a bed or long strip of ground of greater or less width, formed by furrow slices running the whole length of the field, and divided from each other by open furrows or gutters p^trallel to each other, which serve as drains for carrying ofif the surface water. 2. Anal. : A prominent border or elevation. Used of a crest or line of bone, also of the superciliary, the occipital, the condylar ridges, &C. 3. Bot. iPl.): Five primary longitudinal elevations on the back of an umbelliferous fruit ; the median one, or the carina, the two outermost, the marginal or lateral ridges. and those between them, the intermediate ridges. Sometimes there are also four well- developed secondary ridges alternating with the primary ones. 4. Carpentry it Building : (1) The upper horizontal edge or comb of a roof ; the highest part of the roof of a build- ing; specif., the meeting of the upper end of the rafters. (2) The internal angle or nook of a vault. 5. Fort.: The highest part of the glacis proceeding from the interior angle of the covered way. 6. Farr. : (See extract). " /Udges of a horse's mouth are wrinkles or risings of the flesh in the roof of the mouth, running across from one side of the jaw to the other like fleshy ridges, with Interjacent furrowB or HiukiBg cavities. — /"oTTicr's Diet. ridge-band, s. Harness: That jiart of the harness which goes over the saddle on a horse's back, and, being fa-stened on both sides, supporta the shafts of the cart. ridge-beam, s. Carp. : A beam at the upper ends of the rafters beneath the ridge ; a crown-plate. ridge-bone, * rigge-bon, s. The back- bone. " The corrupt blood . . . lying cluttered about the ridge-bone."— P. Holland: Plinie, hk. xxiL, ch. xxi. ridge-drill, s. Agric. : A drill adapted to sow seed along a ridge which has Vteen listed up, by backing up one furrow against another. ridge-fillet, s. 1. Arch. : The fillet between two channels of a pillar. 2. Foundikg: The runner or principal channel. ridge-boe, s. Agric.: A form of cultivator for tending crops in drills. ridge-piece, «. [Ridge-pole.] ridge-plate, s. [Ridge-pole.] ridge-plougb, s. Agric. : A double mouldboard plough, used in throwing land into ridges for certain kinds of crops. ridge-pole, s. Carp. : The piece of board or timber forming the ridge of a roof ; a ridge-piece, or ridge- plate. *' Tied him feat with corda of elm-bark To the ridge-pole of his wigwam," Lonfffeltow : Biawatha, xlii ridge-roof, s. Arch. : A raised or peaked roo£ rldge-rope, «. Nautical : 1. A rope leading from the knighthead to the upper part of the bowsprit-cap, for the safety of the men walking out upon the bow- sprit in rough weather. 2. The centre rope of an awning. 3. A safety line extended from gun to gun in bad weather. ridge-tile, s. Build. : A semi-cylindrical tile for covering the comb of a roof. It is twelve inches long, ten inches wide, five-eighths of an inch thick, and weighs about four and a half pounds. A crest-tile ; a saddle-tile. ridge, v.t. & i. [Ridge, s.] A. Trans. : To make or form into a ridge ; to form or furnisli with a ridge or ridges, " As the ploDghmau . . . tilleth hie land, and breaketh it in furrowes, and sometimes H^0e£ft it up." — Latimer : Semwtn 4 ; On the Plough. * B. Intrans. : To rise in a ridge or ridges. ridg'-el, ridge'-ling, ridg'-ling, rig-el, 5. [A softened form for riggU, rigling. Scotch riglan, from rig, in the same sense.] A male animal half castrated. " And 'ware the ridgling with hia butting head." I>ryden : TheocrUtu, Id. iii. * ridge'-let, s. [Eng. ridge^ a. ; dim. suflf. -let.] A little ridge. ridg*-^, a. [Eng. ridg(e\ s. ; -y.] Rising in a ridge or ridges ; having a ridge or ridges. rid'-i-cule, * rid-i-cle, s. & a. [Lat. rid*. culuvi = a joke, neut. sing, of ridicitZu* = ridiculous (q.v.) ; Fr. ridicuie = ridiculous,] A. As sxibstantive : 1. Words or actions intended to expresa contempt and excite laughter ; derision, banter; wit of that kind which provokes contemptuous laughter ; raillery. *2. That species of writing which excites contempt with laughter, and so differing fi-om burlesque, which may excite laughter without contempt. (Karnes.) * 3. Ridiculousness. " They may be elevated as much as you please, and no ridicule toUov/B."— Pope : Earner; Odyssey. (Posta.) * B. As adj. : Ridiculous. "This action . . . hea&me bo ridicule.'— Aubrtjf. r3td'-i-cule, v.t. [Ridicule, a.] To treat or address with ridicule ; to expose to ridicule or contemptuous mirth ; to make sport or game of. " The young who ridicuVd his Tom." Grainger : TibuUua, ok. L, eL 6. rid'-i-cul-er, s. [Eng. ridicul(e)t v. ; -er.} One who ridicules. " They are generally ridiculeri of all that Is truly excellent"— C^arAw.- Jfat. A Revealed RtHig. (Introd.) * ri-dic'-il-lizo, v.t. [Eng. r\dic^l{e); -iw.J To ridicuife ; to make ridiculous. " Lest the false alarmes That words oft strike up, should ridiculize me." Cliapman : Bomer ; Odyssey xxill. • ri-dic-u-l6s'-i-t^, a, [Eng. ridiculous; -ity.] 1. Ridiculousness. " Look at the ridiculosity of ladies' dresses behind." ~-Quiver, 1876, p. 701. 2. Something ridiculous ; a joke, a comic- ality. " Your pretty sayings and all your ridinilasitiea,"— Bailey; Apoph. of Erasmits, p. 64. ri-dic'-u-loiis, u. [Lat. ridvmlusj from rideo = to laugh.] 1. Worthy of or calculated to excite ridicule ; laughableand contemptible; ludicrous, absurd. "Finding nothing ridiculous in national peculiar^ Itiea." — Ooldsjnilh: Polite Luatming, ch. xiiL *2. Risible; inclined to laughter. "The heaving of my lungs provokes me to ridicuZ(m$ smiling."— SAafteip. .' Love i Labour's Lost, iiL ri-dic'-U-lous-ly, adv. [Eng. ridiculous ; -ly.] Ill a ridiculous manner or degree ; ludicrously, absurdly. "Too frequently becomes ridiculously earnest in triflea or absurdity, " — Goldsmith; Polite Learning, cb. xlv. ri-dic'-u-lotis-ness, s.^ [Eng. ridicndous; ■ness.] 'The quality or state of being ridicu- lous ; absurdity. " The vanity and ridiculousness of this trusting in our riches. "—ifftar/^ .■ Sermons, vol. 1., ser. 4. rid'-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Ride, v.] A. As pr. par. : (See the verb). B. As adjective : 1. Employed for riding on : as, a riding horse. 2. Used by or intended for a rider. " A riding suit" Shakesp. : Cymbeline, iil. 2. 3. Employed to travel on any occasion : aa, a riding clerk. [Riding-clerk, 1.] C. As substantive : * 1. A royal procession. {Chaucer ; C. T., 4,375.) 2. A ride or road cut through a wood or pleasure-grounds for riding exercise. " We galloped up and down the green ridings for which the forest district is famous," — Field, Dec. 6, 1884. 3. A ride ; a district visited by a ride-officer (q.v.). riding-bitts, s. pi. Shipbuild. : Two strong upright timbers near the bows of a ship, to which the cable is secured ; they extend through two decks, are connected by a cross piece, and braced against the strain of the cable by horizontal standards bolted to the deck beams. * riding-clerk, s. 1. A mercantile or commercial traveller. 2. One of the six clerks formerly in chancery, * riding-day, s. A day of hostile incur- sions or raids on horseback. riding-habit, s. The dress worn by females when riding on horseback. £bte, f&t, f^e, amidst, what, f^Il, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, pdt» or, wore, wol^ work, wh6, son; mute, cub, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try, Syriao. », oe = e; ey = a; qu = kw. riding— rifling 4015 * riding-hood, s. ' A hood worn by females when ridiug or travelling ; a sort of cloak with a hood. * riding-house, s. Ariding-school(q.r.). riding-interests, s. pi. Scots Law : When any of the claimants in an action of multiple-poinding, or in a process of ranking and sale, have creditors, these credi- tors may claim to be ranked on the fUnd set aside for their debtor, and such claims are called Ridiug-interests. riding-linot, s. A running knot. riding-master, s. 1. Ord. Lang. : One who teaches the art of riding. 2. Mil. : A commissioned officer specially appointed to superintend the instruction in a military riding-school. The appointment is usually made from the ranks, and held for a specified number of years. riding-part, s. A protuberance on the inner surface of the joint part of a scissors- blade which forms the touching portion back of the rivet, while the cutting portion is at the point of contact of the edges as they move past each other in closing. riding-rhymes, s. pi. Metre of five accents, each falling on the evefi syllable, with the lines in rhyming couplets. riding-rod, a. A switch, a riding-stick. riding-school, s. A school or place nrhei'e the art of riding is taught. riding-skirt, s. A skirt worn by females vheu riding on hurseback. riding-Whip, s. A light whip used when riding. lid'-mg, s. [For thriding, the loss of the th being due to the misdivision of the compound words North - thriding. East • thriding, and West-thriding, from Icel. thridhjungr = the third part of a tiling, the third part of a shire, from thridhi = third. (Skeat.)] One of the three divisions into which tlie county of York is divided, and known as the North, East, and West Ridings. They were formerly under the government of a reeve. " When a county is divided into three of thene iu< termediate jurisdictions, they are called thridinga. These thridmga still subsist In the large county of York, where by an eaay corruption they are deiiomi- iin,ted ridings," — Bltickttohe : Comment. (Introd, §4.) • ri-dot'-t'd, s. [Ital., from Lat. reductvs = a retreat.] [Redoubt, s.] 1. A public assembly. 