mmm&mmmmmmmmtMi#<*iv*nt «ww>™ • \ 3 *ffi^ ft SSONS I H WALL. • At 3%»K?lMrtft!#^e«!agtf i^^'i*s V &»uo*u *£Xkrra,vvj ftf- *., V*L 1 CORNELL UNIVERSITY. V V * v i 1 I 1 S GAYLORD 1 PRINTEDIN U.S.A. | Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000886345 ELEMENTARY Lessons in Latin. - V - BT OTTO A. WALL, M. D., PH. G, Professor of Materia Hedica, Pharmacognosy and Botany and Instructor in Latin in the St. Louis College of Pharmaoy, Second Vice President of the Convention for Revision of the Pharmacopeia of the United States, one of the Authors of A COMPANION TO THE UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA, Author of a SYSTEM OP PHARMACOGNOSY, Author of NOTES ON PHAR- MACOGNOSY, and author of THE PRESCRIPTION. St. Louis, Mo. Published by the Aug. Gast Bank-Note and Litho. Company 19U0. T Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1900, by Otto A. Wall, M. D., Ph. G., in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. \hj\8 PREFACE. The elementary principles of the Latin language contained in this little book are sufficient to enable the student to read the Latin edition of the German pharmacopoeia, which is as much Latin as is necessary for the pharmaceutical or medical student. The grammar and the vocabu- laries and reading exercises are separate, which enables the student to fix in his mind the essentials of the language without the confusion which results from having grammar, vocabularies and exercises promiscuously intermixed. This arrangement has been adopted for the following reasons : The main purpose of these lessons is to enable the student to trans- late into English such Latin quotations, words, clauses, phrases or con- nected sentences as he may meet with in his general reading; for this purpose it is not necessary to burden the mind or to waste time with memorizing an extensive vocabulary; the vocabularies to be memorized are therefore very limited in number of words. The student is required to refer to a dictionary for the meaning of many of the words in the reading exercises, and thus to become familiar with the use of such a book. For this purpose "A LATIN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY for the use of Junior Students, by John T. White, D. D.," is recommended. In other words, a knowledge of the principles and construction of the Latin language may be obtained without memorizing hundreds and per- haps thousands of words, most of which will probably never be met with again in actual use of Latin. By interspersing the grammar part of the work among the vocabularies and reading exercises, no systematic or connected and comprehensive survey of the subject is possible, and the whole matter is left in a chaotic condition in the minds of most students, while by having the grammar separate, this part of the subject can be frequently reviewed until the student is thoroughly familiar with it. Especially should the conjuga- tions and declensions be often reviewed, as a knowledge of these goes far towards making translation from Latin to English easy. Wherever in the Grammar portion of the book an asterisk followed by a page number occurs, the student should turn to the page indicated and study the exercises. It will be noticed that in the grammar part of the book only the present tense is employed, this being sufficient to explain the construction of the language; in an appendix to this part full tables of the four regular con- jugationa are given, and the few words from the perfect tense in the "SYNTAX" part of the grammar may be readily understood by reading about the perfect tense in this appendix. In pharmaceutical and other scientific Latin writings the present is almost exclusively used, so that memorizing the full conjugations is not necessary, although some famil- iarity with the different tenses will be valuable. In Part III, devoted to "Familiar Words," an effort is made to assist the student to a rapid and easy acquirement of the knowledge of an extended vocabulary; this method associates the English and Latin lan- guages in a manner which enables students to read the exercises from the Latin edition of the German pharmacopoeia in a comparatively short time. The elements of the Latin language, as taught by Prof. Kuehner, in his "LATEINISOHE VOR-SCHULE," have been made the basis of this work, changed, however, to suit the different method ; from this work also many of the reading exercises are taken ; the Latin quotations ascribed to various authors and the Latin mottoes and proverbs, are from "Cyclopedia of Practical Quotations," where also free translations may be found. Some of the exercises from the German pharmacopoeia have been slightly changed, to make titles, tests, etc., correspond to those of the United States Pharmacopoeia. In the vocabularies some words are given which are not used in the reading exercises, which enables the teacher to compose additional sen- tences for blackboard use if he so desires ; the author of this book makes frequent use of such additional exercises. Also translating from English into Latin may be practiced where time allows, although it is not within the scope of these lessons to dwell on such work, the aim being mainly to enable the student to understand Latin titles, prescriptions, and such quotations as may occur in his professional reading. In the hope that this book may be of help to many, I remain, respectfully, THE AUTHOR. PART I. GENERAL PRELIMINARY LANGUAGE LESSONS. 1. 1. A noun is a word used to designate a thing, quality or action existing or conceived by the mind ; a noun is the name of a thing, quality or action ; it is also called a substantive. 2. A common noun is the name one object has in common with other objects of the same kind; vir, man; puella, girl; equus, horse. 3. A proper noun is the name of an individual as distinguished from others; Carolus, Charles; Maria, Mary; America, America. 4. A concrete (material) noun is the name of a material object; lagena, bottle ; mortarium, mortar. 5. An abstract noun indicates a quality ; virtus, virtue ; sapien- tia, wisdom ; pulchritudo, beauty. II. 6. An adjective is a word used to limit or qualify nouns ; bonus, good ; dulcis, sweet ; amarus, bitter. 7. Adjectives are limiting: The articles a, an and tffo (German : em, eine, ein; der, die, das), the pronomial adjectives meus, mine ; tuus, thine ; etc.; and the numeral adjectives meaning number or quantity: unus, one ; duo, two ; plures, several; multi, many; etc. ; or they are qualifying, when they denote some quality or attribute of a substantive, as: magnus, large ; laetus, happy; validus, strong ; etc. 8. The Latin language has no articles, and these must be supplied in translating, according to the sense of the Latin sentence. 9. Adjectives may be derived from proper nouns : Americanus, American ; Canadensis, Canadian. 10. Participial adjectives z.te. participles used as adjectives : aqua bulliens, boiling water ; etc. III. 11. kpronowi is a word denoting a person or thing by cer- tain temporary relations : ego, I ; tu, thou ; hie, this ; qui, who ; quod, what. IV. 12. The verb is that part of speech which asserts, declares or predicates something : studeo, I study ; plantae f lorent, plants bloom. LESSON'S IN LATIN. 13. A transitive verb requires a direct object; it expresses an action by the subject as terminating upon some other person or thing as its object: vir regit equum, the man leads a horse; puer oscu- latur puellam, the boy kisses the girl. 14. An intransitive verb does not require an object ; it denotes a state, feeling or action that terminates in the agent or doer (subject) : puella saltat, the girl dances ; bibo, I drink. 15. A verb has person, number, voice, tense and mode. 16. A finite verb is limited by person; there are three persons, the first indicating the person speaking, the second the person spoken to, and the third the person or thing spoken of. 17. There are two numbers ; the singular number meaning one and the plural meaning more than one. 18. Voice expresses the relation of the subject of the verb to the action which the verb expresses. A verb in the active voice represents the subject as acting ; a verb in the passive voice represents the sub- ject as being acted upon, or as the object of an action. With transitive verbs a thought can be expressed either actively or passively; the object in an active construction becomes the subject in a passive construction: deus omnia constituit, God ordains all things; a deo omnia constituuntur, all things are ordained by God. 19 Tense refers to the forms taken by a verb to indicate primarily the time, but sometimes also the continuance or completion of the action, being or state; also the relation of time thus expressed 20. Mode is the particular manner in which the action, being or state expressed by a finite verb is stated or conceived, whether as actual, doubtful, commanded, etc.; this is expressed by the forms of the verb. Modes are either definite or indefinite. There are three definite modes : 21. The indicative mode asserts or questions directly : John reads; does John read ? 22. The subjunctive mode (called conjunctivus in Latin) is used to express doubtful or conditional assertion, or to express not an actual fact but a possibility or a conception or desire, as: we may go; John should read. LESSONS IN LATIN. 23. The imperative mode expresses command, entreaty or exhorta- tion: Read! Come! 24. The indefinite modes express the meaning of a verb in the form of nouns, as the infinitive, which is that form of the verb that expresses, without reference to person or number, the action or condition asserted by the verb ; scribere, to write, writing. In Latin there are also the substantive forms, the gerund and the supine. The indefinite modes of verbs may also express the meaning of a verb in the form of adjectives, as the participles, and (in Latin) the gerundive. V. 25. An adverb modifies words expressing action or quality, such as verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Adverbs denote the way in which an action takes place, or the relations of time, place, manner, quality or number, or an attribute of an attribute. Some adverbs are merely particles and unchangeable, as: hie, here; ibi, there; nunc, now; while others can be compared, as : bene, well; melius, better; optime, best ; or ably, more ably, most ably. VI. 26. A preposition denotes the relation of an object to an action or thing ; it is called so because it is usually placed before its object. The relation expressed refers to space, time, cause, etc., as: The boy stands before the door ; the father came after supper ; the child shouts for joy ; etc. Prepositions may refer to a starting point (of, from, since); they may suppose a movement or a direction (to, toward, against); they may imply rest in a position (in, on, at, over); or they may, refer to a contrary determination (but, notwithstanding). VII. 27. A conjunction is a word that connects words, clauses or sentences, or determines the relation between sentences, as: et, and; vel, or; quia, because; tamen, yet; etc. VIII. 28. An interjection is an exclamation expressing some emo- tion, as : ehem ! ha ! (expressing joy or surprise); eheu ! ah ! alas ! (expressing sorrow); eho! ho! hello! or aha! aha! haha! etc. IX. 29. Inflection is the change a word undergoes for determining certain relations of case, number, gender, person, tense, etc. 30. The inflection of a noun, adjective or pronoun is called declen- sion ; of a verb, conjugation. Other parts of speech are not capable of being inflected. LESSONS IN LATIN. X. 31. A sentence is a related group of words containing a sub- ject and a predicate (with their modifiers), and expressing a complete thought. 32. The subject is the noun, phrase, clause or sentence setting forth the thing spoken about ; that about which something is asserted or affirmed ; puer amat, the boy loves. 33. The predicate is the word or words in a sentence that express what is affirmed or denied of the subject; puer amat, the boy loves. 34. A sentence of the kind just described is called a simple sentence. 35. The grammatical predicate may consist of a verb alone : puer amat, the boy loves. The logical predicate may consist of a verb with an adjective : puella est pulchra, the girl is beautiful; of a verb with an adverb: puer ardenter amat, the boy loves ardently; or of a verb with a noun : puer puellam amat, the boy loves the girl; or of all these parts of speech: puer puellam pulchram ardenter amat, the boy loves the beautiful girl ardently. Or a logical predicate may consist of a verb with an objective simple or compound sentence. 36. A substantive in the objective case (in Latin : genitive, dative, or accusative case) which is united with the predicate, and which qualifies the predicate, is called an object: puer puellam amat, the boy loves the girl. XI. 37, A compound sentence is that form of connected expression in which several sentences having meanings which are related to each other, but without being intimately amalgamated into one thought, are merely loosely connected, so that each part might be an independent sentence: ver adest et plantae florent, spring is here and plants bloom. XII. 38. A complex sentence is that construction in which several sentences, some or all of them incomplete in themselves, are connected to express one thought: rosa, quae floret, est pulchra, the rose, which blooms, is beautiful. In this example the subordinate sentence " which blooms" is equivalent to the adjective "blooming" and such a subordinate sentence is therefore sometimes called an adjectival sen- tence (=the blooming rose is beautiful). LESSONS IN LATIN. LATIN GRAMMAR. XIII. 39. The Latin alphabet is like the English alphabet, except that it has no w. In modern Latin names derived from persons, countries, etc., the letter occurs, however, with the same value as in English: Wellingtonia, Wolframium, Welwitschia, etc. XIV. 40. The vowels are a, e, i, o, u and y; they are long or short. In dictionaries, grammars, etc., the long are marked with a little horizontal dash above them, the short with a small crescentic mark; when no sign of this kind is placed above a letter in a diction- ary, no stress is placed on length, and it is pronounced without either decided length or shortness. (See 67 and 145-) In Latin literature, of course, these marks are not used, the reader being supposed to know when a vowel is long and when it is short; in these lessons little stress is placed on this subject, but care should be taken by the teacher in the oral part of the work to inculcate cor- rect pronunciation. (*Page 81.) 41. Long vowels are pronounced: Short vowels are pronounced: a like a in father; a like a in Cuba; e like ey in they; e like e in met; i like i in machine; i like i in pin; o like o in tone; o like o in obey; u like u in rule; u like u in put; y similar to the German diphthong ue, or between that sound and the sound of i, like which latter it is often pronounced; y occurs mainly in words of Greek origin. XV. 42. Diphthongs are pronounced: ae similar to a in fare (or rather between the sounds of a in fare and a in mate; au like ow in how ; oe like the same diphthong in German, or similar to e in err ; eu like the same diphthong in German, or like oi in oil. (*Page 81 .) 43. When e follows a or o without forming a diphthong, that is when it is to be separately pronounced, this is indicated by the dieresis, two small dots placed above the e, thus: aer, air. LESSONS IN LATIN. XVI. 44. Consonants are pronounced like the English conson- ants, except as otherwise stated in the following paragraphs : c before e, i, y, ae, eu or oe is pronounced as ts, thus: cera is pronounced tsera; before any other letters, or in any other positions, c is like k. g is like g in get; never like g in gem or age. j is like y in yet; never like/ in Jet. s is like j in son; never like s in Asia or sure. n before c (hard), ch, g, qu or x is pronounced with a nasal twang, as in long. gu, su, qu, when forming a syllable with the following vowel, are pronounced like^w (unguentum), sw (suinus), kw (quassia). ch is pronounced like k; sch is always pronounced sk, never sn, (schola= s kola, school). ph=f; pharmacia, pharmacy. rh=r; rheum, rhubarb. th=t; therapia, therapy, therapeutics. ti before a vowel is pronounced like tsi, solutio; but it is pro- nounced like tee when the i is long, or when t, s or x precede the t (as in mistio), and also in words derived from the Greek. v is like the English w; not like the English v. z is similar to soft c (ts), but somewhat softer, more nearly like ds ; not like the English z; zedoariais pronounced dsedoaria. (*Page 81.) XVII. 45. Syllables are long or short as their vowels are long or short; all syllables with diphthongs, or with vowels contracted from diph- thongs, are long; all contracted syllables are long. 46. A syllable may be long from position, as when two or three consonants or one of the double consonants x (=cs, gs, ks). or Z (=ts) follow a short vowel: urbs, city ; dux, leader ; h in combination with another consonant does not effect a lengthening of the syllable ; nor do b, p, f , g, c, d or t, when followed by 1 or r, except in compound words, as when ab (from, with short a when alone) becomes long by prefixing it to rumpo (I break) to make the compound word abrumpo, I break off. 47. It may be remembered as a general rule, to which there are many exceptions, however, that terminal syllables ending in a or e are short, and those ending in i, o or u are long; the terminal syllables ending in as, es or os are long, and those ending in is, us or ys are short. LESSONS IN LATIN. XVIII. 48. A consonant between two vowels is pronounced with the following vowel; when two or more consonants are between two vowels, syllables are divided as pronounced : a-ce— ti-cus, me-di-ca- men-tum, cin-cho-na, A-phro-di-te. 49. The double consonant x (=cs, gs, ks) is pronounced with the following vowel: a-xis, ma-xi-mus. 50. Compound words are divided into syllables according to their component parts, in disregard of the foregoing rules, as in ab-er-ro, I wander away (from ab and erro). XIX. 51. Capital letters are used at the beginning of sentences, of proper names and of direct quotations; also after . : ? and ! CONCERNING VERBS. XX. 52. Conjugation is the inflection of a verb, by which person, number, mode, tense and voice are indicated. In Latin the person is implied in the ending of the verb, and is not necessarily expressed as a separate subject as it is in English; for instance: amo, I love; amas, thou lovest; amat, he, she or it loves; similarly the number is expressed in the endings, as: amo, 1 love; amamus, we love: so also the tense, thus: amo, I love; amabam, I loved; amabo, I will love; amavi, I have loved: furthermore voice, thus: amo, I love; amor, I am loved: finally mode: amo, I love; amem, I may love. 53. In some of the passive forms of verbs an auxiliary verb (forms of the verb esse, to be) is required to form these inflections. XXI. 54. The Latin language has four conjugations which are characterized by the endings of the infinitive, as follows: Endings: I CON J.: -are; amare, to love (first letter of ending long); II CONJ.: -ere; monere, to remind (first letter of ending long); III CONJ.: -ere; regere, to rule (first letter of ending short); IV CONJ.: -ire; audire, to hear (first letter of ending long). 55. The word-stem or verb-stem in any regular conjugation is found by dropping the infinitive ending: amare, ending -are, stem am-; monere, ending -ere, stem mon-; etc. The characteristic or "key" vowels of the four conjugations are in regular order, a (long), e (long), e (short), and i (long). LESSONS IN LATIN. 56. There are also irregular verbs which cannot be classed in any one of these four conjugations, some of which will be considered later on (see 73 to 83). XXII. 57. The subjunctive may be translated in various ways; for instance: amem, first person, singular, subjunctive, present, active, of the verb amo, to love, may be rendered: May I love (in a wishing, not in a questioning sense); I may love; I ought to love; etc. The sub- junctive passive forms, as used in the Latin edition of the German pharmacopoeia are best translated in a somewhat imperative form, thus: servetur, it must be preserved, it should be kept, etc. XXIII. 58. The infinitive ofaverb is often used as a noun, justas is done in English, as subject, object or as predicative (appositive) sub- stantive; if, when so used, it is modified by an adjective or adjectives, the latter are neuter in form because the infinitive is considered to be a neuter noun. (See also 248 and 257.) XXIV. 59. Negation is expressed by non or ne; non is the usual negative particle and is used with verbs in the indicative mode; non dubito, I do not doubt; dii improbos non amant, the Gods do not love the wicked. 60. Ne is used in prohibitions, wishes and purposes, and is there- fore used with verbs in the imperative or subjunctive forms: solutio argenti nitrate ne turbetur, the solution should not be made turbid by (by means of) nitrate of silver. 61. When ne is used in prohibitions with the imperative, the future forms of the imperative for the second person are generally preferred, as: ne scribito, thou shalt not write; ne amatote, you shall not love. However, the present forms are also occasionally used: "Ne cede!" Do not yield! Other forms of imperative negation are expressed by the imperative of the verb nolo with the infinitive, thus: noli scribere, do not write (sing.); nolite ludere, do not play (plur.). (See 77). LESSONS IN LATIN. XXV. 62. First Conjugation : -are ; amare, to love. (*Page 82.) ACTIVE VOICE. Indicative, Present. amo, I love, amas, thou lovest, amat, he loves, amaraus, we love, amatis, you love, amant, they love. Subjunctive, Present. amem, I may love, ames, thou may est love, amet, he may love, amem us, we may love, ametis, you may love, ament, they may love, PASSIVE VOICE. Indicative, Present, amor, I am loved, amaris, thou art loved, amatur, he is loved, amamur, we are loved, amamini, you are loved, amantur, they are loved. Subjunctive, Present. amer, I may be loved, ameris, thou mayest be loved, ametur, he may be loved, amemur, we may be loved, amemini, you may be loved, amentur, they may be loved. Imperative. Imperative. Pres : ama, love (thou), Pres: amare, be thou loved, Fut: amato, thou shalt love, Fut: amator, thou shalt b. 1. " amato, he shall love, u amator, he shall be 1., Pres: amate, love (you), Pres: amamini, be ye loved, Fut : amatote, you shall love, Fut: " amanto, they shall love. u amantor, they shall b. Supine. amatum, to love, amatu, to love. Infinitive. Infinitive. Pres: amare, to love. Pres : amari, to be loved. Participles. Pres : amans, loving, Fut: amaturus, a, um, about to love. Gerund. Nom: , Gen: amandi, of loving, Dat : amando, for loving, Ace: amandum, loving, Voc : , Abl: amando, by loving. Participles. Perf : amatus, a, um, loved. Gerundive. amandus,a, um, a to beloved (one). 10 LESSONS IN LATIN. XXVI. 63. Second Conjugat to remind. (*Page 83.) ACTIVE VOICE. Indicative, Present, moneo, I remind, mones, thou remindest, monet, he reminds, monemus, we remind, monetis, you remind, monent, they remind Subjunctive, Present, moneam, I may remind, moneas, thou mayest remind, moneat, he may remind, moneamus, we may remind, moneatis, you may remind, moneant, they may remind. Imperative. Pres: mone, remind (thou), Fut: moneto, thou shalt remind, " moneto, he shall remind, Pres : monete, remind (you) , Fut: monetote, you shall r., Fut: monento, they shall r. Supine. monitum, to remind, monitu, to remind. ion : -ere ; admonere or monere, PASSIVE VOICE. Indicative, Present, moneor, I am reminded, moneris, thou art reminded, monetur, he is reminded, monemur, we are reminded, monemini, you are reminded, monentur, they are reminded. Subjunctive, Present, monear, I may be reminded, monearis, thou mayest be r., moneatur, he may be reminded, moneamur, we may be r., moneamini, you may be r., moneantur, they may be r., Imperative. Pres: monere, be ihou reminded, Fut: monetor, thou shalt be r., " monetor, he shall be r., Pres: monemini, be you r., Fut: " monentor, they shall be r. Pres Infinitive, monere, to remind. Participles. Pres : monens, reminding, Fut: moniturus,a, um, about, to remind. Pres: Infinitive. moneri, to be reminded. Participles. Perf: monitus, a, um. remm= ded. Gerund. Nom: Gen: Dat: Ace. Voc: Abl; monendi, of reminding, monendo, for reminding, monendum, reminding, , monendo, by reminding. Gerundive, monendus, a, um, a to be re- minded (one). LESSONS IN LATIN. 11 XXVII. 64. Third Conjugation : -ere ; regere, to rule. (*Page 84.) ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. Indicative, Present, rego, I rule, regis, thou rulest, regit, he rules, regimus, we rule, regitis, you rule, regunt, they rule. Subjunctive, Present regain, I may rule, regas, thou may est rule, regat, he may rule, regamus, we may rule, regatis, you may rule, regant, they may rule. Imperative. Pres: rege, rule (thou), Fut : regito, thou shalt rule, " regito, he shall rule, Pres: regite, rule (you), Fut : regitote, you shall rule, " " regunto, they shall rule. Supine. rectum, to rule, rectu, to rule. Infinitive. Pres: regere, to rule. Participles. Pres: regens, ruling, Fut: recturus, a, um, about to rule. Gerund. Nom: Gen: regendi, of ruling, Dat: regendo, for ruling, Ace: regendum, ruling, Voc: , Abl Indicative, Present, regor, I am ruled, regeris, thou art ruled. regitur, he is ruled, regimur, we are ruled, regimini, you are ruled, reguntur, they are ruled. Subjunctive, Present. regar, I may be ruled, regaris, thou mayest be ruled, regatur, he may be ruled, regamur, we may be ruled, regamini, you may be ruled, regantur, they may be ruled. Imperative. Pres: regere, be thou ruled Fut: regitor, thou shalt be ruled, " regitor, he shall be ruled, Pres: regimini, be you ruled, Fut: , " reguntor, they shall be r. Infinitive. Pres: regi, to be ruled. Participles. Perf: rectus, a, um, ruled. Gerundive. regendus, a, um, a to be ruled (one). regendo, by ruling. 12 LESSONS IN LATIN. XXVIII. 65. Fourth Conjugation: -ire; audire, to hear. (*Page 85.) ACTIVE VOICE. Indicative, Present. audio, I hear, audis, thou hearest, audit, he hears, audi m us, we hear, auditis, you hear, audiunt, they hear. Subjunctive, Present. audiam, I may hear, audias, thou mayest hear, audiat, he may hear, audiam us, we may hear, audiatis, you may hear, audiant, they may hear. Imperative. Pres: audi, hear (thou), Fut: audito, thou shalt hear, " audito, he shall hear, Pres: audite, hear (you), Fut : auditote, you shall hear, " audiunto, they shall hear. Supine. auditum, to hear, auditu, to hear, Infinitive. Pres : audire, to hear, Participles. Pres : audiens, hearing, Fut: Nom: Gen: Dat: Ace; Voc: Abl: auditurus, a, um, about to hear. Gerund. audiendi, of hearing, audiendo, for hearing, audiendum, hearing, PASSIVE VOICE. Indicative, Present. audior, I am heard, audiris, thou art heard, auditur, he is heard, audimur, we are heard. audimini, you are heard, audiuntur, they are heard. Subjunctive, Present. audiar, I may be heard, audiaris, thou mayest he heard, audiatur, he may be heard, audiam ur, we may be heard, audiamini, you may be heard. audiantur, they may be heard. Imperative. Pres: audire, be (thou) heard, Fut: auditor, thou shalt be h., auditor, he shall be heard, audimini, be (you) heard, Pres: Fut: audiuntor, they shall be h. Infinitive. Pres: audiri, to be heard. Participles. Perf: auditus, a, um, heard. Gerundive. audiendus.a, um, a to be heard (one). audiendo, by hearing. LESSONS IN LATIN. 13 XXIX. 66. Third Conjugation in -io ; capio, capere, to take. (*Page 86.) ACTIVE VOICE. Indicative, Present. capio, I take, capis, thou takest, capit, he takes, capimus, we take, capitis, you take, capiuni, they take. Subjunctive, Present. captain, I may take, capias, thou mayest take, capiat, he may take, capiamus, we may take, capiatts, you may take, capiant, they may take. Imperative. Pres: cape, take (thou), Fut : capito, thou shalt take, ' ' capito, he shall take, Pres: capite, take (you). Fut : capitote, you shall take, " capiunto, they shall take. Supine. captum, to take, captu, to take. Infinitive. Pres : capere, to take. Participles. Pres: capiens, taking, Fut: capturus, a, um about to take. Gerund. Nom : , Gen: capiendi, of taking, capiendo, for taking, capiendum, taking, Dat: Ace: Voc: Abl: PASSIVE VOICE. Indicative, Present. captor, I am taken, caperis, thou art taken, capitur, he is taken, capimur, we are taken, capimini, you are taken, capiuntur, they are taken. Subjunctive, Present. capiar, I may be taken, capiaris, thou mayest be taken, capiatur, he may be taken, capiamur, we may be taken, capiamini, you may be taken, capiantur, they may be taken. Imperative. capere, be (thou) taken, capitor, thou shalt be t, capitor, he shall be t., capimini, be (you) t, Pres Fut: Pres Fut: capiuntor, they shall be t. Infinitive. Pres : capi, to be taken. Participles. Perf: captus, a, um, taken. Gerundive. capiendus, a, um, a to be taken (one). capiendo, by taking. 