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 Book Endowment for the Humanities 
 
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CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
 
 3 1924 096 083 294 
 
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History of the Martyrs in Palestine 
 
w. 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 MARTYRS IN PALESTINE, 
 
 EUSEMUS, BISHOP OF (LESATtEA, 
 
 DISCOVERED IN A VERY ANTIENT SYRIAC MANUSCRIPT. 
 
 EDITED AND TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH 
 
 WILLIAM CURETON, D.D., 
 
 MEMHF.n OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE OF FHANOE. 
 
 WILLIAMS AND NORGATE: 
 
 14, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON; 
 
 AND 
 
 20, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH. 
 PARIS: C. BORRANI. 
 
 MDCOCLX1. 
 
THIS ACCOUNT OF 
 
 MARTYRS FOR THE TRUTH OF THE HOLY 
 RELIGION OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST 
 
 Btrji'cnttb lo ttie JWemorr> 
 
 W. M . WATTS, CHOWR COORT, TEWTLE DAB. 
 
 FRANCIS EGERTON EARL OF ELLESMERE 
 
 K.G. 
 
 IN PIOUS RECOGNITION OP MUCH AND LONG-CONTINUED KINDNESS AND 
 
 IN CRATEFUL REMEMBRANCE OP THE PRIVILEGE OP ENJOYING TUB 
 
 FRIENDSHIP OF ONE WHO BO EMINENTLY ADORNED THE IHGII 
 
 STATION TO WHICH HE WAS BORN BY HIS OWN PERSONAL 
 
 VIRTUES AND ADDED REAL DIGNITY TO THE RANK 
 
 WHICH HE INHERITED BY THE ACQUIREMENTS 
 
 OP A SCHOLAR THE ACCOMPLISHMENTS 
 
 OP A GENTLEMAN AND THE 
 
 GRACES OP A CHRISTIAN. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The manuscript from which this work of Eusebius has 
 been at length recovered, after the lapse of several cen- 
 turies, is that wonderful volume of the Nitrian Collection* 
 now in the British Museum, whoso most curious and re- 
 markable history I have already made known in the Preface 
 to my edition of the Festal Letters of St. Athanasius.* It 
 is not necessary, therefore, for me in this place to give any 
 further account of it than to state that it was tran- 
 scribed fourteen hundred find fifty years ago, — as early 
 as the year of our Lord four hundred and oleven. 
 
 The several works contained in it are now all printed, and 
 thereby rescued from the chance of being lost for all future 
 time. Tho first — a Syriac translation of the Recogni- 
 tions of St. Clement, wliich I once intended to publish, 
 and had transcribed the greater part of it for that pur- 
 pose — has been edited by Dr. P. de Lagarde," to whom I 
 
 (■') British Museum, Additional MS. No. 12,150. 
 
 (') P. xv. The Festal Letters of Athanasius, discovered in an 
 antierit Syriac version. 8vo. London, 1848. 
 
 Q dementis Komani Recognitiones Syriace. Paulus Antonius 
 do Lagarde cdidit. 8vo, Lipsitc, 1801. 
 
11 PRKFACE. 
 
 gave my copy. The transcript was completed by him, and 
 compared with another manuscript of tho same work, and 
 afterward printed with that great care and accu- 
 racy which gives so much value to all the Syriac texts 
 which he has edited. The second treatise in this manu- 
 script is the book of Titus, Bishop of Bostra, or Bozra, in 
 Arabia, against the Manicheans. We are also indebted 
 for the publication of this important work to Dr. do 
 Lagarde." The third is the book of Eusebius on the 
 Theophania, or Divine Manifestation of our Lord. The text 
 of this was edited by the late Dr. Lee, b who also pub- 
 lished an English translation of it," with valuable notes 
 and a preliminary dissertation. The last is this history 
 of tho Martyrs of Palestine, also written by the same 
 Author. 
 
 In tho eighth book of the Ecclesiastical History, upon 
 the occasion of his giving a short account of certain 
 Bishops and others, who sealed their testimony for their 
 faith with their blood, Eusebius stated his intention of 
 writing, in a distinct treatise, a narrative of the confession 
 
 (*) Titi Bostreni contra Mancheeos libri quataor Syriace. Paulug 
 Antonius dc Lagarde edidit. 8vo. Berolini, 1859. 
 
 (*) Eusebius, Bishop of Csesarea, on the Theophania, or Divine 
 Manifestation of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ A Syriac 
 Version, edited from an ancient Manuscript recently discovered. By 
 Samuel Leo, D.D. 8vo. London, 1842. 
 
 (') Eusebius, Bishop of Csesaren, on the Theophania, or Divine 
 Manifestation of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. Translated 
 into English with Notes, from an ancient Syriac Version of the 
 Greek Original now lost. To which is prefixed a Vindication of 
 the Orthodoxy and Prophetical Views of that distinguished writer 
 By Samuel Lee, D.D. 8vo. Cambridge, 1843. 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Ill 
 
 of those Martyrs with whom he had himself been acquainted." 
 Up to the time of the discovery of this Syriac copy, no 
 such work was known to exist in a separate form, either in 
 Latin or Greek. There is indeed a brief history of those 
 contemporaries of Eusebius who suffered in the perse- 
 cution of the Christians in Palestine, found in several anticnt 
 Greek manuscripts, inserted as a part of it, and combined 
 with the Ecclesiastical History r but it does not occupy 
 the same place in all the copies of that work. In one 
 it is placed after the middle of the thirteenth chapter of 
 tho eighth book;" in two" at the end of the tenth book; 
 and in several, 11 at the end of tho eighth ; whilo from two 
 
 (*) Oit 7» p\i\v avrot Trapeyevotirjv, tovtovs koi rois fie8' tjftas fvapipovs 
 it' erepas Troiijcroftai ipaiprjs. " Moreover, there were many other emi- 
 nent martyrs who have an honourable mention among the Churehes, 
 which are in those places and countries. But our design is not to 
 commit to writing the conflicts of all those who suffered for the 
 worship of God over the whole world, nor yet to give an accurate 
 relation of every accident that befel them ; but this rather belongs 
 to those who, with their own eyes, beheld what was done. More- 
 over, those ourselves were present at, we will commit to the knowledge 
 of ■postmlty in another work." See Ecc. Hist., B. viii. ch. 13, Ewj. 
 Trans, p. 148. 
 
 ('■) Codex olim Regis; Societatis, nunc vero Musci Britannici. This 
 is G. of Dr. Burton's edition : Oxford, 1838. See the same, pp. 
 572 and 591. 
 
 (>•) Duo Codices Florentini Bibliothecoe Mediceo-Laurentianne. 
 Plut. lxx. n. 7 et 20. I. and K. of Burton. See Ibid. p. 591. 
 
 C) 1. Codex Regius Bibliotliecic Parisiensis n. 1430; 2. Codex 
 Mcdiceus, ibid. n. 1434 ; 3. Codex Mazarinteus, ibid. n. 1430 ; 
 4. Codex Fuketianus, ibid. n. 1430 ; 5. Codex Savilianus, in Bib- 
 liotheca Bodleiana, n. 2278 ; being A. B. C. D. and F. respectively 
 of Burton. Ibid. 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 others, 11 as well as from the Latin version made by Ruffinus, 
 it is omitted altogether. There is no distinct title prefixed 
 to it in any copy but one, tho Codex Castellani," where it 
 bears the inscription : — Evaefiiov avyypafipa irept rav tear 
 awov fiapTvprj<ravTa>v ev Tip OKraerei AtOKkr/rtavov xai e^e^tji 
 raXepiov tou Matjifiivov Buoyfiov ; but two copies, the 
 Mazarine and Medicean, have at tho end — Evaefiiov rov 
 IJafKpiXov vepi Ttov ev UaXaiarivTi ftapTvp7i<ravro>v Te\o9. b 
 
 That this was the history of tho martyrs who were 
 known to Eusebius which he had promised, has never been 
 doubted by any one ; while, on the other hand, almost 
 every one who has undertaken to write on the subject has 
 judged it to be but an abridgment of the original work 
 which formerly existed in a more extended form." The 
 
 (") Codex BibliothecjE Regies Parisiensis n. 1431, and Codex 
 Venetus n. 838; being E. and H. of Burton. Ibid. 
 
 (") See N. of Burton. Ibid. 
 
 ( L ) See ValeBius, note ("), p. 154, Eng. Trans. 
 
 (') See Valesius and Ituinart, cited in the notes to this, pp. 
 50, 51, 55, 59, CO, 04, 09, 84. Also 8. E. Assemani remarks :— 
 " Grnscam S. Procopii, Martyrum PaltEstinorum in Diocletiani pcr- 
 secuiione antesignani, historiam, quas in laudato de martyribus Pales- 
 tine libro babetur; ab alia fusion, atque explication fuifse con- 
 tractam atque truncatam, certum et exploratum est, nam qua? ad 
 patriam atque institum pertinent omittere nunquam consuevit Euse- 
 bius." — Acta SS. Mart. 
 
 "Horum sanctorum martyrum historiam concisam pariter jeju- 
 nnmque exhibet nobis Graecus Eusebii Csesariensis textus in libro de 
 martyribus Paloestina;; eandemque prorsus fortunam experta est, 
 quam prior Procopii, ex latiori scilicet narratione in brevem sumraam. 
 Atque priorem illara Latina, quae superfuit, versio supplerit, \m:r, 
 Qutern supplcri aliter non potuisscnt, nisi, favente Deo, Chaldaicus 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 antient Latin copy of the Acts of Procopius," the Acts 
 of Pamphilus and his companions, as exhibited by Simeon 
 Metaphrastes, b in much fuller detail than they are now found 
 in the Greek text of Eusebius, and the additional facts 
 respecting other martyrs who suffered in Palestine, supplied 
 by the Greek Menam and Menologia, were adduced as evi- 
 dence of the existence at one time of a more copious work, 
 and as a proof that the narrative inserted in the Eccle- 
 siastical History was only an abridgment. 
 
 The correctness of this critical induction has been com- 
 pletely established by the discovery of this copy of the work 
 of Eusebius of Csesarea on the Martyrs of Palestine, in 
 the vernacular language of the country where the events 
 took place, and actually transcribed within about seventy 
 years after the death of the author." 
 
 S. E. Assemani goes so far as to express his conviction 
 that this history of the sufferings of the martyrs in Palestine 
 was originally composed in Syriac, a language with which 
 Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea,was necessarily well acquainted, 
 
 Codex noster e tenebris iEgypti vindicatus emersisset in lucem." — 
 Ibid. ?. 173. 
 
 Baillet:— " Eusebe de Cesaree avait recueilli a part les Martyrs de 
 Palestine : et quoique lea Actes qu'il en avoit ramassez avec beaucoup 
 desoin et de travail ne paroissent plus, il nous en rcste un bon abbrege 
 dans le livre qui se trouvc joint a son histoire generate de 1'Eglise.'' 
 See Les Vies des Saints, vol. i. p. 55. 
 
 (") See these printed p. 60 below and Valesius' note thereon. 
 
 (') The Latin, by Surius, of thie, will be found in the Notes, at 
 p. 09. 
 
 () Eusebius died A.D. 339 or 340 (Fabricius, BibVotheca Grtec. 
 lib. v. c. 4. p. 31), and this copy was transcribed A. D. 411. 
 
 // 
 
VI 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 as being the .vernacular speech of his own country and 
 diocese." It is not at all improbable that Eusebius might 
 made have use of the Syriac for ordinary purposes, or, indeed, 
 as a safer deposit for any memoranda which he might 
 wish to commit to writing than the Greek, during the 
 time that the persecution continued. Could this inference 
 of S. E. Assemani be established, it would give still 
 additional interest and value to the work which I now 
 publish. I must, however, own that I cannot admit the 
 supposition that this work was originally written in the 
 Syriac language. Indeed, it seems to me to be sufficiently 
 disproved by the fact, that the Syriac copy of such of the 
 Acts of Martyrs in Palestine as have been published by 
 S. E. Assemani, while it agrees completely in substance 
 with this, is evidently a translation by another hand ; 
 and that the variation and errors which occur in some of 
 the proper names are of such a kind as could only have 
 arisen from confounding two similar Greek letters of the 
 writing at that period ; b and further, there are some obscure 
 passages in this Syriac, which obviously seem to be the 
 result of a translator not fully apprehending the meaning 
 of the Greek passage before him." 
 
 How long the entire Greek text of the original work 
 continued to be read, we have now no means of learn- 
 ing with any degree of certainty. It must have been 
 in existence in the time of Simeon Metaphrastes, in the 
 tenth century, for he has supplied many facts" from it 
 
 (") See Note, p. 51, below. 
 
 (") See Notes, pp. 57, 60 below. 
 
 (') Sec p. GO, below. 
 
 PREEACE. 
 
 Vll 
 
 which the abridged form of the Greek docs not contain, 
 and has also given entire the long passage relating to 
 Pamphilus and his companions.* Neither can there be any 
 doubt of its having been in use at the period when the 
 Greek Menasa and Menologia were compiled. 1 " The fact that 
 many of the circumstances and events which it described 
 had been inserted in the abovementioned books, and that an 
 abridgment, which, I cannot doubt, was made by Eusebius 
 himself, had also been incorporated into the Ecclesiastical 
 History, seems to have led to the discontinuance of the 
 transcription of the larger work, and to havo been mainly 
 the cause of its being no longer found in the Greek in 
 a separate form. The preservation of this work in its 
 complete state up to the present time, in the Syriac, is 
 chiefly due to the circumstance of its having been trans- 
 ported, at a very early period, to the Syrian Monastery 
 in the solitude of the Nitrian Desert, where the dryness 
 of the climate kept the vellum from decay, and the idle- 
 » n ess and ignorance of the monks saved the volume from 
 being worn out and destroyed by frequent use. 
 
 Independently of the great interest of tho subject of 
 which it treats, this work of Eusebius has especial claims 
 to consideration, on the ground of the author having been 
 himself an eyewitness of most of the events which he de- 
 
 (") A Latin version of this, as it is found in Simeon Metaphrastes, 
 translated by Lipomannus, I have printed in the Notes, p. 69, below, 
 for the sake of comparison with this text. It also still exists in 
 Greek, and was first published' by D. Papebrochius from a Me- 
 dicean MS. in the Acta Sanctorum, Juno, vol. i. p. 64 ; and after- 
 wnnls reprinted by J. Alb. Fabricius in S. IZippoliti Opera, 2 vols^ 
 fol. Hamb. 1710-19, vol. ii. p. 217. 
 
 (") See notes pp. 53, 56, 59, 00, 64, 68. 
 
vm 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 scribes. There are some, indeed, at which ho could not have 
 have been .present ; for instance, the Confession of Ro- 
 manus, who suffered at Antioch on the same day as Al- 
 phieus and Zacchrous did at Caesarea, where he was then 
 residing. He has, given a narrative of the sufferings 
 of Romanus, in his history of the Martyrs of Palestine, 
 because he was a native of Palestine, and had also been a 
 deacon and exorcist in one of the villages of Caosarea; 
 and Eusebius was anxious to claim for his own country and 
 diocese the honour of this man's confession. This may 
 perhaps be the reason why there are found two distinct 
 accounts of the Acts of Romanus in Syriac, as well as in 
 Greek and Latin. 
 
 It is not my intention to enter into any discussion 
 respecting the time of the composition of this treatise, or 
 that of the great Church History by Eusebius : nor will I 
 consider at any length the question of the abridgment of 
 the account of the Martyrs of Palestine inserted in most 
 of the copies of the Ecclesiastical History, or that of the 
 different recensions of this latter work by the author 
 himself.* These are certainly very interesting subjects of 
 literary and historical inquiry ; and doubtless this book 
 will supply the critic with new data, to enable him to 
 elucidate and determine them in a more complete and sa- 
 tisfactory manner than it has been hitherto possible for any 
 one to do. These matters I would rather leave to other 
 scholars. All now have the same materials as I have, and 
 some may be possessed of Other greater facilities and 
 appliances, as well as better capacities for the task. I 
 
 (•) See Heinichen, Notitia Codicum, Rditionum et Tranilationum 
 lliitor'ur Ecclesiastics JSusebianir, \ vi. 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 IX 
 
 believo it to be my duty to employ my own time and 
 exertions in another way. 
 
 I will therefore content myself with briefly observing 
 that this work of Eusebius on the Martyrs of Palestine 
 bears evidently upon it the stamp of being a record of facts 
 which were noted down at the time as they severally oc- 
 curred, and were afterwards revised and arranged in due 
 order at a subsequent period, when some events, which, 
 in the earlier years of the Persecution, the author thought 
 it probable might happen, had actually taken place ; and 
 when other occurrences of earlier date were no lono-er 
 so fresh and vivid in the minds of men as they had 
 been when all were still living who had witnessed them. 
 
 I would observe, also, that it seems to be evident that 
 this work, in which Eusebius recounts the martyrdom of 
 Pamphilusand his companions, was composed before he wrote 
 the fuller history of that noble Martyr, to which he refers 
 in the Abridgment ; for no reference whatever is made to 
 the existence of any such history in this original and more 
 copious narrative of the Martyrs of Palestine. It must, 
 therefore, have been composed before he wroto the Eccle- 
 siastical History, in which he several times adverts to the 
 life of Pamphilus as having been already completed. 
 
 The first edition of the Ecclesiastical History does not 
 appear to have contained the history of the Martyrs of 
 Palestine. This seems to be the copy used by Ruffinus, who 
 neither gives any such history, nor has the passage in the 
 thirteenth chapter of the eighth book which refers to it. 
 
 Indeed, it is evident from his own words that the abridg- 
 ment must have been made by Eusebius himself." When, 
 
 (') See Note below, p. 79. 
 
X PREFACE. 
 
 therefore, he condensed the narrative for the purpose of in- 
 corporating it into the subsequent editions of the Ecclesi- 
 astical History, he also took that opportunity of supplying 
 several facts which, either from considerations of prudence, 
 or from not having had knowledge of them at the time when 
 the work was originally composed, he had previously omitted ; 
 and also ventured to speak more plainly of persons, because 
 the altered condition of circumstances after the accession of 
 Constantine enabled him to do this without any apprehen- 
 sion of danger. This, I think, will be obvious to those who 
 will be .at the pains to compare the general narrative of 
 the events as they are recorded year by year, with the 
 notes which I have added, even without having recourse to 
 fuller and more minute researches. 
 
 The translation I have endeavoured to make as faithful 
 as I could without following the Syriac idiom so closely 
 as to render the English obscure. There are a very few 
 passages in which I cannot feel quite sure that \ have 
 obtained the precise meaning of the Syriac ; but the 
 obscurity of these passages is certainly due to the Trans- 
 lator, who does not seem to have fully understood the 
 Greek text which he had before him. My English transla- 
 tion of the long account of Pamphilus and his companions 
 was printed before I read either the Greek text printed by 
 Papebrochius, or the Latin translation made by Lipo- 
 mannus from the same Greek, as it was preserved by Simeon 
 Metaphrastes. The comparison of all of these together will 
 be a good means of testing both the integrity of the 
 transmission of the original Greek to the present day, 
 and the fidelity of the Syriac translation. 
 
 In the notes, my chief object has been to collect such 
 observations as may tend especially to throw light upon 
 
 PREPACK. 
 
 XI 
 
 the time of the composition 'of tin's work and of the 
 Ecclesiastical History by Eusebius, and serve to elucidate 
 the text; but in order to keep them from extending to 
 too great a length, I have omitted all those matters which 
 it appeared to mo an ordinarily well-informed scholar 
 might bo presumed to be acquainted with. 
 
ON THE MARTYRS IN PALESTINE, 
 BY EUSEBTUS OF (LESAREA. 
 
 Those Holy Martyrs of God, who loved our Saviour and Lord 
 Jesus Christ, and God supreme and sovereign of all, more 
 than themselves and their own lives, who were dragged forward 
 to the conflict for the sake of religion, and rendered glorious by 
 the martyrdom of confession, who preferred a horrible death to a * 
 temporary life, and were crowned with all the victories of virtue, 
 and offered to the Most High and supreme God the glory of 
 their wonderful victory, because they had their conversation 
 in heaven, and walked with him who gave victory to their 
 testimony, also offered up glory, and honour, and majesty to the 10 
 Fatker, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost. Moreover, the 
 souls of the martyrs being worthy of the kingdom of heaven are 
 in honour together with the company of the prophets and apostles. 
 Let us therefore, likewise, who stand in need of the aid of their 
 prayers, and have been also charged in tho book of the Apostles, 15 
 that we should be partakers in the remembrance of the Saints, — 
 let us also be partakers with them, and begin to describe those 
 conflicts of theirs against sin, which are at all times published 
 abroad by the mouth of those believers who were acquainted 
 with them Nor, indeed, have their praises been noted by monu- 20 
 ments of stone, nor by statues variegated with painting and 
 colours and resemblances of earthly things without life, but by 
 the word of truth spoken before God : the deed also which is 
 seen by our eyes bearing witness. 
 
 B 
 
EUBEBIU8 ON THE 
 
 [P. 2.] Let us therefore, relate the manifest signs and glorious 
 proofs of the divine doctrine, and commit to writing a commemo- 
 ration not to be forgotten, setting also their marvellous virtues as 
 a constant vision before our eyes. For I am struck with wonder 
 
 * at their all-enduring couvago, at their confession under many 
 forms, and at the wholesome alacrity of their souls, the elevation 
 of their minds, the open profession of their faith, the clearness of 
 their reason, the patience of their condition, and the truth of 
 their religion : how they were not cast down in their minds, but 
 
 10 their eyes looked upwards, and they neither trembled nor feared. 
 The love of God also, and of His Christ, supplied them with an 
 all-effective power, by which they overcame their enemies. For 
 they loved God, the supreme sovereign of all, and they loved 
 Him with all their might He, too, requited their love to Him by 
 
 • 5 the aid which He afforded them : and they also were loved by 
 Him, and strengthened against their enemies, applying the 
 words of that confessor who had already borne his testimony 
 before thera and exclaiming " Who shall separate us from Christ ? 
 shall tribulation, or affliction, or persecution, or hunger, or 
 
 JO death, or the sword? as it is written, For thy sake we die daily : 
 we are reckoned as lambs for the slaughter." And again, when 
 this same martyr magnifies that patience which cannot be over- 
 come by evil, he says — " that in all these things we conquer for 
 Him who loved us." And he foretold that all evils are overcome 
 
 23 by the love of God, and that all terrors and afflictions are trodden 
 down, while he exclaimed and said : " Because I am persuaded 
 that neither death, nor life, nor tilings present, nor things to come, 
 nor powers, nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall 
 be able to separate us from the love of God which is in our Lord 
 
 30 Jesus Christ." 
 
 At that time then, Paul, who exulted in the power of his Lord, 
 was himself crowned with the victory of martyrdom in the midst 
 of Rome, the Imperial City [p. 3.], because he had entered the 
 contest there, as in a superior conflict. In that victory also 
 
 35 which Christ granted to his triumphant martyrs, Simon, the chief 
 and first of the disciples, likewise received the crown ; and he 
 
 MARTYRS IN PALESTINE. 3 
 
 suffered in a manner similar to our Lord's sufferings. Others of 
 the Apostles too> in other places, closed their lives in martyrdom. 
 Nor was this grace given only to those of former times, but 
 it has also been bestowed abundantly upon this our own genera- 
 tion. 5 
 
 As for those conflicts, which were gloriously achieved in various 
 other countries, it is meet that they who were then living 
 should describe what took place in their own country ; but for 
 myself I pray that I may be enabled to writo an account of 
 those with whom I had the honour of being cotemporary, and 10 
 that they may rank me also among them — I mean those of whom 
 the whole people of Palestine is proud, for in the midst of 
 this our land also the Saviour of all mankind himself arose like 
 a thirst-refreshing fountain. The conflicts, therefore, of these 
 victorious combatants I will proceed to relate, for the common H 
 instruction and benefit of all. 
 
 THE CONFESSION OF PROCOPIUS, 
 
 IN THE FIRST YEAR OF THE PERSECUTION IN OUIl DAYS. 
 
 20 
 
 The first of all the martyrs who appeared in Palestine was 
 named Procopius. In truth he was a godly man, for even before 
 his confession he had given up his life to great endurance : and 
 from the time that he was a little boy had been of pure habits, 
 and of strict morals : and by the vigour of his muy\ he had so 26 
 brought his body into subjection, that, even before his u.^th, his 
 soul seemed to dwell in a body completely mortified, and hc^had 
 so strengthened his soul by the word of God that his body also 
 was sustained by the power of God. His food was bread only, and 
 his drink water; and he took nothing else besides these two. [P. 4.] 30 
 Occasionally he took food every second day only, and sometimes 
 every third day ; oftentimes too he passed a whole week without 
 food. But he never ceased day nor night from the study of the 
 word of God : and at the same tune he was careful as to his 
 manners and modesty of conduct, so that he edified by his 34 
 meekness and piety all those of his own standing. And while 
 
 b2 
 
4 EUBEBIUB ON THE 
 
 his chief application was devoted to divine subjects, he was ac- 
 quainted also in no slight degree with natural science. His 
 family was from Baishan ; and he ministered in the orders of the 
 Church' in three things : — First, he had been a Reader ; and in 
 
 5 the second order he translated from Greek into Aramaic ; and in 
 the last, which is even more excellent than the preceding, he 
 opposed the powers of the evil one, and the devils trembled before 
 him. Now it happened that he was sent from Baishan to our 
 city Caesarea, together with his brother confessors. And at the 
 
 10 very moment that he passed the gates of the city they brought 
 him before the Governor : and immediately upon his first entrance 
 the judge, whose name was Flavianus, said to him : It is ne- 
 cessary that thou shouldest sacrifice to the gods: but lie 
 replied with a loud voice, There is no God but one only, the 
 
 15 Maker and Creator of all things. And when the judge felt him- 
 self smitten by the blow of the martyr's words, he furnished him- 
 self with arms of another kind against the doctrine of truth, 
 and, abandoning his former order, commanded him to sacrifice to 
 the emperors, who were four in number ; but the holy martyr of 
 
 20 God laughed still more at this saying, and repeated the words of 
 the greatest of poets of the Greeks, which he said that " the rule of 
 many is not good : let there be one ruler and one sovereign." And 
 on account of his answer, which was insulting to the emperors, 
 he, though alive in his conduct, was delivered over to death, and 
 
 2i forthwith the head of this blessed man was struck off, and an 
 easy transit afforded him along the way to heaven. [P. 5.] And 
 this took place on the seventh day of the month Heziran, in the 
 first year of the persecution in our days. This confessor was the 
 first who was consummated in our city Csesarea. 
 
