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Typoaraphical aazetteer / a]'<g''<P,|^?l,,|>y 
 
 olin 
 
 3 1924 029 494 014 
 
TYPOGRAPHICAL GAZETTEER, 
 
 ATTEMPTED 
 
 THE REV. HENRY COTTON, D. C. L. 
 
 LATE SUBLIBRARIAN OF THE BODLEIAN LIBRARY 
 
 AND 
 
 STUDENT OF CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD. 
 
 THE SECOND EDITION, 
 
 CORRECTED AND MUCH ENLARGED. 
 
 OXFORD, 
 
 AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 
 
 AIDCCCXXXI. 
 
 ?r 
 
TO 
 
 THE SOCIETY OF CHRIST CHURCH, 
 
 IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD : 
 
 A SOCIETY IN WHICH THE GREATER PORTION 
 
 OF MY LIFE HAS BEEN PASSED, 
 
 AND THE CHANNEL THROUGH WHICH 
 
 BLESSINGS OF THE HIGHEST ORDER HAVE BEEN DISPENSED TO ME ; 
 
 WITH THE MOST HEARTFELT WISHES 
 
 FOR THE STABILITY OF ITS REPUTATION 
 
 AND THE INCREASE OF ITS PROSPERITY, 
 
 THE FOLLOWING PAGES 
 
 ARE RESPECTFULLY AND AFFECTIONATELY 
 
 INSCRIBED. 
 
ADVERTISEMENT 
 
 TO 
 
 THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 In acknowledgment of the favourable reception which 
 this work has experienced from the public, I have felt it 
 my duty to meet the call for a fresh supply of copies, by 
 carefully inserting in the present edition whatever my 
 opportunities have enabled me to obtain, either in the 
 way of correction or of additional information. 
 
 It will be perceived at once that the accessions are con- 
 siderable ; not only two hundred and eighty-two new ar- 
 ticles are specified, and for nearly one hundred and eighty 
 places already given earlier dates have been found ; but 
 the accounts of many others have been corrected and 
 greatly amplified; for examples of which, the reader is 
 referred to the articles Ahredonia, Berna, Macao, Ma- 
 lacca, Moscua, Neocomum, Petropolis, Serdmpore, &c. 
 
 Two new Appendices are also added, by the advice 
 and kind assistance of some literary friends : viz. a list of 
 Academies, &c. occurring on the titles of books ; and a 
 Chronological Index, by which the progress of the art of 
 printing may be in some degree traced out. 
 
 a3 
 
[ vi ] 
 
 But, although the volume is thus swelled in bulk, I 
 trust that its correctness has been much more increased 
 than its size : and that, although it is still deformed both 
 by omissions and errors, these will be found neither so 
 numerous nor important as they were in the former edi- 
 tion. 
 
 H. COTTON. 
 
 Thhrles, 
 
 Co. Tipperary, Ireland, 
 
 15th Oct. 1830. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Sufficiently disposed in general to condemn the practice 
 of authors, who, conceiving that the public take in their works the 
 same degree of interest which is felt by themselves, are eager to 
 detail with tedious exactness every circumstance attending the 
 production of some favourite volume; yet, bowing to the influ- 
 ence of that fond feeling which induces us to believe ourselves 
 fair exceptions to an admitted rule, I am about to pursue at pre- 
 sent the very conduct which in others I complain of ; from a per- 
 suasion that by no method can I so fully explain the nature and 
 object of this publication, as by detailing some of the circum- 
 stances under which it was composed. 
 
 During eight years, through which the office of Sublibrarian of 
 the Bodleian library obliged me to be conversant to a certain de- 
 gree with books of almost every kind, for the purpose of arrang- 
 ing them in catalogues, as well as of assisting the researches of 
 students — ^it often happened that, in a volume which was brought 
 under my observation, I was utterly at a loss to discover the city, 
 town, or country, in which it had been printed. Either the place 
 itself might be obscure and little known ; or its more usual deno- 
 mination might have been exchanged for some ancient, obsolete, 
 or arbitrary one : or perhaps I was not always ready in referring 
 to the most authentic sources of information upon the subject. 
 Although a person officially engaged in a public library might be 
 supposed to be familiar enough with the ever-occurring names of 
 Lutetia, Hispalis, or Lugckmum, yet there were many minor 
 towns of every European kingdom with which I could claim no 
 acquaintance : although I could not be ignorant of such places as 
 Dantzic, or Helrastadt, it did not necessarily follow that these 
 should at once be recognised under the appellations of Gedanum 
 and Academia Julia : and matters grew still worse when I found 
 myself among the towns of Hungary and Bohemia, of Poland, 
 Denmark, and Norway ; among villages, of which no vestige now 
 remains; among monasteries and convents, whose names bore 
 
 a 4 
 
viii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 nothing about them which might direct a stranger to the ascer- 
 taining of their localities. Neither from the dead nor the living 
 could I gain the intelligence necessary in these cases: and not 
 knowing to what country any book then in my hands belonged, 
 I could make no use of it in forming a judgment as to the period 
 at which typography had first been seen in that coimtry, or of the 
 advances towards improvement in the art which in subsequent 
 times its printers had been able to make. 
 
 Like others too, I had for some time no conception of the vast 
 extent over which the art of printing had been spread; how wan- 
 dering as well as rapid had been the strides of its progress. 
 Though not unacquainted with so much of its early history as 
 concerned the rise and reception of the art in the neighbouring 
 kingdoms of France, Spain, Germany, Italy, &c. ; and aware that 
 it had long been known and practised in the northern parts of 
 Europe, and also among the sequestered valleys of Switzerland; 
 my knowledge of these particulars was still loose and imperfect. 
 As for China, I had little dreamed that the European mode of 
 printing was in use there more than two centuries ago — that it 
 had been practised in more than one of the islands of Japan — in 
 the Philippines — the Azores — in Ceylon — in the Balearic islands 
 — in Armenia — in Macedonia — on Mount Libanus — in Iceland — 
 and in Otaheite : that it was known both in the northern and 
 southern parts of Africa, both at Cairo and at the Cape of Good 
 Hope : that it had visited the new world at a very early period 
 after its discovery — that it was used at Mexico before it was 
 received into Ireland — ^in Peru — in the West India islands — in 
 the British settlements of North America: and finally, that it 
 has transplanted itself to the shores of the newly-discovered conti- 
 nent, and bids fair to take root and' flourish both at Sydney and 
 in Van Diemen's Land. 
 
 The knowledge of these several particulars was obtained slowly 
 and in various ways : carefully noting down every name and im- 
 print (or place of printing) which was unknown to me, I gradu- 
 ally extracted from the vast variety of books which passed before 
 me some light upon one or other of the points on which I was in 
 ignorance or uncertainty. Besides the usual aids of Gazetteers 
 and Geographical Dictionaries, I had recourse to books of travels, 
 to literary history of all kinds, to the annals and histories of the 
 several religious Orders, to every thing which I could meet with 
 
INTRODUCTION. ix 
 
 hearing the shape of a bibliographical work, to notices scattered 
 up and down through the huge mass of periodical publications. 
 With respect to living' authorities, it was early visible that little 
 was to be gained from this quarter ; since, unhappily, I was in 
 quest of that which almost every other bibliographer had seemed 
 to think himself at full liberty to despise and overlook. No 
 sooner was I in possession of the stock of information supplied by 
 Panzer and one or two more bibliographers of most note and au- 
 thority, than I found myself generally at the utmost limits of the 
 knowledge possessed by my friends, few having cared to push 
 their researches further: it appeared useless to press inquiries 
 upon a subject which nobody thought deserving of investigation ; 
 patience and perseverance presented themselves as the only re- 
 sources. 
 
 In this manner I went on for several years, gradually enlarging 
 my accumulation of notes, and in a fair way of amassing a very 
 considerable quantity of this species of information ; — when I was 
 unexpectedly called away to scenes of a different description; 
 from the literary haunts and pursuits of the university of Oxford, 
 to clerical duties in a country-town of the south of Ireland. 
 
 My occupation thus being gone, the thread of my researches 
 snapt, and no reasonable hope of continuing and perfecting them 
 now remaining, I naturally turned round, and began to examine 
 into the real amount of that stock which had so long been accu- 
 mulating; and to consider whether what I already possessed was 
 susceptible of being put into such a shape as might justify its pre- 
 sentation to the public, on the hope of its hereafter diminishing 
 the labours of any person whom either taste might lead, or official 
 duties might require, to become acquainted with those minutiae 
 of typographical Ijistory, to which my own inquiries had been 
 directed. 
 
 In this calculation the two points to be decided were obviously 
 these : first, did I possess more information than could be readily 
 obtained elsewhere ? and, secondly, was that information worthy 
 of being publicly communicated ? — On the former of these points 
 my opinion was deliberately made up ; and for the second, the 
 politeness of friends, abetting the natural vanity of authorship, 
 decided this question also in the affirmative. 
 
 In truth, it had long surprised me, that amidst the indiscrimi- 
 nate rage and reign of bibliography for some years past, the geo 
 
X INTRODUCTION. 
 
 graphical department of the history of printing should alone have 
 remained untouched ; and the omission appeared to have sprung 
 from a contempt of the thing itself, no less than from an in- 
 stinctive horror of that long, dull, and barren labour, through 
 which alone the requisite inquiries could be prosecuted with any 
 hopes of success^. Let any one look around, amongst all the 
 bibliographical volumes, the number and costliness of which has 
 of late years been increasing in a fearful ratio, and observe how 
 very little has been done on the point now under review. Peignot, 
 at the end of his Dictionnaire raisonne de bibliologie, (published 
 at Paris in the year 1802,) has given a list of some towns most 
 conspicuous for the early adoption of typography, and which had 
 produced those interesting specimens, the books of the XVth 
 centurv, to which so much of public attention has of late been 
 directed. Some years afterwards. The Bibliographical Miscel- 
 lany, a work which was published in England subsequently to 
 the termination of the extended labours of Panzer, communicated 
 in two distinct alphabets a catalogue of towns, more compre- 
 hensive indeed than that of Peignot, but still comprising very few 
 others than those which had been mentioned in Panzer's work. 
 The information however here given is frequently very far from 
 correctness, and bears throughout most evident marks of being 
 any thing but original. With the exception of these two pub- 
 lications, I scarcely know any thing which can be said to have 
 thrown light on what I would call the geography of printing. 
 
 After all, it is a question which may fairly be asked, whether 
 the article be intrinsically worth the purchase-money : whether 
 the value of the information obtained be commensurate with the 
 time and trouble expended in its acquisition. Let the truth then 
 be honestly told : for, although any one, who has had occasion 
 to make the experiment, can well conceive, from the difficulty 
 which perchance he may have found in satisfying himself upon 
 even one single point of research, how great must have been the 
 aggregate amount of labour undergone before the entire collection 
 (even imperfect as it is) could have been formed ; yet the unini- 
 
 a Peignot has asserted, that in France the same feeling prevails respecting biblio- 
 graphy in general : " Ce genre de travail, moins agr^able qn'utile, en ce qu'il exige 
 " beaucoup de recherches et d'^rudition, s'^Ioigne un peu, par son aridity du spfA 
 " de uotre nation, qui a d^daign^ dans cette partie une superiority qu'elle s'est 
 »' acquise dans beauconp d'autres." Repertoire des Bibliographies spiciales. 
 
INTRODUCTION. xi 
 
 tiated in these things, who perhaps quietly supposes that there 
 exists some single volume which would at once supply him with 
 every information of this kind which he might desire, must be 
 given to understand that the real state of the case is widely dif- 
 ferent from that representation of it which his mind has formed. 
 Let me disclaim here all intention of displaying a long and inhar- 
 monious catalogue of books consulted, or of making a parade or 
 merit of much reading : but in good truth it perfectly shames me 
 to reflect on the vast and varied mass of literature into which I 
 have dipped for the extraction of the miscellaneous contents of the 
 present volume. To the fair and candid judges of these things, 
 who can allow for and pardon this mixed offspring of personal 
 taste and official duty, I offer it, with all its errors and imperfec- 
 tions, as a work which yet may communicate a portion of desirable 
 intelligence. To those who neither understand nor care about 
 such matters, I have only to address the expressive language of 
 Linnaeus ; who, when his painful endurance of the toils and pri- 
 vations attendant on a pilgrimage through the Arctic snows, in 
 pursuit of his favourite study, (the beauteous wonders of the ve- 
 getable creation,) was met by ignorance complaining that the pro- 
 ductions of the crags of Lapland wanted the colours and luxuri- 
 ance of those nourished under the warmth of a tropical sun, — 
 contented himself with simply answering, *' quod si hae plantae 
 " tibi videantur viliores, ex istis scopulis quibus erant infixse uti- 
 *' nam petiisses ipse !■" 
 
 Nay, let me not rest here ; nor concede so much to the opinion 
 of such persons, as the admission of having merely brought toge- 
 ther a dry and barren heap of insulated names, without interest or 
 connection, and from which no kind of knowledge can be gained''. 
 Typography, in its nature and origin, and still more in its stu- 
 pendous results, is a legitimate subject of curiosity and attention : 
 and although these pages do not profess to give an entire and con- 
 nected history of the art, which may be gathered from many 
 sources already existing and accessible ; yet any one, who will 
 deign to throw an attentive glance over the present publication, 
 will find the general outline of its progress pointed out with 
 
 b Lambinet, himself one of our craft, is most uupolitely severe upon tiie biblio- 
 graphic fraternity : " On ne peut se dissimuler qae la plupart des ouvrages bibliogra- 
 '• phiqaes ne soient rf" «»c sdcheresse soporifique! Les details en sout miuutieux ct 
 ■■' insipides." The misfortune is, that Lambinet is nearly right. 
 
xii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 tolerable fidelity. He will perceive with what eager anxiety typo- 
 graphy was pressed into the service of every nation, as soon as it 
 became acquainted with the multifarious advantages which so 
 powerful an engine offered : he will find, that the art, having been 
 brought almost to perfection in its infancy, (so that, like Minerva, 
 it may be said to have sprung to life mature, vigorous, and armed 
 for war,) after being successfully exhibited in Germany in the 
 year 1457, was carried to Bohemia in 14)61 : four more years saw 
 it in Italy : France and Switzerland were enjoying it in 14<70 : in 
 the next year it was practised in Holland : Sicily and Hungary 
 possessed it in 1473 : the next year brought it to England : Spain 
 enjoyed it in 1475: Denmark in 1476: Portugal in 1489: and 
 before the close of the XVth century it had travelled to Constan- 
 tinople. Scotland had it in 1507 : Sweden in 1510 : Macedonia 
 in 1515 : the snows of Iceland in 1530 : by the year 1549 it was 
 introduced to a new world at Mexico : in 1551 it was in Ireland : 
 in 1563 in Poland : in the next year in Russia : in 1576 in Sar- 
 dinia : by the year 1582 it had winged its way even to Japan : it 
 was in the Azores in 1583 : in India and China in 1590 : in 1603 
 in Peru : in 1610 on Mount Libanus : in 1621 in the Philippine 
 islands : and in 1639 in the British settlements of North America. 
 Surely these are points not wholly uninteresting or unin- 
 structive : they are historical details which many persons may ra- 
 tionally desire to know, and such as no man ever needs to feel 
 himself ashamed of knowing. If I do not here give him the most 
 full and satisfactory intelligence on each particular, let it be re- 
 membered that at least I neither cut off nor obstruct his way to 
 more copious sources : on the contrary, I studiously direct the in- 
 quirer to further information, wheresoever the opportunity is af- 
 forded me. 
 
 The manner of proceeding adopted in the following work is 
 this : taking the Latin names of all cities, towns, villages, or mo- 
 nasteries, in which I had evidence that printing had at any period 
 been exercised, from the earliest appearance of the art down to 
 the present day, I throw them into one general alphabet for the 
 greater convenience of reference ; merely distinguishing by capital 
 letters, honoris causa, those places which nursed and cherished its 
 early efforts during the XVth century. The ancient name (or 
 names, for it often happens that a town is variously designated) 
 is immediately followed by the modern one, with a brief descrip- 
 tion of the place, and a concise notice of the introduction of typo- 
 
INTRODUCTION. xiii 
 
 graphy into that particular spot : to which not unfrequently is 
 added the title of the earliest known book executed there, as well 
 as the name of its first or most celebrated printer. 
 
 Although conciseness lias been generally my aim, forasmuch as 
 the matters here treated of are not new to the world of letters; 
 yet it will be perceived that here and there the remarks are ex- 
 tended to greater length : this licence however, I trust, may be 
 pardoned on the ground of its rare occurrence, as being taken 
 only on those articles to which a higher degree of interest ap- 
 peared to attach ; where the town under description chanced to 
 be nearly connected with something remarkable as an epoch or 
 feature of the art, with some important historical event, with some 
 person of eminence, or celebrated publication which had issued 
 from within its bosom. 
 
 It will be anticipated that I profess not to enter into any of 
 those controversies which have arisen from time to time upon the 
 disputed points, of the origin and birthplace of printing, or of the 
 exact period at which it was introduced into particular towns: 
 these are questions foreign to my present purpose, and in fact 
 they have been discussed already at quite sufficient length by 
 several well-known bibliographers. Lest, however, by total silence 
 I should subject myself either to misapprehension or censure, it 
 may be well, for the sake oi younger students, to name one writer 
 (out of many) on each side. Let any one who desires to estimate 
 the claims of Haa/rlem to the honour of having given birth to the 
 typographic art, read MeermarCs Origmes Typographicm, (2 vols. 
 4to. 1765,) and offer incense at the shrine of Laurence Coster : 
 if he wUl maintain Strasburg to be its native place, give him the 
 zealous disciple of John Guttemberg, Schaspflm, with his Vin- 
 dicice Typographicce (4to. 1760)'=: if he wishes to see the preten- 
 sions of Mayence supported, and the fame of its triumvirate Gut- 
 temberg, Fust, and Schoyffer, advanced, he may peruse Wurdt- 
 weiris Bibliotheca Moguntina, (4to. 1787,) or almost any other 
 sober bibliographer. For myself, I am content to take May- 
 ence for the birthplace of printing properly so called, John 
 
 c Since the former edition was published, a new champion for Strasburg has 
 appeared in M. Lichtenberger, whose treatise, " Histoire de I'invention de rimpri- 
 " merie, pour servir de defense k la viUe de Strasbourg contrc les pretensions de 
 " Harlem," (8vo. Strasbourg, 1825,) is written with good temper, and contains 
 much interesting matter. 
 
xiv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Spira for the first printer at Venice, and Caxton for the first in 
 England. 
 
 With respect to our own towns of England, I have thought 
 it needless to insert more than some few of those which were the 
 earliest to set up a printing-press, as London, Oxford, St. Alban s, 
 &c. ; or whose names were sometimes seen on title-pages expressed 
 in such a form as to create a little temporary misconception, as 
 Augusta, BeUositum, Mythig, &c. &c. 
 
 Wheresoever throughout the following pages a date is observed 
 to stand alone, after the name and description of a town, the 
 reader will understand it to represent the earliest year in which 
 I had sufficient evidence of the art of printing being exercised 
 within that town. The word Bodleian, or the letters TCD, im- 
 mediately following a date so expressed, denote that a volume of 
 that place and date exists in the Bodleian library, or in that of 
 Trinity college, Dublin, as the most satisfactory confirmation of 
 the statement previously made. 
 
 Now, since in all these matters the degree of attention due to 
 an author's assertions will necessarily be determined by the weight 
 of authority on which they rest ; it appears indispensable that I 
 should subjoin the principal sources from whence all which is here 
 advanced has been derived. With the almost countless stores of 
 the Bodleian at my command, it may well be credited that I have 
 had ocular demonstration of the truth of a very large proportion 
 of the statements made in this work : but since, as is the case with 
 most other writers, I found it impossible to enjoy this advantage 
 on all occasions, the deficiency was to be supplied, as well as might 
 be, from ordinarily accessible and approved testimonies, such as 
 those of the following authors. 
 
 For every thing relating to books published between the period 
 of the invention of printing and the year 15S6, I have unhesi- 
 tatingly relied on the elaborate work of Panzer ; a bibliographer 
 whose exertions have never been exceeded, and to whom we minor 
 dabblers in the art unwittingly pay the highest compliment for 
 extent of research, whenever, stumbling by chance upon some 
 volume which has for centuries been slumbering in perhaps well- 
 merited obscurity, we drag the wretched victim into day, and ex- 
 claim in the pride of our hearts that we have found something 
 which was " unknown to Panzer !'" 
 For the typography of Poland, hitherto little described or known^ 
 
INTRODUCTION. xv 
 
 I have followed Hoffmann de typographiis in regno Polonice et 
 IAihuam<R, &c. (4to. Dantisci, 1740,) aided by the Bihlioffieca 
 Antitrinitariorum of Sandius, (12mo. Freistadii, 1684.) For 
 Svredish, Alnandri historiola artis typograpMcoE in Suecia, (12mo. 
 Rostochii, 1725.) For Danish, Thurds work. Idea historicB lit- 
 teraricE Danorum, (8vo. 1723.) For Spanish generally, the Bib- 
 liotheca Hispana of Antonio : for early Spanish, Diosdado Cabal- 
 lero de prima typographia Hispanicce estate, (4to. Romae, 1794,) 
 and Mendez. (4to. Madrid, 1796.) For every thing Hebrew, 
 Wolfius, and De Rossi. For Arabic, the Biblioiheca Arabica of 
 Schnmrrer, (Svo. 1811.) For Russian and Slavonic literature, 
 Kohlii introductio in historiam et rem Uterariam Slavorum, (Svo. 
 Altonas, 1729,) and Bachmeister, Essai sur la bibliotheque, Sj-c. de 
 St. Petersburg, (Svo. 1777.) For American in general, Thomas'" 
 History of Printing in America, (2 vols. Svo. Worcester in Mas- 
 sachusetts, 1810,) a book which at present is so very scarce in 
 this country, that I have never been able to see a single copy ex- 
 cept my own. Thomas, who himself was a printer of some emi- 
 nence, appears to have described with much minuteness the chief 
 productions of the several American presses : but with respect to 
 some of the most ancient and curious specimens of their typo- 
 graphy, it has chanced to me to have opportunities of inspecting, 
 here in England, volumes of which the very existence was utterly 
 unknown to him. 
 
 For early Mexican and Peruvian books, I have had for guides 
 Antonio, and the Bibliotheca Memcana, (fol. Mexici, 1755.) For 
 Chinese, Japanese, and other eastern labours of the Jesuit mis- 
 sionaries, Sotuellus' edition of Ribadeneira's Bibliotheca scripto- 
 rum societatis Jesu, (2 tom. fol. 1676.) For monasteries in gene- 
 ral, Mabillonii Annates Ordinis S. Benedicti, (5 tom. fol. 1703, 
 &c.) Gerberti iter Alemannicum ; and Du Monstier''s Neustria 
 pia, de Abbatiis et prioratibus Normanniae, (fol. 1663.) For 
 England, the standard typographical works of Herbert and Dib- 
 din. For geography generally, Baudrandi Qeographia, (2 tom. 
 fol. 1682.) the Dictionnaire gSographique de Vosgien, with some 
 English Gazetteers: for that of America specifically, Alcedd's 
 Geographical and Historical Dictionary of America and the 
 West Indies, translated by Thompson, (5 vols. 4to. 1812, &c.) a 
 work which embodies a vast supply of information, and the cor- 
 rectness of which I myself have not had any occasicm to doubt. 
 
xvi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Yet, with all these auxiliaries, superadded to actual observa- 
 tion, I anticipate the judgment of future readers in pronouncing 
 this publication to be imperfect and incorrect. Doubtless I have 
 sometimes mistaken one town for another; have given sevei-al 
 books to one place, which in reality may belong to two ; and vice 
 versa have formed two towns out of that which is no more than a 
 single one, from an imperfect acquaintance with the several deno- 
 minations under which it might chance to be mentioned. Not 
 that I would go in quest of any very extraordinary reasons for all 
 this, or exclaim in the pompous whining of Peignot, " il est cer- 
 " tain qu'un seul homme, quelque longue que soit sa carriere, ne 
 " pourrait jamais parvenir k devenir ^^n Bibliographe pa/rfait:'" 
 ordinary and common causes are quite sufficient for such a result ; 
 and to the obvious and fair inquiry, " upon what grounds I make 
 " up my mind to introduce to public notice a work thus confess- 
 " edly incomplete," I have only to reply in the words of my for- 
 mer statement ; that, although a sudden removal from the sources 
 of authentic information precluded all hope of further improve- 
 ment, yet the collection already made was judged to possess value 
 suflScient to render its publication acceptable, with a view to its 
 forming a basis upon which hereafter a much more complete 
 and useful structure may be raised. With these feelings I offer 
 it, and under this character I have to entreat that it may be re- 
 ceived. 
 
 As for the subjoined Appendices ; the first contains some Jic- 
 tituMS imprints, which are generally found in works whose nature 
 is objectionable, either on the score of religion, morality, or poli- 
 tical feeling. Books of the third description have been common to 
 all countries at certain periods of their history ; of the two former 
 kinds France has been preeminently fertile. I once had made 
 some progress in collecting notices of the several pieces to which 
 these disguised imprints were attached : but, on reflecting that 
 possibly their publication might lead to undesirable results, if by 
 chance some left-headed collector should take a fancy to amass a 
 library of mischievous books ; I dropped the original design of 
 communicating them, and merely give the imprints here, as a cau- 
 tion to any person who might inadvertently be led to believe that 
 
INTRODUCTION. xvii 
 
 there existed towns or places to which these assumed designations 
 really belonged. 
 
 The second Appendix comprises the skeleton of a larger work 
 formerly projected, which, under the title of BibUotheca Membra- 
 iiacea Oxoniensis, would have embraced a detailed notice of such 
 books printed upon vellum as are to be found both in the Bod- 
 leian and in the several college-libraries of Oxford. Such a work, 
 if properly executed, would be by no means unworthy of atten- 
 tion: let it be remembered that Oxford holds the only known 
 perfect copy of the Aldme Aristotle upcm vellum, as also the only 
 known vellum copy of an Ooeford book of the XVth century^; no 
 mean rivals these of his majesty's unigue vellum Caxton, Miss 
 Currer's vellum St. Alban's booh, or the unique velhim Ehevir in 
 Trinity college, Dublin. If any person, more especially since the 
 publication of Mons. Van Praet's elaborate description of the vel- 
 lum treasures contained in the royal library of France, should 
 feel surprise that in this department the Bodleian is comparatively 
 deficient : — ^let him recollect, that this library is a public repository, 
 not the private collection of an individual ; that its contents are 
 purchased with public money, for public purposes and uses. Let 
 him know, that the Bodleian has never bought a copy of a work 
 becoMse it was printed upon vellum, but has frequently, to my 
 actual knowledge, declined a purchase upon no other ground than 
 this. And when to these facts we add, that it receives no vellum 
 copies in the shape of presents from authors or printers, nor levies 
 contributions of rare books upon subjugated states of Europe; 
 the number and value of those, which under all circumstances are 
 still found within it, is far from being small, uninteresting, or con- 
 temptible. 
 
 I cannot close this most egotistical preface, without returning 
 warm and hearty thanks to all those friends who on various occa- 
 sions either resolved my doubts or directed my researches. To 
 the Bodleian hbrary, my ancient, firm, and indispensable ally, 
 that mine of literary treasure not yet half- explored, I have only 
 
 d Subsequent inquiries have proved to me the inaccuracy of this assertion : by 
 the kindness of the dean of Westminster I have seen in the library belonging to that 
 chapter a second Oxford vellum publication, being the work of Jo. Latteburius in 
 threnos Jeremics, of the year 1482. Herbert had spoken of this as being " partly 
 " on vellum and partly upon paper :" he was misinformed, the volume is entirely 
 upon vellum. [May, 1827.] ' 
 
 b 
 
xviii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 to say from my heart, Fhreat ! — May it continually increase in 
 richness, splendour, and utility ; and long remain a storehouse of 
 all which is excellent in literature, worthy of the university pf 
 Oxford, of the British empire, and of the civilized world. 
 
 Oxford, Sept. 13, 1824. H. C. 
 
Aa/rhusmm, see Arhusiwm. 
 
 ABBATIS VILLA, Abbeville, a considerable town of France, 
 in Picardy, formerly dependent on the abbey of S. Riquier, from 
 which it gained its name. Typography obtained a footing at 
 Abbeville before the close of the XVth century. The earliest 
 book printed here, known to Panzer, was a French translation of 
 St. Augustine's City of God, dated 1486, of which John Dupr6 
 and Pierre Gerard were the printers ; there is a fine copy of it in 
 the Bodleian library. Only three books executed at this town in 
 the XVth century are given by Panzer ; all of them by the same 
 printer, and all in the French language : nor after the year 1487 
 do we hear any thing more of the typography of Abbeville. 
 
 Aberdonia, see Abredonia. 
 
 Aboa, Abo, a seaport town of Sweden, the capital of Swedish 
 Finland, containing about ten thousand inhabitants. The school of 
 Abo having been raised to the dignity of an university by queen 
 Christina in the year 1640, its directors, unwilling that the aca- 
 demical acts should continue to be printed at Stockholm or Dorpt, 
 as had previously been customary, established at Abo in 1642 or 
 1643, as their own printer, Peter Waldius, who had before exer- 
 cised the art at Upsal and at Westeras. Printing continued to 
 be exercised at Abo until the year 1713, at which time, on ac- 
 count of the troubles of war, the press was removed for security 
 to Stockholm, where it was still remaining in the year 1722, when 
 Alnander wrote his history of Swedish typography. It is re- 
 membered that the town of Abo was almost wholly destroyed by 
 a conflagration on the 7th of September 1827 ; when it is said 
 that only 800 volumes of the public library escaped destruction ; 
 and, what is worse, that nearly 1 00 persons perished in the flames^ 
 Fortia, in his Travels in Sweden, speaks of a Missale Aboense, 
 printed at Lubec in 1588, a very rare book, only two copies being 
 known to exist, one of which is in the university library of Abo, 
 and the other in that of the university of Upsal ; this latter, how- 
 ever, is imperfect. 
 
 Abredonia, Abredea, or Aberdonia, Aberdeen, a town of Scot- 
 
 • See Rae Wilson's Travels in Russia, vol. II. p. 189. 
 B 
 
2 AB. 
 
 land, well known for its university, which was founded in the 
 year 1494. 
 
 The circumstances attending the introduction of the art of 
 printing into this town are here given to the reader at consider- 
 able length, from " the Annals of Aberdeen by W. Kennedy/' in 
 two volumes quarto, 1818. " In the year 16ai a patent was ob- 
 " tained from king James, by bishop Patrick Forbes and sir Paul 
 " Menzies of Kinmundie, provost of Aberdeen, for establishing 
 " printing at Aberdeen: and Mr. Raban was accordingly ap- 
 " pointed soon after, by the magistrates and council, printer to 
 " the town and university ; with the exclusive privilege of print- 
 " ing. He was allowed a salary of 40/. annually : and for his 
 " further encouragement to prosecute the art, a small emolument 
 " of eight pence quarterly from each scholar at the grammar 
 " school, which was collected with the school-fees. 
 
 " He had acquired the reputation of being at the time a very 
 " eminent master ; which indeed appears from the specimens of 
 " his works. Among these may be mentioned a pocket Prayer- 
 " book for the service of the Church, printed in the year 1625, 
 " with the Calendar and the Psalms set to music, which we be- 
 " lieve was among the first of his works^." 
 
 " In the year 1633 Dr. Barron printed his book ' Oh the arri- 
 " val of King Charles in Scotland, with Poems on the Corona- 
 " tion ;' which was dedicated to the magistrates and council. In 
 " 1636 a volume of ' The Funeralls of a right reverend Father 
 " in God, Patrick Forbes of Corse, Bishop of Aberdeen,' was 
 
 ' This information of Mr. Kennedy appears to be materially defective. There is 
 now lying before me, in archbishop Marsh's library, in Dublin, a volume preceding; 
 by three years the one mentioned by Kennedy : it is a Latin tract, De discipliiiid, 
 ecclesiasticd, addressed to the church of Scotland, by a writer who merely designates 
 himself " a French divine." The book is a well-printed duodecimo of 143 pages, 
 bearing for imfrint Abredonits excudebat Edvardus Rahanus, impensis Davidis 
 Melvill, 1622. Cum privilegio. It is by no means unlikely that </m may have been 
 one of Raban's earliest efforts. 
 
 The same library contains another book entitled " Raine from the Clouds," by 
 Andrew Logie, calling bimself " Arch Deane of Aberdene," of the date 1624 : but 
 an ancient hand .has altered this date to 1634, on wh^t authority I cannot say. [The 
 same thing has been done in the Bodleian copy.] Raban here describes, himself as 
 " dwelling upon the market-place at the Townes armes ," and the wood-cut of the 
 arms of Aberdeen is on the reverse of the title. In TJie Funeralls of Patrick Forbes 
 of Corse, (4to. 1635,) Raban styles himself Edw, Raban, master printer, the first 
 in jiberdeen. 
 
AB. 3 
 
 " published in Aberdeen : and the Canons and Constitutions of 
 '* the Church were printed there in the same year. 
 
 " Mr. Raban carried on the printing business until the yeftr 
 " 1649, when he died, and was succeeded in his office of printer 
 " to the town and university by James Brown, son of William 
 " Brown, minister of Invernochty." 
 
 " On the death of Mr. Raban, the first printer, in the year 
 " 1649, Mr. James Brown was appointed his successor by the 
 " magistrates and town council, on the 9th of the subsequent 
 " month of January, with the same emoluments which his prede- 
 " cessor had been entitled to receive from the town. He printed 
 " the works of several authors who flourished at the time^. 
 
 " On his death, which happened in the year 1662, John Forbes, 
 " stationer, purchased from Agnes Rutherford, his widow, the 
 " whole types, printing-presses, and apparatus, which had be- 
 " longed to her husband ; and on the 23d of April that year Mr 
 " Forbes and his son jointly were appointed by the magistrates 
 " and council printers to the town and university, with the exclu- 
 " sive privilege of printing. As an encouragement to prosecute 
 " the business, they were provided with a printing-office on the 
 " north side of the Castle-street, and a dwelling-house, rent free : 
 " and by an act of council all merchants and chapmen were pro- 
 " hibited from importing into the town any pamphlets or small 
 " books to their prejudice. Some years subsequent to this ap- 
 " pointment, Andrew Anderson, formerly a printer in Glasgow, 
 " having commenced business at Edinburgh, prevailed on the 
 " printers in this city to apply for a patent, to be taken out in 
 " his name, by which they were to be jointly vested with the 
 " office of king's printer. Having succeeded in their application, 
 " they in the year 1671 obtained a patent so extensive that no 
 " one in the kingdom was at liberty to print any book, from a 
 " Bible to a ballad, without a license from Anderson. 
 
 " Mr. Forbes was among the first Scottish printers who were 
 " possessed of music-types 5 and printed in the year 1666 a ' Col- 
 " lection of cantos and songs set to music, with a brief introduc- 
 " tion to the art as taught by Thomas Davison in the music- 
 " school of Aberdeen ;' which work he reprinted in the year 
 « 1682. 
 
 <• In 1651 he printed " The form and order of the Coronation of Charles the Se- 
 " cond, as it was acted and done at Scone, the first of January 1651." 
 
 b2 
 
4 AB. 
 
 " He was the earliest publisher in Scotland of an Almanac, 
 " commencing in the year 1677, under the title of ' A new Prog- 
 " nostication, calculated for North Britain ;' which was embel- 
 " lished by the armorial bearings of Aberdeen on the title-page. 
 " This work he continued to publish annually until the year 
 « 1700. 
 
 " After the commencement of the civil wars in the reign of 
 " Charles the First, the art of printing made no progress in Scot- 
 " land ; and it cannot be supposed that for many years it was a 
 " lucrative business to those who were embarked in it. During 
 "■ those civil commotions the party in power endeavoured to crush 
 " by every means the freedom of the press. In the year 1648 
 " the committee of estates passed an act prohibiting the printing, 
 " under the pain of death, any book, declaration, or writing, until 
 " these were first submitted to their revisal. Upon the Restora^- 
 " tion, the prohibition was renewed against printing without li- 
 " cense from the king, the parliament, or privy council ; and 
 " those who presumed to publish seditious books, or had them in 
 " their possession, were punished with the utmost rigour. Ga- 
 " zettes or newspapers were in particular prohibited from being 
 " pubHshed, till they had been revised by the bishop of Edin- 
 " burgh." 
 
 In his second volume Mr. Kennedy proceeds to relate the pro- 
 gress of typography at Aberdeen from the commencement of the 
 XVIIIth century down to the present day; observing, that 
 " Mr. James Chalmers (at that time printer to the town and uni- 
 " versity) was the first pubhsher, in the north of the Frith of 
 " Forth, of a weekly newspaper, or indeed of any periodical 
 " work : and the origin of it was the account which he printed of 
 " the battle of Culloden, in the month of April 1746." From 
 some cause, however, " the newspaper was not established till 
 " January 1748, when it was published under the title of The 
 " Aberdeen Journal, or North British Magazine."" He adds, 
 that at present (viz. 1818) there are three printing-presses em- 
 ployed in the town. 
 
 With respect to the foundation of the university of Aberdeen, 
 it appears from this author's account, that the pope's bull to bi- 
 shop Elphinstone was dated in Feb. 1494; that it was confirmed 
 by the king in May 1497; that bishop Elphinstone published his 
 first foundation and endowment in 1505 ; that subsequently he 
 
AB.— AG. 5 
 
 altered It ; and that his designs were carried into complete exe- 
 cution, by his successor in the see of Aberdeen, in the year 1531. 
 
 This foundation received some alterations, arising out of the 
 introduction of the protestant form of religion, in 1584: and was 
 once more remodelled by bishop Patrick Forbes, who obtained 
 an act of parliament confirming its ancient foundation and privi- 
 leges, in the year 1633. In 1641 king Charles united the King's 
 college with Marischal college, (which had been erected by George 
 earl marischal of Scotland, in 1593,) but this union was dissolved 
 after the Restoration. 
 
 Abrincce, Avranches, an ancient town of France, in Normandy, 
 lately a bishop's see. Printing was exercised here in 1545. 
 
 Academia Julia^ see Helmestadiuin. 
 
 Adricmopolis, Adrianople or Andrinople, a large and fine city 
 of European Turkey, pleasantly seated on the river Marizza, (the 
 ancient Hebms,) and the frequent place of residence of the court 
 of Constantinople. The Jews introduced the art of printing into 
 this city about the middle of the XVIth century. In the Oppen- 
 heimer library is a book executed at Adrianople in the year 1554. 
 
 ^sernia, Isernia, a town of Naples, seated at the foot of the 
 Apennines, the see of a bishop. Printing was executed here, in 
 a very creditable style, by Camillo Cavallo, in the year 1644. 
 
 AESSIVM, see ESSIVM. 
 
 Aginnum, Agen, an ancient and populous town of France, 
 formerly the capital of the province of Guienne, and a bishop's 
 see. It appears that typography was exercised here so early as 
 1545, in which year a poetical work of Bandelh, in praise of 
 Signora Lucregia Gonzaga di Gazuolo, was printed at Agen by 
 Antonio Reboglio. A copy of this very rare book was sold in 
 the Pinelli library, (No. 2555,) where De Bure's Bibliography 
 and the Gaignot Catalogue are adduced as vouchers for its ex- 
 treme rarity. Subsequently, in Payne and Foss's Catalogue for 
 the year 1824, it thus appeared announced for sale : 
 
 " No. 1368. Bandello, Canti Undeci di, de le Lodi de la S. 
 " Lucretia Gonzaga, e del vero Amore, col Tempio di Pudicitia, 
 " e con altre cose per dentro poeticamente descritte, veri/ scarce, 
 " complete, 4Z. 4*. 12mo. Guienna ne la Cittadi Agen. 1545. 
 
 " 1369. Altro esemplare, some leaves reprmted, SI. Ss. 
 
 12mo. 1545." 
 
 Agria, Egra or Eger, a town of Bohemia. — 1687. 
 
 b3 
 
6 AL. 
 
 ALBA, called also AQYM STATIELL^, Acqui, an epi- 
 scopal town of Italy, in Montferrat. Panzer mentions only one 
 book printed here, viz. an edition of Alexwndri de villa Dei doc- 
 tiinale, and assigns both its date (1493) and place from a letter 
 in Giornale de lettere de Modena, torn. xxv. p. 126. Meerman 
 considered this work to have been printed at Florence before 1472, 
 and to be the earliest production of the Florentine press. 
 
 Alba Carolma, a town of Hungary, (Stuhlweissenburg ?) 1785. 
 Alba Grceca, Bellegrade, an episcopal city of European Tur- 
 key, the capital of Servia. According to Henderson, (Biblical Re- 
 searches in Russia) Belgrade possessed the art of printing about 
 the middle of the XVIth century: he mentions an edition of 
 the Slavonic Gospels, executed in this city in the year 1552, in 
 folio. A Wallachiam New Testament, in folio, was printed here 
 on Jan. 20, 1648 ; a copy of which very rare volume is preserved 
 in the Bodleian library. 
 
 Alba Julia, Weissenburg, an episcopal city of Transylvania, 
 possessing an university ; or quaere whether it do not sometimes 
 denote Coloswar, (Claudiopolis) ? In the year 1637, Georgius 
 Rakoci, prince of Transylvania, had a press of his own in this 
 town. 
 
 Among Dr. Rawlinson's books in the Bodleian library is a 
 small volume which I mention here on account of the anecdote 
 subjoined : it is entitled, " Schema primum generate, sive forma 
 " studiorum Albensium : pro hoc anno Domini 1 657. Albae-Ju- 
 " liae, excudebat Martinus Major, Coronensis, celsissimi Transyl- 
 " vanise principis ac scholae typographus." At p. 112 the book 
 breaks off abruptly, and a contemporaneous hand has supplied 
 the following observation : Reliqua, ad prelum parata, ut et alia 
 meditata, obruit Tartarobum Diluvidm : mense Augusto, A. V. 
 T. 1658. Quo fatali tempore illustris schola a Barbaris (eheu) 
 solo sequata, volumina selectorum omnis generis codicum plus 
 viginti millia unico rogo concremata, in terrorem et monimen alia- 
 rum scholarum ignavi^, lethargo, vel ingratitudinis lepri labo- 
 ranti um . — 1 568 . 
 
 Alba Regalis, Stuhlweissenburg, a town of Hungary, now 
 small and mean, but formerly a place of splendour, having been 
 the residence of the ancient kings of Hungary. Great part of it 
 was destroyed in the year 1702. Since 1777 it has been a bishop's 
 see. 
 
AL. 7 
 
 S. ALBANi VILLA, St. Alban's, an ancient town of Hert- 
 fordshire in England, built on the site bf old Verulata, a British 
 city. 
 
 St. Albatt's may boast of being the third town in England to 
 receive the art of printing, since we know that a press was erected 
 in its magnificent abbey (founded by Oifa, king of the Mercians) 
 so early as the year 1480. 
 
 Six specimens of the St. Alban's press, published during the 
 XVth century, are now remaining to us, namely, 
 
 \..Rhetorica novajratris Lcmri. GuilK de Saona 1480. 4°. 
 
 2. Alberti liber modorum significandi 1480. 8°. 
 
 3. Exempla sacrce ScripturcB 1481. 8°- 
 
 4. In Aristotelis Physica 1481. 8°. 
 
 5. The St. Albcur^s Chronicle 1483. fol. 
 
 6. The book of St. Atbam's, by Julicma Berner^ 1486. fol. 
 
 Of these, the 1st, 5th, and 6th are to be seen in the Bodleian 
 library : the 2d was in possession of the late Michael Wodhull, 
 esq. : the 3d is said to be in the libraries of his majesty and of the 
 Middle Temple : of the 4th I can say nothing, but that the man- 
 ner in which Herbert names it is far from being satisfactory. Earl 
 Spencer possesses the 1st, 5th, and 6th ; and a perfebt copy of this 
 last is in the collection of the earl of Pembroke. Of N°. 5. his ma- 
 jesty also has a copy, and Miss Currer, of Eshton hall, in York- 
 shire, possesses am printed upon vellum. 
 
 Subsequently to 1486, there is a complete cessation of printing 
 here for nearly fifty years, the cause of which is totally unex- 
 plained : and even when the art was revived by John Hertford, 
 about the year 1634, half a dozen books, executed within the 
 space of four years, are all which are known to ha:ve proceeded 
 from its reestablishment. This second interruption is easily ac- 
 counted for, in the total dispersion of the inmates of religious 
 houses by command of king Henry VIII. 
 
 Albany, the capital of a county in the province of New York, 
 North America : it was founded by the Dutch in 1608, and now 
 contains nearly 20,000 inhabitants. Two brothers, A. and J. Ro- 
 bertson, printers at New York, removed from that city, and esta- 
 blished a press here about the year 1770 ; where soon afterwards 
 they published a newspaper, which continued not more than a 
 year or two. At the beginning of the present century, " The 
 
8 AL. 
 
 " Transactions of the Agricultural Society of New York" were 
 printed at Albany, viz. in 1801, &c. 
 
 ALBIA, Albia, a small town of Savoy. Two volumes exe- 
 cuted here in the XVth century are known, viz. JEneas Syl- 
 vius de remedio amoris, and Historia septem Sapientum ; both 
 in 4to. Neither of them contains the date or printer's name. 
 
 Albiburgum ; whether this be the same with Alburgum, I am 
 unable to decide. Panzer mentions a single book printed here 
 in 1501. 
 
 Alburgum,, Alburg, a city of Denmark in North Jutland. 
 
 Alcmaria, Alcmaer, an ancient and strong town of Holland, 
 distant seven leagues from Amsterdam. The earhest Alcmaer 
 book which I have seen is the Enchiridion controversiarum theo- 
 logicarum of Johannes Venator, printed by Jac. Meester in 1605. 
 (Bodl. TCD.) In the year 1637 a splendid work containing 
 drawings of the finest sorts of tuHps was executed here, a copy of 
 which may be seen in the Fagel library at Dublin. 
 
 Alcobaziense Monasterium, a rich abbey of Benedictines, 
 founded by Alphonso Enriquez, in the small town of Alcoba9a 
 in Estremadura. Antonio mentions a work of Bernardus de 
 Brito, printed in this monastery in 1597; a copy of which curious 
 volume was in the collection of Don J. A. Conde, sold by auction 
 in London in 1824. 
 
 ALDENARDA, Oudenarde, d strong and manufacturing 
 town of Flanders. One book only, from this town, appears to 
 be known, viz. Hermanni de petra Santdorpii sermones quin- 
 quaginta super Orationem Dominicam ; which is a folio, bearing 
 for imprint Pressum Aldenardi per me Arnoldum CcEsaris meos- 
 que sodales, 1480. Nothing further occurs in bibliographers re- 
 specting the typography of Oudenard ; except in Santander, who 
 gives an indistinct notice of two other pieces supposed to have 
 been executed here. 
 
 Alenconium, Alen^on, a large, ancient, and populous town of 
 France, in Lower Normandy. Printing was carried on here in 
 the year 1625 and in 1653, by Robert Muerel, who calls himself 
 " king's printer and bookseller to the college" (of Jesuits). — 
 Bodl. 
 
 Aleppo, see Halebum. 
 
 Alexandria, a large and celebrated city, the ancient capital of 
 Egypt; now a place of considerable trafiic, and resorted to by 
 
AL.— AM. 9 
 
 merchants of all nations. During the time that Egypt was occu- 
 pied by the French republican armies, they appear to have esta^ 
 Wished printing-offices at Alexandria, as well as at Cairo and 
 Gizeh. An Arabic, Turkish, and Persian Alphabet, and Some 
 IntrodMctory Exercises in the Arabic Tongue, appear in the 
 " Bibliotheca Marsdeniana," bearing for imprint Alexandrie, an. 
 VI. (1798.) 
 
 Almeria, Almeria, a seaport of Spain, in the province of Gre- 
 nada : it is a bishop's see. 
 
 ALOSTVM, Alost, a town of Flanders, seated on the river 
 Dender. About the year 1472 or 1473 printing was carried on 
 here by Theodoric Mertens, or Martin, who is supposed to have 
 been the first to introduce the art into Belgium. A full descrip- 
 tion of a book executed by him in 1473, may be seen in the Bib- 
 liotheca Spenceriana, vol. iv. p. 554. Martin continued the print- 
 ing business for nearly 60 years ; having in 1476 erected an esta- 
 blishment at Antwerp, and subsequently another at Louvain. 
 Santander is loud and long in his praise, conceiving that his fame 
 was improperly contested by a feUow-bibliographer Lambinet. 
 
 ALTA VILLA, Eltville or Elfeld, a small town adjoining to 
 Mayence, (perhaps forming one of its suburbs,) and the residence 
 of the archbishop elector. Henry and Nicolas Bechtermiinze, 
 who are said to have purchased the types formerly belonging to 
 Jo. Gutenberg, printed here a Teutonic and Latin Vocabulary, 
 being an abridgment of the Catholicon of John de Janua, in 1467, 
 folio. Their press continued at work for about ten years. 
 
 Altddrjium, properly denotes a Benedictine abbey in Suabia. 
 This imprint occurs continually in books, but in all probability 
 the town of Altorf may be intended in efery case. See AUorfia. 
 
 Altenburgum, Altenburg, a town of Upper Saxony. The Bod- 
 leian collection of German tracts on the Reformation contains one 
 printed here, of the date of 1523 : I have seen no other earlier 
 than the following century. 
 
 Altona, a seaport of Lower Saxony, on the Elbe. Printing was 
 executed at Altona by Cornelius Van der Meiden, in 1673. 
 
 Altorfia, or Altdorfium, Altorf, a town of Franconia, near Nu- 
 remburg, which possessed an university founded in the year 1579. 
 —1596. 
 
 Amacusa, Amacusia, a town of Japan, situated in an island of 
 the same name, oiF the coast of the island Zimo. 
 
10 AM. 
 
 The Jesuits, who possessed a large college in Amacusia towards 
 the close of the XVIth century, probably were the introducers 
 of the art of printing into the town and island. Chevillier, in his 
 Origine de Timprimerie, notices a book which Spaliger had be- 
 queathed to the university library of Leyden, written by F. Luis 
 de Gra/nada, and printed by the Jesuits in their college at Amd,- 
 cusa, in the language of Japan, but in European characters, in 
 the year 1582. The book is set down, according to Chevillier's 
 description, in page 313 of the Leyden university library cata- 
 logue, (folio, 1716 ;) yet still I cannot help suspecting some mis- 
 take of a figure, an 8 perhaps for a 9, inasmuch as in the account 
 of the twenty-six martyrs crucified in Japan, which is to be found 
 in the Acta Sanctorum, (in the first volume for February, page 
 735,) it is distinctly stated that this college of Amacusia was not 
 founded until the year 1591- I much doubt whether there be a 
 second copy of the work nearer to us than that at Leyden, by 
 help of which this question might at once be set at rest. The 
 library of the late distinguished oriental scholar, M. Langles, of 
 Paris, contained a Dictiona/riwm Latino-Lusitanicum et Japoni- 
 cum, in small quarto, which bore for imprint, AmacusS., in collegio 
 Japonico Societatis Jesu, 1595. At M. Langles' sale (in 1825) 
 this little volume produced the sum of 650 francs \%ll. l*.]- 
 The same book appears in the " Bibl. Marsdeniana," 4to. 1827. 
 
 AmbereSf the Spanish name of Antwerp, occurs in books printed 
 there in that language. 
 
 Arriberga, Amberg, a large town of Bavaria, capital of the Up- 
 per Palatinate. — 1593. 
 
 Ambiam, called also Samiarohrina, Amiens, an episcopal city 
 of France. Printing was carried on here by Jacques Hubault, 
 in the year 1611. — (Marsh.) 
 
 Amboyna, a Dutch settlement, chief town of the island of 
 Amboyna, metropolis of the Dutch Molucca isles, in the Indian 
 ocean. It has been several times alternately in possession of the 
 English and Dutch, and is at present retained by the former. In 
 the yeae 1814 this island was fixed on by the London Missionary 
 Society as a desirable station, and the Rev. J. Kam having been 
 ordered thither, he soon availed himself of the aid of typography 
 on the spot, and erected a printing-press at Amboyna. In 1820 
 a second press was despatched to him from the society in London ; 
 by means of which he was enabled to send into circulation a large 
 
AM 11 
 
 and valuable supply of the holy Scriptures and other publications 
 in the Malay language. 
 
 Amiternum, an ancient city of the south of Italy, in Abruzzo, 
 the birthplace of the historian Sallust. On its ruins was erected 
 San Vittorino, which once had a bishop, but subsequently the see 
 was transferred to Aquila. The Helvetia of F. Gmllimannus, 
 in folio, was printed here in 1623 ; a copy of which rare volume 
 is in the Fagel library at Dubhn. 
 
 Amacao, see Macao. 
 
 Amstelcedamum, Amstelodamum, or Amstelredamum, Amster- 
 dam, a celebrated commercial city, the capital of Holland. Print- 
 ing was Introduced into this city about 1523, and the many splen- 
 did editions of classical works which we possess from its presses, 
 are evidences of the perfection to which the art has there been 
 carried. W. J. Bleau, one of its eminent printers at the early 
 part of the XVIIth century, and who is well known by seve- 
 ral beautifully executed volumes of diminutive size, enjoys the 
 additional reputation of having introduced very considerable im- 
 provements into the structure of the printing-presses in use in his 
 day. The first edition of Luther's New Testament, translated 
 into Dutch, is given by Panzer as the earliest specimen of print- 
 ing from this place. In a political tract of the year 1628, in the 
 Fagel library at Dublin, I have seen the name Amsterdam dis- 
 guised under the anagram de mateu salem, (i. e. Aemstalre- 
 dam). It is observed by Bachmeister that Russian types were 
 used at Amsterdam in the year 1699. 
 
 La Serna Santander, in the Supplement to his " Dictionnaire 
 " Bibliographique," adduces something like proof that typogra- 
 phy was exercised at Amsterdam during the XVth century, a 
 circumstance not generally noticed. He had in his possession a 
 small 8vo. volume, called Tractatus Jratris Dionysii de conver- 
 sione peccatoris, which was printed in this town, and appeared to 
 exhibit all the marks of the XVth century. He gives the colo- 
 phon in fac^siraile at page 518 of his third vcJume. 
 
 Amursjiyrtwm, Amersfoordt, a large town of the Netherlands, 
 in the province of Utrecht, seated on the river Ems. 
 
 Two tracts by Drniiel de Vidms,. who appears to have been 
 chaplain to the English forces then quartered here, bear for im- 
 print Amwrs^fiarii, apvd ArnoMum Oddphivm,, 1626. They are 
 of a prophetical cast, written in a singular style, and savouring 
 
12 AN. 
 
 much more of zeal than of discretion. These may be seen in the 
 Bodleian library, and in that of Trinity college, Dublin. 
 
 Ancona, Ancona, an ancient city of Italy, capital of a marqui- 
 sate. Panzer gives the year 1514 as the time at which printing 
 was introduced into this place : the first printer appears to have 
 been Bernardinus Guerralda of Vercelli. 
 
 ANDEGAVVM, called also IVLIOMAGVM, Angers, a 
 large city of France, capital of Anjou : it is a bishop's see, and 
 contains an university founded in 1398, by Loiiis II<1. duke of 
 Anjou. Panzer mentions two books printed here in the XVth 
 century, the earliest of which, Manipulus Curatorum, bears the 
 date 1477, and was printed by Joannes de Turre and Jo. Mo- 
 relli : but it has recently been ascertained that the first book 
 printed at Angers is Ciceronis Rhetorica, 4to. 1476. 
 
 Andover, a large and flourishing town of Essex county, in the 
 province of Massachusetts, North America. Messrs, Flagg and 
 Gould exercised typography in Andover, in the year 1818 : and 
 a Hebrew Grammar, by professor M. Stuart, was printed here 
 in 1821. 
 
 And/reofoUs, St. Andrew's, a city of Scotland, containing the 
 most ancient university in that part of the British dominions ; the 
 founder of which was bishop Wardlaw, in the year 1412. The 
 art of printing found its way hither about the middle of the 
 XVIth century. Herbert cites the well known book, TAe Com^ 
 plaint of Scotland, printed here in the year 1548 : for which his 
 authority is Dr. Mackenzie. Or perhaps, since The Complaint is 
 not known to have any title remaining, Archbishop HamiltotHs 
 Catechism, of the year 1551, may pass for the earliest St. An- 
 drew's book now known. Of this rare Catechism see a long 
 and interesting account in M^Crie's Life of John Knox, vol. i. 
 p. 405. 
 
 Aneda, see Edimburgum. 
 
 Angelopolis, Puebla de los Angeles, a large and beautiful city 
 of Mexico or New Spain, founded by the Spaniards in the year 
 15331 Like Mexico its streets are broad and cross each other 
 at right angles, dividing the city into large regular squares. 
 Puebla was formerly the capital of the province of Tlascala, but 
 is now the chief city of the intendancy of Puebla, and the see of 
 a bishop, the see having been transferred hither from Tlascala in 
 1550. It is computed to contain at present about 90,000 inha- 
 
AN. 13 
 
 bitants. There are in it sixty-nine churches, besides numerous 
 establishments for religious of both sexes, the richness and splen- 
 dour of which are declared to be so great as almost to exceed be- 
 lief. Mr. Bullock mentions that on visiting the bishop's library 
 in the summer of 1823 he was shewn a Spanish Bible with plates, 
 as a great curiosity. A single Bible, in the vernacular tongue, 
 and that in a bishop's library, to be a great curiosity deserving to 
 be especially pointed out to a foreigner visiting the country ! does 
 this require a single comment ? 
 
 At what period the art of printing was introduced to Puebla, I 
 have not learned : the earliest of its books which has fallen under 
 my observation bears the date of 1639, Antonio mentions that in 
 1643 a history of its splendid cathedral was executed in the city. 
 
 Anglostadium, is perhaps merely another name of Ingolsta- 
 dium. The 'EpcoToiraiyvtov of Cornelius Curtius appears to have 
 been printed here in 1621 ; although the title-page bears the dis- 
 guised imprint Erotopolis. 
 
 ANGOLISMVM, or ENGOLISMVM, Angouleme, a large 
 and ancient town of France, the see of a bishop. Panzer knew 
 of two books executed here in the XV th century, the earliest of 
 which, AiJtctores VIII. Catho Sj-c. bears date 1491. 
 
 Angra, Angra, a seaport town, capital of Tercera, one of the 
 Azores islands : it is a populous place, and the see of a bishop. 
 Perhaps there are few of us who would have expected to find the 
 art of printing established in the Azores, and that at so early a 
 period as nearly two centuries and a half ago : but it is a fact of 
 which existing evidence will not allow us to doubt for a moment. 
 The Bodleian library contains a very rare and curious specimen 
 of typography from these islands, being a volume in folio, en- 
 titled, Relacion de la iornada, expugnacion, y conquista de la 
 isla Tercera, y las demas circunvezinas, q hizo dan Alba/ro de 
 Baqan, marquez de Santacruz : &c. It consists of twelve leaves 
 only ; at the end occurs the following colophon, Fecha en la ciu- 
 dad de Angra de la isla de Tercera, a onze de Agosto, mil y qui- 
 nientos y ochenta y tres. I have never seen nor heard of either 
 a second specimen or a second copy of the book here described. 
 
 Anicimn, Puy en Velay, a city of France, seated on a small 
 river near the Loire, formerly a bishop's see. — 1650. 
 
 Armceburgum, Annaburg, a town of Upper Saxony. — 1597. 
 
 Annapolis, a capital city of the county Ann Arundel, in the 
 
14 AN. 
 
 province of Maryland, North America. The first press was set 
 up in this city by Wm. Parks, in 1726 : and his earliest book ap- 
 pears to be, " A Collection of the Laws of Mart/land,'" published 
 in the next year. Parks was succeeded by some descendants of 
 the family of Green, under whom the art flourished considerably 
 at this place. 
 
 Annecium, Annecy, a large and fine town, one of the most de- 
 lightful in Savoy. Printing is noticed here in the year 1656. 
 
 Ansloga, or Opsloe, a city of Norway, seated on the bay of 
 Biorning: it was burnt down in the year 1624, and rebuilt under 
 the name of Christiania, which see. 
 
 Antigola, (qu ? Anglesola, a town of Spain, in Catalonia .'') An- 
 tonio (tom. i. p. 193,) mentions a work by Christopher de Vega 
 printed at this place in the year 1563. 
 
 Antiochia, or Santa FS de Antioquia, a city of South America, 
 lately capital of the Spanish province of Antioquia. 
 
 In the year 1824 a newspaper was in regular publication in this 
 town. 
 
 Antiquaria, Antequera, a Moorish town of Spain, in the king- 
 dom of Grenada. Antonio notices printing here so early as 1574. 
 In 1576, ^hus Antonius Nebrissensis appears to have possessed 
 a press in his own house at Antequera. In the Bodleian are some 
 books executed here, of the dates 1600, 1601 ; and the collection 
 sold in London under the name of Don J. A. Conde contained 
 one of the year 1577. 
 
 ANTVERPIA, in French Anvers, in Spanish Amberes, Ant- 
 werp, a well-known city of the Netherlands, in Brabant ; formerly 
 a bishop's see, and one of the richest towns in Europe. The 
 earliest book known from this town, Het boeck vam Tondalus 
 visioen, was printed in 1472, by Mathis Van der Goes. [Lam- 
 binet, however, after La Serna Santander, suspects the date, and 
 believes the year 1476 to be that of the introduction of typogra- 
 phy into Antwerp.] In 1480 Gerard Leeu, who calls Antwerp 
 mercuriale oppidum Jamatissimum, printed here The history of 
 the knight Jason, which is one of the earliest English books 
 printed abroad, after Caxton's Recueil of the histories of Troy. 
 Also, in 1493, another English book. The Chronicles of the realm 
 of England: with several others In the same language towards 
 the close of the XVth century. Nor should it be forgotten, 
 that the very first edition of the New Testament in English, 
 
AQ. 15 
 
 translated hy William Tyndal, is generally supposed to have been 
 executed at Antwerp in the year 1526. 
 
 Among the printers who have done honour to the town of Ant- 
 werp, must be reckoned the justly celebrated Christopher Plan- 
 tin, the beauty and correctness of whose workmanship is attested 
 by numerous publications in almost every branch of literature. 
 
 Of this esteemed printer it may be mentioned, that he was 
 born in the year 1514 near Tours; was apprenticed to the king's 
 printer at Caen ; commenced printing at Antwerp in 1555 ; and 
 died there in 1589. The earliest production of his press is a piece 
 translated from the Italian, entitled La institutione di una fa/n- 
 civlla nota nobilmente, bearing his imprint with the date 1555. 
 It is a small duodecimo of sixty pages, and is expressly named 
 by Plantin, in the dedication, as the first-fruits of his press : ces- 
 tuy premier hourjon sortant dujardin de mon imprimerie. 
 
 M. Van Praet, to whom I owe this interesting noticcj mentions 
 that the piece is extremely rare ; and that a copy of it, upon blue 
 paper, is preserved in the royal library of Paris. 
 
 Aqu(B-Gramum, Aachen, Aix-la-Chapelle, a city of France. — 
 1634. 
 
 Aqu(B Sextioe, Aix, an ancient city of Fi:ance, formerly the 
 capital of Provence. An university was erected here by Louis 
 II. in the year 1413, after a previous foundation of an academy 
 in 1100. 
 
 M. Henricy has recently (1826) favoured us with a tract on 
 the origin of printing in Provence, from whom we learn that the 
 art was first brought into use in Aix in the year 1574. Two 
 years previously the subject had engaged the consideration of the 
 magistrates, who entered into negotiations on the subject ; and in 
 1574 succeeded in bringing Pierre Rest from Avignon and esta- 
 blishing him in this town. At a subsequent period the press ap- 
 pears to have sustained an interruption of seven years: and in 
 the year 1597 the syndics of Aix invited from Lyons a printer 
 named Pierre Tholozanj who in due time was succeeded by Ed- 
 ward David, and he by John Roize. The earliest Aix book 
 which has fallen under my own observation is of the year 1629, 
 bearing for imprint Aquis ' Sextiis, typis Joarmis Roize regicB 
 v/niversitatis ordinm-ii typographi. The volume does credit to 
 the town and printer. 
 
 AQVILA, Aquila, a large episcopal city of Naples. An Ita- 
 
16 AR. 
 
 Uam translation of Plutarch's Lives, hy B, A. Jaconello de Riete, 
 was printed here in 1482, by Adam Rotwil, who had previously 
 exercised his art at Venice. Earl Spencer possesses a copy of this 
 Plutarch, as also two other specimens of printing at Aquila dur- 
 ing the XVth century, of which very few are known to re- 
 main, not more than four books being mentioned by Panzer. — 
 (1594- Pinelli.) 
 
 Arau, a small town, chief of the canton of Argau, in Switzer- 
 land, containing about 4000 inhabitants. Printing was exercised 
 here in the year 1821. 
 
 Arausio, Orange, a city of France. — 1646. 1652. 1654. (TCD.) 
 
 Arctaunum Francorum, qu. Ortenburg, a small town of Ger- 
 many, in Hesse Darmstadt, not far from Frankfort on the 
 Maine.? 
 
 A translation into Latin verse of Alexander Montgomery's 
 poem of The Plum and the Cherry, was printed here " typis 
 " Fleischmannianis," in the year 1631. A copy of this rare tract 
 is in lord Charlemont's library at Dublin. 
 
 Arcueil, a village of France, distant about one league from 
 Paris. Peignot remarks, that a secret printing-press was dis- 
 covered at work here in 1756, the works executed at which being 
 found to be of a very improper nature, both press and printers 
 were seized, the latter imprisoned, and the former destroyed. 
 
 Arcum, Arco, a town on the river Sarca, on the confines of the 
 Tyrol, distant 12 or 14 miles from Trent. It appears that print- 
 ing was exercised at Arco during the sixteenth century, from a 
 volume adduced by M. Van Praet, entitled Privilegia et diplo- 
 mata, cj-c. comitihus de Arco irrogata, opera Ambrosii Franci 
 eruta et Arci excussa. fol. To this volume the date of 1584 is 
 given. A copy of it is among the books printed on vellum in the 
 royal library of Paris. I have found no other notice of an Arco 
 book earlier than 1611 . 
 
 Arelatce, or Arelatum, Aries, a city of France, seated on the 
 Rhone. M. Henricy '^ informs us that typography was first prac- 
 tised in Aries in the year 1647. 
 
 Arenacum, see Arnhemium. 
 
 Aretium, Arezzo, a populous town of Tuscany, seated on a hill 
 above the river Arno. It is a bishop's see; and is further memo- 
 rable as the birthplace of Petrarch. — 1752. 
 
 « " Notice sur roriginede rimprimerie en Provence," 8vo. Aix, 1826. 
 
AR. 17 
 
 Arevalum, Arevalo, a tpwn of Spain, in Old Castile, on the 
 confines of Leon. According to Antonio, the art of printing was 
 exercised here so early as 1551. 
 
 ARGENTINA, ARGENTORATVM, sometimes caUed 
 ELVETIORVM ARGENTINA, and ARGENTINA RENI, 
 also AVGVSTA TREBOCORVM, (or TRIBOCCORVM,) 
 Strasburg, an ancient, populous, and fine city of France, formerly 
 imperial and archiepiscopal, seated on the Rhine. It is well 
 known to the learned, that Strasburg is one of those towns which 
 put in a claim to the honour of giving birth to the typographic 
 art; and it has been contended by Schoepflin and others, that 
 John Gutenberg printed here between the years 1440 and 1450. 
 This assertion however, being unsupported by any positive evi- 
 dence now remaining, I entirely pass over. The earliest dated 
 Strasburg book now known is an edition of the Decretum Gra- 
 iiani, printed by Henry Eggesteyn in 1471. Eggesteyn how- 
 ever is known to have carried on the art for two or three years 
 previous to the publication of this work. John Menteliii, or 
 Mentelius, is thought to have printed in this city, in the year 
 1465 or 1466 ; his first edition of the German Bible, being almost 
 proved to be of the latter year, but no book of his bears a printed 
 date earlier than 1473. Panzer also notices (vol. iv. p. 224) a 
 Terence and Valerius Maximus, said to have been printed at 
 Strasburg in or about 1470, by Adolphus Rusch de Inguilen, 
 who appears to have been MentePs son-in-law. 
 
 Among works executed in this city by unknown printers. Pan- 
 zer reckons the Terence and Aretine of the Sortense mondste- 
 rium. Towards the close of the XVth century, John Griinin- 
 ger possessed a flourishing printing-establishment at Strasburg, 
 from which he sent forth a Terence, Horace, Virgil, and some 
 other books, filled with curious and interesting wood-engravings; 
 amongst them is an edition of Brandt's Stultifera Navis, pub- 
 lished in 1497. 
 
 Arhusivm, Arhusen or Aarhus, a town of Denmark, in North 
 Jutland. Panzer mentions a Breviary printed here by Melchior 
 Blumme, in 1519, but no other book. 
 
 Ariminum, Rimini, an ancient town of Italy, in Romagna. 
 A Hebrew book, SepJier Ikkarim, by Rabbi Joseph Albo, was 
 supposed to have been printed here in 1486. The work however 
 has been decided to be from the Soncino press ; and there is no 
 
18 AE.— AS. 
 
 evidence of the art of printing having been carried on at Rimini 
 previously to the year 1521. 
 
 Arnhemia, called also Arnoldi villa, and Arenacum, Arnheim, 
 a populous and strong town, situated on the Rhine, the capital of 
 the Dutch province of Guelderland, the governors of which for- 
 merly resided within it. Printing was' exercised at Arnheim in 
 the year 1612. 
 
 Arnostadium, Arnstadia, or Arnstetum, Arnstadt, a well-built 
 town of Saxony, in the county of Schwartzburg, seated on the 
 river Gera, at the distance of 10 miles from Erfurt. Printing was 
 carried on here, by Peter Schmidt, in the years 1 655, 1665, &c. 
 — (Bodl.) 
 
 Arosia, Westeras, an ancient episcopal town of Sweden, seated 
 on the lake of Malar. Olaus Olai, of Elsinore, exercised the art 
 of printing here in 1621, a press having been established by the 
 bishop Johannes Rudbeckius, under the patronage of king Gus- 
 tavus Adolphus. Panzer's notice of a Brevia/ry printed here in 
 1504 probably rests on incorrect information, and in fact seems 
 to be altogether disproved by Alnander. In all probability the 
 book noticed by Panzer was nothing more than a copy of a Bre- 
 viary printed at Basle in the year 1513, the last leaf of which 
 may have been wanting; for it happens that the prefibce of that 
 edition bears date " Arosiae, vi. Id. Octob. 1504," from which 
 circumstance the mistake is most likely to have arisen. In 1625 
 a Swedish Psalter was executed at Westeras, a copy of which, 
 upon vellum, is in the university library of Upsal. 
 
 Asccmia, Ascania, an ancient castle of Germany, seated on the 
 river Wipper, formerly the residence of the counts of Anhalt. 
 It has been almost totally destroyed, and the small town of As- 
 cherleben has arisen upon its ruins. Peignot mentions a work of 
 J. Fr. Reimmannus, printed here in the year 1702. 
 
 Aschaffemhwrgv/m, Aschaffenburg, a town of Germany, for- 
 merly imperial, in the circle of Franconia ; it now belongs to the 
 archbishop of Mentz. Printing was carried on here in 1620, 1622, 
 &c. by Balthasar Lippius. 
 
 ASCVLVM, Ascoli, a town of Italy, in the marquisate of An- 
 cona. Two books, La cronica de S. Isidoro, 1477, and Statuta 
 civitatis AsculancE, 1496, are the only specimens of printing 
 known to have proceeded from hence during the XVth century. 
 (1580, Pinelli.) 
 
AS— AT. 19 
 
 Assisium, Assisi, a small town of Italy in the pope's dominions, 
 which until the year 1810 was the see of a bishop. — 1731- 
 
 Asia, Asti, a large city of Piedmont, the see of a bishop, seated 
 on the left bank of the river Tanaro, twenty-four miles east of 
 Turin. Panzer notices two books printed here in the years 1518 
 and 1519, the former of which is a work of Albertus Brwno, and 
 the latter Sangeorgius' Series of the Marquesses of Montferrat. 
 Panzer's citation of this book is from the catalogue of the Pinelli 
 library, where it is styled liber rarissi/mus. 
 
 Asia, or Xerezium, Xeres de la Frontera, a populous town of 
 Spain, in the province of Seville, memorable for a battle fought 
 in the year 712, in which Roderic, the last king of the Goths, lost 
 his life. From its environs is produced the wine commonly known 
 to us by the name of Sherry. Printing was carried on in this 
 town in 1626. 
 
 Astigium, or Astygium, Ecija, or Exija, a large town of Spain, 
 in the province of Seville, seated on the river Xenil. Antonio 
 mentions printing here in 1641. 
 
 Astrachan, the capital of the province of Astrachan, (ori^nally 
 called Haj^ Terkh^n, hence the Giterchan or Ginterchan of the 
 middle ages,) one of the most populous and wealthy cities in the 
 Russian empire, containing about 70,000 inhabitants : it is situ- 
 ated in an island in the river Volga, about thirty miles from the 
 Caspian sea. In the year 1815 a branch of the Scottish mission 
 having been established at Astrachan, the printing-establishment 
 was removed hither from the settlement at Karass, and a reprint 
 of the Karass edition of the Tartar-Turkish New Testament was 
 immediately commenced. For some interesting particulars of the 
 Astrachan press, the reader is referred to Henderson's Biblical 
 Researches in Russia, p. 422, &c. The library of the British 
 and Foreign Bible Society contains the following works in the 
 Tartar dialect, printed ^t this place : The Psalter, 1815. The 
 Gospel of St. LMke, 1815. The New Testament, 1820. 
 
 Asturica, Astorga, an ancient and strong city of Spain, in the 
 province of Leon. Printing was carried on here by Hieronymus 
 Murillo, in 1624.— (TCD.) 
 
 AthencB. During the present struggle of the Greeks for the 
 independence of their country, a printing-press has been erected 
 at Athens among other places, from which is now issued a news- 
 paper, entitled. The Athens free Press. 
 
 c2 
 
20 AT.— AU. 
 
 Athum, Ath or Aeth, a populous and manufacturing town of 
 the Netherlands, in Hainault, seated on the river Dender. 
 
 Printing appears to have been exercised here in 1622. 
 
 Atrebatum, or Rigiacum Atrehdtium, Arras, an ancient, strong, 
 and populous city of France, capital of a department, and the see 
 of a bishop. Arras has long been famed for its tapestry, and con- 
 tains also other manufactures. The art of printing was certainly 
 carried on here in the year 1588. (TCD) But M. Van Praet 
 seems to claim for the town a much earlier acquaintance with ty- 
 pography, by citing a vellum copy of a Missale Afrebatense, in 
 folio, which professes to have been printed at Arras by John and 
 Anthony Pice, in the year 1517. The copy addtieed is in the Ma- 
 aarine library. 
 
 Attlehorough^ or Arilehurgh, a township of the county of Bris- 
 tol, on the frontiers of Massachusetts in New England, North 
 America. A printing-press was temporarily erected here by So- 
 lomon South wick, on his being compelled to quit Newport in 
 Rhode Island, in the year 1776. 
 
 Ava, the ancient capital of the Birman empire in the east, for- 
 merly a place of great extent, but much diminished of late years: 
 In the year 1814 Mr. F. Carey, an English baptist missionary, 
 obtained leave from the king to erect a printing-office here, for 
 the purpose of publishing the holy Scriptures in the Burmese lan- 
 guage : which permission was immediately acted upon. 
 
 Avaricum, or Bitwriges, Bourges, an ancient and large city of 
 France, capital of a department : it was formerly an archbishop's 
 see, and possessed an university, which was founded, or rather 
 restored, by Louis XI. The art of printing was carried on at 
 Bourges so early as 1540 ; in which year a book entitled Cou- 
 tumes de Berry, was executed here by Barth. Bartault. A copy 
 of this, upon vellum, is in the royal library of Paris. 
 
 Auburn, a modern handsome village, in the state of New- York, 
 North America, containing the county court-house and gaol. 
 
 " An Account of the State-prison of New-York situate at Au- 
 " burn," was printed here in the year 1826. 
 
 Auchmlech, a town of Scotland, in the county of Ayr, the resi- 
 dence of the late lord Auchinlech, and of the late sir Alexander 
 Boswell. Sir Alexander, a literary man, and (as he merrily ex- 
 pressed it) somewhat infected with the type fever, erected a prints 
 ing-press in a cottage near to his house at Auchinlech, at which 
 
AU. 21 
 
 he printed some pieces of Churchyard, ^nd a feW other tracts. 
 An account of his printing-establishment, as detailed in a letter 
 from himself to Dr. Dibdin, may be consulted in the third volume 
 of the entertaining Bibliographical Decameron. His death, alas ! 
 we all remember and regret. 
 
 Audomaropolis, .or Audomarum, St. Omer's, an ancient and 
 large town of France, formerly the see of a bishop ; at which a 
 college for English and Irish Roman catholics was founded in the 
 year 1694i, by the well known father Parsons : it continued to be 
 the principal establishment of English Jesuits until the period of 
 the suppression of the order in France. At this time (1764) it 
 passed into the hands of the secular clergy of Douay, and was 
 finally destroyed by the French in the year 1793. The Jesuits 
 of this college possessed a printing-press so early as 1600, in 
 which year, amongst other things, they printed here some works 
 of Robert Parsons, (which may be seen in the Bodleian library.) 
 
 N. B. For a curious and instructive account of the method 
 pursued at this seminary with the young English and Irish des- 
 tined to be sent over for the conversion of their countrymen to 
 the tenets and assumptions of the Romish church, the reader is 
 referred to a little volume entitled Britarmo-Romanus, by John 
 Everard, (an eye-witness) printed at London in 1611. 12mo. 
 
 AVENIO, Avignon, a large and beautiful city of France, seated 
 on the Rhone, formerly belonging to the popes, and for many 
 years the place of their residence. It is a bishop's see, and has 
 an university, founded by Boniface VIII, in 1303, and re-esta- 
 blished, in a different form, in the year 1803, The art of print- 
 ing found its way into Avignon towards the close of the XVth 
 century, and the earliest book at present known is the Palinurus 
 qfLucian, with other tracts, in Latin, printed in 1497. Domi- 
 nic Anselmus, a printer of this place in 1500, styles Avignon al- 
 tera Roma. 
 
 Augusta, in the district of Maine, Massachusetts. Peter Edes 
 was a printer here in the year 1810. 
 
 Augusta Ehurotmm, qu. whether Liege, Tongres, or Maes- 
 tricht.P This imprint occurs in a book of the year 1721. (TCD;) 
 
 Augusta Munatiana, or Augusta Rauracorum, Augst, for- 
 merly a large and flourishing town^ but now a small village, at 
 the distance of two leagues from Basle, which in fact has absorbed 
 both its prosperity and name. — 1606. 
 
 c3 
 
22 AU. 
 
 Atigusta Treboeorum, see Argentoratum, 
 
 Augusta Trecarumy see Trecce. 
 
 Augusta Trevirorum, see Treviri. 
 
 Augusta Tricassiorum, St. Paul trois Chateaux, a town of 
 France. Petrus Chevillot styled himself " Typographus regius" 
 in a book printed by him here in the year 1615. 
 
 AVGVSTA TRINOBANTVM, see LONDINVM. 
 
 Augusta Vangionum, see Vormacium. 
 
 AVGVSTA VINDELICORVM, Augsburg, an ancient and 
 fine city of Suabia, formerly imperial and episcopal ; memorable 
 amongst other things for the Confession of Faith presented in the 
 year 1530 by Luther and Melancthon to the emperor Charles V. 
 and which has ever since been known by the name of Tlie Con- 
 fission of Augsburg ; a city well deserving to be remembered by 
 every Protestant who understands the principles, and can appre- 
 ciate the value, of the Religion which he professes and enjoys. 
 
 Augsburg was furnished with the art of printing at a very 
 early period; Gunther Zainer of Reutlingen having printed here 
 Meditationes vite Domini nostri Jesu Christi, by Bonaventure, 
 in the year 1468. La Serna Santander well observes, that Zainer . 
 has a double claim to our attention ; as having been the intro- 
 ducer not only of typography into the city of Augsburg, but of 
 the beautiful Roman letter into Germany, where no other than 
 the black or Gothic had been seen until the publication of his 
 EtymologicB S. Isidori, in 1472. John Schuszler, a native, exer- 
 cised the art for a short period, viz. from 1470 to 1472. Christ- 
 mann Heyny, in 1471. John Baemler, (or Bamler,) in 1472. 
 In 1472 a press was erected in the monastery of SS. Ulric and 
 Afra, but no book issued from it before 1474 now remains. An- 
 thony Sorg, who is supposed to have printed for the monastery, 
 says of one of his books, that it is not " cyrographatus, sed stan- 
 " neis karacteribus artificialiter effigiatus.'" 
 
 Among the Augsburg printers of the XV th century occurs 
 Erhard Ratdolt, who had carried on the business at Venice in 
 1476, and seems to have entertained no mean opinion of his own 
 abilities, as may be seen by his colophons, in which he styles him- 
 self, Vir solertissimus, imprimendi arte nominatissimus, artis im- 
 pressorie magister apprime fiimosus, perpolitu^s ojAfeac, vir sub 
 orbe notus, &c. &c. 
 
 Augustodunum, Autun, an ancient and populous town of 
 
AU. 23 
 
 France in Burgundy, the see of a bishop, and formerly capital of 
 a district. 
 
 The art of printing was known and practised hete in the year 
 1596. 
 
 Atiffustoritum Pictonum, see Lemoiiices. 
 
 AvUly, a small village of France, near Chantilly, distant about 
 twenty-five miles from Paris. The well known Hebrew critic 
 Houbigant had a country house here, in which he set up a print- 
 ing-press for his amusement, and printed his Hebrew Psalter, in 
 1748, Proverbs, in 1763, &c. as also some publications in French. 
 The Psalter, of which one hundred copies were struck off, bears 
 the imprint iMgdtmi Batavorum. 
 
 AtdoB Regies Monasterium, Konigshoven, a Cistercian monas- 
 tery of considerable beauty and renown, in Bohemia, seated on 
 the banks of the river Moldau. It was in ancient times celebrated 
 for having the entire text of the Old and New Testaments painted 
 on the interior of its walls, the letters being successively larger as 
 they were nearer to the upper parts of the building. This curious 
 monument, however, perished amid the inroads of the Hussites. 
 (iEneae Sylvii Hist. Bohem. cap. 36.) 
 
 Konigshoven in fact has no claim to be mentioned in the pre- 
 sent work ; but I have inserted this notice of it with a view of 
 preventing error, an assertion having recently appeared that typo- 
 graphy was exercised in this monastery during the XVth cen- 
 tury, and that an edition of the Dialogue called Malogranatum 
 was printed here in the year 1487. It is true that there is such 
 an edition of the book in question ; but it is without any name of 
 place or printer ; and by the wording of its subjoined colophon 
 the reader will clearly perceive, that, although an abbot of Ko- 
 nigshofen was its author, yet the edition was executed neither 
 there nor in any other part of Bohemia. " Explicit dyalogus 
 " dictus Malogranatum, compilatus a quodam venerabili abbate 
 *' monasterii Aule regie in Bohemia ordinis Cysterciensis. Anno 
 dni 1487." The volume is a small folio; it may be seen in the 
 Bodleian library. 
 
 AVRACVM, or Burgum Juracense, Aurach, or Urach, a 
 small town in the dominions of Wirtemburg. Mr. Home men- 
 tions, from La Serna Santander, a work, Leben der Heilegen, in 
 folio, printed here in 1481, by Conrad Fyner, a printer of Ess- 
 lingen. For myself, I have observed no book bearing this im- 
 
 c 4 
 
24, AU.— BA. 
 
 print of a date anterior to 1561. Le Long adduces an Hebrew 
 Bible and Greek Testament, printed at Aurach in the year 1581 ; 
 also the Latin Bible of Santes Pagninus, executed in the same 
 year. 
 
 AVRELIA, AVRELIACVM, or GANABVM, Orleans, an 
 ancient, fine, and celebrated city of France; it is the see of a 
 bishop, and has an university, founded in 1302. Only two books 
 were known to Panzer to have been executed here in the XVth 
 century; one of which bears date 1490, and the other 1500. The 
 former is a French version of the Manipulus Curatorum ; the 
 printer, Matthew Vivian. In the middle of the following century 
 Loys Rabier exercised the art at Orleans. 
 
 Aurelia Allobrogum, see Geneva. 
 
 Aureliopolis, qu ? whether Orleans or Geneva .-' probably the 
 latter. The Adversaria of Adrian Turnebus were printed here 
 by Petrus Quercetanus, in the year 1604. — (Marsha's Library.) 
 
 Aurillac, a considerable manufacturing town of France, in 
 Upper Auvergne. — 1704. 
 
 Auristadium, (qu ? Auerstadt, in the province of Thuringia .?) 
 Printing was very respectably executed in this town, by Petrus 
 Aretinus, in the year 1648. 
 
 Australasia, or AustraUa, in modern geography, the fifth great 
 division of the globe; including New Holland, Van Dieman's 
 land, and all those numerous islands situated to the south west of 
 Asia. It is affirmed that the first book printed in New South 
 Wales was James Busby on the cultivation of the Vine, 8vo. 
 1825, pp. 270: but of this there may be some doubt ; as regular 
 gazettes have been printed at Sydney for upwards of twenty years. 
 
 AVSTRIiE CIVITAS, not Vienna, but Cividad di Friuli, an 
 ancient town of Italy, in the Venetian territory. Only two books 
 of the XVth centurv from this town are known, one of which is 
 Platyna de honestd voluptate ; the other, Cronica de S. Isidero 
 minor e; both of them bearing the date of 1480: the printer was 
 Gerard de Flandri^. The first of these curious specimens is con- 
 tained in the Bodleian library, and both are in the rich collection 
 of earl Spencer. 
 
 Autissiodorum, or Antissiodorum, Auxerre, an ancient city of 
 France, the capital of a department, and formerly a bishop's see. 
 Printing was exercised here in the year 1580. — (1609, Bodl.) 
 
BA; 25 
 
 B. 
 
 Bade en Argovie, Baden, a small town of Switzerland, capital 
 of the district of Baden, in the canton of Argau. Within one 
 mile of it are the celebrated hot-baths from which it takes its 
 name. Some Poems by a blind girl, published for the benefit of 
 the poor who frequent the baths, are announced to have been 
 printed here in the year 1823. 
 
 Bagnolet, an agreeable village of France, at the distance of one 
 league from Paris. The cardinal du Perron erected here a pri- 
 vate press in his own house in the year 1600, at which he was 
 in the habit of printing limited editions of his works, for the in- 
 spection and correction of his friends before they were given to 
 the world at large. 
 
 Baieux, or Bayeux, a populous trading town of France in 
 Lower Normandy, the see of a bishop, and celebrated for its fine 
 cathedral. Printing was carried on here in 1696. 
 
 Baltimore, the chief town of Baltimore county, in Maryland, 
 North America. Printing was introduced into this city by Ni- 
 cholas Hasselbocht, a pupil of Sauer of Germantown, not many 
 years before the American war with Great Britain. He was well 
 supplied with types for printing, both in the German and Eng- 
 lish languages ; and is said to have meditated the publication of 
 a German version of the Bible; a design, which, however, was 
 never carried into execution. 
 
 BAMBERGA, BABENBERGA, or GBAVIONARIVM, 
 Bamberg, a celebrated city of Franconia, capital of a principality, 
 and the see of a bishop : it has an university, originally founded 
 in 1147, and enlarged and improved in 1739. 
 
 There is no doubt that Bamberg was one of the earliest cities 
 which received the art of printing, and indeed its just place seems 
 to be immediately second to Mayence : for (not to mention the 
 Bible of Schelhorn, which bears no date, but is supposed to have 
 been executed in 1459,) there is remaining to us distinct evidence 
 of a press established here so early as T461 or 1462, by Albert 
 Pfister, in a German Collection of Fables, dated 1461, a copy of 
 which is said to be in the library of Wolfaabuttel ; and also in a 
 German book containing the histories of Joseph, Daniel, Judith, 
 and Esther, which bears the imprint Bamberg, the name of 
 Pfister, and the date 1462. See a detajled account of this ex- 
 
26 BA. 
 
 tremely rare work, and of two others bound up in the same vo- 
 lume, (which is now in the royal library at Paris, having been 
 purchased for one hundred louis d'ors, in 1799,) published by 
 M. Camus, 4to. Paris, 1798. See also Bibliotheca Spencericma, 
 vol. i. p. 94. It is to be remarked that no other dated specimen 
 of Bamberg printing occurs until the year 1481. Of Schelhorn's 
 Bible M. Van Praet acquaints us with the existence of four per- 
 fect copies. 
 
 John Sensenschmidt, who printed at Bamberg in 1481, dates 
 one of his works, in Montis Monachorum loco penes nobilem ur- 
 bem Babenbergensem : namely the Missale ordinis B. Benedicti, 
 fol. 1481, which is supposed to be his earliest work. Sensens- 
 chmidt had] previously followed the printing business at Nurem- 
 burg. 
 
 Ba/r-le-Duc, a considerable town of France, formerly the capital 
 of a duchy : during the heat of the French revolution its name 
 was changed to Bar-sur-Omain. — 1739. 
 
 Bwrcmovia, Baranow^ a castle of Lesser Poland, in the pala- 
 tinate of Sendomir. The members of the reformed church had 
 a printing-press here in 1628. 
 
 Barbastro, often called Balbastro, an episcopal town of Spain, 
 in the province of Arragon. 
 
 The only instance of printing at this town which 1 have met 
 with, is a Collection of Spanish Homilies on the days of Lent, 
 published by directions of Philibert Grand prior of Castille and 
 Leon, in folio, which bears for imprint, Impressas in la ciudad 
 de Barbastro, par Sebastian Matevad. Ano. 1622. (TCD.) 
 
 Barbium, Barby, a town of Upper Saxony, possessing a college 
 founded, in 1754, by the Unitas Fratrum. — 1766. 
 
 BARCHINO, BARCINO,or BARXINO, Barcelona, a large, 
 commercial, and strong city of Spain, the capital of Catalonia, 
 and a bishop's see ; it has an university, founded in 1440. 
 
 Barcelona is the second in order of the Spanish towns which 
 adopted the art of printing. 
 
 A work entitled, Valesci Tarentini opus de Epidemid et Peste, 
 translated into the Catalonian dialect, is given on the authority of 
 Nicolas Antonio as the first book executed at this place. Its date 
 is 1475, but the name of the printer is not mentioned : the first 
 who occur being Petrus Brunus and Nicholaus Spindeler, both 
 Germans, whose names appear on an edition of Thomas Aqvmas, 
 
BA. 27 
 
 in the year 1478. A considerable number of publications, in the 
 Spanish and Latin tongues, issued from Barcelona during the 
 remainder of the XVth century : but Panzer seems to have 
 met with very few printed during the earlier part of the succeed- 
 ing one. 
 
 BARCVM, Barco, a town of Italy in the province of Brescia, 
 the seat of one of the early Jewish printing establishments. An 
 Hebrew book, Selicoth, sen preces pro remisskme peccatorvm, is 
 the only one known to have been printed here in the XVth 
 century. Its date is 1497 ; the printer, Gersonjilius Rabbi Mods 
 Mentzlcm. De Rossi possessed the unique but imperfect copy of 
 this volume. It may be observed that Gerson, contrary to the 
 usual conceit of those of his profession, calls himself minimus ty- 
 pogrwphorwm. 
 
 Barda, or Bardum, Bardt, a considerable seaport-town of Po- 
 merania, formerly the ducal residence. A Pomeranian version of 
 the Bible was printed here in 1588, 4to : and the Juvenilia of 
 M. A. Murettis, in 1590. This last is very neatly executed, bear- 
 ing for imprint Bardi Pomeranice, ex officina Primcipis. It is in 
 the Bodleian library. 
 
 Barium, probably Bari, a seaport town of Naples, formerly 
 an archbishop's see. Panzer notices printing here so early as 
 1516. 
 
 Baruthum, or Byruthvmi, Bayruth, a fine and populous town, 
 formerly the capital of Franconia. — 1669. 
 
 Basatu/m, see Vasatum. 
 
 BASILEA, COLONIA MVNATIANA, or ATHENE 
 HAURACM^, Basle, or Basil, a large and strong city of Swit- 
 zerland, seated on the Rhine, capital of the province of Basle. 
 It has a celebrated university, founded by Pius II. in 1459. Basle 
 was the first city of Switzerland which could boast of the art of 
 printing, which is thought to have been carried thither by Berthold 
 Rodt of Hanau, (formerly employed in the office of Fust at May- 
 ence,) between the years 1460 and 1465. However, none of the 
 works executed by Rodt have any date, and few of them the 
 printer's name : and the earliest Basle book bearing a certain date 
 is either Joannis Calderini repertorimn juris, printed by Michael 
 Wensler, or a German work, Der Sachsenspiegel, executed by 
 
 ' See Epitome Hist. Basil, a C. Urtisio, p. I. 
 
28 BA. 
 
 Bernhart Richel, in 1474. Santander gives td this last the honour 
 of being the first Basle printer. It is observable, that so late as 
 1486, Wensler inserted in the colophon of his books, that they 
 were not produced atramentali penna canndve, sed arte ingenioscL 
 quadam imprimendi. 
 
 Among the eminent printers of Basle must not be unnoticed 
 the learned John Froben, the beauty and correctness of whose 
 editions are highly commended by Erasmus. Froben printed 
 here the first octavo edition of The Latin Bible, in 1491. Even 
 so late as 1496, after that he had practised the art of printing 
 during five or six years, Froben, with a modesty unusual among 
 those of his trade, simply calls himself artis impressorice stu- 
 diosum. 
 
 It must never be forgotten, that to the press of Froben at Basle 
 we are indebted for the first published edition of the original 
 Greek of the New Testament, which appeared in the year 1516, 
 edited by Erasmus. It is true that the Complutensian edition 
 bears an earlier date, (1514,) but the caution of the pope would 
 not suffer it to be made public until 1522. This first edition of 
 Erasmus is not only a rare, but a beautiful and highly interesting 
 volume. Erasmus himself has told us that he struck off three 
 copies of it upon vellum ; one of which is now preserved in the 
 cathedral library of York. 
 
 Bassanum, Bassano, a small town of Italy. — 1623. 
 
 Basseterre, the capital of the isle of St. Christopher's. Tho- 
 mas Howe, a native of Ireland, in 1747, was a printer here: the 
 art may have been introduced about two years earlier than this 
 date. 
 
 Basti, or Basta, Ba^a, or Baza, a trading town of the province 
 of Granada in Spain. — 1614. 
 
 Bastia, a populous and strong town, the capital of the island of 
 Corsica. — 1785. 
 
 Batavia, a city and seaport, the capital of the isle of Java, and 
 of all the Dutch settlements in the East Indies. The Dutch 
 East India company had a press here in the beginning of the 
 XVIIIth century ; from which issued, in 1706 and 1707, some 
 Malay vocabularies, in M-o. printed by A. L, Loderus, printer to 
 the Dutch East India company, and to the city of Batavia : co- 
 pies of these vocabularies are in the Bodleian library. Yet these 
 could not have been the first-fruits of the Batavian press ; since 
 
BA.— BE. 29 
 
 X.a Croze, in Tiis Histoire du Christicmisme des Indes, relates, 
 that in the year 1706 the Danish missionaries instructed the na- 
 tives at Tranquebar out of a Portuguese New Testament, printed 
 at Batavia: and a Portuguese version of the Psalms, executed 
 here in 1703, was in the library of M. Meerman. According to 
 the catalogue of the library of the British and Foreign Bible So- 
 ciety, the Old Testament was printed here in the Malayan lan- 
 guage, in the year 1744, probably at the instance of the Dutch 
 East India Company, who appear to have given orders for tne 
 execution of such a work so early as 1729. 
 
 An indirect insinuation that typography was practised at Ba- 
 tavia during the XVIIth century appears to be furnished by a 
 Dutch tract, preserved in the Fagel collection at Dublin; this 
 piece contains an account of some shocking adventures encoun- 
 tered at or near the island of Amboyna ; it is dated 1675, and 
 professes to have been printed^owi a copy executed at Batavia. 
 
 In the year 1823, Mr. Medhurst, an English missionary, erected 
 in this city a printing-office for the peculiar purposes of his mis- 
 sion. 
 
 Baudissa, see Budissina. 
 
 Bayonne, or Bayonan, a commercial town and seaport of the 
 south of France, seated on the Bay of Biscay. Typography was 
 exercised at Bayonne in 1693. A book of Spiritual Exercises, 
 in the Basque tongue, printed here in 1716, may be seen in the 
 king's library: and a Basque and French Grammar and Dic- 
 tionary, printed in 1741, in the Bodleian. 
 
 Beacia, or Biatia, Baeza, or Baepa, a town of Spain in the 
 province of Jaen, formerly a bishop's see. Antonio notices print- 
 ing here so early as 1551. In 1594 a printer named J. Baptista 
 de Montoya was working at Bae^a. 
 
 Beirut, the ancient Berytus, now an inconsiderable place, seated 
 at the foot of mount Lebanon. Schnurrer, in his Bibliotheca 
 Arabica, mentions an Arabic Psalter, printed here in 1751, as 
 also a Missal and a Breviary ; quoting the authority of Seezen 
 for all three. 
 
 Belfast, a large and populous manufacturing town in the north 
 of Ireland, into which printing appears to have found its way 
 about the beginning of the last century. In 1714 James Blow 
 printed the works of sir David Lindsay, a Bible, Prayer Book, 
 Psalms in metre, and 20 or 30 other books. 
 
80 BE. 
 
 Bellary, a town of the northern part of the province of Mysore, 
 in Hindostan. 
 
 In the year 1810 the London Missionary Society estabUshed a 
 settlement here, and under the superintendence of the Rev. J. 
 Hands a printing-press was erected in Bellary ; but in what year 
 I have not precisely ascertained : it appears to have been at work 
 in 1819. 
 
 Belhsitum Dobunarvm,, see Oxonia. 
 
 Bellovacum, Beauvais, a populous and well-built town of 
 France, capital of a department, and lately a bishop's see.— 
 1631. 
 
 Belhvisum, the name of a spot or district of the city of Paris, 
 in which Jehan Petit (a Parisian printer of some eminence at the 
 commencement of the XVIth century) had a printing-establish- 
 ment, is sometimes found in the colophons of his books, without 
 the addition of the word " Parisiis," which would at once declare 
 its locality : see an instance of this in Petit's edition of Lecmardus 
 Aretinus de hello Gothorum, 4to. 1507, which bears for imprint. 
 In Bellovisu impressi, anno &c. 
 
 Belvidere, (called by Wolff in his Bibliotheca Hebraea, Ccdlo- 
 scopium,) a town of European Turkey, standing on the site of 
 the ancient city of Elis, in the Morea. The art of printing was 
 exercised here by the Jews in the year 1523. — (Bodl.) 
 
 Belunum, Belluno, a considerable town of Italy, capital of the 
 Bellunese, and the see of a bishop. Printing was exercised here 
 by Franciscus Viecerus, in the year 1629. — (TCD.) 
 
 Benares, a large and celebrated city of great antiquity, seated 
 on the left bank of the river Ganges, capital of the district of 
 Benares, in Hindostan. Its population considerably exceeds half 
 a million of souls. 
 
 In the year 1818 or 1819 the English Church Missionary So- 
 ciety sent out Mr. Thomas Brown, with all the materials of a 
 printing-establishment, which since that time has been constantly 
 and most ' usefuUy employed, in supplying the city and neigh- 
 bovufhood with copies of the holy Scriptures and religious and 
 moral tracts. 
 
 Bencoolen, a seaport-town on the south-western coast of the isle 
 of Sumatra, where the English have a settlement and factory. 
 [For further particulars see the article Fort-Marlborough.'[ At 
 what period typography was introduced I have not learnt : pro- 
 
BE. 31 
 
 bably this was effected by the Baptist missionaries, who visited 
 Bencoolen in the year 1818. The " Bibliotheca Marsdeniana" 
 contains some " Mcdaycm Miscellanies, edited by Sir Stamford 
 " Raffles,"" printed at Bencoolen in 1820 and following years. 
 
 Beneventum, Benevento, a very ancient town of Italy in the 
 kingdom of Naples, capital of a principality, and an archbishop's 
 see. Printing was executed- at Benevento at least so early as 
 1646.— (Pinelli.) 
 
 Benfica, appears to be the name of a Dominican convent situ- 
 ated somewhere in Portugal. Antonio, in his Bibliotheca His- 
 pwna, torn. ii. pp. 19, 52, mentions a Portuguese work by F. Luis 
 Cazegas, printed in this convent by Geraxdus de Vinhft, in the 
 year 1623. 
 
 Berdyczow, a town of European Russia, in the government of 
 Volhynia, formerly in the Polish palatinate of Kiow. — 1818. 
 
 Bergen, a large and handsome town of Norway, the capital of 
 a province, and a bishop's see. It is computed to contain about 
 15,000 inhabitants. 
 
 A " Description of the town of Bergen" was printed at this 
 place in the year 1824. 
 
 Berg-op-Zoom, a strong fortress and town of the Netherlands, 
 in Dutch Brabant ; called by the French, Bergues sur le Zoom. 
 —1605. (Bodl.) 
 
 Bergeracu/m, Bergerac, a rich and populous town of France, 
 seated on the river Dordogne, Some sermons of Gilbert Prim- 
 rose, a minister of Bourdeaux, were printed at Bergerac by 
 Gilbert Vernoy, in the years 1610, 1611, and 1619: also a 
 book written against the Jesuits by Cha. Andrieu, a protestant 
 minister, in 1611 ; all which may be seen in the Bodleian 
 library. 
 
 Bergomv/m, Bergamo, a large and ancient city of Italy, capi- 
 tal of the province of Bergamasco. Two books, dated 1477, and 
 1498, were supposed by Maittaire and Mercier to have been exe- 
 cuted here : but it has been shewn by Tiraboschi that the former 
 was printed at Vicenza, and the latter at Venice. I have hitherto 
 observed no book printed at Bergamo of a date anterior to 1556, 
 one of which year was in the Pinelli library. The Bodleian con- 
 tains one of the year 1580, and a second of 1590, both executed 
 by the same printer, Comino Ventura. 
 
 Berla/nga, Barlanga, or Verlangaj^^ a town of Spain, in Old 
 
82 BE. 
 
 Castile, seated on the Duero. According to Antonio, printing 
 was in use here in 1564. 
 
 Bema, Berne, a town of Switzerland, capital of the canton of 
 Berne, having a celebrated academy. Although it does not ap- 
 pear that typography was exercised at Berne previously to the 
 year 1536, since Panzer makes no mention of this town in his 
 extensive researches, which, it is remembered, terminate with that 
 year; yet its introduction must have taken place very soon after- 
 wards, since we have, in the year 1540, a curious and well-exe- 
 cuted volume, adorned with wood-cuts of no mean workmanship, 
 namely the Catalogiis annorum et Principum ab homine condito 
 of Valerius A. Ryd, which bears for imprint, on the title-page. 
 Ex magniflca Helvetiorum urbe Bema, A. D. MDXL. (with the 
 arms of Berne in a shield) ; and on the last leaf, Excusum Bernce 
 Helvetica^ per Mathiam Apiarium, anno MDXL. This work, 
 as well as a reprint of it at the same place in 1550, may be seen 
 in the library of Trinity college, Dublin : where is also found a 
 still earlier publication from Berne, the treatise of Boethius de 
 Claris Mulieribus, which contains some good wood-engravings, and 
 bears for imprint, Bema Helvetiorum, apud Mathiam Apiarium, 
 1539. folio. 
 
 Bemaburgum, Bernbourg, a town of Upper Saxony, in the 
 principality of Anhalt. — 1754. 
 
 Berolinum, Berlin, the capital of the king of Prussia's domi- 
 nions.— 1578, (Bodl.) 1583, &c. 
 
 BERONA, or BERONIS VILLA, not Beraun in Bohemia, 
 (as stated in the Bibliographical Miscellany, and in Peignot,) but 
 Beron Minster, a village of Lower Argau, in the canton of Lu- 
 cerne, in Switzerland : it is sometimes called ERGOVIA, or 
 MONASTERIVM ERGOVIA, now Munster in Ergau. Its 
 name is derived from Bero, count of Lentzburg, who founded 
 here a monastery, to which large possessions were given by the 
 counts of Hapsburg, and its privileges were confirmed by the em- 
 peror Frederic II. in the year 1223. 
 
 Mammotrectus, seu expositio vocabulorum guce in bibliis ^c. 
 occurrunt, printed here by Helyas Helye, or Louffen, who calls 
 himself canonicus ecclesice "villa Veronensis in pago Ergovics, 
 dated 1470, is the first book with a certain date printed through- 
 out Switzerland. Lichtenberger doubts its being so ancient by 
 at least three years : and La Serna Santander adduces weighty 
 
BE.— BI. 33 
 
 reasons fop believing that the Munster press was not established 
 by the worthy canon before the year 1472. Consult the Biblio- 
 theca Spencerkma, vol. i. p. 154. 
 
 Bethcmia, or Beuthena, Beuthen, a town of Silesia, seated on 
 the Oder. 
 
 The only specimen of printing at this town with which I am 
 acquainted, is an inaugural lecture by professor George Vechner, 
 which bears for imprint, Bethanice, typis Joannis Dorfferi. 1620. 
 — TCD. 
 
 Betheldorp, a village and settlement of Hottentots, seated at 
 the mouth of the river Zwartzkopts, about six hundred miles east 
 of the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 The London Missionary Society has for some years past had 
 an establishment at this place ; and it is stated that a printing- 
 office has recently been erected here, and is now in full work. 
 
 Beverley, a town of England in Yorkshire. Printing is sup- 
 posed to have been brought into this place so eaiiy as 1510, by 
 Hugh Goes, a Dutchman. A broadside by him of that date is 
 the only known specimen remaining of the first Beverley press. 
 
 Biel, qu. Bielau, a large town of Silesia, or Biella, a town of 
 Piedmont, lying between Turin and Vercelli.?. — 1684. 
 
 Biernie, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Berne, situate 
 at the extremity of the lake of Bienne. The library of the 
 British and Foreign Bible Society possesses a copy of a French 
 Bible printed here in 1770. 
 
 BUbilis, (Baubula, or probably) Calatayud, a considerable 
 town of Spain, in the province of Arragon, founded in the Vlllth 
 century by the Moors on the ruins of the ancient Bilbilis, at the 
 distance of one mile from the former site. 
 
 Mendez enumerates Bilbilis among the towns of Spain in 
 which the art of printing was carried on, but has left us no par- 
 ticulars respecting the period at which it was in use here. 
 
 BiwMum, Binch, an old town of the Netherlands, in Hainault. 
 The only specimen of Binch printing which I have seen no- 
 ticed is a Life and Legend of St. Laithgarde, 4to, imprimS en 
 Binch pour M. VabU DomUb, 1545. (Thorpe's Cat. 1826.) 
 
 Binga ad Rhenum, Bingen, a town of France on the Rhine. 
 -T-1786. 
 
 Bionne, (qu.?) 
 
 This appears in the title of a French book of the year 1673 ; 
 
34 BI.— BL. 
 
 but it seems to be merely the place of publication, the work in all 
 probability having been printed at Orleans. — TCD. 
 
 Bipontium, Deuxponts, or Zweybrucken, a town in the pala- 
 tinate of the Rhine, famous for many valuable editions of the 
 Greek and Roman classics, published between 1779 and 1793; 
 in which last year the society of editors was obliged by the war to 
 remove to Strasburg, where they continued their literary labours. 
 It does not appear at what period typography was introduced : 
 1597 is the earliest date of a Blpont book which I have seen. — 
 (TCD.) 
 
 BISVNTIA, or BISVNTIVM, or VESONTIO, Besanpon, 
 an ancient and strongly-fortified city of France, the see of an 
 archbishop. Panzer mentions the Liber de pestilentia, printed 
 here in 1487, but appears to distrust Laire, who announces the 
 Schola Salernitana, executed in the same year. This latter book, 
 however, made its appearance in London, a few years ago, at the 
 sale of the White-Knights' library, in the catalogue of which it 
 may be seen, numbered 4491 • 
 
 Bistromtzium, qu. ? Bistritz, a town of Transylvania, or Bis- 
 tercze, a town of Hungary. Wolfius mentions a Jewish printing- 
 establishment here ; and one of its productions, dated 1593, exists 
 in the Oppenheimer library. 
 
 Biterra, or Bliterce, Bezlers, an ancient city of France. — 1626. 
 
 Biturgia, Borgo di San Sepolcro, a town of Italy, in Tuscany. 
 
 BititrigcB, Bourges in France ; see Avaricum. 
 
 BLABYRIA, or ARiE FLAVIN, Blaubeuern, a small town 
 of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtemburg. A work of Albertus 
 van Eyb is stated by Mr. Home, after La Serna Santander, to 
 have been printed here by Conradus Mancz, in 1475, in folio ; 
 -with which book our knowledge of the typography of this town 
 appears to begin and end. 
 
 Blaje, a town of Transylvania. According to the catalogue of 
 the British and Foreign Bible Society, a Wallachian BiUe was 
 printed at this place in the year 1795. 
 
 Blancoburgum, Blankenburg, a town of Lower Saxony. — 1782. 
 
 S. Blasii Monasterium, a celebrated abbey of Benedictines, 
 situated in the Black Forest in Germany ; it was founded in the 
 middle of the tenth century, and considerably enlarged in the 
 year 1094. Some learned fathers of this convent introduced a 
 printing-press for the sake of facilitating their literary labours, in 
 
BL.— BO. 35 
 
 the early part of the last century, and we have several books 
 which bear the imprint Typis San-Blasianis. 
 
 Blesce, Blois, an ancient and celebrated city of France, for- 
 merly the abode of the French kings, and a bishop's see. Le 
 Long mentions a New Testament, Latin and French, printed 
 here in 1559. I have seen no other notice of a Blois book earlier 
 than 1593. 
 
 Bochma, or Bochnia, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of 
 Cracow, from which city it is distant about seven leagues. It has 
 considerable salt mines. 
 
 In the year 1827 two printing-presses were at work in this 
 town. 
 
 Bogota, or Santa Fe de Bogota, formerly a settlement and capi- 
 tal of a district in the kingdom of New Grenada in South America, 
 seated on the Rio de Bogota, now become the capital of the new 
 republic of Colombia, and said to contain 35,000 inhabitants. It 
 is an archbishop's see, and possesses an university. A large and 
 extensive printing-office is said to have been established in this 
 town, and vigorous means are taken to diffuse there the benefits of 
 education as widely as possible. 
 
 Baron Humboldt, in his " Personal narrative of travels to the 
 " equinoctial regions of the New Continent," mentions a scientific 
 Jourmd published at Santa F^ de Bogota. I believe that this 
 publication commenced about the year 1811. 
 
 In 1824 three newspapers were published at this town, and its 
 public library contained about fourteen thousand volumes, chiefly 
 in the French language. 
 
 Bois-Valon occurs as the imprint of a book quoted by Barbier, 
 {Diet, des Anonymes, torn. ii. p. 191.) of the date 1765. I am 
 uncertain whether it be a fictitious name. There are two towns 
 in France bearing the name of Vallon. 
 
 Bolacco, Boulacq, or Bulak, a town in Upper Egypt, two miles 
 to the west of Cairo, to which city it serves as a harbour. It is 
 stated in the Revue Encyclopedique, that Ali Pacha, the spirited 
 and enterprising viceroy of Egypt, among other projects for the 
 instruction and general improvement of his subjects, has erected 
 in this town a college or seminary, which is frequented by a con- 
 siderable number of students, boarded and educated at his ex- 
 pence ; and also a royal printing-establishment ; one work from 
 which, an Italian and Arabic Dictionary in two parts, is men- 
 
 d2 
 
36 BO. 
 
 tioned, bearing for imprint, Bolacco, delta Stamperia reale, 
 1822. 4to. 
 
 Boleslavia, Alt Buntzlau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of 
 Boleslaf. Le Long notices a German version of The Apocalypse, 
 printed here in 1612 : probably by the Bohemian brethren, who 
 had a settlement at Buntzlau, and are reported by Crantz to have 
 used their press solely for the execution of editions of the holy 
 Scriptures in that language. 
 
 Bolivar. Two numbers of a periodical work, entitled " Mis- 
 " cellanea politica,'" were printed at this place in the year 1825. 
 
 Bombay, a large and important city on an island of the western 
 coast of Hindostan, the capital of all the British settlements on 
 that side of the peninsula : it came first into the possession of the 
 British in the year 1661 ; and was transferred to the East India 
 company in 1668. At what period typography was introduced I 
 have not ascertained. 
 
 Printing was exercised here in 1792; and the typographical 
 estabhshment received considerable accessions, by means of the 
 missionaries, in the years 1813 and 1816. 
 
 Bonna, Bonne, a neat town of the Prussian states, seated on 
 the left bank of the Rhine. From the year 1268 it had been the 
 court and residence of the archbishop elector of Cologne, until 
 the dissolution of the old Germanic constitution in 1801. Bonne 
 possesses an academy, instituted in 1777, to which the title and 
 privileges of an university were granted in 1786. 
 
 The earliest printing at Bonne which I have yet seen is of the 
 year 1543 : and two years later its printer, Laurentius Mylius, 
 executed a handsome volume On the necessity of an ecclesiastical 
 reformation, by Hermann then archbishop of Cologne. — Bodl. 
 
 BONONIA, (called also FELSINA, in an edition of PMlel- 
 phus^ Epistles, printed in 1489,) Bologna, an ancient, fine, and 
 populous city of Italy, capital of Bolognese, and an archbishop's 
 see. It possesses a celebrated university, founded by the empe- 
 ror Theodosius the younger, and a flourishing academy of arts 
 and sciences. 
 
 In all probability the honour of the first book printed at Bo- 
 logna is due to the extremely rare edition of all the works of Ovid, 
 executed in 1471, by Balthasar Azzoguidi, who styles himself 
 primus in sua civitate artis impressorice inventor. But a dis- 
 pute has lately arisen on this point, by the production of two 
 
BO. 37 
 
 volumes, each of which affects to precede the Ovid in point of 
 time. The first of these is a Latin version of the CosmograpMa 
 of Ptolemy, executed by Dominic de Lapis, and bearing the date 
 1462. But of this it may be said, that in the first place it has 
 signatures and catchwords, which are not found in any book of an 
 undoubted date prior to 1472 : secondly, the corrector must have 
 been a child of 9 years old in 1462 : thirdly, Dominic de Lapis 
 printed nothing else until 1476 : and moreover, the Ptolemy is 
 executed with worn types, the identical ones with which, when 
 Jresh, he printed a work in that very year 1476. A copy of this 
 volume, which contains some curious maps, may be seen in the 
 Bodleian library. 
 
 Nearly forty printers carried on the art at Bologna before the 
 close of the XVth century ; amoTigst whom was the famous He- 
 brew printer Abraham Ben Chaiim Pisaurensis, to whom we 
 owe the Pentateuch in the original Hebrew, fol. 1482, a very 
 handsome volume, a vellum copy of which may be seen in the 
 Bodleian Library ; and many of whose publications we possess 
 from the towns of Ferrara, Mantua, Bologna, and Soncino. 
 
 The other work, more recently discovered, is the Repertorium 
 utriusque Juris of Petrus Episc. Brixiensis, professing to be 
 completed in November 1465. This I have never seen. Panzer, 
 not without reason, suspects the date, supposing that 1475 is the 
 true one. 
 
 A Propertius, executed here in 1487, is said to be printed in 
 commune a Benedicto Hectoris Librario, et Platone de Benedictis 
 impressore. Is not this the earliesC instance on record of a printer 
 and bookseller joining in the expense of publishing a book ? 
 
 Bonus Pons, Bonnefont, an ancient and celebrated abbey of 
 Cistercian monks, in Champagne, founded in the year 1154. At 
 this place was printed Bibliotheca Patrum Cistertiensium, viii. 
 tom. folio. Bcmofonte, typis ejusdem casnobii, 1660j-62,-64,-69. 
 Although the two latter volumes do not bear this imprint, yet all 
 of tjiem are printed in one and the same type. Possibly this may 
 be the only publication which issued from the press of Bonne- 
 font ; the editor, Tissier, expressly states in his preface, that the 
 press was introduced for the sake of this particular work : " Sum- 
 " ptus plurimi et maximi faciendi fuerunt in comparand^ typo- 
 " graphic, et in ips&. editione librorum. Non enim potui ab hoc 
 " nostro Coenobio abesse, nee item a typographic : itaque banc 
 
 d3 
 
38 BO. 
 
 " in hoc deferri necesse fuit." A copy of the work is to be found 
 in the Bodleian library. 
 
 Bosch, a small island off the coast of the Dutch province of 
 Groningen . — 1800. 
 
 Boston, a fine and opulent city, the capital of the state of 
 Massachusetts, in New England. This town was the second 
 place throughout the United States of America to receive the art 
 of printing, which was first practised here under a special licence 
 from government, by John Forster between 1674 and 1676. 
 The family of the Greens from Cambridge also exercised the bu- 
 siness in this city, from the year 1690 until the revolution. One 
 of them, Bartholomew, in the month of April 1704, commenced 
 the publication of a newspaper, entitled. The Boston News-Let- 
 ter, which is the first newspaper printed within the British colo- 
 nies of North America. The second was The Boston Gazette, 
 which began in the year 1719. Boston was likewise the place at 
 which the celebrated Dr. Franklin commenced his typographical 
 career, with The New-England Courant, in the year 1723.^ 
 
 Boulacq, see Bolacco. 
 
 Bourbon, in the Mauritius or Isle of Bourbon. A catalogue of 
 plants cultivated in the island was printed here in 1825 ; and a 
 newspaper was in course of publication in or before the year 
 1821. 
 
 Braccianum, or Brecennum, Bracciano, a town of Italy, in the 
 papal territories. Andreas Phmus, styling himself Typographus 
 
 * Of a humourous bookseller, editor of another newspaper, called The Boston 
 Evening Post, Thomas relates the following anecdote : 
 
 " In the Evening Post of November 7, 1748) Fleet inserted this advertisement, 
 " viz. ' Choice Pennsylvania Tobacco paper, to be sold by the publishers of this pa- 
 " per, at the Heart and Crown : where may also be had the BVLLS or Indulgences 
 " of the present pope Urban VIII. either by the single Bull, quire, or ream, at a 
 " much cheaper rate than they can be purchased of the French or Spanish priests, 
 " and yet will be warranted to be of the same advantage to the possessors.' 
 
 " These Bulls, or Indulgences of his holiness, were printed on the face of a small 
 " sheet ; several bales of them were taken in a Spanish ship captured by an English 
 " cruizer, and sent into Boston during the war between England and France and 
 " Spain, in [748. I have one of them now in my possession. Fleet purchased a 
 " very large quantity at a low price, and printed various editions of ballads on the 
 " backs of them. One side of the sheet was blank, and the paper very good ; one 
 " Bull answered for two half-sheet ballads, 'or songs, such as ' Black-eyed Susan,'' 
 " ' Handsome Harry' — ' Teague's ramble to the camp,' &c. I have seen large 
 " quantities of them which were thus worked up by Fleet." 
 
BR. 39 
 
 DucaEs, exercised his vocation at Bracciano in the years 1621 to 
 1648. TCD. 
 
 BRACLARA, or Brachara, Braga, an ancient city, formerly 
 belonging to Spain, but now in the kingdom of Portugal : it is the 
 capital of a province, and an archbishop's see. Antonio notices 
 printing here in 1563. But it has been recently discovered by 
 Fr. Mendez, that Braga possesses much higher claims ; since there 
 is evidence of a Breviary bearing for imprint, impressum in 
 Augusta Bracharensi civitate, per magistrum Joannem Gher- 
 linck Alemanum, a. S. C. 1494. [Consult the additions to the 
 treatise of F. Mendez, p. 426.] 
 
 Bransberga,Bru/nsberga,Braunsperga, or BrunopoUs, Brauns- 
 berg, a seaport of Prussia, seated on the Passerage. A college of 
 Jesuits, founded by cardinal Hosius after his return from the 
 council of Trent, printed works here so early as 1601. 
 
 Breda, a city of Dutch Brabant. — 1615. 
 
 Bregogne, qu. Bourgoin, a small town of France in Dauphiny.? 
 a small volume of Poems in the dialect of Burgundy bears this 
 imprint, with the date 1738. 
 
 Breidabolsfad, an inconsiderable place in the district of Snoe- 
 fellsness, on the western coast of Iceland. It appears from "Hen- 
 " derson's Joumar' that the printing-press first introduced into 
 Iceland by bishop Areson, and set up by him at Holum about the 
 year 1530, was subsequently for a short period erected here, pre- 
 viously to its being fixed a second time, with considerable improve- 
 ments, at Holum by bishop Gudbrand Thorlakson. Henderson 
 relates that " In 1562, Olaf Hialteson, the first Lutheran bishop of 
 " Holum, published a small quarto volume called ' the Gudspialla 
 " book,' which contains the Epistles and Gospels arranged in the 
 " order according to which they were to be read in all the 
 " churches of his diocese : — it was printed at Breidabolstad by 
 " Ion Matthieson, the first printer in Iceland." Vol. II. p. 269. 
 
 Brema, Bremen, a well-known city of Lower Saxony. Print- 
 ing was exercised in Bremen by Arnoldus Wessel in the year 
 1585 : and, according to Le Long, a selection from the Book of 
 Psalms, in Hebrew, Chaldee, Latin, and Greek, was printed 
 here in 1614. The British museum contains a New Testament, 
 in Bohemian, German, and Latin, executed at Bremen in 1616. 
 
 Bresla, Breslavia, see Vratislavia. 
 
 Brest, a seaport of the south of France, with an excellent har- 
 
 D 4 
 
40 BR. 
 
 hour. A Dictionary of the French and Breton tongues was 
 printed here about the middle of the XVIIth century. 
 
 Brestia, Brescz, or Brzescz, the chief town of Polesiai, in the 
 duchy of Lithuania, famous for a school or academy of Jews. 
 The Bohemian brethren possessed a church and school here, and 
 their great patron Nicholas Radzivil, palatine of Wilna, esta- 
 blished a printing-press for them in the year 1559. In 1563 was 
 published at Brescz the well-known Polish Bible of the Pinczo- 
 vians, the expenses of which were defrayed by count Radzivil ; 
 who, after the books of the Old and New Testament bad been 
 translated from the original tongues by some learned men at 
 Pinczow, sent to Cracow for a printer, Bernard Woiewodka, and 
 caused him to print and publish the work, under his own super- 
 intendence. This was the first version of the Scriptures printed 
 in the Polish language. Another version, by Simon Budnseus, 
 was printed in 1572 ; and a third, of the New Testament ottly, 
 by Martin Czechovicius, in 1577. Copies of the edition of 1563 
 are extremely rare. Two however are to be seen in Oxford ; one 
 in the Bodleian, the other in Christ Church library ; and a third 
 most beautiful copy adorns the royal library of George the Third, 
 the title-page of which differs in some respects from those of the 
 other two. A fourth copy in this country is in the possession of 
 earl Spencer. There is a copy in the library of the imperial 
 academy of sciences at St. Petersburg. Budnseus' edition of the 
 Bible in 1572, equal, if not superior, in rarity to the Brzescz edi- 
 tion, may be found in the Zalewskian library at Warsaw. Masch, 
 in his edition of the Bibliotheca of Le Long, assigns an earlier 
 period to the introduction of typography into Brzescz ; he cites 
 a Hebrew Pentateuch executed here in the year 1546. 
 
 Bridgetown, the capital city of the island of Barbadoes. David 
 Harry, a printer of Philadelphia, in 1730 introduced a press into 
 this place ; being the first established in the island of Barbadoes. 
 In the next year a newspaper, The Barbadoes Gazette, began to 
 be published. 
 
 Briele, a handsome and strong town of the Netherlands, on 
 the north side of the island of East Voorn ; memorable as the place 
 where the Dutch confederates laid the foundation of their re- 
 public in the year 1572, also as being the birthplace of admiral 
 Van Tromp. A work by Cornelius Cleyn upon the 66th Psalm 
 bears this imprint, but it appears to be merely the place of publi- 
 
BR. 41 
 
 cation, the book having been printed at Leyden : its date is 1772. 
 (TCD.) 
 
 Briga, Brieg, a city of Silesia, the capital of a principality, 
 seated on the river Oder. 1689 is the date of the earliest Brieg 
 book observed by me. A very fine copy of a Bohemian Bible 
 printed here in 1745 may be seen in the Bodleian library. Ac- 
 cording to the catalogue of the library of the British and Foreign 
 Bible Society, a Polish New Testament was printed here in 1708. 
 
 Bristol, in England. A sermon by Richard Towgood, 8°. 1643. 
 TCD. News from the king's bath, by R. Pricket, 4". 1645. 
 TCD. " Certain observations on the new League or Covenant, 
 " &c. with a copy of said Covenant, 4°, Bristoll, printed for Ri- 
 " chard Harsell, and are to be sold by him in Bristoll, 1643." 
 On the reverse is the licence of the bishop, " Imprimatur, Tho. 
 " Bristol," dated Feb. 20. 1643. A copy of this piece is in 
 Cashel library. 
 
 BRIXIA, Breschia, an ancient and populous city of Italy, the 
 capital of Bresciano, and a bishop's see. 1473 appears to be the 
 earliest known date occurring in any book here printed; and 
 Morelli, in his catalogue of the Pinelli libraiy, considers a Latin 
 version of Phalaris'' Epistles, executed by Thomas Ferrandus, 
 as the earliest specimen of the Brescian press ; nor does Panzer 
 dispute his opinion. Petrus de Villi, a priest, exercised the art 
 in the same year, 1473: Henricus de Colonia, in 1474: EuSta- 
 chius Gallicus, with twelve or fourteen others, amongst whom 
 was Rabbi GerstHi, one of the Soncino printers, followed within 
 the period of the XV th century. 
 
 BrooTefield, a considerable town of Worcester county in Mas- 
 sachusetts, North America. In 1794 Isaiah Thomas established 
 a press here. 
 