14 LESSONS IN LATIN. C2 oo 60 P-, o5 03 OS T B i-i > < C/J 3 us ■*» i i i *i *i i -ids -iaris -iat -iatur -ialnus -iamur -iatis -iamini -iant -iantur 3 Sj >ti jS ,E • i3 V ^5 o o v la s a _o 3 "cT o u o > J) ro oi > <3 u 3 ,= 3 .2 £ ,3 | ,E .2 VI c .2 = T '7 5 7 '7 '7 '7 M _ | J 3 u -C 5 ,E E c }ed lea |ea '2 ,cs .2 '7 '" "7 '7 "7 i eft c e .2 *• C ,ifl <<-> t +j e «a -. 09 X l-t o -1 2 3 2iS 3 u 'C 5 E E s O 1 W jC }S a 5 3 i i i i i i 3 V) *J i i i i i i t > +* 6 E c 3f If if if lea ea eft = E .2 *> E ift +j C -w C lea Ica^ea If lea ea ESSE : c >«>->- >7 : 3 V o O O V 1© ffi i * I I " ' i i -»-3 a en < >■>- J3 n e s V |V IV IV IV V U |V |V V *- e J; eft is 3,= 3 u ;= 3 E E e 5 2 '2 'S '2 '2 2 i i i i i i C E .2 ** t .eft +j C +j C lea it ■>« ica lea ca V V V V ? V V © S E " * J .1" -*- 1 -w E • E Iv iv ,tJ l4 > ; v 5 o © © V IO *J +J ^J -W +J E IV |V |V Iv |V V x' > m Tl ■A Ph > O -0 eft I- 33 j5 W *- .5 3 E E c JO If (A 1(4 Ito cd to 5 2,2 - * If >f If If f * '5 *• tft ^= *S >= 3 ^2 >3 e E *• ■)v |V Iv Iv |u V CA C B -2 « ^C .eft >j ,E >i C 5n> |4> Jn> |cu |v V u u^E : ">«5 »fi »S»S E : = If |ea If If : f lw © © © *V 1© +J If /f ica if if tea X 1 1 OAHBOipUI | 3AijounIqns | BAI}1BJ9 em V. a e (er, ir) um like N. tis U es A. a e(i) e(I) u u e P N. ae T tj a es a(ia) - vo us ua es — u — u — V ,.*) G. arum orum orum umfium um mm) uum uum erum D. Ts IS is lbus 1DUS tfbtis ibtis ebus U,.l/, A. as OS a es a(ia) 5( ,a ) ■bus us ua es V. ae 1 a els us ua es A. IS IS IS Thus ibus Ybus ebus LESSONS IN LATIN. 35 146. It should be noted that the nom. and voc. sing, are alike in every declension and for all forms of nom. endings, except in the words of the second declension in -us, for which the voc. ends in -e; the nom., ace. and voc. sing, are alike for the neuter forms in the second, third and fourth declensions, the first and fifth declensions having no neuter forms. Likewise, the nom. and voc. plur. are alike in every declen- sion, while the nom., ace. and voc. plur. are alike in all neuter forms and in the masc. and fern, forms of the third, fourth and fifth declen- sions. The gen. plur. is the same for all forms in every declension; so also the dat. and abl. plur. are alike in every declension for all forms of nominative endings of the various declensions. LV. 147. Irregular Nouns. Indeclinable nouns have only one form in all cases : buchu, catechu, coca, jaborandi, etc.; indeclinable nouns are neuter. Defective nouns want certain parts. In some nouns, from the nature of their meanings, the plural is wanting ; the principal nouns of this kind are proper names, abstract nouns (justitia, justice; castitas, chastity) and nouns of materials (antimonium, ferrum, etc.) Or the singular may be wanting ; this is the case with the names of festivals : bacchanalia, saturnalia ; also in many other words. 148. Nouns may have different meanings in the singular and plural ; or the singular and plural may be according to different declensions ; some nouns have two plurals, of different genders ; or they may be defective in cases, certain cases never being used. Still other nouns may have two forms, and be declinable according to two declensions. All such facts are stated in connection with the particular words in the dictionaries. (*Page 109.) LVI. 149. Adjectives. An adjective may be attributive, placed directly with its subject noun, as: vinum rubrum, red wine; pueros robustos amo, I like robust boys; or it may he predicative, joined to its noun by a verb (usually a form of sum) : puella est pulchra, the girl is beautiful. 150. Nouns of common gender take masculine forms of adjectives, unless it is intended to place stress on the sex : canis est ferus, the dog is ferocious, puts no stress on the sex of the dog, but canis est fera, places emphasis on the sex and refers to a female dog ; auctor 36 LESSONS IN LATIN. est doctus, the author is learned, places no stress on the sex of the author, although we would generally understand this to mean a man ; auctor est docta places stress on the fact that the author is a woman. 151. When there are several subjects with one adjective, the latter is put in the plural. If the subjects are of the same gender the adjec- tive is put in the same gender as the subjects : terra et luna sunt globosae, the earth and moon are round. When the subjects designate persons (human beings having natural gender or sex) and are of different genders, the adjective is in the plural and the masculine gender takes precedence, so that the adjec- tive is used in the masculine gender: puer et puella sunt laeti, the boy and girl are happy. If the subject nouns designate persons and things, the adjective is in the plural and agrees in gender with the person (masculine here also taking precedence over feminine, if both are present). If the subject nouns designate things (anything not persons) and are of different genders, the adjective is in the plural and is usually put in the neuter, regardless of the genders of the nouns : inter se contraria («.) sunt benificium («.) et injuria (/.), a kindness and an injury are contrary to each other (contrary in nature); honores (m.) et vic= toriae (/.) fortuita (n.) sunt, honors and victories are accidental. 152. Adjectives of Color. In English we have adjectives ending in -ish to designate tints of colors, as : bluish, yellowish ; this is often expressed in Latin by the prefix sub-: subflavus, yellowish ; subviridis, greenish, pale green ; sometimes it is expressed by the present participles of inceptive verbs (70) : albescens, whitish ; caerulescens, bluish ; sometimes by par- ticiples ending in -ans : caerulans, bluish; albicans, whitish; or such adjectives may have other endings : rubicundus, reddish ; albi= dus, whitish, etc. 153. Often two colors are joined to describe another color, as in yellowish-brown, grayish-green, etc. In Latin the first-named color in such a case is put in the ablative of the masculine form, with or without the preposition e or ex, and the second adjective is declined to agree with the subject noun ; the two words are usually hyphenated, but sometimes joined into one word. LESSONS IN LA.TIN. 37 The ablative of the first adjective may be explained to agree with the ablative of the word color (colore) understood: e flavo fuscus, f lavo (colore) fuscus, brown out of a yellow color ; or, as e or ex when it refers to ingredients or constituents also means with, brown with a yellow color : f usco-niger, brownish-black, etc, To express dark or intense in connection with colors the adjective ater, tra, trum, dark, black, is sometimes used; or the adverbs saturate, saturanter or saturatim : atro-purpureus or atropur- pureus, dark-purplish; saturate viridis, dark-green; saturanter caeruleus, dark-blue. (*Page 110.) LVII. 154. Comparison of Adjectives and Participles. There are three degrees of comparison : Positive : the man is learned; Comparative : the man is more learned than his son ; Superlative : Cicero was the most learned of all the Romans. 155. To express degrees of comparison the Latin language has certain endings which are added to the stem of the adjective or parti- ciple to be compared ; as follows : Regular Endings for Comparing. Comparative. masc. -ior fern. -ior neut. -ius Superlative. masc. fern. neut. issimus -issima -issimum 156. Examples of Regular Comparison. bashful prudent prudens fertile . m. pudicus fertilis £/. pudica prudens fertilis n. pudicum prudens fertile ■ m. pudicior prudentior fertilior If- pudicior prudentior fertilior o n. pudicius prudentius fertilius m. pudicissimus prudentissimus fertilissimus 3 / • pudicissima prudentissima fertilissima n. pudicissimum prudentissimum fertilissimum 38 LESSONS IN LATIN. 157. All adjectives in -er form the comparative regularly, but trie superlative irregularly by adding -rimus, a, urn to the positive mas- culine singular nominative form; thus: celer, eris, ere, swift; celer- ior, ius; celerrimus, a, um; acer, cris, ere, acrid; acrior, ius; acei;rimus, a, um; miser, era, erum, miserable; miserior, ius; miserrirnus, a, um; aeger, gra, grum, sick; aegrior, ius; aegerrimus, a, um. 158 The following six adjectives ending in -ilis, e, form the com- parative regularly, but add -limus, a, um to the stem for the super- lative : faciiis, e, easy; difficilis, e, difficult; similis, e, similar; dissimilis, e, dissimilar; gracilis, e, slender; humilis, e, humble; thus: faciiis, e; facilior, ius; facillimus, a, um. 159. The compound adjectives ending in -dicus, ficus, -volus, have -entior, -entius, in the comparative and -entissimus, a, um in the superlative: maledicus, a, um, slanderous; maledicentior, ius; maledicen- tissimus, a, um; magnificus, a, um, noble; magificentior, ius; magnif icentissimus, a, um ; benevolus, a, um, benevolent ; benevolentior, ius; benevolentissimus, a, um. 160. The following irregular comparisons must be memorized: bonus, a, um, melior, ius, optimus, a, um, better, good, malus, a, um, bad, magnus, a, um, large, parvus, a, um, small, multum, much, multi, ae, a, many, pejor.us, worse, major, us, larger, minor, us, smaller, best; pessimus, a, um, worst; maximus, a, um, largest; minimus, a, um, smallest ; plus (n. only), more, plurimum, most; plures, ra, more, plurimi, most. LESSONS IN LATIN. 39 161. The following adjectives in -rus have two irregular superla- tives : exterus, a, um, exterior, ius; extremus and extimus, a, um; outward ; inferus, a, um, inferior, ius; infimus and imus, a, um; ■ lower ; superus,a,um, superior, ius; supremus and summus,a,um; upper ; posterus, a, um, posterior, ius; postremusand postumus,a,um. next; 162. Sometimes only the comparative and superlative are in use, as: (idter, tra, trum, seldom used) ; ulterior, ius, farther; ultimus, a, um, farthest; deterior, ius, worse; deterrimus, a, um, worst. 163. Instead of the simple and regular forms of comparison just explained, the degrees of comparison are sometimes formed by aid of adverbs, by combining the positive of the adjective with magis, more, for the comparative, and with maxime, most, for the superlative; but this method is rarely employed, except for adjectives which have a vowel before the ending -us (except qu), thus: pius, pious ; magis pius ; maxime pius. 164. Comparatives are followed either by quam, than, with the nominative (or the case which precedes the comparative and with which comparison is made), or simply by the ablative without quam; thus : pater doctior est quam filius, the father is more learned than the son; or, pater filio doctior est. 165. The superlative is often used in the sense of expressing a very high degree of the property or attribute expressed by the adjective : magister est doctissimus, the teacher is very learned; similarly the comparative is used in the sense of "somewhat," without making an actual comparison with anything else : puer est impatientior, the boy is somewhat impatient. (*Page 111.) LVIH. 166. Adjectives used as Nouns. Adjectives are often used as nouns : docti, the learned ; multi, many (persons or men); multa, many (things, events, etc.). As we 40 LESSONS IN LATIN. cannot express this gender difference by the adjective alone, it is necessary in translating from the Latin to supply the appropriate noun. Masculine adjectives in the plural often designate persons : fortes, the brave ; omnes, all (persons); pauperes, the poor ; gemini, twins ; the singular is less often thus used. Neuter adjectives in the singular are sometimes used substantively: tacitus, a, um, silent; taciturn, i, n., a secret; tristis, e, sad; triste, is, n., a sad thing, sad affair ; neuter adjectives in the plural often designate things : f utura, future events ; praeterita, past events, the past ; praesentia, the present, present things ; utilia, useful things. In some cases the singular of an adjective is used substantively in< one sense, and the plural in another sense ; thus ; occultus, a, um, hidden; occultum, i, n., a hiding place; occulta, orum, n., secrets (hidden things). 167. The manner of deriving some nouns from adjectives is shown in the following example : genu, us, n., knee ; genualis, e, (if it were in use) would be the singular form of an adjective, meaning, appertaining or belongiug to the knee ; the plural of this, genualia, is used substantively and means, knee things, things appertaining to the knees, therefore — garters. When the plural is thus used as a noun while the singular is not so used, one object of the kind designated by such an adjectival noun must be expressed thus ; unum ex genualibus, one from the garters, a garter ; or a totally different word may sometimes be used, as: periscelis, idis,/. (from a Greek word meaning, thing around the leg), a garter, an anklet. So also unus ex geminis, one of the twins ; unus ex liberis, one of children, a child (orfilius, filia, natus, nata, infans); etc 168. In many instances in which adjectives are used as nouns they may be considered to be adjectives with nouns understood, and this noun understood then determines the gender of the adjective used as a noun: alterantia= remediaalterantia, alteratives ; so also with roborantia, refrigerantia, and other names of therapeutical classes. 169. Often res, thing,/., is the expressed subject with adjectives used as nouns, which latter must then agree with this noun ; res ad- versae (literally, adverse circumstances, things) adversity; res se- cundae, prosperity ; res publica, (public affairs, literally,) state, repub- LESSONS IN LATIN. 41 lie. Sometimes words like this are contracted into one word, as: respublica ; in such a case, if both parts of the word are in the nomi- native, both parts must be declined when the word is declined ; res- publica, reipublicae, reipublicae, rem publicum, respublica, republica, etc. If one part is in the nominative and the other in the genitive, only the part of the word in the nominative is declined ; paterfamilias (familias is an old form for familiae, gen.), patris= familias, patrifamilias, patremfamilias ; etc.; in most such cases it is best to keep words of this kind separate : res publica, pater familias; etc (*Page 114.) LIX. 170. Adverbs. Adverbs qualify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs : celeriter currere, to run swiftly ; tarn celer, so swift ; tarn celeriter, so swiftly. They may be grouped according to meaning : 1. Adverbs of Place ; hie, here; illic, there; ubi? where? 2. Adverbs of Time; hodie, today; nunc, now; nunquam, never. 3. Adverbs of Manner, Means or Degree; paene, almost; valde, much. 4. Adverbs of Cause or Reason; cur? why? idcirco, therefore. 171. Adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding -e, -er or —iter to the stem of the adjective; -e; added to stems of adjectives of the first and second declensions: laetus, happy; laete, happily; pulcher, beautiful; pulch re, beauti- fully. -er; added to stems of adjectives of the third declension ending in -ans or -ens: prudens, ntis, prudent; prudenter, prudently. -iter; added to stems of adjectives of the third declension not ending in -ans or -ens: fortis, is, brave; fortiter, bravely. A few adverbs are from superlatives, and end in-o or-um : primo, firstly; primum, at first, in the beginning. 172. Some adverbs are practically particles, like hie, nunc, etc., and such are unchangeable, or not comparable. Those formed from adjectives may usually be compared. In comparing adverbs the comparative is formed by using the neuter form of the comparative of the adjective, the superlative by changing the final -us of the superlative of the adjective to -e : laete, happily; laetius.more happily; laetissime, most happily, very happily. 42 LESSONS IN LATIN. 173. These irregular comparisons of adverbs must be memorized : bene, ably; male, badly, multum, much; (parum, little ;) melius, more ably ; optime , most ably ; pejus, worse; pessime, worst; plus, more ; plurimum, most, at most; magis, more; maxime, most; minus, less; minime, least, at least. 174. A few adverbs not derived from adjectives can also be com- pared: saepe, often; saepius, oftener, more often; saepissime, most often, oftenest, very often. But as a rule such adverbs are not comparable; this is also true of adverbs derived from adjectives that cannot be compared. LX. 175. Pronouns. Personal pronouns are so called because they designate the person of the noun which they represent; they are ego, I; tu, thou; sui, (nominative wanting), of himself, herself, itself. 176. Declension of Personal Pronouns. I, thou, of himself. Sing. Nom. ego tu .... Gen. mei tui sui Dat. mihi tibi sibi Ace. me te se or sese Voc. tu Abl. me te se Plur. Nom. nos vos f nostri or t vestri or I vestrum sui Gen. 1 nostrum Dat. nobis vobis sibi Ace. nos vos se or sese Voc. . . . . . . Abl. nobis vobis se The vocative of pronouns is seldom employed, but when used is like-the nominative. LESSONS IN LATIN. 43 177. The genitives nostri and nostrum, vestri and vestrum, have different meanings. Nostri refers to something that affects every one of us alike ; vestri to something that affects every one of you alike; nostrum refers to something that affects some of us, not all of us, and vestrum refers to something that affects some of you, not all of you, only a part of you. This can be best illustrated by examples: animus est pars nostri, the soul is a part of us (of every one of us, therefore nostri); memor sum vestri, I remember you (all of you, therefore vestri); but: multi nostrum diligentes sunt, many of us are diligent (many, but not all of us, a part of us, there- fore, nostrum); diligentissimus vestrum numisma aureum habeat, may the most diligent one of you have the gold medal (one of you, not all or every one of you, therefore vestrum. 178. The preposition cum, with, governing the ablative, is used as a suffix with the ablatives of personal pronouns: mecum, with me; tecum, with thee; secum, with himself, with themselves; nobiscum, with us; vobiscum, with you. LXI. 179. Possessive pronouns are regularly declined like adjec- tives of the first and second declensions, excepting that meus has mi in the vocative (masc. only) singular. These are also called pronomial adjectives. meus, a, urn, mine; noster, tra, trum, our; tuus, a, um, thy, thine; vester, tra, trum, your; suus, a, um, his, her, its; plur.: their {gen. pi., suum). 180. Both personal and possessive pronouns are used in Latin only when special emphasis is placed on them. Ordinarily the per- sonal pronouns are included in or understood with the endings of the verbs (52); so also the possessive pronouns must be supplied when translating, as the sense may require: meus f rater diligens est, tuus piger; my brother is diligent, thine lazy (here emphasis by con- trast is made between my and thine, and therefore meus and tuus are used); but: f rater me amat, my brother loves me; not f rater meus me amat; in Latin it is "brother loves me" and there being no emphasis placed on "my" it is not expressed. LXI I. 181. Demonstrative pronouns specify the objects to which they refer. ■14 LESSONS IN LATIN. Declensions of is, ea, id, he, she, that; idem, eadem, idem, the same. Sing.N. is, ea, id idem, eadem, idem G. ejus ejusdem D. ei eidem A. eum, earn, id eundem, eandem, idem V. A. eo, ea, eo eodem, eadem, eodem Plur.N. ii, eae, ea iidem, eaedem, eadem G. eorum, earum, eorum eorundem, earundem, eorundem D eis (iis) eisdem (iisdem) A eos, eas, ea eosdem, easdem, eadem V. A. eis (iis) eisdem (iisdem) Notice that the m in the ace. sing, and gen. plur. of is is changed to n in idem. This word, or the syllable -dem, is used as a suffix, best translated as "just": tot, as many; totidem, just as many. 182. Declensions of iste, ista, istud, this ; ille, ilia, illud, he, she, that. Sing.N. iste, ista, istud ille, ilia, illud G. istius illius D. isti ill i A. istum, istam, istud ilium, illam, illud V A. isto, ista, isto illo, ilia, illo Plur.N. isti, istae, ista illi, illae, ilia G. istorum.istarum, istorum illorum, illarum, illorum D. istis illis A. istos, istas, ista illos, illas, ilia V. A. istis illis LESSONS IN LATIN. 45 183. Declensions of ipse, ipsa, ipsum, he, self; hie, haec, hoc, this. hie, haec, hoc hujus huic hunc, hanc, hoc Sing. N. ipse, ipsa, ipsum G ipsius D. ipsi A. ipsum, ipsam, ipsum V. ipse A. », ipsa, ipso hoc, hac, hoc Plur. N. ipsi, ipsae, ipsa hi, hae, haec G. ipsorum, ipsarum, ipsorum horum, harum, horum D. ipsis his A. ipsos, ipsas, ipsa hos, has, haec V. A. ipsis his LXIII. 184. Relative pronouns relate to some noun or pronoun, expressed or understood, called its antecedent. Interrogative pronouns are used in asking questions. Relative Pronoun. Interrogative Pronoun. qui, quae, quod, who, which; quis? (m. &/.,) quid ? who? what? Sing.N. qui, quae, quod quis, quis, quid G. cujus cujus D. cui cui A. quern, quam, quod quern, quam, quid V A. quo, qua, quo quo, qua, quo Plur N. - qui, quae, quae qui, quae, quae G quorum, quarum, quorum, quorum, quarum, quorum D. quibus quibus A. quos, quas, quae quos, quas, quae V. A. quibus quibus 46 LESSONS IN LATIN. 185. The preposition cum, with, is used as a suffix with the abla- tives of relative and interrogative pronouns; quocum, quacum, quibuscum. The relative quod is also used as an adjective in questions: quod carmen legis ? which poem are you reading? LXIV. 186. Indefinite pronouns do not refer to any definite person or thing. They are mainly compounds of quis (qui), quae (qua), quid (quod); only this part of each of the following pronouns is declined, the other part remaining the same throughout all the cases; of the neuter forms those with quid are used substantively, those with quod adjectively; the masc. and fern, forms being used either way. 187. Declension of Indefinite Pronouns. quis, qua, quid, some one ; qui, quae, quod, some one ; (used substantively). (used adjectively). Sing.N. quis, qua, quid qui, quae, quod G. cujus cujus D. CUI cui A. quern, quam, quid quern, quam, quod V. A. quo, qua, quo quo, qua, quo Plur.N. qui, quae, qua qui, quae, quae G. quorum, quarum, quorum quorum, quarum, quorum D. quibus quibus A. quos, quas, qua quos, quas, quae V. A. quibus quibus 188. In the following indefinite pronouns only the forms of quis, qui, qua, quae, quid, quod are declined, the other part of each word remaining unchanged throughout all the cases ; thus : aliquis, alicujus, alicui, etc.; quispiam, cujuspiam, cuipiam, etc. It may also be remembered that quidam usually has quendam (instead of quemdam) in the accusative singular. aliquis, aliqua, aliquid (aliquod, adj.), some, some one; quispiam, quaepiam, quidpiam (quodpiam, adj.), some, some one; quidam, quaedam, quiddam (quoddam, adj.), certain one; LESSONS IN IATIN. 47 quisquam, (m. or /em.), quidquam, (quodquam, adj.), any one; quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque, adj.), every, every one; quivis, quaevis, quidvis (quodvis, adj.), any one you please ; quilibet, quaelibet, quidlibet (quodlibet, adj.), any one you please. LXV. 189. Pronomial adjectives express a relation to each other ; those marked with an asterisk are indeclinable : 1. Interrogative: qualis, e? of what kind? quantus, a, um ? how great 2 quot*? how many? 2. Demonstrative : talis, e, of such kind ; tantus, a, um, so much; tot* (totidem*), so many; 3. Indefinite: aliquantus, a, um, moderate; aliquot*, several ; 4. Relative : qualis, e, the like of which ; quantus, a, um, as great; • quot*, every; 5. Indef. Relat. qualiscunque, of whatever kind ; quantuscunque, how great soever ; quotcunque* (quotquot*), how many soever. In qualiscunque and quantuscunque only the syllables qualis and quantus are declined, the suffix cunque remaining the same throughout all the cases. (*Page 114.) LXVI. 190. Numerals have the forms and values of adjectives or of adverbs ; numeral adjectives and numeral adverbs. The following numeral adjectives are given in the table: Cardinal numbers ; used in counting ; one, two, three, etc. Ordinal numbers; first, second, third, etc. Distributives ; one by one, two apiece, three at a time, etc. The following are of less importance and are not tabulated : Multiplicatives ending in -plex ; simplex, simple ; duplex, double ; etc. Proportionals ending in -us, a, um ; duplus, twice as large ; triplus, three times as large ; etc. 48 LESSONS IN LATIN. 191. Table of Numeral Adjectives. t i Cardinals. 1 Ordinals Distributives. 1. unus, a, um primus, a, um singuli, ae, a 2. duo, ae, o secundus, a, um bini, ae, a 3. tres, ia tertius terni 4. quattuor quartus quaterni 5 quinque quintus quini 6. sex sextus seni 7. septem Septimus septeni 8. octo octavus octoni 9. novem nonus noveni 10. decern decimus deni 11. undecim undecimus undeni 12. duodecim duodecimus duodeni 13. tredecim tertius decimus terni deni 14. quattuordecim quartus decimus quaterni deni 15. quindecim quintus decimus quini deni 16. sedecim sextus decimus seni deni 17. septendecim septimus decimus septeni deni 18. duodeviginti d uode vicesi m us duodeviceni 19. undeviginti undevicesimus undeviceni 20. viginti vicesimus viceni 21. viginti unus unus et vicesimus viceni singuli 22. viginti duo alter et vicesimus viceni bini 28. duodetriginta duodetricesimus duodetriceni 29. undetriginta undetricesimus undetriceni 30. triginta tricesimus triceni 40. quadraginta quadragesimus quadrageni 50. quinquaginta quinquagesimus quinquageni 60. sexaginta sexagesimus sexageni 70 septuaginta septuagesimus septuageni 80. octoginta octogesimus octogeni 90. nonaginta nonagesimus nonageni 99. undecentum u n decen tesim us undecenteni 100. centum centesimus centeni 101. centum et unus c. et primus centeni singuli 102. | centum et duo c. et alter centeni bini LESSONS IN LATIN. 49 Table of Numeral Adjectives — (Continued). Cardinals. Ordinals. Distributives. 200. ducenti, ae, a ducentesimus duceni 300. trecenti trecentesimus treceni 400. quadringenti quadringentesimus quadringeni 500. quingenti quingentesimus quingeni 600. sexcenti sexcentesimus sexceni 700. septingenti septi ngentesi m us septingeni 800. octingenti octingentesimus octingeni 900. nongenti nongentesimus nongeni 1000. mille millesimus singula milia 2000. duo milia bis millesimus bina milia 3000. tria milia ter millesimus terna milia 10000 decern milia decies millesimus dena milia 192. Table of Roman Figures. 1. I. 12. XII. 28. xxvm. 101. CI. 2. II. 13. XIII. 29. XXIX. 102. CII. 3. III. 14. XIV. 30. XXX. 200. cc. 4. IV. 15. XV. 40. XL. 300. ccc. 5. V. 16. XVI. 50. L. 400. CD. 6. VI. 17. XVII. 60. LX. 500. D. 7. VII. 18. XVIII. 70. LXX. 600. DC. 8. VIII. 19. XIX. 80. LXXX. 700. DCC. 9. IX. 20. XX. 90. XC. 800. DCCC. 10. X. 21. XXI. 99. IC. 900. DCCCC. 11. XI. 22. XXII. 100. c. 1000. M. 193. In Latin, as in English, in the numbers from twenty to one hundred the units follow the tens without et (and) ; twenty-one, viginti unus ; quadraginta sex, forty-six ; but the tens may also follow the units with et : unus et viginti ; sex et quadraginta. From 100 on, the larger number stands first with or without et ; centum tres or centum et tres. If in such a combination there is a number in the tens column, the number in the unit column is added without et ; 486, quadringenti et octoginta sex. 50 LESSONS IN LATIN. 194. Unus, duo and tres are declinable, but then up to and including centum the cardinal numbers are indeclinable ; the plurals of centum (ducenti, ae, a ; trecenti, ae, a ; etc.) are declinable like plurals of the first and second declensions. Mitle is indeclinable, but its plural, milia or millia, is declinable like a neuter adjective of the third declension : tria millia hominum; tribus millibus hominum. 195. Ordinals ending in -us in the table have all three gender endings of the first and second declensions, -us, a, um, and are declinable like adjectives of these declensions. Ordinals are used in stating the numbers of hours or of years, thus: hora septima, the seventh hour ; annus millesimus nongentesi- mus, the nineteen hundredth year, the year nineteen hundred. Fractions are expressed by ordinals with the word pars, partis, /., part; thus: pars tertia, one-third; pars octava, one-eighth, etc. One-half is, however, generally expressed by dimidia pars, or by dimidium, ii, n., or semis, issis, m. 196. Distributives ending in -i have the three gender endings of the first and second declensions, plural: -i, ae, a, and are declined like adjectives of those declensions. 