 30 
 
 THE CONFESSION OF ALPHjEUS, AND ZACCHiEUS, 
 AND ROMANUS, 
 
 IN THE FIRST YEAR OF THE PERSECUTION IN OUR DAYS. 
 
 j5 It happened, at the same time, that the festival, which is celebrated 
 on the twentieth year of the emperor's reign, was at hand, and a 
 
 MAHTTE8 IN PALESTINE. 
 
 pardon was announced at that festival for the offences of those 
 who were in prison. The governor, therefore, of the country came 
 before the festival, and instituted an inquiry respecting the prisoners 
 which were in confinement, and some of them were set at liberty 
 through the clemency of the emperors ; but tho martyrs of * 
 God he insulted with tortures, as though they were worse male- 
 factors than thieves and murderers. 
 
 Zacchseus, therefore, who had been a deacon of the Church in the 
 city of Gadara, was led like an innocent lamb from the flock — for 
 such indeed he was by nature, and those of his acquaintance had 10 
 given him the appellation of Zacchseus as a mark of honour, calling 
 him by the name of that first Zacchams — for one reason, because of 
 the Binal Iness of his stature, and for another, on account of the 
 strict life which he led ; and he was even more desirous of seeing 
 our Lord than the first Zacchasus. And when he was brought in is 
 before the judge, he rejoiced in his confession for the sake of 
 Christ : and when he had spoken the words of God before the 
 judge, he was delivered over to all the tortures of punishment, and 
 after having been first scourged, he was made to endure dreadful 
 lacerations, and then after this he was thrown into prison again, 20 
 and there for a whole day and a whole night his feet were strained 
 to four holes of the rack. 
 
 Alphssus, also, a most amiable man, endured afflictions and 
 sufferings similar to these. His family was of the most illustrious 
 of the city Eleutheropolis, and in the church of Caesarea he had 25 
 been honoured with the dignity of Reader and Exorcist. But be- 
 fore he became a confessor he had been a preacher and teacher of 
 [p. 6.] the word of God; and had great confidence te- 
 all men, and this of itself was a good reason for his being brought 
 to his confession of the truth. And because he saw that there was 30 
 fallen upon all men at that time laxity and great fear, and many 
 were swept along as it were before the force of many waters, 
 and carried away to the foul worship of idols, he deliberated how 
 he might withstand the violence of the evil by his own valour, 
 and by his own courageous words repress the terrible storm. 35 
 Of his own accord, therefore, he threw himself into the midst of 
 
6 
 
 EUSEIHU8 ON THE 
 
 the crowd of the oppressors, and with words of denunciation re- 
 proached those, who through their timidity had been dragged 
 into error ; and held them back from the worship of idols, by 
 reminding them of the words which had been spoken by our 
 
 5 Saviour, respecting confession. And when Alphseus, full of 
 courage and bravery, had done these things openly with boldness, 
 the officers seized him, and took hira at once before the judge. 
 But this is not the time for us to relate what words he uttered 
 with all freedom of speech, nor what answers he gave in words of 
 
 10 godly religion, like a man filled with the Spirit of God. In con- 
 sequence of these things ho was sent to prison. And after some 
 days he was brought again before the judge, and his body 
 was torn all over by severe scourgings without mercy, but 
 the fortitude of his mind still continued erect before the judge, 
 
 is and by his words he withstood all error. Then he was tor- 
 tured on his sides with the cruel combs, and, at last, having 
 wearied out the judge himself, and those who were minister- 
 ing to the judge's will, ho was again committed to prison, together 
 with another fellow-combatant, and stretched out a whole day and 
 
 20 night upon the wooden rack. After three days they were both 
 of them brought together before the judge, and he commanded 
 them to offer sacrifice to the emperors: but they confessed, 
 and said, We acknowledge one God only, the supreme sovereign 
 of all ; and when they had uttered these words in the presence 
 
 25 of all the people (p. 7.) they were numbered among the company 
 of Holy Martyrs, and were crowned as glorious and illustrious 
 combatants in the conflict of God, for whose sake also their heads 
 were cut off. And better than all the course of their lives did 
 they love their departure, to be with Him in whom they made their 
 
 30 confession. But the day that they suffered martyrdom was the 
 seventh of Teshri the latter, on which day the confession of thoso 
 of whom we have been speaking was consummated. 
 
 And on this selfsame day also Romanus suffered martyrdom 
 in the city of Antioch. But this Romanus belonged to Palestine, 
 
 35 and he was a Deacon, and an Exorcist likewise, in one of the vil- 
 lages of C«sarea. And he, too, was stretched out upon the rack, 
 
 MARTTR8 IN PALESTINE. 
 
 and like as the martyr Alpliaeus had done in Csesarea, so did the 
 blessed llomanus by his words of denunciation restrain from 
 sacrificing those who, from their timidity, were relapsed into the 
 sin of the error of devils, recalling to the minds of them all the 
 terrors of God. Ho had also the courage to go in together with the .-> 
 multitude who were dragged by force into error and to present him-: 
 self there in Antioch before the judge : and when he heard the judge 
 commanding them to sacrifice, and they, in trepidation from their 
 fears, were driven with trembling to offer sacrifice, this zealous 
 man was no longer able to endure this sad spectacle, but was to 
 moved with pity towards them as towards those who were feeling 
 about in thick darkness, and on the point of falling over a preci- 
 pice, and so ho made the doctrine of the religion of God to rise up 
 before them like the sun, crying aloud and saying : Whither are 
 ye being carried, oh men ? Are ye all stooping down to cast your- 
 selves into the abyss? Lift up the eyes of your understanding 
 on high, and above all the worlds ye shall recognise God and the 
 Saviour of all the ends of the world ; and do not abandon for error 
 the commandment which has been committed to you: then shall 
 the godless error of the worship of devils be apparent to you. 20 
 Remember also the righteous judgment of God supreme, 
 [p. 8.] And when he hod spoken these things to them with a 
 loud y,oice, an< ^ stood there without fear and without dread, at 
 the command of him who was constituted judge there, the officers 
 seized him, and he condemned him to be destroyed by fire, for 20 
 the crafty judge perceived that many were confirmed by the words 
 which the martyr spake, and that ho turned many back from 
 error. And because the servant of Jesus had done these things in 
 the place where the emperors were, they at once brought out this 
 blessed man into the midst of the city of Antioch. And he was 30 
 arrived at the spot where he was to undergo his punishment, and 
 the things which were required for the fire were got ready, and 
 they were busying themselves to fulfil the command with haste, 
 when the emperor Diocletian, having heard of what was done, gave 
 orders that they should withdraw the martyr from the death by 35 
 fire, because, said he, his insolence and folly were not suitable 
 
8 
 
 EU8EBIU8 ON THE 
 
 for punishment by fire ; and so, like a merciful emperor, he gave 
 order for a new kind of punishment for the martyr, that his 
 tongue should be cut out. Nevertheless, when that member by 
 which he spoke was taken away, still was his true love not 
 
 5 severed from his God ; neither was "his intellectual tongue re- 
 strained from preaching, and immediately he received from God, 
 the sovereign of all, a recompense for his struggle in the conflict, 
 and was filled with power much greater than he had before. Then 
 did great wonder seize upon all men ; for he, whose tongue had 
 
 10 been cut out, forthwith, by the gift of God spake out valiantly, and 
 heartily exulted in the faith, as though ho were standing by the side 
 of Him in whom he made his confession; and with a countenance 
 bright and cheerful he saluted his acquaintance, and scattered 
 the seed of the word of God into the ears of all men, exhorting 
 
 15 them all to worship God alone, and lifting up his prayers and 
 thanksgiving to God, who worketh marvels [p. 9.] : and when he 
 had done these things he mightily gave testimony to the word of 
 Christ before all men, and in deed shewed forth the power of Him in 
 whom he made his confession. And when he had done so for a 
 
 20 long time he was again stretched upon the rack ; and by the 
 command of the governor and the judge they threw upon him 
 the strangling instrument, and he was strangled. And on the same 
 day as those blessed martyrs who appertained to Zacchajus he 
 was consummated in his confession. And although this man 
 
 25 actually passed through the conflict, and suffered martyrdom in 
 Antioch, nevertheless, because his family was of Palestine, he is 
 properly described among the company of martyrs in this our 
 country. 
 
 M THE CONFESSION OF TIMOTHEU9, IN THE CITY 
 
 OF GAZA, 
 
 IN THE SECOND YEAR OF THE PERSECUTION IN OUR DAYS. 
 
 It was the second year of the persecution, and the hostility 
 
 35 against us was more violent than the first ; and Urbanus, who 
 
 at that same time had superseded the governor Flavianus in his 
 
 MARTYR9 IN PALESTINE. 9 
 
 office, was governor over the people of Palestine. There came 
 then again the second time edicts from the emperor, in addition 
 to the former, threatening persecution to all persons. For, in the 
 former, he had given orders respecting the rulers of the Church 
 of God only, to compel them to sacrifice ; but, in the second 5 
 edicts there was a strict ordinance, which compelled all per- 
 sons equally, that the entire population in every city, both men 
 and women, should sacrifice to dead idols, and a law was 
 imposed upon them to offer libations to devils; for such wore the 
 commands of the tyrants who, in their folly, desired to wage war 10 
 against God, the king supreme. And when these commands of 
 the emperor were put into effect, tlic blessed Timotheus, in 
 the city of Gaza, was delivered up to Urbanus while lie was 
 there, and was unjustly bound in fetters, like a murderer [p. 10.], 
 for indeed he was not bound in fetters on account of any thing 15 
 deserving of blame, because he had been blameless in all his 
 conduct, and during the whole of his life. When, therefore, 
 he did not comply with the law as to the worship of idols, 
 nor bow down to dead images without life, for he was a man per- 
 fect in every thing, and was in his soul acquainted with his God, 20 
 and because of his piety and his conduct and his virtues, even 
 before he was delivered up to the governor, he had already 
 endured severe sufferings from the inhabitants of his own city, 
 having lived there under insults and frequent blows and con- 
 tumely, for the people of the city of Gaza were accursed in the 25 
 heathenism ; and when they were present in the judgment 
 hall of the governor, this champion of righteousness came off 
 victorious in all the excellence of his patience. And the judge 
 cruelly employed against him severe tortures, and showered 
 upon his body terrible scourgings without number, inflicting on 30 
 his sides horrible lacerations, such as it is impossible to describe; 
 but, under all these things this brave martyr of God sustained 
 the conflict like a hero, and at last obtained the victory in the 
 struggle, by enduring death by means of a slow fire : for it was a 
 weak and slow fire by which he was burned, so that his soul 35 
 could not easily make her escape from the body, and be at rest. 
 
10 
 
 EUSEBIUS ON THE 
 
 And thero was lie tried like pure gold in tlio furnace of a slow 
 <irc, manifesting the perfection and the sincerity of his religion 
 towards his God, and obtaining the crown of victory which 
 belongs to the glorious conquerors of righteousness. And 
 
 s because he loved God, he received, as the meet recompense of his 
 will, that perfect life which he longed for in the presence of God the 
 sovereign of all. And together with this brave confessor, at the 
 same time of the trial of his confession, and in the same city, the 
 martyr Agapius, and the admirable Theckla (she of our days) were 
 
 10 condemned by the governor to suffer punishment and to be 
 devoured by wild beasts, [p. 11.] 
 
 TFIE CONFESSION OF AGAPIUS, AND OF THE TWO 
 
 ALEXANDERS, AND OF THE TWO DIONYSIUSES, 
 
 AND OF TIMOTIIEUS, AND OF ROMULUS, 
 
 AND OF PAESIS, 
 
 IN Till! SF.COSD YEAR OP THE PEHSECUTION IN OUll DAYS, IN THE 
 CITY OP C2ESAIIEA. 
 
 15 
 
 20 It was the festival at which all the people assembled themselves 
 together in their cities. The same festival also was held in Cajsarea. 
 And in the circus there was an exhibition of horse races, and a 
 representation was performed in the theatre, and it was customary 
 for impious and barbarous spectacles to take place in the Stadium: 
 
 2s and there was a rumour and a report generally current, that 
 Agapius, whose name we have mentioned above, and Theckla 
 with him, together with the rest of the Phrygians, were to 
 be sent into the theatre in the form of martyrs, in order that 
 they might be devoured by the wild beasts ; for the governor 
 
 3 Urbanus would present this gift to the spectators. When the 
 fame of these things was heard abroad, it happened further that 
 other young men, perfect in stature, and brave in person (they 
 were in number six) arrived. And as the governor was proceed- 
 ing to the theatre, and passing through the city, these six men 
 
 ss stood up courageously before him : and having bound their hands 
 behind them, they drew near before the judge Urbanus, and, in fact, 
 
 MAUTYltS IN PALESTINE. 
 
 11 
 
 by binding themselves, shewed what was about to be done to them 
 by others, and exhibited their excellent, patience, and the readiness 
 of their mind for martyrdom, for they confessed, crying aloud 
 and saying, We are Christians ; and beseeching the governor 
 Urbanus that they also might be thrown to the wild beasts in s 
 the theatre in company with their brethren who appertained to 
 Agapius. For all this confidence of Josus our Saviour, 
 in his own champions did He manifest to all men ; extinguishing 
 the menaces of the tyrants by his champion's valour, and 
 manifestly and clearly shewing, that neither fire, nor steel, io 
 nor even fierce wild beasts, were able to subdue his victorious 
 servants [p. 12.], for He had girded them with the armour of 
 righteousness, and strengthening them with victorious and invin- 
 cible armour, he made them despise death. And they struck at 
 once the governor and the whole band with him with astonish- 15 
 ment at this their courage: and the governor gave command 
 that they should be delivered up to prison ; and there they were 
 detained many days. And while they were in prison, Agapius, 
 a mock and good man, the brother of ono of the prisoners, 
 arrived from the city of Gaza, and wont frequently to the 20 
 prison to visit his brother, and having already striven iu 
 many contests of confession before, he went with confidence to 
 the place of imprisonment : . and so he was denounced to the 
 governor as a man prepared for martyrdom, and consequently was 
 delivered over to bonds, in order that he might endure the trial '25 
 of a second conflict And things similar to these did Dionysius 
 also suffer. And this good recompense was given to him from 
 the martyrs of God as the reward of his service to them. And 
 when the governor was made awaro of this recompense of the 
 compassion of Dionysius towards the martyrs, he gave the sen- 30 
 tence of death against him. Anil thus ho became associated with 
 those who preceded him. And all together they were eight in 
 number ; namely, Timotheus, whose origin was from Pontus ; and 
 Dionysius, who came from the city of Tripolis ; and Romulus, a 
 sub-deacon of the church of the city of Diospolis ; and two were 33 
 ^Egyptians, Paesis and Alexander ; and again another Alexander, 
 
 2 
 
12 
 
 EUSEBIUS ON THE 
 
 and those two respecting whom we have said that they were at 
 last cast into prison. 
 
 All these were delivered up together at one time, to be 
 
 beheaded. And this matter took place on the twenty-fourth of 
 
 5 Adar. Bui there was, at the same time, a sudden change of the 
 
 emperors, both of him who was the chief and emperor, and of 
 
 him who was honoured in the next place after him : and those 
 
 [p. 13.] who had divested themselves of the power of empire and 
 
 put on the ordinary dress, having given up the empire to their 
 
 10 associates, were rent asunder from their love towards each 
 
 other, and they raised against one another an implacable war ; nor 
 
 was any remedy given to this malady of their hostility, until the 
 
 .peace in our time, which was spread throughout the wholo 
 
 empire of the Romans ; for it arose like light out of clouds of 
 
 is darkness, and forthwith the Church of the supreme God and the 
 
 divine doctrine was extended throughout the whole world. 
 
 THE CONFESSION OF EPIPHANIUS (Gr. Apphianui), 
 
 IN THE THIRD YEAR OF THB PERSECUTION WHICH TOOK PLACE IN 
 J0 OUR DAYS IN THE CITV OF CJGSAREA. 
 
 That bitter viper, and wicked and cruel tyrant, which in our 
 time held the dominion of the Romans, went forth, even from 
 his very commencement, to fight as it were against God, and 
 
 25 was filled with persecution and rage against us in a far 
 greater degree than any of those who had preceded him— I mean 
 Maximinus : and no little consternation fell upon all the inhabit- 
 ants of the cities, and many were scattered abroad into every 
 country, and dispersed themselves, in order that they might 
 
 30 escape the danger which surrounded them. 
 
 What words then are adequate to describe, as it deserves, 
 the divine love of the martyr Epiphanius, who had not yet 
 attained the age of twenty years? He was sprung from one of 
 the most illustrious families in Lycia.famous also for their extensive 
 
 35 worldly wealth, and, by the care of his parents, he had been sent to 
 J be educated in the city of Beyrout, where he had also acquired a 
 
 MAItTYKS IN l'AI,ESTINE. 
 
 13 
 
 great stock of learning. But this incident is not in any way con- 
 nected with the narrative which we are writing : if, however, 
 it be befitting that we make any mention of the virtuous conduct 
 of this all-holy soul, it is very right to admire, how in a city such 
 as this he used to withdraw himself from the society and company 5 
 [p. 14.] of young men, and practised the virtues and the habits of 
 old men, adorning himself with pure conduct and becoming 
 manners, nor suffered himself to be overcome by the vigour 
 of his body, nor to be led away by the society of youth. But he 
 laid the foundation of all virtues for himself in patience, cherish- I0 
 ing perfect holiness and temperance, and applying himself with 
 purity, as it is right, to the worship of God. . And when he 
 had finished his education and quitted Beyrout, and was returned 
 to the house of his parents, he was no longer able to live with 
 those who were of his own family, because their manners were ls 
 dissimilar to his own. Ho therefore left them, without taking 
 care to carry with him the means of providing sustenance even 
 for a single day. He conducted himself, however, in his travels, 
 with purity, and by the power of God which accompanied him, 
 he caino to this our city, in which the crown of martyrdom was i0 
 prepared for him, and resided in the same house with us, con- 
 firming himself in godly doctrine, and being instructed in the 
 Holy Scriptures, by that perfect martyr, Pamphilus, and acquiring 
 from him the excellence of virtuous habits and conduct. 
 
 And for this reasou I have applied myself to the narrative of 2J 
 the martyrdom of Epiphanius, in order that I may declare, if I 
 be able, what a consummation he also had. All the multitudes 
 that beheld him were struck with admiration of him. And who 
 is there, even now-a-days, that can hear of his fame without being 
 filled with astonishment at his courage, and at his boldness of 30 
 speech, and at his daring, and at his patience, at his words ad- 
 dressed to the governor, and his answers to the judge? And 
 more than all to bo wondered at is the resolution with which he 
 dedicated as it were with incense the offering of his zeal for 
 God. For when the persecution had been raised against us the 3J 
 second time, in the third year of this same persecution, the former 
 
14 
 
 EUSKMU9 ON THE 
 
 edicts of Maximinus arrived — those by which ho gave command 
 that the governors of the cities should use great pains and dili- 
 gence in order to compel all men to offer sacrifices [p. 15.] and 
 libations to devils. The heralds, therefore, through all the cities 
 5 made a diligent proclamation, that the men, together with their 
 wives and children, should assemble in the temples of the idols, and 
 before the Chiliarchs and Centurions, as they went round about 
 to the houses and the streeU making a list of the inhabitants of 
 the city. Then they summoned them by name, and compelled 
 
 10 them to offer sacrifice as they had been commanded. And while 
 this boundless tempest was threatening all men from all sides, 
 Epiphanius, a perfectly holy man, and a witness of the truth, per- 
 formed an act which surpasses all words. While no one was aware 
 of liis purpose ; he even concealed it from us who were in the 
 
 is same house with him, he went and drew near to the governor of 
 the place, and stood boldly before him ; having also escaped the ob- 
 servation of the whole bund that was standing near the governor, 
 for they had not given heed when he approached the governor : 
 and while Urbanus was offering libations, he came up to him and 
 
 20 laid hold of his right hand, and held him back from offering the 
 foul libation to idols, endeavouring with an excellent and gentle 
 address and godlike suavity to persuade him to turn from his 
 error, saying to him: That it was not right for us to turn away 
 from the one only God of truth, and offer sacrifice to lifeless idols 
 
 25 and wicked devils. Thus did He, who is more mighty than all, 
 reprove the wicked through the youth Epiphanius, whom, for the 
 sake of his reproof, the power of Jesus had taken from the house 
 of his fathers, in order that he might be a reprover of the works 
 of pollution. He therefore despised threatenings and all deaths, 
 
 30 and turned not aside from good to evil, but spake gladly with pure 
 knowledge and a glorifying tongue, because he was desirous to 
 carry speedily, if it were possible, persuasion even to his perse- 
 cutors, and to teach them to turn away from their error, and become 
 acquainted with our common deliverer,the Saviour and God of all. 
 
 35 When then this holy martyr of God had done these things, the 
 servants [p. 10.] of devils, together with the officers of the governor, 
 
 MAttTYUS IN TALESTINK. 
 
 15 
 
 were smitten in their hearts as if by a hot iron ; and they struck 
 him on the face, and when he had been thrown down on the ground 
 they kicked him with their feet, and tore his mouth and lips with 
 a bridle. And when he had endured all these things bravely, he 
 was afterwards delivered up to be taken to a dark prison, where his 5 
 legs were then stretched for a day and a night in the stocks. And 
 after the next day they brought Epiphanius, who, although a 
 youth in age, was a mighty man in valour, into the judgment 
 hall, and there the governor Urbanus displayed a proof of his own 
 wickedness and hatred against this lovely youth by punishment 10 
 and every kind of torture inflicted upon this martyr of God. And 
 ho ordered them to lacerate his sides until his bones and entrails 
 became visible : he was also smitten upon his face and his neck 
 to such a degree, that his countenance was so disfigured by the 
 severe blows which he had received, that not even his friends 15 
 could recognise him. This martyr of Christ, however, was 
 strengthened both in body and soul like adamant, and stood up 
 even more firmly in his confidence upon his God. And when the 
 governor asked him many questions, ho gave him no further 
 answer than this — that he was a Christian : and he questioned 20 
 him again as to whose son he was, and whence he came and where 
 he dwelt ; but he made no other reply than that he was the ser- 
 vant of Christ. For this cause therefore the fury of the governor 
 became more fierce, and he thundered forth the more in his rage, on 
 account of the indomitable speech of the martyr, giving command 25 
 that his feet should be wrapped up in cotton that had been dipped 
 in oil, and then be set on fire. So the officers of the jud"e did 
 what ho commanded them. And the martyr was hung up at a 
 great height, in order that, by this dreadful spectacle, ho might 
 strike terror into all those who were looking on, while at the same 30 
 time they tore his sides and ribs with combs, till ho became ono 
 mass of swelling all over, and the appearance of his countenance 
 was completely changed, [p. 17.] And for a long time his feet 
 were burning in a sharp fire, so that the flesh of his feet, as it was 
 consumed, dropped like melted wax, and the fire burnt into his 3S 
 very bones like dry reeds. But at the same time, although ho 
 
16 
 
 EUSKBIUR ON THE 
 
 was in great suffering from what befel» him, he became, by his 
 patience, like one who had no pain, for he had within, for"a helper, 
 that God who dwelt within him ; and he appeared evidently to 
 all like the sun : and in consequence of the great courage of this 
 s martyr of Christ many Christians also were assembled together 
 to behold him, and stood up with much open confidence ; and 
 he, with a loud voice and distinct words, made his confession 
 for the testimony of God, publishing by this his valour the 
 bidden power of Jesus, that He is ever near to those who them- 
 
 10 selves draw near to Him. 
 
 And all this wonderful spectacle did the glorious Epiphanius 
 exhibit, as it were in a theatre : for they who were the martyr's 
 oppressors became like corrupt demons, and suffered within them- 
 selves great pain ; being also themselves tortured in their own 
 ■ is persons, as he was, on account of his endurance in the doctrine of 
 his Lord. And while they stood in bitter pains, thoy gnashed upon 
 him with their teeth, burning in their minds against him, and trying 
 to force him to tell them whence he came, and who he was, and 
 questioning him as to whose son he was, and where he lived, and 
 
 20 commanding him to offer sacrifice and comply with the edict. But 
 he looked upon them all as evil demons, and regarded them as 
 corrupt devils : not returning an answer to any of them, but using 
 only this word in confessing Christ, that lie is God and the Son 
 of God: [p. 18.] testifying also that he knew God his Father 
 
 25 only. When therefore those who were contending against him 
 were grown weary and overcome, and failed, they took him back 
 to the prison, and on the next day they brought him forth again 
 before that bitter and merciless judge, but he still continued in 
 the same confession as before. And when the governor and 
 
 30 his officers, and the whole band that ministered to his will, 
 were foiled, he gave orders at last that he should be cast into 
 the depths of the sea. 
 