2. A musical entertainment consisting of singing and dancing, in the latter of which the whole company join in. It is a favourite public Italian entertainment, held generally on fast eves. " Four months. In which there will he no routs, no flhowa, no ridottoM." — Rambler, No. 124. ■ ri-dot'-to, v.i* [RiDOTTO, s.] To frequent riilffttoa " And heroines, whilst 'twna the fashion, Ridotto'd on the rural plains." Cowper : Retreat cif Arittippus. rle, «. [Bye.] rief (1), s. [Reif.] Robbery. " Dear Smith, the sleest, paukie thief. That e'er attempted stealth or rit^." Burnt; To Jamei Smith. rief (2), ». [Rife.] Plenty. rief (3), s. & a. [A. 8. hreof= scab, Tvreojla = a leper; Icel. hrjugr = scabby.] A. As subst. : Scurf, scab ; the itch. B. As adj. : Scabby, itchy. rlem, s. [Dnt. = a thong.] A strip of ox hide, deprived of its hair and rendered pliable, used in the Cape Colony for making ropes, . Ball : Works, ii. 368. rif -fle, 5. [Ger. ri^e^u = to groove.] [Rifle, s.] Metall. : An inclined trough or chute down which auriferous slime or sand is conducted in a gentle stream, which is broken by occa- sional slats, or by depressions containing mercury, which arrests the gold. rif -fler, s. [Eng. ri^e) ; -er.] A file with a side so convex as to operate in shallow de- pressions ; used by sculptors, carvers, and gun-stockers. Ritfier.s are usually made of steel, but sometimes of wroiight-iron, and case-hardened, so that their sliape may be modified to a certain extent by bending on a block of lead with a mallet. riff-raff; *riff'e-rafre. *rif-raff'e, s. [Prop, ri/ and ra/= every particle, from Fr, rif et raf, from rif =3. piece of plunder; ri;Zer=to rifle (q.v.); O. Fr. raffier.] 1. Refuse, rubbish, sweepings. " Long it were to make reberaall of all thia rifrc^ffe, and almost infinite."— /Vix : Actet, p. bM, 2. The rabble. " Shipping all sorts of sea-faring ri^raff" — Daily Telegraph, April 1, 1686. ri'-fle (1), v.t. & i. [Fr. rijler, a frequent, from Icel. hrifa^ to catch, to seize.] A. TraTisitive : 1. To seize and carry away by force ; to snatch and carry off. " He rifeleth both hoke and belle." Oower : C. A„ v. 2. To plunder, to rob, to pillage, to strip. " stand, sir, and throw us what you have about you ; if not, we'll make you, sir, and rifie yoiu" — ahakesp. : Two OenUemen of Verona, iv. 1. B. Intrans. : To plunder, to pillage, to rob. • ri'-fle (2), v.t. & i. [Raffle.] To raffle. " Will any man (not desperate) run into an infected house, to ri/le for a rich suit ? " — Bp. Ball : Quo Vadit t §14. ri'-fle (3), v.t. [Rifle, s.] 1. To groove, to channel ; to form orftimish with spiral grooves. 2. To whet, as a scythe with a rifle. (Prov.) ri'-fle, s. [For rified gun, from Dan. rijle = to rifle, to groove ; cf. rifles a. groove, a flute : rifel = a rifled gun, from rive = to tear ; Icel. r{/d = to rive (q.v.); Sw. rifva=to scratch, to tear, reffia = to rifle, reffelhossa = a rifled gun; Ger. rie/eZ7i= to groove, m/e=a groove.] 1. The term applied to any musket or gun- barrel which is grooved so that the projectile may have a rotatory motion on its own axis. The rifling may be polygroove as in the Arm- strong and other guns, with only two grooves as in some of the early weapons, with the two grooves with tlie angles rounded away so as to E reduce an oval and yet twisted bore as in the lancaster guns, or with three or more grooves as in most modern weapons. The grooves are of varying size, formj and width, and of dif- ferent degrees of twist in the length of the barrel itself, that of the Henry rifling being one turn in twenty-two calibres or widths of the bore. The bullet is made to lit the bore either by expansion of the base of the lead bullet, or, as in the early pattern, by having the ball " belted," so that tli« belt should take tlie groove and so emerge from the muzzle with a rotatory motion. The utility of the Magazine riJle, a firearm havi ug attached to it a magazine or case cuntaiuing four or more cart- ridges capable of being led successively into the barrel, was first demonstrated in the Uuited States Civil War, iu which it was brought to some extent into use. It was still more fully demonsti-ated in 1877 when the Tuiks, armed with Winchester repeating lifles, constantly repulsed the Russian assaults on the woika before Plevna, The Springfield Rifle, need by the United States army, is being gradually replaced by the Winchester and other small- bore repeaters, whose magazines are fitted to hold a considerable number of cartridges. The European nations have generally adopted magazine rifies. 2. (PI.): A body of troops armed with rifles*, as, the Cape Mounted Rifles. 3. A strop with a surface of emery for whetting scythes, &c. "All our sports and recreationa, if we use them well, must be to our body or miud, as the mower's whetstone, oirifle, is to his ecytlie, to sharpen it when it grows dulL"— Whiiteley : Redemption of Time, p. IL rifle-ball, s. A bullet for firing with a rifle. They are now made cylindrical in shape with a conoidal head, the base bei ng hollow and furnished with a plug, which causes the metal to expand and fit into the rifling of the gun. rifle-bird, s. Ornith. : Ptiloris paradisea. The English name is said to have been given by early set- tlers in Australia from the resemblance of the colour of the pUnnageof the cock to that of the uniform of the Rifle Brigade. Velvety -black; glossed with purple ; feathers of abdomen tipped with a chevron of green bronze ; crown of head green ; middle pair of tail-quills and triangular patch on throat bluish-emerald- The hen is grayish-brown above, deep buff beneath, each feather with a black chevron. rifle-corps, a. 1. A body of troops armed vrith rifles. 2. A body of volunteers trained to the luv of the, rifle. [Volunteer, s., II.] rifle-green, ». A very dark green, verg- ing on black. "Dark -grays and rifle- greens predominatsd."— lUut. Land. Neat, March 17, 1860, p. 26S. rifle-pit, s. a pit or trench which, to- gether with the excavated earth, forms a de- fence for a rifleman in an advanced position, where he may pick off the enemy's gunners or defend his own line. Rifle pits are holes dug several feet long and deep. The parapet of earth may be crowned by sand-bags having a loop-hule through which to fire. rF-fle-man, s. [Eng. rifle, s., and man.] 1. A soldier or sportsman armed with a rifle. [RlFLE-BRIOADE. ] " The name now has lost nearly all meaning, for th« whole infantry are now riflemen."— Chambers Encyc, Till. 260. 2. A member of a rifle corps ; a volunteer. rifleman-bird, s. Ornith. : The rifle-bird (q.v.). " The rifleman-bird proper is said to get Its food by thrusting its somewliAC lung hill under the loose bark on the Lioles or boughs of trees, along the latter of which it runs awiftly, or by searching for it on th* ground beneath."— £nci/. Brit. (ed. 9th), xx. 553. ri'-fler, s, [Eng. rifle (X), v.; -er.] One who rifles, plunders, or pillages ; a robber, a plunderer. " Parting both with cloak and coat, it any please to be theri/Iar." — Milton: Dact & Disc, of Divorce. ri-fling, ». [Eng. rifl(e): -ing.] The system KIFXINQ. of grooves with which rifles are constructed. tSU, bo^ ; poUt, jd^l ; cat, 9ell, choms, 9liin, bench ; go, gem ; thin, this ; sin, a§ ; expect, Xenophon, e^ist. -ing. -elan, -tian = ahatu -tion, -sion = shiin ; -$ion, -^on = zhun. -cioos, -tious, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c = bel, d^ 4016 fiftd), •reft, *rifte, *ryite, s. [Dan. rift, from rive = to rive (q.v.); Norw. rift; Icei. rift — a breach ; Sw. re/ua =a rift, from rifoa = to tear, to rive.] A cleft ; a fissure or opening made by riving or splitting. " The clonda From many a horrid rift, abortive ponr'd Fierce raiu with lightuiiig: mix'd." MUton : P. R.. Iv. *H- rift (2), s. [Cf. ree/(l), s.] A shallow place in a stream ; a ford. (Prov.) rift, v.t & i. [Rift (1), s.] A. Trans. : To cleave, to split, to rive. " StrupgUng Bonla by thee fire Btrengthened, Clouds of fear asunder ri/ted." Longfellow : Xpimetheui. B. Intransitive: • 1. To burst open ; to split ; to be riven. " Tour ears Kbould r\ft to hear me." Shaketp. ,• Wintffr't Tate, t. 1. t. To belch. (Scotch.) tig (1), 9. [A.S. hryeg.] [Bidqe, s.] 1. The back of an animal. 2. A ridge of land ; a strip of land between two furrows. 3. A course, a path, a way. Fig (2), s. [Connected with riclcets and wriggh.] * 1, A wanton uncomely person. ** Let none condemn them [the girU] lorriffg beeanae ifauB hoytlnfi with the boys, seeing the eimpUcity of their age was a patent to privilege any innocent pa«- Hmt."