197. The following numeral adjectives have -ius in the genitive and -i in the dative singular, in all three genders, while otherwise they are declined regularly according to the first and second declensions ; for instance: unus, unius, uni, unum,. . ., uno, etc. alius, a, um, another (of many); totus, a, um, total, entire; alter,era,erum,other(oftwo); ullus, a, um, any, anyone; neuter, tra, trum, unus, a, um, one; neither (of two) ; nullus, a, um, none, not any; uter, utra, utrum, which (of two) ; solus, a, um, sole, alone. In composite words with uter, as uterque, utraque, utrumque, each of both, both, or alteruter, one of both, only uter is declined : uterque, utriusque, utrique, etc. When alter uter is written in two words both words are declined ; alter uter, alterius utrius, alteri utri, etc. LESSONS IN LATIN. 51 198. Declensions of duo and tres. Norn. duo duae duo tres (// . &/.) tria (n.) Gen. duorum duarum duorum trium Dat. duobus duabus duobus tribus Ace. duos (duo) duas duo tres tria Voc. duo duae duo tres tria Abl. duobus duabus duobus tribus Decline ambo, ae, o, both, like duo ; decline millia (plural of mille) like tria (//.). LXVII. 199. Numeral Adverbs. (*Page 120.) 1. semel, once, 29. 2. bis, twice, 30. 3. ter, three times, 40. 4. quater, four times, 50. 5. quinquies, five times. 60. 6. sexies 70. 7. septies 80. 8. octies 90. 9. novies 99. 10. decies 100. 11. undecies 101. undetricies tricies quadragies quinquagies sexagies septuagies octogies nonagies 9. novies 99. undecenties 10. decies 100. centies 11. undecies 101. centies semel 12. duodecies 102. centies bis 13. terdecies or tredecies 200. ducenties 14. quaterdecies 300. trecenties 15. quindecies 400. quadringenties 16. sedecies 500. quingenties 17. septiesdecies 600. sexcenties 18. duodevicies 700. septingenties 19. undevicies 800. octingenties 20. vicies 900. nongenties 21. vicies semel 1000. millies 22. vicies bis 2000. bis millies 28. duodetricies 3000. ter millies, etc. LXVIH. 200. Prepositions. Prepositions govern (are followed by) either the accusative or the ablative, or both. 52 LESSONS IN LATIN. A, ab and abs, from, and ex or e, out of, govern the ablative ; the forms a and e never precede a vowel or the letter h ; abs is only used before words beginning with t or q. Tenus, to or unto, is placed after the ablative which it governs; verbo tenus, to the word (meaning "literally"). Cum, with, governs the ablative; concerning the use of cum with personal pronouns see 178 and 185. Super, subter, sub and in take either an accusative or an ablative. When in replies to the question "whither ?" when it means toward, on, or when it implies a change in position or condition, it is followed by the accusative, as when we say: divide massam in pilulas ; but when in is used in reply to the question "where?" when it means in, within, on, or implies rest, it is followed by the ablative, as when we say: dispense in lagena f lava. Sub, under, governs the accusative in reply to the question "whither?" and the ablative in reply to the question "where ?" Subter, below, and super, above, usually take the accusative, but occasionally they are used with the ablative. LXIX. 201. Conjunctions. Conjunctions are connectives : pater et f ilius, father and son ; pater aut filius, father or son. The conjunction and is usually et, but sometimes ac or atque are used ; the syllable que is also used as a suffix to the last word of the words to be joined by the conjunction and: blandimenta voluptatis otiique (Cicero), the allurements of pleasure and ease. Ut, that, and ne, that not, are followed by the subjunctive ; ne, , after verbs of fear is translated that instead of that not. Quin with the subjunctive follows after non dubito, I do not doubt ; nemo dubitat, nobody doubts; quis dubitat, who doubts ; dubium non est, it is not doubtful; etc.; it is translated "that" or "but that." SYNTAX.* LXX. 202. A sentence is a related group of words containing a subject and a predicate, with or without modifiers, and expressing a complete thought ; as : rosa floret, rosa est pulchra. *A few words of the perfect tense are used in the following pages on Syntax; the student will do well to study this tense before proceeding farther. See end- ings of all conjugations in full in the Appendix. LESSONS IN LATIN. 53 The necessary parts of a sentence are the subject and the predicate (see 31 to 38 included). The subject is the noun, or some other word or words used as a noun, concerning which something is said or asserted ; it may be a noun, pronoun, adjective, infinitive, phrase, clause or sentence used to designate the thing spoken about. 203. THE SUBJECT OF A FINITE VERB IS PUT IN THE NOMINATIVE; thus: puella saltat, the girl dances; herbae florent, the herbs bloom. The subject may be qualified 1. By an attributive adjective, participle, pronoun or numeral : rosa pulchra, beautiful rose ; rosa f lorens, blooming rose ; rosa mea, my rose ; una rosa, one rose. 2. By the genitive of a noun {attributive genitive) : tinctura bella- donnae, tincture of belladonna ; vinum colchici, wine of cclchicum. 3. By a noun in the nominative : Alexander, rex Macedonum, Magnus appellatur, Alexander, king of the Macedonians, is called the Great. A noun having this relation to another noun is called an appositive noun. 204. A predicate is the word or words in a sentence that express what is affirmed or denied of the subject. It may be a verb, or an adjective or substantive with the verb esse, which latter is then called a copulative verb: rosa floret, the rose blooms ; rosa pulchra est, the rose is beautiful ; rosa flos est, the rose is a flower. The predicate may be qualified 1 . By the cases of a noun (or substantive) which is then called object : te amo, I love you ; virtutem amo, I love virtue ; coloris expers est, it is devoid of color ; virtuti studeo, I cultivate virtue. 2. By a preposition with a noun : pro patria pugnamus, we fight for our country. 3. By an infinitive: scribere cupio, I desire to write. 4. By an adverb : bene scribis, you write well. 205. A FINITE VERB AGREES WITH ITS SUBJECT IN PERSON AND NUMBER ; as : femina flliam habet, the woman has a daughter ; pharmaci tincturas filtrant, the druggists filter their tinctures. 54 LESSONS IN LATIN. 206. If there are several subjects in a sentence the verb is put in the plural: femina et puella canunt, the woman and girl sing; pharmacia et pharmacognosia a pharmacis studeantur, phar- macy and pharmacognosy should be studied by pharmacists. 207. When subjects of different person are joined in a sentence, the verb is in the plural and the first person takes precedence over the second and third and determines the person of the verb : ego et tu scribimus, I and you write (you and I, in English) ; ego, tu et frater scribimus, I, you and my brother write. The second person takes precedence over the third person and determines the person of the verb : tu et frater scribitis, you and my brother write. 208. In Latin, verbs are often omitted when they can be readily understood ; this is especially true of the forms of the verb sum. When omitted in Latin, they must be supplied in translating into English : amantes amentes, lovers (the loving) foolish, lovers (are) fools. 209. AN APPOSITIVE NOUN IS PUT IN THE SAME CASE AS THE NOUN WHICH IT QUALIFIES ; Maria, pharmaci filia, medicinam amaram, quininam, gustat et non amat, Mary, the daughter of the pharmacist, tastes the bitter medicine, qui- nine, and does not like it. In this example filia is the appositive of Maria and is in the same case, the nominative ; quininam is the appositive of medicinam and is in the same case, the accusative. 210. A PREDICATE NOUN MEANING THE SAME PERSON OR THING AS THE SUBJECT AGREES WITH THE SUBJECT IN CASE: quinina est medicina ; ego sum medicus ; tu es pharmacus. 211. A predicate noun, or an appositive, agrees in gender and number with its subject when it denotes a person capable of being dis- tinguished by sex, and therefore having different forms for masculine and feminine genders, as: magister or magistra, instructor or instructress, teacher ; pharmacus or pharmaceutria, pharmacist ; amicus, arnica, friend; or having common gender, as: auctor, author. For instance: usus est magister, experience is an instructor; historia est magistra, history is a teacher (instructress). LESSONS IN LATIN. 55 When the appositive or the predicate noun refers to several nouns it is put in the plural ; if the nouns are names of persons of the same sex, the appositive or predicate noun is of the same sex, but if of different sex, the appositive or predicative noun is put in the masculine form: Maria et soror, discipulae in schola, sunt studiosae, Mary and her sister, pupils in our school, are studious ; puer et puella, disci- puli in schola, sunt studiosi, the boy~and girl, pupils in our school, are studious. 212. But when an appositive or a predicate noun refers to a thing (not a person) the gender may differ from that of the subject, and so may the number : rosa flos est, the rose is a flower (different gender) ; pisces praeda piscatoris sunt, the fish are the prey of the fisher- man (different gender and number). 213. The predicate nominative is used 1. With the verb esse. 2. With verbs of becoming, as : nascor, f io, evado, existo. 3. With the verbs maneo and videor (passive of video). 4. With verbs signifying to make, elect, appoint: creor, eli- sor, etc. 5. With verbs meaning to name or call : appellor, vocor, nominor, etc. 6. With verbs expressing judgment or estimation : putor, existi- mor, judicor, cognoscor, etc. Examples : tu es discipulus, you are a pupil ; nemo doctus nascitur, nobody is born a wise man; virtus summum bonum recte judicatur, virtue is justly considered (to be) the greatest good. LXXI. 214. Use of Genitive. (See also 247.) WHEN ONE NOUN QUALIFIES ANOTHER AND IS NOT AN APPOSITIVE AND DOES NOT MEAN THE SAME THING, IT IS AN ATTRIBUTIVE NOUN AND IS PUT IN THE GENI- TIVE : tinctura belladonnae ; vinum colchici. 215. The attributive genitive is also used with nouns of quantity •{partitive genitive) : alcoholis fluiduncia, one fluid ounce of alcohol ; medimnum frumenti, a bushel of grain; Also with comparatives and superlatives, with pronouns or numerals, and with the neuter forms of adjectives used as nouns (multum, plus, 56 LESSONS IN LATIN. plurimum, minus, minimum, tantum, aliquantum, etc.); ego sum fratrum major natu, I am the older born of the brothers; Cicero omnium Romanorum praestantissimus fuit orator, Cicero was the most illustrious orator of all the Romans ; vestrum pauci, a few of you ; multi nostrum, many of us ; Also with adverbs of quantity : aquae quantum satis, enough of water ; eloquentiae satis, enough of eloquence (enough of talk) ; And with adverbs of place : ubi terrarum f uisti ? where in all the world (the lands) have you been ? 216. The genitive is also used with misereor, I pity ; me pudet, I am ashamed, (it shames me) ; me poenitet, I am sorry (it causes me to regret) ; etc., in order to complete the meaning: infelicium hominum misereor, I pity unhappy men ; me miseret tui, I pity you (it pities me of you). 217. Egeo, I need, am in want of, takes the genitive: aegrotus medicinae eget, the sick man needs medicine (is in want of medicine). 218. The verbs memini, reminiscor, obliviscor, take the geni- tive; verbs of accusing, condemning acquitting, etc., are followed by the genitive of the crime. (*Page 126.) 219. With the impersonal verb interest (it concerns) the person whom it concerns is in the genitive : interest omnium recte vivere. 220. A number of adjectives require the genitive, of which the following are the most important : memor, oris, mindful of; immemor, oris, unmindful of; conscius, a, um, conscious; nescius, a, um, ignorant of; prudens, ntis, experienced in; imprudens, ntis, unaware of; cupidus, a, um,fond of, desirous; avidus, a, um, eager for ; particeps, cipis, partaking of; expers, rtis, destitute of. 221. The genitive is also used with expressions of value, with verbs of selling, buying, esteeming or estimating : aestimo, puto, etc. 222. The genitive or ablative with esse is sometimes used to express a quality or property of a noun ; or the verb esse is sometimes omitted and the genitive is then used as an attributive genitive (quali- tative genitive ; or the ablative as a qualitative ablative) : Aristoteles, LESSORS IN LATIN. 67 vir summi ingenii (or summo ingenio), prudentiam cum elo- quentia junxit. Aristoteles, a man of greatest (very great) ability (or with very great ability) combined prudence with eloquence. 223. The genitive with esse also designates the possessor to whom something belongs: hie liber fratris mei est, this book is my brother's, this book belongs to my brother. LXXII. 221. Use of Accusative. (See also 247.) THE DIRECT OBJECT OF AN ACTION EXPRESSED BY A TRANSITIVE VERB IS PUT IN THE ACCUSATIVE: agricola colit agros, the farmer cultivates the fields ; epistulam scribo, I write a letter ; virtutem amamus, we love virtue (bravery). 225. Any number of accusatives joined by conjunctions (either expressed or understood) may be the object of a verb : pharmacus tincturam aconiti, extractum fluidum rhei, linimentum vola- tile, pilulas catharticas, unguentum iodi et cetera parat. 226. Verbs of naming, choosing, calling, regarding, showing, etc., may be followed by two accusatives of the same person or thing : sapientem beatum judicamus, we consider the wise (man to be a) happy (man). 227. An accusative of the person and an accusative of the thing follow verbs of asking (rogo, interrbgo), demanding (posco.flagito), teaching (doceo) and concealing (celo) : ego te sententiam tuam rogo, I ask you your opinion ; philosophia nos res omnes docet, philosophy teaches us all things ; nullam rem te celo, I hide you nothing (hide nothing from you). 228. In the last example we would say in English, I hide nothing from you; this construction is also used in Latin with peto, I beg, and postulo, I demand, which require the accusative of the thing and the ablative of the person with a or ab: peto a te librum, I beg the book from you ; quaero, ask, takes the accusative of the thing and the ablative of the person with ab, de or ex : quaero a (ex, de) te sen- tentiam tuam, I ask from you your opinion. 229. The accusative answers the questions "how long?" (time or extent) ; "how far ? how high ? how deep ?" as : turris pedes ducentos alta est, the tower is two hundred feet high. 58 LESSONS IN LATIN. 230. Finally, the accusative with an attributive adjective or attribu- tive genitive, or both, is used in exclamations: O, me miserum ! O, fallacem hominum spem ! Oh, I, miserable man ! Oh, the false hope of men ! LXXIII. 231. Use of Dative. THE INDIRECT OBJECT OF AN ACTION EXPRESSED BY A TRANSITIVE VERB IS PUT IN THE DATIVE: puellae rosam dat, he gives a rose to the girl. 232. The dative answers the questions "to whom? for whom? for what?" and designates the object affected by an action, or the person or thing that is benefitted or injured by an action : do tibi donum, I present to you a gift; epistulam tibi scribo, I write a letter to you; canis lupo similis est, the dog is similar to the wolf; ratio omnibus hominibus communis est, reason is common to all men. 233. Some Latin verbs have the object in the dative where in English the accusative (objective) case would be used ; this is especially the case when the verbs signify injury or benefit: procella nocet segetibus, the storm injures the growing crops (Latin construction : The storm is injurious to the growing crops). When a verb takes the dative as an object, it usually is so stated in the dictionaries. 234. The dative may follow an intransitive or a passive verb, as: tibi servio, I am devoted to you (I serve you) ; mundus deo paret, the world obeys God (is obedient to God) ; nobis vita data est, life has been given to us. 235. Or the dative may be used with transitive verbs in connection with a direct object in the accusative: agricola committit agris grana frumenti, the farmer commits the grains of corn to the fields. 236. The dative is used with est or sunt to designate the person or thing which possesses something ; the thing possessed is in the nomi- native ; multi mihi sunt Iibri, many books are to me (belong to me). 237. The dative of purpose, answering the question "for what? or for what purpose ?" is usually accompanied by another dative of the LESSONS IN LATIN. 59 person or thing affected by the action : pater venit f iliis auxilio, the father comes to the aid of his sons (for aid to his sons). LXXIV. 238. Use of Ablative. The ablative answers the questions "with what ? by what ? from or of what? when? where? from where?" and it designates the following relations : 239. The ablative designates means or instrument by which any- thing is done, or material from which anything is made : oculis vide- mus, auribus audimus, we see with our eyes, hear with our ears ; Britanni lacte et carne vivunt, the Britains (British) live on milk and meat ; mucilago acaciae alcohole praecipitatur, mucilage of acacia is precipitated by alcohol. If the instrument or means is a person it is sometimes placed in the accusative with per, through or by; per tuum patrem miseria liberatus sum (perfect, passive), I have been freed from misery by (or through) your father ; but if the verb is passive the person who is the means or instrument of performing the action expressed is usually placed in the ablative with a or ab: mundus a deo sustinetur, the world is upheld by God. 240. The origin or cause (through which, from which, on account of which) is expressed by the ablative; for instance, with the verbs gaudeo, laetor, glorior, laboro, valeo, floreo, excello, praesto, supero, fido, confido, nitor ; with adjectives like laetus, fretus, contentus, etc. 241. Accompaniment is expressed by the ablative following the pre- position cum, used here in the sense of in company with or together with : hydrargyrum cum creta, mercury with chalk ; deus tecum sit, may God be with you. When with means by means of or by, the ablative is used alone with- out cum : solutio argenti nitrate ne turbetur, the solution should not be made turbid with (by, by means of) nitrate of silver. 242. With expressions of plenty (abundo, affluo, etc.) or of want (egeo, indigeo ; inops, etc.) the ablative is used : Germania abundat fluminibus, Germany abounds in rivers. The ablative is also used with utor, to use ; i ruor, to enjoy ; f ungor, to perform or do ; potior, to obtain ; and vescor, to make use of: 60 LESSONS IN LATIN. Optimo et purissimo utimur, we use the best and purest; multi beneficio dei perverse utuntur, many use the favor of God per- versely (many abuse the favor of God). 243. The ablative is used with verbs of valuing or comparing, to designate the object by which anything is measured, esteemed, valued or determined: magnos homines virtute metimur, non fortuna, we measure great men by their virtue, not by their fortune. For this reason the ablative is used with comparatives, instead of quam with a nominative or accusative : pater filio doctior est, the father is more learned than the son. In fact, the ablative is generally used to designate anything by which anything else is determined: multi sunt corpore validi, mente infirmi, many are strong in body, weak in mind ; Cyrus natione Persa f uit, Cyrus was by nation (nationality) a Persian. 244. With expressions of selling or buying, valuing, trading, etc., the price is put in the ablative; and with the adjectives dignus, worthy, and indignus, unworthy, the thing of which someone or some- thing is worthy or unworthy is in the ablative : excellentium homi- num virtus imitatione, non invidia digna est, the virtue of excellent men is worthy of imitation, not of envy ; Veritas auro digna est, truth is worth gold. 245. The place in which, or the place or object from which, is expressed usually, but not always, by the ablative: tinctura in Jagena est, the tincture is in the bottle; cognitio naturae nos levat superstitione, liberat mortis metu, the knowledge of nature relieves us from superstition, frees from the fear of death. 246. The time when is expressed by the ablative: qua nocte natus Alexander est, eadem Dianae Ephesiae templum defla- gravit {perfect), in the same night when Alexander was born, the temple of Diana of Ephesus (Ephesian Diana) was burned; aestate sub arboribus libenter sedemus, in summer, etc. 247. When answering the question "where?" the names of cities, towns or small islands, of the first or second declensions, singular number, are put in the genitive ; similar names of the third declension and plurals of all declensions, are put in the ablative without in. In LESSONS IN LATIN. 61 answer to the question "whereto?" such names are in the accusative without preposition and answering the question "wherefrom ?" in the ablative without preposition. LXXV. 248. Infinitive. The infinitive may be the subject of a verb, when it must be con- sidered to be in the nominative and neuter: dulce et decorum est pro patria mori, to die for one's country is sweet and proper. It may also be the object of a verb, when it is in the accusative ;«it is especially frequently used as an object after verbs expressing deter- mination, ability, obligation, or compulsion : volo (or cupio, studeo, possum, debeo) discere, I wish (or desire, endeavor, am able, ought) to learn. (*Page 127.) LXXVI. 249. Accusative with Infinitive. In English we often use constructions similar to the following : I know him to be honest ; I have found this horse to be gentle ; etc. This construction is frequently used in Latin and is called the "accusa- tive with infinitive." In this construction a clause or a subject with its predicate (for example, rosa floret) becomes the object of a verb ; the subject of such a clause is then put in the accusative and the verb in the infini- tive : video rosam f lorere, I see the rose to bloom. Such a con- struction often may be translated by the corresponding English con- struction, but it is usually better to translate by a subordinate clause with the conjunction that: video rosam florere, I see that the rose blooms. If the predicate consists of an adjective or a noun with sum, fio, etc., the adjective or noun is put in the accusative : aqua frigida est, the water is cold, becomes sentio aquam frigidam esse, I perceive the water to be cold; Professor Curtman magister chemiae in hoc collegio fuit, Prof. Curtman was teacher of chemistry in this col- lege, becomes: audimus, Professorem Curtman magistrum chemiae in hoc collegio f uisse, we hear, that Prof* Curtman was teacher in this college (literally, Prof. Curtman to have been, etc.). In Latin the accusative with infinitive is used : a. After verbs of declaring or knowing ; that is, after an expression of believing, thinking, feeling, perceiving, saying or narrating. b. After verbs of desiring, omitting, ordering, or forbidding. 62 LESSONS IN LATIN. c. After impersonal expressions : apparet, it appears ; constat, it is known ; opus est, it is necessary ; licet, it is permitted ; juste est, it is right; aequum est, it is fair; mos est, it is custom (cus- tomary) ; etc. 250. Apropos of the use of a modern name in the above para- graph, it may be here stated that modern names are sometimes latin- ized, but more commonly they are treated as indeclinable nouns, remaining the same in all cases; therefore "Curtman" is the same in the nominative and in the accusative of the above examples. (*Page 129.) LXXVII. 251. Supine. The supine gives the meaning of a verb in the form of a noun of the fourth declension : ace: amatum ; abl : amatu. The supine in -um follows verbs of coming or going, sending and summoning, to express the object of these verbs ; the supine governs the case of the verb: ingens hominum multitudo in urbem con- venit Iudos publicos spectatum, a very large crowd of people came to the city to see the public plays {canw&nW., perfect tense). 252. The supine in -u follows many adjectives, as : dignus, worthy ; indignus, unworthy ; facilis, easy ; diff icilis, difficult ; molestus, troublesome; jucundus, pleasant, agreeable; dulcis, sweet. Also after fas est, it is right and nefas est, it is wrong, it is for- bidden ; thus: saccharum dulce est gustatu, sugar is sweet to taste ; fas est dictu, it is permitted to speak ; nefas est in auditorio collegii lusu, it is wrong to play in the lecture hall of the college. LXXVIII. 253. Gerundive. The gerundive is an adjective of the first and second declensions, with three endings, -us, a, um ; it has the significance of must or shall; as: liber legendus, a to be read book, a book that must be read: massa dividenda, a to be divided mass, a mass that must be divided. 254. The neuter of the gerundive of intransitive verbs with est, forms an impersonal expression implying obligation or compulsion ; LESSONS IV LATIN. 63 scribendum est, it is to write, one must write ; the person who is to do the action is put in the dative : mihi est scribendum, it is for me to write, I must write; nobis est pugnandum, we must fight; pro patria pugnandum est, one must fight for fatherland (one's country). 255. Instead of the impersonal gerundive of a transitive verb with an object in the accusative, the object may be put in the nominative and the gerundive and est take the inflections demanded by the sub- ject; thus: amandum est virtutem, one must love virtue, becomes: virtus est amanda, virtue is to be loved ; the active person is put in the dative: virtus hominibus est amanda, virtue is to be loved by men ; obtemperandum est legibus, becomes leges sunt obtem- perandae, the laws must be obeyed (are to be obeyed). LXXIX. 256. Gerund. The neuter form of the gerundive is called the gerund when it forms the missing cases of the infinitive ; the infinitive is used in the nomina- tive and accusative (248), and the genitive, dative, ablative and some- times the accusative are furnished by the gerund ; when the accusative of the infinitive follows a preposition, it is expressed by the gerund, otherwise by the infinitive. This can be best explained by examples : Nom. Natare est utile, swimming is useful ; Gen. Natandi ars utilis est, the art of swimming is useful ; Dat. Natando homo aptus est, man is adapted for swimming ; Ace. Natare disco, I learn to swim (swimming) ; but ad natandum homo aptus est, man is adapted to swim; inter natandum, during swimming ; ob natandum, on account of swimming; etc.; Abl. Natando corporis vires exercentur, the powers of the body are exercised by swimming ; in natando, in swimming ; a natando, from swimming, etc. 257. An attributive adjective modifying these forms in English must be expressed by an adverb in Latin ; rapid swimtning becomes celeriter natare in Latin. (58 and 248.) 258. The gerund governs the same case as does its verb : ars pueros educandi difficilis est, the art of educating boys is difficult. (*Page 130.) 64 LESSON'S IN LATIN. LXXX. 259. Participles. The participles are used as in English, giving the meaning of the verb in the forms of adjectives or nouns. The Latin verb may have three participles : Active. Passive. Present: amans, loving ; Perfect: amatus, a, um, loved ; Future: amaturus, a, um, about to love. The participle governs the same case as its verb : epistulam scri- bens, writing a letter ; hostes parcens, sparing the enemies ; when used as an adjective it agrees with its subject in gender, number and case : puer laudatus, puella amata ; etc. 260. In Latin there are two methods of construction with partici- ples ; when the subject of the subordinate clause also occurs in the principal clause of the sentence, either as subject or object, the parti- ciple agrees with the subject or object in gender, number and case, as : sol oriens pellit noctem, which can be translated "the rising sun dispels the night," or "when the sun rises it dispels the night" (literally : the sun rising, it dispels the night). But when the subordinate clause has a subject which does not occur in the principal clause of the sen- tence, both subject and participle in the subordinate clause are put in the ablative (called ablative absolute) ; thus : sole oriente, nox f ugit, when the sun rises, night flees (or, from the rising sun night flees) ; recuperata pace, artes efflorescunt, peace having been regained, the arts flourish. 