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Cornell University Library 
 
 S 417.H6 
 In memoriam Eugene Woldemar Hilgard. 
 
 3 1924 001 049 125 
 
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 €ustm laapteemai: Htlgart 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tiiis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924001049125 
 
FO C^fitayii^ StsteH 
 
M fl^emortam 
 Cugene ^Boltiemar I^ilgariD 
 
 Organizer of the Agricultural Department of the University of 
 California and Founder of the University Agricultural Experiment 
 Station, 1875; Professor of Agriculture, and Director of University 
 Experiment Stations, 1875 to 1905; Professor of Agriculture, Emeritus, 
 1905 to 1916. Died Jauary 8, 1916. 
 
 [Reprinted from the UuiviiBSiTT OF CaiiIfobnia Ohboiucle, Vol. XVIII, No. 2, 
 and distributed by the University of California Agricultural Experiment Station] 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS 
 
 BERKELEY 
 
 1916 
 
5 V/7 
 
 lllH^ 
 
ADDRESSES AT MEMORIAL SERVICES IN HONOR 
 
 OF Db. E. W. HILGARD, UNIVERSITY OF 
 
 CALIFORNIA, JANUARY 30, 1916 
 
 EBMAEKS OF PRESIDENT BENJ. IDE WHBELEE 
 
 We are met here today as a commiiiiity of scholars, whose 
 eldest brother, having finished his long toil under the con- 
 flict of day and night, has gone peacefully out into the 
 perfect light. We are met, not to bid him farewell, but to 
 be reminded of him, to rejoice in his triumph, to reaffirm 
 our love toward him, and thereby to quicken with one 
 another the spiritual bonds of our guild. 
 
 Eugene Woldemar Hilgard has kept the faith. He has 
 lived among his fellow men in active respect for the prin- 
 ciples of order and authority. 
 
 He has built his life into one of the most helpful institu- 
 tional forms of human society. He has fulfilled the best 
 traditions of a refined and honourable family of the Rhenish 
 Palatinate, out of whose stock he came. 
 
 He has been a gentleman. He has been true to the best 
 methods and standards of the science in whose fields he 
 toiled. 
 
 He has been loyal to the best traditions and standards of 
 academic life. He has kept the faith. 
 
 ADDRESS BY B. J. WICK80N 
 Professor of Horticulture, Emeritus 
 
 We are assembled today not to mourn over a life that 
 was long and good but to be thankful for it; not to be sad 
 that such a life was an environment of our own but to be 
 
glad of it; not to stand in inexpressible wonder in what 
 remote and glorious sphere such a life is now continuing, 
 but to lay firmer hold upon that part of it which was the 
 endowment of our own lives, of the lives of this institution, 
 of the State and of the world. For, without yielding aught 
 of the claim to transcendental glories, which both true 
 reason and revelation place in the western horizon of such 
 a life, we may doubt or forget the remoteness of its glorifi- 
 cation. For myself it is impossible to think that Hilgard 
 has really departed for a far country. To me he is stiU 
 here, loving and revering his God, laboring for the good 
 of his fellowmen, enjoying the companionship of his friends 
 and his loved ones — still here, alert and tireless in work; 
 full of strength and grace in thought and speech; cordial, 
 considerate and delightful in associated effort. I stiU think 
 of Hilgard as many of us have known him for decades and, 
 in this undertaking to lead you in glad admiration and 
 remembrance of him, I shall speak of him as I used to speak 
 to him ; for we lived together through times and conditions 
 which made it necessary to discuss frankly, not only the 
 fundamental reasons for positions assumed, but methods of 
 thought, attitudes, forms of expression, ways to force and 
 ways to win approval and support from a firmament of 
 authority which sometimes frowned and from a constitu- 
 ency which sometimes scowled and swore. 
 
 Through all such storms of adversity Hilgard came in 
 due time into the full sunshine of enthusiastic approval and 
 support, by the truth and talent which were in him, by the 
 work that was in him and by the beautiful light of love for 
 his fellowmen which twinkled in his eye and shone, full- 
 orbed, in his smile. As I ask you to remember and honor 
 him, how can I think of him as now remote ; how can I think 
 of his earthly life as over when I see that it will always 
 continue in the activities of this institution which will live 
 to the last day of mankind. It is therefore only one phase 
 of an entity which will endure, of which I speak to you 
 and, if I can speak at all truly, that phase will appear to 
 
you unique ; abounding in gladness of heart but unswerving 
 in tenacity of purpose; unremitting in labor and never 
 depressed or appalled by its requirements ; full of learning, 
 both old and new, and fruitful in accomplishments beyond 
 the usual achievement of even those accounted among the 
 most efficient of men. 
 
 A BIOGRAPHICAL OUTLINE 
 
 Eugene Woldemar Hilgard was born January 5, 1833, 
 at Zweibriicken, in Rhenish Bavaria, the son of Theodore 
 Erasmus and Margarethe Hilgard. His father was a 
 lawyer, holding the position of chief justice of the court 
 of appeals of the province. Judge Hilgard, having been 
 born and educated under the shadow of the French Revolu- 
 tion, and being of pronounced liberal views, stoutly opposed 
 the supercedence of the Code Napoleon by the illiberal laws 
 of the old regime. In 1836, when at the fullness of a 
 successful career, he determined to emigrate to America 
 with his family and settled on a farm at Belleville, Illinois. 
 As the public schools of that day were quite primitive. 
 Judge Hilgard personally undertook the preparation of his 
 sons for entrance to the universities. Eugene was in readi- 
 ness in 1849 and in that year returned to Germany to attend 
 the University of Heidelberg — graduating with honors and 
 a doctor's degree in 1853. This degree was re-issued to him 
 in 1903 as a "golden degree" in recognition of half a 
 century's good work for science. He studied also at Ziirich, 
 and at Freiberg in Saxony. After graduating in 1853 he 
 visited Spain and met Miss J. Alexandrina BeUo, daughter 
 of Colonel Bello of the Spanish army, whom he married 
 several years later. Returning to America, be began geo- 
 logical exploration work in Mississippi in 1855 and was ap- 
 pointed state mineralogist of that State in 1858. In 1860 he 
 revisited Spain, married Miss Bello and resumed his work in 
 Mississippi in November of that year. During the inter- 
 vention of the Civil War he pursued the chemical work 
 
required by the Southern Confederacy. In 1866 he was 
 chosen professor of chemistry in the University of Mississ- 
 ippi — then professor of geology, zoology and botany. In 
 1872 he left Mississippi to take a position on the faculty of the 
 University of Michigan, but remained there only two years, 
 when he was called by the Regents of the University, to 
 California in 1874. While developing agricultural instruc- 
 tion in the University, he proceeded with research work 
 immediately after his arrival in California and published 
 his first results in 1877. His work in the investigation of 
 soils in connection with their native vegetation, of the 
 influence of climate on the formation of soils and especially 
 of the nature of "alkali soils" and their reclamation, a 
 problem quite new not only in this country but in other 
 arid regions, achieved for him a reputation as wide as the 
 world of science. It brought him recognition on numerous 
 occasions. Mississippi, Columbia and Michigan universities, 
 as well as the University of California, have bestowed the 
 Doctor of Laws degree upon him. The Academy of Sciences 
 of Munich presented him with the Liebig medal for dis- 
 tinguished achievements in the agricultural sciences and 
 the international exposition at Paris, in 1900, gave him a 
 gold medal as a collaborator in the same research. 
 
 Soon after coming to California he directed the agri- 
 cultural division of the northern transcontinental survey. 
 From 1879 to 1883, in connection with his university work, 
 he assumed charge of the cotton investigation of the census 
 of 1880 which he projected and carried out on a broader 
 plan than ever before been undertaken. During the whole 
 period of his academic career Professor Hilgard was con- 
 stantly active in authorship. In addition to formal reports 
 and memoirs, he wrote much for agricultural and scientific 
 periodicals. His greatest book is Soils of the Arid and 
 Humid Regions. The simpler form of this work is Agri- 
 culture for Schools of the Pacific Slope, undertaken in 
 collaboration with Professor Osterhout, formerly of the 
 University of California. 
 
In 1892 he revisited Europe and was received with dis- 
 tinguished honor by his colleagues in science in the German 
 universities and experiment stations, and by invitations to 
 deliver public addresses on the subjects in which he had 
 made his chief achievements. 
 
 Since 1910 Professor Hilgard's advanced age rendered 
 him unequal to the pursuit of extensive tasks. He main- 
 tained, however, his membership in several scientific 
 societies and was vitally interested to the last in investiga- 
 tions connected with his science. 
 
 Professor Hilgard met with two great bereavements 
 during the active period of his life — the loss of an only 
 son in 1889, and, ia 1893, the loss of his wife, He is 
 survived by two daughters, Marie Louise and Alice Hilgard, 
 who have been to him sources of great joy and delightful 
 companions during his declining years — giving him such 
 care as all good fathers deserve but few perhaps receive. 
 Professor Hilgard's home and social life were exceptionally 
 pleasant and inspiring, and personally he endeared himself 
 to the whole community, which gave him true love and 
 abundant honor. 
 
 HOW HIL6AED CAME TO CALIFORNIA 
 
 Instruction in agriculture in the University began 
 briskly in 1870 with a thorough course on fruit growing 
 in the Garden of Eden, passing spiritedly to grain growing 
 in Egypt and the conditions surrounding the corner in 
 sorghum which Joseph contrived for Ramses II, pausing 
 to look carefully into the dairy practices of the Scythians, 
 and was rapidly approaching the relatively modem cabbage 
 growing of Cincinnatus when, as tradition declares, both 
 instructor and pupils fell asleep while pursuing dry- 
 farming by the encyelopedestrian method of teaching. A 
 situation was created thereby, and a change in point of 
 view of agricultural instruction in this institution was 
 decided upon. 
 
The historical, social, and political aspects of farming, 
 though dear to the farmers of half a century ago because 
 they seemed to minister directly to the advancing social 
 dignity and political power of their occupation, were dis- 
 cerned by far-seeing men not to approach the fundamental 
 needs of farming, in increasing and improving production 
 and the greater prosperity presumably attainable through 
 better understanding of farming materials and methods of 
 their economic relations. It was revealed to many at that 
 time, if not widely recognized by farmers themselves, that 
 science could do more for farming than tradition ; that the 
 mainspring of rational farming was natural science; that 
 the way to improve farming was to put more force into the 
 mainspring. 
 
 This truth dawned broadly half a century ago, following 
 the streamers of light which had for decades portended its 
 arising. It was a world condition, but I speak only of 
 California's share of it. The enlistment of science as an 
 aid to agriculture was effected by an initiative within the 
 University and not from those then most prominent in the 
 farming industry of the State — in fact, there was some 
 resentment that an earlier instructor who had impressed 
 them as "practical" should be displaced in the interest 
 of science. 
 
 From its own point of view, the University had no diffi- 
 culty in deciding that Hilgard was the proper choice for 
 Professor of Agriculture in this institution and that he was 
 fully trained and equipped. Was he not a master in the 
 classics and endowed with all the graces and disciplinary 
 forces of the real learning of the world? Had he not 
 received summa cum laude from the highest fountain of 
 natural science in Germany? Was he not panoplied by the 
 great Liebig? And had he not demonstrated his personal 
 power in research and exposition by exalting the state of 
 Mississippi into the first rank of states which knew their 
 geology to the very bottom of it and had he not advanced 
 Mississippi even beyond others of its rank by tracing its 
 
soils to the rocks whence they came, by ice, wind and water, 
 to the piercing by the plow ? Surely all these things were 
 true and their force fully realized by the University faculty. 
 The professors of science of the University demanded 
 Hilgard and the Regents elected him, counting it, from 
 their point of view, a good business stroke, because he could 
 not only teach agriculture but all the sciences underlying 
 it which were not otherwise provided for in the existing 
 faculty. Thus the older sciences held out their hands to 
 agriculture, then the youngest of their group, and Hilgard 
 came to the University in the winter of 1875. 
 
 HOW HILGARD BEGAN HIS WOKK 
 
 Of the many and various problems which faced Hilgard 
 at the beginning of his work in the University of California, 
 I select three which, at this moment, seem to give the best 
 clue to the masterfulness of the man and fullest under- 
 standing of the breadth and depth of his success : 
 
 First : the conciliation and conquest of his farming con- 
 stituency, by demonstration of practical and indispensable 
 value in the work he could do. 
 
 Second: the enforcement of recognition of agricultural 
 studies as entitled to the dignity of higher learning and as 
 possessed of pedagogic value. 
 
 Third: the securing of funds to pursue research, which 
 alone could yield truth about natiiral conditions affecting 
 California farming, and to increase his working force — 
 without which he could neither get the truth nor teach it, 
 in its several branches and applications. 
 