— Fuller : PUgah Sight, bk. iv., ch. vi. 2. A strange uncomely feat ; a frolic ** He little gueued wheu be set out Of running ouch a rig." Cuvjper: John fHipim. 3. A ridgel. ^ To run the rig : To Indulge In practical joking. " Instead of good eense, polite wit. and genteel re- partee, they have a sort of rude briskness, and run Ihit ri(t, as the young templars and spruce wits call this tort of Joking."—/*. Hall : Benuiru Letttrt, ii. 196. rig (3),*. [Rio(2), r.] 1. Lit. A NatU. : The peculiar style in wliich the masts and sails of a ship are fitted : as, aquare-riff, fore-and-aft-rig, schooner-riflr, &c. 2. Fig. : Dress. • rig a). * rigge, v.i. [Rio (2), «.] To act wantonly ; to play the wanton. •rig (2), 'rygge, p.(. [Norw. rtgffa = to bind ■p, to wrap round : cf. Bw. riggafia = to har- ness a horse.] 1. To furnish or fit with rigging. " With itayi and cordage last he rigg'd the ship." Pope ■ Bomer ; Odyssey v. 331. 2. To furnish with apparatus, gear, or tac- kling : as, To rig a purchase. 3. To dress, to clothe. (Generally followed by out, and used especially wheu the dress is gaudy or odd) ; to equip. " Such aa in Honmouth Street, or Id Kag Fair, Would rig you out in seriousness or Joke." Byron : Btppo, T. 5 G) ^0 "? "^^ ^ boom or spar : Kant. : To thrust out a pole or spar upon the end of a yard or bowsprit, in order to •xtend the foot of a sail. •■ If the Genesta could have rigged a Jury bowsprit.'' —Daily Telagraph, Sept. 10, 1BB5. (2) '1 origin a 6oom. ; Naut. : To draw it in from its position at the end of a yard or bowsprit. (3) To rig the market : To raise or lower prices artificially for one's own private advan- tage ; Rpecif-, in Stock Excliange slang, to raise or lower' the prices of stocks or shares, as by a conibinatinu of speculators, or as when the directors or officers of a company buy up the shares of the company out of the funds of the association. " Rigging the market for preference and debenture ■tock in cuUusiou with brokers."— Aiilj/ Chronicle, Juue 23, 188G. Bi-ga., s. [See def.] Geog. : A city and port of European Russia, leven miles from the mouth of the Diina. Riga-'balsam, A. Abalsam obtained from Styrax Benzoin. jiig-a-doon', s. [Fr. rigadon, a word of doubt- ful origin.] An old lively dance i>erfnrmed by a miin and a woman, as the jig is danced in some places. " Endearing Waltz !— to thy more melting tune Bow Irish jig and ancient rigwloon." Byron : The Waltt. rift— right * ri-ga'-tion, s. [Lat. rigatio, from rigatus^ pa. par. of rigo = to water.] The act of water- ing ; irrigation. " Every field that has not some spring or aqueduct to furnish it with repeated rigationt."—Swiiiburne : Travels through Spain, let 16. Rl'-gel, s. [Corrupted Arabic] Astron. : A star of the first magnitude at the left foot of Orion. Called also ^ Orionis. It is of a bluish colour. ri-ges'-9ent, a. [Lat. rigescens, pr. par. of rigesco, incept, from rigeo = to be stiff.] Be- coming stifi" or rigid, rigg, rigge, s. [Ridge, s.] A ridge, a back. " Left Rose the auld hurley-house, and the rigge be- longing to it" — Scott : Waverley, p. 16&. * rigge -boon, s. A backbone. (Chaucer.) rigged* pa. par. or o. [Rio, v.] •rigged, a. [Eng. rigg, s. ; -ed.] Ridged, humped. •■ The rWd camel." Bait : Sattrat, IV. it f 8. rigg'-er, s. [Eng. rig, V. ; -er.) 1. One who rigs or dresses ; Specif., one whose occupation is to rig vessels. " Both vessels had to go into the hands of theri^^^ers to be set right hgu,in."~ Daily Telegraph, Sept 10, 18B5. 2. Mach. : A band-wheel having a slightly curved rim. Fast and loose pulleys are so called in English works on machinery. rigg'-ing (1), 8. [Rio(i), 5.] 1. The back or top of anything. 2. The ridge of a house ; a roof. (Scott : Antiquary, ch. xxxiii.) rigg:ing-tree, a. The ridge-piece or ridge- plate of a roof. rigg'-ing (2), 5. [Rio, v.} Naut. : The system of tackle or ropes which support the masts, extend and conti-act the sails, &c., of a sliip. Standing rigging in- cludes the tackle employed to support the masts, &c., the shrouds and stays. Running rigging includes the ropes used in shortening sail, raising or lowering the yards, &c., such as the halyards, braces, slieets, clewlines, &c. " To knoiv her by her rigging and her trim," Dryden : Prologue to Conquest of Granmda. * rigg'-isll, a. [Eng. rig, (2), s. ; -iah.] Wan- ton, lewd, unchaste. " The wanton gesticulations of a virgin in a wild assembly of gallants warmed with wine, could be no other than riggish and unmaidenly,"— Bp. Jlall. : Con- tempi. ; John Baptist Beheaded. rig'-gle, V.i, [Wriggle.] To move one way and the other ; to wriggle. rig'-gle, s. [RiGOLE, v.] (See extract.) " From the Tyne northwards along the Scotch eoast, sand-eeln are known as 'horn-eels,' from the protrusion of the under Jaw, and along the Sussex coast as ' rig- glee or wriggles,' from their actiou of burrowing Into the aa.nd:'— Field, Dec, 2S, 1685. right (gh silent), * rigt, *ryght, *rygt, a., adv., & s. [A.S. riht (a.), rihte (adv.), riht (s.); cogn. with Dut. regt; Icel. rc((r; Dan. ret; Sw. rat; O. H. Ger. reht; Goth. raihts ; Ger. recht. A participial form from a base rak; rag-, whence also Lat. rectus (for re'7((is) = right, direct, answering to the pa. par. of rego = to rule.] A. As adjective : I. Ordinary Language : 1. In conformity with the rules which ought to regulate human conduct ; in accordance wi th duty or the standard of truth and justice ; rightful, equitable, just. " "Whataoever is riglU, that ihall ye receiTe." — Matt. XX. 7, 2. Fit, suitable, becoming, proper, correct : as, the rigJU dress, the right expression. 3. Properly done, made, adjusted, disposed, or arranged ; orderly, well-regulated. " Man, like hia Maker, saw that all was right." Pope : Essay on Man, iii. 232. 4. Correctly done or performed ; correct : as, The sum is not right. 5. Not erroneous or wrong ; according to fact or truth ; correct, true. "If there be no prosiwet beyond the grare. the In- ference is certainly righ', let us eat and drink, for to-morrow we di&"— iocfte, 6. Hnl ling or passing a true or correct judgment; correct in judgment or assump- tion ; not eiTing, not mistaken. "You are right, justice, and you weigh this well." Shakesp. : 2 Henry lY., v. 2. 7. True, real, genuine ; not spunous ; not only pretended or supposed ; actual, unques- tionable. *' Tie the right ring." Shakesp. : Benry YIIL, v. a. * 8. Very ; truly deserving the name ; un- doubted. ^^ „ " t am a rinht maid for my cowardice. Shakesp. : Midsummer Night s Dream, III. a. 9. Applied to the side to be worn or placed outward : as, the right side of a piece of cloth. * 10. Most direct, or leading in the proper direction ; as, tlie right road from one place to another. 11. Not left, but on the other side : as, thtt right hand, the right cheek, &c. 12. Hence, most favoui-able or convenient; fortunate : as, The balance is on the right side. 13. Straight ; not crooked : as, a right line. IL Mathematics : 1, Formed by one line or direction rising perpendicularly to another. [Right-angle.] 2. Rising perpendicularly ; having a per- pendicular axis: as, a righX cone, a right cylinder. B. As adverb : 1. In a right manner ; in accordance with the laws of God ; according to the standard of truth and justice; justly, equitably : as, To do right, tp act right. 2. According to any rule or art ; in order, correctly : as, To do a sum right. 3. According to fact or truth ; correctly, truly. " You say not right, old man ! "* STiakesp. : Much Ado, V. 'U 4. Exactly, just, precisely, actually. " I will tell you everything, right as It fell out*— Shakesp.: Midsummer Nights Dream, It. 2. 5. Fortunately, conveniently ; in order and to the purpose. *• U all things fall out right." Shakesp. : 1 Benry VI., 11. & 6. In a straight or direct line ; directly. *' Let thine eyes look right on." — Proverbs iv. 2IL 7. In a great or high degree ; very, highly. " I gatme to my Lord rigM humbly,"— /'it» fare, amidst, what, fall, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p8t» or, wore, wolf, work, wh6, son ; mute, cuh, ciire, ^^mte, cur, rule, full ; try, Syrian. », oe = e ; ey = a ; qu = kw. right— rightly 4017 ^ Mie side opposite to the l&^. " Led her to the Soudau'-s rigM" Spenser: F. Q., V. vHi. 28. 7, The most finished or ©ntward surface, as <]f a piece of cloth. 11. Law : That which the law directs ; a iiherty of doing or possessing something con- sistently with law. TT Right is used eHip^ically as an expression ■of approbation, and equivalent to " It is rigJU what you say," " Yoa are right," " True." Tf 1. Bill of rights: [Bill (2), s.]. 2. By right, hy rights : Rightfully, properly. 3. In one's own right : By absolute right ; absolutely belonging or gmnted to one's self: as, peeresses tit tlteir own right, that is, as opposed to peeresses by marriage. 4. Petition of right : [Petition]. 6. Right and left : To the right hand and to the left ; in all directions. 6. Right away, right off: Immediately; at once : as, To do a thing right off. (CoUoq. di princip. Amer,) 7. Right 'bank of a river: The bank on the right hand of a person looking towards ths mouth of the river : as, the right (or south) hank of the Thames. 