 But that wonderful tiling which happened after this act I know 
 will not be believed by those who did not witness the wonder with 
 
 35 their own eyes, as I myself did : for men are not wont to give 
 the same credence to the hearing of the ear as to the seeing of 
 
 MABTYKS IN PALESTINE. 
 
 17 
 
 / 
 
 eye. It is not, however, right for us also, like those who are in 
 error and deficient in faith, to conceal that prodigy which took 
 place at the death of this martyr of God ; and we also call as 
 witnesses to you of these things, which we have written, the 
 whole of the inhabitants of the city of Casarea, for there was not s 
 even one of the inhabitants of this city absent from this terrific 
 sight. For after this man of God had been cast into tho depths 
 of the terrible sea, with stones tied to his feet, forthwith a great 
 storm and frequent commotions and mighty waves troubled the 
 vast sea, and a severe earthquake made even the city itself tremble, 10 
 and every one's hands were raised towards heaven in fear and 
 trembling, for they supposed that tho whole place, together with 
 its inhabitants, was about to be destroyed on that day. And at the 
 same time, the sea, even as if it were unable to endure it, vomited 
 back the holy body of the martyr of God, and carried it with the 15 
 waves and laid it before the gate of the city. And there was 
 at that time vast affliction and commotion, for it seemed like a mes- 
 senger sent from God to threaten all men with great anger [p. 19]. 
 And this which took place was proclaimed to all the inhabitants 
 of the city, and they all ran at once and pushed against each 20 
 other in order that they might obtain a sight, both boys and men 
 and old men together, and all grades of women, so that even the 
 modest virgins, who kept to their own apartments, went out to 
 see this sight. And tho whole city together, even the very children 
 as well, gave glory to the God of the Christians alone, confessing 25 
 with a loud voice the name of Christ, who had given strength to 
 the martyr in his lifetimo to endure such afflictions, and at his 
 death had shewed prodigies to all who beheld. 
 
 Such was the termination of tho history of Epiphanius, on the 
 second of the month Nisan, and his memory is observed on this 30 
 day. 
 
 THE CONFESSION OF ALOSIS (Gr. /Edesim). 
 
 Like what had befallen the martyr Epiphanius, so after a short 35 
 time the brother of Epiphanius, both on the father's and tho 
 
 D 
 
18 
 
 EUSEBIU8 ON THE 
 
 mother's side, became a confessor, whose name was Alosis. He 
 too, as he contended against them with the words of God, made 
 use of liis faith in the truth as armour ; they also fought against 
 him with smiting and scourging, and they stood up against each 
 
 s other as it were in battle array, and strove which side should 
 get the victory. But even before his brother had given him- 
 self up to God, this admirable Alosis had applied his mind to 
 philosophy, and meditated upon all the learned investigations of 
 the greatest minds. Nor was he a proficient in the learning of 
 
 10 the Greeks only, but ho was also well acquainted with the phi- 
 losophy of the Romans, and he had passed a long time in the 
 society of the martyr Pamphilus, and by him had been embued 
 with the godly doctrine as with purple suited for royalty. This 
 same Alosis, after his admirable confession, which was accom- 
 
 15 plished before our eyes, and his sufferings of the evils (p. 20) of 
 imprisonment for a long period, was first of all delivered over to 
 the copper mines which are in our country, Palestine ; and after 
 that ho had passed through many afflictions there, and then been 
 released, he went thence to the city Alexandria, and fell in with 
 
 eo Hierocles, who held the government of the province in all the land 
 of Egypt Him also he beheld judging the Christians severely, 
 and contrary to just laws, making mock of the confessors of God, 
 and delivering up the holy virgins of God to fornication, and to 
 lust, and to bodily shame. When therefore these things were 
 
 25 perpetrated before the eyes of this brave combatant, he devoted 
 himself to an act akin to that of his brother; and the zeal 
 of God was kindled within him like fire, and its heat burned 
 within his members as in dry stubble, and he drew near to 
 Hierocles, the wicked governor, with indignation, and put 
 
 so him to shame by his words of wisdom and his deeds of righte- 
 ousness, and, having struck him on the face with both his hands, 
 he throw him on his back upon the ground ; and as his at- 
 tendants laid hold upon him to help him, he gave him some 
 severe blows, saying to him, Beware how thou darest to 
 
 35 commit acts of pollution contrary to nature against the 
 servants of God. And, being well instructed, he convicted 
 
 MARTYRS IN PALESTINE. 
 
 19 
 
 him from the laws themselves of acting contrary to the 
 laws. 
 
 And after Alosis had so courageously done all these things, 
 he endured with great patience the torments which were inflicted 
 upon his body ; and as he resembled his brother in his appear- 5 
 ance, and conduct, and in his zeal and confession, so also did 
 they resemble each other in their punishment, and at the last, 
 after their death the terrible sea received them from the hand 
 of the judge. 
 
 Now this servant of Jesus exhibited his contest for the truth in 10 
 [p. 2 1] the city of Alexandria, and was there adorned with the 
 crown of victory ; but the next confessor after Epijihanius who 
 was called to the conflict of martyrdom in Palestine was Agapius. 
 
 THE CONFESSION OF AGAPIUS, " 
 
 IN THE FOURTH YEAR OP THE PERSECUTION IN OUR DAYS. 
 
 It was in the fourth year of the persecution in our clays, and on 
 Friday the twentieth of the latter Teshri : it was on this same day 
 that the chief of tyrants, Maximinus, came to the city of Cicsarca. 20 
 And he made a boast that he would exhibit somo novel sight to all 
 the spectators that were assembled together on his account; for 
 that was the same day on which he celebrated the anniversary of 
 his birthday. And it was requisite upon the arrival of the tyrant 
 that he should exhibit something more than what had ordinarily 25 
 been done. What then was this new spectacle, but that a martyr 
 of God should bo cast to wild beasts to be devoured by them ? 
 while of old it had been the practice upon the arrival of the 
 emperor that he should set before the spectators competitive 
 exhibitions of various forms and different kinds, such as recitation so 
 of speeches, and listening to new and strange songs and music, and 
 also spectacles of all sorts of wild beasts, and likewise that the spec- 
 tators might have much delight and amusement in a show of 
 gladiators. 
 
 It was therefore requisite that the emperor at this festival of 35 
 his birthday should also do something great and extraordinary, 
 
 d2 
 
20 
 
 ED8EBIU8 ON THE 
 
 for at all the previous exhibitions which he had furnished for 
 them he had not done any thing new. So that — what was at 
 once a thing desired by himself, and acceptable to the wicked 
 tyrant — a martyr of God was brought forth into the midst, 
 
 4 adorned with all righteousness, and remarkable for the meekness 
 of his life; and he was cast into the theatre in order that he 
 might be devoured by the wild beasts. His name was Agapius, 
 respecting whom, together withThcckla, an order had been given 
 that they should be devoured by -wild beasts. The fair name 
 
 lu of Theckla lias been already mentioned in another chapter [p. 22]. 
 They therefore dragged the blessed Agapius forward, and took 
 him round about in mockery in the midst of the Stadium. 
 And a tablet, with an inscription upon it, was carried about 
 before him, on which no other accusation was exhibited against 
 
 is him, but this only — That he was a Christian. And the same 
 time also a slave, a murderer, that had killed his master, was 
 brought forward, together with the martyr of God, and they 
 both received equally one and the same sentence. And very 
 closely did this passion resemble that of our Saviour ; for while 
 
 20 the one was to suffer martyrdom for the sake of the God of 
 all, the other also was to be put to death for the murder of liis 
 master ; and one and the same sentence of evil went forth against 
 both of them without any distinction. And the judge in this 
 case was the governor Urbanus, for he was still governor in 
 
 •2.'. Palestine : but when Maximinus came to be present at this spec- 
 tacle which has been described above, as if on account of the 
 promptitude of Urbanus, he increased his power of evil, and libe- 
 rated from death that murderer which had slain his master, and 
 put him beyond all torture; but as for the martyr of God, he 
 
 30 took delight in looking on with his own eyes while he was being 
 devoured by the savage beasts. When therefore they had led the 
 martyr Agapius round about in the Stadium, they asked him in the 
 first place if he would deny his God, but he cried out with a loud 
 voice and said to all those who were assembled together — Oh ye 
 
 35 that are looking on at this trial in which I am now placed, know 
 that it is not for any evil crime which I have committed that I am 
 
 / 
 
 MARTYRS IN TALE8TINE. 
 
 21 
 
 brought to this trial, for I am a witness of the true doc- 
 trine of God, and I bear testimony to you all, in order that ye 
 may have knowledge of the one only God, and of that Light 
 which he has caused to arise, that ye may know and adore Him 
 who is the creator of the heavens and of the earth. And all this s 
 which is come upon me for his name's sake, I receive with joy 
 in my mind ; for they have not brought me to this place against 
 my will, but I desire this of my own free choice, by which 
 I stand even unto death. Moreover, I am contending for the 
 soke of my faith, that I may afford encouragment to those who 10 
 arc younger than myself, that they too may despise death while 
 [p. 23] they follow after their true life, anil may disregard tho 
 grave in order to obtain a kingdom ; that they should niako light 
 of that which is mortal, and keep in their recollection tho life 
 of the Giver of life, nor have any dread of punishment which is is 
 momentary, but be in fear of those flames of fire which are 
 never quenched. 
 
 When therefore this martyr of God had cried with a loud 
 voice and said these things, and stood erect in the midst of the 
 Stadium, like one who felt confident that there was no danger, 20 
 the wicked tyrant was filled with rage and fury, and gave orders 
 for the wild beasts to be let loose upon him : but he, being full 
 of courage and despising death, turned not aside to the right 
 hand or to the left, but with lightness of feet and courage of heart 
 advanced to meet the savage beasts. And a fierce bear rushed 25 
 upon him and tore him with her teeth : he was then remanded to 
 prison, while life was still left in him, and there he lived one day. 
 After this, stones were tied about him, and his body was thrown 
 into the sea ; but the soul of the blessed Agapius winged her 
 flight through the air to the kingdom of heaven, whither she was 30 
 previously hastening, and was received together with the angels 
 and the holy'company of martyrs. So far then was the contest 
 and the valour of Agapius victorious. 
 
24 EU8EBIU8 ON THE 
 
 THE CONFESSION OF DOMNINUS, 
 
 IN TIIE FIFTH YEAR OF THE PERSECUTION II* OUR DATS, IN THE 
 CITY OF CJBSARBA. 
 
 Urbanu8 was governor in Palestine ; and it was the first day 
 of the latter Teshri ; and so, from day to day, he renewed himself 
 in his wickedness, and every year prepared some devices against 
 us. I will therefore relate how many evils he inflicted on this one 
 
 10 day which I have mentioned. On the day then which we have 
 spoken of, a certain man, admirable in all his conduct, and ex- 
 cellently skilled in the science of medicine, [p. 26] and he Was 
 a young man of tall stature and handsome, and celebrated for 
 the holiness of his life, and the purity of his soul, and his mo- 
 
 U desty, and his name was Domninus ; he was also well known 
 to all those in our time who had been confessors. Moreover, 
 this same man, previously to his receiving consummation by 
 martyrdom, had endured torture in the copper mines ; and on 
 account of his patience under his confession he was condemned 
 
 20 to the punishment by fire. 
 
 When that same judge, cunning in his wickedness (for it is not 
 meet that those should be called wise who boast themselves in the 
 bitterness of their wickedness), had passed on from this martyr, 
 he lighted upon three young men of fine stature, and handsome 
 
 24 in their person, and praiseworthy as to their souls, on account 
 of their courage in worshipping God ; and in order that lie 
 might afford amusement thereby, he sent them to the 
 Ludus. Then he passed on from these, and delivered up an 
 excellent and godly old man to be devoured by the wild beasts. 
 
 30 Then the mad man passed on from this old man, and came to 
 others, and commanded them to be castrated and turned into 
 eunuchs. Then he left them also, and proceeded to those who 
 appertained to Sylvanus, whose own lot also it was some time 
 afterwards to become a martyr of God, and these he condemned 
 
 35 to the mines of Phseno. Afterwards he passed on from these and 
 came to others whom he insulted with tortures. Nor was the 
 
 MAUTYHS IN PALESTINE. 
 
 25 
 
 fury of his malice content with males, but he also threatened to 
 torment the females, and delivered over these virgins to forni- 
 cators for the violation of their persons. Others again he sent to 
 prison. Now all these tilings which we have described did this 
 arrogant judge perpetrate in one hour. 5 
 
 And after all these things which I have described had been ac- 
 complished, that heavenly martyr of God, Pamphilus, a name very 
 dear to me (p. 27), who was holy in all things, and adorned with 
 every virtue, was tried in the conflict of martyrdom. He was indeed 
 the most famous of all the martyrs' in our time, on account of his 10 
 accomplishments in philosophy, and his acquirements both in 
 sacred and profano literature. Of this same man, admirable in 
 all things, Urbanus first made a trial of his wisdom by ques- 
 tions and answers ; and at last endeavoured to compel him by 
 threats to offer sacrifice to dead idols ; and when he had ascer- is 
 tained by trial that ho was not to be persuaded by words, and 
 also perceived that his threats were not heeded by him, he ap- 
 plied cruel torture, and lacerated him grievously on his sides. 
 But he was not able to subdue him by this means, as he had ex- 
 pected. The wicked judge then considered that if he bound him 20 
 in prison together with those confessors of whom mention lias 
 been already made, lie might by this means subdue this holy martyr. 
 
 Now as to this cruel judge, who employed all these wicked 
 devices against the confessors of God, what recompense and pu- 
 nishment must await him? For this is easy for us to know from 25 
 what we are writing. For forthwith, and immediately, and without 
 any long delay, the righteous judgment of God overtook him on ac- 
 count of those things which he had dared to do, and took severe and 
 bitter vengeance upon him ; and he that sat on the judgment-seat on 
 high in his pride, and boasted himself in his soldiers that stood before 30 
 him, and considered himself above all the people in Palestine, 
 was in one night stripped of all his splendour and all his honours, 
 and reduced to the condition of a private individual. And here, 
 in our city of Cffisarea, where he had perpetrated all those crimes 
 which have been written above, he was by the sentence of 35 
 Maximinus, a wicked tyrant like himself, delivered up to a 
 
:■- 
 
 26 
 
 EOSEBIUS ON THE 
 
 miserable death ; and insult and humiliation, which is worse than 
 all deaths, was heaped upon him, so that reproachful words from 
 women, witli dreadful imprecations from the mouths of all, 
 were poured into his ears before lie died [p. 28]. Wherefore, by 
 6 these things we may perceive that this was a foretaste of that 
 vengeanco of God which is reserved for him at the last, on 
 account of all his maliciousness and unmercifulness towards the 
 servants of God. 
 
 These things we have related in a cursory manner for those 
 10 believers, of whom some still remain unto this present time, 
 omitting to relate many afflictions which passed over him, in order 
 that we may arrange these things briefly, and in a few words, as a 
 record for those who are to come after us ; but thero may come a 
 time when we may recount in our narrative the end and fall of 
 is those wicked men who exerted themselves against our people. 
 
 THE CONFESSION OP PAULUS, AND VALENTINA, 
 AND HATHA, 
 
 W IN THE SIXTH YEAR OP THE r-BTlSECUTION IN OUR DATS IN 
 
 C/ESAREA. 
 
 Ur to the sixth year of the persecution which was in our days, 
 the storm which had been raised against us was still raging; and 
 
 85 great multitudes of confessors were in the mines which are called 
 Porphyrites, in the country of Tliebais, which is on one side of 
 Egypt ; and on account of the purple marble which is in that land, 
 the name of Porphyrites has also been given to those who were 
 employed in cutting it. This name, therefore, was also extended 
 
 30 to those great multitudes of confessors who were under sentence 
 of condemnation in the whole of the land of Egypt : for there 
 were a hundred martyrs there all but three. And these confessors 
 were sent, the men together with the women and children, to the 
 governor in Palestine, whose name was Finnillianus. For he had 
 
 as superseded the governor Urbanns in his office, and he was a 
 man by no means of a peaceful turn ; indeed he even surpassed 
 
 MARTTBB IN PALESTINE. 
 
 27 
 
 his predecessor in ferocity, having been a soldier that had been 
 engaged in war, and had had much experience in blood and 
 fighting. [p29.] 
 
 There is a large city in the land of Palestine, teeming with 
 population, of which all the inhabitants were Jews. It is called s 
 in the Aramaic tongue Lud, and in the Greek it is called Dio- 
 cassarea. To this city the governor Firmillianus went, and took 
 thither the whole assembly of those hundred confessors. And this 
 was a great sight which well deserves to be recorded in writing. 
 And the Jews were spectators of this marvellous contest, having io 
 surrounded the place of judgment on all sides ; and as if it were 
 for a rebuke to themselves, they looked on with their own eyes 
 at what took place, while the whole company of the confessors, 
 with much confidence and immense courage, made their confession 
 of belief in God's Christ And tlioy beiug Jews, to whom the is 
 coming of that Christ had been foretold by their prophets, whose 
 coming their fathers looked for, had not received him when he 
 was come ; but these Egyptians, who had been of old the enemies 
 of God, confessed, even in the midst of persecutions, their faith 
 in God, the Lord of all, and in the Manifestation from him. And 20 
 these Egyptians, who had been taught by their fathers to wor- 
 ship idols only, were at that time, from the conviction of their 
 reason, undergoing this conflict, in order that they might avoid 
 the worship of idols ; while those Jews, who had always been 
 accused by their prophets on account of their worship of idols, 25 
 were surrounding them, standing and looking on, and listening 
 as the Egyptians repudiated the gods of their own fathers, and 
 confessed their faith in the same God as they also did; and 
 bare witness for Him whom they had many times denied. And 
 they were still more cut to the heart and rent, when they heard 30 
 the criers of the governor shouting and calling Egyptians by 
 Hebrew names, and addressing them with the names of the 
 prophets. For the crier, shouting aloud, called to them and 
 said : Elias, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Daniel, and other appellations 
 similar to these, which their fathers had chosen from among the 35 
 Hebrews, [p. 30.] in order that they might call their sons after 
 
28 
 
 EU8EBIUS ON THE 
 
 tlic names of the prophets. Moreover, it also came to pass that 
 their deeds corresponded with their names ; and the Jews greatly 
 wondered both at them and at their names, as well as at their 
 words and their deeds, being rendered despicable themselves both 
 s by their own vice and infidelity. And I myself am convinced that 
 these things were not done without the will of God. However, 
 after this trial they were deprived of the use of their left leg, by 
 having the muscles of the knee cautorized with fire, and then 
 again they had their right eyes -blinded with the sword, and 
 10 then destroyed by fire. And not only were they men who 
 endured these tilings, but really children and many women. 
 And after this they were delivered over to the copper mines 
 to see afflictions there. 
 
 And after a short time, the three men from Palestine, whom I 
 
 is mentioned a little while ago as having been for the moment 
 
 handed over to the Ludus, were called to undergo similar 
 
 sufferings, because they would not take the food from the royal 
 
 provision, nor would give themselves up to that exercise and 
 
 instruction which were requisite for pugilism ; and they suffered 
 
 20 many evils which we are not competent to describe : and at the 
 
 end of all their afflictions they underwent this severe sentence. 
 
 And others in the city of Gaza, being in the habit of assembling 
 
 themselves for prayer, and being constant in reading the Holy 
 
 Scriptures, were seized, and had to endure the same sufferings 
 
 25 as their companions, being tortured on their legs and eyes. 
 
 Others also had to contend in conflicts even greater than these, 
 
 and after having been tortured both in their legs and eyes, 
 
 were severely torn on their sides with combs. And others 
 
 again more than these attained to tlus great excellence, and at 
 
 30 the end of all contended with death itself. 
 
 And when he had turned himself away from these, ho came to 
 judge one who, although a woman in body, was a hero in the 
 bravery of mind, which she possessed [p. 31]: she was also a 
 virgin in her mode of life, and could not bear the threat of pollu- 
 sj tion which she heard, but at once gave utterance to harsh words 
 against the tyrannical emperor, for having given authority to a 
 
 MARTYB8 IN PALESTINE. 
 
 29 
 
 vile and wicked judge. On this account, therefore, he in the first 
 place bruised her body all over with stripes ; then she was hung up 
 and her sides were lacerated ; and this not once only, but two and 
 three times in one hour, and for a great while and also repeatedly, 
 until those who inflicted the punishment became wearied and 5 
 tired ; then others succeeded them against her, and, at the com- 
 mands of the furious governor, tortured her most severely. For 
 these judges were barbarous in their manners, and enemies in their 
 hearts. Moreover, it happened that while this furious judge was 
 insulting this girl with his tortures, another young woman, small 10 
 indeed in person, but courageous in soul — for she was possessed 
 of a large mind, which supplied strength to the smallness of her 
 person — being no longer able to tolerate the wickedness and cruelty 
 of those things which were inflicted upon her sister, called out 
 from the midstof the crowd of persons who were standing before the 15 
 governor, and cried out complaining, and said : How long dost thou 
 intend to tear my sister to pieces in so cruel and merciless a 
 manner ? And when the wicked Firmillianus heard tlus saying, 
 he was bitterly incensed, and gave orders for the young woman 
 who had complained to be brought before him. Her name was 20 
 Valentina. Having therefore caught her up they brought her 
 into the midst of the place of judgment. But she placed her trust 
 in the holy name of Jesus. Then the murderous governor in his 
 fury commanded her to offer sacrifice. But the maiden Valentina 
 despised the word even of the threatener. Then he gave orders 2s 
 for those who were ministering to his will to' lay hold upon the 
 girl by force, and to take her up to the side of the altar, so that 
 she might be polluted by the sacrifices. Then at that time of 
 terror [p. 32.] the noble maiden shewed the courage of her mind, 
 and gave the altar a kick with her foot, and it was overturned, and 30 
 the fire that had been kindled upon it was scattered about ; and 
 because she did all these things without shewing any fear, the ra^e 
 of the governor was roused like a wild beast, and he gave com- 
 mand for her to be tortured with the combs, without any mercv, 
 so that no one man was ever torn to such a degree; and I think 35 
 that, had it been possible, he would even have devoured the girl's 
 
30 
 
 EU8EBIU8 ON THE 
 
 flesh. And when at length his fury was satisfied witli the sight 
 of her blood, and he had learned, both by deeds and words, how 
 divine is that invincible power which arms and strengthens even 
 little girl* with courage and valour, he caused both the 
 
 5 young women, Hatha and Valentina, to be bound together, and 
 gave sentence against them of death by fire. The name of the 
 first was Hatha, and her father's house was in the land of Gaza; 
 and the other was from Csesarea, our own city, and she was well 
 known to many, and her name was Valentino. 
 
 10 And after these tilings, Paul the confessor was called to the 
 conflict. And he also endured it bravely, and in the same hour 
 was condemned to be put to death, and his sentence was to be 
 beheaded by the sword. When, then, this blessed man came to 
 the place of execution where he was to be put to death, he 
 
 15 besought the officer who was to behead him to have patience 
 with him for a littlo while ; and when the officer had granted 
 him this desire, in the first place, with a mild and cheerful voice, 
 lie offered up thanksgiving, and worship, and glory, and suppli- 
 cation to God for having accounted him worthy of this victory. 
 
 20 Then he prayed for tranquillity and peace for our people, and 
 entreated God speedily to grant them deliveranee. After this he 
 offered up prayer for our enemies, the Jews, many of whom at 
 that time were standing around him : then he went on in his 
 supplication, and prayed for the Samaritans, and for those among 
 
 25 the Gentiles [p. 33] who were without knowledge ; he prayed 
 that they might be converted to the knowledge of the truth. 
 Nor was he unmindful of those who were standing around him, 
 but prayed also for them. And oh, the perfection — which cannot 
 be described — that he prayed even for that judge who had con- 
 
 30 demned him to death, and for all rulers in every place ; and not 
 only for them, but also for that officer who was then going to cut 
 off his head. And as he was offering his supplications to God, 
 the officers heard him with their own ears praying for them, 
 and beseeching God not to lay to their charge that which they 
 
 35 did to him. And as ho prayed for all with a suppliant voice, lie 
 turned the whole multitude that was standing by and looking 
 
 \ 1 
 
 \ 
 
 MARTYRS IN PALESTINE. 
 
 31 
 
 on to sorrow and tears; and then, of his own accord, he 
 bent down his body, and put out his neck to bo cut off by the 
 sword. The conflict of this victorious martyr was consummated 
 on the twenty-fifth of the month Thamuz. 
 