 BRVGiE, called in Spanish books Brujas, Bruges, a consi- 
 derable city of the Netherlands, formerly the see of a bishop. 
 The earhest dated book bearing the imprint of this city, is Les 
 diets des ph^hsophes, printed by Colard Mansion in 1473- But 
 it had been tar some time known to the learned that a volume 
 was in the possession of the celebrated M. Meerman at the Hague, 
 which, 1^ the rudeness of its execution, and other marks of high 
 antiquity, seemed to claim for Bruges a much earlier acquaintance 
 with the typographic art. At the sale of M. Meefman's most ex- 
 tensive and valuable library, in June 1824, this extraordinary vo* 
 
42 BR. 
 
 lume was produced, and is thus described in the catalogue, (N°. 
 205 of the quartos in the first day's sale.) " C'est cy la coppie des 
 " deux grans tableaus esquelx tout le contenu de ce livre est en 
 " escript. qui sont atachiez au dehors du coeur de leglise notre 
 " dame de terewane, au coste devers midi pour linstruction et 
 " doctrine de tons chretiens et chretiennes de quelconque estat 
 " quils soient laquelle doctrine et instruction fut composee en lu- 
 " niversite de Paris, par tres Saige et tres discret Homme et 
 " maistre en divinity, maistre Jehri Jarson Chanceher de notre 
 " dame de Paris. Bruges par Jean Brito (qui dit avoir invente 
 " Tart de Timprimerie.) Sans date, charact. Goth, lettr. color." 
 The " sage and discreet Jehn Jarson," mentioned above, is better 
 known to the literary world as Johannes Gerson, (or more cor- 
 rectly, Jean Charlier, Gerson being a surname,) a celebrated pro- 
 fessor of theology, and most voluminous writer ; who was born in 
 the diocese of Rheims in the year 1363, and died in 1429. This 
 curious typographical morceau, which is a small quarto of about 
 SO or 60 pages, was sold for 505 guilders, (about ^50 sterling,) 
 and has very properly found its way to the royal library at Paris, 
 from whence we may fairly expect a detailed and accurate de- 
 scription of it. In the mean time the reader may consult a long 
 notice, unfavourable to its claims, in the Dictionnaire Bibliogra- 
 phique of La Serna Santander, vol. I. p. 353, &c. 
 
 BRVNNA, Brunn, or Brinn, an episcopal town of Moravia, 
 capital of a Circle of the same name. A book entitled, Agenda 
 secundum chorum Olomucensem, of the year 1486, is considered 
 the earliest known specimen of the typography of this place. 
 
 Brunonia, Brunsvicum, or Brunsviga, Brunswick, a city of 
 Lower Saxony. — 1509. 
 
 Brunsberga, see Bransberga. 
 
 Brunsfelsium, qu.? — 1543. 
 
 Bruntrutum, Bruntruit, or Porentrui, a small town of Swit- 
 zerland, in the canton of Berne : it was formerly the capital of 
 the dominions of the bishop of Basle, and his principal place of 
 residence. Printing was carried on here by Wilhelmus Darbel- 
 lay in the year 1628. — Bodleian. 
 
 BRVXELLJS, Brussels, a large, fine, and populous city of 
 the Netherlands^ lately the capital of Brabant. Printing appears 
 to have found its way hither about 1474, in which year a Latin 
 version of some homilies qfChrysostom was executed here. Lam- 
 
BU. 43 
 
 binet, however, La Serna Santander, and Lichtenberger contend 
 that this date is erroneous, and should be 14)79 : giving for the 
 earliest Brussels book one entitled Gnotosolitos, sive speculum 
 ccmscientiarum, which was printed ' per fratres vitae communis,'' 
 a society of religious occupying a college or mansion called Naza- 
 reth on the island of S. Gery, in the year 1476. 
 
 Bucharestium, Bucharest, a large and rich town of Wallachia, 
 containing about 80,000 inhabitants, the residence of the Hos- 
 podar, and the see of a Greek archbishop. 
 
 The art of printing was established in this city chiefly through 
 the exertions of John Constantine Bassarabas the waywode, who 
 supplied it most liberally with Greek, Wallachian, Russian, Bul- 
 garian, Arabic, and Turkish types. An Arabic Bible, edited by 
 the patriarch of the Melchites, was printed here in 1700: but 
 Masch, in his edition of Le Long, observes, that the volume has 
 not yet been sufficiently described, if seen at all in these western 
 parts of Europe ; and Schnurrer, in his Bibliotheca Arabica, ex- 
 presses strong doubts of its existence. The Bodleian library con- 
 tains a copy of a very handsome volume, comprising upwards of 
 1200 pages in folio, executed at Bucharest in 1715, namely Z)o«i- 
 theus' History of the Patriarchs of Jerusalem, which was printed 
 at the expense of the convent of the Holy Sepulchre, and was or- 
 dered by the patriarch Chrysanthes to be gratuitously distributed 
 to the godly. In archbishop Marsh's library at Dublin is pre- 
 served a very handsome volume, comprising a work of the same 
 Dositheus and another of Meletius Syriga, against Cyrillus Lu- 
 caris and the tenets of Calvin, printed here in 1690 : it is a folio, 
 consisting of upwards of 500 pages, both the paper and presswork 
 of which are very creditable. 
 
 Alter, in the preface to his edition of the New Testament, 
 (9, tom. 8vo. Vienna, 1787;,) mentions a Wallachian Bible printed 
 at Bucharest in the year 1688 ; a copy of which is said to be in 
 the famous biblical collection of the duke of Wirtemburg at 
 Stutgard. The same book is spoken of by Henderson, in his 
 " Biblical researches in Russia ;" except that he gives the date 
 1668, instead of 1688. — At the present day there is a printing- 
 press in the Metropolitan Monastery at Bucharest, expressly de- 
 voted to the printing of religious books in the Wallachian lan- 
 guage. 
 
 According to Schnurrer, The Booh of Psalms in Arabic was 
 
44 BU. 
 
 executed here in the yeat 1747, with a preface by Sylvester then 
 patriarch of Antioch, who there states that, with a view of in- 
 structing the Christian youths in the knowledge of the holy Scrip- 
 tures, he had established a printing-office at Bucharest, at which 
 he had begun by printing Missals and such sort of books^ from 
 which he had proceeded to this edition of the Psalter, promising 
 to go on with other publications as time and opportunity might 
 serve. . 
 
 BVDA, Buda, or OflFefl, a handsome city, the capital of Lower 
 Hungary, seated on the Danube, over which is thrown a bridge 
 of boats joining this city to Pesth : it was formerly possessed of 
 an university, which was transferred to Pesth on the first of April, 
 1784. Only two books are certainly known to have been printed 
 at Buda in the XVth century; viz. Chronica Hungarmum, 
 dated 1473, and Basilius de legendis poetis, without date, probably 
 printed before the former ; both are exceedingly rare. It is be- 
 lieved that the printer, Andrew Hess, was sent for out of Italy by 
 king Matthias, for the express purpose of erecting this establish- 
 ment ; from which however, as far as we know at the present day, 
 no important result ensued. 
 
 Budinga, Budingen, a town of Germany, in Wetteravia. — ■ 
 1727. Bodl. 
 
 Budissina, Baudissa, Budisia, Bautzen, the capital of Upper 
 Lusatia. The art of printing was introduced into this town by 
 Nicolaus Wolrab, so early as the year 1550. The first book of 
 which I have observed a notice is of the year 1556 ; but I have 
 met with none anterior to 1571. (Marsh's library.) 
 
 Buenos Ayres, a large, fine, and commercial city of South 
 America, situated on the river La Plata, formerly the capital of 
 the province and viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres, now capital of " the 
 " Republic of United Provinces of Rio de la Plata." It possesses 
 an university, founded in the year 1821. It is thought to con- 
 tain near 75,000 inhabitants. The art of printing was introduced 
 into this city at least so early as 1789, a book of which date I 
 have seen, professing to have been executed " en la real Im- 
 " prenta de los Ninos expositos." The most distinguished work 
 h«re published is that of dean Femes, 3 vols. 4to. 1816. " En- 
 " sayo de la historia civil del Paraguay, Buenos Ayres, y Tarcu- 
 " mon." It now possesses four printing-offices. 
 
 Buetzovium, Batzow, a town of Lower Saxony.— 1762. (Bodl.) 
 
BU. 45 
 
 BvUio, Bouillon, a town of the Netherlands, in Luxemburg. 
 —1765, (Bodl.) 
 
 Burders Point, a missionary station in the north eastern pau:t 
 of the island of Otaheite. A printing-establishment appears to 
 have been formed here about the year 1821. (See also the article 
 Tahiti.) 
 
 Burdigaki, Bourdeaux, a large, ancient, and opulent city of 
 France, seated on the river Garonne ; the chief town of a depart- 
 ment, and see of an archbishop. It possesses an university, which 
 was founded in 1441. 
 
 According to Panzer, typography was exercised here so early 
 as the year 1529 by Jean Guyart, but he appears to have seen no 
 more than one book. 
 
 In books printed in the Biscayan dialect, Bourdeaux (I believe) 
 is called Bordelen. 
 
 BVRGDORFIVM, Burgdorf, a town of Switzerland, in the 
 canton of Berne, according to the opinion of Panzer, [otherwise 
 Burgdorff a small town of Hanover, lying on the river Owe, be- 
 tween Hanover and Zell.] Two books, each dated 1475, namely. 
 Jacobus de Chisa de apparitionibus, and the Legenda S. Wolf- 
 gangi, are the only known specimens of this place during the 
 XVth century. The former of them may be seen in the collec- 
 tion of earl Spencer. 
 
 BVRGI, or BRAVVM BVBGI, Burgos, a large city of 
 Spain, capital of Old Castile, and an archbishop's see. The ear- 
 liest authenticated specimen of Burgos typography is Andrew 
 Guterrii Cetasiani opus grammatieale, printed by Fridericus de 
 Basilea, in 1485 : a copy of which rare book is in the Royal li- 
 brary of Madrid. Mendez names a,nd notices about 20 Burgos 
 books of the XVth century, amongst which is a History of 
 MerVm and his prophecies (in Spanish) of the year 1498, upon 
 the contents and rarity of which he louch enlarges. The Royal 
 library of Madrid had recently obtained this morpeau. 
 
 Burgus, or Burgus Sebusiamorum, Bourg en Bresse, a town erf 
 France, chief of the modern department de TAin. Typography 
 was practised at this town in 1628. A book entitled. La chaste- 
 tS recompensee, ou Vhistoi/re de sept pucelles doctes et scavamtes, 
 8vo. 1643, bears for imprint A Bmirg en Bresse : and there is an 
 edition of Cicero de Natura Deorum executed here in the year 
 1648, 
 
46 BU.— CA. 
 
 Burlingtcm, the capital city of New Jersey in North America. 
 Isaac Collins a printer from Philadelphia, was the first who per- 
 manently set up a press here, in the year 1770. Yet some print- 
 ing had been occasionally done at Burlington for the government, 
 even so early as 1727 : and in 1765, Parker who was established 
 as a printer at Woodbridge, removed his apparatus thence to Bur- 
 lington solely for the purpose of working off Smith's history of 
 New Jersey, an octavo of 570 pages ; which having finished, he 
 forthwith repaired to his old abode. 
 
 BVSCVM-DVCIS, SYLVA-DVCIS, or SYLVA DVCA- 
 LIS, Bois-le-Duc, called by the Dutch Hertogenbosch, a large 
 and strong town of Dutch Brabant. Printing appears to have 
 been carried on here in 14845 J^i which year a book, called Dot 
 hoeck van Tondalus vysioen, was executed by an unknown printer. 
 Panzer knew of only four books printed at this town during the 
 XVth century. 
 
 Buxovilla, qu ? — 1790. 
 
 CABELIA, or CABELIVM, Chablitz, or Chablies, a small 
 town of France, on the borders of Champagne ; more noted (as 
 Santander drily remarks) for wine than for typography. A single 
 specimen of printing done here in the XVth century was known 
 to Panzer, namely, Le livre des bonnes mosurs, par Jacques Le 
 Grant, printed in 1478, by Pierre Le Rouge, who ten years 
 afterwards exercised the art at Paris. A second, by the same 
 printer in the year 1483, namely, Breviarium Antisswdorenset 
 2 tom. Svo. is cited by M. Van Praet, who states that a copy 
 of this rare book on vellum is preserved in the Royal library of 
 Paris. 
 
 Cabillonv/m, Chalons sur Saone, an ancient city of France, in 
 Burgundy, on the right bank of the river Saone. — 1654. 
 
 Coheres, an ancient town of Spanish Estremadura. Mendez 
 observes that the art of printing was exercised in this town, but 
 leaves us without any farther information on the subject. 
 
 CADOMVM, Caen, a considerable town of France, capital 
 of Lower Normandy, with a celebrated university founded by 
 Charles VII. in 1418. Printing appears to have been practised 
 here in the XVth century, but the only remains of this early in- 
 troduction of the art are found in an edition of Horace's Epistles, 
 
CA. 47 
 
 printed by Jacobus Ferrandus, and Egidius Quijone, in the year 
 1480, a copy of which edition, upon vellum, is in the library of 
 earl Spencer. 
 
 Cadurcum, or Divona Cadurci, Cahors, an episcopal city of 
 France, with an university. — 1617. 
 
 Caerfyrthin, the Welsh name of Caermarthen. — 1728. 
 
 Caerfrangon, the Welsh name of Worcester. 
 
 Caer-Gravnt, the Welsh name of Cambridge. 
 
 Caer-lAidd, the Welsh name of London. 
 
 CiESAR AVGVSTA, or ZARAGOSA, Saragossa, or Cara- 
 go9a, an ancient and fine city of Spain, the capital of Arragon : 
 it is the see of an archbishop, and has an university founded in 
 1474. Saragossa was among the earliest towns of Spain which 
 received the typographic art; since, according to the Spanish 
 bibliographers Caballero and Mendez, an edition of the Manipti- 
 lus Curatorum was executed here in 1475, in 4to. or small folio. 
 Mendez observes that this is one of the rarest productions of 
 Spain, but that a copy of it exists in the Royal library of Madrid. 
 The same author describes a very rare work entitled Declaratio 
 misscE, which appears to have been the second offspring of this 
 press, and bears the date of 1478. The printer of the first was 
 Mathceus Flandrus, who was succeeded by Paulus de Hurus in 
 1485, &c. A considerable number of books were printed at Sara^ 
 gossa before the close of the XVth century. 
 
 CcEsena, Cesena, a town of Italy in Romagna. — 1525. 
 
 Ceeiobris, see Sastobris. 
 
 Caiamata, (the ancient Theramence,) a populous town of the 
 Morea. 
 
 A political journal called The Hellenic trumpet, was lately 
 printed here, but is now (1822) issued at Corinth. 
 
 Calaris, Cagliari, or Caller, the capital of the island of Sar- 
 dinia : it is a very ancient town, the residence of the viceroy, and 
 the see of an archbishop, and possesses an university, founded in 
 1606, and restored in 1763. 
 
 It is said that the first book printed in Sardinia is a Spanish 
 work of Don Juan Coloma, which was published in this town by 
 Vincentio Sembenino, in the year 1576. A copy of this curious 
 volume was in the rich Spanish collection of D. J. A. Conde, sold 
 in London in 1824. 
 
 The earliest Cagliari book which I have met with is a work by 
 
48 CA. 
 
 Jerome Fernandez, inquisitor general of Sardinia, printed here in 
 1628. This book is in Trinity college, Dublin. 
 
 Calceata, Calzada, or San Domingo de Calzada, a small town 
 of Spain in Old Castile, which was formerly a bishop's see. Men- 
 dez informs us that typography was practised at Calzada, but 
 when, or by whom, he has left us wholly uninformed. 
 
 Calcutta, a large and flourishing city of Bengal, the capital of 
 all the British dominions in Hindostan. It is seated on the 
 Hoogly river, (a branch of the Ganges,) and was originally found- 
 ed as a factory by the English in the year 1690. 
 
 I have not ascertained the exact period at which typography 
 was introduced into this city. The earliest books of which I 
 have found notices are the following : A Calendar for the year 
 1778: the same for 1780: Balfour's forms of Herlcern, 4to. 
 1781 : and WWkms' translation of a royal Hindu grant, 4to. 
 1781. These appear to have been printed from types prepared 
 by Mr. Charles Wilkins. In the year 1797 Calcutta possessed a 
 type foundry : and before the close of that century the art of 
 printing began to flourish in its vicinity, namely, at Fort William 
 and at Serampore. 
 
 Caldariana Societas, qu ? at Basle or Geneva .'' An edition of 
 Calepine's Lexicon, fol. 1609, bears for imprint sumptibus Cal- 
 doriancB Societatis. [See under Villa San Vincentiana.] 
 
 Caletum, Calais, a well-known sea-port of the north of France. 
 The earliest specimen of Calais printing yet observed by me is an 
 English Manuall of Prayers, 12mo. printed in 1599- 
 
 CaUssium, Kalisz, a very ancient city of Greater Poland, in 
 which was a magnificent and well-fiUed college of Jesuits. In this 
 college a printing-press was established about the end of the 
 XVIth, or beginning of the XVIIth century ; and the earliest 
 book which Hofiman had seen from hence was dated 1606. 
 
 CALLIVM, Cagli, a small town of Italy, in the duchy of 
 Urbino. 
 
 Until the time of Panzer it was scarcely known to biblio- 
 graphers that any printing had been executed at Cagli in the 
 XVth century. Literary research, however, has of late years 
 discovered four books printed here, the earliest of which is Ma- 
 phcEus Vegius de Morte Astyama>cti,s, 4to. printed by Robertas de 
 Fano and Bernardinus de Bergomo, in 1475. Two, of the year 
 1476, appeared in the Pinelli library. The Cagli books are very 
 
CA. 49 
 
 rare, although the printers speak of having executed several 
 others besides those now known : plwra opera cum hoc impressere 
 Callii. None however have come to .light of a later date than 
 1476. 
 
 Calmaria, Calmar, or Calmarsund, a seaport of Sweden, in the 
 province of Smaland : it is a bishop's see. 
 
 A press was established here by bishop Jonas Rothovius, about 
 the year 1620, as is testified by some books of that year still ex- 
 tant. The printer of them was Christopher Gyntherus, who in 
 1635 removed himself and his press to Linkoping. 
 
 Caltcmiosetta, or Calatanisseta, a small town of Sicily, in the 
 Val di Noto, 27 miles distant from Girgenti. 
 
 A Treatise on agricultural subjects, by M. Samfilippo, is said 
 to have been printed here in 1822. 
 
 CAMBERIACVM, see CHAMBERIVM. 
 
 Cambridge, a large town in Middlesex county^ in the colony 
 of Massachusetts, North America. 
 
 As this settlement was the cradle of the art of printing through- 
 out the greater part of the vast continent of North America, and 
 many volumes of considerable interest have issued from its presses, 
 the reader will perhaps be gratified with the following detailed 
 account, taken from Thomas's history of printing ; Thomas 
 himself being a native of that colony, and having investigated the 
 history of its early typography with considerable care. 
 
 " The founders of the colony of Massachusetts consisted of 
 " but a small number of persons, who arrived at the town of Salem 
 " in 1628; a few more joined them in 1629: and governor Win- 
 " throp, with the addition of 1500 settlers, arrived in 1630. 
 " These last landed at the place since called Charlestown, oppo- 
 " site to Boston, where they pitched their tents, and built a few 
 " huts for shelter. In 1631, they began to settle Cambridge, 
 " four miles from the place where they first landed. They also 
 " began a settlement on the identical spot where Boston now 
 '' stands. In 1638, they built an academy at Cambridge, which 
 " in process of time was increased to a college : and in the autumn 
 " of the same year, they opened a printing-house in that place. 
 " In January 1639, printing was first performed in that part of 
 " North America which extends from the gulf of Mexico to the 
 " Frozen Ocean. 
 
 " For this press our country is chiefly indebted to the rev. Mr. 
 
 E 
 
50 CA. 
 
 " Glover, a nonconformist minister, who possessed a considerable 
 " estate, and had left his native country with a determination to 
 " settle among his friends, who had emigrated to Massachusetts ; 
 " because in this wilderness he could freely enjoy with them those 
 " opinions which were not countenanced by the government and 
 " a majority of the people in England. 
 
 " Another press, with types, and another printer, were in 1 660 
 " sent over from England by the corporation for propagating the 
 " gospel among the Indians in New England. This press, &c. 
 " was designed solely for the purpose of printing the Bible, and 
 " other books in the Indian language f. On their arrival they 
 " were carried to Cambridge, and employed in the printing-house 
 " already established in that place. 
 
 " Notwithstanding printing continued to be performed in Cam- 
 " bridge, from a variety of causes it happened that many original 
 " works were sent from New England, Massachusetts in parti- 
 " cular, to London to be printed. Among these causes the prin- 
 " cipal were, first, the press at Cambridge had generally full em- 
 " ployment ; secondly, the printing done there was executed in 
 " an inferior style ; and thirdly, many works on controverted 
 " points of religion were not allowed to be printed in this coun- 
 " try. Hence it happened, that for more than eighty years after 
 " printing was first practised in the colony, manuscripts were oc- 
 " casionally sent to England for publication. 
 
 " The fathers of Massachusetts kept a watchful eye on the 
 " press ; and, in neither a religious nor civil point of view, were 
 " they disposed to give it much liberty. Both the civil and ec- 
 " clesiastical rulers were fearful that if it was not under whole- 
 " some restraints, contentions and heresies would arise among the 
 " people. In 1662 the government of Massachusetts appointed 
 " licensers of the press ; and afterwards, in 1664, passed a kw 
 " that ' no printing should be allowed in any town within the 
 " jurisdiction, except in Cambridge' — nor should any thing be 
 " printed there but what the government permitted through the 
 
 f 77ip Bible accordingly was fioished at this press by Green and Johnson, in tbe 
 year 166.5, in small quarto. To it were added the New Testament, dated 1661, and 
 the Psalms in metre (in the same language) with musical notes. This book is not 
 uncommon in England, being found in most of our public libraries, and also in 
 several private collections. It met with considerable encouragement, and was dedi- 
 cated to king Charles the Second. A second edition, revised by Mr. Eliot and Mr. 
 Cotton, was published in 1685. 
 
CA. 51 
 
 " agency of those persons who were empowered for the purpose. 
 " Offenders against this regulation were to forfeit their presses 
 " to the country, and to be disfranchised of the privilege of print- 
 " ing thereafter. In a short time, this law was so far repealed, 
 " as to permit the use of a press at Boston, and a person was 
 " authorized to conduct it ; subject, however, to the licensers who 
 " were appointed for the purpose of inspecting it. 
 
 " For several years preceding the year 1730, the government 
 " of Massachusetts had been less rigid than formerly ; and, after 
 " that period, I do not find that any officer is mentioned as hav- 
 " ing a particular control over the press. For a long time, how- 
 " ever, the press appeared to be under greater restrictions here 
 " than in England ; that is, till towards the close of the seven- 
 " teenth century. 
 
 " Except in Massachusetts, no presses were set up in the colo- 
 " nies till near the close of the XVIIth century. 
 
 " Till the year 1760, it appears that more books were printed 
 " in Massachusetts annually, than in any of the ,other colonies ; 
 " and before 1740, more printing was done there than in all the 
 " other colonies. After 1760, the quantum of printing done in 
 " Boston and Philadelphia was nearly equal, till the commence- 
 " ment of the war. New York produced some octavo and duo- 
 " decimo volumes. The presses of Connecticut were not idle : 
 " they furnished pamphlets on various subjects, and some small 
 " volumes. Some books were handsomely printed in Virginia 
 " and Maryland ; and folio volumes of laws, and a few octavos 
 " and duodecimos, on religion, history, and politics, issued from 
 " the presses of Carolina, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, &c. 
 
 " Before 1775, printing was confined to the capitals of the co- 
 " lonies ; but the war occasioned the dispersion of presses, and 
 " many were set up in towns that were remote. After the esta- 
 " blishment of our independence by the peace of 1783, presses 
 " multiplied very fast, not only in seaports, but in all the princi- 
 " pal inland towns and villages ; and it may now be said, that in 
 " the United States there are more presses employed than in any 
 " other part of the globe containing the same number of inha^ 
 " bitants. The major part of these presses is used in printing 
 " newspapers : but ne^^papers form not the only branch of print- 
 "^ing which has increased. Bibles of all the various sizes, dic- 
 " tionaries in English and Latin, Greek lexicons, most of the 
 
 E 2 
 
52 CA. 
 
 " Greek and Latin classics which are used in the country, nu- 
 " merous original works, as well as the republication of various 
 " European books of history, divinity, law, physic, philosophy, 
 " &c. in volumes of various magnitudes, now find their way 
 " through the presses of the United States. 
 
 " Paper-mills were erected in Pennsylvania many years before 
 " the revolution. There were several in New England, and two 
 " or three in New York. About the year 1730, an enterprising 
 " bookseller in Boston, having petitioned for, and received some 
 " aid from the legislature of Massachusetts, erected a paper-mill, 
 " which was the first set up in that colony. Since 1775, paper- 
 " mills have increased rapidly, and paper is now, I believe, ma- 
 " nufactured in all parts of the Union.'" 
 
 The first printer who exercised the art in this part of America 
 was Stephen Daye, who was born in London, and was supposed 
 to be a descendant of John Daye, an eminent English printer in 
 the preceding century. He was the person whom Mr. Glover 
 engaged to come to New England and conduct the press; which 
 having prepared and erected, by the direction of the magistrates 
 and elders, he began business in the month of January 1639- 
 
 The earliest productions of his press were The FreemarCs Oath, 
 and an Almanac, both in 1639; and the first book, properly so 
 called, was. The Psalms in metre, translated for the use of the 
 saints, especially in New England, dated 1640. This book is 
 so very rare that Thomas could only find one copy of it in Ame- 
 rica, and that wanted the title-page. It so happens, however, 
 that a perfect copy of it may be seen in the Bodleian library : of 
 which copy I have given a description in the " List of Editions 
 « of the English Bible," &c. 
 
 Daye appears to have given up the business of the printing- 
 office to Samuel Green about the close of the year 1648 or begin- 
 ning of 1649 ; but continued to reside at Cambridge, where he 
 died on the 22d of December 1668. Thomas observes, that he 
 had been able to find but few of the books printed by Daye, and 
 in no one of these was his name to be found. He gives a list of 
 thirteen pieces executed by this printer between the years 1639 
 and 1649, among which are the Laws of the Colony, and two 
 editions of the Psalms in metre. Altogether, his workmanship 
 seems to have been but indifierent. 
 
 His successor in business, Samuel Green, one of the first set- 
 
CA. 53 
 
 tiers, prosecuted it extensively and with success. Under the aus- 
 pices of the college and of the London corporation for propa- 
 gating Christianity among the Indians, he undertook and com- 
 pleted more than one edition of the Scriptures, the Psalter, a 
 Catechism, with other books in the Indian language, in the years 
 1653, &c. an ample and interesting account of which is given 
 by Thomas, (in vol. i. p. 235 — 263.) together with a list of 95 
 pieces, dated 1649 — 1692, proceeding from his press. We are 
 told that no printing was done at Cambridge after Green's de- 
 cease, on Jan. 1st, 1702; the press had been established there 
 sixty years, during fifty of which Green, under government, was 
 the manager and conductor of it. Thomas adds, " Soon after 
 " his decease, the printing materials were removed from Cam- 
 " bridge, and probably sold. It does not appear that the corpo- 
 " ration of the college owned any types after this time, till about 
 " the year 171 8, when Mr. Thomas Hollis, of London, a great 
 " benefactor to the college, among other gifts presented to the 
 " university a fount, or cast, of Hebrew, and another of Greek 
 " types, both of which were of the size of Long Primer. The 
 " Greek was not used until 1761, when the government of the 
 '•' college had a work printed, entitled Pietas et grahdatio collegii 
 " Cantabrigiensis apud Novanglos, dedicated to king George 
 " the Third, on his accession to the throne ; two of these poetical 
 " essays being written in Greek, called these types into use. They 
 " were never used but at that time, and were, in January 1764, 
 " destroyed by the fire that consumed Harvard hall, one of the 
 " college buildings in which the types and college library were 
 " deposited : the cast of Hebrew escaped, having been sent to 
 " Boston some time before, to print professor Sewall's Hebrew 
 " Grammar." 
 
 Green left a large family behind him, and his descendants con- 
 tinued to exercise the business of printers at Boston, until the 
 commencement of the revolution in 1775. 
 
 Cameracum, Cambral, a large, strong, and manufacturing town 
 of French Flanders, seated on the Scheld. It is an archbishop's 
 see, and was formerly the capital of a province. 
 
 I am uncertain as to the introduction of printing into this town ; 
 and there appears to be some confusion between the names Came- 
 racum, Camberium, and Chamberium. However it was exercised 
 at Cambrai unquestionably in the year 1601. 
 
 e3 
 
54 CA. 
 
 Cameri/num, Camerino, an archieplscopal city of Italy. — 1575. 
 
 Camora, see Zamora. 
 
 Cainpi, Campen, a town of the Dutch Netherlands. Printing 
 was carried on in it by Wilhelmus Bernhardi in the year 1599. — 
 (Marsh's library.) 
 
 Campidunum, or Campidona, Kempten, a town of Suabia, on 
 the Iller. A curious genealogical work by Albizius, printed here 
 in 1610, is preserved in the Bodleian library. 
 
 CanicopoUs, see Kilkennia. 
 
 Cantabrigia, Cambridge, (in Welsh books Caer-Graunt,) an 
 ancient and renowned university of England. It is not exactly 
 ascertained at what period the art of printing was introduced into 
 Cambridge, but I beheve that the earhest dated volume at pre- 
 sent known is Linacer's Latin version of Galenus de Tempera- 
 mentis, printed by John Siberch in 1521. Of this work the Bod- 
 leian library contains an exquisite specimen printed upon vellum, 
 in the original binding, having the royal arras impressed on the 
 sides ; being the identical copy which Linacer presented to king 
 Henry VIII. Henry gave it to bishop Tonstall; from whom, 
 passing through various hands, it came at length into the posses- 
 sion of Thomas Clayton, master of Pembroke college, and regius 
 professor of physic in the university of Oxford, who gave it to the 
 Bodleian library in the year 1634. Herbert, who describes this 
 copy, justly observes that the place of printing, which is stated at 
 the foot of the title-page in the copies printed on paper, is omitted 
 in this. But it occurs at the end, at the bottom of fol. 74. In 
 the last sheet of this copy there is an irregularity, arising from 
 the misplacing of the pages during the passing of the volume 
 through the press. 
 
 Canterbury, an ancient metropolitical city of England, chief of 
 the county of Kent. The art of printing appears to have been 
 first exercised here about the close of the reign of Henry VIII. 
 John Mychell is the only printer whose name is recorded, and his 
 first dated book, as given by Herbert, is of the year 1549. Not 
 more than eleven or twelve of these early Canterbury books are 
 known, nor do I remember to have seen any others of a date ear- 
 lier than 1687. 
 
 Canthurium, qa? — 1677. 
 
 Cape Franpis, a city and seaport of Hispaniola, which was 
 the capital of the western or French part of that island, until the 
 
CA. 55 
 
 revolutionary disturbances of the year 1791, Sec. Thomas affirms, 
 that " there was a printing-house at Cape Francois, long before 
 " that town was destroyed by the negroes when they revolted." 
 
 Cape Town, chief town of the settlement of the Cape of Good 
 Hope ; which has been permanently occupied by the British since 
 the year 1806. Printing has for some years past been exercised 
 in this colony, although the first printing-press and materials sent 
 out by the British Missionary Society (in 1806) were unfortu- 
 nately lost at sea. Among other publications, a Cwpe Town Ga- 
 zette is now regularly issued in monthly numbers ; and a second 
 Gazette in the Dutch language, called ' the South African com- 
 ' mercial Advertiser.' 
 
 CapvM, Capua, a celebrated city of Naples, and an archbishop's 
 see. A book, called Breviarium Capuanum, was supposed, by 
 P. Marchand and others, to have been printed at this city in 1489 1: 
 but Panzer, on the authority of Giustiniani, pronounces that no 
 press was established at Capua during the XVth century, and 
 conjectures that the Breviary was executed at Naples. 
 
 Caraccas, or Santiago de Leon de Caraccas, a large city of 
 Terra Firma in South America, founded by the Spaniards in the 
 year 1567 : it is the capital of the province of Caraccas, (or Repub- 
 lic of Venezuela) and the see of an archbishop. 
 
 The following notice of the typography of this city we owe to 
 the inquiries of the baron Humboldt : " When we remember, that 
 " in the United States of North America newspapers are published 
 " in small towns not exceeding three thousand inhabitants, we may 
 " be surprised to learn, that Caraccas, with a population of forty 
 " or fifty thousand souls, possessed no printing-ofiice before 1806; 
 " for we cannot give this name to the presses, which served only 
 " from year to year to print a few pages of an Almanack, or the 
 " pastoral letter of a bishop. 
 
 " A Frenchman, M. Delpeche, allied to one of the most re- 
 " spectable families in the country, has the merit of having first 
 " established a printing-ofiice at Caraccas. It appears sufficiently 
 " extraordinary in modern times, to see an establishment of this 
 " kind, afix)rding the greatest means of communication between 
 " men, follow, and not precede, a political revolution." Personal 
 Narrative of Travels, vol. iii. book 4, chap. 13. 
 
 It is in the recollection of many of my readers, that on the 26th 
 of March in the year 1812, the then flourishing city of Caraccas 
 
 K 4) 
 
56 CA. 
 
 experienced one of the most awful visitations recorded in history, 
 by an earthquake, which in less than the space of a single minute 
 levelled nearly the entire city with the ground, and buried from 
 nine to ten thousand of the inhabitants beneath the fallen ruins ! 
 
 Since that period an university has been founded at Caraccas ; 
 and in 1826 four newspapers were regularly published in the 
 city. 
 
 Carantonus, or Carenfonium, Charenton, a town of France, 
 near Paris. — 1627. A French New Testament was printed here 
 in 1643. A satirical piece by Andrus Schioppius, bears for im- 
 print, In Ponte Charentonio, apud Joannem MoUtorem. Whe- 
 ther printed at Charenton I cannot say. (TCD.) 
 
 Carcassona, Carcassonne, a city of France, seated on the Aube, 
 formerly a bishop's see. Panzer notices a single volume printed 
 here in 1517. 
 
 CAUMAGNOLA, a fortified town of Piedmont, in the mar- 
 quisate of Saluzzo, seated near the Po. A work entitled, Facini 
 TibergcB in Alexandrum de Villa Dei enarratio, executed by an 
 unnamed printer, in 1497, is the only specimen of the practice of 
 the art in this city during the XVth century, which was knovra to 
 Panzer ; nor was he acquainted with more than one work printed 
 here during the early part of the XVIth century : this single pro- 
 duction bears date 1522. I have seen no Carmagnola book ante- 
 rior to 1589. 
 
 Carnota ; Antonio, (torn. i. p. 201,) mentions a work printed 
 typis AnP Alvarez in conventu de Carnota, 1627. I believe the 
 place to be in Portugal. 
 
 Carnutum, Chartres, an ancient and considerable town of 
 France, seated on the river Eure. Printing was carried on here 
 in the year 1622. Indeed, a satirical work published by N. Tur- 
 lupinus, bears the imprint Carnuti, with the date 1592; but I 
 am not sure that it is really a production of this town. 
 
 Carolopolis, Charleville, a neat town of France, in Champagne, 
 on the river Maese. Printing was exercised here in 1613. 
 
 The town of Compiegne also bore the name of Carolopolis, 
 
 Carolsrulia, Carlsruhe, a town of Suabia. Peignot mentions a 
 rare and very valuable work on Finance, by Claude Dupin, 
 printed here (but only 12 or 15 copies) in the year 1745. 
 
 CARPENTORATVM, Carpentras, a town of France, seated 
 on the Auson, formerly a bishop's see. It has been urged that a 
 
CA. 57 
 
 work was printed here in the year 1494<; but Panzer silently 
 adopts the correction of Mercier, who supposes 1494 to be the 
 date, not of the printing, but of the composition of the book, 
 
 Carpum, Carpi, a small town of Italy, in the duchy of Mo- 
 dena, the see of a bishop. It appears from Panzer that -printing 
 was carried on here so early as 1506. 
 
 Carthagena, a large city of South America, formerly capital of 
 the province of Carthagena, in the Spanish kingdom of New 
 Granada. 
 
 I have not ascertained the introduction of the art of print- 
 ing. In 1824 two newspapers were regularly published in the 
 town. 
 
 CASALE MAIOR, Casal-Maggiore, a small town of Italy, 
 in the duchy of Milan, about twenty miles S. E. of Cremona. 
 The Hebrew printers of Soncino finished here in 1486 an edition 
 of the Machazor, or Compendium of Prayers, which they had 
 begun at Soncino. This is the only book from Casal-Maggiore 
 which was known to Panzer, whose researches extend to the year 
 1536 ; nor do I remember to have met with any other specimen 
 of its typography until 1581. 
 
 CASALE S. EVAXII, Casal di S. Vaso, a populous town of 
 Italy, seated on the Po, formerly the capital of Montferrat, and a 
 bishop''s see. It has been discovered within a few years that the 
 art of printing was practised in this town so early as the XVth 
 century ; and an edition of Ovid's Epistles is produced by Pan- 
 zer from Saxius's Historia lAtteraria, which bears for imprint, 
 In loco Casalis S. Evaxii, anno 1481. The printer's name is 
 Guliehnus de Canepa-nova, de Campanilibus de Sancto Salvatore. 
 This very rare book is the only specimen of the XVth century 
 known. A book of the date 1542 bears the imprint at greater 
 length, Casale di Monferrato. 
 
 Casamum, see Kasanum. 
 
 Caseres, a town of France, seated on the river Garonne, near 
 Toulouse.— 1703. 
 
 Casinas Monasterium Benedictinorum, or Mmis Cassinus, 
 Monte Cassino, a celebrated Benedictine monastery, founded by 
 St. Benedict himself, who is related to have passed the latter years 
 of his life, and to have died and been entombed, within it. It is 
 situated near a mountain and town which bear the same name, in 
 the Neapolitan territory ; but the town has fallen to decay, and 
 
58 CA. 
 
 S. Germano has arisen on its ruins. Printing was carried on here 
 in 1740 and 1768. 
 
 CASSELA, or CASEL^, Caselle, a considerable town of 
 the Sardinian states, in Piedmont, distant six miles from Turin. 
 Typography appears to have been exercised here during a short 
 period of the XVth century ; and we still possess a work entitled 
 Hieronymi vita Sanctorum pairMjra, executed in 1475, by Johannes 
 Fabri, who both previously and afterwards worked as a printer in 
 Turin. One more book only is given to Caselle by Panzer, but 
 upon very slight authority. 
 
 There being some doubt what town was intended by the imprint 
 Casellarum oppidum, Prosper Marchand politely assigns the book 
 to the city of Cashel in Ireland ! a city, in which, after a lapse of 
 three hundred years, there is not at this day more than one single 
 printing-press: and in which no booh has ever yet been printed i 
 Santander at first decided that Casole in Tuscany was the place 
 designated ; but afterwards yielded to the suggestion of De E,ossi 
 that it signified Caselle in Piedmont. 
 
 Cassellm, Cassel, a large and handsome town of Germany, ca- 
 pital of the electorate of Hesse Cassel : it possesses a college 
 founded by the elector Maurice in 15 . I have seen no book 
 printed here previously to 1599, unless one mentioned by Panzer, 
 (in vol. vi.) Amhrosii Catharini dialogus contra Lutherum, dated 
 1524, was executed at this town. 
 
 Cassovia, or Kassa, Caschau, an old and strong town, the me- 
 tropolis of Upper Hungary. — 1620. 
 
 Castelfranco, a small town of Italy in the States of the 
 Church, on the road leading from Modena to Bologna. A 
 work of Apostolo Zeno was executed here in the year 1761. — 
 (Pinelli.) 
 
 Castelhna, Castellane, a town of France, in Provence. — 1678. 
 (Bodl. TCD.) 
 
 Castelnaudary, a. populous town of France, in Upper Langue- 
 doc— 1829. 
 
 Castra, Castres, a large and populous town of France, in Lan- 
 guedoc, containing about 16,000 inhabitants. Jean Viala exer- 
 cised printing here in the year 1626. 
 
 Castrum Cortesium, probably some castle in Italy, so named 
 from Pauius Cortesius, whose work De Cardinalatu, executed in 
 1510, bears this imprint: a splendid copy of this publication. 
 
CA.— CE. 59 
 
 printed on large paper, was in the Pinelli library. No other book 
 from this place is known. 
 
 Casurgis, see Praga. 
 
 Catalaunum, Chalons sur Marne, a considerable city of France, 
 formerly the chief place of Champagne, and a bishop's see. — 1601. 
 
 Catana, Catania, an episcopal city with an university, in Sicily. 
 Printing was carried on here at least so early as 1636, in which 
 year a work by Carrera was executed at Catania. (Pinelli library.) 
 
 Catuapolis appears to be another name for Douay. In the 
 library of Trinity College, Dubhn, there is a work entitled. The 
 whetstone of reproof; [it is a reply to Sir Humphrey Linde's 
 ' Safe way,'] iy T. T. Sacristan and Catholike Roman, 12mo. 
 1632, which bears for imprint Catuapoli apud viduam Marci 
 Wyonis. Mark Wyon was a printer of Douay, and his widow 
 continued to reside in that town at the sign of the ' Golden Phce- 
 ' nix,' until the year 1640 at least, in which year she was the pub- 
 lisher of A Disputation of the Church, hy E. S, F. 2 vols. 12mo. 
 
 CecerrcB, or Secerree, or Cervaria Lacetanorum, Cervera, a 
 town of Spain, in Catalonia. — 1750.^(Bodl.) 
 
 Cella, Zell, a large and strong town of Lower Saxony, in the 
 principality of Luneburg. Another, of the same name, seated in 
 the vale of Hammersbach. — 1759. 
 
 Cellce, Selles, a town of France, on the river Cher. — 1618. 
 
 Cenomani, or Cenomanum, called also Vindinum and Subdin- 
 nu/m, Le Mans, a considerable city of France, formerly the ca- 
 pital of Lower Maine, and a bishop's see. Typography was 
 exercised at Le Mans so early as 1546 by Denis Gaigeot, who in 
 that year printed a Missale Cenomanense, in folio, a copy of 
 which is in the royal library of Paris. 
 
 Centum, Cento, a city of Italy near Ferrara. A work entitled 
 Vocabolario <^c. de la lingua Volgare, d' Alberto Acharisio, printed 
 here in the house of the author, in 1543, is in the Bodleian library : 
 and is the only specimen of Cento typography which I remember 
 to have seen. 
 
 Cephalcedis, or Cephalodium, Cefalu, a seaport on the north of 
 Sicily, a town of considerable trade, and the see of an archbishop. 
 A treatise by Vittorio Siri, printed here in 1641, is preserved in 
 the Bodleian library. 
 
 Cervaria, see Cecerrce. 
 
 Cervicornus. Eucharius Cervicornus, a printer, &c. — 1536. 
 
60 CE— CH. 
 
 Ceuta, in Africa. A newspaper in the Spanish language has 
 been published at Ceuta for the last ten or twelve years. 
 
 CHAMBERIVM, or CAMBERIACVM, Chambery, a large 
 and populous town, the capital of Savoy. The earliest of the three 
 books known -to have been printed here in the XVth century, 
 Le livre de Baudoyn, comte de Flandres, ^c. bears the date 1484. 
 
 Chantehup, a country seat in the neighbourhood of Paris, for- 
 merly belonging to the due de Choiseul, minister of state to Louis 
 XV. of France. The duke established here a printing press for 
 his amusement, at which he caused a volume of Memoirs of him- 
 self to be struck off under his own personal inspection, in the year 
 1778. A single copy of this curious volume having by accident 
 gotten abroad, it was reprinted by a bookseller at Paris in the 
 year 1790. 
 
 La Chariti, a town of France seated on the left bank of the 
 Loire, near Nevers. It took its name from the charities exer- 
 cised by some monks of Clugny, who possessed a large and 
 wealthy establishment there, the prior of which was lord of the 
 town. Printing was exercised here in 1711. 
 
 Charleston, a town of Massachusetts, chief of Middlesex County, 
 North America. Thomas mentions that printing was carried on 
 here in 1785, in which year a newspaper began to be published in 
 Charleston. 
 
 Charlestown, a beautiful city, the metropolis of the state of 
 South Carolina, North America. A printing-house was opened 
 here, in consequence of a liberal offer made by the government, 
 by Eleazar PhiUips, of Boston, in the year 1730 ; and, except in 
 this city, there was no printing throughout the whole province, 
 previously to the revolution. 
 
 Chartreuse, (La grande,) a celebrated convent, chief of the 
 whole order of Carthusians, situate on the Guyer, within five 
 leagues of Grenoble, in Dauphine. In the year 1697, a work 
 was secretly printed within this convent, entitled. Explication de 
 quelques endroits des anciens Statutes de Fordre des Chartreux, 
 avec des eclaircissemens donnez sur le sujet d'un libelle qui a 
 4te compose contre Tord/re, et qui s'est divulgue secrettement. It 
 was written by the general of the order, in answer to some re- 
 marks of the abbe la Trappe. The distribution of this volume 
 was so guarded, that even of the Carthusians themselves few ever 
 saw it : a copy being sent to the superior of each house, which he 
 
CH. 61 
 
 was directed not to communicate. See a farther notice in the 
 BibliotMque critique of Saintjore, torn. i. p. 478. 
 
 Chateavrfirt, a small town of France, in the department of the 
 Seine and Oise. — 1787. 
 
 Chatillon sur Seine, a town of France in the mountainous part 
 of Burgundy {now the department Cote d'or), divided by the 
 river Seine. Printing is now carried on at Chatillon in a supe- 
 rior style, by C. Cornillac, who in 1825 executed a very hand- 
 some edition of BergmanrCs travels amongst the Calmucs, trans- 
 lated into French. 
 
 Chaumont en Bassigny, a considerable manufacturing city of 
 France, situate on a mountain near the river Marne. Printing 
 was carried on here, by Quentin Mareschal, in the year 1598. — 
 (Bodl.) 
 
 Chemnitium, Chemnitz, a town of Upper Saxony.* — 1691. 
 
 Cherium, Chieri, or Quiers, a town of Piedmont, distant six 
 miles from Turin. — 1607. 
 
 Chesroam,, Kesroan, or Chaswan mons, is the name of a moun- 
 tainous district in the immediate neighbourhood of the great 
 chain of Mount Libanus in Syria, in the pachalic of Tripoli or 
 Acre. Among the convents with which this district abounds, is 
 one distinguished from the rest, called Marhanna, or The Con- 
 vent of St. John the Baptist de Shoair: it is seated on a steep 
 rock upon the southern side of the Kesroan, nearly opposite to 
 the village of Chouair. The building is described as being mag- 
 nificent, containing forty monks, and was formerly the place of 
 residence of the patriarch of the Maronites, dunng the winter 
 months. It is also remarkable for containing the only Arabic 
 printing-establishment which has tolerably succeeded throughout 
 the Turkish empire. This establishment, which is spoken of in 
 terms of high commendation, was erected by Abdallah benZa- 
 cher, a Melchite priest, in the year 1732. Abdallah being a very 
 ingenious artificer, entirely formed for himself the types and other 
 materials, which he caused to be carried into this monastery, of 
 which his own brother was the Superior. He opened his typo- 
 graphical career with an Arabic version of The Psalms, in a neat 
 and beautiful character, which purports to have been printed In 
 monasterio S. Johannis BaptistcB in monte Kesroan, opera et in- 
 dustria monachorum canonicorum S. Basilii, ordinis Romani. 
 This edition is in octavo, and was several times reprinted. Vol- 
 
63 CH. 
 
 ney, in his Voyage en Syrie, states that while he was there, four 
 of the monks attended to the printing, and four others were em- 
 ployed in book-binding. He gives a list of thirteen books printed 
 there, on paper which was brought from Europe ; but relates, that 
 although this press was the only one in Syria, though beneficial 
 effects had resulted from it, and much more good might have 
 been derived from a judicious selection of works worthy of publica- 
 tion, it was then fast falling to decay. Our countryman Browne, 
 •<srho visited the spot in 1797, states, that the press was then en- 
 tirely out of work, from the dearness of paper and slackness of 
 the demand for books. To Volney's list of books Schnurrer adds 
 twenty-four others, giving the name and date of each, from the 
 year 1734 to 1794. I am unable to say whether many of the 
 Marhanna volumes have reached the shores of England : one of 
 them, Didaeus Stella, 4°. In monasterio Mar-hannce, 1740, being 
 the second in Vojney's list, may be seen in the Bodleian library ; 
 and another, a book of Meditations, of the date 1772, in that of 
 the British and foreign Bible Society. The Bodleian possesses 
 also a volume of Canons 8j-c. of the church of Antioch, in the 
 Arabic language, printed "in a monastery of Syria" (perhaps 
 Mar-hanna) in 1810. folio. 
 
 Chester, an ancient city of England, the chief town of Cheshire. 
 —1656. 
 
 Chilonium, Xilonvum, or Kilia Holsatorum^ Kiel, a town of 
 Lower Saxony, with an university, founded in the year 1665. In 
 all probability the art of printing was introduced together with 
 the university : I have seen a Kiel book of the year 1667, in 
 which the printer, Joachim Reumraannus, styles \i\vase\i academia 
 typogrofhus. — (TCD.) 
 
 Chillicothe, a small town, capital of the state of Ohio, in North 
 America. Thomas mentions that the art of printing was prac- 
 tised, and two or three newspapers published at this place, be- 
 tween the years 1795 and 1810. 
 
 Chios, Chio, or Scio, the capital of the isle of Chio. Within 
 a few years a press has been established here, the types and other 
 materials of which were brought from France. The first work 
 printed was a discourse delivered before the college, by professor 
 Bambas. Previously to the late Turkish massacre, Scio contained 
 a hundred thousand inhabitants, and possessed a library of twelve 
 thousand volumes. 
 
CH.— CI. 63 
 
 Chinsurah, a town of Hindostan, in Bengal, seated on the river 
 Hoogly, twenty miles north of Calcutta. A printing-office was 
 established here, by Rev. Mr. Pearson, of the London Missionary 
 Society, about the year 1820 or 1821. 
 
 Christicmia, a city of ten thousand inhabitants, the capital of 
 Norway, built by Christian IV. on the ruins of the old town of 
 Opsloe : in 1636 a college was erected here, and at present it is a 
 bishop's see. Printing was exercised here in the year 1656. 
 
 Christiansand, a town and seaport of the south-west of Nor- 
 way, the capital of the government or province of Christiansand, 
 and a bishop's see. It was founded by Christian IV. in 1641, 
 and contains at present about five thousand inhabitants. A press 
 was at work here in the year 1823. 
 
 Christianstedt, the principal town in the island of St. Croix. 
 Printing was carried on here a short time previous to the year 
 1770. 
 
 Christlinga, (qu.? Christbourg, a town of West Prussia, on 
 the Sorge ?) Sandius mentions a book printed at this place in the 
 year 1584 ; and a work of L. Socinus, published anonymously 
 here in 1577, is quoted by Barbier, in his " Dictionnaire des ano- 
 " nymes." 
 
 Chrysopolis, Scutari in Natolia, the Asiatic suburb of Constan- 
 tinople, containing about twenty thousand inhabitants. A print- 
 ing-establishment was founded here by Sultan Selim III. ; books 
 from which, of the date of 1802, &c. are noticed by Hammer, in 
 his Codices BibliotheccB Ccesar. Vindobonensis, and by Schnurrer, 
 in his Bibliotheca Arabica ; a further list is given in one of the 
 numbers of the Revue encyclop6dique for the year 1821. The 
 earliest date which I have seen noticed is 1793. This establish- 
 ment was closed at the revolution of the year 1807, in which the 
 unfortunate monarch lost his throne and life. Only a few years 
 previously to this catastrophe he had erected a paper-manufac- 
 tory also at Scutari, which in all probability has shared the 
 same fate. 
 
 Cibmium, or HermanopoUs, Hermannstadt, an episcopal city, 
 the capital of Transylvania. — 1670. 
 
 Cincinnati, a modern but flourishing town, capital of the 
 Miami country, in the state of Ohio, North America, containing 
 16000 inhabitants. S. Freeman and son introduced the art of 
 printing here in the year 1795 : and by the year 1810 there were 
 
64 CI.— CO. 
 
 eight or ten presses established in different parts of this state. At 
 the present time (1826) Cincinnati itself contains no fewer than 
 nine printing-establishments ; and also a type-foundry, where are 
 manufactured in a superior manner all kinds of type, presses, 
 chases, &c. &c. &c. entirely superseding the importation of types 
 and other printing materials from the eastern states. It is calcu- 
 lated that about seventy-two thousand newspapers are published 
 weekly at Cincinnati. 
 
 Civdad de los Reyes, see Lima. 
 
 Ciza, or Zitia, or Citizum, Zeitz, a town of Upper Saxony. — 
 1677, 78, &c. 
 
 Claromontium, or Clarus Mons, Clermont, an ancient episco- 
 pal city of France, in Auvergne. (Clermont is also the name of 
 three other towns in the same kingdom.) — 1594. 
 
 Clarus Mons, Chiaramonte, or Monte Chiaro, a town of Si- 
 cily. — 1655. 
 
 CLAVASIVM, Chivas, or Chivazzo, a fortified town of Pied- 
 mont, seated on the Po. The Summa Angelica of Angelus de 
 Clavasio was printed here in 1486, and is the only specimen of 
 early printing known from this place. 
 
 Claudiopolis, Clausenburg, or Coloswar, an ancient city of 
 Transylvania, in which the Socinians had early an academy and 
 a printing-house. — 1566. Caspar Heltius printed here in a very 
 creditable style in the year 1585. 
 
 Clausthal, a town of Lower Saxony, in Brunswick. — 1727. 
 
 Clivia, Cleves, an ancient city, situated between the Rhine and 
 the Meuse, capital of the duchy of Cleve. — 1625. (Bodl.) 
 
 CLVNIACVM, Cluni, a town of France, in Burgundy, fa- 
 mous for its abbey of Benedictines, which is chief of the order. 
 A Missale Cluniacense in folio, printed here by Michael Wensler 
 of Basle in 1493, is believed to be the only book executed at 
 Clugni during the XVth century. 
 
 COBVRGVM, or KOBVBGVM, Coburg, a town of Upper 
 Saxony, capital of a principality. Prosper Marchand adduces a 
 work professing to be printed here in 1432, but Panzer takes no 
 sort of notice of printing here in the XVth or XVIth century. 
 There is, however, among the Bodleian collection of German 
 tracts on the Reformation, one by Luther, printed at Coburg in 
 the year 1530. 
 
 CODANIA, see HAFNIA. 
 
CO. 65 
 
 Coevorde, or Koevorde, a small but strongly fortified town of 
 the Netherlands, seated on the river Aa. — 1829- 
 
 Colberga Pomeranorum, a strong seaport town of the Prussian 
 states, in Farther Pomerania, on the Persante river. Printing 
 was carried on here in the year 1656, by Henricus Hasius; and 
 in 1 684, by Georgius Bothius, who calls himself " senatus typo- 
 " graphus." 
 
 Coligni, a small town of France, near St. Amour, in Franche 
 Comt^. Printing was exercised here by G. A. Chouet, in 1679. 
 — (T.C.D.) 
 
 COLLA, or COLLIS, Colle, a small town of Tuscany, lately 
 a bishop's see. A paper-manufactory was established in the 
 suburbs of this town at a very early period, which circumstance 
 probably led to the erection of a press. Only four books are 
 known to have been printed here in the XVth century, two of 
 which, Dioscorides and Oppian, bear the date of 1478. 
 
 Colles vallis Trumpice appears to denote some spot in Trom- 
 pia, a valley of Italy in the vicinity of Brescia, in which typo- 
 graphy was exercised early in the XVIth century. Only three 
 of its productions are known to have come down to us, of which 
 the earliest is a Liber pontificalis, impressus in collibus Vallis 
 TrompifB, per Mapheum de Fracazinis. A. D. 1503. This, which 
 is a very handsome as well as rare book, may be seen in the Bod- 
 leian library. The others are of the years 1510 and 1516, exe- 
 cuted by the same family of printers. 
 
 Colmaria, Colmar, a populous town of France, capital of the 
 Upper Rhine. An edition of Herodian, and a New Testament, 
 printed here in 1523, are noticed by Panzer. 
 
 Coloca, Colocza, or Kolocz, an archiepiscopal city of Hungary, 
 on the Danube. — 1749. 
 
 COLONIA AGRIPPINA, COLONIA CLAVDIA, CO- 
 LONIA VBIORVM, sometimes VBII only, or COLONIA 
 simply ; Cologne, in Dutch books called Cuelen, Ceulen, or Keu- 
 len, an ancient and large city, capital of the electorate of Cologne; 
 lately an imperial city of Germany, and the see of an archbishop. 
 It has an university, founded in 1388. 
 
 Cologne was among the very first towns to receive and adopt 
 the art of printing, after it had been promulgated from Mayence. 
 Its earliest dated book is Joh. Chrysostomus sivper Psalmo quin- 
 quagesimo, printed by Ulric Zell, in 1466, a thin quarto of ten 
 
66 CO. 
 
 leaves : (a tract of excessive rarity, but to be seen in earl Spen- 
 cer's library ;) or if, with Serna Santander, the date of this be 
 not admitted as entirely satisfactory, the Augustinus de singula- 
 ritate clericorum, of the year 1467 ; yet it is supposed that Zell 
 had practised the art here for some time previous to the issuing 
 of these books. His press continued at work until nearly the 
 close of the XVth century. Zell was soon followed by other 
 printers, as by Arnold Therhoernen (the first who used cyphers) 
 in 1471 ; by Peter de Olpe, in the same year ; by Johannes 
 KollhofF de Lubec (the first who made use of signatures) in 1472; 
 by Henricus Quentel, and numerous others. 
 
 Our English typographer, William Caxton, is generally under- 
 stood to have executed his Recueil des histoires de Troye, in this 
 city, between the years 1464 and 1470. 
 
 Panzer notices, in the latter part of his great work (vol. iv. 
 p. 492.), a very rare edition of Cicero's Offices in 4". without a 
 date, recently discovered in a private library at Mechlin, which 
 from internal evidence he considers anterior to the Mayence edi- 
 tion of 1465 : if this opinion be founded in truth, Cologne has the 
 glory of having given to the world the first printed edition of a 
 classic author. A copy of this precious edition has found its 
 way to earl Spencer's collection. See Biblioth. Spenc. vol. i. 
 p. 307. It may be mentioned likewise, that the earliest book 
 known to have the leaves numbered, being a Sermon on the 
 presentation of the Virgin Mary, dated 1470, was printed in 
 this city. 
 
 A considerable number of printing-presses were established here 
 during the XVth century, among which we find one erected in a 
 convent of friars preachers. 
 
 Colonia Allobrogum, see Geneva. 
 
 Colonia Alpina : qu .'' 
 
 The only book which I have seen bearing this imprint is Fa- 
 ther Paul Sa/rpi's history of ecclesiastical benefices, in Italian, 
 printed by Pietro Albertino, in 1675. 
 
 Colonia Brandenburgica, Colonia ad Spream, Colonia Mar- 
 chica, or Colonia ad Suevum, Coin, a suburb to the city of 
 Berlin, on the opposite side of the river Spree. The earliest book 
 from this town which I have yet seen, is a treatise by J. S. ElshoU 
 tius on the transfttsion of blood. ^om one animal to another, (a 
 subject much revived of late,) which professes to have been 
 
CO. 67 
 
 printed here by Georgius Schultzius, printer to the elector, in 
 the year 1667.— (TCD.) 
 
 Colonia Julia Romana, see Hispalis. 
 
 Colonia Munatiana, see Augusta Rauracorum, and Basilea. 
 
 Colonia Ubiorum, see Colonia Agrippina. 
 
 Cohnia Venetorum, Cologna, a considerable trading town of 
 Italy, situate in the Vicentino, near the borders of the Veronese. 
 Printing was carried on here in the year 1765. — (PineUi.) 
 
 Colonia Viriata, see Madritum. 
 
 Columbaria, Colmar, a considerable town of Alsace. — 1754. 
 
 Columbia, a small town of the United States of North Americaj 
 the seat of government for South Carolina, and the capital of 
 Kersham county. " Cooper's lectures on political oeconomy" were 
 printed here in 1826. 
 
 Cohimbum, Colombo, the British capital of the island of Cey- 
 lon. Gustavus Wilhelmus baron Imhof, who was governor of 
 the island, anxious that the Gospel should be made known to the 
 natives, erected a press at Colombo ; the first book from which 
 was a Prayer-book, printed in 1737: this was succeeded by a 
 short Confession of faith, executed in the next year, immediately 
 after which the editors proceeded to an edition of The four Gos- 
 pels, which they were enabled to publish in 1739. Some subse- 
 quent books, down to the year 1771, may be seen in Masch's Le 
 Long, part II. The whole of the New Testament, together with 
 the books of Genesis and Exodus, in Cingalese, printed here be- 
 tween 1771 and 1786, are preserved in the Bodleian library, 
 
 Comaromium, Comorn, a considerable town of Hungary, situ- 
 ated on the Danube. — 1795. 
 
 Commelinus. Many books are found, which, entirely sup- 
 pressing the name of the place at which they were printed, bear 
 simply the words apud Commelinum : it may not be unnecessary 
 therefore to remark that all such books were executed at Heidel- 
 berg. Commelin was a native of Douay, and a learned man no 
 less than an esteemed printer ; he died in 1598 ; but the imprint 
 ^ bibliothecd Commeliniand was continued for some years after- 
 wards. 
 
 Comopolis, (qu ? a fictitious name ?) A work of M. Merula, 
 printed in the year 1620, bears the imprint, ComopoU, typis Lu£(b 
 Molin(Bi.—{TCD.) 
 
 Compiegne, an ancient and famous town of France, on the 
 
 f2 
 
68 CO. 
 
 river Oise, formerly the residence of the ancient kings of France, 
 and sometimes called Carolopolis, from favours conferred on it by 
 Charles the Bald.— 1783. 
 
 Complutum, Alcala de Henares, a celebrated city of Spain, m 
 New Castile, with an university, founded in 1517. There is no 
 certain information regarding the first appearance of typography 
 in this city : Maittaire has endeavoured to assign to it a work of the 
 date 1494, but upon grounds which seem to require much confirma- 
 tion. Mendez justly observes, that, though among the Spanish 
 towns Alcala was late in the adoption of this excellent art, yet it 
 will ever be famous in the annals of literature, from its having 
 given to the world the first Polyglott Bible ; a splendid work, in 
 six volumes folio, designed and executed under the fostering hand 
 of cardinal Ximenes. Particular descriptions of this rare edition 
 may be found in almost every bibliographer. The magnificent 
 copy of it printed upon vellum, which formerly belonged to count 
 M<=Carthy, and to Pinelli, is now deposited in England, in the 
 library of Mr. George Hibbert. The earliest printed volume 
 from this place, cited by Panzer, bears the date of 1509: but 
 Mendez has given us evidence that the Alcala press was at work 
 in the year 1502, under the direction of Lanzalao Polono (Stanis- 
 laus Polonus) who had previously exercised the art at Seville 
 from 1491 till 1500. The early Alcala books are of considerable 
 rarity. 
 
 Compostella, Compostella, or Santiago de Compostella, a large 
 and handsome town of Spain, the capital of Gallicia : it possesses 
 an university, founded in 1532, and is the see of an archbishop. 
 In its cathedral were supposed to be deposited the relics of the 
 apostle St. James, which produced great accessions of celebrity 
 and of wealth to the place. 
 
 I have not found any notice of printing executed at Com- 
 postella earlier than that of Antonio Fraiz Pineiro, in 1673. — 
 (Antonio.) 
 
 COMVM, Como, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, seated on 
 the lake of Como. It is a bishop's see. Only three books exe- 
 cuted here in the XVth century have come down to us, the 
 earliest of which, by Joh. Antonius de S. Georgia, was printed in 
 1474, the year in which the art was first introduced into Como. 
 
 Concha, Cuenfa, an episcopal city of Spain, in New Castile. — 
 1589. 
 
CO. 69 
 
 Condivincum Nannetum, see Nannetes. 
 
 Condomium, Condom, a considerable town of France, in Gas- 
 cony, capital of an Arrondissement, and formerly a bishop's see. 
 (The celebrated Bossuet was bishop of Condom.) Printing was 
 exercised here in 1689 ; in which year (and probably under Bos- 
 suet's own direction) was published a liturgical work, entitled 
 " Proprium sanctorum ecclesiae Condomiensis." 
 
 Coneglianum, Conegliano, a small but populous town of Italy, 
 in the marquisate of Treviso, from which town it is distant ten 
 miles. From the Pinelli catalogue it appears that the art of 
 printing was exercised here so long ago as the year 1611. 
 
 Confluentes, Coblentz, a city situated at the conflux of the 
 Rhine and Moselle.— 1779. 
 
 Conimbrica, Coimbra, an episcopal city of Portugal, with an 
 university founded by John III. — 1516. In the year 1536 we 
 find a printing establishment within the convent of the Holy 
 Cross in this city, at which was executed a work of P. Ayres du 
 Almeyda, in opposition to the Moriae encomium of Erasmus. 
 [Bibliotheca Lusitana, 1. p. 77.] The art appears to have flou- 
 rished at Coimbra from that time forwards. 
 
 Consentia, see Cusentia. 
 
 Constantia, Constance, a fortified city of Bavaria, seated on a 
 lake of the same name ; it was lately a bishop's see, and is memo- 
 rable for the council holden here in 1414, which condemned John 
 Huss and Jerome of Prague to the flames. Maittaire and Prosper 
 Marchand entertained an opinion that an edition of the Aureus 
 libellus of Boccacio, dated 1489, was printed here : however 
 there seems to be no sufficient evidence that the art was practised 
 in this city during the XV th century ; the earliest book known to 
 Panzer is of the year 1505. 
 
 CONSTANTINOPOLIS, the city of Constantinople, too well 
 known to need description. 
 
 The exact period of the introduction of typography into this 
 city remains a disputed point. Unquestionably the earliest print- 
 ing was that of the Jews, who are believed to have executed some 
 Hebrew works here in the XVth, or certainly at the beginning 
 of the XVIth century. The history of Josephus ben Gorion, 
 bears the date 1490, with the imprint Constcmtmopoli ; and a 
 work of the year 1492, viz. the Quatuor ordines, appears in the 
 Oppenheimer collection, where also are books of the dates 1500, 
 
 f3 
 
70 CO. 
 
 1506, 9, 12, 15, 16, &c. &c. Yet it is mentioned by Andrew 
 Thevet, in his life of John Guttenburg, that in 1483 Bajazet II. 
 forbad the Turks to make use of printing, by an edict, which 
 was confirmed by his son Sehm I. in the year 1515. How long 
 this Hebrew press continued at work is not any where stated, but 
 Le Long notices books from it so late as 1598. 
 
 In the XVIIth century Nicodemus Metaxa, a learned Greek 
 monk of Cephalonia, endeavoured to establish another printing- 
 office, under the auspices of the patriarch Cyrillus Lucaris, but 
 his attempt was defeated by the Jesuits. 
 
 In 1698 an Armenian press &c. was brought from Venice, 
 and estabhshed in this city; but after a very short time the 
 janizaries received orders to destroy the whole press and its ma- 
 terials. 
 
 Again, in the year 1726, a learned man, Ibrahim Effendi, fully 
 perceiving the advantages to be derived from the use of a press, 
 exerted his influence towards obtaining the erection of one in 
 Constantinople, and shortly afterwards succeeded. Peignot, in his 
 Repertoire des bibliographies speciales, p. 163. affirms a TurMsh 
 Grammar, dated 1730, to be the first book really printed at Con- 
 stantinople: in this assertion however he is decidedly mistaken, 
 since the Bodleian library contains two works executed in this 
 city, bearing the date of 1729, in one of which Ibrahim is called 
 ArcMtypographer to the Sublime Porte ; so that printing was then 
 exercised, not only openly, but under the express authority of the 
 government. It rather appears that the first printed book was a 
 Turkish- Arabic Lexicon, by Mahomet, the son of Mustapha, ex- 
 ecuted between 1726 and 1728 in two handsome volumes small 
 folio, of which likewise a copy has been recently placed in the 
 same library. Yet even this printing-establishment of Ibrahim 
 (who is said by lord Teignmouth, in his Life of Sir William 
 Jones, to have learned Latin by his own industry, to have been 
 no contemptible writer in his native language, and to have cast 
 his own types) does not seem to have been carried on with 
 vigour. Hammer, in his Catalogue of Arabic, Persic, and 
 Turkish MSS. contained in the imperial library at Vienna, enu- 
 merates sixty-three works printed at Constantinople and Scutari 
 (see Chrysopolis) from the year 1728 to 1819. In this series 
 however there is a complete blank from the year 1744, that of 
 the death of Ibrahim, after which it does not appear that any 
 
CO. 71 
 
 thing was done, except that the Lexicon of 1728 was reprinted in 
 1758, under the care of another Ibrahim. 
 
 In this state things continued, all attempts to prosecute the art 
 being suppressed, as it is said, through the influence of the 
 scribes, so that it can scarcely be said to have gained an efl^ectual 
 footing in Constantinople until so late as the year 1782; at which 
 period the press was re-established through the interest of the 
 French ambassador at the Ottoman court. The Revue encyclo- 
 p^diqile for 1821 gives a list of the works executed at this press 
 (which appears to have been erected in the ambassador''s own 
 house at Pera) from the year 1782. Of Ibrahim's first book, the 
 Turkish Lexicon of 1 728, one thousand copies were printed, at the 
 cost of thirty-five piasters for each copy. The Grammar mentioned 
 by Peignot, as also many of the Constantinople earlier Hebrew 
 books, may be seen in the Bodleian library : a copy of the very 
 rare Polyglott Pentateuch, executed here in 1546, is in the impe- 
 rial library at Vienna ; and a second in the Oppenheimer collec- 
 tion : and it is said that most of the books from Ibrahim's press 
 are to be found in the royal library at Paris. Many of them are 
 in possession of Mr. W. Marsden, and are enumerated in the 
 " Bibliotheca Marsdeniana," 4°. 1827. It deserves to be men- 
 tioned, that the Oppenheimer library contains Constantinople 
 books of the years 1641, 44, 48, 52, 54, 69, 71, 73, 77, 1707, 
 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 33. 
 For some interesting details of the present state of the printing- 
 establishment and two paper-manufactories of Constantinople in 
 1828, see WalsKs narrative, 8vo. 1828. p. 15—17. 
 
 Corbachium, a small town of Germany, on the river lUer, the 
 capital of the principality of Waldeck. Printing was exercised 
 here in 1678.— (TCD.) 
 
 Corbeil, an ancient town of France, on the Seine, eighteen 
 miles distant from Paris. — 1802. 
 
 Corcagia, Cork, a large and flourishing seaport town of the 
 south of Ireland, capital of the county of Cork in the province of 
 Munster, and a bishop's see. Of the introduction of typography 
 into this city I have not as yet obtained any accurate knowledge; 
 the earliest specimen which has hitherto fallen within my observa- 
 tion is a small work, entitled, Inquisitio in fldem Chriatianorum 
 hujus seculi, authore Rogero Boyle, Decano Corcagiensi. 12°. 
 Corcagice 1664. A copy of this curious but indifferently executed 
 
 r 4 
 
72 CO. 
 
 volume may be seen in the diocesan library of Cashel. ' Yet, that 
 printing was carried on in Cork earlier by at least fifteen years, 
 appears from the title of the following tract, evidence which can- 
 not be doubted: "Certain acts and declarations made by the 
 <' ecclesiastical congregation of archbishops, bishops, and other 
 " prelates met at Clonmacnoise, on 4th Dec. 1649. Printed at 
 « Cork 25th Feb. 1649, [1650,] and reprinted in Dublin by 
 " W. B.'" 4°. 20 pages. I have never seen the original Cork 
 edition. The DubUn reprint is in my possession. 
 
 Cordova, a large and trading city of South America, in the 
 territory of Buenos Ayres. It is a bishop's see, which distinction 
 it obtained in the year 1570. It likewise contained an university, 
 formerly ^superintended by the Jesuits, who also introduced a 
 printing establishment into the town. 
 
 Corduba, Cordova, an ancient episcopal city of Andalusia, in 
 Spain. Printing was carried on here very respectably, by Gabriel 
 Ramos, in 1585, 1589, 1595, &c. 
 
 Corfu, (the Cbrcyra of the ancients,) a town containing about 
 15000 inhabitants, capital of the island of Corfu, in the Ionian 
 sea, on the coast of South Albania. According to the catalogue 
 of the library of the British and Foreign Bible Society, Selections 
 from the Scriptures in modern Greek were printed here in 1817 
 (probably by the Rev. S. Wilson) : and in 1818 and the follow- 
 ing years we have a series of Corfu Gazettes, published at the 
 government press, both in Italian and in modern Greek. At a 
 more recent period, Mr. Lowndes, an English Missionary, has 
 been zealously engaged in printing here an Albanian version of 
 the Scriptures, which is supposed to be the first book ever printed 
 in that language. The British and Foreign Bible Society, and 
 the American Missionary Board, have each its respective printing- 
 establishment at the present time at Corfu. 
 
 CORIA, a small town of Spain, in the kingdom of Leon, (or 
 possibly Soria^ a town of Old Castile, near the source of the 
 Douro.) An heraldic work in Spanish, by Petrus Gratiadei, 
 printed in 1469, has been conjectured to have been executed here; 
 but nothing certain is known on the subject. 
 
 Corinth, a celebrated city of the Morea. The Hellenic trum- 
 pet, a pohtical journal in modern Greek, is now (1822) in course 
 of publication at this place. 
 
 Corisopitium, Cornouaille, or Quimper-Corentim, sometimes 
 
CO. 73 
 
 written Quemper Caurmtin, and Kemper^ a town of France in 
 Basse Bretagne, seated on the Oder. It is now the capital of a 
 department, and a bishop''s see. Printing was exercised at Quim- 
 per in 1669 : and some pieces of S. Paul, bishop of Leon, and of 
 Thomas a Kempis, in the Breton tongue, printed here in the 
 years 1689 and 1690, are in the Bodleian library. 
 
 Corona, Cronstadt, alias Brassau, a strong town of Transylva- 
 nia. Printing is said to have been first brought hither, by John 
 Honterus, in 1533. See Benko's Transylvania, 2 torn. 1778. 
 
 Correggio, a small town of Italy in the duchy of Modena.- 
 Peignot speaks of an Italian work of Rinaldo Corso, printed here 
 in 1555, a book of extreme rarity, and of which a very limited 
 reimpression was made for a certain great lord, whom he does not 
 name. This publication is entitled Delle private Rappaciflca- 
 zioni ; it forms a quarto volume ; a copy of it was formerly in the 
 Pinelli library, being N°. 891. of the sale catalogue. 
 
 Correria ; a book entitled Annales ordinis Carthusiensis, bears 
 this imprint, with the date 1687; the explication of which is 
 thus given by Peignot : about the year 1680 Dom Masson, gene- 
 ral of the Carthusians, wishing to give a new edition of the sta- 
 tutes and liturgical books for the use of his brethren, on account 
 of some changes recently introduced, erected for that purpose a 
 press which was known by the name of Imprimerie de la Grande^ 
 Chartreuse a Pa/ris. Correria, according to Peignot, is a build- 
 ing dependant upon the establishment of the Grande Chartreuse, 
 from which Masson took occasion to give his books the imprint 
 CorrericB, per Laurentivm Gilbert. Four other pieces, of the 
 years 1693 and 1703, all relating to the discipline of the place, 
 printed here, are cited by Helyot, in the catalogue of works pre- 
 fixed to the first volume of his valuable Histmre des ordres mo- 
 nastiqvss. Peignot observes, that this printing-establishment, 
 having been founded for a specific purpose, fell to the ground of 
 itself as soon as that object was obtained. 
 
 Corte^ a fortified town in the island of Corsica, for sometime 
 considered the capital of the island. The government had a press 
 here in the year 1794. 
 
 Cortona, an ancient episcopal city of Tuscany, with a cele- 
 brated academy. 
 
 Cortracum, Courtray, or Cortryck, a large and considerable 
 town of Flanders, seated on the river Lys. — 1626. 
 
74 CO.— CR. 
 
 Corunna, a seaport town of the north-west coast of Sp^n, in 
 the province of Galicia. Mendez mentions Corunna among the 
 Spanish towns which received the art of printing, but has left us 
 uninformed as to the period of its being exercised. 
 
 Cosfeldia, or Gosfeldia, Coesfeld, a town of Westphalia in the 
 principality of Munster. Printing was exercised here in 1712. 
 
 Cosminecum, Kozmin, a town of Greater Poland, in the pala- 
 tinate of Kalisz. The Bohemian brethren had a press here, which 
 was at work in 1561, but soon afterwards was, together with their 
 school, transferred to another place. 
 
 Coibus, or Kotbus, a town of the Prussian states, on the right 
 bank of the Spree. According to the catalogue of the library of 
 the British and Foreign Bible Society, a Wendish Old Testament 
 was printed here in 1796. 
 
 Cothenum Anludtinorum, Cothon, a considerable town of Up- 
 per Saxony. The Syriac New Testament, with a Latin version, 
 published by Martinus Trostius, was printed at Cothon in 4!to. in 
 the year 1621. 
 
 Cotoneum, Codogno, a town of Italy in the Milanese. — 1628. 
 
 Cotta, a small town or village of Ceylon, about six miles south- 
 east of Colombo. In the latter part of the year 1822 the English 
 Church Missionary Society established a station here, and a 
 printing-press was erected under the superintendence of the Rev. 
 S. Lambrick. A second press has recently been added, and 
 several pieces of Scripture, in English and in Cingalese, already 
 have been printed and circulated. 
 
 Cotym, a small town or village on the Malabar coast of Hin- 
 dostan, at which an English Missionary, the Rev. Benjamin Bay- 
 ley, was settled in the year 1817. Mr. Bayley soon began to 
 employ himself in a vernacular translation of the Scriptures, and 
 even proceeded so far as to cast types and construct a printing- 
 press for the purpose of circulating his version. In the year 1820 
 the Calcutta Bible Society sent a press, types, and paper to the 
 society of Syrian Christians established at this place, for the pur- 
 pose of executing a correct impression of the Malayalim Bible. 
 This press continues in active operation under the superintend- 
 ence of Mr. Bayley. 
 
 CRACOVIA, Cracow, a large and celebrated town, formerly 
 capital of the kingdom of Poland. It is a bishop's see, and has 
 a famous university, founded by king Uladislaus lagellon in 1400. 
 
CR.— CU. 75 
 
 There seems to be some uncertainty respecting the time of the 
 introduction of printing into this city: Panzer gives an edition 
 of Cicero's Rhetoric of the date 1500, as the earliest specimen ; 
 but Hoffmann, the bibliographer of Poland, adduces a work which 
 from internal evidence he concludes to have been printed before 
 1496 ; and Bachmeister speaks of Cracow typography of the year 
 1491. John Haller appears to have been the first of his trade 
 throughout Poland; but consult Panzer's last volume, p. 319, 
 where mention is made of an edition of Jo. Turrecremata on the 
 Psalms, printed here without date, which Zapf attributes to the 
 press of Gunther Zainer, and carries up so high as the year 1465 ! 
 The first academy in the kingdom was founded at Cracow; it 
 possessed a press of its own in the XVIth century, (the produc- 
 tions of which were exceedingly well executed,) and the Jews had 
 another. A Cracow book on vellum of the year 1506 is in the 
 University library of Upsal, and the Pinelli library contained an- 
 other of the year 1545, also printed upon vellum, a choice mor9eau. 
 (See No. 8206.) In the middle of the XVIIth century Annibal 
 Zangoyski was a printer and also bookseller of some eminence at 
 Cracow. Hoffmann observes, that in the year 1740 three print- 
 ing presses were remaining in the city. 
 
 Crema, an episcopal town of Italy, in the Venetian states. — 1571. 
 
 CREMONA, Cremona, an ancient city of Italy, capital of Cre- 
 monese, and a bishop's see. It has also an university. The art 
 of printing was exercised here so early as 1472 ; of which year we 
 have remaining a treatise of Angelas de Perusio, executed by 
 Dionysius de Paravesino and Stephanos de Merlinis. But it is 
 remarkable that this is followed by a complete cessation of the 
 art for the long period of twenty years, no other Cremona publi- 
 cation being known until the year 1492. In the succeeding cen- 
 tury a great deal of Hebrew printing was carried on at Cremona. 
 
 Crisopolis, see ChrysopoUs. 
 
 Jo. Crispmus, a printer of Geneva, was frequently in the habit 
 of giving his own name in the imprint of books, omitting that of 
 the town in which they were executed. 
 
 Cuba, the largest of the Antilles islands, situated at the en- 
 trance of the Bay of Mexico. It is said that a press was esta- 
 blished in this island many years ago ; but it was intended merely 
 for the use of the government. I do not remember to have ever 
 met with a Cuba book. 
 
76 CU. 
 
 S. CVCVFATIS MONASTERIVM, the monastery of St. 
 Cucufas, or San Colgat del Valles, near to the city of Barcelona, 
 in Spain. A single work, El Abad Isach de reUgione, traducido 
 en romcvnce por Fray Bernal Boyl, 4to. dated 1489, is supposed 
 by Mercier to have been executed in. this monastery. Panzer's 
 judgment is, that though published, it was not printed, in this 
 place. Mendez however, although he does not absolutely decide 
 the question, is inclined to maintain the fact of its being printed 
 here : and mentions that a copy of the edition exists in the Royal 
 library of Madrid, and a second in the monastery of Montserrat. 
 
 With the exception of the above work, we hear nothing of the 
 typography of San Colgat. 
 
 CVLEMBVRGVM, Culembourg, or Qullemburg, a small 
 town of the Netherlands in Guelderland. Five specimens of 
 early typography are remaining to us from this city, all of which 
 are by the same printer, John Veldener, who had previously fol- 
 lowed the business at Louvain and at Utrecht ; they are dated 1480,. 
 1483, 1484; and all are embellished with wood-cuts nearly re- 
 sembling, in point of execution, the old wooden blocks of the 
 Biblia Pauperum, Speculum humance salvationis, &c. A very 
 detailed and interesting account of one of these books may be 
 seen in Bibliotheca Spenceriana, vol. iii. p. 348 — 377. 
 
 Cumana, a large city of South America, lately capital of the 
 Spanish province of Cumana, in the government of the Caraccas. 
 It is situate about a mile from the sea, in a most burning atmos- 
 phere, and subject to so frequent earthquakes, that its size and 
 population are ever varying. In the year 1824 a newspaper was 
 regularly published in this town. 
 
 Cuneum, Cumo, or Coni, a fortified town of Piedmont, seated 
 on the river Stura. Panzer notices three works printed here, 
 dated 1507, 1508, and 1510. 
 
 Curia Regnitiana in principatu Baruthino, qu ? Hoffe in 
 former Franconia.? — 1736. 
 
 Curia Rhcetorum, Coire, an' ancient town of Switzerland, capi- 
 tal of the country of the Grisons. The art of printing was known 
 and practised here early in the XVIIth century. The imprint 
 Coira occurs in one or two works of the date 1607, but there is 
 scarcely sufficient proof that they were executed in this^town. 
 The first Coire book of which I have obtained satisfactory notice, 
 is an edition of The Psalms of David in verse, in the Romanesche 
 
CU.— CZ. 7T 
 
 dialect of the Grey League, executed in the year 1611 : which is 
 not only interesting as being thejlrst portion of Scripture, but as 
 being the veryjirst book printed in that dialect, for such, I under- 
 stand, it is considered. Coxe, in his " Travels in Switzerland," 
 relates that a typographical society had been established in Coire, 
 for the publication of Latin, German, and Romanesche books. In 
 the year 1718 a Romanesche or Grison version of the Bible was 
 printed here, in two folio volumes, with a dedication to king 
 George the First of England ; a fine copy of which curious work 
 may be seen in the Bodleian library. On the interesting subject 
 of the variety of the Romanesche dialects, the reader will be gra- 
 tified by the perusal of an able paper from the pen of Mr. Planta, 
 which is published in the sixty-sixth volume of tlie Philosophical 
 Transactions. 
 
 Curia Variscorum, or Hoffa, Hoffe, a town formerly of Fran- 
 conia in the principality of Bayreuth. SeckendorfF in his Hist. 
 Luther a/nismi, vol. ii. p. 71, states that the " ecclesiastica ordi- 
 natio" of George Marquess of Brandenburgh was reprinted here 
 in the year 1591. 
 
 CVSENTIA, or CONSENTIA, Cosenza, a considerable city 
 of Naples, capital of Hither Calabria, and the see of an arch- 
 bishop. We have evidence of the art of printing being carried on 
 here during the X Vth century, in four books yet remaining ; the 
 earliest of which, a dialogue of Franciscus Philelphus, was exe- 
 cuted by Octavianus Salamonius de Manfredonia, in 1478. 
 
 Custrinum, Custrin, a considerable town in Brandenburg. — 
 1709. 
 
 Cygnea, Zwickau, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia. 1529 
 is the date of the only book noticed by Panzer from this place : 
 there are however in the Bodleian library several German tracts 
 relative to the Reformation, printed at Zwickau, some of the 
 earliest of which bear date 1523. 
 
 CzenJc, a small town in the district of Sopron or Oedenburg, in 
 Hungary.— 1799. 
 
 Czenstochovia, Czenstochow, a small town of Little Poland, in 
 the palatinate of Cracow, near to which is a monastery of the 
 order of St. Paul the hermit : in this monastery a printing-press 
 was at work in the year 1693- 
 
78 DA. 
 
 D. 
 
 Damascus, Damascus, an ancient city of Syria, now the capital 
 of a Turkish pachaUc, and see of the patriarch of Antioch. The 
 Jews possessed a printing estabUshraent at Damascus at the begin- 
 ning of the XVIIth century : one of their publications, dated 
 1605, exists in the Oppenheimer library. 
 
 Dampierre, a village in France, near St. Jean d'Angely. 
 Peignot mentions a work privately printed Au Chateau de Dam- 
 pierre, in 1797, being the Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, in 
 English and French, printed by a lady for her amusement. 
 
 Damhusium, Dannhausen, a village in the kingdom of Wirtem- 
 burg. Wolfius relates that the Jews possessed a printing esta- 
 blishment here, which in the year 1592 they made so bad use of, 
 by publishing infamous slanders on the Christian religion, that it 
 was suppressed by order of the magistrates, and several copies of 
 their publications were destroyed. At what period this press 
 commenced its operations, he does not say. I have reason to 
 think that two books in the Oppenheimer collection (Nos. 1528 
 and 1594 of the Catalogue) both dated 1540, were executed at 
 Dannhausen. 
 
 Dantiscum, or Gedanum, Dantzic, a celebrated city of Prussia. 
 Typography appears to have been exercised at Dantzic in the 
 year 1595, by Gerardus Pessus. (TCD.) The Bodleian hbrary, 
 and that of the British and Foreign Bible Society possess copies 
 of a Polish Bible printed here in 1632 : and the British Museum 
 has a Polish Testam,ent of the year 1606. 
 
 Danvers, a town of Essex county, in the state of Massachu- 
 setts, North America. Ezekiel Russell, from Salem, opened a 
 printing-house in this place, " in a house known by the name of 
 " the Bell tavern," about the year 1776 ; but soon afterwards re- 
 moved to Boston. 
 
 Dar-el-kamar. The Revue Encyclopedique for the year 1821 
 states that there is a printing establishment, specially destined to 
 the publication of Christian works, at Dar-el-kamar on Mount 
 Libanus. 
 
 Darlington, see Grange. 
 
 Darmstadium, Darmstadt, a town of Germany, in the circle of 
 the Upper Rhine. Printing was carried on here in the year 1611, 
 
DA.— DE. 79 
 
 as appears by a work of Henricus Kornmomnus of that year, but 
 no printer's name is mentioned in it. (TCD. Bodl.) 
 
 Dauiravicium. (qu. Dobrzisch, a small town of Bohemia ?) It 
 is related by Balbinus, in his " Bohemia docta,^^ that Henry of 
 Waldstein, lord of Daubrawitz, erected printing-presses both here 
 and at New Buntzlau, about the middle of the XVIth century. 
 Some of his own compositions were executed at these presses. 
 Henry is reported to have been the principal author of the Bo- 
 hemian version of the Bible, (six handsome volumes in small 
 folio,) printed in usum Jratrum Bohemicorum in arce Gralicz 
 Marchionatus Moravia, in the years 1579, &c. 
 
 DAVENTRIA, (not Daventry, a town of England, but) De- 
 venter, a large, populous, and commercial town of Holland, the 
 capital of Over Yssel : it was formerly a Hanseatic town, and a 
 bishop's see. Printing was early known and practised here ; since 
 ■we have remaining, P. Berihorii moralizationes biblie, dated 
 1475, [according to Santander, 1477,] together with many other 
 books executed in the XVth century. Deventer, like Antwerp, 
 is styled by one of its printers Mercuriale oppidum. 
 
 Debrecinum, Debreczin, or Debretzen, a large and trading 
 town of Upper Hungary, containing a reformed or Calvinistic 
 college of about two thousand students, and of considerable re- 
 pute.— 1756. 
 
 Dedham, a post-town, the capital of Norfolk county, in the 
 province of Massachusetts. The art of printing was carried on 
 here in the year 1816. 
 
 DELPHI, Delft, a large manufacturing town of South Hol- 
 land. Here was printed in 1477, De Bybel dat uwe Testament, 
 being the first edition of the Dutch Bible, in two vols, folio, by 
 Jacob Soens. A volume, Dat passioncel, bearing an earlier date, 
 (1472) should perhaps be rather assigned to 1482. A copy of 
 the former of these two, a book of high rarity, is preserved in the 
 university library of Leyden, Santander observes, that it does 
 not contain the book of Psalms, nor the New Testament. 
 
 DelsJcoi Monasterium, some religious house in Bussia. Bach- 
 meister affirms that printing was carried on here in the year 1647. 
 
 S. Deodati Fanum, St. Diey, a town of France, in Lorrain, 
 near the chain of Vosges mountains. An astronomical work, of 
 the year 1507, is all which is known to Panzer concerning the 
 typography of this place. 
 
80 DE.— DI. 
 
 Derpatum, Dmpattim, or Torpatum, Derpt, or Dorpt, a town 
 in the government of Riga. Printing was in use here before 
 1642: at present there are two printing-offices in the town. 
 
 Dertona, or Tertona, Tortona, a city of Italy in the duchy of 
 Milan ; capital of a district, and lately a bishop's see. — 1614. 
 
 Dertosa, or Dertusa, Tortosa, an episcopal city of Spain, in 
 Catalonia, with an university. Although Panzer could not dis- 
 cover any books executed at Tortosa which might be brought 
 within the period of his Hjesearches (1536), yet it is evident that 
 typography established itself in that city so early as 1538, from 
 a very curious book of that year now remaining in the library of 
 Trinity college, Dublin, namely the Mariale of Bernardinus de 
 Sorio, who was rector of the college of Tortosa. — The volume is 
 a quarto, consisting of 277 leaves printed irregularly in black let- 
 ter, with a few flowered initials of coarse workmanship. — The 
 title-page is ornamented with woodcuts both on the recto and re- 
 verse. — On the last leaf we read, Impressum est autem pre- 
 sens opus Dertuse : per Arnaldum Guillermi de monte pesato. 
 Septimo idus Januarii. Anno salutis millesimo quingentesimo 
 trigesimo octavo. The paper is strong though yellow ; neither 
 the type nor presswork are very good. The printer is protected 
 for ten years, under a penalty of a thousand florins and forfeiture 
 of the copies. 
 
 Dessavia, Dessau, a chief town of Upper Saxony. The Jews 
 had a press here so early as 1696. 
 
 Detmoldia, Detmold, an ancient but small town of Westphalia, 
 seated on the Wehre. — 1787. 
 
 Detroit, a fortified town, situated on a river of the same name 
 in the Michigan territory, North America. 
 
 Thomas related, in 1810, that the art of printing had then re- 
 cently been introduced into this town. 
 
 Dia Augusta Vocontiorum, Die, a town of France in Lower 
 Dauphiny, formerly a bishop's see. A work by Antonius Cre- 
 gutus, professor of theology in this academy, most creditably 
 printed, bears for imprint " Dies Augustas Vocontiorum, excude- 
 " bat Ezechiel Benedictus typographus Academiae &c." 1660. 
 (Marsh's library, Dublin.) 
 
 Dillingia, or Dilinga, Dillingen, a town formerly of Suabia, 
 with an university founded in 1549. Printing was exercised 
 here, by Sebaldus Mayer, so early as the year 1555, when he 
 
DI.— DO. 81 
 
 executed an Augsburg Missal in folio, a copy of which, upon 
 vellum, is in the royal library of Munich. A Comfessio Jidei, of 
 1557, is in the Bodleian library. 
 
 Dionysium, St. Deais, a small town of the Isle of France near 
 Paris, celebrated for its ancient and magnificent Benedictine a:b- 
 bey.— 1535. 
 
 Disentis, a small town or village of Switzerland, situate in 
 the district of the Grey League, taking its name from a large 
 abbey of Benedictine Monks, whose abbot in former times was a 
 person of great power, and sovereign of this part of the country. 
 
 About the middle of the Jas.t century books in the B.onianesche 
 dialect were printed, for the use of Roman Catholics, at a pjress 
 erected within this abbey: Coxe, in his " Travels in Switzer- 
 " land," mentions that he procured several of these from the 
 monks on the spot, in the year 1776. The " Bibhotheqa Mars- 
 " deniana'" mentions one, an elementary work on the Bomanesche 
 language, written by F. Da Sale, of the year 1729. 
 
 DIVIO, Dijon, an ancient and considerable city of France, in 
 Burgundy ; it is a bishop's see, and has an univei-sity founded in 
 1721. Three books executed here in the XVth century have 
 come down to us, all by the same printer, Petrus Metlinger ; the 
 most interesting of which is a Latm collection of all the privi- 
 leges which had been granted to the Cistertian order of monies, 
 published by Johannes de Circyo, an abbot of that order, in 
 1491. 
 
 Divodurum, see Metes. 
 
 Divona Cadurci, see Cadurcvm. 
 
 DobromUium, Dobromil, a town of Red Russia^ not far from 
 Premislau. Felix Herburtus established John Taeliga as a printer 
 here, in or before the year i611. 
 
 DOLA, Dol, a town of France, in Bretagne, formerly a bi- 
 efcop's see. Two books printed here in the XVth century are 
 mentioned by Panzer ; the earliest of which, Ordonnances royanix 
 de Louis 85c. &c. was executed by P. Metlinger, in 1490. 
 
 St,, j^mmbgo, a large town, capital of the eastern or Spanish 
 part of the island of St. Domingo, or Hispaniola, one of the 
 largestiof the Antilles islands. It is the see of an archbishop : 
 and is saiditobe the most ancient town in America, built by Eu- 
 ropeans, ihaving been .founded by Bartholomew Golurabus in the 
 year 1504. " A printing-press was early introduced into the 
 
82 DO— DU. 
 
 " Spanish part of this island, probably about the beginning of 
 " the XVIIth century;" but it was seldom used except for printing 
 the lists, and returns, and other papers, for the different branches 
 of the administration. (See St. Mery's Description of S. Do- 
 mingo. Thomas, i. p. 198.) " There was a printing-house at 
 " Cape Fran9ois, on the French part of the island, long before 
 " that town was destroyed by the revolted negroes." Ibid. 
 
 Dominica, one of the West India islands, discovered by Co- 
 lumbus in the year 1493, upon a Sunday, from which circum- 
 stance it derives its name. It belongs to Great Britain, contains 
 a population of 27 or 28 thousand, but has no town of any note. 
 A work by " L'Escalier, on the method of draining lands," 8^°. 
 professes to have been printed here in 1802. [but see the article 
 Roseau.^ 
 
 Dordracum, Dordrecht, or Dort, a town of South Holland, 
 celebrated for a protestarit synod holden here in the year 1618. 
 An edition of the Dutch Bible was printed at Dort in 1583, (Bodl.) 
 and an earlier one, of the year 1571, is noticed by Le Long. A 
 Dordrecht book of 1577 is in the library of Trinity college, 
 Dublin, also two or three tracts of the year 1573. 
 
 Dorpatum, see Derpatum. 
 
 Dracenum, or Dragmnianum, Draguignan, a town of France, 
 in Provence. — 1816. 
 
 Dresda, Dresden, the capital of Saxony. The earliest known 
 specimen of Dresden printing is A controversial tract against 
 Martin Ziuther, dated 1524. Yet Leichius, in his work " de 
 " origine typographise Lipsiensis," asserts that the art was intro- 
 duced into this city in the year 1619. 
 
 Duacum, Douay, a large city of French Flanders, possessing 
 an university founded in 1552. Here, in 1568, cardinal Alan 
 established an English Roman-catholic college of secular clergy, 
 which on account of some troubles was removed in 1578 to 
 Rheims ; but the members were invited by the magistrates of the 
 city to return in 1581; and in fact they returned to their old 
 quarters in 1593 : continuing to occupy this site for exactly two 
 centuries, namely, until the French revolution dissolved this and 
 all similar institutions, in the year 1793. In the year 1596, a 
 college for Irish secular priests was founded here by Christopher 
 Cusack, an Irish priest : and in 1617 a convent of English Fran- 
 ciscan Recollects. 
 
DU. 83 
 
 It is much to be wished that some bibliographer would oblige 
 ;Us with an accurate account of the books which have proceeded 
 from the Douay and Rheims presses ; since, besides the Douay- 
 Rhemish Bible, (the first English Roman-catholic version of the 
 scriptures,) they have sent forth many volumes closely con- 
 nected with English and Irish history, several of which are ex- 
 tremely curious, and almost all of them are very rare. Both the 
 .Bodleian library and that of Trinity college Dublin would fur- 
 nish no mean supply of materials for such a purpose : but the 
 undertaker, whoever he may be, must be alert and watchfully 
 observant ; for many of these books are issued (as bibliographers 
 say.) sine ulla nota. The earliest Douay book which I myself 
 have seen bears the date of 1564 : being a work of JuUanus, 
 an archbishop of Toledo ; it is in 12°, bearing the following im- 
 print, Duaci, An. 1564. Typis Lodovici de Winde TypograpM 
 jurati. The presswork is very tolerable : the editor's dedication is 
 dated Duaai Catuacorum. A copy of this uncommon volume 
 is in the library of Trinity college Dublin. Le Long cites a me- 
 trical version of a Psalm which was printed here in 1565, and 
 a Harmony of the Bible, in 1571. 
 
 DubVmum or Eblana, Dublin, the metropolis of Ireland, called 
 in Irish Atha Cliath, (i. e. " the ford of hurdles,") having an uni- 
 versity founded by queen Elizabeth in 1591. It was late ere the 
 art of printing was introduced into the kingdom of Ireland ; the 
 earliest book at present known being an edition of the Common 
 Prayer Book of king Edward VI. printed by Humphrey Powell, 
 in Dublin, in 1551. Of this folio, which is a book of very great 
 rarity, a fine and perfect copy may be seen in the library of Trin- 
 ity college Dublin. It is a verbal reprint of Whitchurch's edition 
 of 1549, and bears for colophon. Imprinted by Humfrey Powell, 
 printer to the Kynges Maieste, in his Hyghnesse realme of Ire- 
 land, dwellynge in the citee of Dublin in the great toure by the 
 .Crane. Cum privilegio ad imprimendum solum, anno Domini 
 M.D.L.I. Powell continued to exercise the printing business in 
 Dublin for fifteen years or more, during which time he removed 
 from the river-side to a more southern residence, in St. Nicholas 
 street. His productions are certainly most creditable to the early 
 Irish press. Printing vn Irish types was brought into the king- 
 dom in 1571, by N. Walsh and John Kearney, the latter of whom 
 wrote a Catechism, which was printed in the same year at Dublin, 
 
 g2 
 
84 DU.— EB. 
 
 and is the first knotvn book printed in the Irish character. A copy 
 of this rare and curious little volume is contained in the Bodleian 
 library. 
 
 It is asserted in the " NouvCau Dictionnaire historique,'" prints 
 ed at Lyons in 1804, that archbishop Ussher's publication of Got- 
 teschalchi &c. liter cr, 4to. Dublin 1631, is the first Latin booh 
 printed in Ireland. 
 
 Duderstadium, Duderstadt, a town of Lower Saxony. John 
 Westenhoff exercised the art of printing here, in a very credit- 
 able style, in the year 1675. 
 
 Duillier? A French and Italian Dictionary, in two octavo 
 volumes, bears for imprint Imprimi au chateau de Duillier en 
 Suisse, 1677. 
 
 Duisburgum CUvorum, or Teutoburgum, Duisburg, or Does- 
 berg, a town of Holland in Guelderland. Le Long mentions 
 printing here in 1592. 
 
 DuhikerJca, Dunkirk, a seaport of French Flanders. Printing 
 was carried on here, by Jan Wins, in the year 1677. 
 
 Durlacum, see Turrelacum. 
 
 Durocorturum, see Remi. 
 
 Dusseldr opium, or Dusseldorfium, Dusseldorf, a city of West- 
 phalia, capital of the duchy of Berg. An edition of the Adages 
 of Erasmus was printed here in the year 1561 : (TCD) and M . 
 Van Praet mentions another Dusseldorf book, of 157S, executed 
 by Alhertus Busius. 
 
 Dyrerifurtum, is a small town of Silesia, about four miles from 
 Breslau. Wolfius relates that R. Sabbathaeus ben Joseph erected 
 a printing-office here in the year 1679, and gives some anecdotes 
 respecting it. Several of the Dyrenfurt publications are found in 
 the Oppenheimer library, now at Oxford. 
 
 E. 
 
 Ebersburgum, Ebernburg, a town of Germany, in the palati- 
 nate of the Rhine. — 1520. 
 
 Ebnat, either a large village of Franconia, in the district of 
 Waldeck ; or, a village of Wirtemburg, on the river Ries. 
 
 How early typography was introduced, I have not learnt : in 
 1824 Franz's history of the Protestant churches of the Tocleem- 
 burg, and Weber's history of the "village or commune of Krina, 
 were printed in Ebnat. 
 
EB.— EC. 85 
 
 Ebora, Evora, an archiepiscopal city of Portugal, capital of 
 Alentejo, with an university founded in 1551. 
 
 Panzer mentions printing at Evora so early as 1521, by Jaco- 
 bus Cromberger, who carried on the business also at Lisbon at 
 that time. I cannot however believe that the art was perma- 
 nently established at Evora until about the middle of the XVIth 
 century : so late as 1548 a Breviarium Eboracense was printed, 
 not here, but at Lisbon, which under the other supposition would 
 probably not have happened. In the years 1553-1576 Andreas 
 de Burgos was settled at Evora as a printer, and was followed by 
 Martin de Burgos and Manuel de Lyra, before the close of the 
 century. An exceedingly rare work on China, written by Gcis- 
 par de Cruz, is noticed as having been executed here in 1570. 
 
 Eboracum, York, an ancient and fine city of England, capital 
 of a county, and the see of an archbishop and metropolitan. The 
 art of printing was introduced into this city so early as 1509, by 
 one Hugh Goes, supposed to be a Dutchman, the same who in 
 the following year, 1510, executed a broadside at Beverley. No 
 more than six or seven early productions of the York press are 
 now known : one of which, the folio York Missal of 1516, which 
 is considered to be of the utmost rarity, may be seen among Mr. 
 Gough's books in the Bodleian library. 
 
 I scarcely remember any subsequent York printing, until that 
 of Stephen Bulkeley during the troubles of king Charles's reign, 
 viz. in f642, 1648, &c. to 1677. In 1693 it is observable that 
 J. White calls himself " their maiesties printer for the city of 
 " York, and the five northern counties." 
 
 Ebrodunum, Yverdun, or Iverdon, an ancient town of Swit- 
 zerland, in the Pays de Vaud. 
 
 Typography appears to have been exercised at Iverdon so early 
 as 1586 : and in the year 1617, Pyramus de Candole, a well- 
 informed printer of Geneva, taking disgust at his residence, 
 quitted the city, and transported himself and his printing-appa- 
 ratus to Yverdun, where he speedily commenced business. — 
 1619. Bodl. 
 
 Ebroicum, Evreux, a large and beautiful city of France, the 
 see of a bishop. — 1601. 
 
 Echmiazin, Ecsmiasim, or Ecmeazim,, a very ancient and cele- 
 brated monastery, near Erivan, the capital of Persian Armenia. 
 In this monastery the chief patriarch of Armenia resides. M. de 
 
 g3 
 
86 EC— ED. 
 
 la Croix thus speaks of it : " The name Ecsmiazim signifies lite- 
 " rally, the descent of the only -begotten Son ; it is the most an^ 
 " cient of all the Armenian monasteries, and was established at 
 " the time of the introduction of Christianity into Armenia : it is 
 " the sanctuary and centre of the Armenian religion, and the rule 
 " to all other churches for doctrine and discipline : so that to in- 
 " troduce the catholic dogmas into this monastery would be suf- 
 " ficient in order to reunite the Armenian church to that of 
 " Rome; and it is with this view that the Jesuits have very pru- 
 " dently established a mission at Erivan.'" The Armenians are 
 said to have established a press here : but at what precise period 
 I have not been able to learn. 
 
 Echota, or Echoe, a small town of North America, in the coun- 
 try of the Cherokee Indians, situate at the junction of the states 
 of Georgia and Tennessee. 
 
 Even in this wild region typography has succeeded in establish- 
 ing itself! In the year 1827 a press was at work, and a weekly 
 newspaper published, at Echota, under the name of " the Chero- 
 " kee Phaeniw :'''' part of it is in English, and part in the Cherokee 
 language according to an alphabet lately invented by a native, 
 whose name is said to be Guess. In a recent number of this pub- 
 lication appears the following long and very significant word : 
 Wi-ni-dau-di-ge-gi-na-li-skau-liing-da-nau-ne-li-di-se-sti : the sim- 
 ple English of which is, " They will, at the time, have almost 
 " ceased to shew favour from afar, (or, while absent,) to me and 
 " to theeS." A literary work, coming from such a quarter, is 
 indeed a striking curiosity. The Phoenix is about 19 inches long 
 by 12 wide, printed in five columns, of which the Cherokee part 
 occupies one and a half: its execution is thought very good. 
 
 Edinburgum, Edinbruchium, or Aneda, Edinburgh, the me- 
 tropolis of Scotland, called in Gaelic books Dun Eudain. Its 
 celebrated university was founded in 1582 by king James VI. 
 Concerning the introduction of typography into this city, Mr. 
 Chalmers says, " A printing-press was first established at Edin- 
 " burgh during the year 1507, under the protection of James IV.; 
 " the first printers were Walter Chepman, a merchant, and Ati- 
 " drow My liar, a mere workman." {Li^ ofRuddimam, p, 80.) 
 Herbert (vol. iii. p. 1815) gives a detailed account of a curious 
 
 E Literary Gazette, Sept. 1829. 
 
EG.— EI. 87 
 
 volume of poetry executed by these two printers in 1508 : yet 
 he also takes occasion to observe, from a work of George Hay, 
 printed so late as 1563, that at that period no Greek types were 
 yet known at Edinburgh, the Greek sentences in Hay's book 
 being supplied by hand in every copy. Dr. M'Crie, in his Life 
 of Knox, mentions that the same thing occurred in 1579, when 
 " Smeton's Answer to A. Hamilton" was printed, blanks being 
 left for all the quotations both in Hebrew and Greek. Yet Dr. 
 Lee, in his " Memorial," asserts that the first Greek characters 
 used in Scotland were the letters of the word KuTsm;, occurring 
 in a note on Revelation ch. xii. 18, in the Bible printed by A. 
 Arbuthnot and Bassendine, in 1576-9. 
 
 Nor should I omit to mention, that at Edinburgh one of the 
 earliest attempts at stereotype printing was made, by Wm. Ged, 
 whose stereotyped Sallust of 1736, 12°. is well known to the cu- 
 rious collector. 
 
 Egina. The " Courier de TOrient" has been published here 
 for some time past. 1829. 
 
 Egmore, in the presidency of Madras. The only specimen of 
 the typography of this place, which I have met with, is a thin folio 
 volume of " Regulations connected with the duties of the quar- 
 " ter-master general's department, under the presidency of Fort 
 " St. George. Printed at the government press, Egmore, Ma- 
 " dras," 1813. 
 
 Eichstadium, Eichstadt, or Aichstadt, a town formerly of Fran- 
 conia. — 1787. 
 
 Eimeo, or Movea, one of the Society islands in the South Pa- 
 cific Ocean, twelve miles west of Otaheite. Some members of the 
 London Missionary Society established themselves here in the 
 year 1811. 
 
 According to the catalogue of the library of the British and 
 Foreign Bible Society, Selections ^om Scripture, and a Cate- 
 chism in the Otaheitan language, were printed at Eimeo in 1817, 
 and the Gospel of St. Luke in the same language in 1818. 
 
 Einsiedel, or Einsidlen, a town of Switzerland, in the canton 
 of Schweitz, which contained a large abbey of Benedictines, cele- 
 brated for a miraculous image of the Virgin Mary, and for enor- 
 mous wealth, which the possession of this image chiefly helped to 
 amass. The monks erected a printing-press, which they kept 
 under their immediate controul, and are said to have furnished 
 
 G 4 
 
88 EI— EM. 
 
 with full employment. At what period their typographical career 
 commenced I have not been able to ascertain. Le Long men- 
 tions a Latin Psalter by cardinal Thomasius, printed here, in 
 cwnobio Heremitarum in Helvetia, in the year 1727 : yet the art 
 had been carried on at Einsiedel for some years previous to this 
 date : the Cashel library coTitains a work written by Augustin 
 Redin, one of the abbots, in defence of Baronius' Annals against 
 the censure of J. H. Ottius, which was printed in this monastery 
 in the year 1680, in folio ; and that of archbishop Marsh at Dub- 
 lin exhibits another published in the following year, namely, a 
 History of the life of St. Meinrardus, the first inhabitant of the 
 monastery, which is adorned with a good portrait and numerous 
 copper-plates of the arms of the several abbots of Einsidlen- 
 The same collection contains other woi'ks executed at Eiilsidlen 
 in the year 1684, to which is attached the name of Josephus Rey- 
 mann as printer. For a minute account of this abbey, and its 
 several patrons, abbots, kc. consult a book entitled Annales He- 
 remi DeiparcE Matris monasterii in Helvetia, written by Chris- 
 topher Hartmann, a monk and librarian of the society ; which is 
 handsomely printed, and adorned with many good engravings, 
 but being executed, not in the monastery, but in the archduke 
 of Austria's printing-office at Friburg, seems to prove that the 
 monks had not then, viz. in the year 1612, obtained possession of 
 a press. 
 
 EISTETA, see EVSTADIVM. 
 
 Elieifild, a town in the province of Berg, district of Dussel- 
 dorf, in the Wupper, and subject to Prussia. According to the 
 catalogue of the library of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 
 a German Psalter was printed here in 1515. 
 
 Elbinga, Elbingen, a town of West Prussia, in the palatinate 
 of Marienburg. — ^^1641. Bodl. 
 
 ELNA, see PERPINIANVM. 
 
 ELTWILLA, see ALTA VILLA. 
 
 Embrica, Emhricwm, or Emmericum, Emmeric, a town of 
 Germany, in the duchy of Cleve : in which typography was exer- 
 cised at least so early as 1662; (TCD) and, most respectably, 
 by Joannes Amoldi, in the years 1670 — 1683. Le Long cites a 
 Dutch Testament printed here in 1689. 
 
 Embdanum, Emdon, probably Embden, (Embda) a large and 
 commercial seaport of East Friesland. In the Bodleian library 
 
EM.— EN. 89 
 
 is a copy of a curious work written by George Joye, entitled. 
 The suhversio of Moris Jhlse Jbundacion, consisting of sixty-fdur 
 leaves, (not forty-one, as stated by Herbert,) in 16°. at the end 
 of which is this imprint: M. D. xwxiiij. at Emdon, hy Jacob 
 Aurik. The following extract from this volume, relating to sir 
 Thomas More, may perhaps be interesting to some readers: 
 " Me thinkethe sithe ye be so farre oversene in holy Scripture, 
 " nor cannot conferre the placis therof to gither, or els under- 
 " stand them not, ye had done wysely to have acknowleged your 
 " ignorace, and have left this labour in wryting to other men. 
 " As ye tolde one man (whose name I could tell you) that ye left 
 " the office of the chwuncelership for that it was so laborouse 
 " and layserlesse : that ye might more quyetly wryte agenst he- 
 " retyTses : so had ye done wysely to have resygned your wryt- 
 " inge to the bishops, as better lerned in the Scriptures ; and 
 " yourself to have taken and caste a syrples upon your backe ad 
 " stept into the quere lyke a clerke, and songen us a verse of 
 " course, or red us a lesson at the lecterne lyke a man : or els, 
 " if ye can handel a payer of orgayns, to have gone and playd us 
 " Hostis Herodes impie, &c. whyle M. Herrye your fole had 
 " blown a solis ortus cardine. And thus myght ye wel have mayn- 
 " tayned goddis holy service in Chelsai churche, and let never a 
 " sowter medle above the bote, nor presume farther then the 
 " shapinge of a shoo." At Embden was printed in 1562 a very 
 rare edition of the Dutch Bible, in folio, known by the title of 
 Vedition de deux aas, on account of the following marginal gloss 
 upon Nehemiah, ch. iii. 5. "De armen motten het cruyce drag- 
 " hen, de riicke en geven nichts. Deux aes en heeft met. Six 
 " cinque en geeft met. Quater dry, die helpen vry." A fine 
 copy of this curious volume is in the king's library. For a far- 
 ther account of it consult Clement, Dictionnaire des livres rares. 
 
 Emerita, Merida, an ancient and interesting town of Spain, in 
 Estremadura, seated on the Guadiana. Antonio mentions print- 
 ing here so early as 1545. 
 
 Enchusa, Enchuysen, a town of North Holland, on the Zuider 
 Zee. The Gospels of St. Matthew and St. Mark, in Malay and 
 Dutch, were printed here in the year 1629. The earliest En- 
 chuysen book which I have seen is of the year 1609- TCD. 
 
 Engadi Vallis, Engadin, or Innthal, a district of Switzerland, 
 in the country of the Grisons ; consisting of a valley extending 
 
90 en:— ER. 
 
 from the source of the river Inn to the frontiers of the Tyrol.' 
 Prosper Marchand cites a dateless Latin Bible, supposed of the 
 XVth century, executed here, of which Panzer takes no notice. 
 It has also been said that a Latin Bible, dated 1506-1508, bears 
 for imprint. Ex valle Engadi vulgo Engetal: but on examina- 
 tion it appears that the facts are these : an edition of the Latin 
 Bible, with the commentaries of Nicolaus de Lyri, was printed by 
 Frobenius at Basle in the year 1502, in six volumes folio; to 
 which edition the undertakers of it subsequently added a large 
 and full Index or Repertorium in one volume : at the close of this 
 last appears an address by Conrad Leontorius to the reader, con- 
 gratulating him on the possession of so valuable an Index, and 
 passing due encomiums on those who had caused it to be com- 
 piled. This address is dated Ex valle Engadi vulgo Engetal, 
 via. Kalend. Novembris, anno Christiana M. D. viii., but says 
 nothing about the books being printed there, but, on the contrary, 
 affirms almost in direct terms that it proceeded from the same 
 press from which the Bible itself issued. This set of books may 
 be seen in the library of Trinity college, Dublin. Coxe, in his 
 " Travels in Switzerland," mentions that books in the Roman- 
 esche dialect were then (1776) printed in the Lower Engadine, 
 but he does not name the precise spot. See also the article 
 Schuol. 
 
 Engolismum, see Angolismwm. 
 
 Ephrata, or Dunkard town, a settlement of a German sect 
 called Tunckers, situated in a romantic and sequestered vale in 
 Lancaster county, in the province of Pennsylvania. A press was 
 established here about the year 1760, by Peter Miller, a venerable 
 leader and teacher among the Tunckers. Thomas reports of him, 
 that " he was a good classical scholar ; a man of most amiable 
 " manners ; and highly respected." 
 
 Epila, Epila, a town of Spain, in Aragon, seated on the river 
 Xiloca. Antonio mentions works printed here in 1596. 
 
 Epinal, a considerable town of France, seated on the river 
 Moselle.— 1756. 
 
 Eremus S. Marias de Ruah, appears to have been one of the 
 religious abodes of the monks or hermits of the order of Camal- 
 doli, founded by Romualdus in the tenth century. The only 
 book which I ever saw, bearing this imprint, is a small tract, en- 
 titled, Sermones B. Ephraem Edessence ecclesicB diaconi,fratre 
 
ER.— ES. 91 
 
 Ambrosio Eremitd, Camdldulensi interprete. In sacra eremo S. 
 Maries de Ruah in agro Patavino. 12°. 1585. A copy of this 
 rare edition; formerly belonging to the monastery in which the 
 press was erected, is now in the Bodleian library. There is a 
 second copy in the Vatican. 
 
 Helyot, in the catalogue of works prefixed to his valuable His- 
 toire des ordres rnonastiques, notices a second book, executed pro- 
 bably at the same place two years later : viz. RomualdAna, seu 
 Eremitica monlis Corona Camaldulensis ordinis historia, au- 
 ihore Luca Eremifa Hispano : it bears for Imprint, in Eremo 
 Huensi in agro Patavino, 1587. 12°. There appears to be a 
 difference of spelling in the name of the spot {Ruah, and Hu- 
 ensi), which perhaps may be nothing more than a typographical 
 error ; but which is right, I know not. 
 
 ERFORDIA, ERPHORDIA, or ERFVRTVM, Erfurt, a 
 populous city of Germany, capital of Upper Thuringia; having an 
 university founded or restored in 1391. A book entitled, Lutrei 
 qucestiones in libros Aristotelis de animd, printed by Paulus Wi- 
 der de Hornbach in 1482, is the earliest known specimen from 
 this city. 
 
 ERGOVIA, see BERONA. 
 
 Erlanga, Erlangen, a town formerly of Franconia, with an 
 university . — 1 744. 
 
 ESSIVM, iESSIVM, or ^XIVM, Jesi, an ancient town of 
 Italy, in the marquisate of Ancona, in the states of the church. 
 That printing was early practised here is known by some few 
 books yet remaining ; among which is a very rare volume, being 
 one of the first editions of the plays of Dante, printed by Frede- 
 ricus Veronensis in 1472 ; in which year two other editions of 
 this poet were printed; one at Foligno, the other at Mantua. 
 The duration of this establishment appears to have been very 
 limited ; we have no book before 1472, nor after 1475 : nor is 
 any thing heard of a Jesi press in the following century. 
 
 ESSLINGA, Esslingen, a large town formerly of Suabia, in 
 the duchy of Wirtemburg. . Typography was carried on here so 
 early as 1473, in which year a work by John Gerson, entitled, 
 Collectorium super Magnificat, was executed by Conrad Fyner. 
 This is remarkable for being the first book in which printed mu- 
 sical notes are found. Here also was executed, in 1475, Petri 
 Nigri tractatus contra perfidos Judceos, which for a long time was 
 
92 ES.— ET. 
 
 supposed to be the first book containing Hebrew characters ; but 
 the researches of De Rossi have brought to light two books of 
 this same year printed entirely in Hebrew, and even one of an 
 anterior date, a Psalter of 1472. In the year 1479 or 1480, 
 Fyner quitted Esslingen for Aurach in the duchy of Wirtem- 
 burg; after which period we hear no more of the press of the 
 former town, no other printer appearing during the remainder of 
 that century. 
 
 Este, an ancient walled town of the Venetian territory, seated 
 at the conflux of the Bacchiglione and Gua rivers. A History of 
 the territory of Este by Angelieri, printed here in the year 1743, 
 occurs in the Pinelli catalogue. 
 
 Estella, see Stella. 
 
 Etienne, {S.) a town of France, containing about 30,000 inha- 
 bitants. Two newspapers were published here in the year 18S6. 
 
 Etona, Eton, a town of Buckinghamshire, well-known for its 
 splendid college and school erected by king Henry VI. In Bag- 
 ford's manuscript papers, at present contained in the Harleian 
 library, occurs the following account of the introduction of the 
 art of printing into Eton : " Sir Henry Saville, meditating an 
 " edition of St. Chrysostom, prepared a fount of curious Greek 
 " letters, which in those days were vulgarly called The silver let- 
 " ter, not being cast of silver, but for the beauty of the letter so 
 " called. He then made provision of presses and other materials 
 " for the undertaking, and resolved to print in Eton college, and 
 " there set up his presses, and about the year 1607 he printed 
 " some small pieces in Greek before he went in hand with the 
 " great work of St. Chrysostom ; and John Norton was the 
 " printer. These Greek letters came afterwards into the hands 
 " of one Turner, a printer at Oxford." See Wharton's Life of 
 Laud, vol. ii. p. 174. The earliest Eton specimens hitherto ob- 
 served by me are some pieces of Gregory Nazianzen in Greek 
 and Lectin, which were edited by R. Montague, and printed under 
 sir Henry Saville's own care and inspection in 1610. 
 
 Etruria, is the name of a small village of England in Stafford- 
 shire, in which the late Mr. Wedgewood established his famed 
 pottery for the manufacture of articles in imitation of the ancient 
 Etruscan vases. 
 
 It appears that a printing-press was for some time worked 
 here, from the imprint of the following volume published by Mr. 
 
ET.— FA. 93 
 
 Wedgewood : A Catalogue of Cameos, S^c. ^c. made amd sold by 
 Josiah Wedgewood. 8vo. Etruria, 1 787. 
 
 EtteUnga, Etlingen, or Oettlingen, a fortified town of Baden, 
 seated on the river Albe. Three works printed here in the years 
 1531 and 1532 are mentioned by Panzer. 
 
 Evie, a village near the town of Vilna in Lithuania. Hen- 
 derson, in his " Biblical researches," speaks of editions of the 
 Slavonic New Testament executed here, in the years 1611, 1635, 
 and 1641 ; observing that they all are of the utmost rarity. 
 
 EVSTADIVM, or EISTETA, Eichstadt, or Aichstadt, a 
 town formerly of Franconia, capital of the principality of Eichstadt. 
 
 The earliest dated booik from hence is of the year 1478-9, being 
 an edition of the Summa Hostiensis of Henricus de Segusio; 
 but there is good reason for supposing that tbe art was practised 
 some years previously. Among the printers occur Michael and 
 "George Reyser, the latter of whom had printed at Wiirtzburg in 
 1479, and probably with the same large missal types. Some 
 ecclesiastical books executed by these printers in the years 1483, 
 1484, 1488, are decorated with engravings of the arms of the 
 bishop and chapter, as will be more particularly described under 
 the article HerbipoUs. 
 
 Exeter, a post-town and seaport of Rockingham county in the 
 state of New Hampshire, North America. A press was established 
 here by Robert FoWle, formerly a printer at Portsmouth, in the 
 year 1774: but its operations came to a final close, within the 
 short Space of three years from its erection. 
 
 Eitonia, see Isca Danmoniorum. 
 
 F. 
 
 Fanum, or Phamwrn, sometimes called Fanum Ccesaris, and 
 Fanum Forttma, Fano, an ancient town of Italy, in the duchy 
 of Urbino. The art of printing found its way hither so early as 
 1502, and the first book printed in the Arabic character was exe- 
 cuted in this town, viz, Septem JiorcB canonicce, in the year 1514. 
 The second volume in which Arabic types were used was a Ptily- 
 glott Psalter, printed at Genoa two years later. An Arabic Vo- 
 cabulary, printed at Granada in 1505, has the Gothic letters 
 with Atabic points placed over them, an account of which see 
 under the article Granata. Many of the early Fano books were 
 
94 FA.— FE. 
 
 In the Plnelli library, but almost all of them have a considerable 
 degree of rarity. 
 
 Fanum Luciferi, S. Lucar de Barrameda, a seaport town of 
 Spain, in Seville, situated at the mouth of the Guadalquivir. 
 Antonio mentions printing here in 1569 : and in 1584 a work, 
 by Hieronymo de Caranga, " on the philosophy of arms," was 
 executed at Sanlucar. 
 
 Farnese, a small town of Italy, in the pope's dominions, situ- 
 ate within six miles of Castro. Printing appears to have been 
 carried on here so far back as the year 1600. — (Pinelli.) 
 
 Fastemburgum, qu ? Furstenberg, a small town of Lusatia ; 
 or Furstenberg, a town of Mecklenburg Strelitz ; or Fursten- 
 berg, a small town of Germany in the principality of Waldeck? 
 Printing was exercised here by Petrus Barretius and Joh. Aste- 
 mius, in the year 1634. — (Marsh's Library, Dublin.) 
 
 Faventia, Faenza, an episcopal city of Italy, in Romagna. — 
 1616. 
 
 FELSINA, see BONONIA. 
 
 Ferney, a village of France, within five miles of Geneva ; me- 
 morable as the residence for some years of Voltaire, who greatly 
 contributed to its improvement. 
 
 I have seen a well-executed volume of French poetry, of the 
 year 1772, bearing the imprint of Ferney ; but cannot ascertain 
 whether it was really printed at this place or not. 
 
 FERRARIA, Ferrara, a large city of Italy, capital of the 
 duchy of Ferrara, and an archbishop's see : it has an university, 
 founded by the emperor Frederic in 1316. The art of printing 
 was exercised here so early as 1471 ; of which year an edition of 
 Martial, with some other books executed by Andreas GaJlus, the 
 first printer of Ferrara, are remaining. In 1475 the celebrated 
 and rare edition of the Teseide ofBoccacio, being the first printed 
 poem in the Italian language, was executed here ; of which I may 
 observe, that the library of Trinity College Dublin possesses a 
 very fine copy. It appears from the learned disquisition of De 
 Rossi, that a Jewish printing-establishment was early erected in 
 this city, two books from which, of the years 1476 and 1477, are 
 particularly described by him. After the publication of these 
 two, the Hebrew press at Ferrara seems to have been removed 
 or dormant until the middle of the ensuing century. 
 
