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 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003468208 
 
NURSES 
 
 HANDBOOK OF DRUGS 
 
 AND SOLUTIONS 
 
 By JULIA C. STIMSON, R.N. 
 
 Vassar A.B. 
 
 Graduate o£ The New York Hospital Training School for Nurses 
 
 Formerly Superiniendefit of Nurses 
 
 Harlevn Hospital 
 
 of Belleviie and A Hied Hospitals 
 
 Netv York City 
 
 FOURTH PRINTING 
 
 WHITCOMB & BARROWS 
 BOSTON 1912 
 
Copyright 1910 
 By Julia C. Stimson 
 
PREFACE 
 
 This book has two objects : first, to present as much 
 Materia Medica, in a simple and useful form, as is essential 
 for a nurse to know ; and second, to omit as far as possible 
 all that is not essential, albeit interesting and useful. It is 
 not a reference book, but if mastered as a text-book it is 
 hoped that the information it contains will enable nurses 
 to have a sense of security and familiarity in the handling 
 of drugs that will be of use and satisfaction to them in the 
 practice of their profession, and also, that by its aid they 
 ■will have no difficulty in preparing themselves for their 
 examinations on the subject for State Registration. 
 
 It is recognized that the Practical Classification is open 
 to criticism as illogical and arbitrary. But it has not been 
 made without reason. A study of many text-books of Ma- 
 teria Medica for medical students and those for nurses has 
 shown the great variety and the complexity of the classifi- 
 cations of drugs as therein presented. Some authors believe 
 that it is impossible properly to classify drugs according to 
 their action, as the majority of drugs have several equally 
 important actions ; therefore, they arrange the drugs alpha- 
 betically. Some classify according to the physiological 
 action ; some according to the therapeutic uses. The last 
 arrangement is accepted by most writers as the best method. 
 It is, however, a somewhat complicated and much subdi- 
 vided method. The arrangement in these pages has worked 
 itself out from a series of lessons based on the most com- 
 mon and important drugs which are administered by nurses 
 in the wards of large general hospitals. They fall into 
 
IV PREFACE 
 
 groups classified according to their importance and thera- 
 peutic action. It is, of course, as impossible to draw a line 
 between the essential and the nonessential as it is to make 
 a list of drugs arranged in sequence according to their 
 power and importance. Such things are a matter of opinion 
 and somewhat of locality. But a practical, easily memorized 
 arrangement should be tried. 
 
 A nurse's use of Materia Medica is limited, and lies 
 along diflferent lines fiom the uses to which a doctor applies 
 his knowledge of the subject, as it is beyond her province 
 ever to prescribe. Still, it is essential that a knowledge of 
 the powerful and important drugs be a part of her working 
 equipment, that she may be able to afford the intelligent 
 assistance to the physician, on behalf of the patient, that is 
 required of her. 
 
 To make such a knowledge an easy acquirement, this 
 book has been prepared for use as a practical handbook, as 
 well as a classroom manual. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Part I 
 
 Definitions, with Examples i 
 
 Common Preparations of Drugs, with Examples ... 6 
 
 Commonest Methods of Applying Drugs .... 8 
 
 Considerations for the Modification of Dosage ... 9 
 
 Part II 
 
 Tables of Weights, Measures and Solutions . . . 11 
 
 Rules for Solutions, with Examples 14 
 
 Part III 
 
 Classification and Study of Drugs 21 
 
 Antidotes and Treatment for Poisoning • • • • SS 
 
 Part IV 
 
 Common Formulae 59 
 
 Latin Phrases and Abbreviations 63 
 
 Part V 
 
 Antitoxins, Vaccines and Sera 67 
 
PART I 
 DEFINITIONS, WITH EXAMPLES 
 
 Alkaloids are the organic basic substances existing in 
 many plants, or the " active principles " of vegetable 
 substances. 
 
 All are powerful and are given in minute doses. 
 Their Latin names always end in in. Strychnin 
 is one of the alkaloids of Nux Vomica, and Atro- 
 pin of Belladonna. 
 
 Alteratives are remedies which alter the course of 
 conditions, particularly in chronic diseases. 
 Mercury Arsenic Colchicum Cod-liver Oil 
 lodin Sulphur Phosphorus 
 
 Analgesics or Anodynes are remedies which relieve 
 pain. 
 
 Opium Chloral Belladonna Atropin 
 
 Acetanilid Phenacetin 
 
 Local Anodynes are remedies which lessen. the sensi- 
 bility of the skin and mucotis membrane when 
 applied locally. 
 
 Aconite Alcohol Volatile Oils 
 
 Menthol Zinc Oxid 
 
 Anesthetics are remedies which cause temporary in- 
 sensibility. 
 
 General : Chloroform Ether Nitrous Oxid (Gas) 
 Local : Cocain External Cold 
 
 Ether Phenol Menthol 
 
2 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 Antidotes are agents which prevent the action of poisons. 
 
 Antiperiodics are remedies which oppose the periodic 
 return of symptoms. 
 Quinin Arsenic lodin Salicylates 
 
 Antipyretics are agents or measures which reduce fever. 
 Coal-tar Antipyretics Salicylates 
 Quinin Aconite Baths, Sponges, etc. 
 Cold Drinks 
 
 Antiseptics are agents which arrest the development of 
 bacteria. 
 
 Silver Nitrate Phenol Lysol Creolin 
 
 Pot. lodid Alum Acetate Naphthol Quinin 
 Hydrogen Peroxid Potassium Permanganate 
 
 Antispasmodics are agents which arrest or cure spasms 
 or convulsions. 
 
 Stramonium Opium Asafetida Chloral 
 Belladonna Valerian 
 
 Astringents are agents which produce contraction of 
 muscular fiber and lessen discharges. 
 Acids Alum Lime Phenol Tannic Acid 
 
 Bismuth Silver Nitrate Zinc Sulphate 
 
 Cardiac Sedatives are agents which lessen the heart's 
 power and energy. 
 
 Aconite Veratrum Viride Hydrocyanic Acid 
 Bromids Pilocarpin 
 
 Cardiac Stimulants are agents which increase the force 
 and frequency of the pulse. 
 Strychnin Digitalis Adrenalin Caffein 
 Nitroglycerin 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 3 
 
 Carminatives are agents which expel gas from the 
 stomach and intestines. 
 
 Asafetida Camphor Ether Chloroform 
 Ginger Mustard Oil of Peppermint 
 
 Cathartics or Purgatives are agents which cause in- 
 testinal evacuation. 
 
 Cerebral Depressants are agents which reduce the 
 functions of the brain. 
 Bromids Chloral Opium Aconite 
 Most Hypnotics and Narcotics and a few Anes- 
 thetics. 
 
 Cholagogues are remedies which increase the quantity 
 of bile secreted. 
 
 Calomel Aloes Podophyllum Rhubarb 
 Elaterin 
 
 Demulcents are substances which soothe and protect 
 the parts to which they are applied. 
 Glycerin Starch Flaxseed Gelatin Honey 
 Barley White of Egg Olive Oil 
 
 Diaphoretics or Sudorifics are remedies which produce 
 sweat. 
 
 Alcohol Ether Pilocarpin Opium 
 
 Aconite Salicylates Tobacco 
 
 Disinfectants are agents which kill bacteria. 
 
 Fire Moist heat at 212° F. Dry heat at 302° F. 
 Bichlorid of Mercury Sol. i : 1000 
 Potassium Permanganate Sol. i : 100 
 Formaldehyd Sol. i : 33 Creolin Sol. i : 100 
 Lysol Sol. I : 100 Acetic Acid Sol. i : 14 
 
 Chlorid of Lime Carbolic Acid i : 20 
 
4 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 Diuretics are agents which increase the secretion of 
 urine. 
 
 Potassium Salts, Sodium Salts, Magnesium Citrate, 
 Alcohol, Caffein, Calomel, Convallaria, Strophan- 
 thus. Digitalis. 
 
 Ecbolics or Oxytocics are agents which produce uterine 
 contractions. 
 Ergot Quinin Strychnin Oil of Rue 
 
 Emetics are agents which produce vomiting. 
 
 Alum S-30 grs. Mustard (Sinapis) dr. 1+ 
 
 Zinc Sulphate 10-30 grs. Ipecac 10-30 grs. 
 Tartar Emetic 1-2 grs. 
 Apomorphin (hypo) gr. jJ^ 
 Tepid water in quantity Salt 
 
 Emmenagogues are remedies which restore the men- 
 strual function. 
 Ergot Iron Strychnin Pulsatilla Cantharis 
 
 Excitants are agents which increase the function of 
 the brain and spinal cord. 
 Alcohol Ammonia Coffee Tea 
 
 Ether Strychnin Tobacco Camphor 
 
 Expectorants are agents which promote the excretion 
 and expulsion of mucus from the bronchial mem- 
 brane. 
 
 Apomorphin and other emetics Benzoin 
 
 Ammonium Chlorid and Carbonate 
 Strychnin Licorice Acids Sulphur 
 
 Hematinics are remedies which increase the hemoglobin 
 of the blood. 
 Arsenic Iron Cod-liver Oil 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 5 
 
 Hypnotics are remedies which produce sleep. 
 
 Paraldehyd Bromids Veronal Trional 
 Opium Hyoscin Alcohol Chloral 
 
 Mydriatics are remedies which cause dilatation of the 
 pupil of the eye. 
 Atropin Cocain Hyoscyamin Homatropin 
 
 Myotics are remedies which cause contraction of the 
 pupil of the eye. 
 Eserin Pilocarpin Nicotin 
 
 Narcotics are agents which lessen sensibility. 
 
 Alcohol Opium Belladonna Chloral Phenol 
 Respiratory Depressants are remedies which decrease 
 
 the number of respirations per minute. 
 
 Opium Aconite Chloral Alcohol 
 
 Respiratory Stimulants are agents which increase the 
 number of respirations per minute. 
 Strychnin Atropin Caffein Cold Douche 
 Electricity 
 
 Rubefacients or Counter-irritants cause reddening 
 
 and irritation of the skin when applied locally. 
 • Capsicum Mustard Alcohol Turpentin 
 lodin Cantharides 
 
 Sedatives are agents which allay irritation, irritabihty 
 and pain. 
 
 General Sedatives include na;rcotics and anesthetics. 
 Local Sedatives include local anodynes and 'local 
 anesthetics. ' ' ■ i 
 
 Sialogogues are agents which increase the flow of saliva. 
 Ether Mustard Ginger Capsicuin Pilocarpin 
 
6 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 Stomachics or Gastric Tonics are agents which in-' 
 crease the appetite and promote digestion. 
 Dilute alkaline solutions before meals 
 Arsenic Alcohol and Ether in small doses 
 Pepper Nux Vomica 
 
 Styptics or Hemostatics are agents which arrest 
 bleeding. 
 Acids Adrenalin Alum Local heat or cold 
 
 Urinary Acidifiers are agents which make the urine 
 acid. 
 Benzoic Acid Urotropin 
 
 Urinary Alkalinizers are agents which make the urine 
 alkaline. . 
 Potassium Salts Vegetable Diet 
 
 COMMON PREPARATIONS OF DRUGS, 
 WITH EXAMPLES 
 
 Aqua — a solution in water of volatile substances. 
 
 Aqua Rosae, Aqua Ammonise, Aqua Chloroformi, 
 Chloroform Water 
 
 Cerate — a preparation for external use, the base of 
 which is wax, lard or petrolatum. 
 Camphor Cerate 
 
 Decoction — a solution made by boiling substances in 
 water. 
 Tea, Decoction of Dandelion 
 
 Elixir — a sweetened aromatic alcoholic preparation. 
 Elixir of Gentian, of Ferric Chlorid, of Pepsin, etc. 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 7 
 
 Emulsion — a preparation in which an oily substance is 
 kept suspended in water by means of some viscid 
 substance, such as yolk of egg, gum acacia, etc. 
 Emulsum Olei Morrhu'se, Emulsion of Cod-liver 
 Oil 
 
 Extract — a solid preparation of a drug made by evap- 
 orating a solution of the drug. 
 Extractum Opii, Extract of Opium 
 
 Fluid Extract — a concentrated solution of a vegetable 
 drug, usually a tincture, of definite strength (a minim 
 of every fluid extract being the equivalent of a 
 grain of the drug). Fluidextractum Ergotse, Fluid 
 Extract of Ergot, Fid. Ext. Nucis Vomicae, Fluid 
 Extract of Nux Vomica. 
 
 Glycerite — a mixture of a medical substance with 
 Glycerin. 
 
 Glyceritum Acidi Tannici, Glyc. Ferri, Iron Glyc- 
 erite. 
 
 Infusion — a solution of a vegetable substance in water 
 without boiling. Infusum Digitalis, Infusion of 
 Digitalis. Inf. Sennae Compositse, Compound 
 Senna Infusion. 
 
 Liniment — an oily liquid preparation to be rubbed 
 upon the skin. 
 
 Linimentum Camphorse, Camphor Liniment. Chlo- 
 roform and Belladonna Liniment, etc. 
 
 Liquor — a solution in water of a non-volatile substance. 
 Liquor Calcis, Lime Water, Liq. Potasii Citratis, 
 Solution of Potassium Citrate. 
 
» NURSES HANDBOOK. OF 
 
 Mixture — a preparation in which two or more liquids 
 are mixed together. Mistura Rhei et Sodii, Rhubarb 
 and Soda Mixture, Mistura Glycyrrhizae Compositae, 
 Compound Licorice Mixture (Brown Mixture). 
 
 Ointment (Unguentum) — a mixture of a medical agent 
 in a basis of lard or petrolatum. Ung. Acidi Borici 
 or Boric Acid Ointment, Ung. Hydrargyri or Mer- 
 curial Ointment. 
 
 Spirit — an alcoholic solution of a volatile substance. 
 Spiritus iEtheris Nitrosi or Spirits of Nitrous 
 Ether. Sp. Frumenti (Whisky), Sp. Ammonias or 
 Spirits of Ammonia. 
 
 Suppository — a solid body containing a medical sub- 
 stance for insertion in the vagina, rectum or urethra. 
 Suppositoria Glycerini, Glycerin Suppositories, 
 Opium or Belladonna Suppositories, etc. 
 
 Tincture — an alcoholic solution of a non-volatile medic- 
 inal substance (with the exception of Tr. of lodin, 
 for lodin is volatile). Tinctura Aconiti, Opii, or 
 Tincture of Aconite, Opium, etc., Tr. Nuc. Vom. 
 or Tincture of Nux Vomica. 
 
 Wine — a tincture with white wine as a base. Vinum 
 Ferri or Wine of Iron, Vinum Colchici Seminis or 
 Wine of Colchicum Seed. 
 
 COMMONEST METHODS OF APPLYING 
 DRUGS 
 
 I. To the Skin 
 
 Inunctions (Oils, Liniments, Ointments, etc.) 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 9 
 
 Contact without rubbing (Baths, Blisters, Cooling 
 Applications, etc.) 
 
 2. To the Mucous Membrane 
 
 (Gargles, Sprays, Douches, etc.) 
 
 3. To Wounds and Diseased Tissues 
 
 (Antiseptic Powders, Ointments, Solutions, etc.) 
 
 4. To the Respiratory Tract 
 
 Inhalation of fumes or vapors 
 
 5. To the Circulatory System 
 
 Hypodermic Injection 
 Intravenous Infusion 
 Hypodermoclysis 
 
 6. To the Alimentary Canal 
 
 By Mouth (Pills, Powders, Solutions, etc.) 
 By Rectum (Enemata, Suppositories, etc.) 
 
 CONSIDERATIONS FOR 
 THE MODIFICATION OF DOSAGE 
 
 Age. Rule for calculating the dose for a child when 
 the adult dose only is known. 
 Take the age (in years) of the child as the numer- 
 ator and the age plus twelve for the denominator. 
 The resulting fraction will be that part of the 
 adult dose to be given. (Example : Age 3 years, 
 
 ■3 2 1 
 
 — or — , which is part of adult dose 
 
 3+12 IS 5 
 
 to be given.) 
 
 Weight, Heavy, muscular persons require larger doses, 
 as a rule, than those who are delicate. 
 
10 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 Sex. The dose for a woman is usually smaller than 
 that for a man. 
 