 THE CONFESSION OF ANTONINUS, AND ZEBINAS, 
 AND GERMANUS, AND MANNATHUS (Gr. Etmathas), 
 
 IN THE SIXTH TEAR OP THE PERSECUTION IN OUR DAYS IN CJESAHEA. 10 
 
 And when some time had elapsed after these things which I have 
 related, another company of God's martyrs, amounting in 
 number to one hundred and thirty, was sent from the land of 
 Egypt into our country. And all of these had also undergone the i j 
 same tortures in their eyes and legs as. the former martyrs; and 
 some of them were sent to the mines of Palestine, and some of 
 them were delivered over to the judges in Cilicia to be chastised 
 with injurious and insulting tortures. But from us the flame of 
 the persecution ceased a little, the sword having been satiated 2« 
 with the blood of the holy martyrs ; and a little rest and 
 cessation threw some check upon the persecution which took 
 place in our days. And continuously the scourge of God was 
 sent upon Maximinus/the wicked tyrant, of all these evils, of 
 which the governors' of the countries were the instructors and 25 
 cunning ministers, [p. 34], and that duke who was the general of 
 the army of the Romans. And because of those things which 
 took place, they urged the Logistas of the cities, and the military 
 commander, and the Tabularii to rebuild with diligence what 
 was fallen of tho temples of idols, and to compel all the men, 30 
 together with their wives and children and slaves, and even the 
 infants at the breast, to sacrifice and offer libations to devils, 
 and also to force them to eat of the sacrifices. And a com- 
 mand was given that every thing that was sold in the market 
 should be polluted with the libations and the sprinkling of the 35 
 blood of the sacrifices. When these things, therefore, were done 
 
32 
 
 EUSEBIUS ON THE 
 
 in tliis manner, these actions which were performed were abomi- 
 nated, even by the heathen who were without faith. 
 
 Great tumult, therefore, and consternation, such as there had 
 never been the like before, overwhelmed all those who belonged 
 
 j to us in every place j and the souls of every one were set in aflliction 
 and trouble. But the Divine Power, on account of those things 
 which had taken place, gave encouragement to such as belonged 
 to Him, so that they were able to tread under foot the threats of 
 the judges, and to depise their tortures. 
 
 10 But some servants of Christ's people, who in the stature of their 
 bodies were only youths, but their soul was armed with the worship 
 of God, both came of themselves, and when the governor was 
 offering libations to idols in the midst of the city, suddenly 
 rushed upon him, and called upon him to abandon his error, For 
 
 15 there is no other God but one, the Maker and Creator of all 
 things ; and when they were asked who they were, they con- 
 fessed they were Christians. No sooner, then, were these words 
 uttered than theyreceived sentence of death, and so passed on easily 
 and without delay to Him in whom they made their confession. 
 
 *o The name of the first of them was Antoninus, and the second 
 was called Zebinas, and the third's name was Germanus ; and 
 these things were done on the thirteenth of Teshri the latter. 
 
 And they had at the same time a companion, a sister, one of 
 the Lord's virgins, [p. 35] a chaste and courageous maiden, who 
 
 25 came from the city of Baishan. She, however, had not acted in 
 the same manner as those had done with whom she became con- 
 fessor; for she had been brought by force from Baishan, and 
 suffered insults and cruel tortures from the judge before she was 
 condemned. But one of those who was set over the streets of 
 
 so the city was the originator of these evils. His name was Maxys, 
 and ho proved to all men that he was worse even than his name. 
 This same blessed woman he stripped naked, and she was only left 
 covered from the groin downwards, in order that he might 
 indulge his lustful eyes in looking at the rest of her limbs; and 
 
 35 he carried her about tlirough the whole city, being tortured witli 
 straps ; and afterwards took her before the tribunal of the 
 
 MARTTR8 IN PALESTINE. 
 
 33 
 
 governor, where with great boldness of speech she made the 
 confession of her faith — that she was a Christian ; and there also 
 displayed her courage and patience under every kind of torture ; 
 and was afterwards delivered over by the governor to be burnt 
 with fire. Moreover, the same judge became day by day more 5 
 ferocious, displaying both his merciless disposition and cruelty, 
 and ho was carried away even beyond the laws of nature, so that 
 he wreaked his vengeance and hatred even upon the lifeless 
 corpses of the Christians, and forbade their burial. And of this 
 same maiden of whom it has been just spoken, and of those who 10 
 on the same day were consummated by confession, orders were 
 issued that their bodies should be devoured by animals, and be 
 carefully guarded night and day till they should be consumed by 
 birds. Persons were therefore appointed to watch over this bar- 
 barous order from a distance, and to keep guard to prevent the 15 
 bodies of the confessors from being carried away by us by stealth. 
 So the beasts of the field, and the dogs, and the fowls of the 
 heaven, were here and there tearing to pieces the flesh of men, so 
 that men's bones and entrails were found even in the middle of 
 the city ; and all men were clad in sorrow on account of these 20 
 things, because never before had such atrocities been done. [p. 35.] 
 And great sorrow and grief came even upon those who were aliens 
 from us in the faith, because of these things which their own eyes 
 beheld ; for even before the gates of the city was exhibited the 
 dreadful spectacle of men's bodies devoured by wild beasts. 25 
 When, therefore, things had continued in this manner for many 
 days, thero happened in the midst of the city a prodigy which 
 will scarcely be believed. The atmosphere was perfectly calm 
 and clear, when, all on a sudden, many of the columns of the 
 porticos in the city emitted spots as it were of blood, while the SO 
 market-places and the streets became sprinked and wet as with 
 water, although not a single drop had fallen from the heavens. 
 And it was declared by the mouth of every one, that the stones 
 shed tears and the ground wept ; for even the senseless stones 
 and the ground without feeling could not endure this foul and bar- 
 barous deed ; and that the blood which flowed from the stones, and 
 
 K 
 
34 
 
 EUBEBIUS ON THE 
 
 the earth which without any rain emitted as it were tears from 
 its body, rebuked all these godless folk. And perhaps it may 
 seem to such as did not see with their own eyes the tilings which 
 I have described, that what I have related must be attributed 
 
 * to a fablo devoid of truth. Far from it, for these things which 
 we have described were actually seen by those who were living 
 at that time, some of whom are alive unto this very day. 
 
 Such then was the consummation of those holy martyrs of 
 God, whose struggles and conflicts against error were exhibited 
 
 10 before our eyes. 
 
 THE CONFESSION OF ARES, AND PRIMUS (Gr. Promiu), 
 AND ELIAS, 
 
 is 
 
 IN inE SIXTH TEAR OF THE PERSECUTION IN OUR DAYS 
 AT ASHKELON. 
 
 In the month Canun the former,on the fourteenth of the same — on 
 this day some Egyptian martyrs ofGodwcre seized before the gates 
 of Ashkelon ; and because, when they were questioned as to who 
 
 20 they were, they acknowledged that they were Christians, [p. 38] 
 and confessed that they had undertaken the journey, and 
 were come from their own country for the purpose of taking 
 sustenance to the confessors who were in Cilicia, they also were 
 brought as malefactors before the judge. For the keepers of the 
 
 25 gates of the city were cruel men, and laid hold upon these 
 martyrs, and took them before Firmillianus the governor, because 
 he was also, up to that time, still over the people of Palestine; and 
 he decreed a cruel sentence against them : and some of them he 
 ordered to have their eyes and their feet injured by fire and 
 
 so steel, and some of them to be delivered over to death by tho 
 sword ; but one of them, whose name was Ares, was consummated 
 in his confession by a fierce fire, and Primus and Elias were 
 beheaded by the sword. 
 
 t 
 
 >i 
 
 MARTTR8 IN PALESTINE. 
 
 35 
 
 THE CONFESSION OF PETER r WHO WAS SURNAMED 
 ABSALOM, 
 
 IN THE SEVENTH YKAn OP THE PERSECUTION IN OUR DAYS IN * 
 
 THE CITY OP OESAREA. 
 
 On the tenth day of the month Canun the latter, Peter, who was 
 called Absalom, appeared, a famous confessor of the kingdom of 
 God; and so manfully did he behave in his struggle for the '<■ 
 worship of God, and so victorious was he in the conflict of his 
 martyrdom, that he even excited admiration in the judge himself, 
 and made those who were standing by him wonder greatly. Much, 
 therefore, did they strive to induce him to have pity upon him- 
 self, to spare his 1 own person, and save himself from the evils is 
 which were hanging over him ; but he disregarded in his mind 
 all that they said. And those who surrounded him — not those 
 only who knew him, but those also who were not acquainted 
 with him — urged him, and intreated him one after another, and 
 besought the blessed man as if it were for their own lives. But 20 
 some of them confirmed his good resolution ; others, again, by 
 what they said, suggested irresolution [p. 39], bidding him to 
 regard with pity his own youth and person. Those of the same 
 mind as himself called to his remeinbiance that hell fire which is 
 to come, while others tried to make him afraid of the fire which was 2 ' 
 visible before him. Some endeavoured to terrify him by the mortal 
 judge, while others reminded him of the Judge of all judges. 
 Some called upon him to regard this transitory life, while others 
 persuaded him to look to the kingdom of heaven. Those who 
 belonged to the right hand invited him to turn towards them, 30 
 while they who belonged to the left hand tried to persuade him to 
 mind earthly things. But he was a young man,handsome in person, 
 brave in mind, and active and ablo in body ; and being such he 
 proved his purity like gold in the funiaco and tho fire, and loved 
 his confession in our Saviour better than the life of this time, 35 
 which so soon passes away. And there was burned together 
 
36 
 
 EU8EBIU8 ON THE 
 
 with him in the same fire one who belonged to the heresy of 
 Marcion, and called himself a bishop ; and he gave himself up to 
 this as in the zeal for righteousness, although he was not in true 
 knowledge, and endured martyrdom by fire in company with this 
 * God's martyr. And tliis holy martyr of whom we have spoken 
 came from Aia (Gr. Anea), a village which is on the confines of 
 Beth Gobrin ; and he contended in the consummation which we 
 have described, and obtained in tho conflict the crown of the 
 glorious victory of the martyrs of Christ 
 
 10 
 
 THE CONFESSION OF PAMPHILUS, AND VALES, 
 
 AND SELEUCUS, AND PAULUS, AND PORPHYRIUS, 
 
 AND THEOPHILUS (Theodulut), AND JULIANUS, AND 
 
 ONE EGYPTIAN, 
 
 Ij DRINO IN NUMBER EIGHT, IN THE SEVENTH YEAR OP THE PERSE- 
 CUTION IN OUR DAYS. 
 
 The time now calls upon us to describe that grand spectacle which 
 was displayed of the all-holy martyr Pamphilus, and of those [p. 39] 
 who together with him were consummated by martyrdom ; men 
 
 2a admirable and brave, who exhibited, under many forms, contests 
 for the sake of the worship of God. For indeed there are many 
 whom we know to have been victorious in this persecution ; but in 
 none altogether like these whom we have just mentioned did we 
 behold so completely all kinds of bodily stature, and of moral 
 
 S3 qualities of soul and education, and of deaths by different tor- 
 tures, receiving the glory pf the consummation pf martyrdom by 
 various triumphs. For all of the Egyptians who were with them 
 appeared to be youths and boys ; others were young men in tho 
 prime of life, among whom was Porphyrius ; others again were in 
 
 30 the full vigour both of mind and body, namely, those who were 
 of the house of Pamphilus, that name dearly beloved by me; and 
 Paulus, who came from lamna ; and Seleucus and Julianus, both 
 of whom came from the country of Cappadocia. There were 
 also among tliein some venerable seniors who were bent down 
 
 35 with deep old age, as Vales, a deacon of the church of Jerusalem, 
 and that other, whose conduct was conformable to his name,Thco- 
 
 MAHTYB8 m PALESTINE. 
 
 37 
 
 dulus. There was, likewise, a variety of bodily stature : and they 
 differed too in their mental acquirements, for some of them were 
 very simple-minded and ordinary like children, while others were 
 possessed pf profound understandings a,nd courageous habits. 
 There were also some among them who were also instructed in 5 
 theology, and . in all of them was their praiseworthy courage 
 remarkable. But like the sun which giveth light to the day 
 among the stars, so in the midst of them all shone forth the 
 excellency of My Lord Pamphilus — for it is not meet that I should 
 mention the name of that holy and blessed Pamphilus without 10 
 styling him My Lord, for he indeed had no slight acquaintance 
 with that learning which those among the Greeks admire ; while 
 there was no one in our time who was [p. 40] so well instructed 
 in those scriptures which proceed from the Spirit of God, and 
 also in the whole range of theology, And what is even greater u 
 than these acquirements, he was possessed of 'natural wisdom 
 and discernment, that is, he received them by the gift of "God. 
 Moreover, Pamphilus was by birth of an illustrious family, and his 
 mode of living in his own country was as that of the noble. 
 Seleucus also had held a place of authority in the army. 20 
 Some of them again were pf the middle rank of life, and one 
 also, who was called to this honour together with the rest, 
 was a slave of the governor. Porphyrius too was reckoned 
 the slave of Pamphilus, but in his love towards God and in his. 
 admirable confession he. was his brother; and by Pamphilus 25 
 himself he was considered rather as a beloved son ; and, indeed, 
 in every thing he closely resembled him who had brought him 
 up. And were any one to say of this company of them all 
 that they were a perfect representation, of a congregation of the 
 ohurch, I should say that he did not go beyond the truth, so 
 For among them Pamphilus had been honoured with the 
 presbytery, and Vales was in the orders of the diaconate, and 
 others among them had the rank of readers ; and Seleucus, even 
 before the consummation of his confession, had been honoured as a 
 confessor by the suffering of cruel scourgings, and had endured 35 
 with patience his dismissal from his command in the army. And 
 
i 
 
 38 
 
 EU8EBIU8 ON TI1E 
 
 the remainder of the others who came after these were hearers and re- 
 ceivers (catecli nraens). And thus, under a small form, they completed 
 the representation of a perfect church of many persons. And so this 
 admirable selection of all these martyrs and such as these, while 
 
 B we looked upon them, although they were not many in number, 
 lo ! they still bore the semblance of a many-stringed harp, which 
 consists of chords that do not resemble each other — the tenor and 
 base, and flat, and sharp, and medial, all of which are well 
 arranged together by the art of music. Like this resemblance, 
 
 10 also, there were among them young men and old men together, and 
 slaves and free, [p. 41] and clever and simple, and noble and 
 common, and believers together with hearers (catechumens), and 
 deacons with presbyters : all of which were variously harmonized 
 together by one all-skilful — the Word — the only (begotten) of God. 
 
 is And they displayed each individually the excellency of the power 
 within them by the endurance of tortures, and at the place of 
 judgment produced the melody of a glorious confession. 
 
 It is also worthy of our admiration, when we look - to their 
 number, how they were twelve like the prophets and the 
 
 »0 apostles. Nor is it fit that we should omit the all-patient 
 readiness of every one of them, each in his own part ; the combs 
 on their sides, and their incurable scourgings, and their tor- 
 tures of every kind, and how they forced by violence these 
 martyrs to do that which was abominated by them. And 
 
 2S what necessity is there for our telling of the divine sayings 
 which they uttered, as though stripes were reckoned by them 
 as nothing, while with a cheerful and joyous countenance they 
 answered the interrogatories of the judge, and jested with 
 readiness under the very tortures themselves. And when he 
 
 so asked them over again whence they came, they avoided speaking 
 of the city to which they belonged on earth, and spake of the 
 city which in truth is theirs, and said that they were from Jeru- 
 salem which is above in heaven, confessing that they were 
 hastening to go thither. And because of these things the judge 
 35 became the more enraged at them, and prepared himself 
 against them with rruel scourgings, in order that he might 
 
 / 
 
 MARTYRS IN PALESTINE. 
 
 39 
 
 accomplish his will upon them ; but when hefa iled in his ex- 
 pectations, he gave command that one of them should receive the 
 crown of victory. 
 
 Moreover, the modes of their deaths also were of all kinds ; 
 for two of them were hearers (catechumens), and they were s 
 baptized at their deaths with the baptism of fire only, while others 
 of them were delivered up to be crucified like our Saviour. 
 
 But Pamphilus, that name so especially dear to me— one who 
 was a lover of God in truth, and a peacemaker among all men — 
 [p. 42] received a triumph different from these. He was the orna- 10 
 ment of the church of Ctesarea, because he also sat in the chair of 
 the presbytery, both adorning it and being himself adorned thereby 
 during his ministry in that place. In all his conduct too he was 
 truly godly, being at all times in communion with the Spirit of 
 God ; for he was eminently virtuous in his mode of life, shunning is 
 wealth and honours, despising and rejecting them, and devoting 
 himself entirely to the word of God. For every thing that he 
 possessed from his parents he sold and distributed to the naked, 
 and the sick, and the poor, and continued in private life without 
 any possessions, and passed his time in the patient study of 20 
 divine philosophy. He therefore quitted Beyrout, the city in 
 which he had grown up in stature and learning together ; and for 
 the sake of his knowledge and understanding he attached 
 himself to men seeking perfection. Human wisdom he abandoned, 
 and loved the word of God. He also adopted the heavenly habit 25 
 of the prophets, and was. crowned with martyrdom. 
 
 The next after him that was brought to the conflict was Vales, 
 a man venerable for his comely grey hairs, being in appearance a 
 pure and respectable old man. Nor was he worthy of honour on this 
 account only, but also for his great knowledge of the holy scrip- 30 
 tures; for his memory was completely stored with the scriptures, so 
 that he could repeat God's scriptures by rote like one in whoso 
 memory the whole scriptures were deposited. Moreover, he was 
 a deacon of God's church. 
 
 And he that was reckoned third among them was named Paul, 35 
 a man who was fervent in the Spirit of God ; and lie came from 
 
40 
 
 ETJSEBIUS ON THE 
 
 lit 
 
 ■II 
 
 the eity Jumna* And he also had previously to this his con- 
 fession contended with the suffering [p. 43] of the cautery of 
 confession. 
 
 And when they had endured affliction in prison for about 
 
 5 two years, the immediate cause of their martyrdom was 
 the arrival of those Egyptians who were also consummated in 
 martyrdom at the same time together with them. For having 
 accompanied those men who had been sent to suffer affliction in 
 the mines of Gilicia, and being then on their way back to return 
 
 10 to their own country, as they entered in, at the gate of Ctesarea, 
 they were questioned as to who they were and whence they 
 came; and when they made ho concealment of the truth, but 
 said, We are Christians, . they were at once seized, just as if 
 they had been malefactors. And they were in number five. So 
 
 It when they were carried before the judge, and spake in his 
 presence with openness of speech, they were forthwith committed 
 to prison ; and on the next day — the sixteenth of the month 
 Shebat— they, together with those who appertained to Pamphilus, 
 were brought' before FirmUlianus. First'Of all, then, the governor 
 
 M tried the Egyptians^ and proved them by every kind of torture ; 
 and he brought forward the first of them into the midst, and 
 asked him what was his name ; but instead of his real name he 
 heard from them the name of a prophet. Also the rest of the 
 Egyptians who were with him, instead of those names which 
 
 25 their fathers had given them after the name of some idolj- had 
 taken for themselves the names of the prophets, such sis these — 
 Elias, Jeremiah, Isaiahj Samuel, Daniel. And when the judge 
 heard from, the same martyrs some such name as these,' be did 
 not perceive the force of what they said, and asked them again 
 
 so what was the city to which they belonged. He then gave a 
 reply similar to the former, and said, Jerusalem is my city; 
 for- he was acquainted with that city of which St. Paul spake, 
 Jerusalem which is above is free, and our mother in whom we 
 confess is the holy church. And the governor inquired dili- 
 
 35 gently about this. Then he brought against them the combs and 
 cauteries of fire. But he, when his hands had been bound 
 
 MARTYRS IN PALESTINE. 
 
 41 
 
 behind him, and his feet were twisted in the stocks, sealed what 
 he had said before, [p. 44.] and spako the truth. And again, 
 when he questioned him many times as to what city and in 
 what country was that Jerusalem which was said to belong to 
 the Christians only, he replied, It is in the east, and on the side 5 
 of the light of the sun, again making use of this artifice as it 
 were in his own mind, while those who surrounded him continued 
 to torture him with combs. Nor was he at all changed, but 
 seemed as one who had no body. Then the judge grew 
 furious in his mind, and imagined that perchance the Christians 10 
 had built in some place a city for themselves ; and so he became 
 much more instant with tortures against them, making inquiries 
 respecting this city, and the country in the east. When, therefore, 
 he had punished this young man with scourging, and perceived 
 that he varied not at all from what he had said to him at the 15 
 first, he gave sentence of death against him that he should be 
 beheaded. The rest then of the Egyptians he tried with tortures 
 similar to his, and they likewise agreed in their confession with 
 him who had preceded them. 
 
 And then, after these things he turned to those of the house of 20 
 Pamphilus ; and when he learned that they had been previously 
 tried by many tortures, he thought that it would be folly in him 
 to apply to them the same tortures again, and so labour in vain. 
 He therefore only put to them the question whether they would now 
 comply ; and when he heard from them one after another the words 85 
 of confession, he condemned them in the same manner as those who 
 had preceded them, and gave sentence against them that they should 
 be beheaded. And before the whole of the sentence was uttered, a 
 youth from among the men, who was a slave of Pamphilus, cried 
 out from the midst of the crowd which was standing round about 30 
 the place of judgment; and then came forward into the midst, 
 and cried out again with a loud voice to persuade the governor 
 to grant permission for the bodies of the confessors to be buried. 
 And he was no other than the blessed Porphyrius, the beloved 
 disciple of Pamphilus, the mighty man of valour, [p. 45.] But 35 
 Porphyrins himself was not yet eighteen years old; and he had been 
 
42 
 
 EUSEBIUB ON TIIE 
 
 instructed in literature and writing, and for his modesty and 
 manners was deserving of all praise. This youth then, who had 
 been brought up by such a man, when ho was informed of 
 the sentence which had been issued against his master, cried out 
 * from the middle of the crowd, and begged the bodies of the con- 
 fessors. Then that wretch, who is not worthy to be called a 
 man, but rather a savage brute, not only refused to grant 
 this becoming request, but also neither spared nor had pity upon 
 one who in years was but a youth ; and having learnt this one 
 
 10 thing only, that he was a Christian, gave orders to those who 
 applied the tortures to tear him with all their might : and after 
 this, having commanded the blessed youth to sacrifice, and 
 experiencing a refusal, he now applied the torture upon him, not 
 as if it were upon a human body, but rather as if it were upon 
 
 is lifeless wood or stone, and commanded him to be torn even till they 
 came to his bones and entrails. And when he had done this for 
 a long while, he perceived that he was labouring to no purpose ; 
 and thus having exhibited his own cruelty and brutality upon this 
 youth, he condemned him to be given up to a slow and lingering 
 
 2" fire. Now," he was brought to the conflict before Pamphilus 
 was consummated, and so departed from the body before his 
 master who had brought him up. And thus Porphyrius exhibited 
 himself as a warrior who was crowned with victory in all his 
 conflicts ; and although he was weak in body, he was of a cheerful 
 
 25 countenance and courageous mind, and trod along the path of death 
 without fear, and in truth he was full of the Holy Ghost And 
 when lie arrived at the place where he was put to death, having 
 put on his cloak like a philosopher, with his shoulder uncovered, 
 ho looked with his eyes up towards heaven, and in his mind looked 
 
 so down upon all the life of man, and approached the fire with a 
 soul unmoved, like one who had no harm near him, and with a 
 watchful mind, and undisturbed, he gave charge to his friends re- 
 specting his human affairs, and then was anxious to go speedily 
 [p. 46] to the presence of God. When, therefore, the fire had 
 
 sa been kindled at a distance around him, he caught at the flames 
 here, and there with his mouth, and his soul hastened to 
 
 MARTYRS IN PALE8TINE. 
 
 43 
 
 the journey which lay before him. Such was the conflict of 
 Porphyrius. 
 
 Then Seleucus carried to Pamphilus a report of all these things 
 which had been done to Porphyrius, and as the reward for this in- 
 telligence it was granted of God to Seleucus that he should become s 
 a martyr with Pamphilus. For immediately after he had given in- 
 formation to Pamphilus respecting the struggle and conflict of Por- 
 phyrius, as he saluted one of the martyrs with a kiss, the soldiers 
 laid hold upon him and took him before the governor ; and as Se- 
 leucus himself was anxious to go in company with the confessors, io 
 commandment was given for him to be beheaded. And this Se- 
 leucus came from the country of Cappadocia, and had acquired a 
 glorious reputation by his military service, having held an impor- 
 tant command in the ranks of the army. And not only this, but 
 he also surpassed most men in stature by the size of his person is 
 and his prowess. His appearance, too, was very handsome. More- 
 over, at the commencement of the persecution he had been famous 
 for his endurance of scourgings in confession ; and after he had been 
 dismissed from his military service on account of his religion, his 
 zeal suffered not him to abstain from doing good, and so lie was 20 
 anxious to serve in the beloved ranks of Christ. As a visitor, 
 therefore, of lonely orphans, and of destitute widows, and of 
 those who were afflicted with poverty and sickness, he became a 
 visitor and supporter of these, and, like a tender father, endea- 
 voured to heal their afflictions. And after all these things, in 2s 
 which God delighteth more than sacrifices, and burnt-offerings, 
 and incense, he was counted worthy of being consummated by 
 confession. And this was the tenth combatant of those who have 
 been mentioned above as having received all together on the 
 same day their consummation and crown. And it seemed as if a 30 
 great door of the kingdom of heaven had been opened by the con- 
 fession of Pamphilus [p. 47], and an abundant entrance been 
 effected for others as well as himself into the paradise of God. 
 
 The next that was brought forward after Seleucus was the 
 pure and pious Theodulus ; and he was one of the slaves of the ss 
 governor, and the oldest of them all, and was much respected by 
 
44 
 
 EC8EBIUS ON THE 
 
 them all, both on account of his manners and his years ; and 
 although he was the father of three generations, and had served 
 his master with fidelity, still he had no mercy on him when he 
 heard that he had saluted the martyrs in the same way as 
 
 s Seleucus. For after this had been told to his master, he was 
 
 excited with fury against him much more than against the rest; 
 
 and gave command that he should be put to death by the same 
 
 mode of suffering as our Saviour, and suffer martyrdom on the cross. 
 