261. Participles may be used as adjectives, active as well as pas- sive ; thus : puella amans, the loving girl ; puella amata, the beloved girl. They may also be used as nouns : sapiens, ntis, m., the wise man ; amata, ae, /., the beloved (one), sweetheart. (*Page 133.) LXXXL 262. Periphrastic Conjugations. The participles and the gerundive with the auxiliary verb sum, esse, form conjugations which are called periphrastic (circumlocutory or roundabout) conjugations ; the future participle or the gerundive may thus be used with the verb esse in all its forms, but as the future tenses have no subjunctives, no future subjunctives can be formed in the periphrastic conjugations. The subjunctives of the future tenses of the regular conjugations may, however, be expressed indirectly, thus : LESSONS IN LATIN. 65 amaturus, moniturus, recturus, auditurus (a, um) sim, sis, etc., I may love; amaturus (etc.) essem, I would love, etc. The following forms of periphrastic conjugations may be noted : 263. I. Future participle with the verb sum. amaturus sum, I want to love (literally : I am about to love) ; amaturus es, thou wantest to love ; recturus est, he wants to rule ; audituri sumus, we want to hear ; vigilaturi estis, you want to watch ; amaturi sunt, they want to love. The future participle is used in the singular or plural, and masculine, feminine or neuter, as may be required in each particular instance. 264. II. The personal construction of the gerundive with the verb sum. audiendus sum, I must be heard ; amandus es, thou must be loved ; capiendus est, he must be taken ; monendi sumus, we must be reminded ; erudiendi estis, you must be educated ; admirandi sunt, they must be admired. The gerundive is used in the singular or plural, masculine, feminine or neuter, as may be required in each particular instance. 265. III. The neuter form of the gerundive with the verb sum ; (impersonal construction; see also 254) thus: amandum est, one must love ; memorandum est, one must remember, it is to be remem- bered ; etc. The person who " must " is put in the dative : pugnandum est, one must fight; mihi pugnandum est, I must fight; vobis Iegendum est, you must read; puero audiendum est, the boy must hear ; etc. The literal construction is : it is for me to fight, it is for you to read, it is for the boy to hear ; etc. (*Page 134.) LXXXH. 266. Interrogative Sentences are either direct or indirect. In the direct question the verb is in the indicative; quid agis? what doest thou? quo vadis ? whither goest LESSONS IN LATIN. thou ? But if doubt is expressed in the question the verb is in the sub- junctive : quid agamus? what may we do? what shall we do ? In the indirect question the verb is always in the subjunctive : Die, quid agas ! say, what are you doing ; what may you do ? 267. Direct as well as indirect questions contain certain interroga- tive words : 1. Some interrogative pronoun, pronomial adjective or interroga- tive abverb: quis ? qualis? ubi? cur? etc.; thus: quis hunc librum legit? who reads (is reading) this book? cur ad me non venisti ? why did you not come to me ? narra, cur ad me non veneris, tell me why you did not come to me. 2. Ne, nonne, num or utrum ; ne leaves it uncertain whether the questioner expects an affirmative or a negative answer ; the syllable is used as a suffix to the emphasized word, which is usually placed first in the sentence : f uistine heri in collegio ? were you in college yesterday ? Nonne expects an affimative answer : nonne sapiens beatus est? is not the wise man happy? quaeris ex me, nonne putem sapien- tem beatum esse (249), you ask me whether I consider the wise man happy. Num expects a negative answer : num vita beata in divitiis posita est ? is a happy life conditioned (placed) on riches ? rogo te, num vita beata in divitiis posita sit, I ask you whether a happy life is based on riches. Utrum is only used in double questions, where one part excludes the other; in such questions the first part has ne or utrum, and the second has an (or) : mortalisne an immortalis est animus humanus ? is the soul of man mortal or immortal ? quaeritur, mor- talisne an immortalis sit animus humanus, it is a question (it is sought to learn, it is questioned) whether the soul of man (literally: the human soul) is (may be) mortal or immortal ; utrum unus an plures sunt mundi? are there one or many worlds? quaeritur, utrum unus an plures sint mundi, it is a question whether there are (may be) one or many worlds. 268. The answer is made by repeating the accented word of the question for yes ; and for no by the same word preceded by non : fuistine heri in collegio? were you in the college yesterday? fui (I LESSONS IN LATIN. 67 was; yes) ; estne f rater domi? is your brother at home? non est (he is not ; no). Or yes by ita, ita est, so it is; vero, certainly, surely ; etc.; no by non, non est, it is not so. LXXX1II. 269. Arrangement of Sentences. The Latin language allows great latitude in the arrangement of the words in a sentence, but some general rules may be noted : The subject followed by its modifiers comes first in a sentence, and the predicate preceded by its modifiers comes last: sol oriens diem conficit, the rising sun makes the day ; animus aeger semper errat, a diseased mind always errs. SUBJECT-modifiers of subject-modifiers of predicate-PREDICATE. 270. Any word except the subject may be made emphatic by being placed first in a sentence : silent leges inter arma, silent are the laws during war (among arms) ; est natura hominum novitatis avida, human nature (nature of men) is fond (desirous) of novelty ; puras deus non plenas adspicit manus, God sees (considers) pure, not full hands. 271. Or any word except the predicate may be emphasized by being placed last in the sentence : nobis non satisfacit ipse Demos- thenes, Demosthenes himself does not satisfy us. 272. The modifiers of nouns usually follow the nouns : pilulae catharticae ; tinctura aconiti ; the modifiers of verbs, adverbs and adjectives usually precede the words which they qualify : mundus deo paret, the world obeys God (is obedient to God) ; vehementer dixit, he spoke vehemently ; facile doctissimus, easily (undoubtedly) the most learned. 273. Demonstrative pronouns usually precede their nouns : custos hujus collegii, the janitor of this college. 274. Prepositions usually immediately precede their cases : quini- na in ilia lagena est, the quinine is in yonder bottle ; (see also 200). 275. Non, when it qualifies a single word, precedes that word: vitam regit fortuna, non sapientia (Cicero), fortune (chance), not 68 LESSONS IN LATIN. wisdom, rules our life ; nihil utile, quod non idem honestum, nothing useful, which is not also honest. 276. A clause used as the subject of a complex sentence usually stands at the beginning of the sentence : beneficium accipere liber- tatem est vendere, to accept a favor is to sell one's liberty. 277. A subordinate clause is generally inserted within the principal clause : dies iste, quem tamquam extremum reformidas, aeterni natalis est, this day, which thou fearest as (just as if) thy last, is the birth-day (birth) of eternity; gratia, quae tarda est, ingrata est (Ausonius), gratefulness which is tardy is ungrateful. Sometimes the subordinate clause is placed before the principal clause : qualis sit animus, animus nescit, of what nature the soul may be, the soul knows not ; or the subordinate clause may follow the principal clause ; sol efficit ut omnia floreant, the sun causes all things to bloom (that all things may bloom). 278. Co-ordinate clauses (joined by co-ordinate conjunctions) generally follow each other in the natural order of thought, as in Eng- lish : sol ruit et montes umbrantur, the sun sets and the mountains are shaded ; finis harum lectionum advenit, igitur gaudeamus, the end of these lessons has come, therefore let us be glad. APPENDIX TO PART I. SYNOPSIS OF CONJUGATIONS. Verbs have two voices (see 18) : Active, representing the subject as acting ; and Passive, representing the subject as acted on. Deponent verbs have passive form but active meaning (see 71 and 72). In Latin there are six tenses : LESSONS IN LATIN. 69 Three tenses for incomplete action : 1. Present: amo, I love, I am loving; 2. Imperfect: amabam, I loved, I was loving; 3. Future : amabo, I shall or will love, 1 will be loving. These three tenses are called in Latin : Praesens, Imperfectum, Futurum. Three tenses for completed action : 1. Perfect: amavi, I have loved, I loved ; 2. Pluperfect: amaveram, I had loved; 3. Future Perfect: amavero, I shall have loved. These three tenses are called in Latin: Perfectum, Plusquam- perfectum, Futurum Exactum. The Latin verb has three definite modes (see 20 to 23). Indicative ; the mode of reality, as : rosa floret (see 21) ; Subjunctive ; the mode of desire, possibility, as : amem (see 22) ; Imperative ; the mode of command or entreaty: audi (see 23). The indefinite modes express the meaning of the verb in the forms of nouns and adjectives ; they are the infinitive (see 24 and 248), the gerund (see 256), supine (see 251) and participles (see 259 to 261). The gerundive (see 253 to 255) is sometimes classed as a participle. In parsing verbs it may be well to follow this order : person, number, mode, tense, voice, of the verb , meaning ; thus : amatis is second person, plural number, indicative mode, present tense, active voice, of the verb amo, amavi, amatum, amare, to love. The following forms of verbs are given in dictionaries, because from them all other forms are derived : First person, singular, present, indicative ; First person, singular, perfect, indicative ; Supine ; Infinitive, active ; usually followed by the number of conjugation, and in the case of deponents by "v. dej>." 70 LESSONS IN LATIN. For example: Present ; Perfect ; Supine ; Infinitive ; No; Meaning. amo, avi, atum, are, 1, to love ; moneo, ui, itum, ere, 2, to remind ; bibo, bibi, no sup., bibere, 3, to drink ; rego, rexi, rectum, regere, 3, to rule ; capio, cepi, captum, cape re, 3, to take ; abluo, ui, utum, uere, 3, to wash ; abscido, cidi, cisum, cidere, 3, to cutoff; coquo, coxi, coctum. coquere, 3, to cook ; ludo, si, sum, dere, 3, to play ; scribo, scripsi, scriptum, scribere, 3, to write ; vomo, ui. itum, ere, 3, to vomit ; concido, cidi. cisum, cidere, 3, to cut to pieces ; albesco, no per/., 710 SUp., albescere, 3, to become white ; algeo, algesco, audio, alsi algere, algescere, ire, 3, to be cold ; alsi 3 to become cold ; ivi or ii, itum, 4, to hear. The above verbs may be taken for practicing the conjugations, by joining the endings to the word-stem of the particular form from which any tense may be derived. For instance : for all forms derived from the present (indicative), the word-stem is found by dropping the infini- tive ending (see 54 and 55) ; for all forms derived from the. perfect, the word-stem is found by dropping the ending of the first person singular, perfect tense : avi, ui, i, ivi, as the case may be; in the same manner the word-stems for forms derived from the supine are found by dropping the supine ending for the accusative form: atum, itum, um, itum. It will be noticed in the table of verbs above, that when the perfect or supine is wanting this is shown by the words "no perf." or "no sup.", or by a dash, where the missing form should be. A. From the PRESENT (indicative, active) are derived : Indicative, present, passive ; Subjunctive, present, active and passive ; Future, active and passive ; Indicative, imperfect, active and passive ; Subjunctive, imperfect, active and passive; a. b. c. d. e LESSONS IN LATIN. 71 f. Imperative, active and passive ; g. Infinitive, present, active and passive ; h. Participle, present, active ; i. Gerundive and Gerund. B. From the PERFECT (indicative, active) are derived : a. Subjunctive, perfect, active ; b. Indicative, pluperfect, active; c. Future perfect, active ; d. Infinitive, perfect, active ; e. Subjunctive, pluperfect, active. C. From the SUPINE are derived : a. Participle, perfect, passive ; b. Participle, future, active ; From the perfect passive participle with the auxiliary verb sum are in turn constructed : a. Indicative and subjunctive, perfect, passive ; b. Indicative and subjunctive, pluperfect, passive ; c. Future perfect, passive. From the future participle with esse is constructed : a. Future infinitive, active. From the supine with iri (the infinitive passive of the verb eo, to go) is constructed: a. Future infinitive, passive. In regular verbs of the I, II and IV conjugations the stems of the different parts are alike, as : amo, amavi, amatum, amare ; moneo, monui, monitum, monere ; audio, audivi, auditum, audire; but in irregular verbs of these conjugations they may not be alike, as ; do, dedi, datum, dare, 1, to give; tondeo, totondi, tonsum, tondere, 2, to shave, clip the hair; fulcio, fulsi, fultum, fulcire, 4, to prop up, etc. In verbs of the third declension and in irregular verbs like fero, tuli, latum, ferre, etc., the stems of the different parts may be very unlike each other, and the derivation of different tenses, etc., from the various stems becomes important ; to assist the learner the stem to be used is 72 LESSONS IN LATIN. marked in the tables of endings, "Pr. stem" meaning the present stem, "Pf. stem'''' meaning the perfect stem and " Su. stem" meaning the supine stem. Conjugation of sum, fui, esse, to be. Present Tense. Indicative : I am, etc. Subjunctive : I may be, etc. sum es est sim sis sit sumus estis sunt simus sitis Imperfect Tense. sint Indicative : I was, etc. Subjunctive : I were , etc. eram eras erat essem esses esset e ram us eratis erant essemus essetis essent Perfect Tense. Indicative: I have been, etc. Subjunctive : I may have been. fui fuisti fuit fuerim fueris fuerit fuimus fuistis fuerunt(fuere) fuerimus fueritis fuerint Pluperfect Tense. Indicative : I had been, etc. fueram fueras fuerat fueramus fueratis fuerant Subjunctive : I might have been. fuissem fuisses fuisset fuissemus fuissetis fuissent Future Tense, Indicative : I will be, etc. ero eris erit erimus eritis erunt Future Perfect, Indicative: I will have been, etc. fuero fueris fuerit fuerimus fueritis fuerint Imperative : Be ! etc. es esto esto este estote sunto LESSONS IN LATIN. 73 Infinitive : To be, being. Pres: esse, to be, being; Perf : fuisse, to have been ; Fut ; f uturus, a, um esse, to be about to be. Participles. Pres : absens, absent, from absum ; and praesens, present, from praesum, are the only ones used. Fut: futurus, a, um, (one) about to be. N. B. — The imperfect subjunctive sometimes has the forms forem, fores, foret, -, -, forent, instead of essem, esses, etc., I would be, thou wouldst be, or I were, thou wert, etc.; instead of the future infini- tive futurus esse the form fore is sometimes employed. In some of the endings in the following tables of the four regular conjugations, as for instance in the second person singular and plural and the third person plural, of the active indicative perfect of the first conjugation, some of the letters are in ordinary type while the balance of the endings are in heavy type ; this signifies that these letters are occasionally omitted, so that in the examples mentioned amavisti may also be amasti, amaverunt may be amarunt, etc. This vari- ation in ending may occur wherever there are any letters marked as above described. In the third person plural, active, indicative, perfect, of all con- jugations the final — erunt of the ending may sometimes be -ere, especially in poetry. The final -ris may sometimes be -re in the second person singular in the passive indicative present, imperfect and future and the passive subjunctive present and imperfect of all conjugations ; for instance, amaris, I am being loved, may also be amare; etc. Should any student of this little book become sufficiently interested in the study of the Latin language to want more complete information regarding verbs and their conjugations, he will find " A GRAMMAR OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE," by Profs. E. A. ANDREWS and S. STODDARD, revised by Prof. HENRY PREBLE, a most valua- ble book. 74 I Conj. -o -am us -abam -abamus -abo abimus -avi -avimus LESSONS IN LATIN. ACTIVE, INDICATIVE. Present Tense : I love, remind, etc. (Pr. stem.) -as -atis -at -ant -eo -emus -es -etis Imperfect: I loved, reminded, etc. (Pr. stem ) -abas -abatis Future : -abis -abitis -abat -abant -ebam -ebamus -ebas -ebatis I will love, remind, etc. (Pr. stem.) abit -abunt -ebo -ebimus -ebis -ebitis Perfect: I have loved, reminded, etc. (Pf. stem.) -avisti -avistis -avit -averunt ui -uimus -uisti -uistis II Conj. -et -ent -ebat -ebant -ebit -ebunt -uit -uerunt Pluperfect: I had loved, reminded, etc. (Pf. stem.) -averam -averas -averat -averamus-averatis-averant ueram -ueras -uerat ueramus -ueratis uerant Future Perfect : I will have loved, reminded, etc. (Pf. stem.) -avero -averis -averit -averimus -averitis -averint -uero -uerimus -ueris -ueritis Imperative: love, remind, etc. (Pr. stem.) -a -ato -ato -e -eto -ate -atote -anto -ete -etote Supine: to love, remind, etc. -atum -atu -itum Infinitive : to love, remind ; loving, reminding, etc. Pres. -are (Pr. stem.) Perf. -avisse (Pf. stem.) Fut. -aturus, a, um esse -uerit -uerint -eto -ento -itu Pres. -ere (Pr. stem.) Perf. -uisse (Pf. stem.) Fut. -iturus, a, um esse Participles : loving, reminding ; about to love, remind ; etc. Pres. -ans (Pr. stem.) Fut. -aturus, a, um (Su. stem.) Pres. -ens (Pr. stem.) Fut. -iturus, a, um (Su. stem.) Gerund : furnishes cases for infinitive ; 256 ; (Pr. stem.) Gen. -andi Dat. -ando Ace. -andum Voc. Abl. -ando Nom. Gen. -endi Dat. -endo Ace. -endum Voc. Abl. -endo LESSONS IN LATIN. 75 III Conj. ACTIVE, INDICATIVE. Present: I rule, hear, etc. (Pr stem.) IV Conj. -O -imus -is -it -itis -unt -io -is -imus -itis -it -iunt -ebam -ebamus Imperfect : I ruled, heard, etc (Pr. stem.) -ebas -ebat -iebam -iebas -ebatis -ebant -iebam us -iebatis -iebat -iebant -am -emus Future : I will rule, -es -et -etis -ent lear, etc (Pr. stem.) -iam _ies -iemus -ietis -iet -ient -i -imus Perfect: I have ruled, -isti -it -istis -erunt heard, etc. (Pf. stem.) -ivi - ivisti -ivimus -ivistis -ivit -iverunt -eram -eramus Pluperfect : I had ruled -eras -erat -eratis -erant , heard, etc. (Pf. stem.) -iveram -iveras -iveramus -iveratis iverat -iverant Future Perfect : I shall have -ero -eris -erit -erimus -eritis -erint ruled, heard, etc. (Pf. stem.) -ivero -iveris -iverit -iverimus -iveritis -iverint -e -ite Imperative : rule, h -ito -ito -itote -unto ear, etc. (Pr. stem.) -i -ito -ite -itote -ito -iunto -um Pres. -ere (Pr. stem.) Perf. -isse (Pf. stem.) Fut. -urus, a, um esse Supine : to rule, hear, etc. -u II -itum -itu Infinitive: ruling, hearing; to rule, hear; Pres. -ire (Pr. stem.) Perf. -ivisse (Pf. stem.) Fut. -iturus, a, um esse Participles : ruling, hearing ; about to rule, hear ; etc. Pres. -ens (Pr. stem.) Fut. -urus, a, um (Su. stem.) Pres. -iens (Pr. stem.) Fut. -iturus,a, um (Su. stem.) Gerund: furnishes cases for infinitive; 256 ; (Pr. stem.) Nom Gen. -endi Dat. -endo Ace. -endum Voc Abl. -endo Nom. Gen. -iendi Dat. -iendo Ace. -iendum Voc. Abl. -iendo 76 LESSONS IN LATIN. I Conj. -or -amur PASSIVE, INDICATIVE. Present : I am loved, reminded, etc. (Pr. stem.) -ans -amini -atur -antur -eor -emur -ens emini II Conj. -etur -entur Imperfect : I was loved, reminded, etc. (Pr. stem.) -abar -abaris -abatur -abamur -abamini -abantur -ebar -ebaris -ebatur -ebamur -ebamini -ebantur Future : I shall be loved, reminded, etc. (Pr. stem.) -abor -aberis -abitur abimur -abimini -abuntur -ebor -eberis -ebitur -ebimur -ebimini -ebuntur Perfect : I have been loved, reminded, etc. -atus* sum es est -ati* sumus " estis " sunt -itus* sum " es est -iti* sumus " estis " sunt Pluperfect : I had been loved, reminded, etc. atus* eram " eras erat -ati* eramus " eratis erant -itus* eram ' ' eras " erat -iti* eramus eratis erant Future Perfect : I shall have been loved reminded, etc. -atus* ero " eris erit -ati* erimus " eritis " erunt -itus* ero eris " erit -iti* erimus " eritis " erunt Imperative : be loved, reminded, etc. (Pr. stem.) -are -amini -ator -ator -antor -ere -emini etor -etor -entor Infinitive: to be loved, reminded, etc. Pres. -ari (Pr. stem ) Perf. -atus, a, um esse Fut. -atumf iri Pres. -eri (Pr. stem.) Perf. -itus, a, um esse Fut. -itumf iri Participle : loved, reminded, etc. Perf. atus, a, um (Su. stem.) Perf. -itus, a, um (Su. stem.) Gerundive: a to be loved (one), reminded (one), etc. (Pr. stem ) -andus, a, um -endus, a, um *Iu these forms -atus and -itus are used in the three forms of the passive per- fect participles, singular and plural: -us. a, um ; -i, ae, a. jHere-atum and -itum are the endings of the supine, and therefore have no other forms. LESSONS IN LATIN. 77 III Conj. -or -imur -ebar PASSIVE, INDICATIVE. Present : I am ruled, heard, etc. (Pr. stem.) -ens -imini itur untur -ior -imur -ins -imini IV Conj. -itur -iuntur Imperfect: I was ruled, heard, etc (Pr. stem.) -ebaris -ebatur -ebamur -ebamini -ebantur -iebar -iebaris -iebatur -iebamur-iebamini-iebantur Future : I shall be ruled, heard, etc. (Pr. stem.) -ar -eris -etur -iar -ieris -ietur -emur -emini -entur -iemur -iemini -ientur Perfect : I have been ruled, heard, etc. -us* sum i* sumus -itus* sum -iti* sumus " es " esiis " es estis " est " sunt est sunt Pluperfect : I had been ruled, heard, etc. -us* eram i* eramus -itus* eram -iti* eramus " eras ' ' eratis " eras eratis " erat " erant " erat erant Future Perfect : I shall have been ruled, heard, etc. -us* ero -i* erimus -itus* ero -iti* erimus " eris ■ eritis eris eritis " erit " erunt erit erunt Imperative : be ruled, heard, etc. (Pr. stem.) -ere -itor -itor -ire -itor -itor -imini -untor -imini i untor Infinitive : to be ruled, heard, etc. Pres. -iri (Pr. stem) Perf. -itus, a, um esse Fut. -itumf iri Pres. -i (Pr. stem ) Perf. -us, a, um esse Fut -umf iri Participle: ruled, heard, etc. -us, a, um (Su. stem.) -itus, a, um (Su. stem.) Gerundive: a to be ruled (one), heard (one), etc. (Pr. stem.) -endus, a, um II -iendus, a, um *Iu these forms -us and -itus are used in the three forms of the passive perfect participles, singular and plural ending in -us, a, um ; -1, ae, a. tHere -um and -itum are the endings of the supine, and therefore have no other forms. 78 LESSONS IN LATIN. I Conj. ACTIVE, SUBJUNCTIVE. Present ; I may love, remind, etc. (Pr. stem.) II Conj. em -es -et -earn -eas -eat emus -etis -ent -eamus -eatis -eant Imperfect : I might love remind, etc. (Pr. stem.) a rem -ares -a ret -erem -eres -eret aremus -aretis arent -erem us -eretis -erent Perfect : I may have loved reminded, etc. (Pf. stem ) averim -averis - -averit -uerim -ueris uerit averimus -averitis - -averint -uerimus -ueritis -uerint Pluperfect : I might have loved, reminded, etc. (Pf. stem ) -avissem -avisses -avisset -avissemus-avissetis-avissent uissem -uisses -uisset uissemus -uissetis -uissent PASSIVE, SUBJUNCTIVE. Present: I may be loved, reminded, etc. (Pr. stem.) -er -eris -etur -ear -earis -eatur -emur -emini -entur -eamur -eamini eantur Imperfect : I might be loved, reminded, etc. (Pr. stem.) -arer -areris -aretur -erer -ereris -eretur -aremur aremini -arentur -eremur -eremini erentur Perfect: I may have been loved, reminded, etc. -atus* sim -ati* sirnus -itus* sim -iti* simus sis " sitis sis • sitis " sit " sint ■' sit " sint Pluperfect: I might have been loved, reminded, etc. -atus* essem -ati* essemus -itus* essem - iti* essemus e«ses " essetis esses essetis " esset " essent esset " essent *In these forms -atus and -itus are used in the three forms of the passive per- fect participle, singular and plural ending in -us, u, um ; -i, ae, a. LESSONS IN LATIN. 79 III Conj. ACTIVE, SUBJUNCTIVE. Present : I may rule, hear, etc. (Pr. stem.) IV Conj. -am -as -at iam ias -iat -amus -atis -ant -iamus -iatis -iant Imperfect: I might rule, hear, etc. (Pr. stem.) -erem -eres -eret -irem -ires iret -eremus -eretis -erent -iremus -iretis -irent Perfect : I may have ruled, heard, etc. (Pf. stem.) -erim -eris -erit -iverim -iveris iverit -erimus -eritis -erint -iverimus -iveritis -iverint Pluperfect : I might have ruled, heard, etc. (Pf. stem ) ' -issem -isses -isset -ivissem -jvisses -ivisset -issemus -issetis -issent -ivissemus-ivissetis -ivissent PASSIVE, SUBJUNCTIVE. Present : I may be ruled, heard, etc. (Pr. stem ) -ar -aris -atur -iar -iaris -iatur -amur -amini -antur -iamur -iamini -iantur Imperfect: 1 might be ruled, heard, etc. (Pr. stem.) -erer -ereris -eretur -irer -ereris -iretur -eremur -eremini -erentur -iremur -iremini -irentur Perfect : I may have been ruled, heard, etc. -us* sim -i* simus -itus* sim iti* simus sis ' sitis " sis '• sitis " sit ' sint sit " sint Pluperfect : I might have been ruled, heard, etc. -us* essem -i* essemus -itus* essem -iti* essemus " esses " essetis " esses " essetis '• esset " essent esset " essent *In these forms -us and -itus are used in the three forms of the passive per. feet participle, singular and plural ending in -us, u, um ; -i, ae, a. 80 LESSONS IN LATIN. The following mnemonic use of the verb sum will help to fix these endings in the memory. The verb sum, present tense, gives the general endings for person and number in all tenses: sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt. The first person singular ends in m or in a vowel in the active, and in r in the passive. The indicative imperfect is eram, eras, etc ; these endings are joined to the verb-stems by the key-vowel and the letter b to form the same tense in all conjugations (but in the IV the letter e is added to the key-vowel): amabam, monebas, regebat, audiebamus, etc. The subjunctive imperfect is essem, esses, etc. ; these endings are joined to the verb-stems by the key-vowels and the letter r in all conjuga- tions for the same tense: amarem, moneres,regeret, audiremus, etc. The end-letters of the indicative future (ero, eris, etc ) are joined to the verb-stems by the key-vowel and the letter b to fo-m the same tense in the I and II conjugations. In early Latin v and u were alike; v was both < onsonant and vowel. The perfect fvi, fvisti, etc., the pluperfect fveram, etc , and the future perfect fvero, etc., by dropping f, furnish the endings for the same tenses in all conjugations: I, stem joined to endings (with v) by key-vowel a : amavi, amaveram, amavero; II, stem joined direct to endings (with u): monui, monueram, monuero; III, perfect stem joined to ending, the v (u) being dropped: rexi, rexeram, rexero; IV, stem joined to endings (with v) by key-vowel i : audivi, audi- veram, audivero. While v (u) is always dropped in the III conju- gation, it is also sometimes dropped in other conjugations, as explained on page 73. The subj. perfect (fverim, etc.) and the subj. pluperfect (fvissem, etc.) furnish the endings for these tenses in all conjugations, the verb- stems joining these endings precisely as in the indicative perfect and pluperfect. The endings in the present, imperfect {indie, and subj.) and future of the passive voice, are characterized by containing the letter r, except in the second persons plural. The use of the verb sum in the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect, passive, is easily understood. LESSONS IN LATIN. 81 PART II. VOCABULARIES AND READING EXERCISES. 40-41. A few examples showing the importance of pronunciation in speaking Latin ; the dictionaries must be referred to for farther infor- mation, however, as the subject cannot be entered into with the limited time at disposal. Vowels in heavy type are long, in italics, short : <;do, I eat; edo, I edit, publish; os, bone ; os, mouth ; p^pulus, populace; populus, poplar tree ; mens/s, month ; mensis, from tables ; fructos, fruit ; fructus, fruits ; lucz's, of light ; lucis, in groves (of trees) ; malum, evil ; malum, apple. 42. Pronounce : aegre, adv., reluctantly ; auctor, author; foede, adv., foully; eucalyptus, eucalyptus; aurum, gold ; oboedio, I obey; euonymus, wahoo; caelum, heaven ; belladonnae, of belladonna ; rheumatismus, rheumatism. 44. Pronounce : Cera, citrus, acacia, caecus (adj., blind), colocynthis, hie, calyx, calamus, haec, cantharis, cerasus, cannabis, sperma- ceti, nunc, cortex, creta, cum (with), ceratum, et cetera (and others) ; gelsemium, gentiana, gutta (drop), gelatina, geranium, gargarisma (gargle), geum; jalapa, juniperus, juglans, jaborandi ; guaiacum, sanguinaria, guarana, guaco, quinina. quillaja, quercus, suaviter (sweetly), suasio (persuasion) ■ S-A LESSONS IX LATIN. cholera, charta (paper), saccharum, cachexia, chalybs (steel), chelidonium, chamomilla, character, chenopodium, chima= phila, chloridum, chirata, chloralum ; Valeriana, vanilla, veratrum, vinum, viola, Virginiana, vitellus, virgo (virgin, maiden), vacuum, vapor; zincum, zingiber, zona (belt, girdle), zizyphus (jujube). 