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HKiHini Hi tfJ*UttinlijMmiiiii(-i 'uiitim jiiHtinini iiiM'iiniiitiiilHHHiM , ,, ,.-... |ihfi-iitutfiii[jiiittiih!iif!ii*iiinHiHiuH ifHiiii-mctft- CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1 89 1 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE F 547L5 B32 + Historical encyclopedia of Illinois / ed 3 1924 028 805 526 olln Overs ''■^ The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://archive.org/details/cu31924028805526 HISTORICAL, ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS EDITED BY Newton Bateman, LL. D. Paul Selby, A. M. AND HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY EDITED BY Mr. a. C. Bardwell. ILLUSTRATED. CHICAGO : MUNSELL PUBLISHING COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. 1904 I 1 s fi ■■ # , fi \ r A? 7^^^^ Entered according to Act of Cougress, in the years TS94, 1899 and igcxj, by WII,I.IAM W. MUNSEI.I., in the office of the I,ibrarian of Congress at Washington. TERRITORY DRAINED BY THE ILLINOIS RIVER. JNJ7vcaAc-v^J"V^^ are in Illinois, and of the latter (wholly within Illinois) 838 miles. The main line (originally known as the Ohio & Mis- sissippi Railway) was chartered in Indiana in 1848, in Ohio in 1849, and in Illinois in 1851. It was constructed by two companies, the section from Cincinnati to the Indiana and Illinois State line being known as the Eastern Division, and that in Illinois as the Western Division, the gauge, as originally built, being six feet, but reduced in 1871 to standard. The banking firm of Page & Bacon, of St. Louis and San Francisco, were the principal financial backers of the enter- prise. The line was completed and opened for traffic. May 1, 1857. The following year the road became financially embarrassed ; the Eastern Di- vision was placed in the hands of a receiver in 1860, while the Western Division was sold under foreclosure, in 1863, and reorganized as the Ohio & Mississippi Railway under act of the Illinois Legislature passed in February, 1861. The East- ern Division was sold in January, 1867; and, in November of the same year, the two divisions were consolidated under the title of the Ohio & Mississippi Railway.— The Springfield Division was the result of the consolidation, in December, 1869, of the Pana, Springfield & Northwestern and the Illinois & Southeastern Railroad— each having been chartered in 1867— the new corpo- ration taking the name of the Springfield & Illi- nois Southeastern Railroad, under which name the road was built and opened in March, 1871. In 1873, it was placed in the hands of receivers; in 1874 was sold under foreclosure, and, on March 1, 1875, passed into the hands of the Ohio & Mis- sissippi Railway Company. In November, 1876, the road was again placed in the hands of a receiver, but was restored to the Company in 1884. —In November, 1893, the Ohio & Mississippi was consolidated with the Baltimore & Ohio South- western Railroad, which was the successor of the Cincinnati, Washington & Baltimore Railroad, the reorganized Company taking the name of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway Com- pany. The total capitalization of the road, as organized in 1898, was §84,770,531. Several branches of the main line in Indiana and Ohio go to increase the aggregate mileage, but being wholly outside of Illinois are not taken ipto ac- count in this statement. BALTIMORE & OHIO & CHICAGO R.VIL- ROAD, part of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad System, of which only 8.31 out of 865 miles are in Illinois. The principal object of the company's incorporation was to secure entrance for the Baltimore & Ohio into Chicago. The capital stock outstanding exceeds 61,500,000. The total capital (including stock, funded and floating debt) is §30,339,166 or §76,728 per mile. The gross earnings for the year ending June 30, 1898, were $3,383,016 and the operating expenses §2,493,453. The income and earnings for the portion of the line in Illinois for the same period were §309,308 and the expenses §308,096. BANGS, Mark, lawyer, was born in Franklin County, Mass., Jan. 9, 1822; spent his boy- hood on a farm in Western New York, and, after a year in an institution at Rochester, came to Chicago in 1844, later spending two years in farm work and teaching in Central Illinois. Return- ing east in 1847, he engaged in teaching for two years at Springfield, Mass., then spent a year in a dry goods store at Lacon, 111., meanwliile prosecuting his legal studies. In 1851 he began practice, was elected a Judge HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 35 of the Circuit Coui't in 1859 ; served one session as State Senator (1870-72); in 1873 was ap- pointed Circuit Judge to fill the unexpired term of Judge Eichmond, deceased, and, in 1875, was appointed by President Grant United States District Attorney for the Northern District, remaining in office four years. Judge Bangs was also a member of the first Anti-Nebraska State Convention of Illinois, held at Springfield in 1854; in 18G3 presided over the Congressional Conven- tion which nominated Owen Lovejoy for Congress for the first time ; was one of the charter members of the "Union League of America," serving as its President, and, in 1868, was a delegate to the National Convention which nominated General Grant for President for the first time. After retiring from the office of District Attorney in 1879, he removed to Chicago, where he is still (1898) engaged in the practice of his profession. B.\>'KSOJf, Andrew, pioneer and early legis- lator, a native of Tennessee, settled on Silver Creek, in St. Clair County, 111., four miles south of Lebanon, about 1808 or 1810, and subsequently removed to Washington County. He was a Col- onel of "Rangers" during the War of 1812, and a Captain in the Black Hawk War of 1832. In 1822 he was elected to the State Senate from Washington County, serving four years, and at the session of 1832-23 was one of those who voted against the Convention resolution which had for its object to make Illinois a slave State. He sub- sequently removed to Iowa Territory, but died, in 1858, while visiting a son-in-law in Wisconsin. BAPTISTS. The first Baptist minister to set- tie in Illinois was Elder James Smith, who located at New Design, in 1787. He was fol- lowed, about 1796-97, by Revs. David Badgley and Joseph Chance, who organized the first Baptist chiirch within the limits of tlie State. Five churclies, having four ministers and 111 mem- bers, formed an association in 1807. Several causes, among them a difference of views on the slavery question, resulted in the division of tlie denomination into factions. Of these perhaps the most numerous was the Regular (or Mission- ary) Baptists, at the head of which was Rev. John M. Peck, a resident of the State from 1833 until his death (1858). By 1835 the sect had grown, until it had some 350 churches, with about 7,500 members. These were under the ecclesiastical care of twenty-two Associations. Rev. Isaac McCoy, a Baptist Indian missionary, preached at Fort Dearborn on Oct. 9, 1825, and, eight years later, Rev. Allen B. Freeman organized the first Baptist society in what was then an infant set- tlement. By 1890 the number of Associations had grown to forty, with 1010 churches 891 ministers and 88,884 members. A Baptist Theo- logical Seminary was for some time supported at Morgan Park, but, in 1895, was absorbed by the University of Chicago, becoming the divinity school of that institution. The chief organ of the denomination in Illinois is "The Standard," pub- lished at Chicago. BARBER, Hiram, was born in Warren County, N. Y., March 24, 1835. At 11 years of age he accompanied his family to Wisconsin, of which State he was a resident until 1866. After gradu- ating at the State University of Wisconsin, at Madison, he studied law at the Albany Law School, and was admitted to practice. After serving one term as District Attorney of his county in Wisconsin (1861-63), and Assistant Attorney-General of tlie State for 1865-66, in the latter year he came to Chicago and, in 1878, was elected to Congress by tlie Republicans of the old Second Illinois District. His home is in Chicago, where he holds the position of Master in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County. BARDOLPH, a village of McDonough County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 7 miles nortlieast of Macomb; lias a local paper. Population (1880), 409; (1890), 447; (1900), 387. BARNSBACK, treorge Frederick Julius, pio- neer, was born in German}', July 25, 1781 ; came to Philadelphia in 1797, and soon after to Ken- tucky, where he became an overseer; two or three years later visited his native country, suf- fering shipwreck en route in the English Channel ; returned to Kentucky in 1802, remaining until 1809, when he removed to what is now Madison (then a part of St. Clair) County, 111. ; served in the War of 1813, farmed and raised stock until 1824, when, after a second visit to Germany, he bought a plantation in St. Francois County, Mo. Subsequently becoming disgusted with slavery, he manumitted his slaves and returned to Illinois, locating on a farm near Edwardsville, where he resided until his death in 1869. Mr. Barnsback served as Representative in the Fourteenth Gen- eral Assembly (1844-46) and, after '•eturning from Springfield, distributed his salary among the poor of Madison County. — Julius A. (Barnsback), his son, was born in St. Francois County, Mo., May 14, 1836; in 1846 became a merchant at Troy, Madison County ; was elected Sheriff in 1860 ; in 1864 entered the service as Captain of a Company in the One Hundred and Fortieth Illinois Volun- teers (100-days' men); also served as a member oi the Twenty-fourth General Assembly (1865). 36 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. BARNUM, William H., lawyer and ex-Judge, was born in Onondaga County, N. Y., Feb. 13, 1840. When he was but two years old his family removed to St. Clair County, 111., where he passed his boyhood and youth. His preliminary educa- tion was obtained at Belleville, 111., Ypsilanti, Mich., and at the Michigan State University at Ann Arbor. After leaving the institution last named at the end of the sophomore year, he taught school at Belleville, still pursuing his clas- sical studies. In 1862 he was admitted to the bar at Belleville, and soon afterward opened an office at Chester, where, for a tim.e, he held the office of Master in Chancery. He removed to Chicago in 1867, and, in 1879, was elevated to the bench of the Cook County Circuit Court. At the expi- ration of his term, he resumed private practice. BABBERE, Granville, was born in Highland County, Ohio. After attending the common schools, he acquired a higher education at Au- gusta, Ky. , and Marietta, Ohio. He was admitted to the bar in his native State, but began the prac- tice of law in Fulton County, 111., in 1856. In 1873 he received the Republican nomination for Congress and was elected, representing his dis- trict from 1873 to 1875, at the conclusion of his term retiring to private life. Died at Canton, 111., Jan. 18, 1889. BABRINGTON, a village located on the north- em border of Cook County, and partly in Lake, at the intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern and the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway, 33 miles northwest of Chicago. It has banks, a local paper, and several cheese factories, being in a dairying district. Population (1890), 848; (1900), 1,163. BAEBOWS, John Henry, D. D., clergyman and educator, was born at Medina, Mich., July 11, 1847; graduated at Mount Olivet College in 1867, and studied theology at Yale, Union and Andover Seminaries. In 1869 he went to Kansas, where he spent two and a half years in mission- ary and educational work. He then (in 1873) accepted a call to the First Congregational Church at Springfield, 111., where he remained a year, after which he gave a year to foreign travel, visiting Europe, Egypt and Palestine, during a part of the time supplying the American chapel in Paris. On his return to the United States he spent six years in pastoral work at Lawrence and East Boston, Mass. , when (in November, 1881) he assumed the pastorate of the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago. Dr. Barrows achieved a world-wide celebrity by his services as Chairman of the "Parliament of Religions," a branch of the "World's Congress Auxiliary," held during the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. Later, he was appointed Professorial Lec- turer on Comparative Religions, under lectureships in connection with the University of Chicago en- dowed by Mrs. Caroline E. Haskell. One of these, established in Dr. Barrows' name, contemplated a series of lectures in India, to be delivered on alternate years with a similar course at the Uni- versity. Courses were delivered at the University in 1895-96, and, in order to carry out the purposes of the foreign lectureship. Dr. Barrows foimd it necessary to resign his pastorate, which he did in the spring of 1896. After spending the simimer in Germany, the regular itinerary of the round- the-world torn: began at London in the latter part of November, 1896, ending with his return to the United States by way of San Francisco in May, 1897. Dr, Barrows was accompanied by a party of personal friends from Chicago and elsewhere, the tour embracing visits to the principal cities of Southern Europe, Egypt, Palestine, China and Japan, with a somewhat protracted stay in India during the winter of 1896-97. After his return to the United States he lectured at the University of Chicago and in many of the principal cities of the country, on the moral and religious condition of Oriental nations, but, in 1898, was offered the Presidency of Oberlin College, Ohio, which he accepted, entering upon his duties early in 1899. BABBY, a city in Pike County, founded in 1836, on the Wabash Railroad, 18 miles east of Hannibal, Mo. , and 80 miles southeast of Quincy. The surrounding country is agricultural. The city contains flouring mills, porkpacking and poultry establishments, etc. It has two local papers, two banks, three churches and a high school, besides schools of lower grade. Popula- tion (1880), 1,393; (1890), 1,354; (1900), 1,643. BAETLETT, Adolphns Clay, merchant, was born of Revolutionary ancestry at Stratford, Fulton County, N. Y., June 33, 1844; was educated in the common schools and at Danville Academy and Clinton Liberal Institute, N. Y., and, coming to Chicago in 1863, entered into the employment of the hardware firm of Tuttle, Hibbard & Co., now Hibbard, Spencer, Bartlett & Co., of which, a few years later, he became a partner, and later Vice-President of the Company. Mr. Bartlett has also been a Trustee of Beloit College, Presi- dent of the Chicago Home for the Friendless and a Director of the Chicago & Alton Railroad and the Metropolitan National Bank, besides being identified with various other business and benevo- lent associations. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 37 BASCOM, (Rev.) riayel, D. D., clergyman, was born at Lebanon, Conn., June 8, 1804; spent his boyhood on a farm until 17 years of age, mean- while attending the common schools; prepared for college under a private tutor, and, in 1834, entered Yale College, graduating in 1838. After a year as Principal of the Academy at New Canaan, Conn., he entered upon the study of theology at Yale, was licensed to preach in 1831 and, for the next two years, served as a tutor in the liter- ary department of the college. Then coming to Illinois (1833), he cast his lot with the "Yale Band," organized at Yale College a few years previous ; spent five years in missionary work in Tazewell County and two years in Northern Illi- nois as Agent of the Home Missionary Society, exploring new settlements, founding churches and introducing missionaries to new fields of labor. In 1839 he became pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago, remaining until 1849, when he assumed the pastorship of the First Presbyterian Church at Galesburg, this relation continuing until 1856. Then, after a year's serv- ice as the Agent of the American Missionary Association of the Congregational Church, he accepted a call to the Congregational Church at Princeton, where he remained until 1869, when he took charge of the Congregational Church at Hinsdale. From 1878 he served for a consider- able period as a member of the Executive Com- mittee of the Illinois Home Missionary Society; was also prominent in educational work, being one of the founders and, for over twenty-five years, an officer of the Chicago Theological Seminary, a Trustee of KJnox College and one of the founders and a Trustee of Beloit College, Wis., from which he received the degree of D. D. in 1869. Dr. Bascom died at Princeton, 111., August 8, 1890. BATAVIA, a city in Kane County, on Fox River and branch lines of the Chicago & North- western and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 85 miles west of Chicago; has water power and several prosperous manufacturing establishments employing over 1,000 operatives. The city has fine water-works supplied from an artesian well, electric lighting plant, electric street car lines with interurban connections, two weekly papers, eight churches, two public schools, and private hospital for insane women. Population (1900), 3,871; (1903, est.), 4,400. BATEMAN, Newton, A. M., LL,D., educator and Editor-in-Chief of the "Historical Encyclo- pedia of Illinois," was born at Fairfield, N. J., July 37, 1833. of mixed English and Scotch an- cestry ; was brought by his parents to Illinois in 1833; in his youth enjoyed only limited educa- tional advantages, but graduated from Illinois College at Jacksonville in 1843, supporting him- self during his college course wholly by his own labor. Having contemplated entering the Chris- tian ministry, he spent the following year at Lane Theological Seminary, but was compelled to withdraw on account of failing health, when he gave a year to travel. He then entered upon his life-work as a teacher by engaging as Principal of an English and Classical School in St. Louis, remaining there two years, when he accepted the Professorship of Mathematics in St. Charles Col- lege, at St. Charles, Mo., continuing in that position four years (1847-51). Returning to Jack- sonville, 111., in the latter year, he assumed the principalship of the main public school of that city. Here he remained seven years, during four of them discharging the duties of County Super- intendent of Schools for Morgan County. In the fall of 1857 he became Principal of Jacksonville Female Academy, but the following year was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion, having been nominated for the office by the Republican State Convention of 1858, which put Abraham Lincoln in nomination for the United States Senate. By successive re-elections he con- tinued in this office fourteen years, serving con- tinuously from 1859 to 1875, except two years (1863-65), as the result of his defeat for re-election in 1863. He was also endorsed for the same office by the State Teachers' Association in 1856, but was not formally nominated by a State Conven- tion. During his incumbency the Illinois com- mon school system was developed and brought to the state of efficiency which it has so well main- tained. He also prepared some seven volumes of biennial reports, portions of which have been republished in five different languages of Europe, besides a volume of "Common School Decisions," originally published by authority of the General Assembly, and of which several editions have since been issued. This volume has been recog- nized by the courts, and is still regarded as authoritative on the subjects to which it relates. In addition to his official duties during a part of this period, for three years he served as editor of "The Illinois Teacher," and was one of a com- mittee of three which prepared the bill adopted by Congress creating the National Bureau of Education. Occupying a room in the old State Capitol at Springfield adjoining that used as an office by Abraham Lincoln during the first candi- dacy of the latter for the Presidency, in 1860, a 38 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. close intimacy sprang up between the two mBn, which enabled the "School-master," as Mr. Lin- coln playfully called the Doctor, to acquire an insight into the character of the future emanci- pator of a race, enjoyed by few men of that time, and of which he gave evidence by his lectures full of interesting reminiscence and eloquent appreciation of the high character of the "Martyr President." A few months after his retirement from the State Superintendency (1875), Dr. Bate- man was offered and accepted the Presidency of Knox College at Galesburg, remaining until 1893, when he voluntarily tendered his resignation. This, after having been repeatedly urged upon the Board, was finally accepted ; but that body immediately, and by unanimous vote, appointed him President Emeritus and Professor of Mental and Moral Science, under which he continued to discharge his duties as a special lecturer as his health enabled him to do so. During his incum- bency as President of Knox College, he twice .received a tender of the Presidency of Iowa State University and the Chancellorship of two other important State institutions. He also served, by appointment of successive Governors between 1877 and 1891, as a member of the State Board of Health, for four years of this period being Presi- dent of the Board. In February, 1878, Dr. Bate- man, unexpectedly and without solicitation on his part, received from President Hayes an appoint- ment as "Assay Commissioner" to examine and test the fineness and weight of United States coins, in accordance with the provisions of the act of Congress of June 22, 1874, and discharged the duties assigned at the mint in Philadelphia. Never of a very strong physifjue, which was rather weakened by his privations while a stu- dent and his many years of close confinement to mental labor, towards the close of his life Dr. Bateman sufliered much from a chest trouble which finally developed into "angina pectoris," or heart disease, from which, as the result of a most painful attack, he died at his home in Gales- burg, Oct. 21, 1897. The event produced the most profound sorrow, not only among his associ- ates in the Faculty and among the students of Knox College, but a large number of friends throughout the State, who had known him offi- cially or personally, and had learned to admire his many noble and beautiful traits of character. His funeral, which occurred at Galesbui'g on Oct. 25, called out an immense concourse of sorrowing friends. Almost the last labors per- formed by Dr. Bateman were in the I'evision of matter for this volume, in which lie manifested the deepest interest from the time of his assump- tion of the duties of its Editor-in-Chief. At the time of his death he had the satisfaction of know- ing that his work in this field was practically complete. Dr. Bateman had been twice married, first in 1850 to Miss Sarah Dayton of Jacksonville, who died in 1857, and a second time in October, 1859, to Miss Annie N. Tyler, of Massachusetts (but for some time a teacher in Jacksonville Female Academy), who died, May 28, 1878.— Clifford Bush (Bateman), a son of Dr. Bateman by his first, marriage, was bom at Jacksonville, March 7, 1854, graduated at Amherst College and later from the law department of Columbia Col- lege, New York, afterwards prosecuting his studies at Berlin, Heidelberg and Paris, finally becoming Professor of Administrative Law and Government in Columbia College — a position especially created for him. He had filled this position a little over one year when his career — which was one of great promise — was cut short by death, Feb. 6, 1883. Three daughters of Dr. Bate- man survive — all the wives of clergymen. — P. S. BATES, Clara Doty, author, was bom at Ann Arbor, Mich., Dec. 22, 1888; published her first book in 1868; the next year married Morgan Bates, a Chicago publisher; vsrrote much for juvenile periodicals, besides stories and poems, some of the most popular among the latter being "Blind Jakey" (1868) and "^sop's Fables" in verse (1873). She was the collector of a model library for children, for the "World's Columbian Exposition, 1893. Died in Chicago, Oct. 14, 1895. BATES, Erastus Newton, soldier and State Treasurer, was born at Plainfield, Mass., Feb. 29, 1828, being descended from Pilgrims of the May- flower. "When 8 years of age he was brought by his father to Ohio, where the latter soon after- ward died. For several years he lived with an uncle, preparing himself for college and earning money by teaching and manual labor. He gradu- ated from "Williams College, JIass., in 1853, and commenced the study of law in New York City, but later removed to Minnesota, where he served as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 185G and was elected to the State Senate in 1857. In 1859 he removed to Centralia, 111., and com- menced practice there in August, 1860 ; was com- missioned Major of the Eightieth Illinois "V^olunteers, being successively promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and finally brevetted Brigadier-General. For fifteen months he was a prisoner of war, escaping from Libby Prison only to be recaptured and later exposed to the fire of the Union batteries at Mor- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 39 ris Island, Charleston harbor. In 1866 he was elected to the Legislature, and, in 1868, State Treasurer, being re-elected to the latter oflBce under the new Constitution of 1870, and serving until January, 1873. Died at Minneapolis, Minn., May 29, 1898, and was buried at Spring- field. BATES, George C.j lawyer and politician, was bom in Canandaigua, N. Y., and removed to Michigan in 1834; in 1849 was appointed United States District Attorney for that State, but re- moved to California in 1850, where he became a member of the celebrated "Vigilance Committee'' at San Francisco, and, in 1856, delivered the first Republican speech there. From 1861 to 1871, he practiced law in Chicago; the latter year was appointed District Attorney for Utah, serving two years, in 1878 removing to Denver, Colo., where he died, Feb. 11, 1886. Mr. Bates was an orator of much reputation, and was selected to express the thanks of the citizens of Chicago to Gen. B. J. Sweet, commandant of Camp Douglas, after the detection and defeat of the Camp Doug- las conspiracy in November, 1864 — a duty which he performed in an address of great eloquence. At an early day he raarried the widow of Dr. Alexander Wolcott, for a number of years previ- ous to 1830 Indian Agent at Chicago, his wife being a daughter of John Kinzie, the first white settler of Chicago. BATH, a village of Mason County, on the Jacksonville branch of the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railway, 8 miles south of Havana. Popu- lation (1880), 439; (1890), 384; (1900), li30. BATLIS, a corporate village of Pike County, on the main line of the Wabash Railway, 40 miles southeast of Quincy; has one newspaper. Popu- lation (1890), 368; (1900), 340. BAYLISS, Alfred, Superintendent of Public Instruction, was born about 1846, served as a private in the First Michigan Cavalry the last two years of the Civil War, and graduated from Hillsdale College (Mich.), in 1870, supporting himself during his college course by work upon a farm and teaching. After serving three years as County Superintendent of Schools in La Grange County, Ind., in 1874 he came to Illinois and entered upon the vocation of a teacher in the northern part of the State. He served for some time as Superintendent of Schools for the city of Sterling, afterwards becoming Principal of the Township High School at Streator, where he was, in 1898, when he received the nomination for the ofiice of iState Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion, to which he was elected in November follow- ing by a plurality over his Democratic opponent of nearly 70,000 votes. BEARD, Thomas, pioneer and foimder of the city of Beardstown, 111., was born in Granville, Washington Coimty, N. Y., in 1795, taken to Northeastern Ohio in 1800, and, in 1818, removed to Illinois, living for a time about Edwardsville and Alton. In 1830 he went to the locality of the present city of Beardstown, and later estab- lished there the first ferry across the Illinois River. In 1837, in conjtmction with Enoch March of Morgan County, he entered the land on which Beardstown was platted in 1829. Died, at Beardstown, in November, 1849. BEARDSTOWN, a city in Cass County, on the Illinois River, being tlie intersecting point for the Baltimore & Oliio Southwestern and the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railways, and the northwestern terminus of the former. It is 111 miles north of St. Louis and 90 miles south of Peoria. Thomas Beard, for whom the town was named, settled here about 1830 and soon after- wards established the first ferry across the Illi- nois River. In 1837 the land was patented by Beard and Enoch March, and the town platted, and, during the Black Hawk War of 1832, it became a principal base of supplies for the Illi- nois volunteers. The city has six churches and three schools (including a high school), two banks and two daily newspapers. Several branches of manufacturing are carried on here — flouring and saw mills, cooperage works, an axe-handle fac- tory, two button factories, two stave factories, one shoe factory, large machine shops, and others of less importance. The river is spanned here by a fine railroad bridge, costing some ^300, 000. Population (1890), 4,326; (1900), 4,827. BEATJBIEN, Jean Baptiste, the second per* manent settler on the site of Chicago, was bora at Detroit in 1780, became clerk of a fur-trader on Grand River, married an Ottawa woman for hiss first wife, and, in 1800, had a trading-post at Mil- waukee, which he maintained until 1818. Ho visited Chicago as early as 1804, bought a cabin there soon after the Fort Dearborn massacre of 1813, married the daughter of Francis La Fram- boise, a French trader, and, in 1818, becam© agent of the American Fur Company, having charge of trading posts At Mackinaw and else- where. After 1838 he occupied the building known as "the factory," just outside of Fort Dear« born, which had belonged to the Government, but removed to a farm on the Des Plaines in 1840. Out of the ownership of this building grew his claim to the right, in 1835, to enter seventy-five 40 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. acres of land belonging to the Fort Dearborn reservation. The claim was allowed by the Land Office officials and sustained by the State courts, but disallowed by the Supreme Court of the United States after long litigation. An attempt was made to revive this claim in Congress in 1878, but it was reported upon adversely by a Senate Committee of which the late Senator Thomas F. Bayard was chairman. Mr. Beaubien was evidently a man of no little prominence in his day. He led a company of Chicago citizens to the Black Hawk War in 1832, was appointed by the Governor the first Colonel of Militia for Cook County, and, in 1850, was commissioned Brigadier-General. In 1858 he removed to Nash- ville, Tenn., and died there, Jan. 5, 1863.— Mark (Beaubien), a younger brother of Gen. Beaubien, was born in Detroit in 1800, came to Chicago in 1826, and bought a log house of James Kinzie, in which he kept a hotel for some time. Later, he erected the first frame building in Chicago, which was known as the "Sauganash," and in which he kept a hotel until 1834. He also engaged in mer- chandising, but was not successful, ran the first ferry across the South Branch of the Chicago River, and served for many years as lighthouse keeper at Chicago. About 1834 the Indians trans- ferred to him a reservation of 640 acres of land on the Calumet, for which, some forty years after- wards, he received a patent which had been signed by Martin Van Buren — he having previ- ously been ignorant of its existence. He was married twice and had a family of twenty-two children. Died, at Kankakee, 111., April 16, 1881. — Madore B. (Beaubien), the second son of General Beaubien by his Indian wife, was born on Grand River in Michigan, July 15, 1809, joined his father in Chicago, was educated in a Baptist Mission School where Niles, Mich., now stands; was licensed as a merchant in Chicago in 1831, but failed as a business man; served as Second Lieutenant of the Naperville Company in the Black Hawk War, and later was First Lieutenant of a Chicago Company. His first wife was a white woman, from whom he separated, after- wards marrying an Indian woman. He left Illi- nois with the Pottawatomies in 1840, resided at Council Bluffs and, later, in Kansas, being for many years the official interpreter of the tribe and, for some time, one of six Commissioners employed by the Indians to look after their affairs with the United States Government. — Alexander (Beaubien), son of General Beau- bien by his white wife, was born in one of the buildings belonging to Fort Dearborn, Jan. 28, 1833. In 1840 he accompanied his father to his farm on the Des Plaines, but returned to Chicago- in 1863, and for years past has been employed on the Chicago police force. BEBB, William, Governor of Ohio, was born in Hamilton County in that State in 1802 ; taught school at North Bend, the home of William Henry Harrison, studied law and practiced at Hamilton ; served as Governor of Ohio, 1846-48 ; later led a Welsh colony to Tennessee, but left at the out- break of the Civil War, removing to Winnebago County, 111., where he had purchased a large body of land. He was a man of uncompromising loyalty and high principle ; served as Examiner of Pensions by appointment of President Lincoln and, in 1868, took a prominent part in the cam- paign which resulted in Grant's first election to the Presidency. Died at Rockford, Oct. 23, 1873. A daughter of Governor Bebb married Hon. John P. Reynolds, for many years the Secretary of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, and, during the World's Columbian Exposition, Director-in-Chief of the Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners. BECKER, Charles St. Jf., ex-State Treasurer, was born in Germany, June 14, 1840, and brought to this country by his parents at the age of 11 years, the family settling in St. Clair County, 111. Early in the Civil War he enlisted in the Twelfth Missouri regiment, and, at the battle of Pea Ridge, was so severely wounded that it ■was found necessary to amputate one of his legs. In 1866 he was elected Sheriff of St. Clair County, and, from 1872 to 1880, he served as clerk of the St. Clair Circuit Court. He also served several terms as a City Councilman of Belleville. In 1888 he was elected State Treasurer on the Republican ticket, serving from Jan. 14, 1889, to Jan. 12, 1891. BECKTVITH, Corydon, lawyer and j\irist, was born in Vermont in 1823, and educated at Provi- dence, R. I., and Wrentham, Mass. He read law and was admitted to the bar in St. Albans, Vt., where he practiced for two years. In 1853 he removed to Chicago, and, in January, 1864, was appointed by Governor Yates a Justice of the Supreme Court, to fill the five remaining months of the unexpired term of Judge Caton, who had resigned. On retiring from the bench he re- sumed private practice. Died, August 18, 1890. BECKWITH, Hiram Williams, lawyer and author, was born at Danville, 111., March 5, 1833. Mr. Beckwith's father, Dan W. Beckwith, a pio- neer settler of Eastern Illinois and one of the founders of the city of Danville, was a native of Wyalusing, Pa., where he was born about 1789, HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 41 his mother being, in her girlhood, Hannah York, one of the survivors of the famous Wyoming massacre of 1778. In 1817, the senior Beckwith, in company with his brother George, descended the Ohio River, afterwards ascending the Wabash to where Terre Haute now stands, but finally locating in what is now a part of Edgar County, 111. A year later he removed to the vicinity of the present site of the city of Danville. Having been employed for a time in a surveyor's corps, he finally became a surveyor himself, and, on the organization of Vermilion County, served for a time as County Surveyor by appointment of the Governor, and was also employed by the General Government in surveying lands in the eastern part of the State, some of the Indian reservations in that section of the State being set off by him. In connection with Guy W. Smith, then Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land Office at Palestine, 111., he donated the ground on which the county-seat of Vermilion County was located, and it took the name of Dan- ville from his first name — "Dan." In 1830 he was elected Representative in the State Legisla- ture for the District composed of Clark, Edgar, „ and Vermilion Counties, then including all that section of the State between Crawford County and the Kankakee River. He died in 1835. Hiram, the subject of this sketch, thus left fatherless at less than three years of age, received only such education as was afforded in the com- mon schools of that period. Nevertheless, he began the study of law in the Danville office of Lincoln & Lamon, and was admitted to practice in 1854, about the time of reaching his majority. He continued in their office and, on the removal of Lamon to Bloomington in 1859, he succeeded to the business of the firm at Danyille. Mr. Lamon — who, on Mr. Lincoln's accession to the Presidency in 1861, became Marshal of the Dis- trict of Columbia — was distantly related to Mr. Beckwith by a second marriage of the mother of ■ the latter. While engaged in the practice of his profession, Mr. Beckwith has been over thirty years a zealous collector of records and other material bearing upon the early history of Illinois and the Northwest, and is probably now the owner of one of the most complete and valuable collections of Americana in Illinois. He is also the author of several monographs on historic themes, including "The Winnebago War," "The Illinois and Indiana Indians," and "Historic Notes of the Northwest," published in the "Fer- gus Series," besides having edited an edition of "Reynolds' History of Illinois" (published by the same firm), which he has enriched by the addition of valuable notes. During 1895-96 he contributed a series of valuable articles to "The Chicago Tribune" on various features of early Illinois and Northwest history. In 1890 he was appointed by Governor Fifer a member of the first Board of Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library, serving until the expiration of his term in 1894, and was re-appointed to the same position by Governor Tanner in 1897, in each case being chosen President of the Board. BEEGHEB, Charles A., attorney and railway solicitor, was born in Herkimer County, N. Y., August 27, 1839, but, in 1836, removed with his family to Licking County, Ohio, where he lived upon a farm until he reached the age of 18 years. Having taken a course in the Ohio Wesleyan. University at Delaware, in 1854 he removed to- Illinois, locating at Fairfield, Wayne County, and began the study of law in the office of his brother, Edwin Beecher, being admitted to prac- tice in 1855. In 1867 he united with others in the organization of the Illinois Southeastern Rail- road projected from Shawneetown to Edgewood on the Illinois Central in Effingham County. This enterprise was consolidated, a year or two later, with the Pana, Springfield & Northwest- ern, taking the name of the Springfield & Illinois- Southeastern, under which name it was con- structed and opened for traffic in 1871. (This line — which Mr. Beecher served for some time as Vice-President — now constitutes the Beards- town & Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern.) The Springfield & Illi- nois Southeastern Company having fallen into financial difficulty in 1873, Mr. Beecher was appointed receiver of the road, and, for a time, had control of its operation as agent for the bond- holders. In 1875 the line was conveyed to the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad (now a part of the Baltimore & Ohio), when Mr. Beecher became General Counsel of the controlling corporation, so remaining until 1888. Since that date he has been one of the assistant counsel of the Baltimore & Ohio system. His present home is in Cincin- nati, although for over a quarter of a century he has been prominently identified with one of the most important railway enterprises in Southern Illinois. In politics Mr. Beecher has always been a Republican, and was one of the few in Wayne County who voted for Fremont in 1856, and for Lincoln in 1860. He was also a member of the Republican State Central Committee of Illinois from 1860 for a period of ten or twelve years. 42 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. BEECHER, Edvrard, D. D., clergyman and educator, was born at East Hampton, L. I., August 27, 1803— the son of Rev. Lyman Beecher and the elder brother of Henry Ward ; graduated at Yale College in 1833, taught for over a year at . Hartford, Conn. , studied theology, and after a year's service as tutor in Yale College, in 1836 was ordained pastor of the Park Street Congregational Church in Boston. In 1830 he became President of Illinois College at Jacksonville, remaining until 1844, when he resigned and returned to Boston, serving as pastor of the Salem Street Church in that city until 1851}, also acting as senior editor of "The Congregationalist" for four years. In 1856 he returned to Illinois as pastor of the First Con- gregational Church at Galesburg, continuing until 1871, when he removed to Brooklyn, where lie resided without pastoral charge, except 1885- 89, when he was pastor of the Parkville Congre- gational Church. While President of Illinois College, that institution was exposed to much hostile criticism on account of his outspoken opposition to slavery, as shown by his participa- tion in founding the first Illinois State Anti- Slavery Society and his eloquent denunciation of the murder of Elijah P. Lovejoy. Next to his brother Henry Ward, he was probably the most powerful orator belonging to that gifted family, and, in connection with his able associates in the faculty of the Illinois College, assisted to give that institution a wide reputation as a nursery of independent thought. Up to a short time before his death, he was a prolific writer, his productions (besides editorials, reviews and con- tributions on a variety of subjects) including nine or ten volumes, of which the most impor- tant are: "Statement of Anti-Slavery Principles and Address to the People of Illinois" (1837); '•A Plea for Illinois College"; "History of the Alton Riots" (1838); ','The Concord of Ages" (1853) ; "The Conflict of Ages" (1854) ; "Papal Conspiracy Exposed" (1854), besides a number of others invariably on religious or anti-slavery topics. Died in Brooklyn, July 38, 1895. BEECHEK, William H., clergyman — oldest son of Rev. Lyman Beecher and brother of Edward and Henry Ward — was born at East Hampton, N. Y., educated at home and at An- dover, became a Congregationalist clergyman, occupying pulpits at Newport, R. I., Batavia, N. Y., and Cleveland, Ohio ; came to Chicago in his later years, dying at the home of his daugh- ters in that city, June 33, 1889. REGtGS, (Kev.) Stephen R., pioneer Methodist Episcopal preacher, was bom in Buckingham County, Va., March 30, 1801. His father, who was opposed to slavery, moved to Kentucky in 1805, but remained there only two years, when he removed to Clark County, Ind. The son enjoyed but poor educational advantages here, obtaining his education chiefly by his own efforts in what he called "Brush College." At the age of 31 he entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church, during the next ten years traveling different circuits in Indiana. In 1831 he was appointed to Chicago, but the Black Hawk War coming on immediately thereafter, he retired to Plainfleld. Later he traveled various circuits in Illinois, until 1868, when he was superannuated, occupying his time thereafter in writing remi- niscences of his early history. A volume of this character published by him, was entitled "Pages from the Early History of the West and North- west." He died at Plainfield, 111., Sept. 9, 1895, in the 95th year of his age. BEIDLEB, Henry, early settler, was born of German extraction in Bucks County, Pa., Nov. 37, 1813 ; came to Illinois in 1843, settling first at Springfield, where he carried on the grocery business for five years, then removed to Chicago , and engaged in the lumber trade in connection with a brother, afterwards carrying on a large lumber manufacturing business at Muskegon, Mich., which proved very profitable. In 1871 Mr. Beidler retired from the lumber trade, in- vesting largely in west side real estate in the city of Chicago, which appreciated rapidly in value, making him one of the most wealthy real estate owners in Chicago. Died, March 16, 1893. — Jacob (Beidler), brother of the preceding, was born in Bucks County, Penn., in 1815; came west in 1843, first began working as a carpenter, but later engaged in the grocery business with his brother at Springfield, 111.; in 1844 removed to Chicago, where he was joined by his brother four years later, when they engaged largely in the lumber trade. Mr. Beidler retired from business in 1891, devoting his attention to large real estate investments. He was a liberal contributor to religious, educational and benevolent institutions. Died in Chicago, March 15, 1898. BELFIELD, Henry Holmes, educator, was born in Philadelphia, Nov. 17, 1837 ; was educated at an Iowa College, and for a time was tutor in the same; during the War of the Rebellion served in the army of the Cumberland, first as Lieuten- ant and afterwards as Adjutant of the Eighth Iowa Cavalry, still later being upon the staff of Gen. E. M. McCook, and taking part in the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 43 Atlanta and Nashville campaigns. While a prisoner in the hands of the rebels he was placed under fire of the Union batteries at Charleston. Coming to Chicago in 1866, he served as Principal in various public schools, including the North Division High School. He was one of the earli- est advocates of manual training, and, on the establishment of the Chicago Manual Training School in 1884, was appointed its Director — a position which he has continued to occupy. During 1891-93 he made a trip to Europe by appointment of the Government, to investigate the school systems in European countries. BELKNAP, Hugh Held, ex-Member of Congress, was born in Keokuk, Iowa, Sept. 1, 1860, being the son of W. W. Belknap, for some time Secre- tary of War imder President Grant. After attending the public schools of his native city, he took a course at Adams Academy, Quincy, Mass., and at Phillips Academy, Andover, when he entered the service of the Baltimore & Ohio Kailroad, where he remained twelve years in various departments, finally becoming Chief Clerk of the General Manager. In 1892 he retired from this position to become Superintendent of the South Side Elevated Railroad of Chicago. lie never held any political position until nomi- nated (1894) as a Republican for the Fifty-fourth Congress, in the strongly Democratic Third Dis- trict of Chicago. Although the returns showed a plurality of thirty -one votes for his Democratic opponent (Lawrence McGann), a recount proved him elected, when, Mr. McGann having volun- tarily withdrawn, Mr. Belknap was unanimously awarded the seat. In 1896 he was re-elected from a District usually strongly Democratic, receiving a plurality of 590 votes, but was defeated by his Democratic opponent in 1898, retir- ing from Congress, March 3, 1899, when he re- ceived an appointment as Paymaster in the Army from President McKinley, with the rank of Major. BELL, Robert, lawyer, was born in Lawrence County, 111., in 1839, educated at Mount Carmel and Indiana State University at Bloomington, graduating from the law department of the latter in 1855 ; while yet in his minority edited "The Mount Carmel Register," during 1851-53 becoming joint owner and editor of the same with his brother, Victor D. Bell. After gradu- ation he opened an office at Fairfield, Wayne Coimty, but, in 1857, returned to Mount Carmel and from 1864 was the partner of Judge E. B. Green, until the appointment of .the latter Chief Justice of Oklahoma by President Harrison in 1890. In 1869 Mr. Bell was appointed County Judge of Lawrence County, being elected to the «,me office in 1894. He was also President of the Illinois Southern Railroad Company until it was merged into the Cairo Sc Vincennes Road in 18G7; later became President of the St. Louis & Mt. Carmel Railroad, now a part of the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis hne, and secured the construction of the division from Princeton, Ind., to Albion, 111. In 1876 he visited California as Special Agent of the Treasury Department to investigate alleged frauds in the Revenue Districts on thC' Pacific Coast ; in 1878 was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress on the Republican ticket in the strong Democratic Nineteenth District; was appointed, the same year, a member of the Republican State Central Committee for the State-at-large, and, in 1881, officiated by appointment of President Garfield, as Commissioner to examine a section of the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad in New Mexico. Judge Bell is a gifted stump-speaker and is known in the southeastern part of the State as the "Silver-tongued Orator of the Wabash." BELLEVILLE, the county-seat of St. Clair County, a city and railroad center, 14 miles south of east from St. Louis. It is one of the oldest towns in the State, having been selected as the county-seat in 1814 and platted in 1815. It lies in the center of a rich agricultural and coal-bear- ing district and contains numerous factories of various descriptions, including flouring mills, a nail mill, glass woiks and slice factories. It has five newspaper establishments, two being Ger- man, which issue daily editions. Its commercial and educational facilities are exceptionally good. Its population is largely of German descent. Population (1890), 15,361; (1900), 17,484. BELLEVILLE, CENTRALIA & EASTERN RAILRO.iD. (See Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis (Consolidated) Railroad.) BELLEVILLE & CARONDELET RAILROAD, a short line of road extending from Belleville to East Carondelet, 111., 17.3 miles. It was chartered Feb. 20, 1881, and leased to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company, June 1, 1883. The annual rental is §30,000, a sum equivalent to the interest on the bonded debt. The capital stock (1895) is 8500,000 and the bonded debt S485,- 000. In addition to these sums the floating debt swells the entire capitalization to 5995,054 or 657,- 317 per mile. BELLEVILLE & ELDORADO RAILROAD, a road 50.4 miles in length running from Belle- ville to Duquoin, 111. It was chartered Feb. 22, 1861, and completed Oct. 31, 1871. On July 1, 44 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1880, it was leased to the St Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company for 486 years, and has since been operated by that corporation in connection with its Belleville branch, from East St. Louis to Belleville. At Eldorado the road intersects the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad and the Shawneetown branch of the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, operated by the Louisville & Npshville Railroad Company. Its capital stock (1895) is $1,000,000 and its bonded debt $550,000. The corporate office is at Belleville. BELLEVILLE & ILLINOISTOWN RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad. ) BELLEYILLE & SOUTHERN ILLINOIS RAILROAD, a road (laid with steel rails) run- ning from Belleville to Duquoin, 111., 56.4 miles in length. It was chartered Feb. 15, 1857, and completed Dec. 15, 1873. At Duquoin it connects with the Illinois Central and forms a short line between St. Louis and Cairo. Oct. 1, 1866, it was leased to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company for 999 years. The capital stock is $1,692,000 and the bonded debt $1,000,- 000. The corporate office is at Belleville. BELLMONT, a village of "Wabash County, on the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railway, 9 miles west of Mount Carmel. Population (1880), 350; (1890), 487; (1900), 624. BELT RAILWAY COMPANY OF CHICAGO, THE, a corporation chartered, Nov. 22, 1882, and the lessee of the Belt Division of the Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad (which see). Its total trackage (all of standard gauge and laid with 66- pound steel rails) is 93.26 miles, distributed as fol- lows: Auburn Junction to Chicago, Milwaukee & St. PaulJunction, 15.9 miles; branches from Pull- man Junction to Irondale, 111., etc., 5.41 miles; second track, 14.1 miles; sidings, 57.85 miles. The cost of construction has been $524,549; capi- tal stock, $1,200,000. It has no funded debt. The earnings for the year ending June 30, 1895, were $556,847, the operating expenses $378,012, and the taxes $51,009. BELYIDERE, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Boone County, situated on the Kishwau- kee River, and on two divisions of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 78 miles west-northwest of Chicago and 14 miles east of Rockford ; is con- nected with the latter city by electric railroad. The city has twelve churches, five graded schools, and three banks (two national). Two daily and two semi-weekly papers are published here. Bel- videre also has very considerable manufacturing interests, including manufactories of sewing ma- chines, bicycles, automobiles, besides a large milk-condensing factory and two creameries. Population (1890), 3,867; (1900), 6,987. BEMENT, a village in Piatt County, at inter- section of main line and Chicago Division of Wabash Railroad, 20 miles east of Decatur and 166 miles south-southwest of Chicago; in agri- cultural and stock-raising district; has three grain elevators, broom factory, water-works, elec- tric-light plant, four churches, two banks and weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 1,129; (1900), 1,484 BENJAMIN, Reuben Moore, lawyer, born at Chatham Centre, Columbia County, N. Y., June 29, 1833; was educated at Amherst College, Am- herst, Mass. ; spent one year in the law depart- ment of Harvard, another as tutor at Amherst and, in 1856, came to Bloomington, 111., where, on an examination certificate furnished by Abraham Lincoln, he was licensed to practice. The first public office held by Mr. Benjamin was that of Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention, of 1869-70, in which he took a prominent part in shaping the provisions of the new Constitution relating to corporations. In 1873 he was chosen County Judge of McLean County, by repeated re-elections holding the position until 1886, when he resumed private practice. For more than twenty years he has been connected with the law department of Wesleyan University at Blooming- ton, a part of the time being Dean of the Faculty ; is also the author of several volumes of legal text-books. BENNETT MEDICAL COLLEGE, an Eclectic Medical School of Chicago, incorporated by special charter and opened in the autumn of 1868. Its first sessions were held in two large rooms ; its faculty consisted of seven professors, and there were thirty matriculates. More com- modious quarters were secured the following year, and a still better home after the fire of 1871, in which all the college property was destroyed. Another change of location was made in 1874. In 1890 the property then owned was sold and a. new college building, in connection with a hos- pital, erected in a more quiet quarter of the city. A free dispensary is conducted by the college. The teaching faculty (1896) consists of nineteen professors, with four assistants and demonstra- tors. Women are admitted as pupils on equal terms with men. BENT, Charles, journalist, was born in Chi- cago, Dec. 8, 1844, but removed with his family, in 1856, to Morrison, Whiteside County, where, two years later, he became an apprentice to the printing business in the office of "The Whiteside Sentinel." In June, 1864, he enlisted as a soldier HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 45 in the One Hundred and Fortieth Illinois (100- days' regiment) and, on the expiration of his term of service, re-enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty -seventh Illinois, being mustered out at Savannah, Ga., in January, 1866, with the rank of Second Lieutenant. Then resuming his voca- tion as a printer, in July, 1867, he purchased the office of "The Whiteside Sentinel," in which he learned his trade, and has since been the editor of that paper, except during 1877-79 while engaged in writing a "History of Whiteside County." He is a charter member of the local Grand Army Post and served on the staff of the Department Commander ; was Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue during 1870-73, and, in 1878, was elected as a Republican to the State Senate for White- side and Carroll Counties, serving four years. Other positions held by him include the office of City Alderman, member of the State Board of Canal Commissioners (1883-85) and Commissioner of the JoUet Penitentiary (1889-98). He has also been a member of the Republican State Central Committee and served as its Chairman 1886-88. BENTOK, county-seat of Franklin County, on 111. Cent, and Chi. & E. 111. Railroads ; has electric- light plant, water-works, saddle and harness fac- tory, two banks, two flouring mills, shale brick and tile works (projected), four churches and three weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 939; (1900), 1,341. BERDA^f, James, lawyer and County Judge, was born in New York City, July 4, 1805, and educated at Columbia and Yale Colleges, gradu- ating from the latter in the class of 1824. His father, James Berdan, Sr. , came west in the fall -of 1819 as one of the agents of a New York Emigration Society, and, in January, 1820, visited the vicinity of the present site of Jacksonville, 111., but died soon after his return, in part iiom. exposure incurred during his long and arduous winter journey. Thirteen years later (1832) his son, the subject of this sketch, came to the same region, and Jacksonville became his home for the remainder of his life. Mr. Berdan was a well- read lawyer, as well as a man of high principle and sound culture, with pure literary and social tastes. Although possessing imusual capabilities, his refinement of character and dislike of osten- tation made him seek rather the association and esteem of friends than public ofiice. In 1849 he was elected County Judge of Morgan County, serving by a second election until 1857. Later he was Secretary for several years of the Tonica & Petersburg Railroad (at that time in course of construction), serving until it was merged into :the St. Louis, Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad, now constituting a part of the Jacksonville di- vision of the Chicago & Alton Railroad; also served for many years as a Trustee of Illinois College. In the latter years of his life he was, for a considerable period, the law partner of ex-Gov- ernor and ex-Senator Richard Yates. Judge Berdan was the ardent political friend and admirer of Abraham Lincoln, as well as an inti- mate friend and frequent correspondent of the poet Longfellow, besides being the correspondent, during a long period of his life, of a number of other prominent literary men. Pierre Irving, the nephew and biographer of Washington Irving, was his brother-in-law through the marriage of a favorite sister. Judge Berdan died at Jackson- ville, August 24, 1884. BERGEN, (Rev.) John Gt,, pioneer clergyman, was born at Hightstown, N. J., Nov. 27, 1790; studied theology, and, after two years' service as tutor at Princeton and sixteen years as pastor of a Presbyterian church at Madison, N. J., in 1838 came to Springfield, 111., and assisted in the erection of the first Protestant church in the central part of the State, of which he remained pastor until 1848. Died, at Springfield, Jan. 17, 1872. BEBGGKEIf, Augustus W., legislator, born in Sweden, August 17, 1840; came to the United States at 16 years of age and located at Oneida, Knox County, 111. , afterwards removing to Gales- burg; held various offices, including that of Sheriff of Knox Coimty (1873-81), State Senator (1881-89) — serving .as President pro tern, of the Senate 1887-89, and was Warden of the State penitentiary at Joliet, 1888-91. He was for many years the very able and eflicient President of the Covenant Mutual Life Association of Illinois, and is now its Treasurer. BERGIER, (Rev.) J, a secular priest, born in France, and an early missionary in Illinois. He labored among the Tamaroas, being in charge of the mission at Cahokia from 1700 to his death in 1710. BERRY, Orville F., lawyer and legislator, was born in McDonough Covmty, 111., Feb. 16, 1852; early left an orphan and, after working for some time on a farm, removed to Carthage, Hancock County, where he read law and was admitted to the bar in 1877; in 1883 was elected Mayor of Carthage and twice re-elected ; was elected to the State Senate in 1888 and '92, and, in 1891, took a prominent part in securing the enactment of the compulsory education clause in the common school law. Mr. Berry presided over the Repub- lican State Convention of 1896, the same year was a candidate for re-election to the State Senate, 46 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. but the certificate was awarded to his Democratic competitor, who was declared elected by 164 plurality. On a contest before the Senate at the first session of the Fortieth General Assembly, the seat was awarded to Mr. Berry on the ground of illegality in the rulings of the Secretary of State affecting the vote of his opponent. BERRY, (Col.) William W., lawyer and sol- dier, was born in Kentucky, Feb. 22, 1834, and educated at Oxford, Ohio. His home being then in Covington, he studied law in Cincinnati, and, at the age of 23, began practice at Louisville, Ky., being married two years later to Miss Georgie Hewitt of Frankfort. Early in 1861 he entered the Civil War on the Union side as Major of the Louisville Legion, and subsequently served in the Army of the Cumberland, marching to the sea with Sherman and, during the period of his service, receiving four wounds. After the close of the war he was offered the position of Gov- ernor of one of the Territories, but, determining not to go further west than Illinois, declined. For three years he was located and in practice at Winchester, 111., but removed to Quincy in 1874, where he afterwards resided. He always took a warm interest in politics and, in local affairs, was a leader of his party. He was an organizer of the G. A. R. Post at Quincy and its first Com- mander, and, in 1884-85, served as Commander of the State Department of the G. A. R. He organ- ized a Young Men's Republican Club, as he believed that the young minds should take an active part in politics. He was one of the com- mittee of seven appointed by the Governor to locate the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home for Illinois, and, after spending six months inspecting vari- ous sites offered, the institution was finally located at Quincy; was also Trustee of Knox College, at Galesburg, for several years. He was frequently urged by his party friends to run for public offioe, but it was so much against his nature to ask for even one vote, that he would not consent. He died at his home in Quincy, much regretted, May 6, 1895. BESTOR, George C, legislator, born in Wash- ington City, April 11, 1811; was assistant docu- ment clerk in the House of Representatives eight years; came to Illinois in 1835 and engaged in real-estate business at Peoria; was twice ap- pointed Postmaster of that city (1842 and 1861) and three times elected Mayor ; served as finan- cial agent of the Peoria & Oquawka (no.w Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad), and a Director of the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw; a delegate to the Whig National Convention of 1853; a State Senator, (1858-62), and an ardent friend of Abra- ham Lincoln. Died, in Washington, May 14, 1872, while prosecuting a claim against the Government for the construction of gunboats during the war. BETHALTO, a village of Madison County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 25 miles north of St. Louis. Popula- tion (1880), 628; (1890), 879; (1900), 477. BETHANY, a village of Moultrie County, on Peoria Division 111. Cent. Railroad, 18 miles south- east of Decatur ; in farming district ; has one news- paper and four churches. Pop. , mostly American born, (1890), 688; (1900), 878; (1903, est.), 900. BETTIE STUART INSTITUTE, an institu- tion for young ladies at Springfield, 111., founded in 1868 by Mrs. Mary McKee Homes, who con- ducted it for some twenty years, until her death. Its report for 1898 shows a faculty often instruct- ors and 125 pupils. Its property is valued at §23,500. Its course of instruction embraces the preparatory and classical branches, together with music, oratory and fine arts. BEVERIDGE, James H., State Treasurer, was born in Washington County, N. Y., in 1828; served as State Treasurer, 1865-67, later acted as Secretary of the Commission which buUt the State Capitol. His later years were spent in superintending a large dairy farm near Sandwich, De Kalb County, where he died in January, 1896. BEYERIDGE, John L., ex-Governor, was born in Greenwich. N. Y., July 6, 1824; came to Illi- nois, 1842, and, after spending some two years in Granville Academy and Rock River Seminary, went to Tennessee, where he engaged in teaching while studying law. Having been admitted to the bar, he returned to Illinois in 1851, first locat- ing at Sycamore, but three years later established himself in Chicago. During the first year of the war he assisted to raise the Eighth Regiment Illi- nois Cavalry, and was commissioned first as Cap- tain and still later Major; two years later became Colonel of the Seventeenth Cavalry, which he commanded to the close of the war, being mustered out, February, 1866, with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the war he held the office of Sheriff of Cook County four years; in 1870 was elected to the State Senate, and, in the following year, Congressman-at-large to succeed General Logan, elected to the United States Senate; resigned this office in January, 1873, having been elected Lieutenant-Governor, and a few weeks later succeeded to the govern- orship by the election of Governor Oglesby to the United States Senate. In 1881 he was appointed. HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 47 by President Arthur, Assistant United States Treasurer for Chicago, serving until after Cleve- land's iirst election!. His present home (1898), is near Los Angeles, Cal. BIENYILLE, Jean Baptiste le Moyne, Sienr de, was born at Montreal, Canada, Feb. 23, 1680, and was the French Governor of Louisiana at the time the Illinois country was included in that province. He had several brothers, a number of whom played important parts in the early history of the province. Bienville first visited Louisi- ana, in company with his brother Iberville, in 1698, their object being to establish a French colony near the mouth of the Mississippi. The first settlement was made at Biloxi, Dec. 6, 1699, and Sanvolle, another brother, was placed in charge. The latter was afterward made Governor of Louisiana, and, at his death (1701), he was succeeded by Bienville, who transferred the seat of government to Mobile. In 1704 he was joined by his brother Chateaugay, who brought seven- teen settlers from Canada. Soon afterwards Iberville died, and Bienville was recalled to France in 1707, but was reinstated the following year. Finding the Indians worthless as tillers of the soil, he seriously suggested to the home gov- ernment theexpedienoy of trading off the copper- colored aborigines for negroes from the West Indies, three Indians to be reckoned as equiva- lent to two blacks. In 1713 Cadillac was sent out as Governor, Bienville being made Lieutenant- Governor. The two quarreled. Cadillac was superseded by Epinay in 1717, and, in 1718, Law's first expedition arrived (see. Company of the West), and brought a Governor's commission for Bienville. The latter soon after founded New Orleans, which became the seat of government for the province (which then included Illinois), in 1723. In January, 1724, he was again summoned to France to answer charges; was removed in disgrace in 1726, but reinstated in 1733 and given the rank of Lieutenant-General. Failing in vari- ous expeditions against the Chickasaw Indians, he was again superseded in 1748, returning to France, where he died in 1768. BlttUS, WiUiam, pioneer. Judge and legislator, was born in Maryland in 1753, enlisted in the Revolutionary army, and served as an officer under Colonel George Rogers Clark in the expe- dition for the capture of Illinois from the British in 1778. He settled in Bellefontaine (now Monroe County) soon after the close of the war. He was Sheriff of St. Clair County for many years, and later Justice of the Peace and Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. He also represented his county in the Territorial Legislatures of In- diana, and Illinois. Died, in St. Clair County, in 1827. BIGGSVILLE, a village of Henderson County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 15 miles northeast of Burlington ; has a bank and two newspapers; considerable grain and live- stock are shipped here. Population (1880), 858; (1890), 487; (1900), 417. BIG MUDDY KIVER, a stream formed by the union of two branches which rise in Jefferson County. It runs south and southwest through Franklin and Jackson Counties, and enters the Mississippi about five miles below Grand Tower. Its length is estimated at 140 miles. BILLINGS, Albert Merrltt, capitalist, was born in New Hampshire, April 19, 1814, educated in the common schools of his native State and Vermont, and, at the age of 22, became Sheriff of Windsor County, Vt., Later he was proprietor for a time of the mail stage-coach line between Concord, N. H. , and Boston, but, having sold out, invested his means in the securities of the Chi- cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway and became identified with the business interests of Chicago. In the '50's he became associated with Cornelius K. Garrison in the People's Gas Company of Chi- cago, of which he served as President from 1859 to 1888. In 1890 Mr. Billings became extensively interested in the street railway enterprises of Mr. C B. Holmes, resulting in his becoming the pro- prietor of the street railway system at Memphis, Tenn., valued, in 1897, at |3,000,00p. In early life he had been associated with Commodore Vanderbilt in the operation of the Hudson River steamboat lines of the latter. .In addition to his other business enterprises, he was principal owner and, during the last twenty-five years of his life. President of the Home National and Home Savings Banks of Chicago. Died, Feb. 7, 1897, leaving an estate valued at several millions of dollars. BILLINGS, Henry "W., was born at Conway, Mass., July 11, 1814, graduated at Amherst Col- lege at twenty years of age, and began the study of law with Judge Foote, of Cleveland, Ohio, was admitted to the bar two years later and practiced there some two years longer. He then removed to St. Louis, Mo., later resided for a time at Waterloo and Cairo, 111., but, in 1845, settled at Alton; was elected Mayor of that city in 1851, and the first Judge of the newly organized City Court, in 1859, serving in this position six years. In 1869 he was elected a Delegate from Madison County to the State Constitutional Convention of 48 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1869-70, but died before the expiration of the ses- ,sion, on April 19, 1870. BIREBECK, Morris, early colonist, was born in England about 1762 or 1763, emigrated to America in 1817, and settled in Edwards County, 111. He purchased a large tract of land and in- duced a large colony of English artisans, laborers and farmers to settle upon the same, founding the town of New Albion. He was an active, un- compromising opponent of slavery, and was an important factor in defeating the scheme to make Illinois a slave State. He was appointed Secre- tary of State by Governor Coles in October, 1824, but resigned at the end of three months, a hostile Legislature having refused to confirm him. A strong writer and a frequent contributor to the press, his letters and published works attracted attention both in this country and in Europe. Principal among the latter were: "Notes on a Journey Through France" (1815); "Notes on a Journey Through America" (1818), and "Letters from Illinois" (1818). Died from drowning in 1825, aged about 63 years. (See Slavery and ■Slave Laws.) BISSELl, William H., first Eepublican Gov- ernor of Illinois, was born near Cooperstown, N. Y., on April 25, 1811, graduated in medicine at Philadelphia in 1835, and, after practicing a short time in Steuben County, N. Y., removed to Mon- roe County, 111. In 1840 he was elected a Repre- sentative in the General Assembly, where he soon attained high rank as a debater. He studied law and practiced in Belleville, St. Clair County, be- coming Prosecuting Attorney for that county in 1844. He served as Colonel of the Second Illinois "Volunteers during the Mexican War, and achieved distinction at Buena Vista. He represented Illi- nois in Congress from 1849 to 1855, being first elected as an Independent Democrat. On the pas- sage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, he left the Demo- cratic party and, in 1856, was elected Governor on the Republican ticket. While in Congress he was challenged by Jefferson Davis after an inter- change of heated words respecting the relative courage of Northern and Southern soldiers, spoken in debate. Bissell accepted the challenge, naming muskets at thirty paces. Mr. Davis's friends objected, and the duel never occurred. Died in office, at Springfield, 111., March 18, 1860. BLACK, John Charles, lawyer and soldier, born at Lexington, Miss., Jan. 29, 1839, at eight years of age came with his widowed mother to Illinois; while a student at Wabash College, Ind., in April, 1861, enlisted in the Union army, serv- ing gallantly and with distinction until Aug. 15, 1865, when, as Colonel of the 37th IlL Vol. Inf., he retired with the rank of BrevetBrigadier-General; was admitted to the bar in 1857, and after practic- ing at Danville, Champaign and Urbana, in 1885 was appointed Commissioner of Pensions, serving until 1889, when he removed to Chicago ; served as Congressman-at-large (1893-95), and U. S. District Attorney (1895-99); Commander of the Loyal Legion and of the G. A. R. (Department of Illinois) ; was elected Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Army at the Grand Encampment, 1903. Gen. Black received the honorary degree of A.M. from his Alma Mater and that of LL. D. from Knox College; in January, 1904, was appointed by President Roosevelt member of the U. S. Civil Service Commission, and chosen its President. BLACKBURN UNIVERSITY, located at Car- linville, Macoupin County. It owes its origin to the efforts of Dr. Gideon Blackburn, who, having induced friends in the East to unite with him in the purchase of Illinois lands at Government price, in 1837 conveyed 16,656 acres of these lands, situated in ten different counties, in trust for the founding of an institution of learning, intended particularly "to qualify young men for the gospel ministry." The citizens of Carlinville donated funds wherewith to purchase eighty acres of land, near that city, as a site, which was included in the deed of trust. The enterprise lay dormant for many years, and it was not vmtil 1857 that the institution was formally incorpo- rated, and ten years later it was little more than a high school, giving one course of instruction considered particularly adapted to prospective students of theology. At present (1898) there are about 110 students in attendance, a faculty of twelve instructors, and a theological, as well as preparatory and collegiate departments. The institution owns property valued at §110,000, of which 150,000 is represented by real estate and $40,000 by endowment funds. BLACK HAWK, a Chief of the Sao tribe of Indians, reputed to have been born at Kaskaskia in 1767. (It is also claimed that he was born on Rook River, as well as within the present limits of Hancock County.) Conceiving that his people had been wrongfully despoiled of lands belonging to them, in 1833 he inaugurated what is com- monly known as the Black Hawk War. His Indian name was Makabaimishekiakiak, signify- ing Black Sparrow Hawk. He was ambitious, but susceptible to flattery, and while having many of the qualities of leadership, was lacking in moral force. He was always attached to British inter- ests, and unquestionably received British aid of a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 49 substantial sort. After his defeat he was made the ward of Keokuk, another Chief, which humiliation of his pride broke his heart. He died on a reservation set apart for him in Iowa, in 1838, aged 71. His body is said to have been exhumed nine months after death, and his articu- lated skeleton is alleged to have been preserved in the rooms of the Burlington (la.) Historical Society until 1855, when it was destroyed by fife. (See also Black Hawk War: Appendix.) BIACKSTONE, Timothy B., Railway Presi- dent, was born at Branford, Conn., March 38, 1829. After receiving a common school educa- tion, supplemented by a course in a neighboring academy, at 18 he began the practical study of engineering in a corps employed by the New York & New Hampshire Railway Company, and the same year became assistant engineer, on the Stockbridge & Pittsfield Railway. While thus employed he applied himself diligently to the study of the theoretical science of engineering, and, on coming to Illinois in 1851, was qualified to accept and fiU the position of division engineer (from Bloomington to Dixon) on the Illinois Cen- tral Railway. On the completion of the main line of that road in 1855, he was appointed Chief Engineer of the Joliet & Chicago Railroad, later becoming financially interested therein, and being chosen President of the corporation on the completion of the line. In January, 1864, the Chicago & Joliet was leased in perpetuity to the Chicago & Alton Railroad Company. Mr. Black- stone then became a Director in the latter organi- zation and, in April following, was chosen its President. This oflSce he filled uninterruptedly until April 1,1899, when the road passed into the hands of a syndicate of other lines. He was also one of the original incorporators of the Union Stock Yards Company, and was its President from 1864 to 1868. His career as a railroad man was con- spicuous for its long service, the uninterrupted success of his management of the enterprises entrusted to his hands and his studious regard for the interests of stockholders. This was illustrated by the fact that, for some thirty years, the Chicago & Alton Railroad paid dividends on its preferred and common stock, ranging from 6 to 8K per cent per annum, and, on disposing of his sto6k conse- quent on the transfer of the line to a new corpora- tion in 1899, Mr. Blackstone rejected offers for his stock — aggregating nearly one-third of the whole — which would have netted him $1,000,000 in excess of the amount received, because he was unwilling to use his position to reap an advantage over smaller stockholders. Died, May 26, 1900. BIACKWELL, Robert S., lawyer, was bom at Belleville, 111., in 1823. He belonged to a prominent family in the early history of the State, his father, David Blackwell, who was also a lawyer and settled in Belleville about 1819, having been a member of the Second General Assembly (1820) from St. Clair County, and also of the Fourth and Fifth. In April, 1823, he was appointed by Governor Coles Secretary of State, succeeding Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, after- wards a Justice of the Supreme Court, who had just received from President Monroe the appoint- ment of Receiver of Public Moneys at the Edwardsville Land Ofiice. Mr. Blackwell served in the Secretary's office to October, 1824, during a part of the time acting as editor of "The Illinois Intelligencer," which had been removed from Kaskaskia to Vandalia, and in which he strongly opposed the policy of making Illinois a slave State. He finally died in Belleville. Robert Blackwell, a brother of David and the uncle of the subject of this sketch, was joint owner with Daniel P. Cook, of "The Illinois Herald"— after- wards "The Intelligencer" — at Easkaskia, in 1816, and in April, 1817, succeeded Cook in the office of Territorial Auditor of Public Accounts, being himself succeeded by Elijah C. Berry, who had become his partner on "The Intelligencer," and served as Auditor until the organization of the State Government in 1818. Blackwell & Berry were chosen State Printers after the removal of the State capital to Vandalia in 1820, serving in this caipacity for some years. Robert Blackwell located at Vandalia and served as a member of the House from Fayette County in the Eighth and Ninth General Assemblies (1832-36) and in the Senate, 1840-42. Robert S. — the son of David, and the younger member of this somewhat famous and historic family — whose name stands at the head of this paragraph, attended the common schools at Belleville in his boyhood, but in early manhood removed to Galena, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits. He later studied law with Hon. O. H. Browning at Quincy, beginning practice at Rushville, where he was associated for a time with Judge Minshall. In 1852 he removed to Chicago, having for his first partner Corydon Beckwith, afterwards of the Supreme Court, still later being associated with a number of prominent lawyers of that day. He is de- scribed by his biographers as "an able lawyer, an eloquent advocate and a brilliant scholar." "Blackwell on Tax Titles, "from his pen, has been accepted by the profession as a high authority on that branch of law. He also published a revision 50 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. of the Statutes in 1858, and began an "Abstract of Decisions of the Supreme Court,'' which had reached the third or fourth volume at his death, May 16, 1863. BLAIK, William, merchant, was born at Homer, Cortland County, N. Y., May 20, 1818, being descended through five generations of New