 But there was still one wanted after these to complete the 
 
 10 number twelve; anil so Julian us arrived from a journey, and, as if 
 it were on purpose to make up the number of martyrs twelve, the 
 moment he arrived, before he was yet entered into the city, 
 immediately on the way he was told by some one respecting 
 the matter of the confessors, and ran to have a sight of the con- 
 
 15 fessors; and when he beheld the bodies of the saints lying upon 
 the ground, he was filled with joy, and embraced them one after 
 another with heavenly love, and saluted them all with a kiss. And 
 while he was still visiting them, and lamenting that he himself 
 had not suffered martyrdom with them, the officers seized -him, 
 
 20 and took him before the judge; and that judge commanded what 
 his evil heart conceived, and delivered him also to a slow fire. So 
 this Julianus, also, with joy and gladness praised God with a loud 
 voice for having counted him worthy of this ; and his soul ascended 
 to his Lord with the company of the confessors. And this 
 
 25 man was by family of Cappadocia, and in his soul he was filled 
 with the fear of God, being a quiet and religious man, and 
 diligent in the practice of every virtue. There was also in 
 him a glorious savour of the Holy Spirit ; and he was counted 
 worthy to be associated with the company of these who received 
 
 so the consummation of confession together with the blessed Pam- 
 philus. [p. 48.] 
 
 Four days and nights then were the bodies of the all-holy 
 martyrs of God exposed to be devoured by wild beasts, by the com- 
 mand of the governor Firmillianus. When, therefore, nothing 
 
 3j had touched them, not even the wild beasts, they were taken up 
 whole without the permission of the governor, and with due 
 
 MARTYRS IN PALESTINE. 
 
 45 
 
 reverence committed to an honourable burial ; and were laid in 
 the interior of the churches, and so consigned to a never- 
 to-be-forgotten memorial in the temples of the house of 
 prayer, that they might be honoured of their brethren who are 
 with God. 5 
 
 THE CONFESSION OF HADRIANUS AND EUBULU8, 
 
 IN THE SEVENTH TKAR OP THE PERSECUTION IN OUH DAYS. 
 
 When the consummation of Pamphilus and of those martyrs io 
 who were with him was published abroad by the mouths of all men, 
 both Iladrianus and Eubulus, from a place which is called part of 
 Batanea, had hastened to the rest of the martyrs at Ciesarea: and 
 when they drew near to the gate of the city, they were interrogated 
 as to the cause for which they wero come, and having stated the 15 
 truth, they were taken before Firmillianus; and he at once, without 
 any delay, ordered them, in the first place, to have their sides torn 
 with combs, and punished them in a peculiar manner, as if they had 
 been enemies and were hated by him ; and not being satisfied with 
 this, he condemned them to be devoured by wild beasts. And after 20 
 an interval of two days, the confessor Iladrianus was cast before 
 a lion on the fifth of Adar, and bravely accomplished his conflict, 
 and after having been torn by the beast, he was at last put to 
 death by the sword. Eubulus, also, on the second day following, 
 the seventh of Adar, when the judge had made many attempts 2 * 
 with him, and said to him, If thou wilt sacrifice to devils thou 
 slialt be set at liberty in peace, both despised the whole existence 
 of this passing time, and chose for himself everlasting life rather 
 than this fleeting and transitory life. He was then cast to a lion, 
 and after [p. 49] he had been torn by the teeth of the lion, he 30 
 suffered in the same manner as those who were gone before him. 
 He was the last of all that suffered martyrdom and finished his 
 conflict in Cajsarea. 
 
46 
 
 EUSEBIUS ON THE 
 
 THE CONFESSION OF PAULUS (Gr.PeUiu) AND NILUS, 
 AND PATRIMYTHEAS (Gr. Patennutheus) AND ELIAS, 
 
 ft IN THE SEVENTH TEAR OP THE PERSECUTION IN OUR DAYS. 
 
 It was the nineteenth day of IIul, and during the same wonderful 
 conflict of the martyrs of God, that a great spectacle was assem- 
 bled in Phamo, in this same Palestine ; and all the combatants 
 
 19 were perfect, and in number they were about a hundred and fifty. 
 Many of them, also, were Egyptians, amounting to more than a 
 hundred. And the same in the first place had their right eyes 
 and their left legs in their sinews destroyed by cautery of fire 
 and by the sword. And then after these things they were delivered 
 
 is over to dig copper in the mines. Those, also, who belonged to 
 Palestine had to endure afflictions in the same manner as the 
 Egyptians ; and they were all assembled together in a place 
 called Zauara, as a congregation consisting of many persons. 
 There was also much people with them, who came from other 
 
 20. places to see them, and many others who ministered to them in 
 their necessities, and visited them in love, and filled up their 
 lack. And all the day they were occupied in the ministry of 
 prayer, and in the service of God, and in teaching and reading ; 
 and all the afflictions which passed over them were esteemed by 
 
 as them as pleasures, and they spent all that time as if it had been 
 in a festive assembly. But the enemy of God and wicked envier 
 was not able to bear these things, so there was immediately sent out 
 against them one of those generals of the Romans that is styled 
 Dux ; and first of all he separated them one by one from each 
 
 30 other, and some of them were sent to that wretched place Zauara, 
 and some not ; and some of them to Phseno, the place where the 
 copper is dug ; [p. 50.] and the others went to different places. 
 Afterwards he selected from among those in Phasno four of them 
 who were of great excellence, in order that by them he might 
 
 35 terrify the rest Having, therefore, brought them to the trial, 
 and not one of them having shewn any signs of dismay, this 
 
 MARTYRS IN PALESTINE. 
 
 47 
 
 inerciless judge, thinking that no punishment was so severe as 
 that by fire, delivered up God's holy martyrs to this kind of 
 death. When, therefore, they were brought to the fire, they cast 
 themselves into the flames without fear, and dedicated themselves 
 as an offering more acceptable than all incense and oblations ; and 5 
 presented their own bodies to God as a holocaust more excellent 
 than all sacrifices. And two of these were Bishops Paulus and 
 Nilus; and the other two were selected of the laity, Patermythcus 
 and Elias ; and by race they were all of them Egyptians. They 
 were pure lovers of that exalted philosophy which is of God, I0 
 and offered themselves like gold to the fire to be purified. But 
 He who giveth strength to the weak, and multiplieth comfort to 
 the afflicted, deemed them worthy of that life which is in heaven, 
 and associated them with the company of angels. 
 
 THE CONFESSION OF SILVANUS, AND OF THOSE 
 WITH HIM, 
 
 IN THE EIGHTH YEAR OF THE FRRSF.CUTION IN OUR DAYS. 
 
 20 
 
 This blessed Silvanus came from Gaza, and he was one of the 
 veteran soldiers ; and when his freedom from service proved to 
 bo contrary to his.habits, he enlisted himself as a good soldier of 
 Christ For he was a perfectly meek man, and of bright turn of 
 mind, and used his faith with simplicity and purity. And he was 
 a presbyter of the church in the city of Gaza, and conducted 
 himself there with great propriety. And because the conflict for 
 life was proclaimed against the soldiers of Christ [p. 51], lie, an 
 old man, of a noble person, went down to the Stadium, and 
 there, in his first confession before the people of Cajsarea, he 
 acquitted himself valiantly, being tried with scourgings. And 
 when he had endured these bravely, he fought in a second conflict, 
 in which the old man endured the combs on his sides like a 
 young man. And at the third conflict he was sent to the copper 
 mines; and during a life of much length he exhibited great pro- 
 bation. He was also deemed worthy of the office of the episcopate, 
 
48 
 
 EUSEBIUS ON THE MARTTR8 IN PALE8TINE. 
 
 and also rendered himself illustrious in this office of his 
 ministry. But on the fourth day of Iyar the great gate of 
 heaven was fully opened to him, and this blessed man went 
 up with a company of martyrs, not being left alone, for a great 
 s assembly of brave men followed him. And suddenly a mandate 
 of wickedness was issued, and command was given that all those in 
 the mines who were become enfeebled through old age or sickness, 
 and those who were not able to work, should be put to death by 
 the sword ; and God's martyrs, being nil together forty in num- 
 10 ber, were beheaded all in one day. And many of them were Egyp- 
 tians, but their leader and guide was this same martyr and bishop 
 of martyrs, Silvanus, a man truly blessed and beloved of God. 
 
 Being now arrived at this place in our narrative, we will 
 inform you how God in a short time took vengeance upon those 
 is wicked rulers, and they speedily experienced the punishment of 
 their crimes. For he that was excited against these martyrs of 
 God in a barbarous manner, like some fierce wild beast, suffered 
 a wretched punishment ; and by the 'command of him who pos- 
 sessed the power of the time, perished after the manner of a cruel 
 20 wild beast. And all the rest perished by various kinds of deaths, 
 and received that punishment which they deserved for their crimes. 
 So, then, we have described and made known the things which 
 were done during the whole timeof the persecution among the people 
 in Palestine. And all these were blessed martyrs [p. 52] of God, 
 25 who triumphed in our time ; who made light of this temporary 
 life, and prized the worship of God far above every other thing, 
 ■ and have received the hidden hope of those good things which 
 nre invisible to the bodily eyes. 
 
 Oh 1 the blessed confessors of the kingdom of Christ, who were 
 so tried like gold in the excellence of their righteousness, and ob- 
 tained through the conflict in which they were set the heavenly 
 life of angels, and laid hold upon the promises of the hidden good 
 things of the victory of the high calling — For eye hath not seen 
 nor ear heard, neither hath it entered into the heart of man, what 
 Si God has prepared for them that love him. 
 
 Here end the chapters of the narrative of the victories of the holt/ 
 confessors in Palestine. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 P. ii. 1. 18. — " Who shall separate us slaughter." Rom. 
 
 viii. v. 35. This passage varies slightly both from the Greek 
 and the Peshito. There is nothing here to correspond with ttj<! 
 ayairn<s and -n yv/ivoTrn ; and also rrttOM, "death," for kivSvvos. 
 1. 23. — " For him who loved us," v. 37 : as if the Syriac 
 translator had read Sia tov ayaTrrjo-avra j?/«z?, or had mistaken 
 the meaning of Sta with a genitive. 
 
 1. 27. — v. 38.' oxrre ar/yeXoi, oure apyai omitted. 
 1. 31. — Eusebius gives the account of the martyrdom of Peter 
 and Paul at Rome in his Eccl. Hist, book ii. cli. 25. 
 
 P. iii. 1. 6. — "As for those conflicts." Eusebius makes a simi- 
 lar statement, book viii. ch. 13, on which passage Valesius has the 
 following note : — (') " He means doubtless his book concerning the 
 Martyrs of Palestine. For no other book but that can be found, 
 wherein Eusebius relates the conflicts of the Martyrs which he him- 
 self had seen. The opinion of Christophorson is from this passage 
 further disproved, who supposed the book concerning the Martyrs 
 of Palestine was a part of this eighth book." In speaking here 
 of Christophorson, Valesius alludes to a note immediately pre- 
 ceding, which runs thus; — " (') To wit, in the book concerning the 
 Martyrs of Palestine, which is placed after this eighth book. For 
 in that Eusebius at large declares the martyrdom of Pamphilus, as 
 may there be seen. Moreover, from this place it appears that that 
 book concerning the Martyrs of Palestine was written by Euse- 
 bius after his Ecclesiastical History, and after his books con- 
 cerning the life of Pamphilus the Martyr. Christophorson, who 
 had inserted the whole Appendix before this chapter, was forced 
 to omit these words of Eusebius here, lest Eusebius should seem 
 
 H 
 
50 
 
 NOT KB. 
 
 to have forgot himself." See English Translation of Eusebius's 
 Ecclesiastical History in " The History of the Church: fol., 
 London, 1709, p. 148. I shall cite this in the following notes as 
 Eng. Tram. 
 
 1. 18. — " Procopius." There is an antient Latin copy of 
 these Acts, as they stand here, published by Valesius in his 
 notes upon the first chapter of the Martyrs of Palestino as they 
 exist in the Greek at the end of the eighth book of the Eccl. 
 Hist, of Eusebius. Respecting these, he writes thus : — " The 
 same relation is in the Acts of the Passion of Procnpius the Mar- 
 tyr, which begins thus : * 77/8 frst of the Martyrs that appeared 
 in Palestine uas Procopius,' &c. From whence it is evident 
 that those acts were translated out of the Greek copy of Euse- 
 bius into Latin. To make this more apparent, it will in no wise 
 be unuseful to insert here the entire acts. For many things 
 worth our knowledge are contained in these which neither TJaro- 
 nius nor Molanus happened to have a sight of." 
 
 Passio Sancti Procopii Martyris, qui passus est sub Fabiano 
 
 judice 4 Nonas Augusti. 
 Primus martyrum qui sunt in Pala?stina, apparuit Procopius,- 
 vir coelestis gratise, qui et ante martyrium sic suam vitam dis- 
 posuit, ut etiam a parva rotate castitati semper et mormn virtuti- 
 bus studeret. Corpus quidem suura sic confecit, ut pajne 
 mortuum putaretur, animam vero ejus sic verbis confortabat 
 divinis, ut etiam corpori virtutem ex hujus refectione ministraret. 
 Cibus et potus ei panis et aqua fuit. ■ Solis his utebatur, cum 
 post biduum triduumque, diem interdum etiam post septimam 
 ad cibum rediret Sacrorum quoque meditatio sermonum ita 
 mentem ejus obstrinxerat, ut nocte ac die in hoc infatigabilis 
 permaneret dementias autem et mansuetudinis tanquam ceteris 
 inferior documentum sui praebebat copiam. In verbis divinis ei 
 tantum studium erat. Ilia vero quae extrinsecus sunt, medio- 
 criter attigerat. Igitur genere quidem iEliensis, conversatione 
 autem vel habitation Scythopolitanus crat. Ibi ecclesi* tria 
 ministeria pnebebat, umira in legend! officio, alterum in Syri 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 51 
 
 inlerpretationc sermonis, et tcrtium ad versus d&nnones manus 
 impositione consummans. Cumque ab Scythopoli una cum 
 sociis in Csesaream transmissus fuisset, ab ipsis portis ad prsesi- 
 dem ducitur, et priusquam carccris vel vinculorum experiretur 
 angustias, in ipso ingressu suo a judice Flaviano ut diis sacrifi- 
 caret impellitur. At ille magna voce non esse deos multos sed 
 unum factorem omnium opificemque testatus est. Judex autem 
 plaga sermonis ictus et conscientia saucius, consensit ejus 
 sermoni. Atque ad alia se rursum argumenta constituit, ut vel 
 regibus sacrificaret. Sanctus autem Dei martyr sermonem ejus 
 despiciens, Honieri, inquit, versum dicens: non est bonum multos 
 dominos esse. Untis dominus est, unus rex. Itaquo hoc verbo 
 ejus audito, quasi qui infausta in regibfls deprompsisset, jussu 
 judicis ducitur ad mortem, et capite amputato ingrcssum vitas 
 coelestis, vel compendium beatus invenit: Desii septima Julii 
 inensis, qusB Nonas Julias dicitur npud Latinos, primo anno quo 
 adversus nos fuit persecutio. Hoc primum in Csesarea mar- 
 tyriuin consummatum est, regnante Domino nostro Jesu Christo, 
 cui honor et gloria in saecula swculorum. Amen. 
 
 And in a note following this Latin copy he writes (') — " Many 
 things are omitted in the Greek text of Eusebius, which must be 
 made perfect by these Acts in Latin. For when Eusebius had here 
 said expressly, that Procopius upon his first arrival was brought 
 before the judge, he adds nothing concerning the place from 
 whence he came, where he was apprehended, or to what place he 
 was brought: nothing of which ought to have been omitted. Be-. 
 sides, Eusebius does accurately relate the descent and country of 
 other Martyrs mentioned in this book; and if any of these had 
 attained to any Ecclesiastical honour, he does usually take notice 
 of that also. But of this person, who was the chief and leader of 
 all the Palestine Martyrs, we see no such relation made. This, 
 it is probable, was not the fault of Eusebius, but of his exscribers; 
 for in the Latin Acts, which, as we before evinced, were trans- 
 lated out of Eusebius, all these circumstances are manifestly 
 declared." See Ecc. Hist. Eng. Trans., p. 154. This Latin 
 version is also printed by Th. Ruinart, p. 353, Acta primorum 
 
52 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 Marty rum Sinatra et Selecta, fol. Amstel. 1713. There is also 
 another Syriac version of these Acts taken from Cod. Nit. Vat. 1. 
 (See Assemani, Bibl. Orient, vol. 1. p. 56); and published 
 with a Latin translation and notes, by S. E. Assemani, in Acta 
 SS. Marlt. Orient, et Occident., 2 vol. fol. Romas, 1748, part ii. 
 p. 169. I have collated it with this version. It is not of impor- 
 tance to note the variants, which seem to be chiefly due to 
 separate translations. 
 
 1. 20. — " The first year of the persecution in our days." The 
 preface to the account of the Martyrs of Palestine, in the eighth 
 book of Ecc. Hist., says this was the 19th year of Diocletian, or 
 A.D. 303. See Ruinart Acta primorttm Marlt. p. 316. 
 
 P. iv. 1. 2.—" His family was from Baishan." The Latin has — 
 " Igitur genere quidem -321iensis, conversatione autem vel habi- 
 tatione Scythopolitaniis erat," with which the other Syriac agrees 
 in reading, JbaaO K'oeo .cnoAuc^ yAxAOr* £» ^»3 eooal^ 
 rCoco j— !■>- r*Au*02» — " But his family was from Jerusalem, 
 and he dwelt in the city Baishan." Scythopolis was the Greek 
 name of Baishan, and jElia occupied the scite of Jerusalem. See, 
 respecting Baishan, S. E. Assemani, Ibid, not. p. 171. 
 
 1. 4. — « In the second order he translated from Greek into Ara- 
 maic." He was an interpreter ; on which passage S. E. Assemani 
 observes — " Ad munus interpretis recte adnotat Valesius, apud 
 Syros olim Divinas Scripturas Grasce fuisse lectitatas, quas deinde 
 Interpres Syriacus redderet," Ibid. p. ii. p. 171. I should 
 feel much disposed to question this assertion without greater 
 proof. Doubtless before this time the Scriptures were translated 
 into Syriac. The meaning of the passage may also imply that Pro- 
 copius was engaged in translating other ecclesiastical works into 
 Syriac from the Greek. This very copy of Eusebius was transcribed 
 only 108 years after the Martyrdom of Procopius. Ibid. p. 166. 
 S. E. Assemani gives his opinion in these words :— " Imo vero 
 quum S. Procopius Sanctorum librorum a Grseco in Syriacum 
 sermonem in ecclesia Scythopolitana Interpres dicatur, plane 
 inde colligitur, Syriacum sen Chaldaicum idioma Palirstinis 
 tunc vernaculum fuisse, atque adeo ejusdem Procopii, quem- 
 
 NOTKS. 
 
 53 
 
 admodum et aliorum martyrum in Palosstina coronatorum, Acta 
 Syriace seu Chaldaice ab Eusebio fuisse primum exarata, ea- 
 demque ipsa esse, quae pr® manibus habemus, omnino tenendum 
 est. Neque enim verisimile est, Eusebium, quam in usum popu- 
 larium suorum, et in ovium sibi concreditarum solatium scri- 
 bebat, martyrum historiam iis Uteris consignasse, quas omnes 
 non callerent" Ibid. p. 166. 
 
 1.12. — "Flavianus." The other Syriac has oocuAci&, Pau- 
 linus, evidently a mistake of the scribe. 
 
 1. 21. — "Greatest of the poets of the Greeks." The Latin 
 has " Homeri inquit versum, dicens;" and the other Syriac, 
 rdxJCU.l ^pou^r^a&.i rem -tit-*) ovoisaoco, "Homer, the 
 celebrated of the poets of the Greeks." Those words of Homer, 
 Iliad ii. 24, were often cited by the early Christians, and do 
 not therefore "prove that Procopius was acquainted with his 
 poems. See Heinichen's note. 
 
 1. 19. — "The Emperors, who were four in number." These 
 were Diocletianus, Maximianus, Constantius, and Galerius. See 
 Eusebius Ecc. Hist. b. viii. c. 13; and supplement to same book ; 
 and Valesius's notes, Eng. Trans, pp. 148. 153. * 
 
 1. 27. — " On the seventh day of the month Heziran." See 
 Valesius's note on this passage in the Greek ; Eng. Trans. 
 p. 157. 
 
 1. 31. — " The confession of Alphreus, Zacchseus, and Romanus.'' 
 Their festival is celebrated on the 18th of November. See 
 Baillet, Vies des Saints. There is also a Syriac version of these 
 Acts published by S. E. Assemani in Acta SS. Martt. part ii. 
 p. 177. 
 
 1. 35. — " Festival — on the twentieth year." That is, Diocle- 
 tian's Vicennalia. See Valesius's note on this place, Eng. Trans. 
 p. 158; and also on Life of Constantino, ibid. p. 529. 
 
 P. v. 1. 9.—" Of Gadara." So in the other Syriac. This is 
 not in the Greek, but Valesius has supplied the fact in the fol- 
 lowing note ('): — "He was of Gadara, concerning whom we have 
 this passage in the Menology at 18th of November — The comme- 
 
54 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 w oration of the holy Martyrs, Mteheeus, Zacckams, deacon of 
 Gaclara, and Alphteus, ibid. p. 158. See also Ruinart, n. 4. p. 
 317, Acta prim. Martt. 
 
 1. 22. — " Four holes of the rack." Valesius has the follow- 
 ing note on Euscbius, Ecc. Hist. b. v. c i. — " The fashion of this 
 engine for punishment, and the manner how persons were 
 punished in it, seems to have been this. It was a piece of timber 
 wherein fivo pairs of holes were made at a certain distance one 
 from the other. Into these holes, as it were into boots, they put 
 the feet of the offenders, and fastened them therein with cords 
 and fetters. The meaning of their feet being strained to the fifth 
 hole is, they forced them to straddle so wide as to put their feet 
 into the last pair of holes, which posture (those holes being at the 
 greatest distance one from the other) was the sharpest degree of 
 torture in this engine." — Eng. Trans, p. 71. See also Gallonius 
 Be SS. Martt. crucialibus, Parisiis, 1659. 
 
 1. cS. — "Exorcist" Valesius has this note on Exorcists ( c ) = — 
 " There was in former times a twofold use of the Exorcists in 
 the Church ; for their business was to cloanse both those possessed 
 wiCh devils, and also the catechumens, who were exorcised more 
 than once; for after every examination in their catechism they 
 were brought to the Exorcist ungirt and with their shoes off, that 
 they might be purged by him. See Cyril Ilierosol. in Procate- 
 chesi ad llluminandot, and Chrysostom in his first Homily ad 
 llluminandos." Eng. Trans, p. 158. See also Bingham, Anti- 
 quities of the Christian Church, book iii. ch. 4. Respecting 
 Readers or Lectors, see ibid. ch. v. 
 
 P. vi. 1. 16. — "Combs." See Gallonius de SS. Martt. 
 Crucial, ch. v. 
 
 1. 33.—" Romanus." There are other Acts of Romanus, 
 in Syriac, giving a much longer and fuller account than this. 
 British Museum Cod. Add. 12,174, fol. 300 b. In these the day 
 of his martyrdom is given the 19th of Teshri the latter. See 
 L. Surius.rfe Probalis Sanctorum vitis, at the 18th of No\ ember, 
 and Baillet, lies des Saint. -, at the same clay. See a further 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 55 
 
 account of him from Eusebius de Jiesurrectinne ; Prudentius irepi 
 o-e<j>avtov, &c, collected and published by Ruinart Acta prim. 
 Martt. p. 357 seq. 
 
 P. vii. 1. 7. — " The judge." His name was Asclepiades. See 
 Prudentius Hymn irepi o-reipavav, 1. 687, in Ruinart, Acta prim. 
 .Martt. p. 361. S. E. Assemanni also observes: — "Hunc Ascle- 
 piadem vocant Acta apud Mombritiuin et Prudentius in ffymno.'' 
 See Acta SS. Martt. ii. p. 182, and the other Syriac Acts, Mus. 
 Brit. Cod. Add. 12,174. 
 
 I. 24.—" The officers,'' K*ijet\co.o , " Quaitionarii." They 
 were the persons who inflicted the punishment, as appears from 
 the following passage of the acts of Trypho : — " Praofectus autem 
 admirans tantam eorum perseverantiam, jnssit eos manibus post 
 tergum ligatis nudos csedi : et cum acerrime caiderentur, qu»s- 
 tionarii deficieba'nt, Prsefectus ira repletus jnssit ungulas et 
 lampades eorum lateribns applicari. Qusestionarii accedentes jussa 
 complebant" See Ruinart, Act. prim. Martt. p. 163. He also 
 has this note, ibid. p. 172. — "Qutestionis nomine designat tor- 
 menta, qu.-p ad confessionem eliciendain ndliihcntur: vox etiam 
 nunc ad candem rem significandnm tisurpata est. Ab ea Con- 
 fessores qnttstionali et torli dicuntur apud Cyprian, Epist. ad 
 Florenlium, 66. 
 
 1. 34. — "The emperor Diocletian." The name is not given 
 in the Greek. It appears from this that Valesius was mistaken 
 when he wrote, — " I suppose he means Galerius Crcsar, for Diocle- 
 tian made his abode then at Nicomedia." See Eng. Trans, p. 158. 
 The other Syriac Acts, however, give the name C90Jx±a*Qaafin 
 OPCUiy^' no.Ti cal&i»< " Maximinus, the son-in-law of Dio- 
 cletianus." Mus. Brit. Cod. Add. fol. 304. 
 