 To present to you even outlines of Hilgard 's complete or 
 progressive solution of these three problems would require 
 a volume, so deep did he delve into the underlying facts and 
 causes and so far and high did he pursue effects and influ- 
 ences. As I look back over the forty years of my observa- 
 tion of his work, I see him, arraigned before four bars of 
 public opinion: the farming population, the faculty of the 
 
10 
 
 University, the Eegents of the University, and the legisla- 
 ture of the state, and I see him pleading soundly, patiently 
 and successfully at all these tribimals : securing, finally, not 
 only the consent but the enthusiastic support of all of them 
 in the pursuit of his undertakings. Let me briefly support 
 that declaration. 
 
 Hilgard's conciliation and conquest of his constituency 
 was the first and the easiest of his victories. I have men- 
 tioned the resentment caused among the leaders of a farm- 
 ing organization by the retirement of his predecessor. It 
 was not a personal resentment because all knew that Hilgard 
 had neither knowledge nor participation in it, and yet any 
 follower of a favorite must incur some opposition. This 
 favorite whom they called "practical" was displaced by a 
 man called "scientific" — and the word itself was hated, 
 then, as irrationally as it has sometimes been worshiped 
 since that time. But all such opposition to Hilgard was 
 short-lived. There was opposition, through rivalry and 
 self-interest, which gave him good fighting to do later, but 
 his conquest of the early farmers' opposition was by con- 
 ciliation. I clearly recall an instance of his method. I 
 was present at a farmers' meeting in San Francisco in 
 1876, apparently called to see just how far the college of 
 Agriculture had fallen. The room was not large and was 
 crowded with men of some prominence in farming and 
 hostile to the University because they really believed that 
 the College of Agriculture ought to be snatched from ruin- 
 ous association with a so-called "classical institution." It 
 was a stormy assembly but when there came a lull the 
 chairman asked Hilgard to speak. He rose alertly, showing 
 then a slim, graceful figure, and when he had folded and 
 pocketed the blue glasses which a long continued eye trouble 
 forced him to wear, they saw a scholarly face illumined 
 with an eagerness, cordiality and brightness of expression 
 which seemed to say to them : I never was in such a delight- 
 ful place before in my life. Before he could say a word he 
 had them transfixed with surprise and curiosity, and when 
 
11 
 
 he began to speak in a low, conversational voice, with an 
 accent which compelled them to listen closely, every man 
 was at attention. He was saying that he was glad to meet 
 them; that no one could do much for farming unless he 
 had personal knowledge and support of farmers; that he 
 had listened with interest to what they had been saying and 
 much of it doubtless would be helpful to him; that other 
 things they could talk over and agree upon when they 
 became better acquainted; that he had come to California 
 to try, with their help and support, to know California, 
 from the rocks to the sky, and proposed to use all that he 
 had learned in other lands merely as a help to begin to 
 know California, which he had already perceived was differ- 
 ent from any other land in which he had lived and worked. 
 He wished to work from California outward ; not to try to 
 fit old theories to a new state. He had always been inter- 
 ested in differences and wanted to see what they were and 
 how they worked in farming. On his father's farm in 
 Illinois he learned that the soil was not all alike and had 
 been told that soil differed when it came from different 
 rocks, when it was moved about in different ways and when 
 other things were mixed with it, and since boyhood he had 
 been studying the rocks, the soils, the plants, to see what 
 was in the soil and in the plant in the hope of matching 
 them up, to get the best crops and the most money in farm- 
 ing — and then followed a charming half -hour with soil for- 
 mation and movement, tillage, fertilization, etc. etc., without 
 a scientific term, without reference to a chemical formula — 
 all straight farming talk about soils and plants. Finally 
 he said he had come to find out how these things worked 
 in California. He particularly wished to know whether 
 California farmers had anything as hard to handle as the 
 gumbo soil of the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 It was a master stroke and all so unconsciously delivered. 
 Before he could regain his seat, questions were fired at him 
 from all over the room and he answered them readily and 
 confidently. At least half-a-dozen had soil which they 
 
12 
 
 knew was many times worse than gumbo ; would he come to 
 the farm and see it 1 As the meeting closed after half an 
 hour of such friendly and informal conference, a tall giant 
 from the San Joaquin who was a leader in the opposition 
 and who was known to be able to damn the classics all 
 around a thousand acre grain-farm, leaned down and whis- 
 pered in my ear: "My God, that man knows something!" 
 
 Such experiences ' were repeated scores of times in 
 different parts of the state during the first few years of 
 Hilgard's administration of the College of Agriculture. His 
 purposes were approved and his personal achievements 
 praised in ways I have not space even to suggest. A single 
 significant token of his victory may be seen in the fact that, 
 within five years after his coming, the State ]\Iaster of the 
 organization which set itself and its ten thousand mem- 
 bers to the task of segi-egation of the College of Agriculture 
 from the University, presented, in the constitutional conven- 
 tion of 1879, the article which made the organic act of the 
 University a part of the constitution of the state and thus 
 lifted the integrity of the institution above legislative dis- 
 memberment. This achievement was profound in its effect 
 upon the development of this institution: it was wide- 
 reaching, for it has proved a rock upon which efforts for 
 dismemberment of land-grant universities in other states 
 have been dashed to pieces. 
 
 I do not, of course, mean to intimate that Hilgard's 
 conciliation of the farmers (and those disposed at that time 
 to train with them in opposition) indicated that there was 
 an adverse majority in the convention to be overcome, for 
 the University had abundant strength to prevail. But the 
 importance of the opposing minority is seen in the fact that 
 those in charge of the University interests deemed it worth 
 while that the conquered leaders in opposition should be 
 given leadership in affirmation, and that was possible 
 through their conciliation and satisfaction by Hilgard. 
 
 Though Hilgard's first great and enduring work was 
 done by conciliation, do not think for a moment that he was 
 
13 
 
 a pacificist. He was a warrior, bold and confident. It was 
 a wonder to some of us, who knew him best, how a man 
 so genial and so full of love for his fellowmen could fight 
 so hard and mercilessly. Sometimes we thought he fought 
 not wisely but too well. Sometimes the cause of war seemed 
 not worth the time and the munitions. But fighting was 
 recreation for him: it seemed to renew his strength, to 
 deepen his convictions, to freshen his thought. My im- 
 pression is that on the whole it did no harm — not even to 
 himself. I believe that what he counted his greatest vic- 
 tories were won not by the fighting but by the personal sin- 
 cerity, ability and capacity which he displayed while doing 
 it, and thus victories, when he attained them for his con- 
 tentions, were not by arts of war but by attributes of peace. 
 
 hilgakd's eablt work in the tjniversitt 
 
 HUgard came to the University largely by the initiative 
 and influence of the science branch of the faculty, as stated, 
 and he at once took a leading part in the general effort 
 which the sciences had to make to secure parity of pedagog- 
 ical position and influence with the old culture-studies which 
 were intrenched in the faculty, the Regents and in the 
 professional classes which held strongly to the old educa- 
 tional ideals. In this effort for the fuller and fairer recogni- 
 tion of science in educational curricula and policy, Hilgard 
 came as a great reinforcement to the protagonist of science, 
 for he could not be impeached for lack of knowledge of 
 classical point of view and materials. He knew his Latin 
 and his Greek and the literatures of them, and only the 
 distinguished professor of German of that day could sur- 
 pass him in conversational scope in modem languages. And 
 he loved all this learning and constantly used it familiarly, 
 while, beyond all conscious employment of it, there it was, 
 forming his thought, gracing his style and in every way 
 influencing his action and enriching his life. One can 
 readily see what an influence such a man must have been 
 
14 
 
 in winning recognition for applied science from those who 
 held ever so strongly to the old standards. Naturally the 
 fiercest opposition came from those within academic circles 
 — from the shrine-makers of Ephesus. Although in his first 
 report, for the year 1877, Hilgard clearly announced the 
 principles upon which his instruction would be developed, 
 for years he still had difficulty in making his position under- 
 stood and his fundamental principles recognized as educa- 
 tionally sound. In that report of 1877 he said: 
 
 "A knowledge of facts and principles and not the 
 achievement of manual dexterity, must be the leading object 
 of a truly useful course of instruction in agriculture. 
 
 Object teaching should be made the pre-eminent method 
 of instruction in natural, and more especially in technical 
 science. Manual exercise should be made the adjunct of 
 the instruction in principles." 
 
 Thus Hilgard announced, at the very beginning, his 
 adoption of the laboratory and field method of instruction 
 and he pursued it as far as he could command the outfit for 
 it. That he was right in his choice of principle and method 
 is attested by the present educational consensus that there 
 is no other way; and it is being lavishly provided for now, 
 even in branches of learning to which at that time it was 
 not dreamed to be applicable. And yet, though he an- 
 nounced at that remote day his adoption of a policy which 
 is now dominant in educational work and though he demon- 
 strated the practicability of it with pitiably poor equipment, 
 the opposition which he encountered would strike you as 
 incredible even if I could present it most accurately and 
 with faith to the spirit of it. But he went on writing, 
 speaking and fervently praying I doubt not, as Hilgard was 
 a godly man, for the initial recognition of educational truth 
 which is now aU pervading — contending for the recognition 
 of agricultural science, adequately knoMTi and properly 
 taught, as a respectable branch of higher learning and 
 inferior to none other, in the line of pedagogic material and 
 in its relation to preparedness for life. He made trouble 
 
15 
 
 for others, of course, for he was always pushing, prying 
 and crying out for the attainment of what he saw to be 
 educationally true and good for mankind. But no opposi- 
 tion daunted him. When a distinguished logician declared 
 once that agriculture was only handicraft and should have 
 no place in University instruction, his comment was in 
 kind, and to the effect that speculative philosophy never 
 arrived : it was mental gymnastics — always indulged in with 
 the danger of being thrown from the parallel bars of 
 knowledge and faith and breaking one's spiritual neck. 
 But such a comment under stress was not an indication of 
 Hilgard's habitual attitude toward other branches of learn- 
 ing. He was not only charitable and tolerant but he was 
 genuinely interested and fair. However, to be told that 
 agriculture was only handicraft was a serious affront to a 
 man who had lighted his torch at the fires of Liebig and 
 went forth to declare and to demonstrate that agriculture is 
 the greatest of the natural sciences because it requires the 
 fullest work of all of them to reach its own greatest develop- 
 ment. 
 
 The stand taken by Hilgard with reference to the dignity 
 and pedagogical value of agricultural science, while so many 
 institutions, now great, were in their formative periods, was 
 recognized as sound throughout this country, and beyond. 
 Set forth in his early reports it exercised a profound in- 
 fluence. The proper relation of agricultural practice to 
 agricultural science, as factors in educational effort; the 
 educational distinction between labor performed for enlight- 
 enment and labor prescribed to beget a liking for labor; 
 the place of both the art and science of agriculture in a 
 University of higher learning, when both are handled ably 
 for instructional purpose — these were among his funda- 
 mental contentions, upholding them through many contro- 
 versies, and his victory is seen in their entry into the regular 
 curricula of aU of the newer institutions of learning and 
 their pursuit by older institutions established upon other 
 standards of learning before the existence of them as educa- 
 
16 
 
 tional factors was dreamed of as worthy and capable. 
 
 Even the vocational point of view, now so universally 
 prevalent, was clearly occupied in his first report, that of 
 1877, and the first accession to his staff was an instructor 
 in practical agriculture in 1878. Thus, at the first oppor- 
 tunity, he justified his conception of the relation of facts 
 and principles, when the natural temptation was to exalt 
 his own personal line of research by proper laboratory 
 provision and equipment. But Hilgard was always broader 
 than his own science. He was a real man and a true educa- 
 tional philosopher. 
 