 Idiosyncrasy. Certain individuals have a peculiarity 
 of constitution whereby they are affected by a drug 
 or agent in a manner entirely different from the 
 ordinary. 
 
 Acquired Immunity. The injection of certain toxins 
 or drugs in gradually increasing doses at proper 
 intervals can often be borne without reaction. 
 
 Physical Condition. In illness the dose is increased 
 according to the severity of the disease or the 
 urgency of the case. Thus very large doses of 
 Morphin are tolerated in severe pain, because 
 the action of the drug is spent in overcoming the 
 pain. In cases of great shock larger doses of 
 stimulants are given than would be required in 
 conditions of slight shock. Pregnancy, menstrua- 
 tion and lactation modify the doses of some drugs. 
 
 Accumulative Action. Some drugs are excreted from 
 the body so slowly that the whole of one dose is 
 not excreted before the next dose is given, conse- 
 quently the amount present in the body gradually 
 increases. (Examples : Arsenic or Digitalis.) 
 
 Habituation. Larger doses than usual are often neces- 
 sary if the individual has become accustomed to 
 any drug taken for a protracted time. 
 
 Method of Administration. One dose by hypodermic 
 equals, approximately, two doses by mouth and 
 four by rectum. 
 
PART II 
 
 WEIGHTS, MEASURES AND SOLUTIONS 
 
 Apothecaries' or Troy Weight 
 Gr.xx, or 20 gr. = i scruple (9) 
 3iii, or 3 sc. ^ I drachm (5) 
 Gr.lx, or 60 gr. = i drachm (5) 
 Sviii, or 8 dr. ^ i ounce (g) 
 Sxii, or 1 2 oz. ^ I pound (lb) 
 
 Apothecaries' or Wine Measure 
 
 m.lx, or 60 minims = i fluiddrachm 
 Sviii, or 8 fldr. = i fluidounce 
 Sxvi, or 16 floz. = I pint 
 Sxxxii, or 32 floz. =-- 1 quart 
 
 Metric System 
 Unit of Weight = i gramme 
 Unit of Length = i metre (39+ inches) 
 Unit of Volume = i cubic centimetre (c.c.) 
 I c.c. of water weighs i gramme (at 4° C.) 
 
 Volume 
 
 I c.c. = I gm. of water in weight 
 1000 c.c. = 1000 gms. of water 
 (or I litre = i kilo (kilogramme) in weight) 
 = lb. 2.7 Troy, or lb. 2.2 Av. 
 
 W^ eight 
 I gramme or Unit of Weight 
 1000 grammes = kilo 
 
12 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 Length 
 
 I metre or Unit of Length 
 I GOO meters = i kilometer 
 
 Approximate Equivalents 
 IS grains = i gramme 
 IS grains = i c.c. 
 IS minims = i c.c. 
 I grain is equivalent to i minim 
 4 grammes = i fldr. 
 4 c.c. ^ I fldr. 
 
 30 c.c. = I ounce (32 actually) 
 
 1000 c.c. ^ I litre or quart 
 
 1 fldr. = I teaspoonful, or 4 c.c, or 4 grammes in weight 
 
 2 fldr. = I dessertspoonful, or 8 c.c, or 8 grammes in 
 
 weight 
 8 fldr. = 2 tablespoonfuls, or 30+ c.c, or 30+ grammes 
 
 in weight 
 2 floz. = I wineglassful, or 60+ c.c, or 60+ grammes in 
 
 weight 
 4 floz. = I teacupful, or 120+ c.c, or 120+ grammes in 
 
 weight 
 8 floz. = I glassful (filled to brim), or 240+ c.c, or 240+ 
 
 grammes in weight 
 
 Note I. I : 1000 solution always means is grains to 
 the quart (-jlj-^). 
 
 Note II. I : 100 or i^ solution always means 5 grains 
 (or s minims) to the ounce. (Literally 4.8 grains.) 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 
 
 13 
 
 Normal Saline Solution (-^ oi 1%) 
 
 90 grains of salt to the quart (Note I) 
 
 6 grammes (by weight) to the quart 
 
 I J drachms or a rounded teaspoonful to the quart 
 
 For a jSj. of ifo solution use 135 grains to the 
 quart, or approximately a drachm to a pint (70— grs.) 
 
 Brief Solution Table 
 
 (Using 5 grains to the ounce for a i^ solution or Note II) 
 
 For 
 
 1000 use dr.i to a gal., or mxv to i qt. (J^^ 
 100 use dr.ii, mxl to i qt. 
 100 use dr.i, mxx to i pt. 
 50 use dr.v, mxx to i qt. 
 50 use dr.ii, mxl to i pt. 
 25 use dr.v, mxx to i pt. 
 20 use dr.xiii, mxx to i qt. 
 ^Ig- of if), or Jj^ = I : 1000 
 
 i of 170, or 
 
 i^ = i 
 
 : 500 
 
 1 of if, or 
 
 i^ = i 
 
 : 200 
 
 if=i: 
 
 100 
 
 
 2f= 2 : 
 
 100 or I : 
 
 SO 
 
 3^= 3: 
 
 100 or I : 
 
 33* 
 
 4f= 4- 
 
 100 or I : 
 
 25 
 
 sf=s- 
 
 100 or I : 
 
 20 
 
 lof = 10 : 
 
 100 or I : 
 
 10 
 
 2of = 20 : 
 
 100 or I : 
 
 5 
 
 25^ = 25 : 
 
 100 or I : 
 
 4 
 
 So^ = 50 : 
 
 100 or I : 
 
 2 
 
 100^ = 100 
 
 : 100 or I 
 
 : I (a pure drug) 
 
14 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 Rules for Solutions 
 Rule I, To make a weaker from a stronger solution. 
 
 Divide the strength desired (or the weaker solution) 
 by the strength you have (or the stronger solution), and 
 then divide the amount wanted by the first result. 
 
 First be sure that the two strengths you are working 
 With are in the same terms. For instance, if one 
 strength is in f> (per cent) and the other in proportion, 
 as I : 20 or I : 1000, change the per cent to proportion. 
 (See table, page 13.) 
 
 Examples 
 
 I. Given a 5^ (or i : 20) solution of Carbolic Acid 
 to make 3 quarts of a yf> (or i : 200) solution. (Rule I.) 
 
 20)200 
 
 ID 
 
 3 qts. -^ 10 ^ 96 oz. -^ 10 ^ 9^^ oz. 
 
 -l-^ oz. X 8 = 4f drs. | dr. X 60 = 48 m. 
 
 Ans. Six, 5iv, m.xlviii. 
 
 II. Given a 2^ Silver Nitrate solution to make 
 I gallon of a I : 4000 solution. (Rule I.) 
 
 2^ = I : 50 50)4000 
 
 80 
 I gal. = 4 qts. = 128 oz. = 1024 drs. 
 
 80)1024(12 drs. (:= Si, 5iv) 
 80 
 
 224 
 160 
 
 64 ^ 
 
 -^ X 60 = 48 m. 
 
 80 
 
 Ans. Si, 3iv, m.xlviii. 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 1 5 
 
 III. Given some pure drug. (Rule I.) (A pure 
 drug equals loo^ or i : i.) For instance: 
 
 To make 2 quarts of a i^ solution of Acetic Acid, 
 i^ ^ I part of Acetic Acid to 100 parts of water. 
 
 2 qts. = 64 oz. =: 512 drs. 
 Since there is to be i part of Acetic Acid to every 
 ICO parts of water, we must give as many drachms of 
 Acetic Acid as there are hundreds in 512 drachms, 
 which is Syjj^o drachms. 
 
 tVo X 60 = 7 m. 
 
 Ans. Use 3v, m.vii of Acetic Acid for 2 qts. 
 
 of ifo solution. 
 
 Another way of working out this problem is to use 
 Note II. 
 
 5 grs. to the oz. is a i^ solution. 
 
 2 qts. = 64 oz. 
 
 64 X S grs. = 320 grs., or the amount 
 
 necessary for 2 qts. 
 
 320 grs. = 5 drs. and 20 m. 
 
 (Divide by 60.) 
 
 (The difference in the minims in the two methods 
 
 is due to the fact that 5 grains to the ounce for a i^ 
 
 solution is an approximate figure. Actually it should 
 
 be 4.8 grains, but 5 grains is close enough for all 
 
 practical purposes.) 
 
 IV. Given a bottle of gsf> Carbolic Acid. (Rule I.) 
 (A pure drug equals 100^ or i : i.) 
 
 (gSf) Carbolic Acid is considered Pure Carbolic 
 because 5^ water or glycerin is used to keep it in 
 solution.) 
 
1 6 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 To make 3 pts. of a 5^ solution. 
 
 5^0 = 5 : 100 or I : 20. 
 
 3 pts. = 48 oz. 
 
 Since there is to be i part of Carbolic to every 
 
 20 parts of water we must use as many ounces of 
 
 Carbolic as there are twenties in 48 ounces, which is 
 
 ^27 ounces. 
 
 ^V = I X 8 drs. = if = 3i drs. 
 ^ X 60 m. = 12 m. 
 Ans. Sii, 5iii, m.xii. 
 
 This problem can also be solved by the second 
 method used in Example III, using Note II. 
 
 For I ounce of a i^ solution we will need S grains. 
 
 For I ounce of a 5^ solution we will need 25 grains. 
 
 For 3 pints or 48 ounces we will need 48 times 25, 
 or 1200 grains or minims, which, divided by 60, equals 
 20 drachms. 
 
 20 drs. = 2 oz. and 4 drs. 
 
 Rule II. To estimate a dose of a different frac- 
 tional part of a grain from the drug on hand. 
 
 Multiply the denominator of the fraction of the 
 
 solution on hand by the number of minims containing 
 
 it, and divide the result by the denominator of the 
 
 fraction required. 
 
 Examples 
 
 V. If m.x = gr. -^-^, how would you give gr. -^-^ ? 
 
 If m.x = gr. ^Ijj, m.i will contain ^-^ of -^^ or -^^-^ 
 
 of a grain. It will then take 300 minims to contain 
 
 I grain. It follows then that if m. 300 contains i grain, 
 
 ^ of a grain will be contained in ^^ of 300, or 4 minims. 
 
 Ans. m.iv = gr. -^-g. 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 1 7 
 
 VI. If m.x = gr. ^-^, to give gr. -^■^. (Rule II.) 
 
 200)300(1^ 
 200 
 
 100 
 200 
 
 Ans. m.iss = gr. ^^-g-. 
 
 How to give a fraction of a minim. 
 
 Double the dose, add an equal amount of sterile 
 water, then give half of that whole amount. 
 
 To give m.iss take m.iii, add m.iii of sterile water 
 and of this 6 minims give 3 minims (m.iii). 
 
 VII. From a bottle of 15 grain tablets of Bichlo- 
 rid of Mercury how would you make 4 quarts of a 
 I : 1 0000 solution ? 
 
 IS grs. to I qt. is a I : 1000 solution (Note I). 
 
 4 X 15 grs. or 60 grs. to 4 qts. is still a i : 1000 
 solution. 
 
 I : loooo is 10 times weaker than a i : 1000 solu- 
 tion, therefore we need, for 4 qts. of a i : lOOOO solution, 
 ■J^ of 60 grs. or 6 grs. 
 
 The tablets are 1 5 grains. To obtain 6 grains, dis- 
 solve I tablet in i drachm of water and take -f-^ of the 
 drachm, or -f-^ of 60 minims, which equals 24 minims. 
 
 If you have a capsule or tablet containing a larger 
 dose than the dose ordered. Dissolve it in water and 
 give the required fraction of the solution. 
 
 For instance : Given a capsule containing S grains of 
 Soda Bicarb, to give 2 grains. Dissolve in water and 
 give I of the solution. 
 
1 8 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 VIII. Given a solution of Camphor in Oil 20^, 
 to give 5 grains. 
 
 20^ = 20 : 100 or I : 5 or I gr. in 5 minims. 
 Therefore to give 5 grains take 25 minims. 
 
 SOLUTIONS, Continued 
 
 Lysol — A preparation of Carbolic Acid. 
 
 Used in i : 200 to i : 50 solutions for vaginal 
 antisepsis. 
 
 Lime Water — Gastric sedative. 
 
 Prepared by dissolving unslaked lime in sterile 
 water. Use i lb. to i qt. of water. Allow to 
 stand for a few hours, then filter. Keep in a cool 
 place, well corked. 
 
 Chlorid of Lime Solution — For disinfecting evacua- 
 tions. 
 
 Use I lb. to I gal. of cold water. Mix in a wooden 
 pail. 
 
 Potassium Permanganate — Antiseptic irrigations and 
 for stomach washings. 
 
 Used in i : 500 to i : 5000 solutions for irriga- 
 tions and stomach wash, and in i : 50 to i : 1000 
 solutions for gargles, sprays, etc. 
 
 Aluminum Acetate — For antiseptic dressings and 
 infected wounds, etc., 
 Acetate of Lead 38 grs. 
 Alum 24 grs. 
 
 Water i qt. 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS I 9 
 
 Formalin — A solution of formaldehyd gas in water. 
 Usually 40^. 
 
 Used in a i : 50 solution for disinfecting wounds 
 and instruments, in a i : 25 solution for disinfect- 
 ing stools and a i : 400 solution for irrigating 
 purposes. 
 
 For Fumigation. 
 Sufficient formaldehyd gas will be generated for 
 1000 cubic feet of air space by pouring over 
 6\ oz. of potassium permanganate crystals, i pint 
 of formalin (40^). 
 
 Peroxid of Hydrogen — For cleaning pus cavities 
 and necrotic tissue. Oxygen is liberated and pus 
 is destroyed. 
 For pus cavities use pure. 
 For gargle dilute \-\. 
 Keep in a cool place. 
 
 Bichlorid of Mercury — Efficient disinfectant, except 
 for instruments, which it corrodes ; white goods, 
 which it discolors ; and feces and sputum, which 
 it does not disinfect on account of the albuminous 
 material and ammonia usually present in excreta, 
 which decompose the drug. 
 
 Used in a I : 5000 solution for many antiseptic 
 purposes and in a i : 1000 for disinfecting. 
 
 Carbolic Acid or Phenol — Antiseptic and disinfectant. 
 Pure Carbolic requires about 5^ of water or glyc- 
 erin to keep it in solution. In making solutions 
 hot water must be used, and the bottle must be 
 
20 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 shaken until all globules disappear, as they will 
 bum any tissue with which they come in contact. 
 Used in a I : 20 solution for disinfecting instru- 
 ments, clothing, utensils and excreta and in a 
 I : 100 or 200 solution for antiseptic dressings. 
 
 Boracic Acid or Boric Acid 
 
 Saturated solution is 4^. 
 
 Antiseptic and soothing in dilute solutions. 
 
 Used in I : 50 solutions for eye and ear irrigations. 
 
 Carron Oil or Lime Liniment. -^- Equal vxriumes of 
 lime water and linseed oil. 
 For local use, particularly for burns. 
 
PART III 
 PRACTICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS 
 
 * Drugs upon which emphasis has been laid. 
 