8. Right of action : Law: A right to commence an action in a court of law. 9. Right qf way: [Way, a.J. 10. To do oTie right : (1) To do one justice ; to give one his due. * (2) To pledge in drinking. "Now yo« have done me right,"~Shakeapk : 3 ffenrp ir.. V. 8. U. To rights: * (1) In a direct or straight line. " Tbeae strata failing, the whole tract sLnkB down to rigJUt into the abyss, uid is swallowed up by It."— Woodvtard. (2) Completely, fully. (Slang.) 12. To set to rights: To put in order; to arrange ; to adjust what is out of order. 13. Writ of right : [Writ]. right-about, adv, in or to the opposite direction : as, To turn right about. (Used fre- quently substantively in tbe phrase, To send to the right aJbovZ, that is, to pack-off, to dis- miss, to cause to fly.) Right about face : A word of command, in obedience to which a quarter-turn to the right is taken. * right-affected, u. Bightly disposed. right-angle, s. An angle formed by two lines perpendicular to each other. [Angle, s.] ^ At right angles : So as to form a right angle ; perpendicularly. right-angled, »■ 1. Geom. : Having a right angle or angles. A right-angled triangle is a triangle having a right angle. A spherical triangle may have two or three right angles ; in the former case it is called a birectangular triangle, and in the latter case it is a trirectangular triangle. 2. Bot (Of the primary veins of a leaf): Di- verging from the midrib at an angle between 80° and 90°. Right-angled Cone: [Cone, s., II. 1.]. right-ascension, s. [Ascension, B.] right-cone, s. A cone whose axis is per- pendicular to the base. right-conoid, s. A conoid in which the rectilineal directrix is perpendicular to the plane director. right-cylinder, s. A cylinder whose elements are perpendicular to the plane of its base. * right-drawn, a. Drawn in a just •ause. (Shakesp. : Richard II., i. 1.) right-hand, s. ka. Aa As substantive : 1. Lit. : The hand opposite to the left. 2. Fig. : An essential aid, assistant, or sup- porter : as, He is my right-hand. B. As adjective : _ 1. Lit. : Situated or being on or towards the light hand ; leading towards the right hand. " The rigkt-Juind ateed with silver white, The left, the swarthy hue of hell." Scott: The Cheue, v. 2. Ki2«»i.' Pre- historic Hart, 1. 167. right-hander, o hand. (Slang.) A blow with the right right-hearted, a. Having a right heart or disposition. right-line, 9. Geom. : A straight line. right-minded, a. Having a right mind or disposition ; well-disposed. right-mindedness, 5. The quality or state of being right-minded. right-prism, s. A prism whose lateral edges are perpendicular to the plane of its base. right-pyramid, 5. A pyramid whose base is a regular polygon, and in which the perpendicular let fall from the vertex on the base, passes throught the centre of the base. * right-running, a. Running straight. right-sphere, s. In spherical projections that position of the sphere in which the primi- tive plane coincides with the plane of the equator. right spherical-angle, s. A spherical angle included between arcs of two great circles whose planes are at right angles to each other. right-Whale, «. [Greenland whali.] rigfht (gh silent), v.t. & i. [A.S. rihtan, from riht = right.] A* Transitive: 1. To restore to the natural position ; to set upright. (Frequently used renexively.) 2. To make correct from being wrong ; to correct ; to set right. 3. To do justice to ; to relieve from wrong. " So Just is God to riifht the innocent." Shakesp. : Richard, III., i. a. B. Intrans. : To resume an upright or verti- cal position. " A ship is said to right at sea, when she rises with her masts erected, after having been pressed down on one Bide by the effort of her sails, or a heavy sqiull «A •niuA."— Falconer. ^ (1) To right a ship : Naut. : To restore her to an upright position after careening. (2) To right the helm : Naut. : To put it amidships, that is in a direct line with the keel. • right'-en (gh silent), v.t. [Right, v.] To right, to relieve. " Learn ... to relieve [In the margin righten] the oppressed." — Isaiah L 17. righteous (as rit' - yus), * right - wis, * right- wys,*ryght- wis, *ryght-wys, * ryghteous, * ryghtuous, a. [A.S. riht- wis, from riht — right, and wis = wise.] 1. Just, upright, virtuous, incorrupt ; act- ing in accordance with the dictates of religion or morality ; free from guilt or sin. " I sm not come to call the righteous but sinners to repeiitaiice."— j1/a(//iewix. 13. 2. Just. (John xvii. 25.) 3. Done in accordance with the divine law ; just. (Sppnser: F. Q., III. xi. 9.) 4. Agreeable to tbe right ; just ; equitable ; justly deserved : as, a righteous doom. •righteous (as rit'-yus), v.t. [Righteous, 5.] To make righteous. (Bale.) *righteoused (as rit-yiisd), a. [Eng. righteous; -ed.] Made righteous ; jastiHed. ' righteously (as rit'-yus -ly), * right- wise-lie, * right-ous-ly, adv. [A.S. riht- ... J 1. In a righteous manner ; honestly ; up- rightly; in accordance with divine law. " He that walketh righteously."— Isaiah zzxiii. U. *2. RiglitfuUy, justly. (Swift.) 3. According to desert. righteousness (as rit'-yus-ness), *right- eous-nes, * rigt-wis-nesse, *ryght- eous-nes, * right-wise-ness, * right- wis-nesse, * ryght-wis-nesse, s. [A.S. rihtwisnes.\ L Ordinary Language : 1. The quality or state of being righteous ; purity of heait and conduct ; uprightness, in- tegrity, holiness. " His throne shall be established in righteoutnesa."— Prov. XXV. 6. 2. Justice; accordance with desert : as, the righteousness of a sentence. XL Theol. : Absolute rectitude. It is used of God (Rom. 1. 17, iii. 5, x. 3), and of Clirist (v. 17), and is described as being imputed without works (iv. 6-11^ to those who believe (iii. 22). The Calvinistic doctrine is that the perfect obedience of Christ to his Divine Father's laws constituted his righteousness, that taking the responsibility of the sins of the elect, and blotting them out by atoning for them, his righteousness is imputed to believers and renders them wholly immaculate in the sight of God, as if in thought, word, or action they had been at all times righteous or right'-er, {gh silent), s. [Eng. right, v. ; -er.J One who sets right ; one who does justice or redresses wrong. light'-ful (gh silent), * right-fuUe, * rygt- ful, ryght-ful,a. [Eng. right; -full.] 1. Having the right or just claim ; justly entitled ; holding or being by right or just claim. " The r(ffft : (iuest of CyrUkia, 3. A curl, particularly of hair. " Such wavy ringlets o'er his shoulders flow,** pope : Homer ; Odyssey ir. tOL IL Entom. : Hipparchia hyperanihus, s British satyr, with suoty-brown wings, having black spots with white centres. Larva feeds on various grasses. The perfect insect appears in July. The Marsh-ringlet is Conumympha davus, Rothlieb's Marsh-ringlet is the variety rothliebii, and the Small Ringlet, Erebia epiphron ; all three are British rivulet moths. (Nevjman.) rfng'-let-ed, a. [Eng. ringlet ; -ed.] Adorned with ringlets ; wearing ringlets ; worn in ring* lets. ring'-worm, s. [Eng. rim.g (1), s., and iwrm.} 1. Patliol. : Tinea tonsurans, an affection o< the hair, scalp, or chin, usually circular, caused by a white parasitic fungus, Achorion Lebertii (Trichophyton tonsurans). Ringworm of the beard is known as Tinea sycosis^ and of tie body as circinatu^. The removal of the hair, and the application of sulphurous acid and glycerine oriodiue are among the mosteffective remedies. [Honeycomb-ringworm, Plica.] 2. Zool. : The genus lulus. (Svxtinson.) ringworm-shrub, <. Bot. : Cassia alata. I^^nk, s. [A variation of ring (]), 3. ; cf.priae- ring.] 1. That portion of a sheet of ice, generally from thirty to forty yards in length, and eight or nine feet in breadth, on which the game ot curling is played. " Up the rink like Jehu roar." Bums : Tarn Samson's Elegy. 2. A .sheet oi artificially prepared ice for skating on ; a smooth floor of asphalt or other material, on which to skate with roller-skates. " Nor is it les9 &traiit:othat bo few ice rinksaxe found in Englttud."— /V«W, March 13, 1886. rithlc, v.i. [Rink, s.] To skate on a rink, espe cially on one of as])halt, with roller-skates. " The ice ukater did not find in rinking the 8ame charm he experienced on the iz^i.''— Field, March 13, bo^ b6^; poiit, J6^1; cat, 9011, clioms, 9Mn, ben^h; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a^; expect, Xenophon, e^lst. ph = £ -cian, -tian = shan. -tion, -sion = shun ; -tion, -$ion = zhon. -«ious, -tioos, -sious = shus. -ble, -die, &c. = bel, d^L 4022 rinker— ripe rink'-er, «. [Eng. rwtfc, v. ; -er.] One who akates on a rink. rink'-ite, s. [After Dr. Rink ; suff. -tie (Mm.)