62. Vocabulary. IMPORTANT ! Many verbs are irregular in the supine and forms derived from the supine; when conjugating the verbs in the vocabularies the student should therefore omit the supine, the perfect passive and the future participles until after he has ascertained the supine from a dictionary. It is customary with regular verbs to give the first person, present indicative, in Latin, and in English to give the infinitive ; this is done in these lists. adjuvo or juvo, 1, to aid; adorno or orno, 1, to adorn ; adoro, 1, to adore, admire; avolo, 1, to fly away, evaporate ; cogito, 1, to think, meditate ; euro, 1, to cure, take care of; delecto, 1, to delight, please ; devoro, 1, to devour, swallow ; do or dono, 1, to give, donate ; educo, 1, to educate, train; erro, 1, to err, make mistake ; examine, 1, to examine, ponder; filtro, 1, to filter; gusto, 1, to taste; laboro, 1, to toil, labor, work ; lacrimo, 1, to weep, shed tears ; laudo, 1, to praise, laud; macero, 1, to soak, macerate ; oro, 1, to speak, beseech, pray ; paro or praeparo, 1 , to prepare ; participo, 1, to share, partici- pate; porto, 1 , to carry ; salto, 1 , to dance ; servo, 1, to keep, preserve ; spero, 1, to hope; spiro, 1, to breathe, be alive; sto, 1, to stand ; tento, 1, to try, attempt ; turbo, 1, to make turbid; vexo, 1, to vex, annoy ; vitupero, 1, to blame, censure ; voco. 1, to call, summon ; vulnero, 1, to wound, hurt ; caute, adv., cautiously; plane, adv. , completely, entirely; raro, adv., rarely, seldom ; saepe, adv., often, frequently ; valde, adv., very, intensely; much, very much ; dum, conj., while, as long as ; et, conj., and ; et . . . . et, not only .... but ; si, conj., if. LESSONS IN LATIN. 83 Exercises. Practice conjugating these different verbs according to the forms given in table 62. Omit the supine and the future and perfect passive participles, for reason stated on page 82; this applies to all verbs in this book. Curo. Dat. Filtra ! Stare. Vocas. Raro lacrimal. Ne filtrato ! Tenta praeparare ! Vulneror. Educamini. Exam- inem. Vocatur. Curemur. Filtretur. Donamus. Valde delectamini. Raro vituperantur. Laudamini. Et parantur et servantur. Serventur. Educet. Curemini. Caute ser- vetur. Paras. Nedonatote! Non adoro. Si examinamini, educamini. Plane avolat. Macera et filtra ! Raro lacrima- ls. Saepe tentemus praeparare et servare. Tenta et parare et servare ! Si laudas, delector. Ornas et adoro. Curas. Curetur. Qustant. Si adoraris, delectaris. Ne turbetur. Ne turbato ! Si vituperatis, vulnerantur. " Ora et labora ! " Motto of Scotch Earl Dalhousie. " Dum spiro, spero ! " Motto of Irish Viscounts Dillon. From the vocabularies construct sentences similar to those given in the exercises, practicing translating from the Latin into English as well as from English into Latin. In this book no exercises for the latter work will be given, this being left to the teacher or to the student, as may be found convenient in the case of classes or of students without teacher. 63. Vocabulary. adhaereo, 2, to adhere, cling to ; gaudeo, 2, to rejoice, be glad ; adhibeo, 2, to use, make use of; habeo, 2, to have, possess ; audeo, 2, to dare, venture ; se habere, to be constituted, caveo, 2, to take care, beware ; conditioned ; (see 176) ; • compleo, 2, to fill, complete ; jubeo, 2, to order, prescribe ; contineo, 2, to contain, hold ; misceo, 2, to mix, mingle ; debeo, 2, to owe (I ought, must) ; mordeo, 2, to bite ; doceo, 2, to teach, instruct ; moveo, 2, to move, remove ; exerceo, 2, to exercise, practice ; noceo,2, to injure, be injurious to; floreo, 2. to flourish, bloom ; {followed by dative ) ; 84 LESSONS IN LATIN. vireo, 2, to sprout, be green; bene, adv., well ; celeriter, adv., quickly; ibi, adv., there ; male, adv., badly; nunquam, adv., never; semper, adv., always ; ubi, adv., where ; sed, eon/., but. pareo,2,to obey, be obedient to ; praebeo, 2, to yield, produce ; to grant ; rideo, 2, to laugh, smile ; strideo, 2, or strido,3,to whistle; studeo, 2, to study, strive ; taceo, 2, to be silent; terreo, 2, to terrify, frighten; timeo, 2, to fear, dread ; valeo, 2, to be healthy ; have influence ; Exercises. Doceo. Times. Terret. Movemus. Exercetis. Mordent. Cave ! Qaudete ! Tacere debes. Terreor. Exerceris. Move- tur. Timemur. Mordemini. Docentur. Doces. Tacemus. Florent. Exercemus. Exercemur. Moventur. Nunquam tacent. Bene misce ! Ne miscetote ! Semper gaudere debes. Adhaeret plane. Nunquam timeo. Non florent. Doceris et bene educaris. Educamini et docemini. Si semper celeriter paretis, saepe laudamini et raro vituperamini. Ne moveto ! Si moves, vulneraris. Si tacemus, laudamur. Saltamus et gaudemus. Tentate docere ! Mordentur et vulnerantur. Bene doces. Tacere debes. Parete ! Non cavent. Ne caveant. Ne saepe adhibeatur sed caute et raro jubeatur. 64. Vocabulary. abluo, 3, to wash, cleanse ; abscido, 3, to cut off; bibo, 3, to drink; cano, 3, or canto, 1, to sing ; cedo or concedo, 3, to yield, concede ; cerno, 3, to discern, perceive ; cognosco, 3, to recognize, know ; colo, 3, to cultivate; to respect ; committo, 3, to commit, intrust ; coquo, 3, to cook, boil, bake ; credo, 3, to believe, trust; curro, 3, to run; defendo, 3, to defend ; diligo, 3, to respect, esteem; dirigo, 3, to direct, lead ; divido, 3, to divide ; edo, 3, to eat, consume ; exstruo, 3, to build, erect; gigno, 3, to bring forth, produce ; includo, 3, to inclose, bottle up ; laedo, 3, to injure, damage ; lego, 3, to read ; ludo. 3, to play ; LESSONS IN LATIN. 85 pingo, 3, to paint ; pun go, 3, to stab, puncture ; scribo, 3, to write ; solvo, 3, to dissolve, solve; to pay; vinco, 3, to conquer, prevail ; vivo, 3, to live ; vomo, 3,orvomito, 1, to vomit; libenter, adv. , willingly, gladly; modo, adv., only, merely; patienter, adv., patiently ; vehementer, adv., vehemently ; aut. conj. , or ; aut. . . aut, either. . . .or ; vel, conj., or ; vel .... vel, either .... or. Exercises. Scribo. Ne scribito ! Legis. Laedit. Vomit. Canimus. Editis. Needitote! Bibunt. Ne bibant. Pinge! Scribite! Abscidere debes. Cognoscor. Vinceris. Defenditur. Diligi- mur. Pungimini. Laeduntur. Ede et bibe ! Caute coque ! Aut cane aut salta ! Ne ludito 1 Legite ! Canere tentat. Defendere debet. Pingis. Defendimur. Cognoscatur. Dili- geris. Vincimini. Si vincitis, laudamini. Bene scribunt. Laederis. Edunt Si cedis, vinceris. Si male scribis, vitu- peraris. Si bene pingitis, laudamini. Edite et bibite ! " Dum vivimus, vivamus ! " Proverb. " Dirigo! " Motto of the State of Maine. 65. accio, 4, to summon, call ; bullio, 4, to boil, bubble ; custodio, 4, to guard.watch over ; dormio, 4, to sleep ; erudio, 4, to teach, instruct; finio, 4, to finish ; fulcio, 4, to support, prop up ; garrio, 4, to chat, talk idly ; impedio, 4, to impede, hinder ; lenio, 4, to soothe, alleviate; munio, 4, to secure, protect ; nescio, 4, to know not, be igno- rant ; nutrio, 4, to nourish, feed ; punio, 4, to punish ; Vocabulary. scio, 4, to know, understand ; sentio, 4, to perceive (through the senses) ; tussio, 4, to cough; venio, 4, to come ; vestio, 4, to clothe, dress; vincio, 4, to bind, fasten ; antea, adv., formerly ; assidue, adv., assiduously ; deinde, adv., then, afterwards ; nunc, adv., now, at present ; quamdiu, adv., as long as, until ; religiose, adv., conscientiously; turn, adv., then, again; etiam, conj., also, and also. 86 LESSONS IN LATIN. Exercises. Erudio. Qarris. Nunc dormit. Nescimus. Punitis. Tus- ciunt Veni ! Vestite ! Tento dorm ire. Impedior. Custodi- ris. Punitur Vestimur. Bulliatur. Nutrimini. Fulciuntur. Audi! Dormite! Bene erudimur. Si bene erudis, laudaris ; si male erudis, vituperaris. Si vinceris, vinciris. Si male scribimus, punimur. Bene custodimini. Bene erudiuntur. Valde vituperamini et punimini. Assidue custodire debetis. Quamdiu vestiris et nutriris, gaudeas. " Nunc aut nunquam ! " Motto of the Irish Count Kilmorey, 66 Vocabulary. accipio, 3, to accept, receive; rapio, 3, to rob, rape; afficio, 3, to affect, attack ; recipio, 3, to take, receive ; aspicio, 3, to behold, see ; sapio, 3, to taste ; to be wise ; concipio, 3, to perceive, compre- suscipio, 3, to undertake, to hend ; concipio (of women), assume ; to conceive ; suspicio, 3, to suspect, mistrust ; cupio, 3, to wish, desire; aliquando, adv., sometimes ; deficio,3,to be wanting, runout; facile, adv., easily; diripio, 3, to tear, destroy ; fere, adv., nearly, almost, about ; efficio, 3, to effect, accomplish; hie, adv., here, in this place; effugio, 3, to flee away, escape ; unde, adv., whence ; ejicio, 3, to expel, eject; vere or vero, adv., surely, facio, 3, to make (imp., fac ! ) ; certainly ; fodio, 3, to dig, vix, adv., hardly, scarcely; f ugio, 3, to flee, vanish ; ergo, conj., therefore ; jacio, 3, or jacto, 1, to throw; quia, conj., because; perficio, 3, to perfect, complete ; ut, conj. w. subj., that. Exercises. Recipe ! Capiamus. Afficiatur. Aspiciunt. Fere deficit. Aliquando cupit fugere. Suscipiatis. Suspiciunt. Vero ne cupias impedere. Fac ! Cupio ut valde gaudeas. " Sapere aude ! " Horace. " Ride si sapis ! " Martial. LESSONS IN LATIN. S7 70 Vocabulary. carbonescere, 3 to become charred; congelascere 3. to congeal, to freeze; convalescere 3 to convalesce, to get well; crescere, 3 . to grow , effervescere, 3. to effervesce ; efflorescere, 3, to effloresce, to burst into bloom ; (also, of crystals, to become powdery by loss of water of crystallization ; see also fatiscere) ; evanescere, 3, to gradually disappear, evaporate ■, fatiscere, 3, to effloresce (crystals turning to powder) , fuscescere, 3, to turn brown or brownish ; ignescere. 3, to become ignited; incandescere, 3, to become incandescent, to become glowing hot; liquescere, 3, to liquify, to melt; nigrescere, 3, to turn black or blackish; ref rigescere. 3, to become cold ; rubescere, 3, to turn red or reddish ; senescere, 3, to grow old ; solidescere, 3, to solidify ; viescere, 3. to wither, wilt ; virescere, 3, to become green, to sprout. Exercises. Evanescit. Nigrescit. Fatiscunt. Deliquescunt. Carbo- nescit. Ignescunt. 71-72 Vocabulary. aspernor, 1, to spurn, to de- misereor, 2, to commiserate, spise ; pity ; contemplor, 1, to contemplate, polliceor, 2, to promise, offer; observe ; tueor, 2, to look at, watch ; interpretor, 1, to interpret; vereor, 2, to respect, esteem ; moderor, 1, to moderate, regu- abutor, 3, to abuse, misuse-; late ; aggredior, 3, to attack, assail ; veneror, 1, to venerate, revere ; irascor, 3, to be angry -, mereor, 2, to merit, deserve ; loquor, 3, to speak, talk; SS LESSONS IN LATIN. morior, 3, to die, perish; jam, adv., now, already, soon; nascor, 3, to arise, be born ; nee or necque, adv., and not, sequor, 3, to follow ; also not ; blandior, 4, to flatter, caress; nee. . .nee, neither. . .nor; largior, 4, to give bountifully ; nee non or necnon, adv., and mentior, 4, to lie, cheat; also {lit. not not = a strong ante, adv.. previously, in front; affirmative) ; audacter, adv., boldly, dar- nisi, conj., unless, ingly ; Exercises. Admiretur. Moderantur. Venerare! Contemplamini. Tuen- tur. Miseremur. Veneremini. Fatetor ! Veremini ! Verentor! Abutantur. Aggrediantur Sequemur. Obliviscuntur. Sequitur. Ne blanditor ! Ne mentitor ! Metimur. Men- tiuntur. Blanditur. Moriatur. 73 to 84. There are several compounds of sum which often occur, so that they may be noted : absum, afui, abesse (ab, from, away, sum, I am), to be away, be absent ; adsum, affui, adesse (ad, at, near by, sum, I am), to be present ; intersum, interfui, interesse (inter, among, sum, I am), to take part in ; governs the dative ; praesum, praefui. praeesse (prae, before, above, sum, I am), to preside, to superintend , prosum, profui, prodesse (pro, for, sum, I am), to be of use, in favor of; governs the dative. In this word, when a vowel follows after pro the latter is changed to prod : prodesse, prodes, prodest, etc. There are also several compounds of eo which are of importance : abeo, ivi or ii, itum, ire (ab, from, away, eo, I go), to go away, depart ; adeo, ivi or ii, itum, ire (ad, to, towards, eo, I go), to go to, approach. Queo, ivi or ia, itum, ire, to be able ; scribere queo, I can write ; the second and third persons singular and the second person plural are seldom employed (never in good prose) : LESSONS IN LATIN. sit nequeo, ivi or ii, itum, ire, to be unable; I cannot, etc. These verbs are conjugated like eo, only the additional syllables or letters must of course be used throughout ; thus : nequeo, nequis, nequit, etc. Queo and nequeo are used as auxiliary verbs. 62 to 67, and 83. In the following exercises are included all the forms mentioned in the four regular conjugations, in the conjugation of capio (66) and of sum (83); the student is advised to translate these words without repeating the tables ; for instance, in trying to give the meaning of the word amamini, do not run through the con- jugation : amo, amas, amat, amamus, amatis, amant, no ! amem,ames,amet, amemus, ametis, ament, no ! amor, amaris, amatur, amamur, amamini, that's it! let's see: that's the second person, plural, indicative, present, passive, I am loved, thou art loved, he is loved, we are loved, you are loved — "amamini, you are loved ! " Getting at the meaning of a verb in that manner will never enable any one to translate except with the greatest difficulty ; learn to recognize the meaning of each form independently of all other words and inde- pendently of the conjugations, if you would learn Latin. The student, after having studied the conjugations, as far as given in the tables, should take this list and beginning at the first word, and proceeding to the last, reversing and beginning with the last and pro- ceeding to the first, and skipping about in the list at random, should persevere until he finds that he can dispense with the mental process outlined above for determining the meaning of any word ; to enable an earnest student to do this, a few copies of the list on separate paper are laid in this book ; one of these lists may be carried in the pocket and taken out at spare moments to utilize time, otherwise likely to be lost, in learning the conjugations. Exercises in the Conjugations. Regitote, capitur, amari, moneamus, caperis, auditurus, es, capito, audiamus, amandum, monentor, auditor, regimini, fuimus, amant, captus, regamus, monendus, esse, audiunto, amo, regitor, capieudi, monens, capit, regunto, amaris, capias, amatu, fueris, monemus, audimini, monetote, capimus, ame- mur, recturus. audio, simus, moneor, audiendi, ament, regeris, 90 LESSONS IN LATIN. auditis, capimini, fuerimus, amamini, moneri, audito, moneo, futurus, captum, regunt, capiamur, amare, moneamur, audi- unt, capiunto, audiris, amer, monetur, amat, rege, sit, moneto, audiamur, capiatis, amatur, reguntor, capio, monetor, regar, estis, amemus, audire, monearis, rego, capiaris, amandus, fuerit, amator, audiant, monendi, regi, audiar, sunt, monet. ames, monitu, capiuntor, rectus, fui, amaturus, moneam, regere, audiendum, moneantur, audis, fuerint, amentur, rectu, audias, amanto, capiunt, audite, monemur, regatis, ametur, capere, fuistis, regendo, amas, regatur, capi, sumus, auditu, capiendus, amans, regitur, capitor, este, audior, moneant, amamus, regendi, capiar, audiri, monete, capior, regas, captu, audiatur, mones, regens, capitote, sitis, audiendus, monento, amate, regit, monendum, capiantur, regor, audimus, capis, mone, amamur, regite, audiamini, monentur, fuerim, regan- tur, amor, capiendum, moneas, audimur, cape, monetis, ametis, regamini, capiat, audit, moniturus, amatote, capiendo, audiatis, regimus, fuisti, estote, regam, amem, audiantur, monent, sunto, capiam, audiens, moneatis, amato, monitum, regimur, fuisse, audiaris, amando, sim, regant, auditote, capiuntur, amemini, monitus, regis, fuere, capiamus rega- mur, amatum audi, monendo, sint, reguntur, amatis, monere, auditur, capiens, ama, fueritis, moneat, regaris, capite, audiuntor, esto, amet, rectum, audiat, capturus, monemini, auditus, capiatur, sum, regendum, monear, amantur, fuit, capiamini, audiendo, moneris, amatus, regito, sis, capiant, regendus, audiuntur, ameris, moneamini, est, capimur, auditum, moneatur, amandi, regitis, audiam, fuerunt, aman- tor, regat, capitis. " Si vis amari, ama ! " Seneca. ' ' Vivere est cogitare ! " Cicero. " Cogito, ergo sum ! " Maxim of Descartes. LESSONS IN LATIN. ni 100-103 Vocabulary. apotheca,/., a drug store; aqua,/., water ; capra, /., goat; copia,/., plenty, abundance; coqua, /., cook ; culina, /., kitchen ; cura,/., care ; domina, /., mistress (of house- hold) ; epistula,/., letter, message ; femina,/., woman; fortuna,/. , fortune, chance, fate ; gutta,/., drop; hora,/., hour ; ira,/., ire, anger ; lagena./, bottle ; lana,/., wool ; lingua,/., language, tongue; littera,/, letter (of alphabet) ; (litterae, pi., literature) ; luna, /., moon ; musca,/., fly, house-fly; patria, /., father-land ; pecunia,/., money ; pharmaceutria, /., druggist {/ em.) ; phiala, /., vial ; pilula,/, pill; praeda,/, prey, booty; procella, /., storm; rana,/., frog; sapientia , /., wisdom ; schola, /., school ; sententia,/., sentence, opinion; silva, /, woods, forest. terra,/., earth, land; via,/., way; vita,/, life; palam, adv., publicly; pulchre, adv., beautifully; quam, adv., how, as much as, than ; quom or quum, adv. and conj., when ; satis, adv., enough (w. gen.) ; icomp. satius, better, prefer- ably) ; secrete, adv., secretly, pri- vately ; a, ab, prep. w. ail., from, by ; ad, prep. w. ace, to, toward, up to; de, prep. w. abl., from, out of, concerning ; e, ex., prep. w. abl., from, out of, after, in accordance with; in, prep. w. ace., in, into; on; in, prep. w. abl., in, within; on; ob, prep. w. ace, on account of; pro, prep. w. abl, for. Familiar Words.* abundantia, massa, nausea, planta, diligentia, medicina, pharmacia, pulpa, familia, memoria, pharmacognosia, rosa, herba, mistura, pharmacologia, substantia. industria, natura, pharmacopoeia, tinctura. *The student should now turn to PART III of this book and read the intro- ductory remarks on " Familiar Words." 92 LESSONS IN LATIN. Note. — The nouns of the official titles, drug-names and names of plants, alkaloids, etc., ending in -a are of the first declension and fem. gender ; a few occur only in the genitive (in the titles) as for instance lanae, in adeps lanae hydrosus, etc. Their meanings are so well understood by pharmaceutical and medical students, for whom this little book is mainly intended, that we will not enumerate them in the vocabularies. There are a few exceptions to the just stated general rule ; coca is indeclinable and neuter ; folia (in belladonnae folia) and the general titles decocta, inf usa, and suppositoria are neuter plurals (nom.) of the second declension; aspidosperma, physostigma and theo= broma have -atis in the genitive and are neuters of the third declension. The words dea (goddess) and filia (daughter) have the ending -abus in the dative and ablative plural, instead of -is ; thus : deabus, filiabus ; this is necessary to distinguish these forms from the corresponding cases of the masculine words deus (god) and filius (son). Exercises. Tincturam arnicae para ! Puellas amamus. Feminae adorentur. Femina puellam vocat. Feminam puella vocat. Herbae in aqua macerantur. Pharmaceutria aquam cam- phorae parare tentat. Filia pharmaceutriae pharmacogno- siam et pharmaciam studet. Mistura cretae. Tinctura belladonnae. Puella quininam gustat, sed non amat. Domina familiae semper medicinam habet Procellae plantis nocent. Plantae f lorent. Terra vestitur abundantia plantarum. Aqua turbatur procella. Ranae aquam turbant. Herbae sunt plantae. O, plantae, quam pulchre ornatis terram ! Terra vestitur plantis. Aqua turbatur a ranis. Sustantias in massam fac, et massam in pilulas divide ! Massa substantiis fiat, et massa in pilulas dividatur. Femina puellae epistulam scribit. Feminae puella epistulam scribit. " Poeta nascitur, non fit!" Proverb. " Non est vivere, sed valere vita ! " Martius. " Vitam regit fortuna, non sapientia ! " Cicero. " Fortuna sequatur ! ',' Motto of the Earl of Aberdeen. LESSONS IN LATIN. 03 104-105. Vocabulary. acne, es,/., acne; agave, es,/., a variety of aloes ; aloe, es,/., aloe (plant or drug) ; anemone, es, /., Anemone (a plant) ; arachne, es, /., spider; barytes, ae, m., barytes ; benzoe, es,/., benzoe; Waste, es,/, embryo in a seed ; cline, es,/, bed; cyste, es,/, bladder; daphne, es./, Daphne (a plant) ; diastole, es./, diastole (of heart); diploe, es./, diploe, middle layer ; epitome, es,/, epitome, abridge- ment; mastiche, es,/., mastix, meloe, es, /., a variety of in- sect ; morphe, es,/, form ; phlegmone, es, /., inflamma- tion; prophylace, es, /., prophy- laxis ; raphe, es,/, raphe, seam ; selenites, ae, m , selenite ; syncope, es, /., syncope, faint- ing; systole, es, /., systole (of heart) ; techne, es,/, technique. Exercises. Decline some of the above words in -e and -es. Aloe pulchre floret. Cramben coqua in culina coquit. Crambe delectantur caprae. Boreas vexat nautas. O, borea, quam vehementer strides! Boreae procellae nautas saepe impediunt. Formula pro tinctura aloes et myrrhae in phar- macopoeia est ; fac tincturam ! 108-111 The following peculiarities of words of the second declension should be remembered : The vocative offilius, son, is f ili ; the vocative of the pronomial adjective meus (masc. form) is mi; therefore: O, mi fili ! O. my son ! Deus, m., god, has deus in the vocative; the plural is as follows: nom., dii, di or dei ; gen., deorum ; dat., diis, dis or deis ; ace, deos ; voc, dii or di ; abl., diis, dis or deis. A few nouns of the second declension ending in -us are feminine : abyssus, i,/, abyss, funnel; carbasus, i,/, linen, flax; alvus, i,/, belly; dialectus, i,/, dialect; atomus, i,/, atom; humus, i,/, soil. 94 LESSONS IN LATIN. Two words in -us of the second declension are neuter : virus, i, n. virus, poison; vUlgus, i, n., common people, rabble. Vocabulary. acetum, i, «.,vmegar; amicus, i, m., friend; animus, i, z/z.,mind, soul; annus, i, in... year; aurum, i, n., gold; beneficium, ii, n., kindness, favor ; discipulus, i, »z., pupil, dis- ciple ; dominus, i, in , master, loid ; epistomium, ii, «., stopper; equus, i, m. horse; factum, i, «., a fact, an act, deed; folium, ii, «., leaf; frumentum, i, n., corn, grain; gener, eri, m., son-in-law; granum, i, n., grain, kernel; hortus, i, in., garden; levir, iri, m., brother-in-law ; liber, bri, m., book; bast; locus, i, m., place; magister, tri, m., (magistra, /.), teacher ; meritum, i, n., merit, reward; mundus, i, m., world; murus, i, m., wall; nihilum, i, n., nothing; or nihil or nil, indecl. n., nothing ; numerus, i, m., number; pharmacus, i, »z., pharmacist ; populus, i, m., populace,people ; praesidium, ii, n., aid, protec- tion ; socer, eri, m., father-in-law; unguentum, i, «., ointment; venenum, i, n., poison; vitrum, i, zz., glass ; eras, adv., to-morrow; heri, adv., yesterday ; hodie, adv., to-day. Familiar Words. acidum, 2, decoctum, 2, fundamentum, 2, syrupus, 2, ceratum, 2, emplastrum, 2, infusum, 2, templum, 2, cultura, 1, extractum,2, oleum, 2, tormentum, 2. Note. — The nouns of the official titles, drug-names, names of plants, preparations, etc., ending in -us and -os are masculine and of the second declension ; those in -urn and -on are neuter, of the same declension. The following exceptions should be noted : Many names of trees in -us and -os are feminine (see 87). LESSONS IN LATIN. 95 Florum (in tinctura arnicae florum and syrupus aurantii florum), herbarum (in tincturae herbarum recentium), phos- phatum (in syrupus ferri, quininae et strychninae phospha- tum), hypophosphitum (in syrupus hypophosphitum, etc.) are genitives plural; rhus, {gen. rhois) and the genitives just mentioned (except herbarum) are of the third declension ; spiritus and fructus are nouns of the fourth declension. Nouns ending in -i are genitives of nouns ending in -us or -urn, of the second declension ; except that trochisci, as used in the official general title, is the plural nominative of trochiscus, i, m , a troche. Quite a number of official names are used only in the genitive in the official tides, as: Bismuthi, lithii, plumbi, potassii, etc. Exercises. Pilulae aloes et mastiches. Acetum opii. Auri et sodii chloridum. Tinctura belladonnae foliorum. Tinctura ipeca- cuanhae et opii. Magister pharmaciae puellas et pueros medicinas parare docet (227). Agricultura est cultura agro- rum ; horticultura est cultura hortorum. Medici filia est pharmaceutria et medicinas bene et caute parat. Vir regit equum. Agricola colit agros. Agricola committit agris grana frumenti. Dii regunt mundum. Templa exstruuntur diis et deabus. Filius leviri bene legit. Filia generi pulchre pingit. Agri, quam pulchre viretis ! " Cede deo ! " Motto. " Ex nihilo nihil fit ! " Proverb. " Deo date ! " Motto of Earl Arundel. " Deo, non fortuna ! " Motto of Lord Digby. " Secrete amicos admone, lauda palam ! " Syrus. " Amare et sapere vix deo conceditur ! " Laberius. " Regnant populi ! " Motto of the State of Arkansas. There are quite a number of names of trees in -us or -os which, according to the general rules of gender, are feminine; in ancient times these names were written with small initials, but in modern times they are often treated as proper names and are commenced with capital letters ; their fruits usually have neuter namss. 96 LESSONS IN LATIN. The following names of trees and fruits are often met with in phar- maceutical writings : amygdalus, i,/., almond tree; amygdalum, i, n., or amygdala, ae,/., almond; aurantium, ii, n., orange tree; aurantia, //., oranges; fructus aurantii, orange ; cedrus, i,/., cedar tree ; cerasus, i,/., cherry tree; cerasum, i, n., cherry; citrus, i,/. lemon tree ; fructus citri or limon, is,/., lemon ; cissampelos, i,/., plant from which pareira is derived ; cornus, \,f, dogwood tree; cydonia, ae,/., quince tree; cydonium, ii, n., quince; daucus, i,/., carrot (plant) ; diospyros, i,/., persimmon tree; persimmon; dolychos, i,/., plant from which cowhage is derived; eucalyptus, i,/., eucalyptus tree; eucalyptus (drug); fagus, i,/., beech tree ; ficus, i,/., fig tree ; fig ; (also of fourth dec/.) ; juniperus, i,/., juniper tree ; laurus, i,/., laurel; malus, i,/., apple tree; malum, i, n., apple; morus, i,/., mulberry tree; morum, i, n., mulberry; pinus, i,/., pine tree; pirus, i,/., pear tree; pirum, i, «., pear; populus, i,/, poplar tree; prunus, i,/., plum tree; prunum, i, n., plum; rhamnus, i,/., or rhamnos, i,/., buckthorn; tamarindus, i,/., tamarind tree; tamarind; ulmus, i,/., elm tree. Almond is also amygdala, ae, /., possibly because some one at some time mistook amygdala (//. of amygdalum) for a singular noun of the first declension; ancient usage gives preference to the use of amygdalum. LESSONS IN LATIN. 97 112 to 118. albus, a, urn, white; amarus, a, um, bitter ; calamitosus, a, um, miser- able, unhappy ; carus, a, um, dear, precious; citrinus, a, um, lemon-yellow; clausus, a, um, closed ; fecundus, a, um, fertile ; fervidus, a, um, hot. burning; flavus, a, um, (sulphur-) yel- low: frigidus, a, um, cold ; improbus, a, um, wicked, im- pious ; magnus. a, um, large ; meus, a, um, mine; molestus, a, um, molesting, bothersome ; mortuus, a, um, dead ; multus, a, um, much, many; Vocabulary. niger, gra, grum, black ; noster, tra, trum, our; novus, a, um, new, strange ; parvus, a, um, small; ruber, bra, brum, red; siccus, a, um, dry; subalbus, a, um, whitish ; tuus, a, um, thine , venenifer, fera, ferum, poison- ous; vester, tra, trum, your; cito, adv., quickly, soon ; denique, adv., at last, lastly ; diu, adv., long, long time ; sic, adv., thus, in this manner; uti (or ut), adv., like ; seu or sive, con/., or if; sive. . . .sive, whether . . .or; sine, prep, w. abl., without. Remember that adjectives and participles may be used as nouns ; masculine adjectives meaning persons, and neuter adjectives meaning things : bonus, a, um, good; bonus, i, m., a good man; bonum, i, n., good, profit; malus, a, um, bad; malum, i, «., evil, calamity; stultus, a, um, foolish; stultus, i,m., a foolish person, a fool. Also bear in mind that the participles, and especially the perfect passive participles, are frequently used as adjectives (or as nouns) ; when verbs have been given in the vocabularies of which the parti- ciples are afterwards used as adjectives, the latter will not be quoted in the vocabularies ; for instance : munitus, a um (pari, from munio, 4, to fasten, secure), secured; paratus, a, um (part, from paro, 1, to prepare), prepared, ready; perfectus, a, um, (part, from perficio, 3, to perfect), complete, perfect. 