 I should not omit to mention, that in this tract of De Rossi^ 
 
FE.— FL. 95 
 
 entitled, De typographia Ebrceo-Ferrariensi, is to be found the 
 most accurate and detailed account of the celebrated edition. of 
 the Spanish Bible, printed at Ferrara in 1553. Two copies of 
 this rare book, one designed for the use of the Jews, the other 
 for that of the Christians, may be seen in the Bodleian library. 
 
 Ferrol, a modern but important seaport town of Spain, seated 
 at the head of the bay of Corunna in Gallicia. Printing was ex- 
 ercised in Ferrol in the year 1804. 
 
 Fiesolo, {FcEsida,) a very ancient town of Tuscany, once of 
 great renown, but at present said to be little better than a heap 
 of ruins, although it is a bishop's see. 
 
 The Revue Encyclopidique, for 1821, announces a work printed 
 a Tahbaye de Fiesolo, 1821 ; and in 1824 mention is made of a 
 printing-establishment named Poligrafia Fiesolaha. 
 
 Firmium, OTFirmumPiceni,FirTno,ov Fermo, an archiepiscopal 
 town of Italy, in the marquisate of Ancona. Printing was exer- 
 cised here in 1586 : and by Giovanni Francesco de Montibus in 
 the year 1629- 
 
 Fishkill, a post-town of Duchess county in the province of 
 New-York, North America. Samuel Loudon, a printer of New- 
 York, removed with his press to this place a short time before the 
 British army took possession of the city in 1776 ; and here he 
 continued to publish The New-York Packet until the establish- 
 ment of peace. 
 
 FIVIZANVM, Fivizzano, a small town of Italy, in Tuscany, 
 near the frontier of the duchy of Genoa. It is in evidence that 
 the art of printing was early introduced into this place : yet the 
 only remains of it which we now possess are a Vi/rgil oi the year 
 14-72, which is described by Fossi in the Bibliotheca MagVta- 
 hechiana, and a Juvenal, about 1473. The Virgil may be found 
 in the rich collection of earl Spencer. Nor does Fivizzano again 
 occur as an abode of typography, either in this or the following 
 centuries. 
 
 Flaviobriga, Bilboa, a seaport town of Spain, in the province 
 of Biscay. The Constitutions of Pius IV. and other popes were 
 executed here, by Mathias Paludanus, in 1583 : (Bodl.) also a 
 Spanish version of the Orlando furioso, in the same year. The 
 latter is a very rare book. 
 
 Flensburgum, or Fletiopolis, Flensbourg, a seaport of Den- 
 mark in the duchy of Sleswick ; although small, it is neat and 
 
96 FL. 
 
 thriving, and has a considerable commerce. Printing was carrijed 
 on in this town in the year 1675. 
 
 Flessmga, qu ? — An Exposition of the Revelation, in French, 
 by J. Taffin, was printed here in 1609. 
 
 Flexia, Fleche, a town of France, in Anjou. The college of 
 Jesuits had a press here so early as 1612 : and in the year 1638 
 one {Jeorge Griveau designates himself " printer to the king, and 
 " to the Henrician college of Jesuits." 
 
 FLORENTIA, Florence, (Firenze, in Italian,) a beautiful 
 and celebrated city of Italy, the capital of Tuscany, and an 
 archbishop''s see. Literature and the fine arts have ever been 
 cherished in this city ; which, besides its well-known academies, 
 possesses an university, founded about the year 1546. 
 
 Printing found its way hither at a very early period, and per- 
 haps no town has greater reason to boast of the beauty of its 
 specimens of early typography, than Florence. The first dated 
 book hitherto discovered is M. Servii commentarii in Virgilium, 
 executed by Bernard and Dominic Cennini, in 1471 and 1472. 
 ■ In 1476 two Dominican monks established a press in the monas- 
 tery of St. James of Ripoli, which continued until 1483. Here 
 also appeared the first engraving from a copper-plate, by Botti- 
 celli, occurring in a book entitled, Monte santo di Dio, printed in 
 1477; also four years afterwards (in 1481) the well-known edi- 
 tion oi Dante with the commentaries of Landino, which is adorned 
 with copper-plates ; for a good account of which, see the Biblio- 
 theca Speneeriana, vol. iv. p. 108; or Van Pcaet's Catalogue of 
 the vellum books in the Paris royal library. One of the earliest 
 books from the Florence press, though without a date, is sup- 
 posed to be an edition of / trionfi di Petra/rca, in folio. 
 
 Florence will ever be memorable in the annals of literature for 
 having ^ven to the world the first printed edition of the works of 
 Homer: a most elegantly executed book, in two volumes folio, 
 printed under the care of Demetrius Chalcondylas in 1488. See 
 a sumptuous copy of this Homer, printed upon vellum, described 
 by M. Van Praet, with the most touching expressions of regret 
 that the Paris library was compelled in 1815 to restore it to that 
 of St. Mark at Venice, from which it had been taken, in vol. iv. 
 of his Catalogue of the vellum books in the royal library of Paris. 
 A similar copy is said to be in the library of the king of Naples ; 
 and a third, not quite perfect, in that of Magliabecchi at Florence, 
 
FL.— FO. 97 
 
 Towards the close of the XV th century, Laurentlus Francisci 
 de Alopa printed here five volumes, well known to collectors, in 
 capital letters: namely, Anthologia, dated 1494; CalUmachus ; 
 JEuripidis tragaedies quatiwr ; Apollonius Rhodius, dated 1496 ; 
 Poetce Gnomici; and Musceus. To this printer also we are in all 
 probability indebted for the editio princeps of Lucian, dated 
 1496, to which hitherto bibliographers have been unable to as- 
 sign a place. 
 
 Let it not be forgotten that at Florence the celebrated press of 
 the Juntae was established, the first-fruits of which was an edition 
 of Zenobii Proverbia, printed in 1497, which was followed, by a 
 Justin and Orpheus, both dated 1500. 
 
 N. B. The curious books mentioned in this article may be seen 
 in the Bodleian library. 
 
 Fluelen, a village of Switzerland, in the canton of Schwitz, 
 seated on the lake of Lucern : it contains a chapel consecrated to 
 the memory of William Tell. 
 
 The Revue encyclopidique announces a work, entitled The de- 
 Jence of William Tell, executed here in the year 1824 ; and ob- 
 serves that its appearance must be regarded as a sort of phae- 
 nomenon in a canton where the number of readers is of necessity 
 extremely limited. 
 
 Forest {la), Foret sur Sevre, a small town of the north-west of 
 France, on the river Sevre. A volume of the Memoirs of Philip 
 de Mornoy Sieur du Plessis, who was also baron of Foret, was 
 printed here, with the vca^rmt ala Forest,'va the year 1625. — 
 (Bodl.) 
 
 Fontanetum Comitis, Fontenai le Comte, a town of France, in 
 La Vendde. Very tolerable printing was carried on here in the 
 year 1645, by Pierre Petit-Jan, " Imprimeur du roy et du corps 
 " de ville," (Marsh's library ;) who put forth an edition of the 
 Quatrains of the Sieur de Pybrach, (subsequently translated into 
 English verse by Sylvester.) 
 
 The earliest Fontenay book which I have seen is one of P. La- 
 vallade, a minister of the reformed church, executed by the same 
 printer in 1610. — (Marsh.) 
 
 Fart-Ma/rlboraugh, is a fortress immediately adjoining Ben- 
 coolen, a seaport town in the south-western coast of the island of 
 Sumatra. The English formed, a settlement here in the year 
 1685 : but after some time were obliged to quit it from the un- 
 
 H 
 
98 FO. 
 
 wholesomeness of the situation : returning however in 1720 they 
 erected Fort-Marlborough in an adjacent and more healthy spot, 
 which has been occupied from that time. 
 
 How early typography made its appearance in this small colony 
 I have not exactly learnt : the only specimen which I have yet 
 met with being " An attempt to elucidate the principles of Malayan 
 Orthography, by W. Robinson. Printed at the Mission press, 
 Fort-Marlborough, 1823." 8vo. pp. 237. The volume is dedi- 
 cated to Sir Stamford Raffles, and is very respectably executed. 
 I understand that it is considered the first-fruits of the presses of 
 the isle of Sumatra; but for this, see the article Bencoolen. 
 
 Fort- William, adjoining the city of Calcutta in Bengal. At 
 this place a college, for the education of young men, and the ge- 
 neral advancement of literature, was erected, under an order from 
 the governor-general of British India, in August 1800. The 
 establishment comprised several printing-presses, from which have 
 proceeded many works, principally translations from the eastern 
 languages, executed by members of the college. 
 
 Forum Cornelii, Imola, an episcopal town of Italy, in Romagna. 
 
 FORVM JVLIVM, see AVSTRIiE CIVITAS. 
 
 FORVM LIVII, Forli, an ancient town of Italy, in Ro- 
 magna. Printing appears to have made its way to this town a 
 short time before the close of the XVth century. Three ancient 
 specimens have come down to us from hence, the earliest of which 
 is Nic. Ferrettus de elegantia Ungua Latines, executed in 1495. 
 
 Forum Sempronii, Fossombrone, an episcopal city of Italy, 
 in the papal dominions. A single work, printed here in the 
 year 1513, is noticed by Panzer : the printer of which was Octa- 
 vian Petrutius. This work, which, not less for its consummate 
 beauty of execution, than for its contents and rare occurrence, 
 richly deserves a detailed notice, is entitled De recta PaschcB cele- 
 hratione, et de die passionis Domini nostri Jesu Christi ; written 
 by Paulus de Middelhurgo, bishop of Fossombrone. It consists 
 of two parts ; the first (upon the celebration of Easter) containing 
 fourteen books ; and the second (on the day of our Saviour's pas- 
 sion) nineteen : for which distribution the author gives the follow- 
 ing reasons : " I had made a vow," says he, " that I would write 
 " three and thirty books relating to the vineyard and field of the 
 " Lord, according to the 33 years during which God is thought to 
 " have lived among men : and because he passed 14 years under 
 
FO.— FIl. 99 
 
 " the emperor Augustus^ I have allotted 14 books to the subject 
 " of Easter : and the remaining 19 to the passion of our Saviour, 
 " because he is thought to have lived so many years under the 
 " reign of Tiberius." The bishop is very far from being dogma^ 
 tical or conceited, but speaks in terms of great modesty both of 
 himself and his performance. He dedicates it to Pope Leo X. 
 who gives him the exclusive privilege of printing it during his 
 lifetime. ' 
 
 The volume is in folio, printed on a good and strong paper, 
 virith roman types, which, as well as the wood-cuts and arabesque 
 borders which decorate several pages, greatly resemble those used 
 in the earlier editions of Erasmus' New Testament. Some red 
 printing occurs two or three times in calendars, executed with care 
 and good effect. It has merely what is called a, false title; on the 
 reverse of which is the privilege of the pope, with a wood-cut of 
 the papal arms : then follows the author's letter to the pope, with 
 several others occupying altogether 23 pages. The first page of 
 the body of the work, as well as that of the letters, is surrounded 
 by an engraved border. The leaves are not numbered, but the 
 first part ends on signature t. 10. (the signatures, with this excep- 
 tion, running in eights.) The first page of the second part is also 
 surrounded by a border, as well as that which contains the dedi- 
 cation to the emperor Maximilian. This part ends on signature 
 GG iiii. after which follows one leaf having on the recto three 
 copies of verses addressed to the readers ; and on the reverse is 
 the register, and the following colophon : " Impressum Foro Sem- 
 " pronii per spectabilem virum Octavianum Petrutium civem 
 " Forosemproniensem impressoriae artis peritissimum anno Do- 
 " mini M. D. XIII. die octava Julii. Cum privilegio, &c. Sjc." 
 Below is an elegant monogram of the printer. 
 
 The library of Trinity college Dublin possesses a copy of this 
 singularly beautiful volume in excellent condition, which has also 
 the additional interest of having once belonged to the celebrated 
 Dr. John Dee, whose autograph and numerous MS. annotations 
 it bears throughout. 
 
 Franciscopolis, Havre de Grace, a seaport of France, in Nor- 
 mandy. — 1753. 
 
 Francqfurtwm ad M(Emwm, Francqfortium, Framcphordia, 
 called also Helenopolis, Frankfort on the Maine, an ancient and 
 celebrated city of Germany, in Wetteravia. A very high period 
 
 h2 
 
100 FR. 
 
 of antiquity has been claimed for the introduction of typography 
 into Frankfort : but, I believe, no sufficient evidence remains to 
 prove its establishment here much before the year 1507. 
 
 Francofurtum ad Oderam, or Francophordia cis Oderam, or 
 Francofurtum Marchionum, called also Trqjectum ad Viad/rwm, 
 Frankfort on the Oder, an imperial town of Brandenburg, con- 
 taining a celebrated university founded in 1606. Printing was 
 introduced into this place about the year 1504. 
 
 Franequera, or Franecara, Franeker, a town of Holland, in 
 which was an university, founded in 1586. According to Le 
 Long, a Greek and Latin version of the book of Ruth was printed 
 at Franeker in 1586. The book of Tobit edited by J. Drusius, 
 printed here in 1591, was in the Pinelli library. In 1637 the 
 university had a printer of its own. The earliest Franeker book, 
 which I have yet seen, is an edition of the Theses theologicae of 
 PhUippus Marnimus, printed by ^gidius Radaeus who denomi- 
 nates himself ordinum Frisice typographus. 
 
 Frankenthal, a manufacturing town, lately belonging to the 
 Palatinate, seated on a navigable canal communicating with the 
 Rhine. A book entitled, Le droit des rois contre le cardinal 
 Bellarmm et autres Jesuites, now in the Bodleian, bears the im- 
 print of this place, with the date 1611 : but it may be doubted 
 whether the imprint be real or fictitious. 
 
 Frankfort, the capital of the state of Kentucky, in North Ame- 
 rica, seated on the junction of the river Kentucky with the Ohio. 
 Thomas mentions that printing was introduced into this town at 
 a period posterior to the year 1786, but gives no particulars of its 
 operations. In 1818 three newspapers were in regular publication 
 at Frankfort. 
 
 Fraunitz, as written by Wolfius, (qu. Praussnitz, a town of 
 Silesia.?) The Jews possessed a printing establishment here, a 
 book from which is said to be in the Oppenheimer collection. 
 Wolfius does not specify its date. See under the article Prostitia. 
 
 Fraustadium, Fraustadt, or Wschowa, a city of Poland, in the 
 palatinate of Posnan. Christopher Wilde erected a press here in 
 the latter part of the XVIIth century. 
 
 Fredericksburg, a post-town of Spotsylvania county, in the 
 state of Virginia, North America. A press was set up here in 
 the year 1787, by Th. Green, the son of a printer at New Lon- 
 don in Connecticut. 
 
ER. 101 
 
 Fredericstadt, a well-built town of Denmark, in the duchy of 
 Sleswic, founded in 1621 by a body of Arminians who emigrated 
 from Holland in consequence of the decisions of the synod of Dort. 
 Hans Goethal exercised the art of printing at this town in the 
 year 1624.— (TCD.) 
 
 Freistadium, Freystadt, the name of several towns in Ger- 
 many, Hungary, &c. I have not been able to distinguish the 
 books of each, but the earliest date which I have seen with this 
 imprint is 1622.— (Bodl.) 
 
 Fresnes, the name of several small towns in France. At Cha- 
 teau de Fresnes, probably a country seat near one of them, 
 Peignot mentions that a Life of M. d'Jguesseau, written by his 
 son the chancellor d'Aguesseau, was composed and printed by M. 
 and M^^. Saron, by means of a private press which they had ob- 
 tained from London in 1778. The volume bears the date 1720, 
 but was really struck off in 1778. Sixty copies of it were printed ; 
 and no other production of this press is known. 
 
 FRIBVRGVM BRISGOVIJE, a town (formerly of Suabia, 
 capital of the Brisgau) now belonging to the territory of Baden ; 
 having an university, founded by archduke Albert in 1450. 
 Printing was known and practised here before the close of the 
 XV th century ; since we have remaining an edition of Bonaven- 
 tura in IV. libros sententiarum, printed in 1493, besides several 
 other books. 
 
 Frideburgum, Friedberg, is the name of several towns com- 
 prised within the limits of the ancient Germanic empire. I have 
 noticed the imprint in a book of the year 1648. 
 
 FRISIA. Panzer, (in p. 105, of his IVth volume,) takes notice 
 of a curious book printed in 1488, under the title, Hidde de Cam- 
 minga commentarius in Jus antiquum Frisonum ; which he, after 
 Denis, concludes to have been printed in some monastery in Fries- 
 land. Denis reports ft-om Visscher that only two copies of it are 
 known. Now it happens that two copies of this very book are 
 preserved in the Bodleian library : one amon^ the books formerly 
 belon^ng to T. Mareschal, the other in the curious collection of 
 Franciscus Junius, to whom both copies originally belonged. The 
 work, which is in small quarto, has no regular title, but begins, 
 Ther era godes, s^nre Haver moder Maria, &c. two leaves, con- 
 taining a short introduction, with a table of contents : next follows 
 the work itself, on signature a i. ; Had is riucht list ende konst 
 
 h3 
 
,102 FR.— FV. 
 
 Riuchtes ende goedes. It is comprised in seventeen chapters, and 
 ends on the recto of p. 175, with no other colophon than these 
 words, Hyr eyndich gied da wilkerrenjhn op stallis bame. The 
 letter is Gothic; the signatures run in eights ; the pages are not 
 numbered ; the initial letters are painted by hand. Each of the 
 Bodleian copies is filled with MS. notes. According to the ac- 
 count given by Denis, the publication of this curious work is due 
 tp Ir. Hidde fen Camminga, who was parish priest of Dockum, a 
 town of Friesland. 
 
 FRISINGA, Freysingen,or Freisgenn, a large town of Bavaria, 
 capital of a principality of the same name. One book executed here 
 during the XVth century is now known ; namely, Compendiosa 
 materia pro juvenum informatione, printed in 1495 by John Scha- 
 effler, who both before and subsequently exercised his art at Ulm. 
 
 Frogmore Lodge, an elegant retreat near Windsor Castle, for 
 many years the favourite residence of the late queen Charlotte. 
 In the year 1812 the queen caused a printing-press to be intro- 
 duced for her amusement, but the otily productions of it were 
 five sets of historical and chronological cards, and two volumes, 
 one of which is entitled. Translations from the German in prose 
 and verse, (by Miss E. C. Knight.) Printed by E. Harding, 
 Frogmore Lodge, Windsor, 1812. 8". (pp. 111.) And the other. 
 Miscellaneous Poems, with the same imprint and date, 4°. (pp. 90.) 
 To each of these is prefixed a neat vignette of Frogmore Lodge. 
 Thirty copies of each work were struck oiF: the composing and 
 the entire press work were executed by the hands of Mr, Hard- 
 ing, who shewed me the books in the royal library, and obli- 
 gingly furnished me with the above particulars. 
 
 FVLGINEVM, or Fidginia, Foligno, a town of Italy, in the 
 duchy of Spoleto, formerly a bishop's see. So early as 1470 typo- 
 graphy was practised at this place, of which year we have remain- 
 ing an Aretinus de bello Italico, and Ciceronis epistolce ad f ami- 
 Hares, executed by ./Emilianus de Orfinis in partnership with 
 Joannes Numeister, a native of Germany. Here also was printed 
 in 1472, a well known edition of Dante, by Numeister, which 
 perhaps may claim precedence of the Mantua and Jesi editions of 
 the poet, executed in this same year. The art however was but 
 sparingly carried on at Fohgno : very few of its books remain to 
 us : and after the year 1479 we hear no more of the presses or 
 productions of this town. 
 
FU— GA. 103 
 
 Furtum, or Pferda, Furth, a populous manufacturing town 
 (formerly of Franconia) near Nuremberg, in the principality of 
 Anspach, but now subject to Bavaria. The Jews, who form more 
 than a fourth of the population of Fiirth, possessed a printing es- 
 tablishment here in the latter part of the XVIIth century. Fiirth 
 books of the years 1653, 1661, 1672, &c. are in the Oppenheimer 
 collection. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gades, Cadiz, an ancient episcopal city and well-known seaport 
 of Spain, in Andalusia. Printing was exercised at Cadiz in the 
 year 1610. 
 
 GAIETTA, Gaeta, an ancient and strong town of Naples, 
 situate in Terra di Lavoro. That printing was practised here 
 during the XVth century is known by two books now remaining : 
 the earliest of which, Formulario de Epistole vulgwre, by Chris- 
 topher Landino, bears date 1487 ; the other book is dated 1488. 
 
 Galitz, a town of Russia, in the government of Kostroma, seated 
 on a lake of the same name. Bachmeister affirms printing to have 
 been exercised here in 1606. 
 
 S. Gallijbnwm, St. Gall, or St. Gallen, a town of Switzerland, 
 capital of a canton : near to which was a rich and celebrated abbey 
 of Benedictines, whose abbots were lords of the first rank, and 
 possessed the most extensive property and influence. It was 
 founded about the year 640, on a spot which had been the se- 
 cluded residence of Gallus, a native of Ireland, who with Colum- 
 ban and some others is said to have travelled into the wilds of 
 Switzerland for the purpose of instructing the people both in re- 
 ligion and the arts of life. In this abbey, during the darkness of 
 the middle ages, the lamp of literature and science was industri- 
 ously kept burning : it was a general school for all kinds of eru- 
 dition, and to its valuable library we entirely owe the present ex- 
 istence of some treatises of Cicero, of the works of Quintilicm, and 
 of some other authors. 
 
 There can be little doubt that the monks early availed them- 
 selves of the invention of the art of printing, and provided their 
 abbey with the materials necessary for carrying it on: yet I have 
 not met with any work professing to be printed here earlier than 
 the Idea S. ccmgregationis Helveto-BenedActincB, handsomely 
 edited by these monks in the year 1702. M. Van Praet however 
 
 H 4 
 
104 GA.— GE. 
 
 (vol. ill. p. 16.) announces upon the authority of Haller {Con- 
 seils pour Jbrmer une hibliothiqm Mstorigue de la Suisse, a pub- 
 lication consisting of documents relating to the abbey, which is 
 said to have been printed within its walls before the year 1512. 
 
 Gallio, Gaillon, a small town of Normandy, seated on the river 
 Seine ; noted for a magnificent castle, formerly belonging to the 
 archbishops of Rouen. Printing was exercised here in the year 
 1644. 
 
 Galveston, qu ? A Spanish translation of a letter by Pope Pius 
 the sevetith, while bishop of Imola, was printed here in the 
 year 1825. 
 
 GANDAVVM, Gand, or Ghent, a considerable city of the 
 Netherlands, lately the capital of Austrian Flanders, and a bi- 
 shop's see. Ghent contained a professed house of English Jesuits, 
 which was established in 1622, and suppressed in 1773. Typo- 
 graphy appears to have been brought into this city by Arnoldus 
 Caesaris, a printer from Oudenarde. In the year 1483 the Rhe- 
 torica Guillermi Episcopi Parisiensis was executed here; which, 
 with two other works of a later date, forms the only remains of 
 early typography from this place. I have seen no other Ghent 
 book of an earlier date than 1507 and 1511. (TCD.) 
 
 Gandia, a town of Spain, in Valencia, with an university 
 founded by Francis Borgia. 
 
 Garda, a town situate on the Lago di Garda, in the Veronese. 
 I have seen a book bearing for imprint, Sur Lago di Garda, 
 Alexander Benacensis, which may have been executed here ; or 
 perhaps at Riva di Trento, a small town seated on the northern 
 extremity of the lake, where printing i^ known to have been car- 
 ried on during the XVIth century. 
 
 Gauda, see Gouda. 
 
 Gedanum, see Dantiscum. 
 
 Geismaria, Geismar, a town of Germany, in Hesse Cassel. — 
 a Hebrew Grammar, by S. Curtius, was printed here in the year 
 1629. (Le Long.) 
 
 GENEVA, GEBENNA, AVRELIA ALLOBROGVM, or 
 COLONIA ALLOBROGVM, Geneva, a celebrated city of 
 Switzerland, capital of the republic of Geneva. It has an univer- 
 sity founded in 1368, by the emperor Charles IV. ; and a college, 
 of which the first two professors were Calvin and Theodore Beza. 
 A work entitled, Le Livre des sains Anges, hy Francis Exime- 
 
GE. 105 
 
 nes, a Minorite, printed in 1478 by Adam Steinschawer, and 
 bearing for imprint " imprim^ a genefue" omitting the printer's 
 name, is considered by Panzer to be the first book printed at Ge- 
 neva. It is a small folio, and may be seen in the Bodleian li- 
 brary. 
 
 GENVA, Genoa, an ancient and handsome city, capital of the 
 republic of Genoa, or Liguria, and an archbishop's see. Although 
 we have sufficient evidence that printing was carried on here 
 during the XVth century, yet very few early specimens have 
 come down to us: Nicolai de Ausmo Supplementum SummcE 
 PisanellcB, printed by Mattheus Moravus and Michael de Mo- 
 nacho, in 1474, with two other books, are all which remain to 
 testify the character of the early Genoese press: and the only 
 other printer named is Reverendus Magister Baptista Cavalus, a 
 Carmelite friar, whose press appears to have been erected within 
 his own monastery, in domo sanctcB Maria cruc^erorum, in the 
 year 1480. 
 
 St. George, the capital town of the island of St. George, the 
 largest of the Bermudas or Sommers islands. Printing was in- 
 troduced by J. Stockdale, about the year 1783 or 1784. 
 
 St. George's Town, the capital of the island of Granada. W. 
 Weyland, in 1 765, was a printer here : and in January of that 
 year, commenced the publication of a newspaper entitled. The 
 Royal Granada Gazette. It appears however that there had 
 been a printing-office on the island before this of Weyland's was 
 opened. 
 
 Gera, or Gera ad Elistrum, Gera, or Little Leipsic, a town of 
 Upper Saxony, in Voigtland. Printing was exercised here in 
 1607.— (TCD.) 
 
 Germa/ntown, an ancient town pleasantly situated in the county 
 of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which in the early part of the 
 eighteenth century became a settlement of the Mennonists, a 
 sect from Germany. Christopher Sauer, a German, established a 
 press here in the year 1735; and the establishment was carried 
 to considerable extent and eminence by his son. Thomas reports 
 of him, that " his was by far the most extensive book manufac- 
 " tory then, and for many years afterwards, in the British Ame- 
 " rican colonies. It occasioned the establishment of several 
 " binderies, a paper-mill, and a foundry for English and German 
 " types." At this foundry, which was one of the earliest erected 
 
106 GE. 
 
 throughout the whole of British America, Sauer cast types, not 
 only for himself, but for other German printers. He also manu- 
 factured his own ink. Among other works, three editions of the 
 German Bible issued from his press ; viz. in the years 1743, 1762, 
 and 1776. The greater part of this last impression, consisting of 
 3000 copies, was most singularly and unfortunately disposed of. 
 " The property of Sower was much injured by the revolutionary 
 " war, particularly, by the battle of Germantown in 1777. To 
 " preserve the residue of it from being destroyed by the British, 
 " he went to Philadelphia; his estate was confiscated before the 
 " close of the war, and his books, bound and unbound, were 
 " sold : among these was the principal part of the last edition of 
 " the Bible in sheets ; some copies of them had been before, and 
 " others of them were now, converted into cartridges, and thus 
 " used, not for the salvation of men's souls, but for the destruc- 
 " tion of their bodies." Thomas, History of Printing, vol. i. 83. 
 Sauer was also the printer of the first German newspaper pub- 
 lished in America, which began to appear in the summer of the 
 year 1739. 
 
 S. Germanus in Ledid, St. Germain en Laye, a town of France 
 on the Seine, about 12 miles distant from Paris. James the Se- 
 cond of England obtained the royal castle or palace of St. Ger- 
 mains as an asylum for himself and his followers after his abdica- 
 tion of the throne ; and several English books were printed here 
 about that time. — 1649 is the earliest date of a St Germain book 
 which I have hitherto observed. (TCD.) 
 
 S. Gervasius, St. Gervais, a small town of France, in the dio- 
 cese of Clermont : (more probably put for Geneva, of which city 
 St. Gervais forms a part.)— 1601, 1602, 1604. 
 
 GERUNDA, Gerona or Girona, an ancient and strong town of 
 Spain in Catalonia : it confers the title of a duchy, and is a bi- 
 shop's see. 
 
 It was not known that Gerona had any claims to the possession of 
 a printing-press at an early period of the art, until Fr. Mendez 
 discovered a Spanish volume entitled Memorial delpecador remut, 
 written by a priest named Philip de Malle, which bears distinct 
 notice of its having been executed in this town at the expence of 
 Matthew Vendrell (formerly a merchant of Barcelona) in the 
 year 1483. [See a supplement to the work of Mendez, p. 425]. 
 I have not seen another Gerona book earlier than 1665. 
 
GE— GI. 107 
 
 Gestkovicmm, {pagus Moravice) qu. whether Gewicz,a small 
 town of Moravia, distant 24 miles from Olmutz ? Typography 
 appears to have been practised in this place before the close of 
 the XVIth century: as Balbinus mentions that a learned man 
 named Martinus Philadelphus printed here some Postills on the 
 gospels, in the Bohemian language, in the year 1592. 
 
 Giasium, see lassium. 
 
 GIENNIVM, or Gienium, Jaen, an ancient and populous 
 town of Spain, the capital of Andalusia, and a bishop's see. This 
 place puts in its claim to the honour of possessing a press during 
 the XVth century, by a single remaining specimen, Magistri 
 Petri Dagui tractatus de Differentiis, executed by an unnamed 
 printer in the year 1500. Panzer however cites this book from 
 Caballero ; who, it must be owned, speaks of it in a very loose 
 and unsatisfactory manner. I have not observed any other print- 
 ing at Jaen earlier than that of Ferdinand Diaz de Montoya, in 
 the years 1606, 1608. (TCD.) 
 
 Giessa, Ghiessa Cattorum, or Gissa Hassorum, Giessen, a 
 town of Germany, in Upper Hesse. — 1606. (TCD.) 
 
 Gippesvicum, Ipswich, a town of Suffolk in England. Ipswich 
 has somewhat singular in the history of its early typography, no 
 fewer than three printers having been at work here during the 
 reign of king Edward VI. We have books executed by each of 
 them yet remaining ; but all of these, with the exception of per- 
 haps one, are of the same year, 1548, and we possess nothing 
 from Ipswich either of an earlier or later date during that cen- 
 tury. The printers were Anthony Scoloker, John Overton, and 
 John Oswen, -who appear to have settled here nearly at the same 
 time, and to have quitted the place also together. One of them, 
 John Oswen, went immediately to Worcester, where he carried on 
 business for some time ; but of the other two Herbert observes 
 that nothing more is known, either of their types or themselves. 
 As all the Ipswich books are very scarce, with the exception of 
 one, the Centuries of Bale, I may observe that one of them, the 
 Sermons of Bernard. Ochinus, printed by Antony Scoloker^ may 
 be seen in the library of Trinity college Dublin : a perfect and 
 fine copy. In the following century I find that the art still lin- 
 gered in existence at Ipswich ; of which we have evidence in a 
 small tract, said by Heylyn (in his life of archbishop Laud) to 
 have been written by the famous William Prynne. It is in 
 
108 GI.— GL. 
 
 quarto, and bears for title, " Newes from Ipswich, discovering cer- 
 " taine late detestable practises of some domineering lordly pre- 
 " lates, &c. Printed at Ipswich." No date or printer. The title- 
 page has at the lower part a rude wood-cut, of Death, and ano- 
 ther figure. The tract consists of six leaves only; is signed 
 " Matthew White." The typographical execution of it is indif- 
 ferent. This piece is preserved in the library of Cashel. 
 
 Gismum or Gisnium prope ConstantinopoUm, see Koregismum. 
 
 Gizeh, or Gyzeh, a large fortified village of Egypt, seated 
 on the left bank of the river Nile, nearly opposite to the city of 
 Cairo. 
 
 While the French armies occupied Egypt, they appear to have 
 erected a printing-press in this place. Some pieces appear in the 
 " Bibliotheca Marsdeniana" executed here, bearing for imprint, 
 Gyzeh, cm VIII. (1800) and an IX. (1801.) 
 
 Glacium, Glatz, a strong town of Silesia. — 1698. 
 
 Glascua, Glasgow, a flourishing city of Scotland, with an uni- 
 versity founded by king James II. about 1450. In the last cen- 
 tury few places produced specimens of typography superior to 
 those of Glasgow. At what period the art was introduced, I do 
 not accurately know : the earliest book which I have yet seen 
 is a short tract entitled " The Protestation of the general assemblie 
 " of the church of Scotland, and of the noblemen &c. subscribers 
 " of the Covenant lately renewed, made in the High Kirk, and at 
 " the Mercate Crosse of Glasgow the 28 and 29 of November 
 " 1638." [A rude woodcut. J Printed at Glasgow, by George An- 
 derson, in the yeare of grace 1638. 4° (pp. 13.) A copy of this 
 scarce piece is in the library at Cashel. In 1673 Robert Sanders 
 who had succeeded to Andrew Anderson about the year 1668, 
 calls himself printer to the city and university ; his work appears 
 to be very neatly executed. 
 
 Glogavia, Glogau, a considerable town of Silesia. Joachin 
 Funckius is mentioned as a printer here, in 1621. 
 
 Glucstadium, Gluckstadt, the capital of the duchy of Holstein. 
 —1645. 
 
 Glynd, or Glynd-place, a seat belonging to lord Hampden, near 
 Lewes in the county of Sussex. A private press appears to have 
 been erected here in the year 1770: but I can learn no particulars 
 respecting it, except that the Bodleianglibrary contains the first 
 sheet (only) of a poem called " The Summer's day, a descriptive 
 
GO. 109 
 
 " pastoral, 4i°. Gh/nd, ITTO." This fragment contains two small 
 copper cuts, one of Glynd place, the other of Mount Carbon. 
 
 Gmwida, Gmunden, a town of Upper Austria. Panzer mentions 
 a book, Bibliotheca Hoerner, printed here, but assigns no date. 
 
 Goa, a city of Hindostan, capital of the Portuguese settlements 
 in India, and the see of an archbishop. The art of printing was 
 introduced to Goa by the middle of the sixteenth century ; pro- 
 bably through the activity of the Jesuits, who by degrees obtained 
 considerable establishments in this city. The earliest Goa book 
 which has fallen within my notice is one entitled, " Coloquios dos 
 " simples, e drogas he consas mediijinais da India &c. copostos 
 " pello Doutor garcia dorta. Impresso em Goa, por Joannes de 
 " endem as x. dias de Abril de 1563. annos." The work consists 
 of 217 leaves in quarto. A copy is at present (1826) in the 
 hands of Messrs. Payne and Foss, booksellers, of London. 
 
 Goatimala, Guatimala, a considerable city of Spanish North 
 America, formerly the capital of a province and kingdom ; and 
 now capital of " The central republic of America." It was 
 founded in the year 1524, possesses an university, is the see of 
 an archbishop ; and is supposed to contain at present near 40,000 
 inhabitants. Having been materially injured by the violence of 
 repeated earthquakes, the city was rebuilt on a site twenty-four 
 miles distant from the old one. 
 
 The Jesuits possessed a printing-establishment here during the 
 XVIIth century. A copy of a work by Emanuel Ldbo, a Mexi- 
 can, printed by them here in the year 1667, was in the Spanish 
 collection of D. J. A. Conde, sold by auction in London in 1824. 
 
 Gorichenum, or Gerinchemium, Gornichem or Gorcum, a town 
 of South Holland. Printing was carried on in this town, by 
 Paulus Vink, in the year 1670. An edition of the Dutch Bible, 
 printed here in 1671, is in the king's library, and also in that be- 
 longing to the British and Foreign Bible Society. 
 
 Goritia, Gorizia or Gortz, a considerable town of the north of 
 Italy, capital of the province of Gorizia. It has been subject to 
 the Austrian empire for a long time ; was formerly part of the 
 territory of Friuli, and in 1817 was made part of the new king- 
 dom of Illyria. Gorizia was for about thirty years the see of an 
 archbishop. Printing was exercised here in 1773. 
 
 GorUcivm LAisatwrwm, Gorlitz, a large manufacturing town 
 of Upper Lusatia, seated on the river Neisse. 
 
110 GO. 
 
 Printing was exercised here in the year 1590, in which year 
 Abraham Bucholcerus printed his Catalogue of Roman Consuls at 
 Gorlitz. (TCD.) In the Scriptores rerum Lusaticarum it is 
 mentioned that Abraham Fritchius practised the art at Gorlitz 
 about the year 1565. 
 Gosfeldia, see Cosfeldia. 
 
 Goslaria, Goslar, a city of Lower Saxony, in the territory of 
 Brunswick. — 1607. (TCD.) In 1614 a handsome edition of 
 Luther's Bible in folio, with wood-cuts, was executed here. 
 
 Gotha, capital of the duchy of Gotha, in Thuringia. Printing 
 was carried on here so early as 1646, in which year, as also in 
 16o4 and 1672, some grammatical pieces by Andreas Reyerus 
 were executed at Gotha. — (Le Long.) 
 
 Gothoburgum, Gotheburg, or Gothenburg, a commercial town 
 of Sweden, in the province of West Gothland. Typography was 
 introduced into it by Amundus Nicolai Grefwe, a printer from 
 Nykoping, in July 1650. In the year 1669 Grefwe sustained 
 very serious damage, as well by the shipwreck of a vessel which 
 was conveying to him a large quantity of types and paper from 
 Hamburgh, as by a fire, which on the 10th day of May consumed 
 his whole establishment, together with great part of the town of 
 Gotheburg. One of the earliest specimens of Grefwe's printing, 
 a volume containing The Psalms in Swedish verse, Luther'' s 
 Catechism, and other pieces, dated 1650, the year in which he 
 commenced business, may be seen in the Bodleian library. I need 
 not add that it is a volume of the highest rarity. 
 
 Gotstadium, qu? Guttstadt, a town of East Prussia, on the 
 river AUe .'' Printing was exercised here, by Johannes Lamber- 
 tus, in the year 1616.— (TCD. Bodl.) 
 
 Gottinga, Gottingen, a city of Lower Saxony, famous for its 
 university, which was founded by George II. king of Great Bri- 
 tain.— 1757. 
 
 GOVDA, or GAUDA, Gouda, or Tergow, a large and strong 
 town of South Holland, seated on the river Issel. A Dutch 
 translation of The Epistles and Gospels for the yean-, printed in 
 1477, by Gerard Leeu, who after the year 1484 settled himself 
 at Antwerp, is regarded as the earliest book known to have been 
 executed at Gouda. 
 
 It appears, that a religious society of Franciscans, called " Bro- 
 " thers of the Conference," who inhabited the monastery of Em- 
 
GR. Ill 
 
 maus, at a short distance from Gouda, possessed a printing-esta- 
 blishment within the town, which they employed principally in 
 the publication of works of devotion. 
 
 GRADISCA, a strong town of Friuli, on the confines of Ca- 
 rinthia : it is a bishop's see. A book entitled, // testamento cH 
 Georgia Sommariva, Cavalier Veronese, is adduced from the 
 Giornale de lettere d'ltalia, as printed here in 1488 ; but Panzer 
 very strongly suspects some error in this statement : and no other 
 work from this town is known before the year 1536. 
 
 Grazcium, or Graiacum, Gratz, an episcopal town of Germany, 
 capital of Lower Stiria. In the year 1272 the emperor Rudolph 
 established here a public school, which in 1586 was elevated to 
 an university, and placed under the direction of the Jesuits. 
 Printing was introduced by them at least so early as 1590. 
 
 GRANATA, Granada, a large and fine city of Spain, capital 
 of the province of Granada, and an archbishop's see. It has an 
 university founded by king Ferdinand, in 1537. A work entitled, 
 Franciscus Ximenius de vita Christi, in Spanish, printed in the 
 year 1496, is the only remaining specimen of the typography of 
 the XV th century from this place ; which book, together with a 
 second of the date 1505, is all which was known to Panzer prior 
 to the year 1536; of which last year he gives two books: the 
 first of them executed by a printer named Meinardus Ungut, 
 whom the archbishop of Granada brought from Sevillcj where he 
 was at that time following his business, for the express purpose 
 of publishing it. The second production of this press however 
 deserves a more particular notice. Its title is. Arte para legeror 
 mente saber la lingua araviga. Vocabulista aravigo en letra 
 castellana : (par P. de Alcala.) Of this work, Schnurrer in his 
 Bibl. Arab. (p. 16.) observes : " Sunt duo opera, separatim edita, 
 " nee semper conjuncta. Vocabularii bina exempla, quibus Gram- 
 " matica baud juncta est, habet biblioth. Imp. Parisina." Again ; 
 " Opus slngulare, sui generis primum atque unicum." Of this 
 literary curiosity, the Bodleian possesses a fine copy of both the 
 Vocabulary/ amd the Grammar. Panzer is mistaken in calling it 
 a 4°- for it is an 8°, as Schnurrer observes. In a London Cata- 
 logue (Thorpe's, 1826, part 1.) occurs another Granada book of 
 the year 1505, by the printer of the Vocabularies, Juan Varela 
 de Salamanca, entitled Las CCC dd famosissimo poeta Juan de 
 Mena, con la gloso, &c. folio. Printing was ^ain in use at 
 
112 GR. 
 
 Granada in the middle of the XVIth century. A book of 1550 
 was in the Pinelli library: and Hugo and Sebastian de Meiia 
 exercised the art here from the years 1566 to 1601 &c. 
 
 Grange, near Darlington in the county of Durham, the seat 
 of the late George Allan, esq. who established in his own house a 
 printing-press about the year 1768, at which he executed several 
 pieces of topographical and antiquarian lore. A detailed cata- 
 logue of the productions of this private press has lately been pub- 
 lished. 
 
 GRATIANOPOLIS, Grenoble, an ancient and populous city 
 of France, capital of Dauphine, and a bishop's see. It bad once 
 an university, which was subsequently transferred to Valentia. 
 Panzer was not aware of any book printed here before the year 
 1 530 ; but Mr. Beloe (in vol. v. of his Anecdotes) adduces one, 
 entitled. Papa Guidonis decisiones Parlamenti Delph. which bears 
 for imprint, Gracionopoli Apr. 29. 1490. The copy described by 
 Mr. Beloe was (in 1811) in the possession of Mr. Wodhull. 
 Gravionarium, see Bamberga. 
 
 Greenwich, a market-town of England, seated on the banks of 
 the Thames, in the county of Kent. A small tract published 
 during the reign of queen Mary, purports to be printed here : it 
 is entitled, A faytkfall Admonycion of a certen trewe pastor and 
 prophete sent unto the Germanes, &c. nom translated into In- 
 glyssh, &c. 12°. At the end, on signature K. iii. we read, Ivt- 
 prynted at Grenewych by Comrade Freeman, in the month of 
 May 1554. But the types, spelUng, &c. all prove the volume 
 to have been executed in Switzerland or the Low Countries. A 
 copy of it may be seen in the Bodleian library. 
 
 Grima, Grimm, a small town of Misnia near Leipsic, seated 
 on the river Mulda. Le Long mentions a version of St. PauTs 
 Epistle to the Romans printed here in 1523. 
 
 Grodiscum, Grodzisko, a town of Great Poland, in the palati- 
 nate of Posnan. Melchior Neringk printed here in 1579. 
 
 Gronvnga, Groningen, a city of Holland, with an university. — 
 1610. (Bodl.) 
 
 Gryphiswaldia, Gripswaldia, a strong city of Pomerania, with 
 an university founded in 1546. — 1612. (Bodl.) Yet typography 
 must have been practised, and efficiently too, at Gripswald at an 
 earlier period ; since it is remarked by Alnander, in his account 
 of the royal typographers of Stockholm, that one of them, Igna^. 
 
GU. 113 
 
 tius Meurer, applied himself earnestly to the study of this art at 
 Gripswald ; and having obtained a thorough knowledge of it, {illA 
 rite percepta,) he repaired to Stockholm in the year 1610, where in 
 three years he succeeded to the honourable post of king's printer. 
 
 Guadalaxara, or Guadalc0ara, a large manufacturing town of 
 Spain, in New Castile, situate in a plain near the banks of the river 
 Henares. It is the capital of a,province of the same name. 
 
 The earliest known instance of the typography of Guadalaxara 
 is a volume entitled Memorial de cosas notables, composed by 
 Ynigo Lopez de Mendoja, duke del Infantado, which was prints 
 ed here by Pedro de Robles and Francisco de Cormellas, in the 
 year 1564. The printer obtained a privilege for twenty years, 
 on condition that the volume, which is a folio, were sold for eight 
 reals. A copy of this scarce work is preserved in the Bodleian 
 library. 
 
 Guayaquil, a city of South America, formerly capital of the 
 province of Quito. It is seated on a river of the same name, and 
 is said to contain about 20,000 inhabitants. 
 
 In the year 1824 two newspapers were in course of publication 
 in this town. 
 
 Cuba, or Gubena, a populous and manufacturing town, the 
 capital of a circle, in Lusatia. — 1676. 
 
 Guelpherbytum, Wolfenbuttel, a large town of Saxony, in the 
 duchy of Brunswick. — 1541. Bodl. 
 
 Gueret, a town of France. — 1777. 
 
 Guernsey, an island off the coast of France. A press was esta- 
 blished on this island, probably at Port St. Pierre, a short period 
 before the year 1791. 
 
 Gustrovia, Gustromum, Gustrow, a small town of Germany, 
 in the duchy of Mecklenberg. Le Long mentions an edition of 
 The twelve minor prophets in Hebrew, printed here by J. Jaegers 
 in 1634 ; remarking at the same time, that it is the only Hebrew 
 book printed within the duchy. A Gustrow tract of the year 
 1629 is in the Bodleian library. 
 
 Guyama, or St. Thomas de Guyana, also called Angostura, the 
 capital of the province of Spanish Guyana in South America, is 
 a considerable town, seated on the river Oropnoko, not far from 
 its mouth. It is of modern date, having been founded in the 
 year 1764, on a site distant about sixty kagues westward from 
 the old town of Guyana or the Castle. 
 
114 HA. 
 
 In the year 1824 a newspaper was in regular course of publi- 
 cation at this town. 
 
 H. 
 
 Hadamar, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Nassau, on the 
 river Elz.— 1800. 
 
 Haderslebia, Hadersleben, a town of Denmark, in Sleswick. — 
 1784. 
 
 HAFNIA, or CODANIA, Copenhagen, Kaupmannahaufn, 
 or Kiobenhafn, the metropolis of Denmark. Its university was 
 founded by Christian I. in the year 1478. Three books are re- 
 maining, executed here in the XVth century, the earliest of which 
 is dated 1493 ; Gothefridus de Ghemen was the printer. In the 
 next century, I find Andreas G utter witz, a respectable printer 
 here in 1579. The British Museum contains a Danish Bible, 
 executed at Copenhagen in 1607. The first periodical publica- 
 tion in Denmark was issued in the year 1644 ; but not a single 
 copy of this is now known to be remaining. About the close of 
 the XVIIth century a royal press was established, the first Latin 
 book from which was Othonis Sperlingii diatribe de crepidis ve- 
 terum, 8° 1698. The privilege of printing, which had previ- 
 ously been enjoyed by several towns in Denmark, was at the 
 beginning of the XVIIIth century, for some political reasons, 
 confined to the capital. " Hodie verb in Danii sola regia me- 
 " tropolis Hafnia hSc prse reliquis urbibus gaudet praerogativi, ut 
 " in ek ars typographica excolatur." Thura, Idea historice litt. 
 Danorum, p. 240. 
 
 Hqfod, a seat in Cardiganshire, South Wales, lately the resi- 
 dence of the lamented Thomas Johnes, esq. well known to the 
 literary world as the translator of the Chronicles of Froissart, 
 Monstrelet, and Joinville, as well as author of some interesting 
 works. For the more convenient printing of his works, Mr. 
 Johnes erected a private printing-apparatus at Hafod, which, as 
 we learn from Dr. Dibdin in his Bibliographical Decameron, was 
 situated in a cottage among the hills, at the distance of one mile 
 and a half from the mansion. The Hafod edition of the Chro- 
 nicle of Joinville is dated 1807, and that of Monstrelet 1809. 
 
 Haga Comiium, (called in French books La Haye, in Italian 
 L'Jia, in Dutch S'Gravenhage,) the Hague, a beautiful and cele- 
 brated city of Holland. Many classical volumes of great beauty, 
 have issued from the presses of this place. The earliest book 
 
HA. 115 
 
 which I have yet discovered is dated 1593. (TCD.) It was exe- 
 cuted by Albert Heyndricsz, printer to the states of Holland. 
 About the year 1720 many English books were printed at the 
 Hague, several of which bear the false imprint of London, 
 
 HAGENOA, Haguenau, a fortified town of France, seated on 
 the river Motter. From the year 1489, the date of the earliest 
 book now known, printing seems to have been carried on with 
 success in this city ; and many specimens remain to us from the 
 press of Henry Gran, which purport to be in imperiali Oppido 
 Hagenaw diligentissime impressa. 
 
 Hailbruna, or Alisium, Hailbrun, or Heilbron, a town former- 
 ly of Suabia. Le Long notices printing here in 1633. 
 
 HALA SAXONVM, HALA HERMUNDURORUM, 
 HALA SORABORVM, or HALA MAGDEBVRGICA, 
 Halle, a considerable town of Upper Saxony, in the duchy of 
 Magdeburg, with a celebrated university founded in 1694. Pan- 
 zer knew of no book printed here before the year 1520; yet in 
 count Revickski's Catalogue, (p. 78.) maly be seen an account of 
 an edition of Lucam's Pharsalia, bearing for imprint, Halee 1482. 
 This book, having come into the possession of earl Spencer, has 
 been discussed, and pronounced to be falsified, in the second vo- 
 lume of the Bibliotheca Spenceriana, p. 143. Dr. Dibdin, the 
 author of that work, is most probably correct in his judgment. 
 
 Hala Suevorum, Halle, formerly an imperial town of Suabia, 
 seated on the river Kocher. Printing was carried on here so 
 early as 1 536 : and in the year 1539 an edition of Melancthon's 
 Loci communes was executed at Halle, without any printer's 
 name. [But see Leichii Typograph. Lipsiens. p. 18.] 
 
 Halberstadia, Halberstadt, an ancient city of Westphalia, ca- 
 pital of a principality of the same name. Three books printed 
 here in the year 1522, are the only specimens from this city men- 
 tioned by Panzer : but M. Van Praet has shewn us that typo- 
 graphy was practised at Halberstadt at least two years earlier, by 
 adducing a Missal in folio, with the imprint Halberstadice, 1520, a 
 copy of which, upon vellum, is in the Royal library at Paris. 
 The " Bibliotheca Marsdeniana" cites a Dutch Bible, executed 
 in the same year 1520. 
 
 Halebum, Aleppo, the capital of Syria. It is the opinion of 
 Schnurrer, expressed in his Bibliotheca Arabica, that the Arabic 
 printing-establishment of the monastery of Snagof in Wallachia, 
 
 i2 
 
116 HA. 
 
 was subsequendy removed to this city. The Aleppo press was 
 opened by the publication of an Arabic Psalter, in the year 1706, 
 under the direction of Athanasius the Antiochene Patriarch of 
 the Greek Melchites. Other books followed in 1707, 1708; some 
 Homilies of Athanasius in 1711, a copy of which was in the Pi- 
 nelli library ; and (according to Le Long) a second edition of the 
 Psalms in 1735. See the article Snagof. 
 
 Halvfax, the capital of Nova Scotia. Bartholomew Green, in 
 August 1751, commenced the business of printing in this place. 
 His was the first press erected in the province of Nova Scotia, 
 nor was there a second, until the year 1766. Green had previ- 
 ously exercised his art at Boston, and died soon after his arrival at 
 Halifax. His successor, Jo. Bushell, published, in the first week 
 of January 1752, the first newspaper printed in Nova Scotia. 
 
 HAMBVRGVM, or HAMMONA, Hamburg, a celebrated 
 commercial city of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Holstein. A 
 single specimen of Hamburg printing of the XVth century re- 
 mains, viz. Laudes beate Marie Virginis, in mercuriaU oppido 
 Hamborgensi loco famatissimo ivipresse, per me Joannem et 
 Thomam Borchard. Anno Dni. 1491. Panzer possessed a copy 
 of this work, and a second is in the public hbrary at Gottingen. 
 
 Hammipolis, qu. whether Hamburg ? or Hamm, a small trading 
 town of Westphalia, on the river Lippe? Books of the years 
 1646 and 1657 occur, bearing this imprint. 
 
 Hannovera, Hanover, a city of Germany, formerly capital of 
 the electorate, and chief of all the towns belonging to the elec- 
 toral house of Brunswick Luneberg. Typography was in use 
 at Hanover before the middle of the XVIth century. Several 
 pieces of Joa/rmes Busmannus, executed, but rather indifferently, 
 by Henningus Rudenus in the year 1547, are in the library of Tri- 
 nity college, Dubhn. A printing-establishment belonging to the 
 court was at work here in 1669- 
 
 Hanover, a post-town of New Hampshire, in North America. 
 A press was set up here about the year 1778, from which a news- 
 paper was issued for a very short time. 
 
 Hanovia, sometimes Hanovia ad Mcenum, Hanau, a large and 
 trading town of Germany, seated at the junction of the Kinzig 
 and Maine. The second edition of the Hungarian Bible was 
 printed here in 1608. A book of the year 1593 is the earliest 
 which I have seen. 
 
HA. 117 
 
 Harderovicum Gelromm, Hardervicum, or Hardermcum Sy- 
 camhrorum, Harderwyck, a town of Holland, in Guelderland ; it 
 possesses an university. The earliest book of this place which I 
 have seen is an edition of the Lambeth Articles printed here by 
 Thomas Henricus, in 1613: (the date of 1513 in the title-page 
 being of course a misprint.) 
 
 Harjleur, a small town of Normandy, on the river Seine, dis- 
 tant five miles from Havre. A volume entitled, AntiquitSs de la 
 ville d''Harfleur, 8°. was printed here in 1720. 
 
 Harg, a seaport of the east coast of Sweden, opening on the 
 gulf of Bothnia. 
 
 The title-page of an English and Swedish dictionoj-i/ iy Jacob 
 Serenius, D. D. announces that it was printed at Harg and Sten- 
 brd' near Nyhoping in Sweden, by Petrus Mamma, director of 
 his majesty's printing-house, 1757. The Latin name of Stenbro' 
 is Lithopontutn. 
 
 HARLEMVM, Haarlem, a fortified city of South Holland. 
 
 It is well known that this city is one of those which have put 
 in claims to the honourable invention of the art of printing, and 
 its cause has been most warmly argued by Meerman in his Ori- 
 gines typographiccB: according to whom, Laurentius Coster, an 
 inhabitant of Haarlem, is affirmed to have begun to print so early 
 as 1440 or 1441. An Horarium, three editions of a Donatus, 
 and three or four editions of a block-book entitled Speculum hu- 
 mance salutis, are quoted as his earliest productions. The story, 
 however, rests on too sandy a foundation ; and, setting aside date- 
 less fragments of block-books, surmises, and unsupported asser- 
 tions, there is no direct and positive evidence of Haarlem typo- 
 graphy anterior to the Formulce Nopitiorum, which was printed 
 by Joannes Andreae, so late as 1483 ! Nor is it a little remark- 
 able, that (according to the statement of Meerman himself) no 
 printing was done here, nor even did a printing-establishment 
 exist in the city, from the year 1484 till 1561. 
 
 Harlinga Frisiorum, Harlingen, a sea-port of Holland, in 
 Friesland. — Printing was carried on here in 1663. (TCD.) 
 
 Hartberga, Harburg, a seaport town of Germany, distant seven 
 miles from Hamburg. A work of Gaspar Scioppius was exe- 
 cuted here in the year 1611, but without any printer's name. — 
 (Bodl.) 
 
 Hartford, the capital of the state of Connecticut, North Ame- 
 
 i3 
 
118 HA.— HE. 
 
 rica. Printing was introduced into Hartford, by T. Green from 
 Newhaven, in the year 1764. Like most of his brethren printers 
 in the United States, Green commenced his typographical career 
 by the publication of a newspaper. 
 
 HASSELTVM, Hasselt, a town of the Netherlands, in the 
 territory of Liege. Panzer adduces five books executed here in 
 the XV th century : the earliest of which is Epistelen en Evange- 
 lien 7 heelejaar, printed in 1480, 
 
 Havana, or Havannah, a large, handsome, and populous town, 
 capital of the isle of Cuba, and the see of an archbishop. Typo- 
 graphy was exercised here, in " la imprenta de la capitania ge- 
 " neral," (the government printing-office,) in the year 1787. 
 
 Haverhill, a handsome and pleasant post-town in Essex coun- 
 ty, in the province of Massachusetts, North America. Benjamin 
 Edes, the son of a printer of Boston, about the year 1782, set up 
 a press and printed a Newspaper at Haverhill ; but this was soon 
 discontinued. 
 
 Le Havre, a town of the United States of America, situate on 
 the banks of the Susquehana river, near its mouth. 
 
 Printing was exercised here in the year 1826. 
 
 Hedernheim. Wolfius describes, this as a small village in the 
 temtory of Hesse, in which the Jews possessed a printing-press 
 early in the sixteenth century. He adds that its productions 
 were very rare, and that before the middle of the succeeding cen- 
 tury it had wholly ceased. 
 
 HEIDELBERGA, Heidelberg, a populous city of Germany, 
 in the circle of the Lower Rhine, with an university founded by 
 the elector Robert, in the year 1346. The Sermones de Sanctis 
 of Hugo de Prato Florida, printed in 1485, (probably by Henry 
 Knoblochzer,) is the earliest known book from this place : it is a 
 folio volume, of very respectable execution, a copy of which may 
 be seen in the Bodleian library. 
 
 It may not be amiss to remark, that H. Commelin, a printer 
 who settled here about the close of the XVIth century, was in 
 the habit of omitting the name of the town, giving for imprint 
 only apud Commelinum : it is therefore to be remembered that 
 such books were printed at Heidelberg. 
 
 S. Helena, a small island, lying in the midst of the Atlantic 
 Ocean, at the distance of twelve hundred miles from any known 
 land. It has been in possession of the British since the year 
 
HE. 119 
 
 1655 5 and of late has acquired the greatest celebrity, from hav- 
 ing been chosen for the prison of Napoleon Bonaparte, and being 
 now the depository of his mortal remains. The island possesses 
 no town of any note. 
 
 At what period the art of printing found its way to this se- 
 questered spot I have not learnt : the only specimen of its typo- 
 graphy which I have observed being a botanical work entitled 
 Flora S. Helenica, professing to have been printed on the island 
 in 1825. 
 
 Helenopolis, see Francqfurtum ad Masnum. 
 
 S. Helier, a flourishing town, capital of the isle of Jersey, con- 
 taining about 10,000 inhabitants. Three weekly newspapers were 
 published here during the year 1826. 
 
 Helmestadium, Helmstadt, a town of Lower Saxony, in. the 
 duchy of Brunswick, with an university founded in 1576, by Ju- 
 lius duke of Brunswick, whence in some books it is called Acade- 
 mia Julia. 
 
 Printing certainly was executed at Helmstadt in 1580. In all 
 probability the introduction of typography accompanied the foun- 
 dation of the university. A folio volume is in the Fagel library 
 at Dublin, bearing for imprint, HelmcBstadii excudebat Jacoiiis 
 Lucius Tramsylvanus, anno 1583 ; and one of the year 1580 in 
 the Bodleian. 
 
 Helsmgjbrs, a town in the south of Finland, situate at the 
 mouth of the river Wanna, and possessing a good harbour. It 
 has lately arrived at considerable importance, and the university 
 of Abo has recently been transferred to it. 
 
 A journal in the Finnish language was printed at this town in 
 the year 1825. 
 
 Helsingcyra, Elsinore, a town of Denmark, in the isle of Zea- 
 land. Printing was introduced here about 1603. 
 
 HenricopoUs, (qu ? Henrichau in Silesia, Henrichs, Henrichs- 
 dorf, or Henrichswald, in Prussia.?) An edition of The Proverbs 
 in Latin, printed here in 1602, is cited in Masch's Le Long, 
 part ii. likewise a metrical paraphrase of The Psalms, printed in 
 1573. 
 
 HERBIPOLIS, or WIRCEBVRGVM, Wurtzburg, a city 
 of Germany seated on the Maine ; it is the capital of a duchy, 
 and was formerly the residence of the bishop. It had an univer- 
 sity, which was founded in 1403, and restored in 1582. The art 
 
 i4 
 
120 HE. 
 
 of printing was carried on here with great success during the 
 XVth century, probably under the especial patronage of the 
 bishop. The earliest dated book given by Panzer is a Brevia- 
 rium Herbvpolense, fol. of the year 1479; this I have not yet 
 seen : but it is amply described by M. Van Praet, who notices 
 three copies of it printed upon vellum. A copy of the work next 
 mentioned by Panzer, Missale secundrnm usum ecclesicB Herbipo- 
 lensis, is now lying before me. It is a large folio, splendidly 
 printed on •vellum, containing upwards of three hundred and fifty 
 leaves, and is altogether one of the grandest volumes which I 
 ever beheld. The letters are of three or four sizes, from the 
 large missal character downwards ; it has also musical notes. At 
 the beginning of the book is the privilege of Rudolfus Dei et 
 AposioliccB Sedis gratia Episcopus Herbipolensis et Francics 
 orientalis Dux, granted to the printer Jeorlus Reyser, who is 
 there said to have been hired by the bishop (probably from 
 Eichstadt, Eustadium,) to continue at Wiirtzburg until he had 
 completed this work. The bishop allows and command's him to 
 print the choral books, &c. for his cathedral, and to decorate 
 them with the arms of the bishopric and chapter. Accordingly 
 we find, immediately following this privilege, a large copper- 
 plate engraving, of most delicate workmanship ; representing two 
 escutcheons ; one of which contains the archbishop's, family arms, 
 quartering those of the see of Wiirtzburg, surmounted by his 
 crest, and richly mantled : the other contains the arms of the see 
 (or chapter) supported by two angels in beautifully flowing dra^ 
 pery, surmounted by a figure of St. Kilian, patron of the see, 
 arrayed in the episcopal robes, and holding a drawn sword in 
 his right hand, while his left supports the crozier. The size of 
 the plate is about eight inches by seven. A particular account 
 of this very copy, and of the remarkable specimen of early engrav- 
 ing which it contains, may be seen in N°. 288 of the Philosophical 
 Transactions : and it is briefly noticed in p. 233 of Heineken's 
 Idie genirale d''une Collection d''estampes. It was presented to the 
 Bodleian library by archbishop Laud, and for rarity and beauty 
 would do honour to any collection in the world. 
 
 Herlorna Nassovice, Herborn, a town of Germany, in the circle 
 of the Upper Rhine, with a college, founded in 1589. An edi- 
 tion of Luther's Bible was printed here in 1604, (Bodl.) likewise 
 several editions of Buchanam's Psalms, the earliest of which is 
 
HE.— HO. 121 
 
 dated 1585. The earliest Herborn book which I have seen is of 
 the year 1588. 
 
 HermanopoUs, see Cibinium. 
 
 Hernosandium, Hernosand, an episcopal town of Sweden, ca- 
 pital of Angermania. — 1706. At this place the first edition of 
 the Lctpponic Bible, executed by bishop Norden at the expense of 
 the English Bible Society, was printed in the year 1811. 
 
 Hertogenbosch, see Buscum Duds. 
 
 Hildesia, or Hildesium, Hildesheim, a city of Lower Saxony, 
 lately imperial and episcopal. Printing was carried on here by 
 Andreas Hantzsch, in the year 1605. — (TCD.) 
 
 Hilperhusia, or Hildburghusa, Hilburghausen, a town of Up- 
 per Saxony, in the principality of Cobourg. — 1774. 
 
 Hirsberga, Hirschberg, a considerable town in Silesia, situate 
 at the confluence of the Bober and the Zacke. The Hbrary of 
 the British and Foreign Bible Society contains a copy of a Ger- 
 man Bible printed here in 1765. In 1826 three newspapers were 
 in course of publication in this town. 
 
 HISPALIS, or COLONIA JVLIA ROMANA, Seville, an 
 ancient and fine city of Spain, the capital of Andalusia, and an 
 archbishop's see. It has a famous university, founded at a very 
 remote period. According to Mendez, the art of printing was 
 introduced into Seville, by three Spaniards, named Anton Mar- 
 tinez, Bartholome Segura, and Alphonso del Puerto, in or before 
 the year 1476; and a work entitled Sacramental, by Clement 
 Sanchez de Vercial, in folio, is considered by him to be their first 
 production ; he mentions that a copy of this rare and valuable 
 book was in the library of the duke de Medina Celi at Madrid; 
 In the succeeding year these printers executed the Manual of 
 Alphonso Diaz de Montalvo, in the colophon of which they claim 
 for themselves the honour of being the first printers of Seville. 
 Numerous and valuable works were executed in this city during 
 the remainder of the XVth century. In the year 1500, the In- 
 quisition was possessed of a peculiar press for its own purposes, 
 but from which, in all probability, little aid to literature or to the 
 cause of true religion was derived. 
 
 Hobarfs Town, a British settlement, established on the south- 
 east coast of Van Dieman's land, in the year 1804; and now said 
 to contain about 7000 inhabitants. In 1818, a printing-press 
 was set up here, the first production of which was The History 
 
122 HO. 
 
 of Michael Howe, the last of the wood-r angers, 8°. This curious 
 book is to be seen in the Bodleian library. 
 
 Hoffa, see Curia Variscorum. 
 
 HOLMIA, or STOCKHOLMIA, Stockholm, the metropolis 
 of Sweden, a city containing about 72,000 inhabitants. This is 
 the first place throughout all Sweden into which the art of print- 
 in f found its way ; Johannes Snell having here executed a work, 
 entitled Dialogus creaturarum moralizatus, so early as 1483, 
 which is considered to be the first book printed within that king- 
 dom. A copy of it may be seen in the university library of Upsal. 
 Of John Snell, who probably was a German, nothing farther ap- 
 pears. He was succeeded at Upsal by Johannes Fabri, whose 
 death occurs in the year 1496. Panzer enumerates five books print- 
 ed in this city during the XVth century. In the year 1594, the 
 office of typographer-royal was instituted, with certain privileges 
 and a fixed salary from the government, the printing-materials 
 also being furnished by the king. The first printer who held 
 this post was Anundus Olai. In the year 1700, the Academy 
 of Antiquities, which had been established at Stockholm by 
 Charies XI, appointed a typographer of its own, who, as well as 
 the king's, was honoured with particular privileges and immuni- 
 ties. The liberal policy of queen Christina introduced to this 
 city one of the family of Jansons of Amsterdam as a printer, to 
 whom she allowed an annual pension, and granted several privi- 
 leges, amongst which was the valuable one, of importing all his 
 paper duty-free. At Stockholm the first Runic types were used, 
 in a Runic and Swedish Alphdbeta/rium, 8°. 1611 ; they were 
 cast at the expense of the king, and were afterwards purchased 
 by the university : a new and more correct fount was cast at 
 Lubec in 1702, by desire of the learned Peringskiold. Russian 
 types were first used in Sweden, at Stockholm, by order of Gus- 
 tavus Adolphus, in order to the conversion to Christianity and 
 instruction of those of his subjects, who, living on the confines of 
 Muscovy, were addicted to the superstitions of that nation. Peter 
 von Seelen was appointed over this Russian press in the year 1625. 
 It may not be superfluous to mention, that the earliest edition 
 of the New Testament printed in Sweden, the date of which is 
 1521, folio, was executed here; as also a splendid edition of the 
 Swedish Bible in 1703, (at the press of H. Keyser,) in the praises 
 of which Alnander is warm and eloquent. A copy of the former, 
 
HO. 123 
 
 but imperfect, and damaged by fire, is preserved in the library of 
 the Academy of Sciences at Stockholm ; where also is another 
 edition of the New Testament, with wood-cuts, 4to. printed in 
 the same city in 1549. (Fortia.) At Stockholm also was pub- 
 lished in 1548 the first edition of the New Testament in the 
 Finnish tongue, in 4to. a copy of which was in the library of 
 M. Ludek^, pastor of the German chapel in that city, (id.) In 
 1551 came out the Psalms, with other books of the Old Testa- 
 ment ; but an entire Finnish Bible was not printed until 1642. 
 Here also was printed a second edition of the Swedish New Tes- 
 tament, in 1526, small folio ; also two lAtwrgies, one in Latin in 
 1576, fol. the other in Swedish in 1589, 4to ; both were proscribed 
 by Charles IX, and are extremely rare ; both however are in the 
 collection of M. Gioeurwell, librarian to the king of Sweden, and a 
 copy of the former is in the library of the university of Upsal. 
 In the royal library of Stockholm is preserved, as an interesting 
 relic of the days of the Reformation, a copy of the Vulgate Bible, 
 which was used by Martin Luther ; it is a folio edition, printed 
 at Lyons in 1521, and its margins and every void space are 
 wholly covered with annotations in the hand-writing of that re- 
 former. 
 
 Holstein. An edition of the Holy Bible, comprising five seve- 
 ral versions, in two volumes 4to. is said to have been executed in 
 Holstein, (perhaps at Kiel, the capital of the province,) in the 
 year 1712. 
 
 Holum, or Hola, Hoolum, a town on the northern coast of 
 Iceland, formerly a bishop's see. The first bishop was appointed 
 in the year 1107. In 1797 the two bishoprics of Holum and 
 Skalholt were united into one, the see of which was fixed at 
 Reikiavik, the capital of the island. Dr. Van Troil, in his Letters 
 on Iceland, mentions that a printing-press was established here 
 'by John Areson, bishop of Hoolum, in the year 1530, from 
 which issued the first work ever printed in Iceland, namely Bre- 
 viarium Nidarosiense, of the date 1531. The only copy of this 
 volume which was known to be remaining was in the library of 
 Arnas Magnaei, and was consumed in the fire of Copenhagen in 
 1728. Some time after the death of bishop Areson, this press 
 appears to have been removed from Holum. In the year 1562 
 we find it at work at Breidabolstad ; from whence having been 
 purchased by bishop Gudbrand Thorlakson, together with all 
 
124 HO. 
 
 the materials, it was at first erected by him at Nupufell, in the 
 valley of Eynfiord ; but soon afterwards, for greater convenience 
 towards his meditated work, the Icelandic Bible, the bishop re- 
 stored it to Holum. After resting for more than a century, the 
 press travelled to Skalholt : was brought back to Holum in 1704 : 
 and in 1799, being put into the hands of the Icelandic literary so- 
 ciety, was by them erected at Leira, where it now remains. In 
 the year 1584 the first edition of the Icelandic Bible was printed 
 here, (1000 copies;) a second, in 1644, (also 1000 copies;) and 
 another, in two volumes folio, in 1728, bearing the imprint, 
 Hoolum i Hiallta-dal, of Marteine Arnoddsyne. Copies of the 
 first edition are preserved in the British Museum, in Eton college 
 library, and in that belonging to the British and Foreign Bible 
 Society : a remarkably fine one of the second is in the library of 
 Trinity college, Dublin, and another in that of the Bible Society ; 
 and the third may be seen in the Bodleian library, and in the 
 royal collection of George the Third. All of them, but especially 
 the first, are volumes of the greatest rarity. The fullest and 
 most particular account of the first edition is contained in the 
 Appendix to " Henderson's Journal in Iceland," p. 270 — 281 : 
 of the second, ibid. p. 285—287: and of the third, ibid. p. 293— 
 295. The translation is different in all three editions. A fourth 
 edition, reprinted from that of 1644, appeared in 1745 from 
 this press, (fol. 1000 copies.) Besides the editions of the entire 
 Bible, the Proverbs of Solomon were printed here in 1580 ; the 
 New Testament in 1609; and the Psalms in 1619- A copy of 
 this last is in the Bodleian library. 
 
 On the subject of the general state of typography in Iceland, 
 the reader may not be displeased with the following notice, ex- 
 tracted from Sir George Mackenzie's Travels in that island, dur- 
 ing the year 1810. 
 
 " Hoolum, on the northern coast of Iceland, until the close of 
 " the last century, (when the sees of Hoolum and Skalholt were 
 " united into that of Reikiavik,) was the seat of one of the 
 " bishops of Iceland. A public school was also established there; 
 " but now the place consists only of a few cottages ; and in its 
 " present state contains nothing particularly worthy of notice, 
 
 " The first printing-press was erected at Hoolum, about the 
 *' year 1530, under the auspices of John Areson, who was at that 
 " time the bishop of this see. Though an illiterate and unculti- 
 
HO. 125 
 
 " vated man, he was extremely ambitious ; and wished to avail 
 " himself of all the means which literature might afford for the 
 " promotion of his influence in the country. With this view he 
 " procured as his secretary, a Swede of the name of Mathiesson, 
 " who, coming over to Iceland, brought with him a printing- 
 " press, and made a small establishment for its use. The types 
 " were originally of wood, and very rudely formed ; and the only 
 " works issuing from the press during the first forty years after 
 " its institution, were a few Breviaries, Church Rituals, and Ca- 
 " lendars. In 1574, however, Gudbrand Thorlakson, bishop of 
 " Hoolum, made very great improvements in the printing-esta- 
 " blishment at that place, providing new presses and types, some 
 " of which were constructed by his own hand, and bestowing the 
 " utmost care upon the correction of every work which was print- 
 " ed during his lifetime. Before the century had elapsed, a num- 
 " ber of valuable publications made their appearance, greatly im- 
 " proved in their style of composition, and displaying a neatness 
 " and even elegance of execution, very remarkable at this early 
 " period of the use of printing in the country." p. 57. 
 
 " The printing-establishment at Hoolum, which had fallen 
 " into decline, and another, which in 1773 was instituted at 
 " Hrappsey, an island in the Breid^ Fiord, were purchased by 
 " the Icelandic society [about 1794]; and a printing-office, un- 
 " der their management, established at Leira, in the Borgar- 
 " Fiord Syssel (on the south-western coast). From this press 
 " have issued, for the use of the society, fifty or sixty different 
 " works; some of them translated, but the greater number ori- 
 " ginal, and comprising a very great variety of subjects ; history, 
 " poetry, divinity, law, medicine, natural history, and rural eco- 
 « nomy."" p. 309- 
 
 " We visited in our way the only printing-office now in lee- 
 " land, (1810,) which is close to Leira, in a small and miserable 
 " wooden building, situate in the midst of a bog. This establish- 
 " ment is at present kept up by the hterary society, of which Mr. 
 " Stephenson is at the head. He has the sole management of the 
 " press ; and few other people now give it employment h, none 
 " Uking to submit their works to a censor who is reckoned too 
 " severe, but perhaps without much reason. This state of the 
 
 h A good and sufficient reason for which is given by Mr. Henderson, at p. 7, of 
 the second volume of his "Journal." 
 
126 HO. 
 
 " press is, however, extremely injurious to the literature of Ice- 
 " land. Two men are engaged in the printing-office : they have 
 " a press of the common construction, and make their own ink of 
 " oil and lamp-black. There are eight foimts of types ; six Go- 
 " thic, and two Roman ; with a few Greek characters. We found 
 " a small collection of books, which had been printed here within 
 " the last few years, and remained here for sale. We purchased 
 " several of these, among which was Pope's Essay on Man, 
 " translated into Icelandic verse. During the last winter the 
 " printing-office, with all its contents, was very nearly swept away 
 " by a flood ; and at the present time the building is in a state of 
 " wretched repair." p. 151. 
 
 Holyrood house, an ancient palace of the Scottish kings, ad- 
 joining the city of Edinburg : a place connected with many recol- 
 lections of high interest and importance. An edition of Dryden's 
 poem. The hind and panther, a quarto volume of 90 pages, ap- 
 pears with the imprint Holyrood-house, printed hy J. Watson, 
 1687. Of this book I could give no information, until I met with 
 a work entitled " A Description of the Antiquities, &c. of Holy- 
 " rood-house," 8°. 1821, from which the following particulars are 
 extracted. 
 
 " During the reign of James VII. {our James TIA.) who mani- 
 " fested an unconstitutional partiality to Roman Catholics, Holy- 
 " rood-house appears to have been destined by that bigotted 
 " prince as a nursery for superstition. Not satisfied with securing 
 " to his Popish subjects within the precincts of his palace the free 
 " exercise of their religion, at a time when the most limited degree 
 " of that religious toleration now so liberally enjoyed by every 
 " British subject was considered as a connivance at heresy, James 
 " most imprudently instituted a ' popish College in the abbey of 
 " Holyrood,' and published rules for it, on the 22nd of March 
 " 1688, inviting children to be there educated gratis. 
 
 " He also appointed one Watson', a Popish printer, who had 
 " availed himself of the protection of the sanctuary, to be king's 
 " printer in Holyrood-house. This Watson also obtained a right 
 " from the Privy Council to print all the Prognostications at 
 " Edinburgh ; which accounts for several books bearing in their 
 " title-pages to have been printed at that period in Holyrood- 
 " house." p. 89. 
 
 i Father of J. Watson, queen's printer in ttie reign of queen Anne. 
 
HO.— HY. 127 
 
 Dr. Lee, in his " Memorial," states that he was acquainted 
 with several books printed here in 1687 and 1688, many of them 
 being popish works, allowed to be printed and dispersed by king 
 James the second. 
 
 Again in the year 1775 there was a press in this palace, when a 
 tract by James Fea, a surgeon, entitled " The present state of the 
 " Orkney islands considered^ (8vo. pp. 66,) was published, bear- 
 ing the imprint Holyrood-hotise. A copy of it is in the Bodleian 
 library. 
 
 Homburgum ad Clivutn, Homburg on the height, a small 
 town of Germany on the river Lahn, capital of the principality of 
 Hesse-Homburg. 
 
 Wolfius informs us that the Jews established a printing-office 
 here, about the year 171 5 : but the Oppenheimer collection con- 
 tains a Romberg volume of an earlier date, viz. 1711. 
 
 Hononooro, a large town or village of Oahu, one of the Sand- 
 wich isles, in the north Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Some American missionaries established themselves here in the 
 year 1820, and within two years had erected a printing establish- 
 ment for their own use. " On the first Monday in January 1822 
 " the press was put in operation, and the first sheet of a Ha- 
 " waiian spelling-book was struck off." Williams'' Missionary 
 Gazetteer. 
 
 Hoogly^ a city of Hindostan, in Bengal. Mr. N. B. Halhed 
 printed here a Bengalee Grammar in the year 1778. It was exe- 
 cuted by Mr. Charles Wilkins, from letters cut, and types found- 
 ed, by himself, and in all probability is the earliest Hoogly book. 
 
 Hoornia, or Horna, Hoorne, a strong city of the United Pro- 
 vinces, distant about five leagues from Amsterdam. Typography 
 was exercised at Hoorne by ^gidius Nicolaus, in the year 1622 : 
 and Le Long quotes a book of the year 1623.— (1626. TCD.) 
 
 Hrapseya, Hrapsey, an island in the Breidafiord, on the western 
 coast of Iceland. A printing-press was erected in this place about 
 the year 1773, and was soon set to work ; some Annals, in two 
 volumes quarto, appeared from it in 1775; a book by Biorno 
 Halderson was executed in 1783 ; and, according to the Catalogue 
 of the library of the British and Foreign Bible Society, a Com- 
 ment on the epistles to the seven Churches was printed here in 1784. 
 
 Hydra, a small island of the Archipelago, lying near the eastern 
 coast of the Morea, containing about 25000 inhabitants. During 
 
128 HY.— JA. 
 
 the struggle of the Greeks for the independence of their country, 
 a printing-estabHshment was set up here, and a newspaper, called, 
 6 (p'lKos ToO vo'/iou, The Friend of the Law, is now (1824) regularly 
 published at Hydra, twice a week. 
 
 HyetopoUs ad Istrum, occurs as the imprint of a book entitled, 
 Discursus de suprematu adversus CcEsarinum Furstenerium,, 
 printed in 1687; and is explained by Barbier, in the supplement 
 to his Dictionnaire des Anonymes, &c. to mean Ratisboniie, 
 which in German is called Regensburg, and in the Latin of the 
 ancient public acts, Imbripolis, because Regen signifies not only 
 the small river which falls into the Danube at Ratisbon, but also 
 rain. 
 
 S. Jacobus de Tlatihdco, is the name of a convent of Francis- 
 cans, standing in the north-eastern quarter of the modern city of 
 Mexico. The art of printing was practised here by the monks in 
 1599. The Bodleian library contains a Confessionario en lengua 
 Mexicama y Castellana, compoesd by Fr. Joan Baptista, guar- 
 dian of the convent, which bears for imprint. En Saiictiago Tla- 
 tilulco, por Melchior Ocharte; am) de. 1599. 12°. Melchior 
 probably was a descendant of Pedro de Ocharte who printed at 
 Mexico in 1567. 
 
 From the style of this imprint, and the manner in which Anto- 
 nio notices it, the reader would suppose S. Jacobus de Tlatilulco 
 to be a distinct town ; and I erroneously described it as such, in 
 the former edition of this work. 
 
 Si. Jago de la Vega, a town which was formerly the capital of 
 the isle of Jamaica. A printing-press was at work here in the 
 year 1756; at which time a weekly newspaper began to be pub- 
 lished : and in 1792 The Laws of Jamaica were handsomely 
 printed by Alexander Dickman, in two volumes quarto. 
 
 Jaroslavia, Jaroslau, a town of Poland, in Red Russia, on the 
 river Saine. John Szeliga, who had moved from Dobromil, 
 printed here in 1622. 
 
 Jassium, or Giasium, Jassy, a handsome archi episcopal city of 
 European Turkey, the capital of Moldavia. The only informa- 
 tion respecting the typography of this city which I am able to 
 communicate is as follows : 
 
 According to Alexander Helladius, a press was established for 
 
JA. 129 
 
 a very short time at Jassy in the XVII th- century ; at page 9, he 
 mentions the contents of what he believes to be the only volume 
 ever printed in Moldavia, but neither the date nor place of impres- 
 sion are affixed to the book. There is however in the Bodleian 
 library a fine copy of the TOMOS ArAIIHS of Dositheus, printed 
 here in 1698. Archbishop Marsh's library at Dublin eontdns a 
 very beautiful specimen of the JasSy press of the year 1683 ; it is 
 a folio volume consisting of upwards of 400 pages, containing the 
 Ylepi ToO ^ei'ou vaou and other works of Syrneon, archbishop of Thes- 
 salonica, and of Ma/rcus Eugenicus, metropolitan of Ephesus : 
 the whole of which is in Greek character, on paper of excellettt 
 quality and colour. The imprint states the work to have been 
 executed at the costs of John Ducas the waywode of Moldavia, 
 by Johannes Molibdus, a native of Heraclea, whose printing-press 
 appears to have been set up within the monastery of SS. Peter and 
 Paul. The date is October 1683. The learned president of 
 Magdalene college, Oxford, Dr. Routh, possesses also a beautiful 
 copy of the above work, with the French royal arms impressed on 
 the covers. In 1816 a volume was printed here, entitled, KcoSiJ 
 TToXiTixof TOO Tpiytcmarov t^; MoA8a)3(af, in three parts; (the first 
 treating of the rights of persons, the second of the rights of things, 
 the third comprising miscellaneous matter ;) the author of which 
 is 'SixapKtt.Tog KaXAj;K.ap^v)f, son to the reigning Hospodar. This 
 volume contains an emblematic frontispiece, some vignettes, a good 
 portrait of the Hospodar, with a medallion containing the names 
 and arms of sixteen cities of Moldavia ; also a dedication to the 
 prince, an address, or proclamation, (\oyos ;^po(7o'j3oAXof) or golden 
 bull, by him, in which the origin and progress of the Moldavian 
 laws are discussed ; this declares, that the laws were first formed 
 into a code by Alexander I. who came to the throne in 1401 ; 
 that some part of them was printed in 164!6 ; that the Codex poli- 
 ticus is first published at present, as being most wanted, and that 
 the rest of the laws shall speedily follow. Part I. contains 89 
 pages; part II. 308; part III. 58, and some tables ; the index, 
 99 ; errata, 3. The dedication, proclamation, and adcfress at the 
 end of part I. are written in ancient Greek. The type is large 
 and clumsy ; the notes are printed in a smaller letter, but equally 
 bad : the paper is good : the engravings, with the exception of 
 the portrait, were executed at Jassy. The imprint is, 'Ev 'IcktIoi, 
 Ai21r'. 'Ev T(5 veOtipytiSevTi 'EXKrjVuim rvrroypafeim, e'i/8ov roZ iipov (i.o- 
 
 K 
 
130 JA— IL. 
 
 vaiTTxigtov TBJi/ Tfimv 'hpapx^v: from which we learn that printing 
 was but recently exercised at Jassy. The volume is undoubtedly 
 a curiosity. That copy of it which is described in p. 92. of " Mac- 
 " michael's Tour from Moscow to Constantinople," is now in the 
 Bodleian library, to which it was presented in 1819, by Theodorus 
 a Negri, secretary to the Hospodar. 
 
 Jaurinum, Javarin, or Raab, a strongly fortified and episcopal 
 city of Lower Hungary, with an university. — 1805. 
 
 Ichenhusium, Ichenhausen, a small town of Bavaria, on the 
 river Gunz. Wolfius announces the existence of typography in 
 this place, citing a Hebrew Pentateuch executed here by Jewish 
 printers, which he calls a very rare book, and the only known 
 specimen. A copy of it is in the Oppenheimer collection, it is 
 dated 1544. 
 
 Jelgawa, q\i? A New Testament in the Lettish dialect, 
 executed for the British Bible Society in 1816, bears this im- 
 print, which 1 have never seen on any other occasion. 
 
 Jena, a town of Saxony, formerly in Thuringia, seated on the 
 river Saale. It has an university which was founded in 1548. 
 Probably the art of printing soon followed. The earliest Jena 
 book which I have seen is a third volume of the worjcs of Martin 
 Luther, in folio, which bears for imprint, Jhence excudebant hce- 
 redes Christiani Rhodii, 1557. — vols. i. and ii. which accompany 
 this (in Trinity college, Dublin) bear the dates of 1564 and 1566, 
 with Dortatus Richtzenhainus and Thomas iZ^eSar^M* for printers: 
 but vol. iv. is dated 1658, and executed by the printers of the 
 first volume. Le Long however mentions an earlier specimen of 
 Jena printing, in a work entitled Christophori Hammeri intro- 
 ductio in lectionem Armenicam, which bears " Jenae, 1545," 4to. 
 
 Jesnitzium, Jessnitz, a town of Germany, in the principality of 
 Anhalt. The Jews possessed a press here early in the XVIIIth 
 century : a treatise by Maimonides bears the date of 1702, with 
 the imprint of this town. In the Oppenheimer collection are 
 Jessnitz books of the years 1713, 1719, 1720, 1721, &c. 
 
 ILARDAj Lerida, an ancient and strong town of Spain, in 
 Catalonia. It is a bishop's see, and has an university, founded in 
 the year 1420. Typography was introduced into Lerida during . 
 the XVth century, but does not appear to have been carried to 
 much extent, and very few specimens of the Lerida press now 
 remain : of these the earliest is a Breviarium Tllerdense, executed 
 
IN.— JO. 131 
 
 by Henricus Botel de Saxoni& Alemanus, in the year 1479- Of 
 this, which is a volume of the very highest rarity, Menclez observes 
 that a copy printed upon vellum exists in the library of the Car- 
 melites at Barcelona. He commends this breviary to our atten- 
 tion for three reasons : 1. for its rarity ; 2. from its being corrected 
 by a learned man of that chapter ; S. from the singular circum- 
 stance of its having been printed at the sole expense of the sexton 
 or bell-toller of the cathedral. *' Antonius Palares campanarum 
 " ejusdem ecclesiae pulsator propriis expensis fieri fecit,"" says the 
 colophon. This Breviary, with an edition of Augusiinus Daihus 
 in 1485, and some pieces by Petrus de Castrovai, in 1488 and 
 1489, are the only known specimens of Lerida typography in the 
 XV th century ; nor does Panzer cite any other books printed here 
 before the year 1536. No printer's name occurs besides that of 
 H. Botel above mentioned. The art however was again carried on 
 in the town about the middle of the XVIth century. 
 
 INGOLSTADIVM, Ingolstadt, a strong town of BaVaria, 
 with an university, founded by Louis, duke of Bavaria, in 1472. 
 A book, entitled PuuU Lescherii rketorica, professing to be 
 printed in almo gimnasio ingolstadt, in the year 1487, is given 
 by Panzer, from Seemiller, as perhaps the earliest dated produc- 
 tion of this town; but there is reason for supposing a Latin 
 Psalter, without a date, printed in large missal characters, to be 
 anterior to the volume before-named. Santander disallows the 
 date of the Rhetofica, and believes 1490 to be the earliest known 
 date of an Ingolstadt book. 
 
 Insula ad lacum Acronium, an island in the lake of Constance ; 
 (probably the city of Lindau is meant by this expression.) Print- 
 ing was carried on very respectably here, by Joannes Ludovicus 
 Bremensis, in the year 1604. 
 
 Insvice, Lisle, a large and strong town of French Flanders. — 
 1604.— (Bodl.) 
 
 Interanmm, or Interamna, Terni, a town of Italy, in the duchy 
 of Spoleto. — 1637. N.B. There is a Terni book bearing the date 
 1557, but this is a misprint for 1657. 
 
 A^^. John, the capital of the isle of Antigua, Benjamin Mecom 
 of Boston opened a press here, and commenced the publication 
 of a newspaper, about 1 748. 
 
 St. John's, a city of the British province of New Brunswick, 
 in North America, situate at the mouth of the river St. John. 
 
 K 2 
 
18S JO— IS. 
 
 Printing is executed here at present; having been introduced 
 about the time of the peace between Great Britain and the United 
 States. 
 
 Jordanimola ad Nimitmm, is the name of a small farm, (the 
 exact situation of which I have not learned,) at which place C.R. 
 Peiper printed a Dissertation on the Arabic poetry of Lebidus, 
 in 1823, 4°. (Bodl.) 
 
 Iprcs, Ypres, or Ipres, a manufacturing town of West Flan- 
 ders. A college of English Benedictines was founded here in the 
 year 1665, which was subsequently given over to some Irish nuns. 
 Printing was exercised at Ipres in the year 1660. 
 
 Ipsara, or Psyra, an island of the Archipelago, twelve miles 
 north-west of Scio, the chief town of which bears the same name. 
 A printing-press was lately presented to the inhabitants by the 
 Greek committee in England, from which a Newspaper is already 
 regularly worked off. But since the island has recently fallen 
 again under the dominion of the Turks, it is more than probable 
 that the whole apparatus has been utterly destroyed. 
 
 Iraciense Monasterium, appears to be a religious house in 
 some part of Spain, qu. whether the same as Hiraxense Monaste- 
 rium, a house of Benedictines, situated within a few miles of 
 Estella in Navarre ? Antonio mentions a work, the first two vo- 
 lumes of which were printed in this monastery in 1609. See also 
 torn, i. p. 397, of his Bibliotheca Hispana. 
 
 Irun, a small town of the north of Spain, in the province of 
 Guipuscoa, containing about 1100 inhabitants. 
 
 Printing was exercised at Irun in the year 1739: a Basque 
 version of the treatise De doctrina Christiana, of this date and 
 place, is in the library of W. Marsden. 
 
 Isca Damnoniorum, or Exonia, Exeter the capital of Devon- 
 shire. The earliest Exeter book which I have seen is of the year 
 1668. 
 
 Isenacum, Eisenach, a town of Saxony, formerly in Thuringia. 
 A German tract in the Bodleian collection relative to the Re- 
 formation, printed at Eisenach, bears the date 1524. 
 
 Isle of Man. A Prayer Booh in the Manks dialect, of the 
 date of 1769, bears this imprint. 
 
 IsleUa, Eisleben, a town of Upper Saxony, near Mansfield, 
 memorable for the birth of Luther. Printing was exercised here 
 at least so early as 1566, in which year were printed the CoUo- 
 
IS^—IX. 
 
 quies of Martin Luther, bearing for imprint GedruTct zu Eisleben, 
 hey Urba/n GavMsch, 1566. The volume is a handsome folioj 
 consisting of more than 1240 pages. — (TCD.) 
 
 Isna, ^sny, or Ysni, a town of Germany, formerly imperial, 
 seated in the Algau. A Hebrew book of the date 1532 is as- 
 signed to this place by Panzer. According to Masch, Paulus 
 Fagius established a Hebrew and rabbinical press in this town, at 
 "which several of his own works, as well as others by Elias Levita, 
 were printed under his inspection. Some of these, of the years 
 1540, 1541, and 1542, may be seen in the Bodleian, and in the 
 library of Trinity college Dublin. 
 
 Juan de la Pena, a monastery of Spain in the province of Ar- 
 ragon, seated at the foot of the Pyrenees, which is renowned for 
 the sepulchres of many of the Spanish kings. Mendez affirms 
 that printing was exercised here, but gives us no further clue. 
 
 Iverskoi Monasterium, a religious house of Russia ; qucere, 
 whether in the city of Moscow ? Bachmeister affirms that print- 
 ing was executed here in the year 1658. 
 
 luli or luli Pueblo, a small but populous town of Peru, in the 
 province of Chucuito. 
 
 The Jesuits appear to have introduced typography to luli in 
 the early part of the seventeenth century. In the Bodleian li- 
 brary may be seen a vocabulary of the Aymara language, by 
 Ludovico Bertonio, a Jesuit, bearing for imprint Impresso en la 
 casa de la Compania de lesus de luli Pueblo en la Provincia de 
 Chucuito. Por Francisco dal Canto, 1612. It is a quarto volume 
 of more than 870 pages, tolerably well executed, and of great 
 rarity. 
 
 Juliobriga, see L/ucronium. 
 
 Juliomagum, see Andegavum. 
 
 Junecopia, Jiinkoping, or Jonkioping, an ancient town of Swe- 
 den, in the government of Smolandia, containing about 3000 in- 
 habitants. A printing-press, brought from Wisingburg, was 
 erected here in 1688, by count Eric Dahlberg, governor of Junko- 
 ping, the first printer at which was Peter Hultman, who had 
 learned his art at Linkoping. 
 
 Juretum, (qu? an abbey situate on the Jurten, (or Lac de 
 Joux,) on the chain of the Jura mountains ?) The imprint occurs 
 in a book of the year 1587. 
 
 IXAR, see SORIA. 
 
 K 3 
 
134 KA. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kdhira, Kaire, or Cairo, a celebrated city, the capital of 
 Egypt. During the sojourn of the French troops under Buona- 
 parte in Egypt, they established a printing-office in Cairo, at 
 which the following books were executed : an Arabic Grammar, 
 begun by J. J. Marcel, but of which no more than twenty sheets 
 were worked off; it was dated An rii. (1798.) — The Fables of 
 Lokman, in Arabic and French, printed Au Kaire, de Vimprime- 
 rie nationeile. An rin. — A work on the Small Pox, by M. Des 
 Genettes, in 1800 ; — some pieces relative to the assassination of 
 general Kleber, in the same year ; and a periodical work, en- 
 titled, Courier de TEgypte, depuis le 12 Fructidor an ri,jusq'au 
 20 prairial an ix. in 4". Of this one hundred and sixteen num- 
 bers were published. Brunet observes, that it is very rarely met 
 with in France. Mr. Marsden possesses a complete copy of this 
 publication; as also another, viz. Decade Egyptiewne, Journal 
 litteraire et d'ceconomie politique, 3 Tom. Au Caire, An m — ix. 
 he has altogether about 19 or 20 books executed at Cairo and 
 Gizeh, which are described in the " Bibliotheca Marsdeniana." 4°. 
 1827. 
 
 Kaiwai, or Orta Kaiwai, a place in the immediate vicinity of 
 Constantinople, where the Jews practised typography early in the 
 eighteenth century. A specimen, dated 1717, is in the Oppen- 
 heimer collection. 
 
 Karala/nska, a town of Russia, seated on the Tunguska river. 
 A Lithuanian Bible was printed here in 1735, a copy of which 
 is in the royal library of Copenhagen. 
 
 Karass, a Scotch missionary settlement, established in 1802, 
 in a village situated near the confluence of the rivers Cuma and 
 Podcuma, in the Russian province of Caucasus between the 
 Black sea and the Caspian. A printing-establishment was des- 
 patched to it from England in the year 1807 ; in the course of 
 which year 500 copies of a folio edition of St. Matthew'' s Gospel 
 were worked oiF on blue paper : and the entire New Testament 
 in Turkish was printed here, by the Edinburgh Missionary so- 
 ciety, in 1813. 
 
 Kassa, see Cassovia. 
 
 Kazanum, or Casanum, Kazan, a considerable city of Russia, 
 seated on the river Kasanska : it is a bishop's see, and possesses 
 
KE.— KH. 135 
 
 an university, founded in 1803. Printing appears to have been 
 introduced in the same year, during which two editions of the 
 Koran, one in 4°. the other in 8°., were published at this place; 
 some Arabian merchants being as zealous in diffusing the doc- 
 trines of their prophet, as are the Christian Bible Societies in the 
 dissemination of the Holy Scriptures. This printing-establish- 
 ment seems to have belonged to the university. In 1808 there 
 was at Kazan a Turkish press belonging to the professor of Ara- 
 bic. 
 
 Kehl, a small town of Germany, seated on the right bank of 
 the Rhine, opposite to the city of Strasburg. The elegant types 
 of our countryman Baskerville, so well known' for his beautiful 
 Classics and English Bible, meeting with no purchaser in Eng- 
 land after his death, were bought by M. Beaumarchais, chiefly 
 with a view of publishing a magnificent edition of the works of 
 Voltaire. They were accordingly transferred to Kehl in 1779, 
 and Beaumarchais immediately proceeded to prepare his projected 
 edition, the first volume of which was printed off in 1785, and the 
 seventieth and last in 1789- It is stated, in the Revue Encyelo- . 
 pidique, that on this publication the editor expended no less 
 than three millions of francs : twenty thousand copies were struck 
 off in octavo and duodecimo, on five different sorts of paper. 
 Peignot mentions that 25 copies were printed on blue paper, 
 chiefly at the desire of Frederic king of Prussia, who laboured 
 under weakness of the eyes. This printing-establishment was 
 entirely destroyed at the commencement of the French revolu- 
 tion. 
 
 Kesroan, see Chesroan. 
 
 Keulen, Ceulen, or Cuelen, the Dutch appellation of Cologne, is 
 found in books printed there in that language. 
 
 Kharkqf, or Kharhow, a large town of Russia, capital of the 
 government of Kharkow, containing about 17,000 inhabitants : it 
 is of modern date, having been built in the year 1653. It pos- 
 sesses a college, founded in 1731; and an university, which was 
 established in 1803 or 1804, and now has a library of twenty 
 thousand volumes. 
 
 When it first adopted printing, I have not ascertained : but in 
 1820 two presses were at work in the town. 
 
 Khizurpoor, a town of India, in the province of Bengal, appa- 
 rently in the neighbourhood of Calcutta. A printing-press was 
 
 K 4 
 
136 KI. 
 
 employed here by the English a few years ago : the Bodleian li- 
 brary possesses two volumes, one comprising some Sanskrit Vo- 
 cabularies) the other the Bhagavat Gita, which professes to have 
 been executed at " Khizurpoor near Calcutta,'" in the years 1807 
 and 1809. 
 
 Kilia Holsatorum, or Kiloniun, see Chihnium. 
 
 Kilkennia, or Canicopolis, Kilkenny, the chief town of the 
 county Kilkenny, in Ireland. Here, and at Waterford, during 
 the rebellion of 1641, &c. Rinuccini, the pope's legate, established 
 printing-presses for the purpose of disseminating those doctrines 
 which he conceived to be essential to the interests of his mas- 
 ter, and which his own violent disposition was but too ready to 
 adopt. Dr. O'Conor (Coltimbanus, letter II. p. xvi.) relates that 
 " The nuncio's presses at Waterford and Kilkenny teemed with 
 " those vile publications which maintained that a papal excom- 
 " munication, whether Just or unjust, must be obeyed ; and 
 " preachers were every where employed to assure the illiterate 
 *' rabble, the bloody, and plundering, and desolating mob of the 
 " country, in their own language, that all the calamities of plague, 
 " famine, and war, which then raged in Ireland, were to be at- 
 " tributed to the resistance which our nobility, gentry, and se- 
 " cond order of clergy, made to the excommunications of the 
 " synod of Waterford ! a synod, which, in consequence of foreign 
 " influence was guilty of the most flagrant perjury, violation of 
 " the public faith, and rebellion against their country, and against 
 " their king !" The work which has became most known in these 
 later times, from the press of Kilkenny, is the Hibernia Domini- 
 cana of Thomas Bourke, published in 1762 and 1772, with the 
 disguised imprint, Colonia Agrippina : a work which certainly is 
 executed in a manner to do credit to the town. 
 
 Kingston, the capital of the island of Jamaica. About the 
 year 1720 a printing-press was established at this place. 
 
 Kiovia, Kiof, or Kiew, a large and ancient city, capital of the 
 government of Kiof, belonging to southern Russia : it is seated on 
 the river Dnieper ; and is supposed to contain at present about 
 20,000 inhabitants. A printing-press certainly was established here 
 before the year 1635 ; and an edition of the Slavonic New Tes- 
 tament, dated 1630, bears for imprint, Monasterium Petzsarslciense 
 Kiovense. Bachmeister expressly assigns the year 1618 as the 
 period at which typography was first introduced into Kiew. Hen- 
 
KL.^KU. 137 
 
 derson mentions another Slavonic New Testament of the year 
 1658, which he pronounces to be very rare. 
 
 Klagewfhirth, or Clagenfurt, a small but well-built town of the 
 Austrian empire, capital of the duchy of Carinthia. It has an 
 university founded in 1801, and possesses a valuable collection of 
 paintings, and a cabinet of natural history. 
 
 Printing was executed at it in 1777. 
 
 KnoxviUe, the metropolis of the state of Tennessee, in North 
 America. Printing was introduced into this town, by R.Koulstone, 
 from Massachusetts, in the year 1793, at which time he com- 
 menced the publication of a Newspaper, entitled The Knoxville 
 Gazette. 
 
 KOBVRGVM, see COBVRGVM. 
 
 Koregismum, Corigsmia, or Core-gismum, is said to be one of 
 the suburbs of Constantinople. Wolfius announces the existence 
 of a Jewish printing- establishment here, and cites a work of Sa- 
 muel Oseida, executed in the year 1597. A copy of this rare 
 book is in the Oppenheimer collection. Le Long mentions two 
 others, dated 1597 and 1598. 
 
 Kralitz, or Gralicz, a castle in Moravia. Le Long mentions 
 a Bohemian Bible, edited by the Calvinists, printed, in Castello 
 Kralitz, in Moravia, in six vols. 4!°. 1579 — 1593 : a reprint of 
 which, in 1596, 8vo, may be seen in the library of the British and 
 Foreign Bible Society. [See more concerning this Bible under 
 Daubravicium, above, p. 79.] It is observed by Crantz that the 
 Bohemian brethren, to whom this, press belonged, applied it to 
 no other purpose than that of printing the Holy Scriptures in 
 their vernacular language. 
 
 Kru^wick, is the name of a town in Poland, in the palatinate, 
 of Brzeske. A work by C. Musitanus, now in the Bodleian, bears 
 the imprint of Kruswick, but was probably executed at Geneva. 
 
 KutevnsTci Monasteriwm, a Russian monastery, the exact site 
 of which I have not learnt. 
 
 Bachmeister observes that typography was exercised here in 
 the year 1632: and Henderson mentions two editions of the 
 Slavonic New Testament, printed in this monastery, one of them 
 of the year 1632, and the other of 1652 : he declares both of 
 them to be books of high rarity. 
 
 KUTTENBERGA, sometimes called Cutna, Kuttenberg, a 
 small town of Bohemia, in the circle of Czazlau. An edition of 
 
138 KU.— LA. 
 
 the Bohemian Bible, printed by Martin von Tischniowa, in 1489, 
 (or, as others assert, in 1498,) together with a dateless jEsop, 
 which immediately preceded the execution of the Bible, are all 
 that remains or is known respecting the early typography of this 
 place. Both volumes are undoubtedly of the highest rarity. A 
 copy of the Bible is preserved in the university library of Prague, 
 but I have not heard of one being found in these parts of Europe. 
 No other Kuttenberg book is known to have been executed during 
 the period comprehended in the work of Panzer, namely previous 
 
 to the year 1536. 
 
 L. 
 
 Labacum, or Lubiana, Lay bach, or Laubach, a handsome and 
 strong town of Germany, capital of Carniola, and a bishop's see. 
 Books were printed at Laubach in 1578. 
 
 Labronis Partus, see LAgurnus. 
 
 Ladeburgum, or Labodunum, Ladenburg, a town of Germany, 
 on the river Neckar, near to Heidelburg. — 1603. 
 
 Lancaster, a large and flourishing post-town, the capital of a 
 county, in the province of Pennsylvania. Two persons, named 
 Miller and Holland, supposed to be natives of Germany, estab- 
 lished a press at this place in or before the year 1751, at which 
 lime they executed some small works in the German language, 
 and in that or the next year, 1752, published a Newspaper in 
 German and English. 
 
 Landessuta, or Landshutum, Landshut, a strong town of Ba- 
 varia, seated on the river Iser. The art of printing was practised 
 here so early as 1514: In the Bodleian is a copy of the first edi- 
 tion of the Cosmographia of Peter Apianus, containing several 
 curious wood-engravings, which was executed at Landshut in 
 1524. 
 
 LANTENACVM, or LODEACVM, Loudeac, or Brehand 
 Loudehac, a town of France, in the department of Cotes du 
 Nord. Books executed here so early as 1484 are yet remaining, 
 bearing for imprint, a Brebant Lodeac, par Robin Foucquet. 
 However, not much printing appears to have taken place in this 
 town during the XVth century. 
 
 LANTRIGVIERVM, Treguier, or Antreguier, a seaport of 
 France, in Bretagne. lately the see of a bishop. A single speci- 
 men of its typography of the XVth century is remaining, being a 
 Catholicon in French, Latin, and Breton, printed by John Cas- 
 
LA. 139 
 
 nez in 1499. For a detailed account of this rare volume consult 
 the Bibliotkeca Spencericma, vol. iii. p. 55. 
 
 Lascanum, (qu? a town of France, in Aquitaine?) A book 
 printed here in 1639 is mentioned by Ribadeneira in his Biblio- 
 tkeca Scriptorum Soc. Jesu, p. 747. 
 
 Lassay, a small town of France, in the department of the 
 Mayenne, The marquess de Lassay erected a printing-press in 
 his country seat here in the year 1727, one book from which is 
 noticed by Peignot. Probably it produced little besides this. 
 
 Laszczovia, Laszczow, a town of Poland, in the territory of 
 Beltz, in Red Russia. A press was established here in the XVIth 
 century ; but Hoffmann affirms that it produced very few books : 
 he names only one, which is dated 1610. 
 
 Lauhuna, or Lauha, Lauban, a considerable town of Germany, 
 formerly in the province of Lusatia. It is asserted that typo- 
 graphy was first exercised in Lauban in the year 1687. 
 
 LoMdunvm, Laon, an ancient town of France, near Soissons, 
 the capital of a department, and formerly a bishop's see. I have 
 not found any book printed at Laon earlier than one of the year 
 1685, which was the work of A. Rennesson, who calls himself 
 " printer to the bishop." 
 
 iM/venhurgwrn, Lauenburg, a town of Germany, in the duchy 
 of Saxe-Lauenburg, seated on the Elbe. — 1703. 
 
 LAVGINGA, or LAVING A, Lauingen, or Laugingen, a town 
 of Bavaria, in the territory of Neuburg. Aiigustinus de consensu 
 evangelistarum, printed here in 1473, is the only known specimen 
 of early Lauingen typography; which Panzer thinks to have 
 been executed by an itinerant printer, rather than by one perma- 
 nently settled in this town. This curious book may be seen in 
 England, in the extraordinary collection of earl Spencer. I have 
 seen no Lauingen book of an earlier date than 1600 ; but one of 
 the year 1565 occurs in the Pinelli Catalogue. 
 
 Lauretum, Loretto, an episcopal town of Italy, in the mar- 
 quisate of Ancona. — 1637. 
 
 Lauri', Leerdam, a small town of South Holland. Printing 
 was carried on here in 1664. — (TCD.) 
 
 Laus Pompeia, Lodi, a city of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, 
 the see of a bishop : the present city, built by the emperor Bar- 
 barossa, is about three miles distant from the ancient site. Print- 
 ing was exercised at Lodi at least so early as the year 1587. — 
 (Pinelli library.) 
 
140 LE. 
 
 Lausanna, in Italian books Losana, I^ausanne, an episcopal 
 town of Switzerland, capital of the Pays de Vaud. Le Long 
 mentions printing here in 1556. The earliest book which I have 
 seen is of the year 1571, printed by Johannes Probus. — (Marsh's 
 library.) 
 
 Lee Priory, in the parish of Ickham, near Canterbury, is a 
 country seat which belonged to the late T. Barrett, esq. by whom 
 it was devised to the son of the present sir Samuel Egerton 
 Brydges ; sir Samuel has caused a printing-press to be worked at 
 the priory, from which have issued very limited impressions of 
 some twenty-five or thirty small pieces, partly original, partly re- 
 printed. The execution of these publications is good, but ex- 
 ceedingly fanciful : decorations of every kind are exhibited even 
 to satiety ; and the peruser becomes tired with turning over so 
 many beautiful pagesj containing — almost nothing ! A list of these 
 Lee Priory tracts will be found in Dr. Dibdin's Bibliographical 
 Decameron, and is often to be seen in the London booksellers' 
 catalogues. 
 
 Legio, Leon, an ancient city of Spain, capital of the province 
 and kingdom of Leon, and a bishop's see. This city, which was 
 once the residence of the Spanish kings, is in these, times much 
 fallen from its ancient greatness, and now presents a sad picture 
 of mixed splendour and destitution. 
 
 Of the introduction of typography into Leon, little appears to 
 have been said or known. Panzer was not aware of any instance 
 of it during the period embraced by him (1457 to 1536). There 
 is, however, in the Bodleian library one volume which may at pre- 
 sent be deemed the oldest specimen, being of the year 1512. It 
 is a small folio, entitled Conpusition de la a/rte de la arismeticcC 
 y juntamente de geometria : por fray Juan de Ortega, de Id 
 orden de santo domingo, de las predicadores : and bears for im- 
 print, " Imprimido a leon en casa de maistro Nicolau de Bene- 
 " dictis, por Joannes trinxer librero de barcelona. Ano 1512." 
 The book is in Gothic letter of two sizes: it contains an orna- 
 mented title-page, flowered capitals, diagrams, and the royal arms 
 of Spain: these last, within a handsome escutcheon, adorn the 
 leaf following the colophon, namely fol. 204. The next Leon 
 book which I have observed is of the year 1549. 
 
 LEIDA, or LVGDVNVM BATAVORVM, Leyden, a large 
 and beautiful city of Holland, having a celebrated university^ 
 founded by William prince of Orange in 1575. Printing was 
 
LE. 141 
 
 executed here so early as 1483, yet we have scarcely any except 
 Dutch books from hence before the close of the XVth century. 
 The university lost no time in providing itself with a press : in 
 the year 1579 Andrew Schoutens professes to be printing in novd 
 academia l/ugdun. in Batavis. It seems almost needless to recall 
 the scholar's attention to the very elegant and excellent editions 
 with which Leyden furnished literary Europe during the last and 
 the preceding century. Who does not remember and admire 
 the Variorum Classics, as well as the beautiful specimens which 
 proceeded from the Elzevir press ? Leyden also lays claim to a 
 very early, if not the first, use of stereotype printing, which there 
 is reason to believe was practised by John Miiller, a clergyman, 
 in the year 1701. 
 
 Leira, or Leyr^rgordum, is the name of a farm seated on the 
 river Leyra, on the south-western coast of the island of Iceland. 
 A printing-establishment was formed here about the year 1794, by 
 the Icelandic Literary Society, which had become possessed of the 
 presses formerly existing at Holum and Hrappsey. The only 
 book from Leira, of which I have seen any notice, is the New 
 Psalm-book, compiled under the direction of bishop Vidalin, 
 which was printed here in 1801. Owing to circumstances which 
 are detailed by Henderson in his " Journal," the establishment 
 soon grew out of favour, and continued long without employ- 
 ment : in the year 1810 it was reported to be the only printing- 
 office remaining on the island ; and that wretchedly situate in the 
 midst of a bog, in a building which was fast verging to decay. 
 See Holum. 
 
 LEIRIA, Leira, or Leiria, a strong city of Portugal, in 
 Estremadura; formerly the residence of the kings of Portugal, 
 and a bishop's see. Of the early typography of Leiria only three 
 specimens are known to remain, the most ancient of which is an 
 edition of The Proverbs (^Solomon, in Hebrew, printed in the 
 year 1492. Mendez appears to have been unacquainted with 
 this book, which is given to Leira on the high authority of De 
 Rossi. 
 
 Leiih, a town of Scotland, in the immediate vicinity of Edin^ 
 burgh, of which it forms the seaport. Printing appears to have 
 been carried on here, by Evan Tyler, a printer of Edinburgh, in 
 the year 1652; a pamphlet by him of that date being in the 
 Bodleian library. It is also said that another printer, named' 
 
142 LE. 
 
 Christopher Higgins, was conveyed hither by Oliver Cromwell in 
 the same year. 
 
 Lemgovia, Lemgow, an ancient town of Westphalia, which 
 was formerly of considerable importance. Printing was exercised 
 in it so early as 1563 and 1564. — (Bodl.) 
 
 LEMOVICENSE CASTRVM, or RATIASTVM LEMO- 
 VICVM, called also AVGVSTORITVM PICTONVM, Limo- 
 ges, an ancient and trading city of France, seated on the river 
 Vienne : it is a bishop's see. A Breviarium secundum usum Le- 
 movicensis ecclesice, executed by John Berton in 1495, together 
 with a second edition of the same, by the same printer, in 1500, 
 furnish the only remaining evidence that typography was prac- 
 tised here during the XVth century. Of the first edition a copy 
 printed upon vellum is in the royal library of Copenhagen. 
 
 Lentia, Lintzium, or Lincium Austrice, Lintz, a handsome 
 town of Germany, formerly the capital of Upper Austria. In 
 the year 1618, and for ten years afterwards, the learned mathema- 
 tician Kepler published at Lintz the fruits of his astronomical re- 
 searches. He relates that about 1627 or 1628 the printing-office 
 which he used was destroyed during some political commotion, in 
 consequence of which he judged it advisable to remove himself to 
 Sagan in Silesia. This interruption, however, appears to have 
 been merely temporary, as we again find a press at work at Lintz 
 in 1636. 
 
 LeodAum, or Leodicum Eburonum, Liege, a considerable city 
 in the Netherlands, with an university. Printing was exercised 
 here in the year 1566. One of the earliest Liege books which 
 has fallen into my hands is an edition of the Roman Catechismus 
 ad Parochos, which bears for imprint, Leodii, ex typographic 
 Cfualieri Morberii : ju&su et authoritate principis Leodiensis, con- 
 sentienti popido Romano. It is reasonably well executed, in the 
 Italic letter. And another is Morgan PMllipps' Defence of Mary 
 queen of Scots, her right and title to the crown of England, in 
 three books, 8vo. 1571. A copy of this scarce volume is in 
 Marsh's library at Dublin, on the title-page of which a contem- 
 poraneous hand has written, " From wyne and women good lord 
 " delyver us !" 
 
 At Liege a college of English Jesuits was founded in 1616 by 
 George Talbot, afterwards earl of Shrewsbury, which was de- 
 stroyed in 1794. 
 
LE.— LI. 143 
 
 Leopolis, Leopold, Lwow, or Lemburg, a large and handsome 
 archiepiscopal city of Poland. Bachmeister informs us that typo- 
 graphy was first used in this city in the year 1586. A Greek and 
 Russian Grammar was printed here in 1391, a copy of which is 
 in the public library of Moscow. The Jesuits established a press 
 of their own at Lemburg in the be^nning of the XVIIth cen- 
 tury. This city is said to have recently received a great acces- 
 sion to its literary treasures from the munificence of count Osso- 
 linski. 
 
 Leovardia, Leuwarden, a large town of the Netherlands, ca- 
 pital of Friesland. Printing was carried on here in 1597. — 
 (TCD.) 
 
 LERIDA, see ILARDA. 
 
 Lerma, an ancient town of Spain, in the province of Burgos, 
 seated on the river Arlanza. Mendez mentions this town among 
 the places which have carried on the art of printing, but does not 
 specify to us the period. 
 
 Lesina, or Liesina, a town of Austrian Dalmatia, capital of an 
 island of the same name. — 1640. 
 
 Lesna, Leszno, or Lissa, a considerable town of Prussian Po- 
 land, in the palatinate of Posnan. John Amos Comenius intro- 
 duced printing into this place. The earliest book noted is of the 
 year 1635. 
 
 Leucadea, the isle of Santa Maura, in the Mediterranean, with 
 a chief town of the same name. A Tragedy in modern Greek, 
 by a writer named Zampelios, has lately been printed here. 
 
 Leucopetra, Weissenfels, a town of Prussian Saxony, on the 
 river Saale. — 1721. 
 
 Leucorea, see Wittemberga. 
 
 Leutschovia, Leutsch, a town of the Austrian empire, in Car- 
 niola .'' or Leutschau, a town of Hungary, in the county of Zyps .'' 
 —1617. 
 
 Leooington, a post-town of Kentucky, in the United States of 
 America. An university, under the name of the " University of 
 " Transylvania," was founded here in the year 1818. A press 
 was first set up at Lexington, by J. Bradford, in 1786. 
 
 Lexington, a post-town of Virginia, capital of a county in that 
 province. — 1816. 
 
 Libanus Mons, Mount Lebanon, in Syria. 
 
 That the art of printing forced its way even to the secluded 
 
144 LI. 
 
 1*6068868 of this chaiH of mountains upwards of two centuries ago, 
 we have undoubted evidence remaining in a book wliich has with 
 difficulty found its way to Europe. Its title is thus given by De 
 Murr, in his Memorabilia bibUotheccB Norirribergensis, torn. i. 
 p. 379. Psalterium Arabico-Syru/m in Monte Libano ajratribus 
 Maronitis impressum, 1610. fol. Masch, in his edition of Le 
 Long, part II. vol. i. p. 67, and 121, furnishes a more ample 
 account, from which it appears that the editors were Paschalis 
 Eli and Joseph Ibn Amima, and that the work was printed In 
 incUto et religioso monasterio Vallis Kuzaia in Monte Libani. 
 What monastery this is, and in what particular part situated, has 
 not been satisfactorily determined : possibly it may be Canobin^ 
 a convent of the monks of St. Anthony, distant about twenty 
 miles from Tripoli, in which the patriarch of the Maronites re- 
 sides ; or rather, perhaps, Chsaya, one of the dependent convents 
 situated in the vicinity of Canobin, which is mentioned in the 
 following terms by the ill-fated Burckhardt, in his Travels in 
 Syria: " Three hours distant from Kanobin at the convent 
 " Kasheya, which is near the village Ehden, is a printing-office, 
 " where prayer-books in the Syriac language are printed." De 
 Murr, speaking of the Nuremburg copy of this Psalter, calls it 
 a Phasnix in Germany : a second copy however is to be found 
 in the public library at Helmstadt; and a third is noticed by 
 Schnurrer, in the possession of J. P. Bruns. I should not omit 
 to mention that Masch (p. 67.) gives the title of another edition 
 professing to be printed by these monks in the year 1585, taken 
 from Assemani's Catalogue of the Mediceo-Laurentian library; 
 but perhaps this may be nothing more than the above edition 
 incorrectly described. And this conjecture is amply confirmed 
 by the fact, that Jerome Dandini, an Italian Jesuit, who was sent 
 by the pope as his nuncio to the Maronites on Mount Libanus, 
 where he assisted at two synods holden in the year 1596, deems 
 it a fortunate circumstance, not only for themselves, but for the 
 whole of Christendom, that the Maronites at that time possessed 
 not the art of printing. But the good nuncio's alarm for the 
 spreading of heterodox and pernicious books is well met and 
 refuted by his translator father Simon, for which the reader may 
 consult a work entitled, Voyage du Mont Liban, traduit de Flta- 
 lien du R. P. J. Dandini, par R. S. P 12°. Paris, 1675, pp. 95 
 —305. 
 
LI. 145 
 
 Libau, a seaport town of European Russia, in the province of 
 Courland, upon the Baltic sea. 
 
 A weekly newspaper was published at this place during the 
 year 1825. 
 
 ZAburnia, Lihurnv/m, Libourne, a populous and trading town 
 of France," near Bourdeaux. Wolfius mentions that an excellent 
 printing-office was established here by a Jew in the middle of the 
 seventeenth century, but that it had fallen to entire decay. — 1650. 
 (Pinelli.) 
 
 lAcha, sometimes Licha ad Veterim, in comitatu Solmensi, 
 Lich, a small town of Germany, in Wetteravia. — 1597. (Bodl.) 
 1598. (TCD.) 
 
 LIGNICIVM, Lignitz, or Liegnitz, a fortified town of Silesia, 
 capital of the principality of Lignitz. A book, named Frairis 
 Hermanni dialogus, is said by Maittaire and Marchand to have 
 been printed here in 1481, but Panzer disclaims the work as fa- 
 bulous. For myself, I have observed no book printed at Lignitz 
 of a date anterior to 1606. (TCD.) 
 
 Ligurnus, Liburnus, or Labronis Partus, Livorno, or Leg- 
 horn, an episcopal and commercial city of Tuscany. The Jews 
 had a press at work here in the years 1650, 53, 57, &c. 
 (Bodl.) 
 
 Lima, Lima, called also Ciudad de los Reives, or simply los 
 Reyes, a celebrated city of South America, the residence of the 
 viceroys of Peru : it is seated on the river Rimac, in a delightful 
 valley of the same name. This city, which was founded by Pizarrp 
 in the year 1 5^5, is the see of an archbishop, and contains an univer- 
 sity, founded in 1549, and other public establishments. Thomas, 
 the historian of American typography, believes the art of printing 
 to have been exercised here so early as 1590, probably introduced 
 by the Jesuits, who possessed two establishments in Lima. If 
 however the Catalogue of the library of M. Langles be correct, 
 a still earlier date may be assigned to the introduction of printing 
 into this place ; since it mentions a Vocabulario en la lengua ge- 
 neral del Peru llamada Quichva y en la lengua espanola : en los 
 Reyes, Ricardo. 1586, 8°: this piece produced. 30 francs at the 
 sale by auction. I observe that Vater, in his Index linguarum, 
 cites the same book, so that probably the description is correct. 
 The earliest volume known to Antonio, who in his Bibliotheca 
 Hispana notices upwards of thirty works from the Lima pressesj 
 
 L 
 
146 LI. 
 
 is one entitled, Del commercio terrestre y naval, by Joannes Hevia 
 Bolunos, which was printed in 1603. Ribadeneira, in his history 
 of the Jesuit writers, mentions five or six Lima editions, the 
 earhest of which bears the date of 1606. From 1603 down to 
 1666, the last year noticed by Antonio, the presses of this city 
 appear to have been almost constantly at work. Some few Lima 
 books are to be found in the Bodleian library. 
 
 Linda, or Linchia, see Lentia. 
 
 LAncopia, Linkoping, an ancient episcopal town of Sweden, 
 capita! of East Gothland. A press was erected here by Johannes 
 Bothvidus, bishop of the place, at the close of the year 1635 ; 
 books for the use of Linkoping having previously been executed 
 at Siiderkoping and other places. He settled Christopher Giin- 
 therus, from Calmar, as his first printer ; who appears to have 
 continued here for some years, as a book executed by him in 
 1642 is in the Fagel library, and a second copy in that of arch- 
 bishop Marsh, at Dublin. 
 
 lAndaugia, Lindau, a trading town of Bavaria, built upon 
 three islands in the lake of Constance. According to Coxe, 
 " Travels in Switzerland," Lindau has produced the first book 
 printed in Romanesche (dialect of the Grey League) ; namely, a 
 Catechism composed by Daniel Bonifacius, which was printed 
 here in the year 1601. I believe that the only Lindau volume 
 which I have chanced to see is a bibliographical work of Cardinal 
 Quirini, of the year 1761. — [See the article Insula.] 
 
 Linga, Lingen, a strong town of Westphalia, in the princi- 
 pality of Munster.— 1732. 
 
 Lingones, Langres, an ancient and considerable town of east- 
 ern France, in Champagne. Printing is said to have been car- 
 ried on here in the year 1595. 
 
 LIPSIA, Leipsic, a large and trading city of Upper Saxony, 
 in Misnia, with a celebrated university, founded in 1409 by Fre- 
 deric, elector of Saxony, for the accommodation of those Germans 
 who had seceded from the university of Pi'ague. From the year 
 1480, the earliest known date of a book printed here, (namely, 
 Widmanni libellus de numerorum doctrina, in German,) the ty- 
 pographic art appears to have flourished greatly in Leipsic ; and 
 we know that it continues to do so even to the present day. 
 The earliest printers were Conrad Kachelofen, and Marcus 
 Brand, or Brandiss. Until the year 1500 the Gothic letter was 
 
LI.— LO. 147 
 
 exclusively used by the Leipsic printers ; Melchior Lotterus hav- 
 ing the credit of being the first to adopt the Roman character. 
 Hebrew printing was first attempted here by Valentine Schu- 
 mann, in the year 1520, in a Hebrew Grammar ; but the types 
 were wooden, and of rude workmanship. Syriac was first exe- 
 cuted in the year 1632 ; Arabic and Turkish in the same cen- 
 tury ; and Armenian (being the earliest specimen of that charac- 
 ter seen in Germany) in 1680; Coptic in 1715. See in Panzer, 
 under the year 1495, a curious instance of a book begun to be 
 printed here, which on account of a plague was taken to Friburg 
 to be finished. 
 
 lAteromericium, Litomiersk, or Leutmeritz, a small neat town 
 of Bohemia, capital of a circle, possessing a fine cathedral, a theo- 
 logical seminary, and an academy. 
 