England ancestors. After attending school in the town of Cortland, which became his father's residence, at the age of 14 he obtained employ- ment in a stove and hardware store, four years later (1836) coming to Joliet, 111., to take charge of a branch store which the firm had established there. The next year he purchased the stock and continued the business on his own account. In August, 1843, he removed to Chicago, where he established the earliest and one of the most extensive wholesale hardware concerns in that city, with wbich he remained connected nearly fifty years. During this period he was associated with various partners, including C. B. Nelson, E. G. Hall, O. W. Belden, James H. Horton and others, besides, at times, conducting the business alone. He suffered by the fire of 1871 in common with other business men of Chicago, but promptly resumed business and, within the next two or three years, had erected business blocks, succes- sively, on Lake and Eandolph Streets, but retired from business in 1888. He was a Director of the Merchants' National Bank of Chicago from its organization in 1865, as also for a time of the Atlantic & Pacific Telegraph Company and the Chicago Gaslight & Coke Company, a Trustee of Lake Forest University, one of the "Managers of the Presbyterian Hospital and a member of the Chicago Historical Society. Died in Chicago, May 10, 1899. BLAKELT, David, journalist, was bom in Franklin County, Vt., in 1834; learned the print- er's trade and graduated from the University of Vermont in 1857. He was a member of a musical family which, under the name of "The Blakely Family," made several successful tours of the West. He engaged in journalism at Rochester, Minn., and, in 1862, was elected Secretary of State and ex-offlcio Superintendent of Schools, serving until 1865, when he resigned and, in partnership with a brother, bought "The Chicago Evening Post," with which he was connected at the time of the great fire and for some time after- ward. Later, he returned to Minnesota and became one of the proprietors and a member of the editorial staff of "The St. Paul Pioneer-Press." In his later years Mr. Blakely was President of the Blakely Printing Company, of Chicago, also conducting a large printing business in New York, which was his residence. He was manager for several years of the celebrated Gilmore Band of musicians, and also instrumental in organizing the celebrated Sousa's Band, of which he was manager up to the time of his decease in New York, Nov. 7, 1896. BLAKEMAN, Ciirtiss, sea-captain, and pioneer settler, came from New England to Madison County, 111., in 1819, and settled in what was afterwards known as the "Marine Settlement," of which he was one of the founders. This settle- ment, of which the present town of Marine (first called Madison) was the outcome, took its name from the fact that several of the early settlers, like Captain Blakeman, were sea-faring men. Captain Blakeman became a prominent citizen and repre- sented Madison Coxmty in the lower branch of the Third and Fourth General Assemblies (1823 and 1834), in the former being one of the opponents of the pro-slavery amendment of the Constitution. A son of his, of the same name, was a Represent- ative in the Thirteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth General Assemblies from Madison County. BLAIVCHARD, Jonathan, clergyman and edu cator, was bom in Rockingham, Vt., Jan. 19, 1811; graduated at Middlebury College in 1883; then, after teaching some time, spent two years in Andover Theological Seminary, finally gradu- ating in theology at Lane Seminary, Cincinnati, in 1888, where he remained nine years as pastor of the Sixth Presbyterian Church of that city. Before this time he had become interested in various reforms, and, in 1843, was sent as a delegate to the second World's Anti-Slav6ry Convention in London, serving as the American Vice-President of that body. In 1846 he assumed the Presidency of Knox College at Galesburg, remaining until 1858, during his connection with that institution doing much to increase its capacity and resources. After two years spent in pastoral work, he accepted (1860) the Presidency of Wheaton College, which he continued to fill until 1883, when he was chosen President Emer- itus, remaining in this position until his death. May 14, 1892. BLANDINSTILLE, a town in McDonough County, on the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Rail- road, 26 miles southeast of Burlington, Iowa, and 64 miles west by south from Peoria. It is a ship- ping point for the grain gi-own in the surround- ing country, and has a grain elevatoi and steam flour and saw mills. It also has banks, two weekly newspapers and several churches. Popu- lation (]«Q0) 877; (1900), 995. HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 51 BLANEY, Jerome Van Zandt, early physician, born at Newcastle, Del., May 1, 1820; was edu- cated at Princeton and graduated in medicine at Philadelphia when too young to receive his diploma ; in 1843 came west and joined Dr. Daniel Brainard in foimding Rush Medical College at Chicago, for a time filling three chairs in that institution ; also, for a time, occupied the chair of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy in Northwest- ern University. In 1861 he was appointed Sur- geon, and afterwards Medical Director, in the army, and was Surgeon -in-Chief on the staff of General Sheridan at the time of the battle of Winchester ; after the war was delegated by the Government to pay off medical officers in the Northwest, in this capacity disbursing over $600,- 000 ; finally retiring with the rant of Lieutenant- Colonel. Died, Dec. 11, 1874. BLATCHFOKD, Ellphalet Wickes, LL.D., son of Dr. John Blatchf ord, was bom at Stillwater, N. Y., May 31, 1836; being a grandson of Samuel Blatchford, D.D., who came to New York from England, in 1795. He prepared for college at Lan- singburg Academy. New York, and at Marion College, Mo. , finally graduating at Illinois College, Jacksonville, in the class of 1845. After graduat- ing, he was employed for several years in the law offices of his uncles, E. M. and E. H. Blatchford, New York. For considerations of health he re- turned to the West, and, in 1850, engaged in busi- ness for himself as a lead manuiacturer in St. Louis, Mo., afterwards associating with him the late Morris Collins, under the firm name of Blatch- ford & Collins. In 1854 a branch was established in Chicago, known as Collins & Blatchford. After a few years the firm was dissolved, Mr. Blatch- ford taking the Chicago business, which has continued as E. W. Blatchford & Co. to the pres- ent time. While Mr. Blatchford has invariably declined political offices, he has been recognized as a staunch Eepublican, and the services of few men have been in more frequent request for positions of trust in connection with educational and benevolent enterprises. Among the numer- ous positions of this character which he has been called to fill are those of Treasurer of the North- western Branch of the United States Sanitary Commission, during the Civil War, to which he devoted a large part of his time ; Trustee of Illi- nois College (1866-75) ; President of the Chicago Academy of Sciences ; a member, and for seven- teen years President, of the Board of Trustees of the Chicago Eye and Ear Infirmary ; Trustee of the Chicago Art Institute; Executor and Trustee of the late Walter L. Newberry, and, since its incorporation. President of the Board of Trustees of The Newberry Library; Trustee of the John Crerar Library; one of the founders and Presi- dent of the Board of Trustees of the Chicago Manual Training School; life member of the Chicago Historical Society; for nearly forty years President of the Board of Directors of the Chicago Theological Seminary; during his resi- dence in Chicago an officer of the New England Congregational Church; a corporate member of the American Board of Commissioners for For- eign Missions, and for fourteen years its Vice- President; a charter member of the City Missionary Society, and of the Congregational Club of Chicago; a member of the Chicago Union League, the University, the Literary and the Commercial Clubs, of which latter he has been President. Oct. 7, 1858, Mr. Blatchford was married to Miss Mary Emily Williams, daughter of John C. Williams, of Chicago. Seven children — foirr sons and three daughters — have blessed this imion, the eldest son, Paul being to-day one of Chicago's valued business men. Mr. Blatchford's life has been one of ceaseless and successful activity in business, and to him Chicago owes much of its prosperity. In the giving of time and money for Christian, educational and benevo- lent enterprises, he has been conspicuous for his generosity, and noted for his valuable counsel and executive ability in carrying these enterprises to success. BLATCHFOKD, John, D.D., was born at New- field (now Bridgeport), Conn., May 34, 1799; removed in childhood to Lansingburg, N. Y., and was educated at Cambridge Academy and Union College in that State, graduating in 1830. He finished his theological course at Princeton, N. J., in 1823, after which he ministered succes- sively to Presbyterian churches at Pittstown and Stillwater, N. Y., in 1880 accepting the pastorate of the First Congregational Church of Bridge- port, Conn. In 1836 he came to the West, spend- ing the following winter at Jacksonville, 111., and, in 1837, was installed the first pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago, where he remained imtil compelled by failing health to resign and return to the East. In 1841 he ac- cepted the chair of Intellectual and Moral Phi- losophy at Marion College, Mo., subsequently assuming the Presidency. The institution having been purchased by the Free Masons, in 1844, he removed to West Ely, Mo., and thence, in 1847, to Quincy, 111, where he resided during the remainder of his life. His death occurred in St. Louis, April 8, 1855. The churches he served 52 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. testified strongly to Dr. Blatchford's faithful, acceptable and successful performance of his ministerial duties. He was married in 1825 to Frances Wickes, daughter of Eliphalet Wickes, Esq. , of Jamaica, Long Island, N. Y. BLEDSOE, Albert Taylor, teacher and law- yer, was born in Frankfort, Ky., Nov. 9, 1809; graduated at West Point Military Academy in 1830, and, after two years' service at Fort Gib- son, Indian Territory, retired from the army in 1833. During 1833-34 he was Adjunct Professor of Mathematics and teacher of French at Kenyon College, Ohio, and, in 1835-36, Professor of Mathematics at Miarni University. Then, hav- ing studied thpology, he served for several years as rector of Episcopal churches in Ohio. In 1838 he settled at Springfield, 111., and began the prac- tice of law, remaining several years, when he removed to Washington, D. C. Later he became Professor of Mathematics, first (1848-54) in the University of Mississippi, and (1854-61) in the University of Virginia. He then entered the Confederate service with the rank of Colonel, but soon became Acting Assistant Secretary of War; in 1863 visited England to collect material for a work on the Constitution, which was pub- lished in 1866, when he settled at Baltimore, where he began the publication of "The Southern Review,'' which became the recognized organ of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Later he became a minister of the Methodist Church. He gained considerable reputation for eloquence during his residence in Illinois, and was the author of a number of works on religious and political subjects, the latter maintaining the right of secession; was a man of recognized ability, but lacked stability of character. Died at Alexandria, Va. , Dec. 8, 1877. BLODGETT, Henry Williams, jurist, was born at Amherst, Mass., in 1821. At the age of 10 years he removed with his parents to Illinois, where he attended the district schools, later returning to Amherst to spend a "year at the Academy. Returning home, he spent the years 1839-42 in teaching and surveying. In 1842 he began the study of law at Chicago, being admitted to the bar in 1845, and beginning prac- tice at Waukegan, 111., where he has continued to reside. In 1852 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature from Lake County, as an anti-slavery candidate, and, in 1858, to the State Senate, in the latter serving four years. He gained distinction as a railroad solicitor, being employed at different times by the Chicago & Northwestern, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, the Michigan Southern and the Pittsburg & Fort Wayne Companies. Of the second named road he was one of the projectors, procuring its charter, and being identified with it in the sev- eral capacities of Attorney, Director and Presi- dent. In 1870 President Grant appointed him Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. This position he continued to occupy for twenty-two years, resign- ing it in 1892 to accept an appointment by Presi- dent Cleveland as one of the counsel for the United States before the Behring Sea Arbitrators at Paris, which was his last ofiicial service. BLOOMINGDALE, a village of Du Page County, 30 miles west by north from Chicago. Population (1880), 326; (1890), 468; (1900), 235. BLOOMINGTON, the county-seat of McLean County, a fiourishing city and railroad center, 59 miles northeast of Springfield ; is in a rich agri- cultural and coal-mining district. Besides car shops and repair works employing some 2,000 hands, there are manufactories of stoves, fur- naces, plows, flour, etc. Nurseries are numerous in the vicinity and horse breeding receives much attention. The city is the seat of Illinois Wes- leyan University, has fine public schools, several newspapers (two published daily), besides educa- tional and other publications. The business sec- tion suffered a disastrous fire in 1900, but has been rebuilt more substantially than before. The prin- cipal streets are paved and electric street oars con- nect with Normal (two miles distant), the site of the "State Normal University" and "Soldiers' Or- phans' Home." Pop. (1890), 20,284; (1900), 33,286. BLOOMINGTON COIfVENTlOIf OF 1856. Although not formally called as such, this was the first Republican State Convention held in Illinois, out of which grew a permanent Repub- lican organization in the State. A mass conven- tion of those opposed to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise (known as an "Anti-Nebraska Convention") was held at Springfield during the week of the State Fair of 1854 (on Oct. 4 and 5), and, although it adopted a platform in harmony with the principles which afterwards became the foundation of the Republican party, and appointed a State Central Committee, besides putting in nomination a candidate for State Treasurer— the only State officer elected that year— the organi- zation was not perpetuated, the State Central Committee failing to organize. The Bloomington Convention of 1856 met in accordance with a call issued by a State Central Committee appointed by the Convention of Anti-Nebraska editors held at Decatur on February 23, 1856. (See Anti-Neb- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 53 raska Editorial Convention.) The call did not even contain the word "Republican," but was addressed to those opposed to the principles of the Nebraska Bill and the policy of the existing Democratic adininistration. The Convention met on May 29, 1856, the date designated by the Editorial Convention at Decatur, but was rather in the nature of a mass than a delegate conven- tion, as party organizations existed in few coun- ties of the State at that time. Consequently representation was very unequal and followed no systematic rule. Out of one hundred counties into which the State was then divided, only seventy were represented by delegates, ranging from one to twenty-five each, leaving thirty counties (embracing nearly the whole of the southern part of the State) entirely unrepre- sented. Lee County had the largest representa- tion (twenty-five), Morgan County (the home of Richard Yates) coming next with twenty dele- gates, while Cook County had seventeen and Sangamon had five. The whole number of delegates, as shown by the contemporaneous record, was 269. Among the leading spirjts in the Convention were Abraham Lincoln, Archi- bald Williams, O. H. Browning, Richard Yates, John M. Palmer, Owen Lovejoy, Norman B. Judd, Burton C. Cook and others who aftei-watds became prominent in State politics. The delega- tion from Cook County included the names of John Wentworth, Grant Goodrich, George Schneider, Mark Skinner, Charles H. Ray and Charles L. Wilson. The temporary organization was effected with Archibald Williams of Adams County in the chair, followed by the election of John M. Palmer of Macoupin, as Permanent President. The other officers were: Vice-Presi- dents— John A. Davis of Stephenson; William Ross of Pike; James McKee of Cook; John H. Bryant of Bureau; A. C. Harding of Warren; Richard Yates of Morgan; Dr. H. C. Johns of Macon; D. L. Phillips of Union; George Smith of Madison ; Thomas A. Marshall of Coles ; J. M. Ruggles of Mason ; G. D. A. Parks of Will, and John Clark of Schuyler. Secretaries — Henry S. Baker of Madison; Charles L. Wilson of Cook; John Tillson of Adams; Washington Bushnell of La Salle, and B. J. F. Hanna of Randolph. A State ticket was put in noraination consisting of William H. Bissell for Governor (by acclama- tion); Francis A. Hoffman of Du Page County, for Lieutenant-Governor; Ozias M. Hatch of Pike, for Secretary of State; Jesse K. Dubois of Lawrence, for Auditor ; James Miller of McLean, for Treasurer, and William H. Powell of Peoria, for Superintendent of Public Instruction. Hoff- man, having been found ineligible by lack of resi- dence after the date of naturalization, withdrew, and his place was subsequently filled by the nomination of John Wood of Quincy. The plat- form adopted was outspoken in its pledges of unswerving loyalty to the Union and opposition to the extension of slavery into new territory. A delegation was appointed to the National Con- vention to be held in Philadelphia on June 17, following, and a State Central Committee was named to conduct the State campaign, consisting of James C. Conkling of Sangamon County; Asahel Gridley of McLean; Burton C. Cook of La Salle, and Charles H. Ray and Norman B. Judd of Cook. The principal speakers of the occasion, before the convention or in popular meetings held while the members were present in Bloomington, included the names of O. H. Brown- ing, Owen Lovejoy, Abraham Lincoln, Burton C. Cook, Richard Yates, the venerable John Dixon, founder of the city bearing his name, and Governor Reeder of Pennsylvania, who had been Territorial Governor of Kansas by appointment of President Pierce, but had refused to carry out the policy of the administration for making Kansas a slave State. None of the speeches were fully reported, but that of Mr. Lincoln has been universally regarded by those who heard it as the gem of the occasion and the most brilliant of his life, foreshadowing his celebrated "house- divided-against-itself" speech of June 17, 1858. John L. Scripps, editor of "The Chicago Demo- cratic Press," writing of it, at the time, to his paper, said: "Never has it been our fortune to listen to a more eloquent and masterly presenta- tion of a subject. . . . For an hour and a half he (Mr. Lincoln) held the assemblage spellbound by the power of his argument, the intense irony of his invective, and the deep earnestness and fervid brilliancy of his eloquence. When he concluded, the audience sprang to their feet and cheer after cheer told how deeply their hearts had been touched and their souls warmed up to a generous enthusiasm." At the election, in November following, although the Democratic candidate for President carried the State by a plurality of over 9,000 votes, the entire State ticket put in nomination at Bloomington was successful by majorities ranging from 3,000 to 20,000 for the several candidates. BLUE ISLAND, a village of Cook County, on the Calumet River and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Chicago & Grand Trunk and the Illinois Central Railways, 15 miles south of 54 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. Chicago. It has a high school, churches and two newspapers, besides brick, smelting and oil works. Population (1890), 2,531; (1900), 6,114. BLUE ISLAND RAILROAD, a short line 3,96 miles in length, lying wholly within Illinois; capital stock $35,000; operated by the Illinois Central Railroad Company. Its funded debt (1895) was $100,000 and its floating debt, $3,779. BLUE MOUND, a town of Macon County, on the Wabash Railway, 14 miles southeast of De- catur;' in rich grain and live-stock region; has three grain elevators, two banks, tile factory and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 696; (1900), 714. BLUFFS, a village of Scott County, at the junction of the Quincy and Hannibal branches of the Wabash Railway, 52 miles west _ of Spring- field; has a bank and a newspaper. Population (1880), 163; (1890), 421: (1900), 539. BOAL, Robert, M.D., physician and legis- lator, born near Harrisburg, Pa., in 1806; was brought by his parents to Ohio when fivie years old and educated at Cincinnati, graduating from the Ohio Medical College in 1838; settled at Lacon, 111., in 1836, practicing there until 1863, when, having been appointed Surgeon of the Board of Enrollment for that District, he re- moved to Peoria. Other public positions held by Dr. Boal have been those of Senator in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth General Assemblies (1844-48), Representative in the Nineteenth and Twentieth (1854-58), and Trustee of the Institu- tion for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville, remaining in the latter position seventeen years under the successive administrations of Gov- ernors Bissell, Yates, Oglesby, Palmer and Bever- idge — the last five years of his service being President of the Board. He was also President of the State Medical Board in 1883. Dr. Boal continued to practice at Peoria until about 1890, when he retired, and, in 1893, returned to Lacon to reside with his daughter, the widow of the late Colonel Greenbury L. Fort, for eight years Representative in Congress from the Eighth District. BOARD OF ARBITRATION, a Bureau of the State Government, created by an act of the Legis- lature, approved August 3, 1895. It is appointed by the Executive and is composed of three mem- bers (not more than two of whom can belong to the same political party), one of whom must be an employer of labor and one a member of some labor organization. The term of office for the members first named was fixed at two years; after March 1, 1897, it is to be three years, one member retiring annually. A compensation of $1,500 per annum is allowed to each member of the Board, while the Secretary, who must also be a stenographer, receives a salary of $1,300 per annum. When a controversy arises between an individual, firm or corporation, employing not less than twenty-five persons, and his or its employes, application may be made by the aggrieved party to the Board for an inquiry into the nature of the disagreement, or both parties may unite in the submission of a case. The Board is required to visit the locality, carefully investi- gate the cause of the dispute and render a deci- sion as soon as practicable, the same to be at once made public. If the application be filed by the employer, it must be accompanied by a stipula- tion to continue in business, and order no lock-out for the space of three weeks after its date. In like manner, complaining employes must promise to continue peacefully at work, under existing conditions, for a like period. The Board is granted power to send for persons and papers and to administer oaths to witnesses. Its decisions are binding upon applicants for six months after rendition, or until either party shall have given the other sixty days' notice in vrriting of his or their intention not to be bound thereby. In case the Board shall learn that a disagreement exists between employes and an employer having less than twenty-five persons in his employ, and that a strike or lock-out is seriously threatened, it is made the duty of the body to put itself into communication with both employer and employes and endeavor to effect an amicable settlement between them by mediation. The absence of any provision in the law prescribing penalties for its violation leaves the observance of the law, in its present form, dependent upon the voluntary action of the parties interested. BOARD OF EQUALIZATION, a body organ- ized under act of the General Assembly, approved March 8, 1867. It first consisted of twenty-five members, one from each Senatorial District. The first Board was appointed by the Governor, holding office two years, afterwards becoming elective for a term of four years. In 1873 the law was amended, reducing the number of mem- bers to one for each Congressional District, the whole number at that time becoming nineteen, with the Auditor as a member ex-officio, who usually presides. From 1884 to 1897 it consisted of twenty elective members, but, in 1897, it was increased to twenty-two. The Board meets annually on the second Tuesday of August. The abstracts of the property assessed for taxation in the several coimties of the State are laid before HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIISTOIS. 55 it for examination and equalization, but it may not reduce the aggregate valuation nor increase it more than one per cent. Its powers over the returns of the assessors do not extend beyond equalization of assessments between counties. The Board is required to consider the various classes of property separately, and determine such rates of addition to or deduction from the listed, or assessed, valuation of each class as it may deem equitable and just. The statutes pre- scribe rules for determining the value of all the classes of property enumerated — personal, real, railroad, telegraph, etc. The valuation of the capital stock of railroads, telegraph and other corporations (except newspapers) is fixed by the Board. Its consideration having been completed, the Board is required to summarize the results of its labors in a comparative table, which must be again examined, compared and perfected. Reports of each annual meeting, with the results reached, are printed at the expense of the State and distributed as are other public documents. The present Board (1897-1901) consists by dis- tricts of (1) George F. McKnight, (3) John J. McKenna, (3) Solomon Simon, (4) Andrew Mc- Ansh, (5) Albert Oberndorf, (6) Henry Severin, <7) Edward S. Taylor, (8) Theodore S. Rogers, (9) Charles A. Works, (10) Thomas P. Pierce, (11) Samuel M. Barnes, (13) Frank P. Martin, (13) Frank K. Robeson, (14) W. O. Cadwallader, (15) J. S. Cruttenden, (16) H. D. Hirshheimer, (17) Thomas N. Leavitt, (18) Joseph F. Long, (19) Richard Cadle, (30) Charles Emerson, (31) John W. Larimer, (23) William A. Wall, besides the Auditor of Public Accounts as ex-offlcio member — the District members being divided politically in the proportion of eighteen Republicans to four Democrats. BOARD OP PUBLIC CHARITIES, a State Bureau, created by act of the Legislature in 1869, upon the recommendation of Governor Oglesby. The act creating the Board gives the Commissioners supervisory oversight of the financial and administrative conduct of all the charitable and correctional institutions of the State, with the exception of the penitentiaries, and they are especially charged with looking after and C9,ring for the condition of the paupers and the insane. As originally constituted the Board consisted of five male members who em- ployed a Secretary. Later provision was made for the appointment of a female Commissioner. The office is not elective. The Board has always carefully scrutinized the accounts of the various State charitable institutions, and, under its man- agement, no charge of peculation against any official connected with the same has ever been substantiated ; there have been no scandals, and only one or two isolated charges of cruelty to inmates. Its supervision of the county jails and almshouses has been careful and conscientious, and has resulted in benefit alike to the tax-payers and the inmates. The Board, at the close of the year 1898, consisted of the following five mem- bers, their terms ending as indicated in paren- thesis: J. C. Corbus (1898), R. D. Lawrence (1899), Julia C. Lathrop (1900), William J. Cal- houn (1901), Ephraim Banning (1903). J. C. Cor- bus was President and Frederick H. Wines, Secretary. BOGARDUS, Charles, legislator, was born in Cayuga County, N. Y., March 28, 1841, and left an orphan at six years of age ; was educated in the common schools, began working in a store at 12, and, in 1862, enlisted in the One Hundred and Fifty-first New York Infantry, being elected First Lieutenant, and retiring from the servica as Lieutenant-Colonel "for gallant and meritori- ous service" before Petersburg. While in the service he participated in some of the most important battles in Virginia, and was once wounded and once captured. In 1872 he located in Ford County, 111. , where he has been a success- ful operator in real estate. He has been twice elected to the House of Representatives (1884 and '86) and three times to the State Senate (1888, '93 and '96), and has served on the most important committees in each house, and has proved him- self one of the most useful members. At the session of 1895 he was chosen President pro tern. of the Senate. BOGGS, Carroll C, Justice of the Supreme Court, was born in Fairfield, Wayne County,* 111., Oct. 19, 1844, and still resides in his native town; has held the offices of State's Attorney, County Judge of Wayne County, and Judge of the Circuit Court for the Second Judicial Circuit, being assigned also to Appellate Court duty. In June, 1897, Judge Boggs was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court to succeed Judge David J. Baker, his term to continue until 1906. BOLTWOOD, Henry L., the son of William and Electa (Stetson) Boltwood, was born at Am- herst, Mass., Jan. 17, 1881; fitted for college at Amherst Academy and graduated from Amherst College in 1853. While in college he taught school every winter, commencing on a salary of |4 per week and "boarding round" among the scholars. After graduating he taught in acad- emies at Limerick, Me., and at Pembroke and 66 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Derry, N. H., and in the high school at Law- rence, Mass. ; also served as School Commissioner for Rockingham County, N. H. In 1864 lie went into the service of the Sanitary Commission in the Department of the Gulf, remaining until the close of the war ; was also ordained Chaplain of a colored regiment, but was not regularly mustered in. After the close of the war he was employed as Superintendent of Schools at Griggsville, 111. , for two years, and, while there, in 1867, organ- ized the first township high school ever organized in the State, where he remained eleven years. He afterwards organized the township high school at Ottawa, remaining there five years, after which, in 1883, he organized and took charge of the township high school at Evanston, where he has since been employed in his profession as a teacher. Professor Boltwood has been a member of the State Board of Education and has served as President of the State Teachers' Association. As a teacher he has given special attention to English language and literature, and to history, being the author of an English Grammar, a High School Speller and "Topical Outlines of General History," besides many contributions to educational jour- nals. He has done a great deal of institute work, both in Illinois and Iowa, and has been known somewhat as a tariff reformer. BOND, Lester L., lawyer, was born at Raven- na, Ohio, Oct. 27, 1829 ; educated in the common schools and at an academy, meanwhile laboring in local factories ; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1853, the following year coming to Chicago, where he has given his attention chiefly to practice in connection with patent laws. Mr. Bond served several terms in the Chicago City Council, was Republican Presidential Elector in 1868, and served two terms in the General Assem- bly— 1866-70. BOJfD, Shadrach, first Territorial Delegate in Congress from Illinois and first Governor of the State, was born in Maryland, and, after being liberally educated, removed to Kaskaskia while Illinois was a part of the Northwest Territory. He served as a member of the first Territorial Legislature (of Indiana Territory) and was the first Delegate from the Territory of Illinois in Congress, serving from 1812 to 1814. In the latter year he was appointed Receiver of Public Moneys ; he also held a commission as Captain in the War of 1812. On the admission of the State, in 1818, he was elected Governor, and occupied the executive chair until 1822. Died at Kaskas- kia, April 13, 1832.— Shadrach Bond, Sr., an uncle of the preceding, came to Illinois in 1781 and was elected Delegate from St, Clair County (then comprehending all Illinois) to the Territorial Legislature of Northwest Territory, in 1799, and, in 1804, to the Legislative Council of the newly organized Territory of Indiana. BOND COUNTY, a small county lying north- east from St. Louis, having an area of 380 square miles and a population 1900) of 16,078. The first American settlers located here in 1807, com- ing from the South, and building Hill's and Jones's forts for protection from the Indians. Settlement was slow, in 1816 there being scarcely twenty-five log cabins in the county. The county-seat is Greenville, where the first cabin was erected in 1815 by George Davidson. The county was organized in 1818, and named in honor of Gov. Shadrach Bond. Its original limits included the present counties of Clinton, Fayette and Montgomery. The first court was held at Perryville, and, in May, 1817, Judge Jesse B. Thomas presided over the first Circuit Court at Hill's Station. The first court house was erected at Greenville in 1832. The county contains good timber and farming lands, and at some points, coal is found near the surface. BONNEY, Charles Carroll, lawyer and re- former, was born in Hamilton, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1831 ; educated at Hamilton Academy and settled in Peoria, 111., in 1850, where he pursued the avocation of a teacher while studying law ; was admitted to the bar in 1852, but removed to Chi- cago in 1860, where he has since been engaged in practice; served as President of the National Law and Order League in New York in 1885, being repeatedly re-elected, and has also been President of the Illinois State Bar Association, as well as a member of the American Bar Associa- tion. Among the reforms which he has advo- cated are constitutional prohibition of special legislation; an extension of equity practice to bankruptcy and other law proceedings ; civil serv- ice pensions; State Boards of labor and capital, etc. He has also published some treatises in book form, chiefiy on legal questions, besides editing a volume of "Poems by Alfred W. Arrington, with a sketch of his Character" (1869. ) As Presi- dent of the World's Congresses Auxiliary, in 1893, Mr. Bonney contributed largely to the success of that very interesting and important feature of the great Columbian Exposition in Chicago. BOONE, Levi D., M. D., early physician, was born near Lexington, Ky., December, 1808— a descendant of the celebrated Daniel Boone; re- ceived the degree of M. D. from Transylvania University and came to Edwardsville, 111., at an HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 57 early day, afterwards locating at Hillsboro and taking part in the Black Hawk War as Captain of a cavalry company ; came to Chicago in 1836 and engaged in the insurance business, later resuming the practice of his profession; served several terms as Alderman and was elected Mayor in 1855 by a combination of temperance men and Know-Nothings ; acquired a large property by operations in real estate. Bied, February, 1882 BOOIfE COUNTY, the smallest of the "north- em tier" of counties, having an area of only 290 square miles, and a population (1900) of 15,791. Its surface is chiefly rolling prairie, and the principal products are oats and corn. The earli- est settlers came from New York and New Eng- land, and among them were included Medkiff, Dunham, Caswell, Cline, Towner, Doty and Whitney. Later (after the Pottawattomies had evacuated the country), came the Shattuck brothers, Maria Hollenbeck and Mrs. BuUard, Oliver Hale, Nathaniel Crosby, Dr. Whiting, H. C. Walker, and the Neeley and Mahoney families. Boone County was cut oflE from Winnebago, and organized in 1837, being named in honor of Ken- tucky's pioneer. The first frame house in the county was erected by S. P. Doty and stood for fifty years in the village of Belvidere on the north side of the Kishwaukee River. The county -seat (Belvidere) was platted in 1837, and an academy built soon after. The first Protestant church was a Baptist society under the pastorate of Eev. Dr. King. BOUKBOlVIf AIS, a village of Kankakee County, on the Illinois Central Eailroad, 5 miles north of Kankakee. Population (1890), 510; (1900), 595. BOUTELL, Henry Sherman, lawyer and Con- gressman, was born in Boston, Mass., March 14, 1856, graduated from the Northwestern Univer- sity at Evanston, 111., in 1874, and from Harvard in 1876; was admitted to the bar in Illinois in 1879, and to that of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1885. In 1884 Mr. Boutell was elected to the lower branch of the Thirty-fourth General Assembly and was one of the "103" who, in the long struggle during the following session, participated in the election of Gen. John A. Logan to the United States Senate for the last time. At a special election held in the Sixth Illinois District in November, 1897, he was elected Representative in Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the sudden death of his pred- ecessor, Congressman Edward D. Cooke, and at the regular election of 1898 was re-'elected to the same position, receiving a plurality of 1,116 over his Democratic competitor and a majority of 719 over all. BOUTON, jVathaniel S., manufacturer, was born in Concord, N. H., May 14, 1838; in his youth farmed and taught school in Connecticut, but in 1852 came to Chicago and was employed in a foundry firm, of which he soon afterwards became a partner, in the manufacture of car- wheels and railway castings. Later he became associated with the American Bridge Company's works, which was sold to the Illinois Central Railroad Company in 1857, when he bought the Union Car Works, which he operated until 1863. He then became the head of the Union Foundry Works, which having been consolidated with the Pullman Car Works in 1886, he retired, organizing the Bouton Foundry Company. Mr. Bouton is a Republican, was Commissioner of Public Works for the city of Chicago two terms before the Civil War, and served as Assistant Quartermaster in the Eighty-eighth Illinois Infantry (Second Board of Trade Regiment) from 1863 until after the battle of Chickamauga. BOYD, Thomas A., was born in Adams County, Pa., June 25, 1830, and graduated at Marshall College, Mercersburg, Pa., at the age of 18; studied law at Chambersburg and was admitted to the bar at Bedford in his native State, where he practiced until 1856, when he removed to Illi- nois. In 1861 he abandoned his practice to enlist in the Seventeenth Illinois Infantry, in which he held the position of Captain. At the close of the war he returned to his home at Lewistown, and, in 1866, was elected State Senator and re-elected at the expiration of his term in 1870, serving in the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth and Twenty- seventh General Assemblies. He was also a Republican Representative from his District in the Forty-fifth and Forty-sixth Congresses (1877-81). Died, at Lewistown, May 28, 1897. BRACETILLE, a town In Grundy County, 61 miles by rail southwest of Chicago. Coal mining is the principal industry. The town has two banks, two churches and good public schools. Population (1890), 2,150; (1900), 1,669. BRADFORD, village of Stark County, on Buda and Rushville branch Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway; is in excellent farming region and has large grain and live-stock trade, excel- lent high school building, fine churches, good hotels and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 773. BRADSBY, William H., pioneer and Judge, was born in Bedford County, Va., July 12, 1787. He removed to Illinois early in life, and was the first postmaster in Washington County (at Cov- .58 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ington), the first school-teacher and the first ■Circuit and County Clerk and Recorder. At the time of his death he was Probate and County Judge. Besides being Clerk of all the courts, he was virtually County 'Treasurer, as he had cus- tody of all the county's money. For several years he was also Deputy United States Surveyor, and in that capacity surveyed much of the south part of the State, as far east as Wayne and Clay 'Counties. Died at Nashville, 111 , August 21, 1839. BRADWELL, James Bolesworth, lawyer and •editor, was born at Loughborough, England, April 16, 1828, and brought to America in infancy, his parents locating in 1829 or '30 at Utica, N. Y. In 1833 they emigrated to Jacksonville, 111. , but the following year removed to Wheeling, Cook County, settling on a farm, where the younger Bradwell received his first lessons in breaking prairie, splitting rails and tilling the soil. His first schooling was obtained in a country log- school-house, but, later, he attended the Wilson Academy in Chicago, where he had Judge Lo- renzo Sawyer for an instructor. He also took a course in Knox College at Galesburg, then a ' manual-labor school, supporting himself by work- ing in a wagon and plow shop, sawing wood, etc. In May, 1852, he was married to Miss Myra Colby, a teacher, with whom he went to Mem- phis, Tenn., the same year, where they engaged in teaching a select school, the subject of this sketch meanwhile devoting some attention to reading law. He was admitted to the bar there, but after a stay of less than two years in Mem- phis, returned to Chicago and began practice. In 1861 he was elected County Judge of Cook County, and rerclected four years later, but declined a re-election in 1869. The first half of his term occurring during the progress of the Civil War, he had the opportunity of rendering some vigorous decisions which won for him the reputation of a man of courage and inflexible independence, as well as an incorruptible cham- pion of justice. In 1872 he was elected to the lower branch of the Twenty-eighth General Assembly from Cook County, and re-elected in 1874 He was again a candidate in 1882, and by many believed to have been honestly elected, though his opponent received the certificate. He made a contest for the seat, and the majority of the Committee on Elections reported in his favor ; but he was defeated through the treach- ery and suspected corruption of a professed polit- ical friend. He is the author of the layv making vsfomen eligible to school offices in Illinois and allowing them to become Notaries Public, and has always been a champion for equal rights for women in the professions and as citizens. He was a Second Lieutenant of the One Hundred and Fifth Regiment, Illinois Militia, in 1848 ; presided over the American Woman's Suffrage Associa- tion at its organization in Cleveland; has been President of the Chicago Press Club, of the Chi- cago Bar Association, and, for a number of years, the Historian of the latter ; one of the founders and President of the Union League Club, besides being associated with many other social and business organizations. At present (1899) he is editor of "The Chicago Legal News,'' foimded by his wife thirty years ago, and with which he has been identified in a business capacity from its establishment. — Myra Colby (Brad well), the wife of Judge Bradwell, was born at Manchester, Vt., Feb. 12, 1831 — being descended on her mother's side from the Chase family to which Bishop Philander Chase and Salmon P. Chase, the latter Secretary of the Treasury and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by appointment of Abraham Lincoln, belonged. In infancy she was brought to Portage, N. Y., where she remained until she was twelve years of age, when her family re- moved west. She attended school in Kenosha, Wis. , and a seminary at Elgin, afterwards being engaged in teaching. On May 18, 1852, she was married to Judge Bradwell, almost immediately going to Memphis, Tenn. , where, with the assist- ance of her husband, she conducted a select school for some time, also teaching in the public schools, when they returned to Chicago. In the early part of the Civil War she took a deep interest in the welfare of the soldiers in the field and their families at home, becoming President of the Soldiers' Aid Society, and was a leading spirit in the Sanitary Fairs held in Cliicago in 1863 and in 1865. After the war she commenced the study of law and, in 1868, began the publication of "The Chicago Legal News, " with which she re- mained identified until her death— also publishing biennially an edition of the session laws after each session of the General Assembly. After passing a most creditable examination, applica- tion was made for her admission to the bar in 1871, but denied in an elaborate decision rendered by Judge C. B. Lawrence of the Supreme Court of the State, on the sole ground of sex, as was also done by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1873, on the latter occasion Chief Justice Chase dissenting. She was finally admitted to the bar on March 28, 1893, and was the first lady member of the State Bar Associ- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 59 .-ation. Other organizations with which she was identified embraced the Illinois State Press Association, the Board of Managers of the Sol- diers' Home (in war time), the "Illinois Industrial ■School for Girls" at Evanston, the Washingtonian Home, the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of the Woman's Conunittee on Jurisprudence of the World's Congress Auxiliary of 1893. Although much before the public during the latter years of her life, she never lost the refinement and graces which belong to a true woman. Died, at her home in Chicago, Feb. 14, 1894. BRAIDWOOD, a city in Will County, incorpo- rated in 1860 ; is 58 miles from Chicago, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad; an important coal- mining point, and in the heart of a rich -agricultural region. It has a bank and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890), 4,641 ; (1900), 3,279. BRANSON, Nathaniel W., lawyer, was born in Jacksonville, 111., May 39, 1837; was educated in the private and public schools of that city and at Illinois College, graduating from the latter in 1857 ; studied law with David A. Smith, a promi- nent and able lavryer of Jacksonville, and was admitted to the bar in January, 1860, soon after establishing himself in practice at Petersburg, Menard County, where he has ever since resided. In 1867 Mr. Branson was appointed Register in Bankruptcy for the Springfield District — a po- sition which he held thirteen years. He was also elected Representative In the General Assembly in 1872, by re-election in 1874 serving four years in the stormy Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth General Assemblies ; was a Delegate from Illinois to the National Republican Convention of 1876, and served for several years most efficiently as a Trustee of the State Institution for the Blind at Jacksonville, part of the time as President of the Board. Politically a conservative Republican, . and in no sense an office-seeker, the official po- sitions which he has occupied have come to him unsought and in recognition of his fitness and capacity for the proper discharge of their duties. BRAYMAN, Mason, lawyer and soldier, was born in Buffalo, N. Y., May 33, 1813; brought up as a farmer, became a printer and edited "The Buffalo Bulletin," 1834-35; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1836; removed west in 1837, was City Attorney of Monroe, Mich., in 1838 and became editor of "The Louisville Adver- tisfer" in 1841. In 1842 he opened a law office in Springfield, 111., and the following year was appointed by Governor Ford a commissioner to -adjust the Mormon troubles, in which capacity he rendered valuable service. In 1844-45 he was appointed to revise the statutes of the State. Later he devoted much attention to railroad enterprises, being attorney of the Illinois Central Railroad, 1851-55; then projected the construc- tion of a railroad from Bird's Point, opposite Cairo, into Arkansas, which was partially com- pleted before the war, and almost wholly de- stroyed during that period. In 1861 he entered the service as Major of the Twenty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, taking part in a number of the early battles, including Fort Donelson and Shiloh; was promoted to a colonelcy for meritorious con- duct at the latter, and for a time served as Adjutant-General on the staff of General McCler- nand; was promoted Brigadier-General in Sep- tember, 1863, at the close of the war receiving the brevet rank of Major-General. After the close of the war he devoted considerable atten- tion to reviving his railroad enterprises in the South; edited "The Illinois State Journal," 1873 73; removed to Wisconsin and was ap- pointed Governor of Idaho in 1876, serving four years, after which he returned to Ripon, Wis. Died, in Kansas City, Feb. 27, 1895. BREESE, a village in Clinton County, on Baltimore & Ohio S. W. Railway, 39 miles east of St. Louis; has coal mines, water system, bank and weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 808, (1900), 1,571. BREESE. Sidney, statesman and jurist, was born at Whitesboro, N. Y., (according to the generally accepted authority) July 15, 1800. Owing to a certain sensitiveness about his age in his later years, it has been exceedingly difficult to secure authentic data on the subject; but his arrival at Kaskaskia in 1818, after graduating at Union College, and his admission to the bar in 1830, have induced many to believe that the date of his birth should be placed somewhat earlier. He was related to some of the most prominent families in New York, including the Livingstons and the Morses, and, after his arrival at Kaskas- kia, began the study of law with his friend Elias Kent Kane, afterwards United States Senator. Meanwhile, having served as Postmaster at Kas- kaskia, he became Assistant Secretary of State, and, in December, 1820, superintended the re- moval of the archives of that office to Vandalia, the new State capital. Later he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney, serving in that position from 1822 till 1827, when he became United States District Attorney for Illinois. He was the first official reporter of the Supreme Court, issuing its first volume of decisions; served as Lieutenant-Colonel of volunteers during the 60 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. Black Hawk War (1833) ; in 1835 was elected to the circuit bench, and, in 1841, was advanced to the Supreme bench, serving less than two years, when he resigned to accept a seat in the United States Senate, to which he was elected in 1843 as the successor of Richard M. Young, defeating Stephen A. Douglas in the first race of the latter for the office. While in the Senate (1843-49) he served as Chairman of the Committee on Public Lands, and was one of the first to suggest the construction of a transcontinental railway to the Pacific. He was also one of the originators and active promoters in Congress of the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad enterprise. He was Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives in 1851 ; again became Circuit Judge in 1855 and returned to the Supreme bench in 1857 and served more than one term as Chief Justice, the last being in 1873-74. His home during most of his public life in Illinois was at Carlyle. His death occurred at Pinckneyville, June 28, 1878. BRENTANO, Lorenzo, was bom at Mannheim, in the Grand Duchy of Baden, Germany, Nov. 14, 1813; was educated at the Universities of Heidelberg and Freiburg, receiving the degree of LL.D., and attaining high honors, both profes- sional and political. He was successively a member of the Baden Chamber of Deputies and of the Frankfort Parliament, and always a leader of the revolutionist party. In 1849 he became President of the Provisional Republican Gov- ernment of Baden, but was, before long, forced to find an asylum in the United States. He first settled in Kalamazoo County, Mich., as a farmer, but, in 1859, removed to Chicago, where he was admitted to the Illinois bar, but soon entered the field of journalism, becoming editor and part proprietor of "The Illinois Staats Zeitung.'' He held various public offices, being elected to the Legislature in 1863, serving five years as Presi- dent of the Chicago Board of Education, was a Republican Presidential Elector in 1868, and United States Consul at Dresden in 1872 (a gen- eral amnesty having been granted to the participants in the revolution of 1848), and Representative in Congress' from 1877 to 1879. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 17, 1891. BRIDGEPORT, a town of Lawrence Coimty, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 14 miles west of Vincennes, Ind. It has a bank and one weekly paper. Population (1900), 487. BRIDGEPORT, a former suburb (now a part of the city) of Chicago, located at the junction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal with the South Branch of the Chicago River. It is now the center of the large slaughtering and packing industry. BRIDGEPORT & SOUTH CHICAGO BAIL- WAY. (See Chicago db Northern Pacific Railroad.) BRIGHTON, a village of Macoupin County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the Rock Island and St. Louis branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railways; coal is mined here; has a newspaper. Population (1880), 691; (1890), 697; (1900), 660. BRIMFIELD, a town of Peoria County, on the Buda and Rushville branch of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railway, 38 miles south of Buda; coal-mining and farming are the chief industries. It has one weekly paper and a bank. Population (1880), 833; (1890), 719; (1900), 677. BRISTOL, Frank Milton, clergyman, was bom in Orleans County, N. Y., Jan. 4, 1851; came to Kankakee, 111., in boyhood, and having lost his father at 13 years of age, spent the following years in various manual occupations until about nineteen years of age, when, having been con- verted, he determined to devote his life to the ministry. Through the aid of a benevolent lady, he was enabled to get two years' (1870-73) instruc- tion at the Northwestern University, at Evans- ton, afterwards supporting himself by preaching at various points, meanwhile continuing his . studies at the University until 1877. After com- pleting his course he served as pastor of some of the most prominent Methodist churches in Chi- cago, his last charge in the State being at Evans- ton. In 1897 he was transferred to Washington City, becoming pastor of the Metropolitan M. E. Church, attended by President McKinley. Dr. Bristol is an author of some repute and an orator of recognized ability. BROADWELL, Norman M., lawyer, was born in Morgan County, 111., August 1, 1825; was edu- cated in the common schools and at McKendree and Illinois Colleges, but compelled by failing health to leave college without graduating ; spent some time in the book business, then began the study of medicine with a view to benefiting his own health, but finally abandoned this and, about 1850, commenced the study of law in the office of Lincoln & Herndon at Springfield. Having been admitted to the bar, he practiced for a time at Pekin, but, in 1854, returned to Springfield, where he spent the remainder of his life. In 1860 he was elected as a Democrat to the House of Representatives from Sangamon County, serving in the Twenty-second General Assembly. Other offices held by him included those of County Judge (1863-65) and Mayor of the city of Spring- HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOTEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 61 field, to which last position he was twice elected (1867 and again in 1869) . Judge Broadwell was one of the most genial of men, popular, high- minded and honorable in all his dealings. Died, in Springfield, Feb. 28, 1893. BROOKS, John Flavel, educator, was born in Oneida County, New York, Dec. 3, 1801; graduated at Hamilton College, 1838; studied three years in the theological department of Yale College ; was ordained to the Presbyterian min- istry in 1831, and came to Illinois in the service of the American Home Missionary Society. After preaching at Collinsville, Belleville and other points, Mr. Brooks, who was a member of the celebrated "Yale Band," in 1837 assumed the principalship of a Teachers' Seminary at Waverly, Morgan County, but three years later removed to Springfield, where he established an academy for both sexes. Although finally compelled to abandon this, he continued teaching with some interruptions to within a few years of his death, which occurred in 1886. He was one of the Trus- tees of Illinois College from its foundation up to his death. BEOSS, William, journalist, was born in Sus- sex County, N. J., Nov. 14, 1813, and graduated with honors from Williams College in 1838, hav- ing previously developed his physical strength by much hard work upon the Delaware and Hudson Canal, and in the lumbering trade. For five years after graduating he was a teacher, and settled in Chicago in 1848. Thsre he first engaged in bookselling, but later embarked in journalism. His first publication was "The Prairie Herald," a religious paper, which was discontinued after two years. In 1852, in connection with John L. Scripps, he founded "The Democratic Press," which was consolidated with "The Tribune" in 1858, Mr. Bross retaining his connection with the new concern. He was always an ardent free- soiler, and a firm believer in the great future of Chicago and the Northwest. He was an enthusi- astic Republican, and, in 1856 and 1860, served as an effective campaign orator. In 1864 he was the successful nominee of his party for Lieuten- ant-Governor. This was his only official position outside of a membership in the Chicago Common Council in 1855. As a presiding officer, he was dignified yet affable, and his impartiality was shovim by the fact that no appeals were taken from his decisions. After quitting public life he devoted much time to literary pursuits, deliver- ing lectures in various parts of the country. Among his best known works are a brief ."His- tory of Chicago," "History of Camp Douglas," and "Tom Quick." Died, in Chicago, Jan. 27, 1890. BROWN, Henry, lawyer and historian, was born at Hebron, Tolland County, Conn., May 13, 1789 — the son of a commissary in the army of General Greene of Revolutionary fame; gradu- ated at Yale College, and, when of age, removed to New York, later studying law at Albany, Canandaigua and Batavia, and being admitted to the bar about 1813, when he settled down in practice at Cooperstown; in 1816 was appointed Judge of Herkimer County, remaining on the bench until about 1824. He then resumed prac- tice at Cooperstown, continuing until 1836, when he removed to Chicago. The following year he was elected a Justice of the Peace, serving two years, and, in 1842, became Prosecuting Attorney of Cook County. During this period he was engaged in writing a "History of Illinois," which was published in New York in 1844 This was regarded at the time as the most voluminous and best digested work on Illinois history that had as yet been published. In 1846, on assuming the Presidency of the Chicago Lyceum, he delivered an inaugural entitled "Chicago, Present and Future," which is still preserved as a striking prediction of Chicago's future greatness. Origi- nally a Democrat, he became a Freesoiler in 1848. Died of cholera, in Chicago, May 16, 1849. BROWN, James B., journalist, was born in Gilmanton, Belknap County, N. H., Sept. 1, 1833 — his father being a member of the Legisla- ture and Selectman for his town. The son was educated at Gilmanton Academy, after which he studied medicine for a time, but did not gradu- ate. In 1857 he removed West, first settling at Dunleith, Jo Daviess County, 111., where he became Principal of the public schools; in 1861 was elected County Superintendent of Schools for Jo Daviess County, removing to Galena two years later and assuming the editorship of "The Gazette'' of that city. Mr. Brown also served as Postmaster of Galena for several years. Died, Feb. 13, 1896. BROWN, James N., agriculturist and stock- man, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 1, 1806; came to Sangamon County, 111., in 1833, locating at Island Grove, where he engaged extensively in farming and stock-raising. He served as Representative in the General Assem- blies of 1840, '43, '46, and '52, and in the last was instrumental in securing the incorporation of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, of which he was chosen the first President, being re-elected in 1854. He was one of the most enterprising grow- 62 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ers of blooded cattle in the State and did much to introduce them in Central Illinois ; was also an earnest and influential advocate of scientific education for the agricultural classes and an efficient colaborer with Prof. J. B. Turner, of Jacksonville, in securing the enactment by Con- gress, in 1862, of the law granting lands for the endowment of Industrial Colleges, out of which grew the Illinois State University and institu- tions of like character in other States. Died, Nov. 16, 1868. BKOWN, William, lawyer and jurist, was bom Jime 1, 1819, in Cumberland, England, his par- ents emigrating to this country when he was eight years old, and settling in Western New York. He was admitted to the bar at Rochester, in October, 1845, and at once removed to Eock- ford, 111., where he commenced practice. In 1852 he was elected State's Attorney for the Four- teenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1857, was chosen Mayor of Eockf ord. In • 1870 he was elected to the bench of the Circuit Court as successor to Judge Sheldon, later was promoted to the Su- preme Court, and was re-elected successively in 1873, in '79 and '85. Died, at Eookford, Jan. 15, 1891. BROWN, WilUam H., lawyer and financier, was born in Connecticut, Dec. 20, 1796 ; spent his boyhood at Auburn, N. Y. , studied law, and, in 1818, came to Illinois with Samuel D. Lock- wood (afterwards a Justice of the State Supreme Court), descending the Ohio River to Shawnee- town in a flat-boat. Mr. Brown visited Kaskas- kia and was soon after appointed Clerk of the .United States District Court by Judge Nathaniel Pope, removing, in 1830, to Vandalia, the new State capital, where he remained until 1835. He then removed to Chicago to accept the position of Cashier of the Chicago branch of the State Bank of Illinois, which he continued to fill for many years. He served the city as School Agent for thirteen years (1840-53), managing the city's school fund through a critical period with great discretion and success. He was one of the group of early patriots who successfully resisted the attempt to plant slavery in Illinois in 1823-24; was also one of the projectors of the Chicago & Galena Union Railroad, was President of the Chicago Historical Society for seven years and connected with many other local enterprises. He was an ardent personal friend of President Lincoln and served as Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly (1860-62). While making a tour of Europe he died of paraly- sis at Amsterdam, June 17, 1867. BROWN COUNTY, situated in the western, part of the State, with an area of 300 square miles, and a population (1890) of 11,951; was cut off from Schuyler and made a separate county in May, 1839, being named in honor of Gen. Jacob Brown: Among the pioneer settlers were the Vandeventers and Hambaughs, John and David Six, William McDaniel, Jeremiah Walker, Willis O'Neil, Harry Lester, John Ausmus and Robert H. Curry. The county-seat is Moimt Sterling, a town of no little attractiveness. Other prosperous villages are Mound Station and Ripley. The chief occupation of the people is- farming, although there is some manufacturing of lumber and a few potteries along the Illinois River. Population (1900), 11,557. BROWNE, Francis Fisher, editor and author, was born in South Halifax, Vt., Dec. 1, 1843, the son of William Goldsmith' Browne, who was a teacher, editor and author of the song "A Hun- dred Years to Come." In childhood he was brought by his parents to Western Massachusetts, where he attended the public schools and learned the printing trade in his father's newspaper office at Chicopee, Mass. Leaving school in 1862, he enlisted in the Forty -sixth Regiment Massa- chusetts Volunteers, in which he served one year, chiefly in North Carolina and in the Army of the Potomac. On the discharge of his regi- ment he engaged in the study of law at Roches- ter, N. Y., entering the law department of the University of Michigan in 1866, but abandoning his intenton of entering the legal profession, removed to Chicago in 1867, where he engaged in journalistic and literary pursuits. Between 1869 and '74 he was editor of "The Lakeside Monthly," when he became literary editor of "The Alliance, " but, in 1880, he established and assumed the editorship of "The Dial," a purely literary pub- lication which has gained a high reputation, and of which he has remained in control continuously ever since, meanwhile serving as the literary adviser, for many years, of the well-known pub- lishing house of McClurg & Co. Besides his journalistic work, Mr. Browne has contributed to the magazines and literary anthologies a num- ber of short lyrics, and is the author of "The Everyday Life of Abraham Lincoln" (1886), and a volume of poems entitled, "Volunteer Grain" (1893). -He also compiled and edited "Golden Poems by British and American Authors" (1881) ; "The Golden Treasury of Poetry and Prose" (1886), and the "Laurel Crowned"series of stand- ard poetry (1891-92). Mr. Browne was Chairman of the Committee of the Congress of Authors in. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 63 the World's Congress Auxiliary held in con- nection with The Columbian Exposition in 1893. BROWNE, Thomas C., early jurist, was born in Kentucky, studied law there and, coming to Shawneetown in 1812, served in the lower branch of the Second Territorial Legislature (1814-16) and in the Council (1816-18), being the first law- yer to enter that body. In 1815 he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney and, on the admission of Illinois as a, State, was promoted to the Supreme bench, being re-elected by joint ballot of the Legislature in 1825, and serving continuously until the reorganization of the Supreme Court under the Constitution of 1848, a period of over thirty years. Judge Browne's judicial character and abilities have been differently estimated. Though lacking in industry as a student, he is represented by the late Judge John D. Caton, who knew him personally, as a close thinker and a good judge of men. While seldom, if ever, accustomed to argue questions in the conference room or write out his opinions, he had a capacity for expressing himself in short, pungent sen- tences, which indicated that he was a man of con- siderable abihty and had clear and distinct views of his own. An attempt was made to impeach him before the Legislature of 1843 "for want of capacity to discharge the duties of his office," but it failed by an almost unanimous vote. He was a Whig in politics, but had some strong sup- porters among Democrats. In 1823 Judge Browne was one of the four candidates for Governor — in the final returns standing third on the list and, by dividing the vote of the advocates of a pro-slavery clause in the State Constitution, contributing to the election of Governor Coles and the defeat of the pro-slavery party. (See Coles, Edward, and Slavery and Slave Laws. ) In the latter part of his official term Judge Browne resided at Ga- lena, but, in 1853, removed with his son-in-law, ex-Congressman Joseph P. Hoge, to San Fran- cisco, Cal., where he died a few years later — probably about 1856 or 1858. BROWNING, OrTiUe Hickman, lawyer, United States Senator and Attorney-General, was born in Harrison County, Ky. , in 1810. After receiv- ing a classical education at Augusta in his native State, he removed to Quinoy, 111., and was admitted to the bar in 1881. In 1832 he served in the Black Hawk War, and from 1836 to 1843, was a member of the Legislature, serving m both houses. A personal friend and political adherent of Abraham Lincoln, he aided in the organization of the Republican party at the memorable Bloomington Convention of 1856. As a delegate to the Chicago Convention in 1860, he aided in securing Mr. Lincoln's nomination, and was a conspicuous supporter of the Government in the Civil War. In 1861 he was appointed by Gov- ernor Yates United States Senator to fill Senator Douglas' unexpired term, serving until 1863. In 1866 he became Secretary of the Interior by ap- pointment of President Johnson, also for a time discharging the duties of Attorney-General. Returning to Illinois, he was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, which was his last participation in public affairs, his. time thereafter being devoted to his profession. He died at his home in Quincy, 111., August 10, 1881. BRYAN, Silas Lillard, legislator and jurist, born in Culpepper County, Va., Nov. 4, 1822; was left an orphan at an early age, and came west in 1840, living for a time with a brother near Troy, Mo. The following year he came to Marion County, 111., where he attended school and worked on a farm; in 1845 entered McKendree College, graduating in 1849, and two years later was admitted to the bar, supporting himself meanwhile by teaching. He settled at Salem, 111., and, in 1852, was elected as a Democrat to the State Senate, in which body he served for eight years, being re-elected in 1856. In 1861 he was elected to the bench of the Second Judicial Circuit, and again chosen in 1867, his second term expiring in 1873. While serving as Judge, he was also elected a Delegate to the Constitu- tional Convention of 1869-70. He was an unsuc- cessful candidate for Congress on the Greeley ticket in 18V2. Died at Salem, March 30, 1880.— William Jennings (Bryan), son of the preceding, was born at Salem, 111., March 19, 1860. The early life of young Bryan was spent on his father's farm, but at the age of ten years he began to attend the public school in town ; later spent two years in Whipple Academy, |,the preparatory department of Ilhnois College at Jacksonville, and, in 1881, graduated from the college proper as the valedictorian of his class. Then he devoted two years to the study of law in the Union Law School at Chicago, meanwhile acting as clerk and studying in the law office of ex-Senator Lyman Trumbull. Having graduated in law in 1883, he soon entered upon the practice of his profession at Jacksonville as the partner of Judge E. P. Kirby, a well-known lawyer and prominent Republican of that city. Four years later (1887) found him a citizen of Lincoln, Neb., which has since been his home. He took a prominent part 64 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. in the politics of Nebraska, stumping the State for the Democratic nominees in 1888 and '89, and in 1890 received the Democratic nomination for Congress in a district which had been regarded as strongly Republican, and was elected by a large majority. Again, in 1893, he was elected by a reduced majority, but two years later declined a renomination, though proclaiming himself a free-silver candidate for the United States Senate, meanwhile officiating as editor of "The Omaha World-Herald." In July, 1896, he received the nomination for President from the Democratic National Convention at Chicago, on a platform declaring for the "free and unlimited coinage of silver'' at the ratio of sixteen of silver (in weight) to one of gold, and a few weeks later was nominated by the "Populists" at St. Louis for the same office — being the youngest man ever put in nomination for the Presidency in the his- tory of the Government. He conducted an active personal campaign, speaking in nearly every Northern and Middle Western State, but was defeated by his Eepublioan opponent, Maj. William MoKinley. Mr. Bryan is an easy and fluent speaker, possessing a voice of unusual compass and power, and is recognized, even by his political opponents, as a man of pure personal character. BRYAN, Thomas Barbour, lawyer and real estate operator, was born at Alexandria, Va., Dec. 33, 1838, being descended on the maternal side from the noted Barbour family of that State ; graduated in law at Harvard, and, at the age of twenty-one, settled in Cincinnati. In 1853 he came to Chicago, where he acquired ex- tensive real estate interests and built Bryan Hall, which became a popular place for en- tertainments. Being a gifted speaker, as well as a zealous Unionist, Mr. Bryan was chosen to deliver the address of welcome to Senator Douglas, when that statesman returned to Chicago a few weeks before his death in 1861. During the progress of the war he devoted his time and his means most generously to fitting out soldiers for the field and caring for the sick and wounded. His services as President of the great Sanitary Fair in Chicago (1865), where some §300,000 were cleared for disabled soldiers, were especially conspicuous. At this time he became the purchaser (at §3,000) of the original copy of President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, which had been donated to the cause. He also rendered valuable service after the fire of 1871, though a heavy sufferer from that event, and was a leading factor in securing the location of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1890, later becoming Vice-President of the Board of Directors and making a visit to Europe in the interest of the Fair. After the war Mr. Bryan resided in Washington for some time, and, by appointment of President Hayes, served as Com- missioner of the District of Columbia. Possessing refined literary and artistic tastes, he has done much for the encouragement of literature and art in Chicago. His home is in the suburban village of Elmhurst. — Charles Page (Bryan), son of the preceding, lawyer and foreign minister, was born in Chicago, Oct. 3, 1855, and educated at the University of Virginia and Columbia Law School; was admitted to practice in 1878, and the following year removed to Colorado, where he remained four years, while there serving in both Houses of the State Legislature. In 1883 he returned to Chicago and became a member of the First Regiment of the Illinois National Guard, serving upon the staff of both Governor Oglesby and Governor Fifer; in 1890, was elected to the State Legislature from Cook County, being re- elected in 1893, and in 1894; was also the first Commissioner to visit Europe in the interest of the World's Columbian Exposition, on his return serving as Secretary of the Exposition Commis- sioners in 1891-93. In the latter part of 1897 he was appointed by President McKinley Minister to China, but before being confirmed, early in 1898, was assigned to the United States mission to the Republic of Brazil, where he now is, Hon. E. H. Conger of Iowa, who had previously been appointed to the Brazilian mission, being trans- ferred to Pekin. BRYANT, John Howard, pioneer, brother of William CuUen Bryant, the poet, was born in Cummington, Mass., July 32, 1807, educated at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, N. Y, ; removed to Illinois in 1831, and held vari- ous offices in Bureau County, including that of Representative in the General Assembly, to which he was elected in 1843, and again in 1858. A practical and enterprising farmer, he was identi- fied with the Illinois State Agricultural Society in its early history, as also with the movement which resulted in the establishment of industrial colleges in the various States. He was one of the founders of the Republican party and a warm personal friend of President Lincoln, being a member of the first Republican State Convention at Bloomington in 1856, and serving as Collector of Internal Revenue by appointment of Mr. Lin- coln in 1863-64. In 1872 Mr. Bryant jomed in the Liberal Republican movement at Cincinnati, two HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 65 •years later was identified with the "Independent Heform" party, but has since cooperated with ■the Democratic party. He has produced two -volumes of poems, published, respectively, in 1855 and 1885, besides a number of public addresses. His home is at Princeton, Bureau County. BUCK, Hiram, clergyman, was born in Steu- ben County, N. Y., in 1818; joined the Illinois Methodist Episcopal Conference in 1843, and con- tinued in its service for nearly fifty years, being much of the time a Presiding Elder. At his death he bequeathed a considerable sum to the endowment ftmds of the "Wesleyan University at Bloomington and the Illinois Conference College tat Jacksonville. Died at Decatur, 111., August 33, 1892. BI] DA, a village in Bureau County, at the junc- tion of the main line with the Buda and Rush- ville branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quinoy Eailroad, and the Sterling and Peoria branch of the Chicago & Northwestern, 12 miles southwest ■of Princeton and 117 miles west-southwest of ■Chicago; has excellent water-works, electric- light plant, brick and tile factory, fine churches, ^graded school, a bank and one newspaper Dairying is carried on quite extensively and a good-sized creamery is located here. Population <1890), 990; (1900), 873. B1JF0RD, Napoleon Bonaparte, banker and isoldier, was bom in Woodford County, Ky., Jan. 18, 1807; graduated at West Point Military Acad- -emy, 1837, and served for some time as Lieutenant W O w h3 •ij o >d H W w > o CO o < 5 J M > o H P!l <1 M W to K o M in P< O D >- Oi < HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 85 ing served nearly twenty-two years. During this period he more than once occupied the posi- tion of Chief- Justice. Being embarrassed by tlie financial stringency of 1837-38, in the latter year he entered a tract of land near Plainfleld, and, taking his family with him, began farming. Later in life, while a resident of Ottawa, he became interested in the construction of telegraph lines in the West, which for a time bore his name and were ultimately incorporated in the "West- ern Union," laying the foundation of a large fortune. On retiring from the bench, he devoted himself for the remainder of his life to his private affairs, to travel, and to literary labors. Among his published works are "The Antelope and Deer of America," "A Summer in Norway,'' "Miscel- lanies," and "Early Bench and Bar of Illinois," Died in Chicago, July 30, 1895. CAT ABLY, Alfred W., early lawyer and legis- lator, was bom in Connecticut, Sept. 15, 1793; served as a soldier in the War of 1813, and, in 1822, came to IlUnois, first settling at Edwards- ville, and soon afterwards at CarroUton, Greene County. Here he was elected Representative in the Fifth General Assembly (1826), and again to the Twelfth (1840) ; also served as Senator in the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Assemblies (1843-48), acting, in 1845, as one of the Commis- sioners to revise the statutes. In 1844, he was chosen a Presidential Elector, and, in 1846, was a prominent candidate for the Democratic nomi- nation for Governor, but was defeated in conven- tion by Augustus C. French. Mr. Cavarly was prominent both in his profession and in the Legislature while a member of that body. In 1853, he removed to Ottawa, where he resided until his death, Oct. 25, 1876. CENTEEVILLE (or Central City), a village in the coal-mining district of Grundy County, near Coal City. Population (1880), 673; (1900), 290. CENTRAL HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, established under act of the Legislature passed March 1, 1847, and located at Jacksonville, Mor- gan County. Its founding was largely due to the philanthropic eflEorts of Miss Dorothea L. Dix, who addressed the people from the platform and appeared before the General Assembly in behalf of this class of unfortunates. Construction of the building was begun in 1848. By 1851 two wards were ready for occupancy, and the first patient was received in November of that year. The first Superintendent was Dr. J. M. Higgins, who served less than two years, when he was suc- ceeded by Dr. H. K. Jones, who had been Assist- ant Superintendent. Dr. Jones remained as Acting Superintendent for several months, when the place was filled by the appointment of Dr. Andrew McFarland -of New Hampshire, his administration continuing until 1870, when he resigned on account of ill-health, being succeeded by Dr. Henry F. Carriel of New Jersey. Dr. Carriel tendered his resignation in 1893, and, after one or two further changes, in 1897 Dr. F. C. Winslow, who had been Assistant Superin- tendent under Dr. Carriel, was placed in charge of the institution. The original plan of construc- tion provided for a center building, five and a half stories high, and two wings with a rear extension in which were to be the chapel, kitchen and employes' quarters. Subsequently these wings were greatly enlarged, permitting an increase in the number of wards, and as the exigencies of the institution demanded, appropri- ations have been made for the erection of addi- tional buildings. Numerous detached buildings have been erected within the past few years, and the capacity of the institution greatly increased — "The Annex" admitting of the introduction of many new and valuable features in the classifica- tion and treatment of patients. The number of inmates of late years has ranged from 1,300 to 1,400. The counties fron^ which patients are received in this institution embrace: Rock Island, Mercer, Henry, Bureau, Putnam, Mar- shall, Stark, Knox, Warren, Henderson, Hancock, McDonough, Fulton, Peoria, Tazewell, Logan, Mason, Menard, Cass, Schuyler, Adams, Pike, Calhoun, Brown, Scott, Morgan, Sangamon, Christian, Montgomery, Macoupin, Greene and Jersey. CEJfTRALIA, a city and railway center of Marion County, 250 miles south of Chicago. It forms a trade center for the famous "fruit belt" of Southern Illinois; has a number of coal mines, a glass plant, an envelope factory, iron foundries, railroad repair shops, flour and rolling mills, and an ice plant ; also has water- works and sewerage system, a fire department, two daily papers, and excellent graded schools. Several parks afford splendid pleasure resorts. Population (1890), 4,763; (1900), 6,721; (1903, est.), 8,000. CENTRALIA & ALTAMONT RAILROAD. (See Centralia & Chester Railroad.) CENTRALIA & CHESTER RAILROAD, a rail- way line wholly within the State, extending from Salem, in Marion County, to Chester, on the Mississippi River (91.0 miles), with a lateral branch from Sparta to Roxborough (5 miles), and trackage facilities over the Illinois Central from the branch junction to Centralia (2.9 iniles)— HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. total, 99.5 miles. The original line was chartered as the Centralia & Chester Railroad, in December, 1887, completed from Sparta to Coulterville in 1889, and consolidated the same year with the Sparta & Evansville and the Centraha & Alta- mont Railroads (projected); line completed from Centralia to Evansville early in 1894. The branch from Sparta to Rosborough was built in 1895, the section of the main line from Centralia to Salem (14.9 miles) in 1896, and that from Evansville to Chester (17.6 miles) in 1897-98. The road was placed in the hands of a receiver, Jmie 7, 1897, and the expenditures for extension and equipment made under authority granted by the United States Court for the issue of Receiver's certificates. The total capitalization is §2,374,- 841, of which $978,000 is in stocks and $948,000 in bonds. CENTRAL MILITARY TRACT RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington B g 3 w t-t 2 w a 2: s 1-1 •z n r Z 'rS > ^ W > hC ^ M M > CJ Q r! CTQ B a 3 O 2; o n o » o > - 2 > n n n 3 > PJ > z > H W > a r r D H *o H a; n z H SANITARY CANAL - CHICAGO MANCHESTER NORTH SEJ^ -PALTIC- NORTii SEA - AMSTERDAM - 20008 SUE! WELLAND ILLINOIS* MISSISSIPPI HENNEPIN - ERIE ILLINOISAMICHIGAN COMPARATIVE SIZE OF NOTED CANALS. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 95. five J-ears later, by a grant of lands for the pur- pose of its construction. The work was begun in 1836, and so far completed in 1848 as to admit of the passage of boats from the Chicago basin to La Salle. (See Illinois & Michigan Canal. ) Under an act passed by the Legislature in 1865, the work of deepening the canal was undertaken by the city of Chicago with a view to furnishing means to relieve the city of its sewage, the work being completed some time before the fire of 1871. This scheme having failed to accomplish the object designed, other measures began to be considered. Various remedies were proposed, but in all the authorities were confronted with the difBoulty of providing a fund, under the provisions of the Constitution of 1870, to meet the necessary cost of construction. In the closing months of the year 1885, Hon. H. B. Hurd, who had been a member of a Board of "Drainage Commission- ers," organized in 1855, was induced to give attention to the subject. Having satisfied him- self and others that the diflSoulties were not insurmountable with proper action by the Legis- lature, the City Council, on Jan. 87, 1886, passed a resolution authorizing the Mayor to appoint a Commission, to consist of "one expert engineer of reputation and experience in engineering and sanitary matters," and two consulting engineers, to constitute a "drainage and water-supply com- mission" for the purpose of investigating and reporting upon the matter of water-supply and disposition of the sewage of the city. As a result of this action, Rudolph Hering, of Philadel- phia, was appointed expert engineer by Mayor Harrison, with Benezette Williams and S. G. Artingstall, of Chicago, as consulting engineers. At the succeeding session of the General Assem- bly (1887), two bills — one known as the "Hurd bill" and the other as the "Winston bill," but both drawn by Mr. Hurd, the first contemplating doing the work by general taxation and the issue of bonds, and the other by special assessment — were introduced in that body. As it was found that neither of these bills could be passed at that session, a new and shorter one, which became known as the "Roche- Winston bill," was intro- duced and passed near the close of the session. A resolution was also adopted creating a com- mission, consisting of two Senators, two Repre- sentatives and Mayor Roche of Chicago, to further investigate the subject. The later act, just referred to, provided for the construction of a cut- oflE from the Des Plaines River, which would divert the flood-waters of that stream and the North Branch into Lake Michigan north of the city. Nothing was done under this act, however. At the next session (1889) the commission made a. favorable report, and a new law was enacted embracing the main features of the Hurd biU, though changing the title of the organization to be formed from the "Metropolitan Town," as proposed by Mr. Hurd, to the "Sanitary Dis- trict." The act, as passed, provided for the election of a Board of nine Trustees, their powers, being confined to "providing for the drainage of the district," both as to surplus water and sew- age. Much opposition to the measure had been developed during the pendency of the legislation on the subject, especially in the Illinois valley, on sanitary grounds, as well as fear of midsum- mer flooding of the bottom lands which are cultivated to some extent ; but this was overcome by the argument that the channel would, when the Des Plaines and Illinois Rivers were improved between Joliet and La Salle, furnish a new and enlarged waterway for the passage of vessels between the lake and the Mississippi River, and the enterprise was indorsed by conventions held at Peoria, Memphis and elsewhere, during the eighteen months preceding the passage of the act. The promise ultimately to furnish a flow of not less than 600,000 cubic feet per minute also excited alarm in cities situated upon the lakes, lest the taking of so large a volume of water from. Lake Michigan should affect the lake-level injvuriously to navigation; but these apprehen- sions were quieted by the assurance of expert engineers that the greatest reduction of the lake- level below the present minimum would not exceed three inches, and more likely would not produce a perceptible effect. At the general election, held Nov. 5, 1889, the "Sanitary District of Chicago" was organ- ized by an almost unanimous popular vote — the returns showing 70,958 votes for the measure to 243 against. The District, as thus formed, embraces all of the city of Chicago north of Eighty-seventh Street; with forty- three square miles outside of the city limits but within the area to be benefited by the improvement. Though the channel is located partly in Will County, the district is wholly in Cook and bears the entire expense of construc- tion. The first election of Trustees was held at a speciail election, Dec. 13, 1889, the Trustees then elected to hold their offices for five years and until the following November. The second election occurred, Nov. 5, 1895, when the Board, as now constituted (1899), was chosen, viz. : William Boldenweck, Joseph C. Braden, Zina R. 96 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Oarter, Bernard A. Eckhart, Alexander J. Jones, Thomas Kelly, James P. Mallette, Thomas A. Smyth and Frank Wenter. The* Trustees have power to sell bonds in order to procure funds to prosecute the work and to levy taxes upon prop- erty within the district, under certain limitations as to length of time the taxes run and the rate per cent imposed. Under an amendment of the Drainage Act adopted by the Legislature in 1897, the rate of assessment upon property within the Drainage District is limited to one and one-half per cent, up to and including the year 1899, but after that date becomes one-half of one per cent. The bed of the channel, as now in process of construction, commences at Robey Street and the South Branch of. the Chicago River, 5.8 miles from Lake Michigan, and extends in a south- westerly direction to the vicinity of Summit, where it intersects the Des Plaines River. From this point it follows the bed of that stream to Lockport, in Will County, where, in consequence of the sudden depression in the ground, the bed of the channel comes to the surface, and where the great controlling works are situated. This has made necessary the excavation of about thirteen miles of new channel for the river — which runs parallel with, and on the west side of, the drainage canal — besides the construction of about nineteen miles of levee to separate the waters of the canal from the river. The following statement of the quality of the material excavated and the dimensions of the work, is taken from a paper by Hon. H. B. Hurd, under the title, "The Chicago Drainage Channel and Waterway," published in the sixth volume of "Industrial Chicago" (1896): "Through that portion of the channel between Chicago and Summit, which is being constructed to produce a flow of 300,000 cubic feet per minute, which is supposed to be sufficient to dilute sew- age for about the present population (of Chicago), the width of the channel is 110 feet on the bot- tom, with side slopes of two to one. This portion of the channel is ultimately to be enlarged to the capacity of 600,000 cubic feet per minute. The bottom of the channel, at Robey Street, is 24.448 feet below Chicago datum. The width of the channel from Summit down to the neighborhood of Willow Springs is 203 feet on the bottom, with the same side slope. The cut through the rock, which extends from the neighborhood of Willow Springs to the point where the channel runs out of ground near Lockport, is 160 feet wide at the bottom. The entire depth of the channel is substantially the same as at Robey Street, with the addition of one foot in 40,000 feet. The rock portion of the channel is constructed to the full capacity of 600,(100 cubic feet per minute. From the point where the channel runs out of ground' to Joliet Lake, there is a rapid fall; over this slope works are to be constructed to let the water down in such a manner as not to damage Joliet. '' Ground was broken on the rock-cut near Lemont, on Sept. 3, 1892, and work has been in progress almost constantly ever since. The prog- ress of the work was greatly obstructed during the year 1898, by difficulties encountered in secur- ing the right of way for the discharge of the waters of the canal through the city of Joliet, but these were compromised near the close of the year, and it was anticipated that the work would be prosecuted to completion during the year 1899. From Feb. 1, 1890, to Dec. 31, 1898, the net receipts of the Board for the prosecution of the work aggregated §38,357,707, while the net expenditures had amounted to §28, 221 864. 57. Of the latter, $30,099,284.67 was charged to construc- tion account, §3,156,903.12 to "land account" (including right of way), and 51,322,092.82 to the cost of maintaining the engineering department. When finished, the cost vrill reach not less than §35,000,000. These figures indicate the stupen- dous character of the work, which bids fair to stand without a rival of its kind in modem engineering and in the results it is expected to achieve. CHICAGO GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY. The total mileage of this line, June 30, 1898, was 1,008 miles, of which 152.52 miles are operated and owned in Illinois. The line in this State extends west from Chicago to East Dubuque, the extreme terminal points being Chicago and Minneapolis in the Northwest, and Kansas City in the Southwest. It has several branches in Illi nois, Iowa and Minnesota, and trackage arrange- ments with several lines, the most important being with the St. Paul & Northern Pacific (10.56 miles), completing the connection between St. Paul and Minneapolis ; with the Illinois Central from East Dubuque to Portage (13.33 miles), and with the Chicago & Northern Pacific from Forest Home to the Grand Central Station in Chicago. The company's own track is single, of standard gauge, laid with sixty and seventy-five-pound steel rails. Grades and curvature are light, and the equipment well maintained. The outstand- ing capital stock (1898) was §52,019,054; total capitalization, including stock, bonds and miscel- laneous indebtedness, 857,144,245. (History). The road was chartered, Jan. 5, 1892, under the laws of Illinois, for the purpose of reorganization of •J, a ^'Hf --•;*4rf'"'3^*i VIEWS OF DRAINAGE CANAL. VIEWS OF DRAINAGE CANAL. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 97 (the Chicago, St. Paul & Kansas City Railway Company on a stock basis. During 1895, the De Kalb & Great Western Railroad (5.81 miles) was built from De Kalb to Sycamore as a feeder •of this line. CHICAGO, HAKLEM & BATAVIA BAIL- KOAD. (See Chicago & Northern Padfle Rail- road. ) CHICAGO, HAVANA & WESTERN RAIL- ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad. ) CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY, organized, April 24, 1856, for the purposes of (1) establishing a library and a cabinet of antiquities, relics, etc. ; (3) the collection and preservation of historical manuscripts, documents, papers and tracts; (3) the encouragement of the discovery and investi- gation of aboriginal remains, particularly in Illi- nois; (4) the collection of material illustrating the gro\vth and settlement of Chicago. By 1871 the Society had accumulated much valuable material, but the entire collection was destroyed in the great Chicago fire of that year, among the manuscripts consumed being the original draft of the emancipation proclamation by Abraham Lincoln. The nucleus of a second collection was ■ consumed by fire in 1874. Its loss in this second conflagration included many valuable manu- scripts^ In 1877 a temporary building was erected, which was torn down in 1892 to make room for the erection, on the same lot, of a thoroughly flrp-proof structure of granite, planned after the most approved modern systems. The new building was erected and dedicated under the direction of its late President, Ed- ward G. Mason, Esq., Deo. 12, 1896. The Society's third collection now embraces about twenty-five ■thousand volumes and nearly fifty thousand pamphlets; seventy-five portraits in oils, with ■other works of art; a valuable collection of mauuscript documents, and a large museum of local and miscellaneous antiquities. Mr. Charles Evans is Secretary and Librarian. CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC MEDICAL COL- LEGE, organized in 1876, with a teaching faculty ■of nineteen and forty-five matriculates. Its first term opened October 4, of that year,^ in a leased building. By 1881 the college had outgrown its first quarters, and a commodious, well appointed ■ structure was erected by the trustees, in a more desirable location. The institution was among the first to introduce a graded course of instruc- tion, extending over a period of eighteen vears. In 1897, the matriculating class numbered over 200. CHICAGO HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN AND "CHILDREN, located at Chicago, and founded in 1865 by Dr. Mary Harris Thompson. Its declared objects are: "To aflord a home for women and children among the respectable poor in need of medical and surgical aid; to treat the same classes at home by an assistant physician; to afford a free dispensary for the same, and to train competent nurses." At the outset the hospital was fairly well sustained through pri- vate benefactions, and, in 1870, largely through Dr. Thompson's efforts, a college was organized for the medical education of women exclusively. (See Northwestern University Woman's Medical School.) The hospital building was totally destroyed in the great fire of 1871, but temporary accommodations were provided in another section of the city. The following year, with the aid of §25,000 appropriated by the Chicago Relief and Aid Society, a permanent building was pur- chased, and, in 1885, a new, commodious and well planned building was erected on the same site, at a cost of about $75,000. CHICAGO, MADISON & NORTHERN RAIL- ROAD, a line of railway 231.3 miles in length, 140 miles of which lie within Illinois. It is operated by the Illinois Central Railroad Company, and is known as its "Freeport Division." The par value of the capital stock outstanding is $50,000 and of bonds $2,500,000, while the floating debt is $3,620,698, making a total capitalization of $6,170,698, or $26,698 per mile. (See also Illinois Central Railroad. ) This road was opened from Chicago to Freeport in 1888. CHICAGO MEDICAL COLLEGE. (See North- western University Medical College. ) CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL RAIL- WAY, one of the great trunk lines of the North- west, having a total mileage (1898) of 6,153.83 miles, of which 317.94 are in Illinois. The main line extends from Chicago to Minneapolis, 420 miles, although it has connections with Kansas City, Omaha, Sioux City and various points in Wisconsin, Iowa and the Dakotas. The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Company enjoys the distinction of being the owner of all the lines operated by it, though it operates 245 miles of second tracks owned jointly with other lines. The greater part of its track is laid with 60, 75 and 85-lb. steel rails. The total capital invested (1898) is $220,005,901, distributed as follows: capital stock, $77,845,000; bonded debt, $135,385,500; other forms of indebtedness, $5,572,401. Its total earnings in Illinois for 1898 were $5,305,344, and the total expendi- tures, $3,330,348. The total number of em- ployes in Illinois for 1898 was 2,293, receiving 98 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. $1,746,837.70 in aggregate compensation. Taxes paid for the same year amounted to $151,285.— (History). The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway was organized in 1803 under the name of the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. The Illi- nois portion of the main line was built under a charter granted to the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company, and the "Wisconsin por- tion under charter to the Wisconsin Union Rail- road Company; the whole built and opened in 1872 and purchased by the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company. It subsequently acquired by purchase several lines in Wisconsin, the whole receiving the present name of the line by act of the Wisconsin Legislature, passed, Feb. 14, 1874. The Chicago & Evanston Railroad was chartered, Feb. 16, 1861, built from Chicago to Calvary (10.8 miles), and opened. May 1, 1885 ; was consolidated with the Chicago & Lake Superior Railroad, under the title of the Chicago, Evanston & Lake Superior Railroad Company, Dec. 23, 1885, opened to Evanston, August 1, 1886, and purchased, in June, 1887, by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company. The Road, as now organized, is made up of twenty-two divisions located in Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, North and South Dakota, Missouri and Michigan. CHICAGO, PADTJCAH & MEMPHIS RAIL- ROAD (Projected), a road chartered, Dec. 19, 1893, to run between Altamont and Metropolis, lU., 152 miles, with a branch from Johnston City to Carbondale, 20 miles— total length, 173 miles. The gauge is standard, and the track laid with sixty-pound steel rails. By Feb. 1, 1895, the road from Altamont to Marion (100 miles) was com- pleted, and work on the remainder of the line has been in progress. It is intended to connect with the Wabash and the St. Louis Southern systems. Capital stock authorized and subscribed, §3,500,- 000; bonds issued, §1,575,000. Funded debt, authorized, 815,000 per mile in five per cent first mortgage gold bonds. Cost of road up to Feb. 1, 1895, §20,000 per mile ; estimated cost of the entire line, $2,000,000. In December, 1896, this road passed into the hands of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad Company, and is now operated to Marion, in Williamson County. (See Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad. ) CHICAGO, PEKIN & SOUTHWESTERN RAIL- ROAD, a division of the Chicago & Alton Rail- road, chartered as the Chicago & Plainfield Railroad, in 1859 ; opened from Pekin to Streator in 1873, and to Mazon Bridge in 1876 ; sold under foreclosure in 1879, and now constitutes a part of the Chicago & Alton system. CHICAGO, PEORIA & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD COMPANY (of Illinois), a corporation operating two lines of railroad, one extending from Peoria to Jacksonville, and the other from Peoria to Springfield, with a connection from the latter place (in 1895), over a leased line, with St. Louis. The total mileage, as officially reported in 1895, was 208.66 miles, of which 160 were owned by the corporation. ( 1 ) The original of the Jackson- ville Division of this line was the Illinois River Railroad, opened from Pekin to Virginia in 1859. In October, 1863, it was sold under foreclosure, and, early in 1864, was transferred by the pur- chasers to a new corporation called the Peoria, Pekin & Jacksonville Railroad Company, by whom it was extended the same year to Peoria, and, in 1869, to Jacksonville. Another fore- closure, in 1879, resulted in its sale to the creditors, followed by consolidation, in 1881, with the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway. (2) The Springfield Division was incorporated in 1869 as the Springfield & Northwestern Railway; construction was begun in 1872, and road opened from Springfield to Havana (45.30 miles) in December, 1874, and from Havana to Pekin and Peoria over the track of the Peoria, Pekin & Jacksonville line. The same year the road was leased to the Indianapolis, Bloomington & West- ern Railroad Company, but the lease was for- feited, in 1875, and the road placed in the hands of a receiver. In 1881, together with the Jacksonville Division, it was transferred to the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway, and by that company operated as the Peoria & Spring- field Raih-oad. The Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific having defaulted and gone into the hands of a receiver, both the Jacksonville and the Spring- field Divisions were reorganized in February, 1887, under the name of the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad, and placed under control of the Jacksonville Southeastern Railroad. A reorganization of the latter took place, in 1890, under the name of the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. Louis Railway, and, in 1893, it passed into the hands of receivers, and was severed from its allied lines. The Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad remained under the management of a separate receiver until January, 1896, when a reorganization was eflfected under its present name — "The Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Rail- road of Illinois." The lease of the Springfield & St. Louis Division having expired in Decem- ber, 1895, it has also been reorganized as an independent corporation under the name of the St. Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway (which see)- HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 99 CHICAGO RIVER, a sluggish stream, draining a narrow strip of land between Lake Michigan and the Des Plaines River, the entire watershed drained amounting to some 4~0 square miles. It is formed by the union of the "North" and the "South Branch," which unite less than a mile and a half from the mouth of the main stream. At an early day the former was known as the "Guarie" and the latter as "Portage River." The total length of the North Branch is about 30 miles, only a small fraction of which is navigable. The South Branch is shorter but offers greater facilities for navigation, being lined along its lower por- tions with grain-elevators, lumber-yards and manufactories. The Illinois Indians in early days found an easy portage between it and the Des Plaines River. The Chicago River, with its branches, separates Chicago into three divisions, known, respectively, as the "North" the "South" and the "West Divisions." Drawbridges have been erected at the principal street crossings over the river -and both branches, and four tunnels, connecting the various divisions of the city, have been constructed under the river bed. CHICAGO, ROCK ISLAND & PACIFIC RAIL- WAT, formed by the consolidation of various lines in 1880. The parent corporation (The Chicago & Rock Island Railroad) was chartered in Illinois in 1851, and the road opened from Chi- cago to the Mississippi River at Rock Island (181 miles), July 10, 1854. In 1853 a company was chartered under the name of the Mississippi & Missouri Railroad for the extension of the road from the Mississippi to the Missouri River. The two roads were consolidated in 1866 as the Chi- cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and the extension to the Missouri River and a junction with tlie Union Pacific completed in 1869. The Peoria & Bureau Valley Railroad (an important feeder from Peoria to Bureau Junction — 46.7 miles) was incorporated in 1853, and completed and leased in perpetuity to the Chicago & Rock Island Railroad, in 1854. The St. Joseph & Iowa Railroad was purchased in 1889, and the Kansas City & Topeka Railway in 1891. The Company has financial and traffic agreements with the Chicago, Rock Island & Texas Railway, extending from Terral Station, Indian Territory, to Fort Worth, Texas. The road also has connections from Chicago with Peoria; St. Paul and Minne- apolis; Omaha and Lincoln (Neb.); Denver, Colo- rado ^ilprings and Pueblo (Colo.), besides various points in South Dakota, Iowa and Southwestern Kansas. The extent of the lines owned and operated by the Company ( ' 'Poor's Manual, ' ' 1898) , is 3,568.15 miles, of which 336.51 miles are in Illinois, 189.53 miles being owned by the corpo- ration. All of the Company's owned and leased lines are laid with steel rails. The total capitalization reported for the same year was §116,748,311, of which $50,000,000 was in stock and 358,830,000 in bonds. The total earnings and income of the line in Illinois, for the year ending June 30, 1898, was 15,851,875, and the total expenses $3,401,165, of which $383,139 was in the form of taxes. The Company has received under Congressional grants 550,194 acres of land, exclu- sive of State grants, of which there had been sold, up to March 31, 1894, 548,609 acres. CHICAGO, ST. PAUL & FOND DU LAC RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago & Northwestern Railway. ) CHICAGO, ST. PAUL & KANSAS CITY RAIL- WAT. (See Chicago Great Western Raihoay. ) CHICAGO, ST. LOUIS & PADUCAH RAIL- WAT, a short road, of standard gauge, laid with steel rails, extending from Marion to Brooklyn, 111., 53.64 miles. It was chartered, Feb. 7, 1887, and opened for traffic, Jan. 1, 1889. The St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company is the lessee, having guaranteed principal and inter- est on its first mortgage bonds. Its capital stock is $1,000,000, and its bonded debt $3,000,000, making the total capitalization about §56, 000 per mile. The cost of the road was $3,950,000; total incumbrance (1895), $3,016,715. CHICAGO TERMINAL TRANSFER RAIL- ROAD, the successor to the Chicago & Northern Pacific Railroad. The latter was organized in November, 1889, to acquire and lease facilities to other roads and transact a local business. The Road under its new name was chartered, June 4, 1897, to purchase at foreclosure sale the property of the Chicago & Northern Pacific, soon after acquiring the property of the Chicago & Calumet Terminal Railway also. The combination gives it the control of 84.53 miles of road, of which 70.76 miles are in Illinois. The line is used for both passenger and freight terminal purposes, and also a belt line just outside the city limits. Its principal tenants are the Chicago Great West- ern, the Baltimore & Ohio, the Wisconsin Central Lines, and the Chicago, Hammond & Western Railroad. The Company also has control of the ground on which the Grand Central. Depot is located. Its total capitalization (1898) was $44,- 553,044, of which $30,000,000 was capital stock and $13,394,000 in the form of bonds. CHICAGO THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, organ- ized, Sept. 26, 1854, by a convention of Congre- gational ministers and laymen representing seven 100 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. Western States, among which was Illinois. A special and liberal charter was granted, Feb. 15, 1855. The Seminary has always been under Congregational control and supervision, its twenty-four trustees being elected at Triennial Conventions, at which are represented all the churches of that denomination west of the Ohio and east of the Rocky Mountains. The institu- tion was formally opened to students, Oct. 6, 1858, with two professors and twenty-nine matriculates. Since then it has steadily grown in both numbers and influence. Preparatory and linguistic schools have been added and the faculty (1896) includes eight professors and nine minor instructors. The Seminary is liberally endowed, its productive assets being nearly 11,000,000, and the value of its grounds, build- ings, library, etc., amounting to nearly $500,000 more. No charge is made for tuition or room rent, and there are forty-two endowed scholar- ships, the income of which is devoted to the aid of needy students. The buildings, including the library and dormitories, are four in number, and are well constructed and arranged. CHICAGO & ALTON RAILROAD, an impor tant railway running in a southwesterly direc- tion from Chicago to St. Louis, with numerous branches, extending into Missouri, Kansas and Colorado. The Chicago & Alton Railroad proper was constructed under two charters — the first granted to the Alton & Sangamon Railroad Com- pany, in 1847, and the second to the Chicago & Mississippi Railroad Company, in 1852. Con- struction of the former was begun in 1852, and the line opened from Alton to Springfield in 1853. Under the second corporation, the line was opened from Springfield to Bloomington in 1854, and to Joliet in 1856. In 1855 a line was con- structed from Chicago to Joliet under the name of the Joliet & Chicago Railroad, and leased in perpetuity to the present Company, which was reorganized in 1857 under the name of the St. Louis, Alton & Chicago Railroad Company. For some time connection was had between Alton and St. Louis by steam-packet boats running in connection with the railroad ; but later over the line of the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad — the first railway line connecting the two cities — and, finally, by the Company's own line, which was constructed in 1864, and formally opened Jan. 1, 1865. In 1861, a company with the present name (Chicago & Alton Railroad Com- pany) was organized, which, in 1862, purchased the St. Louis, Alton & Chicago Road at fore- closure sale. Several branch lines have since been acquired by purchase or lease, the most important in the State being the line from Bloomington to St. Louis by way of Jacksonville. This was chartered in 1851 under the name of the St. Louis, Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad, was opened for business in January, 1868, and having been diverted from the route upon which it was originally projected, was completed to Blooming- ton and leased to the Chicago & Alton in 1868. In 1884 this branch was absorbed by the main line. Other important branches are the Kansas City Branch from Roodhouse, crossing the Mis- sissippi at Louisiana, Mo. ; the Washington Branch from Dwight to Washington and Lacon, and the Chicago & Peoria, by which entrance is obtained into the city of Peoria over the tracks of the Toledo, Peoria & Western. The whole number of miles operated (1898; is 843.54, of which 580.73 lie in Illinois. Including double tracks and sidings, the Company has a total trackage of 1,186 miles. The total capitalization, in 1898, was 832,793,972, of which §22,230,600 was in stock, and 86,694,850 in bonds. The total earnings and income for the year, in Illinois, were 15,022,315, and the operating and other expenses, §4,272,207. This road, under its management as it existed up to 1898, has been one of the most uni- formly successful in the country. Dividends have been paid semiannually from 1863 to 1884, and quarterly from 1884 to 1896. For a number of years previous to 1897, the dividends had amounted to eight per cent per annum on both preferred and common stock, but later had been reduced to seven per cent on accovmt of short crops along the line. The taxes paid in 1898 were $341,040. The surplus, June 30, 1895, exceeded two and three-quarter million dollars. The Chicago & Alton was the first line in the world to put into service sleeping and dining cars of the Pullman model, which have since been so widely adopted, as well as the first to -run free reclining chair-cars for the convenience and comfort of its passengers. At the time the matter embraced in obis volume is undergoing final revision (1899), negotiations are in progress for the purchase of this historic line by a syndi- cate representing the Baltimore & Ohio, the Missouri Pacific, the Union Pacific, and the Missouri, Kansas & Texas systems, in whose interest it will hereafter be operated. CHICAGO & AURORA RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) CHICAGO & EASTERN ILLINOIS RAIL- ROAD. This company operates a line 516.3 miles in length, of which 278 miles are within Illinois. HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 101 The main line in this State extends southerly from Dolton Junction (17 miles south of Chicago) to Danville. Entrance to the Polk Street Depot in Chicago is secured over the tracks of the Western Indiana Eailroad. The company owns several important branch lines, as follows: From Momence Junction to the Indiana State Line; from Cissna Junction to CLssna Park ; from Dan- ville Junction to Shelbyville, and from Sidell to Eossville. The system in Illinois is of standard gauge, about 108 miles being double track. The right of way is 100 feet wide and well fenced. The grades are light, and the construction (including rails, ties, ballast and bridges), is generally excellent. The capital stock outstand- ing (1895) is $13,594,400; funded debt, |18, 018, 000; floating debt, 1916,381; total capital invested, $32,570,781; total earnings in Illinois, $2,592,072; expenditures in the State, $2,595,631. The com- pany paid the same year a dividend of six per cent on its common stock ($286,914), and reported a surplus of $1,484,762. The Chicago & Eastern Illinois was originally chartered in 1865 as the Chicago, Danville & Vincennes Railroad, its main line being completed in 1872. In 1878, it defaulted on interest, was sold under foreclosure in 1877, and reorganized as the Chicago & Nashville, but later in same year took its present name. In 1894 it was consolidated with the Chicago & Indiana Coal Railway. Two spurs (5.27 miles in length) were added to the hne in 1895. Early in 1897 this line obtained control of the Chicago, Paducah & Memphis Railroad, which is now operated to Marion, in "Williamson County. (See Chicago, Paducah & Memphis Railroad.) CHICAGO & GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY. Of the 835.27 miles of the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railroad, only 30.65 are in Illinois, and of the latter 9.7 miles are operated under lease. That portion of the line within the State extends from Chicago easterly to the Indiana State line. The Company is also lessee of the Grand Junction Railroad, four miles in length. The Road is capitalized at $6,600,000, has a bonded debt of $12,000,000 and a floating debt (1895) of §2,271,425, making the total capital invested, $20,871,425. The total earnings in Illinois for 1895 amounted to $660,393; disbursements within the State for the same period, $345,233. The Chicago & Grand Trunk Railway, as now constituted, is a consoli- dation of various lines between Port Huron, Mich., and Chicago, operated in the interest of the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada. The Illi- nois section was built under a charter granted in 1878 to the Chicago & State Line Railway Com- pany, to form a connection with Valparaiso, Ind. This corporation acquired the Chicago & South- ern Railroad (from Chicago to Dolton), and the Chicago & State Line Extension in Indiana, all being consolidated under the name of the North- western Grand Trunk Railroad. In 1880, a final consolidation of these lines with the eastward connections took place under the present name — the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railway. CHICAGO & GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY. (See Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. ) CHICAGO & GREAT SOUTHERN RAILROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway.) CHICAGO & ILLINOIS SOUTHERN RAIL- WAY. (See Peoria, Decatur cian, educator and editor, was born in Chenango County, N. Y., Jan. 9, 1817; took a classical and scientific course in Cazenovia Seminary; in 1837 graduated from the College of Physicians and •Surgeons, winning several prizes during his course; the same year began pr&ctioe at Bing- hamton; spent two years (1847-49) in New York City, when he removed to Chicago to accept the chair of Physiology and General Pathology in Rush Medical College. In 1859 he accepted a similar position in the Chicago Medical College (now the medical department of Northwestern University), where he still remains. Dr. Davis has not only been a busy practitioner, but a volu- minous writer on general and special topics con- nected with his profession, having been editor at different times of several medical periodicals, including "The Chicago Medical Journal," "The -Medical Journal and Examiner," and "The Journal of the American Medical Association." He has also been prominent in State, National and International Medical Congresses, and is one of the founders of the Northwestern University, the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the Chicago Historical Society, the Illinois State Microscopi- cal Society and the Union College of Law, besides other scientific and benevolent associations. DAVIS, Oliver L., lawyer, was born in New York City, Dec. 30, 1819; after being in the employ of the American Fur Company some seven years, came to Danville, 111., in 1841 and commenced studying law the next year; was elected to the lower branch of the Seventeenth and Twentieth General Assemblies, first as a Democrat and next (1856) as a Republican; served on the Circuit Bench in 1861-66, and again in 1873-79, being assigned in 1877 to the Appellate bench. Died, Jan. 12, 1893. DAWSON, John, early legislator, was born in Virginia, in 1791; came to Illinois in 1827, set- tling in Sangamon County ; served five terms in the lower house of the General Assembly (1830, '34, '36, '38 and '46), during a part of the time being the colleague of Abraham Lincoln. He was one of the celebrated "Long Nine" who repre- sented Sangamon County at the time of the removal of the State capital to Springfield ; was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847. Died, Nov. 13, 1850. DEAF AND DUMB, ILLINOIS INSTITU- TION FOR EDUCATION OF, located at Jack- sonville, established by act of the Legislature, Feb. 33, 1839, and the oldest of the State charitable institutions. Work was not begun until 1843, but one building was ready for partial occupancy in 1846 and was completed in 1849. (In 1871 this building, then known as the south wing, was declared unsafe, and was razed and rebuilt.) The center building was completed in 1852 and the north wing in 1857. Other additions and new buildings have been added from time to time, such as new dining halls, workshops, barns, bakery, refrigerator house, kitchens, a gymnasium, separate cot- tages for the sexes, etc. At present (1895) the institution is probably the largest, as it is un- questionably one of the best conducted, of its class in the world. The number of pupils in 1894 was 716. Among its employes are men and women of ripe culture and experience, who have been con- nected with it for more than a quarter of a century. DEARBORN, Luther, lawyer and legislator, was born at Plymouth, N. H., March 34, 1830, 130 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. and educated in Plymouth schools and at New Hampton Academy ; in youth removed to Dear- born County, Ind., where he taught school and served as deputy Circuit Clerk; then came to Mason County, 111., and, in 1844, to Elgin. Here he was elected Sheriff and, at the expiration of his term, Circuit Clerk, later engaging in the banking business, which proving disastrous in 1857, he returned to Mason County and began the practice of law. He then spent some years in Minnesota, finally returning to Illinois a second time, resumed practice at Havana, served one term in the State Senate (1876-80); in 1884 became member of a law firm in Chicago, but retired in 1887 to accept the attorneyship of the Chicago & Alton Railway, retaining this position until his death, which occurred suddenly at Springfield, April 5, 1889. For the last two years of his life Mr. Dearborn's residence was at Aurora. DECATUK, the county-seat of Macon County ; 39 miles east of Springfield and one mile north of the Sangamon River — also an important rail- way center. Three coal shafts are operated out- side the city. It is a center for the grain trade, having five elevators. Extensive car and repair shops are located there, and several important manufacturing industries flourish, among them three fiouring mills. Decatur has paved streets, water-works, electric street railways, and excel- lent public schools, including one of the best and most noted high schools in the State. Four newspapers are published there, each issuing a daily edition. Pop., (1890), 16,841; (1900), 20,754. DECATUR EDITORIAL CONVENTION. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention.) DECATUR & EASTERN RAILWAY. (See Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway.) DECATUR, MATTOON & SOUTHERN RAIL- ROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway. ) DECATUR, SULLIVAN & MATTOON RAIL- ROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur editor, was born at Norwalk, Ohio, Nov. 23, 1834; educated at Albion, Mich., and the Wes- leyan University of Ohio, graduating from the latter in 1858 ; entered the Detroit Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church the same year, was ordained in 1860 and, from 1861 until after the battle of Gettysburg, served as Chaplain of the First Michigan Cavalry, when he resigned to accept the colonelcy of a cavalry regiment. In 1864, he was elected assistant editor of "The Northwestern Christian Advocate" at Chicago, and, on the retirement of Dr. Eddy in 1872, became Editor-in-chief, being re-elected every four years thereafter to the present time. He has also been a member of each General Confer- ence since 1872, was a member of the Ecumenical Conference at London in 1881, and has held other positions of prominence within the church. EDWAKDS, Cyrus, pioneer lawyer, was born in Montgomery County, Md., Jan. 17, 1793; at the age of seven accompanied his parents to Ken- tucky, where he received his primary education, and studied law ; was admitted to the bar at Kas- kaskia, 111., in 1815, Ninian Edwards (of whom he was tlie youngest brother) being then Territorial Governor. During the next fourteen years he resided alternately in Missouri and Kentucky, and, in 1829, took up his residence at Edwards- ville. Owing to impaired health he decided to abandon his profession and engage in general business, later becoming a resident of Upper Alton. In 1832 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature as a Whig, and again, in 1840 and '60, the last time as a Bepublican; was State Senator from 1835 to '39, and was also the Whig candidate for Governor, in 1838, in opposition to Thomas Carlin (Democrat), who was elected. He served in the Black Hawk War, was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and espe- cially interested in education and in public chari- ties, being, for thirty-five years, a Trustee of Shurtleff College, to which he was a most munificent benefactor, and which conferred on him the degree of LL.D. in 1852. Died at Upper Alton, September, 1877. EDWARDS, Ninian, Territorial Governor and United States Senator, was bom in Montgomery County, Md., March 17, 1775; for a time had the celebrated William Wirt as a tutor, completing his course at Dickinson College. At the age of 19 he emigrated to Kentucky, where, after squander- ing considerable money, he studied law and, step by step, rose to be Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals. In 1809 President Madison appointed him the first Territorial Governor of Illinois. This office he held imtil the admission of lUinois as a State in 1818, when he was elected United Sates Senator and re-elected on the completion of his first (the short) term. In 1826 he was elected Governor of the State, his successful administra- tion terminating in 1830. In 1832 he became a candidate for Congress, but was defeated by Charles Slade. He was able, magnanimous and incorruptible, although charged with aristocratic tendencies whicli were largely hereditary. Died, at his home at Belleville, on July 20, 1833, of cholera, the disease having been contracted through self-sacrificing efforts to assist sufferers from the epidemic. His demise cast a gloom over the entire State. Two valuable volumes bearing upon State history, comprising his cor- respondence with many public men of his time, have been published ; the first under the title of "History of Illinois and Life of Ninian Edwards," by his son, the late Ninian Wirt Edwards, and the other "The Edwards Papers," edited by the late Elihu B. Washburne, and printed under the auspices of the Chicago Historical Society.— Ninian Wirt (Edwards), son of Gov. Ninian Edwards, was born at Frankfort, Ky., April 15, 1809, the year his father became Territorial Governor of Illinois; spent his boyhood at Kas- kaskia, Edwardsville and Belleville, and was educated at Transylvania University, graduating in 1838. He married Elizabeth P. Todd, a sister of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln, was appointed Attor- ney-General in 1834, but resigned in 1835, when he removed to Springfield. In 1886 he was elected to the Legislature from Sangamon HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 153 County, as the colleague of Abraham Lincoln, being one of the celebrated "Long Nine," and was influential in securing the removal of the State capital to Springfield. He was re-elected to the House in 1838, to the State Senate in 1844, and again to the House in 1848 ; was also a mem- ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1847. Again, in 1850, he was elected to the House, but resigned on account of his change of politics from Whig to Democratic, and, in the election to fill the vacancy, was defeated by James C. Conk- Ung. He served as Superintendent of Public Instruction by appointment of Governor Matte- son, 1854-57, and, in 1861, was appointed by President Lincoln, Captain Commissary of Sub- sistence, which position he filled until June, 1865, since which time he remained in private life. He is the author of the "Life and Times of Ninian Edwards" (1870), which was prepared at the request of the State Historical Society. Died, at Springfield, Sept. 3, 1889. — Benjamin Stevenson (Edwards), lawyer and jurist, another son of Gov. Ninian Edwards, was born at Edwardsville, 111. , June 3, 1818, graduated from Yale College in 1838, and was admitted to the bar the following year. Originally a Whig, he subsequently became a Democrat, was a Delegate to the Con- stitutional Convention of 1863, and, in 1868, was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in opposi- tion to Shelby M. Cullom. In 1869 he was elected Circuit Judge of the Springfield Circuit, but within eighteen months resigned the position, preferring the excitement and emoluments of private practice to the dignity and scanty salary attaching to the bench. As a lawyer and as a citizen he was universally respected. Died, at his home in Springfield, Feb. 4, 1886, at the time of his decease being President of the Illinois State Bar Association. EDWARDS, Eichard, educator, ex-Superin- tendent of Public Instruction, was bom in Cardi- ganshire, Wales, Dec. 23, 1823; emigrated with his parents to Portage County, Ohio, and began life on a farm; later graduated at the State Normal School, Bridge water, Mass., and from the Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y., receiv- ing the degrees of Bachelor of Science and Civil Engineer; served for a time as a civil engineer on the Boston water works, then beginning a career as a teacher which continued almost unin- terruptedly for thirty-five years. During this - period he was connected with the Normal School at Bridgewater; a Boys' High School at Salem, and the State Normal at the same place, coming west in 1857 to establish the Normal School at St. Louis, Mo., still later becoming Principal of the St. Louis High School, and, in 1863, accepting the Presidency of the State Normal University, at Normal, 111. It was here where Dr. Edwards, remaining fourteen years, accomplished his greatest work and left his deepest impress upon the educational system of the State by personal contact with its teachers. The next nine years were spent as pastor of the First Congregational church at Princeton, when, after eighteen months in the service of Knox College as Finan- cial Agent, he was again called, in 1886, to a closer connection with the educational field by his election to the ofiice of State Superintendent of Public Instruction, serving until 1891, when, having failed of a re-election, he soon after assumed the Presidency of Blackburn University at Carlinville. Failing health, however, com- pelled his retirement a year later, when he removed to Bloomington, which is now (1898) his place of residence. EDWARDS COUNTY, situated in the south- eastern part of the State, between Richland and White on the north and south, and Wabash and Wayne on the east and west, and touching the Ohio River on its southeastern border. It was separated from Gallatin County in 1814, during the Territorial period. Its territory was dimin- ished in 1824 by the carving out of Wabash County. The surface is diversified by prairie and timber, the soil fertile and well adapted to the raising of both wheat and corn. The princi- pal streams, besides the Ohio, are Bonpas Creek, on the east, and the Little Wabash River on the west. Palmyra (a place no longer on the map) was the seat for holding the first county court, in 1815, Jolm Mcintosh, Seth Gard and William Barney being the Judges. Albion, the present county-seat (population, 937), was laid out by Morris Birkbeck and George Flower (emigrants from England), in 1819, and settled largely by their countrymen, but not incorporated until 1860. The area of the county is 220 square miles, and population, in 1900, 10,345. Grayville, with a population of 2,000 in 1890, is partly in this county, though mostly in White. Edwards County was named in honor of Ninian Edwards, the Territorial Governor of Illinois. EDWARDSTILLE, the county-seat of Madison County, settled in 1812 and named in honor of Territorial Governor Ninian Edwards; is on four lines of railway and contiguous to two others, 18 miles northeast of St. Louis. Edwardsville was the home of some of the most prominent men in the history of the State, including Governors Ed- 154 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ■wards, Coles, and others. It has pressed and shale brickyards, coal mines, flour mills, machine shops, banks, electric street railway, water-works, schools, and churches. In a suburb of the city (LeClaire) is a cooperative manufactory of sani- tary supplies, using large shops and doing a large business. Edwardsville has three newspapers, one issued semi-weekly. Population (1890), 3,561 ; (1900), 4,157; with suburb (estimated), 5,000. EFFINGHAM, an incorporated ci ty , the county- seat of EflBngham County, 9 miles northeast from St. Louis and 199 southwest of Chicago; has four papers, creamery, milk condensory, and ice fac- tory. Population (1890), 3,260; (1900), 3,774. EFFINGHAM COUNTY, cut oflE from Fayette (and separately organized) in 1831 — named for Gen. Edward Efiingham. It is situated in the central portion of the State, 63 miles northeast of St. Louis ; has an area of 490 square miles and a population (1900) of 20,465. t! M. Short, I. Fanchon -and William I. Hawkins were the first County Commissioners. EfiSngham, the county-seat, was platted by Messrs. Alexander and Little in 1854. Messrs. Gillenwater, Hawkins and Brown were among the earlie.st settlers. Several lines of rail- way cross the county. Agriculture and sheep- raising are leading industries, wool being one of the principal products. EGAN, William Bradshaw, M.D., pioneer phy- sican, was born in Ireland, Sept. 28, 1808; spent • some time during his youth in the study of sur- gery in England, later attending lectures at Dub- lin. About 1828 he went to Canada, taught for a time in the schools of Quebec and Montreal and, in 1830, was licensed by the Medical Board of New Jersey and began practice at Newark in that State, later practicing in New York. In 1833 he removed to Chicago and was early recog- nized as a prominent physician ; on July 4, 1836, delivered the address at the breaking of ground for the Illinois & Michigan Canal. During the early years of his residence in Chicago, Dr. Egan was owner of the block on which the Tremont House stands, and erected a number of houses there. He was a zealous Democrat and a delegate to the first Convention of that party, held at Joliet in 1843; was elected County Recorder in 1844 and Eepresentative in the Eighteenth Gen- eral Assembly (1853-54). Died, Oct. 37, 1860. ELBUKN, a village of Kane County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 8 miles west of Geneva. It has banks and a weekly news- paper. Population (1890),' 584; (1900), 606. ELDORADO, a town in Saline County, on the -Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago &'St. Louis, the Louisville & Nashville, and the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroads; has a bank and one newspaper; district argioultural. Population, (1900), 1,445. ELDBIDGE, Hamilton N., lawyer and soldier, was born at South Williamstown, Mass., August, 1837 ; graduated at Williams College in the class with President Garfield, in 1856, and at Albany Law School, in 1857; soon afterward came to Chicago and began practice; in 1863 assisted in organizing the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, of which he was elected Lieutenant-Colonel, before the end of the year being promoted to the position of Colonel; dis- tinguished himself at Arkansas Post, Chicka- mauga and in the battles before Vicksburg, winning the rank of Brevet Brigadier-General, but, after two years' service, was compelled to retire on account of disability, being carried east on a stretcher. Subsequently he recovered suffi- ciently to resume his profession, but died in Chicago, Dec. 1, 1882, much regretted by a large circle of friends, with whom he was exceedingly popular. ELECTIONS. The elections of public officers in Illinois are of two general classes : (I) those conducted in accordance with United States laws, and (II) those conducted exclusively under State laws. I. To the first class belong: (1) the election of United States Senators; (3) Presidential Elect- ors, and (3 ) Representatives in Congress. 1. (United States Senators). The election of United States Senators, while an act of the State Legislature, is conducted solely under forms pre- scribed by the laws of the United States. These make it the duty of the Legislature, on the second Tuesday after convening at the session next pre- ceding the expiration of the term for which any Senator may have been chosen, to proceed to elect his successor in the following manner: Each House is required, on the day designated, in open session and by the viva voce vote of each member present, to name some person for United States Senator, the result of the balloting to be entered on the journals of the respective Houses. At twelve o'clock (M.) on the day following the day of election, the members of the two Houses meet in joint assembly, when the journals of both Houses are read. If it appears that the same person has received a majority of all the votes in each House, he is declared elected Senator. If, however, no one has received such majority, or if either House has failed to take proceedings as required on the preceding day, then the members HISTOEIOAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 155 ■of the two Hoxises, in joint assembly, proceed to ballot for Senator by viva voce vote of members present. The person receiving a majority of all the votes oast— a majority of the members of both Houses being present and voting — is declared ■elected ; otherwise the joint assembly is renewed at noon each legislative day of the session, and at least one ballot taken until a Senator is chosen. When a vacancy exists in the Senate at the time ■of the assembling of the Legislature, the same rule prevails as to the time of holding an election "to fill it; and, if a vacancy occurs during the session, the Legislature is required to proceed to an election on the second Tuesday after having received official notice of such vacancy. The tenure of a United States Senator for a full term is six years — ^the regular term beginning with a new Congress — ^the two Senators' from each State belonging to different "classes," so that their terms expire alternately at periods of two and four years from each other. — 3. (Presidential Electors). The choice of Electors of President and Vice-President is made by popular vote taken quadrennially on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The date of such election is fixed by act of Congress, being the same as that for Congressman, although the State Legislature prescribes the manner of conducting it and making returns of the same. The number of Electors chosen equals the number of Senators and Representatives taken together (in 1899 it was twenty-four), and they are elected on a gen- eral ticket, a pliirality of votes being sufficient to elect. Electors meet at the State capital on the second Monday of January after their election (Act of Congress, 1887), to cast the vote of the State. — 3. (Members op Congress). The elec- tion of Representatives in Congress is also held under United States law, occurring biennially (on the even years) simultaneously with the gen- eral State election in November. Should Congress rselect a different date for such election, it would be the duty of the Legislature to recognize it by a corresponding change in the State law relating to the election of Congressmen. The tenure of a Congressman is two years, the election being by Districts instead of a general ticket, as in the case of Presidential Electors — the term of each Representative for a full term beginning with a new Congress, on the 4th of March of the odd years following a general election. (See Con- gressional Apportionment. ) II. All officers under the State Government — -except Boards of Trustees of charitable and penal linstitutions or the heads of certain departments, which are made appointive by the Governor— are elected by popular vote. Apart from county officers they consist of three classes: (1) Legisla- tive; (3) Executive; (3) Judicial — which are chosen at different times and for different periods. 1. (Legislature). Legislative officers consist of Senators and Representatives, chosen at elections held on the Tuesday after the first Monday of November, biennially. The regular term of a Senator (of whom there are fifty-one under the present Constitution) is four years; twenty -five (those in Districts bearing even numbers) being • chosen on the years in which a President and Governor are elected, and the other twenty -six at the intermediate period two years later. Thus, one-half of each State Senate is composed of what are called "hold-over" Senators. Representatives are elected biennially at the November election, and hold office two years. The qualifications as to eligibility for a seat in the State Senate require that the incumbent shall be 35 years of age, while 31 years renders one eligible to a seat in the House — the Constitution requiring that each shall have been a resident of the State for five years, and of the District for which he is chosen, two years next preceding his election. (See Legislative Apportionment and Minority Repre- sentation.) — 3. (Executive Opficers). The officers constituting the Executive Department include the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor of Public Accounts, Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and Attorney -General. Each of these, except the State Treasurer, holds office four years and — with the exception of the Treasurer and Superintend- ent of Public Instruction — are elected at the general election at which Presidential Electors are chosen. The election of State Superintendent occurs on the intermediate (even) years, and that of State Treasurer every two years coincidently with the election of Governor and Superintendent of Public Instruction, respectively. (See Execu- tive Officers.) In addition to the State officers already naraed, three Trustees of the University of Illinois are elected biennially at the general election in November, each holding office for six years. These trustees (nine in number), with the Governor, President of the State Board of Agriculture and the Superintendent of Public Instruction, constitute the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois.— 3. (Judiciary). The Judicial Department embraces Judges of the Supreme, Circuit and County Courts, and such other subordinate officials as may be connected with the administration of justice. For the 156 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. election of members of the Supreme Court the State is divided into seven Districts, each of which elects a Justice of the Supreme Court for a term of nine yeai-s. The elections in five of these — the First, Second, Third, Sixth and Seventh — occur on the first Monday in June every ninth year from 1879, the last election having occurred in June, 1897. The elections in the other t vvo Districts occur at similar periods of nine years from 1876 and 1873, re.spectively — the last election in the Fourth District having occurred in June, . 1893, and that in the Fifth in 1891.— Circuit Judges are chosen on the first Monday in June every six years, counting from 1873. Judges of the Superior Court of Cook County are elected every six years at the November election. — Clerks of the Supreme and Appellate Courts are elected at the November election for six years, the last election having occurred in 1896. Under the act of April 2, 1897, consolidating the Supreme Court into one Grand Division, the number of Supreme Court Clerks is reduced to one, although the Clerks elected in 1896 remain in office and have charge of the records of their several Divisions until the expiration of their terms in 1903. The Supreme Court holds five terms annually at Spring- field, beginning, respectively, on the first Tuesday of October, December, February, April and June. (Other Officers), (a) Members of the State Board of Equalization (one for every Congres- sional District) are elective every four years at the same time as Congressmen, (b) County oflSoers (except County Commissioners not under township organization) hold office for four years and are chosen at the November election as follows: (1) At the general election at which the Governor is chosen — Clerk of the Circuit Court, State's Attorney, Recorder of Deeds (in counties having a population of 60,000 or over). Coroner and County Surveyor. (2) On inter- mediate years— Sheriff, County Judge, Probate Judge (in counties having a population of 70,000 and over), County Clerk, Treasurer, Superintend- ent of Schools, and Clerk of Criminal Court of Cook Comity, (c) In counties not under town- ship organization a Board of County Commission- ers is elected, one being chosen in November of each year, and each holding office three years, (d) Under the general law the polls open at 8 a. m., and close at 7 p. m. In cities accepting an Act of the Legislature passed in 1885, the hour of opening the polls is 6 a. m., and of closing 4 p. m. (See also Australian Ballot. ) ELECTORS, QUALIFICATIONS OP. Suffrage.) ELGIN, an important city of Northern Illinois, in Kane County, on Fox River and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and Chicago & Northwest- ern Railroads, besides two" rural electric lines, 36 miles northwest of Chicago; has valuable water- power and over fifty manufacturing establish- ments, including the National Watch Factory and the Cook Publishing Company, both among the most extensive of their kind in the world; is also a great dairy center with extensive creameries and milk-condensing works. The quotations of its Butter and Cheese Exchange are telegraphed to all the great commercial centers and regulate the prices of these commodities throughout the country. Elgin is the seat of the Northern (Illi- nois) Hospital for the Insane, and has a handsome Government (postoffice) building, fine pubhc library and many handsome residences. It has had a rapid growth in the past twenty years. Population (1890), 17,823; (1900), 22,433. ELGIN, JOLIET& EASTERN RAILWAY. The main line of this road extends west from Dyer on the Indiana State line to Johet, thence northeast to Waukegan. The total length of the line (1898) is 192.73 miles, of which 159.93 miles are in Ilh- nois. The entire capital of the company, includ- ing stock and indebtedness, amounted (1898), to $13,799,630— more than §71,000 per mile. Its total earnings in Illinois for the same year were SI, 212,- 026, and its entire expenditure in the State, §1,156,146. The company paid in taxes, the same year, $48,876. Branch lines extend southerly from Walker Junction to Coster, where connec- tion is made with the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and northwesterly from Normantown, on the main line, to Aurora. —(History). The Elgin, JoUet & Eastern Rail- way was chartered in 1887 and absorbed the Joliet, Aurora & Northern Railway, from Johet to Aurora (21 miles), which had been commenced in 1886 and was completed in 1888, with extensions from Joliet to Spaulding, 111. , and from Joliet to McCool, Ind. In January, 1891, the Company purchased all the properties and franchises of the Gardner, Coal City & Normantown and the Waukegan & Southwestern Railway Companies (formerly operated under lease). The former of these two roads was chartered in 1889 and opened in 1890. The system forms a belt line around Chicago, intersecting all railroads entering that city from every direction. Its traffic is chiefly in the transportation of freight. ELIZABETHTOWN, the county-seat of Hardin County. It stands on the north bank of the Ohio River, 44 miles above Paducah, Ky., and about HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 157 135 miles southeast of Belleville ; has a brick and tile factory, large tie' trade, two churches, two flouring mills, a bank, and one newspaper. Pop- ulation (1890), 653; (1900), 668. ELKHART, a town of Logan County, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 18 miles northeast of Springfield; is a rich farming section; has a coal shaft. Population (1890), 414; (1900), 553. ELKIN, William F., pioneer and early legisla- tor, was born in Clark County, Ky., April 13, 1793; after spending several years in Ohio and Indiana, came to Sangamon County, 111., in 1835; was elected to the Sixth, Tenth and Eleventh General Assemblies, being one of the "Long Nine" from Sangamon County and, in 1861, was appointed by his former colleague (Abraham Lincoln) Register of the Land Office at Spring- field, resigning in 1873. Died, in 1878. ELLIS, Edward F. TV., soldier, was born at "Wilton, Maine, April 15, 1819; studied law and was admitted to the bar in Ohio ; spent three years (1849-53) in California, serving in the Legislature of that State in 1851, and proving himself an earnest opponent of slavery ; returned to Ohio the next year, and, in 1854, removed to Rockford, 111., where he embarked in the banking business. Soon after the firing on Fort Sumter, he organ- ized the Ellis Rifles, which having been attached to the Fifteenth Illinois, he was elected Lieuten- ant-Colonel of the regiment ; was in command at the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1863, and was killed while bravely leading on his men. ELLIS, (Rev.) John Millot, early home mis- sionary, was born in Keene, N. H., July 14, 1793; came to Illinois as a home missionary of the Presbyterian Church at an early day, and served for a time as pastor of churches at Kaskaskia and Jacksonville, and was one of the influential factors in securing the location of Illinois Col- lege at the latter place. His wife also conducted, for some years, a private school for young ladies at Jacksonville, which developed into the Jack- sonville Female Academy in 1833, and is still maintained after a history of over sixty years. Mr. Ellis was later associated with the establish- ment of Wabash College, at Crawfordsville, Ind., finally returning to New Hampshire, where, in 1840, he was pastor of a church at East Hanover. In 1844 he again entered the service of the Soci- ety for Promoting Collegiate and Theological Education in the West. Died, August 6, 1855. ELLSWORTH, Ephraim Elmer, soldier, first victim of the Civil War, was born at Mechanics ville, Saratoga County, N. Y., April 33, 1837. He came to Chicago at an early age, studied law, and became a patent solicitor. In 1860 he raised a regiment of Zouaves in Chicago, which became famous for the perfection of its discipline and drill, and of which he was commissioned Colonel. In 1861 he accompanied President Lincoln to Washington, going from there to New York, where he recruited and organized a Zouave regiment composed of firemen. He became its Colonel and the regiment was ordered to Alexan- dria, Va. While stationed there Colonel Ells- worth observed that a Confederate flag was flying above a hotel owned by one Jackson. Rushing to the roof, he tore it down, but before he reached the street was shot and killed by Jackson, who was in turn shot by Frank H. Brownell, one of Ellsworth's men. He was the first Union soldier killed in the war. Died, May 34, 1861. ELMHURST (formerly Cottage Hill), a village of Du Page County, on the Chicago Great Western and 111. Cent. Railroads, 15 miles west of Chicago; is the seat of the Evangelical Seminary ; has elec- tric interurban line, two papers, stone quarry, electric light, water and sewerage systems, high school, and churches. Pop. (1900), 1,738. ELM W 001), a town of Peoria County, on the Galesburg and Peoria and Buda and Rushville branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 36 miles west-northwest of Peoria; the principal industries are coal-mining and corn and tomato canning ; has a bank and one newspaper. Population (1890), 1,548; (1900), 1,583. EL PASO, a city in Woodford County, 17 miles north of Bloomington, 33 miles east of Peoria, at the crossing Illinois Central and Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads; in agricultural district; has two national banks, three grain elevators, two high schools, two newspapers, nine churches. Pop. (1890), 1,353; (1900), 1,441; (1903, est.), 1,600. EMBARRAS RITER, rises in Champaign County and runs southward through the counties of Douglas, Coles and Cumberland, to Newton, in Jasper County, where it turns to the southeast, passing through Lawrence County, and entering the Wabash River about seven miles below Vin- cennes. It is nearly 150 miles long. EMMERSON, Charles, jurist, was bom at North Haverhill, Grafton County, N. H., April 15, 1811; came to Illinois in 1833, first settling at Jackson- ville, where he spent one term in Illinois Cqllege, then studied law at Springfield, and, having been admitted to the bar, began practice at Decatur, where he spent the remainder of his life except three years (1847-50) during which he resided at Paris, Edgar County. In 1850 he was elected to 158 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. the Legislature, and, in 1853, to the Circuit bench, serving on the latter by re-election till 1867. The latter year he was a candidate for Justice of the Supreme Court, but was defeated by the late Judge Pinkney H. Walker. In 1869 he was elected to the State Constitutional Convention, but died in April, 1870, while the Convention was still in session. ENFIELD, a town of White County, at the intersection of the Louisville & Nashville with the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 10 miles west of Carmi; is the seat of Southern Illi- nois College. The town also has a bank and one newspaper. Population (1880), 717; (1890), 870; (1900), 971; (1903, est.), 1,000. ENGLISH, Joseph G., banker, was bom at Rising Sun, Ind., Dec. 17, 1820; lived for a time at Perrysville and La Fayette in that State, finally engaging in merchandising in the former; in 1853 removed to Danville, 111., where he formed a partnership with John L. Tincher in mercantile business ; later conducted a private banking busi- ness and, in 1863, established the First National Bank, of which he has been President over twenty years. He served two terms as Mayor of Dan- ville, in 1872 was elected a member of the State Board of Equalization, and, for more than twenty years, has been one of the Directors of the Chicago & Eastern Railroad. At the present time Mr. English, having practically retired from busi- ness, is spending most of his time in the West. ENOS, Pascal Paoli, pioneer, was born at Windsor, Conn., in 1770; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1794, studied law, and, after spending some years in Vermont, where he served as High Sheriff of Windsor County, in September, 1815, removed West, stopping first at Cincinnati. A year later he descended the Ohio by flat-boat to Shawneetown, III., crossed the State by land, finally locating at St. Charles, Mo. , and later at St. Louis. Then, having purchased a tract of land in Madison County, 111., he remained there about two years, when, in 1823, having received from President Monroe the appointment of Receiver of the newly established Land Office at Springfield, he removed thither, making it his permanent home. He was one of the original purchasers of the land on which the city of Springfield now stands, and joined with Maj. Elijah lies, John Taylor and Thomas Cox, the other patentees, in laying out the town, to which they first gave the name of Calhoun. Mr. Enos remained in office through the administration of President John Quincy Adams, but was removed by President Jackson for political reasons, in 1829. Died, at Springfield, April, 1832.— Pascal P. (Enos), Jr., eldest son of Mr. Enos, was born in St. Charles, Mo., Nov. 28, 1816; was elected Representative in the General Assembly from Sangamon County in 1852, and served by appointment of Justice McLean of the Supreme Court as Clerk of the United States Circuit Court, being reappointed by Judge David Davis, dying in office, Feb. 17, 1867.