 I. Heart Stimulants 
 
 a. Artery Constrictors 
 *Strychnin *Adrenalin 
 •Digitalis *Caffein Camphor 
 
 b. Artery Dilators 
 •Nitroglycerin Sodium Nitrite 
 *Amyl Nitrite Sweet Spirits of Nitre 
 
 II. Heart Depressants 
 
 •Aconite Colchicum 
 
 •Veratrum Viride 
 III. Narcotics and Hypnotics 
 
 a. Hydrocarbon Narcotics 
 •Alcohol Alcoholic Beverages 
 •Ether Nitrous Ether 
 •Chloroform Hoffman's Anodyne 
 
 b. *Opium Group 
 
 Opium Paregoric 
 
 Morphin Codein 
 
 Laudanum Heroin 
 
 c. Hypnotics 
 
 •Chloral Veronal 
 
 Chloralamid Paraldehyd 
 
 Sulphonal Hedonal 
 
 Trional Amylene Hydrate 
 
22 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 d. Alkaloidal Hypnotics 
 Hyoscin 
 Morphin 
 IV. Respiratory Stimulants 
 *Atropin Hyoscyamus 
 
 Strychnin Stramonium 
 *Hyoscin 
 V. Motor and Respiratory Depressants 
 
 *Eserin Bromids 
 VI. Coal-Tar Products 
 
 a. Antipyretics 
 
 Acetanilid Aspirin 
 
 Ammonal Migranin 
 
 Antikamnia Phenacetin 
 Antipyrin 
 
 b. Antiseptics 
 
 Benzoin Phenol-camphor 
 
 * Carbolic Acid Picric Acid 
 
 Creosote Lysol 
 
 Creolin *Salicylic Acid 
 
 Guiacol Salol 
 
 VII. Diuretics and Diaphoretics 
 
 *Scoparius Pot. Citrate A. B. C. Diuretic 
 *Pilocarpin Pot. and Sodium Tartrate 
 
 Squill Seidlitz Powder Senega 
 
 Pot. Acetate Apocynum Urotropin 
 
 Caffein 
 VIII. Cathartics 
 
 a. Laxatives and Aperients 
 
 b. Simple Purgatives 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 
 
 23 
 
 c. Drastic Purgatives 
 
 d. Cholagogue Purgatives 
 
 e. Saline Purgatives 
 IX. Alteratives 
 
 *Arsenic Calcium Chlorid 
 *Iron Sodium Phosphate 
 
 *Iodin Urotropin 
 
 X. Metals 
 Alum 
 Cerium 
 Lead 
 Zinc 
 XI. Intestinal Antiseptics 
 Salol Urotropin 
 
 Salicylates Creosote 
 XII. Intestinal Astringents 
 
 Bismuth Subnitrate Iron 
 
 Antimony 
 
 Arsenic 
 
 Bismuth 
 
 Copper 
 
 Gold 
 
 Iron 
 
 Manganese 
 
 * Mercury 
 
 Silver 
 
 Silver Nitrate 
 
 Alum 
 Opium 
 
 XIII. Antispasmodics 
 Asafetida 
 Valerian 
 
 XIV. Acids 
 
 Acetic 
 
 Hydrochloric 
 
 Hydrocyanic 
 
 Nitric 
 
 Sulphuric 
 
 Tannic 
 
 Bismuth Subgallate 
 Tannic Acid 
 
24 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 PRACTICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS 
 
 I. Heart Stimulants 
 
 a. Artery Constrictors. 
 
 Strychnin (Nux Vomica) 
 
 Source : Strong alkaloid from the East Indian 
 plant, Nux Vomica. 
 
 Action : Cardiac, Respiratory, Spinal and Cerebral 
 Stimulant. Stomachic. 
 
 Externally and locally poisons vermin. In the 
 mouth has bitter taste. Increases flow of saliva 
 and of gastric juices (bitter tonic effect). Pro- 
 motes peristalsis and increases appetite. Has no 
 direct action on the heart and respiratory system, 
 but acts through the nervous system, which it 
 stimulates. Contracts and tones arteries and veins. 
 Raises blood pressure. Increases respiration. 
 Steadies and holds heart in check. Lowers pulse. 
 Has accumulative effect. 
 
 Preparations and Dosage : 
 
 Strychnin Sulphate or Nitrate, dose, gr. ^^^ to -^-^ 
 Extract of Nux Vomica, dose, gr. \ to i 
 Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica, dose, m.i to iii 
 Fluid Extract contains i^ Strychnin 
 Tincture of Nux Vomica, dose, m.v to xx 
 Tincture of Nux Vomica contains J^^ Strychnin 
 Wine of Nux Vomica, dose, oz. A 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 2$ 
 
 Symptoms of Overdosage : 
 
 Overexcitation of nervous system. Restlessness 
 and twitching. Convulsions, with relaxation be- 
 tween spasms, which may be brought on by the 
 slightest touch or sound, owing to the intense 
 irritability of the nervous system. Rigidity. Opis- 
 thotonos. Staring eyes. " Risus Sardonicus," or 
 sardonic grin. Mind usually clear. Death due to 
 paralysis of respiratory muscles. 
 
 Antidotes and Treatment : 
 
 Emetics (Zinc Sulphate). Lavage (Potassium Per- 
 manganate). Tannic Acid. Chloroform to control 
 convulsions. Amyl Nitrite inhalations. Chloral 
 and Sodium Bromid by rectum. Catheterization. 
 Quiet. 
 
 When giving Strychnin in any form restlessness 
 and twitching are always to be watched for. 
 Strychnin is more effectual in old people. 
 One of the differences between Strychnin and 
 Tetanus convulsions is that in Strychnin poison- 
 ing the jaw is one of the last parts to be affected. 
 
 Digitalis 
 
 Source : The Purple Foxglove. 
 
 Action : Cardiac Stimulant, Gastrointestinal Irri- 
 tant and Diuretic. 
 
 Is a sharp irritant subcutaneously. Has a direct 
 action on the heart muscle. Stimulates contractil- 
 ity. Increases force and lowers rate of pulse. 
 Stimulates and contracts blood vessels. Has a 
 
26 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 powerful checking influence on the heart. In- 
 creases the amount of urine excreted. Has accu- 
 mulative effect. 
 
 Preparation and Dosage : 
 
 Extract of Digitalis, dose, gr. ^ to i 
 
 Fluid Extract of Digitalis, dose, m.i to m.iii 
 
 Tincture of Digitalis, dose, m.v to m.xxx 
 
 Infusion of Digitalis, dose, dr.i to iv 
 
 Symptoms of Overdosage : 
 
 Slow pulse, becoming rapid. Violent vomiting. 
 Vertigo and pain. Dilated pupils and staring eyes. 
 Diarrhea. Irregular, weak pulse. Rapid, feeble 
 respiration. Delirium, stupor and convulsions. 
 Final paralysis of heart. 
 
 Antidote and Treatment : 
 
 Emetics and cathartics. Tannin in large quan- 
 tities. Rest and quiet in a horizontal position. 
 Ammonia, Brandy, Strychnin and Atropin for 
 stimulation. 
 
 Digitalis is bitter, nauseating and may interfere 
 with digestion. May also cause sleeplessness and 
 fainting. 
 
 Adrenalin 
 
 Source : The Suprarenal Glands of sheep. 
 
 Action : Cardiac Stimulant, Vasoconstrictor and 
 Hemostatic. Is alkaloidal in character. Stops 
 local bleeding and checks secretions. Contracts 
 arteries. Increases the force and decreases the 
 rate of pulse. Raises blood pressure. Increases 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 2/ 
 
 arterial tone and stimulates the heart. The most 
 powerful hemostatic and astringent known and a 
 stimulant of great energy. An ideal stimulant for 
 rapid action in shock, collapse and cardiac failure. 
 
 Preparation and Dosage : 
 
 Adrenalin Chlorid (i : looo solution), dose, m.v 
 
 to XX 
 
 Suprarenal Extract, dose, gr. v (by mouth) 
 
 Caffein 
 
 Source : Coffee berries and tea leaves. 
 
 Action : Cardiac Stimulant, Cerebral Excitant and 
 
 Diuretic. 
 
 Stimulates intestinal tract slightly. Stimulates 
 
 heart and nerves directly. Increases thought 
 
 action and acute sensations. Diminishes fatigue. 
 
 Stimulates kidney cells. 
 
 Preparation and Dosage : 
 
 Caffein Citrate, dose, gr.i to v 
 
 Caffein Hydrobromate, dose, gr. l to ii 
 
 Caffein and Sodium Benzoate, dose, gr.ii to x 
 
 Caffein and Sodium Salicylate, dose, gr.ii to x 
 
 Symptoms of Overdosage : 
 
 Caffein in toxic doses produces headache, restless- 
 ness, insomnia, giddiness, profuse urination, colic, 
 rapid, feeble pulse and collapse. 
 
 Antidote and Treatment : 
 
 Empty stomach, give Tannic Acid and Aromatic 
 
 Spirits of Ammonia for stimulation. 
 
28 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 Camphor 
 
 Heart Stimulant, Stomachic and Carminative, Dia- 
 phoretic and Expectorant. 
 Aqua, dose, oz. |- to i 
 Spirits, dose, m.xv to xxx 
 Camphora Monobromata, dose, gr.ii to x 
 
 I. Heart Stimulants, Continued 
 b. Artery Dilators. 
 
 Nitroglycerin 
 
 Source : Made from Glycerin and a mixture of Sul- 
 phuric and Nitric Acid, by washing and evaporation. 
 
 Action : Cardiac Stimulant, Vasodilator. 
 Reduces blood pressure by dilating arteries and 
 veins. Increases pulse rate. Powerful depressant 
 to motor centers. Flushes skin. Increases res- 
 piration and amount of urine voided. No external 
 or local effect. No direct effect on stomach or 
 heart. 
 
 Preparation and Dosage : 
 
 Nitroglycerin, dose, gr. -^\-^ to -^L 
 
 Spirits of Glonoin (i^ solution in alcohol), dose, 
 
 m.i to iv 
 
 Symptoms of Overdosage : 
 
 Perspiration. Flushed skin. Violent headache. 
 
 Occasional nausea. Throbbing arteries. Dilated 
 
 pupils. Intense pain in head. Slow, irregular 
 
 pulse. 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 29 
 
 Amyl Nitrite 
 
 Action : Cardiac Stimulant, Vasodilator, Antispas- 
 modic. 
 
 Quicker effect than Nitroglycerin. Dilates arter- 
 ies immediately. Increases pulse rate. Depresses 
 motor centers. Acts as a heart stimulant. Vapor 
 enters the blood through the lungs with great 
 rapidity and reaches the tissues almost immedi- 
 ately. The muscle walls of the arteries are para- 
 lyzed and the vessels dilate. Blood pressure falls, 
 with consequent relief to the heart, which has less 
 work to do and the same or more strength to do 
 it with. Excreted by the kidneys. 
 
 Preparation and Dosage : 
 
 Pearls for inhalation (3 to 5 drops) 
 
 Symptoms of Overdosage : 
 
 Fullness and throbbing of vessels. Flushing. 
 Dilated pupils. Deep, labored respiration. Anxiety 
 and restlessness. More severe symptoms are grave 
 depression, with cold extremities. Slow, almost 
 imperceptible pulse. Persistent headache. Pos- 
 sible convulsions and paralysis of heart and nerve 
 centers. 
 
 Antidote and Treatment : 
 
 Artificial respiration, Strychnin and Atropin. 
 
 Sodium Nitrite, dose, gr.ii to v. Slower and more 
 prolonged action than Nitroglycerin. 
 
 Sweet Spirits of Nitre (Spiritus ^Etheris Nitrosi), 
 dose, dr. 1 to ii. Stimulant, with mild diuretic, 
 diaphoretic, antipyretic and sedative powers. 
 
30 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 II. Heart Depressants 
 
 Aconite 
 
 Source : Root of European plant called Monks- 
 hood or Wolfsbane. Chief constituent "Aconitin," 
 the most powerful alkaloid known (gr. gV fa-tal), 
 dose, gr. ^1^. 
 
 Action : Cardiac and Respiratory Sedative, Anti- 
 pyretic, Diuretic. 
 
 Dilates arteries and decreases pressure in febrile 
 conditions. Externally and locally slightly ab- 
 sorbed. Parasiticide. Analgesic. Paralyzes nerves 
 locally, causing tingling and numbness. Irritant 
 to stomach and causes vomiting. Powerful cardiac 
 poison. Reduces frequency, force and tension. 
 Produces a gentle perspiration and increases flow 
 of urine. Respirations become slower and deeper 
 and temperature falls. 
 
 Preparation and Dosage : 
 
 Fluid Extract, m.i to ii 
 
 Tincture, m.i to iv (old 35^ solution) 
 
 Tincture, m.i to xv (new 10^ solution) 
 
 Symptoms of Overdosage : 
 
 Tingling in mouth and skin. Constricted feeling, 
 in throat. Tongue and breath are cold. Disorders 
 of vision. Staring eyes. Respiration diniinished, 
 and pulse may fall to 30 or 40 a minute. Great 
 muscular weakness. Irregular pulse. Suppressed 
 voice. Mind usually clear, except in cases of con- 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 3 1 
 
 vulsions. Death may occur from paralysis of heart 
 muscles or respiratory center. 
 
 Antidote and Treatment : 
 
 Emetics and lavage. Alcoholic stimulants. Ex- 
 ternal heat. Absolute quiet and rest and artificial 
 respiration. Head low. Cardiac stimulants. Atro- 
 pin and Ammonia. 
 
 Precautions : Pulse, respiration and temperature to 
 be carefully watched. Guard against cold air and 
 drafts. Allow no exertion on the part of patient. 
 
 Veratrum Viride 
 
 Source : The roots of Hellebore, an American and 
 European plant. 
 
 Action : General Depressant. 
 
 Cardiac Depressant and Spinal Paralyzant. Re- 
 duces pulse in strength and frequency ; lowering the 
 pulse to 35 or 40. Exertion may make it rapid, 
 thready, small and weak from being moderately 
 full and soft. Direct influence on heart muscles, 
 causing a depressing action and muscular weakness. 
 Brain not affected.. Used in Eclampsia, though 
 lacking power over excretion. Affects respirations 
 less than Aconite ; paralyzes motor system cen- 
 trally ; unaffecting sensation, but impairing reflexes. 
 Emetic and Cathartic. 
 
 Preparation and Dosage : 
 
 Fluid Extract, dose, m.i to iii 
 
 Tincture, dose, m.x to xxx (10^) 
 
 Norwood's Tincture, dose, m.v, increasing (44^) 
 
32 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 Symptoms of Overdosage : 
 
 Nausea and vomiting. Cold, clammy skin and 
 threadlike pulse. Rarely fatal results, though 
 symptoms are alarming, including faintness, loss 
 of sight and partial loss of consciousness. 
 
 Antidote and Treatment : 
 
 Emetics and lavage. No exertion. Elevation of 
 feet. Perfect rest. Alcoholic stimulants. Exter- 
 nal heat. 
 
 Pulse should not be allowed to fall below 70. 
 Many incidental effects : dizziness, choking, dry- 
 ness of mouth, etc. 
 
 Colchicum 
 
 Meadow Saffron (roots or seed). 
 
 Action : Cardio-Respiratory Depressant and Irritant. 
 Emetic, diuretic and diaphoretic, drastic purgative, 
 gastrointestinal irritant and cardiac depressant. 
 Sedative to central nervous system. Used in gout. 
 Pulse slightly reduced in frequency. Stimulates 
 the liver. 
 
 Preparation and Dosage : 
 
 Wine of Colchicum Seed, dose, m.xv to xxx 
 
 Wine of Colchicum Root, dose, m.v to xx 
 
 Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed, dose, m.iii to x 
 
 Fluid Extract of Colchicum Root, dose, m.ii to viii 
 
 III. Narcotics 
 
 a. Hydrocarbon Narcotics. 
 Alcohol (Narcotic in large doses) 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 33 
 
 Source : Made by a process of fermentation from 
 substances containing grape sugar, also by chemical 
 process and distillation. 
 
 Action : Cerebrospinal Excitant, Cardiac and Gas- 
 tric Stimulant, Antipyretic. 
 
 Externally and locally a fat solvent, cleans the 
 skin, hardens it and slightly stimulates. Irritant 
 and local anesthetic. Relieves pain and has cooling 
 effect (due to evaporation). Antiseptic. Deadens 
 nerve terminals. In the mouth an irritant ; biting 
 and semi-antiseptic. In the stomach an irritant, 
 increasing the secretions ; hence, in small doses, 
 increasing digestion and absorption. Slightly de- 
 pressant to heart. Increases force and frequency 
 of pulse ; causes sweating and heat loss. Marked 
 effect on nervous system ; deadens control of mind 
 and moral sense ; dulls the intellect and muscular 
 control. Four stages: i. Excitement. 2. De- 
 pression. 3. Paralysis. 4. Recovery. It is ex- 
 creted by the lungs and kidneys. Alcohol in fevers 
 reduces temperature by increasing perspiration. 
 Dose, oz. J. 
 
 Alcoholic Preparations and Beverages 
 
 Absolute Alcohol contains i^ water. 
 
 Brandy (Spiritus Vini Gallici) is obtained from grape 
 wine and contains about 45^ alcohol. 
 
 Whisky (Spiritus Frumenti) is obtained from certain 
 
34 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 grains, as rye, corn and wheat, by distillation and 
 contains about 45^ alcohol. 
 
 Rum is obtained by the distillation of molasses and 
 contains about 42^ alcohol. 
 