 HILGAED 'S CEEATION OP AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 But great as were Hilgard 's services to educational 
 science and policy, it is probable that his achievement and 
 influence in agricultural research in the United States will 
 be counted greater. Even if we disregard the incalculable 
 value in his assumption of the agricultural point of view 
 in connection with his geological work in Mississippi and 
 count his services from his beginning in California, he still 
 stands as the founder of American institutional research 
 in agriculture, including both laboratory and field work. 
 However, as often happens in science, priority can be claimed 
 only by a narrow margin. Fortunately Hilgard opened 
 his laboratory in the spring of 1875 and began an experi- 
 ment to determine effects of deep and shallow plowing at 
 the same time, and his rival for priority, Professor Atwater 
 of Connecticut, was plowing his legislature at that date, 
 reaped a law in July and opened his laboratory in October, 
 1875, after Hilgard had his field in fallow. His priority is 
 "not so deep as a well nor so wide as a church door but 
 'tis enough." The price of that priority seems almost 
 pitiful now. In his report of 1877 Hilgard writes: "The 
 appropriation of $250 for the beginning of an experiment 
 station has, under advice, been carefully husbanded by me, 
 after the failure of the appropriations asked of the last 
 
17 
 
 legislature, in order to insure the continuation of the home 
 work." It is not hard to understand what the words 
 "under advice" really mean. The fact was that Hilgard 
 was told that he could get no more money from the Regents. 
 He must get it from the legislature, the next session of 
 which was two years away. No wonder he "carefully 
 husbanded" his $250, for surely it would not pay for much 
 experimental husbandry. Fortunately the legislature of 
 1877 gave him $5000 for two years and the legislature of 
 1879 gave $5000 a year for two years, of which he says, 
 in his report for 1880, "it barely enables us to pay running 
 expenses and farther improvement and increase of scope 
 wiU be impossible" — for he then had haK a dozen field 
 and laboratory assistants to provide for. 
 
 The insistent demand of Hilgard for money to carry 
 on his work produced at least two effects. 
 
 1. The farmers began to ask pointedly where all the 
 money went which was provided by Congress (through 
 sale of public lands) to conduct an agricultural college 
 such as Hilgard wanted and such as the farmers approved. 
 They liked Hilgard but they hated taxes. 
 
 2. The Regents began to wonder whether in the conquest 
 of Hilgard they had not caught a man of Tartaric ancestry. 
 As one of them is reported to have said, "they wondered 
 what was the matter with that man Hilgard: why could 
 he not draw his salary and not make so much trouble about 
 money?" Some of them were quite sure they had em- 
 bosomed a viper: they would quietly look into the matter. 
 Through a functionary of the secretary's office, whom a 
 regent or two had asked to expert the situation a little, 
 they were told that "Hilgard spent most of his time at 
 home mending his harness." To understand the reference 
 one must remember that, at that day, each professor had 
 to keep a horse and chaise to pull him through the bottom- 
 less Berkeley streets and harness-mending was indispen- 
 sable. But the amateur detective made only one mistake, 
 Hilgard did spend most of his time at home "mending his 
 
18 
 
 harness" but it was not for his horse. It was for himself — 
 the harness which he needed to pull through original scien- 
 tific achievement to results which would establish his stand- 
 ing, with the people and the Regents, and secure the means 
 necessary to properly develop agriculture in the University. 
 Meantime, he fully discharged his University duties and, 
 in addition, held the farming population not only from 
 outbreak but in support, as already cited in connection 
 with the incident of the new constitution of 1879. 
 
 As I look back upon it, it seems to me that Hilgard's 
 strategic diversion of 1879 to 1883 was one of the brightest 
 and most effective movements of his career. On the basis 
 of his work in Mississippi he was requested by the Director 
 of the Census of 1880 to take full charge of the cotton 
 investigation for that census and to do something greater 
 for the cotton industry than was ever done before ; and he 
 was promised funds for inquiry, investigation, laboratory 
 work and whatever else he deemed necessary to get at the 
 fundamental facts and principles connected with cotton 
 growing in the United States. Hilgard seized what he 
 recognized as exceptional opportunity to demonstrate his 
 power. He selected assistants and set them at work study- 
 ing cotton-producing conditions from the soil to the sky and 
 their influence on quantity, quality for various purposes, 
 cultural methods, etc. He reviewed the subject as a whole 
 and in divisions; studied each cotton state and finally 
 produced two volumes illuminated with plates and maps, 
 bristling with tables of analyses, statistics of production 
 and, running through it all, edifying and inviting text. I 
 need not try to characterize it as a whole except to say 
 that the report as printed weighs over ten pounds — every 
 ounce of which was made in California and is emblazoned 
 with the insignia of the University of California, but it 
 cost the state and the University not a cent. More than 
 that, California was presented as a "cotton state" and her 
 natural conditions were so thoroughly studied and so ably 
 set forth that a part of that work entitled "The Physical 
 
19 
 
 Features of California" is cited and quoted to this day by 
 those who desire to demonstrate fundamental things about 
 the state. "While his local patrons and employers were 
 wondering how Hilgard could use $2500 for expense money, 
 the United States gave him not less than $25,000 to spend 
 in his cotton work — one wide-reaching result of which was 
 that it made California famous. 
 
 Yes, the amateur detective was literally correct: 
 "Hilgard was spending most of his time at home mending 
 his harness." And what a powerful harness he made of it ! 
 It puUed him away from all doubt of the scientific quality 
 and the industrial value of his work in the development of 
 California. It made it easier to get appropriation for all 
 kinds of research work : it made it easier for the University 
 as a whole to get funds for its general purposes. Not that 
 Hilgard nor the University was able to get as much as they 
 needed to realize their beneficent purposes. Good research 
 men and good institutions never did get as much as they 
 need and probably they never will. Perhaps, if they should, 
 they might cease to be good. 
 
 But this monumental cotton work, based upon the soil 
 work which was one of its foundation walls, was nation-wide 
 in its influences. It was accepted throughout the country 
 as a demonstration that Hilgard could do the work which 
 his California reports and other publications were urging 
 upon the public mind. It was a force in engrafting 
 original research upon the instructional work, established 
 through the educational land-grant law of Morrill, by the 
 enactment of the Hatch law for experiment stations in all 
 states; and when those institutions were being developed 
 in the latter '80 's Hilgard and the research establishment 
 which he had created in California were the accepted 
 prototypes of men, means and methods. 
 
 Nor was he simply a national exemplar in his line. 
 When he went abroad for a short year in 1892, after seven- 
 teen years of tireless and most productive work in Cali- 
 fornia, he was received with unusual tokens of honor and 
 
20 
 
 esteem, and by many learned scientific bodies was prevailed 
 upon to describe his ways of work and the notable differ- 
 ences, which he was first to formulate, of conditions in arid 
 and humid climates in their scientific and economic aspects. 
 
 Hilgard resumed his work in the University in 1893 — 
 sooner than the regulations required because he could not 
 longer restrain himself from his usual work. For more 
 than a decade after his return he applied himself with his 
 customary vigor, insight and success, upon undertakings 
 which were growing by leaps and bounds because he had 
 started and directed them aright. His last years of admin- 
 istration were his best years : his position of leadership was 
 unquestioned; his physical strength seemed greater than 
 during some of his earlier periods ; the demands for instruc- 
 tion and the opportunities for research were multiplied. 
 He labored like one who was realising the results he had 
 long desired and his heart was light as his time for greatest 
 achievement had come. In the fullest warmth of popular 
 appreciation and with the truest loyalty and devotion from 
 the scores of associates whom he had chosen for particular 
 purposes, he did his best work for agriculture in the 
 University by making the greatness of its future secure. 
 
 Thus, friends and admirers of Hilgard, have I tried to 
 give you simply a few glances at the life which you honor 
 and for which you are thankful. I have chosen to dwell 
 upon remoter phases of his activity because only a few 
 share with me the deep joy of having been with him then. 
 I do not try to measure his achievements in science or tech- 
 nology, nor even to indicate them. It seems to me that we 
 think first of the man, of the purpose that was ia him and 
 of the development of that purpose imder his environment. 
 Phases of that development which were precedent to your 
 own periods of observation, therefore, have seemed most 
 fitting to present. And yet I may say, confident of your 
 approval, that the results of Hilgard 's labors are in the 
 warp of California's first half -century of intellectual and 
 industrial life and upon such enduring work as he achieved 
 
21 
 
 will be spread the splendid fabric of the coming advance- 
 ment and development of our state. He was quick to see his 
 opportunities of public service, to recognize his duty therein 
 and he was masterful and tireless in pursuit of it. He was 
 bold in conquest of truth and fearless in his use of it for 
 the interest of mankind — seizing gladly the smallest fact 
 from research and pressing it to the humblest service but 
 always perceiving and enforcing the relations of both the 
 fact and the service to the broadest interests of his state 
 and of his fellowmen. Thus all came to know him as 
 richly wise, unswervingly true and deeply patriotic and 
 humanistic — a man whose thinking was as clear and whose 
 motives were as unselfish as his service of them was force- 
 ful and effective. His achievements were great and diverse 
 and his honors therefore great and widely bestowed. 
 
 California has lost a citizen of great achievement and 
 influence, whose monument will be the greatness of his work 
 for California which can never be forgotten because it was 
 so great, so everlastingly sound and true and so closely 
 related to the happiness and prosperity of his fellow-citizens 
 and of all who shall come after him. It is most fortunate 
 that he was allowed to approach as near as man ever comes 
 to the completion of his work, and to enjoy the realization 
 of remarkable public advancement along lines which he 
 clearly discerned, forcibly marked out and labored to deeply 
 impress upon this great institution, of whose history his 
 life and accomplishments will always be recognized as an 
 integral part. 
 
 THE LIFE-WOEK OF PEOFESSOE HILGAED 
 
 E. H. LOUQHEIDGE 
 
 Professor Emeritus of Agricultural Chemistry in the 
 University of California 
 
 Eugene Woldemar Hilgard, the "grand old man" of 
 agricultural science, the youngest of nine children, devel- 
 oped a love for the natural sciences in his boyhood days on 
 his father's farm near Belleville, Illinois. He received 
 
22 
 
 instruction in mathematics and the languages from his 
 father, his home library giving ample opportunity for read- 
 ing and study, found time from his farm work for riding 
 and hunting, botanizing and insect collecting, and during 
 a period of ill-health from malaria, read works on chemistry 
 and botany. At the age of sixteen his eyes failed and for 
 a change he was sent to Washington, D. C, to visit his 
 brother Julius, then assistant in the U. S. Coast Survey. 
 Attending lectures on chemistry in the Homeopathic 
 Medical college and the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, 
 he soon became lecture assistant in the former. In 1849 he 
 went to Germany and entered the University of Heidelberg, 
 but on account of political troubles then existing, went to 
 the University of Zurich, completed his studies in mining 
 and metallurgy in the royal mining school of Freiberg, 
 and later returned to Heidelberg, where he graduated in 
 1853, with the degree of Ph.D., at the age of twenty. In 
 his graduating thesis he was the first to distinguish and 
 define the four parts of the candle flame and the processes 
 occurring in each. "While a student his early desire for 
 investigation and research manifested itself in an experi- 
 ment on himself with a poisonous dose of arsenic to ascertain 
 its effects; it is needless to say that at the critical moment 
 he took the antidote. 
 
 He had intended making the practice of medicine his life 
 profession, but after a two-year course of lectures gave up 
 the plan, as he felt that he could not have human life 
 entrusted to his skill and dependent upon the uncertainties 
 of his correct diagnosis and prescription. He then turned 
 to chemistry, geology and botany as giving a broader, more 
 accurate and more interesting field for investigation and 
 research. 
 
 On account of continued ill-health, he went to the coast 
 of Spain and spent two years interesting himself in geo- 
 logical observations. He was an intense lover of music and 
 this happily brought him an introduction to Miss J. Alexan- 
 drina Bello, daughter of Colonel Bello, of Madrid, who in 
 
23 
 
 1860 became his wife. In 1855 he returned to Washington, 
 D. C, and fitted up a small chemical laboratory in the 
 Smithsonian Institution, but very soon accepted the posi- 
 tion of assistant state geologist of Mississippi. Thus at the 
 age of twenty-two years, well trained in the natural sciences 
 especially chemistry, geology, botany, and physics, with a 
 keen mind, quick and accurate in his observations, and with 
 a remarkable memory, he began his life's work and entered 
 upon the survey with enthusiasm, although the field seemed 
 very unpromising from a geologist's standpoint. With a 
 traveling outfit consisting of an old ambulance, two mules, 
 and a negro driver, who also was the cook, he explored 
 portions of the state, making observations and collecting 
 material for study. In 1857 the survey was suspended by 
 the legislature, and Hilgard returned to Washington as 
 chemist in the laboratory of the Smithsonian Institution 
 and lecturer on chemistry in the National Medical College. 
 In 1858 he was appointed state geologist of Mississippi 
 by the governor and resiimed his detailed investigations 
 on the geology, botany, agriculture, and other economic fea- 
 tures of the state. He found, however, that he had strong 
 opposition in the legislature and among the farmers which 
 must be overcome. To do this he wrote his first report to 
 the governor on the condition of the survey, and placed 
 on exhibition at the State Fair a collection of soils and 
 marls which he used in explaining to legislators and 
 farmers the objects of the survey and its importance to 
 them and to the state. From his previous investigations 
 he was enabled to advise regarding soil peculiarities and 
 needs, and thus won the confidence and support of the 
 masses. Hilgard thus in the very beginning of his great 
 career passed through his "baptism of fire" with law- 
 makers and the always suspicious farmer, and showed that 
 same ability, skill, determination and personal magnetism 
 that afterward characterized his numerous fights for what 
 he believed to be right and necessary for the cause of 
 agriculture. 
 