 P. viii. 1. 8. — " Then did great wonder." The miraculous part 
 of this narrative, which savors so strongly of the superstitious, is 
 omitted from the Greek ; and that passage added which, in the 
 Syriac/commences the account of Zacchajus, but is not found at 
 that place in the Greek. The story of Romanus having spoken 
 after his tongue was cut out is, however, repeated in the other 
 Svriac Acts, and is also told in the Greek Menrrum. See Vale- 
 
56 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 siu9, note (*) Eng. Trant. p. 158. Ituinart lias the following 
 note: — "Omittit miraculum Romani, etiam abscissa lingua Io- 
 quentis, quod alias adeo exaggerat Hinc patet non omnia isto 
 libel lo contineri." p. 318. Eusebius himself also, in his book d? 
 Reiurreclione, affirms the miracle. See Ruinart, Acta prim. 
 Martt. p. 359 ; and Chrysostom, Oral. 43 et 48. Ibid. See also 
 S. E. Assemani's note, Act. SS. Martt. p. ii. p. 182. 
 
 1. 20. — " Upon the rack." The other Syriac version adds 
 here, " to five holes," ^tnni rfT~»u»-i . Ibid. p. 181. 
 
 I. 22. — " Strangling instrument." r^vupftVuL-ja, Greek, rqs 
 fi/Xy fipojQtp. The other Acts have, " He was strangled in 
 PrUon," fol. 304. 
 
 I. 30. — "Confession of Timotheus." These Acts are also 
 given in the other Syriac Translation by S. E. Assemani, Act' 
 SS. Martt. p. ii. p. 184. See Surius, at the 19th of August, and 
 Baillet, at the same day. 
 
 P.ix.l. 2. — "Edicts from the Emperors." Respecting these Edicts 
 Valesius has the following note on the Ecc Hist b. viii. c. vi. (') — 
 " By the first Edict of the Emperors against the Christians it was 
 ordered that the churches should be ruined and the scriptures 
 burnt, and that those who were honoured with any preferment (if. 
 they refused to sacrifice) should be deprived of their dignity. 
 The meaner sort were to lose their liberty. See chap. 2. 
 Another Edict soon followed this, that Bishops, Priests, and 
 Deacons should be imprisoned, and by all ways compelled to 
 sacrifice. The third Edict comprehended all sorts of Christians, 
 as well those of the laity, as the clergy; which Edict was proposed 
 (says Eusebius in the chap. 3 of his book concerning the Martyrs of 
 Palestine) in the second year of the Persecution. But this seems 
 rather to have been the fourth Edict : for the second and third 
 concerned the Presbyters only. By the second it was ordered 
 they should be imprisoned, and by the third it was enjoined 
 that they should by tortures be compelled to sacrifice." Eng. 
 Trant. p. 143. 
 
 1. 25. — " The people of the city of Gaza were accursed in their 
 heathenism." See the account given by Theodoretus, book iii. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 57 
 
 not! H d ^ an<1 S ' K AS3emani ' Mta SS - Mar "- P" «■ P- HW. 
 P. x. 1. 9.-«Theckla (she of our days)." There were 
 ™« 1 martyr s of tins name. S. E. Assemani has published the 
 Acts of two others. See Acta SS. Mart,, vol. i. pp. 10,, 123 ; 
 but Eusebms seems especially to draw the distinction with re- 
 ference to Theckla, the companion of St. Paul, so celebrated in the 
 early ages of Christianity. See Grabe, SpUUeghm, vol. i. p. 95 
 Jer ■.Jones, Neu, and Full Method, vol ii. p. 353; Teschendorf, 
 Acta Apost. Apocr. Lips. 1851, p. 40. There are also antient 
 cop.es ,„ Syrmc of the Acta of Theckla, brought from the Nitrian 
 Convent, now m the British Museum. The account of Theckla 
 » m one or two instances found in a volume containing also the 
 I ooks of Ruth, Esther, and Judith, and called in Syriac "The 
 Book of Women." See Cod. Add. 12,174 ; 14,041 ; 14,652 
 
 ♦ M 15 '7o T , im ° theU8 '" TheGreekl '*>?Vo W See Surius, 
 at March 24th, and Baillet, at the same day 
 
 1. 16.-" Paesis." The Syriac is *u*A±, "Plasis," which I 
 have corrected here from the reading l )e ] (nV; wIlcre ; t ; g ^^ 
 I aes... or Puusis, for some Greek MSS. read I\ar,<^ and others' 
 Ilavw. Valesius notes (<)_« In the Maz. and Med. MSS his 
 names Paesis I„ the Greek Menology (which Canuius pub- 
 lished) at the 5th of March, instead of Paesis he is called Publius » 
 Eng. Trans, p. 159. The variation in the Syriac doubtless 
 arose from confounding A with A in the word IIAHCIC or 
 IIAHCIC. 
 
 ■ !; 2 o~", T, ! e Phr ^e fans -" Th ™n no mention of Phrygians 
 in the Greek; but in Ecc. Hut, book viii. ch. 11, Eusebius speaks of 
 the destruct.on of a whole city of Christians in Phrygia These 
 perhaps, were some of them who had been reserved for a spec' 
 tacle in the theatre. 
 
 P xi. 1. 35.-" A subdeacon." Syriac r<a-^ ( evidently a 
 blunder for n£o,:,Sk. Greek ^oSWo^. 
 
 P. xii. 1. 5.— "A sudden change." See respecting this, Euse- 
 bius, Life of Comtantine, book i. ch. 18, Rng. 7'mns p 537 
 where Valesius has the following note('):-" This place is highly 
 
 i 
 
58 NOTES. 
 
 remarkable, for from it this conclusion may be made, that the 
 persecution began in Dioclesian's eighth, and Maximum's seventh 
 consulate, and not on the foregoing year, as Baronius will have 
 it Concerning which matter I have spent many words in 
 my notes on Eusebius, Ecc. Hist, book viii. c. 2, note (*). 
 For whereas Eusebius affirms that the Emperors Dioclesian and 
 Maximian divested themselves of their purple in the year after 
 the persecution was begun ; and whereas it is manifest that they 
 did that on the year of Christ 304 ; what I have said does neces- 
 sarily follow, that Dioclesian's persecution was begun in the year 
 of Christ 303." Ituinart has this note : — " Diocletianus scilicet 
 prope Nicomediam, Herculius Mediolani, cogente Galerio Maxi- 
 minano, non autem sponte, uti hactenus putabatur. Totam liunc 
 historiam egregie describit Lactantius in lib. de Mortibus Persecut. 
 cap. 18 seq. Acta Prim. Marlt. p. 319. 
 
 1. 16. — The Greek adds a passage, "But we will give an exact 
 account of these matters at a more opportune place and time," 
 referring perhaps to the Life of Constantine. 
 
 1. 18. — " Epiphanius." Syriac, Oaia*aT<; but the Greek 
 reads Awibiavos; the other Syriac version published by S. E. Asse- 
 mani, Acta SS. Mart. P. ii. p. 189, qpCUU&k'; and an Arabic 
 account cited by him, (j-yLiul, " Amphianus." In Latin he is 
 called Apianus, Apphianus, and Amphianus. Ibid. See Surius 
 and Baillet, at the 2d of April. 
 
 1. 33. — " He was sprung from one of the most illustrious 
 families in Syria.'' For which the Greek is, ei rii apa IIarfa<s 
 eirurrarai -rnt Avkios, ovk ao-n/iov ttoTuv, evrevOep opfudfievos. On 
 this Valesius has the following note ('): — "In the Med. MS. this 
 city is called Arpagas ; in the Maz. MS. Arapagas, in the Fuk 
 MS. Harpagas; but in the margin a notice is given that it should 
 be apar/a<s with an aspirate. I never met with any thing con- 
 cerning Aragas, a city of Lycia. — In the Menceum of the Greeks, 
 Amphianus is said to have been born in Lydia." — Eng. Trans. 
 p. 160. There seems, therefore, to have been some mistake in 
 the copies in this place at an early period. 
 
 1. 36. — " Educated at Beyrout." (') "At Berytus there was a 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 59 
 
 school of civil law, as many have taken notice from Gregory 
 Thaumaturgus, Eunapius, Nonnus, and others. Gregorius 
 Nazianzenus calls Berytus $ot,vticvs kKvtov ao-rv, vop.u>v eSo? 
 Ava-ovtrjcov, a famous city of Phoenicia, the seat qfAusonian laws." 
 See Valesius, ibid. 
 
 P. xiii. 1. 20.—" This our city." The Greek has -rnv Kaura- 
 pemv ttoXiv. 
 
 1. 23. — " Pamphilus." His name is not mentioned in the 
 Greek, and Valesius has this note on the passage (/): — "Simeon 
 Metaphrastes, who professes that he transcribed the Martyrdom 
 of Apphiamis (or, as he calls him, Amphianus), out of Eusebius, 
 has altered this passage thus : — And having been conversant with 
 ns in divine studies, and instructed in the sacred scriptures hy the 
 great Martyr Pamphilus, he obtained no mean habit of virtue; by 
 which he opened a passage for himself, whereby he procured the 
 crown of Martyrdom." See Eng. Trans, p. 160. And in note ('), 
 on the same page, Valesius writes: — "In the Menologies of the 
 Greeks at the 2d of April, Amphianu9, witli his brother jEdesius, 
 is mentioned to have been instructed in the Christian religion by 
 Pamphilus the Martyr, at Berytus;" but not having the know- 
 ledge of the fact that Pamphilus himself had been educated at 
 the same place — supplied in the Syriac, but omitted in the 
 Greek — Valesius supposed the Menologies to be mistaken. See 
 note {[), Ibid. It is evident from this that Simeon Meta- 
 phrastes, and the compilers of the Menologies, read these Acts 
 as in the Syriac. 
 
 P. xv. 1. 12. — " His bones and entrails became visible." The 
 same thing is said of the Martyr Alexander, whoso Acts were 
 published by Ituinart : — " Ita enim laniatum fuerat corpus 
 crudelitate verberantium, ut carne soluta costarum, patefac- 
 tisque visceribus, secreta animso panderentur.' - Acta Prim. 
 Marti, p. 77. 
 
 1. 28. — " Was hung up at a great height." See, respecting 
 the various modes of suspension in torture, Gallonius dc SS. 
 Martt. cruciatibus, p. 6. 
 
 P. xvii. 1. 30. — After the Martyrdom of Apphianus the Greek 
 adds the following account of Ulpiamis: — " At the same time, 
 
60 
 
 NOT liS. 
 
 and almost on the same day, a young man in the city of Tyre, 
 by name Ulpianus, after he had been cruelly scourged, and en- 
 dured most grievous stripes, was sewn up in the raw hide of an 
 ox, together with a dog and a venomous serpent, and cast into the 
 sea. Wherefore we thought it agreeable to make mention of this 
 person at [this place wherein we have related] the Martyrdom of 
 Apphianus." — Eng. Trans, p. 161. On this Valesius has the 
 following note (*) : — "A to fiot Borcei *.t.\.: that is, Although Ul- 
 pianus suffered not in Palestine, but in Phoenicia, yet because he 
 suffered martyrdom at the same time, and died by the same sort 
 of punishment that Apphianus had inflicted on him, we judged 
 it not unfit to make mention of him here. It is therefore appa- 
 rent from these words that Eusebius in this book designed to 
 give an account of the Martyrs of the Province of Palestine 
 only."— Jbid. 
 
 1. 33. — "Alosis." In the Greek JEdcsius, AiSe&wi, the varia- 
 tion has doubtless arisen from the similarity of the names AAO- 
 CIOC and AA6CI0C in a MS. partly effaced. The other 
 Syriac published by S. E. Assemani has 00*00.100. See Acta 
 SS. Marti. P. ii. p. 195. The account of this martyrdom is 
 given by Baillet, at the 2d of April. 
 
 1. 36. — " Both on the father's and the mother's side." And 
 so also in the other Syriac. — Jbid. p. 195. The Greek has here 
 ofioiraTpw; a8eX(bos only. Valesius has this note (*) : — " In the 
 Greek Memeum, at the second day of April,2Edesius is styled 
 Apphianus's brother by the mother's side." — Eng. Trans, p. 161. 
 Hence it appears they both followed a text like this, each omitting 
 one part of it 
 
 P. xviii. 1. 12. — " In the society of the martyr Pamphilus." 
 There is no mention of this or of Pamphilus in the Greek ; but 
 in the Menna and in the Menology Apphianus, with his brother 
 iEdcsius, is said to have been instructed by Pamphilus. See 
 Valesius, note (/), Eng. Trans, p. 160. 
 
 1. 20. — " Hierocles." His name is also omitted in the Greek, 
 but it is given in the Meiwum of the Greeks, which Valesius 
 quotes in explanation of the passage, otherwise obscure, as it is 
 found in the Greek, but plain enough from the facts supplied in 
 
 NOTES. (51 
 
 the Syriac. " The explanation of this place is to be had from 
 the Memeum of the Greeks, where ^Edesius is said to have 
 struck Hierocles, Prefect of Egypt, with his fist. The words 
 there are these: — But ASdesius, who was condemned to work in the 
 mines of brass, having seen (at Alexandria in Egypt) Hierocles, 
 the president, punishing the Christians, he accounted him a despi- 
 cable person, and struck the president with his own hand.— Epi- 
 phanius and Lactantius mention this Hierocles, Prefect of Egypt, 
 who was famous for the great slaughter he made amongst the 
 Christians. This was the Hierocles against which our Eusebius 
 wrote a book." See Note (') p. 161, Eng. Trans. See also 
 Acta SS. Martt. S. E. Assemani, p. 1, p. 197. The last and 
 best edition of Eusebius Against Hierocles was published by the 
 late most excellent and learned Dr. Gaisford, Dean of Clirist 
 Church : Eusebii Pamphili contra Hieroclem et Marcellum 
 libri, 8vo., Oxonii, 1852. 
 
 P. xix. 1. 15.— " Agapius." The Syriac is Qo&^ry, which 
 would be more correctly transcribed "Agapus;" but the other 
 Syriac, published by S. E. Assemani, Acta SS. Martt. P. ii. 
 p. 198, has Qo>A^£^. The omission of the vowels causes fre- 
 quently great discrepancy in the transcription of Greek proper 
 names in the Syriac character. The Acts of Agapius are given 
 by Baillet, at the 19th of August 
 
 P. xx. 1. 10. — "In another chapter." See above, p. 10. Vale- 
 sius was mistaken in supposing that this was a different Agapius 
 from the one there mentioned. For it is distinctly stated here, 
 that although he had been condemned by the Judge Urbanus 
 to be devoured by wild beasts two years before, the sentence had 
 not yet been put into execution, but was kept back till now, when 
 Maximinus was present See note (') p. 162. Eng. Trans. 
 He is called in the Greek the second Agapius — AyaTriov ovto? 
 o oVi/repo? — because, although he had been condemned before, 
 lie was not put to death till after the other Agapius mentioned 
 above, p. 11, who was beheaded. 
 
 1. 12. — Concerning the leading about in the Stadium Valesius 
 has this note on the Ecc. Hist. b. v. c. 1 ('): — "The Gladiators 
 
62 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 and the Bestiarii, before they began the encounter, were wont 
 to be led about in the presence of the spectators. See Lucian, 
 in Toxari. This was usually done, not only with those who 
 let themselves out to play prizes, but also with those offenders, 
 which were condemned to the sword and to the wild beasts. 
 So Martial, " Traducta est gyris, nee cepit arena nocentes." 
 Eng. Trans, p. 72. 
 
 ]_ 25. "Maximinus." The Emperor's name is not mentioned in 
 
 the Greek; but the following passage, not found in the Syriac, is 
 added: — "The Emperor himself being then present, being re- 
 served as it were on set purpose for that opportunity, that that 
 saying of our Saviour's which, by his divine knowledge, he fore- 
 told his disciples might be accomplished in him, that they should 
 be brought before kings fur their testimony of him. See Eng. 
 Trans, p. 162. 
 
 P. xxi. 1. 3.—" That Light which he had caused to arise." 
 Syriac, calMS rii*Jl\ ; and again below, P. xxvii. 1. 20.— 
 "The manifestation from him." Eusebius's work, Hept 6eo- 
 faveuK, which having been long lost, was discovered in this 
 same MS., and has been published both in Syriac and English by 
 the late lamented Dr. Lee, bears the Syriac title, rd»OS Aa-.T 
 re^eiArC, On the " Divine Manifestation," or, more literally, on 
 " The Divine Sunrise," the Avaro\ n ; which is the Septuagint 
 version of TOS of Zech. vi. 12. Aov o avBpamos V ovop.a AvaroXn- 
 In our English translation, " Behold the man whose name is the 
 Branch." So in Luke L 78, avaroXr, ef vfovs; and Matt iv. 16, 
 *.* averuXev; Epist. to Heb. vii. 14, *% IovSa avareraXKev o 
 Kvpiot vi*™ ■ »U referring to the coming of Christ. 
 
 P. xxii. 1. 1.— " Theodosia." There is another Syriac version 
 of these Acts, published by Assemani in Acta SS. Martt. P ii. 
 p 203 Ruinart notes:—" Celebris est ejus memoria apud La- 
 tinos et Grccos die 2 Aprilis. Alii tamen aliis diebus ejus festum 
 peracmnt. Ejusdem Martyris Acta prolixiora vidimus in mulfs 
 codd! MSS. sed aliquatenus amplificata. Ipsius vero sacrum 
 corpus in Monaste.ium Dervensc allatum ab ipso S. Berchano 
 fuissc dicitur. Vide Mabillon, saec. 2 ; Bcned. p. 848 ; et 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 63 
 
 Bolland, ad diem 2 April." See Acta Prim. Martt. p. 323. 
 Her martyrdom is given by Baillet, at the 2d of April. 
 
 1. 10.—" One of the virgins of the Son of God" The other 
 Syriac has "Christian virgins," rC&imT'W; the Greek, trap- 
 6evo<i, irurrov xai trefaiorarov Kopaaiov. 
 
 1. 18. — "Urbanus." The name of the Governor is omitted in 
 the Greek. 
 
 P. xxiii. I. 19. — "Copper mines in Palestine."' The Greek 
 adds the name of the place Phocno, which occurs also in the 
 Syriac below. See P. xxiv. 1. 35 ; P. xlvi. 1. 9, and note 
 thereon. 
 
 1. 28. — " The first day of the week." The Greek has ev awry 
 KVpiaxt} rjfitpa T7]t rov Xarrnpos r)p,a>v avao-Tao-ea><;, upon which 
 Valesius has a note('): — "In the MS. Acts of the passion of 
 Theodosia, she is said to have suffered, not on Easter-day, but 
 only on a Sunday. — Eng. Trans, p. 162. 
 
 P. xxiv. 1. 1. — " Confession of Domninus." In the Greek men- 
 tion is made of Sylvanus before him, and the account of both 
 much abridged. See Surius and Baillet, at the 4th of October. 
 
 1. 28. — " Ludus.'' " Munera sen ludi, pugnoa cum bestiis 
 appellabantur, quod in populorum vel militum delcctationeni 
 darentur. Dicebantur autem ludi castrenses, si in castris fierent, 
 Sermonem in die Munerum habuit Augustinus in Basilica llesti- 
 tuta, qui est in nova edit. 19, toini v. vide notas ibi appositas." 
 See Ruinart, Acta Prim. Martt. p. 96, in not,; also p. 111. The 
 Greek, however, has in this place, xai rpeK p.tv et? to fiovofj,a%eiv 
 em Trvy/J.rj xaraSiKa^ei, on which Valesius has this note ('): — "See 
 the following chapter; from whence we are informed that those 
 who were condemned to such combats were delivered to the 
 procurators of Caesar, who caused them to practise exercise 
 daily, so that at last they might be fit to engage in combat." 
 Eng. Trans, p. 163. 
 
 1. 29. — " An excellent and godly old man." The Greek gives 
 his name " Auxentius." See Baillet, at the 13th of December. 
 
 1. 33. — " Silvanus." A further account is given of him 
 below, p. 47. The Greek adds here — " who was then a Pres- 
 
64 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 byter and a Confessor, but some time after was honoured with 
 a Bishopric." — Eng. Trans, p. 162. 
 
 P. xxv. 1. 26. — " Without any long delay." For this the 
 Greek has, /cat ovk ei<t fiaxpov tok Kara IIaf±<piXov rero\fir)fi€voc^. 
 
 1. 31. — "Considered himself above all the people of Palestine." 
 The Greek adds here — " Who also was companion of the tyrant 
 himself, for he was his chief favourite, and did usually eat at 
 the same table with him." Ibid. p. 163. 
 
 P. xx vi. 1. 8.—" The servants of God." The Greek more boldly, 
 " against us," xaff npmv; and so at line 15 below. Instead of 
 
 " There may come a time against our people," the Greek 
 
 has, " There may happen a seasonable opportunity, wherein we 
 shall be more at leisure to relate the exits and calamitous deaths, 
 by which those impious wretches (especially Maximinus and 
 those about liim who were his advisers) that were the greatest 
 sticklers in the persecution against us, finished their lives." See 
 Eng. Tram. p. 163. This account is given in the Appendix to 
 the Eighth Book of the Ecc. Hist. Ibid. p. 153. See also Ecc. 
 Hist. b. viiL c 16; and Valesius, note (') Eng. Trans, p. 151, 
 and b. ix. c. 9, Ibid. p. 177. 
 
 1. 19. — "Hatha.'' The Greek gives no name, but only n aSeXtpy, 
 " The Sister." The word Hatha means " Sister." Hathai ,4v»» 
 was not an uncommon woman's name. — See S. E. Assemani, Acta 
 SS. Martt. P. i. p. 101, &c. In the Greek Menology she is called 
 Thea. Valesius gives this note (*): — "This virgin's name is 
 wanting here, but we will supply this defect from the Grecian 
 Menology; where this passage occurs at the 15th of July. On 
 the same day the holy Martyrs Valentina and Thea, which were 
 Egyptians, being brought to the city Dio Cassarea, before Fir- 
 millianus the judge, made confession of Christ's name, who is our 
 God ; after which, their left feet being burnt and their right eyes 
 pulled out, they were killed with a sword, and their bodies burnt. 
 But this account disagrees with Eusebius's relation here. For 
 he says the one was born at Gaza and- the other at Caesarea ; 
 and he makes no mention of the burning of their feet or the 
 pulling out of their eyes." See Eng. Trans, p. 164. The mistake 
 
 1 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 65 
 
 in the Menologium perhaps arose from the compiler having rend 
 that the Egyptians, who are spoken of in the beginning of this 
 snme chapter, had their eyes put out and their feet burnt, and 
 therefore concluding that these two virgins, mentioned imme- 
 diately afterwards, were Egyptians, and had suffered like the 
 rest See Surius and Baillet, at the 25th of July. 
 
 P. xxvii. I. 6.—" Lud :" and in the Greek it is called Dio 
 Ctesarea." Lydda is the same as Diospolis. It seems, there- 
 fore, that Dio Caesarea, which is the same as Sepphoris, is a 
 mistake for Diospolis. See Van de Velde, Memoir to accompany 
 the Map of the Holy Land, p. 331 and 347. If, however, it be 
 a mistake, it has been copied into the Greek Menology. See 
 the preceding note. 
 
 '• 31. — " Calling Egyptians by Hebrew names." Eusebius 
 refers to this in his Commentary on Isaiah as a fulfilment of the 
 prophecy contained in ch. 44, v. 5 :— "One shall say, I am the 
 Lord's, and another shall call himself by the name of Jacob, and 
 another shall subscribe with his hand unto the Lord, and 
 surname himself by the name of Israel." Eusebius's words are — 
 Qavp-acai Se eori, icai /caraTrXayvvai aXr)6a><} rnv rtov nrpntyirriKrov 
 Xoyrav hvvap.iv, «a? avroiv epyoi<t ra awoTeXeo-ftara TrapeiXv<f>ap.ev 
 tv yovv tok icaff r)pMs avrovt yevop.evoi<{ Stay/iois, ttoXXovs rav 
 aXXo<f>vXo>v e6vonv eOeacrapeda, wpotrapira^ovra<; tavrois to? rtov 
 arfuov avSptov irpoo-rryopia^. a>v o pev eavrov Iaica>/3 eieaXei, xai 
 erepos IapanX, aXXtK Se Iepe/juav, Kai Haaiav erepo';, /cat AavtrfK 
 iraXiv aXXos. roiaxna yovv ewiypafofievot. pvopara eiri ro p-ap- 
 rvpiov rov 6eov aw iroXXm ffapaei icai vapprjo-ia Traprjeaav a Sn 
 arjpiaivovaa r) irpotyrp-eia tfrnaiv, Ovro? epei, rov 8eov dpi. Hoc 
 est : Mirari plane subit prophetia: vim et efficaciam, et quam 
 vere rei eventum oculis perceperimus. Nam in persecutionibus 
 nostro tempore concitatis, multos ex alienigenis gentibus vidimus, 
 qui sanctorum virorum nomina usurpabant ; alius quippe sese 
 Jacobum appellabat, alius Israelem, alius Jeremiam, hie Hesaiam, 
 iste Danielem. Etenim his sibi adscriptis nominibus, ad mar- 
 tyrium pro Deo subeundum cum fiducia et constantia accedebant 
 Qnaa prophetia indicat dum ait, Hie dicet, Dei Sum, &c. See 
 
 R 
 
6fi 
 
 NOTKS. 
 