 Johannes Sixtus, provost of this town, printed here, with types 
 belonging to himself, in the year 1636. 
 
 Litomislium, Leutomischl, or Litomysl, a manufacturing town 
 of Bohemia, in the ciicle of Chrudim ; for some time a bishop''s 
 see, The earliest notice of printing in this town is given by Bal- 
 binus, who states that Bartholomew Flaxius, archdeacon of Pil- 
 sen, executed here a work against the Confession of Augsburg, in 
 the year 1585. 
 
 Llanymddyfri, Llandovery, a town of Caermarthenshire in 
 South Wales. Some Poems, written by Mr. Rees Pritchard, 
 vicar of this place, were printed here, with the above inviting im- 
 print, in the year 1770. 
 
 Lobavia, or Loebavia, Lobau, or Liebe, a small but ancient 
 town of Saxony, in Upper Lusatia. It is known that the art of 
 printing was first carried on here, in the year 171 7. 
 
 LODEACVM, see LANTENACVM. 
 
 Lodova, or Luteva, Lodeve, a considerable town of the south 
 of France, formerly a bishop's see. The Florilegium Biblicum 
 of Plantavitius was printed here in 1641, and his Thesaurus 
 Hebrteo-Chaldaico-Rabbinicus in 1644 ; likewise another treatise 
 by him in the following year. 
 
 Loevestein, or Lovesteyn, a fortress of the Netherlands in Guel- 
 derland, eighteen miles eastward of Rotterdam. Typography was 
 exercised in this town by Jan Peterszoon Jonghehnck, in 1622. — 
 (TCD.) 
 
 LONDINVM, LONDONIA, or AVGVSTA TRINOBAN- 
 
 l2 
 
148 LO. 
 
 TVM, London, the metropolis of England and of Great Britain; 
 called in Welsh and Gaelic books Llundain, and in the Manks 
 Gospels Jju/miyng. 
 
 If we consider Westminster as a distinct city from London, the 
 latter can only claim the third, or perhaps fourth place in order 
 of time among the English towns into which the art of printing 
 was introduced : a press being certainly at work in Oxford in the 
 year 1478, and one at St. Alban's in 1480. No book executed at 
 London is found bearing an earlier date than this last-mentioned 
 year ; the first known specimen being, Antonii And/)-em questiones 
 super xii. libros metaphy sices, printed by John Lettou, in 1480. 
 Lettou was probably a foreigner, and he is only known to have 
 printed two books (in 1480 and 1481) before he joined with Wm. 
 Machlinia, who is also supposed to have been a foreigner from 
 Germany or the Low Countries. Machlinia probably continued 
 his occupation for some years, yet comparatively few of his books 
 have come down to our times ; and of these not one single volume 
 bears a date. 
 
 To these printers, whose typography was of a very moderate 
 stamp, succeeded Wynkyn de Worde, a servant of Caxton, who, 
 after his master's death, continued to print in Caxton's house for 
 some time. The earliest specimen of De Worde's typography is 
 a Liber FestivcUis, dated 1493 : from which year, until 1535, his 
 press seems to have been continually at work. Dr. Dibdin has 
 given a minute and interesting account of the known productions 
 of De Worde, in the second volume of his Typographical An- 
 tiquities of Great Britain. These are numerous, and many of 
 them of superior execution. To De Worde, I believe, we are 
 indebted for the first use of Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic types in 
 England. 
 
 In the same year, 1493, another printer, Richard Pynson, 
 began to exercise his art in London, at Temple-bar ; his earliest 
 dated book being Dives and Pauper, finished in that year. The 
 remaining specimens of Pynson's press are not so numerous as 
 those of De Worde's, yet among them are found several of high 
 interest and considerable merit. About the year 1508, Pynson 
 assumed the title of regius typographus. His last dated book is 
 of the year 1531 (or perhaps 1529). 
 
 The Bodleian library possesses a specimen of each of these two 
 printers, upon vellum, for an account of which see the Appendix. 
 
LO. 149 
 
 One more printer remains to be noticed among those who exer- 
 cised the art at London during the XVth century ; namely, Julian 
 Notary. Of this man's books we have very few remaining : the 
 earliest of them, a Salishnry Missal, bears date 1498. 
 
 For a detailed account of these and subsequent London print- 
 ers, the reader is well referred to the before-mentioned work, the 
 Typographical Antiquities of Dr. Dibdin. 
 
 London, {New) a city and port of entry of the United States, 
 in New London county, Connecticut. — 1709. 
 
 Longosalissa, (qu ? Langensalza, a large manufacturing town 
 of Prussian Saxony, in Thuringia? — 1752. 
 
 Lordelo, a monastery, (qu. near to Bayonne ?) in which Mendez 
 asserts that typography was exercised, at some period which he 
 does not name. 
 
 Loscum, Losko, a town formerly of Lithuania ; the Unitarians 
 had once a press in this town, which was at work in 1573. 
 
 Lotzin, probably means Lutzen, a well known town of Saxony, 
 now belonging to Prussia. — 1748. 
 
 LOVANIVM, Louvain, an ancient and large city of the Ne- 
 therlands, in Brabant, having an extensive university, which was 
 founded by John the Fourth, duke of Brabant, in 1426. 
 
 The first who practised the typographic art in this city was 
 Johannes de Westphalia, whose earliest remaining specimen, as 
 given by Panzer, is Gesta Romanorum, of the year 1473 ; or, 
 according to the account of La Serna Santander, Petri de Cres- 
 centii.1 opus commodorum ruralium, of 1474. This printer speaks 
 of his books as being executed non Jlwviali calamo, sed arte qua- 
 dam characterizandi rnodernissimd ,■ and calls his type litter a 
 verk modernata abscissa etjbrmata. Many of Westphalia's early 
 books are without a date. He continued to print until the year 
 1496, and was followed by Conradus de Westphalii, by John 
 Veldener, Conrad Braem, Theodore Martens, and some others, 
 before the close of the XVth century. 
 
 In the year 1616 a college for Irish Franciscans was erected at 
 Louvain by Philip the Third of Spain ; also another for Irish 
 Dominicans, which was obtained principally through the exertions 
 of Thaddaeus O'Duain, provincial of that order : the Dominicans 
 entered into this college in the year 1624, under the government of 
 Roche Mac Geoghegain, (alias, a Sanct^ Cruce.) By these monks 
 several English and Irish books have been published in Louvain. 
 
 l3 
 
150 LU. 
 
 St. Louis, a considerable town, on the river Mississippi, in 
 Upper Louisiana, North America. A press was at work here, 
 and a newspaper in regular course of publication, in the year 
 1810. 
 
 LVBECA, Lubec, a large and fine city of Lower Saxony, in 
 the duchy of Holstein : it was formerly imperial and Hanseatic, 
 and the see of a bishop. 
 
 The earliest known production of the Lubec press is an enor- 
 mous folio volume, entitled, Epithoma historiarum, &c. or Rudi- 
 mentum Novitiorum, executed in 1475, by Lucas Brandis de 
 Schass, a printer from Mersburg in Saxony. In the Bodleian 
 library is a very fine book, printed upon vellum, containing the 
 Revelations of St. Birgitta, the celebrated Swedish saint; it is a 
 large folio, executed at Lubec, by Bartholomeus Ghotan, under 
 the care of the monks of Wadstein in East Gothland, (the town 
 in which the relics of this saint were preserved,) in the year 1492, 
 at which period the art of printing was scarcely practised or known 
 in Sweden. The art was continued at Lubec by four or five other 
 printers during the remainder of the XVth century. 
 
 Lubeca, Lubiecz, a town of former Lithuania, seated on the 
 river Niemen. A printing-press for the Socinians was established 
 here before 1592, at which Petrus Blastus Kmita was the first 
 printer: it was put down in 1655 or 1656. 
 
 L/ubiana, see JLabacum. 
 
 Lubinum, Luben, or Liibben, a town of Prussian Silesia ; an- 
 other, of Lusatia. — 1601. 
 
 Lublinum, Lublin, a commercial city of Poland, seated on the 
 river Weiprz. It is a bishop's see, and a place of very great 
 trade. Here was an establishment of Jews, Socinians, and Re- 
 formati. The Jews had a famous press so early as 1547, which 
 continued actively at work for many years; and the Jesuits esta- 
 blished one in the XVIIth century. A Polish version of the 
 New Testament was printed at Lublin in the year 1577. 
 
 LVCA, Lucca, an ancient and strong town of Italy, capital of 
 the republic of Lucca, and an archbishop's see. An edition of 
 the Triumphs of Petrarch, printed by Bartholomeus de Civitali, 
 in 1477j is the earliest of the few remaining books executed at 
 this place. One book, dated 1491, bears for imprint, Apud 
 Nozanum Lu£ensis agri castellum in suburbano, &c. — (1551. 
 Marsh.) 
 
LU. 151 
 
 Lucanum, or Luganum, Lugano, a trading town of Switzer- 
 land, seated on the lake of the same name. — 1766. 
 
 Lucerna Helveiiorum, Lucerne, a well-known town of Switzer- 
 land, capital of the canton of Lucerne. Panzer presents us with a 
 specimen of the typography of this place, in a work dated 1528. 
 This is a Disputation, holden before the public assembly of the 
 twelve cantons, in opposition to the doctrines of Luther, Zuin- 
 glius, and CEcolampadius. Accordingly the printer takes care to 
 inform us, that it was executed Lucernw Helvetiorum orthodoxa 
 et catholicd civitate. 
 
 Lucknow, a large and ancient city of Hindostan, capital of the 
 province of Oude. A Dictionary and Grammar of the Persian 
 language, entitled, The Seven Seas, composed by his Majesty 
 the king of Oude, has recently been executed at the royal press in 
 the city of Lucknow, in seven volumes folio ; a copy of which was 
 lately presented to the Bodleian library by the East India Com- 
 pany : it bears the date of 1822. 
 
 Luclavicia, Luklawice, a village of Poland, in the palatinate- of 
 Cracow. It appears from Sandius, that printing was carried on 
 here by the Socinians during the time that Augustus was king of 
 Poland; viz. from 1548 to 1572. 
 
 Lucronium, called also Juliobriga, Logrono, an ancient town 
 of Spain, in Old Castile, seated on the river Ebro. According to 
 Antonio, {Biblioth. Hispana, i. p. 497.) printing was practised 
 here so early as 1507. Panzer knew no book earlier than the 
 year 1512. A fine copy of the Chronicle of King John II. of the 
 year 1517, executed by Arnao Guillen de Brocar, the printer of 
 the Complutensian Polyglott, is in the Bodleian library ; and M. 
 Van Praet (vol. v. p. 148) mentions that one printed upon vellum 
 is preserved in the royal library of Paris. Antonio adds to the 
 Logrono books noticed by Panzer a Spanish version of Sallust, 
 printed in 1529, folio. 
 
 LVGDVNVM, Lyons, an ancient, populous, and celebrated 
 city of France, capital of a department, and an archbishop's see. 
 It has an university, founded in 830. The first book printed at 
 Lyons is presumed to be Cardinalis Lotharii Tractatus quinque. 
 Lugduni, Bartholomasus Buyerius, 1473, in 4°- .Earl Spencer 
 and Mr. Grenville each possess a copy of this rare book, which 
 was discovered by the indefatigable M. Van Praet, having been 
 ■wholly unknown to Panzer. From the year 1476, in which a 
 
 l4 
 
152 LU. 
 
 French translation of the Legenda Sanctorum of Jacobus de Vo- 
 ragine was printed here by the same Bartholomew Buyer, the art 
 seems to have been spread widely and successfully at Lyons. 
 Panzer notices above two hundred and fifty works executed here 
 during the XVth century, by nearly forty printers, among whom 
 was Jodocus Badius Ascensius, the founder of the well-known 
 Ascensian press. The name of Ascensius as a printer first occurs 
 in a book of the year 1497. 
 
 In 1521 an edition of the Latin Vulgate Bible was printed at 
 Lyons, a curious copy of which is mentioned by Fortia, in his 
 " Travels in Sweden," as being in the royal library of Stock- 
 holm : it is the copy used by Luther, and the margin and every 
 part which could be written on is covered with notes in that Re- 
 former's handwriting. 
 
 iMgdunum Batavorum, see Leida. 
 
 Lugny, a town of France, near to Autun. At the Chateau de 
 Lugny, the viscount de Lugny erected a private press, from which 
 issued an edition of Memoir es de G.et G. de S aides de Tavannes, 
 in folio, about the year 1617. The viscount deemed that the 
 freedom of speech which he had used in these Memoirs of his 
 father and brother required the secrecy of a private press. 
 
 Lunda, or Lundinum Scanorum, Lunden, or Lund, an epi- 
 scopal town of Sweden, capital of Schonen, with an university 
 founded by Charles XI. in 1666. The art of printing was intro- 
 duced about the same time ; as the new academy immediately 
 looked round for a printer, and in 1668 established in that capa- 
 city Vitus Habereger from Malmoe. Troublesome times, how- 
 ever, prevented this printer from continuing long at Lunden, from 
 whence having retired to Malmoe after a sojourn of only eight 
 years, in 1687 he removed his press to Carlscrona, ut Ammirali- 
 tatis Jleret typographus ; but not succeeding according to his 
 wish, he returned once more to Malmoe. At Lunden, Peter 
 Winstrupius, bishop of Scania, erected a printing-house of his 
 own for the express purpose of printing some Pandects on St. 
 Matthew's Gospel, the first volume of which appeared in 1666. 
 George Schroeder, who afterwards directed this press, was im- 
 prisoned for publishing some seditious or treasonable pamphlets 
 during the war with Denmark, and the press was moved to Mal- 
 moe. Fortia, in his " Travels in Sweden," mentions a rare work 
 printed at Lund in the year 1682, entitled Liseri polygamia iri- 
 
LU— MA. 153 
 
 umphatrix, which was publicly burnt at Stockholm : a copy how- 
 ever was preserved in the royal library of that city. 
 
 LVNEBVRGVM, Luneburg, a fortified town of Lower Sax- 
 ony, capital of a duchy. A single book remains to testify that 
 typography was received into this town before the close of the 
 XV th century : it is an edition of Thomas a Kempis de imita- 
 tione Christi, to which is added, Joh. Gerson de meditatione 
 Christi, printed by Johannes Luce, in 1493, in 8". 
 
 Luneville, a considerable town of France, near Nancy. — 1749. 
 
 Lupice, La Rocca, a small town of the Neapolitan territory. — 
 1669. 
 
 LVTETIA PARISIORVM, see PARISH. 
 
 Laitrivianum, qu ? Lodeve, an ancient town of France, in Lari- 
 guedoc ? A book in the Bodleian library, written by Theodore 
 Beza under the assumed name of B. Passavantius, bears the im- 
 print Lutriviani, 1584 : but I am not perfectly certain as to its 
 having been executed here. 
 
 Luxemburgum, Luxemburg, a large, ancient, and strongly for- 
 tified town of the Netherlands, capital of the grand duchy. The 
 art of printing was in use here at least so early as 1578; in which 
 year a tract on the side of the king of Spain, and against the 
 Netherlanders, was executed at Luxemburg by Martin Marchant. 
 (TCD.) 
 
 Luyck, the Flemish name of Liege, occurs in Flemish books 
 printed there : and is also found in a collection of Romish prayers 
 in the Welch language, printed by a Jesuit at Liege in the year 
 1670.— (Bodl.) 
 
 Lycium, or Licium, Leece, a large and handsome episcopal city 
 of Naples, in the province of Otranto. — 1634. 
 
 Lynchburg, a post-town, situated in Bedford county, in the 
 state of Virginia, North America. A printing-press was esta- 
 blished here previously to the year 1810 ; in which year a monthly 
 publication was regularly issued by the name of The Lynchburg 
 Evwiigelical Magazine, 
 
 M. 
 
 Macabebe, a town situate in one of the Philippine islands. An- 
 tonio, in his Bibliotheca Hispana, tom. i. p. 319, mentions a work 
 by Franciscus Coronel, an Eremite friar, entitled, Catecismo y 
 doctrina Christiana en lengua Pampamga, (one of the dialects 
 
154 MA. 
 
 used in the Philippine isles,) printed in the town of Macabebe, in 
 the year 1621, in 16°. 
 
 Macao, or Amacao, a seaport town of China, situate on an island 
 in the bay of Canton. This town has been for many years in the 
 hands of the Portuguese ; and became, with Goa, one of the chief 
 ' seats of their ecclesiastical authority in India. 
 
 It is certain that the Jesuits had early a printing establishment 
 in IMacao. Peignot assigns the year 1593 as the period of the 
 introduction of typography : but Scheuchzer, in his introduction 
 to Kaempfer's history of Japan, (fol. London, 1737) mentions a 
 rare and curious book, containing an account of an embassy from 
 the court of Japan to that of Rome, which was printed in Japanese 
 and Latin, In Macaensi portu Sinici regni, in domo Socletatis 
 Jesu, cumjacultate ordinarii et superiorum, anno 1590, 4°. This 
 is the earliest Macao book which I have seen noticed ; a copy of 
 it is in the rich collection of Mr. W. Marsden. 
 
 Respecting the printing carried on in this place in more modern 
 times by the British, the following particulars may not be unac- 
 ceptable. The English Missionary Society having deemed it of 
 the highest importance to establish (if possible) a mission in the 
 Chinese empire, sent out in January 1807 the Rev. Robert Mor- 
 rison as their first missionary to those parts : he landed safely in 
 September of that year ; and after a short residence at Canton, 
 took up his quarters at Macao. It being a principal object with the 
 Missionary Society that a Chinese version of the Holy Scriptures 
 should be made and circulated among the natives, Mr. Morrison's 
 attention was early devoted to this subject. In 1810, having by 
 hard study made some progress in the Chinese language, he ven- 
 tured to print (from wooden blocks in the manner of the country) 
 some portions of the New Testament, and several religious tracts. 
 Having in 1814 nearly completed a laborious and full Chinese 
 Enghsh Dictionary, and being desirous of printing it, the East 
 India Company determined to afford him some assistance, and ac- 
 cordingly sent out Mr. P. P. Thoms with an European press, 
 types, and other materials for printing, which were safely landed 
 at Macao on the 2d of September, 1814. The press was soon set to 
 work ; but, from many obstacles which attended the casting and 
 cutting of moveable metallic types representing the Chinese cha- 
 racters, it proceeded very slowly during the first year. The Dic- 
 tionary however began to appear ; and in course of time has been 
 
MA. 155 
 
 brought to its conclusion, under the following title : A Dictionary 
 of the Chinese language, iy the Rev. Robert Morrison. Macao, 
 printed at the Honourable East India Cmnpany's press, by P. P. 
 Thorns, 1815, 1819, 1820, 1822, 4 vols. 4to. It is printed upon 
 fine Chinese paper ; and both types and presswork are extremely 
 neat. In the advertisement prefixed to his first number, the au- 
 thor bears honourable testimony to the exertions of Mr. Thoms ; 
 on whom he declares that the various duties of compositor, 
 pressman, reader, and corrector, entirely devolved, aided only by 
 natives who understood not the English language. In part II. 
 Dr. Morrison thus apologizes for the inferiority of the Chinese 
 characters : " The Chinese letters in this part of the Dictionary 
 " are confessedly deficient in elegance of form. The large ones 
 " in the first part of the dictionary are in general beautifully 
 " written ; but those in this volume, though correct, are some- 
 '' times clumsy. It appears that the difference was occasioned by 
 " an act of the Chinese government : it said, ' You may learn our 
 " language if you can ; but we will afford you no facilities : our 
 " subjects shall not cut letters for you.' In consequence of this 
 " decision, it became necessary for an English printer to write the 
 " characters, and to employ Portuguese subjects to cut them. 
 " And, for some time, neither the writer, printer, nor type-cut- 
 " ters, had any native assistance. The experiment proved to all 
 " parties that such assistance was not now indispensable." 
 
 In the introduction to part I. Mr. Morrison favours us with the 
 following information. " Paper was invented in China, by a per- 
 " son named Tsae-lun, about the end of the first century. In 
 " ancient times wooden thin boards, or bamboos pared thin, were 
 " used to write on. The next step was to write on silk or cloth. 
 " Their pencil at first was the point of a stick, which they dipped 
 " in a liquid ink. Hair pencils were invented so early as 300 
 " years B. C. Their squares of ink, as now used, were known 
 " about A. D. 600. Printing, it is said, was first introduced to 
 " the notice of government, by a minister of state called Fung- 
 " taou, who was Woo-tae-jin, a person who lived during the five 
 " latter dynasties : he Hved to the commencement of the dynasty 
 " Sung, about the middle of the Xth century, when the art of 
 " printing prevailed. The first essay is said to have been, to take 
 " an impression on paper from a stone tablet on which letters had 
 " been engraved : by this process the ground of the paper was 
 
156 MA. 
 
 " black and the characters white. Impressions on single sheets 
 " only were taken in this way ; but this led to the invention of 
 " wooden blocks, or wooden stereotype printing, which has conti- 
 " nued to the present time. Type-cutters now worship Fung- 
 " taou as their patron-deity, in the same way as the learned wor- 
 " ship Confucius.'" 
 
 Dr. Morrison has also published A View of China, 4°. Macao, 
 iy P. P. Thorns, 1817. The Roman Catholics at present pos- 
 sess in Macao an establishment called the College of' St. Joseph, 
 originally founded by the Jesuits, but at their suppression trans- 
 ferred by the crown of Portugal to the priests of the missionary 
 congregation ; in which they carry on printing for the various pur- 
 poses of their mission. In September 1822 the first number of a 
 Portuguese Journal called " The Chinese Bee" made its appear- 
 ance at Macao. 
 
 Macerata, an episcopal town of Italy, with an university. — 
 1575. 
 
 Maclovium, or Macloviopolis, St. Maloes, a considerable sea- 
 port of the north west of France, in Bretagne. A college of Eng- 
 lish Benedictines was founded here in the year 1611, which in 
 1642 was transferred to Paris. A curious book, containing A 
 Sacred Drama in Breton poetry, printed here by Pierre Marci- 
 gay in 1609, may be seen in the Bodleian library; and is the 
 earhest St. Maloes publication which I have met with : its typo- 
 graphical execution is but indifferent. 
 
 Madras, or Fort St. George, the principal settlement of the 
 English East-India company, on the coast of Coromandel. It is 
 a large and populous place, divided into the Blach and the White 
 Town ; and, from its extensive commerce, so various were its in- 
 habitants, that 80 years ago Niecamp observed that no fewer than 
 twenty-three languages were in common use within it. The Ar- 
 menians, who inhabit the part called the Blach Town, have here 
 a press, [and also another at Edchmiazin, a monastery of Armenia, 
 in which the chief of their church resides.] I have not ascertained 
 the period of the introduction of typography into Madras. A 
 Tamulic version of the New Testament was printed here in 1777: 
 and some Almanacs, or Calendars, so early as 1772, and follow- 
 ing years. In 1819 an additional press was sent out by the Eng- 
 lish Church Missionary Society, which has been employed on the 
 revised Taraul version of the Holy Scriptures. 
 
MA. 157 
 
 MADRITVM, or MATRITVM, caUed also Colohia Viriaia 
 or Viriathica, Madrid, the metropolis of Spain. It is perhaps re- 
 markable that we have no other proof of early printing carried on 
 at Madrid than a single volume, and that executed at the very 
 close of the XV th century ; when we remember that the art had 
 long been received into Spain, and that printing had been exer- 
 cised at Seville, Saragossa, and even at Granada, for some years 
 previously. The book in question is named Leyhas hechas por el 
 rey Fernando y la reyna dona Ysabel, &c. printed in 1499 : but 
 Mendez is exceedingly disposed to doubt its having been executed 
 at Madrid, and rather attributes it to the press of Fernando de 
 Jahen at Valladolid. The next earliest Madrid printing, as de- 
 scribed by Panzer, is of the year 1508. 
 
 MAGDEBVRGVM, Magdeburg, an ancient and strong city 
 of Lower Saxony, capital of a duchy, seated on the Elbe. The 
 earliest Magdeburg book now known is Officmm Missa, printed 
 by Albertus Ravenstein and Joachim Westval, in 1488. 
 
 ■William Le Maier, a printer of Lyons in the XVIIth century, 
 often omitted the name of his place of residence. 
 
 Mcyorica, see Pdhna Balearium. 
 
 Malabar coast. " The first book printed on this coast was the 
 " ' Doctrina Christiana' of Giov. Gonsalvez, a lay brother of the 
 " order of Jesuits, who cast Tamulic characters in the year 1577- 
 " After this, in 1598 there appeared a book entitled Flos Sanc- 
 " iorum, which was followed by the Tamulic Dictionary of 
 " Father Antonio de Proenza, printed in the year 1679 at Amba- 
 " lacate, on this coast." Hamilton's Hindostan, vol. ii. p. 283. 
 
 Malaca, Malaga, an episcopal city of Spain, in Granada. Print- 
 ing was exercised here (but not in the best manner) in the years 
 1599 and 1600, by Juan Rene.— (Bodl.) 
 
 Malacca, the capital town of the kingdom of Malacca, in the 
 province of Malaya in southern Asia ; reported to have been for- 
 merly a strong, rich, and flourishing place, but much decayed of 
 late years. It was once a bishop's see, and contained a noble col- 
 lege of Jesuits. Malacca was taken from the natives, in the year 
 1511, by the Portuguese ; from whom the Dutch, perceiving all 
 the advantages of its situation for trade, wrested it in 1641. With 
 them it remained until the year 1795, when victory consigned it 
 to the British. In pursuance of a treaty, England restored it to 
 the Dutch government in September 1818. 
 
158 MA. 
 
 Although the Portuguese Roman Cathohcs have for a long 
 time had a mission at Malacca ; yet, as far as I can learn, the in- 
 troduction of the art of printing is not owing to them, but to the 
 British missionaries, at a much later period, and under the follow- 
 ing circumstances. 
 
 The Rev. William Milne, second missionary to China and the 
 adjacent countries, under the Rev. Dr. Morrison, and joint trans- 
 lator with him of tiie Holy Scriptures into the Chinese language, 
 first touched at Malacca on the 11th of August, 1814. In 1815 
 Malacca, already a colony of Dutch Protestants, was fixed on by 
 Dr. Morrison and Mr. Milne as a desirable place for the chief seat 
 of a mission which should embrace China and the surrounding 
 countries. 
 
 Mr. Milne, fixing himself there, began to execute some works 
 by the Chinese method of printing by blocks, which he continued 
 for several years afterwards : among other things he produced 
 " The Chinese Magazine," a monthly publication, the first num- 
 ber of which was published on August 5, 1815. 
 
 In January 1816 permission was asked and obtained from the 
 government for the erection of an European printing-press ; 
 which, with founts of English and Malay types, the necessary ap- 
 paratus, and some workmen, arrived from Bengal in November of 
 that year. As no immediate employment was ready for these 
 workmen on their arrival, the press was made to commence its 
 labours with an edition of " Bogue's essay on the New Testa- 
 " ment^'' in octavo, 250 copies; followed by " Doddridge's rise 
 " and progress of religion in the soul,'''' also in octavo, a like 
 number of copies. Block -printing, for works in the Chinese lan- 
 guage was still continued. In the year 1817 a periodical work in 
 the English language, intended to contain miscellaneous intelli- 
 gence, was planned and undertaken ; the first number of which, 
 under the title of " The Indo-Chinese gleaner" was published 
 in May of that year. It continued to appear quarterly. 
 
 In 1817 Mr. Thomsen, an English missionary, who principally 
 devoted himself to the purposes of a mission among the Malays, 
 printed here " The Ten Commandments, with the Lord's Prayer," 
 also " Dr. Watts' First Catechism ;" and in the next year a " Malay 
 " Spelling-book :" which works are beheved to be the first ever 
 executed in that character. 
 
 On the 11th of November 1818, the foundation of the " Anglo- 
 
MA. 159 
 
 " Chinese college," an institution deeply indebted to the muni- 
 ficence no less than the exertions of the Rev. Dr. Morrison, was 
 laid with great rejoicing and ceremony, in presence of all the local 
 authorities. 
 
 The above information may be relied on as authentic, having 
 been derived from the fountain-head ; viz. from a " Retrospect of 
 " the first ten years of the Protestant Mission to China &c. by 
 " William Milne. Malacca, printed at the Anglo-Chinese press, 
 " 1820," a handsome octavo volume, of 376 pages on Indian 
 paper, a copy of which chance threw into my possession. Section 
 XVII. of Mr. Milne's work, p. 222 — 287, contains a very minute 
 and valuable account of the various methods of Chinese printing, 
 with a comparative view of the advantages and disadvantages of 
 the Chinese and European modes : some interesting particulars 
 respecting the printing of Dr. Morrison's Chinese Dictionary at 
 Macao : and a descriptive catalogue of books and tracts written 
 and printed by the members of the Ultra^Ganges missions up to 
 the close of the year 1819. This entire chapter is exceedingly 
 deserving of perusal, but is much too long for insertion here, 
 while the nature of its contents does not admit of abridgement. 
 
 Mr. Milne's death took place at Malacca on the 2d of January 
 1822. On the 20th of May 1823 the printing of the whole Chi- 
 nese version of the Scriptures was finished. The Anglo-Chinese 
 college is still conducted with unwearied activity and zeal. 
 
 Malda, a town of considerable size and trade, seated on the 
 Ganges, chief of a district of the same name, in Bengal. The 
 library of M. Langl^s contained a copy of an English and Per- 
 sian Vocabulary, by Fr. Gladwin, which was printed here in 
 1780, in 4to. 
 
 Malliacum, Maillzais, a town of France, in La Vendee; or 
 perhaps Mailly. — 1616. 
 
 At Maill^ was printed in 1616 an edition of the Universal his- 
 tory of the Sieur de Dauligni, in two volumes folio, with the im- 
 print " a Maill6 par Jean Moussat imprimeur ordinaire du dit 
 " Sieur." This edition is very rare, having been burnt by the 
 hands of the common hangman at Paris, on account of some in- 
 discreet disclosures, from which later editions are free. 
 
 Malmogia, Malmoe, a seaport of Sweden, in Schonen. Print- 
 ing was introduced to Malmoe about the year 1528 or 1529, by 
 Olaus Ulricksen, who probably had come from Suderkoping, 
 
160 MA. 
 
 where the press of bishop Braschius, the enemy of the Reforma- 
 tion, had been suppressed by Gustavus Adolphus in the year 
 1528. The earliest known Malmoe book bears the date 1529. 
 Alnander remarks that no printing was carried on in that town 
 subsequently to the year 1668. 
 
 Malta, a well-known and important island of the Mediterra- 
 nean. In the Report of the British and Foreign Bible Society 
 for 1821, a book entitled, Compendio dalla dottrina Christiana, 
 1816, is said to be " the only one printed on the island." This 
 assertion, however, appears to have been founded in error: since, 
 in the Bibliotheca Marchiana, we have notice of a work, Delia de- 
 scrittione di Malta isola nel mare Siciliano, which was printed in 
 Malta in the year 1647: and the same work is adduced by 
 Haym, in his Biblioteca Italiana, where the author, G. Abela, 
 as well as the printer, Bonacota, are expressly named. [Since the 
 publication of the first edition, I have had the good fortune to 
 meet with two copies of this book, one in the Fagel library, and 
 the other in that of lord Charlemont, at Dublin : it is a handsome 
 folio, bearing for title, Delia descrittione di Malta isola nel mare 
 Siciliamo, con le sue antichita, ed altra notizie, libri quattro, del 
 commendatore Fra Gio : Francesco Abela. In Malta, per Paolo 
 Bonacota, 1647. This imprint is repeated at the end of the 
 volume, which contains upwards of 580 pages. It has an en- 
 graved title, a map, plan, and several other engravings of no 
 mean execution.] The " Bibliotheca Marsdeniana", (p 44.) speaks 
 of a book said to have been printed at Malta so early as 1565; 
 but I cannot help suspecting some error in this statement. As to 
 the " Report" above-mentioned, it must merely allude to the 
 American-mission-press, which was erected on the island about 
 the year 1815 or 1816. 
 
 Mancunium, Manchester, a large, populous, and manufactur- 
 ing town of Lancashire in England. — 1732. 
 
 Manfredania, a seaport town of Naples, erected in 1256 by 
 king Manfred, out of the remains of Sipontum : it is an arch- 
 bishop's see. — 1680. 
 
 Manhemium, Manheim, a populous city of Germany, on the 
 Rhine. The earliest Manheim printing which I have seen is some 
 of the year 1738, handsomely executed at " the Electoral press." 
 
 Manilla, the capital town of the Philippine islands, the see of 
 an archbishop. ' I have not been able to trace the origin of typo- 
 
MA. 161 
 
 graphy in this town : it probably was introduced by the Span- 
 iards, soon after their taking possession of the colony. Thomas 
 affirms that printing was carried on in 1590. Ribadeneira 
 quotes a book printed here in 1610. The library of the late M. 
 Langlfes contained a Japanese vocabulary printed at Manilla in 
 1630, which at his sale in 1825 produced 599 francs, and was 
 purchased for the Bodleian library, where it is now deposited. It 
 is a small quarto tolerably executed, on silk paper, having a wood- 
 engraving on the title, beneath which is the imprint, Con licencia 
 en Manila, par Tomas Pinpin, y lacinto Magawriva, ano de 
 1630. Antonio mentions a press which was erected within the 
 college of St. Thomas, in 1640, at which we find Raymundus 
 Magisa a printer in 1641. In the early part of the XVIIIth 
 century the Roman Catholics were in possession of a press in Ma- 
 nilla, from which they issued books in opposition to the efforts of 
 the protestant missionaries of Tranquebar, and went so far as even 
 to disseminate them within the town of Tranquebar itself. A Ja^ 
 panese vocabulary printed here in 1726 was in the Pinelli library. 
 Manresa, or Manxes, a considerable manufacturing town of 
 Spain, in Catalonia. 
 
 Printing was exercised here in the year 1788. (Bodl.) 
 MANTVA, an ancient and celebrated city of Italy, capital of 
 the duchy of Mantua, and a bishop's see. Mantua was early in 
 admitting the art of printing : an edition of the Decamerone di 
 Boccacio, of the year 1472, is considered to be the first book exe- 
 cuted here. It is the second edition of the work, and was printed 
 by Petrus Adam de Michaelibus, who calls himself ejusdem urbis 
 civis imprimendi auctor. In the same year, the second edition of 
 Dante was finished in this city ; and Panzer, in noticing a work, 
 De venenis, by Petrus de Abano, printed also in this same year, 
 describes a copy of it (to be seen in the Biblioth. Heidegg.) which 
 had the initial letter of the first page engraved on copper, of a 
 size sufficient to occupy the breadth of a whole column. " Thus," 
 he observes, " we have a proof that copper-plate engraving was 
 " practised so early as 1472." Mantua is likewise famous for an 
 early established Hebrew press. A Hebrew work, Rabbenu 
 Ascher primus ordo orach c/taiim, was printed here by Abraham 
 Conath, in 1476, which was for many years considered the first 
 printed Hebrew book, until the extensive researches of De Rossi 
 had brought to light specimens of a still earlier date. 
 
 M 
 
162 MA. 
 
 Mantua Carpetanorum, Villa Manta, formerly a city, now a 
 small village in the immediate vicinity of Madrid ; and probably 
 put for Madrid itself, as in the title of a work by Francisciis de 
 Lugo ; and in another by Antonio de Padilla ; which last bears 
 for imprint, Mantuce Carpetanorum, excudebat Alphonsus Gome- 
 cius, curice regies typographus. 1568. — (Bodleian.) 
 
 Maquasse, a town in the Bootchuana country in Southern Africa, 
 at which two English Wesleyan missionaries established them- 
 selves in the year 1823. " Having, in furtherance of their objects, 
 " taken with them a press and types from the Cape of Good 
 " Hope, they have printed an elementary school-book (the first 
 " book ever printed in that language or country) which bears the 
 " impress, Maquasse, 1826. It is in the Sichuan language with 
 " the Roman character." Williams' Missionary Gazetteer, p. 343. 
 
 Maracaibo, a large city of South America, lately capital of the 
 Spanish province of Maracaibo, in the Caraccas. It is seated on 
 a lake of the same name, and contains about 25,000 inhabitants. 
 
 In the year 1824 a newspaper was published in this town. 
 
 Marchena, a small town of Spanish Andalusia, situated nine 
 leagues eastward of Seville. Mendez relates that at some period, 
 which he does not name, the art of printing was carried on here. 
 
 Ma/rhamna, see Chesroan. 
 
 S. Maria Mayor, is the name of one of the Reductions, or Je- 
 suit settlements, established during the eighteenth century in the 
 province of Guayra, in Paraguay, South America ; it appears to 
 have been of the first rank among these, and to have been the 
 residence of the superior of the order. It also bore the name of 
 Candelaria. 
 
 Southey, in his " history of Brazil," takes notice that the Gua- 
 rani Jesuits printed books in the Reduction of S. Maria Mayor, 
 " long before there was any printing-press in Cordova, or in 
 " Buenos Ayres, or in the whole of Brazil." He cites a Guarami 
 Grammar, and a Guarani Vocabulary, both printed here, in very 
 rude types, and conjectures that perhaps they may be the only 
 productions of this press. He mentions no date ; but of course 
 they must be prior to the year 1767, in which the Jesuits were at 
 once expelled from the Spanish possessions. Both of these rare 
 books are said to be in possession of Mr. Greenough. 
 
 Ma/rchioburgvm, qu. whether Marckpurg, formerly called Mar- 
 ciana Castra, a town of Germany in Stiria, seated on the river 
 
MA. 163 
 
 Draave? or whether it means Brandenburg, or perhaps Coin, 
 which is sometimes styled Colonia Marchica ? — Printing was exer- 
 cised in this town in 1615. (TCD.) 
 
 Marienborn, a palace belonging to the counts of Ysenburg 
 Meerholz, in Wetl;eravia, which about the year 1737 became the 
 residence of the Ordinary of the Moravian brethren. 
 
 It is stated in Crantz's History of the United Brethren, that 
 about the year 1744 " a small family printing-office was set on 
 " foot here, with intent to print, in small quantities, some pieces 
 " which were either not at all designed for the public, or not 
 " until they were properly examined and amended ; and to dis- 
 " tribute them solely among the labourers, both for their own 
 " private use and for their revisal. But yet it could not be en- 
 " tirely prevented that more members of the congregation, also 
 " friends, and even enemies, of theirs, got them into their hands, 
 " and the last often sooner than the Brethren themselves." 
 
 The same author, in his account of Greenland, especially with 
 reference to the Moravian mission, observes that in the year 1746 
 John Beck, one of those missionaries, was residing at Marienborn 
 in order to superintend the printing of some religious pieces which 
 had been translated into the language of Greenland, by Beck 
 himself, and others of his brethren, for the use of the converted 
 Greenlanders. Also, under the year 1759 occurs another notice, 
 of Beck's returning to Greenland, with his wife &c., bringing 
 with them from Marienborn " an acceptable present to the Green- 
 " landers, the translation of the narrative of our Lord's passion 
 " according to the harmony of the four Evangelists ; and a small 
 " hymn-book consisting of ancient and modern hymns, which he 
 " with the assistance of the brethren had translated from time to 
 " time, and had now got printed anew." 
 
 Marienburg, a town of Upper Saxony in Misnia, distant about 
 ten leagues from Dresden. It is said that John Henry Miller, 
 formerly a printer at Zurich, and afterwards sft Philadelphia, 
 erected a press in this town in the year 1744, where he published 
 a newspaper. His residence in Marienburg however was not of 
 long continuance, and after various peregrinations he finally fixed 
 himself in Pennsylvania, where he ended his days in the year 
 1782. 
 
 Marienwerder, a considerable manufacturing town of West 
 Prussia, capital of a government and circle. Dr. Matthew Wolff's 
 
 m2 
 
164 MA. 
 
 Genera et Species Plantarum was printed here in the year 1781. 
 (TCD.) 
 
 Marietta, a commercial town of the state of Ohio, situate on 
 the river Muskingum, in North America. Thomas mentions 
 that at a period subsequent to 1799 a newspaper, entitled the 
 CJiio Gazette, began to be printed at this place. 
 
 Marinum, San Marino, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Ur- 
 bino.— 1777. 
 
 Marpurgum, Marburgum, or Martishurgum, Marpurg, a 
 strong town of Germany, the capital of Upper Hesse ; it has an 
 university founded by Philip, landgrave of Hesse, in the year 
 1526. The art of printing was introduced into Marpurg about 
 1527; and it is, in all probability, this town which Wm. Tyn- 
 dale designates, in his English translation of the Pentateuch of 
 the year 1530, and in some other volumes printed about that 
 time, as Malborow in the land of Hesse. 
 
 MARSIPOLIS, Mersburg, a town of Saxony, formerly in 
 Thuringia, once a bishop's see. Panzer notices only three speci- 
 mens of printing here during the XV th century, the earliest of 
 which is a Treatise qfSt.Augustin, executed by Lucas Brandis, in 
 the year 1473. Of the other two, one is of the same year 1473, 
 the other of 1479. Lucas Brandis appears, after quitting Mers- 
 burg, to have established himself at Lubec. No books are given 
 by Panzer as printed at Mersburg between the years 1479 and 
 1536, the limit of his researches, 
 
 Martinico, one of the windward Caribbee islands. Thomas 
 mentioned (in 1810) that a Gazette had for several years past 
 been printed and published at Martinico. 
 
 Martinmunoz (qu ?) is named by Mendez as one of the places 
 in Spain at which typography was exercised (at some period un- 
 mentioned by him)'. 
 
 Massa, a town of Italy in Tuscany, capital of the duchy of Massa- 
 Carrara. A Life of Pope Nicholas V. in Italian, was printed here in 
 1679, which may be seen in the royal library of George the Third. 
 Massilia, Marseilles, an ancient and celebrated city of France, 
 in Provence, seated on the Mediterranean. From the work of 
 M. Henricy we learn that typography was introduced to Mar- 
 seilles in the year 1594, by Peter Mascaron : and that in 1670 
 an Armenian printing-office, transferred from Amsterdam, was 
 established here, which continued only until 1684. 
 
MA.— ME. 165 
 
 MATISCO, Ma9on, an ancient and considerable town of 
 France, in Burgundy, formerly a bishop's see, and capital of a 
 district. No early printing at Ma^on is mentioned by Panzer &c: 
 but the diligence of M. Van Praet has brought to light a proof 
 that typography was exercised in this town before the close of the 
 XVth century, in a Diurnale Matisconense, in 18mo, printed here 
 by Michael Wensler of Basle, in the year 1493. This precious 
 little volume, on vellum, is preserved in the royal library of Paris. 
 
 Mauriana, St. Jean de Maurienne, a town in Savoy. — 1704. 
 
 Mazzarvno, an inland town of Sicily, in the Val di Noto. A 
 book entitled, nAmbasciadore politico Christiana, by prince 
 Charles Maria Carqfa, was printed here in 1690. 
 
 Mechlinia, Mechlin, or Malines, an archiepiscopal city of the 
 Netherlands. The art of printing was exercised in this city, by 
 Jacob Heyndrix, in the year 1582. (TCD.) 
 
 Medina, qu ? — 1575. 
 
 Medioburgum Zelamdorum, sometimes Middelburgmm, Mid- 
 dleburg, capital of the isle of Walcheren. Printing was executed 
 here at least so early as 1582 ; of which year an English book, 
 Robert BrowrCs lives of all true Christians, exists in Trinity 
 college, Dublin. Several other English works were executed 
 at Middleburg before the close of the XVIth century, among 
 which are Dudley Fenner's Song of Songs, and some pieces of 
 that extraordinary and eccentric character, Hugh Broughton. 
 In 1584 R. Schilders, who styles himself printer to the states of 
 Zealand, put forth at this place a Dutch translation of Lord 
 Burleigh's celebrated tract " On the execution of justice in Eng- 
 ',' land &c." which had first appeared about the year 1578. This 
 version may be seen in the hbrary of Trinity college, Dublin. 
 
 I should observe that a History of France vmder Charles IXih, 
 in three volumes 12mo, bears for imprint, Meidelboug pa/r Hen- 
 rich Wolff. Whether printed in this town I cannot say. A copy 
 of it is in Marsh's library, Dublin. 
 
 MEDIOLANVM, Milan, an ancient and celebrated city of 
 Italy, capital of the Milanese. It is the see of an archbishop, and 
 contains an university, founded by the empress Maria Theresa in 
 1766, several academies of arts and sciences, and the famous Am- 
 brosian college and library. Milan justly glories in its early adop- 
 tion of the art of printing : there is yet remaining, in the library 
 of the Athenaeum at Turin, a book bearing date 1469, namely 
 
 m3 
 
166 ME. 
 
 Miracoli de la gloriosa Verzene Maria, printed in this city by 
 Philippus de Lavagnia, who styles himself Jmjus artis stampandi, 
 in Jiac urbe primus lator atque inventor. Lavagnia, who con- 
 tinued to print until the year 1489, was followed or accompanied 
 by Antonius Zarotus, whose earliest works are dated 1470, or 
 1471 ; by Christopher Valdarfer, from Venice, in 1474 : by 
 John Bonus, in 1475. We are indebted to the Milan printers 
 for many editiones principes of highly interesting works ; among 
 which it would be unpardonable not to mention The Greek 
 Grammar of Constamtine Lascaris, executed here by Dionysius 
 Paravisinus in 1476, a work of the utmost rarity, and of which 
 Italy has reason to be proud, inasmuch as it is the first Greek 
 book ever printed. In Germany, where the art took its rise, 
 nothing had been attempted in Greek, except some few detached 
 words, such as may be seen in the Mentz editions of Cicero's 
 Offices, which indeed are sufficiently ill-executed ; [nor in truth 
 was a single book, entirely Greek, printed in Germany during 
 the whole of the XVth century ; the earliest known being an edi- 
 tion of Prisciam, executed at Erfurdt in 1501. J Nor had any 
 thing more appeared in the Greek character even in Italy, until 
 the completion of this work, which is a beautiful as well as in- 
 teresting specimen. At Milan likewise was produced the first 
 printed portion of the holy Scriptures in Greek, namely. The 
 Psalms, executed at the expense of Bonaccursius Pisanus, in 
 1481. Copies of each of these rare books may be seen in the 
 Bodleian library. 
 
 Mediterranean. I have seen two publications which profess to 
 have been printed on board a ship out at sea, one of which is en- 
 titled. The bloody Jcnirnal kept by William, Davidson, on board 
 a Russian pirate, in the year 1789- — Mediterranean, printed on 
 board his majesty's ship Caledonia, 1812. 8°. four pages of pre- 
 face, and thirty-four of text. A copy of this volume is preserved 
 in the library of Corpus Christi college, Oxford. The second 
 book consists of two speeches, one of which is called. The Tri- 
 bunal of the Inquisition, and the other, Bread and Bulls. Medi- 
 terranean, printed on board his majesty's ship Caledonia, off 
 Toulon, 1813. small 4°. containing pp. 96. Copies of this last 
 are in the Bodleian and in Corpus Christi college library. 
 
 Mekelbourg occurs as the imprint of a book entitled, Pre- 
 sages de la decadence des Empires, printed in 1688. Qusre, 
 
ME. 167 
 
 whether Mecklenbourg be meant, or the name be entirely ficti- 
 tious ? 
 
 MeldcB, Meaux, a town of France, formerly the see of a bishop- 
 Panzer notices an edition of the Jour Gospels, according to the 
 Vulgate, published here by Jacobus Faber in the year 1522, at 
 the expense of Simon Colinaeus, the celebrated printer of Paris : a 
 fine copy of which handsome and well-printed volume may be seen 
 in the library of Trinity college, Dublin, and a second in that 
 founded by archbishop Marsh. No other book is given by him. 
 
 Meldorpium, Meldorp, a town of Denmark, in the district of 
 South Dithmarsch.— 1788. (Bodl.) 
 
 MEMMINGA, Memmingen, a strong town of Germany, seated 
 near the river Iller. The earliest specimen of the typography 
 of this town is an edition of the well-known chronicle, entitled, 
 Fasciculus temporum, the popularity of which is attested by the 
 fact of more than thirty editions having been printed previous to 
 the year 1500. This work was executed in 1482, by Albertus 
 Kunne de Duderstadt, who had previously been a printer at 
 Trent ; and who appears to have reigned without a rival at Meffl- 
 mingen, as more than fifty of his books are mentioned by Panzer* 
 in the XVth century, but not one single volume executed by any 
 other printer. 
 
 St.Menehauld, (S. Menehildis Fanum,) a small town of France, 
 in the department of the Marne, distant forty-five miles, south-' 
 east, from Rheims. Typography appears to have been exercised 
 here in the year 1722. Barbier, in the new edition of his Dic- 
 tiannaire des Anonymes, gives us an interesting account of a work 
 Written by the AbM PMlvpaux, grand vicar of the celebrated Bos- 
 suet, which, together with an edition of the Provincial Letters of 
 Pascal, and the first volume of Anecdotes on the state of the reli- 
 gion of the Chinese, (all three printed at St. Menehould,) was 
 seized by the police in the house of the printer Gabriel Daliege, 
 on the 24th of April 1733. The copies were confiscated and 
 burnt ; and the printer and some of his workmen were consigned 
 to the Bastile, and suffered an ignominious punishment. 
 
 MESSANA, Messina, an ancient and fine city of Sicily, the 
 see of an archbishop. The earliest Messina book known is am 
 Italian Ufe of St. Jerome, printed by Henry Aiding in the year 
 1473. It appears that Aiding came originally from Rome, which 
 city he left in 1471, and, taking with him some workmen, steered 
 
 M 4 
 
168 ME. 
 
 his course for Catana in Sicily, but was induced to change bis 
 place of residence to Messina, where he probably commenced 
 business in that or the following year. Very little printing was 
 done here during the remainder of the XV th, or the early part of 
 the XVIth century. Petrus Brea printed at Messina in the years 
 1614—24. (Bodl.) 
 
 Metce, or Mediomatrices, or Divodurum, Metz, an episcopal 
 city of France, capital of the department of the Moselle. Print- 
 ing was introduced into it so early as 1501, and appears to have 
 been continued, on a moderate scale, throughout the century. 
 
 Meihymna, or Metina Campi, Medina del Campo, a town of 
 Spain, in Leon. Panzer notices two books executed here, of the 
 dates 1504 and 1514 : to which may be added another of the year 
 1511, entitled, Perez de Gusman, Valerio de las istorias escolasti- 
 cas y de Espana. (Thorpe's Cat. 1826.) Towards the middle 
 of this century numerous works appear to have been printed at 
 Medina. 
 
 'Meihymna Duelli, appears to be the same town. This imprint 
 occurs in a medical work of Gometius Pereira, executed by Fran- 
 ciscus a Canto in the year 1558. I have never seen it on any other 
 occasion. 
 
 Mexico, a grand and beautiful city, lately the metropolis of the 
 Mexican empire in New Spain, the residence of the Spanish vice- 
 roy, and an archbishop's see : but, since the recent political revo- 
 lution, it is become the chief city of the " united federal republic 
 " of Mexico." This city was finally conquered from the natives, 
 by the Spaniards under Hernan Cortes, on the ISth of August 
 1521. It stands partly on the site of the more extensive city of 
 ancient Mexico or Tenochtitlan, which was originally built in the 
 year 1325, and at that time occupied some small islands in the 
 lake of Tezcuco, the waters of which have at a more recent period 
 retreated to a considerable distance. It contains a royal and pon- 
 tifical university, founded by the emperor Charles V. in 1551 ; 
 the royal college of San Ildefonso; a royal academy; with a vast 
 collection of religious houses, schools, hospitals, and other public 
 institutions, rendering it altogether a scene of the utmost magni- 
 ficence. 
 
 Mexico has ever been regarded as the first spot on which the 
 art of printing was exercised throughout all the vast dominions 
 of the newly-discovered world. The precise time, mode, and 
 
ME. 169 
 
 circumstances of its introduction have not been investigated with 
 successful accuracy. Thomas, the only professed historian of 
 American typography, merely states that a printing-press was 
 established in the city at some period previous to the year 1569 ; 
 and the earliest specimen of Mexican printing known to him was 
 a Spanish and Mexican Vocabulary in folio, printed in 1571. 
 A copy of this curious volume is preserved in the Bodleian library, 
 among the various and rich collection of the learned John Selden : 
 where also are to be found two other volumes printed at Mexico, 
 which precede by four years that which has hitherto been con- 
 sidered the earliest specimen. The first of these as-yet-unde- 
 scribed morceaux is entitled, Doctrina Chi'istiana en lengua Cas- 
 tellana y ^apoteca ; compuesta por el muy Reverendo padre Fray 
 Pedro de Feria, provincial de la Orden de Sancto Domingo, en 
 la provincia de Sanctiago de la nueva Hespaila. En Mexico, 
 en casa de Pedro Ocharte. M.D.LXVII. Anos. The volume 
 contains one hundred and sixteen leaves of text, besides eight of 
 prefatory matter, and is licensed for the press by the archbishop 
 of Mexico. The other work bears for title, Incipiunt Horcs 
 Beatce Maria, Virginia, secundum ordinem Fratru Predicato- 
 rum. Mexici, in edibus Petri Ocharte. 1567. And its colophon 
 reads, Explicit coe ojfficiv, s'm ordinem jratru pdicatoru necno et 
 officium beatcE Marie et copletoriu ta maius qua minus, impssumq; 
 Mexici apud Petrum Ocharte typography, mense Aprili die viges- 
 simo. 1567 anno. This volume contains thirty-nine leaves, on 
 the first and last of which, as well as on several others, there are 
 wood-cuts. 
 
 A work still earlier than either of these three occurs for sale in 
 Messrs. Longman's Catalogue of books for 1820 and for 1822, 
 where it is entered as Fr. BartholomcEi a Ledesma cfe VII. novce 
 legis sacramentis summarium. Mexici, Antonius de Espinosa, 
 1566. 4°. Nor should I omit to mention, that in Marsden's Ca- 
 talogue of Dictionaries and Grammars, (London, 1796, 4°.) three 
 books printed at Mexico at a period still more remote are set down. 
 Marsden owns, however, that he had not himself seen them, nor 
 does he refer to any collection in which they may be found. He 
 gives them thus : 
 
 1. Vocabulario Mexicano Mexici 1555. 8°. 
 
 9i. Vocabulario en lengua Castellcma y Mexicana, por Alonzo 
 de Molina Mexici 1555. 4°. 
 
170 ME. 
 
 3. Artes de las lenguas Chiapa, Zoque, Celdales, y Cina-ca7U 
 teca, por Fr. de Cepeda Mexico 1560. 4°. 
 
 The second of these three appears to be an earlier edition of 
 the Vocabulary of 1571 before-mentioned, and the first is in all 
 probability nothing more than an erroneous description of the 
 second. 
 
 Antonio, in whose elaborate work, Bihlioiheca Hispcma, a 
 great deal of information is to be found respecting Mexican typo- 
 graphy, notices in various parts of his book no fewer than forty- 
 eight productions of this press ; to the earliest of which, namely, 
 Doctrina Christiana in lingua Mexicana, ah Alphonso de Molina, 
 he assigns the date 1546, (found to be a misprint for 1564,) which 
 is followed by other publications of the years 1555, 1556, 1565, 
 &c. In Sotuellus' enlarged edition of the Bihlioiheca ScriptO' 
 rum Societatis Jesu, composed by Rihadeneira, will be found 
 notices of many books printed in this city, (as also in Lima and 
 other places,) several of which are entirely passed over in silence 
 by Antonio. 
 
 But after all, a publication which I understand has been but 
 recently imported into England, and one copy of which has been 
 deposited in the Bodleian library, bids fair to bring us nearer to 
 a right apprehension of the hitherto-undiscovered epoch of the 
 birth of typography on the continent of America, than any which 
 was previously known : it is the Bihlioiheca Mexicana, written 
 by J. J. de Eguiara et Eguren, comprising an account of the 
 authors and learned men of Mexico, as also the proceedings of 
 three or four of the earliest Mexican councils, holden during the 
 XVIth century. Unhappily no more of this work has been pub- 
 lished than the first volume, containing only the letters A. B. C, 
 which was printed at Mexico in 1755 ^. 
 
 From an attentive .perusal of this volume I gather, that for the 
 commencement of its acquaintance with the advantages of typo- 
 graphy, Mexico is indebted to the exertions of its first viceroy, 
 Antonius de Mendoza, who arrived in the year 1535, to occupy 
 his exalted station. He appears to have been a man whose mind 
 was steadily directed to the advancement and improvement of the 
 
 ■' Such at least is the information given to me, nor can I succeed in finding the 
 second volume : yet there is ground for believing that it has appeared, since in the 
 list of books given in Dr. Robertson's History of America, occurs a notice of this 
 work, in 2 vols.fol. Mexico, 1775. 
 
ME. 171 
 
 people committed to his care; and his esteem for literature is 
 seen in the petition forwarded by him to the emperor Charles V. 
 for the foundation of an university in the new world, the prayer 
 of which was duly carried into effect by an edict issued by the 
 emperor in the year 1551. Previously to this, however, the histo- 
 rian remarks, that Mendoza had taken care that the art of print- 
 ing should be brought from the old world into the new, and had 
 established the first pririter in his capital of Mexico. " Prius 
 " vero disertissimus homo curaverat typographiam in novum hunc 
 " orbem ex antique deferri, primumque typographum Mexici in- 
 " stituit, cujus formis multi statim libri excudi coeperunt." p. 221. 
 The name of this printer we discover from one of his colophons 
 to have been Joannes Paulus Brissensis, or Lombardus, a native, 
 it seems, of Brescia in Italy. In this account Gonzales, a Spanish 
 writer, is corrected for having asserted that printing was in use at 
 Mexico in 1532. Before the removal of the viceroy to the go- 
 vernment of Peru, an event which took place in the year 1551, 
 he caused to be printed Ordinationes legumque collectkmes pro 
 conventujuridico Mexiccmo, a folio volume, executed by Joannes 
 Paulus in 1549, which therefore at present claims the honour of 
 being the first book ever printed on the shores of the new world ! 
 " But where," a man may feelingly exclaim, " where is so inter- 
 " esting and valuable a relic to be now found ? has it never stept 
 " beyond the confines of its native country ? or, if a single copy 
 " has chanced to have been conveyed to Europe, does it still 
 " slumber amid the dust and gloom of the Escurial ? or, still un- 
 " happier, has it gone the way of every copy of its elder brother 
 " the Mentz Donatus, of which scarcely a fragment, a ci git, re- 
 " mains to bless the eyes and empt the pockets of the curious and 
 " keen collector ?" I deeply regret my utter inability to offer any 
 satisfaction on this point. Literary research is at present at a 
 very high point of activity, and if such a volume be by any acci- 
 dent discovered, let us hope that this country may find for it a 
 safe and permanent home. 
 
 The viceroy's volume was speedily followed by others in toler- 
 able succession ; but since these are almost wholly unknown, I 
 may perhaps gratify the taste of the curious in such matters, by 
 setting down the titles of such books as are stated upon good 
 authority to have been executed at Mexico prior to the Vocabu- 
 lary of the year 1571. 
 
172 ME. 
 
 I. Ordinationes legumque coUectiones pro conventu Juridico 
 
 Mexicano. Mexici, per Joannem Paulwm Brissensem 
 
 1549. fol. 
 
 9,. Doctrina Christiana en lengua Mixteca, per Benedictum 
 
 Fernandez 1550. 4°. 
 
 3. Alphmisi a Vera Cruce, Recognitio Summulariim 1554. 4°. 
 
 4. . Dialectica resolutio, aim textu Aristotelis 1554. fol. 
 
 5. Franc. Cervantes Salazarii, dialogi 1554. 
 
 6. AndrecB de Olmoz, ars et vocabularium Mexicanum 1555. 4°. 
 
 7. Alphonsi de Molina, Vocabulario en lengua Castellana y 
 
 Mexicana (1st edition) 1555. 4°. 
 
 8. Francesco Marroquin, Doctrina Christiana en lengua Utla- 
 
 tecd 1556. 4°- 
 
 9. Sumario de las quentas de plata y oro que en los reinos del 
 
 Peru son necessarias a los mercaderes 1556. 4°. 
 
 10. Constitutiones arcMepiscopatiis admodum imsignis etjide- 
 lissimcB civifatis de Tenuztitlam Mexico Novce HispanicB. 
 ExcuscE a Joanne Pablos Lombardo, typographo primo in 
 hdc magna insigni et fidelissimd civitate Mexici, decimd 
 die Februarii anno D. 1556. fol. 
 
 [Of this volume Eguiara observes, that it consists of forty-nine 
 leaves, comprising an account of the proceedings of a provincial 
 council assembled in 1555 by Alphonsus de Montufar, archbishop 
 of Mexico. That in all probability a large impression of it was 
 taken, since, like our earlier English Bibles, it was ordered to be 
 publicly set out in all churches, and to be had of all rectors, 
 vicars, &c. yet it had become extremely rare even in those parts 
 of America where it was printed, and in Europe it was scarcely 
 known that such a book had ever been in existence.] 
 
 II. Alphonsi d Verd Cruce Physica Speculatio 1557. 
 12. Speculum Conjugiorum 1557. 
 
 13. Artes de las lenguas Chiapa, Zoque, Celdales, y Cina- 
 
 canteca, por Fr. de Cepeda 1560. 
 
 14. Alphonsi de Molina Catechismus (1546) 1564. 
 
 15. Benedicti Fernandez Doctrina Christiana en lengua Mi- 
 xtecd 1564. 4". 
 
 16. Alphonsi de Molina Confessiotiario maior y menor 1565. 4°. 
 
 17. BartholomcEi de Ledesma Summarium &c. 1566. 4°. 
 
 18. Pedro de Feria Doctrina Christiana en lengua Castellana 
 y ^apotica 1567. 4°. 
 
ME. 173 
 
 19. Hor(B Beatce Marice Virginis 1567. 4°. 
 
 20. B. Fernandez Doctrma Christiana &c. 1568. 4°. 
 
 21. Manuale 1568. 
 
 22. Alphonsi de Molina Arte de la lengua Mexicana y Castel- 
 
 lana 1571. 8°. 
 
 23. ' Vocdbulario Castell. y Mexicano (2d ed.) 1571. fol. 
 Of the above volumes, we have the authority of the Bibliotheca 
 
 Mexicana for N"?. 1. 2, 3. 4. 5. 6. 10. 11. 12. 14. 15. 16. 17. 21. 
 Of Antonio's Bibliotheca Hispama for N^s. 7. 8. 9. 14. 16. 20. 22. 
 N°. 13 is given by Marsden, in his Catalogue of Dictionaries ; 
 and N"^ 18. 19. and 23. may be seen in the Bodleian library: 
 where also is preserved another specimen, of a later period indeed, 
 but by the same printer P. Ocharte, entitled Forma y modo de 
 fundar las cqfradias del cordon de nro P. S. Fracisco, &c. 8ec. 
 En Mexico, con licencia, en casa de Pedro Ocharte. 1589. The 
 volume is in 16mo. and contains 76 leaves : and is cited by me as 
 I do not observe any notice of it in either of the authorities above- 
 named. Altogether we are at present acquainted with twenty- 
 seven works printed at Mexico during the course of the XVIth 
 century, twenty-one of which are of dates anterior to that of the 
 Vocabulary of 1571, which for so long time was considered to be 
 the earliest known Mexican book. And thus, in addition to the 
 concurring testimony of several writers, we have in the volumes 
 themselves suflBcient evidence that the art of printing was esta- 
 blished on a most respectable footing in the new world within one 
 century from the time of its genuine commencement in the old. 
 
 Some of the latest specimens of the Mexican press which I have 
 seen are of the years 1769 and 1770, the typographical execution 
 of which is extremely good. 
 
 [The Acts of the Constituent Assembly of the free state of Mex- 
 ico, in four vols, octavo, printed at Mexico in 1824-5, and also 
 hound in the same city, have recently been placed in the Bodleian 
 library.] 
 
 It appears from Dr. Robertson's history of America, that News. 
 papers were published at Mexico in the early part of the last cen- 
 tury : he speaks of possessing the " Mexico Gazette for the years 
 " 1728, 1729, and 1730, printed in quarto." In the year 1823 
 Mr. Bullock found at this city three or four mediocre daily news- 
 papers, but nothing which supplied the place of our magazines or 
 other periodical publications. 
 
174 Mi. 
 
 Micro-Praga, Little Prague, or Kleipsite, a quarter (said to 
 be the most ancient) of the city of Prague. 
 
 Balbinus notices a Bohemicm Bible, printed here by Bartho- 
 lomew Netolitzky, in the year 1549. 
 
 Middlehill, in Wiltshire, the seat of sir Thomas Philhps, bart. 
 a diligent collector of manuscripts and rare books. Sir Thomas 
 has established a private press at his residence, at which he has 
 struck off from time to time a few copies of catalogues of some of 
 his collections, and other pieces ; twelve or fifteen of these have 
 been presented by him to the Bodleian library, but none of them 
 bears an imprint, except one, the Catalogue of Anthony a Wood's 
 MSS. which has, Typls medio-montanis, in turre Lativiensi re- 
 impressus. 1824. 
 
 St. Mihiel, a town of France, in Lorrain, seated on the river 
 Maese.— 1620. 
 
 Militello, occurs as the imprint of an edition of P. CarrercCs 
 Italian work upon chess, printed in 1617 ; quaere whether it de- 
 signates Melito, a small town of Calabria, not far distant from 
 B,eggio, which (according to Baudrand) had once been of some 
 consequence, but was exceedingly injured by an earthquake in 
 1638, and has declined continually from that time "^ A copy of 
 this edition of Carrera was sold in the Meerman library. 
 
 Mindelhemitmi, Mindelheim, a considerable town of Bavaria. 
 The only specimen of the typography of this town given by Pan- 
 zer is of the year 1518. 
 
 Minda, Minden, an ancient and considerable town of Prussia, 
 the capital of a government of the same name : it is pleasantly 
 seated on the banks of the river Weser, and was formerly a 
 bishop's see. An edition of Luther's Bible was printed here in 
 171^, folio, which may be seen in the king's library. The Bod- 
 leian possesses a copy of a German mandate of Elizabeth, mar- 
 gravine of Brandenburg, which was printed at this place in 
 1542. 
 
 Mindona, Mondonedo, an episcopal city of Spain, in the pro- 
 vince of Gallicia. Antonio mentions printing here so early as 
 1550: and a book executed in that year was in the collection of 
 don J. A. Conde, in 1824. 
 
 Mirandula, Mirandola, an episcopal city of Italy, in Modo- 
 nese. Jo. Fr. Plcus, the learned earl of Mirandula, first esta- 
 bhshed a press in this city, the only remaining works from which 
 
MI. 175 
 
 appear to be, Liber de veris calamitatum causis nostrorum tem- 
 porum, 4°. 1519; and Examen vanitatis doctrince gentium, et 
 veritatis religionis Christiance, fol. 1520; both written by the 
 earl : a copy of the first is in the Bodleian library. I have ob- 
 served no other Mirandola book of an earlier date''than 1612. 
 
 Misena, or Misna, Meissen, a town of Saxony, formerly capital of 
 the margraviate of Meissen, well known for its porcelain manufac- 
 ture. Panzer, enumerating the books printed at Leipsic in the year 
 1520, mentions a breviary, which bears for imprint, excusus Mis- 
 nicB in aula episcopali per Melchiorem Lotiherum. It appears 
 from Leichius' history of the Leipsic typography, that Melchior 
 Lottherus of that town erected a temporary press at Meissen, in 
 the palace of John de Salhausen, bishop of the place, at which 
 the above mentioned work was executed. Printing was exercised 
 in this town by Christopher Guntherus, in the year 1673, and for 
 sixteen years afterwards. 
 
 Misraim. Quaere what is the exact designation of this imprint ? 
 it occurs in a Hebrew work, in 2 vols, quarto, containing portions 
 of the Scriptures, with Rabbinical commentaries &c, as used in 
 the Jewish service, with the date expressed in the usual manner. 
 I saw the work in the possession of Mr. Offer; some former 
 owner had caused it to be lettered on the back, " printed in 
 " Egypt, in 1539." 
 
 Missolonghi, or Messalonge, a considerable town of Bomelia, 
 situate on the northern shore of the bay of Lepanto ; the inha- 
 bitants of which, about five thousand in number, are chiefly em- 
 ployed in fishing. Since the commencement of the present strug- 
 gle of the Greeks for independence, Missolonghi has attained con- 
 siderable importance, and two printing-houses are said to have 
 been lately estabhshed there, from which issue two daily news- 
 papers, under the title of The Grecian Chronicle, and The Gre- 
 cian Telegraph. [Alas ! that this is no longer true ! since the 
 disastrous siege of 1826, Missolonghi is no more than a heap of 
 ruins.] 
 
 In the year 1824 a newspaper, entitled Kpovixa. 'Ex^jjvixa, was 
 printed here, in a single sheet, 4to. On the 19th of April this 
 town witnessed the death of the ardent supporter of the liberties 
 of Greece, Lord Byron ; a funeral oration pronounced over him 
 was printed in the same year. The types for this latter piece had 
 been obtained from M. Didot of Paris : those of the newspaper 
 
176 MI.— MO. 
 
 had been presented either by Lord Byron, or by the Greek com- 
 mittee in London. 
 
 Mittavia, Mittau, a large manufacturing town of European 
 Russia, the capital of the government of Courland. — 1774. At 
 present three journals are regularly published at Mittau. 
 
 MOGVNTIA, Mentz, or Mayence, a large and strong city of 
 Germany, on the Rhine, formerly the capital of the electorate 
 of Mentz, and an archbishop's see : it has an university, founded 
 in 1482. 
 
 After all which has been written with such angry feehngs upon 
 the long-contested question of the origin of the art of printing, 
 Mentz appears still to preserve the best-founded claim to the 
 honour of being the birthplace of the typographic art. For be- 
 sides that the specimens adduced in favour of Haarlem and Stras- 
 burg, even if we should allow their genuineness, are confessedly 
 of a rude and imperfect execution, no volume has hitherto been 
 discovered, (nor, after such intense and long-continued, yet un- 
 successful, researches of bibliographers, in all probability ever will 
 be found,) bearing a genuine date anterior to that of the cele- 
 brated Mentz Psalter of the year 1457, executed by John Fust 
 and Peter Schoeifer (or Schoiffer,) of Gernsheim. Of this volume, 
 which, together with its reprint of 1459, the Mazarine Bible, and 
 the other early Mentz books, is not only beautiful, but truly won- 
 derful in point of execution, so much has been said by almost 
 every bibliographer, that I am unwilling to gratify my feelings by 
 entering here into a detailed description of it and them. M. Van 
 Praet informs us that seven copies of this precious volume are 
 known to be remaining, of which this country can boast of three 
 at the least ; one of them being in the royal library of George the 
 Third; a second in the noble collection of Earl Spencer; and a 
 third in that of the Right Hon. Thomas Grenville ; the others 
 being preserved at Paris (two copies), at Vienna, and at Dresden. 
 [It is doubtful whether there be not an eighth, in possession of the 
 emperor of Russia.] All these copies are said to differ from 
 each other in some minute particulars ; that in the Imperial li- 
 brary at Vienna is deemed the most complete. 
 
 The second dated book known is the Psalter, of August 1459 ; 
 of which M. Van Praet names ten remaining copies : of these ten, 
 five (perhaps six) are in this country. The third is the Duran- 
 dus, of October in the same year ; the fourth, the Constitutiones 
 
MO. 177 
 
 Clementis PapcB V. ; and the fifth, the CathoUcon of Johannes de 
 Janua, both of the year 1460; all which are the productions of 
 this same city. Fine copies of the second, third, and fifth may be 
 seen in the Bodleian library, and in some other collections in Eng- 
 land. The earlier productions of the presses of the illustrious 
 firm of printers, Guttemberg, Fust, and Schoeffer, supposed to 
 have been executed between the years 1450 and 1455, are. The 
 Mazarine Latin Bible, in two large and magnificent volumes ; of 
 which seven copies are known : a Donatus, (for which consult the 
 catalogue of the duke de la Valliere, tom. ii. p. 8. and Denis' 
 Supplement to the Annales Typograpkid of Maittaire, p. 555.) 
 and a Confessio generalis, or Modus confitendi, a small rudely- 
 executed tract consisting of eight leaves in quarto. Mentz has 
 also the honour of having produced the first dated Bible, viz. in 
 1462 ; as well as the first dated classic author, namely the Offices 
 of Cicero, in 1465. Fust and Schoeffer continued to print toge- 
 ther until the death of the former in 1466, after which Schoeffer 
 printed alone until the year 1502 ; and his sons followed the 
 business for thirty or forty years afterwards. Besides these cele- 
 brated printers, several others early established themselves in 
 Mentz, among whom the most known are Henry and Nicholas 
 Bechtermiinze, successors of John Guttemberg, who, after the 
 dissolution of his partnership with Fust and Schoeffer, carried on 
 the business by himself, and gave us the Catkolicon, with several 
 other works ; these last began business at least so early as 1467, 
 and their printing-establishment seems to have been situate at 
 Alta-villa, or Eltvil, probably the name of some district of the 
 city. A book, entitled Psalterium Breviariumque Maguntimense, 
 bearing the date 1474, with the imprint, In domo Jratrum cleri- 
 corwm communis vittB Vallis Saaictaz Maries eiusdem dioceseos in 
 Rhingkavia, is supposed by Panzer to have issued from the 
 presses of P. Schoeffer. This curious volume may be seen in the 
 library of earl Spencer. 
 
 Mohihw, a considerable town erf European Russia, seated on 
 the river Dnieper : it is the capital of a province, and is remark- 
 able for being the see of two archbishops, one of the Greek, the 
 other of the Latin church. Bachmeister observes that printing 
 was carried on here in 1617. 
 
 Molina, Moulins, a considerable city of France, formerly ca- 
 pital of the Bourborihois, seated on the river AUier. In the year 
 
178 MO. 
 
 1644 Peter Vernoy was carrying on the business of a printer at 
 Moulins, styling himself typographus regiiis: his workmanship 
 is tolerably good.— (TCD.) 
 
 Molshemium, Molsheim, a small town of Alsace, distant ten 
 miles from Strasburg. A considerable college of Jesuits was 
 founded here by John, bishop of Strasburg and landgrave of 
 Alsace, in the year 1580. Printing was executed at Molsheim at 
 least so early as 1618. 
 
 MONACHIVM, Munich, or Munchen, a strong and fine 
 town, capital of the kingdom of Bavaria: pleasantly seated on 
 the river Iser, and flourishing with numerous scientific, literary, 
 and charitable institutions. Although typography was early ad- 
 mitted into this capital, yet Panzer mentions only two books exe- 
 cuted here during the XVth century, by John Schopsser, one of 
 which is dated 1500, and the other cannot be much anterior, since 
 Schopsser carried on his trade at Augsburg until the year 1497. 
 Nor was there much printing at Munich during the early part of 
 the succeeding century. 
 
 Monaco, a small town of the Sardinian .States, capital of the 
 principality of Monaco. Printing was exercised here, by Gio- 
 vanni Swartz, in the year 1586. — (Bodl.) 
 
 MONASTERIVM, Munster, a large and populous city of the 
 north-west of Germany, capital of the government of Westphalia. 
 Panzer gives three works executed here in the XVth century, the 
 earliest of which is some poetry of Rudolphus Langius, a canon 
 of Munich, printed by Johannes Limburg, in 1486. Nor does it 
 appear, from the researches of the same diligent bibliographer, 
 that much printing was done at Munster before the year 1536 : 
 it continued however to be partially practised, throughout that 
 century. 
 
 Monasterium Benedictinorum Casinas, see Casinas. 
 
 Mons-Albanus, Montauban, a large and well-built town of the 
 south of France, capital of a department. It is the see of a 
 bishop, and contains a protestant university, which was founded 
 in the XVIth century, and suppressed in 1629, but restored by 
 Bonaparte in 1810. Printing was carried on at Montauban by 
 Pierre Coderc, in the year 1637. — (Marsh's library.) 
 
 Mcms-Argisus, Montargis, a considerable manufacturing town 
 of France, in the department of the Loireti — 1785, 
 
 MonS'Belligardus, or Mons-Belgardi, or Mampdgartum, 
 
MO. 179 
 
 Montbelliard, a manufacturing town of the east of France, in the 
 department of the Doubs. Printing was exercised here, by 
 Jacobus Foyllet, in the year 1588.— (TCD.) 
 
 Mons-F(discus, St. Oreste, a small town of Italy, seated on the 
 Tiber, (or perhaps Monte-Fiascone, in the pope's dominions.) — 
 1727. 
 
 Mons-Monachorum, a large abbey of Benedictines, seated with- 
 out the walls of the city of Bamberg. Printing was carried on in 
 this monastery in the XVth century. See Bamherga. 
 
 Mons-Pessulanus, or MonspeUus, Montpelier, a large and an- 
 cient city in the south of France, celebrated for the pleasantness 
 of its public walks and scenery, and for the mild salubrity of its 
 air. It is a bishop's see, and possesses a flourishing academy, and 
 other public institutions. — 1650. 
 
 Mons-Regalis, Monreale, an archiepiscopal town of Sicily. — 
 1651. 
 
 MONS-HEGALIS ; Typography was exercised at a very 
 early period at a place bearing this denomination ; which may de- 
 note either Monreale, an archiepiscopal town of Sicily; Mont- 
 real, a town of Spain; another of the same name in France; 
 Mondovi, a large town of Piedmont ; Montrejan, a small town of 
 France, on the Garonne; or Montereau, a town of France, seated 
 at the conflux of the Yonne and Seine ; or possibly Konigsberg 
 (Regiomontum,) in Prussia. Panzer, however, whose authority 
 is not to be lightly disputed, interprets the name of Mondovi ; 
 and it is observable that one of the early books remaining from 
 this place bears for imprint. In Monte Regali, in piano vallis ; 
 which perfectly agrees with Mondovi, of which one of the suburbs 
 is called " Piano della Valle," the town itself being seated on a 
 hill. La Serna Santander judges Monreale in Sicily to be the 
 place designated. Four books of the XVth century are all which 
 are now known to bear this imprint ; the earliest of which, a work 
 of Antoninus, archbishop of Florence, was printed by Antonius 
 Matthias, a native of Antwerp, and Balthassar Corderius, in 1472. 
 Printing continued to be carried on at Mondovi during the suc- 
 ceeding century. Of printing at Montreal im Spain I have not 
 met with any certain notice before the year 1664. 
 
 MONS REGIVS, Monte-rey, a town of Spain, in Galicia, dis- 
 tant 23 miles from Orense. 
 
 The only notice of a printing-establishment having existed at 
 
 N 2 
 
180 MO. 
 
 this town we owe to Mendez, who presents us with an account of 
 a Missal (probably for the particular use of the diocese of Orense) 
 which professes to have been executed at Monte-rey, by Gonzalo 
 Roderique de la Pasera, and Juan de Porres, in the year 1494. A 
 copy of this rare and interesting book was in the library of the 
 abbot of Parada de Onteyro [probably a monastery near Orense.J 
 Mendez conceives that the press was erected by the Conde Fr. de 
 Zuniga, to whom the town and territory of Monte-rey belonged. — 
 No second specimen is known. 
 
 Mons-Regius, or Regiomonttim, Konigsberg, a large city, the 
 capital of east Prussia, having an university, founded in 1544, by 
 Albert first duke of Brandenburg. How soon typography was 
 known at Konigsberg, I have not ascertained. The library of 
 Trinity college, Dublin, contains a work of Osiander printed here 
 in the year 1551. It bears for imprint Regiomonti PrussicB, 
 1651, vrithout any printer's name. This is the earliest Konigs- 
 berg book which has fallen within my observation. — (1560. 
 Bodl.) 
 
 Mcmt hrillant occurs as the imprint of a book mentioned in 
 Barbier's Dictionnaire, (N". 6125.) with the date 1743, 
 
 Montego bay, a town on the north coast of Jamaica. It was 
 formerly flourishing and opulent ; but a fire in July 1795 almost 
 entirely destroyed it. A press was worked here, and a newspaper 
 published in the year 1775. 
 
 Monies, Mons, a considerable city of the Netherlands, which 
 appears to have received the art of printing in the middle of the 
 XVIth century. The earliest book which I have observed cited 
 is Les Coustumes S^c. de la ville de VallencMennes, bearing for 
 imprint, a Mons, par J. Pissart, 1540. (Thorpe's Cat.) Cardi- 
 nal Allen's Apology for the English Seminaries was printed at 
 Mawnts in Hainault, in the year 1581. Le Long observes of 
 the numerous editions of that well-known version of the New Tes- 
 tament into French which bears the name and imprint of Mons, 
 that not a single one of them was actually printed within this 
 town. 
 
 Montevideo, a large and populous city of the province of Bue- 
 nos Ayres, in Peru, standing near the mouth of the river Plata, 
 in South America. A printing-house was opened here in May 
 1807 ; with the following ceremonies, as related by Is. Thomas 
 (vol. ii. p. 396.) " In May, 1807, a printing-house was opened 
 
MO. 181 
 
 " with much ceremony at Montevideo, on the river La Plata, in 
 " South America, when it was in the possession of the British 
 *' fleet and army. The first printing performed at the press in 
 " this place was The prospectus of a Gazette. The commander 
 " in chief, the admiral, and other principal officers of the province 
 " were present. The first sheet from this press was presented to 
 " the governor, the second to the admiral, and so on according to 
 '' their rank. William Scollay, a young gentleman from Boston, 
 " educated at the university of Cambridge, Massachusetts, was 
 " appointed conductor of the press, and the editor of the Gazette, 
 " for which he received a very liberal salary." 
 
 Montilla, Montilla, a town of Spain, in the province of Cor- 
 dova. Antonio mentions a work printed here in 1627. 
 
 MONTIS SERRATI MONASTERIVM, Montserrat, a 
 lofty mountain of Spain, in Catalonia, on which is a celebrated 
 monastery of Benedictines dedicated to the Virgin Mary. In this 
 monastery, which is one of the reformed, (or, " of strict obser- 
 " vance,") the monks, in order that they might not want a sup- 
 ply of such missals and other service-books as might be requisite, 
 determined to introduce a printing-establishment, which they com- 
 pletely effected, and set their press to work by the 4th of February 
 in the year 1499. It happens that a minute history of this trans- 
 action has been preserved to us from the archives of the monas- 
 tery ; which is detailed by F. Mendez in his Typographia Espa- 
 nola, p. 348, &c. and from which we learn that their printer was 
 Johannes Luschner, a native of Germany, brought from Barce- 
 lona ; that the first book finished was Meditations on the life of 
 our Saviour (in Spanish) dated the 16th of April 1499: that 
 their other works were Breviaries, Missals, Sec. of which in the 
 whole they struck off no fewer than 7691 volumes, between the 
 4th of Feb. 1499, and 15th of Nov. 1 500. Panzer describes, from 
 Caballero, 15 of the pieces printed here; but takes no further 
 notice of the establishment in the following century : we find how- 
 ever from Mendez and the above author that the monks conti- 
 nued to employ themselves in this most useful occupation until 
 the year 1524, after which period we have no further account of 
 their praiseworthy labours. 
 
 Montreal, the capital of an island of the same name, in the 
 river St. Laurence, in Canada : supposed to contain at present 
 25,000 inhabitants. A press was established in this city by 
 
 n3 
 
182 MO. 
 
 Charles Berger and ^Fleury Mesplet, in the year 1775. A " Bib- 
 " lioth^que Canadienne" is now in course of pubhcation here. 
 
 Montreuil, a small town of France, six miles east of Paris. In 
 the year 1663, Guy Patin observes in a letter, that the king of 
 France made a seizure of some books which were clandestinely 
 printing at Montreuil for the superintendent Fouquet, who was at 
 that time a prisoner in the Bastile. 
 
 Montroulles, must be some town within the diocese of St. Paul 
 de Leon, in Bretagne. The Bodleian library contains a volume 
 of Spiritual exercises, in verse and prose, composed in the Breton 
 tongue by a priest of that diocese, which bears for imprint, E 
 Montroulles, 1698. 
 
 Morgii, Merges, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Vaud, 
 on the lake of Geneva. Le Long mentions a Latin version of the 
 book of Genesis, printed here in 1568. In the year 1580 John 
 le Preux exercised his art at Morges, styling himself " Printer to 
 " the illustrious body of the Pastors and Professors of Berne." 
 
 Morlaix, a considerable town of France, in Brittany. — 1626. 
 
 Moscua, or Mosqua, Moscow, formerly the capital of the whole 
 Russian empire, and the see of the patriarch of Russia, a dignity 
 created in 1588, and abolished in 1721. This extensive and popu- 
 lous city contains an university, founded in the middle of the 
 XVIIIth century. 
 
 It is asserted upon respectable authority, that printing was in- 
 troduced into Moscow in the reign of duke John Basilowitz, 
 about the year 1553 ; but the city being shortly afterwards burnt 
 in an irruption by the Poles, the printing-office was consumed, 
 together with all its materials, and a large stock of paper. The 
 only specimen from this early press now known to be remaining is 
 part of a Slavonic New Testament, executed by Ivan Fedor, and 
 P. Timofeeu Matislauzow, dated March 1, 1564 ; the unique 
 copy of which is preserved in the library of the imperial Academy 
 of Sciences at St. Petersburg. In the succeeding century a press 
 was reestablished at Moscow by the grand duke Michael Fredero- 
 witz, the earliest book from which bears date 1644. Kohlius 
 speaks in high terms of this second press, which gave to the world, 
 he says, a large quantity of works, executed in so superior a style 
 both as to type and paper, that they might fairly have been mis- 
 taken for the productions of some of the famed printers of Hol- 
 land. The books were chiefly, if not altogether, upon sacred and 
 
MO. 183 
 
 ecclesiastical subjects. A revised version of the Slavonic Bible, 
 taken partly from the old Ostrog edition, was printed in this city 
 in 1663, folio, under the auspices of the grand duke Alexius 
 Michaelowitz : copies of this are extremely rare, even in Russia 
 itself ; yet an exquisite one may be seen in the royal library of 
 George the Third. An ample and minute account of this edition, 
 and of the corrections which it underwent, will be found in the 
 first chapter of the work of J. P. Kohlius above referred to. Che- 
 villier reports, on the authority of Andrew Thevet's Travels, that 
 the types and materials of the first printing-establishment, in the 
 XVIth century, were purposely consumed by the Russians them- 
 selves. Thevet's account is as follows : (Vie des hommes illustres, 
 tom. ii. c. 56, vie de Basile due de Moscovie.) " They had no 
 " printing until the year 1560, when it was discovered to them 
 " by a Russian merchant, who made use of types with which for 
 " some time afterwards they executed very handsome books. All 
 " at once, for they are scrupulous, and fond of making difficulties 
 " where there is not the least appearance of them, some persons 
 " by stratagem found means to burn their types, from a fear that 
 " printing would introduce some changes or disturbances in their 
 " religion." He adds, that neither the prince nor his subjects took 
 any notice of this extraordinary proceeding. The above particu- 
 lars Thevet affirms that he received in 1576 from an Englishman 
 who had been ambassador to the Russian court seven years. 
 
 After all, perhaps the best account of the first Moscow book 
 and printing is that furnished to us by Bachmeister, chiefly from 
 the volume itself, which he describes as being called Jpostol, i. e. 
 the acts and epistles of the Apostles, a book of the very highest 
 rarity, being the first printed in Moscow, in the year 1564, in the 
 time of the Czar Ivan Wasilowitsch, a prince whose exertions 
 were earnestly devoted to the civilization of his people, who intro- 
 duced amongst them an acquaintance with the sciences and arts, 
 amongst others, that of printing. 
 
 The volume of the Apostol, having been accidentally picked up 
 in the year 1730, was deposited by the finder in the library of the 
 academy of St. Petersburg. The type and paper of it are repre- 
 sented as good, the latter Bachmeister judges to have been 
 brought by the merchants from England. At the end of the 
 volume is a long " mandement" or ordinance, of which the follow- 
 ing, as translated by him, is the part most to our purpose : " Des- 
 
184 MO. 
 
 " lors par ordi^e du Tsar, et sous la benediction du M^tropblitain 
 " en Tan du moiide 7Q61 (1553) et le SO^e de son regne on a fait 
 '^ des recherches sut la maniere d'imprimer des livres : ensuite le 
 " Tsar orthodoxe a fait batir a ses frais une maison qu'il a desti- 
 " nee a rimprimerie, et a fourni sur le tr^sor public aux ouvriers 
 " Ivan Feoder diacre de I'^glise du miraculeux Nicolas de Gos- 
 " tein, et Pierre Timofdew Mstislavzof {sic) une somme sufSsante 
 " tant pour les frais de rimprimerie que pour leur propre entre- 
 " tien, jusqu'a ce que Touvrage ait ^t^ achev6. C'est le ig^^ 
 " Avril, jour anniversaire du bien heureux Pere Ivan Palevret, et 
 " Tan du monde 7071 (1563) que Ton a commence Timpression 
 " du present livre qui contient les Actes des Apotres, les Epitres 
 " catholiques, avec celles de S. Paul : on a fini de Timprimer le 
 " 1 Mars de Tan du nionde 7072 (1564) qui a ete le premier du 
 " ministere de Tarchevfique et metropolitain Athanase ; en I'hon- 
 " neur de la toute puissante et vivifiante Trinit^ du Pere, du Fils, 
 " et du Saint Esprit. Amen." If the accuracy of this translation 
 is to be depended on, the question of the first appearance of typo- 
 graphy at Moscow may be considered as finally decided. 
 
 Bachmeister remarks, that after the Apostol no Moscow book 
 appears for 32 years ; but is not inclined to give entire credence 
 to the story of the press &c. having been utterly destroyed by the 
 Poles, and all printing being lost until the erection of a new press 
 by the Czar Michael Fedgrowitsch in 1644 ; since he had himself 
 seen and handled Moscow books of the dates 1606, 1614, 1616, 
 1618, 1619, &c. He informs us that in the year 1707 a fount of 
 new and improved Russian types, cast at Amsterdam, was intro- 
 duced into the Moscow printing-office. Also that in 1709 an in- 
 dividual of the city established a press of his own. About thirty 
 years afterwards a Geoi'gian printing-office was opened in Moscow 
 by Andrew Johnson, in the suburb called Suesenzcha ; and Geor- 
 gian types were cast by order of prince Vakuset, under whose 
 auspices an edition of the Georgian Bible was printed here, in 
 1743. Le Long cites an edition of St. Matthew's Gospel in eight 
 languages, which was printed here in 1712. 
 
 Moulsey, a village of England, near Kingston, in Surrey. I 
 set down this place merely as being the most generally known of 
 those which from time to time received that clandestine and va- 
 grant printing-press, from which proceeded, in queen Elizabeth's 
 time, the scurrilous publications well known by the name of Mar- 
 
MU-^MY. 185 
 
 tin Mar-prelate, &c. conducted by Cartwright, Travers, Udall, 
 John Penry, and others ; for whom the reader may consult Fuller, 
 Strype, Camden, and other historians of thbse time$. Some ac- 
 count of the movements of these gentry and their press may be 
 found in Herbert's Ames, p. 1464; in D'Israeli's Quarrels of 
 Authors, vol. iii. ; and in the Censura literaria. 
 
 Mulhusium Duringorum, Thuringorum, or Tyrigetarum, 
 Mulhausen, an ancient and considerable town of Prussian Saxony, 
 in the government of Erfurt. Typography was practised here 
 in the year 1561. 
 
 MVRCIA, a populous city of Spain, capital of the province 
 of Murcia, and a bishop's see. A single work printed here in 
 the XVth century is given by Panzer ; the title of which is, El 
 Valeria de las historias Escolasticas y de Espana: con copilacion 
 de las BataUas Campales ; par Diego Rodrigues de Almela. 
 The date of this is 1487, and the printer Juan de Boca. Mendez, 
 the Spanish bibliographer, observes that the typography of Murcia 
 is now known only by a few rare specimens : he is merely able to 
 add to the work adduced by Panzer two others executed in the 
 same year, both in the Spanish language : nor does it appear that 
 Murcia possessed any other printer than Roca with his partner 
 Gabriel Loysdringo, or that any printing was exercised in the 
 town for upwards of a century from the year 1487. 
 
 Mussipontum, Pons Moncionis, or Pons ad Monticulum, Pont- 
 a-Mousson, a considerable town of France, on the river Moselle: 
 it formerly contained an university, which was transferred to 
 Nancy, {Namceium,) in 1768. Printing was exercised in this 
 town at least so early as 1596, in which year an edition of Maldo- 
 natus on the Gospels was executed here, in folio. — (TCD.) 
 
 MVTINA, Modena, a strong and populous city of Italy, ca- 
 pital of the Modenese, and a bishop's see. 
 
 The earliest known book printed at Modena is an edition of 
 Virgil, executed by Johannes Vurster de CampidonH, in 1475. 
 Several other printers were settled in this city during the XVth 
 century, among whom was Dionysius Bertochus, who professes 
 his press to have been erected in cedibus subterraneis ! 
 
 Mythig, or Mwythig, the Welsh name for the town of Shrews- 
 bury, occurs in Welsh books printed there.— rl 718 8ec. 
 
186 NA. 
 
 N. 
 
 Nagercoil, a populous town of the southern district of Travan- 
 core in Hindostan. It is a station of the London Missionary So- 
 ciety, who have introduced a printing-press, at which several por- 
 tions of the Holy Scriptures, and some tracts, in Tamul, have 
 recently been "executed. 
 
 Nagy Szombar, or Zombor, a populous town of Hungary, in 
 the palatinate of Batsch. — 1672. 
 
 Ndkhitchevan, a town situate on the river Don not far from its 
 mouths ; it is inhabited by Armenians alone, of whom at present 
 it contains about 12,000. Nakhitchevan is the see of an arch- 
 bishop, who is at the same time patriarch of all the Armenians re- 
 sident in Russia. 
 
 Henderson mentions that this town contained a printing-office, 
 in which were executed elementary books for the use of the Arme- 
 nian youth. 
 
 Namurcum, Namur, a large and strong city of the Netherlands, 
 the see of a bishop. — 1639. 
 
 Nanceium, Nancy, an episcopal city of France, capital of the 
 department of the Meurthe : previously to the Revolution it pos- 
 sessed an university. Printing was carried on here so early as 
 1510 : but only two books are mentioned by Panzer, and to nei- 
 ther of them is any printer's name affixed : of the first, a French 
 Chronicle, by Simphorien Champier, printed in 1510, a copy 
 upon vellum is in the royal library of Paris ; but its colophon is 
 not entirely satisfactory. The other book is said to be of the year 
 1511. No further notice appears of any printing carried on at 
 Nancy for nearly a century afterwards. 
 
 Nancianum, or Nanquinum, Nan-king, or Kiang-ning, a very 
 large, populous, and formerly flourishing city of China, capital of 
 the province of Kiang-nan. A Jesuit named Nicholas Trigault 
 made Nan-king his residence for some time, about the year 1620, 
 and printed a Chinese Vocabulary in three volumes, which Sotu- 
 ellus describes to be excusum in Sinis, probably at this place. 
 
 Nangasaqui, a seaport of Japan, on the west coast of the island 
 of Ximo. The art of printing was introduced into Nangasaqui 
 towards the close of th& XVIth century, by the Jesuits, who in a 
 letter dated thence in October 1592, say that they possessed a 
 printing-press, brought from Europe, by means of which they had 
 
NA. 187 
 
 already executed many works, both in Latin and Japanese. Some 
 curious specimens of Japanese printing may be seen in the Bod- 
 leian library. Books of the dates 1605 and 1610, executed here, 
 are mentioned by Ribadeneira : and a Japanese Vocabulary of the 
 year 1604, by Antonio. A copy of this last was sold in the col- 
 lection of M. Langles (of Paris) in 1825, for 640 francs; as also 
 another edition, printed at the same place in the preceding year, 
 for 639 francs. Both volumes were of a small quarto size, and 
 were executed within the Jesuits' college : the former of them is 
 now in the Bodleian library. 
 
 NANNETES, or CONDIVINCVM NANNETVM, Nantes, 
 an ancient and considerable city of the west of France, capital 
 of a department: it is a bishop's see, and has an university, 
 founded in 1460. This city is memorable for the celebrated edict 
 of Nantes, passed in favour of the protestants by Henry the 
 Fourth, in 1598, and revoked by Louis the Fourteenth, in 
 16S5. 
 
 With respect to the early typography of Nantes, Panzer names 
 only a single work executed here, namely, Les Lunettes des 
 Princes, pa/r Jean Meschinot, executed by Stephen Larcher in 
 1493, a copy of which, printed uj)on vellum, is in the royal li- 
 brary of Paris; nor does he notice any further Nantes printing 
 during the succeeding century. The Bodleian library, however, 
 contains a small volume, the title of which is partly torn away ; it 
 seems to be an index to some law book : it is a square 16°. con- 
 taining signatures a — ^f, the leaves not numbered. At the end we 
 read, Imprime a nantes par estiene larchier: below which colo- 
 phon is a blank shield, with the words Ny. dualb. [Its place in 
 the library is 8". B. 18. Jur. Seld.J 
 
 Narva, a strongly-fortified and trading town of the north-west 
 of Russia, on a river of the same name. — 1701. 
 
 Nassau, a city, the capital of the Isle of Providence, one of the 
 Bahamas or Lucayas, off the coast of Florida, in North Ame- 
 rica. John Wells, a printer of Charlestown, in South Carolina, 
 left that place at the time of its surrender by the British, and 
 transferred his press to Nassau, where he published the Bahama 
 Gazette. 
 
 Natchez, a town in the Mississippi territory. North America, 
 containing about five thousand inhabitants. Thomas observed 
 in 1810, that a press had recently been established here ; but he 
 
188 NA.— NE. 
 
 gives no further particulars. In the year 1826 three periddicals 
 were in regular course of publication at Natchez. 
 
 Nauplia, formerly the port of Argos, now called Napoli di 
 Romania, in the Morea. A printing-apparatus was set up in this 
 town in the year 1824, which had been presented to the Greeks 
 by the celebrated printer F. Didot of Paris. 
 
 Naujjotamos, (qu ? whether Laybach ?) A volume of Sweden- 
 berg's Miscellanea litteraria was printed here in 1722. 
 
 Naxara, Naiara, or Nagera, a small town of the north-east of 
 Spain, in the province of Burgos. A Spanish version of Alciati 
 Emhlemata, edited by Diego Lopez, was printed here in 1615. 
 
 NEAPOLIS, or (as in two books, of the years 1520 and 1542) 
 Parihenopa, Naples, an ancient and celebrated city of Italy, ca- 
 pital of the kingdom of Naples : it is an archbishop's see, and has 
 an university, founded by Frederic the Second, about the year 
 1230 ; likewise a flourishing academy. 
 
 The art of printing appears to have been introduced into Na- 
 ples in 1471, by Sixtus Riessinger, who in that year printed a 
 work of Bartolus de Saxo Jerrato : a famous Hebrew press was 
 also early established in this city, from which proceeded the 
 Psalter and other portions of holy Scripture, in 1487, with 
 several other Hebrew works from that year until 1495, at 
 which period there was a general expulsion of the Jews from 
 Naples. 
 
 Neapolis Nemetum, Neapolis Palatmorum, Neapolis Casi- 
 miriana (from the academy founded by John Casimir, son of Fre- 
 deric the elector Palatine about the year 157 — ), Neostadium in 
 Palatinatu, or Neostadium ad Hartam, Neustadt-an-der-Hart, a 
 town of France, formerly belonging to the palatinate of the 
 Rhine, seated on the river Spirebach. Le Long mentions a 
 curious and rare edition of Luther''s German Bible, being the 
 earliest of those which were published by the Calvinists, printed 
 in this town in the year 1579. Some works of Victor StrigeUus 
 and of Johannes Sturzius were executed here in 1580 and 1581. 
 (TCD.) 
 
 Nedelicz, a village of Hungary, in the vicinity of Varasdin. 
 Dr. Bright, in his travels through Hungary, observes, that it was 
 " once a much more important place, and furnished vnth a print- 
 " ing-press, from which issued one of the earliest Bibles printed 
 " in the Croatian language." p. 474. 
 
NE. 189 
 
 Nelhre, a village near Jafitiapatnam, in the island of Ceylon. 
 In the year 1818 the Rev. J. Knight of the English church mis- 
 sionary society established himself here, and within the last few 
 years a printing-press has been erected, and is actively employed. 
 
 Nemausum, Nismes, an ancient and flourishing town of France, 
 formerly in Languedoc, celebrated for its splendid remains of 
 Roman architecture. Typography was exercised at Nismes at 
 the beginning of the XVIth century. A copy of a treatise by 
 J. Cheironius, on the distemper which visited the city and neigh- 
 bourhood, printed at Nismes on white silk, in 1606, is mentioned 
 in the catalogue of the marquis de S.Philippe's library. Parti. N°. 
 3289. In the year 1620 Joan Vaguenar, who calls himself 
 printer to the town and university of Nismes, executed here a 
 French account of the Judgment of the St/nod of Dort upon the 
 Jive Articles. 
 
 Neo-Boleslavia, Jung Buntzlau, a town of Bohemia, capital of 
 the circle of Boleslau : it is distant 12 miles from Boleslau, the 
 old town. Typography appears to have obtained a footing here 
 early in the XVIth century : a Seneca, Lactantius, and a Bohe- 
 mian New Testament, having been printed, by Nicolaus Claudia- 
 nus (Niculess Kulha) in the year 1518. The New Testament, 
 which bears at the end in monte Carmelo, was reprinted in 1525. 
 It may be noted that New-Buntzlau was the first chief settlement 
 of the Unitas Fratrum of Moravia. 
 
 Neohrandenburgum, New Brandenburg, a town of Germany, 
 capital of a district in the duchy of Mecklenburg. Masch men- 
 tions The booh of Ecclesiastes, in Hebrew and Latin, printed here 
 m 1741. 
 
 Neoburgum, sometimes Neuburgum Danubii, Neuburg, a 
 town of Bavaria, seated on the Danube, the capital of the duchy 
 of Neuburg. A college of Jesuits was established here in 1617, 
 who exercised the art of printing in 1629 ; which however had 
 been previously practised about the year 1545, as appears from a 
 German tract bearing that date in the Bodleian collection of tracts 
 relative to the Reformation. In the following year, 1546, a work 
 of Martin Bucer on the Sacrament was printed in this city by 
 Johannes Kilianus. 
 
 Neobwrgum, Nyeborg, a seaport of Denmark, on the east 
 side of the isle of Funen. Printing was executed here before 
 1707. 
 
190 NE. 
 
 Neocomum, Neuchatel, a handsome town of Switzerland, the 
 capital of a principality or canton. 
 
 Printing was in use here in 1533. In the following year, P. 
 de Wingle executed here the French New Testament of' Faher 
 Stapulensis, a very rare book, copies of which are preserved in the 
 library of the Sorbonne at Paris, and in the public library, Cam- 
 bridge. In the next year, 1535, a well-known edition of the 
 French Bible, published under the superintendance of Calvin by 
 P. Robert Olivetan, a native of the Vallies of Piedmont, was 
 printed by Wingle at Neuchatel. It is generally understood that 
 for this first French Protestant Bible we are indebted to the piety 
 and zeal of the illustrious Vaudois. M. Jordan, in his Histoire 
 (Tun vtyyage Utteraire, (12mo. 1738,) speaking of a copy of this 
 ■work which he saw at Paris in the library of M. de Boze, men- 
 tions that at the end of the volume were ten French verses, the 
 initial letters of the words of which, when brought together, 
 formed the following couplet ; 
 
 " Les Vaudois, peuple evang^lique 
 " Ont mis ce Thresor en publique :" 
 an account which seems to agree with the following extract 
 from P. Gilles' " Histoire eccl^siastique des Eglises rdform^es 
 " recueillies en quelques Values de Piedmont et circonvoisines &c. 
 " 4to. a Geneve, 1644." p. 43. — " Outre ce considerans combien 
 " est n^cessaire la lecture bien entendue de I'Escriture saincte, a 
 " toutes sortes de personnes, et qu'ils ne I'avoyent encor en leur 
 *' langue sinon escrite a la main par leurs Pasteurs, qui nonob- 
 " stant leur diligence n'en pouvoyent pas fournir a tous suffisam- 
 " ment, ils firent traduire, et imprimer en langue Fran^oise la 
 " saincte Bible a leurs despens, se servans pour la traduction du 
 " labeur du sieur Pierre Robert Olivetain, personnage plein de 
 " zele, et de pietd, et fort docte, sp&ialement en la langue He- 
 " braique, parent du sieur Jean Calvin, qui aussi lui tendit la 
 " main a cet oeuvre, qui fut imprimde a Neufchastel en Suisse, en 
 " grande et belle forme, de laquelle se trouvent encore quelques 
 " exemplaires esquels se lit, par qui, et comment, cet oeuvre a 
 " este mise en lumiere, qu'on tient avoir est^ publi^e en bonne 
 " forme, et langue FranQoise entre les R^formes. 
 
 He adds, doubtless with great truth, " Et furent cause ces 
 " aides, avec autres diligences que les fideles et principalemenf les 
 " pasteurs des Eglises des Valees benites par une grace spdciale 
 
NE. 191 
 
 " de Dieu, que la pure religion se fortifia et augmenta merveil- 
 " leusement dans les Valees, et par tout le Piedmont." 
 
 Most of the subsequent writers appear to have founded their 
 statements on this passage of Pierre Gilles, who was minister of 
 the parish of La Tour. 
 
 It may be added, that (according to the statement of Le Long) 
 these verses are found printed at length in the Cambridge copy of 
 Jo. Faber's New Testament of the year 1534, above-mentioned. 
 
 That this edition is of considerable rarity is scarcely to be won- 
 dered at, when we reflect on the vicissitudes of fortune to which 
 those persons were exposed, for whose use it was chiefly intended, 
 and amongst whom in all probability most of the copies were 
 distributed. A few however are found in this kingdom, one of 
 which may be seen in the Bodleian library. For more ample ac- 
 counts, concerning it and the New Testament of the preceding 
 year, the reader may consult Le Long, Clement, and other biblio- 
 graphers. 
 
 Neomagus. There is some difficulty in determining the town 
 signified by this word, inasmuch as Spire, Lisieux, Nevers, Nyon, 
 OdeHheim, and some others, are by different writers assigned to it. 
 Printing was carried on at Neomagus in 1662. 
 
 IfeostaMum or Novostadium, Neustadt ; there are at least 
 twenty towns of this name within the circle of the old Germanic 
 empire. The earliest dated book which I have found bearing 
 this imprint is of the year 1571. See above, Neapolis Neme- 
 tum. 
 
 Neoweda, Neuwied, a considerable town of Westphalia. — 
 1790. 
 
 Neozdium, Newhausel, or else Neusol, each of which is a town 
 in Upper Hungary. — 1790. 
 
 Nerolinga, Nordlingen, a commercial town of Suabia, seated 
 on the Eger. Panzer mentions a single book printed here in the 
 year 1525, namely, Renovatio Ecclesice Nordlinglacensis ; and it 
 appears from Zapf, quoted by Lichtenberger in Initia typogra- 
 phica, that one of, those curious xylographic specimens, a German 
 version of the Biblia Pauperum, was executed at Nordlingen in 
 the year 1470. 
 
 Nesvitz, or Nieswicz, a small town of Russian Lithuania, seated 
 on the river Uzsa, in the government of Minske. It belongs to 
 the noble family of Radzivil, who possess a mansion here. Bach- 
 
192 NE. 
 
 meister, in his essay on the St. Petersburg library, affirms that 
 printing was carried on at Nesvitz in the year 1562. 
 
 Neuhusiumy Neuhaus, Nienhus, a castle about two miles from 
 Paderborn ; it was built in 1590, as an episcopal residence, by 
 Theodore Furstemburg, bishop of Paderborn. The earliest print- 
 ing of this place which I have met with, is that of John Todt, 
 calling himself typographus aulicus suce Celsitudinis Paderbor- 
 nensis, in the year 1690. The first two parts of the Annates 
 Paderbornensium by Schaten, 1693, bear the imprint of Neuhu- 
 sium ; the third part, 1741, that of Paderborn, (according to the 
 Bodleian copy.) 
 
 Newark, a post town, capital of Essex county, in New Jersey. 
 Printing was carried on here at least so early as 1795. In fact, 
 Hugh Gaine, a printer of New York, quitted that city when the 
 British were about to take possession of it in the year 1776, and 
 set up his press at Newark ; but, as he soon afterwards returned 
 to his old quarters, it is uncertain what productions issued from 
 his press while remaining in this town. 
 
 Newbern, a large town, capital of a district in North Carolina, 
 North America. James Davies, in 1754, or 1755, set up here 
 the first press used throughout the whole province of North Ca- 
 rolina : but he does not appear to have executed much, except a 
 folio volume of the Laws of North Carolina. 
 
 Newbury-pori, a harbour and post-town in the province of 
 Massachusetts, North America. In the year 1773, Isaiah Thomas, 
 a printer of Boston, sent a press and types to this place, where a 
 Newspaper was printed for a short time, under his directions. 
 
 Newcastle on Tyne, a considerable town of the North of 
 England, in the county of Durham. Printing appears to have 
 been practised here during the reign of Charles the First. In 
 1639 a Newspaper was published at Newcastle; and the same 
 year produced a book entitled " Lawes and ordinances of Warre, 
 " for the better government of his majestie's army royall, in the 
 " present expedition for the Northern parts, fee." Imprinted at 
 Newcastle, by Robert Barker, printer to his majesty, &c. 1639. 
 a small quarto of 27 pages. 
 
 Within the last ten or twelve years a typographical society has 
 been established in this town, whose labours promise to be both 
 interesting and useful, 
 
 Newhaven, a large maritime city of the United States, chief of 
 
NE. 193 
 
 the county of Newhaven, in the province of Connecticut, North 
 America. It is a flourishing place, containing an academy, pub- 
 lic librai-y, and a college which originally had been founded at 
 Killingworth in 1700. The second printing-house established in 
 Connecticut was set up in this town by J. Parker, who was then 
 the principal printer at New York, in the year 1754, and the first 
 book printed was The Laws of Yale College, in Latin. On the 
 first of January in the next year, Parker published here a News- 
 paper. At the present time four weekly Newspapers are issued. 
 
 New Lexington, a small but flourishing town of the United 
 States of America, in the state of Indiana. A Newspaper called 
 " The Western Eagle" was in course of publication at this town 
 in the year 1815, 
 
 New London, a seaport and considerable city, chief of the 
 county of New London, in the province of Connecticut, North 
 America. A press was introduced into this town, (being the ear- 
 liest establishment of printing throughout the province,) in the 
 year 1709, by William Short from Boston. The first book said 
 to have been printed in the colony is entitled. The Saybrodk Plat- 
 form of Church Discipline, dated 1710. Short, dying soon after- 
 wards, was succeeded by Timothy Green, and others of the old 
 printing family of that name at Cambridge. 
 
 New Orleans, a fine city of the United States, seated on the 
 Mississippi river, the capital of the territory of New Orleans, 
 in North America. Thomas relates that several printing-houses 
 were opened here, as soon as this country came under the govern- 
 ment of the United States: viz. in the year 1803: and it is as- 
 serted by a French writer, that towards the end of the last century 
 the erection of a press was permitted by the gpvernor, for the 
 purpose of issuing a newspaper called " the Moniteur of Loui- 
 " siana." 
 
 Newport, a beautiful town, chief of the state of Rhode Island, 
 in North America. The first printing-press in this town was 
 erected in the year 1732, by James Franklin, brother of Dr. 
 Benjamin Franklin, who had till that time been printer of the 
 New England Couramt at Boston. He set up his press at New- 
 port in a room under the town school -house ; and, after doing 
 some little business in various ways, died in 1735, leaving the 
 establishment to his widow and family, who continued it success- 
 fully for several years. 
 
194 NE.— NI. 
 
 New York, a fine city, the capital of the province so called, in 
 the United States of America. The first press erected in the 
 colony was introduced into this city in the year 1693, by Wm. 
 Bradford, who had previously been the first to exercise the art of 
 printing in Philadelphia. In that city he continued, we are told, 
 " until some time in the year 1693, when he set up a press at 
 " New York, and was appointed printer to the government. 
 " The first book from his press was a small folio volume of the 
 " laws of the colony, bearing the date of that year." In the im- 
 print he styles himself " Printer to their majesties," and directs to 
 ■his printing-house " at the sign of the Bible." 
 
 Bradford possessed a paper-mill (perhaps the first built in 
 British America) so early as the year 1728. He was a man of 
 good character and affable manners ; and, after holding his si- 
 tuation as printer to the government upwards of fifty years, closed 
 his useful life in the year 1752, at the advanced age of ninety- 
 four. 
 
 Niccea, Nice, (or Nizza,) a considerable and handsome town in 
 the north-west of Italy, in the Sardinian States, but formerly ac- 
 counted part of Provence. — 1666. 
 
 D. Nicolai de Porfu Pagus, Nicolas du Port, a manufacturing 
 town of France, formerly in Lorraine. A single work by Peter 
 de Blarrorivo, entitled " de bello Nanceiano," was printed here, 
 by Petrus Jacobi presbyter, in the year 1518; a vellum copy of 
 which is noticed by M. Van Praet. 
 
 S. Nicholas, qu : a town or village of Holland .'' a " History 
 " of the town and disti-ict of St. Nicholas" was printed here in the 
 year 1825. 
 
 Nidrosia, Drontheim, an ancient and celebrated city of Nor- 
 way, capital of the government of IJrontheim, and a bishop's see: 
 A Breviarium Nidarosiense was printed here about the middle 
 of the XVIth century, copies of which are now. extremely rare. 
 
 Niesviecium, Nieswiez, a city of White Russia, in the palati- 
 nate of Novogrod ; which Nicholas Radzivil, its owner, adorned 
 with most splendid monasteries and a Jesuits' college. Both the 
 Reformed and Lutherans had printing-presses here in the XVIth 
 century : the earliest book known is dated 1562. 
 
 Niortum, or Nyortum, Niort, a considerable and commercial 
 town of France, formerly in Poitou, seated on the river Sevre. 
 Le Long notices a French Bible printed here in 1594; The 
 
NI.— NO. 195 
 
 earliest Niort book which I have met with, is a medical work of 
 Franciscus Partus, printed by Johannes Moussat, in the year 
 1624. 
 
 Nissa Silesiorum, Neisse, a strong city of Silesia, capital of 
 the principality of Neisse. Printing was carried on here at least 
 so early as 1612 and 1613, in which latter year a work by John 
 Nucius, containing musical notes, was executed at Neisse by 
 Crispinus ScharfFenbergius. (TCD.) Also in the former, a trea- 
 tise of Smigledus, by the same printer. (Marsh.) 
 
 Nivernum, Nevers, a large city of France, formerly capital of 
 the Nivernois, and a bishop's see. Le Long mentions a Latin 
 metrical version of the Psakns, printed here in 1592. 
 
 NivigeUa, Nivelles, a manufacturing town of the Netherlands, 
 in South Brabant.— 1780. (Bodl.) 
 
 NONANTVLA, Nonantola, a small town of Italy, in the 
 duchy of Modena, having an abbey, in which probably the first 
 printing-press was erected. A single volume is all which now 
 remains to attest to us that the art was early exercised at No- 
 nantola, viz. a Roman Breviary, executed by the brothers George 
 and Anselm de Mischinis in the year 1480, in 4to ; a copy of 
 which curious book, printed on vellum, is in the rich collection 
 of earl Spencer. No further printing in that or the succeeding 
 century was known to Panzer. 
 
 Nordh/usa, Nordhausen, a large manufacturing town of Prus- 
 sian Saxony, in the government of Erfurt. 
 
 Printing certainly was exercised here by C. C. Neuenhahn, in 
 1703: but sir James Ware observes that Thomas Carve pub- 
 lished one of his treatises, entitled Galateus, seu de morum ele- 
 gantid, at Nordhausen, in the year 1669. 
 
 Nordlinga, see Nerolmga.' 
 
 Nordovicum, Norwich, a large and ancient city of England, 
 in the county of Norfolk. 
 
 It appears that the art of printing was introduced into Nor- 
 wich about 1568, by Anthony de Solempne, one of the strangers 
 from the Low Countries who were admitted and encouraged to 
 settle there by queen Elizabeth. Strype indeed, in his Life of 
 Archbishop Grindal, (p. 185, ed. Oxon.) under the year 1568, 
 states, that " Corranus of late had caused a table, entitled, De 
 " Operibtcs Dei, wrote by him in French, to be printed in Nor- 
 " wich." But the productions of this early press, which perhaps 
 
 o2 
 
196 NO. 
 
 did not continue long at work, are of the utmost rarity : Herbert 
 evidently had never seen a specimen. 
 
 That however, on which the historians of the county are ut- 
 terly silent, and which England, with all her boasted libraries, 
 has never yet been able to furnish, namely, a genuine volume 
 from the press of this father of Norwich typography, — Ireland, 
 to whom, amid the din of politics, we have neglected, perhaps 
 disdained, to turn our eyes in search of any thing so calm and 
 tranquil as literary treasures — Ireland has at length the oppor- 
 tunity of introducing to the public. In the library of Trinity 
 college, Dublin, a collection which comprises (for so far even my 
 present slight acquaintance with its contents enables me to per- 
 ceive) not only an exceedingly rich and substantially valuable sup- 
 ply of books for the general student, but is moreover spangled 
 with gems of the very highest lustre, and such as I have never 
 hitherto (though somewhat conversant with rare books) been able 
 to meet with in England, — in this hbrary, among the books be- 
 queathed to it by the learned archbishop Ussher, it has been my 
 fortune to find no fewer than three early Norwich specimens; 
 each of them perfect, and each in excellent preservation ; of which 
 the reader is now, for the first time, presented with a brief de- 
 scription. 
 
 The first, which is a well-printed volume in 12°- contains a 
 Dutch metrical version of the Psalms, and is entitled, De CL 
 Psalmen Davids. Wt den Franchoyschen Dichte in Neder- 
 lantschen overghesett door Petrum Dathenum. Mitsgaders den 
 ChristeUc7ce?i Catechismo, Ceremonien, en Gebeden. Tot Noor- 
 •witz. Gheprint by Anthonium de Solemne anno M.D.LXVIII. 
 The title is followed by the author's preface, dated Franckenthal^ 
 25 March, 1566 ; a register both of psalms and tunes ; a short 
 introduction relative to the musical tunes, dated Norwich, 9 Oc. 
 tober 1568 ; the text, containing both a prose and metrical ver- 
 sion, with the notes, and a collect attached to each psalm. Then 
 succeeds the Catechism, with other matters mentioned in the title, 
 on a fresh set of signatures, and forty-eight numbered leaves ; the 
 whole ending with, Ghedruct int Jaer ons Ileeren 1568. 
 
 The second is a curious Calendar, consisting of eight leaves 
 only, printed in red and black, which bears for title, Eenen Ca- 
 lendier Historiael, eewelick gheduerende. Waer in ghy vinden 
 suit den Opganck ende ondergancJc der Sonnen, in alle Maenden, 
 
NO. 197 
 
 met den Jaermercten van diversche Landen, steden ende vrilhe- 
 den. [A wood-cut of the royal arms encircled by the garter.] 
 Ghedruct tot Noorwitz, ten huyse van Anthonium de Solemne, 
 anno M.D.LXX. Godt hewaer de coninginne Elizabeth. Among 
 the historical notices scattered through the Calendar is one of the 
 opeYiing of the Dutch church at Norwich, under the authority of 
 the queen, on the 24th of December, 1565. 
 
 The third of these volumes is a Dutch version of the New 
 Testament, with the annotations of Marloratus ; the title of 
 which is, Het Nieuwe Testament, &c. in Nederdwytsche na der 
 Griescher waerheyt overgeset. Met de annotatien August. Mar- 
 lorati, &c. (Beneath is a very neat oval wood-cut, representing a 
 man in the act of felling a tree, while a second near him is kind- 
 ling a fire for its consumption, round which is a Dutch legend, 
 Every tree which hringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down and 
 cast into the fire.) Ghedruct int Jaer 1568. The editor's pre- 
 face, dated 29 Octobris 1567: the text, fol. 1 — 436; a register 
 of fifteen leaves, and one blank. It is observable that in this last 
 work, the printer's name or place does not appear : but when it 
 is stated that it is printed with the same types as those of the 
 Psalms, bears the same date, is of the same size, and bound up 
 in the same volume, there cannot be the slightest doubt that this 
 as well as the other two is the production of Anthony Solemne's 
 press. I need not detain the reader with any further remark on 
 the extreme rarity of these pieces, than merely to notice, that 
 the circumstance of their being passed over in silence by Le 
 Long among his editions of the Dutch Scriptures, seems to shew 
 that their existence was as little known in France an hundred 
 years ago, as it has been in England from that time to the 
 present. 
 
 Still furthei", there are traces of this Dutch press at Norwich, 
 so late as to the year 1578, in a fourth book, which, like the for- 
 mer ones, adorns the Dublin college library. This also is a 12". 
 in black letter, bearing for title, " Het tweede boeck vande ser- 
 " moenen des wel vermaerden Predicants B. Cornelis Adriaenssen 
 " van Dordrecht, Minrebroeder tot Brugge. Waer van d'inhou- 
 " den begrepen staet int navolgende bladt." Beneath is a wood- 
 cut of the author in his pulpit, below which we read " Nueerst- 
 " mael in Druck vuytgegeren buyten Noirdwitz. 1578." No 
 printer's name appears throughout the volume, which consists of 
 
 o3 
 
198 NO. 
 
 752 pages, besides prefatory matter ; but from the similarity both 
 of type and general appearance, I have no hesitation in adjudging 
 it to the press of Antony Solempne. 
 
 There is however preserved in the Bodleian library, (Rotul. 
 VI. in Arch. Bodl. A.) a curiosity, the production of this press, 
 which is probably unique ; it is a broadside, containing Certayne 
 versis ■writtene by Thomas Brooke getleman, in the tyme of his 
 imprysoment, the daye iefore his deathe, who sufferyd at Nor- 
 wich, the 30 of August, 1570. At the end of the verses is, Seane 
 and allowyd accordynge to the Qiienes Maiestyes Iniunction. God 
 save the Queue. Imprynted at Norwich, in the paryshe qfSaynct 
 Andrewe, by Anthony de Solempne, 1570. The verses were re- 
 printed by T. Hearne, in his edition of Leland's Collectanea. 
 
 It does not appear that typography met with much success in 
 this city; since in Brown's History of Norwich the following 
 notice occurs under the year 1 701 : " The art of printing, which 
 " had been discontinued many years, was revived by Francis 
 '* Burges, who opened a printing-office near the red well." A 
 copy of the list of Norfolk preachers, appointed by the bishop of 
 Norwich for the year 1701, printed by this Burges, occurs among 
 Bagford's collections in the British Museum ; it was sent to Bag- 
 ford by bishop Tanner, and at the bottom contains a note in the 
 handwriting of the bishop. 
 
 In a book entitled, Some Observations on the use and originall 
 of the noble art of Printing, by Fr. Burges, 8°. Norwich, 1701, 
 the author observes, that " the first day that ever printing was at 
 " Norwich, was Saturday the 27th of September, 1701 : and this 
 " was the first book that ever was printed and published there." 
 However correct or erroneous the latter part of this statement 
 may be, it decidedly proves that Burges knew nothing of Antony 
 Solempne's previous printing at Norwich, and consequently at- 
 tests the extreme rarity of those early specimens, even upwards of 
 a century ago. Yet in Burn's Catalogue for 1827, (No. 2089) 
 occurs a book thus announced : " Thomas Stackhouse (of Nor- 
 " wich) mutual duties of elders and people. 4". Printed for Ed- 
 " ward Giles, Norwich, 1698." I have not seen the book, which 
 perhaps may have been printed ybr Giles, at some other town. I 
 am confirmed in the above opinion by meeting with a sermon 
 upon a man executed at Norwich, which was printed in London 
 " for Edward Giles, bookseller in Norwich," in the year 1696. 
 
NO. 199 
 
 NORIMBERGA, Nuremberg, a large and ancient city of 
 Germany, formerly in Franconia, capital of a territory of the same 
 name, but now subject to Bavaria. 
 
 Nuremberg was amongst the first places to admit the newly 
 discovered art of printing. Its earliest known specimen is the 
 Comestorium vitiorum of Franciscus de Retza, executed by John 
 Sensenschmidt, in 1470. Several other printers speedily esta- 
 blished themselves in this city, among whom are Joannes Miiller 
 Hegiomontanus, who printed here in 1471 the editio pririceps of 
 Manilius, with other works, but none of his books are dated. 
 Anthony Koburger, an artist of great repute, worked here from 
 1472 till 1520: Frederic Creusner, from 1473 to 1497: Henry 
 Kefer, &c. &c. 
 
 Northampton, a town of the United States of America, capital 
 of Hampshire county, in thef" state of Massachusetts. 
 
 In the year 1803, a work by Dr. Joseph Priestley, entitled. 
 Notes on all the books of Scripture, was printed here, in four vols. 
 8vo. [Orme's Bibliotheca Biblica.] 
 
 Norwich, a city and post-town of New-London county, in the 
 province of Connecticut, North America. A press was esta- 
 blished here in 1773, by T. Green, from New-London : which 
 was afterwards removed to Westminster, in Vermont. A second 
 also was erected in the very same year, 1773, by the firm of 
 Robertsons and Trumball. 
 
 Nottingham, a county-town of England. 
 
 Sir Thomas ParTcyns' Inn-play, or Cornish-hug Wrestler, 4°. 
 printed by William Ayscough, 1714, is the earliest Nottingham 
 book which I have met with. — (Bodl.) 
 
 Nova Insula, qu .-' Le Long mentions a Hungariam version 
 of the Gospels, &c. printed at this place in 1541. 
 
 NOVA PLZNA, or PELSNA, Pilsen, a fortified town of 
 Bohemia, the capital of a circle of the same name. 
 
 Some few specimens remain to us which attest the early exer- 
 cise of typography in Bohemia ; but they are all of the utmost 
 rarity in these parts of Europe. The earliest is an edition of 
 the Bohemian New Testament, executed at PUsen in 1475. No 
 printer's name is attached to any of these curious volumes, six of 
 which are enumerated by Panzer. A copy of this New Testa- 
 ment is preserved in the university library at Prague : also a copy 
 of the Statuta Synodi Pragensis, of the date 1476. 
 
 o 4 
 
200 NO. 
 
 Novaria, Novara, a large and populous town of Italy, in the 
 Sardinian Milanese, capital of a province. Printing was intro- 
 duced into it about the year 1538. Some pieces of the well- 
 known Pietro Aretino were executed here in the year 1538. 
 