 Gin is grain spirits distilled with Juniper berries and 
 contains about 45^ alcohol. 
 
 Red Wine (Vinura Rubrum) is obtained from the 
 entire grape and contains y—izfo alcohol. Exam- 
 ples : Claret, Bordeaux and Port. 
 
 White Wine (Vinum Album) is obtained from the 
 juice of grapes and contains 7-12^ alcohol. Ex- 
 amples : Sherry, Madeira and Catawba. 
 
 Champagne is a carbonated wine and contains 10-13^ 
 
 alcohol. 
 Ale or Stout is obtained from barley and hops and 
 
 contains 5-9^ alcohol. 
 
 Beer or Porter is also obtained from barley and hops 
 and contains 2-5^ alcohol. 
 
 Kumyss, a fermented milk preparation, contains 1-3^ 
 alcohol. 
 
 Ether 
 
 Source : A highly volatile liquid obtained by the 
 action of strong sulphuric acid upon ordinary alco- 
 hol. Very inflammable. 
 
 Action : Anesthetic, Cardiac and Respiratory 
 
 Stimulant. 
 
 Locally anesthetic and a fat solvent. Is irritating 
 
 in mouth and stomach. Stimulates heart and cir- 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 35 
 
 culation, also secretions. Stimulates quickly . by 
 hypodermic or mouth. Stimulates the heart by 
 irritating. Is absorbed faster than alcohol, hence 
 the four stages are quicker. Irritates nose, larynx 
 and trachea, increasing secretions. Benumbs the 
 nervous system. Chief vise is for surgical, anes- 
 thesia. Four stages : i . Excitement and stimula- 
 tion. 2. Narcosis. 3. Insensibility. 4. Recovery. 
 Excreted by the kidneys and lungs. 
 
 Recovery from Surgical Anesthesia : 
 Natural reaction, with poor circulation and possible 
 chills, makes it necessary to keep the patient warm 
 and out of drafts. The excretion of the ether by 
 the lungs requires plenty of fresh air. Increased 
 secretions from the throat and mouth must be 
 sponged out. To prevent the inhalation of vom- 
 itus with the possible nausea, the head must be 
 kept low and to one side. Patient must be watched 
 for surgical shock and collapse. 
 
 Nitrous Ether. Mild Diaphoretic and Diuretic. Car- 
 minative and Stimulant, dose, m.x to dr.ii 
 
 Hoffman's Anodyne (Compound Spirit of Ether). Same 
 action, dose, m.x to dr.ii 
 
 Chloroform 
 
 Source : A volatile liquid formed by the action of 
 chlorinated lime on methyl alcohol. 
 
 Action : In addition to the effects of ether, chloro- 
 form has a distinct depressing action on the heart 
 and nervous system. There is danger of complete 
 
36 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 cardiac failure. It is less irritating to the kidneys 
 and to air passages, non-inflammable, more agree- 
 able, more prompt in action and produces less 
 vomiting than ether, but is much more dangerous 
 and has more serious after effects. 
 Chloroform is also used locally in liniments as a 
 rubefacient and anodyne and to relieve itching. 
 
 III. Narcotics, Continued 
 b. The Opium Group. 
 
 Opium. (Morphin, Laudanum, Paregoric, Codein 
 and Heroin.) 
 
 Source : The juice of the unripe Poppy seed. 
 
 Action : Analgesic, Hypnotic, Myotic, Secretory 
 Depressant and in medicinal doses a Cardiac Stim- 
 ulant. Externally and locally, slightly benumbing. 
 Bitter taste and narcotic odor. Decreases appetite 
 and digestion slightly. Causes nausea and vomiting. 
 Constipating effect upon the intestines. Paralyzes 
 peristalsis. Slight effect on circulation. Dilates 
 vessels of skin and increases perspiration. Slight 
 effect upon lungs, except through nervous system. 
 The respiratory tract in the medulla is blunted, 'and 
 respirations become deep and infrequent, and are 
 liable to be destroyed entirely. Moral and intel- 
 lectual senses are blunted, also sensory centers, 
 especially for unpleasant impressions. Slows and 
 steadies heart under certain conditions. Excreted 
 through intestines. Will ' affect a nursing child 
 through the mother's milk. 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 3/ 
 
 Preparation and Dosage : 
 
 Opium, dose, gr. ^ to ii 
 
 Laudanum (Tincture of Opium), dose, m.v to xv 
 
 (lO^ Opium, m.x equals gr.i Opium, or gr. ^ 
 
 Morphin) 
 
 Paregoric (Camphorated Tincture of Opium), dose, 
 
 dr.i to oz. i (oz. i equals gr.i) 
 
 Majendi's Solution of Morphin, dose, m.v to x 
 
 (m.xxx equals gr.i of Morphin) 
 
 Morphin Sulphate, dose, gr. J^ to ^ 
 
 Codein Sulphate, dose, gr. ^ to ii 
 
 Heroin, dose, gr. -^^ to jL 
 
 Dover's Powder contains gr.i Opium, gr.i Ipecac, 
 
 and gr. viii Sugar of Milk 
 
 Tincture of Deodorized Opium (lofo), (m.x = gr.i), 
 
 dose, m.v to m.xxv 
 
 Symptoms of Overdosage : 
 
 Morphin, gr. ^, and Opium, gr.iii, may produce 
 death. Contracted pupils, drowsiness, deepening 
 stupor, no response to external stimuli, skin moist 
 and clammy, becoming cyanotic. Respirations slow, 
 rate 4 to 6 per minute. Feeble pulse. Coma, pin- 
 point pupils. Death from failure of respirations in 
 4 to 12 hours. 
 
 Treatment : 
 
 Evacuate stomach by tube, if possible. Emetics. 
 Destroy, or neutralize, the poison with Pot. Per- 
 manganate or Tannic Acid (with Morphin, the 
 latter forms Morphin Tannate, which is insolu- 
 ble). Keep awake. Tone respiratory centers with 
 Strychnin, Caffein and Atropin, 
 
38 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 Apomorphin (a derivative of Morphin) 
 Dose, gr. J^ (hypo) Emetic 
 Dose, gr. -^-^ Expectorant 
 
 III. Narcotics, Continued 
 c. Hypnotics. 
 
 Chloral Hydrate 
 
 Source : A chemical preparation formed by the 
 action of Chlorine on Alcohol. 
 
 Action : Powerful Hypnotic, Antispasmodic and 
 Nervous Depressant. Irritates mouth and stom- 
 ach. (Should therefore be "well diluted.) De- 
 presses heart and circulation. Benumbs nervous 
 system, causing sleep. Sometimes causes head- 
 ache, excitement and even delirium. Danger of 
 sudden collapse of heart. Dose, gr.v to xx. 
 
 Symptoms of Overdosage : 
 
 Profound sleep. Coma. Slow, feeble, irregular 
 
 pulse. Slow, shallow respiration. Cold skin. 
 
 Cyanosis. 
 
 Antidotes and Treatment : 
 
 Emetic and lavage. Coffee enemata. External 
 
 heat. Possibly artificial respiration. Cardiac 
 
 stimulants. 
 
 Chloralamid. Hypnotic without after effects. 
 Dose, gr. x to xxx. 
 
 Amylene Hydrate. More agreeable and safer 
 than Chloral or Paraldehyd. No influence on 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 39 
 
 heart or respiration. No unpleasant after effects. 
 Dose, dr. ^ to iss. 
 
 Hedonal. Feeble Hypnotic. Considered safer 
 than most other agents of the class. No unpleas- 
 ant after effects. Dose, gr. xv to xxx. 
 
 Paraldehyd. Hypnotic and Diuretic, with little 
 depression. Readily absorbed by rectum. Safer 
 than Chloral, strengthening and slowing heart's 
 action. Sound, refreshing sleep follows a prelimi- 
 nary stage of excitement. Dose, dr. 1 to ii. 
 
 Sulphonal. Hypnotic of slow absorption, with un- 
 fortunate after effects. Should be given in hot 
 solutions. Dose, gr.x to xxx. 
 
 Trional. More soluble than Sulphonal. Should be 
 given in hot milk for best results. Especially 
 effective with Codein. Dose, gr. x to xxx. 
 
 Veronal. Same action as Trional, only more rapid. 
 Produces a practically normal sleep, and is free 
 from after effects. Dose, gr.viii to x. 
 
 IV. Respiratory Stimulants 
 
 Atropin : An alkaloid of Belladonna 
 
 Source : The Belladonna plant, or Deadly Night- 
 shade. 
 
 Action : Analgesic, Antispasmodic, Cardiac and Res- 
 piratory Stimulant, Cerebral Excitant, Secretory 
 Depressant, Mydriatic. In small doses a vasocon- 
 strictor, in large doses vasodilator. Most important 
 
40 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 actions: i. Respiratory stimulant. 2. To relieve 
 spasms of involuntary muscles, as from stones in gall- 
 bladder, cathartic gripes, etc. 3. To dry secretions 
 of stomach, nose, sweat glands, etc. Externally and 
 locally freely absorbed, with benumbing effects. 
 (Belladonna plaster, ointment and liniment.) Bit- 
 ter taste ; dries the secretions of stomach. Checks 
 excessive spasms of stomach and intestines. Stim- 
 ulates nervous system and brain, sometimes caus- 
 ing delirium. Dries the secretion of all secret- 
 ing glands. Stimulates .and tones whole system. 
 Peculiar effect on the brain, causing excitability 
 and possibly narcosis. Causes dryness of throat. 
 Is a cardiac stimulant. Eliminated by the kidneys. 
 Locally benumbs pain. Dilates pupils by paralysis 
 of constrictor fibers. 
 
 Preparation and Dosage : 
 
 Tincture of Belladonna, dose, m.v to x 
 
 Fluid Extract of Belladonna, dose, m.i to ii 
 
 Atropin, dose, gr. j^-^ to -^^ 
 
 Extract of Belladonna, dose, gr. ^ to J 
 
 Symptoms of Overdosage : 
 
 Rash. Pupils bright and staring. Dry, flushed 
 skin. Dry throat, with difficulty in swallowing. 
 Headaches, illusions and delirium. Rapid pulse, 
 out of proportion to respirations. Symptoms like 
 those of Scarlet Fever, except for the dilated pupils. 
 
 Antidotes and Treatment : 
 
 Evacuate stomach and treat symptoms. Catheter- 
 
 ize. Apply external heat. Artificial respiration. 
 
DRUGS AND SULUTIONS 4I 
 
 Give Tannic Acid. Pilocarpin, Morphin and 
 Eserin. 
 
 Stramonium 
 
 Source : The Jamestown Weed or Thorn Apple. 
 Action : Antispasmodic and Anodyne. Action 
 similar to that of Belladonna. Causes cardiac 
 irregularity and delirium. Relaxes muscles of 
 bronchial tubes more powerfully than Belladonna. 
 Contains the alkaloids, Atropin and Hyoscyamin, 
 also some Hyoscin. The smoke inhaled brings 
 Atropin into contact with the bronchial mucous 
 membrane. Relaxes spasms in Asthma. 
 Leaves prepared in the form of cigarettes. 
 Fluid Extract, dose, m.i to v 
 Tincture, dose, m.v to xv 
 
 Hyoscyamus 
 Source : Henbane. 
 
 Action : Same physiological action as Belladonna. 
 Cardiac and Respiratory Stimulant. Greater Seda- 
 tive and Hypnotic (due to Hyoscin). Dries the 
 mouth. Flushes face. Dilates pupils and causes 
 delirium. Used as a sedative in bladder troubles. 
 Preparation and Dosage : 
 Fluid Extract, dose, m.i to v 
 Tincture, dose, m.v to xxx 
 
 Hyoscin 
 
 Source : The alkaloid obtained from Hyoscyamus. 
 The active principles have the same chemical for. 
 mula as Atropin, yet are not identical. 
 
42 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 Action : Powerful Hypnotic and Spinal and Cere- 
 bral Sedative. 
 
 Reduces pulse rate and depresses circulation after 
 first stimulating them. Is deadly and very de- 
 pressing. Used in insanities, delirium and mania. 
 
 Preparation and Dosage : 
 
 Hyoscin Hydrobromid, dose, gr. yj^ to -^1^- 
 
 V. Motor and Respiratory Depressants 
 Eserin. An alkaloid from Physostigma. 
 Source : A West African plant (the Calabar Bean). 
 
 Action : Depresses spinal motor centers and res- 
 piratory centers of the medulla. Stimulates secre- 
 tions, excites nausea, salivation and diaphoresis. 
 Stimulates muscle fibers, especially, those of the 
 intestines, stomach and bronchial tubes. Raises 
 blood pressure. Death may occur from paralysis 
 of respiratory centers. Used in constipation, due 
 to torpor of the bowels, and in Tetanus and Strych- 
 nin poisoning to diminish reflex excitability. A 
 myotic used in eye troubles. Prevents suppuration 
 after operations. Empties vessels of eye and con- 
 tracts pupil, 
 
 Preparation and Dosage : 
 Eserin Salicylate, dose, gr. -j^^ to -^ 
 Eserin Sulphate, dose, gr. -j^^ to ^1^ 
 Extract of Physostigma, dose, gr. J^ to J 
 Tincture of Physostigma, dose, m.v to xx 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 43 
 
 Symptoms and Treatment of Overdosage : 
 Muscular weakness, tremor, small pupils, slow pulse 
 and respiration. 
 
 Emetics. Tannic Acid, Atropin, stimulants and 
 artificial respiration. 
 
 Bromids. Average dose, usually gr.x to xv. 
 Source : Bromin, a non-metallic element found in 
 sea water and in the product of certain salt works. 
 
 Action : Powerful Depressants to nervous system 
 and circulation. Hypnotic and sedative. 
 
 VI. The Coal-Tar Products 
 
 f a. Antipyretics 
 ( b. Antiseptics 
 
 Source : Prepared by complicated chemical proc- 
 esses from the tar which is formed in the manu- 
 facture of illuminating gas from coal. 
 
 Action : Externally and locally all are antiseptics 
 and irritants. To the stomach they are irritants- 
 Upon the pain centers of the nervous system they 
 have a blunting influence. 
 
 a. Antipyretics. Circulation is at first stimulated, 
 later depressed. Vessels of skin are dilated, and 
 there is sweating and heat loss. Transitory stimu- 
 lation of heart, followed by depression. 
 
 Acetanilid, dose, gr.i to iv. (Death has occurred 
 from gr.v.) 
 
 Antipyretic and Analgesic and a Cardiac Depress- 
 ant. (Acetanilid is the chief constituent of many 
 "headache powders," making them very dangerous.) 
 
44 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 Ammonol, dose, gr.v to x. 
 
 A proprietary Analgesic and Antipyretic, with stim- 
 ulant and expectorant qualities. 
 
 Antikamnia, dose, gr.v to xv. 
 
 A proprietary Antipyretic and Analgesic, said to 
 
 contain Acetanilid, Sodium Bicarbonate and 
 
 Caffein. 
 
 Antipyrin, dose, gr.i to x. 
 
 Powerful Antipyretic and general Analgesic. Some- 
 what hypnotic, diaphoretic and antiseptic. 
 
 Migranin, dose, gr.v to xv. 
 
 A combination of Antipyrin and Caffein. Power- 
 ful Analgesic, used chiefly for sick headache and 
 neuralgia. Dangerously depressant. 
 
 Aspirin, dose, gr.v to xv t. i. d. 
 A salicylic product. More efficient than the sali- 
 cylates and less irritating to the stomach. 
 
 Phenacetin (Acetphenetidin), dose, gr.v to x. 
 Antipyretic, Hypnotic and Analgesic. Acts more 
 gradually than the other antipyretics. One of the 
 safest and most efficient of the group. 
 
 VI. The Coal-Tar Products, Continued 
 
 b. Antiseptics 
 
 Have, in general, the same effect as antipyretics, 
 
 only do not reduce temperature and are more 
 
 poisonous. 
 
 Benzoin 
 
 Antiseptic, Analgesic, somewhat Antipyretic, Dia- 
 phoretic, Diuretic and Stimulating Expectorant. 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 45 
 
 Creosote 
 
 Antiseptic, Expectorant and Astringent. Used es- 
 pecially for its antiseptic action on pneumococci 
 and tubercle bacilli. Combined with an insoluble 
 salt (Creosote Carbonate, gr.xv) it is less irritating 
 to the stomach. 
 