24 
 
 One of the chief characteristics in Hilgard's nature 
 was the extreme care, accuracy and attention to detail 
 that he gave to everything that he undertook, and this is 
 strongly shown in the results of the Mississippi survey, 
 which combined observations on the geology, botany and 
 soils of the state. His field notes taken on his trips have 
 been preserved and are interesting reading. 
 
 In his movements from place to place in search of 
 geological outcrops he was quick to note the sharply out- 
 lined differences in the native tree and plant growth on 
 the several types of soil, and especially the differences in 
 behavior and durability of soils under continued cultiva^ 
 tion. He became deeply interested in these observations 
 and determined to make them the subject of special study, 
 realizing that the farmers themselves should secure some 
 benefit from the survey. Mississippi seems to have been 
 especially favorable for such observations, for it was very 
 largely covered with a growth of native timber and had a 
 great variety of soils, from the poor sandy long-leaf pine 
 lands of the coast region, the richer loams and black clays 
 of the interior, to the calcareous lands of the bluff region 
 and the remarkably rich alluvial lands of the river. Thus 
 were begun those studies of the chemical, physical and 
 other properties of soils that became his life work and 
 which, extending to others states and countries, have 
 brought him honors and renown over the entire civilized 
 world. 
 
 One of his interesting and valuable observations, and 
 one that aided him greatly in his gelogical work, was that 
 a change in tree growth was an index to changes in geol- 
 ogical formations and thus served as a guide to outlines 
 of the latter. 
 
 The state university fitted up for him a small chemical 
 laboratory where he made analyses of soils, marls, etc., and 
 here, as he told the writer, he worked all day and far into 
 the night, using one hand in chemical analysis and the 
 other in writing his report, as it was imperative that he 
 
25 
 
 should complete the latter and visit Spain. In 1860 was 
 finished and printed his report on the geology and agri- 
 culture of Mississippi, an octavo volume of 391 pages in 
 which were given in detail his observations on the geological 
 formations and agricultural features with many chemical 
 analyses of the important soils. This work is still regarded 
 as a standard authority on the geological formations and 
 soils of Mississippi and the southwest. A geological and 
 agricultural map accompanied the report. 
 
 During the Civil "War the exercises of the University 
 were suspended, and Hilgard as state geologist was placed 
 in charge of the library and equipment by the governor 
 and thus escaped service in the army. He was appointed 
 an agent of the Confederate "Nitre Bureau," and at the 
 siege of Vicksburg was ordered to erect calcium lights on 
 the bluffs for the illumination of the Federal gunboats in 
 their attempt to pass the city. The fleet, however, passed 
 before he could complete the arrangements for adequate 
 light. 
 
 "When the University was reorganized in 1866, he was 
 elected Professor of Chemistry, which title was changed to 
 that of Professor of Experimental and Agricultural Chem- 
 istry in 1871. (It was the writer's good fortune this early 
 to have become a member of his first class, in which a mutual 
 friendship and loyalty began that continued up to the time 
 of his death, a period of fifty years.) In the laboratory he 
 continued his studies into the chemical and physical prop- 
 erties of soils in their relation to crop production, and 
 established a small farm for culture experiments. 
 
 Although he relinquished the position of state geol- 
 ogist to another, he continued his interest in the further 
 study of the geology of Mississippi and other southern 
 states, or as he termed it "The Mississippi Embayment." 
 In 1867, at the request of the Smithsonian Institution, he 
 made an examination of the Mississippi river delta, the 
 rock-salt deposit of Petit Anse Island, Louisiana, and the 
 cause of the formation of the great mudlumps that rise 
 
26 
 
 in the Passes near the mouths of the river and greatly 
 interfere with navigation. He later made a geological 
 reconnaissance of Louisiana for the New Orleans Academy 
 of Sciences. 
 
 Professor Hilgard, in Mississippi as afterward in Cali- 
 fornia, was always full of energy and activity in and out 
 of the laboratory, working in the interest of the Univer- 
 sity, the state and especially the farmers; with the latter 
 he was in close touch, advising and aiding them as far 
 as possible in their difficulties, and he was regarded by 
 them as a true friend. He was the first to analyze the 
 cotton lint, oil, hulls and seed cake and to point out the 
 loss which the farmer sustained by his habit of putting 
 the whole seed on the land instead of having its valuable 
 oil (which has no fertilizing value) expressed and sold 
 and the cake alone used as a fertilizer. Professor Hilgard 
 displayed quite an inventive genius in the laboratory, as 
 was shown in his elutriator wheich he designed and made 
 in the Mississippi laboratory for the mechanical separation 
 of soil particles. In it the flocculation or coherence of 
 the particles suspended in the water column was prevented 
 by a stirrer, the motive power being the works of an old 
 clock to which was attached great weights which had to 
 be wound up every morning by a strong negro janitor; 
 water or electric motors were not to be had in those days. 
 
 In 1873 Professor Hilgard accepted the professorship 
 of Geology and Natural History in the University of 
 Michigan, but found no opportunity for research work 
 in his favorite soil studies. While his associations there 
 were delightful, he evidently longed to get in touch again • 
 with soil crucibles, beakers, funnels, soil solutions, and 
 soil problems, for when, in 1874, the Regents of the Uni- 
 versity of California asked him to deliver a course of lect- 
 tures and to accept the position of Professor of Agriculture 
 in that institution, he visited the state and gave the lectures ; 
 and seeing in California a more congenial climate and a 
 
Portrait of Professor Hilgard in 1874, 
 while at tlie University of Michigan 
 
27 
 
 splendid opportunity for new achievements in a new field 
 of study, he consented to accept the position, and came to 
 Berkeley early in 1875. He thus entered upon the field 
 of his greatest activity in soil investigation, though greatly 
 handicapped at the beginning by lack of facilities and by 
 absence of interest in the department on the part of farmers 
 and students, as well as by a spirit of "Do sit stiU, 
 draw your salary and say nothing" on the part of those 
 who should have come to his support. He protested against 
 inactivity, and by the exercise of the same tact and per- 
 severance and by the influence of his own enthusiasm and 
 personal magnetism that won for him in Mississippi in 
 1858, he broke up the apparent indifference ; a class consist- 
 ing of Messrs. Christy, Edwards, Slate, and Soule (each 
 of whom afterward became a member of the University 
 faculty) was recruited from other departments, and formed 
 his first California class in agriculture ; he also had a class 
 in botany. A small tract of land was given him on which 
 was established, in 1875, the first experiment station in the 
 United States. 
 
 By correspondence and by visits to farmers' granges 
 and meetings of farmers where he talked to them freely 
 on farm topics, and by his readiness to respond to calls 
 for information, he won their confidence and secured their 
 co-operation in his work; and thus forty years ago he 
 laid the foundation for the College of Agriculture that 
 now in usefulness and in the scope of its activities is 
 second to none in the United States. 
 
 During the thirty years in which he was director of 
 the station he was constantly in receipt of inquiries on 
 all subjects, not only from farmers, but from persons of 
 other professions and even of no profession at all. He was, 
 however, possessed of a remarkable store of information 
 and was always ready to give freely of it to any one, as is 
 shown by the forty or more letter books in which are pre- 
 served copies of upwards of 20,000 letters written by him 
 
28 
 
 in reply to such inquiries. His replies were always in 
 full, and these forty volumes have a wealth of valuable 
 information stored between the covers. 
 
 Prior to 1890 he established several outlying sub- 
 stations for the study of soil and culture problems peculiar 
 to the several agricultural divisions of the state which are 
 marked largely by difEerenees in climatic conditions. The 
 most important of these was the one at Tulare in the San 
 Joaquin Valley, established for the purpose of studying 
 alkali problems, in which he took special interest and 
 pride. 
 
 Among his California activities there stands out promin- 
 ently his studies on humid and arid soils, in which he was 
 the first to point out their differences in depth and in 
 physical and chemical characteristics; he was the first to 
 explain endurance of drouth by culture crops in arid soils 
 and why sandy soils are among the most productive in the 
 arid region and the least so in the humid. He was inter- 
 ested not only in the soils of the United States, but in those 
 of foreign countries and was constantly on the alert for 
 new data. 
 
 His successful researches into the cause and occurrence 
 of alkali salts, their effect on vegetation and especially 
 the methods to be used in their neutralization and the re- 
 clamation of the land in which they occur, are well known. 
 He was the first to enter this field and the results of his 
 experiments have been extensively quoted and his bulletins 
 published in other countries where alkali lands exist. 
 
 His report on cotton production in the United States 
 made for the Tenth United States Census at the request 
 of General Francis A. Walker, Superintendent, is also a 
 valuable contribution to soil literature, comprising as it 
 does a description of the geology, topography, climate, soil 
 regions and soils of each of the cotton-producing states, 
 (including California), as a whole and by counties, also 
 methods of cotton culture, cotton-seed industries, cotton- 
 fibre measurements, etc. Professor Hilgard had the direc- 
 
29 
 
 tion of the whole work and wrote the general part and 
 the special descriptions of Mississippi, Louisiana and Cali- 
 fornia; those of Alabama and Florida were written by 
 Dr. E. A. Smith; Virginia and North Carolina by Pro- 
 fessor W. C. Kerr; South Carolina by Mr. Harry 
 Hammond ; Tennessee and Kentucky by Dr. J. M. Safford ; 
 and Georgia, Texas, Arkansas, Indian Territory, and 
 Missouri, by Dr. R. H. Loughridge. Each report was 
 accompanied with colored maps, and by many chemical 
 analyses of soils with discussion of results. 
 
 While Professor Hilgard was not the first to make a 
 soil survey or a chemical analysis of the soil, he was the 
 first to interpret the results of analyses in their relation to 
 plant life and productiveness. He was also the first to 
 maintain that the physical properties of a soil are equal in 
 importance to the chemical in determining the cultural 
 value. 
 
 In an unpublished manuscript he says: "Soils are, 
 generally speaking, the most complex materials commonly 
 coming under investigation, and the most difficult to 
 interpret in the relations with vegetation; the latter being, 
 in the end, the final result aimed at. Soil study claiming 
 completeness necessarily involves not only the chemical 
 and physical examination of the material, but also its 
 geological nature, position and derivation; the latter im- 
 plying the determination of its mineralogieal components 
 not only for the sake of indications of its derivation, but 
 also its probable general chemical nature. Moreover, the 
 observer will most commonly find all changes of soil 
 worthy of being shown on the map, indicated by corres- 
 ponding changes in the character of the native vegetation; 
 and the latter, being the result of secular coadaptation of 
 soils and plants, will when properly interpreted render 
 most important service in indicating certain peculiarities, 
 both physical and chemical, which have a very direct bear- 
 ing upon the cultural character and value of the lands 
 under investigation. It need hardly be said that all 
 
30 
 
 cultural experience actually had on similar land should 
 be gathered and recorded as a specially important part of 
 the information sought in soil survey." 
 
 Professor Hilgard tried for many years to secure funds 
 to prosecute a soil survey of California, and his failure 
 was a great disappointment. Prom information obtained 
 through numerous short trips, from Farmers' Institutes, 
 and from other sources a large map was prepared, showing 
 in colors the chief agricultural regions of the state, thus 
 excellently fulfilling its purpose; it was placed on exhibi- 
 tion at the Paris, Chicago and St. Louis expositions. 
 
 In the summers of 1881-83, he conducted the agricul- 
 tural division of the northern transcontinental survey in 
 the state of Washington. 
 
 The mind and hand of Professor Hilgard were never 
 idle and, while engaged in solving old problems in relation 
 to soil fertility and plant Ufe, he was ever on the alert for 
 new ones. The results of his activity are shown in the 
 hundreds of published articles in the experiment station 
 reports, outside journals both foreign and domestic, gov- 
 ernment publications, etc. In 1906 he published his large 
 work on Soils, comprising about 600 pages, and regarded 
 by him as a summary of his life-work on arid and humid 
 soils. But after its publication he often wished for an 
 opportunity to revise it and to make corrections and addi- 
 tions. Even as it is, it may well be regarded as the highest 
 authority on soils of the humid and arid regions. In 1910 
 he published with Professor Osterhout a small work 
 Agriculture for Schools of the Pacific Slope. 
 
 In 1904 he resigned the directorship of the Experiment 
 Station and was retired from active service, as Emeritus 
 Professor of Agriculture. 
 