 NOVI, Novi, a manufacturing town of Italy, in the territory 
 of Genoa. 
 
 Only two early Novi books are known at present, one of which 
 is the Summa Baptistiniana, executed in 1479, and the other, 
 a reprint of the same work in 1484; both by Nicolaus Girarden- 
 ghus, who had previously printed at Venice and at Pavia; but 
 Panzer speaks very doubtingly of the earlier edition. It does not 
 appear that much printing was carried on here during the XVIth 
 century, as only one book is noticed by Panzer between the years 
 1501 and 1536 : namely, Jo. F. Pici MiranchdcB domini, Liber 
 de Providentia Dei contra philosophastros. Of this very rare 
 volume, consisting of 36 leaves in small folio, there is a copy in 
 the Bodleian library ; from which I extract the following curious 
 but conceited colophon : " Anno a partu Virginis M.D.VIII. 
 "No. novembr. In suburbio Novi sub Alberti Pii Carpi domini 
 " ditione. Librum hunc de providentia dei contra philosophas- 
 " tros, compositum edituq : ab Jo. Fracisco Pico Mirandulae 
 " domino Benedictus Dulcibellus Magius Carpesis exscripsit 
 " Stamneis usus calamis, usus et diligetia tanta, ne ab autho- 
 " grapho decideret exeplari, ut si etiam minuta fortasse quaepia 
 " omissa comissave sint, absit tame ab ea culpa qua notati atea 
 " quidam artifices, qui in plerisque ipsius authoris operibus excu- 
 " dendis, aut clausulam quadoque intercaeperint, aut verba omi- 
 " serint, inverterintve, aut ortographise rationem posthabuerint." 
 
 Noviodunum, Noyon, an ancient episcopal town of the north 
 of France, in the department of the Oise, formerly of considerable 
 importance, having been for a time the capital of the emperor 
 Charlemagne. It was also the birthplace of Calvin. — 1746. 
 
 NOVIOMAGIVM, Nimeguen, an ancient and strong town of 
 the Netherlands, the capital of Dutch Guelderland. 
 
 Three books alone remain of the typography of Nimeguen dur- 
 ing the XVth century, the earliest of which is a work of Fr. E/n- 
 gelbert, on the privileges of the mendicant Jriars, executed here 
 by Johannes de Westphalia, in 1479. Nor does Panzer notice 
 a single volume printed in this town during the succeeding cen- 
 tury. 
 
NO NY. 201 
 
 Novum Castrum, may designate Newcastle In England, Neu- 
 chatel or Chateau Neuf in France, Neocastro in Romania, or 
 Castel Novo in Dalmatia. 
 
 NOZANVM, seems to be a fortified village, or fort, in the 
 vicinity of Lucca. One book only is known from hence,, bearing 
 for imprint, apud Nozanuvt Lucensis agri castellum, the printers 
 of which, Henricus de Colonic and Henricus Harlemensis, had 
 in the same year (1491) printing-establishments in the town of 
 Lucca itself. This very rare work, upon which alone rests our 
 knowledge that the art was carried on here during the XV th cen- 
 tury, is the Disputatio Juris of P- Turretinus, folio, 1491. 
 
 Nuits, a small town of France, in the vicinity of Dijon. — 
 1736. 
 
 Nupvfell, a small village of Iceland, distant twelve miles from 
 Holum. 
 
 The printing-press which had been first erected at Holum by 
 bishop Areson, having after his death been removed to Breida- 
 bolstad, was purchased thence by bishop Gudbrand Thorlak- 
 son, and for some short time fixed by him at this farm, which the 
 king of Denmark was pleased to assign as a perpetual residence 
 for the printer and his successors. It appears that an edition of 
 The Icelandic Code of Laws was executed here in the year 1578; 
 but the bishop shortly afterwards removed the press to its old 
 abode at Holum. 
 
 Niiten, qu ? It is stated by madame Genlis, in her Memoirs, 
 that the first edition of the abb^ Raynal's History of the Com- 
 merce of Europeans in the East and West Indies was printed 
 hiere' in six volumes 8vo. in the year 1772. Whatever hiay be" 
 intended by the word JV^fen, which probably is misprinted, the 
 assertion is not correct in other respects ; the first edition of the 
 abbe Raynal's book having appeared in Jbur volumes, (not six^ 
 in the year 1770i, with the imprint of Amsterdam. 
 
 Nycopia, Nykoping, a small town of Sweden, in Sudermania, 
 of which it is the capital. 
 
 A printing-press was established here in 1645, by a learned 
 man named Ericus Benedicti Schroderus, who transported it from 
 Stockholm to the place of his nativity. Few books, however, 
 although, according to Alnander, very useful ones, were executed 
 at Nykoping; and in 1650 the press was again removed, and 
 transferred to Gothoburg. 
 
202 NY.— OE. 
 
 Nyon, an ancient and manufacturing town of Switzerland, in 
 the canton of Vaud. 
 
 Peignot mentions a work entitled BibUograpMe des Pays Bus, 
 of which 50 copies only were printed here in the year 1783. 
 
 Nyortwm, see Niortwm. 
 
 O. 
 
 Odessa, a modern but flourishing town and seaport, in the 
 south of European Russia, situate in the government of Cherson, 
 on a small bay of the Black sea. It contains at present near 
 40,000 inhabitants. 
 
 A French newspaper was printed and published here in the 
 year 1825. 
 
 Od/rig. A Hebrew volume in the Oppenheimer collection pur- 
 ports to have been printed in the year 1688 at Od/rig or Adrig. 
 Quaere whether these letters denote either Adria, an episcopal 
 town of Italy on the Po, formerly of great consequence ; Atri, 
 a considerable town of Naples; or Odrau, a town of Austrian 
 Silesia, on the river Oder ? I am not aware of any Jewish press 
 having been established at either of these places. 
 
 Oelsna in Silesia, Oels, a town of Prussian Silesia, the capital 
 of the principality of Oels. An edition of the Hebrew Penta- 
 teuch in folio was executed here in the year 1530, which is deno- 
 minated by Masch, in his Le Long, Codex rarissimus. A copy 
 of it is in the Oppenheimer collection, of which Wolfius gives a 
 full description, calling it a rare and highly prized work. No 
 other ancient Oels publication appears to be known. 
 
 (Enipons, or Pons CEni, Inspruck, a town of Germany, capital 
 of the Tyrol ; it formerly possessed an university, founded by 
 Leopold the First in 1672, but afterwards suppressed. 
 
 Printing was exercised here with considerable skill during the 
 XVIth century. In the year 1592 Joannes Agricola printed at 
 Inspruck a splendid volume of Annals of the deeds of the Aus- 
 trian Princes, a fine copy of which uncommon book is described 
 in the Pinelli Catalogue, No. 8118. It is also found in the Bod- 
 leian, and in Trinity college, Dublin. Catalogues sometimes an- 
 nounce a much earlier Inspruck book, namely, of the year 1569, 
 viz. " Tertii Bergomatis imagines Austriacce Gentis:'''' but this 
 work, although a very handsome one, contains nothing besides 
 engravings. M. Van Praet also cites an earlier edition of this 
 
OF— OL. 203 
 
 last, viz. of 1558 ; but from his description I do not gather that it 
 contains any letter-press printing. 
 
 Offenbacum, Offenbach, a considerable town in the west of Ger- 
 many, in the grand duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt. Printing was 
 exercised here in the early part of the XVIIth century by Con- 
 rad Nobenius, who in the year 1609 printed at Offenbach a folio 
 edition of the history of Thuanus. 
 
 OFFENBVRGVM, Offenburg, a town of the west of Ger- 
 many, formerly in the circle of Suabia, now belon^ng to Baden. 
 A single volume now testifies that printing was carried on here 
 during the XVth century ; namely, the Quad/ragesimale of Ro- 
 bertus de Lido, executed by an unnamed printer in the year 
 1496. 
 
 Ognata, Onate, a town of Spain, situated near the confines of 
 Biscay and Guipuscoa : it had formerly an academy, founded by 
 Roderic one of the bishops of Avila, in the year 1543. 
 
 Oldenburgum, Oldenburg, a fortified town of Germany, capital 
 of the grand duchy of Oldenburg. Printing was exercised here 
 in the year 1665, by Johannes Ericus Zimmer, who styles himself 
 typographer to the count. — (TCD.) 
 
 Oliva, some town of Spain : quaere whether Oliva, in the pro- 
 vince of Valentia ; Olite, in Navarre ; or Oliven^ a, in Estrema- 
 dura.'' Antonio mentions printing here, in 1647. In 1691 a 
 printing-press was worked in the monastery of St. Mary in this 
 town, whatever it be : a book entitled Mars Gothicus, by Matthias 
 PrcBtorius, bears for imprint, Typis Monasterii Olivensis, S. O. C. 
 imprimebat Johannes Jacobus Textor, Factor, 1691. This 
 volume may be seen in the library of Trinity college, Dublin. 
 Another production of the same author, printed here either In 
 1689 or 1690, is in archbishop Marsh's library. The monks ap- 
 pear to have commenced printing in or before the year 1676. 
 
 Olmedo, a small decayed town of Spain, distant twenty miles S. 
 from Valladolid. Mendez informs us that the art of printing has 
 been exercised in this place, but he gives no date. 
 
 OLOMVCVM, or OLOMVTIVM, Olmutz, a strong and fine 
 city of the Austrian States, formerly the capital of Moravia. It 
 is an archbishop's see, and had an university, which was removed 
 to Br una in 1778. 
 
 A little printing seems to have been done here at the close of 
 the XVth century, consisting chiefly of works levelled by the 
 
204 OL.— OR. 
 
 church of Rome against the Waldenses. Three books alone were 
 known to Panzer, of the dates 1500, 1501, and 1502, all upon 
 this subject; the printer of which was Conradus de Baumgarten. 
 
 Olyssipo, see Ulyssipo. 
 
 Onoldium, or OnoltzbacMum, Onoltzbach, or Anspach, a large 
 town formerly of Franconia, capital of the principality of Anspach, 
 now belonging to Bavaria, and chief of a circle and district. A 
 Hebrew grammatical work by Joannes Meelfuherus was executed 
 at Anspach in the year 1607.— (TCD.) 
 
 OPPENHEMIVM, Oppenheim, a town of Germany, formerly 
 in the palatinate of the Rhine, now belonging to Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 
 Printing was exercised here towards the close of the XVth cen- 
 tury; but only two specimens of it now remain, the earliest of 
 which is a work of Wigandus Wirt, upon the conception of the 
 Virgin Mary, printed in 1494 ; the printer is unknown, but the 
 press was corrected by Peter Gunther, schoolmaster of Oppen- 
 heim. 
 
 Orhitellum, Orbitello, a seaport of Italy, in Tuscany. — 1667. 
 
 Orense, anciently called Amphilochia, Auria, or Aquas caUdcB, 
 an ancient city of Spain in Galicia, seated on the river Minho. 
 It is a bishop's see, and celebrated for some tepid baths. 
 
 Printing appears to have been practised here in the early part 
 of the XVIth century : but the only Orense book, which I have 
 seen, is one entitled, Palinodia de los Turcos — ympresso en la 
 ciudad de Orense que es en Galizia, 1547, folio. The volume is 
 printed in Gothic type, on bad paper, and contains some wood- 
 cuts, of indifferent execution. 
 
 Oringa, or Oehringa, Oehringen, a town of Germany, in Wir- 
 temburg. — 1693. 
 
 Oriola, Orihuela, or Origuela, an ancient and well-built town 
 of Spain, in the province of Murcia : it is a bishop's see, and has 
 a small university, founded in 1555. 
 
 Antonio, in his Bibliotheca Uispana, mentions a book printed 
 here in 1603 : but it appears that in the preceding year the bishop 
 of Origuela possessed a printing-press within the walls of his own 
 palace ; as a little work which he caused to be printed for the use 
 of his clergy, entitled Synodus Oriolana secunda, bears for im- 
 print, OriolcB, in palatio episcopali per Didacum de l& Torre, 
 anno Domini 1602. This book is in Trinity college, Dublin ;- as 
 well as another of the next year, also by the bishop, who appears 
 
OR.— OS. 205 
 
 to have been the corrector of his own press. In this latter work 
 he apologizes to the reader, for his want of Greek types, and for 
 some inaccuracies which had crept in through his own ill health 
 and the necessary care of his diocese. 
 
 Ortesium, Ortes, or Orthes, a small town in the south-west 
 of France, in the department of the Upper Pyrenees. — 1 585. 
 
 Orthona Maris, or Ortaima, Ortona a Mare, a town of Naples, 
 in Abruzzo citra, seated on the gulf of Venice. It is a bishop's 
 see, and contains about 6000 inhabitants. 
 
 A ^ebrew Grammar, hy R. Moses Kimchi, has been adduced 
 by Maittaire and other bibliographers as printed here in 1496: 
 but it has been satisfactorily shewn by De Rossi that this book is 
 really of the date of 1518 or 1519. In 1518 four works were 
 executed at Ortona, one of them, the treatise of Petrus' Galatinus 
 against the Jews, entitled, De artams Catholicce veritatis ; the 
 printer of which was Hieronymus Suncinus. A copy of this 
 volume is in the royal library of George the Third, and another 
 in the Bodleian library ; it is a handsome folio of 312 leaves, on 
 good paper, well-printed, and garnished with wooden borders and 
 initials, much in the style of Froben's early editions of Erasmus' 
 Greek Testament. The colophon is on the last leaf but two. 
 
 Osca, Huesca, an ancient episcopal city of Spain, in Arragon ; 
 with an university, founded at a most remote period. Antonio 
 mentions printing here in the year 1576. I have seen none ante- 
 rior to 1611. 
 
 Osmiana, Oszmiana, a small town of Russian Lithuania, in 
 the palatinate of Wilna. The members of the reformed church 
 had a press at work here in the year 1615. 
 
 Osndbrugum, or Osnahurgum, Osnaburg, an old fortified city 
 of Hanover, capital of the principality of Osnaburg.- — 1631. 
 
 Ostrogia, Ostrobia, or Ostrovia, Ostrog, a strongly fortified 
 town of Russian Poland, in the government of Volhynia, the see 
 of an archbishop of the Greek church. 
 
 Constantine, duke of Ostrog, palatine of Kiof and Volhynia, 
 first introduced a printing-press into this town, for the express 
 purpose of publishing the Bible in the Slavonic language. After 
 an impression of the New Testament only, in the year 1580, in 
 octavo, he caused a translation of the Old Testament to be made 
 from the Septuagint version, and succeeded in finishing the print- 
 ing of it in August 1581. This is \he first edition of the Slavonic 
 
206 OT. 
 
 Bible, and is a volume of the highest rarity : Kohlius, who pub- 
 hshed a work principally on the subject of this version in 1729, 
 had the utmost difficulty in obtaining the sight of a copy, and 
 declares that it is scarcely to be found, even in Russia itself: yet' 
 the impression was a large one ; but Kohlius darkly hints that its 
 rarity might be probably traced to the circumstance of there being 
 found in this edition multa qua Pwpismum saperent, which were 
 either omitted or corrected in the subsequent Moscow edition exe- 
 cuted in 1663. A perfect and fine copy of this work is however 
 to be seen in the Bodleian library, clad in a solid binding which 
 wears the appearance of having been put on at the time and place 
 of the execution of the volume : and I cannot but remember the 
 feelings of surprise and pleasure with which, when it was my office 
 to exhibit this copy to the emperor Alexander of Russia, on his 
 visit to the Bodleian library in company with the other sovereigns 
 in the summer of 1814, his imperial majesty regarded for the first 
 time this valuable and interesting book. The volume is a thick 
 folio, handsomely printed in two columns, having the initial letters 
 of books and chapters cut in wood. Part of the general title, as 
 also those prefixed to the books of Genesis, the Psalms, and St- 
 Matthew's Gospel, are printed in red ink. A calendar and table at 
 the end consist of red and black intermixed. The third book of the 
 Maccabees is found in this edition. A copy of this impression, 
 but imperfect, is said to be preserved in the famous convent of 
 Trotzkoi", or the Holy Trinity, distant about forty miles from Mos- 
 cow : and another is now in the library of the Imperial Academy 
 of Sciences at St. Petersburgh. Yet Bachmeister, in his " Essay 
 " on the St. Petersburg hbrary," (8vo. 1776) assigns a different 
 period to the first appearance of typography at Ostrog ; asserting 
 that its press first opened in 1549, and ceased in or about the year 
 1689. However he enters into no particular's confirming this 
 statement. 
 
 For a minute and interesting account of this Ostrog edition, 
 the reader is referred to the work of Mr. Henderson, entitled 
 " Biblical Researches and Travels in Russia," 8°. 1826, p. 81 92. 
 
 Otkonia, or Otthinium, Odensee, a very ancient episcopal town 
 of Denmark, capital of the isle of Funen ; possessing a college, 
 erected in 1621 ; also a public library, which although of very 
 recent establishment, already contains more than 15,000 volumes. 
 Thomas Kingo, bishop of Odensee, set up a press in his own 
 
OT.— ox. 207 
 
 house, at which he printed Beringius' History of Denmark, folio, 
 in the year 1698. 
 
 Otmarsum, Ootmorssen, or Ootmarsum, a populous town of the 
 Netherlands, in the province of Overyssel. Printing was carried 
 on here, by Albert Caspersz, in the year 1647.— (TCD.) 
 
 Ottinpurra, Uttinpurrha, or Ottembura, a monastery of Bene- 
 dictines, founded in the Vlllth century, in Suabia, in the diocese 
 of Augsburg. A press was established here in the early part of 
 the XVIth century by Leonard Wideraann, a learned abbot of 
 the monastery, who in his preface to an edition of Alcuinus de 
 Trinitate, dated 1509, which was the firstfruits of his press, en- 
 treats the monks to preserve and cherish the valuable art of print- 
 ing which he had introduced among them. Schelhorn, who has 
 given an account of this press in his Amaenitates historicB ecclesi- 
 asticce et literaHce, vol. ii. p. 590 &c. declares that it was well 
 supplied with Greek and Hebrew types : he affirms that all the 
 books executed there were of high rarity, and mentions four which 
 he had seen, of the dates 1509, 1511, 1518, and 1543 : how long 
 the art continued to be exercised within the monastery, he has not 
 informed us. 
 
 Oude-water, a strong and manufacturing town of the Nether- 
 lands, in the province of Utrecht, the birthplace of the celebrated 
 John Arminius. Aert van Duin was a printer of Dutch books 
 here in the year 1669.— (TCD.) 
 
 Ovetum, Oviedo, an ancient city of Spain, capital of Asturias 
 d'Oviedo. It is a bishop's see, and possesses an university. — 1795. 
 
 Oxoma, Oxomense Burgum, or Burgum Uxomense, Osma, an 
 ancient but almost ruined town of Spain, in Old Castile, seated on 
 the river Duero : it is the see of a bishop. Antonio mentions that 
 printing was carried on here in the year 1570. 
 
 OXONIA, or OXONIVM, (more correctly ISIDIS VA- 
 DVM,) Oxford, a well known city of England, whose celebrated 
 university was founded by king Alfred in 872. In Welsh books 
 this city is called Rhyd-y-chen, (i. e. ford of the Oxen,) from 
 which has been coined the word Rhedycma. In one book alone 
 have I seen it designated by its Roman appellation, BEL- 
 LOSITVM DOBVNORVM; namely, in the Theses Theolo- 
 gies et HistoriccB of G. J. Vossius, which bears for imprint, 
 Bellositi Dobimorum, excudebat W. T. [urner] impensis W. 
 W. [ebb.] 
 
208 OX. 
 
 Without entering at all upon the contested question respecting 
 the date of the well-known Exposicio S. Hieronymi, which pro- 
 fesses to have been printed here in the year 14<68 ; (a point which, 
 although my own opinion upon it has been long made up, I 
 should have used every endeavour to set at rest, had !■ remained 
 at the Bodleian libraiy long enough to have executed a once- 
 meditated scheme of giving a detailed account of the progress of 
 printing in Oxford,) I shall content myself with laying before the 
 reader such proofs of its ancient typography, as will abundantly 
 substantiate the claim of this university to the honour of being at 
 least the second place in England which obtained the advantages 
 of this art. 
 
 The books executed at Oxford during the XV th century, at 
 present known, are the following : 
 
 1. ExposicioS. Hieronymi in SymbolumApostoloruni\'isGS. 4°. 
 
 2. Aristotelis Ethica Latink per L. Aretinum 1479. 4". 
 
 3. j^gidius Romanus de Peccato originali 1479. 4", 
 
 4. Alexander de Ales in libros Aristotelis de Anima 1481. fol. 
 
 5. Jo. Latteburius in Threnos Jeremice 1482. fol. 
 
 6. Phalaridis Epistolaz Latinh per L. Aretinum (1485.) 4°, 
 
 7. Jo. Lyndewode Constitutiones provinciales s. a. fol. 
 
 8. Liber Festivalis 1486. fol 
 Before entering into any description of these, it may be as 
 
 well to clear our way by disposing of three other works which 
 have been attributed to Oxford, and which may still be found 
 ranged among the early specimens of this place mentioned by bib- 
 liographers. 1. The first of these we owe to Herbert; who, in 
 his Typographical Antiquities, (vol. iii.) sets it down from Ames 
 in the following manner ; Guide de Columnia de historia Trojand, 
 per T. R. {Theodore Rood,) 4°. 1480. He thus gives the notice 
 as he received it, without being able to add a single word of illus- 
 tration or reference. I do not find that such a book is mentioned 
 by any other writer ; therefore, till something further is known 
 respecting its existence, must refuse its admission into the cata- 
 loguel. The two others are to be found in Panzer's Annals; one 
 
 1 [Since the publication of the first edition, I have been fortunate enough to dis- 
 cover the source of Herbert's observation, in a copy of this work now preserved ia 
 the noble collection of the earl of Pembroke at Wilton : it is an edition without note 
 of date, place, or printer; of which silence advantage has been taken by some dex- 
 terous forger to add in printed letters a monogram containing the letters T. R. with 
 
ox. 209 
 
 of which professes to be Hieronymi expositio in Symhdlo Aposto- 
 lico. Oxonice, 1498. 8°. The other, Chialteri Burley tractatus 
 de Materidy &c. Oxonii, 1500. 4°. The first of these two Pan- 
 zer cites from Schoenemann ; upon looking into whose work, Bib- 
 lioiheca Patru/m Laiinorum, I find the edition merely noticed in 
 the above words, while on every other edition Schoenemann enters 
 into a detailed description : here then, at once, seems to be evi- 
 dence that the author himself knew nothing about such an edition, 
 but having received a negligent notice of it from some friend, en- 
 tered it among the rest, lest he might seem to be guilty of a deli- 
 berate omission. Panzer rightly conjectures that it is a mistake 
 for the edition of 1468. In the Gualterus Burley also there is a 
 mis-statement of the date, which arose in the following manner : 
 the book itself, from which Panzer's notice is taken, is preserved 
 in the Bodleian library, and has the date thus expressed : Anno 
 dm. M.c'cccc. deck) octavo, mensis vero Junii die septimo. 
 Through inadvertency or haste in the compilation of the old Bod- 
 leian Catalogue the figures alone were noticed, and in consequence 
 the year 1500 was given to it instead of 1518. From this Cata- 
 logue, Maittaire without examination transferred it into his An- 
 nales Typographici ; Panzer copied the statement of Maittaire, 
 and thus this edition has gone forth to the literary world as an 
 addition to the Oxford typographical remains of the XV th century. 
 Having thus cleared away these excrescences, we may proceed 
 to a brief description of the specimens acknowledged to be ge- 
 nuine. For this purpose I think they may advantageously be 
 divided into three classes ; the first of which shall contain the 
 first three articles; the second, the fourth and fifth; and the 
 third, the remaining three. 
 
 1. The Expositio, the Aristotelis Ethica, and the MgidAus, are 
 all printed in the same size, with the same types, on the same 
 paper, having the signatures marked in the same manner, and the 
 presswork generally alike; they all have the date and place of 
 printing distinctly marked, and all are equally without any prints 
 er's name. Further, these types and this paper do not occur in 
 any of the other books subsequently executed at Oxford. 
 
 2. The Alexander in libros de Anima is a folio volume, printed 
 
 the word OXON. and the date MCCCCLXXX. The deception however is palpable 
 to an experienced eye. The same library possesses two other remarkable forgeries, 
 doubtless by the game hand.] 
 
 P 
 
210 OX. 
 
 in two columns, and containing a larger and smaller type, neither 
 of which appear in the three books before mentioned : this volume 
 bears a full imprint, Impressum per me Theodericum rood de 
 Colonia in alma universitate Oocon. Anno incarnationis dominicce. 
 M.cccc.Lxxxi. XI die mensis Octobris. The Latteburius in thre- 
 nos HieremicB agrees with this in size, is also in two columns, 
 contains types of two sorts, each of which is the same with those 
 used in the Alexander ; it has no printer's name or place, but is 
 dated in the next year, 1482. Altogether there is so close a re- 
 semblance between these two volumes, that I think no person who 
 compares them together can doubt that the place and printer of 
 both are one and the same. It is further observable, that the types 
 used in these two books, though they resemble each other, are not 
 found either in those of a prior, or in those of a subsequent exe. 
 cution. 
 
 3. The third and last division embraces the Phalaris, the 
 Lyndewode, and the lAher Festivalis. The Phalaris, a small 
 quarto, consists of a type which had not been used in any previous 
 Oxford book ; it has the names of Rood and Hunte as printers, 
 with the date of 1485 rather enigmatically expressed. The 
 Ijyndewode is a very large volume, printed in double columns, 
 consisting of three different sorts of type, the two smaller of which 
 differ from any previously used in Oxford, but the largest agrees 
 entirely with that of the Phalaris. The Liber Festivalis (the 
 description of which I take wholly from the Bibliotheca Spence- 
 riana, and the fac-simile there given) consists of types of two 
 kinds, one of which (as engraved) certainly appears to resemble 
 that of the Phalaris and the Lyndewode: like the latter, this 
 book is printed in two columns ; like it, the signatures vary, some 
 running in eights, while others are in sixes ; it has wood-cuts con- 
 formable to the character of that which is prefixed to the Lynde- 
 wode ; and it bears the date of 1486, which is but a single year 
 posterior to that of the Phalaris. 
 
 Here then, as it appears to me, are three families or classes of 
 Oxford books; each preserving an uniformity among its own 
 members, but possessing strong marks of separation from each 
 of the other classes. The printer of the first set is unnamed, he 
 may have been CorseUis, or any one else. The second is undoubt- 
 edly the production of Theodoric Rood : and the third, of this 
 latter printer after he had taken into partnership Thomas Hunte, 
 
ox. 211 
 
 an Englishman, who perhaps may have brought these types, now 
 first seen, as the price of his admission to a share of the business. 
 Is not, then, the opinion of Dr. Dibdin rather hastily given, who 
 asserts, (in vol. iii. p. 412, of the Bibliotheca Spencericma,) that 
 " the Expositk) Hieronymi, the Alexander de Alexandria, the 
 " Latteburius, and the Phalaris, are all executed in the same 
 " character ?" I have endeavoured to shew that they belong to 
 three classes totally distinct : and I speak with more confidence 
 to this point, because I have, at the moment of writing this article, 
 the books themselves of all three families, that is to say, seven out 
 of the eight volumes known to be remaining, lying before me in 
 the Bodleian library. 
 
 Another opinion expressed by the same author is, that neither 
 the three books of the first class, nor the two of the second, were 
 printed in England. (See Bibl. Spencer, vol. iv. p. 352 and 355.) 
 It may be so : yet I cannot myself discover any sufficient cause 
 why in that case the name of Oxford was inserted into their colo- 
 phons ; or why, having been so inserted in four instances, it was 
 omitted in the fifth : and further, why the printer's name was in- 
 troduced once, yet omitted in the remaining four cases. Dr. Dib- 
 din most assuredly has adduced no proof to back these suppo- 
 sitions : if it be said that the types " carry with them a foreign 
 " appearance," and " are clearly of a Cologne origin," I may 
 grant the fact, yet strenuously resist the inference : where, let me 
 ask, was a type-foundry in England at this period ? did Caxton 
 cast his own types at this time ? — and, if they were only to be pro- 
 cured abroad, from what place was Theodore Rood, a native of 
 Cologne, so likely to procure them, as from Cologne itself.? With 
 ample reason therefore the types may have a Cologne origin, nay 
 it would be strange if they had come from any other quarter. 
 But until sufficient evidence is brought forward to shew that the 
 volumes in question were executed at a foreign press, I shall, 
 upon the great principle of British law, that every man is to be 
 deemed innocent until he is fully proved to be guilty, content 
 myself with believing that their colophons speak nothing but the 
 truth, and that the books were really printed at that place at 
 which they profess to have been printed. 
 
 It only remains to state, for the reader's information, how many 
 copies of these volumes are known to have reached our time, and 
 in what collections each of them may be found. 
 
 p2 
 
2ia ox. 
 
 Of the first, Dr. Dibdin notices eight copies existing in this 
 country ; namely, in the following libraries ; the Bodleian, the 
 Archives of Oxford, that of All Souls' college, among bishop 
 More's books in the public library of Cambridge, his late ma- 
 jesty's library, earl Spencer's, the earl of Pembroke's, the mar- 
 quess of Blandford's. (This last copy has been since sold at the 
 White Knights' sale, part I. N°- 2145, and is now permanently 
 fixed in the royal library of Paris.) It is with pleasure that I hear 
 of a very fine ninth copy lately brought into notice, in the posses- 
 sion of sir Henry Dryden. 
 
 N°. 2. is in the Bodleian, and in the collections of Earl Spencer 
 and the earl of Pembroke. 
 
 N°. 3. is in the Bodleian library. 
 
 N"- 4. is in the Bodleian, in the British Museum, among 
 bishop More's books in the public library at Cambridge, in 
 Oriel, Balliol, St. John's, and Trinity colleges, in Oxfords 
 but the gem unequalled is a copy preserved in the library of 
 Brazen-Nose college, which is beautifully printed upon vel- 
 lum! 
 
 N°. 5. is in the Bodleian, and in the library of Corpus Christi 
 college ; earl Spencer possesses a copy, and Herbert notices one 
 belonging to the dean and chapter of Westminster, printed partly 
 upon vellum and partly upon paper. [This last I have had the 
 opportunity of Inspecting in the Chapter library, and find that in- 
 stead of being partly on vellum, and partly upon paper, the volume 
 is entirely upon vellum! Thus we now have knowledge of two 
 Oxford books of the XVth century printed upon vellum. The 
 Latteburius is perfect, but the vellum is neither white nor 
 smooth.] 
 
 N". 6. is in the library of Corpus Christi college, Oxford, 
 (being the very copy described by Herbert, and formerly belong- 
 ing to the Rev. Herbert Randolph, rector of Deal,) and in that of 
 earl Spencer. The Corpus copy is miserably cropped, earl Spen- 
 cer's is large and fine and beautiful. 
 
 N°. 7. is in the Bodleian library. 
 
 No. 8, is in the collection of earl Spencer. 
 
 From the year 1486 we know of no book printed at Oxford 
 until 1517, (erroneously marked 1512 by Herbert, and copied 
 after him by Briiggeman, and subsequently by Panzer;) and 
 after 1519 there is again a complete blank until late in queen 
 
ox. 21S 
 
 Elizabeth's reign "^j when a new press was erected at the expence 
 of the earl of Leicester, chancellor of the university ; the first 
 book printed at which was Johannis Cast speculum moraUum 
 qucBstionum in universam Ethicam Aristotelis, 4°. executed by 
 Joseph Barnes, printer to the university, in 1585. After the 
 erection of the Sheldonian Theatre, which was publicly and 
 solemnly opened in a convocation holden on the 9th of July, 1669, 
 the university printing-presses were worked in a room underneath 
 that building; from whence issued, during the space of fifty 
 years, numerous excellent editions sufficiently known to the learn- 
 ed. In all probability the first book printed here was the Car- 
 men Pindaricum in Theatrum Sheldonianum of Corbett Owen of 
 Christ Church, recited at the convocation above-mentioned. The 
 imprint, E Theatro Sheldoniano, was not left oiF until after the 
 year 1759, although the university books ceased to be printed 
 there from the time of the completion of the Clarendon printing- 
 house. This last press commenced its operations, in October, 
 1713, and the first sheet worked off was letter z. in the third alpha- 
 bet of Leland's Collectanea, then being published by Hearne. 
 
 The establishment was again moved to a new and larger print- 
 ing-office, erected in the north-west quarter of the city, in the 
 month of September 1830; and the first sheet worked off at the 
 new press was letter 2 p. in Bishop Lloyd's GreeJc Testament, 12P. 
 The first publication finished, and bearing the imprint, at the 
 University Press, was Barro'w's theological works, 8 vols. 8vo. 
 1830. 
 
 While I am upon the subject of Oxford typography, the reader 
 may perhaps forgive the following notice of a curious mistake 
 made by Chevillier in his Origine de Timprimerie, in interpreting 
 a passage of Wood's Athena Oxonienses relative to the matter 
 before us : Chevillier says, (in p. 328,) " II y a eu un temps en 
 " Angleterre ou I'universit^ d'Oxfort avoit senle le droit d'exercer, 
 " ou de faire exercer, I'imprimerie, et ou aucune autre ville de ce 
 " royaume-la ne le pouvoit faire sans sa permission. Cela fut 
 
 m For The Account of the lAthuanian tramslation of the Bible, cited by Her- 
 bert under the year 1569, is really of 1659. 
 
 Bagford, in bis MS. collections for a history of printing, attributes the cessation 
 observed in the Oxford, Cambridge, York, Tavistock, St. Albau's, Canterbury, and 
 Worcester presses, to the interference of cardinal Wolsey, during his legantine visi- 
 tations of several parts of England. Upotiwhat authority, I am unable to learn. 
 
 p3 
 
214 PA. 
 
 " ainsi observe jusq'au tems de la reine Elisabeth. Oh Tapprend 
 " de celui qui a ecrit Thistoire de cette mSme university." (Anto- 
 nius Wood, Hist. Univ. Oxon. p. 228.) " Notatu dignum est 
 " quod ars ilia, ni fallor, ad serenissimae usque Elisabethae tem- 
 " pora (quippe turn Joseph um quemdam Barnes libros ex licenti4 
 " academici imprimentem reperies,) apud exteros penitiis hsesit ; 
 " quibus permissa est ab universitate potestas, jus, et privilegium 
 " artem typographicam exercendi, vel apud se retinendi, vel aliis 
 '' coramunicandi.'" " On pent dire que ce fut la recompence des 
 " soins que prit le chancelier de cette dcole, de faire ^tablir la pre- 
 " miere imprimerie du royaume a Oxfort ; car ce fut lui qui sol- 
 " licita le roi de la Grand Bretagne de faire venir des imprimeurs, 
 " et qui joignit una somme de trois cent marcs d'argent k celle 
 " que ce prince donna sur ce sujet.'" 
 
 Antony k Wood had simply mentioned the fact, that the early 
 printers at Oxford were rather foreigners than natives of the 
 place, as Corsellis, Theodoric Rood of Cologne, John Scolar, 
 (who is supposed to have been a German,) &c. &c. which notice 
 Chevillier misunderstanding assumes at once that Oxford pos- 
 sessed, down to the period of queen Elizabeth's reign, the import- 
 ant privilege of a monopoly of printing throughout the British 
 empire. 
 
 P. 
 
 Paddeniurg. (qu. Padenbom, in Westphaha ?) A Talmudical 
 treatise, dated 1726, bearing the imprint of this place, is noticed 
 in the Catalogue of the library belonging to the " London Society 
 *' for promoting Christianity among the Jews." 
 
 Padeborna, Paderborn, an ancient and considerable town of 
 Westphalia, with an university, founded in 1592. It was for- 
 merly the see of a bishop possessing a most extensive jurisdiction. 
 Printing was exercised here in 1600, (TCD.) and by Matthew 
 Pontanus in 1602.— (Bodl.) 
 
 Padova, see Patavium. 
 
 PalcEopolis Aduaticorum, qu. Tongeren, or Tongres, an an- 
 cient town of the Netherlands, in the territory of Liege ? — 1606. 
 
 Palentia, Palencia, a considerable town of Spain, chief of a dis- 
 trict in the province of Leon, and the see of a bishop. The first 
 Christian university founded in Spain was established at this 
 place, but afterwards was transferred to Salamanca. 
 
 Antonio and Caballero, two Spanish bibliographers, mention a 
 
PA. 215 
 
 work by Rodericus SancUus de Jrevallo, said to be printed in 
 this town in 1470: but Panzer treats the statement as errone- 
 ous, and believes the book in question to be a Roman edition of 
 that year. No other specimen of printing at Palencia is adduced, 
 either in this or the early part of the succeeding century ; but 
 Antonio notices printing here in the year 1572 ; which statement 
 is in all probability correct. 
 
 Pahna, a strong town of Austrian Illyria, in Friuli. — 1814. 
 
 Palma Balearium, now called Majorca, a seaport-town, capital 
 of the island of Majorca. It is a bishop's see, and contains some 
 literary establishments. Antonio notices printing here in the year 
 1600 : he likewise mentions a book dated 1589, bearing the im- 
 print Majorica, which in all probability was executed in this town. 
 In the Catalogue of the Bibliotheca Mayanskma, (sold by auction 
 in London in 1829,) N°. 85, occurs a work of Raimundo LuUio, 
 bearing the imprint Palma, 1540, which the compiler pronounces 
 to be the first book printed in the island; also (N° 111.) another 
 Spanish work by Carbon, with the imprint Mallorca, 1541. 
 
 Palmonium, quaere what town? Le Long cites an JElemen- 
 tarium Hebraicum, by Ambrosius Frichius, executed in this 
 town in the year 1567. (see vol. ii. p. 1173.) 
 
 Palmyra was an ancient and celebrated city of Syria, whose 
 stupendous ruins still bespeak its former magnificence : it is also 
 the name of no fewer than nine townships and villages in the 
 United States of America. 
 
 Some Italian works of the middle of the last century bear the 
 imprint of this place, with the dates 1755, 1767, and 1769; [but 
 quaere where printed ? I have not seen any of them.J 
 
 Paliheniorum qfflcina. Zacharias Palthenius, who was a learned 
 printer of Francfort on the Maine, at the close of the XVIth cen- 
 tury, used sometimes the custom, which then generally prevailed, 
 of omitting the name of his town. His books occur with the fol- 
 lowing imprints : 
 
 Zacharias Palthenius LLD. in 1597, (he died 1615.) 
 
 Collegium Paltheniorum in 1605 — 10. 
 
 CoUe^um Musarum Palthen'". in 1612—14. 
 
 Officina Haredum Paltheni". in 1616. 
 
 Hartmannus Palthenius in 1616 — 22. 
 
 Pdkm, Pau, a considerable town of France, formerly the ca- 
 pital of Beam. Printing was practised at Pau about the middle 
 
 p 4 
 
216 PA. 
 
 of the XVIth century. The earliest book known appears to be 
 a volume of the Customs l^c. of Beam, in the dialect of the coun- 
 try, executed by Johan de Vingles and Henry Poyure, in 1552. 
 A copy of this, on vellum, is in the royal library of France. 
 
 PAMPELVNA, or POMPEIOPOLIS, Pampeluna, an an- 
 cient city of Spain, the capital of Navarre : it is a bishop's see, 
 and has an university founded in 1608. Of six or seven Pampe- 
 luna books of the XVth century which now remain, the earliest is 
 a Commentary an the Apostles'' Creed by Petrus de Castrdbel, 
 executed in the year 1489 : the printer's name is not mentioned. 
 Mendez, however, knew nothing of such a book, which appears to 
 be cited from Prosper Marchand ; and judged that typography 
 was introduced into Pampeluna by Arnard Guillen de Brocar (the 
 same who afterwards printed the famous Polyglott Bible at Alcala) 
 in or about the year 1495. Panzer knew of no publication be- 
 tween 1501 and 1536. 
 
 Panama, a trading city and seaport of South America, seated 
 on a bay in the isthmus of Darien : it was formerly the capital of 
 the Spanish province of Panama, and a great commercial depot, 
 but has latterly declined. How early typography was introduced, 
 I have not learnt: in 1824 two newspapers were regularly pub- 
 lished in the town. 
 
 Paniovicia, Senapaniowce, a town of Russian Poland, in Podo- 
 lia. Printing was carried on here in 1608. 
 
 PANORMVM, Palermo, a populous and fine city, capital of 
 the island of Sicily, and seat of the viceroy. It is the see of an 
 archbishop, and has an university. 
 
 One book only is known to have been printed at Palermo during 
 the XVth century, entitled, Joannis Nusonis consuetudines urbis 
 Panormi ; the date of which is 1477, and the printer Andreas de 
 Wormacid. From this year we know of no more Palermo print- 
 ing until 1515. To descend to modern times, one of the latest 
 publications of this city is an Italian metrical translation of sir 
 Walter Scott's beautiful poem, " The Lady of the Lake." 
 
 Papenhemium, Pappenheim, a small town of the interior of 
 Germany, formerly chief place of a district, now belonging to 
 Bavaria. — 1786. 
 
 PAPIA, or TICINVM, Pavia, an ancient city of Austrian 
 Italy, in the duchy of Milan: it is a bishop's see, and has a cele- 
 brated university, founded by the emperor Charlemagne. 
 
PA. gl7 
 
 Pavia was very early in its adoptiun of typography : its oldest 
 remaining specimen is a medical work of Jdhcmnes Matthcd de 
 Ferrariis, of the year 1471 ; the printer of which, Atithonius de 
 Carchano, who seems to have been no small coxcomb, styles him- 
 self in one of his books, Gymnam Papiensis generaMs jwrista- 
 rum biddlus : (i. e. as we should say in Oxford, esquire bedel of 
 law!) The art was carried on extensively at Pavia by about 
 thirty printers during the XVth and beginning of the XVIth 
 century. One of them, apparently a whimsical mortal, desig- 
 nates himself by three several appellations, viz. Jacobus PuL 
 chridrapensis. Jacobus Paraidrapius, and Jacolms Paucidrapius 
 — de Burgq/ranco. 
 
 Paramaribo, a large and flourishing town of Guiana, in South 
 America, capital of the province of Surinam. 
 
 A newspaper was announced for publication at this place, in the 
 year 1826. 
 
 PARISH, or LVTETIA PARISIORVM, Paris, the me- 
 tropolis of France ; the celebrated university of which was found- 
 ed by Charlemagne in the year 791. 
 
 There is no doubt that Paris witnessed the exercise of the art 
 of printing so early as 1470, in which year, through the exertions 
 of two of its learned professors, Guillaume Fichet, and Jean de 
 la Pierre, a press was set up in the college of the Sorbonne by 
 the three illustrious partners, Ulric Gering, Ma:gtin Crantz, and 
 Michael Friburger, and a work, entitled Gasparmi Pergamensis 
 Epistolce, finished and given to the public. Yet for the first two 
 or three years their books are without any date, the only excep- 
 tion being a small piece of Fichetus adjoined to his Treatise upon 
 Rhetoric, to which the date of 1471 is affixed, and which is there- 
 fore to be considered the first dated Paris book. The firm con- 
 tinued its united labours until 1478, (having removed in 1473 
 from the Sorbonne to the Golden Sun in the Rue S. Jacques,) 
 and was succeeded by a host of printers during the XVth cen- 
 tury, many of whom have obtained considerable reputation by 
 their works. From this numerous list we may select as the more 
 conspicuous, Antonius Verard, the printer of several valuable 
 Chronicles, and sadly given to the practice of striking off copies 
 upon vellmri ! Guido Mercator, Jo. Badius Ascensius, and Thiel- 
 man Kerver. But above them all it should be remembered, that 
 in this city the illustrious and learned family of the Stephani car- 
 
218 PA, 
 
 ried on the business of printing for upwards of a century and a 
 half. The earliest book known to be executed by any of this 
 family is Jo. Fabri introductio in libros Ethicorum Aristotelis, 
 which was printed by Henry Stephens the elder, in partnership 
 with Wolfgang Hopylius, in the year 1496. Consult Maittaire's 
 Lives of the Stephani, a work however which is abundantly sus- 
 ceptible of correction and enlargement, and sadly requires the 
 labours of an active and careful editor. 
 
 Of the extent which the art had reached in Paris within the 
 first thirty years from the period of its introduction, some idea 
 may be formed, when it is known that Panzer has enumerated no 
 fewer than eighty-five printers, and upwards of seven hundred 
 and ninety works executed here during the XVth century. 
 
 PARMA, an ancient and fortified city of the north of Italy, 
 capital of the duchy of Parma : it is a bishop's see, and has an 
 university, founded in 1599. 
 
 The earliest known specimen of the Parma presses is an ex- 
 ceedingly rare edition of Phitarchus de liberis educandis, exe- 
 cuted by Andreas de Portilii in 1472. In the following year 
 Stephanus Corallus began to print, to whom, as well as to Por- 
 tilia, we are indebted for several valuable and beautiful editions 
 of classic authors. In one of his books Corallus uses a singular 
 illustration of the speed with which it was put forth, where he 
 states, " Stephanus Corallus Lugdunensis invidorum quorundam 
 " malivolentia lacessitus, qui idem imprimere tentarunt, citius 
 " quami asparagi coquantur, id absolvit !" Thank heaven and 
 the horticultural society, our modern breed of asparagus is some- 
 what less hard-hearted. 
 
 In modern times the city of Parma has obtained a high degree 
 of celebrity from the splendour and luxury of the typographic 
 productions of the renowned Bodoni, whose beautiful and correct 
 editions deservedly find a place in the library of every accom- 
 plished scholar. An account of Bodoni and his publications has 
 been recently published in two volumes 4to. 
 
 Passay, a village beautifully seated on the banks of the river 
 Seine, at the distance of one league from Paris. 
 
 During nine years and a half, from the 7th Jan. 1777, Passay 
 was the residence of the celebrated Dr. Benjamin Franklin ; who, 
 possessing a printing-press in his own house, used to divert him- 
 self from time to time by composing and printing for the amuse- 
 
PA.— PE. 219 
 
 ment of his intimate friends several light essays and jeua; d'esprits, 
 such as the Supplement to the Boston Independent Chronicle, 
 and the Letter Jrom the pirate Paul Jones, described in the 
 " Memoirs of B. Franklin, &c." 4to. 1818. Franklin quitted 
 Passay in July 1785 ; and died in 1790. 
 
 PATAVIA, or PASSAVIVM, Passau, an ancient and strong 
 city of Bavaria, seated on the Danube, formerly capital of the 
 principality of Passau, and still a bishop's see. 
 
 A few books remain to attest the exercise of printing in this 
 city during the XVth century, the earliest of which is a Brevia- . 
 rium Pataviense, of the year 1481, in small 8vo. No printer's 
 name is attached to this curious little volume ; but in the next 
 year Conrad Stahel, Benedictus Mayr, and Johannes Alacraw, 
 carried on the business in Passau, which continued from that time 
 forward. 
 
 PATAVIVM, Padua, an ancient and celebrated city of Aus- 
 trian Italy, the capital of a province, and a bishop's see. Its uni- 
 versity was founded by Charlemagne, and restored by the empe- 
 ror Frederic the Second in 1222. The earliest known book from 
 Padua is the edAtio princeps of the Fiammetta of Boccacio, print- 
 ed by Bartholomasus de Valdezochio, and Martinus de septem 
 Arboribus, in the year 1472. Ten or twelve printers established 
 themselves at Padua before the close of the XVth century : but 
 very little printing appears to have been done in this city from the 
 year 1500 to 1536. 
 
 Pateo, a town or village of Taha or Otaha, one of the Society 
 Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. Some English missionaries 
 established themselves on this island in the year 1822, and have 
 recently introduced a printing-press, from which they have sent 
 forth several portions of Holy Scripture in the Tahitian lan- 
 guage. 
 
 Patras, (anciently Patras,) a populous and trading sea^port 
 town of Greece, in the Morea, seated at the entrance of the gulf 
 of Lepanto. 
 
 Some few years ago typography was introduced at Patras ; and 
 in 1828 a weekly French journal was published here, under the 
 title of Courier de VOrient. 
 
 Pedepontivm,, qu ? Machado, in his " Bibliotheca Lusitana," 
 torn. i. p. 190, mentions a work printed at Pedepontum prope Ra- 
 tisbonam, in the year 1 739. 
 
220 PE. 
 
 Pehin, a large and well-known dty of China, capital of the 
 whole empire. 
 
 Of the mode of printing originally in use among the Chinese, 
 (viz. from wooden blocks, after the manner of our card-printers,) 
 the invention of which is by some writers carried back to a most 
 remote period, and which there is good authority for believing to 
 have been practised by the natives at least so far back as the year 
 930 of the Christian era, I have nothing at all to say in the pre- 
 sent work. 
 
 There is little question that the European method was intro- 
 duced among them by the Jesuit missionaries, for the purpose of 
 disseminating, by means of catechisms and other religious tracts, 
 the knowledge of the Christian religion. How early any books 
 were executed by these fathers, I cannot pretend to say with cer- 
 tainty : ChevillJer quotes, from Couplet's edition of Confucius, 
 (fol. Paris, 1687,) a work by father Matthew Riccius, one of the 
 first missionaries, entitled, Tien hio xey, ccelestis doctrincB vera 
 ratio, printed in two vols, at Pekin, in 1603. There is in the 
 Bodleian library a book printed by the Jesuits at Pekin, in the 
 year 1701, entitled, Brevis Relatio eorum cjuce spectant ad Decla- 
 rationem Sinarum Imperatoris Earn Hi circa ccdi, Curnfucii, et 
 Avorum cultum, datam anno 1700. But this work, though in 
 the Roman character, is evidently printed from wooden blocks. 
 In addition to the Roman, it contains Chinese and Tartar charac- 
 ters, and is dated 1701. 
 
 PELSNA, see NOVA PELZNA. 
 
 Penang, or Pulo Pimmg, Prince of Wales' island, situate off 
 the western coast of the Malay peninsula. It has been in posses- 
 sion of the British since the year 1786, and has become the seat 
 of a very considerable trade. It has a town called George Town, 
 which at first was subject to many inconveniences, but latterly 
 great improvements have taken place*. A weekly newspaper is 
 now (1826) in course of publication at Penang. 
 
 Penigk, a small town of Saxony, on the river Mulda. A Ger-. 
 man work, by Fr. Murhard, bears the imprint Penig 1804 ; but 
 from the colophon it appears that the book was really printed at 
 Chemnitz. 
 
 Pera, see Constantinopolis. 
 
 Pernavia, Pernau, a fortified town of European Russia, in Li- 
 vonia, seated on the gulf of Riga. The university, which had been 
 
PE. 221 
 
 founded at Dorpt by Gustavus Adolphus, was removed to Pemau 
 in 1698 by Charles the Twelfth. Priming was known here in 
 1698. At present two journals are regularly published in the town. 
 
 PERPINIANVM, or ELNA, Perpignan, a strong and con- 
 siderable town of the south of France, seated on the river Tet. 
 It was formerly a bishop's see, and has an university, founded by 
 Peter, king of Arragon, in 1349. 
 
 The only work now remaining to attest the existence of typo- 
 graphy in this town during the XVth century, is a Breviarium 
 secundum consuetudimem ecclesica Elmensis, printed by J. Bosem- 
 bach in the year 1500, in 8vo. : a copy of which, printed vjpan 
 vellwn, is preserved in the library of St. Genevieve at Paris. Nor 
 is any instance of a book printed here during the early part of the 
 ensuing century mentioned by bibliographers. I have met with 
 none earlier than 1628. 
 
 PERVSIA, or AVGVSTA PERVSIA, Perouse, or Perugia, 
 an ancient and populous city of Italy, the capital of Perugino, 
 in the states of the church. It is a bishop's see, and has an uni- 
 versity, founded in 1307. 
 
 Typography was practised here during the XVth century, but 
 not to any extent. The earliest dated Perugian book bears the 
 year 1475 : but Dr. Dibdin judges a Bariholi commentaria with- 
 out date to be an earlier production than any known. (See the 
 Supplement to the BiAUotheca Spenceriama, p. 30, with the reari 
 sons there adduced.) 
 
 Pesctavium, Puschlaw, or Puschiavo, a town of the Helvetic 
 republic, in the Grisons country. ^ 
 
 Printing was exercised here by Bajocius l^lteceterus at least, 
 so early as 1589, of which date a book, very wHMpecuted by him, 
 is found in Trinity college, Dublin. Coxe,ln riis " Travels in 
 " Switzerland," assigns to Puschiavo the honour of having pro- 
 duced the first book printed in the Romanesche dialect of the 
 Lower Engadine, namely, an Alphabet, Creeds and Collection of 
 Prayers, &c. compiled by J. Tutschet (or Biveronius). This 
 volume is in octavo, and bears the date of 1560. A New Testa- 
 ment, of the same date, perhaps prqceeded from this same town. 
 Le Long mentions a New Testament in the Bomanesche or Gri- 
 sons language, printed at Puschlaw in 1607. 
 
 Pesenacum, or Piscenffi, Pesenas, an ancient town of the south 
 of France, in Languedoc. — 1661 . 
 
9,m PE. 
 
 Pesthmum, or Pestum, Pesth, a capital city of Hungary, seat- 
 ed on the Danube, immediately opposite to Buda : it is very large 
 and handsome, and at present contains the only university of that 
 kingdom, which was transferred to it from Buda, in the year 
 1777. Books were printed here in 1763. 
 
 Petracora, or Petrocorium, Perigueux, an ancient town of 
 France, formerly a bishop's see. A single book, printed here, in 
 1503, is adduced by Panzer: namely, Constitutiones synodales 
 Caturcenses, executed by Joannes Carant, in folio. 
 
 Petropolis, St. Petersburg, the modern metropolis of the Rus- 
 sian empire, in which is a flourishing university, and an academy 
 of sciences which long has been well-known to the literary world 
 by its learned " Transactions." This academy was established 
 by an ordinance of the empress Catherine, dated 21st December, 
 1725. 
 
 Typography was introduced into St. Petersburg by its founder 
 the Czar Peter the Great, who, in the year 1711, transferred a 
 part of the printing establishment of Moscow to his new capital, 
 for the purpose of printing the imperial ukases. 
 
 Bachmeister observes, that the earliest productions of this new 
 press which he had seen were a book of the year 1713, and the 
 " Gazettes" of 1714. The art seems to have spread rapidly in 
 this city ; in 1719 the senate of St. Petersburg appears to have 
 had a printing-press of its own : in 1718 or 1720 one was erected 
 in the monastery of Saint Alexander Newski: in 1724 the college 
 of the admiralty possessed one : in 1727 the academy of sciences 
 had a press peculiar to itself: fnd in 1735 the synod of the clergy 
 enjoyed a similar advantage. 
 
 Bachmeister,' to w|iom we owe the above information, has fur- 
 nished us, in his " Essai," with many interesting particulars 
 concerning the library of the academy ; a few of which, as his 
 work is very rarely met with in England, are here given to the 
 reader. 
 
 The imperial library of St. Petersburg began to be formed in 
 the year 1714, from some books captured during" the war in 
 Courland; from 2500 volumes brought from Mittau; with a 
 few others from Moscow. On the first of August 1726 it was 
 united to the academy of sciences. In 1728 the books were re- 
 moved to a more commodious spot, and the library was formally 
 opened to the public on the 25th of October in that same year. 
 
PE 
 
 In 1742 a Catalogue both of the books and curiosities belonging 
 to the academy was printed in three volumes 8vo. : but as this 
 was only distributed in the way of presents, Bachmeister observes 
 that it was very little known, and that it was exceedingly difficult 
 to meet with a complete copy. An unfortunate fire which broke 
 out in the library on the Sth of December, 1747, though it was 
 attended with little absolute loss, yet caused a total disarrange- 
 ment of the books, which in consequence continued almost wholly 
 useless until the completion of new rooms for their reception in 
 the year 1766. In 1772 conquest added to the library a great 
 number of books from Nesvitz in Lithuania; and in 1774 it was 
 enriched with eighteen volumes of MSS. of the astronomer Kepler. 
 In 1776 it contained altogether 36,000 volumes. 
 
 Amongst its rare and more valuable books are named, 
 
 " An Armenian Bible, printed at Constantinople in 1705, very 
 
 " rare, and unknown to Le Long." 
 « The Schlavonic Bibles of 1581, 1663, and 1751." 
 " The Pohsh Bibles of Brzescie, Cracow, and Dantzic." 
 " The Gospels ' en Vandalique,' Tubingen, 1557, being the 
 
 " first book printed in that language." 
 " The history of Lithuania by Kojalowicz, of which the first 
 " volume was printed at Dantzic in 1650, and the second at 
 " Antwerp in 1669, so that the two are very rarely found 
 " united." 
 " A work by king Stanislaus, who printed but a very small 
 
 " number of copies of it." 
 " A form of public thanksgiving (in Russia) for the victory of 
 " Pultawa, enriched by corrections and alterations in the 
 " hand-writing of the Czar Peter." 
 " A Russian Pentateuch printed at Prague in 1519." 
 " The famous and unique Apostdl, printed at Moscow in 1564," 
 
 [an account of which see under the article Moscua.] 
 " Two excessively rare books, in the Glagolitical character, 
 " printed at Tubingen about the middle of the XVIth cen- 
 " tury." 
 " A variety of books, in the Russian characters, printed at Cra- 
 " cow, Vilna, Prague, Venice, Nesvitz, Moscow, Ostrog, Lwow, 
 " Striatina,Galitz, Mohilow, Potschaev, Kiew, Rochmanov, Stock- 
 " holm, the monasteries of Kuteinskoi, of Delskoi, of Iverskoi, and 
 " of Vneuskoi : at Tzchernigow, at Oxford, and at Amsterdam," 
 
PH. 
 
 The oldest Sclavonic MS. which it possesses is of the year 
 1298 : but it is noticed that prince Tscherbatow had one dated 
 1046 ; and that one of 1157 was believed to be at Moscow. 
 
 At the present day, it is almost unnecessary to remark, the art 
 of printing is carried on with the greatest vigour at St. Peters- 
 burg. In the year 1824 it was ascertained that the city possessed 
 no fewer than twenty-six printing-establishments, of which seven- 
 teen belonged to the government. 
 
 Henderson, in his " Biblical Researches in Russia," p. 96, gives 
 us a curious anecdote of an edition of the Dutch Bible printed at 
 the Hague, in folio, in which one half of each page was left blank 
 at the desire of the Czar Peter, in order to its being filled up 
 with the Slavonic version at St. Petersburg. But some difficulties 
 having arisen respecting the accordance of the two versions, the 
 work was discontinued; the Old Testament was never finished, 
 and the few copies of the New Testament which had found their 
 way into circulation were sought for with the utmost diligence, 
 and the entire impression was suppressed and destroyed. 
 
 PHEIBIA, see PLEBISACIVM. 
 
 Philadelphia, a large and beautiful city, the capital of Penn- 
 sylvania, North America. It is situated on the river Delaware, 
 and was laid out by William Penn, the founder of the province, 
 in the year 1683. It possesses an university incorporated by char- 
 ter, and a great variety of literary and charitable establishments. 
 
 Pennsylvania was the second English colony in America (Mas- 
 sachusetts being the first) in which the art of printing was esta- 
 blished. About the year 1686 or 1687, Wm. Bradford, a native 
 of Leicester in England, set up a press near Philadelphia ; com- 
 mencing his labours by printing a sheet almanac for the year 
 1687: in 1689 he moved into the city, where one of his earliest 
 essays was a quarto pamphlet by George Keith, respecting the 
 New England churches. The celebrated Dr. Franklin com- 
 menced here the business of a printer on his own account, and 
 continued it until the close of the year 1765, when the rising dis- 
 putes between England and the colonies began to call his atten- 
 tion to more important concerns. 
 
 At Philadelphia the first attempt at stereotype printing was 
 made, by Benjamin Mecom, a nephew of Dr. Franklin, about the 
 year 1775. He cast the plates for a number of pages of the New 
 Testament, but never completed them. 
 
PH.— PI. 225 
 
 So early as 1743 a German newspaper was published here ; 
 and in or before the year 1755, a peculiar press for the German 
 language was established, at the expence of a society in London 
 formed for " promoting religious knowledge among the German 
 " emigrants in Pennsylvania." This press was placed under the 
 direction of the provost of the college of Philadelphia. 
 
 PHORCA, Pfortzheim, a trading town of the west of Ger- 
 many, in the margravate of Baden-Durlach. 
 
 Only one volume of Pfortzheim printing in the XVth century 
 now remains, namely, Joannis Altenstaig Vocdbularius, executed 
 in the year 1500. The printer, Thomas Anselmus Badensis, 
 continued his business here till 1511 ; at which period he removed 
 to Tubingen : and thenceforward we hear no more of Pfortzheim 
 printing. Several of the Pfortzheim books may be seen in the 
 Bodleian library. 
 
 Piazzola, a town of the island of Corsica. Haym (Biblioteca 
 Hal.) mentions a book printed here in 1784. 
 
 PICTAVIVM, Poitiers, an ancient and large town of the west 
 of France, formerly capital of Poitou : it is a bishop's see : its 
 university was founded in 1431. Only three books executed here 
 in the XVth century are known ; the earliest of which is a Bre- 
 viarium historiale of the year 1479, which professes to have been 
 printed in adibus Canonici ecclesice B. Hilarii: and the next 
 bears for imprint, in iurgo sanctissimi Hilarii maioris Pictavis: 
 so that probably the press was erected within the monastery. A 
 very fine copy of Les triumphes de la noble et amoureuse dame, 
 et Vart de honnestement aymer, compose par le traverseur des 
 voyes perUleuses, printed at Poitiers by Jacques Bouchet, in the 
 year 1532, may be seen in Marsh's library, Dublin ; the volume 
 is in foho, consisting of 166 leaves, printed in the Gothic letter. 
 
 St. Pierre, a busy seaport-town in the island of Martinique. 
 The Code de la Martinique was printed at this town in 1767. 
 
 PINAROLIVM, Pignerol, or Pinarola, a small town of the 
 north of Italy, in Piedmont, seated on the river Clusone. It is a 
 bishop's see. 
 
 Panzer knew of only three books printed here daring the XVth 
 century; viz. a Boethius and a Juvenal of 1479, and an Otxid of 
 1480; all by Jacobus de Rubeis, who had previously carried on 
 the trade at Venice. Nor is any work adduced as executed at 
 Pignerol from the year 1480 to 1536. 
 
226 PI.— PL. 
 
 PINCIA, see VALLISOLETVM. 
 
 Pinczovia, Pinczow, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of 
 Cracow : in this town, which was the chief resort of the Unita- 
 rians, so that from hence they gained the name Pinczovians, a 
 press was erected by them so early as the year 1559. 
 
 PISA, Pisa, an ancient and large city of the north-west of 
 Italy, in the grand duchy of Tuscany, seated on the river Arno. 
 It is an archbishop's see, possesses an university, founded in the 
 year 1339, and many public buildings of great beauty ; it is also 
 memorable as the birthplace of Galileo. 
 
 The most ancient remaining specimens of Pisan typography 
 are, a work of Franciscus de Accoltis de Aretio, and one of Bar- 
 tholomceus Socinus, both of the year 1483; to neither of them is 
 a printer's name affixed. After the year 1499 the name of Pisa 
 does not occur, within the period to which Panzer confined his 
 researches. 
 
 Pisaurum, Pesaro, an ancient and fortified town of Italy, be- 
 longing to the states of the church, in the duchy of Urbino. It 
 is the see of a bishop. The several works which have been cited 
 by bibliographers as executed at Pesaro during the XVth cen- 
 tury, the scrutinising De Rossi sufficiently proves to be erro- 
 neously described : and in all probability the year 1504 is the 
 epoch of the introduction of typography into this town, which 
 art was almost entirely carried on here by the Hebrew printers 
 from Soncino. 
 
 PISCIA, Pescia, a town of Tuscany, in Florentino, seated on 
 a river of the same name. It is a bishop's see. 
 
 The earliest book from this place is Lm confessione di S. Ber- 
 nardino da Siena, printed by Francesco Cenni in the year 1485. 
 No Pescian book is known between 1500 and 1536 ; but one of 
 the date of 1555 was in the Pinelli library. 
 
 Pistoria, Pistoya, a large and handsome city of Italy, in the 
 grand duchy of Tuscany, the see of a bishop. — 1643. 
 
 PLACENTIA, Placenza, or Piacenza, a fortified town of the 
 north of Italy, tjie capital of a duchy, and a bishop's see. J 
 Latin Bible, of the year 1475, executed by Johannes Petrus de 
 Ferratis a native of Cremona, appears to be the earliest known 
 specimen of Placentian typography: a copy of this volume is 
 contained in the collection of earl Spencer. 
 
 SanUnder observes, that it is not a little remarkable that in a 
 
PL. mi 
 
 place of such consequence as Piacenza, so little should have been 
 done in the printing business ; not more than three or four pro- 
 ductions of the XVth century being known, [and none between 
 ISOl and 1536.] 
 
 Placentia, a port-town of the settlement of Placentia, or Plai- 
 sance, on the southern coast of the island of Newfoundland. A 
 Gazette has for many years past been printed here. 
 
 Plantimiana Offlcina. Many books executed by the celebrated 
 family of the Plantins omit the name of the place where printed : 
 they proceeded either from Antwerp or Leyden, at both which 
 towns these elegant printers possessed establishments. The earliest 
 book bearing Plantin's name, which I remember to have seen, is 
 of the year 1566. But see the article Antverpia. 
 
 Plavia Variscorum, Plauen, a considerable town of the west of 
 Saxony, in Voigtland. 
 
 A work of G. S. Dorfellius, on Hebrew accents, was printed 
 here in the year 1670. — (Le Long.) 
 
 PLEBISACIVM, or PHEIBIA, Piobe de Sacco, a small 
 town of Austrian Italy, in the Paduana. 
 
 A single volume remains to testify the early period of the in- 
 troduction of typography into this town, namely, a Hebrew work 
 in four volumes folio, the Arba turim of Rabbi Jacob ben Ascher; 
 its date, as ascertained by De Bossi, is 1475 : so that, as Panzer 
 observes, it may contend with the celebrated Beggio edition of 
 Salomon Jarchi of the same year, for the honour of being the first 
 dated Hebrew book in existence. Of this book M. Van Praet no- 
 tices three copies printed on vellam ; one of which is at Turin, 
 a second at Parma, and the third in the Vatican. It appears 
 however that De Bossi has since discovered an edition of the 
 Psalter, with the Commentaries of David Kimchi, to which the 
 date of 1472 is affixed, but the place of printing is not known. 
 If this be correct, the palm of precedency must of course be 
 transferred. No other publication of this town during the XVth 
 century is known to be remaining. 
 
 Phena, Ploen, a large town of Denmark, in the duchy of Hol- 
 stein.— 1692. 
 
 Plymouth, a seaport town of the United States, capital of Ply- 
 mouth county, in the state of Massachusetts, North America. It 
 is considered the oldest town in New England, having been 
 founded in 1620. How soon it adopted typpgraphy, I have not 
 
 £l2 
 
228 PO. 
 
 yet learned. A work entitled The American Orchardist, 12mo. 
 was printed here in 1825. 
 
 Poczatec, a small town of Bohemia, QQ miles S. E. of Prague. 
 According to Balbinus, Thomas Baworowski, archdeacon of Pil- 
 sen, printed here Sermones de Pwnitentia, in the year 1552. 
 
 Podium, Puy, is the name of several towns in France. — 1628. 
 
 POLLIANVM RVS, Polliano, a town of Italy, in the Vero- 
 nese, at the distance of four miles from the city of Verona. 
 
 The only known book executed at this town is II libro degli 
 Huomini Jamosi, by Petrarch, which was printed by Felix Anti- 
 quarius and Innocens Ziletus, partners, in the year 1476. This 
 curious volume may be seen in the noble collection of earl 
 Spencer. 
 
 POMPEIOPOLIS, see PAMPELVNA. 
 
 Pondicherry, a city on the coast of the south of India, in the 
 Carnatic; the capital of the French establishments in India. — 
 1784. 
 
 Pons ad Monticulum, see Mussipontum. 
 
 Pons CEni, see CEnipons. 
 
 Pontidce Monasterium, qu ? The Pinelli Catalogue (N°.11037) 
 contains a work entitled Numi^mata selectiorfi e mtisceo Pisano, 
 in four volumes folio, bearing for imprint, In monasterio Ponti- 
 d<B agri Bergomatis, 1740, 174] . I have not been able to find 
 a monastery of this name in the Bergamasco territory. It is ob- 
 servable, however, that Brunet, citing this same work, gives the 
 imprint In monasterio Benedicto-Casinate : quaere the meaning 
 of all this.? 
 
 Popayan, a large city of South America, lately capital of the 
 Spanish province of Popayan in the kingdom of New Granada. 
 It was founded by the Spaniards in 1537, is a bishop's see, and 
 contains the royal mint. 
 
 In the year 1824 a newspaper was published here. 
 
 Port au Prince, a seaport and town of considerable trade, con- 
 taining nearly 30,000 inhabitants, in the western part of the island 
 of St. Domingo. A press was erected here as early as 1750 ; and 
 for several years past a literary journal, called The Haytiwn Bee, 
 has been published in this town. In 1822 a second newspaper 
 bega,n to be published here : and in 1825 a handsome quarto vo- 
 lume of 416 pages, containing the Civil Code of Haiti, did great 
 credit to the typograj)hers of Port au Prince. 
 
PO. 
 
 Porta, Pfoerten, a small town and free lordship of Prussia in 
 lower Lusatia. — 1785. 
 
 PORTESIVM, (qu? Portici, a village near Naples? or Porto, 
 a fortified town in the Veronese"? probably the latter. 
 
 A single volume executed here is cited by Panzer from Denis' 
 Supplement to Maittaire's Annals, viz. Statuta Communitatis 
 rippericB Salodii et Briwiensis, which was printed by Bartholo- 
 masus Zannus in the year 1490. We have no further informa- 
 tion respecting the typography of Porto. 
 
 Portiani Castrum, St. Pour^ain, a town of France, on the 
 river Sioulle. A book entitled, Uadvocat du diable, ou memoires 
 du pope Gregoire VII. in three vols. 8". printed in 1743, bears 
 the imprint of St. Pour9ain ; but whether it be fictitious or not, I 
 am unable to say. 
 
 Portrayal des Champs, a large abbey of Cistercian nuns, si- 
 tuate within six leagues of Paris ; a place rendered famous by the 
 residence of Arnold, Nicole, and other learned ecclesiastics in its 
 immediate vicinity. Having incurred the implacable enmity of 
 the Jesuits, it was demolished by order of Louis the Fourteenth at 
 the beginning of the eighteenth century. 
 
 A press was in use by the learned men who resided at Port- 
 royal, but at what period it was erected I have not ascertained. 
 
 Portsmouth, a handsome and considerable town, the metropolis 
 of New Hampshire, in North America. Daniel Fowle, a printer 
 formerly residing at Boston, in 1756 set up here the first press 
 used in the colony of New Hampshire. Thomas observes, that 
 " he did but little at book-printing, his principal business con- 
 " sisted in pubhshing a newspaper." Towards the end of the 
 year 1764 a second press was erected at Portsmouth, which how- 
 ever continued but a very short time. 
 
 Portua, qu. what place? Two treatises by C. Aquilonius, dated 
 1640 and 1641, bear this imprint. 
 
 Partus, Porto, a small episcopal town of Italy, in the papal do- 
 minions. — 1691. 
 
 Partus Ferrarms, Porto Ferraio, a seaport of the isle of Elba. 
 
 Partus LusitanicB, or Partus Cale, or Civitas Portugalensis, 
 
 ««forto, or Oporto, a large, populous, and commercial town of 
 
 Portugal, seated at the mouth of the Duero, containing about 
 
 70,000 inhabitants. It is a bishop's see. Printing was exercised 
 
 " According to Santander, in the Venetian territory. 
 
 a3 
 
PO.— PR. 
 
 here, by Fr. Laurentius de Basto, in the year 1612 ; (Bodleian) 
 and by Joannes Rodriguez, in 1622, 1625. 
 
 Posnania, Posnan, or Posen, an ancient and large episcopal 
 city of Prussian Poland, capital of a palatinate, with an university, 
 founded in 1510. The Lutherans, the Jews, and the Jesuits, 
 had each printing-estabhshments in this place. Its earliest book 
 known bears date 1579. One of 1586, printed by Joannes Wol- 
 rhabus, is in the Bodleian. 
 
 Posonium, Poson, or Presburg, a fortified city on the Danube, 
 the capital of Lower Hungary, containing about 20,000 inhabi- 
 tants. Printing was exercised here in 1612. Probably this was the 
 first town of the kingdom into which the art was introduced : nor 
 did it make an extensive progress for many years afterwards; 
 since so late as the year 1 646, Christopher Ravius observed, " in 
 " toti Hungarii vix tres sunt typographical'' It is said that 
 there are at this time about forty paper-mills in Hungary, but 
 yet all their finer sorts of paper are imported. 
 
 Potsdam, a handsome town of the Prussian states, in Branden- 
 burg, remarkable for a magnificent palace of the kings of Prussia. 
 1760. 
 
 Pottendorf, a manufacturing town of Lower Austria. — 1668. 
 
 Potschaev, appears to be some Russian town : quaere whether 
 Potschinki, a town of the government of Nischnei-Novgorod ? 
 Poschechon, a town of the government of Jaroslaf .'' or Poschega, 
 chief town of the palatinate of Poscheva, on the river OrloVa.'' 
 Bachmeister observes that printing was exercised here in the year 
 1618. 
 
 PougKkeepsie, a township and village of the United States, 
 capital of Duchess county, in the state of New York, seated on 
 the Hudson river. It is a flourishing place, has an extensive 
 trade, and contains near 5000 inhabitants. There are three print- 
 ing offices in it, each of which furnish'es a weekly newspaper. A 
 work entitled The Transactions of the Agricultural Society of 
 Duchess County, North America,-was printed here in the year 1807. 
 
 PRAGA, PAL^OPRAGA, or CASVRGIS, Prague, a 
 large and fine city, the capital of Bohemia, and lately an arch- 
 bishop's see. It is divided into three parts ; two of which, the * 
 Old and the New Town, are seated on the eastern bank of the 
 river Mulda, while the small part (Micro-praga) is on the western 
 bank. This last is the most ancient of the three. Prague has a 
 
PR. 231 
 
 celebrated university, founded by Charles the Fourth, in 1347 ; 
 which at one period is reported to have contained no fewer than 
 forty thousand students. At the beginning of the XVth century 
 some disputes arose amongst the students ; in consequence of 
 which all those of the German nation retired, together with the 
 rector, to Leipsic, where the elector Frederic founded for them in 
 1409 that university which has since become so famous. 
 
 The earliest known specimen of Prague typography is a book 
 entitled, Statuum Utraquisticorum articidi in Comitiis Nimbur- 
 gensibus conclusi, printed in Latin and Bohemian in the year 
 1478. Balblnus, indeed, in his Bohemia docta, p. 231. speaks 
 of an edition of Dares Phrygius of the date of 1468, which he 
 conceives may have been executed in this city : the case, however, 
 even upon his own shewing, is but imperfectly made out. In 
 1487 a Bohemian version of the Psalter, and in the following 
 year t/ie first edition of the Bohemian Bible, were executed in 
 this city : a copy of the latter is preserved in the public library of 
 the university of Prague. Bachmeister remarks that one of the 
 first books printed in the Russian character is a Pentatettch 
 executed at Prague in 1519. [but this had been preceded by 
 some other parts of Scripture, in the year 1517 and 1518.] 
 
 Pratum Albuini, Prato, a place in the immediate vicinity of 
 Brescia. The first edition of NizoUus'' Observations wpon Cicero 
 bears for imprint. Ex Prato Albuini, in cedibus Jo. Francisci 
 Gambara, 1535. 
 
 Le Preux, a printer of Paris about the close of the XVIth cen- 
 tury, often suppressed the name of the town where he resided, 
 giving merely his own. See also the article Morgii. 
 
 Primislavia or Prenuslavia, Prenzlau, a town of Brandenburg, 
 seated on the lake of Ucker. — 1747. 
 
 Prince of Wales'' Island, or Pulo Penang, a small but very im- 
 portant island of the eastern seas, lying off the western coast of 
 the Malay peninsula. It came into possession of the British in 
 the year 1786, and through care has become a flourishing colony, 
 and a general rendezvous of all persons trading to those parts of 
 the east. 
 
 A printing-office appears to have been opened on the island at 
 least twenty years ago ; as an Essay on the Malay language, by 
 J. Shaw, bears for imprint. Prince of Wales'' island, 1807. A 
 copy of this book, which probably was executed at George- 
 
 a 4 
 
232 PR. 
 
 town (the chief town) is in the curious collection of Mr. W. 
 Marsden. 
 
 PROMENTOVR occurs as the imprint of a book cited by 
 Panzer from P. Laire, in the following terms ; Le doctrinal de 
 Sapience par Guy de Roy. Imprimi a Promentour par maistre 
 Lays Guerbin, M.CCCC.LXXXII. No bibliographer seems to 
 have given a satisfactory account of this place : and having myself 
 searched long and fruitlessly for any town bearing such a name, 
 I cannot help thinking that some transposition of letters must 
 have obscured the original word. Quaere, can it be intended for 
 Premontre, a village of France, in Picardy, noted for a famous 
 abbey of regular canons of St. Augustin, who are hence called 
 Prasmonstratenses .? In all probability it denotes some place in 
 France; but Panzer makes no attempt to unravel the enigma, 
 which, as Moore says of his annual hieroglyphics, must be left 
 " to time and the curious to construe." 
 
 Prostanna, qu ? Prostiagow (or Prosnitz,) a town of the circle 
 of Olmutz, in Moravia ? Printing was exercised here about the 
 middle of the sixteenth century : and some works of J. Dubra- 
 vius, bishop of Olmutz, with otherSj are known to have been 
 executed in this place in the years 1549 and 1550. 
 
 ProsUtium, Prossnitz, a considerable town of Moravia, chief 
 place of a district. The Jews had a printing-establishment here in 
 the early part of the seventeenth century. Prossnitz books of -the 
 dates 1603, 1618, 1649, are found in the Oppenheimer collection. 
 
 Providence, the chief town of the county of Providence, in 
 Rhode Island, North America. The Baptist missionaries possess a 
 college here. Printing was introduced into this town by Wm. 
 Goddard, a printer of New York, in the year 1762. 
 
 PROVINVM, Provins, a well-built town of the interior of 
 France, seated on the river Vouzie. 
 
 Panzer adduces a single instance of printing in this town, 
 namely a book entitled. La regie des Marcharnds, by Jean le 
 Liseur, (Johannes Lector,) a monk, which was executed by Guil- 
 laume Tavernier in the year 1496. No other work from Provins 
 is noticed either in this or the following century by Panzer, nor 
 do I remember to have seen any Provins printing, except it be a 
 small volume preserved in the Bodleian library, entitled, La vie 
 de S. Thibaut confessetir, patron de la ville de Provins, 12°. 
 Provins, 1676. 
 
PU.— QU. 233 
 
 Puebla de Guadaloupe, qu. a small town of Spain, in the pro- 
 vince of Estremadura, near to Trughillo ? Mendez notices that 
 the art of printing has been exercised within this town. 
 
 Puteoli, Puzzuolo, the poor remains of a once magnificent and 
 celebrated town of Italy, finely situated on the bay of Puzzuolo. 
 It is still a bishop's see. Helyot, in the introduction to his" His- 
 " toire des Ordres Monastiques," quotes a work by H. Manrcbccius, 
 printed at Puzzuolo in the year 1663. The art was also exer- 
 cised here in 1685, &c. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Qudm-cheu, or Quang-tcheou, the city called by the Europeans 
 Canton, a city of the first rank, capital of the province of Quang- 
 tong, in China. 
 
 At what precise period the European typography found its 
 way to Canton, I have not ascertained : a work, entitled Inno- 
 centia Victrix, composed by father Antonio de Gouvea, vicepro- 
 vincial of the Jesuits, (for an account of whom see the Biblio- 
 iheca Lusitcma, vol. i. p. 296,) was printed here in Chinese and 
 Latin, in the year 1671. Lambecius, in the seventh book of his 
 Commentaries on the imperial library of Vienna, gives a descrip- 
 tion and the entire Latin version of this curious book, a copy of 
 which is in the imperial library. The full title is thus ; In- 
 nocentia victrix, sive sententia Comitiorwm imperii Sinici pro 
 innocentia ChristiancB religionis, lata juridice per annum 1669, 
 et Jussu R. P. Antonii de Gouvea Societatis Jesu ibidem vice- 
 provinciaUs Sinico-Latink exposita. In Qudm-Chev, metropoli 
 provincice Quam-tum in regno Sinarum, anno Salutis hwma/nas, 
 1671. The volume contains the examination of some of the mis- 
 sionaries, who were accused of three things ; ignorance of astro- 
 nomy ! murderous intentions ! and the propagation of a false and 
 wicked religion ! together with the proceedings of the emperor and 
 his several courts of justice in the matter ; finally establishing, as 
 may be inferred from the title, the innocence of the parties ac- 
 cused. A second copy of this rare work was in the celebrated 
 Meerman library. In the supplement to Bowyer and Nicholls' 
 History of Printing, p. 286, mention is made of a book which Mr. 
 Nicholls conceived to have been executed at Canton, at an earlier 
 period than the work above described, viz. in the year 1667. On 
 inspection however, it appears that his ground for the supposition 
 
S34. QU. 
 
 was merely that the licence for printmg it was dated from Canton 
 in that year, whereas the second part of the work distinctly bears 
 the imprint of Goa, at which place in all probabiUty the whole 
 volume was worked off at the press. See an account of this work 
 in the " Bibliotheca Marsdeniana," p. 63. Of late years (1812 
 &c.) some beautiful Chinese printing has been executed at Canton, 
 under the directions of Mr. Morrison, a British missionary, con- 
 sisting of several portions of the Holy Scriptures of both the Old 
 and New Testament. 
 
 Quebec, a large and handsome city, the capital of Lower Ca^ 
 nada, in North America. Printing was introduced into this town 
 by W. Brown and W. Gilmore, in the year 1764, which was the 
 first appearance of the art within the whole province of Canada. 
 And it is observed by Thomas, that no other press existed in the 
 province until the year 1775, when one was erected at Montreal. 
 
 Quedelinburgum, Quedlinburg, a considerable town of Prussian 
 Saxony, in the principality of Anhalt. — 1632. 
 
 St. Quentin, a considerable manufacturing town of the north- 
 east of France, in the department of the Aisne. — 1627. 
 
 Quesada, a town of Spain, in the province of Jaen. Mendez 
 names this among the towns of that country in which he knew the 
 art of printing to have been exercised. 
 
 Quevillimn, Quevilly, a town of France, in Normandy, near 
 Rouen. Le Long notices a French New Testament, printed here 
 in 1645. 
 
 Quinque EcclesicB, Fiinfkirchen, a large and populous town of 
 Hungary, seated on the side of a ridge of hills, near the river 
 Drave. It was erected into a bishopric by king Stephan in 1009, 
 and Louis the First founded here an university in the year 1364, 
 which however was dissolved in 1526 ; from which period Fiinf- 
 kirchen was unknown as a place of education until 1694, when 
 the Jesuits founded a college, which grew into much repute. 
 See Brighfs Travels. 
 
 Quitoa, Quito, the capital city of the kingdom of Quito, in 
 Spanish South America. It is a bishop's see, and had two univer- 
 sities ; one of which was founded by Philip the Second of Spain, 
 in 1586, and belonged to the Jesuits ; the other was in the hands 
 of the Dominicans. I have met with no satisfactory account of 
 the introduction of printing into Quito. At present (1824) a 
 newspaper is regularly published in the city. 
 
RA. 235 
 
 R. 
 
 Racehwrgum, Ratzebourg, an ancient town of Denmark, in the 
 duchy of Lauenburg, formerly a bishop's see. Printing was re- 
 spectably carried on here in 1670 — 1676, by Nicholas Nissen, 
 who in the latter year executed a treatise " Upon the genuine 
 " Unicorns," written by a physician named Paul Sachsius, who 
 appears to be throughly zealous in the cause which he espouses. 
 
 RachoUum, (qu .'' the name of a college of Jesuits in the island 
 of Salsette, off the coast of Bombay .?) A work in the dialect of 
 the Canary islands, by Didacus Ribeiro, was printed here by the 
 Jesuits, in the year 1632 : another, of the date 1640, occurs in 
 the Bibliotheca Scriptorum Soc". Jesu, [a copy of which is in Mr. 
 Marsden's collection ;] as also a third, dated 1668. Some others, 
 by Anionio de Soldtmha, a Jesuit, printed in this college in the 
 year 1655, are mentioned in the " Bibliotheca Lusitana." 
 
 Racovia, Racow, or Rakow, a town of Lesser Poland^ in the 
 palatinate of Sendomir, erected in 1569 by John Sieninius, pala- 
 tine of Podolia, for the reception of a sect of Unitarians or Soci- 
 nians : he named it Rakow, the Polish word for a crab, from the 
 armorial bearings of his wife. His son James subsequently en- 
 larged the town very much, and added a school or college, and 
 increased the printing-establishment. From the press of this 
 town a vast multitude of books composed by Unitarians issued, 
 until the year 1638, when, by a decree of the state, the society 
 was entirely broken up, the professors and scholars were ejected, 
 and the school and press destroyed. The first who carried on 
 the business of a printer here was Alexius Rodecki, who had for- 
 merly printed at Cracow; his earliest known book is a Polish 
 New Testament, dated 1577: he was succeeded by Sebastian 
 Stemacius, under whom the press flourished exceedingly. Almost 
 all the Socinian books executed at this place, are, from the nature 
 of the contents, and from the dispersion of the sect, of a very high 
 degree of rarity. It may be observed, that some books are found 
 bearing the imprint Racovia, with a date posterior to 1638 : but 
 all these were printed elsewhere, for the Socinian press was never 
 revived at Racow. 
 
 Raglamd Castle, in Monmouthshire, was anciently a place of 
 much strength and magnificence, but has been in ruins since the 
 days of Oliver Cromwell. It appears that a press was once 
 worked at this place: a book is extant, called, A Collection of 
 
236 RA. 
 
 loycd Songs, Poems, Sec. said to be privately printed at Ragland 
 Castle, in 1750. 
 
 Ragusium, Ragusa, a large town of Austrian Dalmatia, strongly- 
 seated on a peninsula on the Adriatic : it was formerly a place of 
 great trade, and is now the chief town of a district and the see of 
 an archbishop. 
 
 The earliest notice of typography exercised at Ragusa appears 
 to be that of a pamphlet by Michael Bocignolius upon the war 
 with the Turks, which is announced in a London Catalogue as 
 bearing the imprint Ragusi, with the date 1524. I have not seen 
 it : Panzer knew of nothing printed in this town ; nor do I recol- 
 lect any book of an earlier date than 1667. 
 
 Rangoon, a large city and seaport of the Burman empire, dis- 
 tant 670 miles S. E. from Calcutta. 
 
 The English Baptist Missionaries are said to have possessed a 
 printing-establishment here for some years past ; which had the 
 good fortune to escape the fire which laid waste that town in the 
 year 1814. In 1816 a press and types which had been presented 
 by the Baptists of Serampore to the American Baptists were set up 
 at Rangoon, and early in 1817 Mr. Hough the printer executed a 
 " Summary of Christian doctrine'" in 7 pages, and a " Catechism'' 
 of 6 pages ; 1000 copies of the former and 3000 of the latter work. 
 Also in the same year 1817 the Gospel of St. Matthew, translated 
 into the Burman language by Mr. F. Carey, was printed at Ran- 
 goon. 
 
 Ratiastum Lemovicum, properly designates Raiz, a village near 
 Limoges, though it is usually taken for the city itself. See 
 Lemovices. 
 
 RATISBONA, Ratisbon, or Regensburg, an ancient city of 
 Bavaria, seated on the Danube ; it is the capital of the principality 
 of Ratisbon, and an archbishop''s see. 
 
 A Liber Missalis secundum Breviarium chori ecclesicB Ratis- 
 bonensis was printed here in the year 1485, by John Sensensch- 
 midt and John Beckenhaub, who had been summoned from Bam- 
 berg by Henry, archbishop of Ratisbon, for the express purpose 
 of printing this book for the use of his church. No other volume 
 is Jcnown to have been executed here during the XVth century, 
 but Panzer cites one which he judges to have been printed either 
 at Bamberg or Ratisbon ; it is a Breviary for Ratisbon, dated in 
 the subsequent year 1486. 
 
RA.— RE. 23T 
 
 # 
 
 Ravenna, an ancient and well-known city of the east of Italy, 
 in the States of the Church. 
 
 Printing was exercised in this city at least so early as 1580 ; in 
 which year was printed here a History of Ravenna by TomaA, a 
 copy of which edition was in the Pinelli library. In the following 
 year The statutes of the miUtary order of St. George were exe- 
 cuted at Ravenna. 
 
 Ravenspurgum, Ravensburg, formerly an imperial city of Ger- 
 many, now belonging to the kingdom of Bavaria. — 1626". 
 
 Reate, Rieti, an ancient episcopal town of Italy, situate in the 
 pope's dominions. An Italian Paraphrase of the Odes of Horace 
 was printed here in 1679. 
 
 Recanetum, Recanati, a small town of Italy, in the marquisate 
 of Ancona, near Loretto. — 1606. (Bodl.) 
 
 REENEN is the imprint of a Dutch book printed in the 
 XVth century, without date or printer's name : it has been de- 
 cided to mean " Reinen, a town in the Venetian territory ;" but 
 more probably designates Rhenen {Rhena), a town of Holland, 
 seated on the Rhine, in the province of Utrecht. The title of the 
 work in question is, Dat Leeven ende die passie ende verhessinge 
 der H. Maget Svnte Kunera, die in die stadt van Reenen is 
 Tcustinde, mit haer TeTcenen ende MiraJcelen. — Gheprent in die 
 stadt Reenen. Visscher however, according to Panzer, reads te 
 hoop, instead oi gheprent, in the colophon, so that it does not ap- 
 pear quite certain whether the book really belongs to Rhenen or 
 not. No date or printer's name is affixed to this curious article, 
 the only one which acquaints us with the typography of this 
 town, -l 
 
 Regimohradecium, Konigingratz, a stroi|^ ctoVn of Bohemia, 
 seated on the Elbe ; the capital of a circle, and a bishop's see. 
 
 Printing appears to have been practised here in the XVIIth 
 century : Victorinus Wrbensky executed at Konigingratz a work 
 entitled Anatome Source Scripturce, typis Martini Kleinvechter, 
 in the year 1618 ; and Jo. W. Caelestinus, archdeacon of the 
 place, printed here a Bohemian translation of a work by Henry 
 Lancelot, in 1625. 
 
 Regiomons, see Mons regius. 
 
 REGIVM, Reggio, a large and fine town of Italy in the king- 
 dom of Naples, delightfully situated on the straits of Messina : it 
 is the see of an archbishop. 
 
 It was generally supposed that typography was introduced into 
 
238 RE. 
 
 Reggio by two brothers, Bartholomseus and Laurentius de Brus- 
 chis, whose first production was the Grammar of Nic'. Perottus, 
 finished in the year 1480 : but the indefatigable researches of De 
 Rossi have brought to fight a rude and utterly unheard-of Hebrew 
 work of earlier date, namely, a Commentary mi the Pentateuch hy 
 R. Salomon Jarchi, the colophon of which distinctly states it to 
 have been printed at Reggio, by Abraham ben Garton ben Isaac, 
 in 1475. It is a small folio of 115 or 116 leaves, in the Rabbinical 
 character, rude, having neither signatures, numerals, nor catch- 
 words, &c. De Rossi, the first to discover and describe this extra- 
 ordinary volume, was also the possessor of the only known copy 
 of it, which (as has been mentioned) for a long time disputed with 
 the Aria turim from Piobe del Sacco, the honour of being the 
 earliest known printed Hebrew book. Santander contends, that 
 the Hebrew work above cited is the only one claimable by Reggio 
 in the Neapolitan territory, the others having been printed at 
 Reggio (Regium Lepidi) a town in the duchy of Modena. In 
 Lancelot Pasius' work, De litteratura non vulgari, printed at 
 Reggio in 1504, the town is designated Regium Gallice togatce: 
 in another, Regium jEmilia ; in a third, Regium LongobardicB : 
 all which belong to Reggio in Modena, although Panzer has 
 mixed the productions of the two towns together. It does not ap- 
 pear that much printing was carried on at Reggio during the 
 XVIth century. 
 
 REICHENSTEIN, a small town of Germany, in Silesia, dis- 
 tant about six miles from Glatz. [or, possibly, Berg-Reichenstein, 
 a town of Bohemia.] Neither Panzer nor other bibliographers 
 mention the existenqp of a printing-establishment here ; yet Mr. 
 Beloe adduces plausible reasons for believing that a work entitled, 
 Dialogus inter Hugonem, Catonem, et Oleverium, super libertate 
 ecclesiastica elaboratus, which is cited by Panzer as being with- 
 out name, date, or place, was executed in this town : he cites a 
 copy in the possession of Mr. WodhuU, at the end of which is 
 found Rychensteyn, 1477. See Beloe's Anecdotes, vol. v. p. 371. 
 
 Remi, Rhemi, or Durocorturum, Rheims, an ancient and cele- 
 brated city of France, in Champagne. It is the see of an arch- 
 bishop, who is primate of France ; and formerly possessed an uni- 
 versity. 
 
 Some English Roman-catholics, who had left this country in 
 the early part of queen Elizabeth's reign, and had settled them- 
 selves at Douay in Flanders, being obhged to fly from that town 
 
RE.— RH. 
 
 in the year 1578, repaired, under the guidance of Wm. Allen, 
 (afterwards a cardinal.) to Rheims; where being hospitably re- 
 ceived, in consequence of a letter of recommendation written in 
 their favour by the pope, they obtained leave to erect an English 
 seminary, and soon began to furnish employment for a printer. 
 In 1582 they executed here the first edition of the Romish Eng- 
 lish version of the New Testament, at the press of John Fogny, 
 a/printer of considerable note in the town, who lived at the sign 
 of the Lion, where two years previously he had published some 
 pieces written by Lesly, titular bishop of Ossory, in favour of Mary 
 queen of Scots. [John Fogny was succeeded by Simon Fogny, 
 whom we find continuing tile business in ] 610.] 
 
 Typography however had been earlier known and executed 
 within this town ; some traqts executed here by Francois du Prd, 
 in the years 1577 and 1578, may be seen in the library of Trinity 
 college, Dublin ; and the earliest Rheims book which I have yet 
 seen is La legende de Charles, Cardinal de Lorraine, printed by 
 Jacques Martin in 1576. But M. Van Praet acquaints us that 
 the art was in use at Rheims for several years before this period ; 
 by adducing a book entitled Coustumes generales du Bailliage de 
 Vermandms, printed by Jacq. Bacquenois, printer to the cardinal 
 of Lorraine, in the year 1557. A copy of this rare work, on vel- 
 lum, is in the royal library of Paris. Also in the same year ap-, 
 peared both a French and Latin edition of " Officium S. Tresani, 
 " S. Gumberti, et Berthce, curd et expensis Lud. de Linange, 
 " Aveniaci Monasterii Abbatissce," 8°. by the same. 
 
 Revalia, {Tallinnas,) Revel, an episcopal town of the north- 
 west of European Russia, the capital of Esthonia. — 1682. At 
 present there are two printing-offices in Revel. 
 
 REVTLINGA, Reutlingen, an ancient town of Germany, in 
 the dominions of Wirtemburg. Printing appears to have been in- 
 troduced into this town by Johannes Othmar about 1482, in 
 which year we have the Summa Pisanella, and Breviarium Con- 
 stantiense, executed by him, with several other works, down to 
 the close of the century; but nothing during the next thirty-six 
 years. 
 
 RHEDONES, Rennes, an ancient episcopal city of France, 
 formerly capital of Bretagne. Printing appears to have been 
 slightly cultivated in Rennes in early times. Panzer names only 
 two books executed here during the XVth century, viz. in 1484 
 and 1485, and a single one in the year 1524; in the last of which 
 
240 RH.— RI. 
 
 the printer, Jo. Baudoyn, styles himself Primus et unicus Calco- 
 graphus et impressor ejusdem civitatis. I remember no other 
 Rennes book anterior to 1622. 
 
 Rhetianis Typis. Books bearing this imprint, about the year 
 1618 &c. were executed at Leyden. 
 
 Rhydychen, Oxford is so called in Welsh books. See Oxonia. 
 
 Chateau de Richelieu, a small town and castle of France, near 
 Tours, erected by cardinal Richelieu, in 1637. The cardinal esta- 
 blished a private press here in the year 164)0, from which several 
 works, executed with great neatness, have proceeded, bearing 
 date 1653, 1654, &c. for a particular account of which see Peig- 
 nofs Dictionnaire de Bibliologie. 
 
 Riga, a large and opulent commercial town of European 
 Russia, the capital of Livonia; cont^aining about 40,000 inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 Printing was exercised at Riga in the year 1638. The Lord's 
 Prayer, in forty languages, was printed here in 1662 (Le Long) : 
 and the British Museum contains a LAvonic Testament executed 
 at Riga in 1685, and a Livohic Bible, in 1689. 
 
 Rigiacum Atrehatium, see Atrebatum. 
 
 Rignavia. (qu. for Rhingavia, i. e. the Rhingau ?) A com- 
 mentary on the proceedings of a council of the three estates 
 holden at Blois on the 15th of Nov. 1576, was printed here in 
 the following year by Jacobus Sterphen, which may be seen in the 
 Bodleian library, and in that of Trinity college, Dublin. 
 
 Rinthelia ad Visurgim, Rinteln, a town of Germany, in the 
 county of Schaumberg, now belonging to Hesse Cassel. It for- 
 merly possessed a small university, founded in 1621, by prince 
 Ernest of Holstein. 
 
 Typography appears to have followed closely the steps of this 
 university; since in the very next year, 1622, we find the Lexicon 
 criticum of J. R. Robbigius, bearing for imprint, Rvntelii, nov. 
 Acad. Ernest. 1622. It is however a volume which needs not be 
 much boasted of, seeing that it is both miserably printed, and 
 abounding in errata. — (TCD.) In the next year Peter Lucius 
 styled himself printer to the university of Rinteln : and at the 
 same time appears a second printer named Ernestus Reinokingius : 
 books by each of these, of the year 1623, may be seen in the Bod- 
 leian library. 
 
 Rio de Janeiro, a large city of South America, the capital of 
 Brazil, containing about 140,000 inhabitants. It is seated on the 
 
RI.— RO. §41 
 
 river of the same name, at the head of a bay, most advantageously 
 disposed for commercial intercourse. 
 
 The only instance of the typography of this city which I have 
 yet met with, is a piece entitled, " Projecto de Constitui^ao paro o 
 Imperio do Brasil &c. " impresso na typographia nacional do Rio 
 " de Janeiro, 1824 ;■" but a Portuguese and English Grammar by 
 Freitag, is announced in Catalogues as printed in the year 1820, 
 and the art was exercised at Rio certainly so early as 181S. 
 
 Rvpa, Ripen, or Ribe, an ancient city of Denmark, in Jutland : 
 the see of a bishop. Printing was introduced into this town so 
 early as 1508 ; in which year a work by Kanatus, bishop of Wi- 
 borg, was executed here by Matheus Brand. No other Ripen 
 specimen is known. 
 
 Ripa, Riva de Trento, or RiefF, a small town in the south of 
 the Tyrol, seated on the Lago di Garda, about seventeen miles 
 from Trent : remarkable for an extensive manufactory of Jews- 
 harps ! A Hebrew printing-office was at work here so early as 
 1558, books from which, of the years 1558, 1559, 1560, 1561, and 
 1562, may be seen in the Bodleian library. 
 
 Rivus Siccus, Medina de Rioseco, an ancient but decayed town 
 of Spain, in the province of Leon, distant fifteen miles from Pa- 
 lencia. Antonio mentions printing here in 1618. 
 
 Rochester, an ancient city of England, seated on the river Med- 
 way, in the county of Kent. 
 
 The earliest instance of printing here, which I have met with, is 
 The Kentish fayre, or the Pa/rliament sold to their best worth, 4". 
 Rochester. 1648. (Bodl.) 
 
 Rochmanow, or Romanof, a town of European Russia, in the 
 government of Yaroslaf, seated on the river Volga. 
 
 Bachmeister affirms printing to have been carried on here in the 
 year 1619. 
 
 Rogensburg,.ax\. abbey of Premonstratensian monks, near Ulm. 
 —1735. 
 
 Rohan, a town of France, in Bretagne. — 1682. 
 
 ROMA, Rome, the celebrated capital of Italy, once mistress of 
 the world. 
 
 This city, as might be expected, was early in admitting and 
 cherishing in its bosom an art which promised such extraordinary 
 advantages as typography, the knowledge and practice of whiqh 
 was conveyed to it by two enterprising Germans in the year 1465. 
 
242 RO. 
 
 These men, Conrad Sweynheym and Arnold- Pannartz, whose 
 names are familiar to every one acquainted with the earlier edi- 
 tions of the classics, were the first to exhibit throughout all Italy 
 the newly-discovered art of printing, and under the auspices of 
 pope Paul the Second set up their printing-establishment in the 
 monastery of Subiaco, in the vicinity of Rome. [For their 
 labours, while they continued here, see the article Suhlacense 
 Monasterium.] After two years they removed into the city itself, 
 and being received into the house of two noble brothers, Peter 
 and Francis de Maximis, opened their Roman typographical ca- 
 reer by giving to the world, in 1467, an edition of Cicero's Epi- 
 stolcB ad Familiares, which is the first book printed at Rome. 
 Until the year 1473, they continued to supply editions of standard 
 works, with an execution truly admirable, and a correctness which 
 has been duly appreciated and proclaimed by the learned of all 
 subsequent ages, having been fortunate enough to obtain for al- 
 most all their publications the revision of Jo. Andreas, bishop of 
 Aleria, who not only corrected the press, but wrote the prefaces 
 and dedications, &c. In the year 1474 the partnership between 
 these two was dissolved, and from this time we hear nothing more 
 of Sweynheym as a printer : he appears to have given himself en- 
 tirely to the study of engraving, and to have died about 1478. 
 
 Sweynheym and Pannartz were followed to Rome by Udalricus 
 Gallus, or Ulric Han, who, on the last day of December in the 
 same year, 1467, published the Meditations qfJoh. de Turrecre- 
 mata, and continued his labours until the year 1478; in which, as 
 Serna Santander observed, he closed his typographical career with 
 a repeated edition of the same work with which he had commenced 
 it. The number of printers rapidly increased at Rome. In 1470, 
 we find John Philip de Lignamine at work, who styles himself 
 Scutifer to the pope. (Quaere, if it be the same office as De Gon-, 
 Jahmeriis, a title assumed by some other printers?) In the same 
 year we have Georgius Laver, whose printing-establishment was 
 in the monastery of St. Eusebius ; and in the next, Adam Rot, 
 &c. &c. Among the numerous printers who exercised their art in 
 this city during the XVth century, the names of Leonard Pflugel,. 
 Windelin de Willa, John Schurener, Eucharius Silber, Stephen 
 Planck, and Sixtus Riessinger, are those which are more generally 
 known to the public. It is perhaps worth noticing, that the num- 
 ber of works adduced by Panzer as printed at Rome from the 
 
liO. 243 
 
 year 1501 to 1536, is little more than three hundred, while those 
 which were executed in the same city during the thirty-five years 
 preceding that period fall very little short of a thousand, em- 
 bracing almost every department of literature. 
 
 Ronchum, Ronco, a small town of the north-west of Italy, dis- 
 tant five leagues north from Genoa. The first volume of the 
 Memorie recondite of Vittorio Siri was printed here in 1677: 
 likewise a Latin work in defence of the noted Jo. Annius of 
 Viterbo, in the same year. 
 
 Roncilio, Ronciglione, a small town of Italy, in the states of 
 the Church. Jn Italian version of the Iliad, by B. Tebaldi, is 
 cited as having been printed here in the year 1620. 
 
 Ronneburgum, Ronneburg, a town and castle of Germany, in 
 the principality of Altenberg, belonging to Saxe Gotha. — 1807. 
 
 Rosa (Jonas) a printer of Frankfort, often omitted the name of 
 his town : he printed at the beginning of the XVIIth century. 
 
 Roschildia, Roschild, an ancient episcopal city of Denmark, in 
 the isle of Zealand, formerly the residence" of the kings of Den- 
 mark. Printing was introduced into this city about the year 1534; 
 and continued only until 1540. Two works, an edition of St. 
 PauVs Epistles, translated by Erasmus, and Jo. Campensis'' Por- 
 raphrase on the Psalms and Ecclesiastes, dated 1534 and 1536, 
 are given by Panzer. Le Long observes, that the former of these 
 two books is of the highest degree of rarity. A copy of the first 
 edition of the Icelandic New Testament, printed at Roschild by 
 Hans Earth in the year 1540, in 12°. is said to be in the library 
 of the British and Foreign Bible Society, but unfortunately the 
 title-page is wanting. A curious description, both bibliographical 
 and historical, of this important volume may be read in the Appen- 
 dix to " Henderson's Journal of a residence in Iceland^ 8". 1818. 
 Henderson appears to have seen a perfect copy, but does not men- 
 tion where it is preserved. 
 
 Roseau, now called Charlottetown, the capital of the island of 
 Dominica, in the West Indies. 
 
 Wm. Smith, in 1765, was a printer at this place; and pub- 
 lished a newspaper, entitled The Freeport Gazette, or, The Domi- 
 nica Advertiser. 
 
 ROSTOCHIVM, or RHODOPOLIS, Rostock, a large and 
 fortified town of the north of Germany, in the grand duchy of 
 Mecklenburg, having a small university, established in 1419. 
 
 k2 
 
244 RO. 
 
 The only five specimens which remain of printing at Rsotock 
 during the XVth century appear to have been executed in a 
 monastery, Per Jratres presbiteros et clericos congregationis 
 domUs viridis horti ad Sanctum Michaelem in Opido Rostock- 
 censi. The earhest of these books is a Lactantius, of the year 
 1476, which Panzer announces to be a volume of the highest 
 rarity. A copy of it may be seen in the Bodleian library : and 
 we learn from M. Van Praet that another, printed on vellum, is in 
 the imperial library at Vienna. The same writer mentions that 
 this monastery of St. Michael afterwards became an academic col- 
 lege, but being almost consumed by fire, was in the year 161& 
 converted into a magazine of arms. We find the monks, how- 
 ever, continuing their typographical labours in it at least until the 
 year 1528. 
 
 Rotenhirgum, Rothenburg, a small town of the west of Ger- 
 many in Wirtemburg. There are also several other towns in 
 Germany bearing the same name : as Rotenburg on the Tauber, 
 a town of Bavarian Franconia, seated on a mountain near the 
 river Tauber. Printing was exercised here in 1677 by Noah de 
 Millenau. The earliest date which I have observed attached to 
 the simple imprint Rotenburgi, is 1627. 
 
 Roterodamium, Rotterdam, a populous and commercial city of 
 South "Holland, seated on the river Maese. 
 
 Printing was carried on here by Dierck MuUem, in the year 
 1589, (TCD.) and 1590, (Bodl.) also by Johannes Leonardi 
 Berewout in 1616; who in that year executed the first volume of 
 the Waldensia of Balthasar Lydvas. 
 
 ROTHOMAGVM, Rouen, (in Portuguese books Ruan^ a 
 large and fine city of France, seated on the Seine ; it was the ca- 
 pital of Normandy, and is an archbishop's see. 
 
 Panzer doubts whether a book called Le lAvre coustoumier du 
 pays et duche de Normandie, of the date 1483, were really printed 
 here in that year ; if not, Les cronicques de Normamdie, executed 
 in 1487, by Guillaume le Tailleur, is the earliest known specimen 
 of the typography of Rouen. 
 
 Rotwila, Rotweil, a small town of Germany, in Wirtemburg, 
 seated on a height near the river Neckar. 
 
 Printing was carried on in this town early in the XVIIth cen- 
 tury, by Joh. Maximilian Helmlin ; who in the year 1606 exe- 
 cuted here the Fortalitium Fidei, of Jo, Lorichius ; the title-page 
 
RO.— RU. 
 
 of which is neatly decorated, and its reverse exhibits an elegant 
 woodcut of the arms of the bishop of Constance, to whom the 
 work is dedicated. — .(Bodl.) 
 
 Roveredo, a considerable town of the Austrian states in the 
 Tyrol, seated near the left bank of the river Adige. 
 
 An Italian work of Tartarotti, printed here in the year 1749, 
 was in the Pinelli library. 
 
 Rovetta, a small village situate on the summit of Mont Preso- 
 lano, near the city of Bergamo in Italy. In the Revue encyclo- 
 pediqtie for 1820 it is announced that M. Fantini had recently 
 erected a printing-press at Rovetta, for the purpose of publishing 
 under his own immediate inspection a curious edition of the Di- 
 vina Commedia of Dante. 
 
 Rovilio, (qu : Rovigno, a considerable town of Austrian Italy ? 
 or Rovigo, a populous town of Austrian Illyria, on the coast of 
 Istria ?) An edition of The works of Petrarch was printed here 
 in 1574. 
 
 RVBEVS MONS, Rougemont, an abbey of Benedictines, in 
 a town of the same name, near Chatillon-sur-Seine, in Burgundy. 
 According to Peignot, (Diet. torn. ii. p. 442,) printing was carried 
 on here by Wurceburg de Vach, one of the monks, in 1481. 
 Peignot however enters into no particulars^ and Panzer takes no 
 notice of the matter. 
 
 Rudolphostadium, or Rudohtadium, Rudolphstadt, a well-built 
 town of the west of Germany, in the county of Schwartzburg, on 
 the river Saale. 
 
 Typography was exercised here by Christopher Eusebius Ta- 
 litsch, in the years 1664 and 1666. I have also seen books bear- 
 ing for imprint Rudolphvpolis, and RhudolpJiopolis, but whether 
 these were executed at Rudolphstadt, or at Rudolphswerd, {Rvr- 
 do^hiverda,) or at some third place, I am unable to decide. At 
 " Rudolphipolis'" have recently been printed some very neat little 
 volumes in 24°. having the pages of each encircled with a border 
 printed in red ; the printer's name is Froebel. 
 
 Ruien in lAvland, (i. e. in Livonia, a province of Russia.) A 
 small volume, containing the Lord's Prayer in one hundred and 
 jifty languages, edited by Gustavus Bergmann, bears the above 
 imprint, with the date 1789. 
 
 Rwpella, Rochelle, an ancient and populous seaport town of 
 
 k3 
 
246 RU.— SA. 
 
 France, of considerable trade and eminence, in the department of 
 Charente inferieure ; it is also a bishop's see. 
 
 The art of printing was exercised at Rochelle by Bartholomew 
 Berton In 1564 and 1566, of which latter year a curious book 
 may be seen in the library of Trinity college, Dublin, entitled Le 
 grand Routier pilotage, et encrage de mer, written by Pierre 
 Garcie : the woodcuts in this work are rude but interesting. The 
 .first edition of the New Testament in the Basque tongue was 
 printed here in the year 1571 ; a copy of which valuable and rare 
 volume is found in the library belonging to the university of 
 Leyden. There is a second copy in the Bodleian, but unfortu- 
 nately the title-page is supplied by manuscript : it is a very small 
 thick octavo of more than 600 pages, printed in a good, clear 
 Roman letter : the title of it is, " Jesus Christ Gure Taunaren 
 " Testamentu Berria,''"' Sj-c. Rochellan, Pierre Hautin Imprimi- 
 qale, 1571. On the title are engraved the arms of the queen of 
 Navarre, through whose zealous exertions in the cause of religion 
 this translation into the Biscaian dialect was made, and who also 
 caused the catechism and prayers used in the church of Geneva, to 
 be translated and printed at Rochelle. See the History of Thu- 
 anus, book 51. This excellent princess died in the next year, 1572. 
 
 Rupifortium, Rochefort, a seaport town of the west of France, 
 in the department of Charente inferieure. 
 
 Printing was carried on at Rochefort at least so early as 1714, 
 in which year a French work on the great men who have died 
 " en plaisissant," was printed here. — (TCD.) 
 
 Ruremonda, Ruremond, or Roermond, a considerable town of 
 the Netherlands, seated at the conflux of the Roer and Meuse ; 
 it is a bishop's see, and was the birthplace of the well-known geo- 
 grapher Gerard Mercator. — 1620. 
 
 Rutheni, or Segodunum, Rodez, an ancient and large town of 
 the south of France, seated on the river Aveiron. It is a bishop's 
 
 see.— 1627. 
 
 S. 
 
 Sabaria, a town of Hungary; either Sarvar, or Szombatel, three 
 leagues distant from the former ; each of which is seated on the 
 river Gunz. 
 
 Sabioneta, or Savioneta, Sabionetta, a populous town of Aus- 
 trian Italy, formerly the capital of a principality. 
 
SA. M7 
 
 From De Rossi, who has written a specific treatise on the He- 
 brew printing-establishment for which Sabionetta has long been 
 famous, we learn that its origin is to be ascribed to the year 1551 ; 
 that it was carried on chiefly in the house of Tobias Foa, a wealthy 
 Jew, who was assisted by Jacobus Tedesco Patavinus and several 
 other persons : that Tedesco was corrector and editor, and Jacob 
 ben Naphthali Cohen the printer : that it continued to work, with 
 some interruptions, until 1590: that at length it was put down 
 by authority, on account of the intemperate and improper lan- 
 guage used in some of its productions : that the types were car- 
 ried to Venice, and there used for an edition of the Bible in 1615 
 and 1616. De Rossi observes that this press reached its height 
 of perfection in the year 1553, while under the direction of a cele- 
 brated printer named Adel-kind, who had been sent for from 
 Venice to undertake the management of the establishment at 
 Sabionetta. He enumerates thirty-four editions which issued 
 from it between the years 1551 and 1590, the earliest of which, 
 and first specimen of the Sabionetta typography, is a Commentary 
 on Deuteronomy by R. Isaac Abarbanel, consisting of one hun- 
 dred and forty-six leaves in folio. De Rossi states this edition to 
 be one of the rarest books any where to be met with. [A copy of 
 it is in the Oppenheimer collection, now deposited in the Bodleian 
 library.] He gives to the productions of this press generally the 
 merit of being original and genuine editions, as well as that of 
 great neatness of type and execution, declaring that almost all of 
 them are scarce, and diligently sought for by collectors of books. 
 Several of these Sabionetta volumes, some of them printed upon 
 vellum, may be seen in the Bodleian library. 
 
 Scetobris, Setubalia, also CcBtobris, or Cetobrica, Setuval, or 
 St. Ubes, an ancient and strong seaport town of Portugal, in 
 Estremadura, beautifully situate at the extremity of a bay, about 
 S5 miles south of Lisbon. Its population is said to be 14,000 
 persons. 
 
 Saganum Silesice, Sagan, a considerable town of Prussian Si- 
 lesia, seated on the river Bober. It is the chief town of a duchy, 
 and contains woollen and linen manufactures. 
 
 In the years 1629, 1630, &c. the celebrated Kepler published 
 here some Ephemerides, which perhaps may have been the earliest 
 attempts at printing in the town of Sagan ; as the colophon to 
 his book states, that the printing of it was commenced at Lintz, 
 
 E. 4 
 
248 SA. 
 
 and finished at Sagen. It was executed in the ducal printing- 
 ofiBce, which (as we learn from one of Kepler's dedications) was 
 erected at the beginning of the year 1630. — (TCD.) 
 
 It appears that Kepler had been living at Lintz, where he had 
 published several of his works ; but when, in the year 1627 or 
 1628, some'civil commotions overthrew the printing-establishment, 
 and compelled the printer to fly, he began to look out for some 
 quiet place of residence, where he might proceed with his celes- 
 tial observations. At this conjuncture he found a friend in Al- 
 bert duke of Friesland and Sagen, who granted him a house and 
 an annual pension, and likewise promised him a press : he took 
 up his residence at Sagen in the month of July 1628. He had 
 previously purchased a supply of types, figures, &c. with which 
 his former Ephemeris had been printed, and these he brought with 
 him : his press appears to have been furnished to him before the 
 close of 1628. He continued here until his death, which took 
 place a few years afterwards. 
 
 Solium, Seez, or Sais, an ancient city of France, in Nor- 
 mandy, the see of a bishop. — 1731. 
 
 Sahagim, a small town of the north-west of Spain, in the pro- 
 vince of Leon, possessing an ancient and magnificent abbey of 
 Benedictines. Mendez remarks that typography has been exer- 
 cised in this town, (most probably within the waJls of the abbey 
 abovem en tioned. ) 
 
 Savnt-Mande. A private printing-press was erected in 1660 
 by the superintendant Fouquet, at his country seat of Saint 
 Mande, which I suppose to be in France. 
 
 Salcoma, see Solcovia. 
 
 Salem, a city of Massachusetts, the capital of Essex county, in 
 the United States : said to have been the spot first fixed upon by 
 the small number of persons who became the founders of the co- 
 lony of Massachusetts : its original name was Nehum-kek. This 
 was the third place in the province of Massachusetts, into which 
 typography found its way. The first printing-house in it was 
 opened by Samuel Hall, a 'printer from Newport, in the month 
 of April, 1768. One of his earliest productions was The Essex 
 Gazette, which appeared in August of that year. A second press 
 was erected in the town in 1774. 
 
 Salernvm, Salerno, an ancient archiepiscopal city of the king- 
 dom of Naples ; possessing an university which has long been fa- 
 
SA. 249 
 
 mous for the study of medicine, and whose work, entitled Regi- 
 men sanitatis Schola Salernitance, was extremely popular, and 
 appeared in numberless editions, during the !KVth and XVIth 
 centuries. 
 
 Salicetum, La Saussaye, a town of France. Printing was ex- 
 ercised here, in collegia Salicetano, in 1646. 
 
 Salince, Salins, a considerable town of the east of France, for- 
 merly in Franche Comte. According to a statement made by 
 the French bibliographer Peignot, printing was carried on here 
 at so early a period as the year 1485; but the point perhaps 
 would admit a little further investigation. 
 
 Salingiucum, is interpreted by Panzer to mean Solingen, a 
 town of Prussian Westphalia, on the river Wipper. Panzer 
 makes mention of a work by Johannes Eckius, which was printed 
 here in the year 1538, at the press of Joannes Soter, who had 
 at the same time a printing-establishment at Cologne, but who 
 executed at Solingen several works of a description which ren- 
 dered too hazardous their publication in the former city. A copy 
 of Eckius, as also two controversial tracts of Alardus Amstelre- 
 damus, printed at Solingen, in the year 15S9, may be seen in the 
 Bodleian library. 
 
 Scdisburgum, Saltzburg, an ancient and strong city of the 
 Austrian empire, the capital of a province : it is an archbishop's 
 see, and formerly possessed an university, which in the year 1810 
 was converted into a lyceum. — 1620. (Bodl.) 
 
 Sallodium, Salo, a town of Austrian Italy, in the district of 
 Brescia, on the banks of the Lago di Garda. Two works are 
 mentioned by Panzer, printed here in the year 1517 : namely, 
 some commentaries on Duns Scotus by LychettviS, a Brescian 
 monk : I have observed no other Salo book. 
 
 SALMANTICA, Salamanca, an ancient, beautiful, and po- 
 pulous city of Spain, in the province of Leon. It is a bishop's 
 see, and has a very celebrated university, which was transferred 
 hither from Palencia in the year 1404. 
 
 Typography was introduced into Salamanca in the XVth cen- 
 tury ; and there is reason to believe a book entitled Introductiones 
 Latince by Antonius Neirissensis, printed in the year 1481, to be 
 the first production of the press of this city. Mendez announces 
 that a copy of this previously-undiscovered book exists in the royal 
 library of Madrid. A second edition of the same work was 
 
250 SA. 
 
 printed in the subsequent year (1482), which is found in the 
 library of the archbishop of Toledo. The art seems to have been 
 continued without' intermission from that time ; yet it is a little 
 remarkable, that out of more than twenty books, executed here 
 in the XVth century, which are given by Panzer, not a single 
 one has the name of any printer aflfixed to it ; and the only per- 
 sons who are named as exercising the art at Salamanca are Leo- 
 nardo Aleman, Lupo Sanz de Navarra, and Antonius de Bar- 
 reda: nor do the names of these occur in any publication prior 
 to the year 1496. To those of the years 1501 — 1536, may be 
 added the following, as neither the book nor name of the printer 
 appear to have been known to Panzer: Aristotelis phihsophia 
 naturalis {Lat.) cum commentis Petri a Spinosa. Excus. in alma 
 
 acad. univ. Salmanticensis per Rodericum de Castaneda. 
 
 Anno 1535. fol. This volume is in the Bodleian library. 
 
 It would appear that during the XVIth century some of the 
 well-known Junta family transported themselves from Italy, and 
 carried on the printing-business in Spain. From books now in 
 the Bodleian library we learn that Juan de Junta printed at Bur- 
 gos in 1535, at Salamanca in 1547 and 1555; and Philip de Junta 
 at Burgos in the years 1582 and 1593. 
 
 Salmurium, Saumur, a beautiful and considerable town of 
 France, in Anjou, on the southern bank of the river Loire. 
 Printing was exercised here in 1582. — (TCD.) 
 
 SALVTIiE, Saluces, or Saluzzo, a populous town of the Sar- 
 dinian states, in the north-west of Italy, capital of a district, seated 
 on an eminence near the Po. It is the see of a bishop. 
 
 Panzer knew not that printing had been carried on here during 
 the XVth century, but gives 1503 as the date of the earliest book. 
 The Bodleian library however contains a volume executed here at 
 a much earlier period ; of which, as it is an edition unnoticed by 
 Fabricius, and not mentioned (so far as I can learn) by any bib- 
 liographer, I shall submit a description rather more detailed than 
 usual. The book in question is am, edition of Persius, in folio. 
 On the recto of the first leaf we read, AVLI PERSII FLACCI 
 SATYRARVM LIBER, and on the reverse of signature b. iv. 
 Impressus Salutiis arte et impensis Martini de Lavalle. Cor-, 
 rectusque ac emendatus diligenti opera egregii magistri Joha/nis 
 Gauterii rectoris Scholarium Saluciensium. Anno Domini 
 M.CCCC.LXXXI. die x. Februarii. Persius is followed by an 
 
SA. 251 
 
 .Epistle of St. Bernard, which fills the two remaining leaves of 
 this sheet, having for colophon, Finit Epistola Sandi Bernardi 
 ad laudem Dei. Finis. The volume is printed in a Gothic type, 
 which, both in capitals and small letters, resembles that of the 
 Boethius printed at Pinerolium in 1479; it shews also the same 
 inequality of setting up. The large initials are inserted by hand, 
 not by the press : it contains signatures a, b, in sixes, and each 
 page consists of thirty-five lines. The printer, Martinus de La- 
 valle, appears to be the same who in the year 1488 executed two 
 books at Pavia, for which see Panzer, torn. ii. p. 254. The Bod- 
 leian volume has at least the merit of exceeding rarity. 
 
 Samalcalda, or Smalcaldia, Smalcald, the chief town of a dis- 
 trict of the same name in the west of Germany, belonging to 
 Hesse-Cassel ; memorable for the Articles and the Protestant 
 League concluded here in the year 1531. 
 
 Le Long mentions that printing was exercised at Smalcald in 
 1574, and notices a very rare edition of The Psalter translated 
 into Latin verse, iy Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse, printed in 
 1590 ; a copy of which curious volume was lately sold by auction 
 in the library of professor Te Water of Leyden. 
 
 Samarobrvna, see Ambicmi. 
 
 Samielum in Lotharingia, qu. what town ? Le Long notices 
 editions of the Latin Testament printed here in 1613 and 1614; 
 in which latter year Franciscus du Bois, calling himself typo- 
 grapher to the duke of Lorraine, executed at Samiel the Phrases 
 poeticce of M. Fundanus, a copy of which is in archbishop Marsh's 
 library at Dublin. I cannot say much in favour either of the 
 press-work or paper of this small piece. Two years later how- 
 ever, viz. in 1616, the same printer sent forth a volume of very 
 different style; namely the Psalterium Monasticum, a folio in 
 large black and red types, with musical notes ; the whole of hand- 
 some appearance, and bearing for imprint, Sammieli, in Monas- 
 terio Sancti Michaelis, S^c. 1616. 
 
 Samplai en las Philippinas. This occurs as the imprint of a 
 book dated 1745, which is cited by Dr. Robertson, in his History 
 of America: in all probability it is the same place with Sampa- 
 loc, or Pueblo de Sampaloc, situate on the south-western extre- 
 mity of Lu^on, one of the largest of the PhiHppine islands. A 
 Chronicle by J. Fr. de S. Antonio, bearing for imprint, impresso 
 el Convento de N. S. de Loreto del Pueblo de Sampaloc, and 
 
252 SA. 
 
 dated 1738, occurs in the curious catalogue of don J. A. Conde, 
 (London 1824,) where is also mention of a second publication 
 from Sampaloc, of the year 1760. A Grammar of the Pampamga 
 Dialect, by D. Bergamo, is said to have been printed here in 
 1736. In the Bodleian library is a Historia de las Islas Philvp- 
 pinas, written by an Augustin friar named Jo. Martinez de Zu- 
 niga, bearing for imprint, Impreso en Sampaloc, por Fr. Pedro 
 Anguelles de la Co^iception religioso Francisco, ano de 1803. It 
 is a handsome quarto volume of 687 pages, on silk paper, pro- 
 bably manufactured on the spot. 
 
 In Aduarte's Spanish " History of the Dominican province of 
 " the Philippines, Japan, and China," folio, Saragossa, 1693, it is 
 said that printing in the Philippine islands was invented and intro- 
 duced by Juan de Vera, a converted Chinese : it is evident there- 
 fore that the art was practised there during the XVIIth century, 
 although I have not yet ascertained the exact time, nor met with 
 any volume of so early a date. 
 