 Eusebiui's Comm. in Hesaiam, in Collectio Nova Pat/., edited 
 by Montfaucon, vol. ii. pp. 353 et 527. 
 
 P. xxviii. 1. 17. — "Food from the Royal provision pu- 
 gilism." The Greek is errti fiijTe to? mc tov 0atrt\iKov rafieuv 
 rpotpas, prrre fiijp rat errirnSeiovs rv tntypvn fieXerat xnrep.evov ; 
 and also adds, which is not in the Syriac, r/Bv Be ovk ewirpmot<t 
 avro ftovov oi SijXou/xevot, d\Xa not avrtp Magi/uup tovtov ye 
 evetcev Trapaorai/Tf? : on which Valesius observes ('): — "He 
 means, as 1 judge, the Procurators of the company of gladiators 
 and of the morning exercises; of whom tliere is frequent mention 
 in the inscriptions. For the gladiators that were maintained by 
 stipends paid out of the-imperial exchequer, were committed to 
 their care, and they gave them their allowances out of the 
 treasury." Eng. Tram. p. 163, note. 
 
 P. xxx. 1. 8. — "Our own city." Omitted in the Greek; and so 
 probably for the same purpose below, vtrep ra>v op-oeOvrnv instead 
 of " for our people." 1. 20. 
 
 P. xxxi. 1. 8. — "Mannathus." The Greek has Ewaffa<s below, 
 on which Valesius remarks (')— "In the Greek Menology she is 
 called Manatho." Eng. Tram. p. 165. Ruinart observes— 
 "Hoc ipso die memorantur (i.e. Antoninus, Zebinas, et Ger- 
 manus) cum Ennatha virgine in Martyrol. Romano, acMenologio 
 Basilii Imp., sed in magnis Menseis et Menologio Canisii die 
 prascedenti. Porro hsnc omnia Menologia Nicephorum tribus his 
 martyribus adjiciunt, et pro Ennatha habent Manatho." Acta 
 Prim. Marlt. p. 327. See Baillet, Viet des Saintt, at the 13th of 
 
 November. 
 
 1. 23.—" And continuously Romans." This passage is 
 
 evidently corrupt, and it is difficult to understand it. I subjoin 
 the corresponding Greek -.—atpou* S ovv avO* Mafoivov 
 Buupona Kaff v /j*>v iravraxov ypa/ifiara icar errapxiav. vyep.ove'i 
 re Ktu irpoo-eri o tov arparvrrelav apxw eirvrerarnuvo<i, *. t. X. 
 
 1. 28.—" They urged the Logistse of the cities, and the mili- 
 tary commander, and the Tabular!!." On this Valesius notes (•)— 
 "I judge he means the Prefect of the Praetorium. For at that 
 time they took care of the military matters. Indeed, Eusebius's 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 67 
 
 following words are a sufficient evidence that the Prefect of the 
 • Praetorium is meant here. For he speaks of the injunctions and 
 public orders given to the Curators, Magistrates, and Tabularii 
 of every city : which orders were issued out by the Prefect of the 
 Praetorium only; as might be made to appear from several places. 
 See Book 9, ch. 1 & 9, where Eusebius speaks of Sabinus, 
 Prefect of the Prajtorium to Maximin." Eng. Trans, p. 165. 
 Concerning the LogistaB or Curators he writes (')— "The Curator 
 of the city was he, who looked after the Treasure and whatever 
 else belonged to the revenue of the city: this is manifest from the 
 Pandects of the Late. He is also called Logista (from the Greek 
 word \oyio-TTji, which is the term here in the original) in Lege 3, 
 Cod. de modo mulctandi. Hence Xoyuneveiv was used to signify 
 the performance of the Curator's office." See Ecc. Hist. b. viii. 
 c. 9; Eng. Tram. p. 146. Respecting the Tabularii he writes (*) — 
 " These officers had in their custody the public tables or rolls 
 of the cities, and looked after the accounts of the tribute. They 
 were first called Numerarii. Afterwards Valens made a law 
 that they should be called Tabularii." He then refers for further 
 information to his observations on Ammianus Marcellinus, ibid. 
 p. 165, which Heinichen has incorporated into his notes at this 
 place. 
 
 P. xxxii. 1. 18. — " They received sentence of death." The Greek 
 says this was passed upon them by Firmillianus. It also adds 
 that Zebinas was from Eleutheropolis. 
 
 1. 20. — "Antoninus." Valesius (*): — "In the Greeks' Menology 
 this man is called Antonius, where, besides Zebinas and Ger- 
 manus, there is a fourth companion of their's named, to wit, 
 Nicephorus. For the 12th day of November this passage 
 occurs : — The birthday of the holy Martyrs Antonius and his 
 fellows, who were in the times of Maximinus. Antonius was an 
 old man, Nicephorus, Zebinas, and Germanus were in the flower 
 of their age. They were taken at Casarea, and after they had 
 boldly confessed Christ, were slain. Here you see the author 
 of the Menology has rendered irpeo-fivrepot an old man, and 
 not a Presbyter." Ibid. p. 165. 
 
68 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 NOTKR. 
 
 C9 
 
 1. 23.—" A sister, one of the Lord's virgins , a chaste and 
 courageous maiden." For this the Greek has t« ywn nrap- 
 OtvuK ore^um kcu avm MKOTfi.^^n \ and also adds the name 
 Evvadat, omitted here in the Syriac. 
 
 j_ 30 «t Maxys." Greek Mofw. Ruinart, Acta Martt. p. 
 
 327, has this note :— " Haec vox Grseca non est. An a Syria 
 repetenda, apud quos mochot est pulicanus a casas increpare?" 
 Tliat is ««■*•» » from <»*•, but the form here is OfaOaaoa, which 
 seems rather to follow the Greek. 
 
 P. xxxiii. 1. 33.—" The stones shed tears," &c. This, which 
 doubtless was produced by natural causes, seemed miraculous to 
 Eusebius, more especially if he looked upon it as fulBlling a 
 prophecy of our Lord-Luke xix. 40: "I tell you, that if these 
 should hold their peace, the stones would immediately cry out. 
 Sec also Ilabak. ii. 11. Compare note p. 55 above. 
 
 P. xxxiv. 1. 12.-" Primus." The Greek is IIpo^, on which 
 Valesius observes (')—" In the Greek this man's name is Promus; 
 but I suppose it should be Probus, for I have never met with 
 such a proper name as Promus. This mistake rose from hence : 
 in antient MSS. Beta is usually written like My. In the Fuk. 
 and Sav. MSS. it is Probus." Evg. Trans, p. 166 ^ 
 
 p xxxv J i._« Peter, who was surnamed Absalom. In the 
 Greek he is called Herpo, aarcnr^, o «u A*****. Valesius 
 has this note : (<>-" Mention is made of this person in the Greek 
 Men*a at the 14th of October, although Eusebius says he 
 suffered on the 3d of the Ides of January. In the Menamm he 
 is called Auselamus, but in the Menology Anselamu. is, by a 
 mistake, put for Auselamus or Abselamus. The import of the 
 passage there is this :-' On the same day is the commemoration 
 of the holy Martyr Petrus Anselamus of Eleutheropohs who 
 being in the flower of his age and of a vigorous mind, behaved 
 himself most admirably in the conflicts he underwent for rehg.on , 
 and having despised earthly things, was by fire offered up «. 
 victim wefl pleasing to God in the sixth year of D.ocles.an s and 
 Maximian's empire. In which passage this is observable, th 
 1 sixth year o> Dioc.eWs empire is put for the sixth year of 
 
 the Persecution." See Eng. Trans, p. 166. Ruinart has pub- 
 lished Passio Sancti Petri Balsami, who, although some have 
 doubted the fact, can hardly be a different person from the one 
 here described as " as Peter, who was surnamed Absalom." See 
 Acta Prim. Martt. p. 501. The account is given by fiuillet in 
 the Vies des Saints at the 3d of January. 
 
 P. xxxvi. 1. 1. — " One who belonged to the heresy of Marcion." 
 The Greek gives the name Asclepius, omitted here. 
 
 1.6. — "Aia, a village which is on the confines of BetliGobrin." — 
 The Greek has Avea<t, Ka>/j.v<f riov opa>v EXevOepowoXem?. The 
 other Syriac version published by S. E. Assemani has i<J< which 
 he renders — " Ex agro Eleutheropolitano in vico Anea." Ada SS. 
 Martt. P. ii. p. 207. See Van de Velde — Eleutherojmlis : lielo- 
 gabra (Ptolemy xvi. 4), Betogabri, Bethgebrim; also Geberin of 
 the Crusaders, identified with great care by Robinson and Smith 
 (Bib. Res. 404 — 420, 642, seq.), with the Modern Beit-Jibrin. 
 Memoir to accompany the Map of the Holy Land, p. 309. 
 
 1. 1 1. — " The Confession of Pamphilus," &c. This account is 
 considerably abridged in the Greek. Valesius has the following, 
 note (") : — " Symeon Metaphrastes has transcribed this whole 
 relation of the Martyrdom of Pamphilus and his companions, 
 out of our Eusebius, adding some tilings and altering others, as 
 he usually does. But he seems to have been furnished with 
 more perfect copies of Eusebius, than those we now have; 
 which will manifestly appear to the reader, who may meet with 
 Metaphrastes' account hereof in the Latin version of him, which 
 Li pom annus and Surius put forth, Tome the third, at the 1st of 
 June, p. 139, Edit. Ven. at 1581." Emj. Tians. p. 166. This 
 account of Pamphilus and his companions still exists entire in 
 Greek. It was first printed from a Medicean MS. by D. 
 Papebrochius in the Acta Sanctorum, June, vol. i. p. 64. J. A. 
 Fabricius reprinted it in his edition of Ilippolytus' works, vol. ii. 
 j>. 217. Both of these learned men supposed it to have been an 
 extract of Eusebius' Life of Pamphilus, to which he frequently 
 refers in his Ecclesiastical History, and of which Jerome speaks. See 
 note, p. 78 below. It is quite evident that Metaphrastes had before 
 
• ' 
 
 70 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 him the same copy of the Martyrs of Palestine as this Syriac, with 
 some very slight variations. I have thought that it would 
 be useful, for the sake of comparison, to copy here the whole 
 of Lipomannus' Latin version after Metaphrastes in Surius, De 
 Probath Sanctorum Vilis, at the 1st of June : — 
 
 Certamen SS. Martyrum Pamphili et Sociorum ex Symeone 
 Metaphraste. 
 
 I. "Tempus in vita t ad omnibus enarrandum magnum et glorio- 
 sum spectaculum Pamphili et sociorum, virorum admirabilium, 
 cum eo consummatorum, et qui ostenderunt multiplicia certamina 
 pietatis. Atque cum pluriini in nobis cognita persecution se 
 fortiter gesserint, eorum de quibus agimus rarissimun certamen 
 quod nos cognovimus, conscripsimus, quod in se simul onine genus 
 setatis et corporis et animi vitaBque diversorum studiorum est 
 complexum, variis tormentorum generibus, et diversis in perfecto 
 martyrio coronis exornatum. Licebat enim videre quosdam ado- 
 lescentes et pueros, atque adeo plane infantes, ex illis qui erant ex 
 ipsis, alios autom pubescentes, cum qnibus erat Porphyrius, 
 corpore simul vigentes et prudentia, nempe milii carissimum 
 Jamn item Paulum, Seleucumque et Julianum, qui am bo orti 
 erant ex terra Cappadocum. Erant autem inter eos sacris 
 quoque canis et profunda ornati senectute, Valens quidam 
 diaconus ecclesiaa Hierosolyinitanaj, et cui verum nomen 
 obtigerat, Theodulus. 
 
 II. Atque haec quidem fuit in eis setatum varietas. Animis 
 autem inter se difierebant. Nam alii quidem erant rudiores, 
 utpote pueri, et quibus erat ingenium adhuc tenerius et sim- 
 plicius, alii vero severi et morum gravitate procditi. Erant 
 autem inter eos quoque nonnulli disciplinarum sacrarum non 
 ignari. Aderat vero omnibus congenita, insignis et admira- 
 bilis animi fortitude Veluti autem quoddam in die resplendens 
 luminare in astris fulgentibus, in medio eorum eminebat meus 
 Doininus, non est enim fas mihi aliter appellare divinum et plane 
 beatissimum Pamphilum. Is enim et eruditionem, quae habetur 
 apud Graecos in admiratione, non modice attigerat.et in divinorum 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 71 
 
 dogmatum et divinitns inspiratarum scripturarum eruditione, si 
 quid audacius, sed verum dicendum est, ita erat exercitatus, ut 
 nullus asque ex iis qui erant suo tempore. Quod autem erat his 
 longe majus et praestantius, habebat donum, nempe domi natam, 
 vel potius ei a Deo datam, intelligentiam et sapientiam. 
 
 III. Et quod ad animum quidem attinet, omnes ita se habebant 
 Vita; autem conditions et conversationis erat inter eos plurimadiffe- 
 rentia, cum Pamphilus quidem duceret genus secundum carnem ex 
 iis qui erant honesto loco nati, fuisset autem insignis in repub- 
 lic* gerenda in patria sua; Seleucus vero fuisset insigniter ornatns 
 militiae dignitatibus; alii autem nati essent ex mediocri etcommuni 
 loco. Non erat eorum chorus nee extra servilem conditionem. Nam 
 et ex praesidis domo in eorum numerum relatus erat Tlieodulus, et 
 Porphyrius, qui specie quidem erat Pamphili famulus ; is autem 
 ipsum affectione habebat loco fratris, vel germani potius filii, ut 
 qui nihil omitteret, quo minus imitaretur dominum. Quid 
 aliud ? Si quis dixerit in summa, eos ecclesiastici coatus typum 
 esse complexos, is non procul abfuerit a veritate, cum inter eos 
 presbyterio quidem dignatus esset Pampliilus ; Valens vero dia" 
 conatu, et alii sortiti essent locum eorum, qui e multitudine con- 
 sue verunt legere, et confessionibus per fortissimara flagrorum 
 tolerantiam diu ante in martyrio praeclarissime se gessisset Se- 
 leucus, et militaris dignitatis amissionem fortiter excepisset, et 
 reliqui deinde per catechumenos et fideles reliquam implerent 
 similitudinem innumerabilis ecclesiae, ut in parva imagine. 
 
 IV. Sic adspexi admirabilem tarn multorum et talium martyrum 
 electionem,qui etsi non essent multi numero, nullus tamen aberat ex 
 iis ordinibus, qui inveniuntur inter homines. Quomodo autem lyra, 
 qua? multas habet chordas,. et ex chordis constat dissimilibus, 
 acutis et gravibus, remissisque et intensis, et mediis, arte musica 
 concinne adaptatis omnibus, eodem modo in his adolescentes 
 simul et senes, servi simul et liberi, eruditi et rudes, obscuri 
 generis homines, ut multis videbatnr, et gloria insignes, fideles 
 simul cum catechumenis, et diaconi simul cum presbyteris. 
 Qui omnes tanquam a sapientissimo musico, nempe Dei verbo 
 unigenito, varie pulsati, et qua? erat in ipsis potentia; unus- 
 qiiisfpie per tormentorum tolerantiam. hor est confessionem, 
 
72 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 ostendentes virtutem, et clarissimos numerososqun, ct concinnos 
 sonos edentes in judiiciis, uno et eodem fine in primis piain 
 et longe sapientissimam, per Martyrii consummationem, Deo 
 universorum impleverunt melodiam. 
 
 V. Opera pretium autem est admirari virorum quoque 
 numerum, qui significat propheticam quamdam et apostolicam 
 gratiam. Contigit enim omnes esse duodecim, quo numero 
 patriarclias et prophctas et apostolos fuisso accepimus. Non 
 est autem proetermittendn uniuscujusque singulatim laboriosa 
 fortitudo, laterura lacerationes, et cum pilis caprinis laceratarum 
 corporis partium attritiones, et flagella immedicabilia, multi- 
 pliciaque et varia torments, gravesque et toleratu difficiles 
 cruciatus, quos, jubente judice, manibus et pedibus infligentes 
 satellites, vi cogebant martyres aliquid facere coram qua? 
 
 prohibita. 
 
 VI. Quid opus est dicere memorise perpetuo mandandas 
 voces virorum divinorum, quibus labores nihil curantes, la?to 
 et alacri vultu respondebant judicis iuterrogationibus, in ipsis 
 tormentis ridentes viriliter, et bonis moribus ludificantes ejus 
 percontationes ? Cum enim rogasset undenam essent, mit- 
 tentes dicere, quam in terris habebant civitatem, ostendebant 
 earn, qufc vere est eorum patria, dicentes se esse' ex Hierusalem. 
 Indicabant vero eadem sententia Dei quoque caclestem, ad quam 
 tendebant, civitatem, et alia quae sunt ejusmodi, ignota quidem et 
 quae non possunt perspici ab iis, qui sacras literas non gustarunt, 
 eis autem solis qui a fide divina sunt incitati, aperta adducebant. 
 Propter quae judex indignatus, et valde animo cruciatus, et plane 
 quid ageret dubius, varia, ne vinceretur, in eos operabatur. 
 Deinde cum a spe cecidisset, concessit unicuique auferre praemia 
 victoria?. Erat autem varius modus eorum mortis, cum duo 
 quidem inter eos catechumeni, consummati sint baptismo ignis, 
 alius vero fuerit traditus figurae salutaris passionis, qui autem 
 erat mihi carus, fuerit diversis braviis redimitus. 
 
 VII. Atque haec quidem dixerit quispiam, horum magis faciens 
 universam mentionem, singulatim autem unumquemque perse- 
 quens.merito beatum pronuntiarit eum,qui in choro primum locum 
 obtinet Is antem erat Pamphilus, vir revera pins, et omnium, ut 
 
 NOTF.9. 
 
 7.'5 
 
 srmel dicam, amicus et familiarm, re ipsa nomen silti iinpnsitum 
 vcrum esse ostendens, Caesariensium ecclesias ornamentum. Nam 
 presby terorum quoque cathedram, cum esset presbyter, lionestabat, 
 ut qui gimul ornaret ministerium et ex eo ornaretur. Quinetiam 
 aliis quoque erat divinus et divina? particeps inspirationis, quo- 
 niam tota sua vita fuit maximo insignis virtute, inultum quidem 
 jubens valere delicias et copiam divitiamm, cum se totum dedi- 
 casset Dei verbo, renuntians quidem iis qua) ad ipsum redibant a 
 majoribus, nudis, mancis, et pauperibus omnia distribnit Ipse 
 autem degit in vita, quay nihil possidebat, per valentissimam 
 exercitationem, diviuam pcrsequens philosophiam. Atque ortus 
 quidem erat ex Berytensium civitate, ubi in prima aetate educatus 
 fuerat in illis, quaB illic erant, studiis litterariis. Postquam autem 
 ejus providentia ad virilera pervenisset a?tatem, transiit ab iis ad 
 sacrarum litterarum scientiam. Assumpsit vero mores divina? 
 et propheticae vitae, et ipse se verum Dei martyrem exhibuit 
 etiam ante ultimum vitae finein. Sod talis quidem erat 
 Pamphilus. 
 
 VIII. Secundus autem post ipsum accessit Valens ad certamen, 
 qui senili, ct qua? decet sacerdotem, erat ornatus canitie, ipsoque 
 aspectu venerandus et sacro-sanctus senex ; qui etiam divinarum 
 scripturarum sciens, ut si quis alius, eas quidem certe ita erat 
 complexus memoria, ut a lectione nihil discreparent, quae memo- 
 rife mandate ab eo conservabantur, sacrosanctorum discipulorum 
 promissiones. Erat autem diaconus, etsi esset hujusmodi, 
 ecclesife Eliensium. 
 
 Tertius in eorum numerum relatus erat Piuilus, qui, vir acerri- 
 mus et spiritu fervens, agnoscebatur ex civitate Iamnitarum : qui 
 etiam in martyrio per cauterii tolerantiam susceperat certamen 
 confessionis. 
 
 IX. His in carcere duobus annis contritis, martyrii occasio 
 fiiit VKgyptiorum adventus, qui etiam cum eis fuere con- 
 summati. Ii autem cum vel sic valde afflicti, in metallis usque 
 ad loca pervenissent, domum revertebantur. Qui, cum in in— 
 gressu porta? Caesariensium interrogati essent a custodibus, quinam 
 essent et unde venirent, et nihil veri celassent, dixissent autem se 
 
 L 
 
74 
 
 NOTKfl. 
 
 esse Christianos ; perinde ac malefici in Ipso furto deprehensi, 
 vincti sunt et comprehens! : erant vero quinque numero. Ad 
 Prsesidem autem adducti, et coram eo libere locuti, in vincula 
 quidem statim conjiciuntur : die autem sequente, qui erat sextus 
 decimus mensis Peritii, more vero Romano quartus decimus 
 Calend. Martii, hos ipsos cum Pamphilo et sociis adducunt ad 
 Firmillianun. Ille autem .ZEgyptiorum solum periculum fecit 
 ante tormenta, omni ratione eos exercens. Atque eorum quidem 
 principem, quum adduxisset in medium, rogavit quisnam esset, et 
 unde? Qui cum pro proprio nomine quoddam propheticum au- 
 disset (hoc autem fiebat ante alia, ut qui pro patriis eis irapositis 
 idolicis nominibus sibi prophetica nomina impossuissent, ut qui 
 Eliam, et Hieremiam, Esaiam, Samuelem et Danielem ipsi 
 seipsos nominarent, et qui est in occulto, Judaeum et germanum 
 Israelitem, non solum factis, Bed etiam vocibus proprie enunciatis 
 judicarent). 
 
 X. Cum tale ergo Judex audivisset a martyre, vim autem 
 nominis non attendisset, secundo rogavit, quaenam esset ejus 
 patria? Ille vero ceelestem Hierusalem dixit esse suam pa- 
 triam, illam intelligens de qua dictum est Paulo. ' Qua sur- 
 sum est Jerusalem est libera, quaB est mater nostra.' Et * acces- 
 sistis ad montem Sion et civitatem Dei viventis, Hierusalem cse- 
 lestem.' Et hie quidem hanc cogitabat : ille autem humi suam 
 abjiciens cogitationem, quaenam haec esset, et ubi ten-arum sita 
 esset, accurate perscrutabatur, atque adeo ei etiam inferabat tor- 
 menta, ut verum fateretur. Hie vero dum torqueretur, se verum 
 dixisse affirmabat. Deinde eo hsec rursus et ssepe sciscitante 
 quaenam esset, et ubi sita esset dicta civitas Hierusalem ? solum 
 dicebat earn esse patriam Christianorum ; nullos enim alios 
 prseter eos esse ejus participes, sitam autem esse ad orientem et 
 ad ipsam lucem et solem. Atque hie quidem rursus per haec 
 mente sua philosophabatur, nihil sentiens eos, qui circumcirca 
 ipsnm tormentis afficiebant Tanquam autem carnis expers et 
 incorporeus, nihil videbatur pati molestum. Judex vero animi 
 dubius, odio cruciabatur, et existimans Christianos hanc sibi 
 civitatem, qua? esset infesta Romanis, constituisse, valde urgebat 
 
 "" 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 75 
 
 '■ 
 
 tormentis, et curiose scrutabatur earn, quae dicta fuerat, civitatem, 
 et quae est in Oriente, inquirebat regionem. Cum autem ado- 
 lescentem, diu caesum flagellis, videret non posse dimoveri ab iis, 
 quae prius dixerat, statuit in eum ferre sententiam capitis. 
 
 XI. Et in eum quidem res hoc modo processit : reliquos autem 
 -^Egyptios cum simili palaestra exercicuisset, similem quoque in eos 
 fert sententiam. Deinde cum ab his transisset ad Pamphilum, 
 accepit quod ii jam prius essent plurima expert! tormenta. Ab- 
 surdum autem esse arbitratus, eosdem iisdem rursus afficere tor- 
 mentis, et frustra laborare, hoc solum est percontatus, an nunc 
 saltern obedirent ? Cum vero ab unoquoque eorum andiisset 
 ultimam vocein martyrii, in eos similiter fert sententiam capitis. 
 
 XII. Nondum autem dictum universmn absolverat, et alicunde 
 exclamat quidam adolcsccns ex familia Pamphili, et ex media 
 turba accedens in medium eorum, qui circumsidebant judicium, 
 alta voce corpora eorum petiit sepulturaj. Is autem erat beatus 
 Porpliyrius, Pamphili germanum pecus, nondum totos octodecim 
 annos natus, recte scribendi scientia? peritus, modestia vero 
 morum has laudes celans, ut qui a tali viro fuisset institutus. Is, 
 postquam adversus dominum latam cognovit sententiam, excla- 
 rnavit ex media multitudine, Corpora rogo, ut humi mandentur. 
 Ille autem non homo, Bed fera, et quavis fera agrestior, neque 
 honcstam et ration! consentaneam admittens petitionem, neque 
 juvenili astati dans veniam, cum hoe solum intcllexisset, eum 
 fateri se esse Christianum, jubet tortoribus ut totis viribus in 
 eum uterentur. Cum vero, eo jubente, sacrificare recusassct vir 
 admirandus, non utique tanquam ciirnem hominis, sed tanquam 
 lapides et lignum, aut aliquid aliud inanimum usque ad ipsa ossa 
 et ima viscera jubet eum torquere et corpus ejus credere. Cum 
 autem hoc diu fieret, agnovit se hoc frustra aggredi, cum pi - o- 
 pemodum mutum et inanimum effectum esset corpus generoso 
 Martyri. Perseverans vero Judex in saevitia et inhuniaiiitate, 
 iubet latera tormentis exagitata, pilorum textis amplius atteri. 
 Deinde cum sic eum cepisset satietas et furore esset exsatiatus, 
 pronunciat sententiam ut tradatur lento et molli igni. Atque hie 
 
76 
 
 N0TE8. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 77 
 
 quidem, cum ante Pamphili.consummationem postremus acces- 
 sisset, prior e corpore excessit ad Dominum. 
 