 His broad and thorough scientific knowledge, his great 
 work on soils and his valuable publications brought him 
 not only a world-wide fame, but many honors, among them 
 the degree of LL.D. from the universities of Mississippi, 
 Michigan, Columbia and California, the Liebig gold medal 
 
31 
 
 from the Academy of Sciences, Munich, Bavaria, "for 
 important advances in agricultural science," other gold 
 medals from the Expositions at Paris, Rio de Janeiro, and 
 St. Louis, membership in several scientific societies, among 
 them the National Academy of Sciences, and the American 
 Association for the Advancement of Science in which 
 he was made a life member just before his death. In 
 1883 he received the offer of Assistant Secretary of Agri- 
 culture from President Harrison, and leave of absence was 
 granted by the Board of Regents of the T^niversity, but 
 much to his regret, health conditions compelled him to 
 decline it. In 1903, the fiftieth year after graduation, he 
 received from the University of Heidelberg the semi- 
 centennial diploma re-conferring the degree of Ph.D. in 
 recognition of distinguished services in the sciences of 
 geology and agriculture. Only one graduate besides himself 
 has ever received this signal honor. 
 
 Professor Hilgard was quite a linguist and could con- 
 verse fluently in German, Spanish, English, and French; 
 he could also easily read Sanscrit, Italian, Greek, Latin, 
 and Portuguese. 
 
 Although much reduced in vitality during the last three 
 years of his life as the result of an injury, his interest and 
 desire for serving in the cause of agriculture were keen and 
 virile, and his great regret, daily expressed to the last, lay 
 in his inability to pursue farther his studies of soil and 
 other problems. 
 
 HILGABD'S GEOLOGICAL WORK IN MISSISSIPPI 
 Eugene A. Smith 
 
 Professor of Geology in the University of Alabama 
 and State Geologist 
 
 In 1855 the position of assistant geologist of Mississippi 
 was offered to Eugene W. Hilgard, then just returned from 
 a European university (Heidelberg) and thus began the 
 career of the most distinguished worker in Gulf Coastal 
 
32 
 
 Plain Geology. It is worth recording that Doctor Hilgard 
 accepted this position amid the sincere condolences of his 
 scientific friends on his assignment to so uninteresting a 
 field, where the Paleozoic formations (then occupying almost 
 exclusively the minds of American geologists) were un- 
 represented. 
 
 The fame which Hilgard won for himself in this "un- 
 interesting" field is known to all geologists. He laid the 
 foundation on which most subsequent work in the "Mis- 
 sissippi Embayment," as he had named it, securely rests, 
 and after the lapse of more than fifty years since the publica- 
 tion in 1860 of his report his work is appreciated and 
 referred to as authoritative, not only by the farmers and 
 other citizens of that state, but by the geologists who have 
 succeeded him. He became state geologist early in 1858, 
 which position he held at least nominally until 1872 with 
 the exception of a few years between 1866 and 1870. 
 
 From the beginning of his connection with the State 
 Survey Hilgard saw that it could never maintain itself in 
 the public esteem on the basis of mineral discoveries alone, 
 and that it must seek its main support in what services it 
 might render to agriculture. He accordingly made a point 
 of paying particular attention to the surface features — vege- 
 tation, soils, water-supply, and marls. In the prosecution 
 of these studies the close connection between the surface 
 vegetation and the underlying formations became so strik- 
 ing that he was largely able to avail himself of this vegeta- 
 tion in tracing out the limits of adjacent formations and 
 in searching for outcrops. 
 
 In the 1860 report, about evenly divided between agri- 
 culture and geology, chemical analyses of typical soils of 
 the several agricultural regions are given along with discus- 
 sions of their cultural value as indicated by these analyses 
 considered in connection with the native vegetation. The 
 geological half of the report presents the geology of Mis- 
 sissippi practically as it is known at the present day. except 
 as to the fixing of the age of the Port Hudson beds, the in- 
 
33 
 
 vestigation of the geology of the Mississippi bottom and the 
 tracing of the Lower Claiborne formation westward to the 
 border of this bottom. In 1867, under the auspices of the 
 Smithsonian Institution, and in 1869, under the auspices of 
 the New Orleans Academy of Sciences, opportunity was 
 given to Doctor Hilgard to extend his researches down the 
 Mississippi River to the Passes and through Louisiana. 
 The results of these expeditions may be summarized as 
 f oUows : 
 
 1. The outlining of the Mississippi Embajonent in 
 Louisiana and Mississippi. 
 
 2. The outline geological study and mapping of those 
 two states, Hilgard was the first to give a clear and definite 
 account of the origin and distribution of the surface forma- 
 tion which he called Orange Sand but which later by agree- 
 ment has received the name of Lafayette. So also he was 
 the first to give a definite account of the great series of river 
 and estuarine deposits, the Grand Gulf, representing, as he 
 claimed, all geological time between the Vicksburg and the 
 Lafayette. 
 
 3. The recognition of the Cretaceous Ridge or backbone 
 of Louisiana, and the determination of the Cretaceous age 
 of the rock-salt and sulphur deposits of Calcasieu parish. 
 
 4. Study of the exceptional features of the Lower Mis- 
 sissippi delta and of the mudlumps and their origin, and 
 the definite correlation of the Port Hudson formation. 
 
 Probably no work has done more for the correlation of 
 the scattered accounts of the geology of the Southern 
 States than the Cotton Culture reports of the Tenth Census 
 (1880) prepared under the direction of Doctor Hilgard. 
 Besides having general direction of the whole and prepar- 
 ing the general discussions of cotton production in the 
 United States, including soil investigations, the cotton-seed 
 industries, and measurements of cotton fibres. Doctor Hil- 
 gard wrote the special description of Mississippi, Louisiana, 
 and California. 
 
 In these reports a summary of the physical and geo- 
 
34 
 
 logical features of each state is first given. Then follow 
 accounts of the agricultural features and capabilities of 
 the Cotton States, such as should be of interest to immi- 
 grants and investors, along .with special descriptions of each 
 county, with soil maps and maps showing the relation be- 
 tween the areas cultivated in cotton and the total area of 
 each state. 
 
 In a recent letter Doctor Hilgard comments on these 
 reports as follows: "The Census Cotton Eeport, for all the 
 hard work it cost, has found little appreciation because of 
 the medium of publication, quarto at that. Don't let us 
 do it again." But all was not lost in the quarto volumes, 
 for in Alabama and South Carolina at least the Cotton 
 Culture Reports were republished as State Geological Sur- 
 vey Reports, and have been very thoroughly appreciated 
 and have furnished the meat for numerous subsequent 
 handbooks. 
 
 Personally Doctor Hilgard was one of the most lovable 
 of men. His extraordinary fund of general as well as of 
 special information, along with his cheerfulness and viva- 
 city, notwithstanding the handicap of a rather frail con- 
 stitution, made him a delightful companion, and his letters, 
 even on technical or scientific matters, were always enliv- 
 ened by humorous and witty remarks, so that they were 
 truly good reading. 
 
 DB. E. W. HILGAED 
 
 Eeprinted from Experiment Station Record, U. S. D. A., Vol. XXXIV, 
 
 No. 4. Editor: E. W. AlLEN, Ph.D., Chief, 
 
 0£5ce of Experiment Stations. 
 
 The death of Dr. E. W. Hilgard, of California, closes a 
 notable career of service to agriculture, both in length and 
 in accomplishment. It marks the passing of the last of the 
 earlier group of pioneers in agricultural education and re- 
 search. The work he did dealt with the very fundamentals 
 
35 
 
 of agricultural advancement, at a period when men see the 
 needs less clearly and few were qualified to carry the work 
 forward. Gauged by the time and opportunity, it will re- 
 main a great work. "Who shall attempt to measure the re- 
 sult of it, or the influence of the high standards he set ? 
 
 It is the habit to pay tribute to men of greatness after 
 their work is closed and they are no longer able to read 
 such words of praise. It seems far better to recognize a 
 man's service while he is doing it, and to give him the sense 
 of appreciation. Happily the world did not wait until 
 retirement or death to honor Dr. Hilgard. Reward came 
 in his active years, in a worldwide recognition and esteem 
 which gave him an undisputed place among the leaders, 
 and in the realization of his vision of the place of agricul- 
 ture in the university and the State. 
 
 Three universities conferred the degree of doctor of 
 laws upon him; the University of Heidelberg, where he 
 studied, reissued the doctor's degree to him in 1903 as a 
 "golden degree," in recognition of a half century's work 
 for science; and the Academy of Sciences of Munich pre- 
 sented him with the Liebig luedal for distinguished achieve- 
 ments in agricultural science. These academic honors re- 
 flect the high esteem in which he was held as a man of 
 science. In his State and in his university he was honored 
 and revered, and among the representatives of agricultural 
 research and education he was long accorded a foremost 
 place. 
 
 These were the rewards of a life work which had been 
 done under many difficulties and discouragements. Back- 
 wardness in recognizing our agricultural institutions made 
 financial support meager and opportunity and encourage- 
 ment correspondingly limited. But in some way he found 
 time and means to carry forward his investigation, and 
 thus help to lay broad and deep the foundation for agri- 
 cultural teaching. It was here that his service was most 
 noteworthy. His later years were gladdened by the new 
 order, which placed agriculture in a high position in the 
 
36 
 
 university and in the life of the people. This gave to his 
 life a rich measure of fulfillment. 
 
 A short review of Dr. HUgard's career and its principal 
 lines of activity was given in these pages at the time of his 
 retirement from active service in 1909. In this the attempt 
 was made to bring out the prominent features of his varied 
 service and the chief lines in which his greatest accomplish- 
 ments had been made. Since that time, although laboratory 
 facilities were open to him, his health had not permitted 
 very active participation in research and the contributions 
 from his pen had been small. With clear mind but waning 
 physical strength he gradually resigned his work to the new 
 regime, realizing that while unfinished plans remained, in 
 an unusual degree his part had been completed. 
 
 From the facts of his life it is interesting to note that 
 he was born at Zweibrueken, in Rheinish Bavaria, January 
 5, 1833, and was brought to this country by his parents when 
 only three years old, the family settling at Belleville, in 
 southern Illinois. There young Hilgard grew up, attended 
 the public schools, and worked on his father's farm. After 
 graduation from the high school he was sent to the Uni- 
 versity of Heidelberg, where he pursued studies in chem- 
 istry and geology especially, and received his degree of 
 doctor of philosophy in 1853. 
 
 Eeturning to this country, he became chemist in 1855 
 of the newly established Smithsonian Institution at "Wash- 
 ington, but soon resigned to accept a position in Mississippi, 
 and from 1858 to 1872 his work was largely in the field of 
 geology. In that period began his working upon soils — 
 the maintenance of fertility, interpretation of soil analysis, 
 etc. He went to the University of Michigan in 1872 and 
 was called from there to the University of California in 
 1875. 
 
 The California College of Agriculture, though consid- 
 ered the real nucleus of the state university, was then in 
 an undeveloped state, and upon Professor Hilgard feU the 
 task of giving it form and plan, and gradually building for 
 
37 
 
 it a confidence and support which made possible its later 
 advancement to a position among the leading institutions 
 of its kiad. As a recent writer has well said : ' ' The results 
 of his labors are the warp of California's first half century 
 of intellectual and industrial life, and upon such enduring 
 work as he achieved wiU be spread the splendid fabric of 
 our coming state advancement and development." 
 
 Outside of his university duties Dr. Hilgard found time 
 for much important work. He was in charge of the agri- 
 cultural division of the Northern Transcontinental Survey, 
 1881-1883, and as chairman of a commission appointed by 
 the U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture on the agriculture 
 of the arid regions he edited a report which dealt with the 
 climate and agricultural features and the agricultural prac- 
 tice and needs of the arid regions of the Pacific Slope. He 
 conducted an extensive investigation of the soils of the 
 cotton-growing states, in connection with the report on 
 cotton productions, with which he was charged under the 
 tenth census. 
 
 His writings were extensive and his reports were widely 
 sought, for they were alive with the results of new work 
 and constructive reasoning. He saw beyond his work, and 
 with clear purpose and keen perception he advanced the 
 boundaries of knowledge and clarified the field in what had 
 hitherto proved a most difficult field of inquiry. In char- 
 acterizing his qualities as an investigator, the Pacific Rural 
 Press says: "He possessed notably the creative faculty in 
 thought. He was quick to see his opportunities for public 
 service, to recognize his duty therein, and he was masterful 
 and tireless in pursuit of it. He was bold in his conquest 
 of truth and fearless in his use of it for the interest of 
 mankind. His great undertaking was in natural science 
 and its relations to agriculture, seizing gladly the foremost 
 fact from research and pressing it to the humblest service, 
 but always preserving and enforcing the relations of both 
 the fact and the service to the broadest interests of his State 
 and of his fellowmen." 
 