 Guiacol, dose, m.v to xv. 
 
 Chief constituent of Creosote. Antiseptic in tuber- 
 culosis. Powerful local anesthetic, and rapid anti- 
 pyretic when applied externally. 
 
 Carbolic Acid (Phenol) 
 
 Antiseptic and Disinfectant. Local anesthetic, also 
 a cardiac respiratory and nervous depressant. Pow- 
 erful irritant and caustic. Readily absorbed, and 
 when poisoning is due to absorption an early symp- 
 tom is a smoky appearance of the urine. 
 
 Symptoms of Poisoning : Collapse, cold, clammy 
 skin, contracted pupils, feeble, shallow respirations, 
 dark green urine, stupor and coma. 
 
 Antidote : Externally, Alcohol ; internally. Alcohol 
 and water, equal parts. 
 
 Picric Acid 
 
 Externally, Antiseptic, Analgesic and non-irritant to 
 the tissues. Used as local application for burns 
 and Erysipelas. 
 
 Creolin and Lysol 
 
 Unofficial Antiseptics and Disinfectants. 
 
46 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 Phenol-camphor (Carbolic Acid, i part ; Camphor, 
 
 2 parts) 
 
 Local Anesthetic and Antiseptic. 
 
 Salicylic Acid 
 
 Generally prepared from Phenol, but also derived 
 from Salicin or the natural salicylates, Oil of Win- 
 tergreen (Gaultheria) or Sweet Birch. (Methyl- 
 Salicylate or artificial Oil of Wintergreen is a 
 volatile preparation.) 
 
 Antiseptic, Antipyretic and Germicide. Stimulates 
 and disinfects kidneys and has diaphoretic power. 
 Cholagogue and intestinal antiseptic. Overdosage 
 •produces buzzing and roaring in the ears, disturb- 
 ance of vision, excessive sweating, delirium, cardiac 
 and respiratory depression. 
 
 Sodium Salicylates (less irritating to the stomach) 
 deaden pain perceptions in rheumatism. Dose, 
 gr.v to XXX. 
 
 Salol. Intestinal Antiseptic formed by the action 
 of Carbolic Acid on Salicylic Acid. Dose, gr.i to x. 
 
 VII. Diuretics and Diaphoretics 
 
 Scoparius (Spartein Sulphate). From the Broom 
 
 Plant. 
 
 Diuretic and Laxative, also Emetic, Cathartic and 
 
 Cardiac Stimulant. 
 
 Spartein Sulphate, dose, gr. Jg to ii. 
 
 Fluid Extract of Scoparius, dose, m.x to dr.i. 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 47 
 
 Squill (Scilla) 
 
 Powerful Diuretic and Expectorant. Gastrointes- 
 tinal Irritant and Cardiac Stimulant. (Acts like 
 Digitalis.) 
 
 Fluid Extract of Squill, dose, m.i to v. 
 Tincture of Squill, dose, m.v to xxx. 
 Syrup of Squill, dose, dr. ^ to i. 
 
 Pilocarpin (Jaborandi) 
 
 Stimulates all the secretions but the bile. Depresses 
 
 the heart. 
 
 Dose, gr. ^ to ^. Hydrochlorid. 
 
 Apocynum (Canadian Hemp) 
 Diuretic, Emetic and Alterative. 
 Fluid Extract, dose, m.ii to mc. 
 
 Senega. Diuretic and Diaph^Bretic and Stimulating 
 Expectorant. ',' 
 
 Fluid Extract, dose, m.x to xxx. 
 Syrup, dose, dr.i to ii. 
 
 Potassium Acetate, dose, gr.xxx. 
 
 Potassium Citrate, dose, gr.xxx. 
 
 Rochelle Salt (Potassium and Sodium Tartrate), 
 dose, dr.i to ii. 
 
 Seidlitz Powder (Compound Effervescing Powder) 
 
 A. B. C. Diuretic (Potassium Acetate, Bicarbonate 
 and Citrate), dose, oz. ^. 
 
 Diuretin, dose, gr.x to xv 
 
48 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 VIII. Cathartics 
 
 a. Laxatives (hasten intestinal evacuation). (Ape- 
 rients.) 
 
 Olive Oil. 
 
 Castor Oil (Oleum Ricini), dose, oz. \. 
 
 Glycerin, dose, dr.i to ii. 
 
 Magnesia. 
 
 Figs, Prunes and stewed fruit. 
 
 b. Simple Purgatives (produce active peristalsis and 
 griping pain). 
 
 Aloes (Aloes, Belladonna and Strychnin Pills). 
 
 Castor Oil. 
 
 Rhubarb (Mixture of Rhubarb and Soda, dose, dr.i 
 
 to iv). 
 
 Licorice Powder (Compound, dose, dr.i to ii). 
 
 Cascara (Fid. Ext., dose, m.x to xxx). 
 
 Senna (Fid. Ext, dose, m.x to dr.i). 
 
 c. Drastic Purgatives (produce intense action, 
 watery stools and much pain). 
 
 Croton Oil, dose, m.i to iii (Oleum Tiglii). 
 
 Jalap (Compound, dose, gr.x to xxx). 
 
 Aloes. 
 
 C. C. Pills (Compound Cathartic) 
 
 Podophyllum (Fid. Ext., dose, m.i to xx). 
 
 d. Cholagogue Purgatives (remove bile from the 
 intestines). 
 
 Calomel (Mild Mercurous Chlorid, dose, gr.i to iii). 
 
 Blue Mass, dose, gr.iv. 
 
 Gray powder. 
 
 Podophyllum. Elaterin, dose, gr. ^V to ^^. 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 49 
 
 e. Saline Purgatives (produce slight pain and watery 
 
 evacuations.) 
 
 Salts of Magnesia. 
 
 Salts of Sodium. 
 
 Salts of Potassium. 
 
 Saline Waters. 
 
 IX. Alteratives 
 
 Arsenic 
 
 Source : A metal that occurs in combination with 
 many minerals. 
 
 Action : Tonic, Antiseptic, Antiperiodic and Hema- 
 tinic. Internally a stomachic and general tonic. 
 Increases cardiac action and respiratory power and 
 intestinal secretions. Stimulates peristalsis and 
 exalts mental activity. A tolerance to large doses 
 can be acquired. Used also in depilatories. Pro- 
 duces a fair skin. Quickly absorbed. Eliminated 
 by skin and kidneys chiefly. Often used in neu- 
 ralgia, chronic malaria, anemia, rheumatism and 
 chorea. Increases number of red blood corpuscles. 
 
 Preparation and Dosage : 
 
 Fowler's Solution (Sol. of Potassium Arsenite, a 
 
 ifi sol.), dose, m.ii to vi t. i. d. 
 
 Arsenous Trioxid (White Arsenic), most frequently 
 
 used as a poison. Tasteless, cheap and easily 
 
 procured. 
 
 Symptoms of Overdosage : 
 
 Itching and edema of eyelids, nausea and diarrhea. 
 
 Skin eruptions, irritable heart, dyspnoea. In large 
 
50 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 doses a powerful irritant to gastrointestinal and 
 broncho-mucous membranes. Pain in throat and 
 abdomen. Bloody stools. Collapse. (Symptoms 
 resembling those of Cholera.) 
 
 Treatment : 
 
 Lavage and emetics. Mucilaginous or albuminous 
 drinks. Raw eggs in milk and lime water. Equal 
 parts oil and lime water. Castor Oil. Opium and 
 stimulants. Counteract depression. 
 
 Iron (Ferrum) 
 
 General Tonic and Stomachic. Enriches blood cor- 
 puscles with hemoglobin. Promotes appetite and 
 digestion. Astringent and hemostatic (on account 
 of its power to coagulate albumin). 
 Preparation and Dosage : 
 Tincture of Ferric Chloride, dose, m.v to xv. 
 Basham's Mixture (Sol. of Iron and Ammonium 
 Acetate), dose, dr.ii to vi. 
 
 Triple Phosphates (Iron, Quinin and Strychnin), 
 dose, dr.i. 
 
 Syrup of Ferrous lodid, dose, m.v to xl. 
 Blaud's Pills. 
 
 lodin (I) 
 
 A non-metallic element found in seaweeds, some 
 fresh-water plants, also in sponge, oysters, eggs, 
 rock salt and several ores. Tonic and alterative, 
 increases elimination and body-weight. Improves 
 general condition. May cause coryza and gastro- 
 intestinal irritation. Used in specific diseases. 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 51 
 
 Potassium lodid, dose, gr.v to xx. 
 Counteracts pathological conditions, promotes ab- 
 sorption of morbid conditions and the elimination 
 of several metallic poisons. 
 
 Iodoform. Antiseptic, Anesthetic and Alterative 
 agent. 
 
 Aristol (Thymol lodid). A substitute for Iodo- 
 form. 
 
 Hydriodic Acid. A substitute for the lodids. 
 Alterative in action. Dose, m.v to xv (dilute). 
 
 Calcium Chlorid, dose, gr.iii to x. 
 Marked alterative. Increases amount of urine and 
 promotes the excretion of urea. Increases coagu- 
 lability of blood. 
 
 Urotropin (from Formaldehyd) 
 Urinary and Intestinal Antiseptic. Promotes ex- 
 cretion of uric acid. Efficient as alterative and 
 diuretic in cystitis. Decomposes in the organism, 
 setting free Formaldehyd. 
 
 Sodium Phosphate, dose, gr.xx to dr.ii. 
 Alterative. Increases secretions, especially bile. 
 Cholagogue. Promotes the nutrition of bony and 
 nervous tissue. 
 
 X. Metals. (Symbols and Latin names in paren- 
 theses.) 
 
 Alum (Aluminum, Al). 
 Astringent, Emetic and Antiseptic. 
 Dried Alum, Aluminum Sulphate (Aluminum Ace- 
 tate Sol). 
 
52 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 Antimony (Antimonium, Sb). 
 
 Irritant and Emetic. 
 
 Tartar Emetic (Antimony and Potassium Tartrate), 
 
 dose, gr. J^ to ii. 
 
 Arsenic (Arsenum, As). 
 
 Tonic and Stomachic and Alterative. 
 
 Arsenous Acid, Fowler's Solution. 
 
 Bismuth (Bismuthum, B). 
 
 Astringent and Sedative. 
 
 Bismuth Subnitrate, Bismuth Subgallate, etc., dose, 
 
 gr.v to XX. 
 
 Cerium (Ce). 
 
 Gastric Sedative. 
 
 Cerium Oxalate, dose, gr.i to viii. 
 
 Copper (Cuprum, Cu). 
 
 Caustic, Stimulant and Astringent. ' 
 
 Copper Sulphate (Bluestone), dose, gr.vi to xii 
 
 (Emetic). 
 
 Gold (Aurum, Au). 
 Tonic and Alterative. 
 Gold Chlorid, etc. 
 
 Iron (Ferrum, Fe). 
 
 Tonic, Stomachic, Astringent, Hemostatic and 
 
 Hematinic. 
 
 Basham's Mixture, Blaud's Pills, Syrup of Ferrous 
 
 lodid, etc. 
 
 Lead (Plumbum, PI). 
 
 Astringent, Sedative, Hemostatic. 
 
 Lead Acetate, dose, gr.ii to v, Lead and Opium 
 
 Solution. 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 53 
 
 Manganese (Manganum, Mn). 
 
 Irritant, Caustic, Antiseptic, Disinfectant and 
 
 Deodorant. 
 
 Potassium Permanganate. 
 
 Mercury (Hydrargyrum, H), Quicksilver. 
 
 Antiseptic and Disinfectant, Astringent, Purgative 
 
 and Alterative. Specific for Syphilis. 
 
 Bichlorid of Mercury (Corrosive Sublimate), fatal 
 
 dose, gr.iii to v. 
 
 Calomel, Blue Mass, Blue Ointment, Yellow Oxid 
 
 of Mercury. 
 
 Silver (Argentum, Ag). 
 
 Caustic, Astringent, Antispasmodic, Nerve Stimu- 
 lant. 
 Silver Nitrate. 
 
 Zinc (Zincum, Zn). 
 
 Caustic, Astringent and Emetic. 
 
 Zinc Oxid, Zinc Ointment, Zinc Sulphate, dose, 
 
 gr.xv to XX (Emetic). 
 
 XI. Intestinal Antiseptics 
 Salol, dose, gr.i to x. 
 
 Sodium Salicylates, dose, gr.v to xxx. 
 Creosote Carbonate, dose, m.v to dr.i. 
 Urotropin, dose, gr.v. to vii. 
 
 XII. Intestinal Astringents 
 Bismuth Subnitrate, dose, gr.v to xx. 
 Bismuth Subgallate, dose, gr.v to xx. 
 Powdered Opium, dose, gr. ^ to ii. 
 Preparations of Iron. 
 
54 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 Tannic Acid, dose, gr.i to v. 
 
 Silver Nitrate. 
 
 Alum, dose, gr.v to xxx. 
 
 XIII. Antispasmodics 
 Asafetida 
 
 A powerful Antispasmodic, Nerve Stimulant and 
 
 Expectorant. Also tonic, laxative, diuretic and 
 
 diaphoretic. Nauseous in taste and odor. Used 
 
 in hysterias, flatulent indigestion and bronchial 
 
 affections. 
 
 Tincture of Asafetida, dose, m.x to xxx. 
 
 Emulsion of Asafetida, dose, dr.ii to iv. 
 
 Valerian 
 
 Antispasmodic and gentle stimulant to nervous and 
 circulatory systems. Laxative and diaphoretic. 
 Used in hysterias, for nervous coughs, etc. 
 Tincture of Valerian, dose, dr.i. 
 Fluid Extract of Valerian, dose, m'.xxx. 
 
 Belladonna 
 Opium 
 Chloral 
 Stramonium, etc. 
 
 XIV. Acids 
 
 Acetic. Astringent, Hemostatic, Caustic, Diuretic 
 
 and Antiseptic. 
 
 Glacial Acetic. Strongly caustic and only used 
 
 locally. 
 
 Dilute Acetic {6f>), dose, m.xv to dr.ii. 
 
 Vinegar (Acetum) is an impure dilute acetic acid. 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 55 
 
 Hydrochloric (Muriatic Acid) 
 
 Caustic and Stomachic. Checks fermentation. 
 
 Dilute Hydrochloric, dose, m.iii to xx. (lo^) 
 
 Hydrocyanic (Prussic Acid) 
 
 One of the most powerful and rapid poisons known. 
 
 Death has resulted from smelling it. 
 
 Dilute Hydrocyanic is used for its antispasmodic 
 
 and sedative effects. Contains if) of absolute 
 
 Hydrocyanic Acid and is the only official form. 
 
 Dose, m.i to ii. 
 
 Nitric. Caustic and Cholagogue 
 Nitrohydrochloric Acid. Efficient Cholagogue. 
 Dose, m.i to viii. 
 
 Sulphuric. Astringent, Hemostatic and Caustic. 
 Dilute Sulphuric, dose, m.v to xx. 
 
 Tannic. Powerful Astringent, dose, gr.i to xx. 
 
 ANTIDOTES AND TREATMENT FOR 
 POISONING BY 
 
 Acetanilid. Symptoms : Collapse, cyanosis, slow res- 
 piration, feeble, irregular pulse, vomiting, profuse 
 sweating. 
 
 Treatment : Belladonna or Atropin, Strychnin, oxy- 
 gen inhalations, heat. 
 
 Acid, Acetic. Symptoms : Gastrointestinal irritation 
 and collapse. 
 
 Treatment : Magnesia, soap and water, lime water, 
 chalk, milk, oils and thick gruel. 
 
56 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 Acid, Carbolic. Symptoms : Collapse. Cold, clammy- 
 skin. Burning from mouth to stomach. Smoky 
 or dark green urine. Slow respirations. 
 Treatment : Lavage with Alcohol and water, equal 
 parts. Epsom Salts, soap suds, heat to extremities 
 with friction, Atropin and alcoholic stimulants. 
 Lavage with Pot. Permanganate, gr. i| to i pt., or 
 Condy's Fluid, dr.ii to i pt. 
 
 Acid, Hydrocyanic (Prussic). Symptoms: Coma, dilated 
 pupils, cold, clammy skin, slow, convulsive respira- 
 tions, small, feeble pulse. Death from respiratory 
 failure in a few seconds after large dose. 
 Treatment : Emetics or lavage, artificial respiration 
 with Ammonia inhalations, Atropin, Brandy, Ether. 
 