-] Min. : A monoclinic mineral occurring in crj'stals with various others at Kangerdluarsuk, West Greenland. Hardness, 5 ; sp. gr. 3-46 ; colour, yellowish-brown ; transparent in thin splinttirs ; lustre, vitreous, greasy on fracture surfaces. The mean of live analyses gave : fluorine, 5-82 ; silica, 29'OS ; titanicacid, 13-36 ; protoxides of cerium, lanthanum, didymium, 21-25; yttria, 0-92; protoxide of iron, 0-44; lime, 23-26; soda, 8-98=103-11. Lorenzen II IV suggests the formula 2R R O3 + NaFl in which n IV R = Ce, La, Di. Y, Fe, Ca, and R = Si,TL rinser * reinse, * rence, * rense,* ryuse, v.t. [O. Fr. rinsBT, reiiiser (Fr. rincer), from Icel. Ursinsa = to make clean, to cleanse, from hreiTia = clean, pure ; cf. Dan. reuse = to purify, from reen = clean ; 8w. rensa, from ren = clean ; Ger. rein ; Goth, hrains = pure, clean.] To wash lightly ; to cleanse with a second application of clean water after wash- ing ; especially to cleanse the inner surface of by the introduction of water or other liquid. (Said of hollow vessels.) " The neiRhbouriiig milkmaids occasionally rimed oat their caiis at the very ax>ot." —Field, Dec. 6, lesi. xlnse, tf. [Rinse, v.] The act of rinsing. rins'-er, s. [Eng, ri7is(e), V. ; -er.] One who or that which rinses. Xin'-there-o^t, s. & a. [Scotch rin = run ; Eng. there, and out.] A. As subst. : One who runs out of doors ; a gadabout ; a vagabond. " The ne'er be in me, sir, if I think you're safe amang thae Highland rinchereoutt."— Scott : Waverley, ch. Ivili. B. As adj. : Wandering without a home ; vagrynt, vagabond. ri'-6-lite, 5. [After Del Rio, and Gr. At5os QUhos) = a stone.] Min. : The same as Onofrite (q.v.). li'-o-nite, s. [Etym. doubtful, but prob. after Del Rio ; n connect., and suff. -iie (Min.).'] Min. : A variety of tetrahedrite (q.v.), con- taining 13 per cent, of bismuth, i'or wliich metal it is worked at Cremenz, Einfischthal, Wallis, Switzerland. li'-6t, * ri-Ote, s. [O. Fr. riote, a word of doubtful origin; rioter := to make a disturb- ance, to chide ; Prov. riota =■ dispute, strife ; Ital. riotta = quarrel, dispute, riot.] L Ordinary Langiuxge : 1. Wanton and unrestrained conduct; up- roar, tumult. 2. Revelling; wild, extravagant, and loose feasting or festivity; excess, revelry. " But, in my absence, riot fills the place.' Pfypt : Bamer ; Qdyuey xr. 655. n. Ijoao : A tumultuous disturbance of the peace by three or more persons unlawfully assembling together of their own authority in order to assist each otiiei against any one who shall oppose them in the execution of a private gurpose, and afterwards executing the same 1 a violent and turbulent manner to the terror of the people, whether the act intended were of itself lawful or unlawful. " A riot is where three or more actually do an un- lawful act of violence, either with or without a com- mon cause or quarrel ; as if they heat a man, or hunt and kill game in another's park, chase, warren, or liberty ; or do any other unlawful act with forue and Tiolence ; or even do a lawful act, as removing a nuisance in a violent and tumultuous uuuiuer." — Blackstoite : Comment., bk. iv., ch. 2. % To run riot : L To act or move wildly without coDtrol or restraint. " Running riot with fancy and imagination." — W = ripe; Wjpen= to ripen; Ger. reQ (O. H. Ger. rt^) = ripe, reifen=. to ripen.] 1. Ready for reaping or gathering ; matured sufficiently for use ; mature ; come to pei-fec- tion in growth. (Said of things grown and used for food.) " Preye ye Lord of the ripe corn that he sende werk men into his ripe com."— Wyclijfe : Matthew ix. 2. Advanced or brought to the state of being tit for use ; matured : as Hpe cheese, ri^ wine. 3. Resembling ripe fruit in ruddiaesa, plumpness, or the like. " Those happiest smllea That played on her ripe lli's." Skakeip. : Lear, Iv. & i. Mature. " The noble dame . . . Cheered the young knights, and council sage Held with the chiefs of ripur age.** Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, ill. SI. * 5. Fully developed ; maturated, suppu- rated : as, a ripe humour. 6. Complete, finished, consummate : as, a ripe scholar. fite, f^t, fare, amidst, what, f^ll, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p5t» or. wore. woU; work, who, son ; mute, cuh, ciire, ^nite. cur, rule, full ; try, Sjrrian. se, oe = e ; ey = a ; qn = kwi ripe— rise 4023 7. Ready for action or effect ; mature. " The question had long beeu ripe for aettlement." —Daily Chronicle, Oct. 14, 1885. * 8. Fully qualified by gradual progress and improvement. •' At thirteen years he was ripe for the university. " -Felt. * ripe, s. [Lat. ripa.] A bank. "The right ripe of the river that there cometh Aowi\B,"—Leland .■ Itinerary, iv. 110. * ripe (1), rype (1), v.l & t [Eipe, a.] A, Intrans, : To become ripe ; to mature, to ripen. " And BO. from hour to hour, we ripe and ripe" Shakeap. : Aa You Like It, ii. 7. B. Trans. : To make ripe ; to ripen. " No Bun to ripe the bloom." Shakesp. : King John, 11. •ripe (2), *ryp8 <2), v.t. [A.S. ryjraw.] To rob, to pillage. rip© (3), * rype (3), v.t. [Rip (l), «.] To ransack, to search. " But we must ripe hia pouches a bit, and see if the tale be true or no."— Scott : Quy Mannering. (Introd.) lipe'-ly, adv, [Eng. ripe, a; -?i/.] In a ripe manner; maturely; at the fit time. " It fits ua, therefore, ripely." Sltakesp, : Cymbeline, ill & rip'-en, v.i. & (. [A.S. ripian.l [Ripe, a.] A. IntraTisitive : I. Lit. : To become or grow ripe ; to be matured, as grain or fruit. " Apples and grapes gathered before they bo ripe, and laid on heaps together, will ripen well enough afterwards," — Boyle: \Vork&, iii. 126. II. Fig. : To become ripe or mature ; to approach or come to perfection or maturity : as, A scheme ripens for execution. B, Transitive : I. Lit. : To make ripe, as grain or fruit ; to mature. (Pope : Sappho to PhaoUt 9.) II. Figuratively : L To bring to perfection. " When to npened manhood be shall grow, The greedy sailor shall the seas forego." Dryden : Virgil ; Past. It. 45. * 2. To mature, to fit, to prepare. " Further ripened iu the knowledge of God's word." — Fox : Actes, p. 981. ripe'-ness, s. [Eng. ripe, i. ; -ness.] 1. Lit. : The quality or state of being ripe, or come to that state of perfection which fits for use ; maturity. " They . . . never come to their matnritieand ripe- nessc."—P. Holland: Plinie, bk, iiL, ch. iv. II. Figuratively : * 1. Full growth. " Time, which made them their fame outlive, To Cowley acarce did ripeness give." Denliam: On Mr. Abraham Cowlwy, 2. Perfection, maturity, completeness. " A thousand thousand blessings, Which time shall bring to ripeness." Shakesp. : Henry VIII., v. 4. 3. Complete maturation or suppuration, as of an ulcer or the like. * 4. Fitness, qualification. " Men must endure Their going hence, ev'n aa their coming hither : Ripeness is all." Shakesp. : Lear, v. 2. ri-pid'-6-lite, s. [Gr. pm-t's (rhipis), genit. piirCSos (rhipidos) = a fan, and Ai'flos (lithos) — a stone ; Ger. ripidolith.'] Mill. : The same as Clinochlore and Pbo- CBLOBITE (q.V.). ripidolite-slate, v. Petrol. : A variety of chlorite slate or schist in which ripidoiite (q.v.) forms the chloritic constituent. rip-i-^'-nist, s. [Eng. ripien(p'); -ist.] Music : A performer who only assists in the ripieno parts. Hp-i-e'-no, 3. [Ital. = full.] MusiG : 1. An additional or filling-np part. Any part which is only occasionally required for the purpose of adding to the force of a tutti is said to be ripieno. 2. A mixture stop on Italian organs: as, ripieno di due, tre, quattro, cinque, Ac, a mixture stop of two, three, four, five ranks, &c. * rip'-i-er, * rip'-per (1), «. [Eng. rip (2), 8. ; -er.] Old Law : One who brought fish to market in inland towns. " I can send you a speedier advertisement of her constancy by the next ripier, that rides that way with mackarel." — Chapman : iVidow's Tears. *ri-pdste', s. [Ft., from Ital, riposta.] Fencing: The thrust or blow with which one follows up a successful parry ; hence, a smart reply or repartee. * rip'-per (1), s. [Ripier.] rfp'-per (2), H. [Eng. rip (1), v. ; -er.} I. Literally: 1. One who rips, tears, or rends. 2. A tool for edging slates for roofing. 3. A ripping-tool (q.v.). II. Fig. : A first-class person or thing ; specif., of a well -delivered ball in cricket. (Slang.) " He would bowl such a ripper that old Mr, Tamp- lyn . . . gave him a trial for the county. "—iowcton Society, Oct., 1886, p. 325. rip'-ping, pr. par. & a. [Rip (1), v.] A. -4s pr. par. : (See the verb). B. As adjective : 1. Lit. : Cutting, tearing, rending. 2. Fig. : First-class, capital. (Slang.) " Another ripping gallop."— Field, Feb. 27, 1888. ripping-bed, s. A stone-saw (q.v.). ripping-chisel, s. Wood-work. : A crooked chisel for cleaning out mortises. ripping-iron, a. Nautical : 1. A hook for tearing old oakum out of the seams. 