 Sancianum, an island off some part of the coast of China ; or 
 (quaere) Song-kiang, a large city which is seated on the intersec- 
 tion of several canals, in the province of Kiang-nan. There is a 
 volume in the Bodleian library, of Chinese typography, which, 
 from its subject, no less than its appearance, may well be judged 
 to have beeil printed in this island. The title is, Relatio sepul- 
 turcB magno Orientis Apostolo S. Francisco Xavierio erectce in 
 insula Sanciano : Anno sceculari 1700. 8°. pp. 59. It contains an 
 engraved map, and a ground-plan. 
 
 Sanctandreana Officina. It may be noted, that books which 
 are found bearing the imprint apud Petrum Sanctandreanum, or 
 ex officina Sanctamdreana, without further designation of place or 
 printer, of the years 1575 &c. for upwards of twenty years, were 
 executed at Heidelberg ; either by Peter Sanctandreanus, or by 
 H. Commelin, who appears to have succeeded to his business in 
 or about the year 1589, and who continued for some time to use 
 indifferently the imprints apud Commelinum, and ex officina 
 Sanctandreana, prefixing also the same vignette (of Truth) to 
 each. 
 
 Sangeorgiana Officina, quaere where ? Books (without place) 
 of the year 1634 &c. occur with this imprint. 
 
 Santa Martha, a city of South America, lately capital of the 
 Spanish province of Santa Martha, in the kingdom of New Gra- 
 
SA. 253 
 
 nada. It was founded by the Spaniards in 1554, is seated on the 
 river Guaira, and has a good harbour. 
 
 In the year 1823 a newspaper was in course of publication in 
 this town, but was discontinued in the ensuing year. 
 
 Santamgelium, St. Angelo in Vado, an episcopal town of the 
 popedom, situated in the duchy of Urbino. The bishop possessed 
 a printing-establishment here in 1664. 
 
 Santiago, a large handsome city of South America, capital of 
 the province of Chili. It is an archbishop's see : contains an uni- 
 versity and a mint, and near 50,000 inhabitants. 
 
 In the year 1825 there was a printing-press at Santiago, and in 
 1826 official and periodical publications were issued^o?re two dif- 
 ferent presses in this town. In 1827 no fewer than ten periodicals 
 were published at Santiago. 
 
 Saphita, Sapliet, or Safad, a small village of Palestine, situate 
 in the pachalic of Acre, near the western bank of the lake of Ti- 
 berias ; where some time since was an Arabian college and univer- 
 sity, with synagogues, &c. for the education of Jewish rabbis. 
 Masch, in his Appendix to the Bibliotheca sacra of Le Long, 
 mentions an edition of the Booh of Daniel in Hebrew, which was 
 printed here in the year 1563 ; likewise an Ecclesiastes, executed 
 in 1578. Safad was almost destroyed by an earthquake in the 
 year 1759, since which period its institutions have languished, and 
 it has become a poor and miserable village. 
 
 Sarepta, is the name of a picturesque town of Calmuc Tartary, 
 seated on the river Wolga, not far from Czarizin. A settlement 
 was formed here by the Moravians in the year 1765 ; to which all 
 the materials requisite for a printing-establishment were despatched 
 from England, by the British and Foreign Bible-Society, in the 
 year 1808. This flourishing colony has recently been almost en- 
 tirely destroyed by a fire. 
 
 Saros-Patakon, or simply PataJcon, Saros-Patak, a considerable 
 town of the north-east of Hungary, on the river Bodrog. Print- 
 ing was exercised here in the years 1653, 1654. — (Bodl.) 
 
 Sassaris, Sassari, a considerable city of the island of Sardinia, 
 the see of an archbishop. Printing was carried on here in the 
 year 1640. 
 
 Savannah, a post-town of Georgia, in the United States of 
 America. James Johnston, a Scotchman, introduced printing 
 into this town, in the early part of the year 1762. 
 
254 SA.— SC. 
 
 SAVILLIANVM, Savigliano, a strong well-built town of 
 Piedmont, capital of a province of the same name. 
 
 Two books are remaining, which Panzer judges to have been 
 executed here during the XV th century, viz. a Manipulus CurOr- 
 torum, and the Speculum of Rodericus Zamorensis, both by the 
 same printer, Christopher de Beggiamo, a native of noble family, 
 who had for his associate John Glim. Neither of these books 
 bears a date, but the year 1470 or 1471 is attributed to them by 
 Panzer. After these two, we hear nothing more of the typography 
 of Savigliano. 
 
 Savioneta, see Sdbioneta. 
 
 SAVONA, Savona, a large maritime town in the north-west of 
 Italy, in the territory of Genoa. 
 
 A single volume attests the early use of printing in this town, 
 namely, Boethius de consolatione PhilosophicE, which bears for im- 
 print. Impress, in Savona in conventu S. Augustini, perjratrem 
 Bonum Johannevi, emendante Venturino Priore. Anno 1474. 
 This is as it should be ; the monk worked at the press, and the 
 prior corrected the sheets. Panzer adduces the book on the au- 
 thority of P. Laire, who affirms that he saw it at Rome in the 
 Museum of pope Pius the Sixth. No other copy of it is known 
 to exist. Nor have we any thing more from the press of Savona 
 [unless an edition of S. Augustini Confessiones, printed by Jo- 
 annes Bonus in 1475, which Panzer quotes among the Milan 
 books, (vol. ii. p. 22.) be given to Savona] except one single 
 volume on natural history, of the year 1524, a copy of which was 
 in the library of the late sir Joseph Banks. 
 
 The Savoy, in London, was formerly a magnificent palace, 
 erected in the reign of Henry the Third: it was subsequently 
 converted by Henry the Seventh into a hospital, which was sup- 
 pressed by queen Elizabeth, and its remains converted into pri- 
 vate lodgings, barracks, &c. &c. Some printing-presses were 
 worked within its precincts during the time of the Common- 
 wealth ; and so late as 1743 H. Lintot printed law-books here. 
 
 Scala Dei, a Carthusian convent of this name, is set down by 
 Mendez among the Spanish places which at some period or other 
 possessed and exercised the art of printing. He gives us however 
 no farther particulars. 
 
 SCANDIANVM, Scandiano, a small town of Italy, in the 
 duchy of Modena. Four books printed here during the XVth 
 
SC. 255 
 
 century are named by Panzer ; the earliest of which, a Latin ver- 
 sion of Appian's History, was executed by Peregrinus Pasquali, 
 a well-known printer of Venice, in the year 1495. No further 
 notice is taken of printing at Scandiano during that or the suc- 
 ceeding century. 
 
 Scaphusia, or Schaffhusium, Schaffhausen, a trading town of 
 the north of Switzerland, on the Rhine, capital of a canton of 
 the same name. The town took its rise from a neighbouring 
 abbey which was erected about the middle of the Xlth century. 
 Printing was carried on at Schaffhausen in 1592. (Bodl.) 
 
 Scara, or Shara, Skara, an ancient town of the south of 
 Sweden, in West Gothland, formerly the capital of the kingdom 
 of Gothland. Although much decayed, it is still the see of a bi- 
 shop. 
 
 A printing-press was erected here by bishop Jasper Suedber- 
 gius, in the year 1707, and Andreas Kiellbergius, from Upsal, was 
 the first printer. This press having been consumed in the terrible 
 fire which laid the city in ruins, on the 23d of August 1719, its 
 owner obtained a royal brief for collecting money towards its re- 
 storation. 
 
 SCHEDAMVM, or Sciedamum, Schiedam, a considerable 
 town and harbour of South Holland, near Rotterdam, noted for 
 its numerous and extensive distilleries. 
 
 Two books of the XVth century executed here, remain : one 
 of which, Le Roman de Chevalier Delibere, in French verse, 
 printed in 1483, was formerly in the Gaignat collection ; the 
 other is a Life of St.LMwine, a religious virgin of Schiedam, 
 written by John Brugman, rector of a convent at St. Omer ; the 
 date of this last is 1498. No further printing is noticed here 
 during the XVth or XVIth centuries. 1607. (TCD.) 
 
 SchemnitiMm, Schemnitz, a populous and picturesque town, and 
 a place of considerable importance, situate in the mining district of 
 tlie north-west of Hungary, noted for the extent of its works, and 
 the high character of its mining school. — 1796. 
 
 Schleusi/nga, sometimes called Silusia, Schleusingen, a small 
 town of Germany, in the county of Henneburg, on the river 
 Schleuss. 
 
 Printing was carried on here in 1609 ; and in 1687 the mem- 
 bers of its academy had a printer of their own. 
 
 Schlichtingsheim, a town of Prussian Poland, in the palatinate 
 
256 SC. 
 
 of Posnan, not far from Freystadt ; it was the property of the 
 barons Schlichting. Printing was first established here by Chris- 
 topher Wilde, about 1680 or 1690. 
 
 Schneeberga, Schneeberg, a town of Saxony, distant seven 
 miles from Schwarzenburg, noted for an extensive manufacture 
 of smalt. — 1725. 
 
 SCHOENI-IOVEN, or Schoonhoven, a strong town of the 
 Netherlands, in South Holland. 
 
 A Breviarium secundum ordinem Trajectensis Ecclesice, to- 
 gether with seven other religious books, ate adduced as having 
 been printed here from 1495 to 1500. No printer's name is af- 
 fixed to any of them ; they appear to have been executed within 
 a convent situated extra muros oppidi Schoenhoviensis. No notice 
 occurs in Panzer of printing carried on at Schoonhoven later 
 than the XVth century. However, in archbishop Marsh's library 
 at Dublin we meet with an elegant and rare volume, entitled 
 Breviarium Canonicorum regularium secundum ordinarium Ca- 
 pituli de Windesim, which bears for imprint, ad g^atiam et ho- 
 
 norem exaratum secu/ndario "est hoc presens Breviarium 
 
 — Anno Salutis M.CCCCC°. VII°.inprofesto nativitatis Johan- 
 nisBaptistcB extra murosoppidi Schoenhoviensis partis Hollandice, 
 apud Canonicos regulares Indenhem. The book is a thick quarto, 
 on good paper, and well printed. The larger initials, and all the 
 rubrications, are coloured by hand. On the title-page is a large 
 woodcut of a bishop (perhaps St. Austin) standing within a 
 shrine or temple, and holding in one hand a crozier, in the other 
 a pierced heart. The pages are not numbered : the signatures 
 are irregular: the volume contains 304 printed leaves. After 
 this, I have seen no Schoenhoven book earlier than 1660. 
 
 Schrattental, a town of Austria, distant thirty-three miles from 
 Vienna. Panzer adduces a single book printed in this place, 
 written by Michael Francis de Insulis, which bears the imprint, 
 Schratental in Austria, with the date 1501. A copy of it is said 
 to be in a library of Franciscans at Vienna. 
 
 SchUol, a town of Switzerland in the Lower Engadine valley, 
 in the country of the Grisons. It is memorable for having pro- 
 duced the first edition of the Romanesche, or Grison Bible, which 
 was printed in the year 1657, and is an exceedingly rare book. 
 [Coxe, however, in his" Travels in Switzerland," assignsl679 as the 
 o The first edition had been printed here in 1499. 
 
SE. 257 
 
 date of its publication.] The second edition of this Bible, fur- 
 nished with a new preface and observations by N. Da Porta, was 
 also printed at Schuol in 1743, in folio. Of this last a good copy 
 may be seen in the Bodleian library. 
 
 Schwabach, a manufacturing town of Bavarian Franconia, 
 in the principality of Anspach, where a colony of French Pro- 
 testants settled, on the revocation of the edict of Nantes. — 
 1752. 
 
 Sclavow 9 A Hebrew work printed here in the year 1784 is 
 announced in the Catalogue of the library belonging to the Lon- 
 don Society for promoting Christianity among the Jews. [Quaere 
 whether there be some mistake in the announcement .''] 
 
 S. Sebastiani Fanum, (or Oppidum,) St. Sebastian, a fortified 
 and considerable city of the north-east of Spain, the capital of 
 Guipuscoa. — 1 674. 
 
 Sedanum, Sedan, a strong town of the north east of France, 
 formerly in Champagne, now capital of a department ; it is po- 
 pulous, and has manufactures of woollens, and also of fire-arms ; 
 and once was the seat of a Protestant university. 
 
 At this town were printed some very diminutive volumes, well 
 known to collectors of books by the name of Sedan editions : the 
 Virgil, dated 1625, the Horace of 1627, and the Greeh Testa- 
 ment of 1628, are, I believe, all of this kind which are at present 
 known. The earliest Sedan volume which I have seen is in the 
 library of Trinity college, Dublin, dated 1589. 
 
 Sedinum, see Stetinum. 
 
 Segobia, see Segovia. 
 
 SEGOBRICA, Segorbe, an ancient episcopal city of the east 
 of Spain, in the province of Valencia. 
 
 A single volume now testifies that typography was ever exer- 
 cised in this city, entitled, Constitutiones synodales, composed by 
 Bartholomeie Marti, cardinal and bishop of Segorbe. The date 
 of it is 1479, but no printer's name is given. See a reprint of 
 this edition, noticed under the head of XERICA. Mendez, 
 however, takes no notice of any printing executed at Segorbe 
 during the XVth century ; and La Serna Santander treats the 
 above named edition as apocryphal. 
 
 Segodunvm, see Rutheni. 
 
 Segmvtia, or Seguntum, Siguenza, an ancient city of Spain in 
 the province of Guadalaxara, in Old Castile. It is a bishop's see. 
 
258 SE. 
 
 and possessed an university founded in 1441 by cardinal Xime- 
 nes, but which was suppressed in 1807. 
 
 The art of printing was very respectably exercised at Siguenza, 
 by Johannes Gratianus in the year 1575, and by Joannes Iniguez 
 a Lequerica, a printer from Alcala, in 1582. (Bodleian.) 
 
 Segovia, or Segobia, Segovia, an ancient and strong town of 
 the interior of Spain, in Old Castile ; it is also a bishop's see, and 
 is adorned with a magnificent Roman aqueduct. Printing was 
 carried on at Segovia, by Juan de la Cuesta, in 1588 and 1589. 
 
 Selestadium, Schelestadt, or Schlettstadt, formerly an imperial 
 city of Germany, in Alsace, now belonging to France, in the de- 
 partment of the Lower Hhine. 
 
 Printing was introduced into this city so early as 1518 : and 
 twenty-four books are given by Panzer, all executed by the same 
 printer, Lazarus Schurerius, between the years 1518 and 1526. 
 The last of them, Lamentationes Germanicce nationis, published 
 during the religious controversy which then prevailed, bears the 
 disguised imprint, apud inclytam Asice civitatem Lactophagam, 
 ubi plures vigent Luiherani. I have met with no later Schlett- 
 stadt books. 
 
 SEN^, or SiENA, Sienna, an aincient and fine city of Italy, 
 in Tuscany ; the capital of a province : it is an archbishop's see, 
 and has an university, which was founded or restored in 1887. 
 
 The earliest known dated book from Sienna is a Lecture of 
 Franciscus de ^ccoMs de Aretio, printed here in 1479. Hen- 
 ricus de Colonic et Socii were printers in this city, whose names 
 first appear on a work of the year 1484. 
 
 Sena Gallica, or Senogallia, Sinigaglia, an ancient city of Italy, 
 in the duchy of Urbino, the see of a bishop. — 1694. 
 
 Sendomiria, Sendomir, or Sandomir, a town of the south of 
 Poland, seated on the river Vistula ; it formerly was the capital 
 of a Palatinate of the same name, and the residence of the court ; 
 but of late has fallen much into decay. Printing was carried on 
 here for some years previous to 1740. 
 
 Senones, Sens, an ancient and considerable town in the interior 
 of France, in Champagne, lately an archbishop's see. 
 
 The earliest specimens of Sens typography are perhaps, a vo- 
 lume entitled Coutumes de Sens, small 4to, executed by Gilles 
 Richeboys, in 1553 : an Antiphonarius ad usum Senonensis Ec- 
 desicB, in large folio, printed by Francis Girauh, in the year 
 
' SE. 259 
 
 1554; copies of which, upon vellum, are described by M. Van 
 Praet; who subjoins to them a third, Viz. Evcmgeliorvm liber kc. 
 printed by JEgidius Richebois, in 1561, also on vellum. All 
 these rare books are in the royal library of Paris. A second edi- 
 tion of the Coutumes, in 1556, also on vellum, is in the Bodleian. 
 
 Serampore, a town of Hindostan, in Bengal, pleasantly seated 
 on the banks of the Hoogly river (one of the streams of the 
 Ganges) about fifteen miles to the north of Calcutta. It was a 
 settlement originally founded by the Danes, about the year 1676. 
 The English Baptist missionaries, who entered India in the year 
 1793, not being permitted to fix themselves within the territories 
 belonging to the East India Company, obtained leave to reside in 
 the Danish settlement of Serampore, where by the close of the 
 century they had firmly and completely established themselves. 
 
 In the year 1800 these zealous men, having procured a print- 
 ing-press P and types from Calcutta, commenced their industrious 
 and memorable typographical career with an edition of the New 
 Testament in Bengalee, the first sheet of which was worked 
 off on the 16th of May in that year. The first page of St. Mat- 
 thew''s Gospel had been taken off for a specimen on the 18th of 
 March. The edition consisted of 2000 copies, 1700 of which 
 were printed on Patna paper, and 300 on paper brought from 
 England. 500 extra copies of St. Matthew's Gospel were struck 
 off, for immediate gratuitous distribution. 
 
 Their labours proceeded with unabated and uninterrupted ar- 
 dour ; as may be collected from the following notices taken from 
 their annual Reports, and occasional Memoirs of Translations 
 of the Scriptures. 
 
 In 1801, Feb. 7th, " we this day finished the composing of the 
 " Bengalee New Testament, which had occupied nine months, 
 " keeping two compositors and four pressmen at work." 
 
 In the same year the Old Testament was put to press. 
 
 1802. Feb. 1. They begin a pamphlet by Cunninghame, " On 
 " the Evidences of Christianity." 
 
 1803. They printed several pieces for the college of Fort Wil- 
 liam near Calcutta. 
 
 p This press had been purchased in September 1798 by Dr. Carey, and was at 
 first conveyed to his residence at Mudnabattz ; but I do not find that any use was 
 made of it previously to the removal of the missionaries from that station to Seram- 
 pore. 
 
260 SE. 
 
 1803. in August they begin a new edition of the New Testa- 
 ment, consisting of 1500 copies. 
 
 1803. December 14th, they write that " we have it in our power, 
 " if our means would do for it, in the space of about fifteen 
 " years, to have the word of God translated and printed in 
 " all the languages of the east!" 
 
 1804. in January they are about to erect a second press. 
 in April they are in possession of a type-foundry. 
 
 they agree to print ten thousand extra copies of St. Luke, 
 
 the Acts, and Epistle to the Romans. 
 
 they begin to print with Naguree types. 
 
 1805. They possess three presses ; a new printing office, and a 
 
 book -binding office. 
 
 I'hey begin to print the New Testament in the Mahratta 
 
 language, and finish St. Matthew's Gospel in December of 
 
 this year. 
 Ib07. They were engaged in translating the Holy Scriptures 
 
 into eleven languages, six of which were actually at press : 
 
 namely Bengalee, Sangskrit, Ooreea, Hindostanee, Mahratta, 
 
 and Persian. 
 
 1808. On the 28th of JanX. in this year, Serampore was taken 
 from the Danes by the English. 
 
 1 809. The " Second Memoir on Translations'" acquaints us, that 
 they had finished the Bible in Bengalee, in five volumes, 
 also a third edition of the New Testament in Orissa, 1000 
 copies. Also the same in Sangskrit, 600 copies. By this time 
 they had cast seven founts of type in different languages. 
 
 1810. They finished an edition of 1000 copies of the New 
 Testament in Hindee, in quarto. Also 1000 copies of the 
 Mahratta New Testament in 8vo. The New Testament in 
 Punjabee. St. Matthew and St. Mark, in Chinese. A pam- 
 phlet in the Burman language. And in December of this 
 year they commenced the important undertaking of a ^aper- 
 manufactory. 
 
 1811. The " Third Memoir-on Translations" states, that they 
 finished the Pentateuch in Sangskrit, 600 copies ; and two 
 volumes of the Orissa Old Testament, 600 do. At this period 
 they possessed types in the Mahratta, Burman, Telinga, and 
 Seek characters : and had produced paper of a quality which 
 the worms did not attack. 
 
SE. 261 
 
 1812. On Wednesday the 11th of March their printing-house 
 experienced the awful visitation of a fire ; which consumed 
 seven hundred reams of English paper expressly sent out for 
 the Tamul and Cingalese New Testaments. Everything in 
 the office perished, except the six presses which were in a 
 side-room. Altogether two thousand reams of English paper, 
 worth five thousand pounds, were lost ; also founts of 
 type in fourteen languages (besides English) together with 
 the cases, imposing stones, bi'ass rules, chases, and all other 
 furniture. Printed books perished to the amount of 5000 
 rupees ; and manuscripts of the value of 7000 rupees : the 
 total loss was not under seven thousand pounds sterling. 
 Nine editions of the New Testament, and five of the Old 
 Testament were stopped by this accident. But providen- 
 tially no human life was lost in the calamity, and no man's 
 health was injured. The important matrices were saved, and 
 the paper manufactory was not damaged. The missionaries 
 not dispirited speedily returned to their work ; they recast 
 types from the metal which the fire had melted ; so that by 
 the month of June six out of twelve versions of the Scrip- 
 tures were again in progress. 
 
 The " Fourth Memoir" states, that in June nine versions of 
 
 the New Testament had been printed : and, in November, 
 that translations were then going on in eighteen languages. 
 In December they drew up a petition to be presented to the 
 king of Burmah for permission to erect a press in his city of 
 Rangoon. 
 
 1813. They had recast eleven founts of type. By the 19th of 
 February they had finished an edition of the Tamul New 
 Testament, consisting of 5000 copies. In March they men- 
 tion their want of more presses, and state themselves to be 
 printing in thirteen languages. In August they are trans- 
 lating in twenty languages, and printing in fifteen of them. 
 
 The " Fifth Memoir" of this year states, that they were 
 
 printing extensively for the Calcutta Bible Society. In De- 
 cember they were translating in twenty-one languages. Hav- 
 ing received permission from the viceroy of Burmah, they 
 send a press and printing materials to Rangoon. 
 1814 The press arrives and is erected at Rangoon. The 
 " Sixth Memoir" announces, that they have finished a fourth 
 
 s3 
 
262 SE. 
 
 edition of the Bengalee New Testament, of 5000 copies : 
 and a second edition of the Hindee New Testament, of 4000 
 copies. They were at this time translating and printing in 
 twenty-one languages. They erect a paper-mill on their own 
 premises : which however, from the deficiency of water, they 
 are compelled to work entirely by horses, and boast that they 
 are now able to print the Scriptures cheaper than an equal 
 quantity of letter-press could be executed in England, being 
 enabled to aiFord an octavo copy oi the New Testament, of 
 680 pages in a fair type and on durable paper, for a single 
 rupee (value two shillings and sixpence.) 
 181/5. They learn that by accident the types destined for 
 Rangoon had perished, but the press was still preserved. 
 
 1816. In November of this year the Rangoon printing-office 
 was opened. 
 
 1817. St. Matthew's Gospel was printed in the Burman lan- 
 guage. 
 
 1819- The annual report states, that they have thirteen presses 
 at work. , 
 
 1820. The " Seventh Memoir on Translations'" thus speaks : 
 " The labour of twenty years has formed a printing-esta- 
 " blishment, comprising seventeen presses and workmen of 
 " every description ; and the value of it in reducing the ex- 
 " pence of a version is by no means inconsiderable. To 
 " this is now added the advantage of a paper-manufactory on 
 " the spot. The importance of this to the difi'usion of the 
 " Scriptures throughout India has been long felt: it is in 
 " vain to expect that the Scriptures can be printed in suf- 
 " ficient quantity for extensive distribution on paper brought 
 " fifteen thousand miles : the expence will fall too heavy on 
 " the Christian public. The ^a:per Jbrmerly made in India 
 " became quickly a prey to worms : but a perseverance for 
 " twelve years in attempting to produce a superior kind has 
 " been so successful, as to produce a paper equally imper- 
 " vious to the worm with English paper, of a firmer tex- 
 " ture, though inferior in colour." 
 
 This paper is stated to be made from the sun (Crotoleria jun- 
 cea). The Memoir adds, that they now had published the 
 entire Scriptures in five languages, and the New Testament 
 in fifteen. That they possessed twelve different founts of 
 
SE. 263 
 
 type, besides several of the Deva-Naguree character, and one 
 of Persian ; and that another, of Arabic, was in preparation. 
 The missionaries declare themselves to have expended, in 
 various experiments for the production of paper, including 
 a steam-engine and a paper-mill, full fifty thousand rupees : 
 and in the paper-manufactory, and in forming the various 
 founts of types, scarcely less than eight thousand pounds 
 • sterling. 
 
 1821. They finish a sixth Bengalee New Testament, of 6000 
 copies ; a second Sangskrit N. T. of 4000 ; a second of the 
 Hindee, of 2000 copies ; one of the Orissa N. T. of 4000 ; 
 and one of the Mahratta. 
 
 1822. The " Eighth and Ninth Memoirs" mention, that at the 
 close of this year they had printed the New Testament in 
 twenty languages besides the Chinese: also that they had 
 finished the entire Chinese Bible, with moveable metallic 
 types, printed on paper forwarded from China to Calcutta. 
 
 1823. Notice occurs of the press erected at Fort Marlborough 
 near Bencoolen. 
 
 1824. It is mentioned that a lithographic press had been for- 
 warded to Bencoolen, for the purpose of printing the Scrip- 
 tures in Javanese. 
 
 1826. Notice occurs of a lithographic press having been sent 
 some years ago to Batavia in the isle of Java. 
 
 It is gratifying to learn that an establishment so diligently and 
 perseveringly carried on continues to flourish at the present day : 
 and that printing, both scriptural and miscellaneous, is now exe- 
 cuted on an extended scale in this mission college of Serampore. 
 
 Serezana, Sarzena, or Sarzina, a small but ancient town of the 
 north-east of Italy, in the Genoese territory, formerly a bishop's 
 see.— 1607. 
 
 SerravalUs, Serravalle, a small town of the north-west of Italy, 
 in the duchy of Milan. — 1604. A history of the Inquisition in 
 Italy, by PaoU Sarpi, was printed here in the year 1638. 
 
 Servesta, Zerbst, a town of the interior of Germany, formerly 
 capital of the small principality of Anhalt. It was the birth- 
 place of the empress Catharine II. of Russia. — 1583. (Bodl.) 
 
 Sevenbergen, a small inland town of the Netherlands, in the 
 province of North Brabant. 
 
 Printing was carried on here in 1683. — TCD. 
 
 s 4 
 
264. SH.— SK. 
 
 Shawnee-town, in North America, is beautifully situate on the 
 western bank of the river Ohio, near its junction with the Wa- 
 bash. Formerly it was a village of Shawnee Indians, but having 
 been deserted by them was occupied by the white settlers. 
 
 Although so lately as 1808 there was not a single house on the 
 ground, the town now contains about one hundred, several of 
 which are substantial and handsome. Among other conveniences 
 of civilized life, as markets, a post-ofBce, bank, &c. Shawnee- 
 town now possesses two printing offices. 
 
 Shelburne, a town of Nova Scotia, in North America. A. and 
 J. Robertson first established a press here in 1783. 
 
 Sigena Nassovice, Siegen, a town and castle of Prussian West- 
 phalia, near to the town of Herborn. Printing was exercised at 
 Siegen in the year 1596 — 1598 by Christopher Corvinus, who 
 appears in 1599 to have transferred himself and his business to 
 Herborn.— (TCD) 
 
 Silusia, see Schleusinga. 
 
 Singapore, a large and populous town situate in the Peninsula 
 of Malacca ; originally founded by settlers from the isle of Su- 
 matra, and containing at present about 15,000 inhabitants. 
 
 In the year 1819 the London Missionary Society formed an 
 establishment at Singapore, and in 1823 the Anglo-Chinese col- 
 lege was removed from Malacca to this place. In the same year 
 the missionaries brought a printing-establishment from Calcutta, 
 and commenced their labours by working off a Siamese version of 
 the Book of Genesis. 
 
 Skalholt, is a small town of Iceland, which from the year 1057 
 to that of 1797 was the see of a bishop. 
 
 In the year 1685 the printing-establishment of Hoolum was 
 transferred to this place, through the influence of the bishop 
 Theodore Thorlakson, but was restored to its ancient seat in the 
 beginning of the XVIIIth century. During the continuance of 
 the press at Skalholt, forty-one publications issued from it ; but 
 few of them, in all probability, have been seen within these king- 
 doms. One however, and that not very unlikely to have been the 
 earhest, is preserved in the noble library of king George the 
 Third, namely, a Psalm-book, (or Graduate,) printed in the year 
 1686; it is an oblong octavo: and the library of the British and 
 Foreign Bible Society contains a Harmony of the Gospels, in the 
 Icelandic tongue, of the year 1687- Mackenzie, who in his Travels 
 
SL.— SM. 265 
 
 through Iceland makes mention of the printing-establishments of 
 the island, has omitted all notice of this ancient one of Skalholt. 
 
 SLESVICVM, Sleswick, an ancient and large city of Den- 
 mark, capital of the duchy of Sleswick. 
 
 A single early volume bears the imprint of this place, namely, 
 Missdle secundum Ordinarium et ritum EcclesicE Slesvicensis, 
 printed at Sleswick in the year 1486, by Stephen Arndes, who at 
 the same time had a printing-office in Lubec, and in all probability 
 was sent for by the monks for the purpose of printing the above 
 Missal for their use. See the same occurrence under the articles 
 HerbipoUs and Ratishona. I do not remember another Sleswick 
 book of an earlier date than 1591. At present there is (or was 
 in 1821) a printing-establishment carried on here by the pupils of 
 a deaf and dumb school : it appears to be an excellent method of 
 employing such afflicted individuals. 
 
 Slovanka qa? Henderson in his " Biblical Researches in Rus- 
 " sia," mentions an edition of the Slavonic Bible, printed here in 
 the year 1766. 
 
 Slovita, a small town or village of Russian Poland, distant 
 about forty miles from Ostrog. 
 
 Henderson, in his " Researches in Russia," describes an edition 
 of the Hebrew Psalter, in 8vo. which had been printed at Slovita, 
 but does not name its date. 
 
 Shichum, Slouske, or Slucze, a large and populous town of 
 Russian Lithuania, in the government of Minsk, where was for- 
 merly a flourishing Calvinistic school. 
 
 Typography found its way to Slucze in the XVIIth century : 
 the earliest book now known is dated 1674. 
 
 Smyrna, a large and commercial city of Asia Minor, seated at 
 the head of a bay in the Grecian Archipelago. It has been cele- 
 brated from the most ancient times, and claims to be the birth- 
 place of Homer. 
 
 Of the seven churches named in the Apocalypse, this alone has 
 preserved its consequence to the present period. While the other 
 six have become either miserable villages, or mere heaps of un- 
 distinguishable ruins, Smyrna continues to be a large, populous, 
 and wealthy place, the emporium of commerce, and resort of all 
 nations of the earth. 
 
 How early typography was known in this city, I have not dis- 
 covered ; having heard of no specimen older than the year 1658, 
 
SN.— so. 
 
 vrhen the Jews possessed a printing-establishment here : books of 
 the years 1658, 1659, 1660, 1674, 1680, 1740, 1744, &c. are in 
 the Oppenheimer collection at Oxford. 
 
 Snagqf, or Synaguphu, a monastery, situated in the midst of 
 a lake, near to Bucharest the capital of Wallachia. A printing- 
 establishment was erected here by Anthimus, archbishop of Wal- 
 lachia, and amply supplied by him with Arabic, Greek, and Illy- 
 rian types. Schnurrer, in his Biblioiheca Ardbica, notices a 
 Greek and Arabic Missal, executed here in the year 1701. The 
 volume was printed at the expense of John Constantine Bessa- 
 raba, the waywode of Wallachia, and by him gratuitously distri- 
 buted to the Arabian priests. Schnurrer states it to be tolerably 
 well printed ; notices its being a book of extreme rarity in Eu- 
 rope, but he himself had chanced to pick up a copy for a small 
 sum, at a public auction in Leipsic. 
 
 Soest, see Susatum. 
 
 Solcovia, or Salcovia, Zolkiew, a town of Austrian Poland, ten 
 miles north of Lemburg. A printing-office was established here 
 by the Jews in the XVIIth century, which was still at work in 
 1740, and was at that time the only Jewish press throughout 
 Poland. The earliest book noticed is of the year 1692, the printer 
 of which was named Uri Ueibs. It is in the Oppenheimer col- 
 lection. 
 
 Soleure, sometimes spelt Saleure, (anciently Salodurum,) a town 
 of the north of Switzerland, capital of the canton of Soleure ; as- 
 serted by local tradition to have been founded in the days of 
 Abraham ! According to the Pinelli Catalogue, some pieces of 
 J. B. Rousseau were printed here in the year 1712. 
 
 Solishacwm, or Sultzbacum, qu. Sulzbach, a town in the king- 
 dom of Bavaria ? or, another in Wirtemberg ? — 1657. 
 
 Solna, (qu. Solma, Solms, a small town of Germany, in Wet- 
 teravia ? or Solno, (or Zilina,) a small town of Hungary .'') — 1703. 
 
 SONCINVM, Soncino, a small but strong town of Austrian 
 Italy, in the duchy of Milan, in the Cremonese. 
 
 This town is sufficiently known to the learned by the labours of 
 its celebrated Hebrew printing-office, established in the XVth 
 century, from which issued in 1488 the editio princeps of the en- 
 tire Hebrew Bible, on which so much has been written by critics 
 as well as bibliographers. The first production of the Soncino 
 press, as determined by De Rossi, the best possible authority in 
 
so. 267 
 
 these matters, is a Treatise of the Talmud, entitled, Berachoth, 
 with commentaries, &c. printed in 1484. De Rossi himself pos- 
 sessed a copy of this very rare book, printed upon vellum. 
 [and a similar one is in the Oppenheimer collection.] The 
 printer is Joshua Solomon ben Israel Nathan, who appears to 
 have been the head and leader of that illustrious firm whose 
 members subsequently established themselves at Naples, Brescia, 
 Fane, Constantinople, and other places, under the name of San- 
 cmates, or Jratres de Soncino. Of the famous Bible of 3488 
 Panzer knew of no more than nine copies in existence, one of 
 which may be seen in the Bodleian library, and a second in that 
 of Exeter college, Oxford. These copies, as Dr. Dibdin observes, 
 are the only ones known to be in England ; and, according to the 
 same authority, France does not possess a single copy. Mr. Van 
 Praet, however, mentions twelve copies upon paper, and one 
 upon •vellwm, which morpeau he believes to be remaining with 
 the representative of the Soncino family, now living at Milan. 
 
 Sondershusa, Sondershausen, a town of Upper Saxony, chief 
 place of the principality of Schwartzburg. Le Long cites a He- 
 brew and Latin grammar by Christicmus Lebrecth Pels, (a con- 
 verted Jew,) printed in this town in the year 1697 ; as also a 
 German Bible printed in 1709. 
 
 Sopronium, Soprony, or Oedenburg, an ancient, populous, and 
 manufacturing town of Lower Hungary, on the frontiers of 
 Austria. — 1627. 
 
 Sora, Soroe, a small town of Denmark, in the isle of Zealand. 
 Here was an ancient school, which Christian the Fourth erected 
 into an university, in the year 1623. A second foundation by 
 the Baron de Holberg in 1747 having failed in course of time, 
 the university was placed on a new and enlarged footing by the 
 king, in the year 1822. Printing was in use at Soroe in the year 
 1627. George Hantschenius, printer to this university, was pro- 
 moted to the post of typographer royal of Sweden, in the year 
 1666. 
 
 SORA, or SORIA. There is considerable difficulty in assign- 
 ing the place at which some few Hebrew books recently dis^ 
 covered by De Rossi were printed. They bear for imprint, 
 ■^t^O^i^l' but bibliographers are not yet agreed in determining 
 whether these letters denote Sora, a town in the kingdom of Na^ 
 pies; Soria, a considerable city of Spain, in Old Castile; or 
 
268 SO. 
 
 Ixar, a small town in the kingdom of Arragon, distant about 
 twelve leagues from Saragossa. Four books are at present known 
 bearing this imprint, the dates of which are from 1485 to 1490, 
 the earliest of them being R. Jacobi ben Ascher SepJier Orach 
 Chaiim. The printer names himself Eliezer ben Alanta. The 
 types of all seem to be entirely similar, and from the general cha- 
 racter and appearance of the volumes, De Rossi, whose experience 
 must give the greatest weight to his opinion, judged them to be 
 of Spanish or Portuguese, rather than of Italian, execution. 
 
 SORTENSE MONASTERIVM, SORETHVM, or AB- 
 BATIA SORETHANA, Schussenried, a famous monastery of 
 Praemonstratenses, in the diocese of Constance, on the confines of 
 Suabia and Switzerland, founded in the year 1188. 
 
 A thin and exceedingly rare volume, containing a Latin Comedy, 
 entitled Gracchus et Poliscena, by Leonardus Aretinus, has been 
 found, bearing for imprint, In monasterio Sdrten. Anno Domini 
 M. quadringentesimo septuagesimo octavo: which is the only 
 notice we have of the art of printing having been carried on in 
 this place. With the Comedy has been sometimes bound an 
 edition of Terence, without date or imprint, but which agrees so 
 entirely with the former as to leave no doubt of its having been 
 executed at the same place. I do not know that any other 
 volumes exist of a character perfectly similar, but Panzer assigns 
 both of these (among several other works) to some unknown 
 printer at Strasburg. Unfortunately I have not met with a sin- 
 gle one of the other volumes named by Panzer, but I can clearly 
 perceive the resemblance to the types used in the well-known Acta 
 et decreta in Synodis Wurceburgensihus, ann. 1452 et 1453, as 
 pointed out by him, although the setting-up and general appear- 
 ance of the volumes are totally dissimilar. Copies of these rare 
 books may be seen in the Bodleian library, and likewise in the 
 collection of earl Spencer. 
 
 Soteropolis, qu. St. Sauver, the name of three or four small 
 towns of France ? A Discourse by Henricus Kitschius, who it ap- 
 pears removed from Leipsic either to Ascania or to Dessau in 
 Saxony, bears the imprint Soteropoli typis Dorfferianis, 1612. — 
 (TCD.) 
 
 Southward, a borough in Surrey, on the Thames, opposite to 
 the metropolis, of which it may be considered as forming a part. 
 
 Peter Treveris is the earliest printer whose press was established 
 
SP.— ST. 269 
 
 in Southwark ; his first remaining book is of the year 1514, or 
 perhaps 1516. Treveris' pubhcations are seldom met with. 
 James Nicholson likewise began to print here about 1536, from 
 whose press we have an English Bible, some New Testaments, 
 with several other books executed during that and the two follow- 
 ing years, a list of which may be seen in the typographical anti- 
 quities of Herbert and Dibdin. 
 
 Spa, a well-built town of the Netherlands, in the province of 
 Liege, famous for its medicinal springs and baths. — 1789. 
 
 SPIRA, Spire, an ancient city of the west of Germany, seated 
 on the Rhine; formerly it was the capital of the bishopric of 
 Spire ; but now belongs to Bavaria. At one of the sittings of the 
 German Diet, holden at Spire in the year 1529, the reformers 
 gained for themselves the name of Protestants, by a Protest which 
 they entered against some proceedings of the emperor Charles Vth, 
 
 The earliest known specimen of the typography of Spire is a 
 Postilla Scholastica super Apocalypsin et Cantica Canticorum, 
 executed here without any printer's name in 1471. The first 
 printer mentioned is Peter Drach, but his name does not occur on 
 any volume anterior to the year 1477. Drach continued his 
 labours until the year 1502. 
 
 Spoletum, Spoleto, an ancient city of Italy, in the pope's domi- 
 nions, capital of the duchy of Spoleto : it is the see of a bishop. 
 Printing was exercised at Spoleto at least so early as 1672: a 
 History of the city, printed there in that year, having been in the 
 Pinelli library. 
 
 Stdbice, Castel a Mare di Stabia, a seaport town of Naples, 
 near the ruins of Pompeii. — 1656. 
 
 Stambul, (i. e. Constantinople,) see Constantinopolis. 
 
 Stargardia, Stargard, an inland town of Pomerania, pleasantly 
 seated on the river Ihna, about twenty-one miles to the S. E. of 
 Stettin. The art of printing was exercised in this town at least so 
 early as 1777. 
 
 Statio, or Stada, Stade, an ancient and strong town of Han- 
 over, capital of the duchy of Bremen. Caspar Holwein was a 
 printer at Stade in the year 1661. — (TCD.) 
 
 Steinavia, Steinau, a small town of Prussian Silesia, in the 
 principality of Wolau. Wigandus Funccius, a printer at Lesna, 
 removed his press to this town, where he executed the art for 
 some short time preceding the year 1662. 
 
270 ST. 
 
 Steinberg : there are three towns of this name : one of Lippe, 
 in Westphalia; another of Colenburg, in Lower Saxony, near 
 Minden ; and another of Erzgeburg, in Upper Saxony. Panzer 
 does not mention the art of printing as having been exercised 
 at any of them. That however one or other of these places 
 practised the art at an early period is evident from two German 
 tracts existing in the Bodleian collection of pieces relative to the 
 Reformation ; one of which, entitled Eyn missive von M. Luther 
 an Harttmut von Cronierg, professes to have been executed at 
 Steinburck, in 1522 ; the other, Vom alten und neuwen GotgUm- 
 benundleer,hB.sthe\m^tmt,Steinburg'kdurch Wolff Kcgfel. 1523. 
 STEINENSE MONASTERIVM, appears to have been a 
 religious establishment in the immediate vicinity of Gouda in 
 Holland ; at which place, according to the statement of M. Box- 
 hornius (p. 45), books were executed by the monks during the 
 XVth century. 
 
 Steinfurtum, or Stenefordium, Steinfurt, a small town of Prus- 
 sian Westphaha, on the river Aa. — 1604. (TCD.) 
 
 Stekelburg Arx, Steckelburg, a castle in Eranconia, the seat of 
 an ancient family named Hutten, and birthplace of the well- 
 known Ulric Hutten, the correspondent of Erasmus and warm 
 advocate of Luther. 
 
 On occasion of his cousin John having been murdered by Ulric 
 duke of Wirtemburg, Hutten composed several pieces, in prose 
 and verse, severely reproaching the tyrant with his cruelty. 
 These, by reason of their contents, he caused to be printed under 
 his own inspection, and within the walls of his own castle. Toge- 
 ther they form a small volume, which, as it is of very rare occur- 
 rence, I shall describe at length. 
 
 The title-page expresses " Hoc in volumine haec continentur, 
 " Ulrichi Hutteni Equ. super interfectione propinqui sui Joannis 
 " Hutteni Equ. Deploratio. Ad Ludovichum Huttenum super 
 " interemptione filii Consolatoria. In Ulrichum Wirtenpergen- 
 " sem Orationes V. In eundem Dialogus, cui titulus Phalaris- 
 " mus. Apologia pro Phalarismo, & aliquot ad amicos Epi- 
 " stolae. Ad Franciscum GaJliarum regem epistola ne causam 
 " Wirtenpergen. tueatur exhortatoria. 
 " Ad lectorem. 
 " Res est nova, res est atrox & horrenda, dispeream nisi legisse 
 " voles. Vale." 
 
ST. 271 
 
 The reverse of the leaf contains a metrical address to the 
 reader. The " Deploratio," in verse, is prefaced by a letter to 
 one of his relatives. The volume closes with another metrical ad- 
 dress to the reader, and on a separate leaf is the following colo- 
 phon : Hoc Ulrichi de Hutten Equit. Ger. Invectivarum cum 
 aliis quibusdam in Tyrcmnum Wirtempergensem opus excusum 
 in Arce Stekelbark, anno M.D.XIX. 
 
 It is a small quarto, containing signatures A — Z. a — c. the 
 paper and press-work good, with flowered initials and two large 
 woodcuts. The types much resemble those used at Basle about 
 this period. A copy is in the Bodleian library, and another in 
 that of Trinity college, Dublin. 
 
 Stella Navarrorum, Estella, a small town of Spain, in Navarre, 
 on the river Ega, having an university. According to Antonio, 
 printing was carried on here in 154)1. Le Long notices a work of 
 the date 1557. 
 
 ■ Stendalia, Stendal, a considerable town of the Prussian states, 
 formerly the capital of the Old Mark of Brandenburg. Printing 
 was carried on here by Andreas Gussovius, in the year 1671. 
 
 Stetinum, or Sedinum, Stettin, a large and fortified town of the 
 Prussian states, seated on the river Oder, capital of part of Hither 
 Pomerania. 
 
 According to the Pinelli Catalogue, printing was exercised here 
 so early as 1579 : and in Boeihmer's Historia litter aria Pome- 
 ranorum, mention is made of Martin Miiller who was a printer 
 at Stetin in the years 1599, 1600, &c. 
 
 Stirling, or Striveling, a borough town of Scotland, capital of 
 the county of Stirling, possessing a strong and ancient castle, 
 and a royal palace. 
 
 The art of printing was carried on in Stirling in the year 1571, 
 by Robert Lekpreuik, who had hitherto printed at Edinburgh, 
 and who appears in the following year to have removed his press 
 to St. Andrew's: where however he remained but a very short 
 time, since in the years 1573 and 1574, we again find him print- 
 ing, as formerly, at Edinburgh. See Herbert's History of Printing 
 in Scotland, p, 1495, &c. 
 
 StocTcholmia, see Holmia. 
 
 Stoer. Jacobus Stoer, a printer of Geneva during the latter 
 part of the XVIth century and beginning of the XVIIth, fre- 
 quently omitted the name of the town where he resided. 
 
272 ST. 
 
 Stolpa Misnica, Stolpen, a small town of Saxony, in the mar- 
 gravate of Meissen, 13 miles east of Dresden.— 1675. (Bodl.) 
 
 Stralesunda, or Strcdesundium, Stralsund, a large and trading 
 town of Hither Pomerania, on the Baltic ; formerly belonging to 
 Sweden, but now to Prussia. 
 
 The art of printing was exercised here in 1645, by Michael 
 Mederus. — (Bodl.) 
 
 Straubinga, Straubing, a considerable town of Bavaria, seated 
 on the right bank of the Danube. — 1631. 
 
 Strawberry-Hill, a country seat on the banks of the Thames, 
 near Twickenham, the residence of the late Horace Walpole, who 
 erected a private printing-press for his amusement, in the year 
 1758. The productions of this press are numerous and well- 
 known. A hst of them was given in the first edition of the De- 
 scription of Strawberry-Hill, printed there in 1774 ; a second in 
 a Catalogue of books, &c. •printed at the press of Strawberry- 
 Hill, of which the late Mr. George Baker struck off a few copies ; 
 and a more copious and detailed one in the Bibliomania of Dr. 
 Dibdin. Most of the Strawberry-Hill publications are neatly 
 executed, and among them are found some valuable and interest- 
 ing works. The impression was often large, amounting to 600, 
 and in one instance to 1000 copies ; other pieces again are in 
 small numbers, and consequently very rare. 
 
 Strega Silesiorum, Striegau, a small town of Prussian Silesia, 
 within a short distance of Breslau. A book entitled, Variorum 
 intra Italiam monumentorum inscriptiones, published by Ama- 
 daeus de Benignis in 1715, bears this imprint. 
 
 Strengnesia, Strengnes, or Strengnas, an ancient episcopal 
 town of Sweden, in Sudermania, seated on the lake Malar. 
 
 A press was introduced into this town in the year 1622, through 
 the liberality of the king Gustavus Adolphus, by Laurentius 
 Pauhnus, bishop of Strengnes, in order that his own works. On 
 the Christian Ethics, might be printed with less expense and delay 
 than at Stockholm. The first production of this press was his 
 Loimoscopia, executed by Olaus Olai Enaeus, a printer brought 
 from Stockholm, in the year 1623. Another work of this bishop, 
 viz. Historian arctboe libri tres, may be seen in the Bodleian and 
 Fagel libraries, bearing for imprint, Strengnesii, typis et impensis 
 auihoris, excudebat Johannes L. BarJcenius. anno 1636. It is a 
 quarto volume, of which both paper and press- work are very in- 
 
ST. — SU. ^73 
 
 different. Paulus subsequently becoming archbishop of Upsal, 
 carried thither his printing-establishment; but after a conti- 
 nuance there of two years, it was re-conveyed to its old 
 abode. 
 
 Stutgardia, Stutgard, a strong and populous city in the south- 
 west of Germany, capital of the kingdom of AVirtemburg : its 
 royal library is famous for an unique collection of Bibles, in all 
 known languages, both ancient and modern. 
 
 Printing was introduced into Stutgard previously to the year 
 1522 : but Panzer knew only three books executed there, which 
 are of the years 1522, 1524, 1525. 
 Subdinnum, see Vindinum. 
 
 SVBLACENSE MONASTERIVM, a celebrated independ- 
 ant monastery of considerable power and property, about two 
 miles distant from Subiaco, a small town of Italy, in the Cam- 
 pagna di Roma. This monastery, inhabited by about twenty 
 monks, is seated on the summit of steep and almost inaccessible 
 rocks. 
 
 It is memorable in the annals of literature, as being the cradle 
 of the art of printing on its arrival from Germany in Italy. Con- 
 rad Sweynheym and Arnold Pannartz, of whom mention has been 
 before made under the article Rome, established their printing- 
 press here, and commenced their splendid typographical career 
 by working off three hundred copies of a small school-book, which 
 they named Donatus pro puerulis, of which it is supposed that 
 not a single fragment has survived to our days. Their next 
 work was of a more extensive nature, being an edition of Lac- 
 tantius in folio, which bears for imprint, In venerabili monasterio 
 Sublacensi, with the date 1465. A second book of still greater 
 magnitude, executed with the same types, namely Augustinus de 
 Civitate Dei, mac^e its appearance in the year 1467 : and a Cicero 
 de Oratore, without date, but printed in the same type, in either 
 1465, 1466, or 1467. These publications seem to have termi- 
 nated the typographical labours of Sweynheym and Pannartz at 
 Subiaco : since we know that in the year 1467 they accepted an 
 invitation to repair to Rome, and having established themselves in 
 the house of the family of De Maadmis, published the Epistolae 
 ad Familiares of Cicero, as their first specimen, in that same year. 
 Of the three Subiaco books now remaining, the Lactantius and 
 Augustinus may be seen in the Bodleian and some other libraries : 
 
 T 
 
274 SU. 
 
 the Cicero is contained in the British Museum, and in the collec- 
 tion of earl Spencer. 
 
 Sudercopia, Siiderkoping, a town of Sweden, in East Gothland. 
 Printing was carried on here so early as 1511 ; in which year a 
 work entitled, Literce confraternitatis Hospitalis Sancti Spirit^s, 
 extra oppid/um Sudercopense, was executed : [and, according to 
 Alnander's statement, reprinted here in 1516.] The only other 
 early Siiderkoping book known to Panzer is Mannale ecclesice 
 Lincopensis, of the year 1525 ; a copy of which, supposed to be 
 unique, is preserved in the university library of Upsal. On ac- 
 count of some oiFensive writings of Jo. Braschius, bishop of Lin- 
 koping, the press was suppressed by Gustavus Adolphus, about 
 the year 1528: when the bishop was compelled to fly the 
 country, and the printing materials, as Alnander thinks, were 
 transferred to Malmoe. 
 
 Suermum, Schwerin, a considerable town of the north of Ger- 
 many, capital of the grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. — '■ 
 1789. 
 
 Suessa, Sessa, or Sezza, an ancient episcopal town in the north- 
 west part of the kingdom of Naples. 
 
 SuVy, a small town of central France, on the river Loire. 
 
 At the Chateau de Sully a printing-press was erected about the 
 year 1630, from which proceeded an edition of the (Economies 
 roi/dles, in 2 vols, folio. 
 
 Sulzbacum, see Solisbacum. 
 
 Suobacum, (qu. Schwabach, a town of Bavarian Franconia, 
 in the principality of Anspach ?) — 1689. 
 
 Suolla, see Zwolla. 
 
 SvprasUum, or Suprassuim, Supraslj a wealthy monastery 
 Gr/Ecorum unitorum, in Russian Lithuania, situated between 
 Grodno and Novogrodek. ' 
 
 A press was established here in the beginning of the XVIIIth 
 century, from which many books have been issued. 
 
 Snfat, an ancient and populous city of Goojurat, (or Guzzerat) 
 in Hindostan. 
 
 The Baptist Missionaries visited this city in the year 1812 : 
 and in 1815, the London Missionary Society formed a station 
 here, the members of which erected a printing-press, and before 
 the close of the year 1821 had printed the New Testament, and 
 were advancing with the Old, the expences of which publications 
 
SU.— SY. 275 
 
 were partly borne by the British and Bombay Bible Societies. 
 In 1826 the printing-office was put upon an imprpved footing, and 
 new types were cast, of a character larger, more distinct, and far 
 more acceptable to the natives, for whose use the publications were 
 designed. 
 
 Susatvm, Soest, a large town of Prussian Westphglia, in the 
 government of Arensberg; formerly a Hanse town. — 1721. 
 (Bodl.) 
 
 Suvidnia, Schweidnitz, a fortified town of Prussian Silesia, 
 capital of a principality. 
 
 Typography was in use here in 1683 ; in which yeiar a piece 
 entitled " Prodigium perfidiae et ignavias civitatis Strasburgensis, 
 " kCF.k K." was executed, in folio. 
 
 SwinfurUim ad Mcenum, or Schuvi^furtvm, Schweinfurdt, a 
 considerable fortified town of Bavarian Franconia, sesited on the 
 Maine. 
 
 Some works of Georgiiis Agricola and /. Sdhroderus, exequted 
 here in the years 1605, 1606, and 1607, are in the Bodleian, and 
 in the library of Trinity college, Dublin. 
 
 Sydney, a flourishing settlement, originally founded by the 
 British, under governor PhilHp, in the early part of the year 1788, 
 at the southern side of the harbour of Port Jackson on the eastern 
 coast of New South Wales ; it has since become the seat of govern- 
 ment. In O'Hwrds History iof New South Wales (8°. 1817,) it 
 is observed, " The month of November this year (1795) was 
 *' marked by the introduction into New South-Wales of a print- 
 " ing-press. It was at first employed merely for the convenience 
 " of government, in the printing of public acts and documents; 
 " but the time could not be far off when books, the pride of man- 
 " kind in every age, would be its object." T^lcie author does not 
 mention any books printed, nor name the particular spot on which 
 the press was erected. At p. 243, he adds, " On the 5th of 
 " March 1803, was instituted at Sydney, by authority, a news- 
 " paper entitled. The Sydney Gazette, or New South-Wales Ad- 
 " vertiser."" Two others also are at present in regular course of 
 publication at the same place, together with five other periodical 
 works. A second press has been estabhshed, at Port Jackson. 
 
 SyJ/va duels, or Sylva d/ucalis, see Buscum ducis. 
 
 Syracuse, a large ancient city of Sicily, formerly of great mag- 
 nificence and fame. The modem town ocqupie^ a portion of the 
 
 t2 
 
276 SZ.— TA. 
 
 ancient site, and contains about fifteen thousand inhabitants. It 
 is the see of an archbishop. 
 
 A Dictionary of Sicilian Antiquities, by Capodicei, was printed 
 at Syracuse in the year 1820. 
 
 Szamotulium, called by the Germans Sambor, a town of Aus- 
 trian Poland, distant eight miles from Posnan. Here was erected 
 the first printing-establishment in Great Poland, under the super- 
 intendance of the Unitas Fratrum, about the year 1558. Alex- 
 ander Aviczdecki was a printer here in 1559. The establishment, 
 however, did not continue long. 
 
 Szigetvar, or Nagy Sigeth, a small town of the west of Hun- 
 gary, formerly of some importance in the Turkish wars. Dr. 
 Bright, in his Travels, makes honourable mention of this town 
 " as having been instrumental in the diffusion of Christian know- 
 " ledge throughout Hungary ; for it was here that, in 1541, a 
 " translation of the New Testament was printed at the expense of 
 
 Thomas Nadaschdy." p. 573. 
 
 Szombar, see Nagy-Szomhar. 
 
 T. 
 
 Taherna, Saverne, or Zabern, a large trading town of the 
 north-east of France, in Alsace. — 1792. 
 
 Tacacum, or Tacaxuctium, Takagus, a town of Japan, situate 
 in the island of Niphon, which was one of the settlements occu- 
 pied by the Jesuit missionaries in the XVIth century. 
 
 In the Bodleian librarv Cmarked 8°. Z. 21. Th. Seld.) is a small 
 volume, in Roman type, but Japanese language, and on silk 
 paper, which was printed here by the Jesuits of the college of 
 Cazzusa, a settlement three miles distant from the town of Arima. 
 This work is in two parts, and appears to contain lives of the 
 apostles and of some saints, having at the end a short Japanese 
 and Portuguese Vocabulary; the whole comprising about 700 
 pages. On the title-page of each part is a tolerably-executed en- 
 graving from a copper-plate, and both parts bear the date of 1591. 
 Not professing myself to be intimately acquainted with the nice- 
 ties of the Japanese tongue, I here submit to the reader fiie en- 
 tire title-page and imprint of one part, literatim : " Sanctos nogo- 
 " sagueono uchinnuqigaqi quan dai ichi. Fii en no cuni Taca- 
 " cunogun lesus no companhia no Collegio Cazzuza ni voite 
 " Superiores no von yuruxi no c6 muri core uo fanto nasu mono 
 
TA. 277 
 
 " nari. Goxxuxxe irai. 1591." which amiable mor9eau is com- 
 mended to his best attention. Need I add a syllable on the de- 
 gree of rarity of this curious volume, of which this copy, for- 
 merly belonging to the learned Selden, may perhaps be unique in 
 Europe ? 
 
 Toga, (perhaps Tacha, Tachau, a small town of Bohemia, in 
 the circle of Pilsen ?)_1696. 
 
 Tahiti, or Otaheite, one of the Society islands, situate in the 
 South Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Some missionaries, who were first despatched hither by the Lon- 
 don Missionary Society in 1796', for several years encountered 
 considerable difficulties, and at length in consequence of political 
 disturbances were obliged to quit the island altogether. They re- 
 turned however, at the earnest request of the king of Otaheite, in 
 May or June 1811, since which period their aflairs have proceed- 
 ed more prosperously. Having possessed themselves of a printing- 
 establishment a few years ago, they have directed their exertions 
 to the publication of several portions of the New Testament trans- 
 lated into the Tahitan language, from 1818 to the present time. 
 These books bear for imprint, Tahiti ; printed at the Windward 
 Mission press. Some specimens of the Otaheitan language are 
 ^ven by Mr. Home, in the second volume of his valuable Intro- 
 duction, to the Scriptures. 
 
 Tallirmas, see Revalia. 
 
 Tamanarivou, the chief town or village of the island of Mada- 
 gascar, in the Indian ocean, and the residence of Radama its 
 king. 
 
 Some English missionaries having settled here a few years ago, 
 have under the king's sanction proceeded to found schools, and 
 have carried over a printing-press with its materials, for the pur- 
 pose of publishing a Madagasse translation of the Scriptures. I 
 believe that the press arrived during the year 1825. 
 
 Tanjore, a strong fortress and town of the South of India, in 
 the province of the Camatic, capital of the district of Tanjore. 
 It is subject to the British government, but is still the residence 
 of a Rajah. 
 
 We perceive, in the articles Frogmore and Versailles, that Eu- 
 ropean sovereigns have often condescended to amuse themselves 
 by the erection of printing-presses within their palaces, and even 
 at times to take a personal share in its operations. 
 
 T 3 
 
278 TA. 
 
 This town furnishes an instance, which might much lesS have 
 been expected, that of an English press being placed and worked 
 within the residence of a Mahratta chief. It is the enlightened 
 Rajah of Tanjore, Maha Sarabojee, who has thus acknowledged 
 the utility of this powerful engine : Robinson, in his Last days of 
 bishop Heber, p. 166. describing a private visit paid to the Rajah 
 by the bishop in March 1826, mentions with approbation his li- 
 brary, philosophical instruments, collections of coins, paintings, 
 and natural history, fine breed of horses, &c. and adds, " but that 
 " of which he is most justly proud, as the rarest curiosity of an 
 " Indian court, is an English printing-press, worked by native 
 " Christians, in which they struck off a sentence in Mahratta in 
 " the bishop's presence, in honour of his visit." 
 
 ''A printing-press, with materials, was sent to this place by the 
 British and Foreign Bible-Society in 1810. 
 
 TARACO, Tarragona, an archiepiscopal city of the north-east 
 of Spain, in Catalonia, of great antiquity and considerable 
 strength, with an university. 
 
 We learn from Mendez that typography was exercised at Tar- 
 ragona before the close of the XVth century : in proof of which 
 assertion he cites a Missdle secund/um usum Tarraconensis ecck' 
 sice Hispaniarum metropoleos, in folio, executed here by Johannes 
 Rosembach in the year 1499. Rosembach was a printer of Barce- 
 lona, whom the archbishop sent for to Tarragona, probably for 
 the express purpose of printing the above Missal, a practice far 
 from uncommon at this period. Mendez informs us that a copy 
 of this rare volume, printed upon vellum, exists in the archives of 
 the chapter of Tarragona. 
 
 With the exertion of tbe above named work, I have met with 
 nothirrg of Tarragona execution earlier than two publications of 
 Antonitis AuguStinUs, archbishop of that city, which were exe- 
 cuted by Philipptis Meye,'in the yearsl579, and 1587. (Bodleian.) 
 * TARRAZONA, TIRAS90, or TVRIASQ, Tarazona, an 
 ancieM episcopal city of the north-east of Spain, in the province 
 of Aragon. 
 
 A single work, entitled, Historia del Conde Pa/rteno^les, in the 
 ancient dialect of Catalonia, said to have been printed at Tara- 
 zona in 1488, is given by Panzer upon the authority of Aritonio's 
 Bibliotheca Hispana Nova, (vol. ii. p. 338.) ; but no other book 
 is known, nor is printing here at any subsequent period mentioned 
 
TA. 879 
 
 by other bibliQgrq,phers. The rich stores of the Bodleian library, 
 and of that of Trinity college, Dublin, however, set this question 
 at rest, by presenting us with a folio volume containipg a coin- 
 mentary on the fourth book of the Sentences of Jp. Duns §cotus, 
 written by John Yribarne a Minorite friar, which was executed in 
 this town, and bears for imprint Tirassone, apud Didacum de la 
 tOrre, 1615. It has been observed above, (p. 204) that this printer 
 was engaged at Origuela in the year 1601, &c. in the special em- 
 ployment of the bishop, from whose service he may perliaps have 
 transferred himself and his printing-press to Tarrazona, Mem. that 
 it is the second volume only of Yribarne which was printed at 
 Tarrazona ; the first having been issued at Saragossa in the pre- 
 ceding year. 
 
 Tarstu, see Tergeste. 
 
 TARVISIVM, Treviso, a fortified city of Austrian Italy, ca- 
 pital of a district or department, and a bishop's see. 
 
 Printing was exercised first in this city by Girardus de Lisa, 
 who in the year 1471 executed a treatise of St. Austin, entitled, 
 lAber de Salute, also the first editions of Mercurius Trismegisfus, 
 and of Aretine's Latin version of the Epistles qfPhalaris. Ten 
 or eleven printers followed him before the close of the XV th cen- 
 tury, and numerous editions of the best Latin and Italian classics 
 proceeded from the presses of Treyisjo. 
 
 Tavistock, a borough in Devonshire in Englajgd: in which 
 stood formerly a celebrated monastery of Benedictines, whose 
 abbot was a lord of parliament, and his house exempted from all 
 jurisdiction except that of the pope. 
 
 A school for the study and preservation of the Saxon language 
 was established here, and in the early part of the XVIth century 
 the monks possessed a printing-press. Only two specimens of 
 their typography have survived to the present day ; of which one 
 is an English metrical translation of Boethius de Consajatione 
 pMhsopMce, made by Thomas Waltwnem, by desire of the lady 
 Elizabeth Berkeley : it bears for colophon, Enprented in the ex- 
 empt monastery ofTavestoTc in Denshyre. By me Dan Thomas 
 Rychard, monJce of the sayd monastery. To the instant desyre 
 of the ryght worshypful esquyer Mayster Robert Langdon. anno 
 d. MDXXV. Two copies of this work, but neither of them per- 
 fect, are in the Bodleian library : and a perfect one is in that of 
 Exeter college. See Herbert's Afnes, p. 1439. 
 
 T 4 
 
280 TA. 
 
 Rare as is this work, its rarity is infinitely surpassed by that of 
 the second book which remains from the Tavistock press, and 
 of which the following more detailed description is ^ven from 
 a personal inspection of the only copy believed to be now exist* 
 ing, which is preserved with the utmost care in the library of 
 Exeter college, Oxford. 
 
 Beneath a wood-cut, of the king's arms supported by angels, is 
 the following title : " Here foloyth the confirmation of the Charter 
 " perteynynge to all the tynners wythyn the coutey of devon- 
 " shyre. wyth there statutes also made at crockeryntorre by the 
 " hole asset and cosent of al the sayd tynners. yn the yere of 
 " the reygne of our soverayne Lord Kynge Henry y^ viii. the 
 " secud yere." Beneath is a vignette cut in wood- On the re- 
 verse begins the Confirmation. On signature a, iiii. " Pro qua^ 
 " tuor marcis solut. in hanaperio. Devon Magna Curia domini 
 " Regis Ducatus sui Cornubie tenta apud Crokerentorre in Comit. 
 " Devon coram Thoma Deneys Armigero, Locum tenente Hen- 
 " rici Merney Militis Custod. Stannarie domini Regis in Comi7 
 " tat. Devonie Vicesimo Quarto die Mensis Septembris. Anno 
 " regni Regis Henrici Octavi Secundo. — Nomina Juratorum. 
 " xxiiii. Jur. Cure stannareDe Chaggeford. — De Aysberton — De 
 " Plymton. — De Tavystoke, &c. Qui electi, jurati et triati ex 
 " assensu et cosensu omniu stannator. Com. pdicti, enactant or- 
 " dinant et statuunt q ; omnia statuta stannarie ante hec tepora 
 " ibidem facta sint vacua cassa et nuUius afl^ctus preter ea que in 
 " ista curia affirmatur et de novo fiet ut postea patet." On the 
 reverse of signature b, v. the royal arms are repeated; under 
 which, " Magna curia, &c. tenta apud Crokeretorre, &c. anno 
 " regni Regis Henrici Octavi xxiiii." Below is the vignette as in 
 the title-page. " Nomina juratorum," &c. as before. On the re- 
 verse signature c, iv. the same royal arms and vignette, " Ma- 
 " gna curia, &c. Sec. anno Regni Regis Herici viii. vicesimo quito. 
 " Nomina juratorum, &c." On the reverse of signature d, iii. 
 " Here endyth the statutes of the stannary, Imprented yn Ta- 
 " vystoke y^ xx. day of August the yere of the reygne off our 
 " soveryne Lord Kynge Henry y« viii. the xxvi. yere." The 
 two vignettes as before, between which is, " God ssave the Kyng." 
 Then follows a leaf, having on the recto a wood-cut of the cruci- 
 fixion of St. Andrew, and on the reverse one representing the 
 Almighty seated, within a diamond contained in a square, the 
 
TA. 281 
 
 angles being filled by the symbols of the four evangelists. This 
 second print is the same with that which appears on the title of 
 the Boethius printed at Tavistock. The volume is a small quarto 
 consisting of twenty-six leaves ; viz. signature a, six ; b, and c, 
 eight ; and d, four. A full page contains generally thirty lines, 
 sometimes thirty-one. The type appears to be that of the Boethius, 
 but is not so sharp nor clear : the flowered initials of the Boethius 
 are not used in this book. It only remains to say, that the Ex- 
 eter copy is quite perfect, and that all the leaves still retain their 
 rough and unequal edges. 
 
 TAVRINVM, or AVGVSTA TAVRINORVM, Turin, a 
 populous, beautiful, and ancient city in the north of Italy, in 
 Piedmont, the capital and seat of the Sardinian monarchy, and 
 an archbishop's see. It has a celebrated university, founded by 
 pope Benedict the thirteenth, in 1406. 
 
 Typography appears to have been first brought to Turin by a 
 French printer named Johannes Fabri, who in company with 
 Johanninus de Petro, opened his career with a Breviarium Ro- 
 manum in the year 1474 ; which, with several other works, was 
 printed under the auspices and direction of his patron Magister 
 Panthaleon de Confluentia. M. Van Praet notices two copies of 
 this rare book printed upon vellum ; one of which is in the royal 
 library at Turin, and the other in that of S. G^nevi^ve at Paris. 
 In 1475, Fabri was sent to Casselle, six miles distant from Tu- 
 rin, in order to print St. Jerome's Lives of the Fathers there ; 
 but after a few years he returned to Turin. Santander observes 
 that the art made no very great progress in this city during the 
 XVth century. 
 
 Taurum, Toro, an ancient city of the north-west of Spain, in 
 the province of Leon ; it was formerly a bishop's see. 
 
 Antonio notices printing here in the year 1630: but I am 
 strongly of opinion that I have seen a Spanish tract executed at 
 Toro so early as 1505. 
 
 Tayabas, appears to be the name of some town in the Philip- 
 pine islands. 
 
 In the year 1703 a Vocabulario de la lerigua Tagala, com- 
 posed by a monk called Domingo de los Santos, was executed, 
 bearing for imprint, " Tayabas (Filippinas) 1703." A copy of 
 this work appears in the " Bibliotheca Marsdeniana." 
 
 Teate, Chieti, a large towri of Naples, in Abruzzo citra, the see 
 
282 TE. 
 
 of an archbishop, and memorable for an order of reli^ous 
 (founded by Jo. Peter CarafiFa, archbishop of Chieti,) who from 
 hence took the name of Theatines. 
 
 The only specimen of the typography of this place, which I 
 have either seen or heard of, is the treatise of Mutius Pansa, en- 
 titled, De osculo efhnicoE et Ckristiance philosopMcE, in 4to, which 
 bears for imprint Teate, apud Isidorum Facium, 1601. A copy 
 of this tract is in Marsh's library, Dublin. 
 
 Tehriz, or Tauris, a large city of Persia, by some supposed to 
 stand on the site of the ancient Ecbatana. Formerly it was a place 
 of great splendor, but in latter times has been much reduced 
 both in beauty and population, by wars and repeated earth- 
 quakes. 
 
 The European art of printing has found its way to Tebriz, 
 
 In the year 1822 a young Persian named Mirza DjafFar esta7 
 blished a press here, at which he executed a neat edition of the 
 Gulistan qfSaady. 
 
 Tegernseense Monasterium, Tegernse, a famous abbey of Be- 
 nedictines, founded in the Vlllth century, seated at the edge of a 
 lake in the diocese of Freysingen, in Bavaria. The Chronicon 
 Gotwicense, a large and handsome folio volume, was printed at 
 this monastery in the year 1732. 
 
 Teh Marti'us, Toulon, a fortified city and seaport in the 
 south-east of France, in Provence, formerly a bishop's see. Hen- 
 ricy informs us that printing was first exercised in Toulon in the 
 year 1704. 
 
 Tergeste, Trieste, an ancient and thriving seaport-town of the 
 Austrian dominions, in the district of lUyria. It is a bishop's see, 
 and contains several public institutions. 
 
 Printing was in use at Trieste in the year 1629 ; and I may 
 mention, that some years ago an Armenian press was erected here, 
 at. which an Armenian 1 version of Dr. Robertson! s History of 
 
 1 A brief account of the Armenian Press drawn up by an Armenian gentleman, 
 for the Calcutta Journal (Asiatic Register, October, 1822.) 
 
 In the year 1567 the use of the press began first among the Armenians. It has 
 been established in many cities ; but in most cases, after continuing in operation a 
 short time, it has, owing to some cause or other, been abolished. It is permanently 
 established in Constantinople and Venice : and at present there are printing-offices 
 in Paris, Vienna, and St., Petersburg, which are all in constant employment. In 
 India the exercise of the Armenian press began first at Madras. A printing office 
 was established at Calcutta, in 1819 one at Bombay. 
 
TE.— TH. 
 
 America was printed, in two octavo volumes ; which translation 
 may be seen in the Bodleian library. In an ITlyriam, grammwr, 
 of the year 1812, Trieste is called Tarstu. 
 
 Tergovista, or Tirgowischt, an ancient town of European 
 Turkey, in Wallachia, formerly the residence of the Waiwodes. 
 A book containing The Office of St. Catherine, together with 
 other prayers in Greek, which was printed in this town in the 
 year 1710, may be seen in the Bodleian library. 
 
 Tertona, see Dertona. 
 
 Testaria, or Wetzlaria, or Wetzflarium, Wetzlar, a town of 
 Germany in Wetteravia. It is seated on the river Lahn, twenty- 
 five miles to the north of Frankfort. 
 
 Printing certainly was carried on at Wetzlar in 1711 : but in 
 the Bodleian library is a book by G.Loridiius Hadama/rius, 
 dated Wetzflarii, 1541 ; but this date is expressed in such a way 
 that I cannot determine whether it denotes the place of printmg 
 or o{ writinff the work. 
 
 Teutoiurgum, see Dmshwrgum; — ^it is also the name of a 
 town in Westphalia. 
 
 THESSALONICA, Salonichi, (the ancient Thessalonica,) a 
 large and handsome city of European Turkey, containing about 
 70,000 inhabitants; the capital of Macedonia, and see of a 
 Roman Cathohc and also of a Greek archbishop. 
 
 It being known that a Hebrew press was early established in 
 this city, some books were adduced by bibliographers, supposed 
 to have been printed here in 1479, or even earlier ■; but De Sossi 
 has -shewn that there is no sufficient evidence of any Sdanochi 
 book remaining of the XVth century, and in fact the first work 
 which is known to have a certain date is an edition of the Psalms, 
 Proverbs &c. of the year 1515. The chief typographers appear 
 to have been Jehuda ben Ghedaliae and his family. This press 
 continued its labours during upwards of a century at least. 
 
 Thiela, Tila, or Tillum, Thiel, a small town of the Nether- 
 lands, the capital of a district, in 1;he province of Guelderland. 
 
 The art df printing was exercised a;t Thiel in the year 1658; 
 and Frederic Jansz was a printer of Dutch 'books here in 1688. 
 (TCD.) 
 
 At Venice, aD Armenian press is worked within an Armenian convent situated on 
 one of the isles of the Lagunes, where a newspaper or gazette in that language is 
 regularly published (1820.) 
 
284 TH.— TI. 
 
 Thiengen, a small town of Germany in Baden, distant eighteen 
 miles from Schaffhausen. Wolfius announces that the Jews car- 
 ried on printing here, but gives no account of their publications. 
 It appears however from the Oppenheimer library, that their 
 press was at work about the middle of the XVIth century ; two 
 books of the date 1560 and one of 1566 being now preserved in 
 that rich collection. 
 
 Thierrium, or Tigernum, Thiers, a populous commercial town 
 of the centre of France, in Auvergne. 
 
 THOLOSA, or TOLOSA PALLADIA, or Tolosa Tecto- 
 sagum, Toulouse, an ancient, elegant, and extensive city of the 
 South of France, seated on the Garonne : formerly the capital of 
 Languedoc. It is an archbishop's see, and possesses an university, 
 which was founded in the year 1229, from money accruing by a 
 fine imposed by Louis the Ninth of France, upon his vanquished 
 enemy Raymond count of Toulouse. It is likewise to be re- 
 membered, that in this city the Dominican friars erected the first 
 tribunal of the tremendous and execrable Inquisition, during the 
 early part of the Xlllth century. 
 
 With respect to the introduction of the art of printing into 
 Toulouse there appears to be some little uncertainty, arising from 
 the confusion caused by the similarity of name between this city 
 and Tolosa in Spain. Under this latter town Panzer cites a law- 
 tract written by Jason de Mayno, executed by Joannes Teuto- 
 nicus, and bearing for imprint, Finit Tholose A. C. 1479. He 
 adds a hint, that perhaps it is a Toulouse book ; and I am in- 
 duced to adhere to this opinion of his, not only in the case of the 
 book in question, but in that of some others also among those 
 which are enumerated in his list. 
 
 Thorunium, see Tonmium. 
 
 Ticinum, see Papia. 
 
 Tifernum, or T'vphernum, is either Citta di Castello, a city of 
 Italy, in the duchy of Urbino : or, St. Angelo in Vado, distant 
 twenty miles from the former. — 1539. 
 
 Tifiis, or Teflis, a large and flourishing city, the capital of 
 Asiatic Georgia, situate on the right bank of the river Kier, mid- 
 way between the Euxine and Caspian seas. It is supposed to 
 contain from 18,000 to 20,000 inhabitants, of various nations. 
 
 A Psalter, with some other portions of Holy Scripture, in the 
 Georgian language, was printed here, by Michael Istphanowitz, 
 
TI.— TO. 285 
 
 in 1711. At present there are said to be two printing-offices in 
 Tiflis, one of which is confined to books of devotion which are 
 executed in a pecuhar character, the other strikes off works of a 
 miscellaneous nature, in the Russian and Georgian languages. 
 
 Tigurv/m, Tigurinus Pagits, Turigum,, or Turicvm, Zurich, 
 a large, ancient, and strongly-fortified city of Switzerland, capital 
 of the canton of Zurich. It is a place of trade and manufactures, 
 and few towns have surpassed this in its cultivation of literature 
 and science. 
 
 At what time it first adopted typography, I have not learnt : 
 the earliest book noticed by Panzer bears date 1523 : but in the 
 Bodleian collection of German tracts on the Reformation, one of 
 Luther's, printed at Zurich, is dated 1521. Panzer enumerates 
 about eighty Zurich publications between 1523 and 1536, almost 
 all of which are on reli^ous subjects, and written chiefly by the 
 reformers Ubich Zuinglius, Peliican, and BuUinger. Christopher 
 Froschover was the printer of most eminence and business. 
 
 About the period of the Reformation in this country, some curi- 
 ous English works were printed at Zurich, and it has even been 
 conjectured that the first edition of the English Bible, in folio, 
 1535, was executed here. 
 
 Tiktin, quaere what town-P A Hebrew work, entitled Rosh 
 Joseph, printed here in 1717, occurs in the library of the London 
 Society for the propagation of Christianity among the Jews. 
 
 Tirasso, see Ta/rrazona. 
 
 Tlascala, a city of New Spain, capital of a province of the 
 same name; it was the see of a bishop from the year 1527 to 
 1550, when the see was transferred to Puebla de los Angeles. 
 
 It appears from the Biblioilteca Mexicana that printing was 
 carried on here in the middle of the XVIIth century : a work of 
 Andreas Ferrer de Valdecebro, entitled, Americce discrimina et 
 catholiccB Religionis cerumncE, was printed at Tlascala in 1650; 
 and three or four others, from that year to 1657, are cited in the 
 same work. 
 
 Todi, a small city of Italy in the states of the Church, seated 
 on the river Tiber ; it is a bishop's see. 
 
 Printing was exercised here at the middle of the XVIIth cen- 
 tury, as appears from a work entitled " La Settimana Istorica, 
 " dal P. F. Pietro Castrucci. 4°- In Todi, per Agostino Faos- 
 « tini. 1655." 
 
286 TO. 
 
 TOLETVM, Toledo, an ancient and renowned city of Spain, 
 in New Castile ; which has successively been the seat of govern- 
 ment under the Goths, the Moors, and the kings of Castile ; it is 
 the see of an archbishop, and possesses a famed university, which 
 was founded in 1475. 
 
 Printing appears to have commenced here with a work of 
 Petrus Ximenes de Prexamo, upon the ChurcKs power of the 
 Jceys, executed by Johannes Vasqui, or Vasquez, in the year 1486. 
 A copy of this folio volume is said to be remaining in the convent 
 of San Pablo in Valladolid. Vasquez was succeeded by Juan 
 Tellez in 1495, and by Peter Hagembach, a German, in 1498. In 
 1500 Peter Hagembach executed here, under the command of car- 
 dinal Ximenes, at that time archbishop of Toledo, the celebrated 
 volume pf the Mixt or Mozarabic Missal, a book, on the extreme 
 rarity and beauty of which bibliographers have long loved to 
 dwell, and the result of whose observations is well and fully com- 
 municated by Dr. Dibdln in volume i. of the Bibliotheca Spence- 
 riana ; where a long and animated description is given, both of 
 this volume and of the Mozarabic Breviary, printed at the same 
 place in 1502. Copies of each of these extremely curious books 
 are in the richly- furnished library of earl Spencer; and the Mis- 
 sal is also to be seen in that of Emanuel college, Cambridge. 
 
 We learn from M. Van Praet, that of the Missal three copies 
 printed on vellum are known ; one of which is in the college of 
 San Ildefonso of Alcala, a second in the Vatican, and the third in 
 the Corslni palace at Kome. Of the Breviary it is commonly re- 
 ported that only thirty-five copies were printed, and no more than 
 a single one on vellum has been discovered : this precious relic 
 reposes in the college of San Ildefonso at Toledo. 
 
 Among the few books printed in this city during the earlier 
 part of the XVIth century occurs a Spanish version of the Deca- 
 merone of Boccaccio. 
 
 Tolosa Palladia, see Tholosa. 
 
 TOLOSA, Tolosa, a town of Spain, in Biscay, the capital of 
 Gulpuscoa. Printing appears to have been first exercised here 
 about the year 1488 or 1489, by Henry Meyer, a German, and 
 (perhaps) Juan Paris and Estevan Clablat. Panzer, in his ac- 
 count of the typography of Tolosa, seems to have given to this 
 city several works which in all probability are due to Toulouse in 
 France: and Mendez confesses that there is great difficulty in 
 
TO. 287 
 
 distinguishiiig these towns, from the circumstance of the colophons 
 of many books presenting only the words Tolosve, en Tdosa^ or 
 en la noble cibdad de Tholosa. There is however no doubt 
 (according to Mendez) that Tolosa in Guipuscoa was possessed 
 of a printing-establishment before the close of the XVth cen- 
 tury. 
 
 The following article appears in the catalogue of Messrs i Payne 
 and Foss for the year 1824. 
 
 1626 ESOPO. — Aqui se acaba el libro del Esopete ystoriado : 
 aplicadas las fabulas en fin junto con el principio a morali- 
 dadad, &c. con las Fabulas de Remigio: de Aviatio: Al- 
 fonso, &c. con otras extravagantes, sacado de Latin en Ro- 
 mance, a booh of the very greatest rarity, not mentioned by 
 any Bibliographer, fiae copy with woodcuts, fol. Tholosa, 
 1489. 
 Tongerloa, Tongerloo, an abbey situated in a smdl town of the 
 same name, in the Netherlands, not far from Antwerp. In this ab- 
 bey the fifty-third volume of the Acta Sanctorwm, compiled by Bol- 
 landus and his successors, was printed in the year 1794. During 
 the period of confusion caused by the extravagancies of the French 
 revolutionists, when the monks were compelled to quit their an- 
 cient dwellings, and seek for refuge and protection wherever they 
 Ertight be found ; Godefridus Hermannus, the abbot of Tongerloo, 
 kindly received the editors of this laborious work, and not only 
 lodged them in his abbey, but also supplied them with a printing- 
 press, and with such books as were necessary for their ipurpose. 
 Thus assisted, they proceeded to print this fifty-third volume, but 
 "were unable to carry thrpiigh the press more than two hundred 
 and ninety-six pages of it at Tongerloo, the rest is supposed to 
 have been executed at Rome. Copies of it are very rare, as in all 
 probability a great portion of the impression was destroyed in the 
 troubles and confusion of the time. It may be seen however in 
 the Bodleian library, in that of Trinity college, Dublin, and in 
 the excellent private collection of the present bishop of Limerick. 
 It consists of six hundred and thirty-^two 'pages, exclusive of index 
 and prefatory matter, and comprises the history of the sdnts of 
 the 12th, ISth, and 14th days of October, being the sixth volume 
 of the Acta for that month. 
 
 Toquinum, qu. Tokis, or TokoSsi, a town of the island NiphoH, 
 in Japan.? A book etA\i\&di Cmtemptus Mtmdi, in the language 
 
288 TO— TR. 
 
 of Japan, was printed here by the Jesuits in 1596. 8". a copy of 
 it is in the Bodleian library. 
 
 Tm-ga, or Torgavia, Torgau, a fortified town of Prussian 
 Saxony, in the government of Merseburg, seated on the 
 Elbe. 
 
 The earliest notice of printing exercised at Torgau appears in 
 an edition of iMther's Sei-mons (in Latin) bearing for imprint 
 TorgcB, 1597, a copy of which, on vellum, is affirmed by M. Van 
 Praet to be in the library of Gotha. 
 
 Tornacum Nerviorum, Tournay, a large manufacturing town 
 of the Netherlands, seated on the Scheld, near to the frontiers of 
 French Flanders. It is a place of great antiquity, and a bishop's 
 see. 
 
 Printing was carried on here in 1557. A curious English 
 book was printed at Tournay in 1623, 12°. entitled. The image 
 of hothe Churches, Hierusalem and Babel, unitie and confusion, 
 obedienc and sedition, hy P. D. M. (i. e. Matthew Patison) ; for 
 some account of which consult WooSs Athena Oxonienses, and 
 the Censura literaria, vol. vi. p. 245. 
 
 Tornesius, was a printer at Lyons in the latter part of the 
 XVIth century, who was much accustomed to omit the name of 
 the town in which he lived, giving for imprint merely the words 
 apud Tornesium ; as may be frequently seen in books of the year 
 1588, &c. &c. 
 
 Torunium, Thorn, a considerable town of West Prussia, plea- 
 santly situated on the river Vistula ; it has a protestant academy, 
 and is memorable as the birthplace of Copernicus. 
 
 A printing-press was set up at Thorn by the Protestants soon ' 
 after the year 1568; which, atnidst the troubles and tumults of 
 the memorable year 1724, the Jesuits contrived to get subjected 
 to their own power and controul. The earliest Thorn publication 
 which I have seen is of the year 1581 : in 1585 a Polish New 
 Testament was printed here by Melchior Nering, a copy of which 
 is in the Bodleian library. — 1581. (Bodl.) 
 
 Tourgoing, a considerable town of French Flanders, distant six 
 mUes from Lille. — 1753. 
 
 Trajectum ad Mosam, or Trajectum superius, Maestricht, an 
 ancient, large, and strongly fortified city of the Netherlands, 
 seated on the river Maese. — 1685. 
 
 Trajectum ad Viadrum, see Francqfurtum, 
 
TR. 289 
 
 TRAJECTVM AD RHENVM, TRAJECTVM INFE- 
 RIVS, or VLTRAJECTVM, Utrecht, a populous and cele- 
 brated town of the Dutch Netherlands, the capital of a province 
 of the same name. It possesses an university, founded in 1630 
 or 1634. 
 
 Santander observes, that Utrecht justly claims the honour of 
 being the first town of Holland in which typography was prac- 
 tised ; which appears to have commenced here with the Historia 
 Scholastica of Petrtts Comesior, executed by Nicolaus Ketelaer 
 and Gherardus de Leempt, in the year 1473. These printers 
 were followed in 1478 by James Veldener, to whom it may be 
 mentioned that Panzer assigns the curious volume described above, 
 (under the article Bruges, p. 41,) executed by Johannes Brito, a 
 native of Bruges. 
 
 During the early part of the XVIth century very few publi- 
 cations appear to have proceeded from Utrecht : but it is scarcely 
 requisite to remind the reader with what activity and excellence 
 its presses have been worked during more recent times. 
 
 Trcmqueba/ria, Tranquebar, or Trangambar, a seaport town of 
 Hindostan, on the Coromandel coast, where a Danish settlement 
 was established in the year 1621. 
 
 Soon after the commencement of the last century, Bartholomew 
 Ziegenbalg, a missionary sent into those parts by the king of Den^ 
 mark, began to translate the Holy Scriptures into the language of 
 the natives of the coast. With the view of forwarding the dis- 
 persion of copies of this translation, a printing-press and some 
 Tamulic types were despatched to him from Germany in the year 
 1712; and in the next year the press was set to work. Previously 
 however to this, namely in the year 1711, the English Society for 
 promoting Christian knowledge had sent out to the missionaries a 
 printing-press furnished with Portuguese types, paper, &c. which 
 although the ship conveying it fell into the hands of the French, 
 who captured and plundered it, yet being concealed in the hold of 
 the vessel escaped their rapacity, and was safely landed together 
 with all its materials. In the month of October in the following 
 year, this press was so far put into order, that, by way of first 
 specimens, an Ordo Sahitis, and an elementary treatise, both in 
 Portuguese, were then worked off from it. 
 
 The Tamuli-c press commenced its labours with a book On the 
 
 V 
 
290 TR. 
 
 damnable character of paganism^, which was put to press on the 
 19th of September 1713 ; and before the close of that year some 
 portion of the Tamuhc New Testament was printed off: thejbwr 
 Gospels were finished in a handsome manner in quarto before 
 twelve months had expired, and appeared with the imprint, Tran- 
 quebaria in littore Coromandelmo, typis Malabaricis impressit 
 G. Adler, 1714. The publication of the remainder of the New 
 Testament was delayed from the scarcity of the paper, their types 
 being very large ; till at length the expedient was adopted of cast- 
 ing a new fount of letter Jrom the leaden covers of some Cheshire 
 cheeses which had been sent out to the missionaries by the English 
 Society for promoting Christian knowledge. The attempt suc- 
 ceeded ; and with these new and smaller types the Epistles and 
 booh of Revelation were printed, and the whole New Testament 
 was published together in the year 1719. Subsequent publica- 
 tions from the Tranquebar press, down to 1761, may be seen in 
 Masch's edition of Le Long's Bibhotheca sacra : and a minute ac- 
 count of them (which were issued in the Tamulic, English, Portu- 
 guese, and German languages) to the year 1736, is furnished by 
 the work of J. L. Niecampius, whose authority I have principally 
 followed. 
 
 Tranum, Trani, an archiepiscopal city of Italy, in the king- 
 dom of Naples, capital of the province of Bari. 
 
 The only instance of printing in this town which I have met 
 with occurs in a volume of Disputations on Thomas Aquinas, by 
 Didacus Alvarez archbishop of Trani, which was printed in his 
 own palace. The book is a folio of about 600 pages, bearing for 
 imprint, Trani, in archiepiscopali palatio, per Constantinum 
 Vitalem, 1 617. Its typographical execution is not very good. — 
 (Bodl.) 
 
 Trapani, the ancient Drepanum, a considerable town in the 
 west of Sicily, possessing a good harbour, and containing about 
 20,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Printing was executed at Trapani (according to D. Moreni,) 
 who adduces a work by P. Fr. Arena) in 1707. 
 
 TREBIA, or TREVIVM, Trevi, a small but ancient town of 
 central Italy, in the states of the Church, formerly a bishop's 
 see. 
 
 r A copy of this work is in the possession of Mr. W . Marsdcu. 
 
TR. 291 
 
 Only two books are known to have issued from this town in the 
 XVth century ; namely, a History of Iiidulgences gained hy St. 
 Francis for the Church of S, Maria de 4.ngelis, and a work of 
 Bartolus de Saxo Ferrato ; the former dated 1470, the latter 
 1471. Johannes Reynardi is the only printer known: nor does 
 Trdvi any more appear in connection with the exercise of typo- 
 graphy, during that or the succeeding century. 
 
 Trehotes. Panzer, in vol. ix. p. 196, cites a book called " Re- 
 " vocatio Jratris Wigandi Wirth, Sec." with the imprint apud 
 Trebotes impressa, — quaere whether Trevi be not intended ? no 
 date is given. 
 
 TREC^, or TRICASSES, Troyes, an ancient and consi- 
 derable town of the north-east of France, in Champagne : it is an 
 archbishop's see, and formerly was a place of great trade, its mer- 
 chandise being sold by Troyes or Troy weight, which name and 
 distinction we still retain. 
 
 Only three specimens of the typography of Troyes during the 
 XVth century are given by Panzer, the earliest of which is a 
 Breviarium Trecense, executed, without name of printer, in 
 1483; the other books bear the dates of 1492 and 1500. Print- 
 ing continued here during the succeeding century, but not to any 
 great extent. 
 
 Tremonia, Dortmund, a large and strong town of Westphalia) 
 now belonging to Prussia, seated on the river Eras, with a pro- 
 testant university, founded in 1543. 
 
 The art of printing probably accompanied the establishment of 
 the university : but the earliest Dortmund book which I have 
 hitherto met with consists of some pieces of Latin poetry by Cy- 
 prianus Vomelius, bearing for imprint, Ex imperiali atque adeo 
 libera Tremoniensium repub. in gratiam gymnusii literarii Jam- 
 pridem ibidem ejfflorescentis ; typis suis invidgavit Melchior Soter, 
 anno 1545. The volume is in twelves, and consists of two sheets 
 only. — (TCD.) The Psalter of David, translated into Latin 
 verse by Eobanus Hessus, was also printed here by Philip Maurer 
 in 1551, a copy of which is preserved in the Diocesan library of 
 Cashel, in Ireland. 
 
 TrevecJca, is the name of a large mansion in the parish of Tal- 
 garth, in the county of Brecon, South Wales; well known by the 
 seminary for lay-preachers of the Calvinistic methodist persuasion,, 
 established here by the famous Selina countess of Huntingdon, 
 
 u2 
 
292 TR. 
 
 the zealous friend and patroness of George Whitfield, about the 
 middle of the last century. The singularities of this building have 
 called forth the following remarks from the tourist Mr. Malkin. 
 
 " On descending from these haunts of mountain sheep, and 
 " ancient seats of unsociable and distrustful barons, the traveller 
 " arrives suddenly at a spot, the most incongruous and unex- 
 " pected that can be conceived in these simple regions. He finds 
 " himself translated at once to the Paragon, Prospect Place, 
 " Paradise Row, Mount Pleasant, or some such supreme court of 
 " finery, foppery, and folly, as occurs within a circle of five miles 
 " round London : a space which comprehends most of the archi- 
 " tectural absurdities, and most of the horticultural deformities, 
 " to which a vitiated imagination has ever given birth. Yet does 
 " Trevecca seem, by combination, to have outdone them all. 
 " Here a Gothic arch ! there a Corinthian capital ! Towers, battle- 
 " ments, and bastions ! peacocks cut in box, and lions hacked in 
 " holly ! And who is it that has thus deluged his native country 
 " with bad taste ? Is it a nabob, an innkeeper, or a dancingmas- 
 " ter, who, having contrived to raise a fortune by one of those 
 " trades which often prosper where better fail, prudently deter- 
 " mines to record the event, and raise a triumphant monument on 
 " the site of his honest father's humble cottage ? Nay, verily ; it 
 " was a preacher of the gospel, professedly of the strictest per- 
 " suasion and most mortified habits, namejy John Harris, bom 
 " on the spot on the 23rd of January 1714." Mr. Harris is re- 
 ported to have been the friend of G. Whitfield, and the first who 
 introduced methodism into the principality of Wales. " He died 
 " in 1773, leaving all his estates to a common stock, for maintain- 
 " ing a neighbourhood which he had collected during his life. In 
 " 1803 there were 60 members in this extraordinary family." 
 
 A printing-press found its way into this religious establish- 
 ment, at which was executed in an octavo volume, " The Life of 
 " Howell Harris esq. printed at Trevecka, 1791." At present 
 I am acquainted with no other of its productions. 
 
 Treviri, or Aitgiista Trevirorum, Treves, or Triers, a very 
 ancient and celebrated city of Germany, beautifully situate on the 
 river Moselle, which formerly was the capital of an electorate and 
 archbishopric, but now is chief of a Prussian government. It is 
 a place extremely rich in remains of lioman arts and splendour. 
 It possessed an university, the ori^nal foundation of which has 
 
TR. 293 
 
 been carried so far baek as the age of Constantine the Great : but 
 which certainly was restored in 1454, enlarged in 1722, and in 
 1794 was converted by the French into a gymnasium or school. 
 A book dated 1517, which Panzer (in vol. viii. of his Annals) at- 
 tributed to the press of this city, he afterwards adjudges to Metz. 
 The earliest date which I have seen is 1583, being that of a book 
 containing some works of W. Allen, Campian, and others, printed 
 by E. Hatotus, who in it speaks of his mfomt press ; it is in the 
 Bodleian library. 
 
 Trevoltium, Trevoux, an ancient town of the east of France, 
 seated on the Saone ; well known by the publication of a literary 
 Journal, compiled at the beginning of the last century by the 
 Jesuits of Trevoux. — 1689. 
 
 TRIDENTVM, Trent, an ancient fortified town of Austria in 
 the Tyrol, adjoining the borders of Italy, capital of the princi- 
 pality of Trent. It formerly was the see of a bishop or arch- 
 bishop, and is principally memorable for the council holden there, 
 which began in 1545, and ended in 1563. 
 
 A work by Jo. Matthias Tiberinus, upon the life and miracles 
 of St. Simon of Trent, executed (by Hermannus Schindeleyp) in 
 1476, is the earliest known specimen of printing in this town. 
 Panzer notices only four books from Trent, among which is the 
 first printed Italian Comedy, entitled La Catinia, written by 
 Siccus Potlentone, a Paduan, which was printed in 1482. No 
 books appear to have been published at Trent during the period 
 from 1482 to 1532. 
 
 Tridinum, or Trinum, Trino, a small town of the north-west 
 of Italy, in Piedmont, seated on the river Po. 
 
 Printing was carried on in this place so early as the year 1508, 
 by Joannes de Ferrariis, alias de Jolitis, whose family appears to 
 have continued in the business for a long course of years, as the 
 name occurs in a Trino book of 1594. — (Bodl.) 
 
 There appears also to have been a Jewish press here in 1525, 
 a single Hebrew book {of Prayers) from which is noticed, and 
 declared by De Rossi to be a choice and rare specimen. 
 
 Trigueros Oppidum, quaere, whether Trigueros, a town of 
 Spain, in the province of Seville, or Trequier, a town of France, 
 in the department of the Cotes du Nord ? — 1636. 
 
 Trinum, see Tridinum. 
 
 Trisinga, (qu. Driesen, a small town of Prussia ?) — 1775. 
 
 u3 
 
294 TR.— TU. 
 
 St. Trond, an ancient and considerable town of the Nether- 
 lands. Barbier notices a work, Supplement au Catechisme de 
 Malines, professing to be printed here, without date. 
 
 TROYGA (qu. Troki, (Troca,) a town of Russian Lithuania, 
 capital of a palatinate ?) is given by Denis, in his Supplement to 
 the Annales TypograpMci of Maittaire, p. 709, as the imprint of 
 a book entitled, Cronik und hystori uss den geschichten der Rb- 
 mern. 4°. 1497. I have met with no other notice of this place or 
 book ; which perhaps may have been executed at Troyes. 
 
 Truxillo (Turris Julia) a small town of the west of Spain, in 
 the province of Estremadura : (the birthplace of the well-known 
 conqueror F. Pizarro.) 
 
 Mendez observes that typography has been exercised within 
 this town, but is silent as to the precise period. 
 
 TVBINGA, Tubingen, a town in the south-west of Germany, 
 in the kingdom of Wirtemburg. It has an university, founded in 
 1477. 
 
 Printing commenced here late in the XVth century, the ear- 
 liest known book being a Lecture on Peter Lombard, by Fr. 
 Paul, a Tubingen Minorite, printed by Johannes Ottmar, in 
 1498. We again hear of Tubingen typography in the middle of 
 the following century. Bachmeister mentions an edition of The 
 Gospels " en Vandalique," printed at Tubingen in the year 1557, 
 being the first work executed in that language. Again, speaking 
 of books printed in the Glagolitical character, he observes that 
 they are exceedingly rare ; that the St. Petersburg library con- 
 tained only two, and that perhaps those were the only ones 
 throughout the whole of Russia. One of these is the Confession 
 of Augsburg, the other the Epistles of the Apostles, with the 
 Apocalypse, in the Croatian dialect. These he asserts to be the 
 relics of a press erected at Tubingen by the baron Ungrad in the 
 year 1562 : a press which continued but for a very short time, the 
 few books which proceeded from it being seized and suppressed 
 by the Austrians. Joseph Dobrowski, in his Slavin, and Glago- 
 litica, 8°. 1807, 1808, mentions this Tubingen press : and cites a 
 New Testament pubHshed by Truberus, in the years 156l, in 
 the Croatian dialect, printed with Illyrian types. It appeared in 
 two parts ; of the former 2000 copies were struck off, of the lat- 
 ter only 1000. But he does not inform us where a single one is 
 now to be found. 
 
TU. 295 
 
 Tugivm, or Tugenus Pagus, Zug, an ancient town of Swit- 
 zerland, capital of a canton of the same name. — 1730. 
 
 TuUum Leucorum, Toul, a large and fortified town of the 
 north-east of France, seated on the Moselle, lately a bishop's see. 
 
 Panzer adduces a single book printed here, entitled De arti- 
 
 Jkiali perspectivd, (the author supposed to be Joannes Pele- 
 
 grinus,) of the date 1505, which he pronounces to be extremely 
 
 rare. The volume was in his own possession. I have observed 
 
 no other until the year 1592. 
 
 Turiaso, see Tarazona. 
 
 Tumonium, Tournon, a small town of the south-east of France, 
 seated on the Rhone. Typography was exercised at Tournon so 
 early as the year 1564. The Jesuits possessed a college here, 
 and a printing-press, in 1588. 
 
 TVHONES, or C^SARODVNVM TVRONVM, Tours, 
 an ancient city of the interior of France, capital of a department, 
 and the see of an archbishop. 
 
 We possess only one specimen of printing executed here during 
 the XVth century, namely, a French version of the life and mira- 
 cles of St. Martin, printed by Matthew Lateron for Jean du 
 Liege, in the year 1496, Of this rare book, which is a small 
 folio, the royal library of Paris possesses a copy printed upon 
 vellum. Panzer mentions two Tours books of the XVIth cen- 
 tury, both of which are Missals, one bearing the date of 1517, 
 the other that of 1533. ' 
 
 Turrelacum, Durlach, a neat town of Germany, in the grand 
 duchy of Baden, noted for a manufacture of porcelain. Panzer 
 notices only two works printed here, of the dates 1512 and 1530. 
 
 Turusa, appears to be another name for Abo, the capital of 
 Swedish Finland. A Finnish Bible was printed here in 4°. in 
 1685 ; and an edition of The New Testament, 8vo. in 1775 : 
 another, executed for the British and Foreign Bible Society in 
 1815, bears the same imprint. 
 
 TVSCVLANVM LACVS BENACI, Toscolano, a small 
 town of Austrian Italy, seated near the Lago di Garda, between 
 the territories of Brescia and Verona. 
 
 Of four Toscolano books of the XVth century now remaining, 
 the earliest is The Grammar of Guarinus Veronensis, or The 
 Fables of ^sop in elegiac verse, both executed by Gabriel Petri 
 in 1479. The other two books appeared in the following year ; 
 
 u 4 
 
296 TU.— VA. 
 
 after which we hear of no other until 1521. Several editions of 
 classic authors were published at Toscolano during the early part 
 of the ensuing century ; the latest date which I have observed is 
 1552. 
 
 Tutela, Tutella, either Tulle, a considerable town in the south- 
 west of France, seated at the conflux of the rivers Correze and 
 Solane ; or Tudela, a large town in the north-east of Spain, upon 
 the Ebro. In the latter place printing was carried on in the year 
 1572 : and in the year 1670 a college of Jesuits, which was set- 
 tled here, appears to have had a printer of its own. 
 
 Tymavia, or Tirnavia, Tyrnau, a large and strong town of 
 Hungary, seated on the river Tyrna, noted for the number of its 
 ecclesiastical establishments; it formerly contained the national 
 university, which, in the year 1777, was removed to Ofen by the 
 empress Maria Theresa. An edition of the Hungarian Bible 
 was printed at Tyrnau in 1626, a copy of which is preserved in 
 the royal library at Copenhagen. 
 
 Tzenna, see Zinna. 
 
 TZERNOGAVIA, Tzchernigov, or Czernigov, a fortified 
 town of European Russia, capital of a government of the same 
 name ; and ascertained to be the most ancient town existing in the 
 Russian empire. It is seated on the river Desna, and is the see 
 of a Greek archbishop. 
 
 A single book, entitled Joa/nnis Damasceni Octoichus, printed 
 here in the year 1493 by Georgius Tzernoevic, in the Slavonic 
 (qu : lUyrian ?) tongue, and Cyrillic character, is cited by Panzer 
 from Denis. This must be of extreme rarity. At a later period 
 Tzernigow became one of the places set apart in Russia for the 
 printing of ecclesiastical books ; and Bachmeister mentions the use 
 of Russian types here in 1670. At present the printing business 
 is chiefly in the hands of a seminary of priests. 
 
 VADSTENA, Wadstena, or Wadstein, a town of Sweden, in 
 East Gothland, seated on the lake of Wetter, celebrated for pos- 
 sessing the relics of St. Brigitta. 
 
 This is the second town of Sweden into which the art of print- 
 ing found its way, the first being Stockholm. The earliest known 
 book, as given by Alnander, is Vadstenensium litercB confraterni- 
 tatis, dated 1491, a copy of which is preserved in the royal 
 
VA. 297 
 
 archives of Sweden, and which he considers to be the second 
 book known to have been printed within that kingdom. Although 
 Wadstena was the first town of Gothland which could boast of a 
 press, it was also the first to lose that advantage ; its whole print- 
 ing-establishment being unfortunately consumed by a fire which 
 took place in the monastery where it was erected, on the night of 
 the 14th of October, 1495: nor from that day was it ever restored. 
 It is remarkable, that during the short period of the continuance 
 of this press*, the monks of the monastery of SS. Mary and Bri- 
 gitta being desirous of printing the life and miracles of their saint 
 in a more honourable and splendid form than the scantiness of 
 their own printing-establishment would permit, repaired with the 
 MS. to the town of Lubec in the duchy of Holstein ; where find- 
 ing apparatus and materials to their mind, they committed their 
 work to the press, and in the year 1492 produced a most elegant 
 volume in folio ; of which having struck off 800 copies on paper, 
 and sixteen on vellum, they retired to their cloisters, in Sweden. 
 One of these vellum copies may be seen in the Bodleian library. 
 
 Valentia Segalaunorum, Valence, an episcopal city of the 
 south-east of France, seated on the Rhone : it is of great anti- 
 quity, and had formerly an university. — 1602. 
 
 VALENTIA, or VALENTIA EDETANORVM, Valentia, 
 an ancient and fine city in the east of Spain, capital of the pro- 
 vince of Valentia. It is an archbishop's see, and has an university, 
 founded in 1470. Valentia enjoys the honour of having been the 
 first city of Spain to adopt the typographic art; its earliest known 
 book being a collection of poems on sacred subjects, by Bernardo 
 Fenollar, and other authors, executed in the year 1474. The 
 earliest printers were Alfonso Fernandez de Cordova, and Lam- 
 bert Palomar, (or Palmart,) a German ; but their names do not 
 appear on any publication antecedent to the year 1478. In 1477, 
 or 1478, an edition of the Holy Bible in the Valentian dialect 
 was printed here ; and a succession of works, chiefly on religious 
 subjects, proceeded from the Valentia press throughout the re- 
 mainder of the XV th century. Santander speaks of the excessive 
 rarity of this Bible : no copy of it is known to exist ! the last four 
 leaves alone were discovered in the archives of Valentia in the 
 year 1645 : Santander attributes this entire destruction of the 
 edition to the Spanish jealousy of vernacular translations of the 
 Scripture. For more particulars on this interesting subject, the 
 
S98 VA. 
 
 reader will do well to consult M'Crie's History of the Suppres- 
 sion of the Reformation in Spain. 
 
 The Valentian presses continued in active operation during the 
 remainder of this century, and the early part of the succeeding one. 
 
 Valentiniance, or ValencencE, Valenciennes, a large and very 
 strong town of French Flanders, seated on the Scheldt. — Printing 
 was carried on here, sumptibus Johannis Veruliet, in the year 
 1608. 
 
 ValUs Pflsradm, Valparaiso, a Cistercian monastery,' of the order 
 called regularis observantiee, situated somewhere in the kingdom 
 of Castile, in Spain. Antonio (tom. i. p. 613.) mentions a work 
 printed in this monastery, bearing date 1603. 
 
 VALLIS S. MARIiE, Marienthal, or Marihaussen, an Au- 
 gustinian monastery (now suppressed) situated on the right bank 
 of the Rhine, opposite to Mentz, in the district of Rhingau, a 
 territory belonging to that city. We have evidence that typo- 
 graphy was early exercised by the religious of this establishment, 
 in a volume entitled, Breviarium Psalteriiimque Maguntinense, 
 which bears for imprint, in domo fratrum clericorum communis 
 vitce Vallis Sancta Maria ejusdem dioceseos in Rhinghavia, 
 anno Domini 1474. I do not know any other book executed 
 by the monks of Marihaussen, who perhaps merely sent to 
 Mentz for a printer to strike off copies of this Breviary under 
 their own eye, (as we have had before occasion to notice,) and 
 Panzer remarks that the types are in all probability those of 
 Peter Schoyffer's printing-office. See above, p. 177. This asser- 
 tion, however, is strongly opposed by M. Van Praet. Earl Spencer 
 possesses a copy of this curious and uncommon volume, and an- 
 other is in the royal library of Paris. 
 
 Vallis Umbrosa, Vall'ombrosa, a beautiful and celebrated vale 
 of Tuscany, distant about eighteen miles fromj Florence ; fami- 
 liarized and endeared to the English reader by Milton's notice of 
 it in the first book of his Paradise Lost. 
 
 In a monastery which was founded in this valley, byfJoannes 
 Gualbertus, in the year 1070, a printing-press was used in the 
 beginning of the XVIth century. Panzer was acquainted with two 
 works executed here, each of which bears the date 1511 : the au- 
 thor of both is Jngelus Anachorita, (probably one of the monks 
 of Vairombrosa). I have not seen either of these rare^books, nor 
 heard of any other specimen of this press. 
 
VA. 299 
 
 Vallis Vosdgica, a valley of the Pays de Vauge, seated among 
 the Vosges mountains, in Lorraine. Panzer cites a book dated 
 1507, Joamiis Basini fnodus conjkiendarum epistolarum, which 
 bears for imprint, m Vosagica Valle : this may have been exe- 
 cuted either at a small town called Voyge, or Voyse, near the 
 source of the Meuse, where was a monastery ; or perhaps at Bi- 
 pontium, which is situate in the Pagus Vosagensis. I never 
 heard of a second specimen. 
 
 VALLISOLETVM, or PINCIA, Valladolid, an ancient and 
 considerable city of Spain, in the province or kingdom of Leon. 
 It is a bishop's see, and has an university, founded by pope Cle- 
 ment the Sixth, in the year 1346. It may also be mentioned, 
 that an English college for the education of secular clergy was 
 founded at Valladolid in the year 1580: it soon, however, fell 
 into the hands of the Jesuits, under whose control it continued 
 until the expulsion of that order from Spain. 
 
 There is some doubt about the exact period at which typo- 
 graphy began to be practised in this city. A Spanish translation 
 of Lodovico Dolce's History of the Life and Deeds of Orlando, 
 professing to be printed at Valladolid in 1495, is given by Panzer 
 on the authority of P. Marchand and Maittaire; but this in all 
 probability is misdated, and belongs to the following century. 
 Mendez, however, adduces something like satisfactory proof that 
 books were actually printed at Valladolid from the year 1493 . 
 downwards ; and we have direct evidence that a press was existing 
 in the monastery of our lady de Prado (in the city) in the year 
 1500^ which continued its labours certainly for thirty years from 
 that time. In 1514 Arnaldus Gulielmus de Brocar, the Complu- 
 tensian printer, executed at Valladolid the Epistles and other 
 works of Lucius Marineus, a copy of which is in the Bodleian li- 
 brary. 
 
 Varadinum, Waradin, or Waradein, a fortified town of Hun- 
 gary, capital of the county of Waradein, on the river Koresch. It 
 is the see of a Greek bishop, also of a Roman Catholic archbishop. 
 
 Printing was carried on here in the XVIth century ; an ac- 
 count of which was published by J. F. de Miller in 1804. 
 
 Varallum, Varallo, a small town of Italy, in the Piedmontese 
 states. — 1604. 
 
 Varsavia, or Varsovia, Warsaw, a large and populous city of 
 Poland, of which it was formerly the metropolis. The late em- 
 
300 VA.— VE. 
 
 peror Alexander of Russia erected within it an university in the 
 year 1816. 
 
 The art of printing was exercised here so early as 1578, but 
 soon afterwards fell into disuse, and so continued until about the 
 year 1625 ; since which time it has been carried on without inter- 
 ruption. I observe that in 1646 one Petrus Elert of Warsaw 
 styles himself " typographer to the king of Poland :" in good 
 truth his majesty was but scurvily provided. At the beginning 
 of the XVIIIth century the Jesuits established a press of their 
 own within the city of Warsaw. At the present time Warsaw is 
 reported to contain twenty printing-estabhshments, besides that of 
 the government; and also a type-foundry, which was recently in- 
 troduced by M. Glucksberg, printer and bookseller to the uni- 
 versity. 
 
 Vasarhely, or Varhely, a town in the south-east of Hungary. — 
 
 1793. 
 
 Vasatum, or Basatum, Bazas, a small town of France, in Gui- 
 enne, situate on the river Beuve : it was formerly the see of a 
 bishop. It appears that printing was practised here at an early 
 period, from a work by Jocmnes Dibarrola, which bears for im- 
 print, Impressum Vasati per ClaudAum Gamier, A. D. 1530. 
 This is a small quarto volume ; and Van Praet informs us that a 
 vellum copy of it is preserved in the library of S. Genevieve at 
 Paris. 
 
 Vaugirard, a small village within one league of Paris. A book, 
 entitled Querelle de Gualtier Garguille et de Perrine sa Jemme, 
 bears this imprint ; but quaere whether the name of the place be 
 not falsely stated ? 
 
 Ubvi, see Colonia Agrippma. 
 
 Uclesium, or Urcesa, Ucles, a small town of the interior of 
 Spain in New Castile. Antonio (torn. i. p. 544.) mentions that he 
 had seen a book printed here in 1624. 
 
 Veldkirchium, or Feldkirchia, Feldkirck, a town of the Tyrol, 
 capital of a district of the same name, seated on the river 111. A 
 Menologium Benedictinum, by G.Bucellnus, is noticed as having 
 been printed here in the year 1655. 
 
 VelitrcB, Velletri, a considerable and very ancient town of Italy, 
 in the pope's dominions^ the see of a bishop. It was the birth- 
 place of the Roman emperor Augustus. Printing was executed 
 here in 1644. 
 
VE. 301 
 
 Veneti, or Venetica Dariorigum, Vannes, an ancient, populous, 
 and commercial seaport-town of France, in Bretagne : it is also a 
 bishop's see, and chief town of a department. — 1678. 
 
 VENETI-'E, Venice, a city of the north-east of Italy, too well 
 known throughout the whole of Europe to need a description 
 here. 
 
 1 believe it is now generally conceded that the introduction of 
 the typographic art into Venice was the work of Johannes Spira. 
 His first essay was an edition of Cicero's Epistolce ad Familia- 
 res, of which he executed two distinct impressions in the year 
 1469: (both of them, almost equally rare, are in the Bodleian :) 
 he also printed a fine edition of Plmys Historia Naturalis, folio, 
 in the same year, (of which a magnificent copy upon vellum, is in 
 the royal library of Paris ; and a similar one in that of the empe- 
 ror of Austria, at Vienna.) As a reward for these productions 
 Spira obtained from the Venetian senate the exclusive privilege of 
 printing for five years, together with an admission that he was the 
 earliest practiser of the art in Venice. 
 
 A volume is well known to literary men, entitled Decor Puella- 
 rum, which, bearing the date of 1461, for some time claimed for 
 this city an earlier acquaintance with the art of printing, and for 
 its printer, Nicolas Jenson, a laurel which is now denied him : 
 but the correctness of this date has been shewn to be no longer 
 tenable. 
 
 Printing appears to have made a most rapid progress in Venice: 
 John Spira, dying in 1470, was immediately succeeded by his 
 brother Vindelin de Spira ; whose first production appears to have 
 been the well-known edition of Livy, in two large folio volumes ; 
 and whose Tacitus (of 1470) is the earliest volume in which 
 catch-words are found :s by Nicolas Jenson, printer of the Decor 
 Puellarum named above, and of many other beautifully executed 
 volumes, in the same year 1470 : by Christopher Valdarfer in the 
 
 • M. Van Praet relates n curious anecdote respecting a copy of this fine book, 
 printed upon vellum, wlich is now in the royal library of Paris. The copy had been 
 .given to the Jesuits of Lyons, by Pfere la Chaise confessor to Louis XIV, in the year 
 1685. At the suppression of this community, it fell into the hands of the Due de la 
 Valli^re, after whose death it was transferred to the public library of Lj'ons ; when, 
 at the siege of that town in the year 1793, a cannon-ball penetrated the library, and 
 tore in pieces the 6rst volume, leaving the second untouched and unhurt. In this 
 mutilated state the copy was deposited, and now remains, in the royal library of 
 Pads. 
 
302 VE 
 
 same year, — a person who will be long remembered in England 
 as the printer of the celebrated edition of Boccacw's Decamerone, 
 (folio, 1471,) for the only knov/n perfect copy of which the mar- 
 quess of Blandford (present duke of Marlborough) gave the enor- 
 mous sum of £9,9.&!> sterling, at the public sale of the Roxeburghe 
 library, the largest sum ever known to have been given for a 
 printed book: — by Clemens Patavinus, said to be the earliest 
 printer who was a native of Italy, in 1471 : by Johannes de Co- 
 lonic., and others too numerous to mention. In fact, the reader 
 may form some judgment of the extent to which typography was 
 carried at Venice within the short period of thirty years from its 
 introduction, when he is told that Panzer reckons, up to the year 
 1500, no fewer than one hundred and ninety-eight printers, and 
 two thousand nine hundred and eighty works executed by them 
 within this city. Of these men more than sixty had begun to 
 work before the close of the year 1480. One of them does the 
 world the favour to inform it that he is " Magister Johannes dic- 
 " tus magnus Herbort de Siligenstadt, Alemanus, qui (salva om- 
 " nium pace ausim illud affirmare) csteros facile omnes h^c tem- 
 " pestate supereminet" ! Oh the coxcomb ! 
 
 Among the Venetian printers, the most deservedly famous are 
 those of the Manutian or Aldine family, whose earlier editions 
 display not more elegance of execution than editorial learning and 
 correctness. The elder Aldus Manutius was not only himself a 
 learned man, but was on terms of the highest intimacy with all 
 the scholars of his day. To him we are indebted for the editio- 
 nes priiicipes of many of the Greek classic authors, as also for the 
 introduction of what is called the Italic letter, which is said to 
 have been formed in imitation of the handwriting of Petrarch ; 
 it was designed by Aldus for the pocket editions of the classics 
 which he meditated, and was first used in his 8°. edition of Virgil 
 of the year 1501. The Aldine office was opened about 1494, in 
 which year the first book known to be of his printing, the Erote- 
 mata of Constantine Lascaris, is dated. An interesting account 
 of this family, of which the lineal descendants continued for up- 
 wards of a century to carry on the business of printing, together 
 with a most minute and accurate description of the books exe- 
 cuted by them, may be found in Renouard's Annales de Fimpri- 
 merie des Aides, 3 tom. 8». Paris 1803-1809, ibid. 1825. 
 
 Printing continued to be carried on here with equal spirit dur- 
 
VE. 303 
 
 ing the succeeding century, and to Venice we are undoubtedly in- 
 debted for many of the most valuable editions of works in every 
 department of literature : it must be admitted however that the 
 beauty, so conspicuous in the early specimens of its typography, 
 is no longer visible as we reach the last ten or fifteen years of the 
 XVth century : the editions may have been more commodious, 
 more correct, and less expensive, but they possess none of those 
 graces and elegances of appearance which captivate us in the early 
 productions of Spira, Valdarfer, and Jenson. It has been gene- 
 rally remarked that the earlier books of all countries and printers 
 were struck, off in the larger sizes : the first minute volume of 
 which I have observed a notice, is a Dlurnale precum, printed at 
 Venice in 1478, which is in twenty-fours. 
 
 Venice also maintained a Hebrew press of great celebrity, dur- 
 ing the early part of the XVIth century, under the direction of 
 Daniel Bomberg, whose Hebrew and Rabbinical Bible, Psalter, 
 Stc. of 1517 and following years are sufficiently known to the 
 learned. 
 
 It is asserted, that about the year 1518 Paganinus Brixiensis 
 published at Venice the Coran in Arabic, being the first printed 
 edition of that work ; but that the impression was so rigorously 
 and successfully suppressed by the pope, that not a single copy 
 can now be discovered to exist. De Rossi has published a tract 
 respecting this edition, but has not succeeded in persuading 
 Schnurrer, who in his Bibliotheca Arabica declares that he has 
 still strong doubts of its ever having had an existence. 
 
 About the same period Arabic printing was exercised at the 
 town of Fano and at Genoa; so that De Rossi remarks, that 
 while no Arabic types were to be found in any other part of Eu- 
 rope, three towns of Italy possessed and were making use of them 
 at the same moment. According to the statement of Bachmeister, 
 printing in Russian types was executed at Venice in the year 
 1527: and a GlagoUtic or Slavonic Missal, printed here in 1528, 
 is spoken of by Dobrowski in his Glagolitica, 8". 1807. Panzer 
 mentions nothing of these facts : the book undoubtedly is among 
 the very rarest of rarities. 
 
 Vepery, Wepery, or Wipery, a village near to Madrass, form- 
 ing one of the suburbs of that city. It is a station originally 
 founded by Danish missionaries, and for many years past sup- 
 ported by the English Society for promoting Christian knowledge. 
 
304 VE. 
 
 A printing-press was employed here by the missionaries, at least 
 so early as 1772, in which year a Tamulic version of the New 
 Testament was executed at Vepery. This press having subse- 
 quently fallen into disuse was reestablished with increased means 
 about 1820, or 1821. 
 
 Vera Cruz, a considerable seaport and trading town of Mexico, 
 or New Spain, the centre of all European and West Indian com- 
 merce, but seated in a region most destructive to human health 
 from the insalubrity of the air. 
 
 In the year 1826 a periodical literary work, entitled " Euterpe," 
 was in regular course of publication in this town. 
 
 VERCELLiE, Vercelli, an ancient and considerable town of 
 Italy, in Piedmont, capital of a district, and a bishop's see. 
 
 The only remaining proof of printing having been exercised 
 here during the XVth century is Nicolai de Auxmo supplemen- 
 tum summcE Pisanellce, which was printed in 1485 by Jacobinus 
 de Suico de S. Germano, who in the following year removed him- 
 self to Chivazzo. Nothing more appears respecting the Vercelli 
 press during that or the ensuing century. I have met with no 
 specimen earlier than 1603. (TCD.) 
 
 Verets, a country seat of the due d'Aiguillon, in the province 
 of Touraine in France : the duke erected here a printing-press in 
 1735, at which was printed a collection of French pieces, bearing 
 the imprint of Ancona, in that same year ; it is said that only 
 seven or twelve copies of this work were struck off. 
 
 Verodunum, or Virdunum, Verdun, a large and strong town 
 in the north-east of France, in the department of the Meuse. 
 The earliest Verdun book which I have seen is of the year 1583. 
 Verdun is remembered by English readers, as the place of confine- 
 ment of many of their countrymen, who were detained by order 
 of Buonaparte after the breaking out of war between the two 
 countries in 1803. For the use of these prisoners an English 
 prayer-book was printed at Verdun in the year 1810, with some 
 peculiarities which are best described in the following extract from 
 a letter addressed by the Rev. Wm. Gordon, late chaplain to the 
 British prisoners of war at Verdun, to the late bishop of Oxford, 
 (Dr. Lloyd,) accompanying a copy of the edition in question, which 
 is now preserved in the Bodleian library. " A number of British 
 " subjects, who had gone to travel in France during the peace of 
 " Amiens with passports from both governments, were neverthe- 
 
VE. 305 
 
 " less detained by order of Buonaparte on the recommencement 
 " of hostilities in May, 1803, and sent prisoners to Verdun. The 
 " officers of the army and navy, captured during the progress of 
 " the war, and other prisoners on parole, were sent to the same 
 " dep6t. The seamen and soldiers were for the most part con- 
 " fined in other towns. 
 
 " Among those who were originally detained were a few clergy- 
 " men, and other members of the two universities. These gen- 
 " tlemen obtained permission from the French authorities for the 
 " prisoners to assemble together in the different dep6ts for the 
 " celebration of divine worship according to the liturgy of the 
 " church of England. 
 
 — ••' Representations having been made to the committee that 
 " many of the prisoners in the different dep6ts were unprovided 
 " with prayer books, a selection of the principal services was made 
 " and printed for their use. Mr. Maude took the trouble of su- 
 " perintending the press. It was thought advisable to omit the 
 " prayer ' to be used in time of war and tumults,' and that part of 
 " the ' prayer for the king's majesty,' which prays for ' strength 
 " that he may vanquish and overcome all his enemies,' lest the 
 *' publication of them might give umbrage to the French govem- 
 " ment, and afford a pretext for withdrawing the permission for 
 " the celebration of divine worship : but in reading the service 
 " the whole of these prayers or the similar passage in the Litany 
 " was generally used : and the spaces were left void in the book, 
 " that each individual might have the power of filling them up at 
 " his own discretion." 
 
 The volume is in ]2mo, and bears for imprint, " Verdmn, 
 " printed by Lewis Christophe, place d'armes. 1810. 
 
 VERONA, Verona, an ancient and well-known city of Austrian 
 Italy, the capital of the Veronese, and a bishop's see. 
 
 Verona was early in admitting the art of printing, of which we 
 have evidence in an Italian poetic version of the Batrachomy- 
 omachia of Homer, by Georgia Sommariva, which professes to 
 have been printed here in the year 1470. Dr. Dibdin however 
 doubts the genuineness of this date, and assigns the first place to 
 an edition of Valturius de re militari, printed in 1472. The 
 strength of his arguments may be examined by consulting the 
 Supplement to the Bibliotheca Spenceriana, page 31. 
 