9S LESSONS IX LATIN. Familiar Words. absurdus accuratus aceticus anxius aquosus camphoratus carbolicus catharticus compositus concentratus continuus destillatus dilutus fluidus foetid us granulosus humanus industrius limpidus longus maturus perniciosus propitius purificatus purus putridus rancid us solidus timidus turbidus varius vitreus Exercises. Medicina bona. Tinctura amara. Tinctura cinchonae com- posita. Quininae pilulae sunt amarae. Puella pulchra, filia medici, aegra est. Tinctura belladonnae est venenifera. Creta est alba. Camphora sit alba. Quinina est medicina bona. Mistura multarum medicinarum non est bona. Tinct- urae sunt fluidae. Herbae in aqua macerantur, ut infusa praeparentur. Acidum sulphuricum in Iagena bene clausa servetur. Bonas parvas puellas amamus. Herri iodidum. Feminas pulchras et bdnas admiramur. Tincturae sunt med- icinae fluidae. In agris sunt multae herbae. In agris mul- tae herbae florent. Acidum aceticum dilutum. Aloe purificata. Amygdala amara. Argenti oxidum in Iagena nigra servetur. Extracta fluida sunt medicinae concentratae. Pilulae catharticae com- positae sunt rotundae. Cape pilulas catharticas! Vinum ferri amarum. Acidum hydrochloricum sit limpidum. Hydrargyri iodidum rubrum. Iodum in vitro bene clauso servetur. Acetum scillae sit subflavum et limpidum. Solve in aqua fervida. Serva tinct- uram iodi in Iagena epistomio vitreo munita. Pueri boni puellas pulchras amant. Puellae bonae pueris sunt carae. Infusa herbarum aut aqua frigida aut aqua fervida parentur. Ceratum cetacei sit album, non rancidum. Aqua destillata est pura et limpida, et in vitro bene clauso servetur. Extracta aquosa aqua praeparantur. Cera flava est massa citrina, fractura granulosa. Detur in charta cerata. Pulpa tamarindorum in loco sicco et frigido servetur. LESSONS IN LATLV. 09 Muscae sunt molestae equo. Equo pulchro delector. Agri sunt fecundi. Herbae agrorum sunt variae. In silvis flor- ent variae plantae. Dii im pro bos puniunt. Benevolentia deorum est magna. Boni viri bonis viris cari sunt. Deos propitios colite! Praebe, o deus bone, miseris praesidium tuum! Socero est hortus pulcher. Aloes folia sunt amara. Boreae procellae nautis perniciosae sunt. Tinctura ipecacu- anhae et opii est venenifera. Tincturae acoiiiti et opii sunt veneniferae. "Docti male pingunt." Proverb. "Humanum est errare.'' Proverb. ' De mortuis nil nisi bonum." Proverb. "Cras credemus, hodie nihil!" Proverb. "Semper paratus." Motto of Lord Clifford. "Cito maturum, cito putridum!" Proverb. "Experientia stultorum magistra." Proverb. "Pro Christo et patria! " Motto of Earl of Kerr. "Sic semper tyrannis!" Motto of State of Virginia. "Calamitosus est animus futuri anxius." Seneca. "Non vivere bonum est, sed bene vivere." Seneca. 123. Some exceptional Nouns of the Third Declension. The following exceptions to the general gender rules of the third declension may be noted, and, if possible, memorized: 1. Masculine endings: -o, -or, -os, -er, -es increasing in geni- tive (123, a). Exceptions: -o : Feminine are caro (gen. pi. carnium), flesh ; also words end- ing in -do, -go and -io; but ordo, order; margo, margin; and concrete nouns (4) in -io are masculine. Echo, /., is used only in the singular; the gen. is echus and all other cases are echo. -or: soror, sister, being a female and having natural gender or sex is feminine; so is arbor, tree. Neuter are marmor, marble; aequor, level (especially of the sea), a plain; cor, heart. -os : feminine are cos, whetstone ; dos, dowry. Neuter are os, ossis, bone (//, ossa, ossium skeleton); os, oris, mouth. Bos, comm. gend., an ox or a cow, is declined thus in the plural: boves, bourn, bobus or bubus, boves, boves, bobus or bubus. 100 LESSONS IN LATIN. -er: linter, skiff, is feminine. The following are neuter: iter, journey; tuber, tuber, a swelling; ver, spring (of the year); cadaver, cadaver, corpse ; piper, pepper ; papaver, poppy ; uber, udder, teat, breast with milk ; acer, maple tree. -es : (increasing in the genitive) ; aes, copper, is neuter. Feminine ; quies or requies, quiet, rest; abies, fir-tree; merces, reward; and seges, crop. 2. Feminine endings : -as, -aus, -is, -us with gen. -udis or -utis, -ys, -x, -es not increasing in the genitive, -s preceded by a consonant. Exceptions : -as: adamas, adamantis, diamond, and vas, vadis, surety, are masculine. Chemical titles ending in r as, gen. -atis, are mas- culine : carbonas, chloras, phosphas, etc. The following are neuter: vas, vasis, vase, vessel; also Greek nouns ending in -as, gen. -atis, as erysipelas, etc. -is: common gender, hostis, enemy; canis, dog; corbis, basket. The following are masculine: axis, axle; canalis, canal; caulis, stalk ; cinis, ash; crinis, hair; cucumis, cucumber ; ensis, sword; fascis, bundle ; finis, end ; ignis, fire; lapis, stone; mensis, month ; orbis, circle; panis, bread; piscis, fish; postis, post; pulvis, powder; sanguis, blood; semis, a half; sentis, brier-bush ; unguis, claw, nail ; vectis, lever ; vermis, worm. -x: varix, varicose vein, is common gender. Masculine are : calix, cup, calyx; fornix, arch; onyx, onyx ; bombyx, silk-worm ; frutex, shrub ; pollex, thumb ; pulex, flea ; vertex, vortex, peak ; also Greek nouns, as : thorax, chest ; etc. -es (not increasing in the genitive) : masculine only vepres, thorn- bush, brier-bush. -s preceded by a consonant : common gender is adeps, lard. Masculine are dens, tooth ; fons, fountain, source ; mons, mountain; bidens, hoe; occidens, setting sun, west ; oriens, rising sun, east ; chalybs, steel ; hydrops, dropsy. 3. Neuter endings: -a, -e, -i, -y, -c, -1, -n, -t, -ar, -ur, -us with gen. -oris, -eris or -uris. Exceptions : -1 : sal, salt, and sol, sun, are masculine. LESSONS IX LATIN. 101 -n : ren, kidney; lien, spleen, and pecten, comb, are masculine. -ur : furfur, bran ; turtur, turtle-dove, and vultur, vulture, are masculine. -us with gen. -oris, -eris or uris : masculine are mus, mouse; lepus, hare. Feminine : tellus, earth. 121-136. Vocabulary. amicilia, ae,/., friendship; amor, oris, m., love ; apis, is,/., bee; ars, tis, /., art, calling, profes- sion; astrum, i, n., star, heaven, glory; avis, is, /., bird; catus, i, m,, catta, ae,/., cat; crux, ucis,/., cross; dolor, oris, m., pain, suffering; facundia, ae, /., fluency of speech ; fel, fellis, n., gall, bile, anger; finis, is, m., end;//., boundary; frater, tris, m. t a brother; fraus, dis,/, fraud; homo, inis, m. or comm., hu- man being, man; hostis, is, comm., enemy; invidia. ae,/, envy; lac(lacte), lactis, n., milk; lupus, i, m., wolf; mel, mellis, n., honey, pleas- antness; mos, moris, m., usage, propri- ety, fashion; mulier, eris./., a woman; no vitas, atis,/., novelty; opus, eris, n., work, labor; parsimonia, ae, / : parsimony, thrift; paupertas, atis, /., poverty, want: pondus, eris, n., weight, bur- den; ratio, onis, /., reason, under- standing; regina, ae,/., queen; salus, utis,/., welfare, safety, health; tempus, oris, «., time; timor, oris, m., fear, anxiety; umbra, ae,/, shadow, shade; vectigal, alis, n., tax, income; verbum, i, n., word, talk; Veritas, atis,/., truth; voluptas, atis,/, pleasure; vox, vocis, /., voice; aequo, 1, to make level, equal- ize; celo, 1, to hide, conceal; consisto, 3, to consist in, de- pend on; corono, 1, to crown; distraho, 3, to distract, perplex; incendo, 3, to incite, rouse: incumbo, 3, to apply one's self to, intro, 1, to get into, enter; pereo, irreg. vb., to perish; praedico, 1, to proclaim, praise; probo, 1, to try, test, judge of; recuso, 1, to decline, refuse; 102 LESSONS IN LATIN. succumbo, 8, to succumb, be overcome ; tendo, 3, to aim, tend to (toward) ; acerbus, a, urn, harsh, bitter, sharp ; actus, a, um, done, finished; alacer, cris, ere, lively, eager; amabilis, e, amiable; avidus, a, um, desirous; brevis, e, short; disertus, a, um, fluent in speech, eloquent; fortis, e, brave; gravis, e, heavy, grave, severe ; ignavus, a, um, ignoble; ingratus, a, um, ungrateful; jucundus, a, um, pleasing, agreeable ; mollis, e, soft, easy, pleasant; mutabilis, e, changeable, mut- able; omnis, e, every, all; praeclarus, a, um, famous, celebrated; praestans, ntis, eminent; simplex, icis, simple; vivus, a/um, alive, living. Familiar Words. actio, 3, fortitudo, 3, multitudo, 3, oratio, 3, calamitas, 3, gloria, 1, oblivio, 3, pietas, 3, constantia, 1, honor, 2, occasio, 3, prudentia, 1, eloquentia, 1, labor, 3, orator, 3, utilitas, 3, Note. Let it be remembered that the diphthongs ae and oe are often used in words in which in more modern times the letter e was used; so that femina=foemina ; caelum =coelum ; preditus= praeditus, etc. Exercises. Orator est disertus. Eloquentia oratoris movet animos nostros. Oratori paret populus. Oratorem praedicamus ob facundiam. O, orator, quam praeclara est tua eloquentia. Ab oratore populus regitur. Dolores sunt acerbi. Numerus dolorum est magnus. Doloribus succumbitis. Doloribus vincuntur ignavi viri. Homines, dum docent, discunt. I ad crucem ! (equivalent to "Go and be hanged!") "Ubi mel, ibi apes." Plautus. "Finis coronat opus." Proverb. "Ars longa, vita brevis." Proverb. "Calamitas virtutis occasio est." Seneca. "Injuriarum remedium est oblivio." Syrus. "Homo homini aut deus aut lupus." Erasmus. LESSONS IN LATIN. ]03 ■ Constantia et virtute." Motto of Lord Amherst. "Bonae mentis soror est paupertas." Petronius Arbiter. "Astra regunt homines, sed regit astra deus." Proverb. "Est natura hominum novitatis avida." Pliny, the Elder. "Catus amat pisces sed aquam intrare recusat." Proverb. Suavi avium voce delectamur. Laus discipuli consistit bonis moribus et acri industria. Pietas est fundamentum omnium virtutum. Viri fortes non vincuntur doloribus grav- ibus. Non cedimus hostibus audacibus. Puer alacri animo in Iitteras incumbere debet. Homines corpora mortaliahab- ent. animos immortales. Multa animalia sunt audacia. "Ut ameris, amabilis esto!" Ovid. '•Similia similibus curantur." Hahnemann. "Vulgus amicitias utilitate probat." Ovid. "Non est paupertas habere nihil." Martial. "Varium et mutabile semper foemina." Virgil. "Non est ad astra mollis e terris via." Seneca. "Ingratus unus miseris omnibus nocet." Syrus. "Patria est communis omnium parens." Cicero. "Distrahit animum librorum multitudo." Seneca. "Crescit sub pondere virtus." Motto of Earl Dunbigh. 137 to 140. The following exceptions to the general gender rules of the fourth declension should be noted: The following words in -us are feminine : acus, us,/., needle; porticus, us,/., portico, porch; domus, us,/, house, home; tribus, us,/, tribe, group. manus, us,/, hand, handwriting; Specus, us, cavity, cavern, may be any gender, m., f. or n. Secus, us, sex, is neuter. Artus, us, m., a joint, limb (of body), is neuter in the plural ; artua. Penus, us, a store of provisions, is sometimes of this declension; then it may be m. or / ; it is usually penum, i, n., of the second declension. Some nouns of this declension being names of females are therefore of natural feminine gender (sex): nurus, us,/., daughter-in-law: socrus, us,/, mother-in-law. 104 LESSONS IN LATIN. Some names of trees are of this declension and feminine: cupressus, us, /., cypress; pinus, us,/., pine tree; ficus, us, /., fig tree; quercus, us, /., oak tree; laurus, us,/., laurel tree. Quercus sometimes has its gen. p/. according to the second declen- sion, quercorum, and frequently quercis in the dat. and abl.pl. ; all other cases are according to the fourth declension. aestas, atis,/., summer; cantus, us, m., song, melody; crus, cruris, n., leg; cultus, us, m., culture, civiliza- tion; exercitus, us, m., army; exer- cise: fibula, ae,/., clasp, buckle; fons, ntis, m., source, fountain; fremitus, us, m., noise, roar- ing; fulmen, inis, n., lightning- flash ; gelu, us, n, frost, cold, chill; gemma, ae,/., bud; gem, precious stone; imber, bris, m., shower, heavy rain; lusus, us, m., play, game ; mors, rtis,/., death; morsus, us, in., (act of) biting, gnawing ; periscelis, idis,/., garter, anklet; robur, oris, «., strength, vigor, force ; sensus, us, m., sense (one of the five), feeling, sensation; thesaurus, i, m., storehouse, magazine ; adjaceo, 2, to be adjacent, near ; aedifico, 1, to build (an edifice); antecedo, 3, to precede, go be- fore ; to surpass ; Vocabulary. cingo, 3, to encircle, surround; circumdo, 1, to encircle, to put one thing around another; contremisco, 3, to quake, tremble ; extimesco, 3, to fear greatly; indulgeo, 2, to indulge in (w. dat.) ; injicio, 3, to bring into, put into; procumbo, 3, to prostrate one's self; sedeo, 2, to sit, loiter; tollo, 3, to do away with, abolish; formosus, a, um, handsome, shapely ; gratus, a, um, agreeable, pleasing; preditus, a, um, gifted, endowed with ; quantus, a, um, how much, how great; supplex, icis, supplicant, sup- pliant ; validus, a, um, strong, pow- erful; tener, era, erum, delicate, tender; vivax, acis, vivacious, lively; item, adv., just so, in like manner; modeste, adv., modestly, shyly; solum, adv., only, alone, merely; LESSONS IN LATIN. log The syllable per- (sometimes prae-) is often used as a prefix in compound words, and when so used either intensifies the meaning of the word to which it is prefixed or it implies an additional meaning of "through". For instance, intensifying the meaning: moveo, to move; permoveo, 2, to move greatly, rouse, excite, ter- rify ; difficilis, e, difficult; perdifficilis, e, very difficult; albus, a, um, white: peralbus, a, um, very white, white all over; chloridum, i, n., chloride; perchloridum, i, n., perchloride (with the greatest possible proportion of chlorine) ; etc. Examples of imparting the meaning 'through". colo, 1, to strain; percolo, 1, to strain through, to percolate; foramen, inis, n., hole, opening; foratus, us, m., the act of mak- ing a hole, perforating; perforo, vb., 1, to perforate, make a hole through; perforatum, i, n., a sieve or strainer; perforaculum, i, n., per (through) for (from foramen, hole) aculum (from acula, little needle), a gimlet, an awl. The syllable sub- as a prefix is frequently used to express a mean- ing of less degree, under, below; it is generally best translated by a separate word, such as "nearly, almost": subacer, cris, ere, somewhat subamarus, a, um, slightly sharp; bitter; subacidulus, a, um, weakly subcentralis, e, near the acidulous; center; subaequalis, e, nearly equal; subnudus, a, um, almost naked. A diminutive may be expressed in various ways, but usually by changing the last syllable to ellus, illus, olus or ulus, any of which endings may be written with one or two letters "1" (not however in the same word), and may have any one of the three endings -us, -a, -um for substantives, or all three if it is a diminutive adjective of the first and second declensions. Thus, amicus, friend, becomes amiculus, a dear little friend (used in a pet sense) , while arnica becomes amicula, a dear little friend (/. ), a sweetheart; puer, a boy, becomes puellus, i, m., a 106 LESSONS IN LATIN. little boy, and the feminine form of this word, or puella, means a girl, as owing to a universal habit of men to apply diminutive or pet appellations to women, which extends even to the names of articles of their wearing apparel and other belongings, the feminine form of puer (which should be puera) is not used at all, only the diminutive puella being in use. Examples of diminutives: animal, alis, n., animal; animalculum, i, n., animalcule; baculus, i, m., rod; bacillus, i, m., small rod, bacillus; bulbus, i, m., bulb; bulbulus, i, m., small bulb, bulbil; cornu, us, n., horn; corniculum, i, n., small horn; homo, inis, comm., human being, man; homunculus, i, m., small man, dwarf; morsum, i, n., small piece, bite; morsulus, i, m., a small bit, morsel; nucleus, i, m., nucleus; nucleolus, i, m., nucleolus; pila, ae,/ v a ball; pillar; pilula, ae,/., small ball, pill; puella, ae,/., a girl; puellula, ae,/., a little girl; bellus, a, urn, handsome, fine; bellulus, a, urn, pretty, dainty. abusus, 4, adventus, 4, appetitus, 4, bestia, 1, felicitas, 3, flam ma, 1, percolatio, 3, perforatio, 3, Familar Words. spiritus, 4, vigor, 3, subdivisio, 3 afflicto, vb., 1, subnitras,;w.,3, indico, vb., 1, subscriptio, 3, resono, vb., 1, substitutio, 3, subtractio, 3, successus, 4, usus, 4, subordino,z/<5.,l, subscribo,z>£.,3 horribilis, e, percolatus, perfoliatus, perforatus, subacutus, subcordatus, subcutaneus, subcylindricus, submersus, subterraneus. Exercises. Lusus pueris gratus est. Pueri libenter lusui indulgent. Dux exercitus nostri est fortis. Homines libenter audiunt cantum avium. Pueri delectantur lusu. Sensus sunt acres. Agri gignunt magnam copiam fructuum. Vir fortis non suc- cumbit morsibus doloris. Bestiae habent sensus acres. O, cantus, quantas voluptates hominibus paratis. Animalia sunt predita sensibus. Tonitrus terribilis animos hominum permovet. Fremitus tonitrus est horribilis. Fulmen ante- LESSONS IN LATIN. 107 cedit tonitrum. Multi homines extimescunt tonitrum. O, tonitrus, quam horribilis est fremitus tuus. Domus resonat tonitru. Genua virorum sunt valida. Vigor genuum indicat robur corporis. Magnus vigor est genibus virorum. Supplices procumbunt in genua. In genibus virorum est magnus vigor. Aestate sub quercis et in specubus libenter sedemus. Hortus regis ornatur multis pinibus et lacubus. Genua feminarum sunt gracilia, tenera et formosa, sed raro valida. Puellae acubus pingunt {lit: paint with needles; embroider). Oratores timidi saepe omnibus artubus contremiscunt. Domui nostrae adjacet lacus. Frater meus aedificat domum. Magnus numerus domuum est in urbe. Domibus perniciosi sunt imbres continui. Domos regis cingunt multae pinus. Florum gemmae facile gelu laeduntur. Crura formosa mulierum et puellarum saepe sub genibus periscelidibus bell ul is circum- dantur. Fibulae mulierum periscelidum aliquando gemmis ornantur. "Vincit omnia Veritas." Proverb. "Veritas nunquam perit." Seneca. "Abusus non tollit usum." Proverb. "Honor est praemium virlutis." Cicero. "Manu forte." Motto of Scotch Baron Reay. "Vitae via virtus." Motto of Irish Earl Arlington. "Thesaurus est malorum mala mulier." Proverb. "Virtus in actione consistit." Motto of Lord Craven. "Virtute ac labore." Motto of Scotch Earl Dundonald. "Virtus in astra tendit, in mortem timor." Seneca. "Virtus vincit invidiam." Motto of Marquis of Cornwallis. "Virtus incendit vires." Motto of Irish Viscount Strangford. "Appetitus rationi pareat." Motto of Irish Earl Fitz William. "Prudens in flammam ne manum injiciat." Hieron, Junior. "Animi cultus verae felicitatis fons." Motto of Union Lit- erary Association. 108 LESSONS IN LATIN. 141-144. Vocabulary. anima, ae,/., breath, life; felix, icis, happy; principium, ii, n., beginning; fractus, a, um, weak, feeble; spes, spei,/., hope; incertus, a, um, uncertain; amitto, 3, to lose; plenus, a, um, full, filled; computo, 1, to compute, count up; sacer, sacra, crum, sacred; fallo, 3, to deceive; vanus, a, um, vain, delusive; recreo, 1, to revive, refresh; tanquam or tamquam, adv., like trudo, 3, to crowd, shove; as, just as if; aegrotus, a, um, sick; propterea, adv., therefore; certus, a, um, certain, true; at, conj., but at least, at least. In modern times the word species (//. of species, ei,f., a sort, a kind) has been used to designate a mixture of cut herbs for teas or cataplasms; when used in this sense the full cases of the plural are used, although this is not in accordance with classic usage. The conjunction and is most frequently expressed in Latin by et; but ac or atque are also used ; often and is expressed by the syllable -que used as a suffix to the last of the words joined by the conjunc- tion; thus: virtute et fide, virtute acfide or virtute fideque mean the same thing. Familiar Words. commendatio, 3, necessitas, 3, credulus, effeminatus, conditio, 3, solacium, 3, dubius, mutus. Exercises. Spes est incerta et dubia. Animi hominum recreantur solacio spei. Homines facile indulgent spei vanae. O, spes, dulci solacio amnios miserorum hominum recreas ! Spe vana saepe fallimur. Res humanae sunt incertae et dubiae. Con- ditio rerum humanarum est dubia. O, res humanae, quam saepe animos hominum fallitisl "Fide et amore." Motto. "Dies diem docet." Proverb. "Fide et fortitudine." Motto. 'Truditur dies die." Horace. "Res est sacra miser." Ovid. "Credula res amor est." Ovid. "Ex necessitate rei." Legal phrase. LESSONS IN LATIN. 109 "Veritatis simplex oratio est." Seneca. "Animo et fide." Motto Earl of Guilford. "Facies tua computat annos." Proverb. "Amor tussisque non celantur." Proverb. "Domina omnium et regina ratio." Cicero. "Aegroto dum anima est, spes est." Cicero. "Magnum est vectigal parsimonia." Cicero. "Omnium rerum principia parva sunt." Cicero. "Puras Deus non plenas adspicit manus." Syrus. "Formosa facies muta commeridatio est." Proverb. "At spes non fracta." Motto of second Earl Hopetown. "Gloria virtutem tanquam umbra sequitur." Cicero. 147-148. A few irregularities in regard to nouns may be noted here; other irregularities of similar character are mentioned in the diction- aries, in connection with the individual words to which they apply. Some nouns are considered declinable by some authors and inde- clinable by others: alcohol, n., indecl., alcohol; alcohol, olis, n., alcohol; mais, n., indecl., Indian corn; mays, dis,/., Indian corn; nihil or nil, n., indecl., nothing; nihilum, i, n., nothing. Nouns of materials may be used in the plural in a different sense than in the singular: aes, copper; aera (//.), copper utensils; this corresponds with English usage, as: bronze, the material; bronzes, statu- ary or vases made from bronze. In many words the singular is wanting or seldom employed: arma,orum, n., arms, weapons; nuptiae, arum, /., marriage, divitiae, arum,/., riches; nuptials; gemini, orum, m., twins; posted, orum, m., descend- Iiberi, orum, m., children; ants. Nouns may have different meanings in singular and plural: aqua, ae,/., water; aquae, arum,/., mineral waters; bonum, i, n., a good thing, bona, orum, «., riches, goods; blessing; possessions; finis, is, m , end; fines, um, m., boundaries; littera, ae, letter (of alphabet) ; litterae, arum,/., literature. 110 LESSONS IN LATIN. Nouns may be defective in case: Most nouns of the fifth declension have no gen., dat. and abl. plur.; f el, gall; mel, honey; pus, ris, «., pus; rus, ris, n., country, etc., also want these cases. Opis {gen.), strength, and vicis {gen.), change, have no nom., dat. or abl. sing. Some nouns have all cases except gen. plur.: nex, necis,/., murder; pax, acis,/., peace; pix, icis, /., tar; cor, dis, n., heart; sal, lis, n., salt; lux, cis,/., light; etc. Fors, chance, occurs only in the nom., and abl. sing.: fors, forte. Lues, pestilence, has only nom., ace. and abl. sing.: lues, luetn, lue. Many nouns in -u have only an abl. sing., as jussu, by order; mandatu, by command; rogatu, by request. Some nouns, called heteroclites, are according to one declension in the singular and another in the plural: vas, vasis, n., vessel, vase (3d in sing.), vasa, vasorum, etc. (2d in plur.) ; requies, requietis, etc., according to the third, or requies, requiei, etc., according to the fifth. Some masc. nouns have two plurals: jocus, a )oV&, plur. joci, m., or joca, n . ; locus, m., a place, plur. loci, m., places or passages in books, loca, n., places, localities. The same is true of some feminine nouns: carbasus, linen, plur. carbasi or carbasa, linen fabrics, sails; margerita, a pearl; plur. margeritae or margerita; ostrea, an oyster; plur. ostreae or ostrea. Some nouns have two forms : materia, 1, or materies, 5, material ; luxuria, 1, or luxuries, 5, luxury; eventus, m., 4, or eventum, i, n., 2; etc. 152-153. Vocabulary. albens, ntis, whitish; caeruleatus, a, um, dark-blue; aureus, a, um, golden, gold- cinereus,a, um,gray,ash-gray; colored; coccineus, orcoccinus, a, um, brunescens, ntis, brownish; carmine-red or scarlet-red; bruneus, or brunus, a, um, flavens, ntis, or flavescens, brown; ntis, yellowish; LESSONS IN LATIN. Ill fuscus, a, um brown, coffee- brown; griseus, a, um, gray, ashy-gray; hepaticus, a, um, liver- colored ; lacteus, a, um, milky; luteus, a, um, yellow, chrome- yellow ; pallens, ntis, pallescens, ntis, or pallidus, a, um, pale; purpurascens, ntis, purplish; purpureus, a, um, purple, violet-red ; roseus, a, um, rose-red, pink; rubens, ntis, reddish; rubidus, a, um, dark-red; rubigineus, a, um, or rubi ginosus, a, um, rusty-red; stramineus, a, um, straw- colored; violaceus, a, um, violet, violet- blue ; violascens, violet; virens, ntis, or virescens, ntis, greenish. Exercises. E subflavo albus. E fusco flavescens. E nigro fuscum. Ex purpureo fuscus. E flavo fuscus. E rubicundo flava. E rubro subnigrum. Ex aureo viridis. Atro-purpureus. Atro- fuscus. Atro-virens. Flavo-albidus. Albido-flavus. Flavo- virens. Citrino-aureus. Aureo-ruber. Rubro-violaceus. Albo-flavescens. Fusco-ater. Fusco-flavus. Fusco-f laves - cens. Fusco-griseus. Fusco-niger. Fusco-viridis. Rubi- gineo-flavus. Roseo-fuscus. Coccineo-purpureus. Cinereo- albus. Cinereo-fuscus. Griseo-viridis. Caeruleo-niger. Purpureo-ater. Purpureo -violaceus. Purpurascenti-fuscus. Violaceo-ruber. Virenti-caeruleus. Ex aureo viridis. 154-165 Vocabulary. affinitas, atis,/., relationship, affinity ; damnum, i, n., loss, harm; hirundo, inis,/., a swallow; odium, ii, n., hatred, grudge ; potestas, atis,/ v power, con- trol; sonitus, us, m., sound, noise; demento, 1 , to make mad ; metuo, 3, to fear, dread; opto, 1, to wish, desire, choose; perdo, 3 to destroy, squander; accomodatus, a, um, fitted, adapted ; adversus, a, um, adverse, opposite ; beatus, a, um, happy; dives, itis, rich; Graecus, a, um, Greek; secundus, a, um, favorable, fair; velox, ocis, swift, speedy; 112 LESSONS IN LATIN. nusquam, adv., nowhere, in inter, adv. & prep. w. ace, no place ; between, amidst. usquam, adv., anywhere, in any place; The adjective vetus, gen., veteris, aged, old, is irregular in the comparative; vetustior, ius, is usually employed, veterior, ius, but seldom. The superlative is veterrimus, a, um. Familiar Words. adulatio, 3, moderatio, 3, aequalis, e, exemplum, 2, posteritas, 3, corruptus, extinctio, 3, praeceptor, 3, domesticus, libertas, 3, praeceptum, 2, garrulus, licentia, 1, similitudo 3, iratus, malitia, 1, simulatio, 3, languid us, Exercises. munificens, ntis, pauper, eris, prior, us, torrid us, tranquillus, vehemens, ntis. Nihil est naturae hominis accomodatius quam beneficentia. Nihil est amabilius quam virtus. Lux est velocior quam soni tus. Nihil est melius quam sapientia. Multi magis garruli sunt quam hirundines. Pauperes saepe sunt munificentiores quam divites. Homines sunt saepe in adversis rebus pruden- tiores quam in secundis. Divitissimorum hominum vita saepe est miserrima. Simulatio amoris pejor est quam odium. Nihil est melius quam ratio. Sol major est quam terra; luna minor est quam terra. Sapiens est omnium beatissimus. Homerus est omnium Graecorum poetarum veterrimus. Adulatio est pessimum malum. Urbs New York (250) maxima et pulcherrima est omnium Americanarum urbium. Pessimi homines sunt maledicentissimi. In amicitia plus valet simi- litudo morum quam affinitas. "Nihil est veritatis luce dulcius." Cicero. "Summam nee metuas diem, nee optes." Martial. "Experientia est optima rerum magistra." Proverb. "Patria cara, carior libertas." Motto of Earl Rednor. "'Amicum perdere est damnorum maximum." Syrus. "Nihil est, mihi crede, virtute formosius, nihil pulchrius, nihil amabilius." Cicero. LESSONS IN LATIN. 113 Vocabulary. auris, is,/., ear; oppono, 3, to oppose; caelum, i, n., heaven, sky; aeternus, a, um, eternal, en- canis, is, comm., dog; during; consuetude inis, /., custom, amplus, a, um, ample, roomy, habit ; ] arge . iter, ineris, n., journey, road, conscius, a, um, conscious ; wav ; conscious of guilt ; janua, ae,/ v gate, door: deterior, ius, worse; no pos.; jus, juris, n., law, justness; sup.: deterrimus, a, um, soup ; worst ; - lex, legis,/., a law, enactment; efficax, acis, efficacious ; linea, ae, /._, line, end, limit, excelsus, a, um, high, lofty; goal; potens, ntis, potent, powerful; oculus, i, m., eye; tutus, a, um, safe, secure; allicio, 3, to allure, entice; amplius, comp. adv., more; condio, 4, to preserve, embalm; ubique, adv., everywhere ; latro, 1, to bark; itaque, con/., hence, therefore- "Nil consuetudo majus." Ovid. "Excelsior ! " Motto of State of New York. "Mors ultima linea rerum est." Horace. "Nulla vis major pietate vera est." Seneca. "Discipulus est priori posterior dies." Syrus. "Deteriores omnes sumus Iicentia." Terence. "Successus improborum plures allicit." Phaedrus. "Spes tutissima caelis." Motto Irish Earl Kingston. "Video meliora proboque, deteriora sequor." Ovid. "Bonarum rerum consuetudo pessima est." Syrus. "Jus summum saepe summa est malitia." Terence. "Longissimus dies cito conditur." Pliny, the Younger. "Amor et felle et melle est fecundissimus." Plautus. "Consuetudo natura potentior est." Quintus Curtius Rufus. "Salus populi suprema lex esto!" Motto of State of Missouri. "Nihil est miserius quam animus hominis conscius." Plautus. "Canis timidus vehementius latrat quam mordet." Quintus Curtius Rufus. "Homines amplius oculis quam auribus credunt. Longum iter est per praecepta, breve et efficax per exempla." Seneca. 