— Zimri A. (Enos), another son, was bom Sept. 29, 1821, is a citizen of Springfield — has served as County Surveyor and Alderman of the city. — Julia E., a daughter, was born in Spring- field, Dec. 20, 1832, is the widow o'f the late O. M. Hatch, Secretary of State (1857-65). EPLER, Cyrus, lawyer and jurist, was bom at Charleston, Clark County, Ind., Nov. 12, 1825; graduated at Illinois College, Jackson- ville, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1852, being elected State's Attorney the same year; also served as a member of the General Assembly two terms (1857-61) and as Master in Chancery for Morgan County, 1867-73. In 1873 he was elected Circuit Judge for the Seventh Circuit and was re-elected successively in 1879, '85 and '91, serving four terms, and retiring in 1897. During his entire professional and official career his home has been in Jacksonville. EQUALITY, a village of Gallatin County, on the Shawneetown Division of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 11 miles west-northwest of Shawneetown. It was for a time, in early days, the county-seat of Gallatin County and market for the salt manufactured in that vicinity. Some coal is mined in the neighborhood. One weekly paper is published here. Population (1880), 500 p (1890), 622; (1900), 898. ERIE, a village of Whiteside County, on the Rock Island and Sterling Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quinoy Railroad, 30 miles north- east of Rock Island. Population (1880), 537;. (1890), 585; (1900), 76§. EUREKA, the county-seat of Woodford County, incorporated in 1856, situated 19 miles east of Peoria; is in the heart of a rich stock-raising and agricultural district. The principal mechanical industry is a large canning factory. Besides having good grammar and high schools, it is also the seat of Eureka College, under the control of the Christian denomination, in connection with which are a Normal School and a Biblical Insti- tute. The town has a handsome courthouse and a jail, two weekly and one monthly paper. Eureka became the county-seat of Woodford County in 1896, the change from Metamora being HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 159- due to the central location and more convenient accessibility of the former from all parts of the county. Population (1880), 1,185; (1890), 1,481; (1900), 1,661. EUREKA COLLEGE, located at Eureka, Wood- ' ford Coimty, and chartered in 1855, distinctively under the care and supervision of the "Christian" or "Campbellite" denomination. The primary aim of its founders vras to prepare young mfen for the ministry, while at the same time affording facilities for liberal culture. It vcas chartered in 1855, and its growth, while gradual, has been steady. Besides a preparatory department and a business school, the college maintains a collegiate department (with classical and scientific courses) and a theological school, the latter being designed to lit young men for the ministry of the denomi- nation. Both male and female matriculates are received. In 1896 there was a faculty of eighteen professors and assistants, and an attendance of some 325 students, nearly one-third of whom were females. The total value of the institution's property is §144,000, which includes an endow- ment of $45,000 and real estate valued at $85,000. EUSTACE, John Y., lawyer and judge, was bom in Philadelphia, Sept. 9, 1821 ; graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1839, and, in 1842, at the age of 21, was admitted to the bar, removing the same year to Dixon, 111., where he resided until his death. In 1856 he was elected to the General Assembly and, in 1857, became Circuit Judge, serving one term; was chosen Presidential Elector in 1864, and, in March, 1878, was again elevated to the Circuit Bench, vice Judge Heaton, deceased. He was elected to the same position in 1879, and re-elected in 1885, but died in 1888, three years before the expiration of his term. EVANGELICAL 8EMINAKT, an institution under the direction of the Lutheran denomina- tion, incorporated in 1865 and located at Elm- hurst, Du Page County. Instruction is given in the classics, theology, oratory and preparatory studies, by a faculty of eight teachers. The number of pupils during the school year (1895-90) was 133 — all young men. It has property valued at 159,305. EVANS, Henry H., legislator, was born in Toronto, Can., March 9, 1836; brought by his father (who was a native of Pennsylvania) to Aurora, 111., where the latter finally became fore- man of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy ma- chine shops at that place. In 1862 young Evans enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Illinois Volunteers, serving until the close of the war. Since the war he has become most widely known as a member of the General Assembly, hav- ing been elected first to the House, in 1876, and subsequently to the Senate every four years from 1880 to the year 1898, giving him over twenty years of almost continuous service. He is a large owner of real estate and has been prominently connected with financial and other business enterprises at Aurora, including the Aurora Gas and Street Railway Companies ; also served with the rank of Colonel on the staffs of Governors- Cullom, Hamilton, Fifer and Oglesby. EVANS, (Rev.) Jervice G., educator and re- former, was born in Marshall County, 111., Dec. 19, 1833; entered the ministry of the Methodist. Episcopal Church in 1854, and, in 1873, accepted the presidency of Hedding College at Abingdon, which he filled for six years. He then became^ President of Chaddock College at Quincy, but the^ following year returned to pastoral work. In 1889 he again became President of Hedding Col- lege, where (1898) he still remains. Dr. Evans is; a member of the Central Illinois (M. E.) Confer- ence and a leader in the prohibition movement ; has also produced a number of volumes on reli- gious and moral questions. EVANS, John, M.D., physician and Governor, was born at Waynesville, Ohio, of Quaker ances- try, March 9, 1814; graduated in medicine at Cincinnati and began practice at Ottawa, 111., but soon returned to Ohio, finally locating at Attica, Ind. Here he became prominent in the establishment of the first insane hospital in In- diana, at Indianapolis, about 1841r42, becoming a resident of that city in 1845. Three years later, having accepted a cbair in Rush Medical College, in Chicago, he removed thither, also serving for a time as editor of "The Northwestern Medical and Surgical Journal." He served as a member of the Chicago City Council, became a successful operator in real estate and in the promotion of various railroad enterprises, and was one of the founders of the Northwestern University, at Evanston, serving as President of the Board of Trustees over forty years. Dr. Evans was one of the founders of the Republican party in Illinois, and a strong personal friend of President Lincoln, from whom, in 1862, he received the appointment of Governor of the Territory of Colorado, con- tinuing in ofiSce until displaced by Andrew John- son in 1865. In Colorado he became a leading factor in the construction of some of the most important railroad lines in that section, including the Denver, Texas & Gulf Road, of which he was for many years the President. He was also 160 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. prominent in connection with educational and church enterprises at Denver, which was his home after leaving Illinois. Died, in Denver, July 3, 1897. EVANSTON, a city of Cook County, situated 13 miles north of Chicago, on the Chicago, Milwau- kee & St. Paul and the Chicago & Northwestern Railroads. The original town was incorporated Dec. 29, 1863, and, in March, 1869, a special act was passed by the Legislature incorporating it as a city, but rejected by vote of the people. On Oct. 19, 1872, the voters of the corporate town adopted village organizations under the Genei'al Village and City Incorporation Act of the same year. Since then annexations of adjacent terri- tory to the village of Evanston have taken place as follows: In January, 1873, two small districts by petition ; in April, 1874, the village of North Evanston was annexed by a majority vote of the electors of both corporations; in April, 1886, there was another annexation of a small out-lying district by petition ; in February, 1892, the ques- tion of the annexation of South Evanston was submitted to the voters of both corporations and adopted. On March 39, 1892, the question of organization under a city government was sub- mitted to popular vote of the consolidated corpo- ration and decided in the affirmative, the first city election taking place April 19, following. The population of the original corporation of Evanston, according to the census of 1890, was 13,073, and of South Evanston, 3,205, making the total population of the new city 15,967. Judged by the census returns of 1900, the consolidated city has had a healthy growth in the past ten years, giving it, at the end of the century, a population of 19,259. Evanston is one of the most attractive residence cities in Northern Illinois and famed for its educational advantages. Besides having an admirable system of graded and high schools, it is the seat of the academic and theological departments of the Northwestern University, the latter being known as the Garrett Biblical Institute. The city has well paved streets, is lighted by both gas and electricity, and maintains its own system of water works. Prohibition is strictly enforced within the corporate limits under stringent municipal ordinances, and the charter of' the Northwestern University forbidding the sale of intoxicants within four miles of that institution. As a consequence, it is certain to attract the most desirable class of people, whether consisting of those seeking permanent homes or simply contemplating temporary residence for the sake of educational advantages. EWIJfG, William Lee Davidson, early lawyer and politician, was born in Kentucky in 1795, and came to Illinois at an early day, first settling at Shawneetown. As early as 1820 he appears from a letter of Governor Edwards to President Mon- roe, to have been holding some Federal appoint- ment, presumably tlxat of Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land Office at Vandalia, as con- temporary history shows that, in 1822, he lost a deposit of $1,000 by the robbery of the bank there. He was also Brigadier-General of the State militia at an early day. Colonel of the "Spy Battalion" during the Black Hawk War, and, as Indian Agent, superintended the removal of the Sacs and Foxes west of the Mississippi. Other posi- tions held by him included Clerk of the House of Representatives two sessions (1826-27 and 1828-29) ; Representative from the counties composing the Vandalia District in the Seventh General Assem- bly (1830-31), when healso became Speaker of the House; Senator from the same District in the Eighth and Ninth General Assemblies, of which he was chosen President pro tempore. While serving in this capacity he became ex-ofiicio Lieutenant-Governor in consequence of the resig- nation of Lieut. -Gov. Zadoc Casey to accept a seat in Congress, in March, 1833, and, in Novem- ber, 1834, assumed the Governorship as successor to Governor Reynolds, who had been elected to Congress to fill a vacancy. He served only fifteen days as Governor, when he gave plac^ to Gov. Joseph Duncan, who had been elected in due course at the previous election. A year later (December, 1835) he was chosen United States Senator to succeed Elias Kent Kane, who had died in office. Failing of a re-election to the Senatorship in 1837, he was returned to the House of Representatives from his old district in 1838, as he was again in 1840, at each session being chosen Speaker over Abraham Lincoln, who was the Whig candidate. Dropping out of the Legis- lature at the close of his term, we find him at the beginning of the next session (December, 1842) in his old place as Clerk of the House, but, before the close of the session (in March, 1843), appointed Auditor of Public Accounts as successor to James Shields, who had resigned. While occupying the office of Auditor, Mr. Ewing died, March 35, 1846. His public career was as unique as it was remark- able, in the number and character of the official positions held by him within a period of twenty- five years. EXECUTIVE OFFICERS. (See State officers under heads of "Governor," "Lieutenant-Gov- ernor" etc.) HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 161 EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY, ILLINOIS CHARITABLE. This institution is an outgrowth of a private charity founded at Chicago, in 1858, by Dr. Edward L. Holmes, a distinguished Chi- cago oculist. In 1871 the property of the institu- tion was transferred to and accepted by the State, the title was changed by the substitution of the word "Illinois" for "Chicago," and the Infirmary became a State institution. The fire of 1871 destroyed the building, and, in 1873-74, the State erected another of brick, four stories in height, at the corner of West Adams and Peoria Streets, Chicago. The institution receives patients from all the counties of the State, the same receiving board, lodging, and medical aid, and (when neces- sary) surgical treatment, free of charge. The number of patients on Dec. 1, 1897, was 160. In 1877 a free eye and ear dispensary was opened under legislative authority, which is under charge of some eminent Chicago specialists. FAIRBURY, an incorporated city of Livings- ton County, situated ten miles southeast of Pon- tiac, in a fertile and thickly -settled region. Coal, sandstone, limestone, fire-clay and a micaceous quartz are found in the neighborhood. The town has banks, grain elevators, flouring mills and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 2,140; (1890), 2,324; (1900), 3,187. FAIRFIELD, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Wayne County and a railway junction, 108 miles southeast of St. Louis. The town has an extensive woolen factory and large flouring and saw mills. It also has four weekly papers and is an important fruit and grain-shipping point. Population (1880), 1,391; (1890), 1,881; (1900), 2,338. FAIRMOUNT, a village of Vermilion County, on the Wabash Railway, 13 miles west-southwest from Danville ; industrial interests chiefly agri- cultural ; has brick and tile factory, a coal mine, stone quarry, three rural mail routes and one weekly paper. Population (1890), 649 ; (1900), 928. FALLOWS, (Rt. Rev.) Samuel, Bishop of Re- formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born at Pendleton, near Manchester, England, Dec. 13, 1835 ; removed with his parents to Wisconsin in 1848, and graduated from the State University there in 1859, during a part of his university course serving as pastor of a Methodist Episcopal church at Madison; was next Vice-President of Gainesville University till 1861, when he was ordained to the Methodist ministry and became pastor of a church at Oshkosh. The following year he was appointed Chaplain of the Thirty- second Wisconsin Volunteers, but later assisted in organizing the Fortieth Wisconsin, of which he became Colonel, in 1865 being brevetted Briga- dier-General. On his return to civil life he became a pastor in Milwaukee; was appointed State Superintendent of Public Instruction for Wisconsin to fill a vacancy, in 1871, and was twice re-elected. In 1874 he was elected President of the Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, 111., remaining two years ; in 1875 united with the Reformed Episcopal Church, soon after became Rector of St. Paul's Church in Chicago, and was elected a Bishop in 1876, also assuming the editorship of "The Appeal," the organ of the church. He served as Regent of the University of Wisconsin (1864-74), and for several years has been one of the Trustees of the Illinois State Reform School at Pontiac. He is the author of two or three volumes, one of them being a "Sup- plementary Dictionary," published in 1884. Bishop Fallows has had supervision of Reformed Episcopal Church work in the West and North- west for several years ; has also served as Chaplain of the Grand Army of the Republic for the Department of Illinois and of the Loyal Legion, and was Chairman of the General Committee of the Educational Congress during the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. FARINA, a town of Fayette County, on the Chicago Division of the Illinois Central Railroad, 29 miles northeast of Centralia. Agriculture and fruit-growing constitute the chief business of the section ; the town has one newspaper. Popula- tion (1890), 618; (1900), 693; (1903, est.), 800. FARMER CITY, a city of De Witt County, 35 miles southeast of Bloomington, at the junction of the Springfield division of the Illinois Central and the Peoria division of the Cleveland, Cincin- nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways. It is a trading center for a rich agricultural and stock- raising district, especially noted for rearing finely bred horses. The city has banks, two news- papers, churches of four denominations and good schools, including a high school. Population (1880), 1,289; (1890), 1,367; (1900), 1,664- FARMERS' INSTITUTE, an organization created by an act, approved June 24, 1895, de- signed to encourage practical education among farmers, and to assist in developing the agricul- tural resources of the State. Its . membership consists of three delegates from each county in the State, elected annually by the Farmers' Institute in such county. Its affairs are managed by a Board of Directors constituted as follows: The Superintendent of Public Instruction, the 162. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Professor of Agriculture in the University of Illi- nois, and the Presidents of the State Board of Agriculture, Dairymen's Association and Horti- cultural Society, ex-officio, with one member from each Congressional District, chosen by the dele- gates from the district at the annual meeting of the organization. Annual meetings (between Oct. 1 and March 1) are required to be held, which shall continue in session for not less than three days. The topics for discussion are the cultivation of crops, the care and breeding of domestic animals, dairy husbandry, horticulture, farm drainage, improvement of highways and general farm management. The reports of the annual meetings are printed by the State to the number of 10,000, one-half of the edition being placed at the disposal of the Institute. Suitable quarters for the officers of the organization are provided in the State capitol. FABMINGTON, a city and railroad center in Fulton County, 13 miles north of Canton and 22 miles west of Peoria. Coal i.s extensively mined here; there are also brick and tile factories, a foundry, one steam fllour-mill, and two cigar manufactories. It is a large shipping-point for grain and live-stock. The town has two banks and two newspapers, five churches and a graded school. Population (1890), 1,375; (1903, est.), 2,103. FARNSWORTH, Elon John, soldier, was born at Green Oak, Livingston County, Mich., in 1837. After completing a course in the public schools, he entered the University of Michigan, but left college at the end of his freshman year (1858) to serve in the Quartermaster's department of the army in the Utah expedition. At the expiration of his term of service he became a buffalo hunter and a carrier of mails between the haunts of civilization and the then newly -discovered mines at Pike's Peak. Returning to Ilhnois, he was commissioned (1861) Assistant Quartermaster of the Eighth Illinois Cavalry, of which his uncle was Colonel. (See Farnsworth, John Franklin.) He soon rose to a captaincy, distinguishing him- self in the battles of the Peninsula. In May, 1863, he was appointed aid-de-camp to General Pleasanton, and, on June 29, 1863, was made a Brigadier-General. Four days later he was killed, while gallantly leading a charge at Gettysburg. FARNSWORTH, John Franklin, soldier and former Congressman, was born at Eaton, Canada East, March 27, 1820; removed to Michigan in 1834, and later to Illinois, settling in Kane County, where he practiced law for many years, making his home at St. Charles. He was elected to Congress in 1856, and re-elected in 1858. In September of 1861, he was commissioned Colonel of the Eighth Illinois Cavalry Volunteers, and was brevetted Brigadier-General in November, 1862, but resigned, March 4, 1863, to take his seat in Congress to which he had been elected the November previous, by successive re-elections serving from 1863 to 1873. The latter years of his life were spent in "Washington, where he died, July 14, 1897. FAR WELL, Charles Benjamin, merchant and United States Senator, was born at Painted Post, N. Y., July 1, 1823; removed to Illinois in 1838, and, for six years, was employed in surveying and farming. In 1844 he engaged in the real estate business and in banking, at Chicago. He was elected County Clerk in 1853, and re-elected in 1857. Later he entered into commerce, becom- ing a partner with his brother, John Villiers, in the iirm of J. V. FarweU & Co. He was a mem- ber of the State Board of Equalization in 1867 ; Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Cook County in 1868 ; and National Bank Examiner in 1869. In 1870 he was elected to Congress as a Republican, was re-elected in 1873, but was defeated in 1874, after a contest for the seat which was carried into the House at Washington. Again, in 1880, he was returned to Congress, making three full terms in that body. He also served for several years as Chairman of the Republican State Central Committee. After the death of Gen. John A. Logan he was (1887) elected United States Senator, his term expiring March 3, 1891. Mr. FarweU has since devoted his attention to the immense mercantile busi- ness of J. V. FarweU & Co. FARWELL, John Villiers, merchant, was born at Campbelltown, Steuben County, N. Y., July 29, 1825, the son of a farmer ; received a common- school education and, in 1838, removed with his father's family to Ogle County, HI. Here he attended Mount Morris Seminary for a time, but, in 1845, came to Chicago without capital and secured employment in the City Clerk's office, then became a book-keeper in the dry- goods establishment of Hamilton & "White, and, still later, with Hamilton & Day. Having thus received his bent towards a mercantile career, he soon after entered the concern of "Wadsworth & Phelps as a clerk, at a salary of §600 a year, but was admitted to a partnership in 1850, the title of the firm becoming Cooley, FarweU & Co., in 1860. About this time Marshall Field and Levi Z. Leiter became associated with the concern and received their mercantile training under the supervision of Mr. FarweU. In 1865 the title of the firm HISTOEIOAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 163 became J. V. Farwell & Co., but, in 1891, tbe firm was incorporated under the name of The J. V. Farwell Company, his brother, Charles B. Far- well, being a member. The subject of this sketch has long been a prominent factor in religious circles, a leading spirit of the Yoimg Men's Christian Association, and served as President of the Chicago Branch of the United States Christian Commission dm-ing the Civil War. Politically he is a Republican and served as Presi- dential Elector at the time of President Lincoln's second election in 1864; also served by appoint- ment of President Grant, in 1869, on the Board of Indian Commissioners. He was a member of the syndicate which erected the Texas State Capitol, at Austin, in that State ; has been, for a number of years, Vice-President and Treasurer of the J. V. Farwell Company, and President of the Colorado Consolidated Land and Water Company. He was also prominent in the organization of the Chicago Public Library, and a member of the Union League, the Chicago Historical Society and the Art Listitute. FARWELL, William Washington, jurist, was bom at Morrisville, Madison County, N. Y., Jan. 5, 1817, of old Puritan ancestry ; graduated from Hamilton College in 1837, and was admitted to the bar at Rochester, N. Y., in 1841. In 1848 he removed to Chicago, but the following year went to California, returning to his birthplace in 1850. In 1854 he again settled at Chicago and soon secured a prominent position at the bar. In 1871 he was elected Circuit Court Judge for Cook Coimty, and, in 1873, re-elected for a term of six years. During this period he sat chiefly upon the chancery side of the court, and, for a time, presided as Chief Justice. At the close of his second term he was a candidate for re-election as a Republican, but was defeated with the re- mainder of the ticket. In 1880 he was chosen Professor of Equity Jurisprudence in the Union College of Law (now the Northwestern Univer- sity Law School), serving until June, 1893, when he resigned. Died, in Chicago, April 30, 1894. FAYETTE COUNTY, situated about 60 miles south of the geographical center of the State; was organized in 1831, and named for the French General La Fayette. It has an area of 720 square miles; population (1900), 28,065. The soil is fer- tile and a rich vein of bituminous coal underlies the county. Agriculture, fruit-growing and mining are the chief industries. The old, historic "Cumberland Road," the trail for all west-bound emigrants, crossed the county at an early date. Perryville was the first county-seat, but this town is now extinct. Vandalia, the present seat of county government (population, 3,144), stands upon a succession of hills upon the west bank of the Kaskaskia. From 1820 to 1839 it was the State Capital. Besides Vandalia the chief towns are Ramsey, noted for its railroad ties and tim- ber, and St. Elmo. FEEBLE-MINDED CHILDREN, ASYLUM FOR. This institution, originally established as a sort of appendage to the Illinois Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, was started at Jacksonville, in 1865, as an "experimental school, for the instruction of idiots and feeble-minded children." Its success having been assured, the school was placed upon an independent basis in 1871, and, in 1875, a site at Lincoln, Logan County, covering forty acres, was donated, and the erection of buildings begun. The original plan provided for a center building, with wings and a rear exten- sion, to cost 1124,775. Besides a main or adminis- tration building, the institution embraces a school building and custodial hall, a hospital and industrial workshop, and, during the past year, a chapel has been added. It has control of 890 acres, of which 400 are leased for farming pur- poses, the rental going to the benefit of the insti- tution. The remainder is used for the purposes of the institution as farm land, gardens or pas- ture, about ninety acres being occupied by the institution buildings. The capacity of the insti- tution is about 700 inmates, with many applica- tions constantly on file for the admission of others for whom there is no room. FEEHAN, Patrick A., D.D., Archbishop of the Roman Catholic archdiocese of Chicago, and Metropolitan of Illinois, was born at Tipperary, Ireland, in 1829, and educated at Maynooth College. He emigrated to the United States in 1853, settling at St. Louis, and was at once appointed President of the Seminary of Caronde- let. Later he was made pastor of the Church of the Immaculate Conception at St. Louis, where he achieved marked distinction. In 1865 he was consecrated Bishop of Nashville, managing the affairs of the diocese with great ability. In 1880 Chicago was raised to an archiepiscopal see, with Suffragan Bishops at Alton and Peoria, and Bishop Feehan was consecrated its first Arch- bishop. His administration has been conserva- tive, yet e£6cient, and the archdiocese has greatly prospered under his rule. FELL, Jesse W., lawyer and real-estate opera- tor, was born in Chester County^ Pa. , about 1808 ; started west on foot in 1838, and, after spending some years at Steubenville, Ohio, came to Dela- 164 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. van, 111., in 1832, and the next year located at Bloomington, being the first lawyer in that new town. Later he became agent for school lands and the State Bank, but failed financially in 1837, and returned to practice; resided several years at Payson, Adams County, but returning to Bloomington in 1855, was instrumental in securing the location of the Chicago & Alton Railroad through that town, and was one of the founders of the towns of Clinton, Pontiac, Lex- ington and El Paso. He was an intimate personal and political friend of Abraham Lincoln, and it was to him Mr. Lincoln addressed his celebrated personal biography ; in the campaign of 1860 he served as Secretary of the Republican State Cen- tral Committee, and, in 1863, was appointed by Mr. Lincoln a Paymaster in the regular army, serving some two years. Mr. Fell was also a zeal- ous friend of the cause of industrial education, and bore an important part in securing the location of the State Normal University at Nor- mal, of which city he was the founder. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 25, 1887. FEKGrUS, Robert, early printer, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, August 4, 1815; learned the printer's trade in his native city, assisting in his youth in putting in type some of Walter Scott's productions and other works which now rank among English classics. In 1834 he came to America, finally locating in Chicago, where, with various partners, he pursued the business of a job printer continuously some fifty years — being the veteran printer of Chicago. He was killed by being run over by a railroad train at Evanston, July 23, 1897. The establishment of which he was so long the head is continued by his sons. FERNWOOD, a suburban station on the Chi- cago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 12 south of ter- minal station ; annexed to City of Chicago, 1891. * FERRY, EUsha Peyre, politician, born in Monroe, Mich., August' 9, 1825; was educated in his native town and admitted to the bar at Fort Wayne, Ind., in 1845; removed to Waukegan, 111., the following year, served as Postmaster and, in 1856, was candidate on the Republican ticket for Presidential Elector; was elected Mayor of Waukegan in 1859, a member of the State Con- stitutional Convention of 1862, State Bank Com- missioner in 1861-63, Assistant Adjutant-General on the stafiE of Governor Yates during the war, and a delegate to the Republican National Con- vention of 1864. After the war he served as direct-tax Commissioner for Tennessee; in 1869 was appointed Surveyor-General of Washington Territory and, in 1872 and '76, Territorial Gov- ernor. On the admission of Washington as a State, in 1889, he was elected the first Governor. Died, at Seattle, Wash., Oct. 14, 1895. FEVRE RIVER, a small stream which rises in Southern Wisconsin and enters the Mississippi in Jo Daviess County, six miles below Galena, which stands upon its banks. It is navigable for steam- boats between Galena and its mouth. The name originally given to it by early French explorers was "Feve" (the French name for "Bean"), which has since been corrupted into its present form. FICKLIN, Orlando B., lawyer and politician, was born in Kentucky, Dec. 16, 1808, and admitted to the bar at Mount Carmel, Wabash County; 111., in March, 1830. In 1834 he was elected to the lower house of the Ninth General Assembly. After serving a term as State's Attorney for Wabash County, in 1837 he removed to Charleston, Coles County, where, in 1888, and again in '43, he was elected to the Legislature, as he was for the last time in 1878. He was four times elected to Congress, serving from 1843 to '49, and from 1851 to '53 ; was Presidential Elector in 1856, and candidate for the same position on the Democratic ticket for the State-at-large in 1884; was also a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of 1856 and '60. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862. Died, at Charleston, May 5, 1886. FIELD, Alexander Pope, early legislator and Secretary of State, came to Illinois about the time of its admission into the Union, locating in Union County, which he represented in the Third, Fifth and Sixth General Assemblies. In the first of these he was a prominent factor in the ejection of Representative Hansen of Pike County and the seating of Shaw in his place, which enabled the advocates of slavery to secure the passage of a resolution submitting to the people the question of calling a State Constitutional Convention. In 1828 he was appointed Secretary of State by Governor Edwards, remaining in office under Governors Reynolds and Dun- can and through half the term of Governor Carlin, though the latter attempted to secure his removal in 1838 by the appointment of John A. McClernand — the courts, however, declaring against the latter. In November, 1840, the Governor's act was made effective by the confirmation, by the Senate, of Stephen A. Doug- las as Secretary in place of Field. Douglas held the oflice only to the following February, when he resigned to take a place on the Supreme HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 165 bench and Lyman Trumbull was appointed to succeed him. Field (who had become a Whig) was appointed by President Harrison, in 1841, Secretary of Wisconsin Territory, later removed to St. Louis and finally to New Orleans, where he was at the beginning of the late war. In Decem- ber, 1863, he presented himself as a member of the Thirty-eighth Congress for Louisiana, but was refused his seat, though claiming in an elo- quent speech to have been a loyal man. Died, in New Orleans, in 1877. Mr. Field was a nephew of Judge Nathaniel Pope, for over thirty years on the bench of the United States District Court. FIELD, Engene, journalist, humorist and poet, was bom in St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 3, 1850. Left an orphan at an early age, he was reared by a rela- tive at Amherst, Mass., and received a portion of his literary training at Monson and WilUamstown in that State, completing his course at the State University of Missouri. After an extended tour through Europe in 1873-73, he began his jounnal- istic career at St. Louis, Mo., as a reporter on "The Evening Journal," later becoming its city editor. During the next ten years he was succes- sively connected with newspapers at St. Joseph, Mo., St. Louis, Kansas City, and at Denver, Colo., at the last named city being managing editor of "The Tribime." In 1883 he removed to Chicago, becoming a special writer for "The Chicago News," his particular department for several years being a pungent, witty column with the caption, "Sharps and Flats." He wrote con- siderable prose fiction and much poetry, among the latter being successful translations of several of Horace's Odes. As a poet, however, he was best known through his short poems relating to childhood and home, which strongly appealed to the popular heart. Died, in Chicago, deeply mourned by a large circle of admirers, Nov. 4, 1895. FIELD, Marshall, merchant and capitalist, was born in Conway, Mass., in 1835, and grew up on a farm, receiving a common school and academic education. At the age of 17 he entered upon a mercantile career as clerk in a dry-goods store at Pittsfield, Mass., but, in 1856, came to Chicago and secured employment with Messrs. Cooley, Wadsworth & Co. ; in 1860 was adniitted into partnership, the firm becoming Cooley, Farwell & Co., and still later, Farwell, Field & Co. The last named firm was dissolved and that of Field, Palmer & Leiter organized in 1865. Mr. Palmer having retired in 1867, the firm was continued under the name of Field, Leiter & Co., until 1881, when Mr. Leiter retired, the concern being since known as Marshall Field & Co. The growth of the business of this great establishment is shown by the fact that, whereas its sales amounted before the fire to some $13,000,000 annually, in 1895 they aggregated $40,000,000. Mr. Field's business career has been remarkable for its suc- cess in a city famous for its successful business men and the vastness of their commercial oper- ations. He has been a generous and discrimi- nating patron of important public enterprises, some of his more conspicuous donations being the gift of a tract of land valued at $300,000 and $100,000 in cash, to the Chicago University, and $1,000,000 to the endowment of the Field Colum- bian Museum, as a sequel to the World's Colum- bian Exposition. The latter, chiefly through the munificence of Mr. Fi«ld, promises to become one of the leading institutions of its kind in the United States. Besides his mercantile interests, Mr. Field has extensive interests in various finan- cial and manufacturing enterprises, including the Pullman Palace Car Company and the Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, in each of which he is a Director. FIFEE, Joseph W., born at Stanton, Va., Oct. 38, 1840; in 1857 he accompanied his father (who was a stone-mason) to McLean County, 111., and worked at the manufacture and laying of brick. At the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted as a private in the Thirty-third Illinois Infantry, and was dangerously wounded at the assault on Jack- son, Miss., in 1863. On the healing of his wound, disregarding the advice of family and friends, he rejoined his regiment. At the plose of the war, when about 35 years of age, he entered the Wes- leyan University at Bloomington, where, by dint of hard work and frugality, while supporting himself in part by manual labor, he secured a diploma in 1868. He at once began the study of law, and, soon after his admission, entered upon a practice which subsequently proved both success- ful and lucrative. He was elected Corporation Counsel of Bloomington in 1871 and State's Attor- ney for McLean County in 1873, holding the latter ofiice, through re-election, until 1880, when he was chosen State Senator, serving in the Thirty- second and Thirty-third General Assemblies. In 1888 he was nominated and elected Governor on the Republican ticket, but, in 1893, was defeated by John P. Altgeld, the Democratic nominee, though running in advance of the national and the rest of the State ticket. FINERTT, John F., ex-Congressman and journalist, was born in Galway, Ireland, Sept. 10, 1846. His studies were mainly prosecuted 166 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. under private tutors. At the age of 16 he entered the profession of journalism, and, in 1864, coming to America, soon after enlisted, serving for 100 days during the Civil War, in the Ninety-ninth 'New York Volunteers. Subsequently, having removed to Chicago, he was connected with "The Chicago Times" as a special correspondent from 1876 to 1881, and, in 1883, established "The Citi- zen," a weekly newspaper devoted to the Irish- American interest, which he continues to pub- lish. In 1882 he was elected, as an Independ- ent Democrat, to represent the Second Illinois District in the Forty-eighth Congress, but, run- ning as an Independent Republican for re-election in 1884, was defeated by Frank Lawler, Democrat. In 1887 he was appointed Oil Inspector of Chi- cago, and, since 1889, has held no public office, giving his attention to editorial work on his paper. FISHEK, (Dr.) George, pioneer physician and legislator, was probably a native of Virginia, from which State he appears to have come to Kaskaskia previous to 1800. He became very prominent during the Territorial period; was appointed by William Henry Harrison, then Governor of Indiana Territory, the first Sheriff of Randolph County after its organization in 1801 ; was elected from that county to the Indiana Territorial House of Representatives in 1805, and afterwards promoted to the Territorial Council ; was also Representative in the First and Third Legislatures of Illinois Territory (1813 and '16), serving as Speaker of each. He was a Dele- gate to the Constitutional Convention of 1818, but died on his farm near Kaskaskia in 1820. Dr. Fisher participated in the organization of the first Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in Illi- nois at Kaskaskia, in 1806, and was elected one of its officers. FISHERIES. The fisheries of lUinois center chiefly at Chicago, the catch being taken from Lake Michigan, and including salmon trout, white fish (the latter species including a lake lierring), wall-eyed pike, three kinds of bass, three varieties of sucker, carp and sturgeon. The "fishing fleet" of Lake Michigan, properly so ■called, (according to the census of 1890) con- sisted of forty-seven steamers and one schooner, of which only one — a steamer of twenty-six tons burthen — was credited to Illinois. The same report showed a capital of §36,105 invested in land, buildings, wharves, vessels, boats and apparatus. In addition to the "fishing fleet" mentioned, nearly 1,100 sail-boats and other vari- €ries of craft are employed in the industry. sailing from ports between Chicago and Macki- nac, of which, in 1890, Illinois furnished 94, or about nine per cent. All sorts of apparatus are used, but the principal are gill, fyke and pound nets, and seines. The total value of these minor Illinois craft, with their equipment, for 1890, was nearly 818,000, the catch aggregating 722,830 pounds, valued at between §24,000 and §35,000. Of this draught, the entire quantity was either sold fresh in Chicago and adjacent markets, or shipped, either in ice or frozen. The Mississippi and its tributaries yield waU-eyed pike, pike perch, buffalo fish, sturgeon, paddle fish, and other species available for food. FITHIAJf, George W., ex-Congressman, was born on a farm near Willow HiU, III., July 4, 1854. His early education was obtained in the common schools, and he learned the trade of a printer at Mount Carmel. While employed at the case he found time to study law, and was admitted to the bar *in 1875. In 1876 he was elected State's Attorney for Jasper County, and re-elected in 1880. He was prominent in Democratic poUtics. and, in 1888, was elected on the ticket of that party to represent the Sixteenth Illinois District in Congress. He was re-elected in 1890 and again in 1892, but, in 1894, was defeated by his Republican opponent. FITHIAN, (Dr.) William, pioneer physician, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1800 ; built the first houses in Springfield and Urbana in that State; in 1823 began the study of medicine at Urbana ; later practiced two years at Mechanics- burgh, and four years at Urbana, as partner of his preceptor; in 1830 came west, locating at Danville, Vermilion County, where he became a large land-owner; in 1882 served with the Ver- milion County militia in the Black Hawk War, and, in 1834, was elected Representative in the Ninth General Assembly, the first of which Abraham Lincoln was a member; afterwards served two terms in the State Senate from the Danville District (1888-46). Dr. Fithian was active in promoting the railroad interests of Danville, giving the right of way for railroad purposes through a large body of land belonging to him, in Vermilion County. He was also a member of various medical associations, and, during his later years, was the oldest practicing physician in the State. Died, in Danville, 111., April 5, 1890. FLAGG, Gershom, pioneer, was born in Rich- mond, Vt., in 1792, came west in 1816, settling in Madison County, 111., in 1818, where he was known as an enterprising farmer and a prominent HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 167 and influential citizen. Originally a Whig, he became a zealous Republican on the organization of that party, dying in 1857.— Willard Cutting (Flagg), son of the preceding, was born in Madi- son County, 111., Sept 16, 1829, spent his early life on his father's farm and in the common schools; from 1844 to '50 was a pupil in the celebrated high school of Edward Wyman in St. Louis, finally graduating with honors at Yale College, in 1854. During his college course he took a number of literary prizes, and, in his senior year, served as one of the editors of "The Yale Literary Magazine." Returning to Illinois after gradu- ation, he took charge of his father's farm, engaged extensively in fruit-culture and stock-raising, being the first to introduce the Devon breed of cattle in Madison County in 1859. He was a member of the Republican State Central Com- mittee in 1860 ; in 1863, by appointment of Gov. Yates, became Enrolling Officer for Madison County; served as Collector of Internal Revenue for the Twelfth District, 1864-69, and, in 1868, was elected to the State Senate for a term of four years, and, during the last session of his term (1872), took a prominent part in the revision of the school law ; was appointed a member of the first Board of Trustees of the Industrial Univer- sity (now the University of Illinois) at Cham- paign, and reappointed in 1875. Mr. Flagg was also prominent in agricultural and horticultural ■organizations, serving as Secretary of the State Horticultural Society from 1861 to '69, when he became its President. He was one of the origi- nators of the "farmers' movement," served for some time as President of "The State Farmers' Association," wrote voluminously, and delivered addresses in various States on agricultural and horticultural topics, and, in 1875, was elected President of the National Agricultural Congress. In his later years he was a recognized leader in the Granger movement. Died, at Mora, Madison County, 111., April 5, 1878. FLEMING, Robert K., pioneer printer, was bom in Erie County, Pa., learned the printers' trade in Pittsburg, and, coming west while quite yoimg, worked at his trade in St. Louis, finally removing to Elaskaskia, where he was placed in •control of the office of "The Republican Advo- ■cate," which had been established in 1823, by Elias Kent Kane. The publication of "The Advocate" having been suspended, he revived it in May, 1825, under the name of "The Kaskaskia Uecorder," but soon removed it to Vandalia (then the State capital), and, in 1837, began the publi- cation of "The Illinois Corrector," at Edwards- ville. Two years later he returned to Kaskaskia and resumed the publication of "The Recorder," but, in 1833, was induced to remove his office to Belleville, where he commenced the publication of "The St. Clair Gazette," followed by "The St. Clair Mercury," both of which had a brief exist- ence. About 1843 he returned to the newspaper business as publisher of "The Belleville Advo- cate," which he continued for a number of years. He died, at Belleville, in 1874, leaving two sons who have been prominently identified with the history of journalism in Southern Illinois, at Belleville and elsewhere. FLETCHER, Job, pioneer and early legislator, was born in Virginia, in 1793, removed to Sanga- mon County, 111., in 1819; was elected Represent- ative in 1836, and, in 1834, to the State Senate, serving in the latter body six years. He was one of the famous "Long Nine" which represented Sangamon County in the Tenth General Assem- bly. Mr. Fletcher was again a member of the House in 1844-45. Died, in Sangamon County, in 1872. FLORA, a city in Harter Township, Clay County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 95 miles east of St. Louis, and 108 miles south-southeast of Springfield; has barrel factory, flouring mills, cold storage and ice plant, three fruit- working factories, two banks, six churches and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890), 1,695; (1900), 3 311 ; (1903, est.), 3,000. FLOWER, George, early English colonist, was born in Hertfordshire, England, about 1780; came to the United States in 1817, and was associ- ated with Morris Birkbeck in founding the "English Settlement" at Albion, Edwards County, 111. Being in affiuent circumstances, he built an elegant mansion and stocked an exten- sive farm with blooded animals from England and other parts of Europe, but met with reverses which dissipated his wealth. In common with Mr. Birkbeck, he was one of the determined opponents of the attempt to establish slavery in Illinois in 1834, and did much to defeat that measure. He and his wife died on the same day (Jan. 15, 1863), while on a visit to a daughter at Grayville, 111. A book written by him — "History of the English Settlement in Edwards County, 111."— and published in 1883, is a valuable contri- bution to the early history of that portion of the State. — Edward Fordliams (Flower), son of the preceding, was born in England, Jan. 31, 1805, but came with his father to Illinois in early life ; later he returned to England and spent nearly half a century at Stratford-on-Avon, where he 168 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. was four times chosen Mayor of that borough and entertained many visitors from the United States to Shakespeare's birthplace. Died, March 26, 1883. FOBES, Fliilena, educator, born in Onondaga County, N. Y., Sept. 10, 1811; was educated at Albany and at Cortland Seminary, Rochester, N. Y. ; in 1838 became a teacher in Monticello Female Seminary, then newly established at Godfrey, 111., under Rev. Theron Baldwin, Prin- cipal. On the retirement of Mr. Baldwin in 1843, Miss Fobes succeeded to the principalship, remaining until 1866, when she retired. For some years she resided at Rochester, N. Y., and New Haven, Conn., but, in 1886, she removed to Philadelphia, where she afterwards made her home, notwithstanding her advanced age, main- taining a lively interest in educational and benevolent enterprises. Miss Fobes died at Phila- delphia, Nov. 8, 1898, and was buried at New Haven, Conn. FOLEY, Thomas, Roman Catholic Bishop, born in Baltimore, Md., in 1823; was ordained a priest in 1846, and, two years later, was appointed Chan- cellor of the Diocese, being made Vicar-General in 1867. He was nominated Coadjutor Bishop of the Chicago Diocese in 1869 (Bishop Duggan hav- ing become insane), and, in 1870, was consecrated Bishop. His administration of diocesan work was prudent and eminently successful. As a man and citizen he won the respect of all creeds and , classes, alike, ^he State Legislature adopting resolutions of respect and regret upon learning of his death, which occurred at Baltimore, in ,1879. FORBES, Stephen Van Rensselaer, pioneer teacher, was born at "Windham, Vt., July 26, 1797; in his youth acquired a knowledge of surveying, and, having removed to Newburg (now South Cleveland), Ohio, began teaching. In 1829 he came west to Chicago, and having joined a sur- veying party, went to Louisiana, returning in the following year to Chicago, which then con- tained only three white families outside of Fort Dearborn. Having been joined by his wife, he took up his abode in what was called the "sut- ler's house" connected with Fort Dearborn; was appointed one of the first Justices of the Peace, and opened the first school ever taught in Chi- cago, all but three of his pupils being either half-breeds or Indians. In 1832 he was elected, as a Whig, the first Sheriff of Cook County; later preempted 160 acres of land where Riverside now stands, subsequently becoming owner of some 1,800 acres, much of which he sold, about 1853, to Dr. W. B. Egan at $20 per acre. In 1849, having been seized with the "gold fever," Mr. Forbes joined in the overland migration to California, but, not being successful, returned two years later by way of the Isthmus, and, hav- ing sold his possessions in Cook County, took up his abode at Newburg, Ohio, and resumed his occupation as a surveyor. About 1878 he again returned to Chicago, but survived only a short time, dying Feb. 17, 1879. FORD, Thomas, early lawyer, jurist and Gov- ernor, was born in Uniontown, Pa. , and, in boy- hood, accompanied his mother (then a widow) to Missouri, in 1804. The family soon after located in Monroe County, 111. Largely through the efforts and aid of his half-brother, George Forquer, he obtained a professional education, became a successful lawyer, and, early in life, entered the field of politics. He served as a Judge of the Circuit Court for the northern part of the State from 1835 to 1837, and was again commissioned a Circuit Judge for the Galena circuit in 1839; in 1841 was elevated to the bench of the State Supreme Court, but resigned the following year to accept the nomination of his party (the Democratic) for Governor. He was regarded as upright in his general policy, but he had a number of embarrassing questions to deal with during his administration, one of these being the Mormon troubles, in which he failed to receive the support of his own party. He was author of a valuable "History of Illinois," (pub- lished posthimiously). He died, at Peoria, in greatly reduced circumstances, Nov. 3, 1850. The State Legislature of 1895 took steps to erect a monument over his grave. FORD COUNTY, lies northeast of Springfield, was organized in 1859, being cut off from Vermil- ion. It is shaped like an inverted "T," and hais an area of 490 square miles; population (1900), 18,359. The first County Judge was David Pat- ton, and David Davis (afterwards of the United States Supreme Court) presided over the fitrst Circuit Court. The surface of the county is level and the soil fertile, consisting of a loam from one to five feet in depth. There is little timber, nor is there any out-cropping of stone. The county is named in honor of Governor Ford. The county- seat is Paxton, which had a population, in 1890, of 2, 187. Gibson City is a railroad center, and has a population of 1,800. FORMAN, (Col.) Ferris, lawyer and soldier, was born in Tioga County, N. Y., August 23, 1811 ; graduated at Union College in 1832, studied law and was admitted to the bar in New York in HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 169 1835, and in the United States Supreme Court in 1836; the latter year came west and settled at Vandalia, 111., where he began practice; in 1844 was elected to the State Senate for the district composed of Fayette, Effingham, Clay and Rich- land Coxinties, serving two years; before the expiration of his term (1846) enlisted for the Mexican War, and was commissioned Colonel of the Third Regiment Illinois Voliinteers, and, after participating in a number of the most important engagements of the campaign, was mustered out at New Orleans, in May, 1847. Re- turning from the Mexican War, he brought with him and presented to the State of Illinois a six-pound cannon, which had been captured by Illinois troops on the battlefield of Cerro Gordo, and is now in the State Arsenal at Springfield. In 1848 Colonel Forman was chosen Presidential Elector for the State-at-large on the Democratic ticket ; in 1849 went to California, where he prac- ticed his profession until 1853, meanwhile serving as Postmaster of Sacramento City by appointment of President Pierce, and later as Secretary of State during the administration of Gov. John B. "Weller (1858-60); in 1861 officiated, by appoint- ment of the California Legislature, as Commis- sioner on the part of the State in fixing the boundary between California and the Territory of Utah. After the discharge of this duty, he was ofEered the colonelcy of the Fourth California Volunteer Infantry, which he accepted, serving about twenty months, when he resigned. In 1866 he resumed his residence at Vandalia, and served as a Delegate for Fayette and Effingham Counties in the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, also for several years thereafter held the office of State's Attorney for Fayette County. Later he returned to California, and, at the latest date, was a resident of Stockton, in that State. FORMAJf, William S., ex-Congressman, was born at Natchez, Miss. , Jan. 30, 1847. When he was four years old, his father's family removed to Illinois, settling in Washington County, where he has lived ever since. By profession he is a lawyer, and he takes a deep interest in politics, local. State and National. He represented his Senatorial District in the State Senate in the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth General Assem- blies, and, in 1888, was elected, as a Democrat, to represent the Eighteenth Illinois District in the Fifty-first Congress, being re-elected in 1890, and again in '93, but was defeated in 1894 for renomi- nation by John J. Higgins, who was defeated at the election of the same year by Everett J. Mur- phy. In 1896 Mr. Forman was candidate of the "Gold Democracy" for Governor of Illinois, receiving 8,100 votes. FORQUER, George, early State officer, was born near Brownsville, Pa., in 1794 — was the son of a Revolutionary soldier, and older half-brother of Gov. Thomas Ford. He settled, with his mother (then a widow), at New Design, 111., in 1804. After learning, and, for several years, following the carpenter's trade at St. Louis, he returned to Illinois and purchased the tract whereon Waterloo now stands. Subsequently he projected the town of Bridgewater, on the Mis- sissippi. For a time he was a partner in trade of Daniel P. Cook. Being unsuccessful in business, he took up the study of law, in which he attained marked success. In 1824 he was elected to repre- sent Monroe County in the House of Represent- atives, but resigned in January of the following year to accept the position of Secretary of State, to which he was appointed by Governor Coles, as successor to Morris Blrkbeck, whom the Senate had refused to confirm. One ground for the friendship between him and Coles, no doubt, was the fact that they had been united in their opposition to the scheme to make Illinois a slave State. In 1838 he was a candidate for Congress, but was defeated by Joseph Duncan, afterwards Governor. At the close of the year he resigned the office of Secretary of State, but, a few weeks later (January, 1829), he was elected by the Legislature Attorney-General. This position he held until January, 1833, when he resigned, hav- ing, as it appears, at the previous election, been chosen State Senator from Sangamon County, serving in the Eighth and Ninth General Assem- blies. Before the close of his term as Senator (1835), he received the appointment of Register of the Land Office at Springfield, which appears to have been the last office held by him, as he died, at Cincinnati, in 1837. Mr. Forquer was a man of recognized ability and influence, an elo- quent orator and capable writer, but, in common with some of the ablest lawyers of that time, seems to have been much embarrassed by the smallness of his income, in spite of his ability and the fact that he was almost continually in office. FORREST, a village in Livingston County, at the intersection of the Toledo, Peoria & Western and the Wabash Railways, 75 miles east of Peoria and 16 miles southeast of Pontiac. Considerable grain is shipped from this point to the Chicago market. The village has several churches and a gradedschool. Population (1880), 375; (1900), 953. 170 I-IISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. FORREST, Joseph K. C, journalist, was born in Cork, Ireland, Nov. 36, 1820 ; came to Chicago in 1840, soon after securing employment as a writer on "The Evening Journal," and, later on, "The Gem of the Prairies," the predecessor of "The Tribune," being associated with the latter at the date of its establishment, in June, 1847. During the early years of his residence in Chi- cago, Mr. Forrest spent some time as a teacher. On retiring from "The Tribune," he became the associate of John Wentworth in the management of "The Chicago Democrat," a relation which was broken up by the consolidation of the latter with "The Tribune," in 1861. He then became the Springfield correspondent of "The Tribune," also holding a position on the staff of Governor Yates, and still later represented "The St. Louis Democrat" and "Chicago Times," as Washington ■correspondent; assisted in founding "The Chicago Republican" (now "Inter Ocean"), in 1865, and, some years later, became a leading writer upon the same. He served one term as Clerk of the city of Chicago, but, in his later years, and up to the period of his death, was a leading contributor "to the columns of "The Chicago Evening News" over the signatures of "An Old Timer" and "Now ■or Never." Died, in Chicago, June 33, 1896. FORRESTON, a village in Ogle County, the "terminus of the Chicago and Iowa branch of the -Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and point of intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways; 107 miles west by north from Chicago, and 12 miles south of Freeport; founded in 1854, incorporated by special charter in 1868, and, under the general law, in 1888. Farming and stock-raising are the principal industries. The village has a bank, water-works, electric light plant, creamery, vil- lage hall, seven churches, a graded school, and a newspaper. Population (1890), 1,118; (1900), 1,047. FORSYTHE, Albert P., exCongressman, was born at New Richmond, Ohio, May 24, 1830; received his early education in the common schools, and at Asbury University. He was reared upon a farm and followed farming as his life-work. During the War of the Rebellion he served in the Union army as Lieutenant. In politics he early became an ardent Nationalist, and was chosen President of the Illinois State Grange of the Patrons of Industry, in December, 1875, and again in January, 1878. In 1878 he was elected to Congress as a Nationalist, but, in 1880, though receiving the nominations of the com- bined Republican and Greenback parties, was defeated by Samuel W. Moulton, Democrat. FORT, Greenbury L., soldier and Congress- man, was born in Ohio, Oct. 17, 1825, and, in 1834, removed with his parents to Illinois. In 1850 he was elected Sheriff of Putnam County ; in 1853, Clerk of the Circuit Court, and, having mean- while been admitted to the bar at Lacon, became County Judge in 1857, serving until 1861. In April of the latter year he enlisted under the first call for troops, by re-enlistments serving till March 34, 1866. Beginning as Quartermaster of his regiment, he served as Chief Quartermaster of the Fifteenth Army Corps on the "March to the Sea," and was mustered out with the rank o£ Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General. On his return from the field, he was elected to the State Senate, serving in the Twenty-fifth and Twenty- sixth General Asserjiblies, and, from 1873 to 1881, as Representative, in Congress. He died, at Lacon, June 13, 1888. FORT CHARTRES, a strong fortification erected by the French in 1718, on the American Bottom, 16 miles northwest from Kaskaskia. The soil on which it stood was alluvial, and the limestone of which its walls were built was quarried from an adjacent bluff. In form it was an irregular quadrangle, surrounded on three sides by a wall two feet two inches thick, and on the foiirth by a ravine, which, during the spring- time, was full of water. During the period of French ascendency in Illinois, Fort Chartres was the seat of government. About four miles east soon sprang up the village of Prairie du Rocher (or Rock Prairie). (See Prairie du Rocher.) At the outbreak of the French and Indian War (1756), the original fortification was repaired and virtually rebuilt. Its cost at that time is esti- mated to have amounted to 1,000,000 French crowns. After the occupation of Illinois by the British, Fort Chartres still remained the seat of government until 1773, when one side of the fortification was washed away by a freshet, and headquarters were transferred to Kaskaskia. The first common law court ever held in the Mis- sissippi "Valley was established here, in 1768, by the order of Colonel Wilkins of the English army. The ruins of the old fort, situated in the northwest corner of Randolph County, once con- stituted an object of no little interest to anti- quarians, but the site has disappeared during the past generation by the encro^iChments of the Mississippi. FORT DEARBORN, the name of a United States military post, established at the mouth of the Chicago River in 1803 or 1804, on a tract of land six miles square conveyed by the Indians in EARLY HISTORIC SCENES, CHICAGO. EARLY HISTORIC SCENES, CHICAGO. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 171 the treaty of Greenville, concluded by General Wayne in 1795. It originally consisted of two block houses located at opposite angles (north- west and southeast) of a strong wooden stockade, with the Commandant's quarters on the east side of the quadrangle, soldiers' barracks on the south, officers' barracks on the west, and magazine, contractor's (sutler's) store and general store- house on the north — all the buildings being con- structed of logs, and all, except the block-houses, being entirely within the enclosure. Its arma- ment consisted of three light pieces of artillery. Its builder and first commander was Capt. John Whistler, a native of Ireland who had surrendered with Burgoyne, at Saratoga,, N. Y., and who ■subsequently became an American citizen, and served with distinction throughout the War of 1812. He was succeeded, in 1810, by Capt. Nathan Heald. As early as 1806 the Indians a,round the fort manifested signs of disquietude, Tecumseh, a few years later, heading an open armed revolt. In 1810 a council of Pottawato- mies, Ottawas and Chippewas was held at St. Joseph, Mich., at which it was decided not to join the confederacy proposed by Chief Tecumseh. In 1811 hostilities were precipitated by an attack upon the United States troops under Gen. William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe. In April, 1813, hostile bands of Winnebagos appeared in the vicinity of Fort Dearborn, terrifying the settlers by their atrocities. Many of the whites sought refuge within the stockade. Within two months after the declaration of war against England, in 1813, orders were issued for the evacuation of Fort Dearborn and the transfer of the garrison to Detroit. The garrison at that time numbered about 70, including officers, a large number of the troops being ill. Almost simultaneously with the order for evacuation appeared bands of Indians clamoring for a dis- tribution of the goods, to which they claimed they were entitled under .treaty stipulations. Knowing that he had but about forty men able to fight and that his march would be sadly hindered by the care of about a dozen women and twenty children, the commandant hesitated. The Pottawatomies, through whose country he would have to pass, had always been friendly, and he waited. Within six days a force of 500 or 600 savage warriors had assembled around the fort. Among the lea,ders were the Pottawatomie chiefs, Black Partridge, Winnemeg and Topenebe. Of these, Winnemeg was friendly. It was he who had brought General Hull's orders to evacuate, and, as the crisis grew more and more dangerous, he offered sound advice. He urged instantaneous departure before the Indians had time to agree upon a line of action. But Captain Heald decided to distribute the stores among the sav- ages, and thereby secure from them a friendly escort to Port Wayne. To this the aborigines readily assented, believing that thereby all the whisky and ammunition which they knew to be within the enclosure, would fall into their hands. Meanwhile Capt. William Wells, Indian Agent at Fort Wayne, had arrived at Fort Dearborn with a friendly force of Miamis to act as an escort. He convinced Captain Heald that it would be the height of folly to give the Indians liquor and gun- powder. Accordingly the commandant emptied the former into the lake and destroyed the latter. This was the signal for war. Black Partridge claimed he could no longer restrain his young braves, and at a council of the aborigines it was resolved to massacre the garrison and settlers. On the fifteenth of August the gates of the fort were opened and the evacuation began. A band of Pottawatomies accompanied the whites under the guise of a friendly escort. They soon deserted and, within a mile and a half from the fort, began the sickening scene of carnage known as the "Fort Dearborn Massacre." Nearly 500 Indians participated, their loss being less than twenty. The Miami escort fled at the first exchange of shots. With but four exceptions the wounded white prisoners were dispatched with savage ferocity and promptitude. Those not wounded were scattered among various tribes. The next day the fort with its stockade was burned. In 1816 (after the treaty of St. Louis) the fort was rebuilt upon a more elaborate scale. The second Fort Dearborn contained, besides bar- racks and officers' quarters, a magazine and provision-store, was enclosed by a square stock- ade, and protected by bastions at two of its angles. It was again evacuated in 1823 and re-garrisoned in 1838. The troops were once more withdrawn in 1831, to return the following year during the Black Hawk War. The final evacuation occurred in 1836. FOET OACJE, situated on the eastern bluffs of the Kaskaskia River, opposite the village of Kas- kaskia. It was erected and occupied by the British in 1773. It was built of heavy, square timbers and oblong in shape, its dimensions being 290x251 feet. On the night of July 4, 1778, it was captured by a detachment of American troops commanded by Col. George Rogers Clark, who held a commission from Virginia. The soldiers, with Simon Kenton at their head, were secretly 173 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. admitted to the fort by a Pennsylvanian who happened to be within, and the commandant, Eocheblave, was surprised in bed, while sleeping with his wife by his side. FORT JEFFERSON. I. A fort erected by Col. George Rogers Clark, under instructions from the Governor of Virginia, at the Iron Banks on the east bank of the Mississippi, below the mouth of the Ohio River. He promised lands to all adult, able-bodied white males who would emi- grate thither and settle, either with or without their families. Many accepted the offer, and a considerable colony was established there. Toward the close of the Revolutionary War, Vir- ginia being unable longer to sustain the garrison, the colony was scattered, many families going to Kaskaskia. II.. A fort in the Miami valley, erected by Governor St. Clair and General Butler, in October, 1791. "Within thirty miles of the post St. Clair's army, which had been badly weakened through desertions, was cut to pieces by the enemy, and the fortification was aban- doned. FORT MASSAC, an early French fortification, erected about 1711 on the Ohio River, 40 miles from its mouth, in what is now Massac County. It was the first fortification (except Fort St. Louis) in the "Illinois Country," antedating Fort Chartres by several years. The origin of the name is uncertain. The best authorities are of the opinion that it was so called in honor of the engineer who superintended its construction ; by others it has been traced to tlie name of the French Minister of Marine ; others assert that it is a corruption of the word "Massacre," a name given to the locality because of the massacre there of a large number of French soldiers by the Indians. The Virginians sometimes spoke of it as the "Cherokee fort." It was garrisoned by the French until after the evacuation of the country under the terms of the Treaty of Paris. It later became a sort of depot for American settlers, a few families constantly residing within and around the fortification. At a very early day a military road was laid out from the fort to Kaskaskia, the trees alongside being utilized as milestones, the number of miles being cut with irons and painted red. After the close of the Revolutionary War, the United States Govern- ment strengthened and garrisoned the fort by way of defense against inroads by the Spaniards. With the cession of Louisiana to the United States, in 1803, the fort was evacuated and never re-garrisoned. According to the "American State Papers," during the period of the French occupation, it was both a Jesuit missionary station and a trading post. FORT SACKVILLE, a British fortification, erected in 1769, on the Wabash River a short distance below Vincennes. It was a stockade, with bastions and a few pieces of cannon. In 1778 it fell into the hands of the Americans, and was for a time commanded by Captain Helm, with a garrison of a few Americans and Illinois French. In December, 1778, Helm and one private alone occupied the fort and surrendered to Hamilton, British Governor of Detroit, who led a force into the country around Vincennes. FORT SHERIDAN, United States Military Post, in Lake County, on the Milwaukee Division of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 24 miles north of Chicago. (Highwood village adjacent on the south.) Population (1890), 451 ; (1900), 1,575. FORT ST. LOUIS, a French fortification on a rock (widely known as "Starved Rock"), which consists of an isolated cliflE on the south side of the Illinois River nearly opposite Utica, in La Salle County. Its height is between 130 and 140 feet, and its nearly round summit contains an area of about three-fourths of an acre. The side facing the river is nearly perpendicular and, in natural advantages, it is well-nigh impregnable. Here, in the fall of 1683, La Salle and Tonty began the erection of a fort, consisting of earth- works, palisades, store-houses and a block house, which also served as a dwelling and trading post. A windlass drew water from the river, and two small brass cannon, mounted on a parapet, com- prised the armament. It was solemnly dedicated by Father Membre, and soon became a gathering place for the surrounding tribes, especially the Illinois. But Frontenac having been succeeded as Governor of New France by De la Barre, who was unfriendly to La Salle, the latter was dis- placed as Commandant at Fort St. Louis, while plots were laid to secure his downfall by cutting off his supplies and inciting the Iroquois to attack him. La Salle left the fort in 1683, to return to France, and, in 1703, it was abandoned as a military post, though it continued to be a trad- ing post until 1718, when it was raided by the Indians and burned. (See La Salle. ) FORT WAYNE & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Pittsburg, Fort Wayne tSb Chicago Railway.) FORT WAYNE & ILLINOIS RAILROAD. (See New York, Chicago & St. Louis Railway.) FORTIFICATIONS, PREHISTORIC. Closely related in interest to the works of the mound- builders in Illinois — though, probably, owing their origin to another era and an entirely different HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 173 Tace — are those works which bear evidence of having been constructed for purposes of defense at some period anterior to the arrival of white men in the country. While there are no works in Illinois so elaborate in construction as those to which have been given the names of "Fort Ancient" on the Maumee in Ohio, "Fort Azatlan" on the Wabash in Indiana, and "Fort Aztalan" on Eock River in Southern Wisconsin, there are a number whose form of construction shows that they must have been intended for warlike pur- poses, and that they were formidable of their kind and for the period in which they were con- structed. It is a somewhat curious fact that, while La Salle County is the seat of the first fortification constructed by the French in Illinois "that can be said to have had a sort of permanent character ( see Fort St. Louis and Starved Rock), it is also the site pf a larger number of prehistoric fortifications, whose remains are in such a state of preservation as to be clearly discernible, than any other section of the State of equal area. One of the most formidable of these fortifications is on the east side of Fox River, opposite the mouth of Indian Creek and some six miles northeast of Ottawa. This occupies a position of decided natural strength, and is surrounded by three lines of circumvallation, showing evidence of consider- able engineering skill. From the size of the trees within this work and other evidences, its age has been estimated at not less than 1,200 years. On the present site of the town of Marseilles, at the rapids of the Illinois, seven miles east of Ottawa, another work of considerable strength existed. It is also said that the American Fur Company had an earthwork here for the protection of its trading station, erected about 1816 or '18, and consequently belonging to the present century. Besides Fort St. Louis on Starved Rock, the out- line of another fort, or outwork, whose era has not been positively determined, about half a mile south of the former, has been traced in recent times. De Baugis, sent by Governor La Barre, of Canada, to succeed Tonty at Fort St. Louis, is said to have erected a fort on Buffalo Rock, on the opposite side of the river from Fort St. Louis, which belonged practically to the same era as the latter. — There are two points in Southern Illinois where the aborigines had constructed fortifica- tions to which the name "Stone Fort" has been given. One of these is a hill overlooking the Saline River in the southern part of Saline ■County, where there is a wall or breastwork five feet in height enclosing an area of less than an acre in extent. The other is on the west side of Lusk's Creek, in Pope County, where a breast- work has been constructed by loosely piling up the stones across a ridge, or tongue of land, with vertical sides and surrounded by a bend of the creek. Water is easily obtainable from the creek below the fortified ridge. — The remains of an old Indian fortification were found by early settlers of McLean County, at a point called "Old Town Timber," about 1832 to 1825. It was believed then that it had been occupied by the Indians during the War of 1812. The story of the Indians was, that it was burned by General Harrison in 1813 ; though this is improbable in view of the absence of any historical mention of the fact. Judge H. W. Beckwith, who examined its site in 1880, is of the opinion that its history goes back as far as 17.52, and that it was erected by the Indians as a defense against the French at Kas- kaskia. There was also a tradition that there had been a French mission at this point. — One of the most interesting stories of early fortifications in the State, is that of Dr. V. A. Boyer, an old citizen of Chicago, in a paper contributed to the Chicago Historical Society. Although the work alluded to by him was evidently constructed after the arrival of the French in the country, the exact period to which it belongs is in doubt. According to Dr. Boyer, it was on an elevated ridge of timber land in Palos Township, in the western part of Cook County. He says: "I first saw it in 1833, and since then have visited it in company with other persons, some of whom are stiU living. I feel sure that it was not built dur- ing the Sac War from its appearance. ... It seems probable that it was the work of French traders or explorers, as there were trees a century old growing in its environs. It was evidently the work of an enlightened people, skilled in the science of warfare. . . . As a strategic point it most completely commanded the surrounding country and the crossing of the swamp or 'Sag'." Is it improbable that this was the fort occupied by Colonel Durantye in 1695? The remains of a small fort, supposed to have been a French trad- ing post, were found by the pioneer settlers of Lake County, where the present city of Waukegan stands, giving to that place its first name of "Little Fort." This structure was seen in 1835 by Col. William S. Hamilton (a son of Alexander Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury), who had served in the session of the General Assembly of that year as a Representative from Sangamon County, and was then on his way to Green Bay, and the remains of the pickets or palisades were visible as late as 1835. While the date of its 174 HISTORICiAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. erection is unknown, it probably belonged to the latter part of the eighteenth century. There is also a tradition that a fort or trading post, erected by a Frenchman named Garay (or Guavie) stood on the North Branch of the Chicago River prior to the erection of the first Fort Dearborn in 1803. FOSS, Georg'e Edmund, lawyer and Congress- man, was born in Franklin County, Vt., July 3, 1863; graduated from Harvard University, in 1885; attended the Columbia Law School and School of Political Science in New York City, finally graduating from the Union College of Law in Chicago, in 1889, when he was admitted to the bar and began practice. He never held any political office until elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fourth Congress (1894), from the Seventh Illinois District, receiving a majority of more than 8,000 votes over his Democratic and Populist competitors. In 1896 he was again the candidate of his party, and was re-elected by a majority of over 20,000, as he was a third time, in 1898, by more than 12,000 majority. In the Fifty -fifth Congress Mr. Foss was a member of the Committees on Naval Affairs and Expenditures in the Department of Agriculture. FOSTER, (Dr.) John Herbert, physician and educator, was born of Quaker ancestry at Hills- borough, N. H., March 8, 1796. His early years were spent on his father's farm, but at the age of 16 he entered an academy at Meriden, N. H., and, three years later, began teaching with an older brother at Schoharie, N. Y. Having spent some sixteen years teaching and practicing medicine at various places in his native State, in 1832 he came west, first locating in Morgan County, 111. While there he took part in the Black Hawk War, serving as a Surgeon. Before the close of the year he was compelled to come to Chicago to look after the estate of a brother who was an officer in the army and had been killed by an insubordinate soldier at Green Bay. Having thus fallen heir to a considerable amount of real estate, which, in subsequent years, largely appreciated in value, he became identified with early Chicago and ultimately one of the largest real-estate owners of his time in the city. He was an active promoter of education during this period, serving on both City and State Boards. His death occurred, May 18, 1874, in consequence of injuries sustained by being thrown from a vehicle in which he was riding nine days previous. FOSTER, John Wells, author and scientist, was born at Brimfield, Mass., in 1815, and edu- cated at Wesleyan University, Conn ; later studied law and was admitted to the bar in Ohio, but soon turned his attention to scientific pursuits,, being employed for several years in the geological survey of Ohio, during which he investigated the coal-beds of the State. Having incidentally devoted considerable attention to the study of metallurgy, he was employed about 1844 by mining capitalists to make the first systepiatic survey of the Lake Superior copper region, upon which, in conjunction with J. D. Whitney, he made a report which was published in two vol- umes in 1850-51. Returning to Massachusetts, he participated in the organization of the "American Party" there, though we find him soon after breaking with it on the slavery question. In 1855 he was a candidate for Congress in the Springfield (Mass.) District, but was beaten by a small majority. In 1858 he removed to Chicago and, for some time, was Land Commissioner of the IlHnois Central Railroad. The latter years of his life were devoted chiefly to archseological researches and writings, also serving for some years as Professor of Natural History in the (old) University of Chicago. His works include "The Mississippi Valley ; its Physical Geography, Min- eral Resources," etc. (Chicago, 1869) ; "Mineral Wealth and Railroad Development," (New York, 1872) ; "Prehistoric Races of the United States," (Chicago, 1873), besides contributions to numer- ous scientific periodicals. He was a member of several scientific associations and, in 1869, Presi- dent of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science. He died in Hyde Park, now a part of Chicago, June 29, 1873. FOUKE, Philip B., lawyer and Congressman,, was born at Kaskaskia, 111, Jan. 23, 1818; was chiefly self-educated and began his career as a clerk, afterwards acting as a civil engineer ; about 1841-42 was associated with the publication of "The Belleville Advocate," later studied law, and, after being admitted to the bar, served as Prosecuting Attorney, being re-elected to that office in 1856. Previous to this, however, he had been elected to the lower branch of the Seven- teenth General Assembly (1850), and, in 1858, was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-sixth Congress and re-elected two years later. While still in Congress he assisted in organizing the Thirtieth Regiment IlUnois Volunteers, of which he was commissioned Colonel, but resigned on account of ill-health soon after the battle of Shiloh. After leaving the army he removed to New Orleans, where he was appointed Public Adminis- trator and practiced law for some time. He then took up the prosecution of the cotton-claims against the Mexican Government, in which he IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 175. was engaged some seven years, finally removing to Washington City and making several trips to Europe in the interest of these suits. He won his cases, but died soon after a decision in his favor, largely in consequence of overtaxing his brain in their prosecution. His death occurred in Washington, Oct. 3, 1876, when he was buried in the Congressional Cemetery, President Grant and a number of Senators and Congressmen acting as pall-bearers at his funeral. FOWLEK, Charles Henry, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, born in Burford, Conn,, August 11, 1837; was partially educated at Rock River Seminary, Mount Morris, finally graduating at Genesee College, N. Y. , in 1859. He then began the study of law in Chicago, but, changing his purpose, entered Garrett Biblical Institute, at Evanston, graduating in 1861. Having been admitted to the Rock River Methodist Episcopal Conference he was appointed successively to Chicago churches till 1872; then became President of the North- western University, holding this office four years, when he was elected to the editorship of "The Christian Advocate" of New York. In 1884 he was elected and ordained Bishop. His residence is in San Francisco, his labors as Bishop being devoted largely to the Pacific States. FOX KITER (of lUinois)— called Pishtaka by the Indians — rises in Waukesha County, Wis., and, after running southward through Kenosha and Racine Counties in that State, passes into Illinois. It intersects McHenry and Kane Coun- ties and runs southward to the city of Aurora, below which point it flows southwestward, until it empties into the Illinois River at Ottawa. Its length is estimated at 320 miles. The chief towns on its banks are Elgin, Aurora and Ottawa. It affords abundant water power. FOXES, an Indian tribe. (See Sacs and Foxes. ) FRANCIS, Simeon, pioneer journalist, was horn at Wethersfield, Conn., May 14, 1796, learned the printer's trade at New Haven, and, in connection with a partner, published a paper at Buffalo, N. Y. In consequence of the excitement growing out of the abduction of Morgan in 1828, (being a Mason) he was compelled to suspend, and, coming to Illinois in the fall of. 1831, com- menced the publication of "The Sangamo" (now "The IlUnois State") "Journal" at Springfield, continuing his connection therewith until 1855, when he sold out to Messrs. Bailhaohe & Baker. Abraham Lincoln was his close friend and often wrote editorials for his paper. Mr. Francis was active in the organization of the State Agricul- tural Society (1853), serving as its Recording Secretary for several years. In 1859 he moved to Portland, Ore., where he published "The Oregon Farmer," and served as President of the Oregon State Agricultural Society; in 1861 was ap- pointed by President Lincoln, Paymaster in the regular army, serving until 1870, when he retired on half-pay. Died, at Portland, Ore., Oct. 25, 1873.— Allen (Francis), brother of the preceding, was born at Wethersfield, Conn., April 14, 1815;. in 1834, joined his brother at Springfield, 111., and became a partner in the publication of "The Journal" until its sale, in 1855. In 1861 he was appointed United States Consul at Victoria, B. C, serving until 1871, when he engaged in the fur trade. Later he was United States Consul at Port Stanley, Can., dying there, about 1887.