38 
 
 Beyond this, he was "unswervingly true and deeply 
 patriotic and humanistic — a man whose thinking was clear 
 and whose motives were as unselfish as his service of them 
 was forceful and effective." 
 
 It may not be generally known that Dr. Hilgard was at 
 one time invited to accept the appointment of U. S. Com- 
 missioner of Agriculture and later the Secretaryship, but 
 his distaste for administrative details on so large a scale 
 led him to decline acceptance. He preferred at that stage 
 to remain in the service of the State and the institution to 
 which he had given the best part of his active life. The 
 necessity for guarding his health in recent years cut him 
 off from travel and from participation to any large degree 
 in the activities of scientific societies and similar bodies, 
 whose work he followed with deep interest. 
 
 Personally, Dr. Hilgard was a kindly man, gentle, sym- 
 pathetic, looking for the best in others as he gave of the 
 best in himself. His bright genial nature and his unfailing 
 courtesy gave him a wide circle of warm friends, and he 
 won the loyalty and affection of those who came in close 
 association with him. In the highest and best sense he 
 exemplified the scholar, but his humanity was never lost in 
 his scholarship. 
 
 Strong, forceful, with a zealous love for truth, he made 
 a very definite contribution to his generation, and he left 
 a name which will long be revered. 
 
39 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Prepared by Dr. Hilgard and Eevised and Completed bt 
 Dr. E. H. Loughridgb 
 
 1854. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Lichtflamme. Inaugural Dissertation; 
 Heidelberg. Ann. Chem. and Pharm., Vol. XGII, p. 129. 
 
 1857. On the Quantitative Assay of Chromium by Blowpipe Processes. 
 
 In full: Proo. Amer. Ass'n Adv. ScL, Montreal meeting. In 
 abstract: Am. Jour. Sci., Sept. 
 
 1858. Condition of the Geological and Agricultural Survey of the State of 
 
 Mississippi. State report, Jackson, Miss. 
 
 1860. Geology and Agriculture of the State of Mississippi (391 pp. and 
 
 map). State report, Jackson, Miss. 
 
 1861. Soils and Marls of Mississippi. Southern Planter, Jan. 6. 
 Southern Substitute for Coal Oil. Southern Mural Gentlemam, Sept. 14. 
 Coal for Winter. Southern Sural Gentleman, Oct. 9. 
 
 Our Manure Supplies; Cottonseed Oil Cake. Southern Sural Gentle- 
 man, Oct. 
 
 1862. The Manufacture of Salt; Report to the Governor of Mississippi. 
 
 June. 
 The Salt Question. Mississippian, Sept. 8. 
 
 1866. On the Quaternary Formations of the State of Mississippi. Am. 
 
 Jour. Sci., May. 
 Eemarks on the New Division of the Eocene, or Shell Bluff Group, 
 
 proposed by Mr. Conrad. Am. Jour. Sci., July. 
 Eational Agriculture. Southern Suralist, May. 
 Maintainance of Fertility in our Cotton Fields. Clarion, Sept. 
 Eemarks on the Drift of the Western and Southern States, and its 
 
 Eelations to the Glacier and Iceberg Theories. Am. Jour. Sci., 
 
 Nov. 
 
 1867. On the Tertiary Formations of Mississippi and Alabama. Am. Jour. 
 
 Sci., Jan. 
 
 1868. On the Condition of our Knowledge of the Processes in Luminous 
 
 Hydrocarbon Flames. Proo. Am. Ass'n Adv. Sci., Chicago meet- 
 ing; Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. 47, No. 140. 
 
 1869. On the Geology of Lower Louisiana and the Eock Salt Deposit of 
 
 Petite Anse Island. Am. Jour. Sci., Jan. 
 
 Outlines of a Geological Eeconnoisance through a Portion of Louis- 
 iana. New Orleans Times. 
 
 Gelogisches der Sudweststaaten. Die Neue Welt, Aug. 15. 
 
 Petroleum and Sulphur of Calcasieu, La. New Orleans Times, Sept. 12. 
 
 Preliminary Eeport to the New Orleans Academy of Sciences of a 
 Geological Eeconnoissance of Louisiana. DeBow's Seview, Sept. 
 
 Summary of Eesults of a late Geological Eeconnoissance of Louis- 
 iana. Am. Jour. Sci., Mov. 
 
 1870. Eeport on the Geological Age of the Mississippi Delta. Sept. U. S. 
 
 Eng. Dept., Washington. 
 Homemade and Commercial Manures. Holly Springs Seporter, March. 
 
40 
 
 Compost vs. Commercial Manures. Southland, Feb. 
 The Value of Cottonseed. Southland, Sept. 
 
 On the Maintenance of Fertility in Soils. Bural CaroUniam, Nov. 
 and Dec. 
 
 1871. On the Geology of the Delta and the Mudlumps of the Passes of the 
 
 Mississippi. Am. Jour. Sci., 3rd series, Vol. L 
 On the Geological History of the Gulf of Mexico. Proc. Am. Ass'n 
 
 Adv. Sci., Indianapolis meeting; Am. Jour. Sci., Dee.; Am. Natwr- 
 
 alist, Ass'n Number. 
 Organization of the Department of Agriculture and the Mechanic 
 
 Arts in the University of Mississippi. Oxford, Mississippi, Aug. 
 Memoir on the Geology of Louisiana and the Kock Salt Deposit on 
 
 Petite Anse Island! With plates and diagrams. Smithgonian 
 
 Contr. to Knowledge, Ige. 4to. (No. 248). 
 
 1872. On Some Points in the Geology of the Southwest. Am. Jour. Sci., 
 
 Oct. 
 
 On Soil Analyses and their Utility. Am. Jour. Sci., Dee. ; Proc. Am. 
 Ass'n Adv. Sci., Dubuque meeting. 
 
 Address on Progressive Agriculture and Industrial Education, de- 
 livered at the Mississippi State Fair, November. Clarion Book 
 Office. 
 
 Fertilizers. Southland, Sept. 7. 
 
 Eules and Principles; Agricultural Problems. Southern Farmer. 
 
 The Art of Bread-making. Southern Farmer. 
 
 1873. Supplementary and Pinal Eeport of a Geological Reconnoissance of 
 
 the State of Louisiana. New Orleans Acad, of Sci., and the Bureau 
 of Immigration. 
 On the Silt Analyses of Soils and Clays. Am. Ass'n Adv. Sci., Port- 
 land meeting; Am. Jour. Sci., Oct. and Nov. 
 
 1874. Silt Analyses of Mississippi Soils and Subsoils. Proc. Am. Ass'n 
 
 Adv. Sci.; Am. Jour. Sd., Jan. 
 Note on Lignite Beds and their Underclays. Am. Jour. Set., March. 
 On Mallet's Theory of Vulcanicity. Am. Jour. SH., June. 
 On the Study of Natural Science in the Common Schools. Michigan 
 
 Teacher for March; Proc. Mich. Teachers' Ass'n, at Kalamazoo. 
 
 1875. Articles on ' ' Artesian Wells, " " Vine Culture, " " Wines and Wine- 
 
 making, '' in Johnson' Universal Cyclopedia. 
 Phylloxera or Vine Louse, lecture delivered in San Francisco, Nov. 
 23. University Press, Berkeley, Cal. 
 
 1877. An Industrial Survey, Transmission of Soil Specimens, etc. Bulletin 
 
 No. ee, Univ. of Cal. Bxpt. Station. 
 (First) Eeport to the President of the University of California, on 
 the Work of the Agricultural Department, Dec, Sacramento. 
 
 1878. Destruction of the Ground Squirrel by the Use of Bisulphid of 
 
 Carbon. Bulletin No. Sg, Univ. of Cal. Expt. Station. 
 Borings made between Lake Borgne and the Mississippi Eiver, in 
 1874, at the Site proposed as an Outlet for Floodwaters. S.epor% 
 of the U. S. Engineering Department, with maps and plates. 
 
41 
 
 The Agriculture and Soils of California. Seport of the U. S. Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture. 
 
 1879. (Second) Report of the Department of Agriculture of the Univer- 
 
 sity of California. Sacramento. 
 The Loess of the Mississippi Valley and the Aeolian Hypothesis. 
 Am. Jour. Sci., Aug. 
 
 On the Flocculation of Particles, and its Physical and Chemical 
 Bearings. Am. Jour. Sci., Feb. In translation: Forschungen aus 
 dem Gehiete der Agriculturphysic. 
 
 1880. Physical Geography of the State of Mississippi. With maps, in 
 
 Eclectic Series. Van Antwerp, Bragg & Co., Cincinnati. 
 The Permanent Maintenance of Our Vineyards. First Beport of the 
 State Viticultural Commission of California. 
 
 1881. (Third) Eeport of the Department of Agriculture of the University 
 
 of California. Sacramento. 
 The Later Tertiary of the Gulf of Mexico. Am. Jour. Sci., July, 
 
 with colored geol. map. 
 The Objects and Interpretations of Soil Analysis. Am. Jour. Sci., 
 
 Sept. 
 
 1882. Progress in Agriculture by Education and Government Aid. Atlantic 
 
 Monthly for April and May. 
 Eeport on the Climatic and Agricultural Features and the Agricul- 
 tural Practice and Needs of the Arid Eegions of the Pacific 
 Slope. Made under the direction of the U. S. Commissioner of 
 Agriculture, by E. W. Hilgard, J. 0. Jones, and E. W. Furnas, 
 Commissioners. Washington, D. C. 
 Industrial Education and the Kindergarten. San Francisco. Kin- 
 dergarten Messenger and The New Education, Vol. 6, Nos. 11-12. 
 The Absorption of Hygroscopic Moisture by Soils under Varying 
 
 Conditions. Proc. Am. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci. 
 (Fourth) Eeport of the Department of Agriculture of the Univer- 
 sity of California. Sacramento. 
 Einige Bemerkungen ueber die Sehlaemmanalyse. Wollny's For- 
 schungen auf dem Gehiete der Agriculturphysih, Vol. 6. 
 Eeport on the Cotton Production of the United States. Tenth V. 8. 
 Census, Vols. V and VI, 4to., embracing, as personal work, apart 
 from editorial: 
 
 (o) General Discussion of the Eesults of the Tenth Census as 
 
 Eegards Cotton Production. With two maps. 
 (6) Discussion of Measurements of Cotton Fiber, 
 (c) The Production and Uses of Cotton-seed, and the Cotton- 
 seed Oil Industry, 
 (a!) Soil Investigations: Introduction to the Description of 
 
 States, 
 (e) General Features of the Alluvial Plain of the Mississippi 
 
 below the Mouth of the Ohio. 
 {f) Eeport on the Cotton Production and Agricultural Features 
 
 of the State of Louisiana. With two colored maps. 
 {g) Report, etc., of the State of Mississippi. With two colored 
 
 maps. 
 (h) Eeport, etc., of the State of California. With two colored 
 maps. 
 
42 
 
 1883. Eeport of Professors B. W. Hilgard and F. V. Hopkins, upon the 
 
 Examination of Specimens from Borings on the Mississippi Eiver, 
 between Memphis and Vicksburg. Mep. Mississippi Miner Com- 
 mission for 1883, p. 479. 
 
 The Salines of Louisiana. TJ. S. Geological Survey Eeport on the 
 Mineral Eesources of the United States, p. 554. 
 
 Soils of Washington Territory. 1. The Yakima Basin. 2. The Col- 
 vUle Peninsula. Letterpress and two colored maps; Ige. folio. 
 Issued by the Northern Transcontinental Survey (N. P. E. E.). 
 
 1884. The Asphaltum Deposits of California. XT. S. Geological Survey, 
 
 Mineral Besources of the United States. 
 
 (Fifth) Eeport of the College of Agriculture of the University of 
 California. Sacramento. 
 
 Eeport on the Agricultural Features of Eastern Washington Terri- 
 tory, made under the auspices of the Northern Transcontinental 
 Survey. Yakima, ColviUe, Spokane, and Vermillion Eiver Eegiona. 
 The Northwest, St. Paul. 
 
 1885. Ueber die Bedeutung der hygroscopischen Bodenfenehtigkeit fuer 
 
 die Vegetation. Wollny's Forschungen auf dem Gebiete der Agri- 
 cultv/rphysiTc, Vol. 8, p. 53. 
 
 The IT. S. Department of Agriculture; Suggestions for its Improve- 
 ment. Pacific Mural Press, Jan. 3. 
 
 The Old Tertiary of the Southwest. Am. Jour. Sci., Oct. 
 
 The Classification and Palaeontology of the United States Tertiary 
 Deposits. Science, Vol. 6, p. 44. 
 
 On Some Redeeming Features of Alkali Soils. Proc. Am. Soc. From. 
 Agr. Sci. 
 