 The first printer appears to have been Joannes Veronensis, 
 
806 VE, 
 
 who was followed by six or seven others during the XV th cen- 
 tury ; amongst these we find one of those itinerants, Peter Mauf- 
 fer, who began by exercising his trade at Padua, next came to 
 Verona, afterwards worked at Venice, and finally, at Modena. 
 
 The Verona presses continued in activity during the XVth 
 and XVIth centuries. A fine copy of a book printed by the Sabii 
 on velliim, in the year 1532, is preserved in the Bodleian library. 
 
 VersalicB, Versailles, a large, handsome, and populous town of 
 France, distant twelve miles from Paris; near to which Louis 
 the Fourteenth constructed the splendid palace and gardens of 
 Versailles, which continued to be the favourite residence of the 
 royal family until the disastrous period of 1789. 
 
 Within this palace several printing-presses were at various 
 times erected for the amusement of members of the royal family, 
 at which even the kings themselves have sometimes condescended 
 to employ a leisure hour. The earliest of these noticed by Peignot 
 is the press of Madame la Dauphine, established in 1758, at 
 which she herself assisted in the printing of a French work, Ele- 
 vations Du Cosur a N. S. Jesus Christ, &c. 1758, in 16°. In 
 1760, the duke of Burgundy, the king's brother, had a press of 
 his own here, from which issued Prieres <J Vv^age des enfans de 
 France, 1760, in 12". The marchioness of Pompadour likewise 
 had a press in her apartments in the same year, 1760, from which 
 she sent forth Rodogune, a tragedy, by P. Corneille, with the im- 
 print, au Nord, 1760, in 4". at the beginning of which book is a 
 plate engraved by her own hand. Louis the Sixteenth, while 
 dauphin, had also a press at Versailles in the year 1766, from 
 which came Maximes morales et politiques tiroes de Telemaque, 
 printed by his own hand in 1766, 8°. of which twenty-five copies 
 were struck oflF. 
 
 Besides these royal presses, one was established at Versailles in 
 the War-office, expressly intended for the printing of official 
 papers connected with that establishment. It continued only from 
 the year 1766 to 1775. 
 
 The town of Versailles had also its printers like other places. 
 The earliest Versailles book which I have observed is of the date 
 1650'. 
 
 ' While upon the subject of royal presses, I may observe that the other palaces of 
 the French monarchs have at different times possessed similar establishments. Car- 
 dinal Richelieu caused one to be erected in the Louvre ; and Louis the Fourteenth had 
 
VE.~VI. 307 
 
 Vervieres, a considerable manufacturing town of the Nether- 
 lands, situate in the province of Liege. 1828. 
 
 Vesalia CUvorum, Wesel, an old town of the Prussian States, 
 in the duchy of Cleves, seated on the Rhine. Printing was car- 
 ried on here in the year 1543, when, amongst other books, an Eng- 
 lish publication of George Joye, against Stephen Gardiner bi- 
 shop of Winchester, was executed at Wesel. 
 
 Vesontio, see Bisuntium. 
 
 Vesullvm, Vesoul, a small town of France, in Burgundy. 
 Peignot mentions three books printed here, two in 1809, the other 
 in an viii. (1799) the latter of which^ written by J. A. Marc, 
 bears the fictitious imprint, en Arcadie. Of the one, twenty copies 
 only were struck off; of the other, eighteen ; and of the third, 
 ten. 
 
 Viana, Viana de foz de Lima, a seaport town of Portugal, 
 situate near the mouth of the river Lima. Antonio, (vol. il. p. 
 19.) mentions printing' here in the year 1619. 
 
 Vibii Forum, denotes either Pezzana, a small town of the north 
 of Italy, in Piedmont ; or Castel Fiori, a small village distant five 
 miles from the above. 
 
 D. Moreni (Tom. I. p. 117) mentions a work bearing the im- 
 print Fori Vibiorum, dated 1684: which he pronounces very 
 rare. I know of no other specimen. 
 
 Vibiscus, or Viviacum, Vevay, a large town of Switzerland, in 
 the ]Pays de Vaud. Printing was exercised in Vevay in the year 
 1605 : and the well-known book, General Ludlow's memoirs, was 
 printed here in 1698. At Vevay that stern republican found an 
 asylum, and there closed his eyes in peace in the year 1693. 
 
 Viburgum, Wiburg, an old city of Denmark, capital of North 
 Jutland. Printing was established here so early as 1528. But 
 only two books from hence are cited by Panzer, both in the 
 Danish language, by an author named Hans Tawsen. At a very 
 recent period (1824) a curious work is announced to have pro- 
 ceeded from the press of Wiburg, being a Dictionary of the cant 
 andjlash languages used by rogues and vagabonds in the isle of 
 Jutland, compiled by M. Dorph. 
 
 one in his palace of the Tuilleries, from which issued in 1718 a work entitled Cowrs 
 des principaux Jleuves rivieres de V Europe, a small quarto of 78 pages, said to have 
 been composed and printed bjr tlie king's onrn hand. 
 
 x2 
 
308 vr. 
 
 VICENTIA, Vicenza, an ancient and fine city of Austrian 
 Italy, the capital of a province, and a bishop's see. 
 
 The earliest specimen of Vicenza typography is an edition of 
 John Duns Scotus on the Sentences, executed by Joannes de 
 Reno in 1473. Both this printer and Leonardus Achates de 
 Basilea, who commenced business in the following year, some- 
 times date their books in Sancto Ursio prope Vincentiam, or in 
 Sancto Ursio VincenticB districtu. St. Orso appears to have been 
 a quarter of the city so called : and I notice it in this place merely 
 with a view of obviating any mistake which might arise: but 
 Santander states it to be a distinct village, and affirms that the art 
 was exercised here before it was introduced into the city. Panzer 
 adduces one hundred books printed in Vicenza during the XVth 
 century. 
 
 gtus Yictor prope Moguntiam, a monastery of Mayence. An 
 edition of Optatus against the Donatists, printed in 1549, bears 
 for imprint, Apud S. Victorem prope Moguntiam,, ex qfflcind 
 Francisci Behern typograpM. To this are added some works of 
 John CochlcBus and others, bearing the same imprint and date, 
 forming together a large and handsome folio volume. (Bodl. TCD.) 
 
 Vicus jEquensis, Vico Equana, or Vico di Sorrento, an episco- 
 pal town of Italy, seated near the edge of the bay of Naples. It 
 was built by Charles the Second in the year 1300, near to the 
 ruins of the ancient town of Equa. 
 
 Printing was exercised here towards the close of the XVIth 
 century : the earliest book which I have seen is a work of Jo. 
 Baptista Porta on Human Physiognomy, which bears for im- 
 print, Vici Mquensis, apud Josephum Cacchium, 1586. It is a 
 well-executed volume in folio, with a good portrait of Porta in 
 the title, and filled with engravings of human physiognomy in 
 almost all conceivable varieties, such as we have latterly so much 
 admired in the works of Lavater. This interesting publication 
 may be seen in the Fagel library at Dublin. 
 
 I observe that the Pinelli Catalogue (No. 2706) mentions a 
 work of Tamsillo, earlier by one year than this. 
 
 VIENNA AVSTRI^, or VINDOBONA, Vienna, the capi- 
 tal of the Austrian empire. It is a city of great antiquity, the see 
 of an archbishop ; and has an university, founded by duke Ru- 
 dolph the Fourth, in 1365, which was raised to its present im- 
 portance by the empress Maria Theresa. 
 
VI. 309 
 
 Panzer cites Tractatus distinctumum Johannis Meyger, and 
 three other works bearing the imprint of Vienna, and the date 
 1482, which Denis believes to have been executed by some 
 printer residing there only for a short time. The first Vienna 
 printer, whose name appears, is John Winterburg, in the year 
 1492. The art continued to be carried on there in a creditable 
 manner during the succeeding century. 
 
 At Vienna was printed the first edition of the Hungarian New 
 Testament, viz. in the year 1536. (Panzer, vol. vi. p. 56.) 
 • VIENNA IN DELPHINATU, Vienne, a considerable town 
 of France, in Dauphind, seated on the banks of the Rhone. 
 
 Of six Vienne books of the XVth century noticed by Panzer, 
 the earliest is a work of Nicolaus de Clemangis, printed here in 
 1481. The only printer whose name occurs, is Peter Schenk, in 
 1484. But it appears that printing was practised at Vienne at a 
 period antecedent to that which Panzer specifies : since the Rt. 
 Hon. Thpmas Grenville possesses a work entitled Cardinalis 
 Lotharingi(B Tractatus quinque, executed at Vienne in 1478. 
 
 From 1484 to 1536, &c. we hear nothing of the typography of 
 this town. 
 
 Vignon. Eustathius Vignon, a printer at Geneva towards the 
 close of the XVIth century, adopted the practice, at that period 
 common amongst those of his craft, of leaving out the name of 
 the town, and merely inserting his own in the imprint of his 
 books. 
 
 Vigornia, Worcester, an ancient inland city of England, capital 
 of a county, and a bishop's see. 
 
 The art of printing was practised in this city from 1548 to 1553 
 by John Oswen, a printer from Ipswich, who executed here about 
 twenty books, mostly of a religious nature, particular accounts of 
 which may be seen in Herbert's Ames, vol. III. 
 
 Villabraxima (qu ?) Mendez presents us with this name of one 
 of the places in Spain at which the art of printing was carried on; 
 but he gives us no further particulars. 
 
 Villqfranca, (Villefranche,) is the name of several towns in 
 France, Italy, and Spain ; but it is difficult to determine what 
 books have really been printed at any of them, inasmuch as the 
 name Villqfranca, like that of Eleutkeropolis, is attached to a 
 great number of volumes, the contents of which were of such a 
 nature as to make it necessary for the authors and publishers to 
 
 x3 
 
310 VI. 
 
 disguise themselves as much as possible. Yet without doubt 
 printing was carried on in Villefranche on the Saone, as early as 
 1671 at least. 
 
 Villagarsia, qu. in Spain? A college of Jesuits possessed a 
 printing-house here in the year 1761, in which they published 
 Opuscula GrcBca ad usum Seminarii Villagarsiensis , 12rao, typis 
 Seminarii. The book is licensed by the Provincial of the Jesuits 
 at Valladolid. Mendez names Villagarcia among the Spanish 
 towns at which the art of printing has been carried on. 
 
 Villa nova Infantium, Villa nueva de los infantes, a town of 
 Spain in the province of La Mancha. Antonio notices printing 
 here in the year 1628. 
 
 Villa-Viridis is the name of some place in Portugal, at which 
 Antonio (tom. ii. p. 129-) declares typography to have been exer- 
 cised by Antonius Riberius in the year 1581. 
 
 Villa vitiosa, Villa Vi90za, is the name of two towns in Spain, 
 of one in South America, and one in Portugal. At this last An- 
 tonio notices printing in the year 1636. 
 
 Vilna, Wilna, a large and populous city of European Russia, 
 capital of Lithuania, and a bishop's see : having a castle, a royal 
 palace, and an university, erected in 1 570. In the XVIth cen- 
 tury Wilna was the residence of various sects; Jews, Maho- 
 metans, members of the Greek church, Socinians, Calvinists, and 
 Lutherans. 
 
 It has been thought that the earliest printing-press was that of 
 the Calvinists, which was brought into the city by Daniel Lanci- 
 cius, about the year 1580. (Bodl.) (In fact I have seen theim 
 print Vilna to a book of the year 1573, but there is no doubt 
 that this was purposely feigned.) Yet Bachmeister, in his Essay 
 on the St. Petersburg library, asserts that printing was exercised 
 here so early as 1517, and cites an edition of the Acts of the 
 Apostles of that year, a copy of which he declares to be in the 
 patriarchal library at Moscow. Henderson also notices printing 
 at Vilna in 1525. In 1583 the Socinians established a press here. 
 The Jesuits erected one in the XVIth century, and the Jews pos- 
 sessed one in the XVIIth century : the former, according to Hoff- 
 man, was almost the only one which remained in the city at the 
 year 1740. In the year 1818 a typographical society was estab- 
 lished at Wilna ; and in 1820 there were five printing-offices in 
 the town. 
 
VI. 311 
 
 Vinaria, or Veimaria, Weimar, a considerable town of the in- 
 terior of Germany, capital of the grand duchy of Saxe- Weimar. 
 Printing was in use here in 1701. 
 
 Vincennes, a small town of France, seated on the Seine, three 
 miles east of Paris. — 1755. 
 
 Vincentius. Books of the date 1561, &c. &c. which bear for 
 imprint apitd Vincentium, without the name of any town, are 
 the work of Anthonius Vincentius, a printer of Lyons. 
 
 St. Vincent, a town of Spain, in Asturias, seated on the bay of 
 Biscay. An edition of the Controversies between Pope Paul V. 
 and the Venetians bears for imprint, In Villa Sanvincentiana 
 apud Paulum Marcellum, sumptibus Caldoriance Sodetatis, anno 
 1607, but is by no means of Spanish workmanship: I rather 
 judge that the whole of the tracts connected with this business, 
 which profess to have been printed at various places, as Augs- 
 burg, Saumur, Rome, Venice, &c. have their origin in the Low 
 Countries, and proceeded from the presses of Antwerp, Rotter- 
 dam, or the Hague. Printing, however, was incontestably exer- 
 cised at St. Vincent in the year 1645. 
 
 Vindeshemium, or Vimisima, Vinsheim, or Windsheim, a small 
 but ancient town of Germany, in Bavarian Franconia, formerly 
 imperial ; or, perhaps, Windesheim, near to Zwoll in Holland, a 
 celebrated religious establishment, of the order ca^leA Jratres com- 
 munis vitcE. — 1680. 
 
 Vindinum, see Cenomanum. 
 
 Vindobona, see Vienna Austricn. 
 
 Vindocimim, Vendome, an ancient and considerable town of the 
 centre of France, capital of a department, pleasantly seated on the 
 right bank of the Loire. — 1667. 
 
 VIQVERIA, qu. Voghera, (Vicus IricB,) a considerable town 
 of Italy in the Sardinian dominions ? Neither Laire nor Panzer 
 can satisfy themselves as to the meaning of this name, which oc- 
 curs in the imprint of one single book, a work of Alexander de 
 Imola, which bears in the colophon. Jacobus de Sancto JVazario — 
 edidit Viquerice calendis Juniis 1486. This printer, three years 
 subsequently, was exercising his art at Milan. 
 
 Virmaranutn, Guimaraens, an ancient and fine town of Portu- 
 gal, in the province of Entre-Douro e Minho, formerly the resi- 
 dence of the kings. 
 
 Visasum, Viseu, or Viseo, an ancient inland town of Portugal, 
 
 X 4 
 
SJ12 VI. 
 
 in the province of Beira: it is a bishop's see. Printing was car- 
 ried on here in 1571- 
 
 Visiiigia, Wisingsoe, or Wisingsburg, an island in the lake of 
 Wetter, in the province of Jiinkoping, in Sweden. 
 
 Its proprietor, the count Peter Brahe, who is called Drotzetus 
 regni, having established a school at Wisingsburg in the year 
 1636, for the furtherance of literature erected there a press of his 
 own in 1667, which continued until 1681, when the island was 
 ceded to Sweden : in 1688 the press was removed to Jiinkoping. 
 The first printer was Johannes Kankel, himself a learned man, 
 who declares the first specimen of his press to be Itinerarium 
 Nicolai Matthice Kibpingi, dated 1667. Gestrin and Axner? 
 who published a special dissertation on the Wisingsburg printing- 
 establishment, (4°. Upsal, 1733,) enumerate and describe twenty- 
 eight books, executed here, chiefly in the Swedish language, de- 
 claring at the same time that all of them are rare, and some ex- 
 tremely so, from the small number of copies which were struck 
 ofi". 
 
 Vismaria, or Wismaria, Wismar, a strong seaport town of 
 Germany, in the grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. — 1698. 
 
 VisoUnum, Wysolyin, quaere what town ? In the second edition 
 of the Hungarian Bible printed at Hanau in 1608, the editor, 
 Alberus Molnar, mentions the first edition to have been printed 
 about twenty years previously, (1588,) by Caspar Corolinus, at 
 Visolinum ; stating that he himself was witness to the execution 
 of this edition, having been often sent to the printing-office with 
 the proof-sheets. 
 
 Vitemberga, Vitteburga, or Wittemberga, called also Leucorea, 
 and in one book, Albiori in Sassonid, Wittemburg, a strong and 
 famous city of Prussian Saxony, formerly capital of an electoral 
 circle : it possesses a celebrated university, memorable as the cra- 
 dle of the Reformation, which was founded by Frederic the third, 
 elector of Saxony, in 1502; but this for many years past has 
 been annexed to that of Halle. A Protestant will never for- 
 get, that in this city, on the 30th of September in the year 
 1517, Martin Luther commenced the glorious Reformation of re- 
 ligion. 
 
 It has been supposed that the art of printing was introduced 
 into Wittemburg in the XV th century ; and a book dated 1488 
 was adduced by Maittaire, as printed at this place : Panzer how- 
 
VI. 313 
 
 ever shews this to have been founded in error. It is probable 
 that printing accompanied the establishment of the university, and 
 we find the earliest book noticed to be of the year 1503. Several 
 of Luther's works were executed here, and the original editions of 
 Melancthori's Loci Communes, and of the celebrated Confession 
 of Augsburg, proceeded from the presses of Wittemburg. 
 
 VITERBIVM, Viterbo, an ancient town of Italy, capital of a 
 delegation or district in the states of the Church, and a bishop's 
 see. 
 
 The grammatical work of Servius Honoratus, printed here in 
 1488, by an unnamed printer, is the only known specimen of 
 printing exercised in this city during the XVth century. I have 
 seen no other Viterbo book bearing a date anterior to the year 
 1607. 
 
 Vitis S. Marias Monasterium, La Vid, is the name of a famous 
 Spanish monastery of the Praemonstratensian order, situated on 
 the river Douro, at the distance of six miles from the city of Osma 
 in Old Castile. This monastery was founded by king Alphonso 
 Vlth, and was called Vitis S. Mariae from the circumstance of an 
 image of the Virgin having been found by that king among the 
 vines which then grew upon the spot. This image subsequently 
 worked miracles within the monastery. 
 
 Antonio, in his Biblioiheca Hispana, (tom. i. p. 176,) mentions 
 a work of Bernardus de Lemi, printed in Monasterio Vitis dice- 
 cesis Oxomensis, in 1626. 
 
 Vitodurum Helvetiorum, Winterthour, an ancient town of 
 Switzerland, in the canton of Zuric. The authorities of Zurich 
 claimed the right of preventing the erection of a printing-press in 
 Winterthour, lest it should interfere with the interests of their 
 own city. Coxe, in his " Travels," mentions that a dispute on 
 the subject was being carried on in the year 1778. However, 
 the claim appears to have been abandoned. — 1789. 
 
 Vitry-le-Franqais, a considerable town of France, in Cham- 
 pagne. — 1759. 
 
 Vittoria, a large town of Spain, chief of the province of Alava, 
 seated on the river Zadora. 
 
 Mendez notices this among the Spanish towns in which the art 
 of printing was carried on, but gives us no information respecting 
 the period of its introduction. 
 
 Viviaciim, see Vibiscum, 
 
314 VI.— UM. 
 
 Vizoffopatam, a town, capital of a district of the same name, in 
 the Northern Circars, a province of Deccan, in India. According 
 to the catalogue of the library of the British and Foreign Bible 
 Society, the Gospel of St. Mark was printed here, in the Telinga 
 dialect, in 1812. 
 
 VLMA, Ulm, a large and strongly fortified city of the south- 
 west of Germany, in Wirtemburg, seated on the Danube. 
 
 From the year 1473, the art of printing was carried on with 
 spirit here, till the close of the XV th century. The earliest book 
 known is Albertus Magnus de Mysterio MisscB, executed in 1 473 
 by John Zeiner de Reutlingen, perhaps a brother of GunterZainer, 
 who first introduced typography into the city of Augsburg. 
 
 Ulysscea, Ultzen, a town of Germany, in the principality of 
 Zell. Le Long mentions printing here in the year 1575. 
 
 Ulyssinga, Ulyssingen, or Flushing, a strong sea-port of the 
 Netherlands, in the isle of Walcheren. Samuel Claeys Versterre 
 was a printer here in 1630. — (TCD.) 
 
 VLYSSIPO, or OLYSSIPO, (in one book Lysa,) Lisbon, a 
 well-known city, the capital of Portugal. It is an archbishop's 
 see, and once contained an university, founded in 1290, which 
 was transferred to Coimbra in 1541. 
 
 A Hebrew printing-office was established here during the XVth 
 century, the earUest known book from which is of the close of the 
 year 1489 : yet Panzer does not omit to notice that the Sepher 
 Orach Chaiim of 1485, mentioned before under the article Sora, is 
 executed in a character similar to that which shortly afterwards 
 was in use at Lisbon, and therefore may possibly have been printed 
 in this city. Besides Hebrew books, little printing appears to have 
 been done at Lisbon before 1536, the year with which Panzer's en- 
 quiries terminate. We may however add to the printers named 
 by him, Germanus Gallard, " impressor regius," 1522 to 1551 : 
 Ludovicus Rodriguez, 1539 &c. : Johannes Alvarez, " impressor 
 " regius," 1563 : Franciscus Correa, 1568 &c. : Andreas LobatOj 
 1587 : and Antonius Alvarez, " impressor re^us,"" from 1595 
 to 1642. A Latin work by Damien Goes, called Obsidio urbis 
 Lovaniensis, printed here in 1546, is in the library of Trinity 
 College, Dublin ; and books of the years 1542 and 1567, are in 
 the Bodleian. 
 
 Uman, a small town in the west of European Russia, in the 
 government of Kieu. 
 
UN. 
 
 315 
 
 Printing appears to have been exercised here in the year 1685, 
 from a book of this date now in the " Bibliotheca Marsdeniana :" 
 this is a metrical History of the Bible, in the Slavonic language, 
 and bears the imprint, Umnetie, 1685. 
 
 Vneuskoi Monasterium, or the monastery of St. Alexander 
 Newsky, situate within the city of Moscow. 
 
 Bachmeister mentions printing executed here in the year 1692. 
 
 United States of America. In addition to the numerous cities 
 and towns of America, the introduction of the art of printing into 
 which is detailed with greater or less minuteness by Is. Thomas, 
 this writer gives us at the end of his work the following names of 
 places within the United States, in which newspapers (at least) 
 were published in or before the year 1810. As he furnishes no 
 particulars of any kind, I merely copy the names, as mentioned by 
 him, some of which perhaps may amuse the reader. 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Vermont. 
 
 Newburg 
 
 Amherst 
 
 Bennington 
 
 Otsego 
 
 Concord 
 
 Brattleborough 
 
 Owego 
 
 Dover 
 
 Burlington 
 
 Oxford 
 
 Haverhill 
 
 Danville 
 
 Peckshill 
 
 Keene. 
 
 Montpelier 
 
 Plattsburg 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Peach am 
 
 Peterborough 
 
 Buckstown 
 
 Randolph 
 
 Sagharbor 
 
 Castine 
 
 Rutland 
 
 Salem 
 
 Greenfield 
 
 St. Albans. 
 
 Saratoga 
 
 Hallowell 
 
 New York. 
 
 Schenectady 
 
 Kennebunk 
 
 Ballstown 
 
 Schoharie 
 
 Leominster 
 
 Batavia 
 
 Sherburne 
 
 Newbedford 
 
 Brooklyn 
 
 Somers 
 
 Northampton 
 
 Canandaigua 
 
 Troy 
 
 Pittsfield 
 
 Catskill 
 
 Utica 
 
 Portland 
 
 Cazenovia 
 
 Waterford 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Cooperstown 
 
 Watertown. 
 
 Stockbridge. 
 
 Geneva 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Rhode island. 
 
 Goshen 
 
 Elizabethtown 
 
 Warren. 
 
 Herkimer 
 
 Morristown 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Hudson 
 
 Newbrunswick 
 
 Bridgport 
 
 Johnstown 
 
 Trenton. 
 
 Danburg 
 
 Kingston 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Middletown 
 
 Lansinburg 
 
 Beaverstown 
 
 Windham. 
 
 Manlius 
 
 Bedford 
 
316 
 
 VO— UP. 
 
 Brownsville 
 
 Carlisle 
 
 Chambersburg 
 
 Downingtown 
 
 Easton 
 
 Frankford 
 
 Gettysburg 
 
 Greensburg 
 
 Harristown 
 
 Huntingdon 
 
 Lewistown 
 
 Meadsville 
 
 Norristown 
 
 Northumberland 
 
 Pittsburg 
 
 Presq'isle 
 
 Reading 
 
 Union 
 
 Washington 
 
 Westchester 
 
 York. 
 
 Maryland. 
 Easton 
 
 Fredericstown 
 Hagarstown. 
 
 Columbia. 
 Alexandria 
 
 Georgetown 
 Washington. 
 
 Virginia. 
 Abingdon 
 Charlestown 
 Leesburg 
 Morgantown 
 Norfolk 
 Petersburg 
 Richmond 
 Staunton 
 Winchester 
 Wythe. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 Edenton 
 Elizabeth-city 
 Fayetteville 
 Halifax 
 Raleigh. 
 
 South Carolina. 
 Columbia 
 Georgetown 
 Pendleton. 
 
 Georgia. 
 Athens 
 
 Augusta 
 Louisville 
 Milledgeville 
 Washington. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 Bairdstown 
 Danville 
 Lancaster 
 Louisville 
 Paris 
 
 Richmond 
 Russellville 
 Washington. 
 
 Tennessee. 
 Carthage 
 Clarksville 
 Nashville. 
 
 Ohio. 
 Lebanon 
 Lisbon 
 Saintclairville 
 Steubenville 
 Zanesville. 
 
 Indiana. 
 St.Vincennes. 
 
 Many of these places are of little or no note ; and it is probable 
 that in several of them the art of printing was carried on for a 
 very short time, and merely for temporary purposes. 
 
 Voegel. Books bearing the imperfect imprint, typis Voege- 
 lianis, were executed by a printer of this name at Leipsic, at the 
 close of the XVIth and beginning of the XVIIth century. 
 
 Volaterra, Volterra, an ancient inland town of Tuscany, in the 
 territory of Pisa. It is a bishop's see. — 1763. 
 
 Upsalia, Upsal, an ancient and celebrated city of Sweden, in 
 the province of Upland, formerly the metropolis of the whole 
 kingdom. It is the see of an archbishop : and the birth-place of 
 Linnaeus. Its university, the most ancient in Sweden, was founded 
 by archbishop Ulpho, in 1477; and enlarged by Gustavus Adol- 
 
UP. 317 
 
 phus in 1642: and its royal Academy is well known thtoughout 
 Europe by the annual publication of the Upsdl Transactions. 
 
 It is believed that printing was first exercised in this city about 
 the year 1510, by Paul Griis, three of whose books are named, 
 the earliest of them being a Latin Psalter, with the imprint, Im,- 
 pressum UpsalicB in domo Venerabilis patris domini doctoris 
 Ravaldi Archidiachoni ibidem per Paulum Griis anno Dni 
 MUX: but Alnander observes that there is some little uncer- 
 tainty about the exact period of the introduction of the art. It 
 appears to have declined about 1541, after the publication of an 
 edition of the Swedish Bible in that year, [a small foho with 
 wood-cuts, a copy of which (on the authority of Fortia) is pre- 
 served in the library of the Academy of Sciences at Stockholm ; 
 a second, in the collection of M. Giseurwell, librarian to the king ; 
 and a third, in the university library of Upsal,] and to have re- 
 vived in 1604. 
 
 Charles the Eleventh granted to the college of National Anti- 
 quities a typographer of their own : the university likewise pos- 
 sessed a printing-establishment peculiar to themselves. 
 
 In the year 1686 the famous Olaus Rudbeck erected a press in 
 his own house at Upsal, which, together with the fourth volume 
 of his great work, the Ailamtica, was consumed in the dreadful 
 fire which laid Waste that city in the year 1702. Of this fourth 
 volume not more than three or four copies are supposed to have 
 escaped, one of which is treasured up in the library of the univer- 
 sity of Upsal, and another in the royal library at Stockholm. 
 Only two hundred and ten pages of the volume were finished at 
 the press when the fire occurred. 
 
 The first volume of the ^tlantica was published in 1675, (and 
 with a reprinted title in 1679, and again in 1684) ; the second in 
 1689 ; the third, printed in the author's own house, in 1698 ; and 
 the fourth has no title. The best and most minute account of 
 this valuable work is to be found in the travels of M. Fortia, to 
 whom it was communicated by one of the best bibliographers of 
 Sweden, in the year 1791. 
 
 Greek, Hebrew, Syriac, and Runic types were used at Upsal 
 soon after the commencement of the XVIItb century. In 16S7 
 Grotius notices, in one of his epistles, that the Greek types then 
 used were deficient in elegance, and that the paper was of inferior 
 quality. The first Arabic types ever used in Sweden were 
 
318 UR. 
 
 brought to Upsal by Peter Kirstenius, of Breslau ; at whose deaths 
 in 1640, his printing-apparatus was purchased by the universityi 
 His types were thought to be cast in imitation of those of the 
 Medicean press at Florence. 
 
 Uraniburgum, Uranienburg, a strong castle once existing on the 
 island of Huen, in Denmark. 
 
 This island having been assigned for a residence to the cele- 
 brated astronomer Tycho Brahe, he erected on it the castle of 
 Uranienburg in the year 1576 ; and at seventy paces distance an- 
 other building for an observatory, which he chose to call Stell«- 
 burgum, or Stierneburg. Feeling himself in want of a printing- 
 press for the publication of the fruits of his astronomical re- 
 searches, he introduced one into his castle, and published from it 
 several learned pieces between the years 1596 and 1610. These 
 generally bear the imprint Uranibergi Danice, and were to be had 
 at the booksellers in Frankfort. 
 
 Upon Tycho Brahe's quitting the country, these establishments, 
 which are said to have united elegance with strength, were not 
 only suffered to fall into decay, but were made subject to frequent 
 spoliation, so much so that in the year 1652 the materials of the 
 castle were used for promiscuous building, until scarcely a vestige 
 of the ancient fabric remained. But at the beginning of the pre- 
 sent century a better spirit revived : in the year 1805 the inha- 
 bitants of the island passed a resolution that the remains of Tycho 
 Brahe's castle should be protected from farther devastations, and 
 be preserved in their existing state, for a precious memorial of so 
 illustrious a scholar. 
 
 Vratislavia, or Bresla, or Breslavia, Breslau, a large and 
 beautiful city, capital of Silesia, and a bishop's see. It contains an 
 university, founded by the emperor Leopold for the Jesuits in 1702. 
 
 Panzer doubts whether a work, entitled Tractatus de censibus, 
 by Johannes Longer, were not printed here, about the year 1489. 
 However, the first book with a certain date is of the year 1503. 
 In the beginning of the succeeding century some Arabic printing 
 was carried on in Breslau, under the superintendence of Peter 
 Kirstenius. 
 
 VRBINVM, Urbino, a considerable city of Italy, capital of 
 the duchy of Urbino, in the states of the Church. It is the see 
 of an archbishop, and has an university founded in 1290 : it is 
 also memorable as the birth-place of the painter Raphael. 
 
UR.— UT. 819 
 
 Four books of Urbino printing during the XVth century are 
 known, the earliest of which, Marii Philelphi Epistolarivm, 
 bears the date 1481. The only printer mentioned is Henricus 
 de Colonic, who exercised his art at Brescia and Bologna also. 
 From the year 1493 I have seen no Urbino book until 1602. — 
 (Bodl.) 
 
 Urbs vetus, Orvieto, a city of Italy, capital of a province in the 
 states of the Church, and the see of a bishop. Printing was car- 
 ried on at Orvieto at least so early as 1586. — (Pinelli,) 1605— 
 (Moreni.) 
 
 UrsellcB, (qu. Ober-Ursel, a small town of Germany, in Wet- 
 teravia ?) I have seen a work executed here, by Nicolaus Hen- 
 rici, in the year 1558. 
 
 S. VRSIVS, or ST. ORSO, see VICENTIA. 
 
 Urso, or Ursao, Ossuna, an ancient and considerable town of 
 Spain, in Andalusia, formerly possessing an university, founded 
 in 1549, but which is now suppressed. 
 
 Printing was carried on here in the same year by Juan de 
 Leon, typographer to the university, who executed a work of 
 Fr. Joannes Bermuda, on musical instruments, in 1549. This 
 the printer declares to be the first edition of the author, and not 
 improbably it may be the first book printed at Ossuna. (See 
 Antonio, B. H. N. vol. i. p. 660.) 
 
 Vryhurg, as also Vrystadt, frequently occurs in Dutch tracts : 
 but, though bearing the appearance of real names, they are merely 
 fictitious imprints, equivalent to Eleutheropolis or Villa franca. 
 
 VTINVM, Udina, a considerable town of Austrian Italy, 
 capital of a district, and the see of an archbishop. 
 
 Of the two or three specimens of Udina printing during the 
 XVth century which now remain, the earliest seems to be The 
 C(mstitutions of Friuli, in Italian, executed by Gerard de Lis^ 
 de Flandri^, in the year 1484. Very little printing appears to 
 have been carried on at Udina during this century, and none in 
 the earlier part of the succeeding one. 
 
 Utraria, Utrera, a considerable town of the south-west of Spain, 
 in the province of Seville. Antonio notices printing here in 
 1654. 
 
 Vttormaciurn Vangionum, or Wurmacia, Worms, formerly an 
 imperial city in the west of Germany, whose bishop was a prince 
 of the empire. This town is memorable for a Diet hplden in 
 
320 UX— WA. 
 
 1521, at which Luther was present. Printing was introduced in 
 1514. Panzer knew of only four books anterior to 1537. 
 Uxomense Burgum, see Oocoma. 
 
 W. 
 
 Waldenburg, is the name of a town in Wirtemburg; of an- 
 other in Saxony ; of a third in Prussian Silesia ; and of a fourth 
 in Switzerland. An academical dissertation by H. E. Kestnerus, 
 in the Bodleian library, bears this imprint, with the date 1713. 
 
 Wales. The only information which we possess respecting the 
 early typography of this principality is gathered from one of the 
 Martin Mar-prelate tracts of queen Elizabeth''s reign, (about 
 1588,) wherein mention is made of knave Thaclewell the printer, 
 which printed popyshe and trayterous Welshe bookes in Wales. 
 But nothing more has ever been discovered of this printer or any 
 of his books. In the year 1550, John Oswen of Worcester styled 
 himself printer appointed by the king's majesty and his highness' 
 honourable council, for the principality of Wales and the marches 
 of the same. (See his New Testament, 4°. 1550.) In the Gen- 
 tleman's Magazine for August 1821, it is observed by a corres- 
 pondent, that " from the invention of printing downwards so ad- 
 " verse were the circumstances attending the diffusion of Welsh 
 " literature, that there was not a printing-press in the principality 
 " until the year 1734, or thereabouts, when a temporary one was 
 " set up by Mr. Lewis Morris of Bod-Edeyrn, in Anglesey. This 
 " identical press is still in being at Trevirw, near Llanrwst." 
 
 Walpole, a posWown of Cheshire county, in the State of New 
 Hampshire, North America. Isaiah Thomas of Boston, and sub- 
 sequently of Worcester, set up a press here, and published a 
 newspaper, entitled The Farmer'' s Museum, in the year 1793. 
 
 Wandesburgum, Wandeshecum, or Wansbecum, Wandsbeck, a 
 town of Germany, situate at the distance of two miles from the 
 city of Hamburgh. The Jews possessed, a press here, which was 
 actively at work in 1688 and for many years afterwards. (Bodl.) 
 An edition of The New Testament in five languages was printed 
 here in 1710; the Old Testament corresponding to which was 
 soon afterwards printed in Holstein. 
 
 Waterford, an ancient city and seaport of the south of Ireland, 
 capital of tiie county of Waterford, and the see of a bishop. 
 Waterford finds a place among the earlier receptacles of typo- 
 
WA. 321 
 
 graphy, on account of two books of the year 1555, which have 
 been assigned to it by Ames, and repeated by Herbert, upon the 
 authority of MaunselFs ancient Catalogue. The first of these two 
 rare articles, (both of which are to be found in the Bodleian 
 library,) is entitled. The acguital or purgation of the moost catho- 
 lyke Christen prince, Edwarde the VI. hyng of Englcmde, 
 Frcmnce, and Irelcmde, &c. and of the Churche of Englande re- 
 fourmed amd governed under hym, agaynst al suche as blasphem- 
 ously amd traitorously infame hym or the sayd Church, qfheresie 
 or sedidon : written by John Olde, an exile for the protestant re- 
 ligion under queen Mary. It contains signature G in eights, and 
 has on the recto of the last leaf, Emprinted at Vuaterford the .7. 
 daye ofNovembre. 1555. 
 
 The other is, An Epistle written by John Scory the late bishope 
 of Chichester tmto all the Jhythfull that be in pryson in Eng- 
 lande, or in any other trouble for the defence of Goddes truthe. 
 This is a still smaller treatise, containing only two sheets in 
 eights, and has no other colophon than this, Amno. 1555. But 
 the letter, paper, and press-work exactly correspond to those of 
 John Olde's work above mentioned, and the two were unques- 
 tionably executed at the sp,me time and place. That place, how- 
 ever, was not Waterford : nor, I fear, can we claim for this city 
 so early an acquaintance with the mysteries of the art of printing. 
 At what period the art was introduced, I am not yet sufficiently 
 prepared to say. For the part which the Waterford presses 
 played during the disastrous days of 1641, &c. the reader may 
 turn back to the article Kilkenny. In 1643 one Thomas Bourke 
 styled himseli printer to the confederate catholics of Ireland. 
 
 I should not omit to mention, that in the Catalogue of Trinity 
 College library in Dublin occurs a third Waterford book of this 
 period: it is entered as " Archbishop Cranmer's Confutation of 
 " unwritten verities," 8°. Waterford, 1555. This little tract how- 
 ever is not now to be found there ; having disappeared, probably, 
 in company with several other choice mor^eaux, which were pur- 
 loined from the library by a confidential servant, a few years ago. 
 
 In the year 1646 Waterford appears to have given birth to the 
 following article ; " A new Almanac for the yeere of our Lord 
 " God 1646, being the second after leap yeere, and since the cre- 
 " ation of the world 5595. Calculated for the longitude and lati- 
 " tude of the city of Waterford, and may serve generally for all 
 
322 WA. 
 
 " Ireland : By an Manapian. Waterford, printed for the yeare 
 " MDCXLVI." Reprinted, or rather animadverted on, under 
 the title of " A bloody Irish Almanack, or Rebellious and Bloody 
 " Ireland, Discovered in some notes extracted out of an Almanack, 
 '' printed at Waterford in Ireland, for this yeare 1646. By John 
 " Booker, 8°. London 1646. pp. 57." 
 
 In this Almanac the author observes^ p. 11. " Only it is ob- 
 " servable that pyrates were the founders of Waterford. I am 
 " sure of it. Printing was not then used, but it seems now they 
 " have got a printing-presse there ; whether it and the materials 
 " came from Rome, Doway, Rhemes, or any such other Popish 
 " place I know not : but they there, and at Oxford of late and 
 " now, print base and railing pamphlets, and lying almanacs, 
 " and in them most grossly abuse the parliament and kingdom of 
 " England, who no doubt ere long will suppresse their presses." 
 
 The Waterford original is extremely rare ; and I have never 
 been able to find it : the London reprint of the same year is also 
 very rare, but of this I possess a copy. 
 
 Watertown, a pleasant town of Middlesex county, in the pro- 
 vince of Massachusetts, North America. 
 
 Benjamin Edes, a printer of Boston, made his escape by night 
 from that place with a press and a few types, in the early part of 
 the revolutionary war, and opened a printing-house in Water- 
 town ; where he continued The Boston Gazette, and printed for 
 the provincial congress of Massachusetts. 
 
 Thomas acquaints us, that " the printing he executed at 
 " Watertown did not indeed do much credit to the art ; but the 
 " work at this time, done at other presses, was not greatly supe- 
 " rior. The war broke out suddenly, and few of any profession 
 " were prepared for the event. All kinds of printing materials 
 " had usually been imported from England ; even ink for printers 
 " had not, in any great quantity, been made in America. This 
 " resource was, by the war,cut off; and a great scarcity of these 
 " articles soon ensued. 
 
 " At that time there were but three small paper-mills at Mas- 
 " sachusetts : in Newhampshire there were none : and Rhode- 
 " island contained only one, which was out of repair. The paper, 
 " which these miUs could make, fell far short of the necessary 
 " supply. Paper, of course, was extremely scarce, and what 
 " could be procured was badly manufactured, not having more 
 
WE. 323 
 
 " than half the requisite labour bestowed upon it. It was often 
 " taken from the mill wet, and unsized. People had not been in 
 " the habit of saving rags, and stock for the manufacture of paper 
 " was obtained with great difficulty. Every thing like rags was 
 " ground up together to make a substitute for paper. This, 
 " with wretched ink and worn-out types, produced miserable 
 " printing." vol. i. p. 343. . 
 
 In 1776 Edes returned to Boston, and probably the Water- 
 town typography then came to a final close. 
 
 Weissenburgum Noriconim, Weissenburg, a walled town of 
 Germany, in Bavarian Franconia. Printing was exercised here 
 in 1729.— (Bodl.) 
 
 Wengrovia, Wegrow, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of 
 Podlachia, distant 47 miles from Warsaw. 
 
 The Socinians possessed a press here in the XVIth century, at 
 which some works of P. Gomesius were printed in 1570. 
 
 Wessqfxmtanum Coenobium, Wessenbrunn, a Benedictine mo- 
 nastery, situated in the diocese of Freysingen, in Bavaria, founded 
 in the year 753. Denis {Suppl. p. 488.) mentions a German 
 Chronicle without date, but supposed to be of the XV th century, 
 bearing for imprint, impressa in Coenobio Wessqfontwno. 
 
 Westminster, a considerable township in the state of Vermont, 
 North America. A press was first established here in 1778, by 
 J. P. Spooner and T. Green, from Norwich, in Connecticut* 
 The firm and business, however, continued only a short time. 
 
 WESTMONASTERIVM, Westminster, a city of England, 
 in Middlesex, now forming part of the metropolis. 
 
 It was in one of the numerous chapels within the vast and ve- 
 nerable pile of Westminster Abbey, that Wm. Caxton, generally 
 considered to be the father of English printing, erected his press 
 about the year 1474. It appears that Caxton commenced his 
 typographical career abroad : having travelled into the Low 
 Countries, to Cologne, &c. and becoming attached to the house- 
 hold of Margaret, countess of Richmond, mother of Henry the 
 seventh, he was desired by her to finish the translation of a French 
 work which he had already begun, namely the Recueil des his- 
 toires de Trmjes of RamiL le Fevre. The period of Caxton's 
 sojourn on the continent was that when the newly practised art of 
 printing was in all probability an object of the greatest attraction j 
 and our countryman, not slow to perceive its advantage and im- 
 
324 WE. 
 
 portance, devoted his time to the acquisition of a competent 
 knowledge of the ai-t, and forthwith proceeded to try his typo- 
 graphical skill. The earliest works which have been attributed 
 to Caxton's press are the following : 
 
 1. Recueil des histoires de Troyes, fol. supposed to be printed 
 at Cologne between the years 1464 and 1467. 
 
 2. Propositio Magistri Johannis Russell, a small tract of five 
 pages and a half, to which, from internal evidence, the date of 
 1469 is assigned. 
 
 3. A French edition of the Romance of Jason, discovered in 
 the year 1812, by M. Van Praet, in the royal library of Paris. 
 
 4. The Reciteill of the historyes of Troye, in English, said by 
 him to have been finished at Cologne in 1471. And, 
 
 5. The first edition of the Game and playe of the Chesse, 
 printed by Wm. Caxton, 1474. 
 
 It has been usual among bibliographers, amidst the uncertainty 
 which attends these earlier specimens of Caxton, to regard the 
 Chesse Playe as the first book printed by him in this country. 
 Without presuming to correct, much less to dictate, I cannot help 
 expressing my belief that they are all equally strangers to an 
 English printing-press, and that our earliest English-printed 
 book is either the second edition of the booh of Chess, or else the 
 History of Jason, both of which may have been printed about 
 the year 1475. For, as Dr. Dibdin has well remarked, the type 
 with which the above five books are printed, is one and the same, 
 but it difl^rs totally from any which was afterwards employed by 
 Caxton; and three, or perhaps four, of these volumes are con- 
 fessedly executed in foreign parts, so that there is fair and ample 
 ground for supposing that the fifth or remaining volume owes its 
 birth to the same city, be it Cologne or any other. Had Caxton 
 brought over with him these types to England, what adequate 
 reason can be assigned for his never making the slightest use of 
 them in any other publication.? or had he parted with them in 
 favour of any other rising artist, we should again obtain a sight 
 of them in some of Lettou's or Machlinia's productions : but this 
 is known not to be the case. Another question which has been, 
 not unreasonably, started, " whether the earlier three of these five 
 " books were in fact printed by Caxton himself, or by the master 
 " of whom he learned the art," is foreign to my present purpose : 
 they are allowed to have been executed in a foreign country. It 
 
WE. sm 
 
 is supposed that Caxton continued to print within the walls of 
 Westminster Abbey until the year 1485, when, according to Bag- 
 ford, he removed to a house in King-street, Westminster, and 
 continued printing till the time of his death, in 1491 or 1492, 
 when his servant, Wynkyn de Worde, succeeded at once to his 
 house and business. 
 
 The productions of Caxton's press have, especially of late years, 
 engrossed too much of the public attention to require any detailed 
 description here. The rarity of some pieces, more particularly 
 the foreign and early ones, has been attested by the most frightful 
 prices" which have been given for them at public sales in London. 
 According to Dr. Dibdin, (whose account of this printer and his 
 works, given in the Typographical Antiquities, and in the Biblio- 
 theca Spenceriana, is decidedly the best which we possess, and 
 full of very curious and interesting matter,) about sixty-three or 
 sixty-four Caxtonian specimens remain, all of which are found in 
 this country, with the exception of the French Jason mentioned 
 above. Of these, the royal library of George the Third contains 
 many fine and perfect copies. Eari Spencer's rich collection can 
 boast of forty-six pieces : twenty-three are in the Bodleian, in- 
 cluding a different edition of the Chronicle of 1480, which differ- 
 ence Dr. Dibdin has no- where remarked. The duke of Devon- 
 shire, and several other distinguished individuals, are also pos- 
 sessed of numerous volumes executed by Caxton. Copies in a 
 sound and perfect state are very seldom to be obtained. A single 
 specimen printed on vellum is known, which is (as it most cer- 
 tainly ought to be) in the royal collection : it is the Doctrinal of 
 Sapience, of the year 1489 ; and this copy is further remarkable 
 for containing a whole chapter on the negligences happening in 
 the Mass, with their remedies, which is wanting in the common 
 copies, being omitted purposely by the printer, because it was not 
 convenient that the lay people should read it ! A single volume of 
 Caxton's press has brought at a public auction the enormous sum 
 of £1060 ! as the duke of Devonshire well knows. 
 
 The large device or monogram, which is well-known as occur- 
 
 u On the subject of enormous prices given for rare books for some years past. 
 Peigiiot has an observation too piquant to be withholden : " Depuis 1804 la somp. 
 " tuosit^ bibliomanique, pour ne pas dire la folie, a fait de trfes grands progi'^s, 
 " surtoiit en Angleterre, oil la livre sterling semble quelquefois voltiger dans les 
 <' veutes publiques avec autant de l^gferet^ et de profusion que si elle avoit la simple 
 " valeurde notre modeste franc!" (Vari^t& &c. &c. 8vo. 1822, p. 32.) 
 
 y3 
 
326 WI. 
 
 ring at the end of Caxton's pieces, is conjectured by Panzer to be 
 formed from the figures 7 and 4 interlaced, and to signify the 
 year (1474) of his commencing his typographic labours. 
 
 One or two of the founts of type used by our printer, especially 
 in his earher productions, appear to differ from any which are 
 found in other books : his paper is strong and good ; and alto- 
 gether a fine specimen of his press, though it may not possess 
 the grace and elegance conspicuous in the early efforts of the 
 printers of Rome and Venice, is yet to an Englishman a genuine 
 and legitimate object of interest and attraction. 
 
 Wilhermsdorff, a market-town of Germany in Bavarian Fran- 
 conia, seated on the river Zenn. — 1744. (TCD) 
 
 Williamsburg, a post-town of Virginia, in North America, con- 
 taining a college, founded by king William and queen Mary. 
 
 Virginia was very backward in admitting the art of printing ; 
 which from motives of policy was discountenanced and even pro- 
 hibited by the government for more than a hundred years after the 
 establishment of the colony. The first printing done in the pro- 
 vince was executed in this town by John Buckner, about the year 
 1682 : but the press was put down by the governor of the pro- 
 vince, and no more is heard of it until the year 1729 ; when Wil- 
 liam Parkes, a printer of Annapolis, executed at Williamsburg 
 Stall's Historic of Virginia, and the Laws of Virginia. Thomas 
 relates, that until so late a period as the year 1766, there was but 
 one printing-house in the colony. 
 
 Wilmersdorfium, a small town of Germany, in the district of 
 Hohenlohe, now forming part of the kingdom of Wirtemburg. 
 
 Wolfius and Le Long mention that the Jews possessed a print- 
 ing-establishment here. Several specimens of it exist in the Op- 
 penheimer collection, the earliest of which bears the date 1589. 
 
 Wilmington, a considerable post-town and port, in the state of 
 Delaware, North America. The first printing-house introduced 
 into the colony of Delaware was established in this town by 
 James Adams, a native of the north of Ireland, in the year 
 1761. 
 
 Wilmington, a port and post-town, capital of a district in North 
 Carolina, North America. The second press established in the 
 province of North Carolina was set up here by A. Steuart, a 
 roguish printer of Philadelphia, who scrupled not to assume the 
 title of " king''s printer," in the year 1763 or 1764. 
 
WI. 327 
 
 Windsor, a post-town, capital of Winder county in the state 
 of Vermont, North America. A press was first established here 
 in 1783, by George Hough, who had purchased the press and 
 other apparatus of the firm of Spooner and Green, who for a few 
 years had carried on the business at Westminster in the same 
 province. 
 
 WINTERBERGA, Winterberg, a manufacturing town of 
 Bohemia, in the circle of Prachen. 
 
 Two books alone of the XVth century are mentioned by Pan- 
 zer, upon the authority of Denis, as having been printed here, 
 viz. Alberti Magni Summa de EuchwristicL, and B. Augustini 
 liber soliloquiorum : both these are dated 1484, and were exe- 
 cuted by Johannes Alacj-aw, a printer who two years previously 
 had exercised his art at Passau. No further Winterberg typo- 
 graphy appears. 
 
 Winter Harbour, off Melville Island, situate in the North 
 polar sea, in latitude 74 N. longitude 112 W. During the voyage 
 undertaken for the discovery of a north-west passage by captain 
 Parry, in the ships Hecla and Griper, in the years 1819 and 
 1820, a printing-press, which had been taken on board the Hecla, 
 was set to work, upon the ships becoming ice-locked for the win- 
 ter, and a newspaper was composed and printed on board ; it was 
 called The North Georgia Gazette and Winter Chronicle; the 
 first number was published on the 1st of Novembei-, 1819, atid 
 the last (N". 21.) on the 20th of March, 1820. This newspaper 
 has since been reprinted in London. 
 
 Wintonia, Winchester, an ancient episcopal city of the south of 
 England, in the county of Hants. 
 
 I do not know that Winchester has any other claim to a place 
 in this volume, than that which arises from the colophon of one 
 of those violent publications which abounded in England about 
 the time of the Reformation. The book to which I allude is 
 called. The rescuing of the Romishe Jbx, a/nd the seconde course 
 of the himter at the Romishe Jhx and his advocate, published by 
 William Turner, under the assumed name of Wraughton : it is 
 a violent attack on Stephen Gardiner, then bishop of Winchester. 
 At the end of the volume we read. Imprinted have at Winchester, 
 anno Domini 1545. 4 nonas Martii. By me Hanse hit prik. 
 My own opinion decidedly is, that the book in question was not 
 printed at Winchester, nor indeed in any partof ^England. The 
 
 Y 4 
 
388 WI.— WO. 
 
 types are of Swiss make, similar to those of the first edition of 
 Coverdale's Bible; the spelling is not English; the sentences 
 printed in Roman letter found on the title-page are made up with 
 Gothic w. and y. Turner, the author, was at this time an exile 
 on the continent on account of his religion, and had dated his 
 first Hunting of the Romishe Foxe from Basil only two years 
 before. The phraseology of the colophon also deserves examina- 
 tion. It is evident that the expression Imprinted have, is of Ger- 
 man or Dutch idiom, not of English : at Winchester may mean 
 " against the bishop of Winchester," (Gardiner) : the printer's 
 Christian name is not John but Hans (the German for John), and 
 hit-prik is a name which perhaps the author assumed for the sake 
 of shewing that he had not failed in his object, but had succeeded 
 in hitting the pricke, or mark. Hit-pricke, i. e. 6 tou o-xovov to- 
 Xi^v- This rare and curious volume may be seen in the Bodleian 
 library. 
 
 Wirceburgum, see Herlipolis. 
 
 Wishaden, a small town of Germany, eight miles distant from 
 Mentz, containing about four thousand inhabitants. It is a place 
 of fashioftable resort, being much frequented on account of the 
 hot medicinal springs from which it takes its name. — 1821. 
 
 Woodbridge, a post-town of New Jersey, in the United States 
 of America. 
 
 The first press established in New Jersey was at Woodbridge ; 
 and for many years this was the only one in the colony. James 
 Parker, a native of Woodbridge, who had for several years con- 
 ducted a press and a newspaper at New York, enti;usted his con- 
 cerns in that city to a partner, and began business here as a 
 printer about the year 1751. His earliest book appears to have 
 been a folio edition of the Laws of the Province, published in 
 1752. 
 
 Worcester, a large post-town, capital of Worcester county, in 
 the province of Massachusetts, North America. Isaiah Thomas, 
 the historian of American typography, opened a printing-house 
 in this town, in compliance with the solicitations of several gentle- 
 men of the county, who were at that period " zealously engaged 
 " in the cause of the country," and executed the first printing 
 done in it, viz. a number of the Massachusetts Spy, (a work 
 which was continued until the year 1818,) on the 3d of May 
 1775. His business speedily prospered, and was greatly ex- 
 
XE.— ZA. 329 
 
 tended : he united the two branches of printing and bookselling; 
 erected a paper-mill, and set up a book-binding establishment : 
 he was the first man who printed in America a Bible of the folio 
 and royal quarto form : he is said to have now ten presses at 
 work, and to possess the most complete printing-apparatus in 
 America. His own work. The history of prmting in America, 
 in two volumes octavo, was printed here in the year 1810. 
 
 X. 
 
 Xerezium, see Asia. 
 
 XERICA, Xerica, a town of the east of Spain, in the province 
 of Valencia, seated on the river Morviedro. 
 
 A single specimen announces to us that the art of printing was 
 early exercised in this town, namely, Constitutiones synodales, 
 aitctore BartholomcEo Marti, which bears the imprint Xerica, 
 and the date 1485. This book is adduced by Panzer, on the 
 authority of Caballero. See notice of a previous edition of it 
 under Segdbrica. I have met with no subsequent instances of 
 the typography of Xerica. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yedo, or more properly Jeddo, the capital of the empire of 
 Japan, a large and splendid city, situate in Niphon, the largest of 
 the Japanese islands. 
 
 According to a recent statistical account, Jeddo is the most 
 populous city in the known world : it is said to contain not fewer 
 than 1,680,000 inhabitants, thus exceeding Pekin by 180,000, 
 and London by 406,000.-1785. 
 
 YorJce, a large city of Upper Canada, in North America, seated 
 on the lake Ontario. Printing was in use, and a newspaper pub- 
 lished, in this city, sometime previously to the year 1810. 
 
 Zagravia, Zagrab, or Agram, a strong and populous town of 
 the Austrian states, capital of Croatia, seated on the river Save ; 
 it is also a bishop's see. 0. 
 
 Barletius' history of the life and actions of Scanderbeg (Alex- 
 ander) was printed in this town in the year 1743. 
 
 Zamerdam, Zaandam, Saardam, or Sancrdam, a large manu- 
 facturing town of the Netherlands, in North Holland, seated on 
 
330 ZA.— ZE. 
 
 the river Zaan. It was here that the czar Peter of Russia amused 
 himself by studying practically the art of ship-building. 
 
 Printing was exercised here, by Henry Jacobsz, in 1648. — 
 (TCD.) 
 
 ZAMORA, a strong town of the north west of Spain, in LeoHj 
 the capital of a province, and a bishop's see. 
 
 Printing was introduced into Zamora about the year 1482; 
 and two books, one entitled Vita Christi, by F. Inigo de Men- 
 doza, the other Regimiento de Principes, by Gomes Manrique, 
 are remaining, which were executed in that year by Antonio de 
 Centenara, the only known printer of Zamora. Eight publica- 
 tions from this town during the XVth century are known and 
 named by Mendez, and the art seems to have gone into disuse 
 before the conclusion of the century. Panzer in fact notices no 
 printing at Zamora subsequent to the year 1490 : but the Bod- 
 leian library contains a handsome edition of the Spanish Chro- 
 nicles of Florian do Campo, executed here by Juan Picardo, in 
 the year 1543. 
 
 Zamoscium, or Samoscium, Zamoski, a strongly-fortified town 
 in the south-east of Poland, formerly containing an university, 
 founded by John and George Zamoski, which possessed a print- 
 ing-press almost from the time of its foundation. The earliest 
 book mentioned bears the date of 1557. 
 
 Zapetha, perhaps Zapetra, a town of Armenia ; [or, a town of 
 Galilee.] See the article Saphita, p. 253. 
 
 The Jews appear to have possessed a printing-establishment at 
 ZsiTpethsL, about the middle of the XVIth century : the book of 
 Ecclesiastes, printed here in 1570, is in the Oppenheimer collec- 
 tion, as also the Canticum Canticorum of 1579, and other works 
 of the years 1582, 1587, &c. Maseh, in his Le Long, cites Za- 
 petha books of the years 1568, 1579, and 1582. How long this 
 press continued at work, I have not ascertained. 
 
 Zaragossa, see Ccesar Augusta. 
 
 Zaslavium, Zaslaw, a town of Russian Lithuania, distant a few 
 miles from Minsk. Matthias Kawieczynski, an Unitarian, esta- 
 blished a press here during the XVIth century, at which was 
 printed the Polish Bible of Simon BudncBus, in 1572, 4to. which 
 is a book of the utmost rarity. This press was afterwards removed 
 to Losko. 
 
 Zeyma, Zeymy, a place of little note, in Samogitia, a district 
 
ZI. 331 
 
 of Russian Lithuania, on the confines of the palatinate of Wilna. 
 A printing-press, probably belonging to the Reformed Church, 
 was erected here in 1603 or 1604 ; from which issued in 1605 a 
 Polish Catechism by P. Gilovius. The press was soon removed. 
 Zierizea, Ziric Zee, a strong town of the Netherlands, capital 
 of the isle of Schowen, in the province of Zealand. 
 
 The art of printing was practised at Ziric Zee at least so early 
 as 1615 ; in which year a Theological conference between certain 
 divines, translated from Dutch into Latin by H. BrandAus, was 
 executed here by Johannes Hellenius, who lived at the sign of 
 The Golden Bible near to the new Exchange. (TCD.) 
 
 Zilly, qu. Zilah, or Zillenmarkt, a town of Transylvania, in 
 the palatinate of Solrioch ? 
 
 A Grammar of the Wendish dialect, by G. Sellenko, bears the 
 imprint of Zilh/, 1791 • 
 
 Zimmermannus. Michael Zimmermannus printed (qu. at Nu- 
 remburg?) in the year 1556, omitting the name of his town. 
 
 ZINNA, or TZENNA, Zinna, or Zenna, a monastery of Cis- 
 tercians, in the government of Magdeburg, in Prussian Saxony, 
 distant seven leagues from Wittemburg. 
 
 We have evidence that the monks of this establishment once 
 exercised the art of printing within their wails, in a Psalter of the 
 Virgin Mary, bearing date 1492. There is so much pompous- 
 ness of description about the book, arising from the vanity of its 
 editor, that Panzer cannot restrain himself from giving rather a 
 long account. The title of it is, Novum beatm Maries Virginis 
 Psalterium de dulcissimis nove legis mirdhilibus divini amoris 
 refertis noviter ad Teucri conteritionem confectum. And the 
 author takes care to inform the world, that he is no less impor- 
 tant a personage than Hermannus Nitszchewitz ex Branden- 
 burgensi Margia Trebbinensi, Regiarum majestatiim cafellanus, 
 utriusque Juris consultus magnus, circa Oderam Fra/ncafurdensiiS 
 civitatis prothonotarius ! that he presented this work into the 
 emperor^s own hands, who ordered it to be examined by the 
 officers of his court of Chancery, and to be printed at his expense 
 in the monastery of Zenna, which was accordingly done at con- 
 siderable costs. Panzer observes, that the marvellous absurdity 
 of the plates which it contains, considering that it was published 
 under the sanction of the emperor, causes it to be a book of most 
 extreme rarity. {Liber ob incredibilem Jigurarum insulsitatem 
 
332 ZI.— ZW. 
 
 auctoritate Ccssared editarum rarissimus. Panzer, vol. ix. p. 
 307.) 
 
 Zittavia, Zittau, a large and fortified town of Upper Lusatia? 
 pleasantly seated on a branch of the river Neisse. 
 
 A public gymnasium having been established at Zittaw in the 
 year 1586, it was immediately followed by the introduction of a 
 printing-press, which was erected in the religious house of The 
 Paraclete, and placed under the direction of Nicholas Schneider. 
 In the year 1608, this press was consumed, together with great 
 part of the town, but was reestablished in 1611. 
 
 Znoima, Znoym, or Znaym, a town of the Austrian empire in 
 Moravia, chief of a circle of the same name, near the river Teya. 
 Printing was carried on here in 1635, and continues to this day. 
 
 ZuUichavia, or Zullichovium, ZyUichau, a manufacturing town 
 of the Prussian states, in the New Mark of Brandenburg. An 
 edition of the Hebrew and German Bible (with the GreeJc Testa- 
 ment) was printed here in 1741. 
 
 Zutphania, Zutphen, a strong town of the Netherlands, in 
 Guelderland. 
 
 Printing was exercised here, by Andreas Johannis, in the year 
 1611.— (TCD.) 
 
 Zwifalda, Zwiefalten, was formerly a rich abbey of the Sua- 
 bian Alps, in the south-west of Germany, possessing a territory 
 of the same name. Panzer cites one book, Opuscula Bebeliana, 
 dated 1504, printed at this place, by Leonardus Clemens. I have 
 observed no other. 
 
 ZWOLLiE, or SVOLL^, Zwoll, a fortified town of the 
 Netherlands, chief of the province of Overyssel. 
 
 Of more than forty works known to have been executed here 
 during the XVth century, the earliest dated is Bonaventurce ser- 
 mones de tempore et de Sanctis, bearing date 1479- Johannes de 
 Vollhoe, and Petrus Os de Breda are the first printers named. 
 The art continued to be carried on at Zwoll during the succeed- 
 ing century. 
 
APPENDIX A. 
 
 An Index ofpseudonymes, disguised, Jhlsified, or fictitious places, 
 
 with the earliest dates of the hooks from each which have 
 
 come under the auihor''s observation. 
 
 Tlie articles marked with a star relate 
 during the reign of 
 
 AdVERTE, 1671. 
 iEgyptus, 1520. 
 Agathopolls, 1769. 
 Agra, 1748. 
 Albigion, 1712. 
 Albionopolis, 1613. 
 Albipolis, 1669- 
 Alentopolis, 1662. 
 Alethopolis, 1647. 
 Allemaignej 1546. 
 Andrinople, 1734. 
 Anneville, 1703. 
 *Antipedes, (the) (1588.) 
 Antopolis, 1594. 
 Antre de Trophonius, 1779. 
 Aquileia (Lucca) 1751. 
 Arabia, 1523. 
 Arcadie, 1799. 
 Arips (i. e. Spira.) 
 Arrivour, (1') 1547. 
 Augusta (Florence) 1804. 
 Babilonians, (the) 1641. 
 Baldacco, 1539. 
 Balivernopolis. 
 Barataria, (Dublin,) 1792. 
 Bel-oeil. 
 
 Bengodi, (citta di) 1584. 
 Bonne huile. 
 Bourg-Fontaine, 1688. 
 
 to the Martin Marprelate controversy, 
 queen Elizabeth. 
 
 Burlassia. — 
 Cacopolis, 1758. 
 Cairo. — 
 
 Calceopolis, 1755. 
 Campi Elysii, 1555. 
 Cantorbery, 1686. 
 Cartellana 1678. 
 Chancellerie (la) 
 Charitopolis, 1663. 
 Chinon. — 
 Chrysinople, 1764. 
 Ciel (au) 1738. 
 Clarefortium, 1617. 
 Clareportum, 1626. 
 Clignancourt. 
 Constantinople, 1641. 
 Cornicopolis, 1773. 
 Corteiopolis. 
 Corythum, 1738. 
 Cosmopolis, 1611. 
 Crisopolis, 1786. 
 Criticomanie, 1760. 
 Criticopolis, 1755. 
 Crotone. 
 
 Culicutidonia, 1750. 
 Cythfere, 1795. 
 Delhi, 1801. 
 Dezert (au) 1640. 
 Dicaearchia, 1647. 
 
334 
 
 PSEUDONYMES. 
 
 Doregrial, 1668. 
 Ecclesiopolis, 1648. 
 Eden, 1748. 
 Edimbourg, 1572. 
 Een-stadt, 1620. 
 Eleutheropolis, 1544, 
 Elysium, 1624. 
 Emeluogna. 
 Eridania. 
 Erotopolis, 1746. 
 * Europe, 1558. 
 Felisonte, 1795. 
 Fidelity, (a la) 1775. 
 Forum Palladium, 1696. 
 Francopolis, 1685. 
 Frankenburg, 1621. 
 Frederik-stadt, 1674. 
 Galeopolls, (Paris) 1798. 
 Gallipolis, 1764. 
 Gaznah. 
 Gelopolis, 1660. 
 Germanopolis, 1674. 
 Ginevra (Florence) 1781. 
 Glaucopolis, 1664. 
 Gratianopolis, 1698. 
 Gremerstadium, 1627. 
 Grenouillerie (la) 1756. 
 Gy naecocratopolis . 
 Hadopolis, 1611. 
 Hagiopolis, 1614. 
 Hanripolis Cornutorum, 1627. 
 Hasles, (snr les) 1607. 
 Heilste, 1646. 
 Helicon, 1622. 
 Heliopolis, 1812. 
 Hell, 1661. 
 Hermitage, (1') 1779. 
 Hierapolis, 1553. 
 Hispaniae nova civitas. 
 Hoopstadt, 1688. 
 
 Jericho, 1542. 
 Jerusalem, 1765. 
 Irenopolis, 1645. 
 Irocopolis, 1752. 
 Isle d'Adonis, 1681. 
 Italia 1791. 
 Justinga, 1585. 
 Justinopolis, 1625. 
 Kalykow, 1554. 
 Kosmoburg, 1665. 
 Kykuyt, 1688. 
 Lactophaga, 1526. 
 Lampropolis, 1633. 
 Lampsacus. — 
 Leger, (St.) 1665. 
 Libre ville, 1698. 
 Livry (chateau de) 
 Luce nouvelle, 1567. 
 Luceburgum, 1626. 
 Luxuropolis, 1748. 
 Marocco, 1576. 
 Merinde, 1706. 
 Midi (au). 
 Minutie, 1744. 
 Mompeiller, 1597. 
 Monachopohs, 1784. 
 Monde, (le) 1774. 
 Monomotapa. — 
 Moropolis, 1732. 
 Mount Sion, 1705. 
 Neisse (sur) 1621. 
 Nemo, 1663. 
 Nineveh, 1661. 
 Niverstadium, 1720. 
 Nord, (au), 1760. 
 Nod-nol, (i. e. London) 1650. 
 Nomopolis, 1790. 
 Nova Belgia, 1640. 
 Nulle part, 1734. 
 Nullus. — 
 
PSEUDONYMES. 
 
 335 
 
 GEnozythopolis, 1617. 
 Oranges, 1646. 
 Orient (1').— 
 Ortingano, 1761. 
 *Oversea, (1588.) 
 Paphos, 1788. 
 Paradise, 1624. 
 Paraguay, 1761. 
 Palatium, 1619. 
 Parnassus, 1659- i 
 Parnasse, (Mont) 1782. 
 Pathopolis, 1645. 
 Pays libra, 1749. 
 Pekin, 1734. 
 Pelusium. 
 Philadelphia, 1618. 
 Philipsburg, 1688. 
 Phosphoropolis, 1789- 
 * Place, (a) (1588.) 
 Pons Charentonius, 1615. 
 Poistorf, 1615. 
 Purmerend, 1689. 
 Ratopolis, 1738. 
 Regunea, 1679- 
 Romanopolis. — 
 Rome, 1551. 
 San Vicente, 1645. 
 Sardanapolis, 1776. 
 Sarmatia, 1795. 
 Scoropolis, 1806. 
 Selenoburgum, 1681. 
 Seriopolis, 1682. 
 
 Sirap, (i. e. Paris,) 1784. 
 *Sky, (the) 1589. 
 Sparta, 1786. 
 Stamboul, 1743. 
 Stampatum Stampatorum,1670 
 Stauropolis, 1681. 
 Struthiorum Oppidura. — 
 Surat, 1787. 
 TetonviUe, 1729. 
 Teuto-Dicaeopolis, 1711. 
 Thlibochorus, 1624. 
 Trebotes. 
 Theopolis, 1574. 
 Tivoh, 1710. 
 Veritopolis, 1716. 
 Vermeropolis, 1788. 
 Veropolis, 1784. 
 Verte-feuille, 1759. 
 Viconi, 1722. 
 Villa franca, 1602. 
 Virginia. 
 
 Virginopolis, 1631. 
 Vryburg, 1628. 
 Vrystadt, 1643. 
 Uranopolis, 1608. 
 Utopia, 1519. 
 Warnstadt, 1620. 
 Waterford, 1555. 
 Whitehall, 1745. 
 Wiliorbanura, 1593. 
 Winchester, 1545. 
 
 Total number of pseudcmymes observed, 201. 
 
APPENDIX B. 
 
 The names of certain ACADEMIES 8^c. which sometimes are 
 found on the titles of books (particularly on Academical Dis- 
 sertations) without further specification of the pkice to which 
 they belong. 
 
 Name given. Place designated. 
 
 Academia Agrippina. Cologne. 
 
 Albertina Konigsberg. 
 
 ad Albim Wittenberg. 
 
 Albimontana Mon tauban . 
 
 Albipolitana Wittenberg. 
 
 Archipalatina Heidelberg. 
 
 Bambergensis Bamberg. 
 
 Caesarea Vienna? 
 
 Casimiriana 1 pi 
 
 Sax. Coburgica ) 
 
 Cattorum Marburg. 
 
 Christiano- Albertina Kiel. 
 
 Caroliniana Stettin ? 
 
 Eberhardina-Carolina Tubingen. 
 
 Electoralis-Brandenburgica Duisburg. 
 
 Electoralis-Palatina Heidelberg. 
 
 ad Elmum Julia Helmstadt. 
 
 Ernestina Rinteln. 
 
 Emmericiana Erfurdt. 
 
 Francovadana Frankfort on the Oder. 
 
 Fridericiana Kiel. 
 
 Fridericiana^Alexandrina Erlangen. 
 
 Frisiorum Franeker. 
 
 Fridericiana-Mecklenburgensis Buetzow. 
 
 Georgia Augusta Gottingen. 
 
 ad Geram Erfurt. 
 
 Herbornensis Herborn. 
 
 Herbipolensis Wurtzburg. 
 
ACADEMIES. 337 
 
 Name given. Place designated. 
 
 Academia Hasso-Schaumburgica Rinteln. 
 
 Hassiaca Marburg. 
 
 Hierana Erfurt. 
 
 Holsatorum Ratzeburg. 
 
 Julia Helmstadt. 
 
 Julia Ducalis Wurtzburg. 
 
 Julio-Fridericiana 1 ,,r . n 
 
 L Wurtzburg. 
 
 Ostro-ducalis ) 
 
 Ludoviciana , Giessen. 
 
 Marchiarura ) \ Frankfort on the 
 
 Marchica J ( Oder, or Berlin. 
 
 Mecklenburgensium Rostoch. 
 
 Megapolensium Rostoch. 
 
 Nassaviensis Herborn. 
 
 ad Nicrum Heidelburg. 
 
 Noricorum Altorf. 
 
 Noribergensis Nuremberg. 
 
 T, , ^. 1 ^ T f Heidelburg, and 
 
 Palatino-electorahs J . "' 
 
 (^ Manheim. 
 
 Phil urea Leipsic. 
 
 Pomeranorum Gripswald. 
 
 ad Pregolam Regia ..Konigsberg. 
 
 Rauracorum Basle. 
 
 Regiomontana Konigsberg. 
 
 ad Rhenum Teutopolit: Duisburg. 
 
 Rhodopolitana Rostoch. 
 
 Ruperto-Carolina Heidelberg. 
 
 Salana Jena. 
 
 Saxonum-Ducalis Jena. 
 
 Soraborum Halle. 
 
 Teutoburgensium Duisburg. 
 
 Thuringorum Erfurt. 
 
 Varnc^Balthica) Rostoch. 
 
 or, ad Varnam ) 
 
 Venedorum ....Halle. 
 
 Viadrina Frankfort on the Oder. 
 
 ad Visurgim Rinteln. 
 
 Wilhelmiana Marburg. 
 
 z 
 
338 ACADEMIES. 
 
 Name given. Place designated. 
 
 Athense Balthicse Rostoch. 
 
 Carolinse Stettin." 
 
 Gelrorum Harderwick. 
 
 Bauracse Basle. 
 
 Gymnasium Hagense Rinteln ? 
 
 Lyceum Ernestinum Rinteln ? 
 
 Typis Clarendonianis Oxford. 
 
 Orphanotrophei Halle. 
 
 Hendelianis Jena. 
 
APPENDIX C. 
 
 An enumeration of the books printed on veUum, which are con- 
 tained in the Bodleian library, arranged in the order of their 
 dates. 
 
 N.B. The articles marked with an asterisk formed part of the Oppeaheimer 
 collection, which wsis purchased by the university of Oxford in the year 1828. 
 
 PSALTERIUM, sive Liber choralis, toX.per Johan^^'^ 
 Fitst civem Maguntinwm et Petrum Schoifher de Gernss- 
 heyra clericum. 1459. 
 
 Gulielmi Duranti Rationale divinorumOfficiorum, fol.^er 
 Johannem Jhst civem Magunti/imm. Et petrum Gemss- 
 lieym. Clericum. 1459.* 
 
 Biblia Latina, juxta Vulgatam editionem, torn. i. fol. 
 In civitate Moguntim. per Joha/nnem fust civem et Petrum 
 schoiffher de gernssheym clericum. 1462.^ 
 
 " All the copies of this edition which have hitherto been discovered 
 are printed on vellum, with the exception of one, which is on both vel- 
 lum and paper. M. Van Praet mentions more than forty copies, three 
 of which are in the royal library at Paris. 
 
 >> M. Van Praet notices 45 copies of this Bible. There is a curious 
 circumstance connected with the present condition of this volume. 
 Having been obtained from a French collection, it was purchased for 
 the Bodleian in the year 1752, in an imperfect state; the last seven 
 leaves then in the volume being supplied in manuscript, and the remain- 
 der, consisting of eighteen leaves, being altogether wanting. The book 
 was suffered to remain in its original binding, and nothing was heard 
 or thought of the deficient portion, until the recent purchase of the Ca- 
 nonici Manuscripts from Venice, in 1818 ; when, among the loose 
 fragments accompanying that Collection, fourteen of these identical MS. 
 leaves were discovered : which, on being applied to the book in ques- 
 tion, shewed instantly whence they had been taken, not only by supply- 
 ing the deficiency, with the exception of four leaves, but also by exactly 
 corresponding both in size and character with those remaining in the 
 volume. 
 
 z2 
 
e 
 
 340 VELLUM BOOKS. 
 
 M. T. Ciceronis Officia et Paradoxa, 4°. Johannes fust 
 Moguntinus civis. Petri mcmujinitum. 1465.'= 
 
 M. T. Ciceronis Officia et Paradoxa, 4°. Johannes fust 
 Moguntinus civis. manu Petri de gernsshemfnitum. 1466.'* 
 
 dementis V. Constitutiones. fol . in urbe Maguntina Petrus 
 Schoiffer de Gernsshem. 1467- 
 
 C. Crispus Sallustius de conjuratione Catiline et de bello 
 Jugurthino, 4" sine loco et anno ; (sed Parisiis, per Ulr. 
 Gering, Mart. Crantz, et Mich. Friburger.) circa 1470.f 
 
 Gratiani Decretum, cum suis rubricis, 2 torn. fol. Mogun- 
 cice, Petrus Schoiffer de Gernssheym. 1472.5 
 
 Sextus Decretalium Bonifacii VIII. cum apparatu Joh. 
 Andreas, fol. In urbe Maguncia, per Petrum Scoyffer de 
 Gernsshem. 1473.'' 
 
 Gregorii nova Compilatio decretorum. fol. Mogwntice, 
 Petrus Schoiffer de Gernssheym, 1473.' 
 
 Breviarium Diaeceseos Herbipolensis, fol. Herbipoli, Ste- 
 phamus Dold, Jeorius Ryser, et Johannes Bekenhub. 1479."' 
 
 •= A' very fine copy of this edition is preserved in Magdalene college 
 library, and another in that of St. John's college. M. Van Praet men- 
 tions 23 copies of this edition, (omitting that in Magdalene college,) of 
 which 12 are in England. There are copies on paper, both of this, and 
 of the following, but much fewer of these have survived than of those 
 which were printed upon vellum. 
 
 ^ A fine copy of this edition is found also in the library of Corpus 
 Christi college. M. Van Praet names 23 copies; 13 of which are in 
 England. 
 
 ' A remarkably fine copy, purchased from Payne and Foss, in 1825. 
 
 ' A second copy on vellum is in the royal library of Paris : M. Van 
 Praet agrees in assigning 1470 as its date. 
 
 B A most splendid book, purchased from Messrs. Payne and Foss, 1825. 
 
 ^ This volume consists of alternate sheets of vellum and paper : the 
 alternation however is not quite regular ; the first, third, &c. also the 
 last leaf containing the subscription and shields, are on vellum. 
 
 ' An exceedingly fine and magnificent copy, purchased from Payne 
 and Foss, in 1825. 
 
 '^ Van Praet describes this rare and grand book, from a copy once at 
 Paris, but which has since been restored to the imperial library at Vienna. 
 
 Unfortunately the Bodleian copy is imperfect, wanting eight leaves at 
 the beginning and two at the end : it contains only 337 leaves instead 
 of 347. It formerly belonged to archbishop Laud. 
 
VELLUM BOOKS. 341 
 
 Missale secundum usum Ecclesias Herbipolensis, fol. In 
 civitate Herbipolensi per Jeorium Ryser. 1481.' 
 
 Pentateuchus Hebraicus cum Targum Onkelosi et Com- 
 ment. R. Salom. Jarchi, fol ed. pr. Bononice per Abra- 
 ham Ben Ckaiim Pisaurensem. 1482." 
 
 * Tractatus Talmudicus Berachoth, cum Commentario R. 
 Salomonis larchi &c. Hebraic^, fol. Soncini, Josua Salomon 
 ben Israel Nathan. 1484." 
 
 Pentateuchus Hebraicus, sine anno et loco. " 
 
 Alexandri de Villa Dei Doctrinale. 4". ParmcB, impensis 
 Angeli Ugoleti. 1486.P 
 
 S. Birgitte de Swecia Revelationes celestes, fol. Im- 
 pressit BarthohmcEus Ghotam, Lubcensis civis. 1492.^ 
 
 ' For a more detailed account of this extraordinary volume, see above, 
 p. 120. 
 
 " M. Van Praet names five known copies. The present was pur- 
 chased at the McCarthy sale. 
 
 " This rare volume is not only the first printed portion of that vast 
 collection the Talmud, but is moreover the very first specimen of the 
 celebrated Soncino press. De Rossi possessed a similar vellum copy. 
 
 ° This unknown edition of the XVth century belonged to De Rossi, 
 who has described it at p. 142. of his Annales Heb. Typogr. saec. XV. 
 and calls it extremely rare. Unfortunately the copy is imperfect, ending 
 with ch. 1. of the Song of Solomon. It was purchased in 1828, 
 
 P M. Van Praet states this edition to be of such rarity, that its exist- 
 ence is known only by the vellum copy of the Harleian collection ; con- 
 jecturing that the copy in the catalogue of Maittaire is the same iden- 
 tical book. This conjecture will assume the appearance of certainty 
 from the following statement. Maittaire's copy was purchased by Dr. 
 Rawlinson, and by his bequest became, with many other valuable articles, 
 the property of the Bodleian. And no one, at all conversant with the 
 different styles of binding, upon seeing the volume, can for a moment 
 doubt of its once having been in the possession of lord Oxford. The 
 volume is a small quarto, in Roman letter, consisting of 58 leaves. It has 
 no title, nor false title, but begins on signature a. " Scribere Clericulis," &,c. 
 On the reverse of the last leaf is the following colophon : " Emendatissi- 
 " mum hoc opusculum quod doctrina refertissimum merito Doctrinale 
 " nuncupatur opera et impensis Angeli Ugoleti Parmensis nnpressum 
 " est Parmae. M.CCCC. Ixxxvi. die xxx. Novembris." 
 
 1 Of this volume we learn, from Alnander's History of Swedish Ty- 
 
 z3 
 
342 VELLUM BOOKS. 
 
 Pentateuchus cum V. Megilloth et Haphtharoth. 8vo, 
 Brixie, per Gerschom Jilium R. Mosis, Israelitam Sonci- 
 natem. 1492/ 
 
 Aristotelis Opera Graece, volumen secundum, fol. Venetiis 
 apud Aldum Manutium. 1498.* 
 
 Petri Schotti Argentinensis Lucubratiunculse ornatissimas 
 4to. Impressa a Martino Schotto cive Argent. 1 498.t 
 
 Regula beatissimi patris benedicti e latino in gallicum 
 sermone per reverendu dominu Guidonem Juvenalem tra- 
 ducta. 4to. Imprimee a Paris par Geoffroy de marnef. 1500. 
 
 Missale ad usum Ecclesiae Helfordensis. fol. Rothomagi, 
 P. Olivgrius et Johannes Mauditier. 1502." 
 
 pography, that sixteen copies were printed on vellum, and eight hundred 
 on paper. Only two of the vellum copies are known at the present day, 
 the one above mentioned, and another in the library of Brahe ; unless 
 the one in the library of Slusius, announced without date, be of the same 
 edition, which is probable. It contains numerous very curious wood- 
 cuts, which in this copy are coloured and illuminated. 
 
 "■ Purchased at the Crevenna sale. 
 
 ' In the library of New college is a complete copy of this edition 
 printed on vellum, consisting of six volumes. For many years biblio- 
 graphers, even M. Van Praet, denied the existence of the first volume 
 upon vellum, as may be seen by referring to M. Van Praet's Catalogue 
 of the vellum books in the king of France's library, vol. III. p. 7. but 
 see the additions and corrections, vol. V. p. 370, where M. V. P. an- 
 nounces that the existence of the New college volume had been made 
 known to him. The library of Corpus Christi college contains remark- 
 ably fine copies of vols. II. III. and IV. on vellum. 
 
 ' This copy was formerly in the Harleian collection : it was be- 
 queathed to the Bodleian by Dr. Rawlinson. 
 
 " This copy formerly belonged to Thomas Hearne, who has written 
 on it, liber rarissimus. In his preface to Canideni Annates Elizabetha Reg. 
 Hearne gives a minute account of this copy, which had been presented 
 to him by a friend. He mentions that Missals and other Service-books 
 for the use of Hereford, although distinctly spoken of in the preface to Ed- 
 ward Vlth's prayer-book, were so very difficult to be met with, that 
 even so diligent an inquirer as Browne Willis did not believe they had 
 ever been printed. Hearne transcribes from it certain prayers for king 
 Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn ; glances at those who refused to ac- 
 knowledge her as rightful queen ; and inveighs against the indiscrimi- 
 nate destruction of Bibles and other religious books, at the dissolution 
 
VELLUM BOOKS. 34S 
 
 La pragmatique sanction en Francoys, avec Guillermi 
 paraldi de la plurality des benefices. 8vo. Imprimeh a Paris 
 par Gaspard Philippe. 1508. 
 
 Missale ad usum ecclesiae Sarum. fol. Rothomagi, Ma/r- 
 tinus Morin. (imperfect.) 1510. 
 
 Psalterium Hebraeum, Graecum, Arabicurn et Chaldae- 
 um, cum tribus latinis interpretationibus et glossis. fol. 
 Genue, Petrus Paulus Porrus, Mediolamensis. 1516.^ 
 
 * Tephilloth, sen Preces Judaicas, Hebr. 4to, Pragce. 15I6.y 
 
 Ovidii Metamorphoseon libri xv. 8vo. Venetiis, in cedAbus 
 Aldi et Andrea Soceri. 1516. 
 
 of monastic institutions ; in which he affirms that the Turks are better 
 men than we, for they never suffer a single fragment of their Coran to 
 be profaned or put to an improper use. 
 
 The copy in question is beautifully printed, and in the finest possible 
 condition. Undoubtedly it is of the very highest rarity, no other being 
 known to exist. M. Van Praet, misled by the Repertorium bibliographi- 
 cum, describes it as an 8vo. It is a folio, in two columns. 
 
 " Of this edition it is said that 2000 copies were printed on paper, 
 and fifty on vellum. M. Van Praet does not appear to have known of 
 the Bodleian copy. As reference is frequently made to a note occurring 
 in this edition of ihe Psalter relative to Columbus, the following parti- 
 culars are given ; as though often quoted, perhaps it is not much known. 
 On verse 4 of the 18th (our 19th) Psalm, is this comment: '^ Et in 
 "fines mundi verba eorum. Saltern temporibus nostris, quibus mirabili 
 " ausu Christophori Columbi Genuensis, alter pene orbis repertus est, 
 " Christianorumque coetui aggregatiis. At vero quoniam Columbus 
 " frequenter predicabat se a Deo electum ut per ipsum adimpleretur 
 " haec prophetia, non alienum existimavi vitam ipsius hoc loco inserere. 
 " Igitur Christophorus cognomento Columbus patrid Genuensis, vilibus 
 " ortus parentibus, nostra setate fuit qui sui Industrie plus terrarum 
 " et pelagi exploraverit paucis mensibus, quam pene reliqui omnes mor- 
 " tales universis retro actis saeculis, &c. &c. &c.'' The life is too long 
 for insertion here, as it would occupy two or three pages. It ends with 
 " Hie fuit viri celeberrimi exitus, qui si Graecorum heroum temporibus 
 " natus esset, proculdubio in deorum numerum relatus esset." 
 
 I am not aware that this note is repeated in any subsequent edition of 
 the Psalter; certainly it is not in that of 1518. 
 
 y This volume contains illuminations and other ornaments of a rude 
 and remarkable character. 
 
 z 4 
 
3,44 VELLUM BOOKS. 
 
 Ordonnances, des tallies et aydes, et des gabelles, faites 
 par leroy Francoys I. 4to. (a Paris, chez J. Trepperel? 1517.)^ 
 
 Concordata inter papam Leonem X. et regem Fran- 
 ciscum primum. Cum Heliae Turonensis quondam archi- 
 episcopi libello pragmaticae sanctionis confutativo cis Alpes 
 antehac nusquam edito. 4to. Tholosce, per Joannem magni 
 Joanms. (1518.)^ 
 
 Cutheberti Tonstalli in laudem matrimonii oratio habita 
 in sponsalibus Mariae, Henrici VIII. filias, et Francisci, 
 Francorum regis primogeniti. 4to. Londmi per Richardtmi 
 Pynson. 1518.* 
 
 Missale ad usum insignis ac preclare ecclesie Sarum. fol. 
 LondAni per Richa/rdwm Pynson. 1520.^ 
 
 Das biiechlin ist genant der Gilgengart ainer hetlichen 
 Cristeliche sel. &c. 16°. Augspurg, Hans Schonsperger. 1520. 
 
 Galeni Pergamensis de temperamentis, et de inaequali in- 
 temperie libri tres Thoma Linacro Anglo interprete. Apud 
 Cantabrigiam per Joannem Siberdh. 1521."^ 
 
 Jo. Lodovici Vivis Valentini De institutione foeminae 
 Christianae, ad Sereniss. D. Catherinam Hispanam, Angliae 
 Reginam, libri tres. 4to. Antverpice, M. Hillenms. 1524.'! 
 
 Dat Gants Nyewe Testament, recht grondelick verduyt- 
 schet met geleerden voerreden. 2 tom. 12mo. 1525.^ 
 
 Dialogus Syjla. Authore Tranquillo Andronico DalmatA. 
 8vo. sme loco. 1527. 
 
 ^ From the Harleian collection, and subsequently belonging to Dr. 
 RawlJnson. 
 
 " See Dibdin's Typographical Antiquities, vol. II. p. 478. But this copy, 
 instead of the royal arms crowned and supported, bears Wolsei/s arms 
 emblazoned ; and probably was a presentation-copy to that cardinal. 
 
 •> The beauty of typographical execution displayed in this volume, and 
 the brilliancy of the ink, are such as cannot possibly be surpassed. 
 
 "^ For a more detailed account of this highly curious volume, see. p. 
 54. 
 
 <' This was Dr. Rawlinson's copy ; and in a blank leaf the following 
 note appears, in his handwriting. " This copy is probably the present 
 " book made to queen Catharine by the author. R. R." 
 
 = Containing upwards of 500 leaves, quaere if printed at Delf, or Ant- 
 werp ? 
 
VELLUM BOOKS. 345 
 
 *Pentateuchus, Hebr. cum Megilloth et Haphtarath. 2 
 torn. fol. Praga. 1531 ,f 
 
 *Machazor, seu Preces Judaicae, Hebr. iol.Aug. Vindel. 1531. 
 
 Claudii Galeni de plenitudine liber: Joanne Guinterio 
 Andernaco interprete. 8vo. Parisiis, Chr. Wechelus. 1531. 
 
 ESHrH2El2, seu Expositiones antiquae &c. ex diversis 
 Sanctorum patrum commentariis ab CEcumenio et Aretha 
 coUectaB. folio. Veronaz, apud Stephanum etjratres tHabios. 1532.g 
 
 P. Ovidii Nasonis Fastorum libri VI. De Tristibus libri 
 V. De Ponto libri III. 8vo. Venetiis, m cedibus hazredvm 
 Aldi et AndrecE Soceri. 1533. 
 
 * Tephilloth, seu preces Judaicae, Hebraic^, 4to. PragcB. 1536. 
 
 Biblia, Latinfe, fol. Parisiis, ex offici/na Roberti Stephami.\5¥iii 
 
 Deux restes du sixiesme livre de Polybe, avecq'un extraict 
 touchantl'assiete du camp des Remains. Et oultre un traictd 
 du seizeiesme: traduictz en Francoys par Loys Meigret, 
 Lyonnois. 8vo. A Paris, Vincent Sertenas. 1545.1^ 
 
 Ordo precum totius anni juxta ritum synagogarum Ro- 
 manarum, HebraicJi. 12°. Venetiis, ex Typogr. Justhiiana. 1546.' 
 
 Compendium doctrinse catholicae, ex libris institutionis 
 Christianae Petri de Soto coUectum. 12". Ingolstadii, Alex- 
 ander Weissenhom. 1549. 
 
 Idem, Germanic^. 12°. Ingolstadt, A. Weissenhorn. 1549. 
 
 Costumes du Bailliage de Sens, et anciens ressorts d'ice- 
 luy. 4°. A Sens, de Vimprimerie de Giles Richeboys. 1556. ^ 
 
 f This is a beautiful copy, bound in purple velvet : the initial letter 
 of each book is coloured and illuminated, and there are numerous other 
 coloured ornaments throughout the volume. The title is a wood-en- 
 graving, containing a coat of arms surmounted by a mitre, which cut is 
 repeated on the last leaf. There is another wood-cut on the reverse of 
 fol. 1. 
 
 s This very handsome book consists of 1014 pages, and the present 
 copy has been divided into three volumes, of which unhappily the two 
 latter only are preserved ; the former, containing p. 1 — 232, never having 
 come to the Bodleian library. 
 
 g M. Van Praet notices two other vellum copies; one of which is in 
 the royal library at Paris, and the other in the Casanato library at 
 Rome. 
 
 ^ At the end of the volume is a folding plan of a Roman camp. 
 
 ' Purchased at the Crevenna sale. 
 
 ■•" This volume is beautifully executed : the printer, in an address to 
 
346 VELLUM BOOKS. 
 
 Pentateuchus hebraicus et chaldaicus, cum V. Megilloth 
 et Haphtaroth. 12°. Sahioneta:. 1557.' 
 
 * R. Isaac Abarbanel, Tractatus Corona Senum dictus, 
 Hebraic^. 4°. Sabionetm. 1557- 
 
 Judaicarum precum Compendium, Hebraic^. 12°. Man- 
 tua. 1558.'" 
 
 * Pentateuchus et Haphtaroth, Hebraice. 12°. Sabionetcs. 1558. 
 
 * Machazor, seu Preces Judaicas, Hebraice. 12°. Mantua. 1559- 
 The Letany, wyth certayne other devoute and godlye 
 
 meditations, very necessary to be dayly sayd of the faithfull 
 Christians. 20°. London. 1562. 
 
 Articuli, de quibus in synodo Londinensi, anno Domini, 
 MDLXII. ad toUendam opinionum dissensionem, et firman- 
 dum in vera religione consensum, inter archiepiscopos epi- 
 scoposque utriusque provincias, nee non etiara universum 
 clerum convenit. (reprint".) 8°. Londini, apud Reginald. 
 Wolflum. 1563. 
 
 M. TuUii Ciceronis epistolae familiares dicta?. Scholia 
 Pauli Manutii nuper aucta. 8°. Venetiis, in cedibus Ma- 
 nutianis. 1574. 
 
 New Testament, (the bishops' translation,) 4°. London, 
 by Richard Jugge. 1576°. 
 
 Exercitium spirituals canonicorum regularium ordinis S. 
 Augustini. 12°. Florentice, Georgius Marescotus. 1576. 
 
 La seconde semaine, ou enfance du monde, deG.de Sa- 
 luste seigneur du Bartas. 4°. A Paris, P. THuillier. 1584. 
 
 * Machazor, seu Preces Judaicae, Hebr. 2 tom. fol. Pragce. 1586. 
 
 A Concent of Scripture, by Hugh Broughton. 4°. (Lond. 1588.P) 
 
 Album of benefactors to the Bodleian library. 2 vols. fol. 1604. 
 
 the reader, declares it to be the first-fruits of his press, to which un- 
 doubtedly it does great credit. The Bodleian copy is illuminated, and 
 bound in a most sumptuous manner; in all probability it belonged for- 
 merly to Thuanus, to whom the work is dedicated. 
 
 ' The Crevenna copy. M. Van Praet does not notice it. 
 
 "> A very large, beautiful copy, purchased at the Crevenna sale. A 
 second is in the royal library of Paris. 
 
 " Reprinted by Dr. Richard Rawlinson. 
 
 ° This copy has on the sides the arms of Robert earl of Leicester, to 
 whom it was, in all probability, presented by the printer. 
 
 p The Bodleian library contains two copies of this work, both which 
 
VELLUM BOOKS. 347 
 
 Jacobi Magnae Britanniae et Hibernise regis inauguratio : 
 auctore Blackvodeo. 8°. Paris. 1606. 
 
 * Biblia, Hebraic^. 8°. Hanovice. 1610. 
 
 * Selichoth, seu Precationes Judaicae, Hebr. fol. Pragee.lGlB. 
 Joannis Pici Mirandulae principis Elegia deprecatoria ad 
 
 Deum. Et M. Ant. Mureti IC. Elegiacum votum ad SS. 
 Crucem. Cum Fed. Morelli Graeca paraphrasi metrica. 4°. 
 Parisiis, apud Claudium Morellum. 1620. 
 
 Bref recoeuil et sommaire de la genealogie du comte 
 d'Etaires, marquis de Morbecque &c. justifiee par tous les 
 tiltres et proeuves de Thistoire de la dicte maison de Mont- 
 morency: par Andr^ du Chesne Tourangeau, geographe 
 du roy. 4°, Imprimie a Pa/ris. 1624, 
 
 Arrest du grand conseil, en faveur du Prieur^ du col- 
 lege de Cluny. 4°. 1629. 
 
 Corpus Statutorum Universitatis Oxon. fol. Oxon. 1634. <J 
 
 A speech delivered in the Starr-chamber, the 14th of 
 June, MDCXXXVII. at the censure of John Bastwick, 
 Henry Burton, and William Prinn ; concerning pretended 
 innovations in the church. By William (Laud) abp. of 
 Canterbury, (reprint) 4°. London, hy Rich. Badger. 1637. T 
 
 Reglement general du prince de Conty, pour Tinstruction 
 des jeunes religieux de Tabbaye de Cluny, 4". A Paris. 1 646. 
 . Ordo Benedictionum juxta ritum synagogarum Roma^ 
 narum. Hebraice. 12°. Mantua. 1653. 
 
 Stil, usance, et forme de procedder du bailliage de Tou- 
 raine, et Siege presidial de Tours. 4°. A Tours, C.Richard. (1662.) 
 
 , Extraicts des registres de la chambre pour la reformation 
 des Eaux, Bois et Forests de Bretagne. fol. Rennes ? (1664. 1665.) 
 
 formerly belonged to Dr. Rawlinson. One has the plates struck oiFon 
 vellum, the other has them, with considerable variations, on paper. In 
 one copy the initial letter of the dedication to queen Elizabeth is illumi- 
 nated, in the other it is filled with a coat of arms. Count McCarthy 
 possessed a vellum copy of this publication. 
 
 1 A second vellum copy is in the British Museum, and a third in the 
 library of St. John's college, Oxford : this last had belonged to arch- 
 bishop Laud, chancellor of the university. 
 
 ■■ With notes on the speech by bishop Williams, taken from a copy in 
 his own handwriting. The reprint was executed under the directions 
 of Dr. Rawlinson. 
 
348 VELLUM BOOKS. 
 
 Biblia Armena. S°. Amsterdam. "iGSB^. 
 
 * Pentateuchus Hebraic^, cum Targum, Megilloth et 
 Haphtaroth &c. IV. torn. 8°. Berolini. 1705. 
 
 * R. Moses J3en Jonathan Galanti Novae observationes, 
 
 &c. Hebr. fol. Wihnersdorjii. 1706. 
 
 * Machazor, seu Preces Judaicae, Hebr. 2 torn. fol. Suls- 
 had.- 1709. 
 
 * Tephilloth, seu Preces Judaicae, Hebraic^. 8°. SulsbacL 1709. 
 
 * Tephilloth, seu Preces Judaicae, Hebjraice. 8°. SulsbacL 1711. 
 
 * Tephilloth, seu Preces Judaicae, Hebraic^. 2 torn. 8vo. 
 Berolini. 1711. 
 
 * Tractatus Haggadah, cum commentario R. Abarbanelis. 
 cum figuris. (exemplaria duo) fol. SulsbacL 1711. 
 
 * aliud exemplar, cum figuris color^tis. 1711.* 
 
 Idem, 4 fol. Wihnersdorfii. 1711. 
 
 * Tephilloth, seu Preces Judaeorum Germanorum, He- 
 braicfe. 4:10. SulsbacL 1712. 
 
 * Tephilloth, seu Precationes Judaicae, Hebr. 4to. Praff(B. 
 
 (2 copies.) 1713. 
 
 * Ordo diei expiationis &c. (preces Judaicae) Hebraic^. 
 8vo. Praga. 1713. 
 
 * Tephilloth, seu Preces Judaicae, Hebraice. 24°. Pragce. 1713. 
 
 * Tephilloth, seu Preces Judaicae, Hebraice. 8vo. PragcB. 1713. 
 
 * Constitutiones Sabbathi, Hebraice. 8vo. Pragce. 1713. 
 
 * Benedictiones, Hymni Sabbatici, &c. Hebraice. 4to. 
 Pragce. 1713." 
 
 * Tractatus Haggadah, cum Comment. Abarbanelis alio- 
 que. Hebraic^, cum figuris. fol. Pragce. 1713.^ 
 
 ' A beautiful volume, of 780 pages, adorned with wood-cuts. 
 
 ' These are handsomely printed volumes, containing fourteen engrav- 
 ings on copper, the width of the page, and two engraved title-pages. In 
 the second copy the plates are full coloured, and surrounded with a bor- 
 der of gold. . As an instance of the mania of Oppenheimer in this re- 
 spect, I may mention that in addition to these three copies on vellum, 
 he had also a small and a large paper copy of the same edition. It is 
 also no uncommon thing to find in this extraordinary collection copies of 
 works, on red, yellow, and blue paper. 
 
 " This book is decorated with some curious and very rude wood-cuts. 
 
 ^ This edition contains many curious wood-engravings. There is 
 also a copy of the same work printed upon red paper. 
 
VELLUM BOOKS. 349 
 
 * Talmud Babyloniciim (Hebr.) 24 torn, folio. Berolim et 
 Trcyecti ad Viadrum. 1713 ggr. 
 
 * Tractatus Haggadah, cum commentario R. Abarbanelis, 
 alioque. Hebraice, cum figuris. fdl. Wilmersdcyrfii. 1715. 
 
 * Rabbi B. B. ben Jehuda Lob. Cohen, Saccus Benja- 
 minis, &c. Hebraic^. 4to. Wilmersdorfii. 1716. 
 
 The holy Bible, 2 vols. fol. Oxford, printed by John 
 Basket. 1717.^ 
 
 * R. Joseph ben Ephraim Kaco, in Orach Chaiim, (liber 
 ritualis) Hebr. fol. WilmersdorJiL 1717. 
 
 * Selicoth, seu Precationes Judaicae, Hebr. folio. Wil- 
 hermsdorfli. 1717. 
 
 * R. Joshua Falk ben Al. Cohen, Tractatus ritualis, 
 Hebr. fol. BeroUni. 1717, 
 
 * Machazor, sive Preces Judaicae, Hebr. 2 tom. fol. Suls- 
 baci. 1717. 
 
 * Tephilloth, seu Preces Judaeorum Germanorum et Polo- 
 norum, Hebraice. 4to. Wilmersdorfii. 1718. 
 
 * Tephilloth, seu Preces Judaicas, Hebraice. 4to. Wil- 
 mersdorfii. 1720. 
 
 * Faciens Judtcium, (Tractatus Hebraicus sic dictus) 
 8vo. Pragm. 1722. 
 
 Les poesies de Martial de Paris, dit d'Auvergne. 3 tom. 
 8vo. Paris, A. U. Coustelier. 1724. 
 
 * R. Isaak ben Ruben, Portae habitationis, (tractatus ritu>-) 
 alis) Hebr. fol. Jesnitzii. 1724. 
 
 * Rabbi J. M. ben Abraham Epstein, Compendium Sche- 
 loh, (Bissertatio moralis) Hebraic^. 4to. BeroUni. 1724*. 
 
 * Midrash Rabboth (a Hebrew Commentary on the Scrip- 
 tures) with other tracts, fol. Amsterdam. 1725. 
 
 * Pentateuchus Hebraic^, cum Targum Onkelosi &c. &c. 
 
 3 tom. 4to. Francqforti ad Oderam. 1725. 
 
 y Perhaps this work, in twenty-four folio volumes, is the grandest and 
 most HEjensive ve.llum publication extant. 
 
 ^ Three copies only were printed on vellum : the above-mentioned,' 
 another in the king's library, and another, for which the duke of Chando^ 
 gave Mr. Baskett five hundred guineas, and which afterwards passed 
 into the possession of lord Foley. 
 
 » This is a beautiful book. The same collection contains a copy of 
 this same edition printed upon blue paper. 
 
S50 VELLUM BOOKS. 
 
 * Harosch et Harabed, Commentarii in Mlschnam, Hebr. 
 
 fol. Prague. ^'^^^ 
 
 Giovanni della Casa, Prose et Kime : edizione corretta 
 
 per Tabbate Annibale Antonini. 2 torn. 12mo. Parigit C. 
 
 Davitte. _ 1'^^'^- 
 
 Theophili Downes, A. M. coll. Baliol. Oxon. olim socii, 
 
 De clypeo Woodwardiano stricturae breves. 8vo. {Lon- 
 
 dini.) . IW^ 
 
 Speculi Britannias pars. A topographical and historical 
 
 description of Cornwall, by John Norden. 4to. London. 1728. <= 
 
 * Psalterium Davidis Hebraic^, cum versione Judaeorum 
 Germanorum. 8vo. Pragce. 1735. 
 
 A copy of the Charter and Statutes of the Antiquarian 
 Society. 8vo. London. 1752." 
 
 An account of the visit of his royal highness the Prince 
 Kegent, and their imperial and royal majesties, the em- 
 peror of Russia and king of Prussia, to the University of 
 Oxford, in June 1814. fol. Oxford, at the Clarendon 
 Press. 1815. = 
 
 Without date. 
 
 L'histoire d'Enguerran de Monstrelet, tom. S^e. fol. {Paris, 
 A. Verard?) 
 
 Octateuchus, Hebraice. 12mo. 
 
 Juvenalis et Persius. 8vo. {Lugduni, Barth. Troth, circa 
 1502 f.) 
 
 •> Of these strictures, which consist of only three pages, 312, copies 
 were printed ; 254 small, 52 large, 2 on blue paper, and 4 on vellum. 
 
 <= This was Dr. Rawlinson's copy : according to whom, four copies 
 were printed on vellum : viz. one for himself; one for Harley earl of 
 Oxford ; one for Mr. Richardson, an apothecary in Aldersgate-street, 
 London ; and one for the Rev. Mr. John Blackbourn. [Hearne's MSS.] 
 
 ^ Formerly Dr. Rawlinson's copy, containing the following note in bis 
 handwriting ; " This is the only copy printed on veloin, by Mr. Wm. 
 " Bowyer, and delivered to me on July 16, 1752, and is to be preserved 
 " amongst my manuscripts. R + R." 
 
 « Of this volume (which was not printed for sale) twelve copies were 
 struck off on vellum. 
 
 f Lord Spencer possesses a similar vellum copy of this counterfeit 
 Aldine. 
 
VELLUM BOOKS. 351 
 
 Philostratus de vita ApoUonii Tyanei scriptor luculentus a 
 Philippo Beroaldo castigatus. (ibid) [a counterfeit Aldine edition.] 
 
 Le cose volgari di Messere Augostlno Landulfo Vescovo di 
 Monte Piloso. 12mo. {senza Itioco s.) 
 
 * Psalterium, Hebraice. 24mo. Venef. apud Dcmielem Bomber- 
 gium. [qu. 1523 ?] 
 
 * Id. Hebraice. 18mo. Wilmersdorfii^. 
 
 * Tephilloth, seu Preces Judaicse, Hebraic^. 24mo. Pragk. 
 [imperfect.] 
 
 * Jozeroth, seu Preces Judaicae, ex ritu Judaeorum Polonorum. 
 18mo. PragcB. 
 
 Incipit Officium Sanctae crucis, cum multis aliis orationibus. 
 4to. Stampalo in Piacenza per Bernardino di Lochera da 
 Pavia ". 
 
 Le livre des statuts et ordonnances de Tordre Sainct Michel, 
 &c. Institution de Toffice de prevost et maistre des ceremonies, 
 &c. du diet ordre. 4to. 
 
 Partly on vellum. 
 Apologia P. Pomponatii JMantuani. fol. Bonon. 1518. 
 Bibliotheca, seu Dictionarium Lat. et Angl. auctum per T. 
 Cooper. 4to. Lond. by T. Berthelet. 1542. 
 
 HOR^, BREVIARIA, &c. 
 Horse Mariae Virginis, in usum 
 
 ecclesise Romance. 
 8vo. Achevees par Philippe 
 pygouchet. Libraire de 
 Timiversite de paris. 1488. 
 
 8vo. A Paris, pour E, J. de 
 Marnef. 1489. 
 4to. 1491. 
 
 4to. Paris, Jehan Poitevin. 
 1498. 
 
 s This volume is dedicated to Alexander de Medicis duke of Florence. 
 It consists of 84 leaves : and is printed in Italic letter. The title is wholly 
 printed in gold, and the page is covered with illumination, and bears an 
 emblazoned coat of arms. Every initial letter of a chapter is painted in 
 gold and colours ; and every capital letter throughout the book is printed 
 in gold. 
 
 '' An exquisite copy, richly bound, and enclosed in a case. 
 
 ' The Harleian copy. Probably this is of the date of 1479 or 1480. 
 B.. di Lochera was in business at Padua in 1478. Panzer knew nothing 
 of the volume, nor even of this printer's ever having worked at Pia- 
 
352 
 
 VELLUM BOOKS. 
 
 4to. Paris, Philippe Pigou- 
 chet. 1498. 
 8vo. Paris, Jehan Poitevin: 
 
 1498. 
 8vo. Paris. (1500.) 
 8vo. Paris, P. Pigoiwhet. 
 
 1501. 
 8vo. 1502. 
 
 8vo. 1503. 
 
 8vo. Paris, Thielmcm Ker- 
 
 ver. 1509. 
 4to. Paris. (1510.) 
 8vo. Paris, T. Kerver. 1513. 
 8vo. Paris, G. Godard. 
 
 (1514.) 
 4to. Paris. (1515.) 
 8vo. Paris. (1515.) 
 12mo. Paris. (1516.) 
 8vo. Paris. (1517.) 
 4to. 1520. 
 
 4to. Paris. (1522.) 
 Svo. 1523. 
 
 8vo. Paris. (1525.) 
 Svo, Pwris. (1526.) 
 Svo. 1526. 
 
 Svo. Pa/ris. (1527.) 
 16mo. Paris. 1527. 
 ISmo. Pa/ris. s. a. 
 Svo. Paris, s. a. 
 Svo. e/b. & Prato 
 Svo. 
 
 Svo. Pa/ris. 
 Svo. Paris. 
 Svo. Paris. s. a. 
 Svo. Jehannot. s. a. 
 In usum Sarum. 
 Horae Marias Vir^nis. 
 Svo. Impresse fuerut Parisius 
 per Philippu pigotbchet. 1498. 
 4to. Parisius, per Philippum 
 
 s. a. 
 s. a. 
 s. a. 
 
 s. a. 
 
 Pigouchei. 1501. 
 4to. Londinii, per Winamdurri 
 
 de Worde. 1502. 
 Svo. Pro-is. 1502. 
 Svo. Pa/rrMsiis,i per Wolgan- 
 
 gum Hopyliilm, Impensis> 
 
 Wilhelmi bretio civis Led. 
 
 1506. 
 4to. Paris. (1520.) 
 4to. Paris, per Franciscum 
 
 Regnault. 1535. 
 4to. s. a. 
 
 Svo. s. a. 
 
 Svo. s. a. 
 
 Horae in usum Tours, 4to. 
 
 Paris, Philippe pigouchet, 
 
 pour Symcm Vostre. 1491. 
 Baieux. Svo. pour Pierre 
 
 regnault libraire de Vuniver- 
 site de Caen. 1497. 
 -»— de Tou, Svo. Paris. Phi- 
 lippe Pigouchet, 1 499. 
 — Liege, Svo. Paris, Phi- 
 e Pigouchet. 1500. 
 Chartres. Svo. Paris, Phi- 
 e Pigouchet. (1502.) 
 Le Mans, 12mo. Paris, 
 
 par Pierre le Dru. 1506. 
 (uncertain) Svo. Paris. 
 
 (1510.) 
 Rouen, 12mo. (1518.) 
 
 (imperfect.) 12mo. 
 
 Breviarium, 2 tom, 12mo. Ro- 
 
 thomagi per M. mori/ii. 
 
 1492. 
 Enchiridion ecclesie Sarum. 
 
 20mo. Parisiis, Thielmann 
 
 Kerver. 1528. 
 Prymer of Salysbury use, &c. 
 
VELLUM BOOKS. 
 
 853 
 
 8vo. Paris, by Francois 
 
 RegnauU. 1531. 
 Prymer of Salysbury use, &c. 
 
 8vo. Rothomagi. 1537. 
 Breviarium, (imperfect) ISmo. 
 Diurnale ordinis Cluniacensis, 
 
 SOmo. Paris, Thielman 
 
 Keruer. 1507. 
 Orationes in missis dicende pro 
 bono felici ac prospero statu 
 cristianissimi atque excellen- 
 tissimi regis nostri Henrici 
 septimi. 
 
 A a 
 
APPENDIX D. 
 
 A chronological arrangement of the places at which the art of 
 printing is known to have been exercised. 
 
 Century XV. 1473. Buda. 
 
 1457. Moguntia. Esslinga. 
 
 1462. Bamberga. Lauginga, Lavinga. 
 
 1465. Sublacense Monasterium. Lovanium. 
 
 1466. Colonia Agrippina. Lugdunum. 
 
 1467. Alta Villa. Marsipolis. 
 Rotna. Messana. 
 
 1468. Augusta Vindelicorum. Trajectum ad Rhenum. 
 
 1468. (or 1478.) Oxonia. Ulma. 
 
 1469. Coria. Vicentia. 
 Mediolanum. 1474. Basilea. 
 Venetiae. Bruxelte. 
 
 1470. Berona. Comum. 
 Fulgineum. Genua. 
 Norimberga. Savona. 
 Parisii. Taurinura. 
 Savillianura. Valentia (Spain.) 
 Trebia. Vallis S. Mariae. 
 Verona. Westmonasterium. 
 
 1471. Argentina, Argentoratum, 1475. Barchino. 
 Bononia. Blabyria. 
 Ferraria, Burgdorfium. 
 Florentia. Caesar Augusta. 
 Neapolis. Callium. 
 Papia. Cassela. 
 Spira. Daventria. 
 Tarvisium. Lubeca. 
 
 1472. Antverpia. Mutina. 
 Cremona. Nova Pelzna. 
 Essium. Perusia. 
 Fivizanum. Placentia. 
 Mantua. Regium. 
 Mons Regalis. 1476. Andegavum. 
 Parma. Hispalis. 
 Patavium. Pollianum Rus. 
 or 1475. Plebisacium. Rostochium. 
 
 1473. Alostum. Tridentum. 
 Brixia. 1477. Asculum. 
 Brugse. Delphi. 
 
356 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 
 
 1477. Gouda. 
 Luca. 
 Panormum. 
 Reichenstein. 
 
 1478. Cabelia. 
 Colla, CoUis. 
 Cusentia. 
 Eiistadium. 
 Geneva. 
 Praga. 
 
 Sortense Monasterium. 
 
 {Vienna in 
 Delphinatu. 
 
 1479. Herbipolis. 
 Ilarda. 
 Novi. 
 
 Noviomagium. 
 Pictavium. 
 Pinarolium. 
 Segobrica. 
 Sense. 
 
 (or 1515.) Thessalonica. 
 Tholosa. 
 Tusculanura. 
 ZwoUae. 
 
 1480. S. Albani Villa. 
 Aldenarda. 
 Austriae Civitas. 
 Cadomura. 
 Culemburgum. 
 Hasseltum. 
 Lipsia. 
 Londinum. 
 Nonantula. 
 
 1481. Auracum. 
 Casale S. Evaxii. 
 Lignicium. 
 Patavia. 
 Rubeus Mons. 
 Salmantica. 
 Salutise. 
 Urbinum. 
 
 1482. Aquila. 
 Coburgum. 
 Erfordia. 
 Meniminga. 
 Promentour. 
 Reutlinga. 
 Vienna Austriae. 
 Zamora. 
 
 1483. Gandavum. 
 
 1483. Gerunda. 
 Harlemum. 
 Holmia. 
 Leida. 
 
 Magdeburgum. 
 Pisa. 
 
 (or 1487.) Rothomagum. 
 
 Schedamum. 
 
 Trecae. 
 
 1484. Buscum Ducis. 
 Chamberium. 
 Lantenacum. 
 Rhedones. 
 Soncinum. 
 Utinum. 
 Winterberga. 
 
 1485. Burgi. 
 Heidelberga. 
 Piscia. 
 Ratisbona. 
 Sora, Soria. 
 Vercellse. 
 Xerica. 
 
 1486. Abbatis Villa. 
 Brunna. 
 Casale Maior. 
 Clavasiura. 
 Granata. 
 Monachium. 
 Monasterium. 
 Slesvicum. 
 Toletum. 
 Viqueria. 
 
 1487. Bisuntia. 
 Gaietta. 
 Ingolstadiutn. 
 Murcia. 
 
 1488. Frisia. 
 Gradisca. 
 Tarrazona. 
 Tolosa. 
 Viterbium. 
 
 1489. S. Cucufatis Monasterium. 
 Hagenoa. 
 Kuttenburga. 
 Pampeluna. 
 
 Ulyssipo. 
 
 1490. Aurelia. 
 Constantinopolis. 
 Dola. 
 Gratianopolis. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 
 
 357 
 
 1490. Portesium. 
 
 1491. Angolismum. 
 Cracovia. 
 Divio. 
 
 Hamburgum. 
 Nozanum. 
 Vadstena. 
 
 1492. Leiria. 
 Tzernogavia. 
 Zinna. 
 
 1493. Alba. 
 Cluniacum. 
 Friburgum. 
 Hafnia. 
 Luneburgum. 
 Matisco. 
 Nannetes. 
 Vallisoletum. 
 
 1494. Brachara. 
 
 Mods Regius, (Monte-rey.) 
 Oppenhemium. 
 
 1495. Forum Livii. 
 Frisinga. 
 
 Lemovicense Castnim. 
 Scandianum. 
 Schoenhoven. 
 
 1496. Offenburgum. 
 Provinum. 
 Turones. 
 
 1497. Avenio. 
 Barcum. 
 Carmagnola. 
 Troyga. 
 
 1498. Tubinga. 
 
 1499. Lantriguerutn. 
 Mad ri turn. 
 
 Montis Serrati Monasteriutn. 
 Taraco. 
 
 1500. Giennium. 
 Monachiuin. 
 Olomucutn, Olomutium. 
 Perpinianum. 
 Phorca. 
 
 (before) Steinense Monast. 
 
 Century XVI. 
 
 1501. Albiburgum. 
 Metae. 
 Schrattental. 
 
 1502. Complutum. 
 Fanum. 
 
 1503. CoUes Vallis Trumpise. 
 Petracora, Petrocoriuni. 
 Vitemberga. 
 Vratislavia. 
 
 f Francofurtum Marchio- 
 J num. 
 
 — I ad Oderam. 
 
 1504, 
 
 \ 
 
 Francofordia cis Oderam. 
 Methymna Camp). 
 Pisaurum. 
 Zwifalda. 
 
 1505. Constantia. 
 
 Eremus S. Marise de Ruah. 
 Tullum. 
 
 1506. Carpum. 
 Engadi Vallis. 
 
 1507. Bellovisum. 
 Cuneum. 
 
 S. Deodati fanum. 
 
 Edinburgum. 
 C Francofortium, Franco- 
 l furtum ad M%num. 
 
 Lucronium. 
 
 Vallis Vosagica. 
 
 1508. Ripa. 
 Tridinum. 
 
 1509. Brunonia. 
 Eboracum. 
 Oftimpurra. 
 
 1510. Beverly. 
 Castrum Cortesium. 
 Nanceium, 
 Upsalia. 
 
 1511. Sudercopia. 
 Vallis Umbrosa. 
 
 1512. Legio. 
 Turrelacum. 
 
 1513. Forum Sempronii. 
 
 1514. Ancona. 
 
 Landessuta, Landshutum. 
 Southwark. 
 Vuormacium Vangionum. 
 
 1515. Elberfeld. 
 
 1516. Barium. 
 Conimbrica. 
 
 1517. Atrebatum. 
 Carcassona. 
 Sallodium. 
 Vilna. 
 
 1518. Asta, (Asti.) 
 Mindelhemium. 
 
 Aa3 
 
358 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 
 
 1518. Neoboleslavia. 
 
 1540.Montes. 
 
 S. Nicolai de Portu Pagus. 
 
 Palma Baleariuni. 
 
 Orthona Maris. 
 
 1541. Guelpherbytum. 
 
 Selestadium. 
 
 Nova Insu a. 
 
 1519. Arhusium. 
 
 Stella Navarrorum. 
 
 Mirandula. 
 
 Szigetvar. 
 
 Stekelburk. 
 
 1542. Minda. 
 
 1520. Ebersburgura. 
 
 1543. Vesalia Clivorum. 
 
 r Hala Magdeburgica. 
 L Saxonum. 
 
 Bonna. 
 
 Brunsfelsium. 
 
 Halberstadia. 
 
 Centum. 
 
 Misena. 
 
 1544. Ichenhusium. 
 
 1521. Ariminum. 
 
 1545. Abrincae. 
 
 Cantabrigia. 
 
 Aginnum. 
 
 Ebora. 
 
 Binchium. 
 
 Tigurum. 
 
 Emerita. 
 
 1522. Meldae. 
 
 Jena. 
 
 Steinberg. 
 
 Neoburgum (Neuburg.) 
 
 1523. Altenburgum. 
 
 Tremonia. 
 
 Amstelaedamum. 
 
 Wintonia. 
 
 Colmaria. 
 
 1546. Brestia. 
 
 Cygnea. 
 
 Cenomani. 
 
 Grima. 
 
 1547- Hannovera. 
 
 1524. Dresda. 
 
 Lublinum. 
 
 Isenacum. 
 
 Orense. 
 
 1525. Csesena. 
 
 1548. Andreapolis. 
 
 Nerolinga. 
 
 Gippesvicum. 
 
 Tavistock. 
 
 Luclavicia. 
 
 1527. Marpurgum. 
 
 Vigornia. 
 
 1528. Lucerna Helvetiorum. 
 
 1549. Canterbury. 
 
 Malniogia. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Viburgum. 
 
 Micro Praga. 
 
 1529. Burdigala. 
 
 Prostanna. 
 
 1530. Holum, Hola. 
 
 S. Victor. 
 
 Oelsna. 
 
 Urso. 
 
 Vasatum. 
 
 1550. Budissina. 
 
 1531.Ettelinga. 
 
 Mindona. 
 
 1532. Isna. 
 
 1551. Arevalum. 
 
 1533. Corona. 
 
 Beacia. 
 
 Neocomum. 
 
 Dublinum. 
 
 Novaria. 
 
 Mons Regius (Konigsberg.) 
 
 1534. Embdanum. 
 
 Sabioneta. 
 
 Roschildia. 
 
 1552. Alba Grseca. 
 
 1535. Dionysium. 
 
 Paluni. 
 
 Pratum Albuini. 
 
 Poczatec. 
 
 1536. Hala Suevorum. 
 
 1553. Moscua. 
 
 1538. Dertosa. 
 
 Senones. 
 
 Salingiacum. 
 
 1554. Adrianopolis. 
 
 1539. Berna. 
 
 Greenwich. 
 
 Tifernum. 
 
 Correggio. 
 
 1540. Avaricum. 
 
 1555. Dilingia. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 
 
 359 
 
 1555.Waterford. 
 
 1556. Bergomum. 
 Lausanna. 
 
 1557. Remi. 
 Tornacura. 
 Zamoscium. 
 
 1558. Methymna Duelli. 
 Ripa (Riva.) 
 Ursellee. 
 Szamotulium. 
 
 1559. Bless. 
 Pinczovia. 
 
 1560. Pesclaviura. 
 • Thiengen. 
 
 1561. Cosminecum. 
 Dusseldropium. 
 Mulhusium. 
 
 1562. Breidabolstad. 
 Nesvitz. 
 Niesviecium. 
 
 1563. Antigola. 
 Goa. 
 
 Lemgovia. 
 Saphita. 
 
 1564. Berlanga. 
 Guadalaxara. 
 Rupella. 
 Turnonium. 
 
 1565. Duacum. 
 Gorlicium. 
 
 1566. Claudiopolis. 
 Islebia. 
 Leodium. 
 
 1567. Palmonium. 
 
 1568. Alba Julia. 
 
 Mantua Carpetanorum. 
 Morgii. 
 Nordovicum. 
 1568-70. Torunium. 
 
 Zapetha, Zapetra. 
 
 1569. Fanum Luciferi. 
 
 1570. Oxoma, Oxomense Burgum. 
 Wengrovia. 
 
 1571. Crema. 
 Dordracum. 
 Neostadium. 
 Stirling. 
 
 Visaeum, Viseo, or Viseu. 
 
 1572. Palentia. 
 Tutela. 
 Zaslavium. 
 
 1573. Henricopolis. 
 Loscum. 
 
 1574. Antiquaria. 
 Aquae Sextiae. 
 Rovilio. 
 Samalcalda. 
 
 1575. Macerata. 
 Medica. 
 Segontia. 
 Ulysseea. 
 
 1576. Calaris. 
 Osca. 
 
 1577. Christlinga. 
 Malabar. 
 Racovia. 
 Rignavia. 
 
 1578. Berolinum. 
 Labacum. 
 Luxemburgum. 
 Nupufell. 
 Varsavia, Varsovia. 
 
 1579. Grodiscum. 
 Kralitz, . 
 
 Neapolis Nemetum. 
 Posnania. 
 Stetinum.. 
 
 1580. Antissiodorum. 
 Helmestadium. 
 Ostrobia, Ostrogia. 
 
 1581. Villa Viridis. 
 
 1582. Amacusa. 
 Mechlinia. 
 Medioburgum. 
 Saltnurium. 
 
 1583. Angra. 
 Flaviobriga. . 
 Ravenna. 
 Servesta. 
 Treviri. 
 Verodunum. 
 
 1584. Arcum. 
 Lutrivianum. 
 
 1585. Brema. 
 Corduba. 
 Herborna. 
 Litomislium. 
 Ortesium. 
 
 1586. Ebrodunum. 
 Firmium. 
 Franequera. 
 Leopolis. 
 
 A a 4 
 
360 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 
 
 1586. Lima. 
 
 1597. Leovardia. 
 
 Monaco. 
 