2. An iron instrument used by shipwrights to rip the sheathing boards and copper from off" the bottoms of ships. ripping-saw, s. A saw for cutting wood lengthwise of the grain. ripping-tool, s. An instrument for fol- lowing a seam and cutting stitches without slitting the fabric. rip'-ple (1), v.i. & (. [A non-nasalised form of rimple or rimpil, from A.S. hrympille^a. wrinkle (nogn. with O. Dut. rimpel = a wrinkle, rimpeUn = to wrinkle), from hriinpan = to wrinkle ; cogn. with O. H. Ger. hrim/an, M, H. Ger. rimpfen; Ger. riimpfen = to wrinkle.] [Rimple, Rumple.] A. Intransitive : 1, To assume a wrinkled or ruffled surface, as water when running over a rough bottom ; to run in small waves or undulations. " Kising, rippling on the pebbles." Longfellow : Hiawatha, xxiL 2. To make a sound as of wat^r running gently over a rough bottom. " No motion but the water's sound Rippling against the v^sel's side." Moore : Fire- Worshipyers. *B. Trans.: To fret or dimple, as the surface of water ; to cover with small wa 'es or undulations ; to curl. rip'-ple (2), * rip-cl-en, v.t. [Ripple(2), s.] To clear or remove the seeds or capsules from, especially from the stalks of flax. rip'-ple (3), v.t. [A dimin. of rip (1) (q.v.).] To scratch slightly. " Having slightly rippled his arm. " — P. BoUand : Ammianus, p. 264. np'-ple (1), s. [Etym. doubtful.] Weakness or pains in the loins or back. (Scotch.) rip-pie (2), * re-pylle, s. [Eng. rip (1), v. ; suff. -le ; cf. Sw, repa = to ripple flax ; Dut. repel = a ripple, repent to beat flax ; repelen = to ripple flax ; Low. Ger, repe ; Ger, riffel = a ripple, riffeln = to ripple flax.] 1. An instrument, with teeth like a comb, through which flax is drawn to remove the capsules and seeds, when the lint of the plant is to be used. 2. An instrument for removing the seeds from broom-gi-ass. (Amer.) rip'-ple (3), s. [Ripple (1), v.'] 1. Lit. : The fretting or ruffling of the sur- face of water ; little curling waves. " To sink down to the bed of the river without making so much as a ripple on its glassy surface." — Daily Telegraph, July 10, 1886. 2. Fig. : A sound like that of water running gently over a rough bottom : as, a ripple of laugliter. ripple-drift, s. Geol. : An undulated structure often seen in mica schist, probably identical with the ripple- mark (q.v.) of certain sandstones, (Seeley.) t ripple-grass, ;$. Bot. : Plantago lanceolata, [Rib-grass.] ripple-mark, s. pi. Geol. (PL): Furrows, on sandstone of all ages, produced by the ripple of the tide on what was once the sandy shore of an ancient sea, or water from eight to ten feet, or, in rarer cases, from 800 to 450 feet deep. Beach ripple may generally be distinguished from ripples due to currents by frequent changes in its direction. ripple-marked, s. Having npple-marka (q-v.). * np'-plet, s. [Eng. ripp(le) ; dimin. suff. -let.} A little ripple. rip'-pling, pr. par, or a. [Ripple (1), v.] rip'-pling-l^, odi). [Eng, rippling; -ly.] In a rippling manner ; with ripples. * rip'-pl^, a. [Eng. ripp(U); -ly.] Having ripples ; rippling. " She steered light Into a shady, fresh, and ripply cove, ' Keatt, rlp'-rap, «. [A reduplic. of rap (q.v.).] Civ. -eng. : A foundation of loose stones, thrown together without order, as in deep water or on a soft bottom. ript, pa. par. or a. [Rip (1), v. ] * riptowell. s. [First element = reap; etym. of second element doubtful,] Feud. Law : (See extract). " Riptowel was a gratuity or reward given to tenant^ after they had reaped ttieir lord's com." — Ttmilin: Law D-ictionary. ri-sa'-la, s. [Hind.] A troop of horse. (Anglo- Indian.) ris'-al-dar, s. [Hind, rasala-dar.) The com- mander of a troop of horse. (Anglo-Indian.) ri^e (pa. t. * roos, rose, pa, par. risen), v.i. & t [A.S. risan(pa. t. rds, pi. rison, pa. par. risen); cogn. with Dut. rijzen ; Icel. r%sa ; O. H. Ger. risan ; Goth, reisan (pa. t. rois, pa. par. risafis) in the comp. -ur-reisan (= A.S. drisan, Eng. orise).] [Raise.] A. Intransitive : I. Ordinary Language : 1. To move or pass from a lower to a higher position ; to move upwards, to ascend, to mount up : as, Smoke rises, a bird rises in the air, &c. 2. To change from a sitting, lying, kneeling, or reclining posture to an erect one ; to become erect, to stand up. *■ Pise, take up thy bed and walk."— ^oRn v. 8. 3. To get up from rest. " With that he hasted him to rise Anone." Gower : C. A., vt 4. Specif. : To ascend from the grave ; to come to life again. (Luke xxiv. 46.) 5. To bring a sitting or session to an end ; to adjourn : as, The Hou.se rose at eight o'clock. 6. To grow upwards ; to attain a height; to stand or reach in height ; to ascend : as, The tower rises to a height of 100 feet, 7. To have an upward direction ; to slope upwards. " Ash, on banks or rising grounds near rivers, will thrive exceedingly."— jWoriimer; Husbandry. 8. To reach or attain a higher level by in- crease of bulk ; to swell : as, The tide rises. 9. To swell or be raised in the process of fermentation, as dough or the like. 10. To have the appearance or eff'ect of ris- ing ; to seem to mount up ; to become more prominent by occupying a more elevated posi- tion ; frequently, to appear above the horizon, as the sun, moon, stars, &c. " He maketh his sun to rise on the evil and the good." — Miirkv. 45, 11. To become apparent ; to come into sight ; to make an appearance ; to appear : as, Colour rises in the cheeks. 12. To become audible. " A hideous gabble rises loud Among the builders. Milton: P. L., xii. 50, b6il, bo^; poiit, j6^1; cat, 9ell, chorus, 9lLin. bengh; go, gem; thin, this; sin, a^; expect, Xenophon, exist, -ing. -«ia]i, -tian — sh^n« -tion, -slon = shiin; -tion, -9ion = zhiiu. -cious. -tious, -sious = shiis. -ble, -dle» &c. = b^l. deL 4024 rise— Risso 13. To liave origin, source, or beginning; to Arise, to originate ; to be produced ; to spring. • 14. To return by revolution. *" Nor would tlie various seasons of the year. By turns revolving:, rist and disa.ppe3,r." Btackmore : Creation, It. 15. To im rease in force or intensity ; to be- come stronger : as, The wind rises ; his anger rose. 16. To increase in sound or volume ; to be- come louder or stronger : as, The noise rose, 17. To increase in value ; to become dearer or more valuable ; to advance in price : as, Corn rises. 18. To increase in amount ; to become larger or greater : as, His expenses rose. 19. To become brighter or more cheerful : as, His spirits rose. 20. To become excited or hostile ; to take up arms ; to go to war ; espec. to rebel, to revolt. (Frequently with up.) " Let us rite up against Edoni."—Obadiah L 1. 21. To set to work ; to betake one's selt to work. (Frequently with up.) (Nehem. ii. 18.) 22. To take up a higher social position ; to advance in position, rank, dignity, power, wealth, or the like ; to be promoted ; to thrive. " Some rite by sin, &ad some by virtue fall.' Shakeip. : Meaturefor Meatare, ii 1. 23. To become more dignified or forcible; to increase or improve in dignity, power, or Interest. (Said of style, thought, or discourse.) " Your author always (vill the best advise. Fall when he falU, and when he rUe», rite." Roscommon : Bitay on Verie. 24. To come by chance ; to happen, to occur : as, A thought rose to his mind. II. Technically : 1. Music : To ascend the scale ; to pass from a lower note to a higher : as. To rise a semi- tone. 2. Print. : To be capable of being safely raised from the imposing stone. (Said of a forme which can be lifted without any of the type falling out.) B. Trans. : To cause to rise. " Ad angler mse a fish, and, in place of the usual mode, kept on casting over him."— fitld, Jon. 30, ISU. ri9e(l), a. [Rise, v.] L Ordinary Langtiage : 1. The act of rising; ascent; specif., the rising of a fish to the fly. " I certainly bnd not expected a rise to my first east."— Field. April 4, 1885. 2. Ascent, elevation ; degree of ascent : as, the rise of a hill. 3. The distance through which anything rises ; height ascended : as, The rise of the river was six feet. 4. Any place raised or elevated above the ordinary level ; an elevated place ; a rising ground. " To deck this rite with fruits of various tasteB.' Philips : Cider, L SS. 6. Appearance above the horizon. " From the rise to set" Shaketp. : Henry T., ir, L 6. Spring, source, origin, beginning : as, the rise of a stream. 7. Increase, advance, augmentation. " Tbe rae of their nominal price is the effect, not of any degradatiou of the value of silver, but of the riae in their real price."— SmttA : WeaUA of Natiom, bk. L, ch.xi. 1 8. Advance in rank, honour, dignity, fame, or position ; promotion or improvement In social position. " Wrinkled benchers often talked of him Approvingly, and prophesied hia rixe. Tennj/ion: Ayltnmr't Field, 4T4. 9. Increase of sound in the same key; a gwelling of the voice. 10. Elevation or ascent of the voice in the scale : as, a rise of a tone or a semitone. 11. The height to which one can rise; ele- vation of thought, mind, language, style, &c. n. Technically : 1. Arch. : The elevation of an arch above the springing-line. 2. Cai-p. : The height of a step in a flight of stairs. 3. Mining : A perpendicular shaft or winze excavated from below upward. ^ (1) Hise of land : [Upheaval], (2) To take (or get) a rise out of a person .* To get a laugh at his expense; to make him ridiculous. The expression has reference to the rise of a fish to a fly. {Slang Diet.) * rise (2), * risse, s. [A.S. & Icel. hris.] A branch, a twig, a shoot, a sprout. " Ther he under rise lith." LapamoK ?