 Acid, Oxalic. Symptoms : Gastrointestinal irritation, 
 convulsions, collapse. Death from paralysis of 
 respirations. 
 
 Treatment : Lime water, chalk, whiting, wall-plaster 
 in water. Magnesia, mucilaginous drinks. 
 
 Acids, Mineral (Hydrochloric, Nitric, Sulphuric, etc.) 
 Symptoms : Gastrointestinal irritation and collapse, 
 pain. 
 
 Treatment : Alkalies, as Magnesia, chalk, soap, 
 whiting, wall-plaster in water, albumen, flour, milk, 
 starch, olive oil. Avoid water in Sulphuric Acid 
 cases. Opium, Alcohol and other cardiac stimulants. 
 
 Aconite, see page 3 1 . 
 
 Alcohol. Treatment : Emetics or lavage, cold affusion 
 to the head, warmth to extremities, artificial res- 
 piration, Caffein, Chloral and Pot. Bromid. 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 57 
 
 Alkalies. Symptoms : Corrosion, gastrointestinal irri- 
 tation. 
 
 Treatment : Diluted vegetable acids, as vinegar, 
 lemon juice, etc. Milk, gelatin, oils, Caffein, 
 Alcohol and other stimulants. 
 
 Ammonia, see Alkalies. 
 
 Amyl Nitrite, see page 29. 
 
 Anesthetics (Ether, Chloroform, etc.) 
 
 Treatment : Oxygen, artificial respiration, Atropin, 
 Strychnin, Adrenalin, heat to the body and limbs. 
 Invert patient, draw the tongue well forward, com- 
 press and relax chest. 
 
 Arsenic, see page 50. 
 
 Atropin and Belladonna, see page 40. 
 
 Chloral, see page 38. 
 
 Cocain. Symptoms of acute poisoning : Pallor, faint- 
 ing, cardiac and respiratory depression. 
 Treatment : Cardiac stimulants, artificial stimulation. 
 
 Mercury (Bichlorid, etc., Corrosive Sublimate). 
 
 Acute symptoms : Gastrointestinal irritation with 
 great pain, vomiting and diarrhea, collapse. 
 Treatment: Egg albumen (i egg for each 4 grains 
 of the poison), demulcents, milk. Later, saline 
 diuretics and rectal irrigation. 
 
 Opium (Morphin, Laudanum, Paregoric, etc.), see 
 page 37. 
 
 Phenacetin, see Acetanilid. 
 Digitalis, see page 26. 
 
58 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 Formaldehyd. Ammonia is the antidote forming 
 Urotropin. 
 
 Fish Poison (ptomaine). Emetics and cathartics. Po- 
 tassium Chlorate, Opium, etc. 
 
 Illuminating Gas. Treatment : Oxygen, artificial res- 
 piration. Ammonia vapor, black coffee enema, hori- 
 zontal position with clothing removed, catheteriza- 
 tion, external heat, cold acid drinks. 
 
 lodin. Symptoms : Gastrointestinal irritant, colored 
 vomitus. 
 
 Treatment : Starch water with lavage, flour, gelatin, 
 albumen. 
 
 Lead. Acute symptoms : Vomiting and colic, collapse. 
 Treatment : Emetics, lavage. Magnesium Sulphate, 
 external heat and cardiac stimulants. 
 
 Nitroglycerin, see Amyl Nitrite. 
 
 Phosphorus. Acute symptoms : Vomiting and abdom- 
 inal pain, collapse. 
 
 Treatment : Emetics and lavage (Potassium Per- 
 manganate I : 6000), saline purge. 
 
 Strychnin and Nux Vomica, see page 25. 
 
 Veratrum Viride, see page 32. 
 
PART IV 
 
 COMMON FORMULA 
 
 A. B. C. Diuretic (Mistura Diuretica) 
 A half-an-ounce dose contains 
 Potassium Acetate, gr.viiss 
 Potassium Bicarbonate, gr.viiss 
 Potassium Citrate, gr.viiss 
 
 Alum Acetate Liquor 
 
 Aluminum Sulphate, Glacial Acetic Acid, Calcium 
 Carbonate and Distilled Water. 
 
 Anti-Alcoholic Mixture (Mistura Chloralis Composita) 
 A half-ounce dose contains 
 Chloral, gr.xv 
 Morphin Sulphate, gr. ^ 
 Tr. of Hyoscyamus, m.xxx 
 Ginger and Capsicum 
 
 Basham's Mixture 
 
 One drachm contains approximately 
 Tincture Ferric Chlorid, m.iiss 
 Dilute Acetic Acid, m.iiiss 
 Liquor Ammonium Acetate, m.xxx 
 Aromatic Elixir, m.vii 
 Glycerin, m.vii 
 Water, m.x 
 Dose, dr.ii+ 
 
 S9 
 
60 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 Blaud's Pills 
 
 Iron Sulphate, gr.iiss 
 Potassium Carbonate, gr.iiss 
 
 Brown Mixture (Compound Glycyrrhiza Mixture) 
 One ounce contains 
 Extract of Licorice, gr.xv 
 Acacia, gr.xv 
 Paregoric, dr.i 
 Wine of Antimony, m.xxx 
 Spts. of Nitrous Ether, m.xv 
 Water and Syrup 
 Dose, dr.i to oz.i 
 
 Bronchitis Tablets (Delafield) 
 One tablet contains 
 Extract of Belladonna Leaf, gr. -^rf 
 Dover's Powder, gr. ^-^ 
 Pulverized Ipecac, gr. jV 
 Quinin Sulphate, gr. ^ 
 
 C. C. Pills (Compound Cathartic) 
 One pill contains 
 
 Extract of Colocynth (Compound), gr. i^ 
 Calomel, gr.i 
 Resin of Jalap, gr. 1 
 Powdered Gamboge, gr. ^ 
 
 Citrate of Magnesia 
 One bottle contains 
 Magnesium Carbonate, i6o grains 
 Citric Acid, 320 grains 
 Oil of Lemon, few drops 
 Sugar and Water, 12 ounces 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 6 1 
 
 Chloroform Liniment 
 
 Chloroform, Laudanum, or Camphor or Almond 
 Oil. 
 
 Compound Licorice Powder 
 
 One drachm contains 
 Powdered Sugar, gr.xxx 
 Oil of Fennel, m. J 
 Washed Sulphur, gr.v 
 Powdered Senna, gr.xss 
 Powdered Licorice, gr.xiv 
 Dose, dr.ss to ii 
 
 Dobell's Solution 
 
 Sodium Borate (Borax), dr.ii 
 Sodium Bicarbonate, dr.ii 
 Glycerin, dr.iv 
 Carbolic Acid, m.xx 
 Distilled Water, q. s. ad oz.xvi 
 
 Imperial Drink (Haustus " Cremor Tartari ") 
 Potassium Bitartrate, i6o grains 
 Spirit of Lemons, 1 5 minims 
 Syrup, 3^^ ounces 
 Water, q. s. ad 32 ounces 
 
 Red Wash 
 
 Zinc Sulphate, 10 grains 
 Tincture of Lavender, 2 drachms 
 Water, q. s. ad 4 ounces 
 
 Rhinitis Capsules 
 
 One capsule contains 
 
 Extract of Pulverized Belladonna, gr. ^ 
 
 Quinin Sulphate, gr.ii 
 
 Camphor, gr.ii 
 
62 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 Rhubarb and Soda Mixture 
 One drachm contains 
 Sodium Bicarbonate, gr.ii 
 Fid. Ext. Rhubarb, m.ii 
 (Fid. Ext. Ipecac) 
 Glycerin, m.viii 
 Spirits of Peppermint, m.ii 
 Water, m.xlvi 
 Dose, dr4+ 
 
 Seidlitz Powders (Compound Effervescing Powder) 
 Sodium Bicarbonate, 45 grains and 
 Potassium-Sodium Tartrate (Rochelle Salt), 117 
 grains in each blue paper 
 Tartaric Acid, 34 grains in each white paper 
 
 Stokes' Expectorant 
 
 One drachm dose contains 
 Ammonium Carbonate, gr.i 
 Fid. Ext. Senega, m.ii 
 Fid. Ext. Squill, m.ii 
 Paregoric, m.xi 
 Syrup of Tolu 
 Water 
 
 Thiersch's Solution (Liquor Boro-Salicylicus) 
 Salicylic Acid, gr. xv 
 Boric Acid, gr.xc 
 Water, q. s. ad oz.xvi 
 
 Triple Phosphates (Elixir Ferri, Phosphatis, Quininse 
 et Strychninse) 
 
 One drachm dose contains about 
 Iron Phosphate, gr.ii 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 63 
 
 Potassium Citrate 
 Quinin Hydrochlorate, gr.i 
 Strychnin Sulphate, gr. j-^ 
 Alcohol 
 
 Distilled Water 
 Aromatic Elixir 
 Dose, dr.i to ii 
 
 Warburg's Tincture 
 
 One drachm contains 
 Purified Aloes, gr.ii 
 Rhubarb, gr. i 
 Angelica Root, gr. i 
 Sweet Flag, gr. J 
 Fennel, gr. J 
 Gentian, gr. ^ 
 Cubeb, gr. | 
 Myrrh, gr. | 
 Elecampane, gr. ^ 
 White Boletus, gr. ^ 
 Curcuma, gr. ^ 
 Camphor, gr. ^ 
 Quinin, gr. i| 
 Alcohol, m.xxxv 
 Water, m.xv 
 
 LATIN PHRASES AND ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 aa. 
 
 ana 
 
 of each 
 
 a. c. 
 
 ante cibum 
 
 before meals 
 
 ad 
 
 ad 
 
 to, up to 
 
 ad lib. 
 
 ad libitum 
 
 at pleasure 
 
64 
 
 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 alb. 
 
 albus 
 
 white 
 
 alt. 
 
 alter 
 
 the other 
 
 alt. hor. 
 
 alternis horis 
 
 every other hour 
 
 alt. noc. 
 
 alterna nocte 
 
 every other night 
 
 aq. 
 
 aqua 
 
 water 
 
 aq. calc. 
 
 aqua calcis 
 
 lime water 
 
 aq. dest. 
 
 aqua destillata 
 
 distilled water 
 
 aq. pur. 
 
 aqua pura 
 
 pure water 
 
 b. i. d. 
 
 bis in die 
 
 twice a day 
 
 c. 
 
 cum 
 
 with 
 
 c. c. 
 
 centimeter cubicum 
 
 cubic centimeter 
 
 comp. 
 
 compositus 
 
 compound 
 
 dil. 
 
 dilutus 
 
 dilute 
 
 div. in p. seq. 
 
 dividatur in partes 
 
 Let it be divided 
 
 
 sequales 
 
 into equal parts 
 
 dr. 
 
 drachma 
 
 a drachm (60 
 grains) 
 
 et 
 
 et 
 
 and 
 
 ext. 
 
 extractum 
 
 extract 
 
 F. 
 
 
 Fahrenheit 
 
 fl. 
 
 fluidus 
 
 fluid 
 
 fol. 
 
 folia 
 
 leaves 
 
 garg. 
 
 gargarisma 
 
 a gargle 
 
 gm. 
 
 gramma 
 
 a gramme 
 
 gr- 
 
 granum 
 
 a grain 
 
 gtt. 
 
 gutta 
 
 a drop 
 
 h. 
 
 hora 
 
 hour 
 
 hor. 
 
 hora 
 
 hour 
 
 infus. 
 
 infusum 
 
 an infusion 
 
 inject. 
 
 injectio 
 
 an injection 
 
 K. 
 
 Kalium 
 
 Potassium 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 
 
 65 
 
 lac. 
 
 Lac, lactis 
 
 milk, of milk 
 
 lb. 
 
 libra 
 
 a pound 
 
 liq. 
 
 liquor 
 
 a solution 
 
 lot. 
 
 lotio 
 
 a lotion 
 
 M 
 
 Misce 
 
 mix 
 
 m. 
 
 minimum 
 
 a minim 
 
 min. 
 
 minimum 
 
 a minim 
 
 mist. 
 
 mistura 
 
 mixture 
 
 mol. 
 
 mollis 
 
 soft 
 
 nig. 
 
 niger 
 
 black 
 
 no. 
 
 numero 
 
 in number 
 
 noct. 
 
 nocte 
 
 at night 
 
 O. 
 
 octarius 
 
 a pint 
 
 ol. 
 
 oleum 
 
 an oil 
 
 0. h. 
 
 omni hora 
 
 every hour 
 
 0. m. 
 
 omni mane 
 
 every morning 
 
 0. n. 
 
 omni nocte 
 
 every night 
 
 OS 
 
 OS 
 
 the mouth 
 
 OZ. 
 
 uncia 
 
 an ounce 
 
 p. r. n. 
 
 pro re nata 
 
 occasionally, as 
 ■ needed 
 
 p. c. 
 
 post cibum 
 
 after meals 
 
 per 
 
 per 
 
 through, by means 
 of 
 
 per OS 
 
 
 by mouth 
 
 per rectum 
 
 
 by rectum 
 
 pulv. 
 
 pulvis 
 
 powder 
 
 q.h. 
 
 quaqua hora 
 
 every hour 
 
 q. S. 
 
 quantum sufficit 
 
 as much as is 
 sufficient 
 
 R. 
 
 recipe 
 
 take 
 
66 
 
 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 rad. 
 
 radix 
 
 
 root 
 
 rub. 
 
 ruber 
 
 
 red 
 
 sem. 
 
 semen 
 
 
 seed 
 
 S. 0. s. 
 
 si opus sit 
 
 
 if necessary 
 
 sp. gr. 
 
 
 
 specific gravity 
 
 s. 
 
 sine 
 
 
 without 
 
 ss. 
 
 semissis 
 
 
 a half 
 
 sol. 
 
 solutio 
 
 
 a solution 
 
 spt. 
 
 spiritus 
 
 
 a spirit 
 
 Stat. 
 
 statim 
 
 
 immediately 
 
 s. f. 
 
 spiritus frumenti 
 
 whisky 
 
 s. V. r. 
 
 spiritus vini 
 
 recti- 
 
 
 
 ficatus 
 
 
 alcohol 
 
 S. V. g. 
 
 spiritus vini 
 
 gallici 
 
 brandy 
 
 syr. 
 
 syrup 
 
 
 a syrup 
 
 t. i. d. 
 
 ter in die 
 
 
 thrice daily 
 
 tr. 
 
 tinctura 
 
 
 tincture 
 
 troch. 
 
 trochiscus 
 
 
 a lozenge 
 
 ung. 
 
 unguentum 
 
 
 an ointment 
 
 vin. 
 
 vinum 
 
 
 wine 
 
PART V 
 
 ANTITOXINS, VACCINES AND SERA 
 
 Toxins are specific poisons produced by bacterial 
 growth in suitable media, and when circulating in the 
 organism they are the immediate causes of the acute 
 infectious diseases. 
 
 Those constantly associated with certain infectious 
 diseases are, notably, Tetanus, Diphtheria, Cholera, 
 Pneimionia, Erysipelas and Typhoid. 
 
 Antitoxins are supposititious substances believed to 
 be produced by the cells of the blood or tissue for the 
 defense of the organism against foreign bacterial toxins. 
 
 Antitoxic Sera are composed of blood serum con- 
 taining antitoxin produced therein by the cells of the 
 organism as a result of the repeated injection of a 
 toxin into the tissues of the animal from which the 
 serum is taken. 
 
 An Antitoxic Unit is generally recognized as the 
 quantity of an antitoxic serum which will counteract 
 a definite amount of toxin in a guinea pig. 
 
 Bacterial Vaccines are suspensions of killed bacteria 
 in sterile salt solution. Generally speaking vaccines are 
 composed either of the bacteria themselves unchanged, 
 except in so far as they are affected by the heat used 
 in killing them, or by pulverization, or are some deriva- 
 tive of the bacterial cell. (Tuberculin, for instance, is 
 a vaccine of the tubercle bacilli) 
 
 67 
 
68 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 The treatment of diseases due to pathogenic microbes, 
 by the toxic products, is based upon the theory that these 
 germs produce substances in their culture media which 
 are hostile to their own life. (By culture media is meant 
 substances used for cultivating bacteria.) 
 