114 LESSONS IN LATIN. 169. Exercises. Homines sunt saepe in adversis rebus prudentiores quam in secundis. Rebus adversis opponite virtutem. Animus sapientis non afflictatur rebus adversis. "Adversae res admonent religionum." Livy. "Amicus certus in re incerta cernitur." Proverb. "Nihil ex omnibus rebus humanis est praeclarius aut prae- stantius quam de republica bene mereri." Cicero. "Mors mortis ! morti mortem nisi morte dedisses, mors aeterna sors nostra esset, et aeternae vitae janua clausa foret." Anonymous.* 175-189. Vocabulary. amator, oris, m., lover, friend ; bellum, i, n., war; carmen, inis, n., song, poem ; conservator, oris, m. (-trix, icis, /.) preserver, keeper, conservator ; decor, oris, in., propriety, beauty ; desiderium, ii,«., desire; hostis, is, comm., enemy, foe; ignavia, ae, /., laziness, cowardice ; imperium, ii, n., command, government ; judex, icis, comm., judge, um- pire ; nemo, inis, m. &/., nobody; pictor, oris, m., a painter ; model proplasma, atis, n., (sculptors'); signum, i, n., sign, token, mark ; tarditas, atis, /., slowness, stupidity ; tractio or tractatio, onis, /., treatment, handling, discus- sion ; depingo, 3, to depict, portray ; diffido, 3, to mistrust, despair; disco, 3, to learn ; displiceo, 2, to displease ; expecto or exspecto, 1, to ex- pect, await ; faveo, 2, w. dat., to favor, be- friend ; ferio, 4, to strike, smite, slay ; *Dedisses is 2dJ>ers. sing. Pluferf. Subj. of do, dedi, dare, to give; thou hadst given; "foret" is a rare form for the third person, singu- lar, imperfect, conjunctive of the verb, sum, I am, the usual form being "esset," it would have been; see note to full conjugation of sum, esse, in appendix, page 73. LESSONS IN LATIN. 115 firmo, 1, to make firm, strengthen ; hebeto, 1 to make dull, weaken; dull; impero, 1, to command, con- trol, govern; w. dat.; nosco, 3, to recognize, know; novo, 1, to renew, refresh, alter; pecco, 1, to sin, do wrong ; placeo, 2, to please, satisfy ; pugno, 1, to fight, struggle; salio, 4, to leap, jump; or, to salt; teneo, 2, to hold, keep, have; addictus, a, um, addicted, de- voted ; deditus, a, um, devoted; fidus, a, um, faithful, reliable; intectus, a, um, uncovered, unclad ; memor, oris, w. gen., mindful ; mendax, acis, false, mendaci- ous ; potis, e, able, capable, possible ; probus, a, um, honorable, up- right ; saevus, a, um, fierce, cruel, savage ; sempiternus, a, um, eternal ; acriter, adv., very much, eagerly ; attente, adv., attentively ; potius, adv., rather, preferably ; unquam, adv., ever, at any time ; secundum, prep. w. ace., ac- cording to, after; adv., after, behind ; autem, eon/., also, but, more- over. Familiar Words. auctoritas, 3 causa, 1, figura, 1, forma, 1, oraculum, 2, pictura, 1, sculptor, 3, statua, 1, immortalitas,3, victoria, 1, index, icis,£.,l, impotens, Exercises. offero, vb.,* iners, rtis, transfero, vb.,* inimicus, benignus, classicus, decorus, innocens, laudabilis, modernus, nudus, salutaris, e, Nos, praeceptores, docemus; vos, discipuli, discitis. Nos scribimus, vos legitis ; fratres pingunt. Ego salio, tu legis, puer dormit. Nos, magistri, vos, o discipuli, erudimus ; vos, boni discipuli, attente auditis praecepta nostra. Virtutes inter se aequales sunt. Imperare sibi maximum imperium est. Tractatio litterarum nobis salutaris est. Veritas sem- *Compounds of the irregular verb fero. 116 LESSONS IN LATIN. per mihi grata est. Nos favemus vobis, vos favetis nobis. Mihi mea vita, tibi tua cara est. Cantus nos delectat. Parentes a nobis diliguntur. O mi fili, semper mihi pare ! Ego mihi sum proximus. Tu tibi impera ! Sapiens omnia sua secum portat. Deus tecum est. Deus tecum sit. Hostes nobiscum acriter pugnant. Omnis natura est conservatrix sui. Ira est impotens sui. Sapiens semper potens sui est. Omnes homines sunt benigni judices sui. Vehementer grata mihi est memoria nostri tua. Amicus mei et tui est memor. Pater absens magno desiderio tenetur mei et tui, mi frater, et vestri, o sorores. Amici sunt nostri memores. Multi vestrum mihi placent. Plurimi nostrum te valde diligunt. Plurimi nostrum amant patriam. "Homo doctus in se semper divitias habet." Phaedrus. "Nemo non nostrum peccat. Homines sumus, non dei.'' Petronius Arbiter. "Brevis a natura nobis vita data est; at memoria deditae vitae sempiterna." Cicero. "Nemo unquam sine magna spe immortalitatis se pro patria offerret* ad mortem." Cicero. Sallustius est elegantissimus scriptor; ejus libros libenter lego. Amicum fidum habeo; ei addictissimus sum. Ignavia corpus hebetat, labor firmat. Hae litterae graviter me movent. Haec carmina suavissima sunt. Isti homini men- daci non credo. Illi viro omnes favent. Praeclarum est istud tuum praeceptum. Haec sententia mihi placet, ilia displicet. Hoc bellum est saevissimum. Hie puer industrius est, ille iners. Memoria teneo praeclarum illud praeceptum. Ist6 tuus amicus est vir optimus. Ista vestra auctoritas est max- ima. Hujus discipuli diligentiam laudo, illius tarditatem vitupero; illi schola est gratissima, huic molestissima. Pic- tores et sculptores libenter intectas figuras hominum depin- gunt, illas potius formosarum puellarum aut feminarum. Si secundum naturam e pulchris nudis proplasmatis factae, tales picturae et statuae ab omnibus amatoribus decoris in arte permagno aestimantur et ab eis "opera artis classica" deno minantur. Nuditas per se ipsa innocens et decora est, et rep- *Imperfect subjunctive of olfero ; would offer. LESSOUS IN LATIN. 117 resentationes formarum nudarum, et admiratio earundem, indicia summi cultus sunt. "Nusquam est, qui ubique est." Seneca. "Felix qui potest rerum cognoscere causas." Virgil. "In hoc signo spes mea." Motto Irish Viscount Taaffe. "In hoc signo vinces!" Motto of Emperor Constantine* "Quem Jupiter vult perdere, prius dementat." Proverb. "Non convalescit planta, quae saepe transfertur." Seneca. "Quod tuum 'st meum' st; omne meum est autem tuum." Plautus. "Meliora sunt ea quae natura quam ilia quae arte perfecta sunt." Cicero. "Incertum est quo te loco mors expectet; itaque tu illam ormni loco expecta I" Seneca. Multi homines de eisdem rebus eodem die non eadem sen- tiunt. Animus ipse se movet. Virtus est per se ipsa lauda- bilis. Saepe nihil est homini inimicius quam sibi ipse. Omne animal se ipsum diligit. Carior nobis esse debet patria quam nos ipsi. Praeclarum est illud praeceptum oraculi Delphici: Nosce te ipsum ! Mendax saepe sibi ipsi diffidit. "Qui sua metitur pondera, ferre potest." Martial. "Nil prodest quod non laedere possit idem." Ovid. "Non quam multis placeas, sed qualibus stude." Syrus. "Nihil tam absurdum quod non dictum sit ab aliquo philoso- phorum." Cicero. Vocabulary. cantator, oris, m., (-trix, icis, dos, dotis,/., marriage portion, /.,) singer; dowry; civis, is, comm., citizen; dux, ucis, comm., leader, com- ci vitas, atis,/., state, com- mander; mon wealth ; *Vinces is future of vinco, to conquer; (thou wilt or shalt con- quer) ; "I. H. S." is often supposed to be an abbreviation of this motto, but it is really an abbreviation of "Iesus Hominum Salva tor" (Jesus, Savior of men); in ancient times I alone was used, and stood for either I or J, and in some dictionaries words ' commencing with these initials are placed in one list. 118 LESSONS IN LATIN. genus, eris, n., sort, kind, race; grex, egis, m., herd, crowd; society; miles, itis, comm., soldier; modus, i, m., mode, method; peccatum, i, n., fault, trans- gression; probitas, atis,/. , goodness, probity ; pudor, oris, m., modesty, shame ; scriptor, oris, m., writer, author; testis, is, comm., witness, spec- tator; adimo, 3, to deprive, take away ; ago, 3, to do, act, accomplish; contemno, 3, to despise, con- temn; doleo, 2, to suffer, grieve, deplore ; exaudio, 4, to hear, grant; expeto, 3, to long for, desire; gero, 3, to carry, carry on, wage; guberno, 1, to govern, direct, manage; habito, 1, to inhabit, dwell, abide ; Iiceo, 2, to be allowable, per- mitted ; muto, 1, to alter, change, vary; spoil; reformido, 1, to fear greatly, dread ; reperio, 4, to find, discover; repugno, 1, to oppose, disagree with; soleo, 2, to be wont, be accus- tomed ; tribuo, 3, to assign, allot, bestow; uro, 3, to burn, fret, chafe; veto, 1, to prevent, forbid; insitus, a, um, ingrafted, adopted; Justus, a, um, just, proper, right; levis, e, light, trivial, easy; maleficus, a, um, wicked, criminal; mitis, e, mild, soft, gentle, calm; natalis, e, natal; natalis, is, m., birth-day; princeps, ipis, first, noble, chief; sanctus, a, um, sacred, holy; contra, adv. zvAprep., opposite, against ; quod, conj., that, in that; Familiar Words. consolatio, 3, opinio, 3, existo, vb., 3, falsus, dignitas, 3, terror, 3, honoro, vb., 1, fragilis, e, imitator, 3, devasto, vb., 1, impendeo, vb., 2, immaturus, miseria, 1, distribuo, vb., 3, succurro, vb., 3, immortalis, e. LESSONS IN LATIN. 110 Exercises. Rex, qui civitatem gubernat, civium salutem curare debet. Regi, cujus imperium mite et justum est, omnes cives libenter parent. Regem, cui leges sunt sanctae, cives colunt. Felix est is rex, quera omnes cives amant. O rex, qui civitatem nostram gubernas, honora bonos cives, terre maleficos, suc- curre miseris, exaudi probos ! Acerba et immatura est mors eorum, qui immortalia opera parant. Non semper est illud bonum, quod ardenter expetimus. Beati sunt ii, quorum vifa virtutis praeceptis regitur. riostis, quocum bellum geritur, terram nostram devastat. "Qualis vir, talis oratio." Proverb. "Justitia suum cuique distribuit." Cicero. "Labor ipse voluptas." Motto of Lord King. "Hie dolet vere qui sine teste dolet." Martial. "Qui non vetat peccare quum possit, jubet." Seneca. "Quod licet ingratum est; quod non licet acrius urit." Ovid. "Dies iste, quern tamquam extremus reformidas, aeterni natalis est." Seneca. Quis me vocat? Quid agis, mi amice? Quis scribit has litteras? Quid cogitas? Quid ago? Cur me vituperas? Quae amicitia est inter ingratos? Quod carmen legis? Quis homo venit? Quis poeta dulcior est quam Homerus? Cujus vox suavior est quam vox suavis cantatricis? Quibus peccatis facillime indulgemus? Quicquid est honestum, idem est utile. Quoquo modo res sese (=se) habet, ego sententiam raeam defendo. Quaecunque opinio veritati repugnat, falsa est. Si mortem timemus, semper aliqui terror nobis impendet. Si cuique pecuniam fortuna adimit, idcirco miser non est. In quoque virorum bonorum habitat deus. Justitia jus cuique tribuit pro dignitate cujusque. Cuique nostrum amor vitae est insitus. Non tantum malum est hoc, quod peccant principes, quan- tum illud, quod permulti imitatores principum existunt. Quot genera orationum sunt, totidem oratorum genera reperi- untur. Quales sunt duces, tales sunt milites. Qualis est rex, 120 LESSONS IN LATIN. talis est grex. Quales in re publica sunt principes, tales solent esse cives. Vir bonus non contemnit homines miseros, qualescunque sunt. Corporis et fortunae bona, quantacunque sunt, incerta ac fragilia sunt. Quotquot homines sunt, omnes vitam amant. Quotcunque sunt scriptores, omnes Aristidis justitiam praedicant. Quot sunt homines, tot sunt sententiae. "Quisque sibi proximus." Proverb. "Pro rege, lege et grege." Motto of Lord Ponsonby. "Probitas pudorque virgini dos optima est." Terence. "Tempora mutantur, et nos mutamur in illis." Proverb. "Quot homines, tot sententiae; suuscuiquemos." Proverb. "Si deus nobiscum, quis contra nos." Motto of Irish Viscount Mountmorris. 190-199. Vocabulary. calculus, i, m., small stone, pebble ; charta, ae,/., paper, tablet; cor, cordis, n., heart, feeling ; drachma, ae,/., drachm, dram; f luidrachma, ae, /., fluidram ; fluiduncia, ae, /., fluidounce; hebdomas, adis,/., week; mensis, is, m., month ; nux, nucis,/., nut; pars, partis, /., part, portion pulvis, eris, m., powder, dust regula, ae,/., rule, regulation thalerus, i, m., dollar (modern) uncia, ae,/., ounce; in promptu esse, to be ready ; conspergo, 3, to sprinkle ; pono, vb., 3, to put or set down, place ; sepono, vb., 3, to lay away, dis- card ; plures {comp. of multi), several, very many, more ; ana, adv. (often abbreviated to aa), of each so much ; < nimis, adv., too much, excess- ively ; paulisper, adv., for a little while ; porro, adv., then, next, again; recte, adv., well, right, excel- lently. Familiar Words. compressor, 3, saturatio, 3, exceptio, 3, societas, 3, residuum, 2, solutio, 3, responsio, 3, addo, vb., 3, attendo, vb , 3, respondeo, vb.,2, sufficio, vb., 3, absolutus, crudus, expressus, liberatus, perpetuus. LESSONS IN LATIN. 121 Exercises. Pater. Attende, mi fili! Scribe in chartam tuam hoc exem- plum: Si habes decern mala, tria prima, unum pirum, sex cerasa ; et his adduntur duo mala, quattuor pruna, septem pira, octo cerasa ; deinde quinque mala, novem pruna, sede- cim pira, undecim cerasa ; turn duodecim mala, quindecim pruna, tredecim pira, quattuordecim cerasa ; porro viginti mala, undeviginti pruna, duodeviginti pira, septendecim cerasa ; denique quattuor et viginti mala, unum et viginti pruna, duo et viginti pira, tria et viginti cerasa ; quot sunt mala? Quot pruna? Quot pira? Quot cerasa? Carolus. Expecta paulisper, mi pater ! Jam responsio est in promptu. Sunt tria et septuaginta mala ; unum et septua- ginta pruna ; septem et septuaginta pira ; undeoctoginta cerasa. Pater. Recte, mi Carole ! Jam sepone chartam et e memo- ria mihi responde : Quot menses habet unus annus? C. Duodecim. P. Quot hebdomades habet unus mensis? C. Quattuor. P. Quot dies habet unus annus? C. Trecentos sexaginta quinque. P. Quot horas habet unus dies? C. Quattuor et viginti. P. Quot dies habent tres anni? C. Mille nonaginta quinque. P. Quot horas habet unus annus? C. Octo milia septingeotas sexaginta. P. Si tres nuces quater ponis, quanta summa existit? C. Duodecim. P. Si quinque calculos ter millies sescenties quinquagies septies ponis? C. Duodeviginti milia ducenti octoginta quinque. P. Si septingenta quadraginta tria milia trecentos quin queginta duo (duos) thaleros bis ponis? C. Decies centum milia quadringenta octoginta sex milia septingenti quattuor. 122 LESSONS IN LATIN. Acidi pyrolignosi crudi partes viginti suff iciant ad perfec - tarn saturationem partis unius sodii carbonatis ab aqua liberati. Centum partes acidi acetici diluti contineant partes sex acidi acetici absoluti. Acidi carbolici crudi centum partes minime partes quinquaginta acidi carbolici puri contineant. "Bis dat qui cito dat." Proverb. "Nulla regula sine exceptione." Proverb. "Cor unum, via una." Motto of Earl of Exeter. "Nulli est homini perpetuum bonum." Plautus. "Fortuna mult is dat nimis, satis nullis." Martial. "E pluribus unum." Motto of United States of America. Familiar Words. centigramma, atis, n.; kilogramma, atis, n., or centimeter, tri, m., or kilo, tndecl.; centimetrum, i, n. ; litra, ae,/. ; centimeter cubicus, or milligramma, atis, n. ; centimetrum cubicum, millimeter, tri, m., or (cm.) millimetrum, i, n., (mm.) decigramma, atis, n. ; scrupulus, i, m., or decimeter, tri, «z.; scrupulum, i, n. gramma, atis, n. (Gm ) &£i*a&, ami, 0uo?z&6?k, ^fa&f M&6ce„, y?pntix See remarks about amygdalum, p. 96. Also bear in mind that official titles are not listed in the vocabulary. LESSONS IN LATIN. 123 CUGsrlCt: .... Ctctdc eZCiccc, Ms: $t. £fecc fad&e&ls Or:7V~ y^caotcc: ~ ~>. . - =r &ftj&e/Ucrgus qy. s". ^u^Jca^t} f PUtce, d-UW£L :. One-half may be either dimidium, ii, n., {adj., dimidius, a, um), or semissis, is, /._, (adj., semissis, e) ; the latter word is usually employed in prescriptions and is abbreviated "ss." Fractions less than one-half are written in Arabic numerals, even in Latin prescrip- tions. In modern, up-to-date metric prescriptions all numbers are written in Arabic numerals. 124 LESSONS IN LATIN. (7agm£o: 7n^f-y^^ '••• In the following prescriptions the names of the preparations as well as other words are abbreviated; the student may write all words out in full, using the proper case endings, etc. ty/: act fys, art ' Sritura^r. Jsffftt LESSONS IN LATIN. 125 7nX rt It is a general, if not universal custom to treat each line in a pre- scription as if it were a separate sentence, by beginning it with a cap- ital letter; this is permissible merely because custom justifies the practice, although according to the grammatical- construction it is incorrect. The names of preparations, drugs, chemicals, etc., as used in prescriptions are common nouns, and therefore should be written with small or "lower case" initials. (51.) Vocabulary. dementia, ae, /., dementia, insan- obsideo, 2, to besiege, surround; ity; assiduus, a, um, constant, incola, ae, comm., inhabitant; assiduous; ingenium, ii, n., character, dispo- cognitus, a, um, known; sition, genius; infidus, a, um, faithless, false; lis, litis,/., strife, quarrel, lawsuit; inops, opis, weak, needy, indi- mater, tris,/., mother; gent; natus, us, m., birth; natus, a, um, born; subst: pretium, ii, n., worth, value, price; child; sedes, is,/., chair; dwelling-place; perfidus, a, um, faithless, per- urbs, urbis,/., town, city; fidious; vitium, ii, n., fault, vice, crime; post, adv., behind, after; prep. dedo, 3, to devote, apply one's self; w. ace, behind, after. Particular Phrases. ago, 3, with annum {ace. of annus) and an ordinal number, to be so old, to be of such an age; sese habere, (habeo, 2), to be so con- stituted, situated; lit: to have itself; post Christum natum (lit: after the born Christ); after the birth of Christ; major natu, the older; minor natu, younger (less by birth.) 126 LESSONS IN LATIN. Quota hora est? Decima. Annus, quo nunc vivimus, est millesimus nongentesimus post Christum natum. Pater meus agit annum quartum et sexagesimum; mater duode- sexagesimum; f rater major natu tertium et tricesimum; frater minor natu alterum et tricesimum; soror major duo- detricesimum ; soror minor vicesimum. In urbe sunt mille milites. Duo milia hostium urbem obsident. Aliud alii placet, aliud alii displicet. Milites utriusque exercitus sunt fortissimi. Utrumque est vitium; et omnibus credere et nemini. Mendaci homini non credimus, etiam quom vera dicit. Perfidus homo vix ulli fidem habet. Unius fidi hominis amicitia habet plus pretii, quam multorum infi- dorum societas. Soli sapienti vera vis virtutis est cognita. Incolae totius urbis de victoria exercitus laeti sunt. Nullius hominis vita ex omni parte beata est. Habeo duo amicos; ambo valde diligo. Amicus habet duo filios et duas filias. "Bis vincit qui se vincit in victoria." Syrus. "Inopi beneficium bis dat, qui dat celeriter." Syrus. "Nullus est locus domestica sede jucundior." Cicero. "Nunquam aliud natura aliud sapientia dicit." Juvenal. "Bonus animus in mala re dimidium est mali." Plautus. "Nullum magnum ingenium sine mixtura dementiae fuit." Seneca . "Nulla fere causa est in qua non femina litem moveat." Juvenal. "Assiduus usus uni rei deditus et ingenium et artem saepe vincit." Cicero. 218. There are a few defective verbs which are used often enough to make mention necessary. These verbs are forms of the perfect tense, of the third conjugation, used in a present sense; they are reg- ularly conjugated as perfects and all forms derived from the perfect are regular: see the endings of the perfect tense in the appendix: memini, meminisse (w. gen., or ace), to recollect, remember; odi, odisse, to hate; coepi, coepisse (sometimes used in present forms), to have begun; novi, novisse, to know; LESSONS IN LATIN. 127 Vocabulary. dubito, vb., 1, to doubt; invidus, a, um, envious; provideo, vb., 2, to provide, care praeteritus, a, um, past; as for; subst.. ■ n. pi., past events; alienus, a, um, belonging to ultro, adv., beyond, on the another; as subst., m., stranger; other side; n., property of another; quoniam, conj., since, seeing immemor, oris, (w. gen.) unmind- that, since then, because, ful, forgetful; whereas. Exercises. Memento mori! Animus meminit praeterita, praesentia cernit, futura providet. Omnes oderunt eum, qui immemor est beneficii. Invidi virtutem et bonum alienum oderunt. Probos amamus, improbos odimus. Non dubito quin mali me oderint. Deum colit is, qui novit. "Aut amat aut odit mulier, nihil est tertius." Syrus. "Dimidium facti qui coepit habet; sapere aude !" Horace. "Quam quisque novit artem, in hac se exerceat." Cicero. "Novi ingenium mulierum; Nolunt ubi velis, ubi nolis cupiunt ultro." Terence. 248. Vocabulary. cognitio, onis, /., knowledge, acquaintance ; hospes, itis, in., visitor, guest; merces, edis,/., fee, price, wages; absolvo, 3, to absolve, acquit; clamo, 1, to call out, shout aloud; coerceo, 2, to check, curb, restrain ; cogo, 3, to drive, force, compel; depono, 3, to lay aside, give up; desipio,3, to be silly, act foolishly; edo, 3, to eat; two infin.: reg. edere ; irreg. esse ; expugno, 1, to conquer, subdue; peregrinor, 1, to travel, to be a stranger ; pertineo, 2, to pertain to; tango, 3, to touch, handle; ulciscor, 3, to take revenge, avenge; vendo, 3, to sell, vend; vito, 1, to shun, avoid, evade; operosus, a, um, laborious, difficult, troublesome; subito, adv., suddenly. 128 LESSONS IN LATIN. Familiar Words. condimentum, 2, studium, 2, delibero, vb., 1, cupiditas, 3. syren, enis,/., 3, dissimulo, »£., 1, injuria, 1, victor,#2 v trix,/., 3, elementarius, satira, 1, accuso, vb., 1, ridiculus, scientia, 1, consulto, vb., 1, diligenter, adv. las, n., indecl., right, law; with est it is practically an adjective, thus: fas est, it is lawful, allowable ; non fas est, it is not lawful, not allowable ; nefas, n., indecl. , sin, wrong; with est it is practically an adjective, thus: nefas est, it is wrong, it is unlawful; oportet, oportuit, oportere, 3, is used only in the third person and in the infinitive ; (it) is necessary, proper, becoming ; in the plural : are necessary, proper, ought; opus, n., indecl., need, necessity; with the verb sum it is used as an adjective, needful, necessary; quum, adv., when, since, was also spelled quom, qum, or cum; the latter spelling, although later obsolete, is met with in some quota- tions in which the prep, cum, with, will not make sense, and the fact that cum is an archaic form for quom or quum must be remembered. Exercises. Bonus discipulus studet laudari. Boni discipuli student exerceri in litterarum studiis. Sapientes semper ratione regi student. Bonus discipulus literarum cognitione erudiri stu- det. Hostes urbem nostram expugnare student. Cupiditates coercere debemus. Liberi parentes colere debent. "Dulce est desipere in loco." Horace. "Cogi qui potest nescit mori." Seneca. "Melius non tangere, clamo." Horace. "Genus est mortis, male vivere." Ovid. LESSONS IN LATIN. 129 "Plus scire satius est quam loqui." Plautus. "Difficile est satiram non scribere." Juvenal. "Melius est fodere quam saltare." St. Augustine. "Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori." Horace. "O quam miscrum est nescire mori!" Seneca. "Esse oportet ut vivas, non vivere ut edas." Cicero. "Miserrimum est timere, cum speres nihil." Seneca. "Stultum est timere quod vitare non potes." Syrus. "Beneficium accipere, libertatem est vendere." Syrus. "Saepe satius fuit dissimulare quam ulcisci." Seneca. "Tempus in agrorum cultu consumere dulce est." Ovid. "Scire volunt omnes, mercedem solvere nemo." Juvenal. "Difficile est longum subito deponere amorem." Catullus. "Hominem improbum non accusari tutius est quam absolvi." Livy. "Omnes amicos habere operosum est; satis est inimicos non habere." Seneca. "Turpe est in patria peregrinari, et in iis rebus quae ad patriam pertinent, hospitem esse." Minutius. 249-250. Vocabulary. castrum, i, n., a castle, fort; //., misericordia, ae,/., pity, com- castra, a military camp ; passion ; cibus, i, m., food, nutriment, fare; potio, onis,/ v drink, potion; consilium, ii, n., counsel, con- emorior, vb., 3, to die, perish; sulfation, deliberation; praefero, vb., (prae and fero) fames, is,/., hunger, famine; to carry before, prefer; majores, um, m., forefathers, vacuus, a, um, empty, void; ancestors; pariter, adv., equally, in like mens, htis, /., mind, thought; manner, as well. Exercises. Scimus deum mundum gubernare (deus mundum guber- nat). Credo meum consilum tibi placere (meum consilium tibi placet). Credo fratrem pingere. Audimus hostes ante urbem castra munire. Scimus mundum a deo gubernari. Audimus castra ab hostibus ante urbem muniri. 130 LESSONS IN LATIN. "Praeferre patriam Iiberis regem decet." Seneca. "Emori nolo; sed me esse mortuum nihil aestimo." Cicero. "Si vultis nihil timere, cogitate omnia esse timenda." Seneca. "Majores fertilissimum in agro oculum domini esse dix- erunt." Pliny, the Elder. "Cum corpore mentem crescere sentimus pariterque senes- cere." Lucretius. "Socratem audio diccntem, cibi condimentum esse famem, potionis sitim." Cicero. "Omnes homines, qui de rebus dubiis consultant, ab odio, amicitia, ira atque misericordia vacuos esse decet." Sallust. 253-258. Vocabulary. judicium, ii, «., judgment, decis- senex, senis, c, an aged per- ion; son; adj., old; comp.: sen- excolo, 3, to cultivate, improve; ior, older; obtempero, 1, to obey, comply turpis, e, ugly, base, unseemly; with; probe, adv., rightly, excellently; parco, 3, to spare; strenue, adv., strenuously, juvenis, e, youthful; subst, comm., briskly; a young person; comp., junior, tacite, adv., in silence, silently, us, younger; tacitly, secretly. Exercises. Pueri bene educandi, strenue exercendi, probe excolendi, diligenter erudiendi sunt. Oboediendum est praeceptis virtu- tis. Obliviscendum nobis est injuriarum. Parcendum tibi est inimicis. Obtemperandum est virtutis praeceptis. Suocuique judicio utendum est. Pro patria acriter nobis pugnandum est. Viri boni laudandi sunt. Pueri nobis educandi sunt. Virtus nobis semper colenda est. "Turpis et ridicula res est elementarius senex; juveni parandum, seni utendum est." Seneca. LESSONS IN LATIN. 131 Vocabulary. asinus, i, m. (a,/.), ass, mule; exercitatio, onis, /., exercise, practice ; ignis, is, m., fire; instrumentum, i, n., instrument, means ; onus, eris, «., a load, burden; opera, ae,/., pains, exertion, labor; operam dare, bestow pains or care; operam dare, w. dat., give attention to something; valetudo, inis, /., condition of body, health, ill-health, infirmity; versus, us, m., line, verse; accepto, 1, to accept, receive; acuo, 3, to sharpen, incite, rouse; adipiscor, 3, to attain, obtain, reach; augeo, 2, to augment, enrich, increase ; cortcilio, 1, to conciliate, gain over; edisco, 3, to learn by heart, commit to memory ; elicio, 3, to elicit, bring out; eligo, 3, to select, choose; navigo, 1, to sail, navigate; tracto, 1, to drag, handle, treat; aptus, a, um, apt, fitted, adapted ; idoneus, a, um, suitable, fit, apt; paucus, a, um, few; peritus, a, um, experienced, skilful ; propensus, a, um, inclined, disposed; moderate, adv., with moder- ation, moderately; tarde, adv., tardily, slowly. Exercises. Arsnavisgubernandae. Curacivitatis beneadministrandae. Cupidus bellorum gerendorum. Peritus sum equorum regen- dorum. Asinus idoneus est magnis oneribus portandis. Haec materia est idonea ignibus eliciendis. Hie locus aptus est castris muniendis. Homo magna instrumenta habet ad sapientiam adipiscendam. Corporis exercitationes plurimum valent ad valetudinem firmandam. Litteris tractandis ani- mus excolitur. Memoria augetur versibus ediscendis. Multi nullam curam adhibent in amicis eligendis. Ex libris bonis legendis magnus fructus capitur. Exercises. Nom.: Rem publicam bene administrare difficile est. Inju- riarum oblivisci pulchrum est. Parcere inimicis honestum 132 LESSONS IN LATIN. est. Patriam contra hostes acriter defendere decorum est. Suo quemque judicio uti decet. Gen.: Ars pueros diligenter educandi difficilis est. Victoris consilium acceptarum injuriarum obliviscendi ab omnibus laudatur. Memor esto inimicis parcendi. Pauci homines periti sunt rebus secundis moderate utendi. Ars navigandi utilissima est. Sensus videndi acerrimus est. Sapientia est ars vivendi. Dat : Soli boni idonei sunt aliis juste imperando. Victores operam dare debent acceptarum injuriarum obliviscendo et hostibus parcendo. Ace: Dux exercitus nostri victoria uti nescit. Vir bonus ad acceptarum injuriarum obliviscendum, ad inimicis parcen- dum, ad aliis juste imperandum propensus est. AM.: Litteras diligenter tractando mens acuitur. Victor injuriarum acceptarum obliviscendo et hostibus parcendo civium animos conciliare studet. Gerund. Gerundive. (Preferred construction.) Ars civitatem gubernandi est Ars civitatis gubernandae difficillima. est difficillima. Litteras tractando ingenium Litteris tractandis ingenium acuitur. acuitur. Puer aptus est ad litteras Puer aptus est ad litteras tractandum. tractandas. Asinus idoneus est onera por= Asinus idoneus est oneribus tando. portandis. Vocabulary. culpa, ae,/ v fault, crime; fama, ae,/., fame, reputation; desidia, ae, /., idleness, slothful- gustus, us, m., taste, sense of ness; tasting; LESSONS IN LATIN. 