— Josiah (Francis), cousin of the preceding, born at Wethersfield, Conn., Jan. 17, 1804; was early connected with "The Springfield Journal"; in 1836 engaged in merchandising at Athens, Menard County ; returning to Springfield, was elected to the Legislature in 1840, and served one term as Mayor of Springfield. Died in 1867. FRANKLIN, a village of Morgan County, on the Jacksonville & St. Louis Railroad, 13 miles southeast of Jacksonville. The place has a news- paper and two banks; the surrounding country is agricultural. Population (1880), 316; (1890), 578 ; (1900), 687. FRANKLIN COUNTY, located in the south- central part of the State ; was organized in 1818, and has an area of 430 square miles. Population (1900), 19,675. The county is weU timbered and is drained by the Big Muddy River. The soil is fertile and the products include cereals, potatoes, sorghum, wool, pork and fruit. The county-seat is Benton, with a population (1890) of 939. The county contains no large towns, although large, well-cultivated farms are numerous. The earli- est white settlers came from Kentucky and Ten- nessee, and the hereditary traditions of generous, southwestern hospitality are preserved among the residents of to-day. FRANKLIN GROTE, a town of Lee County, on Council Bluffs Division of the Chicago & North- western Railway, 88 miles west of Chicago. Grain, poultry, and live-stock are shipped from here. It has banks, water-works, ■ high school, and a weekly paper. Population (1890), 736;. (1900), 681. FRAZIER, Robert, a native of Kentucky, who came to Southern Illinois at an early day and served as State Senator from Edwards County, in the Second and Third General Assemblies, in the 176 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. latter being an opponent of the scheme to make Illinois a slave State. He was a farmer by occu- pation and, at the time he was a member of the Legislature, resided in what afterwards became Wabash County. Subsequently he removed to Edwards County, near Albion, where he died. "Frazier's Prairie," in Edwards County, was named for him. FREEBURG, a village of St. Clair County, on the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad, 8 miles southeast of Belleville. Population (1880), 1,038; (1890), 848; (1900), 1,314. FREEMAN, Norman L., lawyer and Supreme Court Reporter, was born in Caledonia, Living- ston County, N. Y., May 9, 1823; in 1831 accom- panied his widowed mother to Ann Arbor, Mich., removing six years afterward to Detroit ; was edu- cated at Cleveland and Ohio University, taught school at Lexington, Ky., while studying law, and was admitted to the bar in 1846; removed to Shawneetown, 111., in 1851, was admitted to the Illinois bar and practiced some eight years. He then began farming in Marion County, Mo., but, in 1863, returned to Shawneetown and, in 1863, was appointed Reporter of Decisions by the Supreme Court of Illinois, serving until his death, which occurred at Springfield near the beginning of his sixth term in ofBce, August 23, 1894. FREE MASONS, the oldest secret fraternity in the State— known as the "Ancient Order of Free and Accepted Masons" — the first Lodge being instituted at Kaskaskia, June, 3, 1806, with Gen. John Edgar, Worshipful Master; Michael Jones, Senior Warden; James Galbraith, Junior War- den ; William Arundel, Secretary ; Robert Robin- son, Senior Deacon. These are names of persons who were, without exception, prominent in the early history of Illinois. A Grand Lodge was organized at VandaUa in 1822, with Gov. Shad- rach Bond as first Grand Master, but the organi- zation of the Grand Lodge, as it now exists, took place at Jacksonville in 1840. The number of Lodges constituting the Grand Lodge of Illinois in 1840 was six, with 157 members; the number of Lodges within the same jurisdiction in 1895 was 713, with a membership of 50,727, of which 47,335 resided in Illinois. The dues for 1895 were §37,834.50; the contributions to members, their widows and orphans, $25,038.41; to non- members, $6,306.38, and to the Illinois Masonic Orphans' Home, $1,315.80. — Apollo Commandery No. 1 of Knights Templar — the pioneer organi- zation of its kind in this or any neighboring State — was organized in Chicago, May 20, 1845, and the Grand Commandery of the order in Illi- nois in 1857, with James V..Z. Blaney, Grand Commander. In 1895, it was made up of sixty- five subordinate commanderies, with a total membership of 9,3o.'i, and dues amounting to $7,754.75, The principal officers in 1895-96 were Henry Hunter Montgomery, Grand Commander; John Henry Witbeck, Grand Treasurer, and Gil- bert W. Barnard, Grand Recorder. — The Spring- field Chapter of Royal Arch-Masons was organized in Springfield, Sept. 17, 1841, and the Royal Arch Chapter of the State at Jacksonville, April 9, 1850, the nine existing Chapters being formally chartered Oct. 14, of the same year. The number of subordinate Chapters, in 1895, was 186, with a total membership of 16,414. — The Grand Council of Royal and Select Masters, in 1894, embraced 33 subordinate Councils, with a membership of 2,318. FREEPORT, a city and railway center, the county-seat of Stephenson County, 121 miles west of Chicago; has good water-power from the Peca- tonica River, with several manufacturing estab- lishments, the output including carriages, wagon-wheels, wind-mills, coffee-mills, organs, piano-stools, leather, mineral paint, foundry pro- ducts, chicken incubators and vinegar. The Illi- nois Central Railroad has shops here and the city has a Government postofflce building. Popula- tion (1890), 10,189; (1900), 13,358. FREEPORT COLLEGE, an institution at Free- port, 111., incorporated in 1895; is co-educational; had a faculty of six instructors in 1896, with 116 pupils. FREER, Lemuel Corell Paise, early lawyer, was born in Dutchess County, N. Y., Sept. 18, 1815; came to Chicago in 1836, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1840 ; was a zealous anti-slavery man and an active supporter of the Government during the War of the Rebellion; for many years was President of the Board of Trustees of Rush Medical College. Died, in Chicago, April 14, 1892. FRENCH, Augustus C, ninth Governor of Illinois (1846-52), was born in New Hampshire, August 2, 1808. After coming to Illinois, he became a resident of Crawford County, and a lavpyer by profession. He was a member of the Tenth and Eleventh General Assemblies, and Receiver, for a time, of the Land Office at Pales- tine. He served as Presidential Elector in 1844, was elected to the office of Governor as a Demo- crat in 1846 by a majority of nearly 17,000 over two competitors, and was the unanimoiis choice of his party for a second term in 1848. His adminis- HISTORICAL JINCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 177 tration was free from scandals. He was appointed Bank Commissioner by Governor Matteson, and later accepted the chair of Law in McKendree College at Lebanon. In 1858 he was the nominee of the Douglas wing of the Democratic party for State Superintendent of Public Instruction, •ex-Grov. John Reynolds being the candidate of the Buchanan branch of the party. Both were defeated. His last public service was as a mem- ber from St. Clair County of the Constitutional ■Convention of 1862. Died, at Lebanon, Sept. 4, 1864. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. The first premonition of this struggle in the West was given in 1698, when two English vessels entered the mouth of the Mississippi, to take possession •of the French Territory of Louisiana, which then included what afterward became the State of Illinois. This expedition, however, returned without result. Great Britain was anxious to have a colorable pretext for attempting to evict "the French, and began negotiation of treaties with the Indian tribes as early as 1734, expecting thereby to fortify her original claim, which was based on the right of prior discovery. The numerous shif tings of the political kaleidoscope in Europe prevented any further steps in this direc- "tion on the part of England until 1748-49, when the Ohio Land Company received a royal grant •of 500,000 acres along the Ohio River, with exclu- sive trading privileges. The Company proceeded to explore and survey and, about 1753, established •a trading x>ost on Loramie Creek, 47 miles north •of Dayton. The French foresaw that hostilities were probable, and advanced their posts as far ■east as the Allegheny River. Complaints by the Ohio Company induced an ineffectual remon- .strance on the part of Virginia. Among the .ambassadors sent' to the French by the Governor •of Virginia was George Washington, who thus, in early manhood, became identified with Illinois history. His report was of such a nature as to -induce the erection of counter fortifications by "the British, one of which (at the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers) was seized -and occupied by the French before its completion. Then ensued a series of engagements which, while not involving large forces of men, were fraught with grave consequences, and in which the French were generally successful. In 1755 •occurred "Braddock's defeat" in an expedition to recover Fort Duquesne (where Pittsburg now stands), which had been captured t>y the French the previous year, and the Government of Great -Britain determined to redouble its efforts. The final result was the termination of French domi- nation in the Ohio Valley. Later came the down- fall of French ascendency in Canada as the result of the battle of Quebec ; but the vanquished yet hoped to be able to retain Louisiana and Illinois. But France was forced to indemnify Spain for the loss of Florida, which it did by the cession of all of Louisiana lying west of the Mississippi (includ- ing the city of New Orleans), and this virtually ended French hopes in Illinois. The last military post in North America to be garrisoned by French troops was Fort Chartres, in Illinois Territory, where St. Ange remained in command until its evacuation was demanded by the English. FRENCH GOVERNORS OF ILLINOIS. French Governors began to be appointed by the Company of the Indies (which see) in 1733, the "Illinois Country" having previously been treated as a dependency of Canada. The first Governor ( or "commandant") was Pierre Duque de Boisbriant, who was commandant for only three years, when he was summoned to New Orleans (1725) to suc- ceed de Bienville as Governor of Louisiana. Capt. du Tisne was in command for a short time after his departure, but was succeeded by another Captain in the royal army, whose name is vari- ously spelled de Liette, de Lielte, De Siette and Delietto. He was followed in turn by St. Ange (the father of St. Ange de Bellerive), who died in 1743. In 1732 the Company of the Indies surren- dered its charter to the crown, and the Governors of the Illinois Country were thereafter appointed directly by royal authority. Under the earlier Governors justice had been administered under the civil law ; with the change in the method of appointment the code known as the "Common Law of Paris" came into effect, although not rigidly enforced because found in many particu- lars to be ill-suited to the needs of a new country. The first of the Royal Governors was Pierre d' Artaguiette, who was appointed in 1734, but was captured while engaged in an expedition against the Chickasaws, in 1736, and burned at the stake. (See D' Artaguiette.) He was followed by Alphonse de la Buissoniere, who was succeeded, in 1740, by Capt. Benoist de St. Claire. In 1742 he gave way to the Chevalier Bertel or Berth^t, but was reinstated about 1748. The last of the French Governors of the "Illinois Country" was Louis St. Ange de Bellerive, who retired to St. Louis, after turning over the command to Cap- tain Stirling, the English officer sent to supersede him, in 1765. (St. Ange de Bellerive died, Dec. 37, 1774.) The administration of the French commandants, while firm, was usually conserva- 178 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tive and benevolent. Local self-government was encouraged as far as practicable, and, while the Governors' power over commerce was virtually unrestricted, they interfered but little with the ordinary life of the people. FREW, Calvin Hamill, lawyer and State Sena- tor, was born in Cleveland, Ohio, educated at Finley (Ohio) High School, Beaver (Pa.) Academy and Vermilion Institute at Hayesville, Ohio. ; in 1862 was Principal of the High School at Kalida, Ohio, where he began the study of law, which he continued the next two years with Messrs. Strain & Kidder, at Monmouth, 111., meanwhile acting as Principal of a high school at Young America ; in 1865 removed to Paxton, Ford County, which has since been his home, and the same year was admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of Illi- nois. Mr. Frew served as Assistant Superintend- ent of Schools for Ford County (1865-68) ; in 1868 was elected Representative in the Twenty-sixth General Assembly, re-elected in 1870, and again in '78. While practicing law he has been con- nected with some of the most important cases before the courts in that section of the State, and his fidelity and skill in their management are testified by members of the bar, as well as Judges upon the bench. Of late years he has devoted his attention to breeding trotting horses, with a view to the improvement of his health but not with the intention of permanently ■ abandoning his profession. FRY, Jacob, pioneer and soldier, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Sept. 20, 1799; learned the trade of a carpenter and came to Illinois in 1819, working first at Alton, but, in 1820, took up his residence near the present town of Carrollton, in which he built the first house. Greene County was not organized until two years later, and this border settlement was, at that time, the extreme northern white settlement in Illinois. He served as Constable and Deputy Sheriff (simultaneously) for six years, and was then elected Sheriff, being five times re-elected. He served through the Black Hawk War (first as Lieutenant-Colonel and afterwards as Colonel), having in his regiment Abraham Lincoln, O. H. Browning, John Wood (afterwards Governor) and Robert Anderson, of Fort Sumter fame. In 1837 he was appointed Commissioner of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and re-appointed in 1839 and '41, later becoming Acting Commissioner, with authority to settle^up the business of the former commission, which was that year legislated out of ofiice. He was afterwards appointed Canal Trustee by Governor Ford, and, in 1847, retired from connection with canal management. In 1850 he went to Cali- fornia, where he engaged in mining and trade for three years, meanwhile serving one term in the State Senate. In 1857 he was appointed Col- lector of the Port at Chicago by President Buch- anan, but was removed in 1859 because of his friendship for Senator Douglas. In 1860 he returned to Greene County ; in 1861, in spite of his advanced age, was commissioned Colonel of the Sixty-first Illinois Volvmteers, and later partici- pated in numerous engagements (among them the battle of Shiloh), was captured by Forrest, and ultimately compelled to resign because of im- paired health and failing eyesight, finally becom- ing totally blind. He died, June 37, 1881, and was buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery, near Spring- field. Two of Colonel Fry's sons achieved dis- tinction during the Civil War.— James Barnet (Fry), son of the preceding, was bom at Car- rollton, 111., Feb. 22, 1827; graduated at West Point Military Academy, in 1847, and was assigned to artillery service ; after a short experi- ence as Assistant Instructor, joined his regiment, the Third United States Artillery, in Mexico, remaining there through 1847-48. Later, he was employed on frontier and garrison duty, and again as Instructor in 1853-54, and as Adjutant of the Academy during 1854-59; became Assistant Adjutant-General, March 16, 1861, then served as Chief of Staff to General McDowell and General Buell (1861-62), taking part in the battles of Bull Run, Shiloh and Corinth, and in the campaign in Kentucky; was made Provost-Marslial-General of the United States, in March, 1863, and con- ducted the drafts of that year, receiving the rank of Brigadier-General, April 21, 1864. He con- tinued in this office until August 30, 1866, during which time he put in the army 1,120,621 men, arrested 76,562 deserters, collected §26,366,316.78 and made an exact enrollment of the National forces. After the war he served as Adjutant- General with the rank of Colonel, till June 1, 1881, when he was retired at his own request. Besides his various official reports, he published a "Sketch of the Adjutant-General's Department, United States Army, from 1775 to 1875, " and "His- tory and Legal Effects of Brevets in the Armies of Great Britain and the United States, from their origin in 1692 to the Present Time, " (1877). Died, in Newport, R. I., July 11, 1894.— WiUiam M. (Fry), another son, was Provost Marshal of the North Illinois District during the Civil War, and rendered valuable service to the Government. FULLER, Allen Cnrtis, lawyer, jurist and Adjutant-General, was born in Farmington, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 179 Conn., Sept. 24, 1822; studied law at Warsaw, . N. Y., was admitted to practice, in 1846 came to Belvidere, Boone County, 111., and, after practic- ing there some years, was elected Circuit Judge in 1861. A few months afterward he was induced to accept the office of Adjutant-General by appointment of Governor Yates, entering upon the duties of the office in November, 1861. At first it was understood that his acceptance was only temporary, so that he did not formally resign his place upon the bench until July, 1862. He continued to discharge the duties of Adjutant- General until January, 1865, when, having been elected Representative in the General Assembly, he was succeeded in the Adjutant-General's office by General Isham N. Haynie. He served as Speaker of the House during the following ses- sion, and as State Senator from 1867 to 1873 — in the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth and Twenty- seventh General Assemblies. He was also elected a Republican Presidential Elector in 1860, and again in 1876. Since retiring from office. General Fuller has devoted his attention to the practice of his profession and looking after a large private business at Belvidere. FULLER, Charles E., lawyer and legislator, was born at Flora, Boone County, 111., March 31, 1849 ; attended the district school until 12 years of age, and, between 1861 and '67, served as clerk in stores at Belvidere and Cherry Valley. He then spent a couple of years in the book business in Iowa, when (1869) he began the study of law with Hon. Jesse S. Hildrup, at Belvidere, and was admitted to the bar in 1870. Since then Mr. Fuller has practiced his profession at Belvi- dere, was Corporation Attorney for that city in 1875-76, the latter year being elected State's Attorney for Boone County. Fi-om 1879 to 1891 he sei-ved continuously in the Legislature, first as State Senator in the Thirty -first and Thirty- second General Assemblies, then as a member of the House for three sessions, in 1888 being ' returned to the Senate, where he served the next two sessions. Mr. Fuller established a high reputation in the Legislature as a debater, and was the candidate of his party (the Republican) for Speaker of the House in 1885. He was also a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1884. Mr. Fuller was elected Judge of the Circuit Court for the Seventeenth Circuit at the judicial election of June, 1897. FULLER, MelTiUe Weston, eighth Chief Jus- tice of the United States Supreme Court, was bom at Augusta, Maine, Feb. 11, 1833, graduated from Bowdoin College in 1853, was admitted to the bar in 1855, and became City Attorney of his native city, but resigned and removed to Chicago the following year. Through his mother's family he traces his descent back to the Pilgrims of the Mayflower, His literary and legal attain- ments are of a high order. In politics he has always been a strong Democrat. He served as a Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1862 and as a member of the Legislature in 1863, after that time devoting his attention to the practice of his profession in Chicago. "In 1888 President Cleveland appointed him Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, since which time he has resided at Washington, although still claiming a residence in Chicago, where he has considerable property interests. FULLERTOIf, Alexander N., pioneer settler and lawyer, born in Chester, Vt., in 1804, was educated at Middlebury College and Litchfield Law School, and, coming to Chicago in 1833, finally engaged in real-estate and mercantile business, in which he was very successful. His name has been given to one of the avenues of Chicago, as well as associated with one of the prominent business blocks. He was one of the original members of the Second Presbyterian Church of that city. Died, Sept. 39, 1880. FULTON, a city and railway center in White- side County, 135 miles west of Chicago, located on the Mississippi River and the Chicago & Northwestern, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways. It was formerly the terminus of a line of steamers which annually brought millions of bushels of grain down the Mississippi from Minnesota, Wisconsin and Illinois, returning with merchandise, agricultural implements, etc., but this river trade gradually died out, having been usurped by the various raih-oads. Fulton has extensive factories for the making of stoves, besides some important lumber industries. The Northern Illinois College is located here. Popu- lation (1890), 2,099; (1900), 3,685. FULTON COUNTY, situated west of and bor- dering on the Illinois River ; was originally a part of Pike County, but separately organized in 1823 — named for Robert Fulton. It has an area of 870 square miles with a population (1900) of 46,201. The soil is rich, well watered and wooded. Drain- age is effected by the Illinois and Spoon Rivers (the former constituting its eastern boundary) and by Copperas Creek. Lewistown became the county-seat immediately after county organi- zation, and so remains to the present time (1899). The surface of the county at a distance from the 180 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. river is generally flat, although along the Illinois there are bluffs rising to the height of 125 feet. The soil is rich, and underlying it are rich, work- able seams of coal. A thin seam of cannel coal has been mined near Avon, with a contiguous vein of fire-clay. Some of the earliest settlers were Messrs. Craig ^nd Savage, who, in 1818, built a saw mill on Otter Creek; Ossian M. Ross and Stephen Dewey, who laid off Lewistown on his own land in 1822. The first hotel in the entire military tract was opened at Lewistown by Tru- man Phelps, in 1827. A fiat-boat ferry across the Illinois was established at Havana, in 1823. The principal towns are Lewistown (population, 2, 166), Farmington (1,375), and Vermont (1,158). FULTON COUNTY NABROW-GAUGE BAIL- WAY, a line extending from the west bank of the Illinois River, opposite Havana, to Galesburg, 61 miles. It is a single-track, narrow-gauge (3-foot) road, although the excavations and embankments are being widened to accommodate a track of standard gauge. The grades are few, and, as a rule, are light, although, in one instance, the gradient is eighty-four feet to the mile. There are more than 19 miles of curves, the maxi- mum being sixteen degrees. The rails are of iron, thirty-five pounds to the yard, road not ballasted. Capital stock outstanding (1895), $636,794; bonded debt, $484,000; miscellaneous obligations, $462,362; total capitalization, $1,583,- 156. The line from Havana to Fairview (31 miles) was chartered in 1 878 and opened in 1880 and the extension from Fairview to Galesburg chartered in 1881 and opened in 1882. FUNK, Isaac, pioneer, was born in Clark County, Ky. , Nov. 17, 1797 ; grew up with meager educational advantages and, in 1823, came to Illi- nois, finally settling at what afterwards became known as Funk's Grove in McLean County. Here, with no other capital than industry, per- severance, and integrity, Mr. Funk began laying the foundation of one of the most ample fortunes ever acquired in Illinois outside the domain of trade or speculation. By agriculture and dealing in live-stock, he became the possessor of a large area of the finest farming lands in the State, which he brought to a high state of cultivation, leaving an estate valued at his death at not less than $2,000,000. Mr. Funk served three sessions in the General Assembly, first as Representative in the Twelfth (1840-42), and as Senator in the Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth (1862-66), dying before the close of his last term, Jan. 29, 1865. Originally a Whig in politics, he became a Repub- lican on the organization of that party, and gave a liberal and patriotic support to the Government during the war for the preservation of the Union. During the session of the Twenty-third General Assembly, in February, 1868, he delivered a speech in the Senate in indignant condemnation of the policy of the anti-war factionists, which, although couched in homely language, aroused the enthusiasm of the friends of the Government throughout the State and won for its author a prominent place in State history. — Benjamin F. (Funk), son of the preceding, was bom in Fimk's Grove Township, McLean County, 111., Oct. 17, 1838. After leaving the district schools, he entered the Wesleyan University at Blooming- ton, but suspended his studies to enter the army in 1862, enlisting as a private in the Sixty-eighth Illinois Volunteers. After five months' service he was honorably discharged, and re-entered the University, completing a three-years' course. For three years after graduation he followed farming as an avocation, and, in 1869, took up his residence at Bloomington. In 1871 he was chosen Mayor, and served seven consecutive terms. He was a delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1888, and was the suc- cessful candidate of that party, in 1892, for Repre- sentative in Congress from the Fourteenth Ilhnois District. — Lafayette (Funk), another son of Isaac Funk, was a Representative from McLean County in the Thirty -third General Assembly and Sena- tor in the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth. Other sons who have occupied seats in the same body include George W., Representative in the Twenty- seventh, and Duncan M., Representative in the Fortieth and Forty-first Assemblies The Funk family have been conspicuous in the afiairs of McLean County for a generation, and its mem- bers have occupied many other positions of im- portance and infiuence, besides those named, under the State, County and municipal governments. • GAGE, Lyman J., Secretary of the Treasury, was born in De Ruyter, Madison County, N. Y., June 28, 1836 ; received a common school educa- tion in his native county, and, on the removal of his parents, in 1848, to Rome, N. Y. , enjoyed the advantages of instruction in an academy. At the age of 17 he entered the employment of the Oneida Central Bank as office-boy and general utility clerk, but, two years afterwards, came to Chicago, first securing employment in a planing mill, and, in 1858, obtaining a position as book- keeper, of the Merchants' Loan and Trust Com- pany, at a salary of $500 a year. By 1861 he had been advanced to the position of cashier of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 181 concern, but, in 1868, he accepted the cashiership of the First National Bank of Chicago, of which he became the Vice-President in 1881 and, in 1891, the President. Mr. Gage was also one of the prominent factors in securing the location of the World's Fair at Chicago, becoming one of the guarantors of the |10, 000, 000 promised to be raised by the city of Chicago, and being finally chosen the first President of the Exposition Company. He also presided over the bankers' section of the World's Congress Auxiliary in 1893, and, for a number of years, was President of the Civic Feder- ation of Chicago. On the assumption of the Presidency by President McKinley, in March, 1897, Mr. Gage was selected for the position of Secretary of the Treasury, which he has con- tinued to occupy up to the present time (1899). 6ALATIA, a village of Saline County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 40 miles southeast of Duquoin ; has a bank ; leading industry is coal- mining. Population (1890), 519; (1900), 643. GALE, George Washington, D.D., LL.D., clergyman and educator, was born in Dutchess County, N. Y., Dec. 3, 1789. Left an orphan at eight years of age, he fell to the care of older sisters who inherited the vigorous character of their father, w^hich they instilled into the son. He graduated at Union College in 1814, and, hav- ing taken a course in the Theological Seminary at Princeton, in 1816 was licensed by the Hudson Presbytery and assumed the charge of building up new churches in Jefferson County, N. Y., serving also for six years as pastor of the Presby- terian church at Adams. Here his labors were attended by a revival in which Charles G. Fin- ney, the eloquent evangelist, and other eminent men were converts. Having resigned his charge at Adams on account of illness, he spent the winter of 1828-34 in Virginia, where his views were enlarged by contact with a new class of people. Later, removing to Oneida County, N. Y., by his marriage with Harriet Selden he acquired a considerable property, insuring an income which enabled him to extend the field of his labors. The result was the establishment of the Oneida Institute, a manual labor school, at Whitesboro, with which he remained -from 1837 to 1834, and out of which grew Lane Seminary and Oberlin and Knox Colleges. In 1835 he con- ceived the idea of establishing a colony and an institution of learning in the West, and a com- mittee representing a party of proposed colonists was appointed to make a selection of a site, which resulted, in the following year, in the choice of a location in Knox County, 111., including the site of the present city of Galesburg, which was named in honor of Mr. Gale, as the head of the enterprise. Here, in 1837, were taken the first practical steps in carrying out plans which had been previously matured in New York, for the establishment of an institution which first received the name of Knox Manual Labor Col- lege. The manual labor feature having been finally discarded, the institution took the name of Knox College in 1857. Mr. Gale was the lead- ing promoter of the enterprise, by a liberal dona- tion of lands contributing to its first endowment, and, for nearly a quarter of a century, being intimately identified with its history. From 1840 to '43 he served in the capacity of acting Professor of Ancient Languages, and, for fifteen years thereafter, as Professor of Moral Philosophy and Rhetoric. Died, at Galesburg, Sept. 31, 1861. —William Selden (Gale), oldest son of the preced- ing, was born in Jefferson County, N. Y., Feb. 15, 1833, came with his father to Galesburg, 111., in 1836, and was educated there. Having read law with the Hon. James Knox, he was admitted to the bar in 1845, but practiced only a few years, as he began to turn his attention to measures for the development of the country. One of these was the Central Military Tract Railroad (now the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy), of which hei was the most active promoter and a Director. He was also a member of the Board of Supervisors of Knox County, from the adoption of township organization in 1853 to 1895, with the exception of four years, and, during the long controversy which resulted in the location of the county-seat at Galesburg, was the leader of the Galesburg party, and subsequently took a prominent part in the erection of public buildings there. Other positions held by him include the office of Post- master of the city of Galesburg, 1849-53; member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1863, and Representative in the Twenty-sixth General Assembly (1870-73); Presidential Elector in 1873; Delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1880; City Alderman, 1873-83 and 1891-95; member of the Commission appointed by Gov- ernor Oglesby in 1885 to revise the State Revenue Laws; by appointment of President Harrison, Superintendent of the Galesburg Government Building, and a long term Trustee of the Illinois Hospital for the Insane at Rock Island, by appointment of Governor Altgeld. He has also been a frequent representative of his party (the Republican) in State anU District Conven- tions, and, since 1861, has been an active and leading member of the Board of Trustees of 182 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Knox College. Mr. Gale was married, Oct. 6, 1845, to Miss Caroline Ferris, granddaughter of the financial representative of the Galesburg Colony of 1836, and has had eight children, of whom four are living. Died Sep. 1, 1900. GALENA,'the county -seat of Jo Daviess County, a city and port of entry, 150 miles in a direct line west by northwest of Chicago; is located on Galena River, about 43^ miles above its junction with the Mississippi, and is an intersecting point for the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, the North- western, and the Illinois Central Railroads, with connections by stub with the Chicago Great Western. It is built partially in a valley and partially on the bluffs which overlook the river, the Galena River being made navigable for ves- sels of deep draught by a system of lockage. The vicinity abounds in rich mines of sulphide of lead (galena), from which the city takes its name. Galena is adorned by handsome public and priv- ate buildings and a beautiful park, in which stands a fine bronze statue of General Grant, and a symmetrical monument dedicated to the sol- diers and sailors of Jo Daviess County who lost their lives during the Civil War. Its industries include a furniture factory, a table factory, two foundries, a tub factory and a carriage factory. Zinc ore is now being produced in and near the city in large quantities, and its mining interests will become vast at no distant day. It owns an electric light plant, and water is furnished from an artesian well 1,700 feet deep. Galena was one of the earliest towns in Northern Illinois to be settled, its mines having been worked in the lat- ter part of the seventeenth century. Many men of distinction in State and National affairs came from Galena, among whom were Gen. U. S. Grant, Gen. John A. Rawlins, Gen. John E. Smith, Gen. John C. Smith, Gen. A. L. Chetlain, Gen. John O. Duer, Gen. W. R. Rowley, Gen. E. D. Baker, Hon. E. B. Washburne, Secretary of State under Grant, Hon. Thompson Campbell, Secretary of State of Illinois, and Judge Drum- mond. Population (1890). 5,635; (1900), 5,005. GALENA & CHICAGO UNION KAILROAD. (See Chicago & Northwestern Railway. ) GALESBURG, the county-seat of Knox County and an important educational center. The first settlers were emigrants from the East, a large pro- portion of them being members of a colony organ- ized by Rev. George W. Gale, of Whitesboro, N. Y., in whose honor the original village was named. It is situated in the heart of a rich agricultural district 53 miles northwest of Peoria, 99 miles northeast of Quincy and 163 miles south- west of Chicago ; is an important railway center, being at the junction of the main line with two branch lines of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroads. lb was incorporated as a village in 1841, and as a city by special charter in 1857. There are beauti- ful parks and the residence streets are well shaded, while 35 miles of street are paved with vitrified brick. The city owns a system of water- works receiving its supply from artesian wells and artificial lakes, has an efficient and well- equipped paid fire-department, an electric street car system with three suburban lines, gas and electric lighting systems, steam-heating plant, etc. It also has a number of flourishing mechan- ical industries, including two iron foundries, agri- cultural implement works, flouring mills, carriage and wagon works and a broom factory, besides other industrial enterprises of minor importance. The manufacture of vitrified paving brick is quite extensively carried on at plants near the city limits, the city itself being the shipping-point as well as the point of administrative control.- The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company has shops and stockyards here, while considerable coal is mined in the vicinity. The public buildings include a courthouse. Govern- ment postofHce building, an opera house, nine- teen churches, ten public schools with a high school and free kindergarten, and a handsome public library building erected at a cost of $100,- 000, of which one-half was contributed by Mr. Carnegie. Galesburg enjoys its chief distinction as the seat of a large number of high class liter- ary institutions, including Knox College (non- sectarian), Lombard University (Universalist), and Corpus Christi Lyceum and University, and St. Joseph's Academy (both Roman Catholic). Three interurban electric railroad lines connect Galesburg with neighboring towns. Pop. (1890), 15,364; (1900), 18,607. GALLATIN COUNTY, one of three counties organized in Illinois Territory in 1813 — the others being Madison and Johnson. Previous to that date the Territory had consisted of only two coun- ties, St. Clair and Randolph. The new county was named in honor of Albert Gallatin, then Secretary of the Treasury. It is situated on the Ohio and Wabash Rivers, in the extreme south- eastern part of the State, and has an area of 349 square miles; population (1900), 15,836. The first cabin erected by an American settler was the home of Michael Sprinkle, who settled at Shaw- neetown in 1800. The place early became an important trading post and distributing point. HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 183 A ferry across the Wabash was established in 1803, by Alexander Wilson, whose descendants conducted it for more than seventy -five years. Although Stephen Rector made a Government survey as early as 1807, the public lands were not placed on the market unSil 1818. Shawneetown, the county-seat, is the most important town, having a population of some 2,300. Bituminous coal is found in large quantities, and mining is an important industry. The prosperity of the county has been much retarded by floods, particu- larly at Shawneetown and Equality. At the former point the difference between high and low water mark in the Ohio Eiver has been as much as fifty-two feet. GALLOWAY, Andrew Jackson, civil engineer, was born of Scotch ancestry in Butler County, Pa., Dec. 21, 1814; came with his father to Cory- don, Ind. , in 1820, took a course in Hanover Col- lege, graduating as a civil engineer in 1837 ; then came to Mount Carmel, White County, 111., with a view to employment on projected Illinois rail- roads, but engaged in teaching for a year, having among his pupils a number who have since been prominent in State affairs. Later, he obtained employment as an assistant engineer, serving for a time under William Gooding, Chief Engineer of the Illinois & Michigan Canal; was also Assistant Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the State Senate in 1840-41, and held the same position in the House in 1846-47, and again in 1848-49, in the meantime having located a farm in La Salle County, where the present city of Streator stands. In 1849 he was appointed Secretary of the Canal Trustees, and, in 1851, became assistant engineer on the lUinois Central Bailroad, later superin- tending its construction, and finally being trans- ferred to the land department, but retiring in 1855 to engage in real-estate business in Chicago, dealing largely in railroad lands. Mr. Galloway was elected a County Commissioner for Cook County, and has since been connected with many measures of local importance. GALV'A, a town in Henry County, 45 miles southeast of Rock Island and 48 miles north- northwest of Peoria; the point of intersection of the Rock Island & Peoria and the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railways. It stands at the summit of the dividing ridge between the Missis- , sippi and the Illinois Rivers, and is a manufac- turing and coal-mining town. It has eight churches, three banks, good schools, and two weekly newspapers. The surrounding country is agricultural and wealthy, and is rich in coal. Population (1890), 3,409; (1900), 3,683. GARDNER, a village in Garfield Township, Grundy County, on the Chicago & Alton Rail- road, 65 miles south-southwest of Chicago and 26 miles north-northeast of Pontiac ; on the Kanka- kee and Seneca branch of the "Big Four," and the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern R. R. Coal-mining is the principal industry. Gardner has two banks, four churches, a high school, and a weekly paper. Population (1890), 1,094; (1900), 1,086. GARDNER, COAL CITY & NORMANTOWN RAILWAY. (See Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Rail- way.) GARY, Joseph Easton, lawyer and jurist, was born of Puritan ancestry, at Potsdam, St. Law- rence Coxmty, N. Y., July 9, 1821. His early educational advantages were such as were fur- nished by district schools and a village academy, and, until he was 32 years old, he worked at the carpenter's bench. In 1843 he removed to St. Louis, Mo., where he studied law. After admis- sion to the bar, he practiced for five years in Southwest Missouri, thence going to Las Vegas, N. M., in 1849, and to San Francisco, Cal, in 1853. In 1856 he settled in Chicago, where he has since resided. After seven years of active practice he was elected to the bench of the Superior Court of Cook County, where he has sat for thirty years, being four times nominated by both political parties, and his last re-election — for a term of six years, occurring in 1893. He pre- sided at the trial of the Chicago anarchists in 1886 — one of the causes celebres of Illinois. Some of his rulings therein were sharply criticised, but he was upheld by the courts of appellate jurisdic- tion, and his connection with the case has given him world-wide fame. In November, 1888, the Supreme Court of Illinois transferred him to the bench of the Appellate Court, of which tribunal he has been three times Chief Justice. GASSETTE, Norman Theodore, real-estate operator, wasbornatTownsend, Vt., April 31, 1839, came to Chicago at ten years of age, and, after spending a' year at Shurtleff College, took a prepar- atory collegiate course at the Atwater Institute, Rochester, N. Y. In June, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the Nineteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, rising in the second year to the rank of First Lieutenant, and, at the battle of Chicka- mauga, by gallantry displayed while serving as an Aid-de-Camp, winning a recommendation for a brevet Lieutenant-Colonelcy. The war over, he served one term as Clerk of the Circuit Court and Recorder, but later engaged in the real- estate and loan business as the head of the exten- sive firm of Norman T. Gassette & Co. He was t^ 184 HISTOEIOAXi ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Republican in politics, active in Grand Army circles and prominent as a Mason, holding the position of Eminent Grand Commander of Knights Templar of Illinois on occasion of the Triennial Conclave in Washington in 1889. He also had charge, as President of the Masonic Fraternity Temple Association of Chicago, for some time prior to his decease, of the erection of the Masonic Temple of Chicago. Died, in Chi- cago, March 36, 1891. GATEWOOD, William Jefferson, early lawyer, was born in Warren County, Ky., came to Franklin County, 111., in boyhood, removed to Shawneetown in 1833, where he taught school two or three years while studying law; was admitted to the bar in 1838, and served in five General Assemblies — as Representative in 1830-33, and as Senator, 1834-43. He is described as a man of fine education and brilliant talents. Died, Jan. 8, 1843. GATJLT, John C, railway manager, was born at Hooksett, N. H., May 1, 1839; in 1850 entered the local freight office of the Manchester & Law- rence Railroad, later becoming General Freight Agent of the Vermont Central. Coming to Chi- cago in 1859, he successively filled the positions of Superintendent of Transportation on the Galena & Chicago Union, and (after the consoli- dation of the latter with the Chicago & North- western), that of Division Superintendent, General Freight Agent and Assistant General Manager; Assistant General Manager of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul; General Mana- ger of the Wabash (1879-83) ; Arbitrator for the trunk lines (1883-85), and General Manager of the Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific (1885-90), when he retired. Died, in Chicago, August 39, 1891. GENERAL ASSEMBLIES. The following is a list of the General Assemblies which have met since the admission of Illinois as a State up to 1898 — from the First to the Fortieth inclusive — with the more important acts passed by each and the duration of their respective sessions : First General Assembly held two sessions, the first convening at Kaskaskia, the State Capi- tal, Oct. 5, and adjourning Oct. 13, 1818. The second met, Jan. 4, 1819, continuing to March 31. Lieut-Gov. Pierre Menard presided over the Sen- ate, consisting of thirteen members, while John Messinger was chosen Speaker of the House, containing twenty-seven members. The most important business transacted at the first session was the election of two United States Senators— Ninian Edwards and Jesse B. Thomas, Sr.— and the filling of minor State and judicial offices. At the second session a code of laws was enacted, copied chiefly from the Virginia and Kentucky statutes, including the law concerning "negroes and mulattoes," which long remained on the statute book. An act was also passed appointing Commissioners to select a site for a new State Capital, which resulted in its location at Van- dalia. The sessions were held in a stone building with gambrel-roof pierced by dormer-windows, tho Senate occupying the lower floor and the House the upper. The length of the first session was nine days, and of the second eighty-seven — total, ninety -six days. Second General Assembly convened at Van- dalia, Deo. 4, 1830. It consisted of fourteen Senators and twenty-nine Representatives. John McLean, of Gallatin County, was chosen Speaker of the House. A leading topic of discussion was the incorporation of a State Bank. Money was scarce and there was a strong popular demand for an increase of circulating medium. To appease this clamor, no less than to relieve traders and agricultvu-ists, this General Assembly estab- lished a State Bank (see State Bank), despite the earnest protest of McLean and the executive veto. A stay -law was also enacted at this session for the benefit of the debtor class. The number of members of the next Legislature was fixed at eighteen Senators and thirty-six Representatives — this provision remaining in force until 1831. The session ended Feb. 15, having lasted seventy- four days. Third General Assembly convened, Dec. 3, 1833. Lieutenant-Governor Hubbard presided in the Senate, while in the organization of the lower house, William M. Alexander was chosen Speaker. Governor Coles, in his inaugural, called attention to the existence of slavery in Illinois despite the Ordinance of 1787, and vurged the adoption of repressive measures. Both branches of the Legislature being pro-slavery in sympathy, the Governor's address provoked bitter and determined opposition. On Jan. 9, 1833, Jesse B. Thomas was re-elected United States Senator, defeating John Reynolds, Leonard White and Samuel D. Lockwood. After electing Mr. Thomas and choosing State officers, the General Assembly proceeded to discuss the major- ity and minority reports of the committee to which had been referred the Governor's address. The minority report recommended the abolition of slavery, while that of the majority favored the adoption of a resolution calling a convention to amend the Constitution, the avowed object HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 18& being to make Illinois a slave State. , The latter report was adopted, but the pro-slavery party in the House lacked one vote of the number neces- sary to carry the resolution by the constitutional two-thirds majority. What followed has always been regarded as a blot upon the record of the Third General Assembly. Nicholas Hansen, who had been awarded the seat from Pike County at the beginning of the session after a contest brought by his opponent, John Shaw, was un- seated after the adoption of a resolution to reconsider the vote by which he had been several weeks before declared elected. Shaw having thus been seated, the resolution was carried by the necessary twenty-four votes. Mr. Hansen, although previously regarded as a pro-slavery man, had voted with the minority when the resolution was first put upon its passage. Hence followed his deprivation of his seat. The triumph of the friends of the convention was celebrated by what Gov. John Reynolds (himself a conven- tionist) characterized as "a wild and indecorous procession by torchlight and liquor." (See Slavery arvd Slave Laws.) The session adjourned Feb. 18, having continued seventy-nine days. Fourth General Assembly. This body held two sessions, the first being convened, Nov. 15, 1824, by proclamation of the Executive, some three weeks before the date for the regular session, in order to correct a defect in the law relative to counting the returns for Presidential Electors. Thomas Mather was elected Speaker of the House, while Lieutenant-Governor Hub- bard presided in the Senate. Having amended the law concerning the election returns for Presi- dential Electors, the Assembly proceeded to the election of two United States Senators — one to fiU the unexpired term of ex-Senator Edwards (resigned) and the other for the full term begin- ning March 4, 1825. John McLean was chosen for the first and Elias Kent Kane for the second. Five circuit judgeships were created, and it was provided that the bench of the Supreme Court should consist of four Judges, and that semi- aimual sessions of that tribunal should be held at the State capital. (See Judicial Department. ) The regular session came to an end, Jan. 18, 1825, but at its own request, the Lieutenant-Governor and acting Governor Hubbard re-convened the body in special session on Jan. 2, 1826, to enact a new apportionment law under the census of 1825. A sine die adjournment was taken, Jan. 28, 1826. One of the important acts of the regular session of 1825 was the adoption of the first free-school law in Illinois, the measure having been intro- duced by Joseph Duncan, afterwards Governor of the State. This Legislature was in session a total of ninety-two days, of which sixty-five were during the first session and twenty-seven during^ the second. Fifth General Assembly convened, Dec. 4, 1826, Lieutenant-Governor Kinney presiding in the Senate and John McLean in the House. At the request of the Governor an investigation into the management of the bank at Edwardsville was had, resulting, however, in the exoneration of its ofScers. The circuit judgeships created by the preceding Legislature were abrogated and their incumbents legislated out of oflSce. The State was divided into foiu" circuits, one Justice of the Supreme Court being assigned to each. (See Judicial Department.) This General Assembly also elected a State Treasurer to succeed Abner Field, James Hall being chosen on the ninth ballot. The Supreme Court Judges, as directed by the preceding Legislature, presented a well digested report on the revision of the laws, which was adopted without material alteration. One of the important measures enacted at this session was an act establishing a State penitentiary, the funds for its erection being obtained by the sale of saline lands in Gallatin County. (See Alton Penitentiary; also Salt Manufacture.) The session ended Feb. 19 — having continued seventy-eight days. Sixth General Assembly convened, Deo. 1. 1828. The Jackson Democrats had a large major- ity in both houses. John McLean was, for the third time, elected Speaker of the House, and, later in the session, was elected United States Senator by a unanimous vote. A Secretary of State, Treasurer and Attorney-General were also appointed or elected. The most important legis- lation of the session was as follows : Authorizing the sale of school lands and the borrowing of the proceeds from the school fund for the ordinary governmental expenses; providing for a return to the viva voce method of voting ; creating a fifth judicial circuit and appointing a Judge therefor ; providing for the appointment of Com- missioners to determine upon the route of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, to sell lands and com- mence its construction. The Assembly adjourned, Jan. 23, 1829, having been in session fifty-four days. Seventh General Assembly met, Dec. 6, 1830. The newly-elected Lieutenant-Governor, Zadoc Casey, and William L. D. Ewing presided over the two houses, respectively. John Rey- nolds was Governor, and, the majority of the Senate being made up of his political adversaries. 186 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. experienced no little difficulty in securing the confirmation of his nominees. Two United States Senators were elected: Elias K. Kane being chosen to succeed himself and John M. Bobinson to serve the unexpired term of John MfcLean, deceased. The United States census of 1830 gave Illinois three Representatives in Con- gress instead of one, and this General Assembly passed a re-apportionment law accordingly. The number of State Senators was increased to twenty-six, and of members of the lower house to fifty-five. The criminal code was amended by the substitution of imprisonment in the peni- tentiary as a penalty in lieu of the stocks and public flogging. This Legislature also authorized the borrowing of $100,000 to redeem the notes of the State Bank which were to mature the follow- ing year. The Assembly adjourned, Feb. 16, 1831, the session having lasted seventy-three days. Eighth General Assembly. The session began Dec. 8, 1833, and ended March 2, 1838. William L. D. Ewing was chosen President pro tempore of the Senate, and succeeded Zadoc Casey as Lieutenant-Governor, the latter having been elected a Eepresentative in Congress. Alexander M. Jenkins presided over the House as Speaker. This Legislature enacted the first gen- eral incorporation laws of Illinois, their provisions being applicable to towns and public libraries. It also incorporated several railroad companies, — one line from Lake Michigan to the Illinois River (projected as a substitute for the canal), one from Peru to Cairo, and another to cross the State, running through Springfield. Other char- ters were granted for shorter lines, but the incor- porators generally failed to organize under them. A notable inci dent in connection with this session was the attempt to impeach Theophilus W. Smith, a Justice of the Supreme Court. This was the first and last trial of this character in the State's his- tory, between 1818 and 1899. Failing to secure a conviction in the Senate (where the vote stood twelve for conviction and ten for acquittal, with four Senators excused from voting), the House attempted to remove him by address, but in this the Senate refused to concur. The first mechan- ics' lien law was enacted by this Legislature, as also a law relating to the "right of way" for "public roads, canals, or other public works." The length of the session was ninety days. Ninth General Assembly. This Legislature held two sessions. The first began Dec. 1, 1834, and lasted to Feb. 13, 1835. Lieutenant-Governor Jenkins presided in the Senate and James Semple was elected Speaker of the House without oppo- sition. On Dec. 20, John M. Robinson was re- elected United States Senator Abraham Lincoln was among the new members, but took no con- spicuous part in the discussions of the body. The principal public laws passed at this session were : Providing for the borrowing of 1500,000 to be used in the construction of the Illinois & Michi- gan Canal and the appointment of a Board of Commissioners to supervise its expenditure; incorporating the Bank of the State of Illinois; and authorizing a loan of §12,000 by Cook County, at 10 per cent interest per annum from the county school fund, for the erection of a court house in that county. The second session of this Assembly convened, Dec. 7, 1835, adjourning, Jan. 18, 1836. A new canal act was passed, enlarging the Commissioners' powers and pledging the faith of the State for the repayment of money bor- rowed to aid in its construction. A new appor- tionment law was also passed providing for the election of forty-one Senators and ninety-one Representatives, and W. L. D. Ewing was elected United States Senator, to succeed Elias K. Kane, deceased. The length of the first session was seventy-five days, and of the second forty -three days — total, 118. Tenth General Assembly, like its predeces- sor, held two sessions. The first convened Dec. 5, 1886, and adjourned March 6, 1837. The Whigs controlled the Senate by a large majority, and elected William H. Davidson, of White County, , President, to succeed Alexander M. Jenkins, who had resigned the Lieutenant-Governorship. (See Jenkins, Alexander M.) James Semple was re-elected Speaker of the House, which was fully two-thirds Democratic. This Legislature was remarkable for the number of its members who afterwards attained National prominence. Lincaln and Douglas sat in the lower house, both voting for the same candidate for Speaker — New- ton Cloud, an independent Democrat. Besides these, the rolls of this Assembly included the names of a future Governor, six future United States Senators, eight Congressmen, three Ilhnois Supreme Court Judges, seven State oflicers, and a Cabinet officer. The two absorbing topics for legislative discussion and action were the system ai internal improvements and the removal of the State capital. (See Internal Improvement Policy and State Capitals.) The friends of Springfield finally effected such a combination that that city was selected as the seat of the State government, while the Internal Improvement Act was passed over the veto of Governor Duncan. A second session of this Legislature met on the call of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 187 Governor, July 10, 1837, and adjourned July 22. An act legalizing the suspension of State banks was adopted, but the recommendation of the Gov- ernor for the repeal of the internal improvement legislation was ignored. The length of the first session was ninety-two days and of the second thirteen — total 105. Eleventh General Assembly. This body held both a regular and a special session. The former met Dec. 3, 1888, and adjourned March 4, 1889. The "Whigs were in a majority in both houses, and controlled the organization of the Senate. In the House, however, their candidate for Speaker — Abraham Lincoln — failing to secure his full party vote, was defeated by W. L. D. Ewing. At this session §800,000 more was appro- priated for the "improvement of water-ways and the construction of railroads, " all efforts to put an end to, or even curtail, further expenditures on account of internal improvements meeting with defeat. An appropriation (the first) was made for a library for the Supreme Court ; the Illinois Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb was established, and the further issuance of bank notes of a smaller denomination than $5 was prohibited. By this time the State debt had increased to over $13,000,000, and both the people and the Governor were becoming apprehensive as to ultimate results of this prodigal outlay. A crisis appeared imminent, and the Governor, on Deo. 9, 1839, convened the Legislature in special session to consider the situation. (This was the first session ever held at Springfield ; and, the new State House not being completed, the Senate, the House and the Supreme Court found accommo- dation in three of the principal church edifices.) The struggle for a change of State policy at this session was long and hard fought, no heed being given to party lines. The outcome was the vir- tual abrogation of the entire internal improve- ment system. Provision was made for the calling In and destruction of all unsold bonds and the speedy adjustment of all unsettled accounts of the old Board of Public Works, which was legis- lated out of office. The special session adjourned Feb. 3, 1840. Length of regular session ninety- two days, of the special, fifty-seven — ^total, 149. Twelfth General Assembly. This Legisla- ture was strongly Democratic in both branches. It first convened, by executive proclamation, Nov. 23, 1840, the object being to provide for pay- ment of interest on the public debt. In reference to this matter the following enactments were made: Authorizing the hypothecation of $800,000 internal improvement bonds, to meet the interest due Jan. 1, 1841 ; directing the issue of bonds to be sold in the open market and the proceeds applied toward discharging all amounts due on interest account for which no other provision was made ; levying a special tax of ten cents on the SlOO to meet the interest on the last mentioned class of bonds, as it matured. For the comple- tion of the Northern Cross Railroad (from Spring- field to Jacksonville) another appropriation of $100,000 was made. The called session adjourned, sine die, on Dec. 5, and the regular session began two days later. The Senate was presided over by the Lieutenant-Governor (Stinson H. Anderson), and William L. D. Ewing was chosen Speaker of the House. The most vital issue was the propri- ety of demanding the surrender of the charter of the State Bank, with its branches, and here party lines were drawn. The Whigs finally succeeded in averting the closing of the institu- tions which had suspended specie payments, and in securing for those institutions the privilege of issuing small bills. A law reorganizing the judi- ciary was passed by the majority over the execu- tive veto, and in face of the defection of some of its members. On a partisan issue all the Circuit Judges were legislated out of office and five Jus- tices added to the bench of the Supreme Court. The session was stormy, and the Assembly ad- journed March 1, 1841. This Legislature was in session ninety-eight days — thirteen during the special session and eighty-five during the regular. Thirteenth General Assembly consisted of forty-one Senators and 121 Representatives ; con- vened, Dec. 5, 1843. The Senate and House were Democratic by two-thirds majority in each. Lieut. -Gov. John Moore was presiding officer of the Senate and Samuel Haokelton Speaker of the House, with W. L. D. Ewing, who had been acting Governor and United States Senator, as Clerk of the latter. Richard Yates, Isaac N. Arnold, Stephen T. Logan and Gustavus Koerner, were among the new members. The existing situation seemed fraught with peril. The State debt was nearly $14,000,000; immigration had been checked ; the State and Shawneetown banks had gone down and their currency was not worth fifty cents on the dollar ; Auditor's warrants were worth no more, and Illinois State bonds were quoted at fourteen cents. On Dec. 18, Judge Sidney Breese was elected United States Senator, having defeated Stephen A. Douglas for the Democratic caucus nomination, on the nineteenth ballot, by a majority of one vote. The State Bank (in which the State had been a large share- holder) was permitted to go into liquidation upon HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. the surrender of State bonds in exchange for a like amount of bank stock owned by the State. The same conditional release was granted to the bank at Shawneetown. The net result was a reduction of the State debt by about ^3, 000, 000. The Governor was authorized to negotiate a loan of $1,600,000 on the credit of the State, for the purpose of prosecuting the work on the canal and meeting the indebtedness already incurred. The Executive was also made sole "Fund Com- missioner" and, in that capacity, was empowered (in connection with the Auditor) to sell the railroads, etc., belonging to the State at public auction. Provision was also made for the redemp- tion , of the bonds hypothecated with Macalister and Stebbins. (See Macalister and Stebbins Bonds.) The Congressional distribution of the moneys arising from the sale of public lands was acquiesced in, and the revenues and resources of the State were pledged to the redemption "of every debt contracted by an authorized agent for a good and valuable consideration." To establish a sinking fund to meet such obligation, a tax of twenty cents on every $100, payable in coin, was levied. This Legislature also made a re-appor- tionment of the State into Seven Congressional Districts. The Legislature adjourned, March 6, 1843, after a session of ninety -two days. Fourteenth General Assembly convened Dec. 2, 1844, and adjourned March 3, 1845, the ses- sion lasting ninety-two days. The Senate was composed of twenty-six Democrats and fifteen Whigs; the House of eighty Democrats and thirty-nine Whigs. David Davis was among the new members. William A. Richardson defeated Stephen T. Logan for the Speakership, and James Semple was elected United States Senator to suc- ceed Samuel McRgberts, deceased. The canal law was amended by the passage of. a supple- mental act, transferring the property to Trustees and empowering the Governor to complete the negotiations for the borrowing of $1,600,000 for its construction. The State revenue being in- suflBcient to meet the ordinary expenses of the government, to say nothing of the arrears of interest on the State debt, a tax of three mills on each dollar's worth of property was imposed for 1845 and of three and one-half mills thereafter. Of the revenue thus raised in 1845, one mill was set apart to pp,y the interest on the State debt and one and one-half mills for the same purpose from the taxes collected in 1846 "and forever thereafter." Fifteenth General Assembly convened Dec. 7, 1846. The farewell message of Governor Ford and the inaugural of Governor French were lead- ing incidents. The Democrats had a two-thirds majority in each house. Lieut. -Gov. Joseph B. Wells presided in the Senate, and Newton Cloud was elected Speaker of the House, the compli- mentary vote of the Whigs being given to Stephen T. Logan. Stephen A. Douglas was elected United States Senator, the whigs voting for Cyrus Edwards. State officers were elected as follows : Auditor, Thomas H. Campbell; State Treasurer, Milton Carpenter — both by acclamation; and Horace S Cooley was nominated and confirmed Secretary of State. A new school law was enacted ; the sale of the Gallatin County salines was authorized ; the University of Chicago was incorporated, and the Hospital for the Lisane at Jacksonville established; the sale of the North- ern Cross Railroad was authorized; District Courts were established ; and provision was made for refunding the State debt. The Assembly adjourned, March 1, 1847, after a session of eighty-five days. Sixteenth General Assembly. This was the first Legislature to convene under the Constitu- tion of 1847. There were twenty-five members in the Senate and seventy-five in the House. The body assembled on Jan. 1, 1849, continu- ing in session until Feb. 12 — the session being limited by the Constitution to six weeks. Zadoc Casey was chosen Speaker, defeating Richard Yates by a vote of forty-six to nineteen. After endorsing the policy of the administration in reference to the Mexican War and thanking the soldiers, the Assembly proceeded to the election of United States Senator to succeed Sidney Breese. The choice fell upon Gen. James Shields, the other caucus candidates being Breese and McClernand, while Gen. William F. Thornton led the forlorn hope for the Whigs. The principle of the Wilmot proviso was endorsed. The Governor convened the Legislature in special session on Oct. 22. A question as to the eligibility of Gen. Shields having arisen (growing out of his nativity and naturalization), and the legal obstacles hav- ing been removed by the lapse of time, he was re-elected Senator at the special session. Outside of the passage of a general law authorizing the incorporation of railroads, little general legisla- tion was enacted. The special session adjourned Nov. 7. Length of regular session forty-three days ; special, seventeen — total sixty. Seventeenth General Assembly convened Jan. 6, 1851, adjourned Feb. 17 — length of session forty-three days. Sidney Breese (ex- Senator) was chosen Speaker. The session was- HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 189 characterized by a vast amount of legislation, not all of which was well considered. By joint reso- lution of both houses the endorsement of the Wilmot proviso at the previous session was rescinded. The first homestead exemption act was passed, and a stringent liquor law adopted, the sale of liquor in quantities less than one quart being prohibited. Township organization was authorized and what was virtually free-banking was sanctioned. The latter law was ratified by popular vote in November, 1851. An act incorpo- rating the Illinois Central Railroad was also passed at this, session, the measure being drafted by James L. D. Morrison. A special session of this Assembly was held in 1852 under a call by the Governor, lasting from June 7 to the 83d — seventeen days. The most important general legislation of the special session was the reappor- tionment of the State into nine Congressional Districts. This Legislature was in sessiona total of sixty days. Eighteenth General Assembly. The first (or regular) session convened Jan. 3, 1853, and adjourned Feb. 14. The Senate was composed of twenty Democrats and five Whigs ; the House, of fifty-nine Democrats, sixteen Whigs and one "Free-Soiler. " Lieutenant-Governor Koerner presided in the upper, and ex-Gov. John Reynolds in the lower house. Governor Matteson was inaugurated on the 16th ; Stephen A. Douglas was re-elected United States Senator, Jan. 5, the Whigs casting a complimentary vote for Joseph Gillespie. More than 450 laws were enacted, the majority being "private acts." The prohibitory temperance legislation of the preceding General Assembly was repealed and the license system re enacted. This body also passed the famous "black laws" designed to prevent the immigration of free negroes into the State. The sum of •$18,000 was appropriated for the erection and furnishing of an executive mansion; the State Agi-icultural Society was incorporated; the re- mainder of the State lands was ordered sold, and any surplus funds in the treasury appropriated toward reducing the State debt. A special session was convened on Feb. 9, 1854, and adjourned March 4. The most important measures adopted were : a legislative re-apportionment, an act pro- viding for the election of a Superintendent of Public Instruction, and a charter for the Missis- sippi & Atlantic Railroad. The regular session lasted forty-three days, the special twenty-four — total, sixty-seven. Nineteenth General Assembly met Jan. 1, 1855, and adjourned Feb. 15 — the session lasting forty-six days. Thomas J. Turner was elected Speaker of the House. The political complexion of the Legislature was much mixed, among the members being old-line Whigs, Abolitionists, Free-Soilers, Know-Nothings, Pro-slavery Demo- crats and Anti-Nebraska Democrats. The Nebraska question was the leading issue, and in reference thereto the Senate stood fourteen Nebraska members and eleven anti-Nebraska ; the House, thirty-four straight-out Democrats, while the entire strength of the opposition was forty- one. A United States Senator was to be chosen to succeed Gen. James Shields, and the friends of free-soil had a clear majority of four on joint ballot. Abraham Lincoln was the caucus nomi- nee of the Whigs, and General Shields of the Demo- crats. The two houses met in joint session Feb. 8. The result of the first baUot was, Lincoln, forty- five; Shields, forty -one; scattering, thirteen; present, but not voting, one. Mr. Lincoln's strength steadily waned, then rallied slightly on the sixth and seventh ballots, but again declined. Shields' forty-one votes rising on the fifth ballot to forty-two, but having dropped on the next ballot to forty-one, his name was withdrawn and that of Gov. Joel A. Matteson substituted. Mat- teson gained until he received forty-seven votes, which was the limit of his strength. On the ninth ballot, Loncoln's vote having dropped to fifteen, his name was withdrawn at his own request, his support going, on the next ballot, to Lyman Trumbull, an anti-Nebraska Democrat, who received fifty-one votes to forty-seven for Matteson and one for Archibald Williams-^-one member not voting. Trumbull, having received a majority, was elected. Five members had voted for him from the start. These were Sena- tors John M. Palmer, Norman B. Judd and Burton C. Cook, and Representatives Henry S. Baker and George T. Allen. It had been hoped that they would, in time, come to the support of Mr. Lin- coln, but they explained that they had been instructed by their constituents to vote only for an anti-Nebraska Democrat. They were all sub- sequently prominent leaders in the Republican party. Having inaugurated its work by accom- plishing a political revolution, this Legislature proceeded to adopt several measures more or less radical in their tendency. One of these was the Maine liquor law, with the condition that it be submitted to popular vote. It failed of ratifica- tion by vote of the people at an election held in the following June. A new common school law was enacted, and railroads were required to fence their tracks. The Assembly also adopted a reso- 190 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. lution calling for a Convention to amend the Con- stitution, but this was defeated at the polls. Twentieth General Assembly convened Jan. 5, 1857, and adjourned, sine die, Feb. 19. A Republican State administration, with Governor Bissell at its head, had just been elected, but the Legislature was Democratic in both branches. Lieut. -Gov. John Wood presided over the Senate, and Samuel Holmes, of Adams County, defeated Isaac N. Arnold, of Cook, for the Speakership of the House. Among the prominent members were Norman B. Judd, of Cook; A. J. Kuykendall, of Johnson ; Shelby M. CuUom, of Sangamon ; John A. Logan, of Jackson; William R. Morrison, of Monroe ; Isaac N. Arnold, of Cook ; Joseph Gilles- pie, of Madison, and S. W. Moulton, of Shelby. Among the important measures enacted by this General Assembly were the following: Acts establishing and maintaining free schools; estab- lishing a Normal University at Normal ; amending the banking law ; providing for the general incor- poration of railroads ; providing for the building of a new penitentiary ; and funding the accrued arrears of interest on the public debt. Length of session, forty-six days. Twenty-first General Assembly convened Jan. 3, 1859, and was in session for fifty-three days, adjourning Feb. 34. The Senate consisted of twenty-five, and the House of seventy-five members. The presiding officers were: — of the Senate, Lieut. -Gov. Wood; of the House, W. R. Morrison, of Monroe County, who defeated his Republican opponent. Vital Jarrot, of St. Clair, on a viva voce vote. The Governor's message showed a reduction of §1,166,877 in the State debt during two years preceding, leaving a balance of principal and arrears of interest amounting to $11,138,454. On Jan. 6, 1859, the Assembly, in joint session, elected Stephen A. Douglas to suc- ceed himself as United States Senator, by a vote of fifty-four to forty-six for Abraham Lincoln. The Legislature was thrown into great disorder in consequence of an attempt to prevent the receipt from the Governor of a veto of a legisla- tive apportionment bill which had been passed by the Democratic majority in the face of bitter opposition on the part of the Republicans, who denounced it as partisan and unjust. Twenty-second General Assembly convened in regular session on Jan. 7, 1861, consisting of twenty-five Senators and seventy -five Represent- atives. For the first time in the State's history, the Democrats failed to control the organization of either house. Lieut. -Gov. Francis A. Hoffman presided over the Senate, and S. M. Cullom, of Sangamon, was chosen Speaker of the House, the Democratic candidate being James W. Singleton. Thomas A. Marshall, of Coles County, was elected President pro tern, of the Senate over A. J. Kuy- kendall, of Johnson. The message of the retiring Governor (John Wood) reported a reduction of the State debt, during four years of Republican administration, of 12,860,403, and showed the number of banks to be 110, whose aggregate cir- culation was $13,330,964. Lyman Trumbull was re-elected United States Senator on January 10, receiving fifty-four votes, to forty-six cast for Samuel S. Marshall. Governor Yates was inau- gurated, Jan. 14. The most important legislation of this session related to the following subjects: the separate property rights of married women; the encouragement of mining and the support of public schools ; the payment of certain evidences of State indebtedness ; protection of the purity of the ballot-box, and a resolution submitting to the people the question of the calling of a Convention to amend the Constitution. Joint resolutions were passed relative to the death of Governor Bissell ; to the appointment of Commissioners to attend a Peace Conference in Washington, and referring to federal relations. The latter deprecated amendments to the United States Constitution, but expressed a willingness to imite with any States which might consider themselves aggrieved, in petitioning Congress to call a convention for the consideration of such amendments, at the same time pledging the entire resources of Illi- nois to the National Government for the preser- vation of the Union and the enforcement of the laws. The regular session ended Feb. 33, having lasted forty-seven days. — Immediately following President Lincobi's first call for volunteers to suppress the rebellion. Governor Yates recon- vened the General Assembly in special session to consider and adopt methods to aid and support the Federal authority in preserving the Union and protecting the rights and property of the people. The two houses assembled on April 33. On April 35 Senator Douglas addressed the members on the issues of the day, in response to an invitation con- veyed in a joiut resolution. The special session closed May 3, 1861, and not a few of the legislators promptly volunteered in the Union army. Length of the regular session, forty-seven days; of the special, eleven — total fifty -eight. Twenty-third General Assembly was com- posed of twenty-five Senators and eighty-eight Representatives. It convened Jan. 5, 1863, and was Democratic in both branches. The presiding officer of the Senate was Lieutenant-Governor HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 191 Hoffman; Samuel A., Buokmaster was elected Speaker of the House by a vote of fifty -three to twenty-five. On Jan. 12, William A. Richardson was elected United States Senator to succeed S. A. Douglas, deceased, the Eepublican nominee being Governor Yates, who received thirty-eight votes out of a total of 103 cast. Much of the time of the session was devoted to angry discussion- of the policy of the National Government in the prosecution of the war. The views of the oppos- ing parties were expressed in majority and minor- ity reports from the Committee on Federal Relations — the former condemning and the latter upholding the Federal administration. The majority report was adopted in the House on Feb. 12, by a vote of fifty-two to twenty-eight, and the resolutions which it embodied were at once sent to the Senate for concurrence. Before they could be acted upon in that body a Demo- cratic Senator — J. M. Eodgers, of Clinton County — died. This left the Senate politically tied, a Republican presiding officer having the deciding vote. Consequently no action was taken at the time, and, on Feb. 14, the Legislature adjourned till June .3. Immediately upon re-assembling, joint resolutions relating to a sine die adjourn- ment were introduced in both houses. A disagree- ment regarding the date of such adjournment ensued, when Governor Yates, exercising the power conferred upon him by the Constitution in such cases, sent in a message (June 10, 1863) prorogxiing the General Assembly until "the Saturday next preceding the first Monday in January, 1865." The members of the Republican minority at once left the hall. The members of the majority convened and adjourned from day to day until June 34, when, having adopted an address to the people setting forth their grievance and denouncing the State executive, they took a recess until the Tuesday after the first Monday of January, 1864. The action of the Governor, hav- ing been submitted to the Supreme Court, was sustained, and no further session of this General Assembly was held. Owing to the prominence of political issues, no important legislation was effected at this session, even the ordinary appro- priations for the State institutions failing. This caused much embarrassment to the State Govern- ment in meeting current expenses, but banks and capitalists came to its aid, and no important interest was permitted to suffer. The total length of the session was fifty days — forty-one days before the recess and nine days after. Twenty-fourth General Assembly convened Jan. 2, 1865, and remained in session forty-six days. It consisted of twenty-rive Senators and eighty-five Representatives. The Republicans had a majority in both houses. Lieutenant-Gov- ernor Bross presided over the Senate, and Allen C. Fuller, of Boone County, was chosen Speaker of the House, over Ambrose M. Miller, Democrat, the vote standing 48 to 23. Governor Yates, in his valedictory message, reported that, notwith- standing the heavy expenditure attendant upon the enlistment and maintenance of troops, etc., the State debt had been reduced 1987,786 in four years. On Jan. 4, 1865, Governor Yates was elected to the United States Senate, receiving sixty-four votes to forty three cast for James C. Robinson. Governor Oglesby was inaugurated Jan. 16. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified by this Legisla- ture, and sundry special appropriations made. Among the latter was one of |3,000 toward the State's proportion for the establishment of a National Cemetery at Gettysburg; $35,000 for the purchase of the land on which is the tomb of the deceased Senator Douglas; besides sums for establishing a home for Soldiers'- Orphans and an experimental school for the training of idiots and feeble-minded children. The first act for the registry of legal voters was passed at this session. Twenty-fifth General Assembly. This body held one regular and two special sessions. It first convened and organized on Jan. 7, 1867. Lieutenant-Governor Bross presided over the upper, aiid Franklin Corwin, of La Salle County, over the lower house. The Governor (Oglesby), in his message, reported a reduction of 12,607,958 in the State debt during the two years preceding, and recommended various appropriations for pub- lic purposes. He also urged the calling of a Con- vention to amend the Constitution. On Jan. 15, Lyman TtumbuU was chosen United States Sena- tor, the complimentary Democratic vote being given to T. Lyle Dickey, who received thirty- three votes out of 109. The regular session lasted fifty -three days, adjourning Feb. 28. The Four- teenth Amendment to the United States Constitu- tion was ratified and important legislation enacted relative to State taxation and the regulation of public warehouses ; a State Board of Equalization of Assessments was established, and the office of Attorney-General created. (Under this law Eobei-t G. IngersoU was the first appointee.) Provision was made for th6 erection of a new State House, to establish a Reform School for Juvenile Offenders, and for the support of other State institutions. The first special session con- 192 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. vened on June 11, 1867, having been summoned to consider questions relating to internal revenue. The lessee of the penitentiary having surrendered his lease without notice, the Governor found it necessary to make immediate provision for the management of that institution. Not having included this matter in his original call, no ne- cessity then existing, he at once summoned a second special session, before the adjournment of the first. This convened on June 14, remained in session until June 28, and adopted what is substantially the present penitentiary law of the State. This General Assembly was in session .seventy-one days — fifty-three at the regular, three at the first special session and fifteen at the :second. Twenty-sixth General Assembly convened Jan. 4, 1869. The Republicans had a majority in •each house. The newly elected Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, John Dougherty, presided in the Senate, .and Franklin Corwin. of Peru, was again chosen Speaker of the House. Governor Oglesby sub- mitted his final message at the opening of the •session, showing a total reduction in the State debt during his term of $4,743,821. Governor John M. Palmer was inaugurated Jan. 11. The most important acts passed by this Legislature were the following: Calling the Constitutional 'Convention of 1869; ratifying the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ; granting well behaved convicts a reduction in their terms of imprisonment ; for the prevention of cruelty to animals; providing for the regula- tion of freights and fares on railroads; estab- lishing the Southern Normal University; pro- viding for the erection of the Northern Insane Hospital; and establishing a Board of Com- missioners of Public Charities. The celebrated "Lake Front Bill," especially affecting the interests of the city of Chicago, occupied a .great deal of time during this session, and though finally passed over the Governor's veto, was repealed in 1873. This session was inter- rupted by a recess which extended from March 12 to April 18. The Legislature re-assem- bled April 14, and adjourned, sine die, April 20, having been in actual session seventy -four days. Twenty-seventh General Assembly had four sessions, one regular, two special and one adjourned. The first convened Jan. 4, 1871, and adjourned on April 17, having lasted 104 days, when a recess was taken to Nov. 15 following. The body was made up of fifty Senators and 177 Representatives. The Republicans again con- trolled both houses, electing William M. Smith, Speaker (over William R. Morrison, Democrat), while Lieutenant-Governor Dougherty presided in the Senate. The latter occupied the Hall of Rep- resentatives in the old State Capitol, while the House held its sessions in a new church edifice erected by the Second Presbyterian Church. John A. Logan was elected United States Sena- tor, defeating Thomas J. Turner (Democrat) by a vote, on joint ballot, of 131 to 89. This was the first Illinois Legislature to meet after the adoption of the Constitution of 1870, and its time was mainly devoted to framing, discussing and pass- ing laws required by the changes in the organic law of the State. The first special session opened on May 24 and closed on June 22, 1871, continu- ing thirty days. It was convened by Governor Palmer to make additional appropriations for the necessary expenses of the State Government and for the continuance of work on the new State House. The purpose of the Governor in sum- moning the second special session was to provide financial relief for the city of Chicago after the great fire of Oct. 9-11, 1871. Members were sum- moned by special telegrams and were in their seats Oct. 13, continuing in session to Oct. 24 — twelve days. Governor Palmer had already suggested a plan by which the State might aid the stricken city without doing violence to either the spirit or letter of the new Con- stitution, which expressly prohibited special legislation. Chicago had advanced $2,500,000 toward the completion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, under the pledge of the State that this outlay should be made good. The Legislature voted an appropriation sufBcient to pay both principal and interest of this loan, amounting, in round numbers, to about $8,000,000. The ad- journed session opened on Nov. 15, 1871, and came to an end on April. 9, 1872— having continued 147 days. It was entirely devoted to considering and adopting legislation germane to the new Consti- tution. The total length of all sessions of this General Assembly was 293 days. Twenty-eighth General Assembly convened Jan. 8, 1873. It was composed of fifty-one Sena- tors and 153 Representatives; the upper house standing thirty-three Republicans to eighteen Democrats, and the lower, eighty-six Republicans to sixty-seven Democrats. The Senate chose John Early, of Winnebago, President pro tempore, and Shelby M. Cullom was elected Speaker of the House. Governor Oglesby was inaugurated Jan. 13, but, eight days later, was elected to the United States Senate, being succeeded in the Governor- ship by Lieut. -Gov. John L. Beveridge. An HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 193 appropriation of $1,000,000 was made for carrying •on the work on the new capitol and various other acts of a public character passed, the most impor- tant being an amendment of the railroad law of i;he previous session. On May 6, the Legislature .adjourned until Jan. 8, 1874. The purpose of the recess was to enable a Commission on the Revision ■of the Laws to complete a report. The work was ■duly completed and nearly all the titles reported by the Commissioners were adopted at the adjourned session. An adjournment, sine die, was taken March 31, 1874 — ^the two sessions having lasted, respectively, 119 and 83 days — total 202. Twenty-ninth Geneeal Assembly convened Jan 6, 1875. While the Republicans had a plu- rality in both houses, they were defeated in an effort to secure their organization through a fusion of Democrats and Independents. A. A. ■Glenn (Democrat) was elected President pro tem- 7)ore of the Senate (becoming acting Lieutenant- Governor), and Elijah M. Haines was chosen presiding officer of the lower house. The leaders on both sides of the Chamber were aggressive, and the session, as a whole, was one of the most ■turbulent and disorderly in the history of the •State. Little legislation of vital importance (outside of regular appropriation bills) was ■enacted. This Legislature adjourned, April 15, having been in session 100 days. Thirtieth General Assembly convened Jan. 3 ; 1877, and adjourned, sine die, on May 24. The Democrats and Independents in the Senate united in securing control of that body, although the House was Republican. Fawcett Plumb, of La Salle County, was chosen President pro tempore of the upper, and James Shaw Speaker of the lower, house. The inauguration of State officers took place Jan. 8, Shelby M. Cullom becoming ■Governor and Andrew Shuman, Lieutenant-Gov- •emor. This was one of the most exciting years in American political history Both of the domi- nant parties claimed to have elected the President, and the respective votes in the Electoral College were so close as to excite grave apprehension in many minds. It was also the year for the choice •of a Senator by the Illinois Legislature, and the attention of the entire country was directed toward this State. Gen. John M. Palmer was the nominee of the Democratic caucus and John A. Logan of the Republicans. On the twenty- fourth ballot the name of General Logan was withdrawn, most of the Republican vote going to Charles B. Lawrence, and the Democrats going over to David Davis, who, although an original Republican and friend of Lincoln, and Justice of the Supreme Court by appointment of Mr. Lin- coln, had become an Independent Democrat. On the fortieth ballot (taken Jan. 25), Judge Davis received 101 votes, to 94 for Judge Lawrenac (Republican) and five scattering, thus, securing Davis' election. Not many acts of vital impor- tance were passed by this Legislature. Appellate Courts were established and new judicial districts created; the original jurisdiction of county courts was enlarged; better safeguards were thrown about miners ; measures looking at once to the supervision and protection of railroads were passed, as well as various laws relating chiefly to the police administration of the State and of municipalities. The length of the session was 143 days. Thirty-first General Assembly convened Jan. 8, 1879, with a Republican majority in each house. Andrew Shuman, the newly elected Lieu- tenant-Governor, presided in the Senate, and William A. James of Lake County was chosen Speaker of the House. John M. Hamilton of McLean County (afterwards Governor), was chosen President pro tempore of the Senate. John A. Logan was elected United States Senator on Jan. 21, the complimentary Democratic vote being given to Gen. John C. Black. Various laws of public importance were enacted by this Legislature, among them being one creating the Bureau of Labor Statistics ; the first oleomargar- ine law; a drainage and levee act; a law for the reorganization of the militia; an act for the regulation of pawnbrokers; a law limiting the pardoning power, and various laws looking toward the supervision and control of railways. The session lasted 144 days, and the Assembly adjourned, sine die, May 31, 1879. Thirty second General Assembly convened Jan. 5, 1881, the Republicans having a majority in both branches. Lieutenant-Governor Hamil- ton presided in the Senate, William J. Campbell of Cook County being elected President pro tem- pore. Horace H. Thomas, also of Cook, was chosen Speaker of the House. Besides the rou- tine legislation, the most important measures enacted by this Assembly were laws to prevent the spread of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle; regulating the sale of firearms ; providing more stringent penalties for the adulteration of food, drink or medicine; regulating the practice of pharmacy and dentistry ; amending the revenue and school laws ; and requiring annual statements from official custodians of public moneys. The Legislature adjourned May 30, after having been 194 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in session 146 days, but was called together again in special session by the Governor on March 33, 1883, to pass new Legislative and Congressional Apportionment Laws, and for the consideration of other subjects. The special session lasted forty-four days, adjourning May 5 — both sessions occupying a total of 190 days. Thirty-third General Assembly convened Jan. 3, 1883, with the Eepublicans again in the majority in both houses. William J. Campbell was re-elected President pro tempore of the Senate, but not until the sixty-first ballot, six Republicans refusing to be bound by the nomina- tion of a caucus held prior to their arrival at Springfield. Loren C. Collins, also of Cook, was elected Speaker of the House. The compliment- ary Democratic vote was given to Thomas M. Shaw in the Senate, and to Austin O. Sexton in the House. Governor Cullom, the Republican caucus nominee, was elected United States Senator, Jan. 16, receiving a majority in each branch of the General Assembly. The celebrated "Harper High-License Bill," and the first "Compulsory School Law" were passed at this session, the other acts being of ordinary character. The Legislature adjourned June 18, having been in session 168 days. Thirty-fourth General Assembly convened Jan. 7, 1885. The Senate was Republican by a majority of one, there being twenty-six members of that party, twenty-four Demooiats and one greenback Democrat. William J. Campbell, of Cook County, was for the third time chosen President pro tempore. The House stood seventy- six Republicans and seventy-six Democrats, with one member — Elijah M. Haines of Lake County — calling himself an "Independent." The contest for the Speakership continued until Jan. 39, when, neither party being able to elect its nomi- nee, the Democrats took up Haines as a candidate and placed him in the chair, with Haines' assist- ance, filling the minor offices with their own men. After the inauguration of Governor Oglesby, Jan. 30, the first business was the elec- tion of a United States Senator. The balloting proceeded until May 18, when John A. Logan re- ceived 103 votes to ninety-six for Lambert Tree and five scattering. Three members — one Republican and two Democrats — had died since the opening of the session ; and it was through the election of a Republican in place of one of the deceased Democrats, that the Republicans succeeded in electing their candidate. The session was a stormy one throughout, the Speaker being, much of the time, at odds with the House, and an unsuccessful effort was made to depose him. Charges of bribery against certain members were preferred and investigated, but no definite result was reached. Among the important measures passed by this Legislature were the following ; A joint resolution providing for submission of an amendment to the Constitution prohibiting con- tract labor in penal institutions; providing by resolution for the appointment of a non-partisan Commission of twelve to draft a new revenue code ; the Crawford primary election law ; an act amending the code of criminal procedure ; estab- lishing a Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, subse- quently located at Quincy ; creating a Live-Stook Commission and appropriating §531,713 for the completion of the State House. The Assembly adjourned, sine die, June 36, 1885, after a session of 171 days. Thirty-fifth General Assembly convened Jan. 5, 1887. The Republicans had a majority of twelve in the Senate and three in the House. For President pro tempore of the Senate, August W. Berggren was chosen; for Speaker of the House, Dr. William F. Calhoun, of De Witt County. The death of General Logan, which had occurred Dec. 36, 1886, was oflSciaUy an- nounced by Governor Oglesby^ and, on Jan. 18, Charles B. Farwell was elected to succeed him as United States Senator. WilUam R Morrison and Benjamin W. Goodhue were the candidates of the Democratic and Labor parties, respectively. Some of the most important laws passed by this General Assembly were the following: Amend- ing the law relating to the spread of contagious diseases among cattle, etc. ; the Chase bill to prohibit book-making and pool-selling; regulat- ing trust companies; making the Trustees of the University of Illinois elective; inhibiting aliens from holding real estate, and forbidding the marriage of first cousins. An act virtually creating a new State banking system was also passed, subject to ratification by popular vote. Other acts, having more particular reference to Chicago and Cook County, were: a law making cities and counties responsible for three-fourths of the damage resulting from mobs and riots ; the Merritt conspiracy law ; the Gibbs Jury Commis- sion law, and an act for the suppression of bucket-shop gambling. The session ended June 15, 1887. having continued 163 days. Thirty-sixth General Assembly convened Jan. 7, 1889, in its first (or regular) session, the Republicans being largely in the majority. The Senate elected Theodore S. Chapman of Jersey County, President pro tempore, and the House HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 195 Asa C Matthews of Pike County, Speaker. Mr. Matthews was appointed First Comptroller of the Treasury by President Harrison, on May 9 (see Matthews, Asa C), and resigned the Speakership on the following day. He was succeeded by James H. Miller of Stark County. Shelby M. CuUom was re-elected to the United States Senate on January 22, the Democrats again voting for ex-Gov. John M. Palmer. The "Sanitary Drain- age District Law, " designed for the benefit of the city of Chicago, was enacted at this session ; an asylum for insane criminals was established at Chester ; the annexation of cities, towns, villages, etc., under certain conditions, was authorized; more stringent legislation was enacted relative to the circulation of obscene literature ; a new com- pulsory education law was passed, and the em- ployment on public works of aliens who had not declared their intention of becoming citizens was prohibited. This session ended. May 28. A special session was convened by Governor Fifer on July 24, 1890,, to frame and adopt legislation rendered necessary by the Act of Congress locat- ing the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. Mr. Miller having died in the interim, William G. Cochran, of Moultrie County, was chosen Speaker of the House. The special session concluded Aug. 1, 1890, having enacted the following meas- ures ; An Act granting the use of all State lands, (submerged or other) in or adjacent to Chicago, to the World's Columbian Exposition for a period to extend one year after the closing of the Exposi- tion; authorizing the Chicago Boards of Park Commissioners to grant the use of the public parks, or any part thereof, to promote the objects of such Exposition ; a joint resolution providing for the submission to the people of a Constitu- tional Amendm^ent granting to the city of Chicago the power (provided a majority of the qualified voters desired it) to issue bonds to an amount not exceeding $5,000,000, the same to bear interest and the proceeds of their sale to be turned over to the Exposition Managers to be devoted to the use and for the benefit of the Exposition. (See also World's Columbian Exposition.) The total length of the two sessions was 150 days. Thiety-sevekth General Assembly convened Jan. 7, 1891, and adjourned June 12 following. Lieut. -Gov. Ray presided in the Senate, Milton W. Matthews (Republican), of Urbana, being elected President pro tern. The Democrats had control in the House and elected Clayton E. Crafts, of Cook County, Speaker. The most exciting feature of the session was the election of a United States Senator to succeed Charles B. Farwell. Neither of the two leading parties had a majority on joint ballot, the balance of power being held by three "Independent" member^ of the House, who had been elected as represent- atives of the Farmers' Mutual Benevolent Alli- ance. Richard J. Oglesby was the caucus nominee of the Republicans and John M. Palmer of the Democrats. For a time the Independents stood as a unit for A. J. Streeter, but later two of the three voted for ex-Governor Palmer, finally, on March 11, securing his election on the 154th ballot in joint session. Meanwhile, the Repub- licans had cast tentative ballots for Alson J. Streeter and Cicero J. Lindley, in hope of draw- ing the Independents to their support, but without effective result. The final ballot stood — Pahnet, 103 ; Lindley, 101, Streeter 1. Of 1, 296 bills intro- duced in both Houses at this session, only 151 became laws, the most important being: The Australian ballot law, and acts regulating build- ing and loan associations ; prohibiting the employ- ment of children under thirteen at manual labor ; fixing the legal rate of interest at seven per cent ; prohibiting the "truck system" of paying em- ployes, and granting the right of suffrage to women in the election of school officers. An amendment of the State Constitution permitting the submission of two Constitutional Amend- ments to the people at the same time, was sub- mitted by this Legislature and ratified at the election of 1892. The session covered a period of 157 days. Thirty-eighth General Assembly. This body convened Jan. 4, 1893. The Democrats were in the ascendency in both houses, having a majority of seven in the Senate and of three in the lower house. Joseph R. Gill, the Lieutenant- Governor, was ex-officio President of the Senate, and John W. Coppinger, of Alton, was chosen President pro tem. Clayton E. Crafts of Cook County was again chosen Speaker of the House. The inauguration of the new State officers took place on the afternoon of Tuesday, Jan. 10. This Legislature was in session 164 days, adjourning June 16, 1893. Not very much legislation of a general character was enacted. New Congres- sional and Legislative apportionments were passed, the former dividing the State into twenty- two districts; an Insurance Department was created; a naval militia was established; the scope of the juvenile reformatory was enlarged and the compvilsory education law was amended. Thirty-ninth General Assembly. This Legislatiire held two sessions — a regular and a special. The former opened Jan. 9, 1895, and 196 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. closed June 14, following. The political com- plexion of the Senate was — Republicans, thirty- three; Democrats, eighteen; of the House, ninety-two Republicans and sixty-one Democrats. John Meyer, of Cook County, was elected Speaker of the House, and Charles Bogardus of Piatt County, President pro tern, of the Senate. Acts were passed making appropriations for improve- ment of the State Fair Grounds at Springfield; authorizing the establishment of a Western Hos- pital for the Insane (1100,000); appropriating $100,000 for a Western Hospital for the Insane; $65,000 for an Asylum for Incurable Insane; $50,- 000, each, for two additional Normal Schools — one in Northern and the other in Eastern Illinois; $35,000 for a Soldiers' Widows' Home— all being new institutions — besides $15,000 for a State exhibition at the Atlanta Exposition; $65,000 to mark, by monuments, the position of Illinois troops on the battlefields of Chickamauga, Look- out Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Other acts passed fixed the salaries of members of the Gen- eral Assemibly at $1,000 each for each regular session; accepted the custody of the Lincoln monument at Springfield, authorized provision for the retirement and pensioning of teachers in public schools, and authorized the adoption of civil service rules for cities. The special session convened, pursuant to a call by the Governor, on June 35, 1895, took a recess, June 38 to July 9, re-assembled on the latter date, and adjourned, sine die, August 3. Outside of routine legisla- tion, no laws were passed except one providing additional necessary revenue for State purposes and one creating a State Board of Arbitration. The regular session continued 157 days and the special twenty-nine — total 186. Fortieth General Assembly met in regular session at Springfield, Jan. 6, 1897, and adjourned, sine die, June 4. The Republicans had a major- ity in both branches, the House standing eighty- eight Republicans to sixty -three Democrats and two Populists, and the Senate, thirty-nine Repub- licans to eleven Democrats and one Populist, giving the Republicans a majority on joint ballot of fifty votes. Both houses were promptly organ- ized by the election of Republican officers, Edward C. Curtis of Kankakee County being chosen Speaker of the House, and Hendrick V. Fisher, of Henry County, President pro tem. of the Sen- ate. Governor Tanner and the other Republican State oflicers were formally inaugurated on Jan. 11, and, on Jan. 30, William E. Mason (Republican) was chosen United States Senator to succeed John M. Palmer, receiving in joint session 135 votes to seventy-seven for John P. Altgeld (Democrat) . Among the principal laws enacted at this session were the following: An act concerning aliens and to regulate the right to hold real estate, and prescribing the terms and conditions for the conveyance of the same; empowering the Commissioners who were ap- pointed at the previous session to ascertain and mark the positions occupied by Illinois Volunteers in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Moun- tain and Missionary Ridge, to expend the remain- . ing appropriations in their hands for the erection of monuments on the battle-grounds; authorizing the appointment of a similar Commission to ascertain and mark the positions held by Illinois troops in the battle of Shiloh ; to reimburse the University of Illinois for the loss of funds result- ing from the Spaulding defalcation and affirming the liability of the State for "the endowment fund of the University, amounting to $456,712.91, and for so much in addition as may be received in future from the sale of lands"; authorizing the adoption of the "Torrens land-title system" in the conveyance and registration of land titles by vote of the people in any county; the consoUda- tion of the three Supreme Court Districts of the State into one and locating the Court at Spring- field; creating a State Board of Pardons, and prescribing the manner of applying for pardons and commutations. An act of this session, which produced much agitation and led to a great deal of discussion in the press and elsewhere, was the street railroad law empowering the City Council, or other corporate authority of any city, to grant franchises to street railway companies extending to fifty years. This act was repealed by the General Assembly of 1899 before any street rail- way corporation had secured a franchise under it. A special session was called by Governor Tanner to meet Dec. 7, 1897, the proclamation naming five topics for legislative action. The session continued to Feb. 34, 1898, only two of the meas- ures named by the Governor in his call being affirmatively acted upon. These included: (1) an elaborate act prescribing the manner of conduct- ing primary elections of delegates to nominating conventions, and (2) a new revenue law regulat- ing the manner of assessing and collecting taxes. One provision of the latter law limits the valuation of property for assessment purposes to one-fifth its cash value. The length of the regular session was 150 days, and that of the special session eighty days— total, 230 days. GEJfESEO, a city in Henry County, about two miles south of the Green River. It is on the Chi- HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 197 oago, Rook Island & Pacific Railway, 38 miles east of Rook Island and 75 miles west of Ottawa. It is in the heart of a grain-growing region, and has two large grain elevators. Manufacturing is also carried on to a considerable extent here, furniture, wagons and farming implements con- stituting the chief output. Geneseo has eleven churches, a graded and a high school, a col- legiate institute, two banks, and two newspapers, one issuing a daily edition. Population (1890), 3,182; (1900), 3,356. GENEVA, a city and railway junction on Fox River, and the county-seat of Kane County ; 35 miles west of Chicago. It has a fine courthouse, completed in 1892 at a cost of $250,000, and numerous handsome churches and school build- ings. A State Reformatory for juvenile female offenders has been located here. There is an ex- cellent water-power, operating six manufac- tories, including extensive glucose works. The town has a bank, creamery, water-works, gas and electric light plant, and two weekly news- papers. The surrounding country is devoted to agriculture and dairy farming. Population (1880), 1,289; (1890), 1,693; (1900), 2,446. GENOA, a village of De Kalb County, on Omaha Division of the Chi., Mil. & St. Paul, the 111. Cent, and Chi. & N. W. Railroads, 59 miles west of Chicago. Dairying is a leading industry ; has two banks, shoe and telephone factories, and two newspapers. Population (1890), 634; (1900), 1,140. GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. The geological structure of Illinois embraces a representation, more or less complete, of the whole paleonio series of formations, from the oalciferous group of the Lower Silurian to the top of the coal meas- ures. In addition to these older rocks there is a limited area in the extreme southern end of the State covered with Tertiary deposits. Over- spreading these formations are beds of more recent age, comprising sands, clays and gravel, varying in thickness from ten to more than two himdred feet. These superficial deposits may be divided into Alluvium, Loess and Drift, and con- stitute the Quaternary system of modern geolo- gists. Lower Silurian System. — Under this heading may be noted three distinct groups : the Oalcifer- ous, the Trenton and the Cincinnati. The first mentioned group comprises the St. Peter's Sand- stone and the Lower Magnesian Limestone. The former outcrops only at a single locality, in La Salle County, extending about two miles along the valley of the Illinois River in the vicinity of Utica. The thickness of the strata appearing above the surface is about 80 feet, thin bands of Magnesian limestone alternating with layers of Oalciferous sandstone. Many of the layers con- tain good hydraulic rook, which is utilized in the manufacture of cement. The entire thickness of the rock below the surface has not been ascer- tained, but is estimated at about 400 feet. The St. Peter's Sandstone outcrops in the valley of the Illinois, constituting the main portion of the bluffs from Utica to a point beyond Ottawa, and forms the "bed rock" in most of the northern townships of La Salle County. It also outcrops on the Rock River in the vicinity of Oregon City, and forms a conspicuous bluff on the Mississippi in Calhoun County. Its maximum thickness in the State may be estimated at about 200 feet. It is too incoherent in its texture to be valuable as a building stone, though some of the upper strata in Lee County have been utilized for caps and sills. It affords, however, a fine quality of sand for the manufacture of glass. The Trenton group, which immediately overlies the St. Peter's Sandstone, consists of three divisions. The low- est is a brown Magnesian Limestone, or Dolomite, usually found in regular beds, or strata, varying from four inches to two feet in thickness. The aggregate thickness varies from twenty feet, in the northern portion of the State, to sixty or seventy feet at the bluff in Calhoun County. At the quarries in La Salle County, it abounds in fossils, including a large Lituites and several specimens of Orthoceras, Maclurea, etc. The middle division of the Trenton group consists of light gray, compact limestones in the southern and western parts of the State, and of light blue, thin-bedded, shaly limestone in the northern por- tions. The upper division is the well-known Galena limestone, the lead-bearing rock of the Northwest. It is a buff colored, porous Dolomite, sometimes arenaceous and unevenly textured, giving origin to a ferruginous, sandy clay when decomposed. The lead ores occur in crevices, caverns and horizontal seams. These crevices were probably formed by shrinkage of the strata from crystallization or by some disturbing force from beneath, and have been enlarged by decomposi- tion of the exposed surface. Fossils belonging to a lower order of marine animal than the coral are found in this rock, as are also marine shells, corals and crustaceans. Although this limestone crops out over a considerable portion of the terri- tory between the Mississippi and the Rock River, the productive lead mines are chiefly confined to Jo Daviess and Stephenson Counties. All the divisions of the Trenton group afford good build- 198 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. ing material, some of the rock being susceptible of a high polish and making a handsome, durable marble. About seventy feet are exposed near Thebes, in Alexander County. All through the Southwest this stone is known as Cape Girardeau marble, from its being extensively quarried at Cape Girardeau, Mo. The Cincinnati group immediately succeeds the Trenton in the ascend- ing scale, and forms the uppermost member of the Lower Silurian system. It usually consists of argillaceous and sandy shales, although, in the northwest portion of the State, Magnesian lime- stone is found with the shales. The prevailing colors of the beds are light blue and drab, weathering to a light ashen gray. This group is found well exposed in the vicinity of Thebes, Alexander County, furnishing a durable building stone extensively used for foundation walls. Fossils are found in profusion in all the beds, many fine specimens, in a perfect state of preser- vation, having been exhumed. IJppEK Silurian System. — The Niagara group in Northern Illinois consists of brown, gray and buff magnesian limestones, sometimes evenly bedded, as at Joliet and Athens, and sometimes concretionary and brecciated, as at Bridgeport and Port Byron. Near Chicago the cells and pockets of this rock are filled with petroleum, but it has been ascertained that only the thirty upper feet of the rock contain bituminous matter. The quarries in Will and Jersey Counties furnish fine building and flagging stone. The rock is of a light gray color, changing to buff on exposure. In Pike and Calhoun Counties, also, there are out- croppings of this rock and quarries are numerous. It is usually evenly bedded, the strata varying in thickness from two inches to two feet, and break- ing evenly. Its aggregate thickness in Western and Northern Illinois ranges from fifty to 150 feet. In Union and Alexander Counties, in the southern part of the State, the Upper Silurian series consists chiefly of thin bedded gray or buff-colored limestone, silicious and cherty, flinty material largely preponderating over the lime- stone. Fossils are not abundant in this formation, although the quarries at Bridgeport, in Cook County, have afforded casts of nearly 100 species of marine organisms, the calcareous portion hav- ing been washed away. Devonian System. — This system is represented in Illinois by three Well marked divisions, cor- responding to the Oriskany sandstone, the Onon- daga limestone and the Hamilton and Corniferous beds of New York. To these the late Professor Worthen, for many years State Geologist, added, although with some hesitancy, the black shale formation of Illinois. Although these comprise an aggregate thickness of over 500 feet, their exposure is limited to a few isolated outcroppings along the bluffs of the Illinois, Mississippi and Bock Rivers. The losver division, called "Clear Creek Limestone," is about 350 feet thick, and is only foimd in the extreme southern end of the State. It consists of chert, or impure flint, and thin-bedded silico-magnesian limestones, rather compact in texture, and of buff or light gray to nearly white colors. When decomposed by atmospheric influences, it forms a fine white clay, resembling common chalk in appearance. Some of the cherty beds resemble bvirr stones in poros- ity, and good mill-stones are made therefrom in Union County. Some of the stone is bluish-gray, or mottled and crystalline, capable of receiving a high polish, and making an elegant and durable building stone. The Onondaga group comprises some sixty feet of quartzose sandstone and striped silicious shales. The structure of the rock is almost identical with that of St. Peter's Sandstone. In the vicinity of its outcrop in Union County are found fine beds of jwtter's clay, also variegated in color. The rock strata are about twenty feet thick, evenly bedded and of a coarse, granular structure, which renders the stone valuable for heavy masonry. The group has not been found north of Jackson County. Large quantities of characteristic fossils abound. The rocks composing the Hamilton group are the most valuable of all the divisions of the Devonian system, and the outcrops can be identified only by their fossils. In Union and Jackson Counties it is found from eighty to 100 feet in thickness, two beds of bluish gray, fetid limestone being sepa- rated by about twenty feet of calcareous shales. The limestones are highly bituminous. In Jersey and Calhoun Counties the group is only six to ten feet thick, and consists of a hard, silicious limestone, passing at some points into a quartzose sandstone, and at others becoming argillaceous, as at Grafton. The most northern outcrop is in Rook Island County, where the rock is concretion- ary in structure and is utilized for building pur- poses and in the manufacture of quicklime. Fossils are numerous, among them being a few fragments of fishes, which are the oldest remains of vertebrate animals yet found in the State. The black sh^le probably attains its maximum development in Union County, where it ranges from fifty to seventy-five feet in thickness. Its lower portion is a fine, black, laminated slate, sometimes closely resembling the bituminous HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 199 shales associated with the coal seams, which cir- cumstance has led to the fruitless expenditure of much time and money. The bituminous portion of the mass, on distillation, yields an oil closely resembling petroleum. Crystals of iron pyrites are abundant in the argillaceous portion of the group, which does not extend north of the coun- ties of Calhoun, Jersey and Pike. Lower Carboniferous System. — This is di- visible into five groups, as follows: The Kinder- hook group, the Burlington limestone, and the Keokuk, St. Louis and Chester groups. Its greatest development is in the southern portion of the State, where it has a thickness of 1,400 or 1,500 feet. It thins out to the northward so rapidly that, in the vicinity of the Lower Rapids on the Mississippi, it is only 300 feet thick, while it wholly disappears below Rock Island. The Kinder- hook group is variable in its lithological charac- ter, consisting of argillaceous and sandy shales, with thin beds of compact and oolitic limestone, passing locally into calcareous shales or impure limestone. The entire formation is mainly a mechanical sediment, with but a very small por- tion of organic matter. The Burlington lime- stone, on the other hand, is composed almost entirely of the fossilized remains of organic beings, with barely enough sedimentary raaterial to act as a cement. Its maximum thickness scarcely exceeds 200 feet, and its principal out- crops are in the counties of Jersey, Greene, Scott, Calhoun, Pike, Adams, Warren and Henderson. The rock is usually a light gray, buff or brown limestone, either coarsely granular or crystalline in structure. The Keokuk group immediately succeeds the Burlington in the ascending order, with no well defined line of demarcation, the chief points of difference between the two being in color and in the character of fossils found. At the upper part of this group is found a bed of calcareo-argillaceous shale, containing a great variety of geodes, which furnish beautiful cabinet specimens of crystallized quartz, chalcedony, dolomite and iron pyrites. In Jersey and Monroe Counties a bed of hydraulic limestone, adapted to the manufacture of cement, is found at the top of this formation. The St. Louis group is partly a fine-grained or semi-crystallized bluish-gray limestone, and partly concretionary, as around Alton. In the extreme southern part of the State the rock is highly bituminous and susceptible of receiving a high polish, being used as a black marble. Beds of magnesian limestone are found .here and there, which furnish a good stone for foundation walls. In Hardin County, the rock is traversed by veins of fluor spar, carrying galena and zinc blonde. The Chester group is only found in the southern part of the State, thinning out from a thickness of eight hundred feet in Jackson and Randolph Counties, to about twenty feet at Alton. It consists of hard, gray, crystalline, argillaceous limestones, alternating with sandy and argillaceous shales and sandstones, which locally replace each other. A few species of true carboniferous flora are found in the are- naceous shales and sandstones of this group, the earliest traces of pre-historic land plants found in the State. Outcrops extend in a narrow belt from the southern part of Hardin County to the southern line of St. Clair County, passing around the southwest border of the coal field. Upper Carboniferous System.— This includes the Conglomerate, or ''Mill Stone Grit" of Euro- pean authors, and the true coal measures. In the southern portion of the State its gi-eatest thick- ness is about 1,200 feet. It becomes thinner toward the north, scarcely exceeding 400 or 500 feet in the vicinity of La Salle. The word "con- glomerate" designates a thick bed of sandstone that lies at the base of the coal measures, and appears to have resulted from the culmination of the arenaceous sedimentary accumulations. It consists of massive quartzose sandstone, some- times nearly white, but more frequently stained red or brown by the ferruginous matter which it contains, and is frequently composed in part of rounded quartz pebbles, from the size of a pea to several inches in diameter. When highly ferruginous, the oxide of iron cements the sand into a hard crust on the surface of the rock, which successfully resists the de- nuding influence of the atmosphere, so that the rock forms towering cliffs on the banks of the stream along which are its outcrops. Its thickness varies from 200 feet in the southern part of the State to twenty-five feet in the northern. It has afforded a few species of fossil plants, but no animal remains. The coal measures of Illinois are at least 1,000 feet thick and cover nearly three-fourths of its entire area. The strata are horizontal, the dip rarely exceeding six to ten feet to the mile. The formation is made up of sandstone, shales, thin beds of limestone, coal, and its associated fire clays. The thickness of the workable beds is from six to twenty-four inched in the upper measures, and from two to five feet in the lower measures. The fire clays, on which the coal seams usually rest, probably represent the ancient soil on which grew the trees and plants from which the coal is formed. 300 HISTOEIOAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. When pure, these clays are valuable for the manufacture of fire brick, tile and common pottery. Illinois coal is wholly of the bitumi- nous variety, the metamorphic conditions which resulted in the production of anthracite coal in Pennsylvania not having extended to this State. Fossils, both vegetable and animal, abound in the coal measures. Tertiary System. — This system is represented only in the southern end of the State, where cer- tain deposits of stratified sands, shales and con- glomerate are found, which appear to mark the northern boundary of the great Tertiary forma- tion of the Gulf States. Potter's clay, lignite and silicious woods are found in the formation. Quaternary System. — This system embraces all the superficial material, including sands, clay, gravel and soil which overspreads the older for- mations in all portions of the State. It gives origin to the soil from which the agricultural wealth of Illinois is derived. It may be properly separated into four divisions: Post-tertiary sands, Drift, Loess and Alluvium. The first- named occupies the lowest position in the series, and consists of stratified beds of yellow sand and blue clay, of variable thickness, overlaid by a black or deep brown, loamy soil, in which are found leaves, branches and trunks of trees in a good state of preservation. Next above lie the drift deposits, consisting of blue, yellow and brown clays, containing gravel and boulders of various sizes, the latter the water-worn frag- ments of rocks, many of which have been washed down from the northern shores of the great lakes. This drift formation varies in thickness from twenty to 120 feet, and its accumulations are probably due to the combined influence of water currents and moving ice. The subsoil over a large part of the northern and central portions of the State is composed of fine brown clay. Prof. Desquereux (Illinois Geological Sur- vey, Vol. I. ) accounts for the origin of this clay and of the black prairie soil above it, by attribut- ing it to the growth and decomposition of a peculiar vegetation. The Loess is a fine mechan- ical sediment that appears to have accumulated in some body of fresh water. It consists of marly sands and clays, of a thickness varying from five to sixty feet. Its greatest development is along the bluffs of the principal rivers. The fossils found in this formation consist chiefly of the bones and teeth of extinct mammalia, such as the mam- moth, mastodon, etc. Stone implements of primeval man are also discovered. The term alluvium is usually restricted to the deposits forming the bottom lands of the rivers and' smaller streams. They consist of irregularly stratifled sand, clay and loam, which are fre- quently found in alternate layers, and contain more or less organic matter from decomposed animal and vegetable substances. When suffi- ciently elevated, they constitute the richest and most productive farming lands in the State. GEORGETOWN, a village of Vermilion County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis. Eailway, 10 miles south of DanviUe. It has a bank, telegraph and express office and a news- paper. Population (1890), 662; (1900), 988. GERMAN EVANGELICAL SCHOOL, located at. Addison, Du Page County ; incorporated in 1852 ; has a faculty of three instructors and reports 187 pupils for 1897-98, with a property valuation of $9,600. GERMANTOWN, a village of Vermilion County, and suburb of Danville ; is the center of a coal- mining district. Population (1880), 540; (1890), 1,178; (1900), 1,783. GEST, William H., lawyer and ex-Congress- man, was born at Jacksonville, 111., Jan. 7, 1838. When but four years old his parents removed to- Rock Island, where he has since resided. He graduated from Williams College in 1860, wa» admitted to the bar in 1862, and has always been actively engaged in practice. In 1886 he wa& elected to Congress by the Republicans of the Eleventh Illinois District, and was re-elected in 1888, but in 1890 was defeated by Benjamin T. Cable, Democrat. GIBAULT, Pierre, a French priest, supposed to have been born at New Madrid in what is now Southeastern Missouri, early in the eighteenth century; was Vicar-General at Kaskaskia, with ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the churches at Cahokia, St. Genevieve and adjacent points, at the time of the capture of Kaskaskia by Col. George Rogers Clark in 1778, and rendered Clark- important aid in conciliating the French citizens of Illinois. He also made a visit to Vincennes and induced the people there to take the oath of allegi- ance to the new government. He even advanced means to aid Clark's destitute troops, but beyond a formal vote of thanks by the Virginia Legisla- ture, he does not appear to have received any recompense. Governor St. Clair, in a report to Thomas Jefferson, then Secretary of State, dwelt impressively upon the value of Father Gibault's services and sacrifices, and Judge Law said of him, "Next to Clark and (Francis) Vigo, the United States are indebted more to Father Gibault for the accession of the States comprised HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 201 in what was the original Northwest Territory than to any other man." The date and place of his death are unknown. GIBSON CITY, a town in Ford County, situ- ated on the Lake Erie & Western Railroad, 34 miles east of Bloomington, and at the intersec- tion of the Wabash Railroad and the Springfield Division of the Illinois Central. The principal mechanical industries are iron works, canning works, a shoe factory, and a tile factory. It has two banks, two newspapers, nine churches and an academy. A college is projected. Popula- tion (1890), 1,803; (1900), 2,054; (1903, est.), 3,165. GILL, Joseph B., Lieutenant-Governor (1893- 97), was born on a farm near Marion, Williamson Comity, 111., Feb. 17,. 1863. In 1868 his father settled at Murphysboro, where Mr. Gill still makes his home. His academic education was received at the school of the Christian Brothers, in St. Louis, and at the Southern Illinois Normal University, Carbondale. In 1886 he graduated from the Law Department of the Michigan State University, at Ann Arbor. Returning home he purchased an interest in "The Murphysboro Inde- pendent," which paper he conducted and edited up to January, 1893. In 1888 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature and re-elected in 1890. As a legislator he was prominent as a champion of the labor interest. In 1893 he was nominated and elected Lieutenant-Governor on the Democratic ticket, serving from January, 1898, to '97. GILLESPIE, a village of Macoupin County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 10 miles southwest of Litchfield. This is an agricultural, coal-mining and stock-raising region ; the town has a bank and a newspaper. Population (1890), 948; (1900), 873. GILLESPIE, Joseph, lawyer and Judge, was bom in New York City, August 33, 1809, of Irish parents, who removed to Illinois in 1819, settling on a farm near Edwardsville. After coming to Illinois, at 10 years, he did not attend school over two months. In 1837 he went to the lead mines at Galena, remaining until 1839. In 1831, at the invitation of Cyrus Edwards, he began the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1837, having been elected Probate Judge in 1836. He also served during two campaigns (1831 and '33) in the Black Hawk War. He was a Whig in politics and a warm personal friend of Abraham Lincoln. In 1840 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature, serving one term, and was a member of the State Senate from 1847 to 1859. In 1853 he received the few votes of the Whig members of the Legislature for United States Senator, in opposition to Stephen A. Douglas, and, in 1860, presided over the second Republican State Convention at Decatur, at which elements were set in motion which resulted in the nomi- nation of Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency for the first time, a week later. In 1861 he was elected Judge of the Twenty-fourth Judicial Circuit, and re-elected in 1867 for a second term, serving until 1878. Died, at his home at Edwards- ville, Jan. 7, 1885. GILLETT, John Dean, agriculturist and stock- man, was born in Connecticut, April 38, 1819; spent several years of his youth in Georgia, but, in 1838, came to Illinois by way of St. Louis, finally reaching "Bald Knob," in Logan County, where an uncle of the same name resided. Here he went to work, and, by frugality and judicious- investments, finally acquired a large body of choice lands, adding to his agricultural operations the rearing and feeding of stock for the Chicago- and foreign markets. In this he was remarkably successful. In his later years he was President of a National Bank at Lincoln. At the time of his death, August 27, 1888, he was the owner of 16,500 acres of improved lands in the vicinity of Elkhart, Logan County, besides large herds of fine stock, both cattle and horses. He left a large family, one of his daughters being the wife of the late Senator Richard J. Oglesby. GILLETT, PhlUp Goode, specialist and edu- cator, born in Madison, Ind., March 34, 1833; was- educated at Asbury University, Greencastle, Ind., graduating in 1852, and the same year became an instructor in the Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb in that State. In 1856 he became Principal of the Illinois Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson- ville, remaining there until 1893, when he resigned. Thereafter, for some years, he was President of the Association for the Promotion of Speech by the Deaf, with headquarters in Wash- ington, D. C, but later returned to Jacksonville, where he has since been living in retirement. GILLHAM, Daniel B., agriculturist and legis- lator, was born at a place now called Wanda, in Madison County, 111., April 39, 1836— his father being a farmer and itinerant Methodist preacher, who belonged to one of the pioneer families in the American Bottom at an early day. The sub- ject of this sketch was educated in the common schools and at McKendree College, but did not graduate from the latter. In his early life he followed the vocation of a farmer and stock- grower in one of the most prosperous and highly 203 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. cultivated portions of the American Bottom, a few miles below Alton, but, in 1872, removed to Alton, where he spent the remainder of his life. He became a member of the State Board of Agri- culture in 1866, serving eight years as Superin- tendent and later as its President; was also a Trustee of ShurtleflE College some twenty-five years, and for a time President of the Board. In 1870 he was elected to the lower branch of the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, and to the State Senate in 1883, serving a term of four years in the latter. On the night of March 17, 1890, he was assaulted by a burglar in his house, receiving a wound from a pistol-shot in consequence of which he died, April 6, following. The identity of his assailant was never discovered, and the crime consequently went unpunished. GILMAJf, a city in Iroquois County, at the intersection of the Illinois Central and the To- ledo, Peoria & Western Railways, 81 miles soutli by west from Chicago and 208 miles northeast of St. Louis. It is in the heart of one of the richest corn districts of the State and has large stock-raising and fruit-growing interests. It has an opera house, a public library, an extensive nursery, brick and tile works, a linseed oil mill, two banks and two weekly newspapers. Arte- sian well water is obtained by boring from 90 to 300 feet. Population (1890), 1,113; (1900), 1,441. OILMAN, Arthur, was born at Alton, 111., June 32, 1837, the son of Winthrop S. Gilman, of the firm of Gilman & Godfrey, in whose warehouse the printing press of Eev. Elijah P. Lovejoy was stored at the time of its destruction by a mob in 1837 ; was educated in St. Louis and New York, began business as a banker in 1857, but, in 1870, removed to Cambridge, Mass., and connected himself with "The Riverside Press." Mr. Gilman was one of the prime movers in what is known as "The Harvard Annex" in the interest of equal collegiate advantages for women, and has written much for the periodical press, besides publishing a number of volumes in the line of history and English literature. OILMAN, CLINTON & SPRINGFIELD KAIL- ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad. ) GIRARD, a city in Macoupin County, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 35 miles south by west from Springfield and 13 miles north-northeast of Carlinville. Coal-mining is carried on extensively here. The city also has a bank, five churches and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 1,024; (1890), 1,524; (1900), 1,661. 6LENC0E, a village of Cook County, on the Milwaulcee Division of the Chicago & Northwest- em Railway, 19 miles north of Chicago. Popu- lation (1880), 387; (1890), 569; (1900), 1,020. GLENN, Ar«liibald A., ex-Lieutenant-Governor, was, born in Nicholas County, Ky., Jan. 30, 1819. In 1838 his father's family removed to Illinois, settling first in Vermilion, and later in Schuyler County. At the age of 13, being forced to abandon school, for six years he worked upon the farm of his widowed mother, and, at 19, entered a printing office at Rushville, where he learned the trade of compositor. In 1844 he published a Whig campaign paper, which was discontinued after the defeat of Henry Clay. For eleven years he was Circuit Clerk of Brown County, during which period he was admitted to the bar ; was a member of the Constitutional Convention o' 1862, and of the State Board of Equalization from 1868 to 1873. The latter year he was elected to the State Senate for four years, and, in 1875, chosen its President, thus becoming ex-oflBcio Lieutenant-Governor. He early abandoned legal practice to engage in banking and in mercan- tile investment. After the expiration of his term in the Senate, he removed to Kansas, where, at latest advices, he still resided. GLENN, John J., lawyer and jurist, was bom in Ashland County, Ohio, March 2, 1881 ; gradu- ated from Miami University in 1856 and, in 1858, was admitted to the bar at Terre Haute, Ind. Removing to Illinois in 1860, he settled in Mercer County, a year later removing to Monmouth in Warren County, where he still resides. In 1877 he was elected Judge of the Tenth Judicial Cir- cuit and re-elected in 1879, '85, '91, and '97. After his last election he served for some time, .by appointment of the Supreme Court, as a mem- ber of the Appellate Court for the Springfield District, but ultiniately resigned and returned to Circuit Court duty. His reputation as a cool- headed, impartial Judge stands very high, and his name has been favorably regarded for a place on the Supreme Bench. GLOVER, Joseph Otis, lawyer, was born in Cayuga County, N. Y., April 13, 1810, and edu- cated in the high-school at Aurora in that State. In 1835 he came west to attend to a land case at Galena for his father, and, although not then a lawyer, he managed the case so successfully that he was asked to take charge of two others. This determined the bent of his mind towards the law, to the study of which he turned his attention under the preceptorship of the late Judge The- ophilus L. Dickey, then of Ottawa. Soon after being admitted to the bar in 1840, he formed a partnership with the late Burton C. Cook, which niSTOEIOAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 303 lasted over thirty years. In 1846 he was elected as a Democrat to the lower branch of the Fif- ' teenth General Assembly, but, on the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he became one of the founders of the Republican party and a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, whom he entertained, at the time of his (Lincoln's) debate with Senator Douglas, at Ottawa, in 1858. In 1868 he served as Presidential Elector at the time of General Grant's first election to the Presidency, and the following year was appointed United States Dis- trict Attorney for the Northern District, serving imtil 1875. In 1877 he was appointed by Gov- ernor CuUom a member of the Board of Railway and Canal Commissioners, of which he afterwards became President, serving six years. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 10, 1893. GODFREY, a village of Madison County, on the Chicago & Alton Railway, 5 miles north of Alton. It is the seat of Monticello Female Seminary, and named for Capt. Benjamin Godfrey, an early settler who was chiefly instrumental in founding that institution. Population (1890), 228. GODFEET, (Capt.) Benjamin, sea captain and . philanthropist, was born at Chatham, Mass. , Deo. 4, 1794 ; at nine years of age he ran away from home and went to sea, his first voyage being to Ireland, where he spent nine years. The War of 1812 coming on, he returned home, spending a part of the next three years in the naval service, also gaining a knowledge of the science of navi- gation. Later, he became master of a merchant- vessel making voyages to Italy, Spain, the West Indies and other countries, finally, by shipwreck in Cuban waters, losing the bulk of his fortune. In 1824 he engaged in mercantile business at Matamoras, Mex., where he accumulated a hand- some fortune ; but, in transferring it (amovmting to some $200,000 in silver) across the country on pack-animals, he was attacked and robbed by brigands, with which that country was then infested. Resuming business at New Orleans, he was again successful, and, in 1832, came north, locating near Alton, 111., the next year engaging in the warehouse and commission business as the partner of Winthrop S. Gilman, under the name of Godfrey & Gilman. It was in the warehouse of this firm at Alton that the printing-press of Elijah P. Lovejoy was stored when it was seized and destroyed by a mob, and Lovejoy was killed, in October, 1837. (See Lovejoy, Elijah P.) Soon after establishing himself at Alton, Captain God- frey made a donation of land and money for the erection of a young ladies' seminary at the village n W tH o O O o ci C a ft w S.ff C fj- o S ■ rt 3 m to (U «to « o •n •xl M O W l« CO O H « HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 237 Peace, however, may send girls for a term not less than three months. The act of incorporation provides for a commutation of sentence to be earned by good conduct and a prolongation of the sentence by bad behavior. The Trustees are empowered, in their discretion, either to appren- tice the girls or to adopt them out during their minority. Temporary quarters were furnished for the Home during the first two years of its existence in Chicago, but permanent buildings for the institution have been erected on the banks of Fox River, near Geneva, in Kane County. HOMER, a village in Champaign County, on the Wabash Railway, 30 miles west-southwest from Danville and about 18 miles east-southeast from Champaign. It supports a carriage factory ; also has two banks, several churches, a seminary, an opera house, and one weekly paper. The region is chiefly agricultural. Population (1880), 924; (1890), 917; (1900), 1,080. HOMESTEAD LAWS. In general such laws have been defined to be "legislation enacted to secure, to some extent, the enjoyment of a home and shelter for a family or individual by exempt- ing, under certain conditions, the residence occu- pied by the family or individual, from liability to be sold for the payment of the debts of its owner, and by restricting his rights of free alienation." In Illinois, this exemption extends to the farm and dwelling thereon of every householder hav- ing a family, and occupied as a residence, whether owned or possessed under a lease, to the value of §1,000. The exemption continues after death, for the benefit of decedent's wife or hus- band occupying the homestead, and also of the children, if any, until the youngest attain the age of 21 years. Husband and wife must join in releasing the exemption, but the property is always liable for improvements thereon. — In 1863 Congress passed an act known as the "Homestead Law" for the protection of the rights of settlers on public lands under certain restrictions as to active occupancy, under which most of that class of lands since taken for settlement have been purchased. HOMEWOOD, a village of Cook County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 23 miles south of Chi- cago. Population, (1900), 352. HOOLET, Richard M., theatrical manager, was bom in Ireland, April 13, 1822 ; at the age of 18 entered the theater as a musician and, four years later, came to America, soon after forming an association with E. P. Christy, the originator of negro minstrelsy entertainments which went under his name. In 1848 Mr. Hooley conducted a company of minstrels through the principal towns of England, Scotland and Ireland, and to some of the chief cities on the continent; re- turned to America five years later, and subse- quently managed houses in San Francisco, Philadelphia, Brooklyn and New York, finally locating in Chicago in 1869, where he remained the rest of his life, — his theater becoming one of the most widely known and popular in the city. Died, Sept. 8, 1893. HOOPESTOJf, a prosperous city in Vermilion County, at the intersection of the Chicago & East- ern Illinois and the Lake Erie & Western Rail- roads, 99 miles south of Chicago. It has grain elevators, a nail factory, brick and tile works, carriage and machine shops, and two large can- ning factories, besides two banks and one daily and three weekly newspapers, several churches, a high school and a business college. Population (1890), 1,911; (1900), 3,823; (1904), about 4,500. HOPKINS, Albert J., Congressman, was born in De Kalb County, 111., August 15, 1846. After graduating from Hillsdale College, Mich., in 1870, he studied law and began practice at Aurora. He rapidly attained prominence at the bar, and, in 1872, was elected State's Attorney for Kane County, serving in that capacity for four years. He is an ardent Republican and high in the party's councils, having been Chairman of the State Central Committee from 1878 to 1880, and a Presidential Elector on the Blaine & Logan ticket in 1884. The sam.6 year he was elected to the Forty-ninth Congress from the Fifth District (now the Eighth) and has been continuously re- elected ever since, receiving a clear majority in 1898 of more than 18,000 votes over two competi- tors. At present (1898) he is Chairman of the Select House Committee on Census and a member of the Committees on Ways and Means, and Mer- chant Marine and Fisheries. In 1896 he was strongly supported for the Republican nomina- tion for Governor. HOUGHTOW, Horace Hocking, pioneer printer and journalist, was born at Springfield, Vt., Oct. 26, 1806, spent his youth on a farm, and at eight- een began learning the printer's trade in the ofiice of "The Woodstock Overseer" ; on arriving at his majority became a journeyman printer and, in 1828, went to New York, spending some time in the employment of the Harper Brothers. After a brief season spent in Boston, he took charge of "The Statesman" at Castleton, Vt., but, in 1834, again went to New York, taking with him a device for throwing the printed sheet off the press, which was afterwards adopted on the 238 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Adams and Hoe 'printing presses. His next move was to Marietta, Ohio, in 1834, thence by way of Cincinnati and Louisville to St. Louis, working for a time in the ofiRce of the old "St. Louis Republican." He soon after went to Galena and engaged in lead-mining, but later became associated with Sylvester M. Bartlett in the management of "The Northwestern Gazette and Galena Advertiser," finally becoming sole proprietor. In 1842 he sold out the paper, but resumed his connection with it the following year, remaining until 1863, when he finally sold out. He afterwards spent some time on the Pacific slope, was for a time American Consul to the Sandwich Islands, but finally returned to Galena and, during the later years of his life, was Postmaster there, dying April 80, 1879. HOVEY, Charles Edward, educator, soldier and lawyer, was born in Orange County, Vt., April 36, 1837 ; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1853, and became successively Principal of high schools at Farmington, Mass., and Peoria, 111. Later, he assisted in organizing the Illinois State Normal School at Normal, of which he was President from 1857 to 1861 — being also President of the State Teachers' Association (1856), mem- ber of the State Board of Education, and, for some years, editor of "The Illinois Teacher." In Au- gust, 1861, he assisted in organizing, and was com- missioned Colonel of, the Thirty-third Illinois Volunteers, known as the "Normal" or "School- Masters' Regiment," from the fact that it was composed largely of teachers and young men from the State colleges. In 1862 he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General and, a few months later, to brevet Major-General for gallant and meritorious conduct. Leaving the military service in May, 1863, he engaged in the practice of law in Washington, D. C. Died, in Washing- ton, Nov. 17, 1897. ROWLAND, George, educator and author, was born (of Pilgrim ancestry) at Conway, Mass., July 30, 1834. After graduating from Amherst College in 1850, he devoted two years to teaching in the public schools, and three years to a tutor- ship in his Alma Mater, giving instruction in Latin, Greek and French. He began the study of law, l»ut, after a year's reading, he abandoned it, removing to Chicago, where he became Assist- ant Principal of the city's one high school, in 1858. He became its Principal in 1860, and, in 1880, was elected Superintendent of Chicago City Schools. This position he filled until August, 1891, when he resigned. He also served as Trus- tee of Amherst College for several years, and as a member of the Illinois State Board of Education, being President of that body in 1883. As an author he was of some note; his work being chiefly on educational lines. He published a translation of the JEneid adapted to the use of schools, besides translations of some of Horace's Odes and portions of the Iliad and Odyssey. He was also the author of an English grammar. Died, in Chicago, Oct. 31, 1892. HOYjVE, Philip A., lawyer and United States Commissioner, was born in New York City, Nov. 20, 1824; came to Chicago in 1841, and, after spending eleven years alternately in Galena, and * Chicago, finally located permanently in Chicago, in 1853 ; in 1853 was elected Clerk of the Record- er's Court of Chicago, retaining the position five years ; was admitted to the bar in March, 1856, and appointed United States Commissioner the same year, remaining in ofiice until his death, Nov. 8, 1894. Mr. Hoyne was an oflScer of the Chicago Pioneers and one of the founders of the Union League Club. HUBBAED, Gurdon Saltonstall, pioneer and Indian trader, was bom at Windsor, Vt., August 22, 1802. His early youth was passed in Canada, chiefly in the employ of the American Fur Com- pany. In 1818 he first visited Fort Dearborn, and for nine years traveled back and forth in the interest of his employers. In 1827, having em- barked in business on his own account, he estab- lished several trading posts in Illinois, becoming • a. resident of Chicago in 1883. From this time forward he became identified with the history and development of the State. He served with distinction during the Black Hawk and Winne- bago Wars, was enterprising and public-spirited, and did much to promote the early development of Chicago. He was elected to the Legislature from Vermilion County in 1833, and, in 1835, was appointed by Governor Duncan one of the Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Died, at Chicago, Sept. 14, 1886. From the time he became a citizen of Chicago, for fifty years, no man was more active or pubUc-spirited in promoting its coromercial development and general prosperity. He was identified with almost every branch of business upon which its growth as a commercial city depended, from that of an early Indian trader to that of a real-estate operator, being manager of one of the largest pack- ing houses of his time, as well as promoter of early railroad enterprises. A zealous Republican, he was one of the most earnest supporters of Abraham Lincolu in the campaign of 1860, was prominently identified with every local measure HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 239 for the maintenance of the Union cause, and, for a year, held a commission as Captain in the Eighty-eighth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, known as the "Second Board of Trade Regiment. " HUGHITT, Marvin, Railway President, was born, August, 1837, and, in 1850, began his rail- road experience on the Chicago & Alton Railway as Superintendent of Telegraph and Train-de- spatcher. In 1863 he entered the service of the Illinois Central Company in a similar capacity, still later occupying the positions of Assistant Superintendent and General Superintendent, re- maining in the latter from 1865 to 1870, when he resigned to become Assistant General Manager of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul. In 1872 he became associated with the Chicago & North- western Railroad, in connection with which he has held the positions of Superintendent, General Manager, Second Vice-President and President — the last of which (1899) he still occupies. HULETTj Alta M., lawyer, was born near Eockford, 111., June 4, 1854; early learned teleg- raphy and became a successful operator, but sub- sequently engaged in teaching and the study of law. In 1872, having passed the required exami- nation, she applied for admission to the bar, but was rejected on account of sex. She then, in conjunction with Mrs. Bradwell and others, interested herself in securing the passage of an act by the Legislature giving women the right that had been denied her, which having been accomplished, she went to Chicago, was admitted to the bar and began practice. Died, in Cali- fornia, March 27, 1877. HUNT, Daniel D., legislator, was born in Wyoming Coimty, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1835, came to De Kalb County, 111., in 1857, and has since been engaged in hotel, mercantile and farming busi- ness. He was elected as a Republican Represent- ative in the Thirty-flfth General Assembly in 1886, and re-elected in 1888. Two years later he was elected to the State Senate, re-elected in 1894, and again in 1898 — giving him a continuous service in one or the other branch of the General Assembly of sixteen years. During the session of 1895, Senator Hunt was especially active in the legislation which resulted in the location of the Northern Illinois Normal Institute at De Kalb. HUNT, George, lawyer and ex- Attorney-Gen- eral, was born in Knox County, Ohio, in 1841 ; having lost both parents -in childhood, came, with an uncle, to Edgar County, 111., in 1855. In July, 1861, at the age of 20, he enlisted in the Twelfth Illinois Infantry, re-enlisting as a veteran in 1864, and rising from the ranks to a captaincy. After the close of the war, he studied law, was admitted to the bar, and, locating at Paris, Edgar County, soon acquired a large practice. He was elected State Senator on the Republican ticket in 1874, and re-elected in 1878 and '83. In 1884 he received his first nomination for Attorney-Gen- eral, was renominated in 1888, and elected both times, serving eight years. Among the im- portant questions with which General Hunt had to deal during his two terms were the celebrated "anarchist cases" of 1887 and of 1890-93. In the former the condemned Chicago anarchists applied through their counsel to the Supreme Court of the United States, for a writ of error to the Su- preme Court of Illinois to compel the latter to grant them a new trial, which was refused. The case, on the part of the State, was conducted by General Hunt, while Gen. B. F. Butler of Massa- chusetts, John Randolph Tucker of Virginia, Roger A. Pryor of New York, and Messrs. W. P. Black and Solomon of Chicago appeared for the plaintiffs. Again, in 1890, Fielden and Schwab, who had been condemned to life imprisonment, attempted to secure their release — the former by an application similar to that of 1887, and the latter by appeal from a decision of Judge Gresham of the United States Circuit Court refusing a writ of habeas corpus. The final hearing of these cases was had before the Supreme Court of the United States in January, 1892, General Butler again appearing as leading counsel for the plaintiffs — but with the same result as in 1887. General Hunt's management of these cases won for him much deserved commendation both at home and abroad. HUNTER, AndreTf J., was born in Greencastle, Ind., Deo. 17, 1831, and removed in infancy by his parents, to Edgar County, this State. His early education was received in the common schools and at Edgar Academy. He commenced his business life as a civil engineer, but, after three years spent in that profession, began the study of law and was admitted to the bar. He has since been actively engaged in practice at Paris, Edgar County. From 1864 to 1868 he repre- sented that county in the State Senate, and, in 1870, led the Democratic forlorn hope in the Fif- teenth Congressional District against General Jesse H. Moore, and rendered a like service to his party in 1883, when Joseph G. Cannon was his Republican antagonist. In 1886 he was elected Judge of the Edgar County Court, and, in 1890, was re-elected, but resigned this ofBce in 1892, having been elected Congressman for the State- 240 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. at-large on the Democratic ticket. He was a can- didate for Congress from the Nineteenth District again in 1896, and was again elected, receiving a majority of 1,200 over Hon. Benson Wood, his Eepublican opponent and immediate predecessor. HUNTER, (Gen.) Darld, soldier, was born in Washington, D. C, July 21, 1803; graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1822, and assigned to the Fifth Infantry with the rank of Second Lieutenant, becoming First Lieutenant in 1828 and Captain of Dragoons in 1833. During this period he twice crossed the plains to the Eocky Mountains, but, in 1836, resigned his com- mission and engaged in business in Chicago, Ee-entering the service as Paymaster in 1842, he ■was Chief Paymaster of General Wool's command in the Mexican War, and was afterwards stationed at New Orleans, Washington, Detroit, St. Louis and on the frontier. He was a personal friend of President Lincoln, whom he accompanied when the latter set out for Washington in February, 1801, but was disabled at Buffalo, having his collar-bone dislocated by the crowd. He was appointed Colonel of the Sixth United States Cavalry, May 14, 1861, three days later commis- sioned Brigadier-General and, in August, made Major-General. In the Manassas campaign he commanded the main column of McDowell's army and was severely wounded at Bull Run; served under Fremont in Missouri and succeeded him in command in November, 1861, remaining until March, 1862. Being transferred to the Department of the South in May following, he issued an order declaring the persons held as slaves in Georgia, Florida and South Carolina free, which order was revoked by President Lin- coln ten days later. On account of the steps taken by him for the organization of colored troops, Jefferson Davis issued an order declaring him, in case of capture, subject to execution as a felon. In May, 1864, he was placed in com- mand of the Department of the West, and, in 1865, served on various courts-martial, being President of the commission that tried Mr. Lin- coln's assassins; was brevetted Major-General in March, 1865, retired from active service July, 1866, and died in Washington, Feb. 2, 1886. Gen- eral Hunter married a daughter of John Kinzie, the first permanent citizen of Chicago. HURD, Harvey B., lawyer, was born in Fair- field County, Conn., Feb. 24 1837. At the age of 15 he walked to Bridgeport, where he began life as ofHce-boy in "The Bridgeport Standard," a journal of pronounced Whig proclivities. In 1844 he came to Illinois, entering Jubilee College, but, after a brief attendance, came to Chicago in 1846. There he found temporary employment as a compositor, later commencing the study of law, and being admitted to the bar in 1848. A portion of the present city of Evanston is built upon a 248-acre tract owned and subdivided by Mr. Hurd and his partner. Always in sympathy with the old school and most radical type of Abolitionists, he took a deep interest in the Kan- sas-Missouri troubles of 1856, and became a mem- ber of the "National Kansas Committee" appointed by the Buffalo (N. Y.) Convention, of which body he was a member. He was chosen Secretary of the executive committee, and it is not too much to say that, largely through his earnest and poorly requited labors, Kansas was finally admitted into 'the Union as a free State. It was mainly through his efforts that seed for planting was gratuitously distributed among the free-soil settlers. In 1869 he was appointed a member of the Commission to revise the statutes of Illinois, a large part of the work devolving upon him in consequence of the withdrawal of his colleagues. The revision was completed in 1874, in conjimction vdth a Joint Committee of Revision of both Houses appointed by the Legis- lature of 1873. While no statutory revision has been ordered by subsequent Legislatures, Mr. Hurd has carried on the same character of work on independent lines, issuing new editions of the statutes from time to time, which are regarded as standard works by the -bar. In 1875 he was nominated by the Republican party for a seat on the Supreme bench, but was defeated by the late Judge T. Lyle Dickey. For several years he ' filled a chair in the faculty of the Union College of Law. His home is in Evanston. HURLBUT, Stephen A., soldier, Congressman and Foreign Minister, was born at Charleston, S. C, Nov. 39, 1815, received a thorough liberal education, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. Soon afterwards he removed to Illinois, making his home at Belvidere. *He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, in 1848 was an unsuccessful candidate for Presidential Elector on the Whig ticket, but, on the organization of the Republican party in 1856, promptly identified himself with that party and was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly as a Republican in 1858 and again in 1860. During the War of the Rebellion he served with distinc- tion from May, 1861, to July, 1865. He entered the service as Brigadier-General, commanding the Fourth Division of Grant's army at Pittsburg Landing ; was made a Major-General in Septem- 03 H > « n > TJ M -J o HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 241 ber, 1862, and later assigned to the command of the Sixteenth Army Corps, at Memphis, and sub- sequently to the command of the Department of the Gulf (1864-65). After the close of the war he served another term in the General Assembly (1867), was chosen Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 1868, and, in 1869, was appointed by President Grant Minister Resident to the United States of Colombia, serving until 1872. The latter year he was elected Eepresentative to Congress, and re-elected two years later. In 1876 he was a candidate for re-election as an independent Republican, but was defeated by William Lathrop, the regular nominee. In 1881 he was appointed Minister Resident to Peru, and died at Lima, March 27, 1882. HUTCHITfS, Thomas, was bom in Monmouth, N. J., in 1730, died in Pittsburg, Pa., April 28, 1789. He was the first Government Surveyor, fre- quently called the "Geographer" ; was also an officer of the Sixtieth Royal (British) regiment, and assistant engineer under Bouquet. At the outbreak of the Revolution, while stationed at Fort Chartres, he resigned his commission be- cause of his sympathy with the patriots. Three years later he was charged with being in treason- able correspondence with Franklin, and im- prisoned in the Tower of London. He is said to have devised the present system of Government surveys in this country, and his services iu carry- ing it into effect were certainly of great value. He was the author of several valuable works, the best known being a "Topographical Description of Virginia." HUTSONVILLE, a village of Crawford County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, and the Wabash River, 34 miles south of Paris. The district is agricultural. The town has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1890), 582; (1900), 743. ILLIN^OIS. (gekeeal histobt.) Illinois is the twenty-first State of the Federal Union in the order of its admission, the twentieth in present area and the third in point of popula- tion. A concise history of the region, of which it constituted the central portion at an early period, wUl be found in the following pages: The greater part of the territory now comprised within the State of Illinois was known and at- tracted eager attention from the nations of the old world— especially in France, Germany and England — before the close of the third quarter of the seventeenth century. More than one hun- dred years before the struggle for American Inde- pendence began, or the geographical division known as the "Territory of the Northwest" had an existence; before the names of Kentucky, Tennessee, Vermont or Ohio had been heard of, and while the early settlers of New England and Virginia were still struggling for a foothold anlong the Indian tribes on the Atlantic coast, the "Illinois Country" occupied a place on the maps of North America as distinct and definite as New York or Pennsylvania. And from that time forward, until it assumed its