 In 1 89 1 the following law was formulated by Behring : 
 
 "The blood serum of an animal which has been 
 artificially rendered immune against a certain infectious 
 disease, when injected into the body of another animal, 
 has power to protect the latter individual against the 
 same disease and to cure the disease after infection 
 has occurred." 
 
 The fact of spontaneous recovery from infectious 
 disease indicates that the body has the power to im- 
 munize itself against the bacteria and the bacterial 
 products which are its cause. This faith in such im- 
 munizing ability is shown in the present method em- 
 ployed in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, of 
 placing the patient under the best conditions of hygiene 
 and trusting for the cure to the inherent power of the 
 body. 
 
 The only real success in securing protection against, 
 and in the cure of diseases produced by microorganisms, 
 is now known to be based upon the artificial direction 
 of the body's own immunizing ability, by means of re- 
 moving obstacles to its action, of furnishing the appro- 
 priate stimulus when such is lacking, or by the addition 
 to the blood stream of specific substances which the 
 body itself produces, but not in sufficient quantity to 
 be effective in the production of a state of immunity 
 against the infection under which it is struggling. 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 69 
 
 In protection against typhoid, for instance, the use 
 of typhoid vaccine induces the protective mechanism 
 to fortify the blood with elements that are calculated 
 to destroy typhoid bacilli when they enter the body. 
 Quite the same elements appear to be responsible for 
 the recovery from the disease. A good example of 
 success in following nature's lines of treatment in the 
 cure of disease is that obtained in the treatment of 
 diphtheria by antitoxin. Here we furnish, at a time 
 when the body may be lacking in ability to neutralize 
 the toxin of diphtheria, a substance, which is known to 
 neutralize diphtheria poison and render it inert. The 
 remarkable reduction in the mortality in diphtheria 
 attests the efficacy of this measure. Not only has the 
 mortality been reduced, but there has been an extraor- • 
 dinary decrease in the severity of symptoms. The 
 prophylactic or immunizing dose in diphtheria is from 
 500 to 1000 units. 
 
 Immunity is freedom from risk of infection. There 
 are two kinds. Active and Passive. 
 
 Active Immunity may be caused by recovery from 
 a natural attack of an infectious disease, or it may be 
 caused by the use of a vaccine which may be composed 
 of living cultures of pathogenic bacteria of diminished 
 or altered virulence, or of bacteria that have been killed 
 by heat. An example of the use of a living vaccine is 
 Vaccination. For this method is used a culture of the 
 smallpox organism that has been modified by passage 
 through calves (by inoculation). This modification is 
 of such a nature that it has lost its power of producing 
 the general disease, smallpox, but it has retained that 
 
^0 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 of causing a local disease, vaccinia, or cowpox, other- 
 wise similar in nature. It appears here that through 
 the stimulus which this mild disease furnishes, the cells 
 of the body have derived an increased power to resist 
 infection of smallpox. Here, then, has been made use 
 of the body's own methods of protection against disease. 
 
 Another example of the production of active immu- 
 nity by the use of a vaccine is the treatment for Rabies 
 (Hydrophobia). The organism of this disease is un- 
 known, but the virus occurs in the brain, and emulsions 
 of this substance are used for inoculation. Rabbits, 
 are inoculated with this and their infected spinal cords 
 are dried and used as a vaccine. This, in gradually 
 increasing degrees of virulence, is given to patients, 
 ■ depending on the time in which the drying has gone 
 on. (Drying removes the virulence after a time.) 
 
 Passive Immunity, or Antitoxic Immunity, is con- 
 ferred in experimentation by injecting into a susceptible 
 animal the serum of one which has acquired an active 
 immunity to the disease in question. Active immunity 
 takes some time, but passive immunity is established as 
 soon as the serum has become mixed with the blood of 
 the person or animal injected. Hence in severe infec- 
 tions our best hope is in the production of passive 
 immunity. Passive immunity is of brief duration. In 
 general terms the duration is three to six weeks. 
 
 All the Antitoxins cause passive immunity. 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS J I 
 
 USES OF ANTITOXINS, VACCINES 
 AND SERA 
 
 Antistaphyloccic sera and vaccines have been pre- 
 pared from virulent cultures derived from severe boils 
 and carbuncles, and are sometimes used with benefit. 
 
 Antistreptoccic sera and vaccines have been of great 
 use in Erysipelas and other infections. 
 
 In Bacilli Coli infections (Cystitis, etc.) the vaccine 
 treatment has met with remarkable success. 
 
 For Cholera, vaccines have been used with strikingly 
 good results. The immunity afforded by the preventive 
 inoculations lasts for a year. The value of the method 
 has been proved to the full, particularly in India, where 
 it has been used to a large extent. 
 
 Diphtheria antitoxin treatment has been demon- 
 strated to be of the greatest value. The sole preventive 
 treatment in actual use consists in the use of compara- 
 tively small doses of antitoxin. The protection which 
 it confers is usually a strong one, but exceptions have 
 been known. It lasts about a month. (See page 69.) 
 
 In Gonococcic infections vaccine treatment has been 
 of the greatest possible value, and results are usually 
 beneficial in the extreme. 
 
 In Meningococcic infections serum from convales- 
 cent cases of meningitis is sometimes used, and there 
 have been excellent results in some instances. 
 
 Vaccines have been used in Pneumococcal Septi- 
 caemia with good results. In acute pneumonia vaccine 
 treatment has been used in a very satisfactory manner, 
 and the general condition of patients has improved. It 
 
72 NURSES HANDBOOK OF 
 
 has been of especial value in unresolved consolidation, 
 which often clears up after its use. 
 
 Plague Sera have been prepared and used in the 
 treatment of the disease with very favorable results. 
 It appears that no other treatment available has been 
 so successful. The results from the preventive treat- 
 ment have not been so successful, but of the value of 
 the method there can be no doubt, and statistics prove 
 clearly that the treatment (by a vaccine) lowers the 
 likelihood of infection and also the case-mortality. 
 
 The treatment of Rabies or Hydrophobia by vac- 
 cines has shown remarkable results. There are several 
 methods, but whatever the method the value of the 
 process cannot be doubted. Active immunization ap- 
 pears necessary, because of the long period of incubation 
 (one week to two months or longer) and the localization 
 of the virus in the nerves. After the bite of a rabid 
 animal the probability of the patient's developing the 
 disease depends upon the severity of the bite, its posi- 
 tion (that is, whether in regions rich in nerves or the 
 reverse), and on whether the bite is through clothing, 
 so that some of the virus is wiped from the teeth. (See 
 page 70.) 
 
 Results of the experiments in the treatment and 
 prevention of Syphilis by sera or vaccines have been 
 unsuccessful as a rule. 
 
 Tetanus antitoxin is of great value as a prophylactic 
 agent and it is of some value in chronic tetanus, that is, 
 in the form with mild symptoms developing after a long 
 period of incubation. Dose, 5 to 10 c. c. 
 
 Concerning a Tubercle antitoxin, nothing really 
 
DRUGS AND SOLUTIONS 73 
 
 definite is known. The Tuberculin Reaction is chiefly 
 used for rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis, and its main 
 value is that it enables a negative diagnosis to be made 
 with some degree of confidence, and is the only agent 
 that will do so. 
 
 Tuberculin vaccines are sometimes used for com- 
 bating the disease. Results have been favorable in 
 conferring a certain amount of increased resistance. 
 
 In Typhoid P"ever a natural attack will confer im- 
 munity, which probably has a duration of several years. 
 Immunity due to preventive inoculation is thought to 
 last six months at least. Curative treatment by serum 
 or vaccines has not been satisfactory. The preventive 
 treatment by the use of vaccines has been shown to 
 confer a real though not absolute protection against 
 an attack, and to be of still more value in diminishing 
 the mortality rate among those attacked. (See page 69.) 
 
INDEX 
 
 Abbreviations, 63-66 
 
 A. B. C. Diuretic, 22, 47, 59 
 
 A. B. & S. Pills, 48 
 
 Acacia Gum, 7 
 
 Accumulative Action, Modifying 
 
 Dosage, 10 
 Acetanilid, i, 22, 43 
 
 Antidote, 55 
 Acetate, Lead, 18, 52 
 
 Potassium, 47 
 Acetic Acid, 3, 23, 54 
 
 Antidote, 55 
 Acetphenetidin, 44 
 Acetum (Vinegar), 54 
 Acids, 2, 4, 6, 23, 54 
 
 Acetic, 3, 23, 54 
 Antidote, 55 
 
 Benzoic, 6 
 
 Boracic, 20 
 
 Boric, 20 
 
 Carbolic, 3, 19, 20, 22, 45 
 Antidote, 56 
 
 Hydriodic, 51 
 
 Hydrochloric, 23, 55 
 Antidote, 56 
 
 Hydrocyanic, 2, 23, 55 
 Antidote, 56 
 
 Muriatic, 55 
 
 Nitric, 23, 55 
 Antidote, 56 
 
 Oxalic, Antidote, 56 
 
 Picric, 22, 45 
 
 Prussic, 55 
 Antidote, 56 
 
 Salicylic, 22, 46 
 
 Sulphuric, 23, 55 
 Antidote, 56 
 
 Tannic, z, 23, 54, 55 
 Aconite, i, 2, 3, 5, 21, 30 
 
 Antidote, 31 
 Aconitin, 30 
 
 Administration, Modifying 
 
 Dosage, 10 
 Adrenalin, 2, 6, 21, 26, 27 
 Alcohol, I, 3,'4, 5, 6, 21, 32, 33 
 
 Antidote, 56 
 Alcoholic Beverages, 33, 34 
 Ale, 34 
 
 Alkalies, Antidote, 57 
 Alkaline Solutions, 6 
 Alkaloidal Hypnotics, 22 
 Alkaloids, 22, 24, 30, 36, 39, 41, 
 
 etc. 
 Aloes, 3, 48 
 Alteratives, i, 23, 49 
 Alum (Aluminum), 2, 4, 6, 18, 23, 
 
 51.54 
 Alum Acetate, 2, 18 
 Alum Acetate Liquor, 59 
 Ammonia, Aqua, 4, 6 
 
 Antidote, 57 
 Ammonal, 22, 44 
 Ammonium Carbonate, 4 
 Ammonium Chlorid, 4 
 Amylene Hydrate, 21, 38 
 Amyl Nitrite, 21, 29 
 
 Antidote, 29 
 Analgesics, i 
 Anesthesia, Surgical, 35 
 Anesthetics, 1, 3, 5 
 
 Antidote, 57 
 Anodyne, Hoffman's, 21, 35 
 Anodynes, i, 5 
 Anti-Alcoholic Mixture, 59 
 Antidotes, >:, 55-58 
 Antikamnia, 22, 44 
 Antimony, 23, 52 
 Antiperiodics, 2 
 Antipyretics, 2, 22, 43 
 Antipyrin, 22, 44 
 Antiseptics, 2, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 
 43. 44> 53 
 
 75 
 
76 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Antispasmodics, 2, 23, 54 
 Antitoxic Unit, 67 
 Antitoxins, 67 
 Aperients, 22, 48 
 Apocynum, 22, 47 
 Apomorphin, 4, 38 
 Apothecaries' Weight, 11 
 Application of Drugs, 8, 9 
 Approximate Equivalents, 12 
 Aqua (Water), 6 
 Aqua Ammonia, 6 
 Aristol, 51 • 
 
 Arsenic, i, 2, 4, 6, 23, 49, 52 
 
 Antidote, 50 
 Arsenous Trioxid, 49 
 Artery Constrictors, 21, 24 
 Artery Dilators, 21, 28 
 Asafetida, 2, 3, 23, 54 
 Aspirin, 22, 44 
 Astringents, 2, 23, 27, 53 
 Atropin, i, 5, 22, 39 
 
 Antidote, 40 
 
 Bariey, 3 
 
 Basham's Mixture, 50, 59 
 
 Beer, 34 
 
 Belladonna, i, 2, 5, 39, 54 
 
 Antidote, 40 
 Benzoate, Sodium, 27 
 Benzoic Acid, 6 
 Benzoin, 4, 22, 44 
 Beverages, Alcoholic, 21, 33, 34 
 Bichlorid of Mercury, 3, 19, 53 
 
 Antidote, 57 
 Bile, 3, 48 
 Bismuth, 2, 23, 52 
 
 Subgallate, 23, 53 
 
 Subnitrate, 23, 53 
 Blaud's Pills, 50, 60 
 Blue Mass, 48, 53 
 
 Ointment, 53 
 Bluestone, 52 
 Boracic Acid, 20 
 Boric Acid, 20 
 Brandy (Spr. Vin. Gall.), 33 
 Bromids, 2, 3, 5, 22, 43 
 Bronchitis Tablets, 60 
 Broom Plant, 46 
 Brown Mixture, 60 
 
 Caffein, 2, 4, 5, 21, 22, 27 
 
 Antidote, 27 
 Calabar Bean, 42 
 Calcium Chlorid, 23, 51 
 Calomel, 3, 4, 48, 53 
 Camphor, 3, 4, 21, 28 
 
 Cerate, 6 
 Camphorated Tincture of Opium, 
 
 37 
 Camphor-Phenol, 22, 46 
 Canadian Hemp, 47 
 Cantharides, 5 
 Capsicum (Pepper), 5, 6 
 Carbolic Acid, 2, 3, 19, 20, 22, 45 
 
 Antidote, 56 
 Carbonate, Creosote, 53 
 Cardiac Sedatives, 2, 21, 30 
 Cardiac Stimulants, 2, 21, 24 
 Carminatives, 3 
 Carton OU, 20 
 Cascara, 48 
 Castor Oil, 48 
 Cathartics, 3, 22, 23, 48, 60 
 C. C. puis, 48, 60 
 Cerate (Ceratum), 6 
 
 Camphor, 6 
 Cerebral Depressants, 3 
 
 Stimulants, 24 
 Cerium, 23, 52 
 Champagne, 34 
 Children, Dosage for, 9 
 Chloral, i, 2, 3, 5, 21, 38, 54 
 
 Antidote, 38 
 Chloral Hydrate, see Chloral 
 Chloralamid, 21, 38 
 Chlorid, Calcium, 23, 51 
 
 Ferric, 6 
 
 Mild Mercurous, 48 
 
 of Lime, 3, 18 
 Chloroform, I, 6, 21, 35 
 
 Antidote, 57 
 
 Liniment, 61 
 Cholagogues, 3 
 
 Purgative, 23, 48 
 Cholera, 71 
 Citrate, Caffein, 27 
 
 of Magnesia, 4, 60 
 
 Potassium, 47 
 Classification of Drugs, 21-23 
 Coal-Tar Products, 2, 22, 43 
 
INDEX 
 
 77 
 
 Cocain, i, 5 
 
 Antidote, 57 
 Codein, 21, 36 
 Cod-liver Oil, i, 4, 7 
 Coffee, 4, 27 
 Colchicum, i, 21, 32 
 Comp. Cathartic Pills, 48, 60 
 
 Effervescing Powders, 47, 62 
 
 Glycyrrhiza Mixture, 60 
 
 Licorice Powder, 61 
 
 Spirits of Ether, 35 
 Constrictors, Artery, 21, 24 
 
 Eye. S 
 Convallaria, 4 
 Copper, 23, 52 
 Corrosive Sublimate, 53, 57 
 Counter-irritants, 5 
 Creolin, 2, 3, 22, 45 
 Creosote, 22, 23, 45 
 Creosote Carbonate, 53 
 Croton OU, 48 
 Cubic Centimeter, 11 
 Cystitis, 7 1 
 
 Deadly Nightshade, 39 
 Decoction, 6 
 Definitions, 1-8 
 Demulcents, 3 
 Deodorized Opium, 37 
 Depressants, Cerebral, 
 
 Heart, 2, 21, 30 
 
 Motor, 22, 42 
 
 Respiratory, 5, 22, 42 
 Dessertspoonful, 12 
 Diaphoretics, 3, 22, 46 
 Digitalis, 2, 4, 21, 25 
 
 Antidote, 26 
 Dilators, Artery, 21, 28 
 
 Pupil of Eye, s 
 Diphtheria, 69, 7 1 
 Disinfectants, 3 
 
 Excreta, 18, 19, 20 
 
 Instruments, 19, 20 
 
 Linen, 19, 20 
 Diuretics, 4, 22, 46 
 Diuretic, A. B. C, 22, 47 
 Diuretin, 47 
 Dobell's Solution, 61 
 Dosage, Estimation of, 16, 17 
 