 The Phylloxera at Berkeley. Statement by the Professor of Agri- 
 culture. State Office, Sacramento. 
 
 1886. Eeport of Viticultural Work during the Seasons 1883-4, and 1884r-5, 
 
 with notes on the Vintage of 1885-6. Appendix to the Eeport of 
 the College of Agriculture of the University of California, for 
 1884. Sacramento. 
 The Beet Sugar Industry in California. Overland Monthly, Dec. 
 Eeport on the Viticultural Work done during the Seasons 1885 and 
 1886, at the Viticultural Laboratory of the University of Cali- 
 fornia. Sacramento. 
 On Alkali Soils, and their Eolation to Irrigation. Sacramento. 
 (Sixth) Eeport of the College of Agriculture of the University of 
 
 California. Sacramento. 
 University of California Publications.— Bulletins, College of Agri- 
 culture. (Earlier bulletins have all been re-published in the 
 annual reports.) Sacramento. 
 Bulletin No. 65. Shall California Make Sophisticated Wines t 
 Bulletin No. 66. Principles and Practice of Pasteurization. 
 Bulletin No. 67. Misconception of the University Viticultural 
 
 Work. 
 Bulletin No. 68. Influence of Mode of Fermentation on the 
 Color of Wines. 
 
43 
 
 Bulletin No. 69. Wine Colors and Color Wines. 
 Bulletin No. 70. Abnormal Deposits on Vine Leaves; Mys- 
 terious Death of Vines; Remedy for the 
 Anthracnose of Vines. 
 Bulletin No. 72. Sugar Beets at Fresno. 
 
 Bulletin No. 74. Vintage Work and Instruction in the Viti- 
 cultural Laboratory in 1887; Choice in 
 Besistant Stocks. 
 Bulletin No. 75. Difficult Fermentations. 
 Bulletin No. 77. Extraction ot Color and Tannin during Red- 
 wine Fermentation. 
 Bulletin No. 78. Report on the Establishment of Outlying 
 
 Stations. 
 Bulletin No. 80. Progress of the Experiment Station Work. 
 Reports of Experiments on Methods of Fermentation and Related 
 
 Subjects. 
 The Effects of Lime in Soils and the Development of Plants. Froc. 
 Soc. From. Agrio. Sci.; Forschungen auf d. GeMete der Agrio. 
 Phys., Vol. X; Centralblatt fiir Agrikulturchemie, Vol. 16. 
 
 1887. The Methods of Mechanical Soil Analysis. Froo. Soc. From. Agric. 
 
 Sci. 
 
 TTeber den Binfluss des Kalkes als Bodenbestandtheil auf die Ent- 
 wicklungsweise der Pflanzen. (Revised translation of the pre- 
 ceding.) Wollny's Forschungen auf dem Gebiete der AgriJcuUur- 
 pJiysilc, Vol. 10. 
 
 The Processes of Soil Formation from the Northwestern Basalts. 
 Froc. Am. Soc. From. Agrio. Sci. 
 
 The Equivalent in Time of the American Marine and Intracon- 
 tinental Terranes. Science, Vol. 9, p. 535. 
 
 1888. Reports on Methods of Fermentation and Related Subjects, made 
 
 during the years 1886 and 1887. Sacramento. 
 On the Mutual Reactions of Carbonates, Sulphates, and Chlorides 
 of the Alkaline Earths and Alkalies (with A. H. Weber). Froc. 
 Soc. From. Agric. Sci. 
 
 1889. Circular Concerning Analyses of Waters. University Office. 
 Report of the Professor in Charge to the President of the Univer- 
 sity (on the Condition of the Agricultural College and Experi- 
 ment Station). Sacramento. 
 
 Reports of Examinations of Water, Water Supply, and Related Sub- 
 jects, during the years 1886 to 1889. Calif. Expt. Station. Sacra- 
 mento. 
 
 Bulletin No. 82, Calif. Expt. Station. The Lakes of the San Joaquin 
 Valley. 
 
 Bulletin No. 83, Calif. Expt. Etation. The Rise of Alkali in the San 
 Joaquin Valley. 
 
 1890. Report of the College of Agriculture, University of California, for 
 
 the two years ending June 30, 1890. Sacramento. 
 Report on the Asphaltum Mine of the Ventura Asphalt Company. 
 Seport of the State Mineralogist. Sacramento. Colored plate. 
 
44 
 
 Eeport on the University of California Experiment Stations and 
 Descriptions of each Eegion represented. 
 
 (a) Climate, Topography, Soils, Cultures and CrosB-eount^ sec- 
 tions of the Bay Eegion, the Foothills, the Coast Eange, 
 San Joaquin Valley, and Tulare Basin. 
 (6) Alkali, Alkali Soils, their Value and Eeelamation. 
 
 (c) Soil Investigation, its Methods and Eesults. 
 
 1891. Eeport of the "Work of University of California Experiment Sta- 
 
 tions for 1890. . . , ,. ^ , 
 
 (o) Work in the General Laboratory on Soils, Alkali, Waters, 
 
 (6) Preservative Fluids for Fresh Fruit, 
 (o) The Sulfuring of Dried Fruits. 
 
 (d) The Use of Fertilizers in California; Fertilizing Value of 
 
 Greasewood. 
 
 (e) The Production of Eamie in California. 
 
 (f) The Weeds of California. Also in Garden and Forest. 
 Soil Studies and Soil Maps. Overland Monthly, Dec; Proc. Am. Soc. 
 
 Prom. Agric. Sd. 
 The Cienegas of Southern California. Bull. Geol. of Am., Vol. 3. 
 Orange Sand, Lagrange and Appomattox. Am. Geologist, Vol. 8. 
 
 1892. Black Soils. Agr. Sd., Jan. 
 
 Crops and Fertilizers with Eeference to California Soils and Prac- 
 tice. Bull. 61, Cal. State Board of Horticulture. 
 Eeport of Viticulture Work during 1887 to 1889 (with L. PapareDi). 
 
 Bed Wine Grapes, TJniv. Calif. Expt. Station. 
 Eeport of the Work of the University of California Experiment 
 Stations for 1891-2. 
 
 (a) Honey Lake Valley Lands. 
 (6) Sulfuring in Fruit Drying. 
 
 (c) Methods of Physical and Chemical Soil Analyses. 
 Alkali Soils, Irrigation and Drainage, in their Mutual Eelations. 
 Calif. Expt. Station. 
 
 (a) Alkali Soils and Irrigation Waters of California. 
 (6) Lake and Eiver Waters of California and their Quality for 
 Irrigation Purposes. 
 
 (c) Artesian Waters of California. 
 
 (d) Irrigation and Alkali in India. 
 
 Zur Bestimmung der Wassercapacitaet der Bodenarten. WoUny's 
 Forschungen Agr. Phys., Vol. 15. 
 
 Ueber die Beziehungen zwisehen Humusbildung und Kalkgehalt der 
 Bodenarten. Wolln. Forsch. Agr. Phys., Vol. 15. 
 
 The Age and Origin of the Lafayette Formation. Am. Jour. Sci., 
 May. 
 
 The Sampling of Soils for Analysis. Agr. Sci., Vol. 6, No. 6; Wolln. 
 Forsch. Agr. Phys., Vol. 15. 
 
 The Determination of Clays in Soils. Agr. Sei., Vol. 6, No. 4; Wolln. 
 Forsch. Agr. Phys., Vol. 16. 
 
 The Mechanical Analysis of Soils. Agr. Sci., Vol. 6, No. 12: Wolln. 
 
 Forsch., Vol. 16. 
 Criticism of "Soil Investigations," by Milton Whitney. Agr. Sci., 
 
 June. 
 
45 
 
 A Eeport on the Eelatious of Soil to Climate. Bulletin No. 3 of the 
 U. S. Weather Bureau. Government Office. 
 
 Ueber den Einfluss des Klimes auf die Bildung und Zusammenset- 
 zung des Bodens. (Revised translation of the preceding by the 
 author.) Wollny's Forschmngen, Vol. 16; separate edition by- 
 Winter, Heidelberg. 
 
 De 1 'influence du Climat sur la formation et la composition des sols. 
 
 Revised by the author and translated by Jean Vilbouchevich. 
 
 Annals de la science agronomique frangaise et etrang&re, par Louis 
 
 Grandeau. Paris. 
 Ueber den Einfluss einiger klimatischen und Bodenverhaltnissee auf 
 
 die altere kultur. Verhandl. der deutschen physiologischen Gesell- 
 
 schaft zu Berlin, Deo. 
 Farther Investigations on the Mutual Reactions of Carbonates, 
 
 Sulfates and Chlorides of the Alkaline Earths and Alkalies. 
 (With M. E. Jaffa.) Proc. Soe. Prom. Agr. Set. 
 Soil Investigation and Soil Physics. Agr. Sci., Vol. 6, No. 12. 
 1893. Die Bodenverhatlnisse Californiens. Zeitschrift d. deutschen geol- 
 
 ogischen Gesellschaft, Berlin. 
 Skizze der physikalisehen und industriellen Geographie Californiens. 
 
 Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft fiir Erdlcunde zu Berlin; and rain 
 
 map of California. 
 Solvents for Soil Analysis. Agr. Sci. , 
 
 Die Feldwanze und deren Vernichtung durch Infection. Gartenflora. 
 Bibliographical Memoir of Julius Erasmus Hilgard, 1825-1890. 
 
 Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. 
 Die Bildungsweise der Alkalicarbonate in der Natur. Berichte der 
 
 Deutsch. Chem. Gesellschaft, 25' ter Jahrg., No. 19. 
 Kritik ueber Whitney's "Some Physical Properties of Soils," etc. 
 
 Wollny's Forsch. Agr. Phys., Vol. 16. 
 Ueber die Methoden und Resultate amerikanischer Bodenunter- 
 
 suchungen. Vortrag vor der Versammlung des Veriandes der 
 
 Deutschen Vers. Stationen in Berlin, Jan., and Die landw. Ver- 
 
 suchsstationen. Vol. 42. 
 Ueber die Beitimmung des Kalis. Fres. Zeitschr. analyt. Chemie, 
 
 32 Jahrg. 
 Considerations sur les terrains alealins et Salants. Memoire lu 
 
 devant la Societe Nationale d'Acclimatation de France, Mars; 
 
 Paris. 
 Les stations agrieoles experimentales de la Californie. Memoire lu 
 
 devant la SocietS National ed'Acclimatation de France, Mars; 
 
 Bevwe des Science, Naturelles appliquis. Paris. 
 Sedimentation vs. Hydraulic Elutriation. Agr. Sci., Vol. 7, No. 6. 
 Eeport on the Methods of Chemical and Physical Soil Analysis. 
 
 Bulletin No. 38, Division of Chemistry, Department of Agriculture, 
 
 Washington; Circular No. 6, Vniv. of Calif. 
 Then and Now. (1) 'Tis Forty Years Since. (2) Europe Revisited. 
 
 Occident (Univ. of Calif.), Oct. 26 and Nov. 2. 
 Alkali, its Causes and Cure. Lecture at Compton Farmers' Insti- 
 tute. Mural Press and Kern County Land Company. 
 
46 
 
 1894. Fruits and Soils of the Arid aid Humid Eegions. Beport of State 
 
 Board of Horticulture. State Office. 
 The Work of the American Experiment Stations. Garden and 
 
 Forest, Nov. 
 Arid Lands, and the Reclamation of Alkali Soils. The San Fran- 
 cisco Examiner, New Year's edition. Two columns, illustrated. 
 The Chemical and Physical Investigation of Soils. Paper read 
 
 before the World's Congress of Chemists, Chicago in 1893. Jour. 
 
 Am. Chem. Soc, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Jan., 1894). 
 La conquete des terrains alcalins par le platrage. Translated by 
 
 J. Vilbouchevitch. Le Progres Agricole et Viticole; Montpellier, 
 
 June. Illustrated. 
 The Digestion of Soils for Analysis. Agr. Sci., Jan. 
 La reclamation des terres salants pour la culture a la Station de 
 
 Tulare, Californie. Le Bos Bhone. 
 tiher den Stickstoffgehalt des Bodenhumus in der ariden nnd 
 
 humiden Region. Wollny's Forsch. Geh. Agr. PhysiJc. 
 On the Nitrogen Contents of Soil Humus in the Arid and Humid 
 
 Regions. (With M. E. Jaffa.) Agr. Sci., April, and Station 
 
 Seport for 189S-9S-94. 
 
 Irrigation for the Humid Regions. Farmers' Magazine. 
 
 Report of the University of California Agricultural Experiment 
 Station, 1892-93-94: 
 
 (a) Work of the Station. 
 
 (6) Cienegas of Southern California. Reprint from Proceed- 
 ings of the Geological Society of America, 1891. 
 