position in the Union with the rank of a State, no other ?ection has been the theater of more momentous and stirring events or has contributed more material, affording interest and instruction to the archaeol- ogist, the ethnologist and the historian, than that portion of the American Continent now known as the "State of Illinois." The "Illinois Country." — What was known to the early French explorers and their followers and descendants, for the ninety years which intervened between the discoveries of Joliet and La Salle, down to the surrender of this region to the English, as the "Illinois Country," is de- scribed with great clearness and definiteness by Capt. Philip Pittman, an English engineer who made the first survey of the Mississippi River soon after the transfer of the French possessions east of the Mississippi to the British, and who published the result of his observations in London in 1770. In this report, which is evidently a work of the highest authenticity, and is the more valuable because written at a transition period when it was of the first importance to preserve and hand down the facts of early French history to the new occupants of the soil, the boundaries of the "Illinois Country" are defined as follows: "The Country of the Illinois is bounded by the Mississippi on the west, by the river Illinois on the north, by the Ouabache and Miamis on the east and the Ohio on the south." From this it would appear that the country lying between the Illinois and the Mississippi Rivers to the west and northwest of the former, was not considered a part of the "Illinois Country," and 343 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. this agrees generally with the records of the early French explorers, except that they regarded the region which comprehends the site of the present city of Chicago — the importance of which appears to have been appreciated from the first as a connecting link between the Lakes and the upper tributaries of the rivers falling into the Gulf of Mexico — as belonging thereto Origin op the Name. — The "Country" appears to have derived its name from Inini, a word of Algonquin origin, signifying "the men," eu- phemized by the French into Illini with the suffix ois, signifying "tribe." The root of the term, applied both to the country and the Indians occupying it, has been still further defined as "a perfect man" (Haines on "Indian Names"), and the derivative has been used by the French chroniclers in various forms though always with the same signification — a signification of which the earliest claimants of the appellation, as well as their successors of a different race, have not failed to be duly proud. Boundaries and Area. — It is this region which gave the name to the State of which it constituted so large and important a part. Its boundaries, so far as the Wabash and the Ohio Rivers (as well as the Mississippi from the mouth of the Ohio to the mouth of the Illinois) are con- cerned, are identical with those given to the "Illinois Country" by Pittman. The State is bounded on the north by Wisconsin ; on the east by Lake Michigan, the State of Indiana and the Wabash River; southeast by the Ohio, flowing between it and the State of Kentucky ; and west and southwest by the Mississippi, which sepa- rates it from the States of Iowa and Missouri. A peculiarity of the Act of Congress defining the boundaries of the State, is the fact that, while the jurisdiction of Illinois extends to the middle of Lake Michigan and also of the channels of the Wabash and the Mississippi, it stops at the north bank of the Ohio River ; this seems to have been a sort of concession on the part of the framers of the Act to our proud neighbors of the "Dark and Bloody Ground." Geographically, the State lies between the parallels of 36° 59' and 42° 30' north latitude, and the meridian of 10° 30' and 14° of longitude west from the city of Washington. From its extreme southern limit at the mouth of the Ohio to the Wisconsin boundary on the north, its estimated length is 385 miles, with an extreme breadth, from the Indiana State line to the Mis- sissippi River at a point between Quincy and Warsaw, of 318 miles. Owing to the tortuous course of its river and lake boundaries, which comprise about three-fourths of the whole, its physical outline is extremely irregular. Between the limits described, it has an estimated area of 56,650 square miles, of which 650 square miles is water — the latter being chiefly in Lake Michigan. This area is more than one and one-half times that of all New England (Maine being excepted), and is greater than that of any other State east of the Mississippi, except Michigan, Georgia and Florida — Wisconsin lacking only a few hundred square miles of the same. When these figures are taken into account some idea may be formed of the magnificence of the domain comprised within the limits of the State of Illinois — a domain larger in extent than that of England, more than one-fourth of that of all France and nearly half that of the British Islands, including Scotland and Ireland. The possibilities of such a country, possessing a soil unequaled in fertility, in proportion to its area, by any other State of the Union and with re- sources in agriculture, manufactures and com- merce unsurpassed in any country on the face of the globe, transcend all human conception. Streams and Navigation. — Lying between the Mississippi and its chief eastern tributary, the Ohio, with the Wabash on the east, and inter- sected from northeast to southwest by the lUinois and its numerous affluents, and with no moun- tainous region within its limits, Illinois is at once one of the best watered, as well as one of the most level States in the Union. Besides the Sanga- mon, Kankakee, Fox and Des Plaines Rivers, chief tributaries of the IlUnois, and the Kaskaskia draining the region between the Illinois and the Wabash, Rock River, in the northwestern portion of the State, is most important on account of its valuable water-power. All of these streams were regarded as navigable for some sort of craft, dur- ing at least a portion of the year, in the early history of the country, and with the magnificent Mississippi along the whole western border, gave to Illinois a larger extent of navigable waters than that of any other single State. Although practical navigation, apart from the lake and by natural water courses, is now limited to the Mis- sissippi, Illinois and Ohio — making an aggregate of about 1,000 miles— the importance of the smaller streams, when the people were dependent almost wholly upon some means of water com- munication for the transportation of heavy com- modities as well as for travel, could not be over-estimated, and it is not without its effect upon the productiveness of the soil, now that water transportation has given place to railroads. HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 343 The whole nmnber of streams shown upon the best maps exceeds 280. Topography. — In physical conformation the surface of the State presents the aspect of an incUned plane with a moderate descent in the general direction of the streams toward the south and southwest. Cairo, at the extreme southern end of the State and the point of lowest depres- sion, has an elevation above sea-level of about 300 feet, while the altitude of Lake Michigan at Chicago is 583 feet. The greatest elevation is reached near Scale's Mound in the northwestern part of the State — 1,257 feet — while a spur from the Ozark Mountains of Missouri, projected across the southern part of the State, rises in Jackson and Union Counties to a height of over 900 feet. The eastern end of this spur, in the northeast comer of Pope County, reaches an elevation of 1,046 feet. South of this ridge, the surface of the country between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers was originally covered with dense forests. These included some of the most valuable species of timber for lumber manufacture, such as the different varieties of oak, walnut, poplar, ash, sugar-maple and cypress, besides elm, linden, hickory, honey-locust, pecan, hack-berry, cotton- wood, sycamore, sassafras, black-gum and beech. The native fruits included the persimmon, wild plum, grape and paw-paw, with various kinds of berries, such as blackberries, raspberries, straw- berries (in the prairie districts) and some others. Most of the native growths of woods common to the south were found along the streams farther north, except the cypress beech, pecan and a few others. Peaikies. — A peculiar feature of the country, in the middle and northern portion of the State, which excited the amazement of early explorers, was the vast extent of the prairies or natural meadows. The origin of these has been attrib- uted to various causes, such as some peculiarity of the soil, absence or excess of moisture, recent upheaval of the surface from lakes or some other bodies of water, the action of fires, etc. In many sections there appears little to distinguish the SOU of the prairies from that of the adjacent woodlands, that may not be accounted for by the character of their vegetation and other causes, for the luxuriant growth of native grasses aod other productions has demonstrated that they do not lack in fertility, and the readiness with which trees take root when artificially propa- .gated and protected, has shown that there is nothing in the soil itself unfavorable to their growth Whatever may have been the original cause of the prairies, however, there is no doubt that annually recurring fires have had much to do in perpetuating their existence, and even extending their limits, as the absence of the same agent has tended to favor the encroachments of the forests. While originally regarded as an obstacle to the occupation of the country by a dense population, there is no doubt that their existence has contributed to its rapid develop- ment when it was discovered with what ease these apparent wastes could be subdued, and how productive they were capable of becoming when once brought under cultivation. In spite of the uniformity in altitude of the State as a whole, many sections present a variety of surface and a mingling of plain and woodland of the most pleasing character. This is espe- cially the case in some of the prairie districts where the undulating landscape covered with rich herbage and brilliant flowers must have presented to the first explorers a scene of ravish- ing beauty, which has been enhanced rather than diminished in recent times by the hand of culti- vation. Along some of the streams also, espe- cially on the upper Mississippi and Illinois, and at some points on the Ohio, is found scenery of a most picturesque variety. Animals, etc. — From this description of the country it will be easy to infer what must have been the varieties of the animal kingdom which here found a home. These included the buffalo, various kinds of deer, the bear, panther, fox, wolf, and wild-cat, while swans, geese and ducks covered the lakes and streams. It was a veritable paradise for game^ both large and small, as well as for their native hunters. "One can scarcely travel," wrote one of the earliest priestly explor- ers, "without finding a prodigious multitude of turkeys, that keep together in flocks often to the number of ten hundred." Beaver, otter, and mink were found along the streams. Most of these, especially the larger species of game, have disappeared before the tide of civilization, but the smaller, such as quail, prairie chicken, duck and the different varieties of fish in the streams, pro- tected by law during certain seasons of the year, continue to exist in considerable numbers. Soil and Climate. — The capabilities of the soil in a region thus situated can be readily under- stood. In proportion to the extent of its surface, Illinois has a larger area of cultivable land than any other State in the Union, with a soil of supe- rior quality, much of it unsurpassed in natural fertility. This is especially true of the ' 'American Bottom," a region extending a distance of ninety 344 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. miles along the east bank of the Mississippi, from a few miles below Alton nearly to Chester, and of an average width of five to eight miles. This was the seat of the first permanent white settle- ment in the Mississippi Valley, and portions of it have been under cultivation from one hundred to one hundred and fifty years without exhaustion. Other smaller areas of scarcely less fertility are found both upon the bottom-lands and in the prairies in the central portions of the State. Extending through five and one-half degrees of latitude, Illinois has a great variety of climate. Though subject at times to sudden alternations of temperature, these occasions have been rare since the country has been thoroughly settled. Its mean average for a series of years has been 48° in the northern part of the State and 56° in the southern, differing little from other States upon the same latitude. The mean winter temper- ature has ranged from 35° in the north to 34° in the south, and the summer mean from 67° in the north to 78° in the south. The extreme winter temperature has seldom fallen below 20° below zero in the northern portion, while the highest summer temperature ranges from 95° to 103°. The average difference in temperature between the northern and southern portions of the State is about 10°, and the difference in the progress of the seasons for the same sections, from four to six weeks. Such a wide variety of climate is favor- able to the production of nearly all the grains and fruits peculiar to the temperate zone. Contest for Occupation. — Three powers early became contestants for the supremacy on the North American Continent. The first of these was Spain, claiming possession on the ground of the discovery by Columbus ; England, basing her claim upon the discoveries of the Cabots, and France, maintaining her right to a considerable part of the continent by virtue of the discovery and exploration by Jacques Cartier of the Gulf and Eiver St. Lawrence, in 1534-35, and the settlement of Quebec by Champlain seventy-four years later. The claim of Spain was general, extending to both North and South America; and, while she early established her colonies in Mexico, the West Indies and Peru, the country was too vast and her agents too busy seeking for gold to interfere materially with her competitors. The Dutch, Swedes and Germans established small, though flourishing colonies, but they were not colonizers nor were they numeric- ally as strong as their neighbors, and their settle- ments were ultimately absorbed by the latter. Both the Spaniards and the French were zealous in proselyting the aborigines, but while the former did not hesitate to torture their victims in order to extort their gold while claiming to save their souls, the latter were more gentle and beneficent in their policy, and, by their kindness, succeeded in winning and retaining the friend- ship of the Indians in a remarkable degree. They were traders as well as missionaries, and this fact and the readiness with which they adapted them- selves to the habits of those whom they found in possession of the soil, enabled them to make the most extensive explorations in small numbers and at little cost, and even to remain for un- limited periods among their aboriginal friends. On the other hand, the English were artisans and tillers of the soil with a due proportion engaged in commerce or upon the sea; and, while they were later in planting their colonies in Virginia and New England, and less aggressive in the work of exploration, they maintained a surer foothold on the soil when they had once estab- lished themselves. To this fact is due the per- manence and steady growth of the English colonies in the New World, and the virtual domi- nance of the Anglo-Saxon race over more than five-sevenths of the North American Continent — a result which has been illustrated in the history of every people that has made agriculture, manu- factures and legitimate commerce the basis of their prosperity. Early Explorations. — The French explorers were the first Europeans to visit the "Coimtry of the Illinois," and, for nearly a century, they and their successors and descendants held undisputed possession of the covmtry, as well as the greater part of the Mississippi Valley. It is true that Spain put in a feeble and indefinite claim to this whole region, but she was kept too busy else- where to make her claim good, and, in 1763, she relinquished it entirely as to the Mississippi Valley and west to the Pacific Ocean, in order to strengthen herself elsewhere. There is a peculiar coincidence in the fact that, while the English colonists who settled about Massachusetts Bay named that region "New England," the French gave to their possessions, from the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Mis- sissippi, the name of "New France," and the Spaniards called all the region claimed by them, extending from Panama to Puget Sound, "New Spain. ' ' The boundaries of each were very indefi- nite and often conflicting, but were settled by the treaty of 1763. As early as 1634, Jean Nicolet, coming by way of Canada, discovered Lake Michigan — then HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. 345 called by the French, "Lac des Illinois" — entered Green Bay and visited some of the tribes of Indians in that region. In 1641 zealous mission- aries had reached the Falls of St. Mary (called by the French "Sault Ste. Marie"), and, in 1658, two French fur-traders are alleged to have penetrated as far west as "La Pointe" on Lake Superior, where they opened up a trade with the Sioux Indians and wintered in the neighborhood of the Apostle Islands near where the towns of Ashland and Bayfield, Wis., now stand. A few years later (1665), Fathers Allouez and Dablon, French mis- sionaries, visited the Chippewas on the southern shore of Lake Superior, and missions were estab- lished at Green Bay, Ste. Marie and La Pointe. About the same time the mission of St. Ignace was estabhshed on the north shore of the Straits of Mackinaw (spelled by the French "Michilli- macinac"). It is also claimed that the French traveler, Radisson, during the year of 1658-59, reached the upper Mississippi, antedating the claims of Joliet and Marquette as its discoverers by fourteen years. Nicholas Perrot, an intelli- gent chronicler who left a manuscript account of his travels, is said to have made extensive explor- ations about the head of the great lakes as far south as the Fox River of Wisconsin, between 1670 and 1690, and to have held an important conference with representatives of numerous tribes of Indians at Sault Ste. Marie in June, 1671. Perrot is also said to have made the first discovery of lead mines in the West. Up to this time, however, no white man appears to have reached the "Illinois Country," though much had been heard of its beauty and its wealth in game. On May 17, 1673, Louis Joliet, an enter- prising explorer who had already visited the Lake Superior region in search of copper mines, under a commission from the Governor of Canada, in company with Father Jacques Marquette and five voyageurs, with a meager stock of provisions and a few trinkets for trading with the natives, set out in two birch-bark canoes from St. Ignace on a tour of exploration southward. Coasting along the west shore of Lake Michigan and Green Bay and through Lake Winnebago, they reached the covmtry of the Mascoutins on Fox River, ascended that stream to the portage to the Wis- consin, then descended the latter to the Mis- sissippi, which they discovered on June 17. Descending the Mississippi, which they named "Rio de la Conception, " they passed the mouth of the Des Moines, where they are supposed to have encountered the first Indians of the Illinois tribes, by whom they were hospitably enter- tained. Later they discovered a rude painting upon the rocks on the east side of the river, which, from the description, is supposed to have been the famous "PiasaBird," which was still to be seen, a short distance above Alton, within the present generation. (See Piasa Bird, The Legend of.) Passing the mouth of the Missouri River and the present site of the city of St. Louis, and continuing past the mouth of the Ohio, they finally reached what Marquette called the village of the Akanseas, which has been assumed to be identical with the mouth of the Arkansas, though it has been questioned whether they proceeded so far south. Convinced that the Mississippi "had its mouth in Florida or the Gulf of Mexico, " and fearing capture by the Spaniards, they started on their return. Reaching the mouth of the Illinois, they entered that stream and ascended past the village of the Peorias and the "Illinois town of the Kaskaskias" — the latter being about where the town of Utica, La Salle County, now stands — at each of which they made a brief stay. Escorted by guides from the Kaskaskias, they crossed the portage to Lake Michigan where Chicago now stands, and re- turned to Green Bay, which they reached in the latter part of September. (See Joliet and Mar- quette. ) The next and most important expedition to Illi- nois — important because it led to the first per- manent settlements — was undertaken by Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, in 1679. This eager and intelligent, but finally unfortunate, discov- erer had spent several years in exploration in the lake region and among the streams south of the lakes and west of the AUeghenies. It has been claimed that, during this tour, he descended the Ohio to its junction with the Mississippi; also that he reached the Illinois by way of the head of Lake Michigan and the Chicago portage, and even descended the Mississippi to the 36th parallel, antedating Marquette's first visit to that stream by two years. The chief authority for this claim is La Salle's biographer, Pierre Margry, who bases his statement on alleged con- versations with La Salle and letters of his friends. The absence of any allusion to these discoveries in La Salle's own papers, of a later date, addressed to the King, is regarded as fatal to this claim. However this may have been, there is conclusive evidence that, during this period, he met with Joliet while the latter was returning from one of his trips to the Lake Superior country. With an imagination fired by what he then learned, he made a visit to his native country, receiving a 246 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. liberal grant from the French Government which enabled him to carry out his plans. With the aid of Henry de Tonty, an Italian who afterward accompanied him in his most important expedi- tions, and who proved a most valuable and e£B- cient co-laborer, under the auspices of Frontenac, then' Governor of Canada, he constructed a small vessel at the foot of Lake Erie, in which, with a company of thirty-four persons, he set sail on the seventh of August, 1679, for the West. This vessel (named the "Griffon") is believed to have been the first sailing-vessel that ever navigated the lakes. His object was to reach the Illinois, and he carried with him material for a boat which he intended to put together on that stream. Arriving in Green Bay early in Septem- ber, by way of Lake Huron and the straits of Mackinaw, he disembarked his stores, and, load- ing the Griffon with furs, started it on its return with instructions, after discharging its cargo at the starting point, to join him at the head of Lake Michigan. With a force of seventeen men and three missionaries in four canoes, he started southward, following the western shore of Lake Michigan past the mouth of the Chicago River, on Nov. 1, 1679, and reached the mouth of the St. Joseph River, at the southeast corner of the lake, which had been selected as a rendez- vous. Here he was joined by Tonty, three weeks later, with a force of twenty Frenchmen who had come by the eastern shore, but the Griffon never was heard from again, and is supposed to have been lost on the return voyage. While waiting for Tonty he erected a fort, afterward called Fort Miami. The two parties here united, and, leaving four men in charge of the fort, with the remaining thirty-three, he resumed his journey on the third of December. Ascending the St. Joseph to about where South Bend, Ind., now stands, he made a portage with his canoes and stores across to the headwaters of the Kan- kakee, which he descended to the Illinois. On the first of January he arrived at the great Indian town of the Easkaskias, which Marquette had left for the last time nearly five years before, but found it deserted, the Indians being absent on a hunting expedition. Proceeding down the Illi- nois, on Jan. 4, 1680, he passed through Peoria Lake and the next morning reached the Indian village of that name at the foot of the lake, and established friendly relations with its people. Having determined to set up his vessel here, he constructed a rude fort on the eastern bank of the river about four miles south of the village. With the exception of the cabin built for Mar- quette on the South Branch of the Chicago River in the winter of 1674-75, this was probably the first structure erected by white men in Illinois. This received the name "Creve-CcEur — "Broken Heart" — which, from its subsequent history, proved exceedingly appropriate. Having dis- patched Father Louis Hennepin with two com- panions to the Upper Mississippi, by way of the mouth of the Illinois, on an expedition which resulted in the discovery of the Falls of St. Anthony, La Salle started on his return to Canada for additional assistance and the stores which he had failed to receive in consequence of the loss of the Griffon. Soon after his depar- ture, a majority of the men left with Tonty at Fort Creve-Coeur mutinied, and, having plundered the fort, partially destroyed it. This compelled Tonty and five companions who had remained true, to retreat to the Indian village of the Illi- nois near "Starved Rock," between where the cities of Ottawa and La Salle now stand, where he spent the summer awaiting the return of La Salle. In September, Tonty 's Indian allies hav- ing been attacked and defeated by the Iroquois, he and his companions were again compelled to flee, reaching Green Bay the next spring, after having spent the winter among the Pottawato- mies in the present State of Wisconsin. During the next three years (1681-83) La Salle made two other visits to Illinois, encountering and partially overcoming formidable obstacles at each end of the journey. At the last visit, in company with the faithful Tonty, whom he had met at Mackinaw in the spring of 1681, after a separation of more than a year, he extended his exploration to the mouth of the Mississippi, of which he took formal possession on April 9, 1683, in the name of "Louis the Grand, King of France and Navarre." This was the first expedition of white men to pass down the river and determine the problem of its discharge into the Gulf of Mexico. Returning to Mackinaw, and again to Illinois, in the fall of 1682, Tonty set about carrying into effect La Salle's scheme of fortifying "The Rook," to which reference has been made under the name of ' 'Starved Rock. ' ' The buildings are said to have included store-houses (it was intended as a trading post), dwellings and a block-:house erected on the summit of the rock, and to which the name of "Fort St. Louis" was given, while a village of confederated Indian tribes gathered about its base on the south which bore the name of La Vantum. According to the historian, Parkman, the population of this colony, in the I,A SAI,I,E. HKNRY DE TONTY. FT. DEARBORN FROM THE WEST, 1808. WAR EAGLE. CHIEF CHICAGOU. FORT DEARBORN, 2D, IN 7,853, FROM THE SOUTHWEST. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 347 days of its greatest prosperity, was not less than i30,000. Tonty retained his headquarters at Fort St. Louis for eighteen years, during which he made extensive excursions throughout the West. The proprietorship of the fort was granted to him in 1690, but, in 1702, it was ordered by the Governor of Canada to be discontinued on the plea that the charter had been violated. It con- tinued to be used as a trading post, however, as late as 1718, when it was raided by the Indians and burned. (See La Salle; Tonty; Hennepin, and Starved Rock. ) Other explorers who were the contemporaries or early successors of Marquette, Joliet, La Salle, Tonty, Hennepin and their companions in the Northwest, and many of whom are known to have visited the "Illinois Country," and probably all of whom did so, were Daniel Greysolon du Lhut (called by La Salle, du Luth), a cousin of Tonty, who was the first to reach the Mississippi directly from Lake Superior, and from whom the city of. Duluth has been named ; Henry Joutel, a towns- man of La Salle, who was one of the survivors of the ill-fated Matagorda Bay colony; Pierre Le Sueur, the discoverer of the Minnesota Eiver, and Baron la Hontan, who made a tour through Illinois in 1688-89, of which he published an account in 1703. Chicago River early became a prominent point in the estimation of the French explorers and was a favorite line of travel in reaching the Illi- nois by way of the Des Plaines, though probably sometimes confounded with other streams about the head of the lake. The Calumet and Grand Calumet, allowing easy portage to the Des Plaines, were also used, while the St. Joseph, from which portage was had into the Kankakee, seems to have been a part of the route first used by La Salle. Aborigines and Eaely Missions.— When the early French explorers arrived in the "Illinois Country" they found it occupied by a number of tribes of Indians, the most numerous being the "Illinois," which consisted of several families or bands that spread themselves over the country on both sides of the Illinois River, extending even west of the Mississippi; the Piankeshaws on the east, extending beyond the present western boundary of Indiana, and the Miamis in the northeast, with whom a weaker tribe called the Weas were allied. The Illinois confederation included the Kaskaskias, PeoriaSr Cahokias, Tamaroas and Mitchigamies — the last being the tribe from which Lake Michigan took its name. ■((See Illinois Indians. ) There seems to have been a general drift of some of the stronger tribes toward the south and east about this time, as AUouez represents that he found the Miamis and their neighbors, the Mascoutins, about Green Bay when he arrived there in 1670. At the same time, there is evidence that the Pottawatomies were located along the southern shore of Lake Superior and about the Sault Ste. Marie (now known as "The Soo"), though within the next fifty years they had advanced southward along the western shore of Lake Michigan until they reached where Chicago now stands. Other tribes from the north were the Kiokapoos, Sacs and Foxes, and Winnebagoes, while the Shawnees were a branch of a stronger tribe from the south- east. Charlevoix, who wrote an account of his visit to the "Illinois Coimtry" in 1721, says: "Fifty years ago the Miamis were settled on the southern extremity of Lake Michigan, in a place called Chicago from the name of a small river which runs into the lake, the source of which is not far distant from that of the Eiver Illinois." It does not follow necessarily that this was the Chicago River of to-day, as the name appears to have been applied somewhat indefinitely, by the early explorers, both to a region of country between the head of the lake and the Illinois Riyer, and to more than one stream emptying into the lake in that vicinity. It has been con- jectured that the river meant by Charlevoix was the Calumet, as his description would apply as well to that as to the Chicago, and there is other evidence that the Miamis, who were found about the mouth of the St. Joseph Eiver during the eighteenth century, occupied a portion of Southern Michigan and Northern Indiana, ex- tending as far east as the Scioto River in Ohio. From the first, the Illinois seem to have con- ceived a strong Uking for the French, and being pressed by the Iroquois on the east, the Sacs and Foxes, Pottawatomies and Kickapoos on the north and the Sioux on the west, by the begin- ning of the eighteenth century we find them, much reduced in numbers, gathered about the French settlements near the mouth of the Kas- kaskia (or Okaw) River, in the western part of the present counties of Randolph, Monroe aiid St. Clair. In spite of the zealous efforts of the mis- sionaries, the contact of these tribes with the whites was attended with the usual results — demoralization, degradation and gradual extermi- nation. The latter result was hastened by the frequent attacks to which they were exposed from their more warlike enemies, so that by the latter part of the eighteenth century, they were 248 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. reduced to a few hundred dissolute and depraved survivors of a once vigorous and warlike race. During the early part of the French occupation, there arose a chief named Chicagou (from whom the city of Chicago received its name) who ap- pears, like Red Jacket, Tecumseh and Logan, to have been a man of unusual intelligence and vigor of character, and to have exercised great influence with his people. In 1725 he was sent to Paris, where he received the attentions due to a foreign potentate, and, on his return, was given a command in an expedition against the Chicka- saws, who had been making incursions from the south. Such was the general distribution of the Indians in the northern and central portions of the State, within the first fifty years after the arrival of the French. At a later period the Kickapoos ad- vanced farther south and occupied a considerable share of the central portion of the State, and even extended to the mouth of the "Wabash. The southern part was roamed over by bands from beyond the Ohio and the Mississippi, including the Cherokees and Chickasaws, and the Arkansas tribes, some of whom were very powerful and ranged over a vast extent of country. The earliest civilized dwellings in Illinois, after the forts erected for purposes of defense, were undoubtedly the posts of the fur-traders and the missionary stations. Fort Miami, the first mili- tary post, established by La Salle in the winter of 1679-80, was at the mouth of the St. Joseph River within the boundaries of what is now the State of Michigan. Fort Creve-Coeur, partially erected a few months later on the east side of the Illinois a few miles below where the city of Peoria now stands, was never occupied. Mr. Charles Ballance, the historian of Peoria, locates this fort at the present village of Wesley, in Tazewell County, nearly opposite Lower Peoria. Fort St. Louis, built by Tonty on the summit of "Starved Rock," in the fall and winter of 1682, was the second erected in the "Illinois Country," but the first occupied. It has been claimed that Marquette established a mission among the Kas- kaskias, opposite "The Rock," on occasion of his first visit, in September, 1673, and that he re- newed it in the spring of 1675, when he visited it for the last time. It is doubtful if this mission was more than a season of preaching to the natives, celebrating mass, administering baptism, etc. ; at least the story of an established mission has been denied. That this devoted and zealous propagandist regarded it as a mission, however, is evident from his own journal. He gave to it the name of the "Mission of the Immaculate Conception," and, although he was compelled by failing health to abandon it almost immediately, it is claimed that it was renewed in 1677 by Father AUouez, who had been active in founding missions in the Lake Superior region, and that it was maintained until the arrival of La Salle in 1680. The hostility of La Salle to the Jesuits led to AUouez' withdrawal, but he subsequently returned and was succeeded in 1688 by Father Gravier, whose labors extended from Mackinaw to Biloxi on the Gulf of Mexico. There is evidence that a mission had been established among the Miamis as early as 1698, under the name "Chicago," as it is mentioned by St. Cosme in the report of his visit in 1699-1700. This, for the reasons already given showing the indefinite use made of the name Chicago as applied to streams about the head of Lake Michi- gan, probably referred to some other locality in the vicinity, and not to the site of the present city of Chicago. Even at, an earlier date there appears, from a statement in Tonty's Memoirs, to have been a fort at Chicago — probably about the same locality as the mission. Speaking of his return from Canada to the "Illinois Country" in 1685, he says: "I embarked for the Illinois Oct. 30, 1685, but being stopped by the ice, I was obliged to leave my canoe and proceed by land. After going 120 leagues, I arrived at Fort Chicagou, where M. de la Dvurantaye com- manded." According to the best authorities it was dtuing the year 1700 that a mission and permanent settle- ment was established by Father Jacques Pinet among the Tamaroas at a village called Cahokia (or "Sainte Famille de Caoquias"), a few miles south of the present site of the city of East St. Louis. This was the first permanent settlement by Europeans in Illinois, as that at Kaskaskia on the Illinois was broken up the same year. A few months after the establishment of the mission at Cahokia (which received the name of "St. Sulpice"), but during the same year, the Kaskaskias, having abandoned their village on the upper Illinois, were induced to settle near the mouth of the river which bears their name, and the mission and village — the latter afterward becoming the first capital of the Territory and State of Illinois — came into being. This identity of names has led to some confusion in determin- ing the date and place of the first permanent settlement in Illinois, the date of Marquette's first arrival at Kaskaskia on the Illinois being given by some authors as that of the settlement HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 349 at Kaskaskia on the Mississippi, twenty-seven years later. Period of French Occupation. — As may be readily inferred from the methods of French ■colonization, the first permanent settlements gathered about the missions at Cahokia and Kas- kaskia, or rather were parts of them. At later periods, but during the French occupation of the country, other villages were established, the most important being St. Philip and Prairie du Eocher ; all of these being located in the fertile valley now known as the "American Bottom," between the older towns of Cahokia and Kaskas- kia. There were several Indian villages in the vicinity of the French settlements, and this became, for a time, the most populous locality in the Mississippi Valley and the center of an active trade carried ,on with the settlements near the mouth of the Mississippi. Large quantities of the products of the country, such as flour, bacon, pork, tallow, lumber, lead, peltries, and even wine, were transported in keel-boats or batteaus to New Orleans; rice, manufactured tobacco, cotton goods and such other fabrics as the simple wants of the people required, being brought back in return. These boats went in convoys of seven to twelve in number for mutual protection, three months, being required to make a trip, of which two were made annually — one in the spring and the other in the autumn. The French possessions in North America went tmder the general name of ' 'New France, ' ' but their boundaries were never clearly defined, though an attempt was made to do so through Commission- ers who met at Paris, in 1752. They were under- stood by the French to include the valley of the St. Lawrence, with Labrador and Nova Scotia, to the northern boundaries of the British colonies ; the region of the Great Lakes ; and the Valley of the Mississippi from the headwaters of the Ohio westward to the Pacific Ocean and south to the Gulf of Mexico. While these claims were con- tested by England on the east and Spain on the southwest, they comprehended the very heart of the North American continent, a region unsur- passed in fertility and natural resources and now the home of more than half of the entire population of the American Republic. That the French should have reluctantly yielded up so magnificent a domain is natural. And yet they did this by the treaty of 1763, sur- rendering the region east of the Mississippi (except a comparatively small district near the mouth of that stream) to England, and the remainder to Spain— an evidence of the straits to which they had been reduced by a long series of devastating wars. (See French and Indian Wars. ) In 1713 Antoine Crozat, under royal letters- patent, obtained from Louis XIV. of France a monopoly of the commerce, with control of the country, "from the edge of the sea (Gulf of Mexico) as far as the Illinois." This grant hav- ing been surrendered a few years later, was re- newed in 1717 to the "Company of the "West," of which the celebrated John Law was the head, and under it jurisdiction was exercised over the trade of Illinois. On September 37 of the same year (1717), the "Illinois Country," which had been a dependency of Canada, was incorporated with Louisiana and became part of that province. Law's company received enlarged powers under the name of the "East Indies Company," and although it went out of existence in 1731 with the opprobrious title of the "South Sea Bubble," leaving in its wake hundreds of ruined private fortunes in France and England, it did much to stimulate the population and development of the Mississippi Valley. During its existence (in 1718) New Orleans was founded and Fort Chartres erected, being named after the Due de Chartres, son of the Regent of France. Pierre Duque Bois- briant was the first commandant of Illinois and superintended the erection of the fort. (See Fort Chartres. ) One of the privileges granted to Law's com- pany was the importation of slaves ; and under it, in 1731, Philip F. Renault brought to the country five hundred slaves, besides two hundred artisans, mechanics and laborers. Two years later he received a large grant of land, and founded the village of St. Philip, a few miles north of Fort Chartres. Thus Illinois became slave teiTitory before a white settlement of any sort existed in what afterward became the slave State of Missouri. During 1731 the country under control of the East Indies Company was divided into nine civil and military, districts, each presided over by a commandant and a judge, with a superior coun- cil at New Orleans. Of these, Illinois, the largest and, next to New Orleans, the most populous, was the seventh. It embraced over one-half the present State, with the country west of the Mis- ssisippi, between the Arkansas and the 43d degree of latitude, to the Rocky Mountains, and included the present States of Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas and parts of Arkansas and Colorado. In 1783, the Indies Company surrendered its charter, and Louisiana, including the District of Illinois, 250 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was afterwards governed by officers appointed directly by the crown. {See French Oovernors.) As early as September, 1699, an attempt was made by an expedition fitted out by the English Government, under command of Captains Barr and Clements, to take possession of the country about the mouth of the Mississippi on the ground of prior discovery; but they found the French under Bienville already in possession at Biloxi, and they sailed away without making any further effort to carry the scheme into effect. Mean- while, in the early part of the next century, the Enghsh were 'successful in attaching to their interests the Iroquois, who were the deadly foes of the French, and held possession of Western New York and the region around the headwaters of the Ohio River, extending their incursions against the Indian allies of the French as far west as Illinois. The real struggle for territory be- tween the English and French began with the formation of the Ohio Land Company in 1748-49, and the grant to it by the English Government of half a million acres of land along the Ohio River, with the exclusive right of trading, with the Indian tribes in that region. Out of this grew the establishment, in the next two years, of trading posts and forts on the Miami and Maumee in Western Ohio, followed by the protracted French and Indian War, which was prosecuted with varied fortunes until the final defeat of the French at Quebec, on the thirteenth of Septem- ber, 1759, which broke their power on the Ameri- can continent. Among those who took part in this struggle, was a contingent from the French garrison of Fort Chartres. Neyon de Villiers, commandant of the fort, was one of these, being the only survivor of seven brothers who partici- pated in the defense of Canada. Still hopeful of saving Louisiana and Illinois, he departed with a few followers for New Orleans, but the treaty of Paris, Feb. 10, 1763, destroyed all hope, for by its terms Canada, and all other territory east of the Mississippi as far south as the northern boundary of Florida, was surrendered to Great Britain, while the remainder, including the vast territory between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains, was given up to Spain. Thus, the "Illinois Country" fell into the hands of the British, although the actual transfer of Fort Chartres and the coimtry dependent upon it did not take place until Oct. 10, 1765, when its veteran commandant, St. Ange — who had come from Vincennes to assume command on the retirement of Villiers, and who held it faithfully for the conqueror — surrendered it to Capt. Thomas Stirling as the representative of the Eng- lish Government. It is worthy of note that this was the last place on the North American con- tinent to lower the French flag. British Occupation. — The delay of the British in taking possession of the "Illinois Country," after the defeat of the French at Quebec and the surrender of their possessions in America by the treaty of 1763, was due to its isolated position and the difficulty of reaching it with sufficient force to establish the British authority. The first attempt was made in the spring of 1764, when Maj. Arthur Loftus, starting from Pensa- cola, attempted to ascend the Mississippi with a force of four hundred regulars, but, being met by a superior Indian force, was compelled to retreat. In August of the same year, Capt Thomas Morris was dispatched from Western Pennsylvania with a small force "to take posses- sion of the Illinois Country." This expedition got as far as Fort Miami on the Maumee, when its progress was arrested, and its commander nar- rowly escaped death. The next attempt was made in 1765, when Maj. George Croghan, a Dep- uty Superintendent of Indian affairs whose name has been made historical by the celebrated speech of the Indian Chief Logan, was detailed from Fort Pitt, to visit Illinois. Croghan being detained, Lieut. Alexander Frazer, who was to accompany him, proceeded alone. Frazer reached Kaskas- kia, but met with so rough a reception from both the French and Indians, that he thought it advisable to leave in disguise, and escaped by descending the Mississippi to New Orleans. Croghan started on his journey on the fifteenth of May, proceeding down the Ohio, accompanied by a party of friendly Indians, but having been captured near the mouth of the Wabash, he finally returned to Detroit without reaching his destination. The first British official to reach Fort Chartres was Capt. Thomas Stirling. De- scending the Ohio with a force of one hundred men, he reached Fort Chartres, Oct. 10, 1765, and received the surrender of the fort from the faith- ful and courteous St. Ange. It is estimated that at least one-third of the French citizens, includ- ing the more wealthy, left rather than become British subjects. Those about Fort Chartres left almost in a body. Some joined the French colonies on the lower Mississippi, while others, crossing the river, settled in St. Genevieve, then in Spanish territory. Much the larger number followed St. Ange to St. Louis, which had been established as a trading post by Pierre La Clede, during the previous year, and which now received HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 351 what, in these later days, would be called a great "boom." Captain Stirling was relieved of his command at Fort Chartres, Dec. 4, by Maj. Robert Farmer. Other British Commandants at Fort Chartres were Col. Edward Cole, Col. John Reed, Colonel Wilkins, Capt. Hugh Lord and Francois de Ras- tel. Chevalier de Rocheblave. The last had been an officer in the French army, and, having resided at Kaskaskia, transferred his allegiance on occu- pation of the country by the British. He was the last official representative of the British Govern- ment in Illinois. The total population of the French villages in Illinois, at the time of their transfer to England, has been estimated at about 1,600, of which 700 were about Kaskaskia and 450 in the vicinity of Cahokia. Captain Pittman estimated the popu- lation of all the French villages in Illinois and on the Wabash, at the time of his visit in 1770, at about 2,000. Of St. Louis— or "Paincourt," as it was called — Captain Pittman said: "There are about forty private houses and as many families. " Most of these, if not all, had emigrated from the French villages. In fact, although nominally in Spanish territory, it was essentially a French town, protected, as Pittman said, by "a French garrison" consisting of "a Captain-Commandant, two Lieutenants, a Fort Major, one Sergeant, one Corporal and twenty men." Action of Continental Congress. — The first official notice taken of the "Illinois Country" by the Continental Congress, was the adoption by that body, July 13, 1775, of an act creating three Indian Departments — a Northern, Middle and Southern. Illinois was assigned to the second, with Benjamin Franklin and James Wilson, of Pennsylvania, and Patrick Henry, of Virginia) as Commissioners. In April, 1776, Col. George Morgan, who had been a trader at Kaskaskia, was appointed agent and successor to these Commis- sioners, with headquarters at Fort Pitt. The promulgation of the Declaration of Independence, -on the Fourth of July, 1776, and the events im- mediately preceding and following that event, directed attention to the colonies on the Atlantic coast; yet the frontiersmen of Virginia were watching an opportunity to deliver a blow to the Oovemment of King George in a quarter where it was least expected, and where it was destined to have an immense influence upon the future of the new nation, as well as that of the American ■continent. CoL. George Rogers Clark's Expedition. — During the year 1777, Col. George Rogers Clark, a native of Virginia, then scarcely twenty-five years of age, having conceived a plan of seizing the settlements in the Mississippi ViiUey, sent trusty spies to learn the sentiments of the people and the condition of affairs at Kaskaskia. The report brought to him gave him encouragement, and, in December of the same year, he laid before Gov. Patrick Henry, of Virginia, his plans for the reduction of the posts in Illinois. These were approved, and, on Jan. 3, 1778, Clark received authority to recruit seven companies of fifty men each for three months' service, and Governor Henry gave him $6,000 for expenses. Proceeding to Fort Pitt, he succeeded in recruiting three companies, who were directed to rendezvous at Corn Island, opposite the present city of Louis- ville. It has been claimed that, in order to deceive the British as to his real destination, Clark authorized the announcement that the object of the expedition was to protect the settle- ments in Kentucky from the Indians. At Corn Island another company was organized, making four in all, under the command of Captains Bow- man, Montgomery, Helm and Harrod, and having embarked on keel-boats, they passed the Falls of the Ohio, June 34. Reaching the island at the mouth of the Tennessee on the 38th, he was met by a party of eight American hunters, who had left Kaskaskia a few days before, and who, join- ing his command, rendered good service as guides. He disembarked his force at the mouth of a small creek one mile above Fort Massac, June 39, and, directing his course across the country, on the evening of the sixth day (July 4, 1778) arrived within three miles of Kaskaskia. The surprise of the unsuspecting citizens of Kas- kaskia and its small garrison was complete. His force having, under cover of darkness, been ferried across the Kaskaskia River, about a mile •above the town, one detachment surrounded the town, while the other seized the fort, capturing Rocheblave and his little command without fir- ing a gun. The famous Indian fighter and hunter, Simon Kenton, led the way to the fort. This is supposed to have been what Captain Pitt- man called the "Jesuits' house," which had been sold by the French Government after the country was ceded to England, the Jesuit order having been suppressed. A wooden fort, erected in 1736, and known afterward by the British as Fort Gage, had stood on the bluff opposite the town, but, according to Pittman, this was burnt in 1766, and there is no evidence that it was ever rebuilt. Clark's expedition was thus far a complete suc- cess. Rocheblave, proving recalcitrant, was 253 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. placed in irons and sent as a prisoner of war to Williamsburg, while his slaves were confiscated, the proceeds of their sale being divided among Clark's troops. The inhabitants were easily conciliated, and Cahokia having been captured without bloodshed, Clark turned his attention to Vincennes. Through the influence of Pierre Gibault — the Vicar-General in charge at Kaskas- kia — the people of Vincennes were induced to swear allegiance to the United States, and, although the place was afterward captured by a British force from Detroit, it was, on Feb. 24, 1779, recaptured by Colonel Clark, together with a body of prisoners but little smaller than the attacking force, and 550,000 worth of prop- erty. (See Clark, Col. George Sogers.) Under Government op Virginia. — Seldom in the history of the world have such important results been achieved by such insignificant instru- mentalities and with so little sacrifice of life, as in this almost bloodless campaign of the youthful conqueror of Illinois. Having been won largely through Virginia enterprise and valor and by material aid furnished through Governor Henry, the Virginia House of Delegates, in October, 1778, proceeded to assert the jurisdiction of that commonwealth over the settlements of the North- west, by organizing all the country west and north of the Ohio River into a county to be called "Illinois," (see Illinois County), and empowering the Governor to appoint a "County-Lieutenant or Commandant-in-Chief" to exercise civil author- ity during the pleasure of the appointing power. Thus "Illinois County" was older than the States of Ohio or Indiana, while Patrick Henry, the elo- quent orator of the Revolution, became ex-officio its first Governor. Col. John Todd, a citizen of Kentucky, was appointed "County -Lieutenant," Dec. 12, 1778, entering upon his duties in May following. The militia was organized, Deputy -Commandants for Kaskaskia and Cahokia appointed, and the first election of civil officers ever had in Illinois, was iield under Colonel Todd's direction. His record-book, now in posses- sion of the Chicago Historical Society, shows that he was accustomed to exercise powers scarcely inferior to those of a State Executive. (See Todd, Col. John.) In 1782 one "Thimothe Demunbrunt" sub- scribed himself as "Lt. oomd'g par interim, etc." — but the origin of his authority is not clearly understood. He assumed to act as Commandant ' until the arrival of Gov. Arthur St. Clair, .first Territorial Governor of the Northwest Territory, in 1790. After the close of the Revolution, courts ceased to be held and civil affairs fell into great disorder. "In effect, there was neither law nor order in the 'Illinois Country' for the seven years from 1783 to 1790." During the progress of the Revolution, there were the usual rumors and alarms in the "Illinois Country" peculiar to frontier life in time of war. The country, however, was singularly exempt from any serious calamity such as a general massacre. One reason for this was the friendly relations which had existed between the French and their Indian neighbors previous to the con- quest, and which the new masters, after the cap- ture of Kaskaskia, took pains to perpetuate. Several movements were projected by the British and their Indian allies about Detroit and in Can- ada, but they were kept so busy elsewhere that they had little time to put their plans into execu- tion. One of these was a proposed movement from Pensacola against the Spanish posts on the lower Mississippi, to punish Spain for having engaged in the war of 1779, but the promptness with which the Spanish Governor of New Orleans proceeded to capture Fort Manchac, Baton Rouge and Natchez from their British possessors, con- vinced the latter that this was a "game at which two could play." In ignorance of these results, an expedition, 750 strong, composed largely of Indians, fitted out at Mackinaw iinder command of Capt. Patrick St. Clair, started in the early part of May, 1780, to co-operate with the expedition on the lower Mississippi, but intending to deal a destructive blow to the Illinois villages and the Spanish towns of St. Louis and St. Genevieve on the way. This expedition reached St. Louis, May 26, but Col. George Rogers Clark, having arrived at Cahokia with a small force twenty-four hours earlier, prepared to co-operate with the Spaniards on the western shore of the Mississippi, and the invading force confined their depredations to kill- ing seven or eight villagers, and then beat a hasty retreat in the direction they had come. These were the last expeditions organized to regain the "Country of the Ilhnois" or capture Spanish posts on the Mississippi. Expeditions Against Fort St. Joseph. — An expedition of a different sort is worthy of mention in this connection, as it originated in Illinois. This consisted of a company of seventeen men, led by one Thomas Brady, a citizen of Cahokia, who, marching across the country, in the month of October, 1780, after the retreat of Sinclair, from St. Louis, succeeded in surprising and cap- turing Fort St. Joseph about where La Salle had erected Fort Miami, near the mouth of the St. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 253 Joseph River, a hundred years before. Brady and his party captured a few British prisoners, and a large quantity of goods. On their return, while encamped on the Calumet, they were attacked by a band of Pottawatomies, and all were killed, wounded or taken prisoners except Brady and two others, who escaped. Early in January, 1781, a party consisting of sixty-five whites, organized from St. Louis and Cahokia, with some 200 Indians, and headed by Don Eugenic Pourre, a Spaniard, started on a second expedition against Fort St. Joseph. By silencing the Indians, whom they met on their way, with promises of plunder, they were able to reach the fort without discovery, captured it and, raising the Spanish flag, formally took possession in the name of the King of Spain. After retaining pos- session for a few days, the party returned to St. Louis, but in negotiating the treaty of peace at Paris, in 1783, this incident was made the basis of a claim put forth by Spain to ownership of the "Illinois Cotintry" "by right of conquest." The Territorial Period. — At the very outset of its existence, the new Government of the United States was confronted with an embarrass- ing question which deeply affected the interests of the territory of which Illinois formed a part. This was the claim of certain States to lands lying between their western boundaries and the Mississippi River, then the western boundary of the Republic. These claims were based either upon the terms of their original charters or upon the cession of lands by the Indians, and it was under a claim of the former character, as well as by right of conquest, that Virginia assumed to ex- ercise authority over the "Illinois Country" after its capture by the Clark expedition. This con- struction was opposed by the States which, from their geographical position or other cause, had no claim to lands beyond their own boundaries, and the controversy was waged with considerable bitterness for several years, proving a formidable obstacle to the ratification of the Articles of Con- federation. As early as 1779 the subject received the attention of Congress in the adoption of a resolution requesting the States having such claims to "forbear settling or issuing warrants for unappropriated lands or granting the same during the continuance of the present (Revolu- tionary) War. " In the following year, New York authorized her Delegates in Congress to limit its boundaries in such manner as they might think expedient; and to cede to the Government its claim to western lands. The case was further com- plicated by the claims of certain land companies which had been previously organized. New York filed her cession to the General Government of lands claimed by her in October, 1782, followed by Virginia nearly a year later, and by Massa- chusetts and Connecticut in 1785 and 1786. Other States followed somewhat tardily, Georgia being the last, in 1802. The only claims of this charac- ter affecting lands in Illinois were those of Vir- ginia covering the southern part of the State, and Connecticut and Massachusetts applying to the northern portion. It was from the splendid domain north and west of the Ohio thus acquired from Virginia and other States, that the North- west Territory was finally organized. Ordinance of 1787. — The first step was taken in the passage by Congress, in 1784, of a resolution providing for the temporary government of the Western Territory, and this was followed three years later by the enactment of the celebrated Ordinance of 1787. While this latter document contained numerous provisions which marked a new departure in the science of free government — as, for instance, that declaring that "religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged" — its crowning feature was the sixth article, as follows: "There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said Territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." Although there has been considerable contro- versy as to the authorship of the above and other provisions of this immortal document, it is worthy of note that substantially the same lan- guage was introduced in the resolutions of 1784, by a Delegate from a slave State — Thomas Jeffer- son, of Virginia —though not, at that time, adopted. Jefferson was not a member of the Congress of 1787 (being then Minister to France), and could have had nothing directly to do with the later Ordinance; yet it is evident that the principle which he had advocated finally received the approval of eight out of the thirteen States, — all that were represented in that Congress— includ- ing the slave States of Virginia, Delaware, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. (See Ordinance of 1787.) Northwest Territory Organized.— Under the Ordinance of 1787, organizing the Northwest Territory, Gen. Arthur St. Clair, who had been a soldier of the Revolution, was appointed the first Governor on Feb. 1, 1788, with Winthrop , Sargent, Secretary, and Samuel Holden Parsons, 254 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. James Mitchell Varnum and John Cleves Symmes, Judges. All these were reappointed by- President Washington in 1789. The new Terri- torial Government was organized at Marietta, a settlement on the Ohio, July 15, 1788, but it was nearly two years later before Governor St. Clair visited Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia, March 5, 1790. The County of St. Clair (named after him) was organized at this time, embracing all the settlements between the Wabash and the Missis- sippi. (See St. Clair County.) He found the inhabitants generally in a deplorable condition, neglected by the Government, the courts of jus- tice practically abolished and many of the citizens sadly in need of the obligations due them from the Government for supplies furnished to Colonel Clark twelve years before. After a stay of three months, the Governor returned east. In 1795, Judge Turner held the first court in St. Clair County, at Cahokia, as the county-seat, although both Cahokia and Kaskaskia had been named as county-seats by Governor St. Clair. Out of the disposition of the local authorities to retain the official records at Cahokia, and consequent dis- agreement over the county-seat question, at least in part, grew the order of 1795 organizing the second county (Randolph), and Kaskaskia became its county-seat. In 1796 Governor St. Clair paid a second visit to Illinois, accompanied by Judge Symmes, who held court at both county-seats. On Nov. 4, 1791, occurred the defeat of Gov- ernor St. Clair, in the western part of the present State of Ohio, by a force of Indians under com- mand of Little Turtle, in which the whites sus- tained a heavy loss of both men and property — an event which had an unfavorable effect upon conditions throughout the Northwest Territory generally. St. Clair, having resigned his com- mand of the army, was succeeded by Gen. Anthony Wayne, who, in a vigorous campaign, overwhelmed the Indians with defeat. This resulted in the treaty with the Western tribes at Greenville, August 3, 1795, which was the begin- ning of a period of comparative peace with the Indians all over the Western Country. (See Wayne, (Gen.) Anthony.) First Tereitoeial Legislation.— In 1798, the Territory having gained the requisite population, an election of members of a Legislative Council and House of Representatives was held in accord- ance with the provisions of the Ordinance of 1787. This was the first Territorial Legislature organized in the history of the Republic. It met at Cincin- nati, Feb. 4, 1799, Shadrach Bond being the Delegate from St. Clair County and John Edgar from Randolph. Gen. William Henry Harrison, who had succeeded Sargent as Secretary of the Territory, June 26, 1798, was elected Delegate to Congress, receiving a majority of one vote over Arthur St. Glair, Jr. , son of the Governor. Ohio and Indiana Teeritories.— By act of Congress, May 7, 1800, the Northwest Territory was divided into Ohio and Indiana Territories; the latter embracing the region west of the pres- ent State of Ohio, and having its capital at "Saint Vincent" (Vincennes). May 13, WiUiam Henry Harrison, who had been the first Delegate in Con- gress from the Northwest Territory, was ap- pointed Governor of Indiana Territory, which at first consisted of three counties : Knox, St. Clair and Randolph — the two latter being within the boundaries of the present State of Illinois. Their aggregate population at this time was estimated at less than 5,000. During his administration Governor Harrison concluded thirteen treaties with the Indians, of which six related to the ces- sion of lands in Illinois. The first treaty relating to lands in Illinois was that of Greenvillej con- cluded by General Wayne in 1795. By this the Government acquired six miles square at the mouth of the Chicago River ; twelve miles square at the mouth of the Illinois; six miles square at the old Peoria fort; the post of Fort Ma.ssac; and 150,000 acres assigned to General Clark and his soldiers, besides all other lands "in possession of the French people and all other white settlers among them, the Indian title to which had been thus extinguished." (See Indian Treaties; also, Crreenville, Treaty of.) During the year 1803, the treaty with France for the purchase of Louisiana and West Florida was concluded, and on March 26, 1804, an act was passed by Congress attaching all that portion of Louisiana lying north of the thirty-third parallel of latitude and west of the Mississippi to Indiana Territory for governmental purposes. Tliis in- cluded the present States of Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, the two Dakotas and parts of Colorado, Wyoming and Mon- tana. This arrangement continued only until the following March, when Louisiana was placed under a separate Territorial organization. I'or four years Indiana Territory was governed under laws framed by the Governor and Judges, but, the population having increased to the re- quired number, an election was held, Sept. 11, 1804, on the proposition to advance the gov- ernment to the "second grade" by the election of a Territorial Legislature. The smallness of the vote indicated the indifference of the people on HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 365 the subject Out of 400 votes cast, the proposition received a majority of 138. The two Illinois counties cast a total of 142 votes, of which St. Clair furnished 81 and Randolph 61. The former gave a majority of 37 against the measure and the latter 19 in its favor, showing a net negative majority of 18. The adoption of the proposition was due, therefore, to the affirmative vote in the other coimties. There were in the Territory at this time six counties; one of these (Wayne) was in Michigan, which was set off, in 1805, as a sep- arate Territory. At the election of Delegates to a Territorial Legislature, held Jan. 3, 1805, Shad- rach Bond, Sr., and William Biggs were elected for St. Clair County and George Fisher for Ran- dolph. Bond having meanwhile become a mem- ber of the Legislative Council, Shadraoh Bond, Jr., was chosen his successor. The Legislature convened at Vincennes, Feb. 7, 1805, but only to recommend a list of persons from whom it was the duty of Congress to select a Legislative Council. In addition to Bond, Pierre Menard was chosen for Randolph and John Hay for St. Clair. Illinois Teeritory Organized. — The Illinois counties were represented in two regular and one special session of the Territorial Legislature dur- ing the time they were a part of Indiana Terri- tory. By act of Congress, which became a law Feb. 3, 1809, the Territory was divided, the west- em part being named Illinois. At this point the history of Illinois, as a sepa- rate political division, begins. While its bounda- ries in all other directions were as now, on the north it extended to the Canada line. From what has already been said, it appears that the earliest white settlements were established by French Canadians, chiefly at Kaskaskia, Cahokia and the other villages in the southern part of the American Bottom. At the time of Clark's in- vasion, there were not known to have been more than two Americans among these people, except such hunters and trappers as paid them occasional visits. One of the earliest American settlers in Southern Illinois was Capt. Nathan Hull, who came from Massachusetts and settled at an early day on the Ohio, near where Golconda now stands, afterward removing to the vicinity of Kaskaskia, where he died in 1806. In 1781, a company of immigrants, consisting (with one or two exceptions) of members of Clark's command in 1778, arrived with their families from Mary- land and Virginia and established themselves on the American Bottom. The "New Design" set- tlement, on the boundary line between St. Clair and Monroe Counties, and the first distinctively American colony in the "Illinois Country," was established by this party. Some of its members afterward became prominent in the history of the Territory and the State. William Biggs, a mem- ber of the first Territorial Legislature, with others, settled in or near Kaskaskia about 1783, and William Arundel, the first American mer- chant at Cahokia, came there from Peoria during the same year. Gen. John Edgar, for many years a leading citizen and merchant at the capital, arrived at Kaskaskia in 1784, and William Mor- rison, Kaskaskia's principal merchant, came from Philadelphia as early as 1790, followed some years afterward by several brothers. James Lemen came before the beginning of the present cen- tury, and was the founder of a large and influ- ential family in the vicinity of Shiloh, St. Clair County, and Rev. David Badgley headed a colony of 154 from Virginia, who arrived in 1797. Among other prominent arrivals of this period were John Rice Jones, Pierre Menard (first Lieutenant-Governor of the State), Shadrach Bond, Jr. (first Governor), John Hay, John Messinger, William Kinney, Capt. Joseph Ogle; and of a later date, Nathaniel Pope (afterward Secretary of the Territory, Delegate to Congress, Justice of the United States Court and father of the late Maj.-Gen. John Pope), Elias Kent Kane (first Secretary of State and afterward United States Senator), Daniel P. Cook (first Attorney- General and second Representative in Congress), George Forquer (at one time Secretary of State), and Dr. George Fisher — all prominent in Terri- torial or State history. (See biographical sketches of these early settlers under their re- spective names.) The government of the new Territory was organized by the appointment of Ninian Ed- wards, Governor; Nathaniel Pope, Secretary, and Alexander Stuart, Obadiah Jones and Jesse B. Thomas, Territorial Judges. (See Edwards, Ninian.) Stuart having been transferred to Missouri, Stanley Griswold was appointed in his stead. Governor Edwards arrived at Kas- kaskia, the capital, in June, 1809. At that time the two counties of St. Clair and Randolph comprised the settled portion of the Territory, with a white population estimated at about 9,000. The Governor and Judges immediately proceeded . to formulate a code of laws, and the appoint- ments made by Secretary Pope, who had preceded the Governor in his arrival in the Territory, were confirmed. Benjamin H. Doyle was the first Attorney-General, but he resigned in a few 356 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. months, when the place was offered to John J. Crittenden — the well-known United States Sen- ator from Kentucky at the beginning of the Civil War — but by him declined. Thomas T. Crittenden was then appointed. An incident of the year 1811 was the battle of Tippecanoe, resulting in the defeat of Tecumseh, the great chief of the Shawnees, by Gen. William Henry Harrison. Four companies of mounted rangers were raised in Illinois this year under direction of Col. William Russell, of Kentucky, who built Camp Russell near Edwardsville the following year. They were commanded by Cap- tains Samuel Whiteside, William B. Whiteside, James B. Moore and Jacob Short. The memo- rable earthquake which had its center about New Madrid, Mo., occurred in December of this year, and was quite violent in some portions of Southern Illinois. (See Earthquake of 1811. ) War of 1812. — During the following year the second war with England began, but no serious outbreak occurred in Illinois until August, 1813, when the massacre at Fort Dearborn, where Chicago now stands, took place. This had long been a favoi-ite trading post of the Indians, at first under French occupation and afterward under the Americans. Sometime during 1803-04, a fort had been built near the mouth of Chicago River on the south side, on land acquired from the Indians by the treaty of Greenville in 1795. (See Fort Dearborn.) In the spring of 1813 some alarm had been caused by outrages committed by Indians in the vicinity, and in the early part of August, Capt. Nathan Heald, commanding the garrison of less than seventy-five men, received instructions from General Hull, in command at Detroit, to evacuate the fort, disposing of the public property as he might see fit. Friendly Indians advised Heald either to make prepara- tions for a vigorous defense, or evacuate at once. Instead of this, he notified the Indians of his in- tention to retire and divide the stores among them, with the conditions subsequently agreed upon in council, that his garrison should be afforded an escort and safe passage to Fort Wayne. On the 14th of August he proceeded to distribute the bulk of the goods as promised, but the ammunition, guns and liquors were de- stroyed. This he justified on the ground that a bad use would be made of them, while the Indians construed it as a violation of the agree- ment. The tragedy which followed, is thus de- scribed in Moses' "History of Illinois:" "Black Partridge, a Pottawatomie Chief, who had been on terms of friendship with the whites. appeared before Captain Heald and informed him plainly that his young men intended to imbrue their hands in the blood of the whites; that he was no longer able to restrain them, and, ' surrendering a medal he had worn in token of amity, closed by saying: 'I will not wear a token of peace while I am compelled to act as an enemy. ' In the meantime the Indians were riot- ing upon the provisions, and becoming so aggres- sive in their bearing that it was resolved to march out the next day. The fatal fifteenth arrived. To each soldier was distributed twenty-five rounds of reserved ammunition. The baggage and ambulance wagons were laden, and the gar- rison slowly wended its way outside the protect- ing walls of the fort — the Indian escort of 500 following in the rear. What next occurred in this disastrous movement is narrated by Captain Heald in his report, as follows : 'The situation of the country rendered it necessary for us to take the beach, with the lake on our left, and a high sand bank on our right at about three hundred yards distance. We had proceeded about a mile and a half, when it was discovered (by Captain Wells) that the Indians were prepared to attack us from behind the bank. I immediately marched up with the company to the top of the bank, when the action commenced; after firing one round, we charged, and the Indians gave way in front and joined those on our flanks. In about fif- teen minutes they got possession of all our horses, provisions and baggage of every description, and finding the Miamis (who had come from Fort Wayne with Captain Wells to act as an escort) did not assist us, I drew off the few men I had left and took possession of a small elevation in the open prairie out of shot of the bank, or any other cover. The Indians did not follow me but assembled in a body on top of the bank, and after some consultation among themselves, made signs for me to approach them. I advanced toward themi alone, and was met by one of the Potta- watomie chiefs called Black Bird, with an inter- preter. After shaking hands, he requested me to surrender, promising to spare the lives of all the prisoners. On a few moments' consideration I concluded it would be most prudent to comply with this request, although I did not put entire confidence in his promise. The troops had made a brave defense, but what could so small a force do against such overwhelming numbers? It was evident with over half their number dead upon the field, or wounded, further resistance would be hopeless. Twenty-six i-egulai's and twelve militia, with two women and twelve children, were killed. Among the slain were Captain Wells, Dr. Van Voorhis and Ensign George Ronan. (Captain Wells, when young, had been captured by Indians and had married among them.) He (Wells) was familiar with all the wiles, stratagems, as well as the vindictiveness of the Indian character, and when the conflict began, he said to his niece (Mrs. Heald), by whose side he was standing, 'We have not the slightest chance for life ; we must part to meet no more in this world. God bless you.' With these words he dashed forward into the thickest of the fight. He refused to be taken prisoner, knowing what his fate would be, when a young HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 257 Ted-skin cut him down with his tomahawk, jumped lipon his body, cut out his heart and ate a portion of it with savage delight. "The prisoners taken were Captain Heald and wife, both wounded. Lieutenant Helm, also wounded, and wife, with twenty-five non-com- missioned officers and privates, and eleven women and children. The loss of the Indians was fifteen killed. Mr. Kinzie's family had been entrusted to the care of some friendly Indians and were not with the retiring garrison. The Indians engaged in this outrage were principally Pottawatomies, with a few Chippewas, Ottawas, Winnebagoes, and Kickapoos. Fort Dearborn was plundered and burned on the next morning." (See For^ Dearborn; also War of 18 IB. ) Thus ended the most bloody tragedy that ever occurred on the soil of Illinois with Americans as victims. The place where this affair occurred, as described by Captain Heald, was on the lake shore about the foot of Eighteenth Street in the present city of Chicago. After the destruction of the fort, the site of the present city of Chicago remained unoccupied until 1816, when the fort was rebuilt. At that time the bones of the vic- tims of the massacre of 1813 still lay bleaching upon the sands near the lake shore, but they were gathered up a few years later and buried. ■ The new fort continued to be occupied somewhat irregularly until 1837, when it was finally aban- doned, there being no longer any reason for maintaining it as a defense against the Indians. Other Events of the War. — The part played by Illinois in the War of 1813, consisted chiefly in looking after the large Indian population within and near its borders. Two expeditions were undertaken to Peoria Lake in the Fall of 1813; the first of these, under the direction of Governor Edwards, burned two Kickapoo vil- lages, one of them being that of "Black Part- ridge," who had befriended the whites at Fort Dearborn. A few weeks later Capt. Thomas E. • Craig, at the head of a company of militia, made a - descent upon the ancient French village of Peoria, on the pretext that the inhabitants had har- bored hostile Indians and fired on his boats. He hurned a part of the town and, taking the people as prisoners down the river, put them ashore below Alton, in the beginning of winter. Both these affairs were severely censured. There were expeditions against the Indians on the Illinois and Upper Mississippi in 1813 and 1814. In the latter year, Illinois troops took part with credit in two engagements at Rock Island — the last of these being in co-operation with regu- lars, under command of Maj. Zachary Taylor, afterwards President, against a force of Indians -supported by the British. Fort Clark at Peoria was erected in 1813, and Fort Edwards at War- saw, opposite the mouth of the Des Moines, at the close of the campaign of 1814. A council with the Indians, conducted by Governors Edwards of Illinois and Clarke of Missouri, and Auguste Chouteau, a merchant of St. Louis, as Government Commissioners, on the Mississippi just below Alton, in July, 1815, concluded a treaty of peace with the principal Northwestern tribes, thus ending the war. FiKST Territorial Legislature.