*> ri^en, pa. par. or a. [Rise, v.] ri§'-er, s. [Eng. ris(e), v. ; -er.] L Ord Lang. : One who rises. " The ile iEae, where the pallace stands Of th* early riier. with the roaie hands. Chapman : Bomer ; Odyssey zu. IL Technically: 1. Carp. : The upright board of a step. 2. Mining : A shaft excavated upward. 3. Found.: An opening through a mould, into which metal rises as the mould fills ; a head. * rislie» ». [Rush, «.] rish'-i (Eng. pi. rish'-is). rilf-lii, ». [Sansc = a s£^e, a saint.] 1. Hindoo Mythology : (1) PI. : Seven ancient sages credited with the composition of the Vedic Hymns. Thq rishi of a mantra (q.v.) in any of the Vedas is the sage by whom it was composed or recited. In later times the whole Brahmanical caste pretended to trace their descent from the seven Vedic Rishis, but the Veda itself speaks of Royal Rishis (Rajarshis), who were probably of the Warrior caste. (2) Sing. : Any Brahmanical sage considered to be infallible. (Banerjee.) 2. Hindoo Astron. : The seventh asterism of Ursa Major, or the sage to whom belongs any one of its seven conspicuous stars. rish'-ta, ri'-tah, s. [Mahratta, Hind., &c. ritha = various species of Sapindus.] Bot., £c.: (1) Sajiindus ernarginatus ; (2) an Indian medicinal oil obtained from the Soap-nut, iS. detergens ; (3) the seed of Acacia concinna. ria-i-bil'-i-t3^. s. [Eng. risille; -ity.] The quality or state of being risible ; proneness to laugh. " How comes lowneas of style and the familiarity of words to beso much the propriety of sntyr, that with- out them a poet can be no more a satyriet, than with- out Haibility he can be a man."— ih-j/den .' Juvenal. (Ded.) ria'-i-*ble, a. [Fr., from Lat. T*£si6iiis= laugh- able, trom risum, sup. of rideo = to laugh.) 1. Having the faculty or power of laughing ; prone to laugh. " Laughing is our business ; as if because it has been made the defluitlou of mau that he is risible." Sovern' mMit qf the Tongue. 2. Exciting laughter ; laughable, ridiculous. " A few wild blunders, and risible ahsurditiefl."— Johnson : Preface to his Dictionary. 3. Belonging or relating to the phenomenon of laughter : as, the risible faculty. ]HCs'-i-l>le-ness, s. [Eng. riMhle; -ness.'] The quality or state of being risible ; risibility. ris'-i-blj^, adv, [Eng. risib(le); -ly.] In a risible or laughable manner ; laughably. ris-i-g&l'-lo, B. [Ital.] [Realqab.] ris'-ing, pr. par., a., & s. [Rise, v.) A. As pr. par. : (See the verb). B. As adjective : L Ordinary Language : 1. Ascending, mounting ; moving upwards. 2. Advancing orincreasingin wealth, power, distinction, or position : as, a rising man. 3. Growing up; advancing towards maturity or adult years : as, the rising generation. H, Her. : A term applied to birds when In & position, as if preparing to take flight, [Rous* ANT.] C. As substantive : I. Ordinary Language : 1. The act of one who or of that which rises ; a mounting up or ascending ; ascent ; specif., the appearance of the sun or a star above the horizon. 2. Tlie act of reviving from the dead ; re- surrection. 3. An insurrection, sedition, revolt, or mutiny ; an assembling in opposition to government or authority. " To trust to a general rising of the population."— Macaulai/ : Hist. Eng., ch. Ix. 4. That which rises ; as a tumour on the body. II. Techniaxlly: 1. Naut : A narrow strake in a boat, be- neath the thwarts. 2. Mining • The same as Riser, II. 2. 3. Ship-build. (PL) : Thick planks support* Ing tlie timbers of the decks, rising-anvil, s Slieet-metal Working : a double beak-iron. rlsing-arob, «. A rampart arch. rislng-floorsp s. pi. Shipbuild. : The floor-timbers which ris* fore and aft from the plane of the midship floor. rising-binge, s. A hinge so constructed as to elevate the foot of an opening door, to avoid the carpet. rising-line, ». Shipbuild. : A curved line on the drafts of a ship, marking the height of the floor-timbers throughout the length, and thereby fixing the sharpness and flatness of a vessel's bottom. rising-main, s. The vertical pipe from a puinp in a well to the surface of the ground. rising-rod, a. Steam-eng. : A rod in the Cornish ateam- engine which rises as the cataract piston descends, by means of levers ; it then lifts CHtches by which the sectors are released, and the weights are enabled to open or shut th« equilibrium or exhaust valves. rising-square, s. ShipbtUld. : A square upon which is marked the height of the rising line above the keel. rising-wood, «. Shipbuild. : A timber worked into the seat of the floor and into the keel to steady ths flo(»r- timber. risk, * risque, s. [Fr. risque, from Sp. risca = a steep rock, from Lat. reseco = to cut back ; re- = back, and seco = to cut ; Ital. risico, risco, risigo ; Sp. riesgo = risk ; Low LatL risigus, riscus ; Port, risco = a rock, risk.] 1. Ord. Lang. : Hazard, danger, peril ; chance of harm or injury. (Frequently in the phrase, to run a risk, i.e., to incur a hazard, to en- counter danger.) " Money out at interest runs a neater risque tham laud doea."— Locke : On Lowering the Interest. 2. Co-mm. : The hazard or chance of loss, aji of a ship, goods, or otlier property ; hence, used for the degree of hazard or danger. risk, v.t. [Fr. risquer; Sp. arriscar, arriesgar.} [Risk, s.] 1. To put in risk or hazard ; to put to chance ; to hazard. " And, proud to make hia firm attachment knows, To save your life would nobly risk his own." Cowpar : Truth, 20a 2. To venture on ; to dare to undertake : ae. To risk a battle. risk-er, s. [Eng. risk; -er.] One who risks or ventures. " What conraes other riskers took," Butler : Hudibra$, IIL S *risk'-fiil,a. [Eng. risfc; -yTii(0. J Full of risk or danger ; hazardous, risky, risk'-Sr, a. [Eng. risk; -y.) Pull of risk; dangerous, hazardous. " Such a risk}/ mutter as that."— IVttiHe ColUnt. Thu Moonstone, pt. 1, ch. xxl, ri-gdr'-l-al, a. [Lat. risus = laughter, from rideo = to laugh.] Of or pertaining to laughter; causing laughter. risorial-muscle, « Anat. : The risorius, usually regarded as a part of the Platysma myoides muscle of the cheek which produces smiles. Called also Smiling muscle, ri-got'-to, s. [Ital., from ri«> = rice] Cook. : A dish consisting of rice, oniona, butter, and broth, served as a pottage, instead of soup, before dinner. * risse, pret. of v. [Rise, v,] ris'-se-ite, * [After H. Risse; sufT. -iti (itfm.).] Min. : The same as Buratite (q.v.). Ris-SO', s. [A. Risso, an Italian naturalist; he made the Mediterranean &una his Ufe-loDg tSkte, fat, fare, amidst, what, ^11, father; we, wet, here, camel, her, there; pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; go, p6t, or, wore, W9l^ work, wLd, son; mute, ciib, ciire, unite, cur, rule, full; try. Sjrrian. », oa = e; ey = a; qu = kw. rissoa— rive 4025 study, and published L' Ichthyologie de Nice in 1810, and L' H istoire Na.tuieUe de I' Europe Miridionale in 1827.] (See compound.) Risso's grampus, s. Zool. : Grampus prisewa. The hea^ is fuller and rounder than that of a porpoise, and its flippers are longer and narrower. Prevailing tint gray, darker above, lighter below, the markings on sides varying considerably. Found on the French and English coasts in summer ; probably visiting A&ica or America in winter. ris-so'-a, a. [Risso.] Zool. & Palosoni. : A genus of Littorinidae. Shell miuute, white or horny, pointed, many- whorled ; aperture rounded, operculum sub- spiral. Known species : recent, about seventy, world-wide in distribution, but especially from the northern hemisphere; fossil, one hundred, from Britain and France, from the Permian of Britain onward. Forbes and Hanley enume- rated forty-flve real or doubtful recent species as British. ris-s6'-i-dse, s. pi. [Mod. Lat risso{a); Lat. fern. pi. adj. suflf. -ida.] Zool: A family of Holostomata. (Tate.) Often merged in LittorinidEe. lis-so-i'-na, s. [Mod. Lat. risso(a); Lat. fem. sing. adj. suff. -ina.] Zool. <£ PaZceont. : A sub-genus of Rissoa. Aperture channelled ia front. Recent species, sixty-six ; fossil, ten, from the Bath Oolite onward. ris'-sole, s. [Fr.] Cook. : Anentree consisting of savoury mince of any kind, enclosed in pastry and fried. ri'-siis, a. [Lat. = laughter.] (See compound.) rlsus-sardonicus, s. Pathol. : A kind of grin on the features in tetanus. It was anciently attributed to the eating of the Sardoa, Sardous, or Sardonia herba, i.e., the Sardoniau herb, which had leaves like parsley and was sweet ; it may have been a Ranunculus. The sardonic grin is a very unfavourable symptom in lesion of the nerves. lit, ritt, s. [Prob. the same as rui(q.v.).] A slight incision made in the ground with a spade, &c. ; a scratch made on a board, &c. (Scotch.) rit, ritt, v.t. or i. [Bit, s.] To make an incision in the ground, with a spade or other instrument, as a line of direction for future delving or digging ; to rip, to scratch, to cut. (Scotch.) n'-ta, s. [Etym. not apparent.] Ichthy. : Agenus of Siluridae, group Bagrina, from the East Indies. The region in front of the dorsal spine is covered with a series of scutes. ri-tar-dan'-do, a. [Ital.] Music : A direction to play or sing slower and slower. rite, s. [Lat. ritu3 = a. custom; Fr. rit, rite.] A solemn act of religion ; an act performed in divine or solemn service, as established by law, precept, or custom ; a form, especially in religion or ceremony ; a religious ceremony ; a ceremoniaL " Many precious ritet . . . Are gone, or stealing from ua." Wordsworth : Excwrgion, bk. IL IT Congregation of Rites : Bmian Church: A Congregation instituted by Sixtus V. towards the close of the sixteenth century. Its object is to promote a general uniformity (consistent, however, with the permission of inimmerable differences of de- tail according to the customs and traditions of different nations) in the externals of divine worship. Secondarily, it deals with the canonisation and beatification of saints, and is then extraordinary. (Addis db Arnold.) * rite'-ljr, adv. [Eng. rite ; -ly.] In accordance with ritual ; with all due rites and ceremonies. ri-ten-u'-to, a. [Ital.] Music ; A direction to play or sing more slowly. • rith-er, s. [Rudder.] ri- tor -net- 16, ri-tor-nelle', •. [Fr. ritornelle ; Ital ritoniellQ, dimin. from ritomo = return, ritornare = to return.] Miisic: Properly a short repetition, as that of an echo, or of the concluding phrases of an air, especially if such repetition be played by one or more instruments, whilst the principal voice pauses. The word is now generally used to denote the introduction to an air or any musical piece. " Confine tlie organist to a slightly ornamented refratue, or 7-itomeUo, at the end of each stave or stanza." — Bacun: Three £tsH3/t on Church Mu^de, p. 213. *ri-trat'-t6, «. [Ital.] A picture. [Re- tract, s.] "A ritratto of the shadow of Vanity berselt"— Sterna : Trittram Shandy, iv. 186. ritt, V. or s. [Rit, v. or s.] rit'-ter. «. [Ger.] A knight ; a title given to a knight. " The RUter't colour \vent and came." Campbell : The Jittter Baim. t irit-ter'-ic, a. [Seedef.] Of or belonging to the physicist Ritter, who, in 1801, first dis- covered the existence of Actinic rays. An old synonym of Actinic (q.v). rit-ting'-er-ite, s. [After Herr Rittinger ; suff. 'ite(Min.).^ Min. : A rare mineral occurring in small rhombic tables, with native arsenic, at Joa- chimsthal, Bohemia, and Schemnitz, Hungary. Crystallization, monoclinic; hardness, 1-5 to 3 ; lustre, sub-metallic to adamantine ; colour varying, dull honey-yellow to hyacinth-red, sometimes blackish in parts ; streak, orange- yellow. Composition notdefinitelyascertained, but consists essentially of arsenic, selenium, and silver. rif-u-al, • rit'-u-all, a. & s. [Fr. rituel, from Lat. ritualis, from ritus = a rite ; Sp. ritual; Ital. ritiuile.] A. As adjective: 1. Of orpertainingtorites ; consisting of rites. " Instant I bade the priests prepare The ritual sacrifice and sofeiiin prayer." Prior : Salomon, liL CSS. 2. Prescribing or regulating rites. " The ritual laws restrained the Jews from con- Tersing familiarly with the heathens or uucleaa peraoua."— iVaterland: Workt, t. 453. B. As substantive : 1, A book in which the rites and cere- monies of a church, or of any special service, are set down. 2. The manner of performing divine service in any particular church or communion; ceremoniaL " As the apostles assembled to consider whether the Oentile converts were to be holden to any part of the Jewish ritual."— Bp. Hortley: Semtons, vol.ii., ser, 22. rif-U-al-I^m, *-. [Eng. rUual; -ism.] 1. The system of ritual or prescribed form of religious worship ; ritual. 2. The observance of prescribed rites or forms in religion. 3. A name sometimes used as synonymous witli Tractarianism (q.v.), more properly ap- plied to the practices of a section of High Churchmen, who sought to make the revival of Catholic doctrine manifest to the people by ornate ritual, and especially by the adop- tion of Eucharistic vestments. " It was out of such circumBtances . . . that what was afterwai-ds called Mtualisnt took its rise."— Blunt : Diet. Sects, p. 199. rit-U-al-ist, u.. & s. [Eng. ritual ; -ist.] A. As adj. : Ritualistic (q.v.). "The second stage of the Ritualist movement con- sisted of attempts to follow out with exactness the rubrics of thePrayer-Book."— fi!u}i£ : Diet. SectM, p. 199. B. As subst. : A person attached to strict observance of ritual ; specif, one who pro- motes the Catholic revival in the Church of England. (Lee.) " A correapouding movement throughout the conn- try in the direction which the Ritualiits had taken." —Blunt: Diet. Sectt, p. 200. rit-U-al-ist'-iC, a. [Eng. ritualist; -ie,] 1. Pertaining or according to the ritual ; adhering to ritual. 2. Pertaining or relating to the ritualists. rit'-U-al-iy, adv. [Eng. ritual; -ly.] By rites ; 'by or according to any particular rite. ri'-va. 5. [Icel. ri/a.] [Rive, v.] A rift, a cleft. (Orkney and Shetland IslaTids.) *ri'-vage (ago as ig), s. [Fr., from rim (bat. ripa) = a bank. ] 1. A bank, a shore, a coast " You stand upon the rioaga, and behold A city ou tbu inuoustaiit billows dancing.' Shakesp. : Henry V., iii. {Infcrod.) 2. A toll paid to the crown on some rivers for the passage of boats or vessels thereon. ri'-val, 3. & a. [Fr. rival, from Lat. rivalis^ from rivus = a stream, a river. " Properly those who dwell on opposite banks of the same river or stream. Such people are under strong temptation to quaiTel about water privileges ; hence the word rivals came to mean those in competition with each other, and disposed to quarrel even though no river might be near." (Trench: Study of Words, p. 198.) Sp. rival ; Ital. rivale.] A. As substantive : 1. One who strives to reach or obtain some- thing which another is also seeking to gain^ and which only one can possess ; a competitor for the same object as another. " Hath in any, but in her, love- fellowship mala- taiued friendship between rival* $" —Sidney : Arcadia, bk. i. 2. One who emulates or strives to equal or surpass another in excellence ; a competitor, an emulator : as, rivals in eloquence. • 3. An associate, a companion, a comrade " If you do meet Horatio and Marcellus, the rivals ot my watch, bid them make baste." — Shakesp.: Samlet, I. 1. B. As adj. : Striving or seeking to reach or obtain the same object ; emulous ; stand- ing or being in competition for the sameobjccL " You are two rival enemies." Shakesp. : Midsummer Jtight's Dream, L 1. • rival-bating, a. Hating any rival; iealous. " With rival-hatinff envy, set you on," Shakesp. : Richard II., L & ri-va,l, v.t. & i. [Rival, s.] A. Transitive : 1. To stand or be in competition or rivalry with another ; to strive to reach or gain some- thing before or in opposition to. 2. To strive to equal or surpass ; to emulate. " Awakes the rivall'd nightingale." Thomson : ffymn on Solitude. • B. iTUrans. : To be a competitor or rivaL " Burgundy, We first address'd tow'rd you, who with this kin« Have rinal'd for our daughter." Shakesp. : Leai\\. 1. * ri'-val-ess, *, [Eng. rival; -ess.] A female rival. " Oh, my happy Hvaleaa."—Riehardeon : Pamela. Iv. U3. * ri-va,l'-I-t^, a. [Fr. rivalite, from Lati rivalUatem, aocus or rivalitas, itom rivalis = rival (q.v.).] 1. The quality or state of being a rival ; rivalry, emulation. 2. Association, equality, copartnership. "Oiesar, havin? made use of bim in the wars, presently denied nim ri9alUy."~Shak0tp. : Antony J Oioopatra, iii. 5. ri -vailed, pa. par. or a. [Rival, v.] ri'-val-r^, s. [Eng. rival ; -ry.] The act of riralling ; a state of competition or emulation ; a striving or effort to reach or obtain the same object which another is pursuing, and which only one can possess ; an endeavour to excel or surpass another in excellence. " To muse o'er rivalries of yore." Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel, ir. 31 ri'-val-sMp, «. [Eng. rival; -ship.] The quality or state of being rivals ; rivalry, com- petition, emulation. "A kind of rivalship against Thomas Aquinas."— Vaterland : Works, iv. 404. rive (1), * ryve (1), v.t. & i. [Icel. Hfa (pa. t. rif, pa, par. rifinn); cogn. with Dan. rive; 8w. rifva; to scratch; Dut. rijven; O. H. Ger. riban; Ger. reiben.] A. Trails. : To split, to cleave, to rend aaunder forcibly. " A bolt that should but rive an oak." Shakesp. : Coriolanua, V. 3. B. Intrans. : To be riven, split, or rent ftsunder ; to open. " And now — I would that earth would rive And close upon me while alive." Scott : Rokeby, v. 28. * rive (2), * ryve, v.i. [Arrive.] To sail to ; to come, to arrive. live, 5. [Rive (1), v.] A rift, a split, a rent, a tear. boil, b6^; p^t, Jd^l; cat, 9ell, chorns, 9I1I11, benph; go, gem; thin, this; sin^ a§; expect, Xenophon, e^lst. ph = C -ttlan, -tian = sham« -tion, -sioc = shun ; -tion, -^ion — zhun. -olous, -tlous, -slous = shiis. -Ue. -die, &c. = bel, d^ 4026 rivel — rivet riv'-el, v.t. [A.8. gerifiian = to wrinkle, a frequent, from rirtf(q.v.); Dut. rui/elen, my- fden.] To contract into wrinkles ; to wrinkle, to currugate, to pucker. " While every worm Induatriously weaves And wiuda his web above the rivell'd leaves." Cowper: Tirocinium, 590. •riv'-el» * rfv'-el-ing (1), * ryv-el-ing, s. [Rivel, v.] A wrinkle. "It had uo wem ne ryuellnff."~Wj/