 XIII. Licebat autem videre Porphyrium, non secus affectum 
 quam victorem in sacris certaminibus, qui in omnibus pugnis eva- 
 serat superior, corpore pulverulentum, vultu latum, audenter et 
 exultando ad mortem progredientem, re vera plenum divino spiritu. 
 Philosophico autem liabitu buo indumento amictus instar Buper- 
 humeralis, rursum aspiciena et omnia humana despiciens, sicut 
 vitam mortalem, quieto animo accedit ad rogum. Cum jam flamma 
 ei appropinquaret, et tanquam nihil ei adesset molestum, sana 
 mente et nulla aflecta perturbatione de rebus suis mandavit suis 
 necessariis, adhuc vultum et universum corpus ketum conservans 
 et immutatum. Postquam autem notos suos satis allocutus, eos 
 valere jussit, jam de caetero contendebat ad Dominum. Cum 
 vero rogus, satis longo spatio disjunctus, circa eum esset accensus, 
 liinc et illinc ore llammam arripiebat, se ipsuin incitana ad iter 
 j>ropositum. Hoc autem faciebat nihil aliud quam Jesutn invo- 
 cans. Tale est ccrtamcn Porphyrii. 
 
 XIV. Cum ejus autem consummations Pamphilo nuncius fuis- 
 eet Seleucus, dignus habetur, cui sors eadem cum eis obtingeret. 
 Cum primum itaque renuntiasset Pamphilo exitum Porphyrii, 
 et uno osculo salutasset Martyres, comprehendunt eum milites et 
 ducunt ad Prajsidem. Ille autem perinde ac urgens, ut ipse 
 abiret simul cum prioribus, jubet eum affici supplicio capitis. 
 Is erat ex regione Cappadocum, cum autem militia se pracclare 
 gessisset, ad non parvos gradus dignitatum pervenerat in Romano 
 exercitu. Quin etiam statura, viribusque et magnitudine cor- 
 poris, reliquos omnes longe superabat : ipso quoque aspectu erat 
 omnibus suspiciendus, et tota forma corporis plane admirabilis, 
 tain propter niagnitudinem quam propter pulchritudinem. Atque 
 in principio quidem persecutionis, per flagellorum perpessionem 
 clarus extitit in certaminibus confessionis. Postquam autem 
 fuerat liberatus a militia, seipsum constituens aemulatorem eorum, 
 qui se exercent in pietnte, efficitur Christi germanus miles, or-^ 
 phanonun deseitonun et viduamni, quae carebant prawidio, 
 
 eorumque qui paupertate opprimebantur et imbecillitate, tanquam 
 episcopus quispiam et procurator, curain gerens et instar dili- 
 gentis et soliciti patris, omnium, qui abjecti erant, labores 
 recreans et affectiones. Quamobrem merito Deo his magis 
 tatante quam qua? per fumum et sanguinem fiunt, sacrificiis, 
 dignus fuit habitus consummatione, qua) fit per martyrium. Hie 
 decimus athleta cum iis, qui dicti sunt, consummate fuit uno 
 eodemque die : in quo, ut est consentaneum, maxima Pampliili 
 martyrio porta coelorum aperta, facilis et expeditus ei fuit aditus 
 regni coelorum. 
 
 XV. Seleuci institit vestigiis Thcodulus quidam, venerandus 
 ct pius senex, qui primum honoris locum obtinuerat inter servos 
 praesidis, et morum et astatis gratia, et quod trium filiorum esset 
 pater, et maxime propter benevolentiam quam conservabat in 
 suos. Is autem, cum similiter fecisset atque Seleucus, et quendam 
 ex martyribus salutasset osculo, adducitur ad dominum. Quern 
 cum magis ad iram irritasset quam alii, salutaris passionis cruci 
 traditus, subiit martyrium. 
 
 XVI. Cum post hos unus adhuc restaret, qui inter eos, qui 
 dicti sunt, numerum impleret duodecimuni, eum impleturus 
 aderat Julianus. Is, cum ea ipsa hora rediisset ex peregri- 
 natione, ne ingressus quidem civitatem, ita ut erat ex itinere 
 hoc audita profectus ad videndos martyres, postquam adspexit 
 sanctorum corpora humi jacentia, gaudio repletus, unumquemque 
 amplcctitur, omnes salutans osculo. Eo autem adhuc agente, 
 eum comprehendunt lictores et adducunt ad prrcsidem. Im- 
 pius vero suo institute faciens consentanea, eum quoque tradit 
 lento igni. Sic itaque Julianus lietans et exultans, et magna 
 voce Deo, qui tantis bonis eum erat dignatus, agens gratias 
 assumptus fuit in choros martyrum. Erat autem is quoque 
 genere quidem Cappadox, moribus plenus quidem pietate, plenus 
 et fide, vir mitis et mansuetus, et alioqui vir bonus, et spiralis 
 bonum odorem Sancti Spiritus. Tanta turba comitatus, dignatus 
 fuit consummatione martyrii cum bcatissimo Pamphilo. 
 
 Et quatuor qiudem dies et totidem noctes jussu Firmilliani 
 sanctissima martyrum corpora exposita fuerunt bestiis carnivoris. 
 
78 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 Cum autem Dei providentia nihil ad eos accessisset, non fera, 
 non avis, non aliquid aliud, sed sarin permansissent et integra, 
 justum et convenientem honorem consecuta, consueta) mandata 
 sunt sepulturso, reposita in pulchris templorum sedibus, et sacris 
 traditae oratoriis ad perpetuam memoriam, ut honorarentur a 
 populo, ad gloriam Ghristi, veri Dei nostri." 
 
 P. xxxvi. ]. 13. — " Theophilus." An error of the scribe for 
 Theodulus. It is given correctly in the narrative below. 
 
 1. 15. — " Being in number eight" And so the names enu- 
 merated above are eight ; but there were really twelve. See pp. 
 38 and 44. The Greek, which is here a good deal abridged, 
 has at the beginning, ScoSexa 8* rjvav oi Trainee. 
 
 1. 28. — " Youths and boys." Papebrochius corrects here the 
 error of Lipomannus — " Adolescentes et pueros atque adeo plane 
 infantes.'' See Hippolyti Opera, curante J. A. Fabricio, vol. ii. 
 p. 217. I have not the Ada Martyrum at hand, and therefore 
 cite the reprint of the Acta of Pamphilus and his companions 
 by Fabricius. When I use the term the other Greek, I mean 
 these Acts, in contradistinction to the Greek, which I have used 
 in these notes to signify the abridgement found in the Eccle- 
 siastical History of Eusebius. 
 
 1. 29. — " Porphyrius.'' The Syriac has by mistake here 
 ^^CATA , "Porphon." 
 
 1. 32. — " Iamna." " Jamnia sive Jamna urbs maritima Pa- 
 laestinae, haud procul a Joppe, sed totis 20 leueis horariis dissita 
 a Cassarea, cujus Archiepiscopo subest : etiam urbs maritima in 
 confiniis Phoenicia?." Papebrochius. Ibid, p. 218. 
 
 I. 36. — " Conformable to his name, Theodulus." That is, 
 Servant of Cod. 
 
 P. xxxvii. 1. 7. — "But like the sun My Lord Pamphilus." 
 
 Eusebius speaks of him several times in his Ecc. Hist Book vi. 
 chap. 32, he says: — "But what necessity is there at present 
 to write an exact catalogue of this man's works, which 
 requires a work itself, which we have also written in our 
 History of ramphilus's life, the blessed martyr of our times. 
 
 79 
 
 \ 
 
 ■i 
 
 '\ 
 
 Tn vvluch, endeavouring to prove how groat Pampliilus's care 
 and lovo towards sacred .learning was, we have published 
 the catalogue of Origen's works, and of several other eccle- 
 siastical writers which he collected." Eng. Trans, p. 107. 
 And in the next chapter :-« But what things concerning him 
 are necessary to be known, may be read at large in that Apology 
 for him which was written by me and Pamphilus, the holy martyr 
 of our times, which we conjointly composed." Ibid, In book 
 vii. ch. 33. « In this man's ( Agapius) times we knew Pamphilus, 
 a most eloquent man and a true philosopher in the practices of 
 his life, honoured with a presbytership of that church (Casarea). 
 To declare what a person this man was, and whence descended, " 
 would be a copious subject But all things relating to his life, 
 the school he founded, the conflicts which, during the time of 
 persecution, he underwent in several confessions, and lastly, the 
 crown of martyrdom with which he was encircled, we have fully 
 declared- in a peculiar work. Indeed, this Pamphilus was 
 the most admirable person of all that lived here." Valesius's 
 note ('). Christophorson takes these words to signify one book 
 only. But Eusebius wrote three books of the life of Pamphilus, 
 which Hieromynus attesteth in his book, Be Scriptoribus Eccle- 
 siasticis, and in his Apology against Ruffinus. Ibid. p. 138. 
 Book viii. c 13— "Amongst which number we must in no wise 
 omit the mention of Pamphilus the Presbyter, the most ad- 
 mirable person in our age, and the greatest ornament of the 
 Church of Caesarea, whose fortitude and courageous exploits we 
 will declare at a fit and convenient opportunity." Valesius 
 remarks (')— " I must indeed confess that in the Max., Med., Fuk., 
 and Savil MSS, the reading is (aveyayjra/j,ev, we have declared) ; 
 but if that reading be true, Eusebius must mean his Books con- 
 cerning the life of Pamphilus the Martyr, which, as we before 
 observed, he wrote before his Ecclesiastical History, Ibid. p. 148. 
 See the former part of this note which I have quoted above, 
 p. 49. Seo also what Eusebius says in the Confession of Dom- 
 ninus, p. 25, above. The Greek, in the account of Pamphilus, 
 here adds : — " This person's other virtues and egregious per- 
 
80 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 formanccs, whicli require a larger relation, we have already 
 comprised in three Book*, being a particular work which we 
 wrote concerning his life. On this Valesius remarks ('):— 
 " Moreover, hence we make this manifest conclusion, that the 
 Book concerning the Martyrs of Palestine was Eusobius's own 
 work, written by him after his Books concerning Pamphilus's 
 life, and after his Ecclesiastical History." Eng. Tram. p. 166. 
 We must bear in mind that this observation of Valesius applies 
 to the abridged form of the Martyrs of Palestine, and not to the 
 original copy ; for the passage upon which he founds his con- 
 clusions does not exist, either in the Syriac or the other Greek. 
 It therefore affirms that the abridgment was made by Euse- 
 bius himself. The Confession of Pamphilus is given by Baillet, 
 Vie des Saints, at the 1st of June. 
 
 1. 10.—" Without styling him My Lord." Upon referring to 
 the Syriac here it is seen that Simeon Metaphrastes, whom Lipo- 
 mannus followed in translating "non est mihi fasaliter appellare^ 
 had erepov correctly ; and that the reading eraipov of the other 
 Greek is wrong. See Papebrochius' note in Hipp. Oper. vol. ii. 
 p. 218. 
 
 1. 23. — " Porphyrius." His martyrdom and that of those who 
 suffered with him is given by Baillet, Vie des Saints, Feb. 17. 
 
 1. 36. — " His dismissal from his command in the army." Lac- 
 tantius speaks of the order of Diocletian respecting the dismissal 
 of soldiers who professed Christianity thus: — "Tunc ira furens, 
 sacrificare non eos tantum qui sacris ministrabant, sed universos 
 qui erant in palatio, jussit, et in eos, si detractassent, verberibus 
 animadvert!; datisque ad Prsepositos litteris, etiam milites cogi 
 ad nefanda sacrificia pneccpit, ut qui non paruissent, militia 
 solverentur." See Be Morlibus Persecutorum, ch. x. 
 
 P. rxx viii. 1. 6. — " They bore the semblance of a many-stringed 
 harp." Eusebius uses the same comparison inhisTheophania, bk. i. 
 ch. 28:— oeo rrtiA A\oSo:i=s r^as^jAw r£=a\a«- A*^oo oeo 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 81 
 
 eaLaOol.l K&OSOjJSaMO r^.-u»LirC' pe'AxO'uijoQ r^LaAO-i 
 jtA*Avr*T rd3L^oi .imA r<*«sOr^.1 K&CUbaua f<i>CVa.^io 
 ■Is..! i^cnXr^.i K'.taji-o rd=>i ,cnc.Aur<r reUriwo 
 which Dr. Lee translates as follows : — 
 
 " This sensible world is therefore, not unlike the lyre of many 
 strings, consisting of many dissimilar portions: of acute and grave, 
 lax and intense ; and of others between these, all well combined 
 together by the art of the musician. Such, then, is also this 
 (universe), collected (as it is) into one compound, consisting of 
 many parts, and many compositions ; of cold at once, and warm 
 its opposite; and of matter, wet and dry. It is, moreover, a 
 mighty vessel, and is the work of the God of all." See Eusebius, 
 Bishop of Ceesarea, on the Theophania, translated by S. Lee. 
 8vo. Cambridge, 1843, p. 18. 
 
 1. 19.—" Like the prophets." He means the Twelve Minor 
 Prophets. 
 
 1. 20. — " Nor is it fit that we should omit." So also the Latin 
 version of Lipomannus. The other Greek is corrupt here, reading 
 ov irepv erepwv. 
 
 P. xxxix. I. 6. — "The baptism of fire." Martyrdom for the sake 
 of Christ was held in antient times to supply the place of baptism 
 to those who had not yet received that sacrament. It was gene- 
 rally called the " Baptism of Blood." Thus Cyprian, letter 57, 
 to Cornelius : — " Qui martyrium tollit, sanguine suo batizatur." 
 Edit. Dodwell, Amst. 1691,p.ll8. And73,to Jubaianus: — "San- 
 guine autem suo baptizatos et passione sanctificatos consummari, 
 et divinaj pollicitationis gratiam consequi ; declarat in Evangelio 
 idem Dominus." Ibid. p. 208. Exhort, ad Mart. : — " Nos tan- 
 tum, qui, Domino permittente, primum baptisma credentibus de- 
 dimus, ad aliud quoque singulos preeparemus, insinuantes et 
 docentes hoc esse baptisma in gratia majus, in postestate sub- 
 limius, in honore pretiosius: baptisma in quo angeli baptizant, 
 baptisma in quo Deus et Christus ejus exultant, baptisma post 
 
 M 
 
82 
 
 NOTKH. 
 
 quod nemo jam peccat, baptisma quod fidei nostra incrementa 
 consummat, baptisma quod nos de mundo recedentes statim Deo 
 copulat In aqua? baptismo accipitur peccatorum remissa, in 
 sanguinis corona virtutum. Ibid. p. 168. See also Bingham 
 Antiquil. Book 10, cli. 2, s. 20, and other passages cited by him. 
 St Cyril of Jerusalem, Cat. 3, ch. 10 :— et /itj t»<? \a/3oi to 
 /3airr«r/Mt, aa>rt}piav ovk ex«> vXr > v t L0Vtav l ul P TV P 0>v > ot KM 
 X<opt<! rov u8<rro<? Xap-ftavovo-i rt)v flao-iXeuiv. Eusebius speaks 
 also of llerais, a catechumen, receiving baptism by fire, Book 6, 
 ch. 4 : —/cat fwatxav 6" Hpai<i eri Karrrxpvp.€vv to fiairruriia, m 
 <prj(Tiu -rrov avrot, to Sta irvpoi Xafiovtra rov fitov e^e\ri\v0ev. 
 
 1. 8.—" But Pamphilus, that name different from these." 
 
 The other Greek varies here from the Syriac. See Lipomannus's 
 Translation above, vii. 
 
 1. U.—" In communion with the Spirit of God." The other 
 Greek, Oeias fLere-)(a>v ep.Trv€vo-eo><:. 
 
 1. 24.—" Men seeking perfection." Other Greek, re\eiov<t avBpat. 
 
 1. 26.—" Martyrdom." The other Greek adds here, a\\' o /iev 
 
 Ila/MplXoS TOtOVTOt 1JV. 
 
 1. 27.—" Vales." There is added here in the Greek, " a deacon 
 of JElia." This had been stated of him before in the part 
 omitted from the Greek, " a deacon of the Church of Jeru- 
 salem." See p. 37, 1. 35, above. 
 
 p_ x ]. 1. 4.— "In prison." The other Greek has cm tt;? 
 lepyrvs, which Papebrochius has corrected after Metaphrastes from 
 Lipomannus's translation in carcere, to ti?s eipicrnt. 
 
 1 # 33. « Our Mother in whom we confess is the Holy 
 
 Church." The Greek here, as in Gal. iv. 26, »jt« ecnv prrrnp 
 V pxov; and adds, Heb. xii. 12, wpo^XrjKvdare Smv op*, <cat 
 ■rroXei &eov ?o>kto?, Iepovo-a\ VH , eirovpavup, and so the other 
 Greek and Lipomannus' version. See p. 74 above. 
 
 P. xli. 1. 3.—" In what country was that Jerusalem." At the 
 time when these events took place, there was no city known to 
 the Romans by the name of Jerusalem; otherwise, as Valesms 
 observes, Firmillianus, president of Palestine, would never have 
 been so earnest in his inquiries of the martyrs where Jeru- 
 
 NOTF.8. 
 
 83 
 
 salem was situated. Eusebius writes, Book 4, ch. 6 : — " From 
 that time the whole nation was altogether interdicted to enter 
 into the country about Jerusalem, the law, edict, and sanctions of 
 Adrian having commanded them that they should not so much 
 as from afar off behold their paternal soil. Ariston of Pella relates 
 this. Thus the city being destitute of the Jewish nation, and 
 wholly cleared of its old inhabitants, was possessed by foreigners, 
 who dwelt there, and afterwards made a Roman city ; and 
 changing its name, was, in honour of the Emperor Mliw 
 Adrianus, called ASlia." Valesius, in his note on this place, 
 says (*) : — " Eusebius is here doubly mistaken ; both in that 
 he says Jerusalem was wholly destroyed in Adrian's time ; and 
 also because he thought JEWa, Capitolina was built by the same 
 Adrian after the siege of Betthera. — Mlia Capitolina was built 
 long before ; to wit, in the second year of Adrian : from whose 
 times to those of Constantine the Great it was always called 
 JElia. But from the time of Constantine the Great it recovered 
 again the name of Jerusalem, both upon account of the honour 
 of that name, and also because of its prerogative, being the 
 first episcopal seat." See Eng. Trans, p. 52. 
 
 P. xlii. 1. 7. — " Wretch savage brute." Such epithets as 
 
 this, and others — " that bitter viper," p. 1 2, " fierce wild beast,' 
 p. 49, when applied to the persecutors of the Christians, are not 
 peculiar to Eusebius. Cyprian calls Nero, execrabilis ac nocens 
 tyrannus, bestia mala ; and Decius, execrabile animal : also he 
 calls Diocletianus, Maximinianus Herculius, and Galerius Maxi- 
 minianus, tret acerbissimte bettia;. See De morlt. Pen. ch. 4, 
 9, 16, &c. 
 
 1. 24. — " Weak in body." Syriac, A«ww cuiyft-i. The 
 other Greek, xetcovifievov to o-co/ia, and Lipomannus, corpnre 
 puherulenlum. Perhaps originally the translation was \n*«i , 
 afterwards altered by a transcriber. 
 
 1. 28. — " Having put on his cloak like a philosopher, with 
 his shoulder uncovered." Valesius has this Note on Book 6, 
 ch. 19 of Ecc Hist (') :— " The philosopluc habit was the 
 
i. 
 
 84 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 pallium or cloak, which was the usual badge of the Greek 
 philosophers, different from that which was worn by the ordi- 
 nary Greeks, which those Christians still kept to, who, before 
 their conversion, were philosophers." — See Eng. Trans, p. 101. 
 And on this place (") : — " This garment is in the Greek termed 
 c£o>/u7: see its description, A. Gellius, Book 7, ch. 12." ibid. 
 p. 168. 
 
 P. xliv. 1. 2. — " The father of three generations.'' The Greek, 
 Ta) Tptr/oveuis irarepa leaOtcrravai, and the other Greek, Sut rpi- 
 yoveia<; amov irarepa KaOecrravau On which Papebrochius 
 observes : — " Trium filiorum patribus pramia apud Romanos fuisse 
 proposita notius est quam ut hie moneri debeat, atque id hie dici 
 credo rpvyoveui<s irarepa. Valesius, tamen aliter vertit quod 
 terti<B jam ttirpis nepotes Iiaberet." See Hippol. Opera, vol. ii. 
 p. 224. 
 
 1. 19. — " Officers," here " Qusestionarii," as above, p. 55. 
 The Greek is, in this place, ot ra>v <pova>v Siaicovou 
 
 1. 27. — " There was also in him a glorious savour of the 
 Holy Spirit." Greek, irveenv avrov aytov rrvevfiaro?; and tlie 
 other Greek, rrveav «va>8ta? ayiov irvevptaro^. 
 
 1. 36. — " Without the permission of the Governor." Omitted 
 \n the Greek. 
 
 P. xlv. 1. 1. — "And were laid in the interior of the Churches 
 
 with God." This passage is not found in the abridged Greek, 
 
 but it is in the other Greek. Upon which Papebrochius has the 
 following note : " Deest hsec clansula in historia : quam tamem 
 Eusebio abjudicaro nihil nos cogit, qui vitam Pamphili acque ac 
 Historiam Ecclesiasticam scripsit, cum jam Constantinus lege 
 lata permisisset Christianis sacras aedes condere et Martyrum 
 corpora eis inferre." See Hippol. Opera, vol. ii. p. 224. 
 
 1.13. — "OfBatanea," w'tAy-).'!. Greek, arro Maiyyaveia<;. 
 
 1. 32. " He was the last in Ca;sarea." The Greek 
 
 here adds the account of Firmillianus having been put to death 
 by the sword; and then a chapter concerning what happened 
 to the prelates of the Church. 
 
 NOTE8. 
 
 85 
 
 P. xlvi. L 1.—" The confession of Paulus," &c. The name in 
 the Greek is IlijXew, both in this place and in Ecc Hist, 
 Book 8, ch. 13. „ 
 
 1. 9. — " Phreno." Eusebius has described this place thus in his 
 book, De loci* Hebraicit : — $ivtav, ijv Karq>icno~ev IcrparfK evi 
 rov epri/tov' i)v S« Kai TroXt? ESm/j. avrq eari $aivwv, ev6a ra 
 fieraWa rov yaKjcqv, piera^v xeip^vrj Tlerprii iroKews Kai Zovpmv. 
 And Athanasius : — /leraWov ov% air\a>$, aXKa eii to rov $atva>, 
 ev6a Kai tf>ovevi KarahiKa%op£vo<s o\vya$ t)p^pa<; /juryus Svvarat 
 tfto-at. See Reading's Note on Eusebius at this place. 
 
 1. 18. — " Zauara." This is Zovpa, mentioned by Eusebius 
 in the preceding note, now Zara, Zora, or Zoara. See Van de 
 Velde, Memoir to Map of the Holy Land, p. 354. 
 
 P. xlvii. 1. 8. — *' Patermytheus." Above, Patrimytheat, with 
 the usual inconsistency in writing proper names in Syriac. 
 
 1. 10. — " Lovers of that exalted philosophy which is of God." 
 That is, the Christian religion. See Ecc. Hist, passim. 
 
 1. 25.— "Presbyter of the Church in the city of Gaza," The 
 Greek has, o>v rryeiro ex rrj<t Ta^aimv ewto-KOTro^ op/ia>p,evos Si\- 
 /3avo<;. And in the Ecc. Hist. Book 8, ch. 13: — eirurKOTro<; reov 
 apxf>i Trp> Tat,av eKKki]o~u>>v. And in the Greek of the Mart 
 Palest, ch. 7, he gives the same account of him as in this place, 
 that he was at that time presbyter of Gaza, and afterwards was 
 promoted to the episcopate : — HtXfiavov en &; tote ovra irpeo-- 
 ftvrepov, o/ioXoyrjaavra, ov ovk «« fiaxpov ewurKoiri) rip/t)0rp>ai 
 cvveftr]. 
 
 P. xlviii. I. 5. — " And suddenly a mandate of wickedness was 
 issued." The Greek states that this order was given by Maxi- 
 minus. 
 
 1. 9. — " Forty in number." The Greek says " thirty-nine." 
 
 1. 10. — '< Many of them were Egyptians." The Greek adds in 
 this place the account of one John, who had learned the Scriptures 
 so thoroughly by heart, that Eusebius states, that when he saw 
 him standing up and repeating portions of the Scripture to the 
 congregation, he supposed that he had been reading, till he drew 
 near, and discovered that he was quite blind. 
 
86 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. 10. — "For he that was excited against us perished 
 
 after the manner of a cruel wild beast" It does not appear to 
 whom this applies. Pyobably he means Firmillianus, of whose 
 savage disposition and extreme cruelty he had spoken above in 
 such strong terms, see p. 27, 29 ; some account of whose death 
 he gives in the Greek, although omitted here. See note above, 
 on P. xlv. 1. 32, p. 84. Or he may mean the Maximinus whose 
 death he describes in the Ecclesiastical History, b. xi. ch. 10. 
 
 w. If. WATTa, CttOWN COURT, TEMPLE fiAR. 
 
 'i 
 
 ERRORS IN THE SYRIAC TEXT. 
 
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