 Licha. 
 
 Vicus ^quensis. 
 
 Torgavia. 
 
 Urbs vetus. 
 
 1598. Chaumont. 
 
 1586-7- Zittavia. 
 
 1599. Caletura. 
 
 1587. Juretum. 
 
 Campi. 
 
 Laus Fompeia. 
 
 Cassellse. 
 
 1588. Barda. 
 
 S. Jacobus de Tlatilulco. 
 
 Mons Belligardas. 
 
 Malaca, (Malaga.) 
 
 Segovia. 
 
 1600. Audomaropolis. 
 
 Visolinum. 
 
 Bagnolet. 
 
 Wandesburgum . 
 
 Farnese. 
 
 1589. Concha. 
 
 Padeborna. 
 
 Roterodamum. 
 
 
 Sedanum. 
 
 Century XVlI. 
 
 Wilmersdorfiura . 
 
 1601. Bransberga. 
 
 1590. Graecium, Graiacum. 
 
 Catalaunum. 
 
 Macao. 
 
 Ebroicum. 
 
 Manilla. 
 
 Lindaugia. 
 
 1591.Tacacuni, Tacaxuctium. 
 
 Lubinum. 
 
 1592. Carnutum. 
 
 Teate. 
 
 Danhusium. 
 
 1602. S. Gervasius. 
 
 Duisburgum. 
 
 Oriola. 
 
 Gestkoviciuln. 
 
 Valentia, Valence, (France.) 
 
 (Lubiecz in Lithuania.) 
 
 1603. Helsingora. 
 
 Nangasaqui. 
 
 Ladeburgum. 
 
 Nivernum. 
 
 Pekin. 
 
 Oenipons. 
 
 Prostitium. 
 
 Scaphusia. 
 
 Vallis Paradi^i. 
 
 1593. Amberga. 
 
 1604. Aureliopolis. 
 
 Belvidere. " 
 
 Insula ad Lacum Acronium. 
 
 Bistro vitzium. 
 
 Insulae. 
 
 Haga Comitum. 
 
 Serravallis. 
 
 Hanovia. 
 
 Steinfurtum. 
 
 iKO/i J" Claromontium, or Clarus 
 ^^^'*-l Mons. 
 
 Striatina. 
 
 Varallum. 
 
 Massilia. 
 
 1605. Alcmaria. 
 
 Niortum. 
 
 Berg op Zoom. 
 
 1595. Dantiscum. 
 
 Damascus. 
 
 Lingones. 
 
 Hildesia. 
 
 Spina Nemetum. 
 
 Swinfurtum. 
 
 1596. Altorfia. 
 
 Vibiscus. 
 
 Augustodunum. 
 
 Zeyma. 
 
 Mussipontum. 
 
 1606. Augusta Munatiana. 
 
 Sigena. 
 
 Calissium. 
 
 Toquiniim. 
 
 Galitz. 
 
 Uraniburguni. 
 
 Giessa. 
 
 1597- Alcobaziense Monasterium. 
 
 Nemausum. 
 
 Annaeburgum. 
 
 Paleeopolis Aduaticorum. 
 
 Bipontium. 
 
 Recanetum. 
 
 Koregismum. 
 
 Rotwila. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 
 
 361 
 
 1607. Cherium. 
 Onoldium. 
 Gera. 
 Goslaria. 
 
 St. Vincent, (Spain.) 
 Serezana. 
 
 1608. Paniovicia. 
 Valentinianae. 
 
 1609. Enchusa. 
 Flessinga. 
 
 Iraciense Monasterium. 
 Maclovium. 
 Offenbacum. 
 Schleusinga. 
 
 1610. Bergeracum. 
 Campidunum, orCampidona. 
 Etona. 
 
 Fontanetum. 
 
 Gades. 
 
 Groninga. 
 
 Ipree. 
 
 Laszcovia. 
 
 Libanus Mons. 
 
 1611. Ambiani. 
 Coneglianum. 
 Curia Rhaetorum. 
 Darmstadium. 
 Dobromilium. 
 Evie. 
 
 Frankenthal. 
 Hartberga. 
 Zutphania. 
 
 1612. Arnhemia. 
 Boleslavia. 
 Flexia. 
 
 Gryphiswaldia. 
 luli. 
 
 Nissa Silesiorum. 
 Portus Lusitanise. 
 Posoniurn. 
 Soteropolis. 
 
 1613. Carolopolis. 
 Basta, (Basti.) 
 Dertona. 
 
 Harderovioum, Hardervicum. 
 Samielum. 
 
 Stetinum. 
 1615. Augusta Tricassiorum. 
 Breda. 
 
 Marchioburgum. 
 Naxara. 
 
 1615. Osrniana. 
 
 Zierizea. 
 1616.Faventia. 
 
 Gotstadium. 
 
 Malliacum. 
 
 1617. Cadurcum. 
 Leutschovia. 
 Lugny. 
 Militello. 
 Mohilow. 
 Tranum. 
 
 1618. Ceila. 
 Kiovia. 
 Moishemium. 
 Potschaev. 
 Rivus Siccus. 
 Reginoh radecium . 
 
 1619. Rochmanov. 
 Viana. 
 
 1620. Aschaffenburgum. 
 Bethania. 
 Calmaria. 
 Cassovia. 
 Comopolis. 
 Nancianura. 
 Roncilio. 
 Ruremonda, 
 Salisburgum. 
 
 St. Mihiel. 
 
 1621. Anglostadium. 
 Arosia. 
 Braccianum. 
 
 Cothenum Anhaltinoruni. 
 Glogavia. 
 
 Macabebe. 
 
 1622. Abredonia. 
 Athutn. 
 Barbastro. 
 Freistadium. 
 Horna. 
 laroslavia. 
 Loevestein. 
 Rinthelia. 
 
 1623. Amiternum. 
 Bassanum. 
 Benfica. 
 Strengnesia. 
 
 1624. Asturica. 
 Fredericstadt. 
 Uclesium, Ucles. 
 
 1625. Alenconium. 
 
362 CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 
 
 1625. Clivia. 1636. Lentia. 
 La Forest. Trigueros. 
 
 1626. Amursfortum. Villa Vitiosa. 
 Asta (Spain). 1637. Interamum. 
 Biterra. Lauretum. 
 Castra. Mons Albanus. 
 Cortracura. 1638. Angelopolis. 
 Literomicium. Glasgua. 
 Morlaix. Riga. 
 Ravenspurgum. 1639. Cambridge (America). 
 Tyrnavia. Lascanum. 
 
 Vitis Monasteriuni. Namurcum. 
 
 1627. Carantonus. Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
 Carnota. 1640. Alraeria. 
 Montilla. Lesina. 
 
 St. Quentin. Portua. 
 
 Rotenburgum. Richelieu, chateau de. 
 
 Rutheni. Sassaris. 
 
 Sopronium. 1641. Astigium. 
 
 Sora. Cephalaedis, Cephalodium. 
 
 1628. Baranovia. Elbinga. 
 Bruntrutum. Kilkennia. 
 Bucharestium. Lodova. 
 Burgus (Bourg.) 1642. Aboa. 
 Cotoneum. Derpatum. 
 Podium. Gotha. 
 
 Villa Nova Infantium. 1643. Pistoria, Pistoya. 
 
 1629. Belunum. 1644. Galiio. 
 Geismaria. Molinse. 
 Gustrovia. Velitrse, Velletri. 
 Saganum. 1645. Glucstadium. 
 Tergeste. Nycopia. 
 
 1630. Sully. Quevillium. 
 Taurum. Stralesundia. 
 Ulyssinga. 1646. Arausio. 
 
 1631. Arctaunum Francorum. Beneventum. 
 Osnabrugura, Osnaburgura. Hammipolis. 
 Straubinga. Malta. 
 
 1632. Catuapolis. Salicetum. 
 Kuteinski Monast. 1647. Arelatae. 
 Quedelinburgum. Delskoi Monast. 
 Racholium. Iverskoi Monast. 
 
 1633. Hailbrunna. Oliva. 
 
 1634. Aquae Granura. Otmarsum. 
 Fastenburgum. • 1648. Auristadium. 
 Lycium. Frideburgum. 
 
 1635. Kiovia. Lingones. 
 Lesna. Rochester. 
 Lincopia. Zamerdam. 
 Znoima, Znaym, Znoym. 1649. Corcagia. 
 
 1636. Catana. 1650. Anicium. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 
 
 363 
 
 1650. Gothoburgum. 
 
 1669. Lupiae. 
 
 Liburnia. 
 
 Oudewater. 
 
 Ligurnus. 
 
 1670. Cibinium. 
 
 Mods Pessulanus. 
 
 Luyck. 
 
 Tlascala. 
 
 Pla^a. 
 
 1651. Mons Regalis (Monreale) 
 
 Raceburgum. 
 
 1652.Leith. 
 
 1671. Gorichenum. 
 
 Neoraagus. 
 
 Quam-chai. 
 
 1653. Furtum. 
 
 Stendalia. 
 
 Saros-patakon. 
 
 Villafranca. 
 
 1654. Cabillonum. 
 
 1672. Nagy Szombar. 
 
 Utraria, Utrera. 
 
 Spoletura. 
 
 1655. Arnostadium. 
 
 1673. Altona. 
 
 Clams Mons. 
 
 Bionne. 
 
 Todi. 
 
 Compostella. 
 
 Veldkirchiuin. 
 
 1674. S. Sebastiani Fanum. 
 
 1656. Anneciurn. 
 
 Slouske, Sluckum, Slucze, 
 
 Chester. 
 
 1675. Colonia Alpina. 
 
 Christiania. 
 
 Duderstadiura. 
 
 Colberga. 
 
 Flensburgum. 
 
 Stabise. 
 
 Stolpa. 
 
 1657. Schuol. 
 
 1676. Boston. 
 
 Solisbacum. 
 
 Guba. 
 
 1658. Smyrna. 
 
 Lundinuni Scanorum. 
 
 Tbiela. 
 
 1677- Canthuriutn. 
 
 1659. Corisopitiura. 
 
 Ciza. 
 
 1660. Bonus fons. 
 
 Duillier. 
 
 Dia. 
 
 Dunikerka. 
 
 Savoy. 
 
 Ronchum. 
 
 St. Mand6. 
 
 1678. Castellona. 
 
 1661. Pesenacum. 
 
 Corbachium. 
 
 Statio. 
 
 Veneti (Vannes.) 
 
 1662. Steinavia. 
 
 1679. Coligni. 
 
 1663. Harlinga. 
 
 Dyrenfurtum. 
 
 Montreuil. 
 
 Massa. 
 
 Puteoli. 
 
 Reate. 
 
 1664. Lauri. 
 
 1680. Einsiedel, Einsidlen. 
 
 Santangeliuni. 
 
 Manfredonia. 
 
 1665. Oldenburgum. 
 
 Schlichtingsheim . 
 
 1666. Nicsea. 
 
 Vindeshemium. 
 
 Rudolphostadium . 
 
 1682. Revalia. 
 
 1667. Chilonium. 
 
 Rohan. 
 
 Colonia Brandenburgica. 
 
 Williamsburg. 
 
 Goatinaala. 
 
 1683.Embrica. 
 
 Orbitellum. 
 
 Piazzola. 
 
 Ragusium. 
 
 Sevenbergen. 
 
 Visingia. 
 
 1684. Biel. 
 
 Vindocinum. 
 
 Skalholt. 
 
 1668. Isca Damnoniorum. 
 
 Vibii Forum. 
 
 Pottendorf. 
 
 1685. Laudunum. 
 
 1669. Baruthum. 
 
 Trajectum ad Mosam. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 
 
 1685. Turusa. 
 Uman. 
 
 1686. Philadelphia. 
 1687,Agria. 
 
 Carlscrona. 
 Correria. 
 Holyrood House. 
 Hyetopolis ad Istrum. 
 Laubuna. 
 
 1688. Junecopia. 
 Mekelbourg. 
 Odrig. 
 Wansbecum. 
 
 1689. Briga. 
 Condomium. 
 Suobacum. 
 Trevoltium, Trevoux. 
 
 1690. Mazzarino. 
 Neuhusium. 
 
 1691. Chemnitium. 
 Portus. 
 
 I692.Ploena. 
 Solcovia. 
 Suobacum. 
 
 1693. Bayonne. 
 New York. 
 Oringa. 
 Tzenstochovia. 
 
 1 694. Sena Gallica. 
 Solcovia. 
 
 1695. S. Germanus in Ledia. 
 
 1696. Baieux. 
 Dessavia. 
 Taga. 
 
 1697. Chartreuse. 
 Sondershusa. 
 
 1698. GJacium. 
 MontrouUes. 
 Othonia. 
 Pernavia. 
 Vismaria. 
 
 1700. Sancianum. 
 Suprasliura. 
 
 Century XVIII. 
 
 1701. Narva. 
 Snagof. 
 Vinaria. 
 
 1702. Ascania. 
 
 S. Galli Fanum. 
 Jesnitzium. 
 
 1703, Batavia. 
 
 Caseres. 
 
 Lauenburgutn. 
 
 Mauriana. 
 
 Nordhusa. 
 
 Solna. 
 
 Tayabas. 
 
 1704. Aurilbac. 
 Telo. 
 
 1706. Halebum. 
 Hernosandium. 
 
 1707. Neoburgum, (Nyborg.) 
 Scara. 
 
 1708. Solna. 
 
 1709. Custrinum. 
 
 1710. Nevir London. 
 Tergovista. 
 
 l7ll.LaCharitd. 
 Homburgura. 
 Petropolis. 
 Testaria. 
 Tiflis. 
 
 1712. Cosfeldia. 
 Holstein. 
 Soleure. 
 Tranquebaria. 
 
 1713. Waldenburg. 
 
 1714. Belfast. 
 Nottingham. 
 Rupifortium. 
 
 17 16. Strega Silesiorum. 
 
 1717. Kaivi^aia. 
 Lobavia. 
 Tiktin. 
 
 1718.Harfleur, 
 Mythig. 
 
 1720. Kingston, (Jamaica.) 
 
 1721. Augusta Eburonum. 
 Leucopetra. 
 Susatum. 
 
 1722. S. Menehould. 
 Naupotamos. 
 
 1725. Schneeberga. 
 
 1726. Annapolis. 
 Paddenburg, Padenborn. 
 
 1727. Budinga. 
 Clausthal. 
 Lassay. 
 
 1728. Mons Faliscus. 
 
 1729. Disentis. 
 Weissenburgura. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 
 
 365 
 
 1730. Bridgetown, (Barbad'oes.) 
 
 1751.Woodbridge. 
 
 Charles town. 
 
 1752. Aretium. 
 
 Tugenus Pagus, Tugiura. 
 
 Longosalissa. 
 
 1731. Assisium. 
 
 Schwaback. 
 
 Sagium. 
 
 1753. Franciscopolis. 
 
 1732. Linga. 
 
 Turcoing. 
 
 Tegemseense Monast. 
 
 1754. Bernaburgum. 
 
 Mancuniutn. 
 
 Columbaria. 
 
 1734. Wales. 
 
 Newbem. 
 
 1735. Chesroan. 
 
 Newhaven. 
 
 Germantown. 
 
 1755. Palmyra. 
 
 Karalanska. 
 
 Vincennes. 
 
 Rogensburg. 
 
 1756. Arcueil. 
 
 Verets. 
 
 Debrecinum. 
 
 1736. Curia Regnitiana. 
 
 Epinal. 
 
 Nuits. 
 
 S. lago de la Vega. 
 
 Samplai, or Sampaloc. 
 
 Portsmouth, (America.) 
 
 1737. Columbum. 
 
 1757. Gottinga. 
 
 1738. Bregogne. 
 
 Harg. 
 
 Manhemium. 
 
 1758. Strawberry Hill. 
 
 1739. Bar-le-Duc. 
 
 Versaliae. 
 
 Irun. 
 
 1759. Cella. 
 
 Pedepontium. 
 
 Vitry-le-Fran^ais. 
 
 1740. Casinas Monasteriura. 
 
 1760. Ephrata. 
 
 Fontidae Monast. 
 
 Potsdam. 
 
 1741. Neobrandenburgum. 
 
 1761. Castelfranco. 
 
 Zullichavia, Zullichovium. 
 
 Villagarcia. 
 
 1743. Este. 
 
 Wilmington, (Delaware.) 
 
 Montbrillant. 
 
 1762. Buetzovium. 
 
 Portiani Castnim. 
 
 Providence. 
 
 Zagrabia. 
 
 Savannah. 
 
 1744. Curia Variseorum. 
 
 1763. Pesthinum, Pestum. 
 
 Erlanga. 
 
 Volaterrae, Volterrae. 
 
 Marienborn. 
 
 Wilmington (NorthCarolina. 
 
 WilhermsdorflF. 
 
 1764. Hartford. 
 
 1745. Carolsruha. 
 
 Mittavia. 
 
 1746. Noviodunum. 
 
 Quebec. 
 
 1747. Basseterre. 
 
 1765. Bois-Valon. 
 
 Primislavia. 
 
 Eullio. 
 
 1748. Avilly. 
 
 Colonia Venetorum. 
 
 St. John. 
 
 Hirsberga. 
 
 Lotzin. 
 
 Roseau, (America.) 
 
 1749. Coloca. 
 
 1766. Barbium. 
 
 Luneville. 
 
 Lucanum. 
 
 Roveredo. 
 
 Slovanka. 
 
 1750. Cecerr£p. 
 
 1767. S. Maria. 
 
 Port au Prince. 
 
 St. Pierre, (Martinique.) 
 
 Ragland Castle. 
 
 1768. Grange. 
 
 1 75 L. Beirut. 
 
 Salem. 
 
 Halifax, (America.) 
 
 1769. Isle of Man. 
 
 Lancaster, (America.) 
 
 1770. Albany. ' 
 
366 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 
 
 1770.Bienne. 
 
 Burlington. 
 
 Christianstadt. 
 
 Glynd. 
 
 Llanymddyfri. 
 l772.Briele. 
 
 Ferney. 
 
 Madras. 
 
 Nuten. 
 
 Vepery. 
 
 1773. Goritia. 
 Newbury-port. 
 Norwich, (America.) 
 
 1774. Exeter, (North America.) 
 Hilperhusia. 
 
 1775. Montego bay. 
 Montreal, (America.) 
 Trisinga. 
 Worcester, (America.) 
 
 1776. Attleborough. 
 Dan vers. 
 FishkiU. 
 
 1777. Gueret. 
 Klagenfurth. 
 Marinum. 
 Stargardia. 
 
 1778. Calcutta. 
 Chanteloup. 
 Fresnes. 
 
 Hanover, (North America.) 
 
 Hoogly. 
 
 Westminster, (America.) 
 
 1779. Confluentes. 
 VesuUum, Vesoul. 
 
 1780. Hrapseya. 
 Malda. 
 Nivigella. 
 Passay. 
 
 1781. Marienwerder. 
 
 1782. Blancoburgum. 
 Haverhill. 
 
 1783. Compiegne. 
 Nyon. 
 Shelburne. 
 Windsor, (America.) 
 
 1784. St. George, (Bermuda.) 
 Haderslebia. 
 Pondicherry. 
 Sclavovir. 
 
 1785. Bastia. 
 
 Alba Carolina. 
 
 1785. Charlestown. 
 
 Kehl. 
 
 Mons Argisus. 
 
 Porta. 
 
 Yedo. 
 1786.Binga. 
 
 Lexington, (Kentucky.) 
 
 Fapenhemium. 
 
 1787. Chateau-fort. 
 Detmoldia. 
 Eichstadium. 
 Etruria. 
 Fredericksburg. 
 Havana, Havannah. 
 Marcobraita. 
 
 1788. Manresa. 
 Meldorpium. 
 
 1789. Buenos Ayres. 
 Ruien. 
 
 Spa. 
 
 Suerinum. 
 
 Vitodurum Helvetiorura. 
 
 1790. Buxovilla. 
 London (New.) 
 Neoweda. 
 Neozolium. 
 
 1791. Guernsey. 
 Trevecca. 
 Zilly. 
 
 1792. Bombay. 
 Taberna. 
 
 1793. Chrysopolis. 
 Knoxville. 
 Vasarhely. 
 Walpole. 
 
 1794. Brookfield. 
 Corte. 
 Leira. 
 Tongerloa. 
 
 1795. Blaje. 
 Chillicothe. 
 Cincinnati. 
 Comaromium. 
 Newark, (America.) 
 Ovetum. 
 
 Sydney. 
 
 1796. Cotbus. 
 Schemnitium. 
 
 1797. Dampierre. 
 
 1798. Alexandria. 
 Kahira. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 367 
 
 1799. Czenk. 1817. Ceuta. 
 Marietta. Corfu. 
 
 1800. Bosch. Eimeo. 
 
 Gizeh. 1818. Berdyczow. 
 
 Hadamar. Hobart's Town. 
 
 Serampore. Tahiti. 
 
 „ , YTv 1819. Bellarv. 
 
 Century XIX. Benares. 
 
 1802. Corbeil. Winterharbour. 
 Dominica. 1820. Bencoolen. 
 
 1803. Kazanum. Chinsurah. 
 New Orleans. Cotyra, 
 Northampton. Rovetta. 
 
 1804. Ferrol. Syracuse. 
 Penig. 1821. Arau. 
 
 1805. Jaurinum. Bourbon. 
 
 1806. Caraccas. Burder's Point. 
 
 1807. Hafod. Dar-el-kamar. 
 Karass. Fiesolo. 
 Khizurpoor Lucknow. 
 Montevideo, Nakkitchevan. 
 Poughkeepsie. Wisbaden. 
 Prince of Wales' Island. 1822. Bolacco. 
 Ronneburgum. Caltaniosetta. 
 
 1808. Sarepta. Corinth. 
 
 1810. Augusta, (in America.) Cotta. 
 Detroit. Hononooro. 
 Kharkof. Tebriz. 
 
 St. Louis. 1823. Bade en Argovie. 
 
 Lynchburg. Christiansand. 
 
 Natchez. Fort Marlborough. 
 
 Tanjore. Jordanimola. 
 
 1811. Bogota. Singapore . 
 
 1812. Frogmore. 1824. Antiochia. 
 Mediterranean. Bergen. 
 Visagapatam. Carthagena. 
 
 1813. Egmore. Cumana. 
 Rio de Janeiro. Ebnat. 
 
 1814. Ava. Fluelen. 
 Palma. Guaiaquil. 
 Rangoon. Guyana. 
 
 1815. Astrachan. Maracaibo. 
 New Lexington. Middlehill. 
 
 1816. Amboyna. Missolonghi. 
 Dedham. Nauplia. 
 Dracenum. Panama. 
 Jassium. Popayan, 
 Jelgawa. Santa Martha. 
 Lexington, (Virginia) 1825. Australia. 
 Malacca. Bolivar. 
 
368 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 
 
 1825. Chatillon. 
 Galveston. 
 S. Helena. 
 Helsingfors. 
 Libau. 
 
 S. Nicholas. 
 
 Odessa. 
 
 Pateo. 
 
 Penang. 
 
 Plymouth. 
 
 Sanctiago. 
 
 Tananarivou. 
 
 1826. Auburn. 
 Columbia, 
 S. Etienne. 
 
 1826. Le Havre. 
 
 S. Helier. 
 Maquasse. 
 Paramaribo. 
 Vera Cruz. 
 
 1827. Bethelsdorp. 
 Bochina. 
 Echota. 
 Nagercoil. 
 
 1828. Patras. 
 Shawnee-town* 
 Vervieres. 
 
 1829. Castelnaudary. 
 Coevorde. 
 
 CORRIGENDA AND ADDENDA. 
 
 '. 10. insert y^mio/acflJto, 1679. 
 
 15. line 12. for nota, read nata. 
 
 16. last line, for 1752 read 1632. 
 
 26. insert Barbeyrac del Mbro, 1776. 
 
 47. line 27. for Theramena, read Calamce. 
 
 91. msert Essek, 1789. 
 
 95. line 9. for Fiesolo, read Fiesole. 
 103. insert Funahal, in Madeira, 1821. 
 113. insert GuastaUa, 1671. 
 
 120. line 5.. Add, — Since printing off this page, a copy of this Brevixtry, but im- 
 perfect, has been found in the Bodleian library. See p. 340. 
 1 62. insert Mctrcobraita, qu : what place ? Panzer mentions an edition of Jpi- 
 
 cius printed here in 1787. 
 174. insert Miniatum, 1747. 
 179. line 6. for 1727 read 1707. 
 226. (art. Pistoria) for 1643, read 1614. 
 241. line 8. (art. Rio) for 1813, read 1808. 
 243. line 11. insert after " Church."— 1617. 
 245. line 5. add 1736. 
 268. insert Soravia, 1830. 
 
 276. (art. Syracuse,) add, — Printing was executed here in 1781. 
 312. (art. Fismaria,) for 1698, read 1657. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 Aachen, see Aqute Granum. 
 Aarhusium, see Arhusium. 
 ABBATIS VILLA, 1486. 1 
 
 Abbeville, see Abhatis Villa. 
 Aberdeen, see Ahredonia. 
 Aboa, 1642. 1 
 
 Abredonia, 1622. 1 
 
 Abrincae, 1545. 5 
 
 Academia Julia, see Helmestadium. 
 Acqui, see Alha. 
 
 Adrianopolis, 1554. 5 
 
 iEsernia, 1644. 5 
 
 .aESSIVM, JIXIVM, see Essium. 
 Aeth, see Athum. 
 Agen, see Aginnum. 
 Aginnum, 1545. 5 
 
 Agram, see Zagrabia. 
 Agria, 1687. 5 
 
 Aia, (1') see Haga. 
 Aichstadt, .see Eichstadium, . and 
 
 Eustadium. 
 Aix, see Aqua Sextiee. 
 Aix-la-Chapelle, see Aquee Gra- 
 num. 
 ALBA, 1493. 6 
 
 Carolina, 1785. 6 
 
 Graeca, 1552. 6 
 
 Julia, 1568. 6 
 
 Regalis. 6 
 
 S. ALBANI VILLA, 1480. 7 
 Albany, 1770. 7 
 
 ALBIA. 8 
 
 Albiburgum, 1501. 8 
 
 Albiore in Sassonia, see Vitemberga. 
 Alburgum. 8 
 
 Alcala de Henares, see Complutum. 
 Alcmaria, 1605. 8 
 
 AlcobazienseMonasterium, 1597- 8 
 ALDENARDA, 1480. 8 
 
 Alenconium, 1625. 8 
 
 Aleppo, see Halebum. 
 Alexandria, 1798. 8 
 
 Page. 
 Alisium, see Hailbruna. 
 Alraeria, 1640. 9 
 
 ALOSTVM, 1473. 9 
 
 ALTA VILLA, 1467. 9 
 
 Altdorfium, see AUorfia. 
 Altenburgum, 1523. 9 
 
 Altona, 1673. 9 
 
 Altorfia, 1596. 9 
 
 Amacao, see Macao. 
 Amacusa, 1582. 9 
 
 Amberes, see Antverpia. 
 Amberga, 1593. 10 
 
 Ambiani, 1611. 10 
 
 Amboyna, 1816. 10 
 
 Amiens, see Ambiani. 
 Amiternum, 1623. 11 
 
 Amstelsdamum, 1523. 11 
 
 Amsterdam, see Amsteladamum. 
 Amursfortum, 1626. 11 
 
 Ancona, 1514. 12 
 
 ANDEGAVVM, 1476. 12 
 
 Andover, (America) 1818. 12 
 
 AndreapoHs, 1548. 12 
 
 St. Andrew's, see Andreapolis. 
 Aneda, see Edinburgum. 
 St. Angelo, see Saniangelium. 
 Angelopolis, 1639. 12 
 
 Angers, see Andegavum. 
 Anglesola, see Antigola. 
 Anglostadium, 1621. 13 
 
 ANGOLISMVM, 1491. 13 
 
 Angouleme, see Angolismum. 
 Angra, 1583. 13 
 
 Anicium, 1650. 13 
 
 Annseburgum, 1597. 13 
 
 Annapolis, 1726. 13 
 
 Annecium, 1656. 14 
 
 Ausloga. 14 
 
 Anspachium, see Onoldinum. 
 Antequera, see Antiquaria. 
 Antigola, 1563. 14 
 
 Antiochia, 1824. 14 
 
 Bb 
 
370 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Antiquaria, 1574. 14 
 Antissiodorum, see Autissiodorum. 
 Antreguier, see Lantriguierum. 
 
 ANTVERPIA, 1472. 14 
 
 AquiE Granum, 1634, 15 
 
 Aqu» Sextiae, 1574. 15 
 AQV^ STATIELLiE, see Alha. 
 
 AQVILA, 1482. 15 
 Arae Flaviae, see Blabyria. 
 
 Aran, 1821. 16 
 
 Arausio, 1646. 16 
 
 Arctaunum Francorum, 1631. 16 
 
 Arcueil, 1756. 16 
 
 Arcum, 1584. 16 
 
 Arelatae, 1647. 16 
 Arenacum, see Amhemia. 
 
 Aretium, 1752. 16 
 
 Arevalum, 1551. 17 
 Arezzo, see Aretium. 
 ARGENTINA, ARGENTORA- 
 
 TVM, 1471. 17 
 
 Arhvisium, 1519. 17 
 
 Ariminum, 1521. 17 
 Aries, see Arelata. 
 
 Arnheraia, 1612. 18 
 Arnoldi villa, see Amhemia. 
 
 Arnostadiura, 1655. 18 
 Arnstadt, see Arnostadium. 
 
 Arosia, 1621. 18 
 
 Arras, see Atrebatum. 18 
 
 Ascania, 1702. 18 
 
 Aschaffenburgum, 1620. 18 
 Ascoli, see Asculum. 
 
 ASCVLVM, 1477. 18 
 
 Assisium, 1731. 19 
 
 Asta, (Asti) 1518. 19 
 
 Asta, (in Spain) 1626. 19 
 
 Astigium, 1641. 19 
 Astorga, see Asturica. 
 
 Astrachan, 1815. 19 
 
 Asturica, 1624. 19 
 Ata cliath, see Dublinium. 
 
 Athense. 19 
 
 Rauracae, see Basilea. 
 
 Athum, 1622. 20 
 
 Atrebatum, 1517. 20 
 
 Attleborough, 1776. 20 
 
 Ava, 1814. 20 
 
 Avaricum, 1540. 20 
 
 Auburn, 1826. 20 
 
 Auchinlech. 20 
 
 Audomaropolis, 1600. 21 
 
 AVENIO, 1497. 21 
 
 Augsburg, see Augusta Vindelico- 
 
 rum. 
 Augst, see Augusta Munatiana. 
 Augusta, (in America) 1810. 21 
 
 Eburonum, 1721. 21 
 
 Munatiana, 1606. 21 
 
 Perusia, see Perusia. 
 
 Rauracorum, see Augusta 
 
 Munatiana. 
 
 Taurinorum, see Tauri- 
 
 Trebocorum, see Argen- 
 
 toratum. 
 
 Trecarum, see Trecce. 
 
 Treviroruni, see Treviri. 
 
 Tricassiorum, 1615. 22 
 
 Trinobantuni, see Londi- 
 
 num. 
 
 Vangionum, see Vorma- 
 
 cium. 
 
 VINDELICORVM, 1468. 
 
 22 
 Augustodunum, 1596. 22 
 
 Augustoritum Pictonum, see Le- 
 
 movicense Castrum. 
 Avignon, see Avenio. 
 AviUy, 1748. 23 
 
 Aula regia. 22 
 
 AVRACVM, 1481. 23 
 
 Avranches, see Abrincce. 
 AVRELIA, 1490. 24 
 
 Aurelia Allobrogum, see Geneva. 
 Aureliopolis, 1604. 24 
 
 AuriUac, 1704. 24 
 
 Auristadium, 1648. 24 
 
 Australia, 1825. 24 
 
 AVSTRI^ CIVITAS. 1480. 24 
 Autissiodorum, 1580. 24 
 
 Autun, see Augustodunum. 
 Auxerre, see Autissiodorum. 
 Azores Islands, see Angra. 
 
 B. 
 Babenberga, see Bamberga. 
 Baga, see Basta. 
 
 Bade en Argovie, 1823. 25 
 
 Baega, see Beacia. 
 Bagnolet, 1600. 35 
 
 Baieux, 1696. 25 
 
 Baltimore, 25 
 

 INDEX. 
 
 371 
 
 BAMBERGA, 1462. 
 
 25 
 
 Bernaburgum, 1754. 
 
 32 
 
 Bar-le-duc, 1739. 
 
 26 
 
 Bernbourg, see Bernaburgum. 
 
 
 Baranovia, 1628. 
 
 26 
 
 Berolinum, 1578. 
 
 32 
 
 Barbastro, 1622. 
 
 26 
 
 Beron Minster, see Berona. 
 
 
 Barbium, 1766. 
 
 26 
 
 BERONA, 1470, or 1472. 
 
 32 
 
 Barcelona, see Barchino. 
 
 
 Besangon, see Bisuntia. 
 
 
 BARCHINO, 1475. 
 
 26 
 
 Bethania, 1620. 
 
 33 
 
 BARCVM, 1497. 
 
 27 
 
 Betheldorp, 1827. 
 
 33 
 
 Barda, 1588. 
 
 27 
 
 Beverley, 1510. 
 
 33 
 
 Barium, 1516. 
 
 27 
 
 Beziers, see Biterra. 
 
 
 Barlanga, see Berlanga. 
 
 
 Biatia, see Beacia. 
 
 
 Baruthum, 1669. 
 
 27 
 
 Biel, 1684. 
 
 33 
 
 Barxino, see Barchino. 
 
 
 Bienne, 1770. 
 
 33 
 
 Basatum, see Vasatum. 
 
 
 Bilbao, see Flaviobriga. 
 
 
 BASILEA, 1474. 
 
 27 
 
 Bilbilis. 
 
 33 
 
 Bassanum, 1623. 
 
 28 
 
 Binchium, 1545. • 
 
 33 
 
 Basseterre, 1747. 
 
 28 
 
 Binga, 1786. 
 
 33 
 
 Basta, (Basti) 1614. 
 
 28 
 
 Bionne, 1673. 
 
 33 
 
 Bastia, 1785. 
 
 28 
 
 Bipontium, 1597. 
 
 34 
 
 Batavia, 1703. 
 
 28 
 
 Bipontium, see Vallis Vosagica 
 
 
 Baudissa, see Budissina. 
 
 
 Bistrovitziuni, 1593. 
 
 " 34 
 
 Bautzen, see Budissina. 
 
 
 BISVNTIA, 1487. 
 
 34 
 
 Bayeux, see Baieux. 
 
 
 Biterra, 1626. 
 
 34 
 
 Bayonne. 1693. 
 
 29 
 
 Biturgia. 
 
 34 
 
 Bayruth, see Baruthum. 
 
 
 Biturigae, see Avaricum. 
 
 
 Baza, see Basta. 
 
 
 BLABYRIA, 1475. 
 
 34 
 
 Bazas, see Vasatum. 
 
 
 Blaje, 1795. 
 
 34 
 
 Beacia, 1551. 
 
 29 
 
 Blancoburgum, 1782. 
 
 34 
 
 Beauvais, see Bellovacum. 
 
 
 Blakenburg, see Blancoburgum. 
 
 
 Beirut, 1751. 
 
 29 
 
 S. Blasii Monasterium, before 1750. 
 
 Belfast, 1714. 
 
 29 
 
 
 34 
 
 Bellary, 1819. 
 
 30 
 
 Blaubeuern, see Blabyria. 
 
 
 Bellegrade, see Alba Greeca 
 
 
 Blesae, 1559. 
 
 35 
 
 Bellositum Dobunorum, see 
 
 Oxonia. 
 
 Bliterae, see Biterra. 
 
 
 Bellovacum, 1631. 
 
 30 
 
 Blois, see Blesa. 
 
 
 Bellovisum, 1507. 
 
 30 
 
 Bochina, 1827- 
 
 35 
 
 Belvidere, 1593. 
 
 30 
 
 Bogota, 1811. 
 
 35 
 
 Belunum, (Belluno) 1629. 
 
 30 
 
 Bois-le-Duc, see Buscum Duc'u 
 
 ', 
 
 Benares, 1819. 
 
 30 
 
 Bois-Vallon, 1765. 
 
 35 
 
 Bencoolen, 1820. 
 
 30 
 
 Bolaceo, 1822. 
 
 35 
 
 Beneventum, 1646. 
 
 31 
 
 Boleslavia, 1612. 
 
 36 
 
 Benfica, 1623. 
 
 31 
 
 Bolivar, 1825. 
 
 36 
 
 Berdyczow, 1818. 
 
 31 
 
 Bologna, see Bononia. 
 
 
 Berg-op-Zoom, 1605. 
 
 31 
 
 Bombay, 1792. 
 
 36 
 
 Bergamo, see Bergomum. 
 
 
 Bonna, 1543. 
 
 36 
 
 Bergen, 1824. 
 
 31 
 
 Bonnefont, see Bonus Fons. 
 
 
 Bergeracum, 1610. 
 
 31 
 
 BONONIA, 1471. 
 
 36 
 
 Bergomum, 1556. 
 
 31 
 
 Bonus Fons, 1660. 
 
 37 
 
 Berlanga, 1564. 
 
 31 
 
 Borgo di S. Sepolcro, see Biturgia. 
 
 Berlin, see Berolinum. 
 
 
 Bordelen, see Burdigala. 
 
 
 Berna, 1539. 
 
 32 
 
 Bosch, 1800. 
 
 Bb2 
 
 38 
 
372 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Boston, 1676. 38 
 
 Bouillon, see Bullio. 
 
 Bourbon, 1821. 38 
 
 Bourdeaux, see Burdigala. 
 
 Bourg en Bresse, see Burgus. 
 
 Bourges, see Avaricum. 
 
 Braccianum, 1621. 38 
 
 Brachara, or•^ 
 
 Braclara, or VI 494. 39 
 
 Braga, J 
 
 Brandenburg, New, see Neobran- 
 
 denburgum. 
 Bransberga, 1601. 39 
 
 Braunsperga, see Bransberga. 
 Bravum Burgi, see Burgi. 
 Brecennum, see Braccianum. 
 Breda, 1615. 39 
 
 Bregogne, 1738. 39 
 
 Breidabolstad, 1562. 39 
 
 Brema, 1585. 39 
 
 Breschia, see Brixia. 
 Brescz, see Brestia. 
 Breslauj see Vratislavia. 
 Brest, about 1650. 39 
 
 Brestia, 1546. 40 
 
 Bridgetown, Barbadoes, 1730. 40 
 Brieg, see Briga. 
 
 Briele, 1772. 40 
 
 Briga, 1689. 41 
 
 Brinn, see Brunna. 
 BRIXIA, 1473. 41 
 
 Brookfield, 1794. 41 
 
 BRVGJi, 1473. 41 
 
 BRVNNA, 1486. 42 
 
 Brunonia, 1509. 42 
 
 Brunopolis, see Bransberga. 
 Brunsberga, see Bransberga. 
 Brunsfelsium, 1543. 42 
 
 Brunsvicum, Brunsviga, see Bru- 
 nonia. 
 Bruntrutum, 1628. 42 
 
 Brussels, see Bruxellos. 
 BRVXELLJE, 1474. 42 
 
 Brzescz, see Brestia. 
 Bucharestium, 1688. 43 
 
 BVDA, 1473. 44 
 
 Budinga, 1727. ~ 44 
 
 Budissina, 1550. 44 
 
 Buenos- Ayres, 1789. 44 
 
 Buetzovium, 1762. 44 
 
 Bueza, see Beada. 
 
 Bulak, see Bolacco. 
 Bullio, 1765. 45 
 
 Buntzlau, see Boleslavia. 
 Burder's Point, 1821. 45 
 
 Burdigala, 1529. 45 
 
 BVRGDORFIVM, 1475. 45 
 
 BVRGI, 1485. 45 
 
 Burgum Auracense, see Auracum. 
 Burgura Uxomense, see Oxoma. 
 Burgus, 1628. 45 
 
 Burlington, 1770. 46 
 
 BVSCVM DVCIS, 1484. 46 
 
 Butzow, see Buetzovium. 
 BuxoviUa, 1790. 46 
 
 Byruthum, see Baruthum. 
 
 C. 
 CABELIA, 1478. 46 
 
 Cabillonum, 1654. 46 
 
 Caceres. 46 
 
 Cadiz, see Gades. 
 
 CADOMVM, 1480. 46 
 
 Cadurcum, 1617. 47 
 
 Caen, see Cadomum. 
 CaerfiJTthin. 47 
 
 Caerfrangon. 47 
 
 Caer-Graunt. 47 
 
 Caer-Ludd. 47 
 
 C^SAR AVGVSTA, 1475. 47 
 Caesarodunum, see Turones. 
 Csesena, 1525. 47 
 
 Caetobris, see Satobris. 
 Cagli, see Callium. 
 Cagliari, see Calaris. 
 Cahors, see Cadurcum. 
 Cairo, see Kahira. 
 Calais, see Caletum. 
 Calamata. 47 
 
 Calaris, 1576. 47 
 
 Calceata. 48 
 
 Calcutta, 1778. 48 
 
 Caldoriana Societas, 1609. 48 
 
 Caletum, 1599. 48 
 
 Calissium, 1606. 48 
 
 Caller, see Calaris. 
 CALLIVM, 1475. 48 
 
 Calmaria, 1620. 49 
 
 Calmarsund, see Calmaria, 
 Caltaniosetta, 1822. 49 
 
 Calzada, see Calceata. 
 Caraberiacura, see Chamberium. 
 Cambray, see Cameracum. 
 
Cambridge, (America) 1639. 49 
 
 Cambridge, see Cantabrigia. 
 
 Cameracum, 1601. 
 
 Camerinum, 1575. 
 
 Campi, 1599. 
 
 Campidunum, or Campidona, 1610. 
 
 Canicopolis, see Kilkennia. 
 Cantabrigia, 1521. 
 Canterbury, 1549. 
 
 Canthurium, 1677. 54 
 Canton, see Quam-cheu. 
 
 Cape Franyois. 54 
 
 Cape Town. 55 
 
 Capua. 55 
 
 Caracas, 1806. 55 
 
 Carantonus, 1627. 56 
 
 Carcassona, 1517. 56 
 Carentonium, see Carantonus. 
 
 Cariscrona, 1687- 56 
 Carlsruhe, see CaroUruha. 
 
 CARMAGNOLA, 1497. 56 
 
 Carnota, 1627. 56 
 
 Camutum, 1592. 56 
 
 Carolopolis, 1613. 56 
 
 Carolsruha, 1745. 56 
 
 CARPENTORATVM. 56 
 Carpentras, see Carpentoratum. 
 
 Carpum, 1506. 57 
 
 Carthagena, 1824. 57 
 Casal di S. Vaso, see Casale 
 
 S. Evaxii. 
 Casal Maggiore, see Casale Major. 
 
 CASALE MAIOR. 1486. 57 
 
 S. EVAXn, 1481. 57 
 
 Casanum, see Kasanum. 
 Caschau, see Cassovia. 
 
 Caseres, 1703. 57 
 Casinas Monasterium, 1740. 57 
 Cassel, see Cassellce. 
 
 CASSELA, 1475. 58 
 
 Cassellae, 1599. 58 
 Casselle, see Cassela. 
 Cassovia, 1620. . 58 
 Castel a mare, see Stabia. 
 
 Castelfranco, 1761. 58 
 Castello, see Tifemwm. 
 
 Castellona, 1678. 58 
 
 Castelnaudary, 1829. 58 
 
 Castra, 1626. 58 
 
 Castrum Cortesium, 1510. 58 
 
 I N D 
 
 E X. 
 
 373 
 
 . 49 
 
 Casurgis, see Praga. 
 
 
 
 Catalaunum, 1601. 
 
 59 
 
 53 
 
 Catana, 1636. 
 
 59 
 
 54 
 
 Catuapolis, 1632. 
 
 59 
 
 54 
 
 Cecerrae, 1750. 
 
 59 
 
 1,1610. 
 
 Cefalu, see Cephaleedis. 
 
 
 54 
 
 Cella, 1759. 
 
 59 
 
 
 Cellffi, 1618. 
 
 59 
 
 54 
 
 Cenomani, 1546. 
 
 59 
 
 54 
 
 Centum, 1543. 
 
 59 
 
 Cephalffidis, \iq^y 59 
 
 Cephalodium, J 
 Cervaria, Cervera, see Cecerrce. 
 Cervicornus E. 1536. 39 
 
 Cesena, see Casena. 
 Cetobrica, see Satobris. 
 Ceulen, see Colonia. 
 Ceuta, I8I7. 60 
 
 Chablies, or Chablitz, see Cabelia. 
 Chalons sur Marne, see Catalau- 
 num. 
 Chalons sur Saone, see Cabillo- 
 
 TlUTtl. 
 
 CHAMBERIVM, 1484. 60 
 
 Chanteloup, 1778. 60 
 
 Charenton, see Carantonus. 
 Charity (la) 1711. 60 
 
 Charleston, 1785. 60 
 
 Chariestown, 1730. 60 
 
 Charleville, see Carolopolis. 
 Charlottetown, see Roseau. 
 Chartres, see Camutum. 
 Chartreuse, 1697. 60 
 
 Chaswan, see Chesroan. 
 Chateau-fort, 1787. 61 
 
 Chatillon-sur-Seine, 1825. 61 
 
 Chaumont, 1598. 61 
 
 Chemnitium, 1691. 61 
 
 Cherium, 1607. 61 
 
 Chesroan, 1735. 61 
 
 Chester, 1656. 62 
 
 Chiaramonte, see Clarus Mons. 
 Chieri, see Cherium. 
 Chillicothe, 1795. 62 
 
 Chilonium, 1667. 62 
 
 Chinsurah, 1820. 63 
 
 Chios. 62 
 
 Chivas, Chivazzo, see Clavasium. 
 Christbourg, see Christlinga, 
 Christiania, 1656. 63 
 
 Christiansand, 1823. 63 
 
 Bb3 
 
374 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Christianstedt, 1770. 63 
 
 Christlinga, 1577- 63 
 
 Chrysopolis, 1793. 63 
 
 Cibinium, 1670. 63 
 
 Cincinnati, 1795. 63 
 
 Citizum, see.Ciza. 
 Citta di Castello, see Tifernum. 
 Ciudad de los Reyes, see Lima. 
 
 di Friuli, see Austria Ci- 
 
 vitas. 
 Ciza, 1677. 64 
 
 Clagenfurt, see Klagenfurth. 
 
 COLONIA Claudia, see Colonia 
 
 1594. 
 
 64 
 
 Claroraontium, or \ 
 Clarus Mons, i 
 Clarus Mons, 1655. 64 
 
 CLAVASIVM, 1486. 64 
 
 Claudiopolis, 1566. 64 
 
 Clausenburg, see Claudiopolis. 
 Clausthal, 1727. 64 
 
 Clermont, see Claromontium. 
 Cleves, see Clivia. 
 Clivia, 1625. 64 
 
 Cluni, see Cluniacum. 
 CLVNIACVM, 1493. 64 
 
 Coblentz, see Confluentes. 
 COBVRGVM, 1482, or 1530. 64 
 Codania, see Hafnia. 
 Codogno, see Cotoneum. 
 Coesfeld, see Cosfeldia. 
 Coevorde, 1829. 65 
 
 Coimbra, see Conimbrica. 
 Coire, see Curia Rfuetorum. 
 Colberga, 1656. 65 
 
 Coligni, 1679. 65 
 
 COLLA, COLLIS, 1478. 65 
 
 CoUe, see Colles Vatlis TrumpicE. 
 CoUes Vallis Trumpiae, 1503. 65 
 Colmar, see Columbaria. 
 Colniaria, 1523. 65 
 
 Coin, see Colonia Brandenburgica. 
 Coloca, 1749. 65 
 
 Colocza, see Coloca. 
 Cologna, see Colonia Venetorum. 
 Cologne, see Colonia Agrippina. 
 Coloma, see Colonia Agrippina. 
 Colombo, see Columbum. 
 COLONIA AGRIPPINA, 1466. 65 
 -^— — Allobrogum, see Geneva. 
 
 Alpina, 1675. 66 
 
 Brandenburgica, 1667. 
 
 66 
 
 spalis. 
 
 turn. 
 
 ■ Julia Romana, see Hi- 
 
 ■ Munatiana, see Basilea. 
 
 JO T seeColonia 
 
 • ad opream, I „ , 
 , c! /■ Branden- 
 
 ■ ad ouevum, i , 
 J burgica. 
 
 ■ Venetorum, 1765. 67 
 - Viriathica, see Madri- 
 
 Ubiorum, see Colonia 
 
 Agrippina. 
 Coloswar, see Claudiopolis. 
 
 Columbaria, 1754. 67 
 
 Columbia, 1826. 67 
 
 Columbum, 1737. 67 
 
 Comaromium, 1795. 67 
 
 Commelinus. 67 
 
 Comopolis, 1620. 67 
 Comorn, see Comaromium. 
 
 Compiegne, 1783. 67 
 
 Complutum, 1502. 68 
 
 Compostella, 1673. 68 
 
 COMVM, 1474. 68 
 
 Concha, 1589. 68 
 Condivincum Nannetum, see Nan- 
 
 netes, 
 
 Condomium, 1689. 69 
 
 Coneglianum, 1611. 69 
 
 Confluentes, 1779. 69 
 Coni, see Cuneum. 
 
 Conimbrica, 1516. 69 
 Consentia, see Cusentia. 
 
 Constantia, 1505. 69 
 CONSTANTINOPOLIS, 1490. 
 
 69 
 Copenhagen, see Hafnia. 
 
 Corbachium, 1678. 71 
 
 Corbeil, 1802. 71 
 
 Corcagia, 1649. 71 
 Cordova, see Corduba. 
 
 Cordova (S. America.) 72 
 
 Corduba, 1585. 72 
 
 Corfu, 1817. 72 
 
 CORIA, 1469. 72 
 Corigsmia, see Koregismum. 
 
 Corinth, 1822. 72 
 
 Corisopitium, 1659. 72 
 Cork, see Corcagia. 
 Comouaille, see Corisopitium. 
 
I N D E X. 
 
 375 
 
 Corona, 1533. 73 
 
 Correggio, 1555. 73 
 
 Correria, 1687. 73 
 
 Corte, 1794. 73 
 
 Cortona. 73 
 
 Cortracutn, 1626. 73 
 Cortryck, see Cortracum. 
 
 Corunna. 74 
 Cosenza, see Cusentia. 
 
 Cosfeldia. 1712. 74 
 
 Cosminecum, 1561. 74 
 
 Cotbus, 1796. 74 
 Cothenum Anhaltinorum, 1621. 74 
 Cothon, see Cothenum. 
 
 Cotoneum, 1628. 74 
 
 Cotta, 1822. 74 
 
 Cotym, 1820. 74 
 Courtray, see Cortracum. 
 
 CRACOVIA, 1491. 74 
 
 Crema, 1571. 75 
 
 CREMONA, 1472. 75 
 Crisopolis, see Chrysopolis. 
 
 Crispinus (Jo.) 75 
 Cronstadt, see Corona. 
 
 Cuba. 75 
 S. CVCVFATIS MONASTERl- 
 
 VM, 1489. 
 Cuelen, see Colonic. 
 Cuen^a, see Concha. 
 CVLEMBVRGVM, 1480. 
 Cumana, 1824. 
 Cuneum, 1507. 
 Curia Regnitiana, 1736. 
 
 Rhaetorum, 1611. 
 
 Variscorum, 1744. 
 
 CVSENTIA, 1478. 
 Custrinum, 1709. 
 Cutna, see Kuttemherga. 
 Cygnea, 1523. 
 Czenk, 1799. 
 Czenstochovia, 1693. 
 Czernigov, see Tzernogavia. 
 
 Damascus, 1605. 
 Dampierre, 1707- 
 Danhusiutn, 1592. 
 Dantiscum, 1595. 
 Dantzic, see Dantiscum. 
 Danvers, 1776. 
 Dar-el-kamar, 1821. 
 Darmstadium, 1611. 
 
 76 
 
 76 
 76 
 
 76 
 76 
 76 
 
 77 
 77 
 77 
 
 77 
 77 
 77 
 77 
 
 78 
 78 
 78 
 78 
 
 78 
 78 
 78 
 
 DAVENTRIA, 1475. 79 
 
 Daubraviciutn. 79 
 
 Debrecinuin, 1756. 79 
 Debreczin, Debretzen, see Debreci- 
 
 num. 
 
 Dedham, 1816. 79 
 Delft, see Delphi. 
 
 DELPHI, 1477. 79 
 
 Delskoi Monasterium, 1647- 79 
 S. Denis, see Dionysium. 
 
 S. Deodati fanum, 1507. 79 
 
 Derpatura, 1642. 80 
 
 Dertona, 1614. 80 
 
 Dertosa, 1538. 80 
 
 Dessavia, 1696. 80 
 
 Detmoldia, 1787. 80 
 
 Detroit, 1810. 80 
 Deventer, see Daventria. 
 Deuxponts, see Bipontium. 
 
 Dia, 1660. 80 
 St. Diey, see S. Deodati Fanum. 
 Dijon, see Divio. 
 
 SliSa.} ''''■ 
 Dionvsium, 1535. 81 
 
 Disentis, 1729. 81 
 
 DIVIO, 1491. 81 
 
 Divodurum, see MettB. 
 Divona Cadurci, see Cadurcum. 
 Dobrorailium, 1611. 81 
 
 Doesberg, see Duisburgum. 
 DOLA, 1490. 81 
 
 S. Domingo, before 1700. 81 
 
 S. Domingo de Calzada, see Cal- 
 
 ceata. 
 Dominica, 1802. 82 
 
 Dordracum, 1571, 82 
 
 Dordrecht, see Dordracum. 
 Dorpatum, see Derpatum. 
 Dort, see Dordracum. 
 Dortmund, see Tremonia. 
 Douay, see Duacum. 
 Dracenum, 1816. 82 
 
 Draguinianum, see Dracenum. 
 Dresda, 1524. 82 
 
 Driesen, see Trisinga. 
 Drontheim, see Nidrosia. 
 Duacum, 1565. 82 
 
 Dublinura, 1551. 83 
 
 Duderstadium, 1675. 84 
 
 Duillier, 1677. 84 
 
 Bb4 
 
376 
 
 I N D E X. 
 
 Duisburgiim, 1592. 84 
 
 Dun Eudain, see Edinburgum. 
 Dunikerka, 1677- 84 
 
 Dunkard town, see Ephrata. 
 Diirlach, see Turrelacum. 
 Durocorturum, see Remi. 
 Dusseldorf, see Dusseldropium. 
 Dusseldropium, 1561. 84 
 
 Dyrenfurtum, 1679. 84 
 
 E. 
 Ebernburg, see Ebersburgum. 
 Ebersburgum, 1520. 84 
 
 Eblana, see Dublinum. 
 Ebnat, 1824. 84 
 
 Ebora, 1521. 85 
 
 Eboracum, 1509. 85 
 
 Ebrodunum, 1586. 85 
 
 Ebroicum, 1601. 85 
 
 Echmiazin, Ecsniiasim, Ecmeazin, 
 
 85 
 Echota, 1827. 86 
 
 Ecija, see Asti^um. 
 Edinbrucium, see Edinburgum. 
 Edinburgum, 1507. 86 
 
 Eger, Egra, see Agria. 
 Egina. 87 
 
 Egmore, 1813. 87 
 
 Eichstadium, 1787. 87 
 
 Eichstadt, see Eustadium. 
 Eimeo, 1817. 87 
 
 Einsiedel, Einsidlen, 1680. 87 
 Eisenach, see Jsenacum. 
 Eisleben, see Islebia. 
 Eisteta, see Eustadium, 
 Elberfeld, 1515. 88 
 
 Elbinga. 1641. 88 
 
 Elna, see Perpinianum. 
 Elsinore, see Helsingora. 
 Eltville, see Alta villa. 
 ELTWILLA, see Alta villa. 
 Elvetiorum Argentina, see Argen- 
 tina. 
 Embdanuni, 1534. 88 
 
 Enibrica, Embricum, 1683. 88 
 Enidon, see Embdanum. 
 Emerita, 1545. 89 
 
 Emmericura, see Embrica. 
 Enchusa, 1609. 89 
 
 Engadi Vallis, 1506. 89 
 
 Engolismum, see Angolimium. 
 Ephrata, 1760. 90 
 
 Epila, 1596. 90 
 
 Epinal, 1756. 90 
 
 Eremus S.Mariie de Ruah, 1505. 90 
 ERFORDIA, 1482. 91 
 
 Ergovia, see Beronai 
 Erlanga, 1744. 91 
 
 Erphordia, see Erfordia. 
 ESSIVM, 1472. 91 
 
 ESSLINGA, 1473. 91 
 
 Este, 1743. 92 
 
 Estella, see Stella. 
 Etienne, (S.) 1896. 92 
 
 Etlingen, see Ettelinga. 
 Etona, 1610. 92 
 
 Etruria, 1787. 92 
 
 Ettelinga, 1531. 93 
 
 Evie, 1611. 93 
 
 Evora, see Ebora. 
 Evreux, see Ebroicum. 
 EVSTADIVM, 1478. 93 
 
 Exeter, see Isca Damnoniorum. 
 Exeter, (North America) 1774. 93 
 Exija, see Astigium. 
 Exonia, see Isca Damnoniorum. 
 
 F. 
 Faenza, see Faventia. 
 Fanum, 1502. 93 
 
 Fanum Luciferi, 1569. 94 
 
 Farnese, 1600. 94 
 
 Fastemburgum, 1634. 94 
 
 Faventia, 1616. 94 
 
 Feldkirck, see Feldkirchia. 
 Felsina, see Bononia. 
 Fermo, see Ftrmium. 
 Ferney, 1772 ? 94 
 
 FERRARIA, 1471. 94 
 
 Ferrol, 1804. 95 
 
 Fiesole, 1821. 95 
 
 Firenze, Fiorenza, see Florentia. 
 Firmium, 1586. 95 
 
 Fishkill, 1776. 95 
 
 FIVIZANVM, 1472. 95 
 
 Flaviobriga, 1583. 95 
 
 Fleche, see Mexia. 
 Flenopolis, see Flensburgum. 
 Flensburgum, 1675. 95 
 
 Flessinga, 1609. 96 
 
 Flexia, 1612. 96 
 
 FLORENTIA, 1471. 96 
 
 Fluelen, 1824. 97 
 
 Foligno, see Fulgineum. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 377 
 
 Fontanetura Comitis, 1610. 97 
 
 Forest (la) 1625. 97 
 Forli, see Forum Lwii. 
 
 Fort-Marlborough, 1823. 97 
 Fort St. George, see Madras. 
 
 Fort-William, about 1800. 98 
 
 Forum Cornelii. 98 
 
 Julium, see AustricB Civitas. 
 
 LIVII, 1495. 98 
 
 Sempronii, 1513. 98 
 
 Fossombrone, see Forum Sempronii, 
 
 Franciscopolis, 1753. 99 
 Francofortium, "j 
 
 Francofurtum >1507. 99 
 
 ad Maenum,J 
 Marchi- ") 
 
 ad Ode- 
 
 ► 1504. 100 
 ram. ( 
 
 Francophordia cis O- | 
 
 deram. J 
 
 Francphordia, see Francofurtum. 
 
 Franequera, 1586. 100 
 
 Frankenthal, 1611. 100 
 Frankfort, see Francofurtum. 
 
 Frankfort (America) 100 
 
 Fraunitz. 100 
 
 Fraustadium, before 1700. 100 
 
 Fredericksburg, 1787. 100 
 
 Fredericstadt, 1624. 101 
 
 Freistadium, 1622. 101 
 Freysinga, see Fridnga. 
 
 Fresnes, 1778. 101 
 
 FRIBVRGVM, 1493. 101 
 
 Frideburgum, 1648. 101 
 
 FRISIA, 1488. 101 
 
 FRISINGA, 1495. 102 
 
 Frogmore, 1812. 102 
 
 FVLGINEVM, 1470. 102 
 Fiinfkirchen, see Quinque Eccle- 
 
 sits. 
 Fiirth, see Furtum. 
 
 Furtum, 1653. 103 
 
 G. 
 
 Gades, 1610. 103 
 Gaeta, see Gaietta. 
 
 GAIETTA. 1487. 103 
 Gaillon, see Gallio. 
 
 Galitz, 1606. 103 
 
 S. Galli Fanum, 1702. 103 
 
 Gallio, 1644. 104 
 
 Galveston, 1825. 104 
 Ganabum, see Aurelia. 
 
 GANDAVUM, 1483. 104 
 
 Gandia. 104 
 
 Garda. 104 
 Gauda, see Gouda. 
 Gebenna, see Geneva. 
 Gedanum, see Dantiscum. 
 
 Geismaria, 1629. 104 
 
 GENEVA, 1478. 104 
 
 GENVA, 1474. 105 
 St. George, (Bermuda) 1784. 105 
 
 St. George's Town, 1765. 105 
 
 Gera, 1607. 105 
 Gerinchemium, see Gorichenum. 
 
 Germantown, 1735. 105 
 S. Germanus in Ledii, 1695. 106 
 Gerona, see Gerunda, 
 
 S. Gervasius, 1602. 106 
 
 GERUNDA, 1483. 106 
 
 Gestkovicium, 1592. 107 
 Ghent, see Gandavum. 
 Giasium, see lassium. 
 
 GIENNIVM, 1500. 107 
 
 Giessa, 1606. 107 
 Ginevra, see Geneva. 
 
 Gippesvicum, 1548. 107 
 Girona, see Gerunda. 
 
 p. . ' > see Koregismum. 
 
 Gissa, see Giessa. 
 
 Gizeh, 1800. 108 
 
 Glacium, 1698. 108 
 
 Glascua, 1638. 108 
 Glasgow, see Glascua. 
 Glatz, see Glacium. 
 
 Glogavia, 1621. 108 
 
 Glucstadium, 1645. 108 
 
 Glynd, 1770. 109 
 
 Gmunda. 109 
 
 Goa, 1563. 109 
 
 tJoatimala, 1667. 109 
 Goettingen, see Gottinga. 
 Gorcura, see Gorichenum. 
 
 Gorichenum, 1671. 109 
 
 Goritia, 1773. 109 
 
 Gorliciura, 1565. 109 
 Gosfeldia, see Cosfeldia. 
 
 Goslaria, 1607. HO 
 
 Gotha, 1642. 110 
 
 Gothoburgum, 1650. 110 
 
378 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Gotstadium, 1616. 
 Gottinga, 1757- 
 GOVDA, 1477. 
 Gozfelden, see Cosfeldia. 
 GRADISCA, 1488. 
 Gr*cium,|j59^_ 
 Graiacum, J 
 GRANATA, 1486. 
 Grange, 1768. 
 GRATIANOPOLIS, 1490. 
 Gratz, see Grtecium. 
 Gravionarium, see Bamberga. 
 Greenwich, 1554. 
 Grenoble, see Gratianopolis. 
 Grima, 1523. 
 
 110 
 110 
 110 
 
 111 
 
 111 
 
 111 
 112 
 112 
 
 112 
 
 112 
 
 Gripswaldia, see Gryphiswaldia. 
 
 112 
 
 Grodiscum, 1579 
 Grodzisko, see Grodiscum. 
 Groninga, 1610. 
 Grosiana Officina, 1596. 
 Gryphiswaldia, 1612. 
 Guadalaxara, 1564. 
 Guaiaquil, 1824. 
 Guatimala, see Goatimctla. 
 Guba, 1676. 
 Guelpherbytum, 1541. 
 Gueret, 1777. 
 Guernsey, 1791. 
 Guimaraens, see Virmaranum. 
 Gustrovia, 1629. 
 Guyana, 1824. 
 
 H. 
 Haarlem, see Harlemum. 
 Hadamar, 1800. 
 Haderslebia, 1784. 
 HAFNIA, 1493. 
 Hafod, 1807. 
 Haga Comitum, 1593. 
 Haga Schaumburgica, see Rinfhe- 
 
 lia. 
 HAGENOA, 1489. 115 
 
 Hailbruna, 1633. 115 
 
 HALA MAGDEBVR--1 (1482.) 
 GICA, I 
 
 SAXONVM, 
 
 SORABORVM, 
 
 SALICA. 
 
 Hala Suevorum, 1536 
 Halberstadia, 1520. 
 Halebum, 1706. 
 Halifax, (America) 1751 
 
 112 
 
 112 
 113 
 113 
 
 113 
 113 
 113 
 113 
 
 113 
 113 
 
 114 
 114 
 114 
 114 
 114 
 
 1 
 
 1520. 
 
 115 
 
 115 
 115 
 115 
 116 
 
 Halle, see Hala Saxonum. 
 
 HAMBVRGVM, 1491. 116 
 
 Hammipolis, 1646. 116 
 Hammona, see Hamhurgum. 
 Hanau, see Hanovia. 
 
 Hannovera, 1547. 116 
 Hanover, (North America) 1778. 
 
 116 
 
 Hanovia, 1593. 116 
 Harburg, see Hartberga. 
 
 Harderovicum,! jgj3 ^^j 
 Hardervicum, J 
 
 Harfleur, 1720. 117 
 
 Harg, 1757. 117 
 
 HARLEMVM, 1483. 117 
 
 Harlinga, 1663. 117 
 
 Hartberga, 1611. 117 
 
 Hartford, 1764. 117 
 
 HASSELTVM, 1480. 118 
 
 Havana, i^^g^ ^^g 
 Havannah, J 
 
 Haverhill, 1782. 118 
 Havre-de-Grace, see Frandscopolis. 
 
 Havre le, (America) 1826. 118 
 
 Hedernheim. 118 
 
 HEIDELBERGA, 1485 118 
 Heilbron, see Hailbruva. 
 
 S. Helena, 1825. 118 
 
 Helenopolis, see Franco/, ad Mx- 
 
 num. 
 
 S. Helier, 1826. 119 
 
 Helmestadium, 1580. 119 
 
 Helsingfors, 1825. 119 
 
 Helsingora, 1603. 119 
 Henrichau, -x 
 
 Henrichs, I n • 7- 
 
 Hennchsdorf, I ^ 
 
 Henrichswald, J 
 
 Henricopolis, 1573. 119' 
 
 HERBIPOLIS, 1479. 119 
 
 Herborna, 1585. 120 
 Hermannstadt, see Cibinium. 
 Hermanopolis, see Cibinium. 
 
 Hernosandium, 1706. 121 
 Hilburghausen, see Hilperhusin. 
 
 Hildesia, 1605. 121 
 
 Hilperhusia, 1774. 121 
 
 Hirsberga, 1765. 121 
 Hirschberg, see Hirsberga. 
 
 HISPALIS, 1476. 121 
 Hispaniola, see St, Domingo. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 379 
 
 Hobart's Town, 1818. 121 
 
 Hoffa, see Curia Regnitiana, and 
 
 Curia Variscorum. 
 HOLMIA, 1483. 122 
 
 Holstein, 1712. 123 
 
 Holum, Hola, 1530. 123 
 
 Holyrood House, 1687. 126 
 
 Homburgum, 1711. 127 
 
 Hononooro, 1822. 127 
 
 Hoogly, 1778. 127 
 
 Hoolum, see Holum. 
 Hoornia, | 
 
 Horna, J ' 
 
 Hrapseya, 1780. 127 
 
 Huesca, see Osca. 
 Hydra. 127 
 
 Hyetopolis ad Istrum, 1687- 128 
 
 I. 
 S. Jacobus de Tlatilulco, 1599. 128 
 Jaen, see Giennium. 
 S. Jago de la Vega, 1756. 128 
 Japan, see Amacusa, Tacacum, and 
 
 Yedo. 
 Jaroslavia, 1622. 128 
 
 Jassium, 1816. 128 
 
 Javarin, see Jaurinum. 
 Jaurinum, 1805. 130 
 
 Ichenhusium, 1544. 130 
 
 S. Jean de Maurienne, see Mau- 
 
 riana. 
 Jeddo, see Yedo. 
 Jelgawa, 1816. 
 Jena, 1545. 
 Jesi, see Essium. 
 Jesnitzium, 1702. 
 ILARDA, 1479. 
 Imola, see Forum Cornelii. 
 INGOLSTADIVM, 1487. 
 Inspruck, see CEnipons. 
 Insula ad lacum Acronium, 
 
 Insulae, 1604. 
 
 Interamum, 1637. 
 
 Inthal, see Engadi. 
 
 St. John, 1748. 
 
 St. John's (New Brunswick 
 
 Jonkioping, see Junecopm. 
 
 Jordanimola, 1823. 
 
 Iprffi, 1610. 
 
 Ipsara. 
 
 Ipswich, see Gippesvicum. 
 
 130 
 130 
 
 130 
 130 
 
 131 
 
 1604. 
 131 
 131 
 131 
 
 131 
 .) 131 
 
 132 
 132 
 132 
 
 Iraciense Monasterium, 1609. 132 
 Irun, 1739. 132 
 
 Isca Damnoniorum, 1668. 132 
 Ischar, see Sora. 
 
 Isenacum, 1524. 132 
 
 Isernia, see ^sernia. 
 Isidis Vadum, see Oxonia. 
 Isle of Man, 1769. 132 
 
 Islebia, 1566. 132 
 
 Isna, 1532. 133 
 
 S. Juan de la pena. 133 
 
 Juli, 1612. 133 
 
 Juliobriga, see Lucronium. 
 Juliomagutn, see Andegavum. 
 Junecopia, 1688. 133 
 
 Jiinkoping, see Junecopia. 
 Juretum, 1587. 133 
 
 Iverdon, see Ebrodunum. 
 Iverskoi Monasterium, 1647. 133 
 Ixar, see Sora. 
 
 K. 
 Kahira, 1798. 134 
 
 Kaire, see Kahira. 
 Kaiwai, 1717- 134 
 
 Kalisz, see Calissium. 
 Karalauska, 1735. 134 
 
 Karass, 1807- 134 
 
 Kassa, see Cassovia. 
 Kazanum, 1803. 134 
 
 Kehl, 1785. 135 
 
 Kemper, see Corisopitium. 
 Kempten, see Campidunum. 
 Kesroan, see Chesroan. 
 Keulen, see Colonia. 
 Kharkof, 1820. 135 
 
 Khizurpoor, 1807- 135 
 
 Kiang-ning, see Nandanum. 
 Kiel, see Chilonium. 
 Kiew, see Kiovia. 
 Kilia, see Chilonium. 
 Kilkennia, 1641. 136 
 
 Kilonium, see Chilonium. 
 Kingston, (Jamaica) 1720. 136 
 Kiobenhafn, see Hajkia. 
 Kiof, see Kiovia. 
 
 Kiovia, 1618. 136 
 
 Klagenfurth, 1777. 137 
 
 Knoxvillei 1793. 137 
 
 Koburgum, see Coburgum. 
 Koevorde, see Coeoorde. 
 Kolocz, see Coloca. 
 
380 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Konigingratz, see Reginohrade- 
 
 cium. 
 Konigsburg, see Mons-Regalis, and 
 
 Mons- Regius. 
 Koregismum, 1597. 137 
 
 Kosmin, see Cosminecum. 
 Kotbus, see Cotbus. 
 Kotye, see Cotym. 
 Kralitz, 1579. 137 
 
 Kruswick, 1700. 137 
 
 Kuteinski Monasterium, 1632. 137 
 KVTTENBVRGA, 1489. 137 
 Kuzaia, see Libanits Mons. 
 
 L. 
 Labacum, 1578. 138 
 
 Labodunura, see Ladeburgum. 
 Ladeburgum, 1603. 138 
 
 Lancaster, (America) 1751. 138 
 Landessuta, ^^^^^ j3g 
 
 Liandsnutum, J 
 Langensalza, see Longosalissa. 
 Langres, see Lingones. 
 LANTENACVM, 1484. 138 
 
 LANTRIGVERVM, 1499. 138 
 Laon, see Laudunum. 
 La Rocea, see Lupite. 
 Lascanum, 1639. 139 
 
 Lassay, 1727. 139 
 
 Laszczovia, 1610. 139 
 
 Laiibach, see Lahaciim. 
 Laubuna, 1687. 139 
 
 Laudunum, 1685. 139 
 
 Lavenburgum, 1703. 139 
 
 LAVGINGA, 1 . 
 
 LAVINGA, J^*'"^- ^^^ 
 
 Lauretum, 1637. 139 
 
 Lauri, 1664. 139 
 
 Lausanna, 1556. 140 
 
 Laus Pompeia, 1587. 139 
 
 Laybach, see Labacum. 
 
 Lebanon, see Libanus. 
 
 Lecce, see Lycium. 
 
 Lee Priory. 140 
 
 Leerdam, see Lauri. 
 
 Leghorn, see Ligumus. 
 
 Legio, 1512. 140 
 
 LEIDA, 1483. 140 
 
 Leipsic, (Little) see Gera. 
 
 Leipsic, see Lipsia. 
 
 Leira, 1794. 141 
 
 LEIRIA, 1492. 141 
 
 Leith, 1652. 141 
 
 Le Mans, see Cenomani. 
 
 Lemburg, see Leopolis. 
 
 Lemgovia, 1563. 142 
 
 LEMOVICENSE CASTRVM, 
 1495. 142 
 
 Lentia, 1636. 142 
 
 Leodicum, Iikcc i^r. 
 
 Leodium, l^^^^" 1*2 
 
 Leon, see Legio. 
 
 Leopolis, 1586. 143 
 
 Leovardia, 1597. 143 
 
 Lerida, see Ilerda. 
 
 Lerma. 143 
 
 Lesina, 1640. 143 
 
 Lesna, 1635. 143 
 
 Leszno, see Lesna. 
 
 Leucadea. 143 
 
 Leucopetra, 1721. 143 
 
 Leucorea, see Vitemberga. 
 
 Leutmeritz, see Litomericium. 
 
 Leutomischl, see Litomislium. 
 
 Leutschovia, 1617. 143 
 
 Leuwarden, see Leovardia. 
 
 Lexington, (Kentucky) 1786. 
 
 Lexington, (Virginia) 1816. 143 
 
 Leyden, see Leida. 
 
 Leyrargordum, see Leira. 
 Libanus Mons, 1610. 143 
 
 Libau, 1825. 145 
 
 Libourne, see Liburnia. 
 Liburnia, 1650. 145 
 
 Licha, 1597. 145 
 
 Licium, see Lycium. 
 Liebau, see Lobavia. 
 Liege, see Leodium. 
 Liegnitz, see Lignicium. 
 Liesina, see Lesina. 
 LIGNICIVM, 1481. 145 
 
 Lignitz, see Lignicium. 
 Ligumus, 1650. 145 
 
 Lima, 1586. 145 
 
 Limoges, see Lemovicense castrum. 
 Lincia, 1 ^ ^• 
 Linckia, ^seeLcBiM. 
 
 Lincopia, 1635. 146 
 Lindau, see Lindaugia. 
 
 Lindaugia, 1601. 146 
 
 Linga, 1732. 146 
 
 Lingones, 1595. 146 
 Linkoping, see Lincopia, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 381 
 
 Lintzium, see Lentia. 
 LIPSIA, 1480. 146 
 
 Lisboa, Lisbon, see Ulyssipo. 
 Lisle, see Insula. 
 Lissa, see Lesnu. 
 
 Literomericium, 1626. 147 
 
 Lithopontum, see Harg. 
 Litomislium, 1585. 147 
 
 Livorno, see Ligurnus. 
 Llanymddyfri, 1770. 147 
 
 Llundain, see Londinum. 
 Lobavia, I717. 147 
 
 Lodeacum, see Lantenacum. 
 Lodeve. see Lutrivianum, and Lo- 
 
 dova. 
 Lodi, see Laus Pompeia. 
 Lodova, 1641. 147 
 
 Loevestein, 1622. 147 
 
 Logrono, see Lucronium. 
 LONDINVM, 1480. 147 
 
 London, (New) 1709. 149 
 
 Longosalissa, 1752. 149 
 
 Lordelo Monasterium. 149 
 
 Loretto, see Lauretum. 
 Losana, see Lamanna. 
 Loscum, 1573. 149 
 
 Los reyes, see Lima. 
 Lotzin, 1748., 149 
 
 LOVANIVM, 1473. 149 
 
 Loudeac, see Lantenacum,. 
 St. Louis, 1810. 150 
 
 Louvain, see Lovanium. 
 LVBECA, 1475. 150 
 
 Lubeca, (Lubiecz) 1592. 150 
 
 Luben, see Luhinum. 
 Lubiana, see Labacum. 
 Lubiecz, see Lubeca. 
 Lubinum, 1601. 150 
 
 Lublinum, 1547. 150 
 
 LVCA, 1477. 150 
 
 Lucanum, 1766. 151 
 
 S. Lucar de Barranieda, see Fanum 
 
 Ludferi. 
 Lucca, see Luca. 
 
 Lucerna Helvetiorum, 1528. 151 
 Luciferi Fanum, see Fanum Lud- 
 feri. 
 Lucknow, 1822. 151 
 
 Luclavicia, 1548. 151 
 
 Lucronium, 1507. 151 
 
 Lugano, see Lucanum, 
 
 LVGDVNVM, 1473. 151 
 
 Lugdunum Batavorum, see Leida. 
 
 Lugny, I6I7. 152 
 Luklawice, see Luclavicia. 
 
 Lundinum Scanorum, 1676. 152 
 
 LVNEBVRGVM. 1493. 153 
 
 Luneville, 1749. 153 
 
 Lupiae, 1669. 153 
 Lutetia, see Parisii. 
 Luteva, see Lodova. 
 
 Lutrivianum, 1584. 153 
 
 Luxemburgum, 1578. 153 
 
 Luyck, 1670. 153 
 Lwow, see Leopolis. 
 
 Lycium, 1634. 153 
 
 Lynchburg, 1810. 153 
 Lyons, see Lugdunum. 
 
 M. 
 
 Macabebe, 1621. 153 
 
 Macao, 1590. 154 
 
 Macerata, 1575. 156 
 
 Maclovium, 1609. 156 
 Mayon, see Matisco. 
 
 Madras, 1772. 156 
 
 MADRITVM, 1499. 157 
 
 Maestricht, see Trajectum ad Mo- 
 
 sam. 
 
 MAGDEBVRGVM, 1483. 157 
 Maille, see Malliacum. 
 Maillzais, see Malliacum. 
 Majorca, see Pahna Balearium. 
 
 Malabar, 1577- 157 
 
 Malaca, (Malaga) 1599. 157 
 
 Malacca, 1816. . 157 
 Malborow, see Marpurgum. 
 
 Malda, 1780. 159 
 Malines, see Mechlinia. 
 
 Malliacum, 1616. 159 
 Mallorca, see Palma Balearium 
 
 Malmogia, (Malmoe) 1528. 159 
 St. Maloes, see Maclovium. 
 
 Malta, 1647. 160 
 
 Mancunium, 1732. 160 
 
 Manfredonia, 1680. 160 
 
 Manheraium, 1738. 160 
 
 Manilla, 1590. 160 
 
 Manresa, 1788. 161 
 
 MANTVA, 1472. 161 
 
 Mantua Carpetanorum, 1568. 162 
 
 Maquasse, 1826. 162 
 
 Maracaibo, 1824. 162 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Marburgum, see Marpurgum. 
 
 Marchena. 1 62 
 
 Marchioburgunij 1615. 162 
 
 Marcobraita, 1787- 368 
 Marhanna, see Chesroan. 
 
 St. Maria Mayor, 1767. 162 
 
 Marienborn, 1744. 163 
 
 Marienburg, 1744. 163 
 Marienthal, Marihaussen, see Val- 
 
 lis S. MarieB. 
 
 Marienwerder, 1781. 163 
 
 Marietta, 1799. 164 
 
 Marinuin, 1777- 164 
 
 Marpurgum, 1527. 164 
 Marseilles, see Massilia. 
 
 MARSIPOLIS, 1473. 164 
 
 Martinico. 164 
 Martinmunoz. .164 
 Martisburgum, see Marpurgum. 
 
 Massa, 1679. 164 
 
 Massilia, 1594. 164 
 
 MATISCO, 1493. 165 
 Matrltum, see Madritum. 
 
 Mauriana, 1704. 165 
 Mayence, see Moguntia. 
 
 Mazzarino, 1690. 165 
 Meaux, see Meldee. 
 
 Mechlinia, 1582. 165 
 
 Medica, 1575. 165 
 Medina, see Methymna. 
 Medina de Rioseco, see Rivus Sic- 
 cus. 
 
 Medioburgum, 1582. 165 
 
 MEDIOLANVM, 1469. 165 
 Mediomatrices, see Met(S. 
 
 Mediterranean, 1812. 166 
 Meissen, see Misena. 
 
 Mekelbourg, 1688. 166 
 
 Meldae, 1522. 167 
 
 Meldorpiuin, 1788. 167 
 
 MEMMINGA, 1482. 167 
 
 St. Menehould, 1722. 167 
 Mentz, see Moguntia. 
 Merida, see Emerita. 
 Mersberg, see Marsipolis. 
 Messalonge, see Missolonghi. 
 
 MESSANA. 1473. 167 
 
 MetiB, 1501. 168 
 
 Methymna Campi, 1504. 168 
 
 Duelli, 1558. 168 
 
 Metina, see Methymna Campi. 
 
 Metz, see Meta. 
 
 Mexico, 1549. 168 
 
 Micro-Praga, 1549. 174 
 Middleburg, see Medioburgum. 
 
 Middlehill, 1824. 174 
 
 St. Mihiel, ] 620. 174 
 Milan, see Mediolanum. 
 
 Militello, 1617. 174 
 
 Mindelhemium, 1518. 174 
 
 Minda, 1542. 174 
 
 Mindona, 1550. 174 
 Mindonedo, see Mindona. 
 
 Mirandula, 1519. 174 
 
 Er}i^^«- 175 
 
 Misraim. 175 
 
 Missolonghi, 1824. 175 
 
 Mittavia, 1774. 176 
 
 Modena, see Mutina. 
 MOGVNTIA, 1457. 176 
 
 Mohilow, 1617. 177 
 
 Molinae, 1644. 177 
 
 Molshemium, 1618. 178 
 
 Mompelgartura, see Mons Belli- 
 
 gardus. 
 MONACHIVM, 1500. 178 
 
 Monaco, 1586. 178 
 
 MONASTERIVM, 1486. 178 
 Monasteriura Casinas, see Casinos, 
 
 et sic de cseteris. 
 Mondonedo, see Mindona. 
 Mondovi, see Mons Regalis. 
 Monreale, see Mons Regalis. 
 Mons, see Monies. 
 
 Albanus, 1637. 178 
 
 Argisus, 1785. 178 
 
 Belligardus, 1588. 178 
 
 Faliscus, 1727. 179 
 
 Monachorum. 179 
 
 Pessulanus, 1650. 179 
 
 Regalis, (Monreale) 1651.179 
 
 MONS REGALIS, 1472. 179 
 
 REGIVS, (Monterey) 1494. 
 
 179 
 Mons Regius, 1551. 180 
 Montargis, see Mons Argisus. 
 Montauban, see Mons Albanus. 
 Montbelliard, see Mons Belligardus. 
 Montbrillant, 1743. 180 
 Monte Cassino, see Casinas. 
 Chiaro, see Clarus Mons. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 883 
 
 Monte Fiascone, see Mons Faliscus. 
 • Rev, see Mons regius. 
 
 Montego'bay, 1775. 180 
 Monteneau, see Mons Regalis. 
 
 Monies, 1540? 180 
 
 Montevideo, 1807. 180 
 
 Montilla, 1627. 18] 
 MONTIS SERRATI MONAS- 
 
 TERIVM, 1499. 181 
 Montpelier, see Mons Pessulanus. 
 Montreal, see Mons Regalis. 
 
 (America) 1775. 181 
 
 Montrejan, see Mons Regalis. 
 
 Montreuil, 1663. 182 
 
 Montroulles, 1698. 182 
 Montserrat, see Montis Serrati 
 
 Monasterium. 
 Merges, see Morgii. 
 
 Morgii, 1568. 182 
 
 Morlaix, 1626. 182 
 
 Moscua, 1553. 182 
 Movea, see Eimeo. 
 Moulins, see Molina. 
 
 Moulsey. 184 
 
 Mulhusium, 1561. 185 
 Munich, see MonacMum. 
 Munster, see Monasterium. 
 
 MVRCIA, 1487. 185 
 
 Mussipontum, 1596. 185 
 
 MVTINA, 1475. 185 
 
 Mythig, 1718. 185 
 
 N. 
 Nagera, see Naxara. 
 
 Nagercoil, 1827. 186 
 
 Nagy Szorabar, 1672. 186 
 Naiara, see Naxara. 
 
 Nakhitchevan, 1821. 186 
 
 Namurcum, 1639. 186 
 Nanceium, 1510. 186 
 
 Nancianum, 1620. 186 
 
 Nangasaqui, 1592. 186 
 
 Nan-king, see Nancianum. 
 NANNETES, 1493. 187 
 
 Nanquinum, see Nancianum. 
 Naples, see Neapolis. 
 Narva, 1701. 187 
 
 Nassau, (America) 187 
 
 Natchez, 1810. 187 
 
 Nauplia, 1824. 188 
 
 Naupotamos, 1722. 188 
 
 Naxara, 1615. 188 
 
 NEAPOLIS, 1471. 188 
 
 Neapolis Nemetum, 1579. 188 
 Nedelicz. 188 
 
 Neisse, see Nissa. 
 Nellore. 189 
 
 Nemausura, 1606. 189 
 
 Neoboleslavia, 1518. 189 
 
 Neobrandenburgum, 1741. 189 
 Neoburgum, (Neuburg) 1545. 189 
 Neoburgum, (Nyborg) 1707- 189 
 Neocoraum, 1533. 190 
 
 Neomagus, 1652. 191 
 
 Neostadium, 1571. 191 
 
 . in Palatinatu, Neosta- 
 dium ad Hartam, see Neapolis 
 Nemetum. 
 Neoweda, 1790. 191 
 
 Neozolium, 1790. 191 
 
 Nerolinga, 1525. 191 
 
 Nesvitz, 1562. 191 
 
 Neuburg, see Neoburgum. 
 Neuchatel, see Neocomum. 
 Nevers, see Nivemum. 
 Neuhusium, 1690. 192 
 
 Neusol, see Neozolium. 
 Neustadt, see Neostadium. 
 Neustadt-an-der-Hart, see Neapo- 
 lis Nemetum. 
 Neuwied, see Neoweda. 
 Newark, (America) 1795. 192 
 
 Newbern, 1754. 192 
 
 New Brandenburg, see Neobran- 
 denburgum. 
 Newburv-port, 1773. 192 
 
 Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1639. 192 
 Newhaven, 1754. 192 
 
 Newhausel, see Neozolium. 
 New Lexington, 1815. 193 
 
 New London, 1710. 193 
 
 New Orleans, 1803. 193 
 
 Newport, (Rhodelsland) 1732. 193 
 New York, 1693. 194 
 
 Nicasa, 1666. 194 
 
 S. Nicolai de Portu ~j 
 
 Pagus. >1518. 194 
 
 Nicolasbourg. J 
 
 S.Nicholas. 1825. 194 
 
 Nidrosia, about 1560. 194 
 
 Nienhus, see Neuhusium. 
 Niesviecium, 1562. 194 
 
 Nimeguen, see Noviomagium. 
 
384. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Niortum, 1594. 194 
 Nismes, see Nemausum. 
 
 Nissa Silesiorum, 1612. 195 
 Nivelles, see Nivigella. 
 
 Nivernum, 1592. 195 
 
 Nivigella, 1780. 195 
 Nizza, see Niccea. 
 
 NONANTVLA, 1480. 195 
 
 Nordhusa, 1703. 195 
 Nordlingen, see Nerolinga. 
 
 Nordovicura, 1568. 195 
 
 NORIMBERGA, 1470. 199 
 
 Northampton, 1803. 199 
 Norwich, see Nordovicum. 
 
 Norwich, (America) 1773. 199 
 
 Nottingham, 1714. 199 
 
 Nova Insula, 1541. 199 
 
 NOVA PELZNA, 1475. 199 
 
 Novaria, 1533. 200 
 
 NOVI, 1479. 200 
 
 Noviodunum, 1746. 200 
 
 NOVIOMAGIVM, 1479. 200 
 Novostadium, see Neostadium. 
 
 Novum Castrum. 201 
 Noyon, see Noviodunum. 
 
 NOZANVM, 1491. 201 
 
 Nuits, 1736. 201 
 
 Nupufell, 1578. 201 
 Nuremberg, see Norimberga. 
 
 Nuten, 1772. 201 
 Nyborg, see Neoburgum. 
 
 Nycopia, 1645. 201 
 
 Nyon, 1783. 202 
 
 O. 
 Ober-Ursel, see Urselke. 
 Odensee, see Othonia. 
 
 Odessa, 1825. 202 
 
 Odrig, 1688. 202 
 Oedenburg, see Sopronium. 
 Oehringa, see Oringa. 
 
 Oelsna, Oels, 1530. 202 
 
 Oenipons, 1592. 202 
 Oettlingen, see Ettelinga. 
 Offen, see Buda. , 
 
 Offenbacum, 1609. 203 
 
 OFFENBVRGVM, 1496. 203 
 
 Ognata. 203 
 
 Oldenburgum, 1665. 203 
 Olita, see Oliva. 
 
 Oliva, 1647. 203 
 
 Olmedo. 203 
 
 203 
 
 Olmutz, see Olomucwm. 
 OLOMVCVM, 1 ,,„f, 
 OLOMVTIVM,/ ^^"" 
 
 Olyssipo, see Ulyssipo. 
 
 St. Oraer's, see Audomaropolis. 
 
 Onate, see Ognata. 
 
 Onoldium, 1607. 204 
 
 Ootmorsen, see Otmarmm. 
 
 Oporto, see Portus Lusitanice. 
 
 OPPENHEMIVM, 1494. 204 
 
 Opsloe, see Ansloga. 
 
 Orange, see Arausio. 
 
 Orbitellum, 1667. 204 
 
 Orense, 1547. 204 
 
 St. Oreste, see Mom Faliscus. 
 
 „ .P , ' Uee Oriola. 
 Orihuela, J 
 
 Oringa, 1693. 
 
 Oriola, 1602. 
 
 Orleans, see Aurelia. 
 
 St. Orso, see Vicentia. 
 
 Ortesium, 1585. 205 
 
 Orthes, see Ortesium. 
 
 Orthona Maris,-) 
 
 Ortonna, J 
 
 Orvieto, see Urbs Fetus. 
 
 Osca, 1576. 205 
 
 Osma, see Oxoma. 
 
 Osmiana, 1615. 205 
 
 Osnabrugum, i „ 
 
 1,/ ^''•^^• 
 
 204 
 204 
 
 205 
 
 Osnaburgura, 
 
 Ossuna, see Urso. 
 
 Ostrobia, ^ 
 
 Ostrogia, > 1580. 205 
 
 Ostrovia,J 
 
 Otaheite, see Tahiti. 
 
 Othonia, 1698. 206 
 
 Otmarsum, 1647. 207 
 
 Ottembura, see Ottinpurra. 
 
 Otthinium, see Othonia. 
 
 Ottinpurra, 1509. 207 
 
 Oudenarde, see Aldenarda. 
 
 ?;S:}^795. 207 
 
 Oudewater, 1669. 207 
 
 Oxomense Burgum,/ ' 
 
 OXONIA, 1468 or 1478. 207 
 
 P. 
 
 Paddenburg,! ^-^g 
 Fadenborn, J 
 
 214 
 
INDEX. 
 
 '385 
 
 Padeborna, 1600. 214 
 
 xj J ' !■ see Patavium. 
 radii a, J 
 
 PalaeopolisAduaticorura, 1606. 214 
 
 Palseopraga, see Praga. 
 
 Palentia, 1572. 214 
 
 Palermo, see PANORMUM. 
 
 Palma, 1814. 215 
 
 Palma Balearium, 1540. 215 
 
 Paimonium, 1567. 215 
 
 Palmyra, 1755. 215 
 
 Paltheniorum Officina. 215 
 
 Palum, 1552. 215 
 
 PAMPELVNA, 1489, or 1495. 216 
 
 Panama, 1824. 216 
 
 Paniovicia, 1608. 216 
 
 PANORMVM, 1477. 216 
 
 Papenhemium, 1786. 216 
 
 PAPIA, 1471. 216 
 
 Paramaribo, 1826. 217 
 
 PARISH, 1470. 217 
 
 PARMA, 1472. 218 
 
 Parthenopa, see NEAPOLIS. 
 
 Passau, \ ^^ patavia. 
 
 Passavium, J 
 
 Passay, 1780. 218 
 
 Patakon, see Saros-pcitdkm- 
 
 PATAVIA. 1481. 219 
 
 PATAVIVM, 1472. 219 
 
 Pateo, 1825. 219 
 
 Patras, 1828. 219 
 
 Pau, see Palum. 
 
 Pavia, see Papia. 
 
 St. Paul trois Cbateux, see Au- 
 
 giista Tricassiorum. 
 Pedepontium, 1739. 219 
 
 Pekin, 1603. 220 
 
 Pelsna, see Nova Pelzna. 
 Penang, 1825. 220 
 
 Penig, 1804. 220 
 
 Pera, see Constantinopolis. 220 
 Perigueux, see Petracora. 
 Pernavia, 1698. 220 
 
 Perouse, see Perusia. 
 Perpignan, see Perpinianum. 
 PERPINIANVM, 1500. 221 
 
 Perugia, see Perusia. 
 PERVSIA, 1475. 221 
 
 Pesaro, see Pisaurum. 
 Pescia, see Piscia. 
 Pesclavium, 1560. 221 
 
 Pesenacum, 1661. 221 
 
 Pesthinum, Pestum, 1763. 222 
 St. Petersburg, see Petropolis. 
 Petracora, \ ^^^^ ^^^ 
 
 Petrocorium, J 
 
 Petropolis, 1711. 222 
 
 Pferda, see Furtum. 
 Pfoerten, see Porta. 
 Pfortzheim, see Phorca. 
 Phanum, see Fanum. 
 Pheibia, see Plebisacium. 
 Philadelphia, 1686. 224 
 
 Philippine Islands, see Macabebe, 
 
 and Samplai. 
 PHORCA, 1500. 225 
 
 Piacenza, see Placentia. 
 Piazzola, 1684. 225 
 
 PICTAVIUM, 1479. 225 
 
 St. Pierre, (Martinique) 1767. 225 
 Pignerol, see Pinarolium. 
 Pilsen, see Nova Pelzna. 
 PINAROLIVM, 1479. 225 
 
 PINCIA, see Fallisoletum. 
 Pinczovia, 1559. 226 
 
 Piobe de Sacco, see Phbisadum. 
 PISA, 1483. 226 
 
 Pisaurum, 1504. 226 
 
 Piscenae, see Pesenacum. 
 PISCIA, 1485. 226 
 
 Pistoria, Pistoya, 1643. 226 
 
 PLACENTIA, 1475. 226 
 
 Placentia, (America) 227 
 
 Plauen, see Plavia. 
 Plavia, 1670. 227 
 
 PLEBISACIVM, (1472 or) 1475. 
 
 227 
 Ploena, 1692. 227 
 
 Plymouth, 1825. 227 
 
 Poczatec, 1552. 228 
 
 Podium, 1628. 228 
 
 Poitiers, see Pictavium. 
 POLLIANVM RVS, 1476. 228 
 Pompeiopolis, see Pampehma. 
 Pondicherry, 1784. 228 
 
 Pons CEni, see (Enipons. 
 Pont-a-Mousson, \ see Mussipon- 
 
 Moncionis, J turn. 
 
 Pontidee MonasteriUm, 1740. 228 
 Popayan, 1824. 228 
 
 Porentrui, see Bruntrutum. 
 Porta, 1785. 229 
 
INDEX. 
 
 see Portesium. 
 
 Port an Prince, 1750. 228 
 
 PORTESIVM, 1490. 229 
 
 Portiani Castrura, 1743. 229 
 Portici, 1 
 Porto, J 
 Porto, see Partus. 
 
 Portroyal. 229 
 
 Portsmouth, (America) 1756. 229 
 
 Portua, 1640. 229 
 Portucale, see Partus Lusitania. 
 
 Portus, 1691. 229 
 
 Portus Ferrarius. 229 
 
 Portus Lusitaniae, 1612. 229 
 Posen, see Posnania. 
 
 Posnania, 1579. 230 
 
 Posonium, 1612. 230 
 
 Potschaev, 1618. 230 
 
 Potsdam, 1760. 230 
 
 Pottendorf, 1668. 230 
 
 Poughkeepsie, 1807. 230 
 St. Pourgain, see Partiani Casirum. 
 
 PRAGA, 1478. 230 
 
 Pratum Albuini, 1535. 231 
 Prenzlau, see Primislavia. 
 Presburg, see Pasanium. 
 
 Primislavia, 1747. 231 
 
 Prince of Wales' Island, 1807. 231 
 
 PROMENTOVR, 1482. 232 
 
 Prostanna, 1549. 232 
 
 Prostitium, 1603. 232 
 
 Providence, 1762. 232 
 Provins, see Provmum. 
 
 PROVINVM, 1496. 232 
 Psyra, see Ipsara. 
 
 Puebla de Guadaloupe. 233 
 Puebla de los Angeles, see Angelo- 
 
 palis. 
 Pulo Penang, see Prince of Wales' 
 
 Island. 
 
 Puschiavo, 1 d 7 • 
 T, i_, >see Pesclavmm. 
 Puschlavsr, J 
 
 Puteoli, 1663. 
 
 Puy, see Podium. 
 
 Puy en Velay, see Anicium. 
 
 Puzzuolo, see Puteoli. 
 
 233 
 
 Q. 
 
 
 Quam-cheu, 1 1 «/, , 
 Quang-tcheou, p"'^- 
 Quebec, 1764. 
 Quedelinburgum, 1632. 
 
 233 
 
 234 
 234 
 
 Quemper, see Corisapitium. 
 St. Quentin, 1627. 234 
 
 Quesada. 234 
 
 Quevillium, 1645. 234 
 
 Quiers, see Cherium. 
 Quilemburg, see Culemburgum. 
 Quimper-Corentin, see Corisapi- 
 tium. 
 Quinque Ecclesias. 234 
 
 Quitoa. 234 
 
 R. 
 Raab, see Jaurinum.. 
 Raceburgum, 1670. 235 
 
 Racholium, 1632. 235 
 
 Racovia, 1577- 235 
 
 Ragland Castle, 1750. 235 
 
 Ragusium, 1667. 236 
 
 Raiz, see Ratiastum. 
 Rakow, see Racovia. 
 Rangoon, 1814. 236 
 
 Ratiastum, see Lemovicense Ca- 
 sirum. 
 RATISBONA, (see Hyetopolis') 
 
 1485. 
 Ratzebourg, see Raceburgum. 
 Ravenna, 1583. 237 
 
 Ravenspurgum, 1626. 237 
 
 Reate, 1679. 237 
 
 Recanetum, 1606. 237 
 
 REENEN. 237 
 
 Regensburg, see Ratisbona. 
 Reggio, see Regium. 
 Reginohradecium, 1618. 237 
 
 Regiomontum, see Mons Regius. 
 
 1551. 
 REGIVM, 1475. 237 
 
 REICHENSTEIN, 1477- 238 
 Remi, 1557. 238 
 
 Rennes, see Rhedanes. 
 Revalia, 1682. 239 
 
 REVTLINGA, 1482. 239 
 
 Reyes, Cividad de los, see Lima. 
 RHEDONES, 1484. 239 
 
 Rheims, see Remi. 
 Rhingavia, see Rignavia. 
 Rhodopolis, see Rastachium. 
 Rhydychen, see Oxania. 
 Richelieu, chateau de, 1640. 240 
 RieiF, see Riva. 
 Rieti, see Reate. 
 Riga, 1638. 240 
 
INDEX. 
 
 387 
 
 Rigiacum Atrebatium, see Atreba- 
 
 tum. 
 
 Rignavia, 1577- 240 
 Rimini, see Ariminum. 
 
 SSiJi«22- 
 
 Rio de Janeiro, 1813. 240 
 Rioseco, Medina de,seefiiDMsSiccMs. 
 
 Ripa, 1508. 241 
 
 Riva de Trento, 1558. 241 
 
 Rivus Siccus, 1618. 241 
 Rocca, (la) see Lwpice. 
 Rochelle, see Rupella. 
 
 Rochester, 1648. 241 
 Rochfort, see Rupifortium. 
 
 Rochmanow, 1619. 241 
 Rodez, see Rutheni. 
 Roermond, see Ruremonda. 
 
 Rogensburg, 1735. 241 
 
 Rohan, 1682. 241 
 
 ROMA, 1467. 241 
 
 Ronchum, 1677- 243 
 
 Rpncilio, 1620. 243 
 
 Ronneburgum, 1807. 243 
 
 Rosa (Jonas) 243 
 
 Roschildia, 1534. 243 
 
 Roseau, (America) 1765. 243 
 
 ROSTOCHIVM, 1476. 243 
 
 Rotenburgum, 1627. 244 
 
 Roterodamum, 1589. 244 
 ROTHOMAGVM, 1483 or 1487. 
 
 244 
 
 Rotwila, 1606. 244 
 Rouen, see Rothomagum. 
 Rougemont, see Rubeus Mons. 
 
 Roveredo, 1749. 245 
 
 Rovetta, 1820. 245 
 Rovigno, Rovigo, see Rovilio. 
 
 Rovilio, 1574. 245 
 Ruah, see Eremus. 
 
 RVBEVS MONS. 1481. 245 
 Rudolphipolis, "] 
 Rudolphiverda, j 
 
 Rudolphopolis, VI 666. 245 
 Rudolphostadiura, I 
 Rudolstadium, J 
 
 Ruien, 1789. 245 
 
 Rupella, 1564. 245 
 
 Rupifortium, 1714. 246 
 
 Ruremonda, 1620. 246 
 
 Rutheni, 1627. 246 
 
 Saardam, see Zamerdam. 
 
 Sabaria. 246 
 
 Sabioneta, 1551. 246 
 
 Saena, see SeruE. 
 
 Ssetobris. 247 
 
 Safad, see Saphita. 
 
 Saganura, 1629. 247 
 
 Sagium, 1731. 248 
 
 SaTiagun. 248 
 
 Saint-Mandd, 1660. 248 
 
 Sais, see Sagium. 
 
 Salamanca, see Salmantica, and 
 
 Vallis Paradisi. 
 Salem, 1768. 248 
 
 Salernum. 248 
 
 Salicetum, 1646. 249 
 
 Salinse. 249 
 
 Salingiacum, 1538. 249 
 
 Salisburgum, 1620. 249 
 
 Sallodium, 1517. 249 
 
 SALMANTICA, 1481. 249 
 
 Salmurium, 1582. 250 
 
 Salo, see Sallodium. 
 Salonichi, see Thessalonica. 
 Salsette, see Racholium. 
 Saltzburg, see Salisburgum. 
 Saluces, see Salutice. 
 SALVTI^, 1481. 250 
 
 Saluzzo, see Salutice. 
 Samalcalda, 1574. 251 
 
 Samarobrina, see Ambiani.. 
 Sambor, see Szamotulium. 
 Samielum, 1613. 251 
 
 Samoscium, see Zamoscium. 
 Samplai, or Sampaloc, 1736. 251 
 Sancianum, 1700. 252 
 
 Sanctandreana Officina. 252 
 
 Sandomir, see Sendomiria. 
 Sancrdam, see Zamerdam. 
 Sangeorgiana Officina. 252 
 
 Santa F2, see Bogota. 
 Santa Martha, 1824. 252 
 
 Santa Maura, see Leucadea. 
 Santangelium, 1664. 253 
 
 Santiago, (Chili) 1825. 253 
 
 Santiago de Galicia, see Compos- 
 
 tella. 
 Saphita, 1563. 25» 
 
 Saragossa, see CcEsar Augusta. 
 Sarepta, 1808. 253 
 
 cc2 
 
388 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Saros-Patakon, 1653. 253 
 
 Sarvar, see Sabaria. 
 Sarzina, see Serezana. 
 Sassaris, 1640. 253 
 
 Savannah, 1762. 253 
 
 Saverne, see Taberna. 
 SAVILLIANVM, 1470. 254 
 
 Savioneta, see Sabioneta. 
 Saumur, see Salmurium. 
 SAVONA, 1474. 254 
 
 Saroy, (the) before 1660. 254 
 
 Scala Dei. 254 
 
 SCANDIANVM, 1495. 254 
 
 Scaphusia, 1592. 255 
 
 Scara, 1707- 255 
 
 Schaffhausen, see Scaphusia. 
 SCHEDAMVM, 1483. 255 
 
 Schelestadt, see Selestadium. 
 Schemnitium, 1796. 255 
 
 Schiedam, see Schedamum.. 
 Schlettstadt, see Selestadium. 
 Schleusinga, 1609. 255 
 
 Schlichtingsheim, 1680. 255 
 
 Schneeberga, 1725. 256 
 
 SCHOENHOVEN, 1495. 256 
 Schrattental, 1501. 256 
 
 Schuol, 1657. 256 
 
 Schussenried, see Sortense Mona- 
 
 sterium. 
 Schwabach, see Suobacum. 
 Schwaback, 1752. 257 
 
 Schweidnitz, see Suvidnia. 
 Schwerin, see Suerinum. 
 Scio, see Chios. 
 
 Sclavow, 1784. 257 
 
 Scutari, see Chrysopolis. 
 S. Sebastiani Fanum, 1674. 257 
 Secerrae, see Cecerrce. 
 Sedanum, 1689. 257 
 
 Sedinum, see Stetinum. 
 Seez, see Sagium. 
 Ses;obia, see Segovia. 
 SEGOBRICA, 1479. 257 
 
 Segodunum, see Rufheni. 
 Segontia, 1575. 257 
 
 Segorbe, see Segobrica. 
 Segovia, 1588. 258 
 
 Selestadium, 1518. 258 
 
 Selles, see CellcB. 
 
 Sena Gallica, 1694. 258 
 
 SENiE, 1479. 258 
 
 Senapaniowce, see Paniovicia. 
 Sendomiria, before 1740. 258 
 
 Senogallia, see Sena Gallica. 
 Senones, ") ^^gg ggg 
 
 Sens, } 
 
 Serampore, 1800. 259 
 
 Serezana, 1607. 263 
 
 SerravaHis, 1604. 263 
 
 Servesta, 1583. 263 
 
 Sessa, see Siiessa. 
 
 „ , ' > see Stetobris. 
 Setuval, J 
 
 Sevenbergen, 1683. 263 
 
 Seville, see Hispalis. 
 
 Sezza, see Suessa. 
 
 Sgravenhage, see Haga. 
 
 Shawnee-town, 1828. 264 
 
 Shelburne, 1783. 264 
 
 Siegen, see Sigena. 
 
 Sienna, see Sena. 
 
 Sigena, 1596. 264 
 
 Sigeth, see Szigetvar. 
 
 Siguenza, see Segontia. 
 
 Silusia, see Schleusinga. 
 
 Singapore, 1823. 264 
 
 Sinigaglia, see Sena Gallica. 
 
 Skalholt, 1685. 264 
 
 Skara, see Scara. 
 
 SLESVICVM, 1486. 265 
 
 Slovanka, 1766. 265 
 
 Slovita. 265 
 
 Slouske, "^ 
 
 Sluckum, |-1674. 265 
 
 Slucze, J 
 
 Smalcalda, see Samalcalda. 
 
 Smyrna, 1658. 265 
 
 Snagof, 1701. 266 
 
 Soest, see Susatum. 
 
 Solcovia, 1692. 266 
 
 Soleure, 1712. 266 
 
 Solingen, see Salingiacum. 
 
 Solisbacura, 1657. 266^ 
 
 Solin, see Solna. 
 
 Solna, 1703. 266 
 
 SONCINVM, 1484. 266 
 
 Sondershusa, 1697. 267 
 
 Sopronium, 1627. 267 
 
 Sora, 1627. 267 
 
 SORA, SORIA, 1485. 267 
 
 Sorethum, see Sortense Monast. 
 
 Soria, see Coria. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 389 
 
 Soroe, see Sora. 
 
 80RTENSE MONASTERIVM, 
 
 1478. 268 
 Soteiopolis, 1612. 268 
 South wark, 1514. 268 
 Spa, 1789. 269 
 Spina Nemetum, 1595. 
 SPIRA, 1471. 269 
 Spoletum, 1672. 269 
 Stabiae, 1656. 269 
 Stada, see Statio. 
 Stambul, see Constantinopolis. 
 Stargardia, 1777- 267 
 Statio, 1661. 269 
 Steinavia, 1662. 269 
 Steinberg, 1522. 270 
 STEINENSE MONASTERIVM, 
 before 1500, 270 
 Steinfurtum, 1604. 270 
 Stekelburt, 1519. 270 
 Stella Navarrorum, 1541. 271 
 Stenbro', see Harg. 
 Stendalia, 1671. 271 
 Stenefordium, see Stemfwtwm. 
 Stetinura, 1579. 271 
 Stirling, 1571. 271 
 Stockholmia, see Holmia. 
 Stoer, (Jac.) 271 
 Stolpa, 1675. 272 
 Stralesundia, 1645. 272 
 Strasburg, see Argmtima. 
 Straubinga, 1631. 272 
 Strawberry Hill, 1758. 272 
 Strega Silesiorum, 1715. 272 
 Strengnesia, 1623. 272 
 Striatina, 1604. 272 
 Striveling, see Stirling. 
 Stuhlweissenburg, see Alha Caro- 
 lina, and Alha Regalis. 
 Stutgardia, before 1522. 273 
 Subdinnum, see Cenomani. 
 SVBLACENSE MONASTERI- 
 VM, 1465. 273 
 Sudercopia, "I j5i]_ ,274 
 Siiderkoping, J ' 
 Suerinum, 1789. 274 
 Suessa. 274 
 Sully, 1630. 274 
 Sulzbach, see Salisbamm. 
 Suobacum, 1689. 274 
 Suolla, see ZwoIIce. 
 
 Supraslium, Suprassum, about 
 
 1700. 274 
 
 Surat, 1820. 274 
 
 Susatura, 1721. 275 
 
 Suvidnia, 1683. 275 
 
 SwinfurtumadManuw), 1605. 275 
 
 Sydney, 1795. 275 
 Sylva Ducis, see Buscum Ducis. 
 Synaguphu, see Snagof, 
 
 Syracuse. 1820. 275 
 
 Szamotulium, 1558. 276 
 
 Szigetvar, 1541. 276 
 Szombar, see Nagy Siombar. 
 Szombatel, see Sabaria, 
 
 T. 
 
 Taberna, 1792. 276 
 Tacacum, ijgg^ ^ 
 
 Tacaxuctium, J " ' 
 
 Taga, (perhaps Tacha, Taehau,) 
 
 1696. 277 
 
 Tahiti, 1818. 277 
 Takagus, see Tacacum. 
 Tallinnas, see Revalia. 
 
 Tananarivou, 1825. 277 
 
 Tani'ore, 1810. 277 
 
 TARACO, 1499. 278 
 Tarragona, see Taraco. 
 
 TARRAZONA, 1486. 278 
 Tarstu, see Tergeste. 
 
 TARVISIVM, 1471. 279 
 
 Tavistock, 1525. 279 
 
 TAVRINVM, 1474. 281 
 
 Taurum, 1630. 281 
 
 Tayabas, 1703. 281 
 
 Teate, 1601. 281 
 
 Tebriz, 1822. 281 
 Teflis, see Tiflis. 
 
 TegemseenseMonast. 1732. 282 
 
 Telo Marti us, 1704. 282 
 
 Tergeste, 1629. 282 
 
 Tergovista, 1710. .283 
 Tergow, see Gouda. 
 Terni, see Interamum. 
 Tertona, see Dertona, 
 
 Testaria, 1711. 283 
 Teutoburgum, see Duisburgitm. 
 THESSALONICA,(1479or)1515. 
 
 283 
 
 Thiela, 1658. 283 
 
 Thiengen, 1560. 284 
 
 Thierrium. 284 
 
390 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 THOLOSA, 1479. 284 
 
 Thorn, see Torunium. 
 Ticinum, see Papia. 
 Tifernum, 1539. 284 
 
 Tiflis, 1711. 284 
 
 Tigernum, see Thierium. 
 Tigurum, 1521. 285 
 
 Tiktin, 1717. 285 
 
 Tila, Tillum, see Thiela. 
 Tiphernum, see Tifernum. 
 Tirasso, see Tarrazona. 
 Tirgowischt, see Tergovista. 
 Tirnau, see Tyrnavia. 
 Tlascala, 1650. 285 
 
 Todi, 1655. 285 
 
 Tokis, or Tokoesi, see Toquinum. 
 Toledo, see Toletum. 
 TOLETVM, 1486. 286 
 
 TOLOSA, (Spain) 1488. 286 
 
 Tolosa Palladia, see Tholosa. 
 Tongeren, see Palaopolis. 
 Tongerloa, 1794. 287 
 
 Tongres, see Palceopolis. 
 Toquinum, 1596. 287 
 
 Torgavia, 1597. 288 
 
 Tornacum, 1557. 288 
 
 Toro, see Taurum. 
 Torpatum, see Dorpatum. 
 Tortona, see Dertona. 
 Tortosa, see Dertosa. 
 Torunium, 1568-70. 288 
 
 Toscolano, see Tusculanum. 
 Toul, see Tullum. 
 Toulon, see Telo Martins. 
 Toulouse, see Tholosa. 
 Tourcoing, 1753. 288 
 
 Tournay, see Tornacum. 
 Tours, see Turones. 
 Trajectum Inferius, see Trajectum 
 
 ad Rhenum. 
 Trajectum ad Mosam, 1685. 288 
 TRAJECTVM AD RHENVM, 
 
 1473. 289 
 
 Trajectum ad Viadrum, see Franco- 
 
 furtum. 
 Trajectum Superius, see Trajectum 
 
 ad Mosam. 
 Trani, see Tranum. 
 Tranquebaria, 1712. 289 
 
 Tranum, 1617- 290 
 
 Trapani, 1707- 290 
 
 J 689. 
 
 293 
 
 TREBIA, 1470. 290 
 
 Trebotes* 291 
 
 TREC^, 1483. 291 
 
 Treguier, see Lantriguerum. 
 
 Tremonia, 1545. 291 
 
 Trent, see Tridentum. 
 
 Trev^ecca, 1791. 291 
 
 Treves, see Treviri. 
 
 Treviri, 1583. 292 
 
 Treviso, see Tarvisium.. 
 
 Trevium, Trevi, see Trebia. 
 
 Trevoltium, 1 
 
 Trevoux, } 
 
 Tricasses, see Treca. 
 
 TRIDENTVM, 1476. 293 
 
 Tridinum, 1508. 293 
 
 Triers, see Treviri. 
 
 Trieste, see Tergesfe. 
 
 Trigueros, 1636. 293 
 
 Trino, see Tridinum. 
 
 Trisinga, 1775- 293 
 
 Troca, Troki, see Troyga. 
 
 St. Trond. , 294 
 
 Troyes, see Trecce. 
 
 TROYGA, 1497. 294 
 
 Truxillo. 294 
 
 TVBINGA, 1498. 294 
 
 Tudela, see Tutela. 
 
 Tugenus Pagus, | ^^3^, ^95 
 
 Tugmra, J 
 
 Tulle, see'Tutela. 
 
 Tullum, 1505. 295 
 
 Turiaso, see Tarrazona. 
 
 Turicum, Turigum, see Tigurum. 
 
 Turin, see Taurinum. 
 
 Turnonium, 1564. 295 
 
 TVRONES, 1496. 295 
 
 Turrelacum, 1512. 295 
 
 Turusa, 1685. 295 
 
 TVSCVLANVM, 1479. 295 
 
 Tutela, 1572. 296 
 
 Tyrnavia, 1626. 296 
 
 Tzchernigov, see Tzernogama. 
 
 Tzenna, see Zinna. 
 
 TZERNOGAVIA, 1492. 296 
 
 VADSTENA, 1491. 296 
 
 Vadum Isidis, see Oxoma. 
 Valencense, Valenciennes, see Va- 
 lentiniants. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 391 
 
 Valentia, Valence, (France) 1602. 
 
 297 
 
 VALENTIA, (Spain) 1474. 297 
 
 Valentinianae, 1608. 298 
 Valladolid, see Fallisoletum. 
 
 Vallis Paradisi, 1603. 298 
 
 VALLIS S. MARINE, 1474. 298 
 Vallis Trompia, see Colles V. Tr. 
 
 Vallis Umbrosa, 1511. 298 
 
 Vallis Vosagica, 1507. 298 
 
 VALLISOLETVM, 1493. 299 
 Vall'ombrosa, see Vallis Umbrosa. 
 Valparaiso, see Vallis Paradisi. 
 Vannes, see Veneti. 
 
 Varadinum, XVIth cent. 299 
 
 Varallum, 1604. 299 
 Varhely, see Vasarhely. 
 
 Varsavia, Varsovia, 1578. 299 
 
 Vasarhelv, 1793. 300 
 
 Vasatum', 1530. 300 
 
 Vaugirard. 300 
 St. Ubes, see Satobris. 
 
 Uclesiura, Ucles, 1624. 300 
 Udina, see Utinum. 
 Veimaria, see Vinaria. 
 
 Veldkirchium, 1655. 300 
 
 Velitrae, Velletri, 1644. 300 
 Vend6me, see Vindocinum. 
 
 Veneti, (Vannes) 1678. 300 
 
 VENETIiE. 1469. 301 
 
 Veperv, 1772. 303 
 
 Vera Cruz, 1826. 304 
 
 VERCELL.E, 1485. 304 
 Verdun, see Verodunum. 
 
 Verets, 1735. 304 
 Verlanga, see Berlanga. 
 
 Verodunum, 1583. 304 
 
 VERONA, 1470. 305 
 
 Versaliae, j jygg 306 
 Versailles, J 
 
 Vervieres, 1828. 307 
 
 Vesalia Clivorum, 1543. 307 
 Vesontio, see Bisuntia. 
 
 Vesullum, Vesoul, 1779. 307 
 Vevay, see Vibiscus. 
 
 Viana, 1619. 307 
 
 Vibii Forum, 1684. 307 
 
 Vibiscus, 1605. 307 
 
 Viburgum, 1528. 307 
 Vid, (la) see Vitis Monasterium. 
 
 VICENTIA, Vicenza, 1473. 308 
 
 Victor, (S.) 1549. 308 
 
 Vicus ^quensis, 1586. 308 
 
 VIENNA AVSTRIiE, 1482. 308 
 
 IN DELPHINATV, 
 
 Vienne, 1478. 309 
 
 Vignon, (E.) 309 
 
 Vigornia, 1548. 309 
 
 Villa braxima. 309 
 
 Villafranca, 1671. 309 
 
 ViUagarcia, 1761. 310 
 
 Villa Manta, see Mantua Carpeta- 
 norum. 
 
 nova Infantium, 1628. 310 
 
 Viridis, 1581. 310 
 
 Vitiosa, 1636. 310 
 
 Villefranche, see Villafranca. 
 Vilna, 1517. 310 
 
 Vinaria, 1701. 311 
 
 Vincennes, 1755. 311 
 
 St. Vincent, (Spain) I6O7. 311 
 Vincentius. 311 
 
 Vindeshemium, 1680. 311 
 
 Vindinum, see Cenomanum. 
 Vindobona, see Vienna Austrice. 
 Vindocinum, 1667. 311 
 
 Vinisima, Vinsheim, see Vindeshe- 
 mium. 
 VIQVERIA, 1486. 311 
 
 Virdunum, see Verodunum. 
 Virmaranum. 311 
 
 Visseum, Viseo, orViseu, 1571. 311 
 Visingia, 1667. 312 
 
 Vismaria, 1698. 312 
 
 Visolinum, 1588. 312 
 
 Vitemberga, 1503. 312 
 
 VITERBIVM, 1488. 313 
 
 Vitis Monasterium, 1626. 313 
 Vitodurum Helvetiorura,l789. 313 
 
 Vitry-le-Frangais, 1759, 
 Vitteburga, see Vitemberga. 
 Vittoria. 
 
 Viviacum, see Vibiscum. 
 Vizagapatam, 1812. 
 VLMA, 1473. 
 Ultrajectum, see Trajectum. 
 Ultzen, see Ulysseea. 
 Ulyssaea, 1575. 
 Ulvssinga, 1630. 
 VLYSSIPO, 1489. 
 Uman, 1685. 
 Vneuskoi Monasterium, 1692. 
 
 313 
 
 313 
 
 314 
 314 
 
 314 
 314 
 314 
 314 
 315 
 
392 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 United States of America, many 
 
 towns in. 315 
 
 Voegel. 315 
 Voghera, see Viqueria. 
 
 Volaterrae, Volterra, 1763. 316 
 Voyge, Voyse, see Vallis Vosagica. 
 
 Upsalia, 1510. 316 
 Urach, see Auracum. 
 
 Uraniburgum, 1596. 318 
 
 Vratislavia, 1503. 318 
 
 URBINVM, 1481. 318 
 
 Urbs vetus, 1586. 319 
 Urcesa, see Uelesiwm. 
 
 Ursellse, 1558. 319 
 S. Ursius, see Vicentia. 
 
 Urso, Ursao, 1549. 319 
 
 319 
 
 Vryburg. "J 
 Vrystadt. J 
 VTINVM, 1484. 319 
 
 Utraria, Utrera, 1654. 319 
 
 Utrecht, see Trajectum ad Rhenum. 
 Uttinpurra, see Ottinpurra. 
 Vuormacium Vangionum, 1514. 
 
 319 
 Uxamense Burgura, see Oxoma. 
 
 W. 
 Wadstena, Wadstein, see Vad- 
 
 stena. 
 Waldenburg, 1713. 320 
 
 Wales, 1734. 320 
 
 Walpole, 1793. 320 
 
 Wandesburgum, | ^ggg 3 
 
 Wansbecum, J 
 Waradin, Wardein, see Varadinum. 
 Warsaw, see Varsavia. 
 Waterford, 1555. 320 
 
 Watertown. 322 
 
 Wegrow, see Wengroma. 
 Weimar, see Vinaria. 
 Weissenburg, see Alba Julia. 
 Weissenburgum Noric. 1729. 323 
 Weissenfels, see Leucopetra. 
 Wengrovia, 1570. 323 
 
 Wesel, see Vesalia. 
 Wessenbrunii, see Wessofontanum. 
 Wessofontanum Coenobium. 
 Westeras, see Arosia. 
 Westminster, (America) 1778. 323 
 WESTMONASTERIVM, 1474. 
 
 323 
 Wetzlar, see Testaria. 
 
 Wiburg, see Viburgum. 
 
 Wien, see Vienna. 
 
 Wilhermsdorff, 1744. 326 
 
 WiUiamsburg, 1682. 326 
 
 Wilmersdorfium, 1589. 326 
 
 Wilmington, (Delaware) 1761. 326 
 
 (Carolina) 1763. 326 
 
 Wilna, see Filna. 
 
 Winchester, see Wintonia. 
 
 Windsheim, see Vindeshemium. 
 
 Windsor, (America) 1783. 327 
 
 WINTERBERGA, 1484. 327 
 
 Winter Harbour, 1819. 327 
 
 Winterthour, see Vitodurum. 
 
 Wintonia, 1545. 327 
 
 Wirceburgiim, see Herbipolis. 
 
 Wisbaden, 1821. 328 
 
 Wisingsburg, 1 rr' • • 
 ■,,r. . " ° > see vismsm. 
 Wismgsoe, J ° 
 
 Wismar, see Vismaria. 
 
 Wittemburg, see Vitemberga. 
 
 Wolfenbuttel, see Guelpherbytum. 
 
 Woodbridge, 1751. 328 
 
 Worcester, see Vigomia. 
 
 (America) 1775. 328 
 
 Worms, see Vuormacium. 
 
 Wschowa, see Fraustadium. 
 
 Wurtzburg, see Herbipolis. 
 
 Wysolyin, see Visolinum. 
 
 X. 
 Xerezium, see Asta. 
 XERICA, 1485. 329 
 
 Y. 
 Yedo, 1785. 329 
 
 York, see Eboracum. 
 
 (America) 329 
 
 Ypres, see Iprce. 
 Ysni, see Isna. 
 Yverdun, see Ebrodunum. 
 
 Z. 
 Zabern, see Taberna. 
 Zagrabia, 1743. 329 
 
 Zamerdam, 1648, 329 
 
 ZAMORA, 1482. 330 
 
 Zamoscium, Zamoski, 1557. 330 
 Zapetha, Zapetra, 1568. 330 
 
 Zaragosa, see Ccesar Augusta. 
 Zaslavium, 1572. 330 
 
 Zeitz, see Ciza. 
 Zell, see Cella. 
 Zenna, see Zinna. 
 

 I N D 
 
 E X. 
 
 393 
 
 Zerbst, see Servesta. 
 
 
 Zolkiew, see Solcovia. 
 
 
 Zeyma, 1605. 
 
 330 
 
 Zombor, see Nagy Szombar. 
 
 
 Zierizea, 1615. 
 
 331 
 
 Zug, see Tugium. 
 
 
 ZiUy, 1791. 
 Zimmermannus M. 
 
 331 
 331 
 
 Zullicbavia, 1 ,-,, 
 Zullichovium, J 
 
 332 
 
 ZINNA, 1492. 
 
 331 
 
 Zurich, see Tigurum. 
 
 
 Ziric Zee, see Zierizea. 
 
 
 Zutphania, Zutphen, 1611. 
 
 332 
 
 Zitia, see Ciza. 
 
 
 Zweybrucken, see Bipontium. 
 
 
 Zittavia, 1586-7. 
 
 332 
 
 Zwickau, see Cygnea. 
 
 
 Znoima, Znaym, Znoym, 
 
 1635. 
 
 Zwifalda, Zwiefalten, 1504. 
 
 332 
 
 
 332 
 
 ZWOLL^, 1479. 
 
 332 
 
 Dd