 Modification of, 9, 10 
 
 Dover's Powder, 37 
 Drachm, 11 
 
 Drastic Purgatives, 23, 48 
 Dressings, Antiseptic, 18 
 Drugs, Application of, 8, 9 
 
 Classification of, 21-23 
 
 Preparation of, 6-8 
 
 Ecbolics, 4 
 Elaterin, 3, 48 
 Electricity, 5 
 Elixir, 6 
 
 Ferri, Phosphatis, Quininae et 
 Strychnina;, 62 
 Emetics, 4 
 Emetic, Tartar, 4 
 Emmenagogues, 4 
 Emulsion, 7 
 
 Emulsum Olei Morrhuae, 7 
 Equivalents, 12 
 Ergot, 4 
 
 Erysipelas, 67, 71 
 Eserin, 5, 22, 42 
 
 Antidote, 43 
 Ether, i, 3,4, 5,6, 21, 34 
 
 Antidote, 35, 57 
 
 Comp. Spirits of, 35 
 
 Nitrous, 21, 35 
 Examples of Solution Problems, 
 
 14-18 
 Excitants, 4 
 Expectorants, 4 
 Extract, 7 
 Eye, Contraction of, 5 
 
 Dilatation of, 5 
 
 Ferric Chlorid, 6 
 Ferrous lodid, 50 
 Ferrum (Iron), 50, 52 
 Fever, Reduction of, 2 
 Figs, 48 
 Fire, 3 
 
 Fish Poison, Antidote, 58 
 Flaxseed, 3 
 Fluid Extract, 7 
 Formaldehyd, 3, 19 
 
 Antidote, 58 
 Formalin, 19 
 Formulae, 59-63 
 Fowler's Solution, 49 
 
78 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Foxglove, 25 
 Fruit, Stewed, 48 
 Fumigation, 19 
 
 Gargles, 18, 19 
 Gas, Illuminating, 58 
 
 Nitrous Oxid, i 
 Gastric Sedatives, 18 
 Gastric Tonics, 6 
 Gelatin, 3 
 Gin, 34 
 Ginger, 3, 5 
 Glacial Acetic Acid, 54 
 Glassful, 12 
 Glonoin, Spirits of, 28 
 Glycerin, 3, 48 
 Glycerite, 7 
 Gold (Aurum), 23, 52 
 Gonorrhoea, 71 
 Grain, 11, 12 
 Gramme, 1 1 
 Gray Powder, 48 
 Guiacol, 22, 45 
 Gum Acacia, 7 
 
 Habituation, Modifying Dosage, 
 
 ID 
 
 Haustus Cremor Tartar!, 61 
 Heart Depressants, 2, 21, 30 
 Heart Stimulants, 2, 21, 24 
 Hedonal, 21, 39 
 Hellebore, 31 
 Hematinics, 4 
 Hemoglobin, 4 
 Hemostatics, 6, 26, 27 
 Hemp, Canadian, 47 
 Henbane, 41 
 Heroin, 21,36 
 Hoffman's Anodyne, 21, 35 
 Homatropin, 5 
 Honey, 3 
 Hydrargyrum, 53 
 Hydriodic Acid, 51 
 Hydrocarbon Narcotics, 21, 32 
 Hydrochloric Acid, 23, 55 
 
 Antidote, 56 
 Hydrocyanic Acid, 2, 23, 55 
 
 Antidote, 56 
 Hydrogen Peroxid, z, 19 
 Hydrophobia, 70, 72 
 
 Hyoscin, 5, 22, 41 
 Hyoscyamus, 22, 41 
 Hypnotics, 3, 5, 21, 22, 38 
 Alkaloidal, 22 
 
 Idiosyncrasy, Modifying Dosage, 
 
 10 
 Immunity, Modifying Dosage, 10 
 Imperial Drink, 61 
 Infusion, 7 
 
 Intestinal Antiseptics, 23, 53 
 Intestinal Astringents, 23, 53 
 lodid. Ferrous, 50 
 
 Potassium, 51 
 
 Thymol, 51 
 locUn, I, 2, s, 23, so 
 
 Antidote, 58 
 Iodoform, 51 
 Ipecac, 4 
 
 Iron (Ferrum), 4, 23, 50, 52, 53 
 Irrigations, 19, 20 
 
 Jaborandi, 47 
 Jalap, Comp., 48 
 
 Kilo, II 
 
 Kilogramme, 11 
 Kumyss, 34 
 
 Lard, 6, 8 
 
 Latin Abbreviations, 63-66 
 
 Laudanum, 21, 36 
 
 Antidote, 37 
 Laxatives, 22, 48 
 Lead (Plumbum), 23, 52 
 
 Antidote, 58 
 
 Acetate, 52 
 Licorice, 4 
 
 Comp. Powder, 48, 61 
 Lime, 2, 18 
 
 Chlorid, 3 
 
 Water, 18, 20 
 Liniment, 7 
 
 Belladonna, 7, 40 
 
 Chloroform, 61 
 
 Lime, 20 
 Linseed Oil, 20 
 Liquor (Solution), 7 
 
 Boro-Salicylicus, 62 
 
 Calcis, 7 
 
INDEX 
 
 79 
 
 Liter, 12 
 
 Local Anesthetic, i 
 Local Anodyne, i 
 Local Sedatives, 7 
 Lysol, i!, 3, 18, 22, 45 
 
 Magnesia, 48 
 
 Salts, 49 
 Magnesium Citrate, 4, 60 
 Majendi's Sol. of Morphin, 37 
 Manganese, 23, 53 
 Meadow Saffron, 32 
 Measures, j i 
 Meningitis, 71 
 Menstruation, Restoring, 4 
 Menthol, 1 
 Mercury, 23, 53 
 
 Antidote, 57 
 
 Bichlorid, 3, 19, 53 
 Metals, 23, 51 
 Meter, 11 
 Metric System, 11 
 Migranin, 22, 44 
 Minim, 11, 12 
 
 Fraction of, 17 
 Mistura Chloralis Composita, 59 
 Mistura Diuretica, 59 
 Mixture (Mistura), 8 
 
 Anti-Alcoholic, 59 
 
 Brown, 60 
 
 Basham's, 50, 59 
 
 Comp. Glycyrrhiza, 60 
 
 Rhubarb and Soda, 62 
 Modification of Dosage, 9 
 Monkshood, 30 
 Morphin, 21, 22, 36 
 
 Antidote, 37 
 Morrhuae, Oleum, 7 
 Motor Depressants, 22, 42 
 Muriatic Acid, 55 
 Mustard (Sinapis), 3, 4, 5 
 Mydriatics, 5 
 Myotics, 5 
 
 Naphthol, 2 
 
 Narcotics, 3, 5, 21, 32, 36 
 
 Nicotin, 5 
 
 Nitrate, Silver, 53, 54 
 
 Nitre, Sweet Spirits, 21, 29 
 
 Nitric Acid, 23, 55 
 
 Antidote, 56 
 Nitrite, Amy), 29 
 
 Sodium, 29 
 Nitroglycerin, 2, 21, 28 
 
 Antidote, 29, 57 
 Nitrous Ether, 21, 35 
 Nitrous Oxid, I 
 Normal Saline, 13 
 Norwood's Tincture, 31 
 Nux Vomica, i, 6, 24, 25 
 
 Antidote, 25 
 
 Oleum MorrhuEe, 7 , 
 Oleum Ricini, 48 
 
 TigUi, 48 
 Olive Oil, 3, 48 
 Oil, Carron, 20 
 
 Castor, 48 
 
 Cod-liver, i, 4, 7 
 
 Croton, 48 
 
 Linseed, 3 
 
 Olive, 48 • 
 
 of Peppermint, 3 
 
 of Rue, 4 
 Oils, Volatile, i 
 Ointment (Unguentum), 8 
 
 Blue, 53 
 Opium, I, 2, 3, 5, 21, 23, 36, 53, 54 
 
 Antidote, 37 
 
 Group, 21, 36 
 Ounce, II 
 
 Oxalic Acid, Antidote, 56 
 Oxid, Nitrous, i 
 
 Zinc, 1 
 
 Yellow, 53 
 Oxytocics, 4 
 
 Paraldehyd, 5, 21, 39 
 Paregoric, 21, 36 
 
 Antidote, 37 
 Pepper (Capsicum), 6 
 Peppermint, 3 
 Pepsin, 6 
 Permanganate, Potassium, z, 3, 
 
 18, S3 
 Peroxid of Hydrogen, 2, 8, 19 
 Petrolatum, 6 
 Phenacetin, i, 22, 44 
 Antidote, 58 
 
8o 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Phenol, I, 5, 19, 20, 45 
 Phenol-Camphor, 22, 46 
 Phosphorus, I 
 
 Antidote, 58 
 Phosphate, Sodium, 23, 51 
 Physostigma, 42 
 Picric Acid, 22, 45 
 Pilocarpin, 2, 3, 5, 22, 47 
 Pills, A. B. &rS., 48 
 
 Blaud's 50, 60 
 
 C. C, 48, 60 
 Pint, II 
 Plague, 72 
 Plumbum (Lead), 52 
 Pneumonia, 71 
 Podophyllum, 3, 48 
 Poisoning, Antidotes for, 55 
 Poppy, 36 
 Porter, 34 
 Potassium, 2, 4, 6, 49 
 
 Acetate, 22, 47 
 
 Bicarbonate and Citrate, 47 
 
 Arsenate, 49 
 
 Citrate, 22, 47 
 
 lodid, 2, 51 
 
 Permanganate, 2, 3, 18, 53 
 
 and Sodium Tartrate, 22, 47 
 Pound, II 
 Powder, Dover's, 37 
 
 Gray, 48 
 
 Comp. Licorice, 48, 61 
 
 Seidlitz, 22, 47, 62 
 Preparations of Drugs, 6-8 
 Problems, Solution, 14-18 
 Prunes, 48 
 Prussic Acid, 55 
 
 Antidote, 56 
 Ptomaine Poisoning, 58 
 Pulsatilla, 4 
 Purgatives, 3, 22, 23, 48, 49 
 
 Quart, II, 12 
 Quicksilver, 53 
 Quinin, 2, 4 
 
 Rabies, 70, 72 
 
 Recovery from Anesthesia, 35 
 
 Red Wash, 61 
 
 Red Wine, 34 
 
 Respiratory Depressants, 5, 22, 42 
 
 Respiratory Stimulants, 5, 24, 39 
 Rhinitis Capsules, 61 
 Rhubarb, 3, 48 
 
 and Soda Mixture, 62 
 Ricini, Oleum, 48 
 Risus Sardonicus, 25 
 Rochelle Salt, 22, 47 
 Rubefacients, 5 
 Rule for Children's Dosage, 9 
 Rules for Solutions, 12, 13, 14, 15 
 Rum, 34 
 
 Salicylates, 2, 3, 23, 46, 53 
 Salicylic Acid, 22, 46 
 Saline Purgatives, 23, 49 
 Saline Solution, 13 
 Saline Waters, 49 
 Salol, 22, 23, 46, 53 
 Salt, 4 
 
 Rochelle, 47 
 
 Solution, 13 
 Salts, Magnesia, 49 
 
 Potassium, 4, 49 
 
 Sodium, 4, 49 
 Scoparius, 22, 46 
 Scopolamin, see Hyoscin, Hydro- 
 
 bromid, 5, 22, 41 
 Scruple, II 
 Sedatives, 2, 5, 18 
 Seidlitz Powder, 22, 47, 62 
 Senega, 22, 47 
 Senna, 48 
 Septicaemia, 71 
 Sera (Serums), 67 
 Sialogogues, 5 
 
 Silver (Argentum), 2, 23, 53, 54 
 Silver Nitrate, 23 
 Simple Purgatives, 22, 48 
 Sleep Producing, 5 
 Smallpox, 69 
 Sodium Nitrite, 21, 29 
 Sodium Phosphate, 23, 51 
 Sodium Salts, 4, 49 
 Sodium Salicylates, 46, 53 
 Solution (Liquor), 7, 18, 19, 20 
 
 Problems, 14-18 
 
 Dobell's, 61 
 
 Fowler's, 49 
 
 Majendi's, 37 
 
 Saline, 13 
 
INDEX 
 
 8i 
 
 Solution, Table, 13 
 
 Thiersch's, 62 
 Spartein, 46 
 Spirit (Spiritus), 8 
 Spirits of Glonoin, 28 
 Spirits of Nitre, Sweet, 21, 29 
 Spiritus Frumenti (Whisky), 33 
 Spiritus Vini Gallici (Brandy), 33 
 Sprays, 18 
 
 Spinal Cord Excitants, 4 
 Squill, 22, 47 
 Starch, 3 
 Stimulants, Cerebral, 24 
 
 Heart, 2, 21, 24 
 
 Respiratory, 5, 22, 24, 39 
 Stokes' Expectorant, 62 
 Stomachics, 6 
 Stomach Washing, 18 
 Stout, 34 
 
 Stramonium, 2, 22, 41, 54 
 Strophanthus, 4 
 Strychnin, i, 2, 4, 5, 21, 22, 24, 25 
 
 Antidote, 25 
 Styptics, 6 
 Sudorifics, 3 
 Sulphate, Zinc, 2, 4, 53 
 Sulphonal, 21, 39 
 Sulphur, I, 4 
 Sulphuric Acid, 23, 55 
 
 Antidote, 56 
 Suppository, 8 
 Suprarenal Extract, 27 
 Surgical Anesthesia, 35 
 Sweat, 3 
 
 Sweet Spirits of Nitre, 21-29 
 Syphilis, 72 
 
 Table of Equivalents, 12 
 Tables, Metric System, 11 
 
 Troy Weight, 1 1 
 
 Wine Measure, 11 
 Tablespoonful, 12 
 Tablets, Bronchitis, 60 
 Tannic Acid, 2, 23, 54, 55 
 Tartar Emetic, 4 
 Tartrate, Potassium and Sodium, 
 
 22,47 
 Tea, 4, 6, 27 
 Teacupful, 12 
 Teaspoonful, iz 
 
 Tetanus, 72 
 
 Theory of Antitoxins, 68 
 Thiersch's Solution, 6z 
 Thymol lodid, 51 
 Tiglii, Oleum, 48 
 Tincture, 8 
 
 Norwood's, 31 
 
 Warburg's, 63 
 Tobacco, 3, 4 
 Tonics, Gastric, 6 
 Toxins, 67 
 Trional, 5, 21, 39 
 Triple Phosphates, 50, 62 
 Troy Weight, 11 
 Tuberculin, 67, 72, 73 
 
 Reaction, 73 
 Tuberculosis, 58 
 Turpentin, 5 
 Twitching, 25 
 Typhoid, 67, 69, 73 
 
 Unguentum (Ointment), 8 
 Unit, Antitoxic, 67 
 
 of Length, 1 1 
 
 of Volume, 1 1 
 
 of Weight, 1 1 
 Urotropin, 6, 22, 23, 51, 53 
 Urinary Acidifiers, 6 
 Urinary Alkalinizers, 6 
 Urine Increasing, 4 
 Uterus Contracting, 4 
 
 Vaccination, 69 
 Vaccines, 67 
 Vaginal Antisepsis, 18 
 Valerian, 2, 23, 54 
 Vegetable Diet, 6 
 Veratrum Viride, 2, 21, 31 
 
 Antidote, 32 
 Veronal, 5, 21, 39 
 Vinegar (Acetum), 54 
 Vinum (Wme), 8 
 
 Album, 34 
 
 Rubrum, 34 
 Volatile Oils, i 
 Vomiting, 4 
 
 Warburg's Tincture, 63 
 Water (Aqua), 6 
 Waters, Saline, 49 
 
82 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Wax, 6 
 
 Weights, II 
 
 Whisky (Spiritus Frumenti), 33 
 
 White Wine, 34 
 
 Wine (Vinum), 8 
 
 Wineglassful, 12 
 
 Wine Measure, 11 
 
 Wolfsbane, 30 
 
 Yellow Oxid of Mercury, 53 
 
 Zinc, 23, 53 
 Oxid, I 
 Sulphate, 24, 53 
 

 m 
 
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