 (c) Fruit and Fruit Soils in Arid and Humid Regions. 
 
 (d) Crops and Fertilizers with Reference to California Soils 
 
 and Practice. 
 
 (e) Digestion of Soils for Analysis. (With M. E. Jaffa.) 
 (n Paoli Gypsum Company's Mine. 
 
 (g) Report on American Experiment Stations. 
 (h) Report on European Agricultural Schools, 
 (i) The Relations of Soils to Climate. Revised reprint of 
 Bulletin No. 3, IT. S. Weather Bureau. 
 1895. Articles on "Olives" and "Wine and Wine-making" in Johnson's 
 Encyclopedia, 2nd edition. 
 The Recognition of Nitrogen-hungrinesa in Soils. Bulletin 47, De- 
 partment of Agriculture, Division of Chemistry. 
 Late Progress in Soil Analysis. Bull. SO, V. S. Dept. Agr., Div. of 
 Chemistry. r i, , , 
 
 Occurrence and Characteristics of AlkaU Soils. Yeartook, V. S. 
 Dept. Agriculture. 
 
 Die Eroberung der Steppenlander fur die Kultur. Die Nation, 
 Berlin, No. 51. ' 
 
 Die Zuckerrubenkultur auf Alkaliboden. Die Landwirtschaftlichen 
 Fersurhstationen, Berlin. 
 
 Report ofCalifornia Experiment Station for 1894-5. Sacramento 
 (o) Work of the Station. 
 
 (6) Late Progress in Soil Examination; also in Bulletin 110. 
 (c) The Distribution of Salts in Alkali Soils. (With R H 
 Loughridge) ; also in Bulletin 108. ' ' 
 
47 
 
 (d) The Growing of Sugar-beets on Alkali Land. (With E. H. 
 
 Loughridge.) 
 
 (e) Improvement and Fertilization of Land. 
 
 (f) The Canaigre or Tanner's Dock. 
 
 (g) The Supply of Soil Nitrogen. 
 
 (A) Preparation of Fruit Specimens for Exhibition. 
 Fruohtbare Wusteneian. Die Nation, Berlin, No. 46. 
 Die Erkennung Stickstoflfhungrieger Kultur Boden. Deutsche Land- 
 wirtsohaftliche Presse, No. 53, July. 
 
 1896. Steppes, Deserts, and Alkali Lands. Popular Science Monthly, 
 
 March. 
 The Geologic Efficacy of Alkali Carbonate Solutions. Am. Jour. 
 
 Sci., Vol. 2, Aug. 
 The Work of the College of Agriculture. Bull. Ill, Calif. Expt. 
 
 Station. 
 Die Vertheilung der Salze in Alkaliboden under verschiedenen 
 
 Bedingungen. Wollny, Fortsohritte der Agr. PhysiTc. 
 The Agricultural College and the University. Pacific Eural Press, 
 
 Aug. 8. 
 Viticultural Report for 1887 to 1895: Univ. of Calif. Expt. Station, 
 (o) Work of the Station. 
 
 (b) The Composition and Classification of Grapes, Musts, and 
 
 Wines. 
 Agriculture in the Schools. WeeMy S. F. Chronicle, Aug. 27. 
 
 1897. The Objects and Methods of Soil Analysis. Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. 
 
 Sci., July. 
 The Use of Antiseptics in Food Products. Proc. Pure Food Congress, 
 
 San Francisco. 
 Die Diingunsmanie in Fernen Westen. Deutsche Landw. Presse, 
 
 XXIV Jahrgang, No. 72, Aug. 
 Report of University of California Experiment Station, 1895-97. 
 (o) Work of the College of Agriculture and Experiment Sta- 
 tions. 
 (6) Introductory Note on the Investigation of the Natural 
 Vegetation of Alkali Lands. 
 
 (c) Economy in Fertilization. 
 
 (d) Results Dedueible from Experiments on the Fertilization 
 
 of Citrus Fruits. 
 
 (e) Acidity of the Root-sap of Citrus Trees. 
 
 The Bleaching of Nuts by Dipping. Vniv. Calif. Station Bulletin 
 No. 113. 
 
 Preparatory Teaching in Agricultural Colleges. Read at the Minne- 
 apolis meeting of the Association of Amer. Coll. and Expt. Sta., 
 and published in the proceedings of that meeting, by the U. 8. 
 Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 The Adaptability of Different Soils to Fruit and Field Crops. San 
 Francisco Farmers' Institute. 
 
 Peculiarities of Soils and Agricultural Practice in the Arid Region. 
 S. F. Call. 
 
 New or Improved Methods of Farming in California. S. F. Call, 
 Christmas edition. 
 
i8 
 
 1898. Maintaining the Fertility of Our Soils. Bead at Los Angeles 
 
 Farmers' Clubs' Institute, January, 1898. 
 The Beet Sugar Industry in California. Pacific Bwal Press, Jan. 
 Irrigation and Drainage. Fresno Farmers' Institute, April. 
 Some Physical and Chemical Peculiarities of Arid SoUs. Proc. 
 
 Agr. Sni. 
 Report of California Experiment Station for 1897-98. 
 
 (o) Work of the Station. . z-nr-xv -a 
 
 (&) Endurance of Drought in SoUs of Arid Eegion. (With a. 
 H. Loughridge.) 
 
 (c) Use of Saline and Alkaline Waters in Irrigation. 
 
 (d) Investigation of Canned Products. (With G. E. Colby.) 
 
 (e) Extermination of Weeds. 
 
 (f) Some East Highlands Soils and their Cultural Treatment. 
 
 (g) Growth of Lupins on Calcareous Lands. 
 
 Conservation of Soil Moisture and Economy in Use of Irrigation 
 Water. (With E. H. Loughridge.) Bull. 121, Univ. of Calif. Expt. 
 Station. 
 
 1899. The Subdivision of Genera. Science (n.s.), No. 253, Nov. 
 
 Die Landbauzonen der Aussertropischen Lander. Review. Science, 
 (n.s.). No. 258, Dec. 
 
 1900. The Orthography of Geographical Names. Nat. Geogr. Magazine, 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Noehmala " Wiesendiingung. " Landw. Presse, Jan. 
 
 Wetterschiessen for Prevention of Hail. Science, Jan. 
 
 The Study of Greek and Latin vs. Modern Languages. Science, 
 June. 
 
 Nature, Value and Utilization of Alkali Lands. Univ. Calif. Agr. 
 Expt. Sta. Bull. No. 1S8. 
 
 Free Arsenious Acid in Paris Green. Jour. Am. Chem. Soc, Vol. 
 22, No. 10. 
 
 Etude sur la Grele; Defence des recoltes par la tir du Canon. (Re- 
 view of pamphlet by V. Vermorel). Science, Aug. 17. 
 
 1901. A Historical Outline of the Geological and Agricultural Survey of 
 
 the State of Mississippi. Mississippi Historical Society, Vol. 3, 
 May, and American Geologist, May. 
 Sketch of the Pedological Geology of California. Jour, of Geology, 
 Vol. IX, No. 1, p. 74. 
 
 An Estimate of the Life Work of Joseph LeConte. University 
 
 of California Magazine, Sept. 
 Soil Tests and Variety Tests. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci. 
 
 Report of University of California Experiment Station for 1898- 
 1901. Work of the Station. 
 
 1902. Lands of the Colorado Delta in the Salton Basin. (With F. J. Snow 
 
 and G. W. Shaw). Calif. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bulletin No. 140, Feb. 
 
 The Rise of Alkali Salts to the Surface. (Criticism of an article 
 
 published by Means in Science of January 3.) Science, Feb. 21. 
 
 Central Control of Agricultural Experiment Stations, Science, 
 April 25. f , , 
 
49 
 
 The Causes of the Development of Ancient Civilization in Arid 
 
 Countries. North American Meview, Sept. 
 Studies of the Subterranean Water Supply of the San Bernardino 
 
 Valley and its Utilization. U. S. Dept. of Agr., Offlee of Expt. 
 
 Stations, Bulletin No. 119. (Report of Irrisation Investigations 
 
 for 1901.) 
 
 1903. Beport of the University of California Agricultural Experiment 
 
 Station for 1901-1903. 
 (o) Work of the Station, 
 (o) Alkali and Alkali Lands. 
 
 (c) Humus of Oregon Soils. 
 
 (d) The Benefits of Drainage. 
 
 (e) The Increase of Soluble Matter in Bread by Toasting. 
 
 (f) Investigation of the Seeds of Folygala apopetala. 
 
 The Grand Gulf Formation. Science (n.s.), Vol. 18, No. 499, Aug. 7. 
 The Chemistry of Soils as Belated to Crop Production. (Criticism 
 
 of Bulletin No. 22, Bureau of Soils). Science (n.s.), Vol. 18, No. 
 
 46, Dee. 11. 
 
 1904. Soil Work in the United States. Science (n.s.), Vol. 19, No. 475, 
 
 Feb. 5. 
 Beport of University of California Experiment Station for 1893-94. 
 Soil Management. Science, Nov. 
 
 1905. The Prairie Mounds of Louisiana. Science, April 7. 
 
 1906. Soils for Apples. Science, Jan. 12. 
 
 Some Peculiarities of Bock Weathering and Soil Formation in the 
 
 Arid and Humid Eegions. Am. Jour. Sci., April. 
 Soils; their Formation, Properties, Composition and Belation to 
 
 Climate and Plant Growth. Macmillan Company, New York and 
 
 London. Illustrated; 593 pp. 
 The Exceptional Nature and Genesis of the Mississippi Delta. 
 
 Science, Dec. 28. 
 
 Marly Subsoils and the Chlorosis or Yellowing of Citrus Trees. 
 Circular No. S7, Calif. Agr. Expt. Station, Oct. 
 
 1907. Soils; their Formation and Nature. Nelson's International Encyclo- 
 
 pedia. Thos. Nelson & Sons, New York and London. 
 The Physical and Chemical Analysis of Soils. Encyclopedia of Agri- 
 culture, by L. H. Bailey. Macmillan Company. 
 The Causes of the Glacial Epoch. Proc. International Congress of 
 
 Geologists, Mexico, 1906. 
 Biographical Memoir of Joseph LeConte, 1823 to 1901. Mem. Nat. 
 
 Acad. Sciences, April 18. 
 Biographical Sketch of Dr. T. C. Hilgard. Bulletin, Div. of Botany, 
 
 V. S. Dept. Agr. 
 Note sur une communication de M. Kenny sur les Teres dites Usar, 
 
 de I'Inde Orientale. Jour. Agr. Tropicale, Sept. 
 La Culture de la Vigne dans les Tropicanx. Jour. Agr. Tropicale, 
 
 Oct. (Une Vigne propre aux CUmats tropioaux, le Vitis rotundi- 
 
 folia.) 
 
50 
 
 Eesponse a une note de la redaction du Jour. Agr. Tropicale, but la 
 reaction entre la Gipse et le Carbonate de Sonde. Jojtr. Agr. 
 Tropicale, Nov. 
 
 1908. Eeview of the paper On the Soil Preferences of Certain Alpine and 
 
 Sub-Alpine Plants, hj M. L. Femald. Science, Jan. 24. 
 Die Boden der Ariden und Humiden Begion. Centralblatt u. Zeit- 
 schrift fur Bodenkunde. 
 
 1909. Some Reminiscences of Dr. Daniel G. Oilman. Univ. Calif. Chronicle, 
 
 Vol. XI. 
 
 1910. The Unification of Chemical Soil Analysis. Proceedings Inter- 
 
 national Agrogeological Congress, at Budapest. 
 Agriculture for Schools of the Pacific Slope. (With W. J. V. 
 Osterhout.) The MacmUlan Company, New Tork. Illustrated; 
 428 pp. 
 
 1911. The Classification of Soils. (With E. H. Loughridge) . Proc. Inter- 
 
 national Agrogeological Congress, at Stockholm, Aug., 1910. 
 
 1912. A New Development in the Mississippi Delta. Pop. Sci. Monthly. 
 Die Bodenarider und humider Lander. Internat. Mitterlungen fur 
 
 Bodenkunde. 
 Disposal of Citrus Culls. California Cultivator, Los Angeles, June 6. 
 
 1913. Cultivation and Fertilization of Citrus Orchards in California. 
 
 Armours Farmers Almanac. 
 The Evolution of an American College. Univ. Calif. Chronicle, VoL 
 
 XV. 
 Cotton in California. California Cultivator, Los Angeles, June 5. 
 
 1915. Potassium from the Soil. Science, Oct. 15. 
 
 1916. A Peculiar Clay from near the City of Mexico. Nat. Acad, of Set., 
 
 Jan. 
 
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