133 lucrum, i. n., profit, wealth, lucre; opitulor, 1, to help, aid, assist ; poena, ae, /., penalty, punish- postulo, 1, to ask, require; ment ; statuo, 3. to put, set, place, adhortor, 1, to exhort, encourage; decide; appello, 1, to call, name, accost; sanus, a, um, healthy, well, dispute, 1, to dispute, argue, dis- sane; cuss; sobrius, a, um, sober, temper- inteiligo, 3, to perceive, under- ate; stand; nam, conj., but, indeed, to be judico, 1, to judge, decide; sure. "Tuo tibi judicio est utendum." Cicero. "Deliberando saepe perit occasio." Syrus. "De gustibus non est disputandum," Proverb. "Vitanda est improba syren— desidia." Horace. "Scribendi recte sapere et principium et fons." Horace. "Deliberandum est diu, quod statuendum semel." Syrus. "Cavendum est ne major poena quam culpa sit." Cicero. "Orandum est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano." Juvenal. "Damnum appellandum est cum mala fama lucrum." Syrus. "Non est ab homine nunquam sobrio postulanda prudentia." Cicero. "Post amicitiam credendum est, ante amicitiam judican dum." Seneca. "Homo ad duas res, ad intelligendum et ad agendum est natus." Cicero. "Prudentia est rerum expectandarum fugiendarumque scientia." Cicero. "Nam non solum scire aliquid, artis est, sed quaedam ars etiam docendi." Cicero. 259-261. The perfect participles occurring in the exercises from the German pharmacopoeia are best translated somewhat after the manner of the examples given in § 260, as will be seen from the fol- lowing : manducata mucilaginea, mucilaginous upon being chewed ; triplo alcoholis volumine mixtum sedimentum ne demittat; when it is mixed with three times its volume of alcohol it should not throw down a precipitate ; 134 LESSONS IN LATIN. aqua dilututn ne solutione hydrogenii sulphidi mutetur; it should not be changed by solution of hydrogen sulphide when diluted with water; ignitus sine residuo deflagrans, deflagrating (burning) without residue when ignited ; conquassatum praebeat liquorem spissiorem, upon being shaken it should yield a rather thick liquid (in English we would say "syrupy" liquid); It must always be kept in mind that both the present and the per- fect participles are very commonly used as adjectives ; in the exercises from the German pharmacopoeia the verbs are quoted, instead of the adjectives or participles. 262-265. Exercises. Utendum est occasione. Fruendum est vita. Opitulan- dum est amicis. Pugnandum est pro patria. Nobis oblivis- cendum est injuriarum. Tibi utendum est occasione. Suo cuique judicio utendum est. Nobis fortiter pugnandum fuit. Patria amanda est. Patria tibi amanda est. Maxima dili- gentia adhibenda erat. Virtus semper colenda erit. Patria nobis amanda est. Maxima diligentia tibi adhibenda erat. Virtus semper tibi colenda erit. Hie liber tibi legendus erat. Milites duci adhortandi fuerunt. READING EXERCISES FROM THE GERMAN PHARMACOPOEIA OF 1872. In the following exercises only such changes as were necessary to make the nomenclature and tests correspond to the U. S. P. require- ments have been made. After each exercise will be found a vocabu- lary of words not previously used in this book, or which do not belong to the kind quoted as "Familiar Words", which latter are left to the student to translate without giving their meanings. I. ABSINTHIUM. Herba florens paniculata; foliis incane sericeis, bi- vel tri- pinnatifidis, summis indivisis, Iaciniis ultimis spathulatis; anthodiis subglobosis nutantibus, receptaculo villoso floscu- LESSONS IN LATIN. 13,-> lisque subluteis parvis instructis; saporis peramari, odoris aromatici gravis. Colligenda mensibus Julio et Augusto et a caulibus cras- sioribus repurgetur. anthodium, ii, n., flower-head; caulis, is, m., stem (of plants); flos, floris, m., flower; flos- culus, i, m., floret, (of com- posite flower); lacinia, ae,/ v lobe; lacinia ultima, end-lobe; sapor, oris, m., flavor, taste; colligo, legi, lectum, 3, to collect; nuto, 1, to droop; repurgo, 1, to garble, clean; crassus, a, um, thick, coarse, gross; incanus, a, um, gray, hoary; incane, adv., hoarily; indivisus, a, um, undivided; instructus, a, um, provided with; sericeus, a, um, silky; villosus, a, um, rough, shaggy, hairy. II. ACACIA. Frusta irregularia, globosa aut angulosa, variae magnitu- dinis, diaphana, coloris expertia vel subflavescentis, pluri- mis parvis rimis, in fractura anguste conchata vitri instar nitentia, saepe iridescentia, manducata mucilaginea, sapore et odore nullo. Cum aqua facile mucilaginem praebet, quae alcohole turbatur. frustum, i, n., piece; frustu- lum, i, n., dim., a little piece, bit; instar, n., indecl., image; w. gen., as good as, like, in form of; rima, ae,/ v a crack, cleft, fissure ; angustus, a, um, narrow, con- tracted; anguste, adv., nar- rowly ; conchatus, or conchoideus, a, um, conchoidal, shell-like; from concha, ae,/ v conch shell ; manduco, 1, to chew, masti- cate; niteo, ui, — , 2, to shine, glit- ter, glisten; nitens, ntis, fart., adj., shin- ing, glistening. 136 LESSONS IN LATIN. III. ACETUM PYROLIGNOSUM CRUDUM. Liquor subfuscus vel fuscus, odoris empyreumatici, acidum aceticum continens. Partes viginti sufficiant ad perfectam saturationem partis unius sodii carbonatis ab aqua liberati IV. ACETUM PYROLIGNOSUM RBCTIFICATUM. Acetum pyrolignosum crudum in retorta vitrea immissum destiliet, donee e partibus decern partes octo elicitae fuerint. Sit liquor limpidus, colons expers, aut subflavus, aut pauilum modo subfuscus, odoris empyreumatici et saporis empyreumatici acidi. In vasis bene clausis servetur. immitto, misi, missum, 3, to donee, conj., till, until, as long introduce; as. paulus or paullus, a, um, lit- tle; pauilum, adv., a little; V. ACIDUM ACETICUM GLACIALE. Liquor limpidus, coloris expers, odoris pungentis acidi, ca- lore 0° superante in massam crystallinam abiens, quae calore 16° denuo liquescit, calore 118° ebulliens, totus avolans et vapores inflammabiles praebens. Partes decern solvant par- tem unam olei citri. Color ruber e nonnullis guttis potassii permanganatis soluti admixtis ortus ne mutetur; aquae destillatae partibus viginti dilutum aut barii chlorido aut argenti nitrate aut solutione hydrogenii sulphidi ne turbetur. In vasis epistomiis vitreis munitis servetur. calor, oris, m., heat; supero, 1, to exceed, go over; abeo, ii, itum, (ab and eo), ortus, a, um, resulting, arising; to be changed, transformed; nonnullus, a, um, a few; (the admisceo, scui, xtum, 2, to literal construction is "not admix; none"); solvo, solvi, solutum, 3, to denuo, adv., anew, afresh, dissolve; again. LESSONS IN LATIN. 137 VI. ACIDUM BENZOICUM. Paretur sublimatione e benzoino. Sint crystalli albidae, postremo flavescentes, nitoris sericei, odoris benzoini, in aquas frigidae partibus ducentis, in aquae fervidae partibus viginti quinque, in alci>hole, aethere, oleo terebinthinae, nee non in aqua ammoniac facile solubiles; calefactae primum liquescant, turn plane avolent. Crystalli in aqua fervida solutae et addito potassii perman- ganate calefactae ne olei amygdalarum amararum odorem exhalent. In vasis bene clausis servetur. crystallus, i, m. or/., or crys- addo, didi, ditum, 3, to add; tallum, i, n., crystal; (/. in calefacio, feci, factum, 3, to G. P.) ; make warm, heat ; . nitor, oris, m., sheen, lustre, postremo or postremum, glitter; adv., at last, finally. VII. ACIDUM CARBOLICUM CRYSTALLISATUM. Massa crystallina neutralis, coloris expers aut vix rubes- cens, e crystallis longis acuminatis constans, odoris peculiaris, saporis valde erodentis, ignita flamma Candida deflagrans, calore 25° vel 30° (pura et ab aqua libera calore 42°) liques- cens, calore circiter 180° ad 188° ebulliens, in aqua frigida paullum solubilis, cum quavis copia aetheris, chloroformi, carbonei disulphidi, glycerini miscibilis, cum chloroformo vel carbonei disulphido conquassata ob minorem aquae copiam, quam continet, liquorem paullum turbidum praebens. Sit liquata ponderis specif ici circiter 1.060. Cum aquae destillatae frigidae partibus minimum quinqua- ginta, summum sexaginta aut cum parva copia liquoris sodae conquassatum solutionem limpidam praebeat. Solutio aquosa guttulis nonnullis liquoris ferri chloridi admixtis colorem violaceum diutius durantem trahat. Caute servetur. guttula, ae,/., dim. of gutta, conquasso, — , atum, 1, to a small drop; shake violently; 13S LESSONS IN LATIN. consto, iti, atum, 1, to remain traho, traxi, tractum, 3, to unchanged; draw, take, acquire; coquo, coxi, coctum, 3, to candidus, a, urn, dazzling cook, prepare by fire, bake, white; parch; circiter, adv., about, not far erodo, rosi, rosum, 3, to from; erode, corrode; diutius, adv., comp. of diu, duro, avi, atum, 1, to perse- longer; vere, continue; minimum or minime, adv., liquo, avi, atum, 1, to melt, at least; liquefy; summum, adv., at most. VIII. ACIDUM CHROMICUM. Crystalli columellares vel aciculares, saepe acuminatae, coccineae, odore carentes, in aere deliquescentes, in aqua et alcohole facile solubiles, in alcohole saepe cum explosione. Calefactae nigrescunt et oxygenium emittunt. Solutio aquosa, cum acido hydrochlorico et aliquantulo alcoholis diutius cocta, barii chlorido non nimis turbetur. Caute in vasis epistomiis vitreis munitis servetur. aer, eris, n., air, atmosphere; emitto, misi, mittum, 3, to aliquantulus, a, um, a little; emit. careo, ui, itum, 2, to be with- out; IX. ACIDUM CITRICUM. Crystalli rhomboideo-columellares, coloris expertes, dia- phanae, in aere persistentes, in aqua, in alcohole facile solu- biles, nee in aethere; calore minore fatiscunt, calore aucto liquescunt, ardore carbonescunt. Solutio cum aqua calcis excedente commixta et calefacta praecipitatum album efficit, inter refrigerationem evanescens. Solutio aquosa solutione hydrogenii sulphidi, barii nitrate, potassii acetate, ammonii oxalate, calcii sulphate ne turbetur. ardor, oris, m., flame, fire, augeo, auxi, auctum, 2, to heat ; increase ; LESSON'S IN LATIN. 139 commisceo, scui, xtum, 2, to mix; excedo, cessi, cessum, 3, to exceed. X. AC1DUM HYDROCHLORICUM. Liquor limpidus, coloris expers, calefactus plane avolans, ponderis specifici 1.163, in centum partibus circiter partes tri- ginta duas acidi hydrochlorici anhydri continens. Aquae destillatae partibus quinque dilutum solutione hydro- genii sulphidi ne mutetur, neve barii chiorido turbetur, neve potassii sulphocyanate rubrum tingatur, neve cum potassii iodido et glutine amylaceo conquassatum colorem caeruleum trahat. Ad explorandum, num abacido sulphuroso et acido arsenoso liberum sit, vitro probatorio longiori zinci purissimi parva frustula nonnulla injiciantur, quibus acidum hydrochloricum aquae duabus partibus dilutum superfundatur, ut vitrum ad partem decimam usque circiter compleatur. In partem vitri superiorem vacuam turn immittatur glomus e gossypio fac- tum, solutione plumbi acetatis irrigatum, et orificium vitri charta bibula alba argenti nitrate soluto humectata obtega- tur. Postquam evolutio gasis hydrogenii per horam dimi- diam viguit, acido sulphuroso et acido arsenoso absentibus, nee gossypium nee charta colore nigro infecta sunt. In vasis epistomiis vitreis munitis caute servetur. glomus, eris. n., a ball (of yarn, etc.); gossypium, ii, n., cotton; gluten, inis, n., glue, gluten, paste ; exploro, 1, to examine, explore ; inficio, feci, tectum, 3, to stain, infect, taint; irrigo, 1, to moisten, irrigate; obtego, texi, tectum, 3, to hide, conceal, cover up ; superfundo, fudi, fusum, 3, to pour on, to pour over ; tingo, tinxi, tinctum, 3, to color, dye; vigeo, ui, — , 2, to be lively, to thrive ; humectatus or humefactus, a, um, moistened; probatorius, a, um, for test- ing; liquor pr., test-solution; charta pr., test-paper; vit- rum pr., test-tube; usque, adv., up to, as far as; neve or neu, am/., nor; neve . . . neve, neither . . . nor. 140 LESSONS IN LATIN. XI. ACIDUM SULPHURICUM. Liquor coloris expers, odore carens, spissitudinis olei, cale- factus totus avolans, ponderis specific! 1.835, quod respondet partibus nonaginta duabus et dimidia acidi sulphurici abso- lute in centum partibus. Triplo alcoholis volumine mixtum sedimentum ne demittat; aqua dilutum ne solutione hydrogenii sulphidi mutetur; solutionis indici colorem ne vertat, atque solutionem potassii permanganatis inter calefaciendum ne decoloret. Cave ne acidum arsenosum contineat, quod acidum hydrochloricum examinandi modo eo discrimine indagatur, ut acidum sul- phuricum quintuplo vel sextuplo aquae antea diluatur. In vasis epistomiis vitreis bene clausis caute servetur. indicum, i, n., indigo; indago, 1, to ascertain, dis- spissitudo, inis,/., consistency, cover, find; thickness, density; prorsus (or prorsum), adv., diluo, ui, utum, 3, to dilute; wholly, absolutely. XII. ACIDUM TANN1CUM. Sit pulvis e subflavo albus, ignitus sine residuo deflagrans, in aqua facile, difficilius in alcohole solubilis, reactionis acidulae. Solutio aquosa sit prorsus vel fere limpida et primum alcohole deinde aethere additis ne turbetur. Acidum cum aethere, cui aquae paullum admixtum est, conquassatum praebeat liquorem spissiorem, in aethere subsidentem. $mm&m$ LESSOXS IN LATIN. ui PART III. FAMILIAR WORDS. The study of Latin seems difficult to many, mainly because they approach it with the idea that it is an entirely foreign language, while in fact one who knows the English language already knows a very extended Latin vocabulary, but without realizing that he does so until it is demonstrated to him. Usually the student beginning the study of Latin devotes much of his time to memorizing vocabularies, often of a character that will be practically useless to him in later li r e; besides, the English translation is one that he cannot readily associate with the Latin word; for instance: fascinatio will probably be rendered in the dictionary and vocabulary as enchanting, bewitching, when fascination would be most easily remembered, and the other meanings are but synonyms that a knowledge of English would suggest. An effort has been made in the exercises to utilize as far as possible a familiar vocabulary that is already the birthright of every English-speaking student, together with those necessary unfamiliar words that may occur in almost any quotation. In Latin, as in all other languages, words of different parts of speech are derived from the same word-root, or from each other; veibs from nouns, or vice versa; adjectives from verbs or nouns; adverbs from adjectives; etc. A few remarks on this subject will prove helpful in memorizing Latin words. The present participles, ending in -ns, gen. -ntis, are often used as adjectives of the third declension with one ending; for many of them the corresponding English is the word-stem (95) ; thus: patior, vb., to suffer ; pr. part, patiens, ntis; word-stem, patient-; English word, patient; possum, vb., to be able; pr. part., potens, ntis; word-stem, potent- ; English, potent; provideo, vb., to provide; pr. part., providens, ntis; word-stem, provident-; English, provident. The adjective prudens, ntis, is contracted from providens; word-stem prudent- ; English, prudent. 142 LESSOXS IN LATIN. By changing the final -um of the supine to the adjectival endings -us, -a, -um, we get the passive participles which are also used as adjectives and as nouns, with passive meanings: supine of amo, I love, is amatum; change to amatus, a, um, loved, beloved, part, or adj.; any one of these forms may be used as a noun, with gender according to form: amatus, i, m., or amata, ae,/., a loved one, a sweetheart; admixtum, i, n., (from admisceo) something admixed, an admixture. If the final -um of the supine is changed to -io, it gives a noun of the act which the verb expresses, as; amatum, supine, change to amatio, a loving, the act of loving, a love affair; such nouns axe f em., of 3d decl., and change final -o to -onis in the genitive. Some ancient authors preferred to coin such nouns from verbs by changing the -um of the supine to -us, making the noun one of the fourth declension, and masc. gender; in coining such verbal nouns, Cicero, for example. preferred the ending in -tio, while Livy preferred the ending -tus ; both forms of nouns, from the same verbs, may be found in the dictionaries. Many, if not most English words of more than two syllables are of Latin origin, often with little change, or even with no change at all; this is true of a very large number of the nouns ending in -tio, and the corresponding English words of many of these nouns are simply their word-stems; thus: afflictio, gen. afflictionis; word-stem (95) affliction-; English, affliction; ox what is practically the same thing, a final -n is added to the nominative of such nouns to form the corresponding English words. absorptio, calculatio, educatio, hallucinatio, acclamatio, coagulatio, enumeratio, illuminatio, acquisitio, crystallizatio, expectatio, illustratio, admiratio, damnatio, fascinatio, imaginatio, adulteratio, declaratio, fermentatio, prohibitio, assertio, dominatio, germinatio, significatio, benedictio, editio, gratificatio, etcetera. The same thing is true of nouns ending in -sio, gen. -onis, /., of third declension; thus: persuasio, gen. persuasionis; word-stem, persuasion-; English, persuasion. LESSONS IN LATIN. 143 abrasio, delusio, emissio, possessio, animadversio, depressio, emulsio, reversio, ascensio, derisio, immersio, revisio, collisio, diffusio, infusio, tensio, collusio, diversio, percussio, torsio, corrosio, effusio, perversio, etcetera. By changing the ending -tio of a verbal noun to -tor we obtain a masculine noun for one who does what the verb expresses; as: amatio, change to amator, gen. oris, 3d dec!., m., one who loves, a lover (French , amateur) ; change the final syllable -tor to -trix, and we have a feminine noun of the third declension for one who does what the verb expresses: amatrix, icis, /., one who loves, a sweetheart. These nouns are often exactly alike in Latin and English. Occasionally the latter word is also used as an adjective, of one ending, third declension: amatrix, icis, adj., amorous. Other words may be derived from the word-root in ways not quite so simple or regular, or perhaps altogether arbitrarily, yet showing the relationship clearly: amo, I love; am-, word-root; amicus, i, m., and arnica, ae,/ v a friend, one that is loved. Let us take the word amo, for example, and see some of the derivatives from the same word-root, am-: amo, avi, atum, are, 1, to love; amans, ntis, loving, fond; amans, ntis, comm , lover; amatus, a, um, beloved; amatus, i, m., beloved one; amata, ae,/, beloved one; amabilis, e, adj., amiable; amabilitas, atis,/., amiability; amatio, onis,/., love affair; amator, oris, m., lover; amatrix, icis,/., lover; amatrix, icis, adj., amorous ; amatorius, a, um, adj., ama- tory, amorous; amicus, i, m., friend; arnica, ae,/., friend; amiculus, i, m., little friend, dear little friend (pet name); amicula, ae, /., feminine of previous word; amicitia, ae,/., friendship; amice or amaciter, adv., friendly ; amor, oris, m., love, esteem; wish, desire; Amor, oris, m., Amor (god of Love) ; amorificus, a, um, adj., pro- * ducing love. 141 LESSONS IN LATI>T. Many nouns ending in -tor and -trix are in English the same as in Latin, or the o of the final syllable is changed to c. accumulator, castrator, compressor, demonstrator, administrator, collaborator, constructor, educator, administratrix, collector, corruptor, erector, auscultator, commentator, curator, etcetera. Not a few words ending in -tudo may be translated by changing the final -o to — e: aptitudo, desuetudo beatitudo, gratitude, certitudo, latitudo, magnitude, similitudo, quietudo, solicitudo, servitudo, etcetera. So also many of the words ending in -ura may be changed to English by substituting -e for the final -a: temperatura, temperature. Slight differences, which occasionally may occur, will not interfere with such translations: positura would become positure, which is easily recognized as posture. apertura, figura, natura, strictura, creatura, fractura, scriptura, structura, cultura, ligatura, signatura, etcetera. Many Latin words ending in English: -tia or cia end in -cy or -ce in abstinentia, absentia, abundantia, differentia, Of the Latin by substituting abnormitas, aeternitas, alacritas, anxietas, atrocitas, brevitas, capacitas, eminentia, fragrantia, haesitantia, indecentia, words ending in - ~ty for -tas : capti vitas, celeritas, civilitas, contiguitas, credulitas, curiositas, deform itas, innocentia, Pharmacia, poenitentia, provincia, reminiscentia, sententia, turgescentia, etcetera. ■itas many may be changed to English densitas, dexteritas, dignitas, excitabilitas, gravitas, individualitas, invisibilitas, mortalitas, extensibilitas, nativitas, fecunditas, perversitas, formalitas, etcetera. LESSON'S IN LATIN. 145 Chemical names ending in -as, gen. -atis, change -as to -ate to become English: acetas, carbonas, chromas, sulphas, etc. In many Latin words final -ia remains unchanged, or is changed to -y to become English: academia, acrimonia, alchemia, allegoria, ambrosia, analogia, anatomia, anomalia, anorexia, antipathia, apologia, apoplexia, arteria, asphyxia, astrologia, astronomia, autopsia, cachexia, colonia, comoedia, encyclopoedia, entomologia, fallacia, etcetera. In some words there may be differences not easily grouped, but the similarities are yet close enough to let us recognize the words readily: accidens, atmosphaera, colica, * demonstrantia, accusator, bastardus, compromissum,descensio, admirabilitas, calendarium, crimen, discipulus, abortus, candidatus, criticus, districtus, appetitus, cemeterium, daemon, domicilium, architectus, cisterna, defensio, etcetera. And then there are words which are alike in both languages: abdomen, albumen, color, pastor, acne, alburnum, creator, rigor, actor, alcohol, honor, terror, acumen, altar, pallor, etcetera. Such similarities are not only found in nouns but also in other words, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, etc.; some verbs become English by changing their first person (singular, present) ending to ate, to silent e, or by dropping it altogether. Verbs. abbrevio, absorbeo, accelero, accepto, accuso, adhaereo, adultero, affirmo, amputo, applaudo, ascendo, ausculto, calculo, circumscribo, cohabito, collecto, communico, compello, concentro, concludo, conflicto, congratulor, considero, declaro, defendo, descendo, dissolvo, etcetera. 146 LESSONS IN LATIN. Adjectives. Many of these drop their endings, or change to -al or ~ed when changed to English: abbreviatus, alcalinus, annual's, asininus, abstemius, alphabeticus, annularis, assiduus, abstinens, ambiguus, anodynus, astutus, accuratus, analogus, anomalus, axillaris, acidulus, anatomicus, anxiosus, bestialis, aequalis, animalis, arcticus, centralis, aeternus, animatus, artificialis, etcetera. abrupte, absolute, absurde, abundanter, assiduo, Adverbs. ample, austere, arroganter, benevole, artificialiter, candide, certe, clandestino, concise, confidenter, continue, accurate, attente, circumspecte, etcetera. Often the relation between a common English word and the corresponding Latin word may be obscure at first glance, and yet the meaning may be traced through less common English synonyms, or through related words: femina, woman; in the English feminine; puer, boy; in puerile, puerility; vir, man; in virile, virility; pungo, pupugi, punctum, to stab, to puncture; laudo, to praise, to laud; in laudable, laudation, etc.; aqua, water; in aqueous, aquatic, aquarium, etc.; equus, horse; in equine; moneta, coin, money; in monetary; immergo, immersi, immersum, to dip, immerse; in immersion ; futilis, in vain, useless, futile. By associating the Latin and English forms of words in this manner memorizing of a large vocabulary becomes easy, and to a certain extent unnecessary, and the student will be surprised to find how familiar many of the Latin words are, and what a large proportion they constitute of our every-day language. LESSONS IN LATIN. 147 For the exercises (exercitium) in Part (pars) II (II) of this book the vocabularies (vocabularium) were selected to some extent (extentus) with the intention (intentio) of facilitating {from facililas) the otherwise difficult (diff icilis from diff icultas) task of memorizing (memoro) the words which are necessary (necessarius) for the study (studium) of the principles (principium) and the construction (constructio) of the Latin (latinus) language (lingua); and this is all the more permissible (permissus) because it is intended (intendo) mainly to teach the construction (constructio) rather than any intimate (intimus) knowledge of the Latin (latina lingua) language. In order to remember words once looked up in a dictionary, the writer of this had cards cut of about the size of postal cards, on one side of which the Latin words are written, while on the other side the English meaning is placed. The two sides may be of different colors for the two languages, or one side may be marked with a red line for the Latin, so that they can readily be placed with Latin up, and for drill these cards may be shuffled and then looked over on the Latin side and the meaning recalled to memory; if this cannot be done, the card may be turned over and the memory is quickly refreshed. Each card of the size described will suffice for five or six words, and "familiar words" may be marked by a red dot or check. A few dozen cards may be taken at haphazard each day, and before very long the words so learned will be fixed in the memory. To a limited extent those who know the German language find assistance in memorizing Latin words from their resemblance to German words, although such assistance is limited in application, since few Latin words resemble the corresponding German words; yet in some cases they resemble each other closely or are even identical. For instance, the English words library and librarian are derived from the Latin word Fiber, a book, but in German the words Bibliothek and Bibliothekar are the Latin words bibliotheca and bibliothecarius almost unchanged; both the Latin and German languages obtained these words from the Greek word biblus or biblos, book; the Latin from the Greek, and the German from the Latin directly, Greek indirectly. Gurgulio, one of the Latin names for the gullet, is readily associated with the German word Gurgel; cista, chest, box, more closely resembles the German word Kiste than the English word chest; 14S LESSONS IN LATIN. chirurgus is surgeon in English, Chirurge in German; flamma is flame in English, Flamme in German; fabrica is factory in English, Fabrik in German; camera is chamberin English, Kammerm. German; marmor is marble in English, Marmor in German; etc. The student who speaks both English and German has a great advantage, however, over the one who speaks only English, in this, that the German language uses the cases practically in the same manner as they are used in Latin; this is especially of great help in understand- ing the dative and ablative; so that while the English-speaking student has an immense advantage in easily acquiring a knowledge of an extended vocabulary, the German-speaking student finds it compara- tively easy to understand the construction of the Latin language. The student who can speak both languages is therefore in the lucky position of the man who inherited from his father the habit of eating very fast, and from his mother the habit of eating for a long time; he 'gets there." , In the oral instruction to his own classes the author makes use of "familiar words" as well as "familiar construction" in both languages wherever anyth'ng can be gained in doing so. The student who seeks out such resemblances as he goes along, will find them a great aid in his studies. : S» 5 ?r