— By act of Congress, adopted May 31, 1812, the Territory of Illinois was raised to the second grade— i. e., em- powered to elect a Territorial Legislature! In September, three additional counties— Madison, Gallatin and Johnson — were organized, making five in all, and, in October, an election for the choice of five members of the Council and seven Representatives was held, resulting as follows: Councihnen— Pierre Menard of Randolph County ; William Biggs of St. Clair; Samuel Judy of Madison; Thomas Ferguson of Johnson, and Benjamin Talbot of Gallatin. Representatives- George Fisher of Randolph ; Joshua Oglesby and Jacob Short of St. Clair ; William Jones of Madi- son ; Philip Trammel and Alexander Wilson of Gallatin, and John Grammar of Johnson. The Legislature met at Kaskaskia, Nov. 85, the Coun- cil organizing with Pierre Menard as President and John Thomas, Secretary; and the House, with George Fisher as Speaker and William C. Greenup, Clerk. Shadrach Bond was elected the first Delegate to Congress. A second Legislature was elected in 1814, con- vening at Kaskaskia, Nov. 14. Menard was con- tinued President of the Council during the whole Territorial period; while George Fisher was Speaker of each House, except the Second. The county of Edwards was organized in 1814, and White in 1815. Other counties organized under the Territorial Government were Jackson, Mon- roe, Crawford and Pope in 1816; Bond in 1817, and Franklin, Union and Washington in 1818, making fifteen in all. Of these all but the three last-named were organized previous to the passage by Congress of the enabling act author- izing the Territory of Illinois to organize a State government. In 1816 the Bank of Illinois was established at Shawneetown, with branches at Edwardsville and Kaskaskia. Early Towns. — Besides the French villages in the Aiherican Bottom, there is said to have been a French and Indian village on the west bank of Peoria Lake, as early as 1711. This site appears to have been abandoned about 1775 and a new 258 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. village established on the present site of Peoria soon after, which was maintained until 1812, when it was broken up by Captain Craig. Other early towns were Shawneetown, laid out in 1808 ; Belleville, established as the county-seat of St. Clair County, in 1814; EdwardsviUe, founded in 1815; Upper Alton, in 1816, and Alton, in 1818. Carmi, Fairfield, Waterloo, Golconda, Lawrence- ville, Mount Carmel and Vienna also belonged to this period; while Jacksonville, Springfield and Galena were settled a few years later. Chicago is mentioned in "Beck's Gazetteer" of 1823, as "a village of Pike County." Admission as a State.— The preliminary steps for the admission of Illinois as a State, were taken in the passage of an Enabling Act by Congress, April 13, 1818. An important incident in this connection was the amendment of the act, mak- ing the parallel of 42° 30' from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi Elver the northern boundary, instead of a line extending from the southern extremity of the Lake. This was obtained through the influence of Hon. Nathaniel Pope, then Delegate from Illinois, and by it the State secured a strip of country fifty-one miles in width, from the Lake to the Mississippi, embrac- ing what have since become fourteen of the most populous counties of the State, including the city of Chicago. The political, material and moral results which have followed this important act, have been the subject of much interesting dis- cussion and cannot be easily over-estimated. (See Northern Boundary Question; also Pope, Nathaniel. ) Another measure of great importance, which Mr. Pope secured, was a modification of the provision of the Enabling Act requiring the appropriation of five per cent of the proceeds from the sale of pub- lic lands within the State, to the construction of roads and canals. The amendment which he secured authorizes the application of two-fifths of this fund to the making of roads leading to the State, but requires "the residue to be appropri- ated by the Legislature of the State for the encouragement of learning, of which one-sixth part shall be exclusively bestowed on a college or university." This was the beginning of that system of liberal encouragement of education by the General Government, which has been at- tended with such beneficent results in the younger States, and has reflected so much honor upon the Nation. (See Education; Railroads, and Illinois to his destination, where he eventually gave each head of a family 160 acres of land. Arrived at Edwardsville, he assumed the position of Register of the Land Office, to which he had been appointed by President Mon- roe, before leaving Virginia. The act of Coles with reference to his slaves established his reputation as an opponent of slavery, and it was in this attitude that he stood as a candidate for Governor — both Phillips and Browne being friendly to "the institution," which had had a virtual existence in the "Illinois Country" from the time Renault brought 500 260 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. slaves to the vicinity of Kaskaskia, one hun- dred years before. Although the Constitution declared that "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall hereafter be introduced into the State," this had not been effectual in eliminating it. In fact, while this language was construed, so long as it remained in the Constitution, as prohibiting legislation authorizing the admission of slaves from without, it was not regarded as inimical to the institution as it already existed ; and, as the population came largely from the slave States, there had been a rapidly growing sentiment in favor of removing the inhibitory clause. Although the pro-slavery party was divided between two candidates for Governor, it had hardly contemplated the possibility of defeat, and it was consequently a surprise when the returns showed that Coles was elected, receiv- ing 2,854 votes to 2,687 for Phillips, 2,443 for Browne and 623 for Moore — Coles' plurality being 167 in a total of 8,606. Coles thus became Governor on less than one-third of the popular vote. Daniel P. Cook, who had made the race for Congress at the same election against McLean, as an avowed opponent of slavery, was successful by a majority of 876. (See Coles, Edward; also Cook, Daniel Pope. ) The real struggle was now to occur in the Legis- lature, which met Dec. 2, 1822. The House organized with William M. Alexander as Speaker, while the Senate elected Thomas Lippincott (afterwards a prominent Presbyterian minister and the father of the late Gen. Charles E. Lippin- cott), Secretary, and Henry S. Dodge, Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk. The other State officers appointed by the Governor, or elected by the Legislature, were Samuel D. Lookwood, Secretary of State ; Elijah C. Berry, Auditor ; Abner Field, Treasurer, and James Turney, Attorney -General. Lookwood had served nearly two years previously as Attorney-General, but remained in the office of Secretary of State only three months, when he resigned to accept the position of Receiver for the Land Office. (See Lookwood, Samuel Drake. ) The slavery question came up in the Legisla- ture on the reference to a special committee of a portion of the Governor's message, calling atten- tion to the continued existence of slavery in spite of the ordinance of 1787, and recommending that steps be taken for its extinction. Majority and minority reports were submitted, the former claiming the right of the State to amend its Con- stitution and thereby make such disposition of the slaves as it saw proper. Out of this grew a resolution submitting to the electors at the next election a proposition for a convention to revise the Constitution. This passed the Senate by the necessary two-thirds vote, and, having come up in the House (Feb. 11, 1823), it failed by a single vote — Nicholas Hansen, a Representative from Pike County, whose seat had been unsuccessfully contested by John Shaw at the beginning of the session, being one of those voting in the negative. The next day, without further investigation, the majority proceeded to reconsider its action in seating Hansen two and a half months previ- ously, and Shaw was seated in his place ; though, in order to do this, some crooked work was nec- essary to evade the rules. Shaw being seated, the submission resolution was then passed. No more exciting campaign was ever had in Illinois. Of five papers then published in the State, "The Edwardsville Spectator," edited by Hooper Warren, opposed the measure, being finally rein- forced by "The Illinois Intelligencer," which had been removed to Vandalia; "The Illinois (Jaz- ette," at Shawneetown, published articles on both sides of the question, though rather favoring the anti-slavery cause, while "The Republican Advocate," at Kaska.skia, the organ of Senator EUas Kent Kane, and "The Republican," at Edwardsville, under direction of Judge Theophi- lus W. Smith, Emanuel J. West and Judge Samuel McRoberts (afterwards United States Senator), favored the Convention. The latter paper was established for the especial purpose of supporting the Convention scheme and was promptly discontinued on the defeat of the meas- ure. (See Newspapers, Early.) Among other supporters of the Convention proposition were Senator Jesse B. Thomas, John McLean, Richard M. Young, Judges Phillips, Browne and Reynolds, of the Supreme Court, and many more; while among the leading champions of the opposition, were Judge Lookwood, George Forquer (after- ward Secretary of State), Morris Birkbeok, George Churchill, Thomas Mather and Rev. Thomas Lip- pincott. Daniel P. Cook, then Representative in Congress, was the leading champion of freedom on the stump, while Governor Coles contributed the salary of his entire term (§4,000), as well as his influence, to the support of the cause. Gov- ernor Edwards (then in the Senate) was the owner of slaves and occupied a non-committal position. The election was held August 2, 1824, resulting in 4,972 votes for a Convention, to 6,640 against it, defeating the proposition by a majority of 1,668. Considering the size of the aggregate vote (11,612), the result was a decisive one. By it Illinois escaped the greatest danger it ever en- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 361 countered previous to the War of the Rebellion. (See Slavery and Slave Laws. ) At the same election Cook was re-elected to Congress by 3,016 majority over Shadrach Bond. The vote for President was divided between John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay and William H. Crawford — Adams receiving a plurality, but much below a majority. The Elect- oral College failing, to elect a President, the decision of the question passed into the hands of the Congressional House of Representatives, when Adams was elected, receiving the vote of Illinois through its only Representative, Mr. Cook. During the remainder of his term, Governor Coles was made the victim of much vexatious litigation at the hands of his enemies, a verdict being rendered against him in the sum of $2,000 for bringing his emancipated negroes into the State, in violation of the law of 1819. The Legis- lature having passed an act releasing him from the penalty, it was declared unconstitutional by a malicious Circuit Judge, though his decision was promptly reversed by the Supreme Court. Having lived a few years on his farm near Edwardsville, in 1833 he removed to Philadelphia, where he spent the remainder of his days, his death occurring there, July 7, 1868. In the face of opprobrium and defamation, and sometimes in danger of mob violence, Governor Coles per- formed a service to the State which has scarcely yet been fully recognized. (See Coles, Edward. ) A ridiculous incident of the closing year of Coles' administration was the attempt of Lieut. - Gov. Frederick Adolphus Hubbard, after having tasted the sweets of executive power during the Governor's temporary absence from the State, to usurp the position after the Governor's return. The ambitious aspirations of the would-be usurper were suppressed by the Supreme Court. An interesting event of the year 1825, was the visit of General La Fayette to Kaskaskia. He was welcomed in an address by Governor Coles, and the event was made the occasion of much festivity by the French citizens of the ancient capital. (See La Fayette, Visit of. ) The first State House at Vandalia having been destroyed by flre, Dec. 9, 1823, a new one was erected during the following year at a cost of 113,381.50, toward which the people of Vandalia contributed $5,000. Edwards' Administration. — The State elec- tion of 1836 resulted in again calling Ninian Edwards to the gubernatorial chair, which he had fiUed during nearly the whole of the exist- ence of Illinois as a Territory. Elected one of the first United States Senators, and re-elected for a second term in 1819, he had resigned this office in 1824 to accept the position of Minister to Mexico, by appointment of President Monroe. Having become involved in a controversy with William H. Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury, he resigned the Mexican mission, and, after a period of retirement to private life for the first time after he came to Illinois, he appealed to the people of the State for endorsement, with the result stated. His administration was unevent- ful except for the "Winnebago War," which caused considerable commotion on the frontier, without resulting in much bloodshed. Governor Edwards was a fine specimen of the "old school gentleman" of that period — dignified and polished in his manners, courtly and precise in his address, proud and ambitious, with a tendency to the despotic in his bearing in consequence of having been reared in a slave State and his long connec- tion with the executive office. His early educa- tion had been under the direction of the celebrated William Wirt, between whom and himself a close friendship existed. He was wealthy for the time, being an extensive land- owner as well as slave-holder and the proprietor of stores and mills, which were managed by agents, but he lost heavily by bad debts. He was for many years a close friend of Hooper Warren, the pioneer printer, furnishing the material with which the latter published his papers at Spring- field and Galena. At the expiration of his term of office near the close of 1880, he retired to his home at Belleville, where, after making an un- successful campaign for Congress in 1832, in which he was defeated by Charles Slade, he died of cholera, July 30, 1833. (See Edwards, Ninian.) William Kinney, of Belleville, who was a can- didate for Lieutenant-Governor on the ticket opposed to Edwards, was elected over Samuel M. Thompson. In 1830, Kinney became a candidate for Governor but was defeated by John Reynolds, known as the "Old Ranger." One of the argu- ments used against Kinney in this campaign was that, in the Legislature of 1828, he was one of three members who voted against the Illinois & Michigan Canal, on the ground that "it (the canal) would make an opening for the Yankees to come to the country." During Edwards' administration the first steps were taken towards the ejection of a State peni- tentiary at Alton, funds therefor being secured by the sale of a portion of the saline lands in Gal- latin County. {See Alton Penitentiary.) The first 263 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Commissioners having charge of its construction were Shadrach Bond, William P. McKee and Dr. Gershom Jayne — the last-named the father of Dr. William Jayne of Springfield, and father-in- law of the late Senator Lyman Trumbull. Governor Reynolds— Black Hawk War. — The election of 1830 resulted in the choice of John Reynolds for Governor over William Kinney, by a majority of 3,899, in a total vote of 49,051, while Zadoo Casey, the candidate on the Kinney ticket, was elected Lieutenant-Governor. (See Reynolds, John.) The most important event of Reynolds' admin- istration was the "Black-Hawk War." Eight thousand militia were called out during this war to reinforce 1,500 regular troops, the final result being the driving of 400 Indians west of the Mis- sissippi. Rock Island, which had been the favor- ite rallying point of the Indians for generations, was the central point at the beginning of this war. It is impossible to give the details of this complicated struggle, which was protracted through two campaigns (1831 and 1832), though there was no fighting worth speaking of except in the last, and no serious loss to the whites in that, except the surprise and defeat of Stillman's command. Beardstown was the base of opera- tions in each of these campaigns, and that city has probably never witnessed such scenes of bustle and excitement since. The Indian village at Rock Island was destroyed, and the fugitives, after being pursued through Northern Illinois and Southwestern Wisconsin without being allowed to surrender, were driven beyond the Mississippi in a famishing condition and with spirits completely broken. Galena, at that time the emporium of the "Lead Mine Region," and the largest town in the State north of Springfield, was the center of great excitement, as the war was waged in the region surrounding it. (See Black Hawk War. ) Although cool judges have not regarded this campaign as refiecting honor upon either the prowess or the magnanimity of the whites, it was remarkable for the number of those connected with it whose names afterwards became famous in the history of the State and the Nation. Among them were two who after- wards became Presidents of the United States — Col. Zachary Taylor of the regular army, and Abraham Lincoln, a Captain in the State militia — besides Jefferson Davis, then a Lieutenant in the regular army and afterwards head of the Southern Confederacy; three subsequent Gov- ernors — Duncan, Carlin and Ford — besides Gov- ernor Reynolds, who at that time occupied the gubernatorial chair; James Semple, afterwards United States Senator ; John T. Stuart, Lincoln's law preceptor and partner, and later a Member of Congress, to say nothing of many others, who, in after years, occupied prominent positions as mem- bers of Congress, the Legislature or otherwise. Among the latter were Gen. John J. Hardin; the late Joseph Gillespie, of Edwardsville ; Col. John Dement ; William Thomas of Jackson- ville; Lieut. -Col. Jacob Fry; Henry Dodge and others. Under the census of 1830, Illinois became entitled to three Representatives in Congress instead of one, by whom it had been represented from the date of its admission as a State. Lieu- tenant-Governor Casey, having been elected to the Twenty-third Congress for the Second Dis- trict under the new apportionment, on March 1, 1833, tendered his resignation of the Lieutenant- Governorship, and was succeeded by William L. D. Ewing, Temporary President of the Senate. {See Apportionment, Congressional; Casey, Zadoc, and Representatives in Congress.) Within two weeks of the close of his term (Nov. 17, 1834), Governor Reynolds followed the example of his associate in office by resigning the Governorship to accept the seat in Congress for the First (or Southern) District, which had been rendered vacant by the death of Hon. Charles Slade, the incumbent in office, in July previous. This opened the way for a new promotion of acting Lieutenant-Governor Ewing, who thus had the distinction of occupying the gubernatorial office for the brief space of two weeks. (See Reynolds, John, and Slade, Charles. ) Ewing probably held a greater variety of offices under the State, than any other man who ever lived in it. Repeatedly elected to each branch of the General Assembly, he more than once filled the chair of Speaker of the House and President of the Senate ; served as Acting Lieu- tenant-Governor and Governor by virtue of the resignation of his superiors; was United States Senator from 1835 to 1837; still later became Clerk of the House where he had presided as Speaker, finally, in 1843, being elected Auditor of Public Accounts, and dying in that office three years later. In less than twenty years, he held eight or ten different offices, including the high- est in the State. (See Ewing, William Lee David- son.) Duncan's Administration. — Joseph Duncan, who had served the State as its only Represent- ative in three Congresses, was elected Governor, August, 1834, over four competitors— WilUam • HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 263 Kinney, Robert K. McLaughlin, James Evans and W. B. Archer. (See Duncan, Joseph. ) His administration was made memorable by the large number of distinguished men who either entered public life at this period or gained additional prominence by their connection with public affairs. Among these were Abraham Lin- coln and Stephen A. Douglas; Col. E. D. Baker, who afterward and at different times represented Illinois and Oregon in the councils of the Nation, and who fell at Ball's Bluff in 1863; Orville H. Browning, a prospective United States Senator and future cabinet officer; Lieut. -Gov. John Dougherty; Gen. James Shields, Col. John J. Hardin, Archibald Williams, Cyrus and Ninian W. Edwards; Dr. John Logan, father of Gen. John A. Logan; Stephen T. Logan, and many more. During this administration was begun that gigantic scheme of "internal improvements," which proved so disastrous to the financial inter- ests of the State. The estimated cost of the various works undertaken, was over 111,000,000, and though little of substantial value was real- ized, yet, in 1852, the debt (principal and inter- est) thereby incurred (including that of the canal), aggregated nearly 117,000,000. The col- lapse of the scheme was, no doubt, hastened by the unexpected suspension of specie payments by the banks all over the country, which followed soon after its adoption. (See Internal Improve- ment Policy; also State Debt.) Capital Removed to Springfield. — At the session of the General Assembly of 1836-37, an act was passed removing the State capital to Spring- field, and an appropriation of §50,000 was made to erect a building ; to this amount the city of Spring- field added a like sum, besides donating a site. In securing the passage of these acts, the famous "Long Nine," consisting of A. G. Herndon and Job Fletcher, in the Senate ; and Abraham Lin- coln, Ninian W. Edwards, John Dawson, Andrew McConnick, Dan Stone, WilUam F. Elkin and Robert L. Wilson, in the House — all Representa- tives from Sangamon County — splayed a leading part. The Murder of Love joy. — An event occurred near the close of Governor Duncan's term, w^hich left a stain upon the locality, but for which his administration had no direct responsibility; to- wit, the murder of Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, by a pro-slavery mob at Alton. Lovejoy was a native of Maine, who, coming to St. Louis in 1827, had been employed upon various papers, the last being "The St. Louis Observer." The outspoken hostility of this paper to slavery aroused a bitter local opposition which led to its removal to Alton, where the first number of "The Alton Observer" was issued, Sept. 8, 1836, though not until one press and a considerable portion of the material had been desti-oyed by a mob. On the night of August 21, 1887, there was a second destruction of the material, when a third press having been procured, it was taken from the warehouse and thrown into the Mississippi. A fourth press was ordered, and, pending its arrival, Lovejoy appeared before a public meet- ing of his opponents and, in an impassioned address, maintained his right to freedom of speech, declaring in conclusion: "If the civil authorities refuse to protect me, I must look to God ; and if I die, I have determined to make my grave in Alton." These words proved prophetic. The new press was stored in the warehouse of Godfrey, Gillman & Co., on the night of Nov. 6, 1887. A guard of sixty volunteers remained about the building the next day, but when night came all but nineteen retired to their homes. During the night a mob attacked the building, when a shot from the inside killed Lyman Bishop. An attempt was then made by the rioters to fire the warehouse by sending a man to the roof. To dislodge the incendiary, Lovejoy, with two others, emerged from the building, when two or three ihen in concealment fired upon him, the shots taking effect in a vital part of his body, causing his death almost instantly. He was buried the following day without an inquest. Several of the attacking party and the defenders of the building were tried for riot and acquitted — ^the former probably on account of popular sympathy with the crime, and the latter because they were guiltless of any crime except that of defending private property and attempting to preserve the law. The act of firing the fatal shots has been charged upon two men — a Dr. Jennings and his comrade. Dr. Beall. The former, it is said, was afterwards cut to pieces in a bar-room fight in Vicksburg, Miss., while the latter, having been captured by Comanche Indians in Texas, was burned alive. On the other hand, Lovejoy has been honored as a martyr and the sentiments for which he died have triumphed. (See Lovejoy, Elijah Parish; also Alton Riots.) Cablin Succeeds to the Governorship.— Duncan was succeeded by Gov. Thomas Carlin, who was chosen at the election of 1838 over Cyrus Edwards (a younger brother of Gov. Ninian Edwards), who was the Whig candidate. 264 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. The successful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor was Stinson H. Anderson of Jefferson County. (See Carlin, {Gov.) Thomas; Anderson, Stinson H.) Among the members of the Legislature chosen at this time we find the names of Orville H. Browning, Robert Blaokwell, George Churchill, William G. Gatewood, Ebenezer Peck (of Cook County), William A. Richardson, Newton Cloud, J«»sse K. Dubois, O. B. Fioklin, Vital Jarrot, John Logan, William F. Thornton and Archibald Williams — all men of prominence in the subse- quent history of the State. This was the last Legislature that assembled at Vandalia, Spring- field becoming the capital, July 4, 1839. The corner-stone of the first State capitol at Spring- field was laid with imposing ceremonies, July 4, 1837, Col. E. D. Baker delivering an eloquent address. Its estimated cost was $130,000, but $240,000 was expended upon it before its com- pletion. An incident of this campaign was the election to Congress, after a bitter struggle, of John T. Stuart over Stephen A. Douglas from the Third District, by a majority of fourteen votes. Stuart was re-elected in 1840, but in 1843 he was suc- ceeded, under a new apportionment, by Col. John J. Hardin, while Douglas, elected from the Quincy District, then entered the National Coun- cils for the first time. Field-McClebnand Contest. — An exciting event connected with Carlin's administration was the attempt to remove Alexander P. Field from the ofiice of Secretary of State, which he had held since 1828. Under the Constitution of 1818, this ofiice was filled by nomination by the Gov- ernor "with the advice and consent of the Senate." Carlin nominated John A. McCler- nand to supersede Field, but the Senate refused to confirm the nomination. After adjournment of the Legislature, McClernand attempted to obtain possession of the ofiice by writ of quo warranto. The Judge of a Circuit Court decided the case in his favor, but this decision was overruled by the Supreme Court. A special session having been called, in November, 1840, Stephen A. Douglas, then of Morgan County, was nominated and con- firmed Secretary of State, but held the position only a few months, when he resigned to accept a place on the Supreme bench, being succeeded as Secretary by Lyman Trumbull. Supreme Court Revolutionized. — Certain decisions of some of the lower courts about this time, bearing upon the suffrage of aliens, excited the apprehension of the Democrats, who had heretofore been in political control of the State, and a movement was started in the Legislature to reorganize the Supreme Court, a majority of whom were Whigs. The Democrats were not unanimous in favor of the measure, but, after a bitter struggle, it was adopted, receiving a bare majority of one in the House. Under this act five additional Judges were elected, viz. : Thomas Ford, Sidney Breese, Walter B. Scates, Samuel H. Treat and Stephen A. Douglas — all Demo- crats. Mr. Ford, one of the new Judges, and afterwards Governor, has characterized this step- as "a confessedly violent and somewhat revolu- tionary measure, which could never have suc- ceeded except in times of great party excite- ment." The great Whig mass-meeting at Springfield, in June, 1840, was an incident of the political campaign of that year. No such popular assem- blage had ever been seen in the State before. It is estimated that 20,000 people — nearly five per cent of the entire population of the State — were present, including a large delegation from Chi- cago who marched overland, under command of the late Maj.-Gen. David Hunter, bearing with them many devices so popular in that memorable^ cainpaign. Ford Elected Governor. — Judge Thomas- Ford became the Democratic candidate for Gov- ernor in 1842, taking the place on the ticket of Col. Adam W. Snyder, who had died after nomi- nation. Ford was elected by more than 8,000 majority over ex-Governor Duncan, the Whig candidate. John Moore, of McLean County (who had been a member of the Legislature for several terms and was afterwards State Treasurer), was elected Lieutenant-Governor. (See Ford, Thomas; Snyder, Adam W., and Moore, John.) Embarrassing Questions. — The failure of the State and the Shawneetown banks, near the close of Carlin's administration, had produced a condi- tion of business depression that was felt all over the State. At the beginning of Ford's adminis- tration, the State debt was estimated at 115,657, - 950 — within about one million of the highest point it ever reached — while the total population was a little over half a million. In addition to these drawbacks, the Mormon question became a source of embarrassment. This people, after having been driven from Missouri, settled at Nauvoo, in Hancock County; they increased rapidly in numbers, and, by the arrogant course «f their leaders and their odious doctrines— especially with reference to "celestial marriage," and their assumptions of authority — aroused the bitter hostility of neighboring commuhities not HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. seS' of their faith. The popular indignation became greatly intensified by the course of unscrupulous politicians and the granting to the Mormons, by the Legislature, of certain charters and special privileges. Various charges were made against the obnoxious sect, including rioting, kidnap- ing, robbery, counterfeiting, etc., and the Gov- ernor called out the militia of the neighboring counties to preserve the peace. Joseph Smith — the founder of the sect — with his brother Hyrum and three others, were induced to surrender to the authorities at Carthage, on the 23d of June, 1844, under promise of protection of their per- sons. Then the charge was changed to treason and they were thrown into jail, a guard of eight men being placed about the building. A con- siderable portion of the militia had disbanded and returned home, while others were openly hostile to the prisoners. On June 37 a band of 150 disguised men attacked the jail, finding little opposition among those set to guard it. In the assault which followed both of the Smiths were killed, while John Taylor, another of the prisoners, was wounded. The trial of the murderers was a farce and they were acquitted. A state of virtual war continued for a year, in which Governor Ford's authority was openly defied or treated with contempt by those whom he had called upon to preserve the peace. In the fall of 1845 the Mormons agreed to leave the State, and the following spring the pilgrim- age to Salt Lake began. Gen. John J. Hardin, who afterward fell at Buena Vista, was twice called on by Governor Ford to head parties of militia to restore order, while Gen. Mason Bray- man conducted tlie negotiations which resulted in the promise of removal. The great body of the refugees spent the following winter at Coun- cil Bluffs, Iowa, arriving at Salt Lake in June following. Another considerable body entered the service of the Government to obtain safe con- duct and sustenance across the plains. While the conduct of the Mormons during their stay at Nauvoo was, no doubt, very irritating and often lawless, it is equally true that the dis- ordered condition of affairs was taken advantage of by unscrupulous demagogues for dishonest purposes, and this episode has left a stigma upon the name of more than one over-zealous anti- Mormon hero. (See Mormons; Smith, Joseph.) Though Governor Ford's integrity and ability in certain directions have not been questioned, his administration was not a successful one, largely on account of the conditions which pre- vailed at the time and the embarrassments which he met from his own party. (See Ford, Thomas. ) Mexican War.— A still more tragic chapter opened during the last year of Ford's administra- tion, in the beginning of the war with Mexico. Three regiments of twelve months' volunteers, called for by the General Government from th& State of Illinois, were furnished with alacrity, and many more men offered their services than could be accepted. The names of their respective commanders— Cols. John J. Hardin, William H. Bissell and Ferris Forman — have been accorded a high place in the annals of the State and the Nation. Hardin was of an honorable Kentucky family ; he had achieved distinction at the bar and served in the State Legislature and in Con- gress, and his death on the battlefield of Buena. Vista was universally deplored. (See Hardin, John J. ) Bissell afterward served with distinc- tion in Congress and was the first Republican Governor of Illinois, elected in 1856. Edward D. Baker, then a Whig member of Congress, re- ceived authority to raise an additional regiment, and laid the foundation of a reputation as broad as tlie Nation. Two other regiments were raised in the State "for the war" during the next year, led respectively by Col. Edward W. B. Newby and James Collins, beside four independent companies of mounted volunteers. The whole number of volunteers furnished by Illinois in this confiict was 6,123, of whom 86 were killed, and 182 wounded, 12 dying of their wounds. Their loss in killed was greater than that of any other State, and the number of wounded only exceeded by those from South Carolina and Pennsylvania. Among other lUinoisans who participated in this struggle, were Thomas L. Harris, William A. Richardson, J. L. D. Morrison, Murray F. Tuley and Charles C. P. Holden, while still others, either in the ranks or in subordinate positions, received the "baptism of fire" which prepared them to win distinction as commanders of corps, divisions, brigades and regiments during the War of the Rebellion, including such names as John A. Logan, Richard J. Oglesby, Benjamin M. Prentiss, James D. Morgan, W. H. L. Wallace (who fell at Pittsburg Landing), Stephen G. Hicks, Michael K. Lawler, Leonard F. Ross, Isham N. Haynie, Theophilus Lyle Dickey, Dudley Wickersham, Isaac C. Pugh, Thomas H. Flynn, J. P. Post, Nathaniel Niles, W. R. Morri- son, and others. (See Mexican War.) French's Administbation-Massac Rebellion. —Except for the Mexican War, which was still iti progress, and acts of mob violence in certain portionsof the State— especially by a band of self- 266 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. styled "regulators" in Pope and Massac Counties — the administration of Augustus C. French, which began with the close of the year 1846, was a quiet one. French was elected at the previous August election by a vote of 58,700 to 36,775 for Thomas M. Kilpatrick, the Whig candidate, and 5,112 for Richard Eels, the Free-Soil (or Aboli- tion) candidate. The Whigs held their first State Convention this year for the nomination of a State ticket, meeting at Peoria. At the same election Abraham Lincoln was elected to Con- gress, defeating Peter Cartwright, the famous pioneer Methodist preacher, who was the Demo- cratic candidate. At the session of the Legisla- ture which followed, Stephen A. Douglas was elected to the United States Senate as successor to James Semple. New Contention Movement. — Governor French was la native of New Hampshire, born August 2, 1808; he had practiced his profession as a lawyer in Crawford County, had been a member of the Tenth and Eleventh General Assemblies and Receiver of the Land Office at Palestine. The State had now begun to recover from the depression caused by the reverses of 1837 and subsequent years, and for some time its growth in population had been satisfactory. The old Constitution, however, had been felt to be a hampering influence, especially in dealing with the State debt, and, as early as 1842, the question of a State Convention to frame a new Constitu- tion had been submitted to popular vote, but was defeated by the narrow margin of 1,039 votes. The Legislature of 1844-45 adopted a resolution for resubmission, and at the election of 1846 it was approved by the people by a majority of 35,326 in a total vote of 81,352. The State then contained ninety-nine counties, with an aggregate population of 662, 150. The assessed valuation of property one year later was $92,206,493, while the State debt was $16,661,795 — or more than eighteen per cent of the entire assessed value of the property of the State. Constitutional Convention of 1847. — The election of members of a State Convention to form a second Constitution for the State of Illi- nois, was held April 19, 1847. Of one hundred and sixty-two members chosen, ninety-two were Democrats, leaving seventy members to all shades of the opposition. The Convention assembled at Springfield, June 7, 1847; it was organized by the election of Newton Cloud, Per- manent President, and concluded its labors after a session of nearly three months, ad.iourning August 31. The Constitution was submitted to a vote of the people, March 6, 1848, and was rati- fied by 59,887 votes in its favor to 15,859 against. A special article prohibiting free persons of color from settling in the State was adopted by 49,060 votes for, to 20,883 against it; and another, pro- viding for a two-mill tax, by 41,017 for, to 30,586 against. The Constitution went into effect April 1, 1848. (See Constitutions; also Constitutional Convention of .1847.) The provision imposing a special two-mill tax, to be applied to the payment of the State in- debtedness, was the means of restoring the State credit, while that prohibiting the immigration of free persons of color, though in accordance with the spirit of the times, brought upon the State mucli opprobrium and was repudiated with emphasis during the War of the Rebelhon. The demand for retrenchment, caused by the financial depression following the wild legislation of 1837, led to the adoption of many radical pro- visions in the new Constitution, some of which were afterward found to be serious errors open- ing the way for grave abuses. Among these was the practical limitation of the biennial ses- sions of the General Assembly to forty-two days, while the per diem of members was fixed at two dollars. The salaries of State officers were also fixed at what would now be recognized as an absurdly low figure, that of Governor being $1,500; Supreme Court Judges, $1,200 each; Cir- cuit Judges, $1,000; State Auditor, $1,000; Secre- tary of State, and State Treasurer, $800 each. Among less objectionable provisions were those restricting the right of suffrage to white male citizens above the age of 21 years, which excluded (except as to residents of the State at the time of the adoption of the Constitution) a class of unnaturalized foreigners who had exercised the privilege as "inhabitants" under the Constitu- tion of 1818; providing for the election of all State, judicial and county officers by popular vote; prohibiting the State from incurring in- debtedness in excess of $50,000 without a special vote of the people, or granting the credit of the State in aid of any individual association or cor- poration; fixing the date of the State election on the Tuesday after the first Monday in Novem- ber in every fourth year, instead of the first Monday in August, as had been the rule under the old Constitution. The tenure of office of all State officers was fixed at four years, except that of State Treasurer, which was made two years, and the Gtovernor alone was made ineligible to immediate re-election. The number of members of the General Assembly was fixed at twenty-five HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 367 in the Senate and seventy-five in the House, subject to a certain specified ratio of in- crease when the population should exceed 1,000,000. As the Constitution of 1818 had been modeled upon the form then most popular in the Southern States — especially with- reference to the large number of oflScers made appointive by the Gov- ernor, or elective by the Legislature — so the new- Constitution was, in some of its features, more in harmony with those of other Northern States, and indicated the growing influence of New Eng- land sentiment. This was especially the case with reference to the section providing for a sys- tem of township organization in the several counties of the State at the pleasure of a majority of the voters of each county. Elections of 1848. — Besides the election for the ratification of the State Constitution, three other State elections were held in 1848, viz. : (1) for the election of State officers in August ; (2) an election of Judges in September, and (3) the Presidential election in November. At the first of these. Governor French, whose first term had been cut short two years by the adoption of the new Constitution, was re-elected for a second term, practically without opposition, the vote against him being divided between Pierre Menard and Dr. C. V. Dyer. French thus became his own successor, being the first Illinois Governor to be re-elected, and, though two years of his first term had been cut off by the adoption of the Constitution, he served in the gubernatorial oflSce six years. The other State officers elected, were William McMurtry, of Knox, Lieutenant- Governor; Horaces. Cooley, of Adams, Secretary of State; Thomas H. Campbell, of Randolph, Auditor; and Milton Carpenter, of Hamilton, State Treasurer — all Democrats, and all but McMurtry being their own successors. At the Presidential election in November, the electoral vote was given to Lewis Cass, the Democratic ■candidate, who received 56,300 votes, to 53,047 for Taylor, the Whig candidate, and 15,774 for Martin Van Buren, the candidate of the Free Democracy or Free-Soil party. Thus, for the first time in the history of the State after 1824, the Democratic candidate for President failed to receive an absolute majority of the popular vote, being in a minority of 12,521, while having a plurality over the Whig candidate of 3, 258. The only noteworthy results in the election of Con- gressmen this year were the election of Col. E. D. Baker (Whig), from the Galena District, and that of Maj. Thomas L. Harris (Democrat), from the Springfield District. Both Baker and Harris had been soldiers in the Mexican War, which probably accounted for their election in Districts usually opposed to them politically. The other five Congressmen elected from the State at the same time — including John Wentworth, then chosen for a fourth term from the Chicago Dis- trict — were Democrats. The Judges elected to the Supreme bench were Lyman Trumbull, from the Southern Division; Samuel H. Treat, from the Central, and John Dean Caton, from the Northern — all Democrats. A leading event of this session was the election of a United States Senator in place of Sidney Breese. Gen. James Shields, who had been severely wounded on the battle-field of Cerro Gordo ; Sidney Breese, who had been the United States Senator for six years, and John A. Mo- Clernand, then a member of Congress, were arrayed against each other before the Democratic caucus. After a bitter contest. Shields was declared the choice of his party and was finally elected. He did not immediately obtain his seat, however. On presentation of his credentials, after a heated controversy in Congress and out of it, in which he injudiciously assailed his prede- cessor in very intemperate language, he was declared ineligible on the ground that, being of foreign birth, the nine years of citizenship required by the Constitution after natui-alization had not elapsed previous to his election. In October, following, the Legislature was called together in special session, and, Shields' disabil- ity having now been removed by the expiration of the constitutional period, he was re-elected, though not without a renewal of the bitter con- test of the regular session. Another noteworthy event of this special session was the adoption of a joint resolution favoring the principles of the "Wilmot Proviso." Although this was rescinded at the next regular session, on the ground that the points at issue had been settled in the Compro- mise measures of 1850, it indicated the drift of sentiment in Illinois toward opposition to the spread of the institution of slavery, and this was still more strongly emphasized by the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. Illinois Central Railroad. — Two important measures which passed the General Assembly at the session of 1851, were the Free-Banking Law, and the act incorporating the Illinois Central Railroad Company. The credit of first suggest- ing this great thoroughfare has been claimed for William Smith Waite, a citizen of Bond County, 111., as early as 1835, although a special charter 268 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS for a road over a part of this line had been passed by the Legislature in 1834. W. K. Ackerman, in his "Historical Sketch" of the Illinois Central Railroad, awards the credit of originating this enterprise to Lieut. -Gov. Alexander M. Jenkins, in the Legislature of 1832, of vrhich he was a member, and Speaker of the House at the time. He afterwards became President of the first Illi- nois Central Railroad Company, organized under an act passed at the session of 1836, which pro- vided for the construction of a line from Cairo to Peru, 111. , but resigned the next year on the sur- render by the road of its charter. The first step toward legislation in Congress on this subject was taken in the introduction, by Senator Breese, of a bill in March, 1843 ; but it was not until 1850 that the measure took the form of a direct grant of lands to the State, finally passing the Senate in May, and the House in September, following. The act ceded to the State of Illinois, for the pur- pose of aiding in the construction of a line of railtoad from the junction of the Ohio and Mis- sissippi, with branches to Chicago and Dubuque, Iowa, respectively, alternate sections of land on each side of said railroad, aggregating 2,595,000 acres, the length of the main line and branches exceeding seven hundred miles. An act incorpo- rating the Illinois Central Railroad Company passed the Illinois Legislature in Febru&.ry, 1851. The company was thereupon promptly organized with a number of New York capitalists at its head, including Robert Schuyler, George Gris- wold and Gouvei-neur Morris, and the grant was placed in the hands of trustees to be used for the purpose designated, under the pledge of the Company to build the road by July 4, 1854, and to pay seven per cent of its gross earnings into the State Treasury perpetually. A large propor- tion of the line was constructed through sections of country either sparsely settled or wholly unpopulated, but which have since become among the richest and most populous portions of the State. The fund already received by the State from the road exceeds the amount of the State debt incurred under the internal improvement scheme of 1837. (See Illinois Central Railroad. ) Election of 1852.— Joel A. Matteson (Demo- crat) was elected Governor at the November election, in 1852, receiving 80,645 votes to 64,405 for Edwin B. Webb, Whig, and 8,809 for Dexter A. Knowlton, Free-Soil. The other State ofiBcers elected, were Gustavus Kcerner, Lieutenant- Governor ; Alexander Starne, Secretary of State ; Thomas H. Campbell, Auditor ; and John Moore, Treasurer. The Whig candidates for these offices, respectively, were James L. D. Morrison, Buckner S. Morris, Charles A. Betts and Francis Arenz. John A. Logan appeared among the new members of the House chosen at this election as a Representative from Jackson County; while Henry W. Blodgett, since United States District Judge for the Northern District of Illinois, and late Counsel of the American Arbitrators of the Behring Sea Commission, was the only Free-Soil member, being the Representative from Lake County. John Reynolds, who had been Gov- ernor, a Justice of the Supreme Court and Mem- ber of Congress, was a member of the House and was elected Speaker. (See Webb, Edwin B.; Knowlton, Dexter A. ; Koerner, Oustavus; Starne, Alexander; Moore, John; Morrison, James L. D.; Morris, Buckner S.; Arenz, Francis A.; Blodgett Henry W.) ' Reduction of State Debt Begins.— Th& State debt reached its maximum at the beginning of Matteson's administration, amoimting to 116,724,177, of which 17,259,822 was canal debt. The State had now entered upon a new and pros- perous period, and, in the next four years, the debt was reduced by the sum of $4,564,840, leaving the amount outstanding, Jan. 1, 1857, §12,834,144. The three State institutions at Jacksonville — the Asylunos for the Deaf and Dumb, the Blind and Insane — had been in suc- cessful operation several years, but now internal dissensions and dissatisfaction with their man- agement seriously interfered with their prosperity and finally led to revolutions which, for a time, impaired their usefulness. Kansas-Nebraska Excitement. — During Mat- teson's administration a period of pohtical ex- citement began, caused by the introduction in the United .States Senate, in January, 1854, by Senator Douglas, of Illinois, of the biU for the repeal of the Missouri Compromise — otherwise known as the Kansas- Nebraska Bill. Although this belongs rather to National history, the prominent part played in it by an Illinois states- man who had won applause three or four years before, by the service he had performed in secur- ing the passage of the Illinois Central Railroad grant, and the effect which his course had in revolutionizing the politics of the State, justifies reference to it here. After a debate, almost unprecedented in bitterness, it became a law. May 30, 1854. The agitation in Illinois was intense. At Chicago, Douglas was practically denied a hearing. Going to Springfield, where the State Fair was in progress, during the first week of October, 1854, he made a speech in the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 269 State Capitol in his defense. This was replied to by Abraham Lincoln, then a private citizen, to whom Douglas made a rejoinder. Speeches were also made in criticism of Douglas' position by Judges Breese and Trumbull (both of whom had been prominent Democrats), and other Demo- cratic leaders were understood to be ready to assail the champion of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, though they afterwards reversed their position imder partisan pressure and became supporters of the measure. The first State Convention of the opponents of the Nebraska Bill was held at the same time, but the attendance was small and the attempt to effect a permanent organization was not successful. At the session of the Nineteenth Oeneral Assembly, which met in January, fol- lowing, Lyman Trumbull was chosen the first Republican United States Senator from Illinois, in place of General Shields, whose term was about to expire. Trumbull was elected on the tenth ballot, receiving fifty-one votes to forty-seven for Governor Matteson, though Lincoln had led on the Republican side at every previous ballot, and on the first had come within six votes of an election. Although he was then the choice of a large majority of the opposition to the Demo- cratic candidate, when Lincoln saw that the original supporters of Trumbull would not cast their votes for himself, he generously insisted that his friends should support his rival, thus determining the result. (See Matteson, Joel A. ; Trumbull, Lyman, and Lincoln, Abraham. ) Decatur Editorial Convention. — On Feb. 23, 1856, occurred the convention of Anti-Neb- raska (Republican) editors at Decatur, which proved the first effective step in consolidating the opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill into a compact political organization. The main busi- ness of this convention consisted in the adoption of a series of resolutions defining the position of their authors on National questions — especially with reference to the institution of slavery — and appointing a State Convention to be held at Bloomington, May 29, following. A State Cen- tral Committee to represent the new party was also appointed at this convention. With two or three exceptions the Committeemen accepted and joined in the call for the State Convention, which was held at the time designated, when the first Republican State ticket was put in the field. Among the distinguished men who participated in this Convention were Abraham Lincoln, 0. H. Browning, Richard Yates, Owen Lovejoy, John M. Palmer, Isaac N. Arnold and John Went- worth. Palmer presided, while Abraham Lin- coln, who was one of the chief speakers, was one of the delegates appointed to the National Con- vention, held at Philadelphia on the 17th of June. The candidates put in nomination for State offices were : William H. Bissell for Governor ; Francis A. Hoffman for Lieutenant-Governor (afterward replaced by John Wood on account of Hoffman's ineligibility); Ozias M. Hatch for Secretary of State; Jesse K. Dubois for Auditor; James H. Miller for State Treasurer, and William H. Powell for Superintendent of Public Instruction. The Democratic ticket was composed of William A. Richardson for Governor; R. J. Hamilton, Lieu- tenant-Governor; W. H. Snyder, Secretary of State; S. K. Casey, Auditor; John Moore, Treas- urer, and J. H. St. Matthew, Superintendent of Public Instruction. The American organization also nominated a ticket headed by Buckner S. Morris for Governor. Although the Democrats carried the State for Buchanan, their candidate for President, by a plurality of 9,159, the entire Republican State ticket was elected by pluralities ranging from 3,031 to 30,213 — the latter being the majority for Miller, candidate for State Treas- urer, whose name was on both the Republican and American tickets. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention, and Bloomington Convention of 1856. ) Administration of Governor Bissell. — With the inauguration of Governor Bissell, the Republican party entered upon the control of the State Government, which was maintained with- out interruption until the close of the administra- tion of Governor Fif er, in January, 1893 — a period of thirty-six years. On account of physical disa- bility Bissell's inauguration took place in the executive mansion, Jan. 13, 1857. He was immediately made the object of virulent personal abuse in the House, being charged with perjury in taking the oath of office in face of the fact that, while a member of Congress, he had accepted a challenge to fight a duel with Jefferson Davis. To this, the reply was made that the offense charged took place outside of the State and be- yond the legal jurisdiction of the Constitution of Illinois. (Qee> Bissell, William H.) While the State continued to prosper under Bissell's administration, the most important events of this period related rather to general than to State policy. One of these was the deliv- ery by Abraham Lincoln, in the Hall of Repre- sentatives, on the evening of June 17, 1858, of the celebrated speech in which he announced the doctrine that "a house divided against itself can- not stand." This was followed during the next 270 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. few months by the series of memorable debates between those two great champions of their respective parties — Lincoln and Douglas — which attracted the attention of the whole land. The result was the re-election of Douglas to the United States Senate for a third term, but it also made Abraham Lincoln President of the United States. (See ' Lincoln and Douglas Debates. ) About the middle of Bissell's term (February, 1859), came the discovery of what has since been known as the celebrated "Canal Scrip Fraud." This consisted in the fraudulent funding in State bonds of a large amount of State scrip which had been issued for temporary purposes during the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, but which had been subsequently redeemed. A legislative investigation proved the amount ille- gally funded to have been $338,183, and that the bulk of the bonds issued therefor — so far as they could be traced — had been delivered to ex-Gov. Joel A. Matteson. For this amount, with ac- crued interest, he gave to the State an indemnity bond, secured by real-estate mortgages, from which the State eventually realized §338,000 out of $355,000 then due. Further investigation proved additional frauds of like character, aggre- gating $165,346, which the State never recovered. An attempt was made to prosecute Matteson criminally in the Sangamon County Circuit Court, but the grand jury failed, by a close vote, to find an indictment against him. (See Canal Scrip Fraud. ) An attempt was made during Bissell's adminis- tration to secure the refunding (at par and in violation of an existing law) of one hundred and fourteen $1,000 bonds hypothecated with Maoalis- ter & Stebbins of New York in 1841, and for which the State had received an insignificant consideration. The error was discovered when new bonds for the principal had been issued, but the process was immediately stopped and the new bonds surrendered — the claimants being limited by law to 38.64 cents on the dollar. This subject is treated at length elsewhere in this vol- ume. (See Macalister W M M •^ M Z I— I O M m B < M Z « a w the Illinois, which he descended early in 1680 ta Lake Peoria, where he began the erection of a fort to which, in consequence of the misfortunes attending the expedition, was given the name of Creve-Coeur. Returning from here to Canada for supplies, in the following fall he again appeared in UUnois, but found his fort at Lake Peoria a ruin and his followers, whom he had left there, gone. Compelled again to return to Canada, in the latter part of 1681 he set out on his third expedition to Illinois, and making the portage by way of the Chicago and Des Plaines Rivers, reached "Starved Rock," near the present city of Ottawa, where his lieutenant, Tonty, had already begun the erection of a fort. In 1683, accom- panied by Tonty, he descended the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, reaching the Gulf of Mexico on April 9. He gave the region the name of Louisi- aia. In 1683 he again returned to France and was commissioned to found a colony at the mouth, of the Mississippi, which he unsuccessfully attempted to do in 1684, the expedition finally landing about Matagorda Bay in Texas. After other fruitless attempts (death and desertions having seriously reduced the number of his colo- nists) , while attempting to reach Canada, he was murdered by his companions near Trinity River in the present State of Texas, March 19, 1687. Another theory regarding La Salle's ill-starred Texas expedition is, that he intended to establish a colony west of the Mississippi, with a view to contesting with the Spaniards for the possession of that region, but that the French government failed to give him the support which had been promised, leaving him to his fate. LA SALLE COUNT r, one of" the wealthiest counties in the northeastern section, being second in size and in population in the State It was organized in 1831, and has an area of 1,153 square miles; population (1900), 87,776. The history of this region dates back to 1675, when Marquette established a mission at an Indian village on the Illinois River ' about where Utioa now stands, eight miles west of Ottawa. La Salle (for whom the county is named) erected a fort here in 1683, which was, for many years, the headquarters for French missionaries and traders. Later, the Illinois Indians were well-nigh exterminated by starvation, at the same point, which has be- come famous in Western history as "Starved Rock." The surface of the county is undulat- ing and slopes toward the Illinois River. The soil is rich, and timber abounds on the bluffs and 330 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. along the streams. Water is easily procured. Four beds of coal underlie the entire county, and good building stone is quarried at a depth of 150 to 300 feet. Excellent hydraulic cement is made from the calciferous deposit, Utica being espe- cially noted for this industry. The First Ameri- can settlers came about the time of Captain Long's survey of a canal route (1816). The Illinois & Michigan Canal was located by a joint corps of State and National engineers in 1830. (See Illi- nois ^ miles southwest of Terre Haute, Ind., and a point of intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Vandalia Railroads. The surrounding country is devoted to farming and stock-raising. The city has woolen, flour, saw and planing mills, and milk condensing plant. It has two banks, eight churches and a good public school system, which includes city and township high schools, and three newspapers. Population (1890), 1,900; •(1900), 3,077. MARSHALL, Samuel S., lawyer and Con- gressman, was born in Gallatin County, 111., in 1824; studied law and soon after located at MoLeansboro. In 1846 he was chosen a member of the lower house of the Fifteenth General Asseinbly, but resigned, early in the following year, to become State's Attorney, serving until 1848 ; was Judge of the Circuit Court from 1851 to 1854, and again from 1861 to 1865 ; was delegate from the State-at-large to the Charleston and Baltimore Conventions of 1860, and to the National Union Convention at Philadelphia in 1866. In 1861 he received the complimentary vote of his party in the Legislature for United States Senator, and was similarly honored in the Fortieth Congress (1867) by receiving the Demo- cratic support for Speaker of the House. He was first elected to Congress in 1854, re-elected in 1856, and, later, served continuously from 1865 to 1875, when he returned to the practice of his profession. Died, July 26, 1890. MARSHALL COUNTY, situated in the north- central part of the State, with an area of 400 square miles — named for Chief Justice John Mar- shall. Settlers began to arrive in 1827, and county organization was effected in 1839. The Illinois River bisects the county, which is also drained by Sugar Creek. The surface is gener- ally level prairie, except along the river, although occasionally undulating. The soil is fertile, corn, wheat, hay and oats forming the staple agricultural products. Hogs are raised in great number, and coal is extensively mined. Lacon is the county -seat. Population (1880), 15,053; (1890), 13,653; (1900), 16,370. MARTIN, (Gen.) James S., ex- Congressman and soldier, was born in Scott County, Va., August 19, 1836, educated in the common schools, and, at the age of 20, accompanied his parents to Southern Illinois, settling in Marion County. lie served as a non-commissioned officer in the war with Mexico. In 1849, he was elected Clerk of the Marion Coimty pourt, which office he filled for twelve years. By profession he is a lawyer, and has been in active practice when not in public or military life. For a number of years he was a member of the Republican State Central Committee. In 1863 he was commis- sioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Eleventh Illinois Volunteers, and, at the close of the war, brevetted Brigadier-General. On his return home he was elected County Judge of Marion County, and, in 1868, appointed United States Pension Agent. The latter post he resigned in 1873, hav- ing been elected, as a Republican, to represent 354 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. the Sixteenth District in the Forty-third Con- gress. He was Commander of the Grand Army for the Department of Illinois in 1889-90. MARTINSVILLE, a village of Clark County, on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis (Vandalia) Railroad, 11 miles southwest of Marshall; has two banks and one newspaper. Population (1880), 663; (1890), 779; (1900), 1,000. MASCOUTAH, a oity in St. Clair County, S5 miles from St. Louis and 11 miles east of Belle- ville, on the line of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. Coal-mining and agriculture are the principal industries of the surrounding country. The city has flour mills, a brickyard, dairy, school, churches, and electric line. Population (1880), 2,558; (1890), 2,033; (1900), 2,171. MASON, Roswell B., civil engineer, was born in Oneida County, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1805; in his boyhood was employed as a teamster on the Erie Canal, a year later (1822) accepting a position as rodman under Edward F. Gay, assistant-engineer in charge of construction. Subsequently he was employed on the Schuylkill and Morris Canals, on the latter becoming assistant-engineer and, finally, chief and superintendent. Other works with which Mr. Mason was connected in a similar capacity were the Pennsylvania Canal and the Housatonic, New York & New Haven and the Vermont Valley Railroads. In 1851 he came west and took charge of the construction of the Illinois Central Railroad, a work which required five years for its completion. The next four years were spent as contractor in the construction of roads in Iowa and "Wisconsin, until 1860, when he became Superintendent of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, but remained only one year, in 1861 accepting the position of Controller of the land department of the Illinois Central Railroad, which he retained until 1867. The next two years were occupied in the service of the State in lowering the summit of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. In 1869 he was elected Mayor of the city of Chicago, and it was in the closing days of his term that the great fire of 1871 occurred, testing his executive ability to the utmost. From 1873 to 1883 he served as one of the Trustees of the Illinois Industrial University, and was one of the incorporators, and a life-long Director, of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary of the North- west Died, Jan. 1, 1893.— Edward Gay (Mason), son of the preceding, was born at Bridgeport, Conn., August 33, 1839; came with his father's family, in 1853, to Chicago, where he attended school for several years, after which he entered Yale College, graduating there in 1860. He then studied law, and, later, became a member of the law firm of Mattocks & Mason, but subsequently, in conjunction with two brothers, organized the firm of Mason Brothers, for the prosecution of a real-estate and law business. In 1881 Mr. Mason was one of the organizers of the Chicago Musical Festival, which was instrumental in bringing Theodore Thomas to Chicago. In 1887 he became President of the Chicago Historical Society, as the successor of Elihu B. Washbume, retaining the position until his death, Dec. 18, 1898. During his incumbency, the commodious building, now occupied by the Historical Society Library, was erected, and he added largely to the resources of the Society by the collection of rare manuscripts and other historical records. He was the author of several historical works, including "Illinois in the Eighteenth Century," "Kaskaskia and Its Parish Records," besides papers on La Salle and the first settlers of Illinois, and "The Story of James Willing — -An Episode of the American Revolution. ' ' He also edited a volume entitled "Early Chicago and Illinois," which was- pub- lished under the auspices of the Chicago Histor- ical Society. Mr. Mason was, for several years, a Trustee of Yale University and, about the time of his death, was prominently talked of for President of that institution, as successor to President Timothy Dwight. MASON, William E., United States Senator, was born at Franklinville, Cattaraugus County, N. Y., Jul}' 7, 1850, and accompanied his parents to Bentonsport, Iowa, in 1858. He was educated at the Bentonsport Academy and at Birmingham College. From 1866 to 1870 he taught school, the last two years at Des Moines. In that city he studied law with Hon. Thomas F. Withrow, who afterward admitted him to partnership. In 1872 he removed to Chicago, where he has since prac- ticed his profession. He soon embarked in poli- tics, and, in 1878, was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, and, in 1882, to the State Senate. In 1884 he was the regular Repub- lican candidate for Congress in the Third Illinois District (then strongly Republican), but, owing to party dissensions, was defeated by James H. Ward, a Democrat. In 1886, and again in 1888, he was elected to Congress, but, in 1890, was defeated for re-election by Allan C. Diurborow. He is a vigorous and effective campaign speaker. In 1897 he was elected United States Senator, receiving in the Legislature 125 votes to 77 for John P. Altgeld, the Democratic candidate. MASON CITY, a prosperous city in Mason County, at the intersection of the Chicago & HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 355 Alton and the Havana branch of the Illinois Central Eailroads, 18 miles west by north of Lincoln, and about 80 miles north of Springfield. Being in the heart of a rich corn-growing district, it is an important shipping point for that com- modity. It has four churches, two banks, two newspapers, brick works, flour-mills, grain-ele- vators and a carriage factory. Population (1880), 1,714; (1890), 1,869; (1900), 1,890. MASON COUNTY, organized in 1841, with a population of about 2,000; population (1900), 17,491, and area of 560 square miles, — named for a county in Kentucky. It lies a little northwest of the center of the State, the Illinois and Sanga- mon Elvers forming its west and its south bound- aries. The soil, while sandy, is fertUe. The chief staple is corn, and the county oflfers excel- lent opportunities for viticulture. The American pioneer of Mason County was probably Maj. Ossian B. Ross, who settled at Havana in 1833. Not until 1837, however, can immigration be said to have set in rapidly. Havana was first chosen as the county seat, but Bath enjoyed the honor for a few years, the county offices being per- manently removed to the former point in 1851. Mason City is an important shipping point on the Chicago & Alton Railroad MASONS, ANCIENT ORDER OF FREE AND ACCEPTED. (See Free-Masons.) MASSAC COUNTY, an extreme southern county of the State and one of the smallest, its area, being but little more than 240 square miles, with a population (1900) of 13,110 — named for Fort Massac, within its borders. The surface is hiUy toward the north, but the bottom lands along the Ohio River are swampy and liable to frequent overflows. A considerable portion of the natural resources consists of timber — oak, wal- nut, poplar, hickory, cypress and cottonwood abounding. Saw-mills are found in nearly every town, and considerable grain and tobacco are raised. The original settlers were largely from Ohio, Kentucky and North Carolina, and hospi- tality is traditional. Metropolis, on the Ohio River, is the county-seat. It was laid ofE in 1839, although Massac County was not separately organized until 1843. At Massac City may be seen the ruins of the early French fort of that name. MASSAC COUNTY REBELLION, the name commonly given to an outbreak of mob violence which occurred in Massac County, in 1845-46. An arrested criminal having asserted that an organ- ized band of thieves and robbers existed, atid having given the names of a large number of the alleged members, popular excitement rose to fever heat. A company of self-appointed "regu- lators" was formed, whose acts were so arbitrary that, at the August election of 1846, a Sheriff and County Clerk were elected on the avowed issue of opposition to these irregular tactics. This served to stimulate the "regulators" to renewed activity. Many persons were forced to leave the county on suspicion, and others tortured into making confession. In consequence, some leading "regulators" were thrown into jail, only to be soon released by their friends, who ordered the Sheriff and County Clerk to leave the county. The feud rapidly grew, both in proportions and in inten- sity. Governor French made two futile efforts to restore order through mediation, and the ordinary processes of law were also found unavailing. Judge Scates was threatened with lynching. Only 60 men dared to serve in the Sheriff's posse, and these surrendered upon promise of personal inamunity from violence. This pledge was not regarded, several members of the posse being led away as prisoners, some of whom, it was believed, were drowned in the Ohio River. All the incarcer- ated "regulators" were again released, the Sheriff and his supporters were once more ordered to leave, and fresh seizures and outrages followed each other in quick succession. To remedy this condition of affairs, the Legislature of 1847 enacted a law creating district courts, under the provi- sions of which a Judge might hold court in any county in his circuit. This virtually conferred upon the Judge the right to change the venue at his own discretion, and thus secure juries unbiased by local or partisan feeling. The effect of this legislation was highly beneficial in restoring quiet, although the embers of the feud still smoldered and intermittently leaped into flame for several years thereafter. MATHENY, Charles R., pioneer, was born in Loudoun County, Va., March 6, 1786, licensed as a Methodist preacher, in Kentucky, and, in 1805, came to St. Clair County (then in Indiana Terri- tory), as a missionary. Later, he studied law and was admitted to the bar; served in the Third Territorial (1817) and the Second State Legisla- tures (1830-22) ; removed, in 1821, to the newly organized county of Sangamon, where he was appointed the first County Clerk, remaining in oiBce eighteen years, also for some years holding, at the same time, the offices of Circuit Clerk, Recorder and Probate Judge. Died, while County Clerk, in 1839.— Noah W. (Matheny), son of the preceding, was born in St. Clair County, 111., July 81; 1815 ; was assistant of his father in the 356 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. County Clerk's oflBce in Sangamon County, and, on the death of the latter, (November, 1839), was elected his successor, and re-elected for eight con- secutive terms, serving until 1873. Died, April 30, 1877.— James H. (Matheny), another son, born Oct. 30, 1818, in St. Clair County ; served in his youth as Clerk in various local offices ; was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, elected Circuit Clerk in 1853, at the close of his term beginning the practice of law; was com- missioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the One Hundred and Fourteenth Illinois Volunteers, in October, 1863, and, after the siege of Vicksburg, served as Judge Advocate until July, 1864, when he resigned. He then returned to his profession, but, in 1873, was elected County Judge of Sanga- mon County, holding the office by repeated re- elections until his death, Sept. 7, 1890, — having resided in Springfield 68 years. MATHER, Thomas, pioneer merchant, was born, April 34, 1795, at Simsbury, Hartford County, Conn. ; in early manhood was engaged for a time in business in New York City, but, in the spring of 1818, came to Kaskaskia, 111., where he soon after became associated in business with James L. Lamb and others. This firm was afterwards quite extensively engaged in trade with New Orleans. Later he became one of the founders of the town of Chester. In 1820 Mr. Mather was elected to the lower branch of the Second General Assembly from Randolph County, was re-elected to the Third (serving for a part of the session as Speaker), and again to. the Fourth, but, before the expiration of his last term, resigned to accept an appointment from Presi- dent John Quincy Adams as Commissioner to locate the military road from Independence to Santa Fe, and to conclude treaties with the Indians along the line. In the Legislature of 1823 he was one of the most determined oppo- nents of the scheme for securing a pro-slavery Constitution. In 1828 he was again- elected to the House and, in 1833, to the Senate for a term of four years. He also served as Colonel on the staff of Governor Coles, and was supported for the United States Senate, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of John McLean, in 1830. Having removed to Springfield in 1835, he became promi- nent in business affairs there in connection with his former partner, Mr. James L. Lamb ; in 1837 was appointed a member of the first Board of Fund Commissioners for the State under the internal improvement system ; also served seven years as President of the Springfield branch of the State Bank; was connected, as a stock- holder, with the construction of the Sangamon & Morgan (now Wabash) Railroad, extending from Springfield to the Illinois river at Naples, and was also identified, financially, with the old Chi- cago & Galena Union Railroad. From 1835 until his death. Colonel Mather served as one of the Trustees of Illinois College at Jacksonville, and was a liberal contributor to the endowment of that institution. His death occurred during a visit to Philadelphia, March 28, 1853. MATTESON, Joel Aldrich, ninth regularly elected Governor of Illinois (1853-57), was born in Watertown, N. Y., August 8, 1808; after some experience in business and as a teacher, in 1831 he went to South Carolina, where he was foreman in the construction of the first railroad in that State. In 1834 he removed to Illinois, where he became a contract6r on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and also engaged in manufactiiring at Joliet. After serving three terms in the State Senate, he was elected Governor in 1852, and, in 1855, was defeated by Lyman TrumbuU for the United States Senatorship. At the close of his gubernatorial term he was complimented by the Legislature, and retired to private life a popular, man. Later, there were developed grave scandals in connection with the refunding of certain canal scrip, with which his name — unfortunately — was connected. He turned over property to the State of the value of nearly ?350,000, for its indemnification. He finally took up his resi- dence in Chicago, and later spent considerable time in travel in Europe. He was for many years the lessee and President of the Chicago & Alton Railroad. Died in Chicago; Jan. 31, 1873. MATTHEWS, Asa C, ex-Comptroller of the United States Treasury, was bom in Pike County, 111., March 32, 1833; graduated from Illinois Col- lege in 1855, and was admitted to the bar three years later. Upon the outbreak of the Civil War, he abandoned a remunerative practice at Pitts- field to enlist in the army, and was elected and commissioned a Captain in the Ninety -ninth Illi- nois Volunteers. He rose to the rank of Colonel, being mustered out of the service in August, 1865. He was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue in 1869, and Supervisor for the District composed of Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan, in 1875. Being elected to the Thirtieth General Assembly in 1876, he resigned his office, and was re-elected to the Legislature in 1878. On the death of Judge Higbee, Governor Hamilton appointed Mr. Matthews to fill the vacancy thus created on the bench of the Sixth Circuit, his term expiring in 1885. In 1888 he was elected to HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 357 the Thirty-sixth General Assembly and was chosen Speaker of the Hojise. In May, 1889, President Harrison named him First Comp- troller of the United States Treasury, and the House, by a unanimous vote, expressed its grati- fication at his selection. Since retiring from oflEce, Colonel Matthews has devoted his attention to the practice of his profession at Pittsfleld. MATTHEWS, Milton W., lawyer and journal- ist, was born in Clark County, lU., March 1, 1846, educated in the common schools, and, near the close of the war, served in a 100-days' regiment ; began teaching in Champaign County in 1865, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1867 ; in 1873 was appointed Master in Chancery, served two terms as Prosecuting Attorney, and, in 1888, was elected to the State Senate, meanwhile, from 1879, discharging the duties of editor of "The Champaign County Herald," of which he was also proprietor. During his last session in the State Senate (1891-92) he served as President pro tern, of that body; was also President of the State Press Association and served on the staff of Governor Fifer, with the rank of Colonel of the niinoLs National Guard. Died, at Urbana, May 10, 1892. BIATTOON, an important city in Coles County, 172 miles west of south from Chicago and 56 miles west of Terre Haute, Ind. ; a point of junction for three lines of railway, and an important shipping point for corn and broom corn, which are both extensively grown in the surrounding region. It has several banks, foundries, machine shops, brick and tile-works, flour-mills, grain-elevators, with two daily and four weekly newspapers ; also has good graded schools and a high school. The repair shops of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi- cago & St. Louis Railroad are located here. Population (1890), 6,833; (1900), 9,622. MAXWELL, Philip, M.D., pioneer physician, was bom at Guilford, Vt., April 3, 1799, graduated in medicine and practiced for a time at Sackett's Harbor, also serving in the New York Legisla- ture; was appointed Assistant Surgeon at Fort Dearborn, in 1833, remaining intil the abandon- ment of the fort at the end of 1836. In 1838 he was promoted Surgeon, and served with Gen. Zachary Taylor in the campaign against the Semi- noles in Florida, but resumed private practice in Chicago in 1844; served two terms as Represent- ative in the General Assembly (1848-52) and, in 1855, settled on the shores of Lake Geneva, Wis., where he died, Nov. 5, 1859. MAY, William L., early lawyer and Congress- man, was born in Kentucky, came at an early day to Edwardsville, 111., and afterwards to Jackson- ville; was elected from Morgan County to the Sixth General Assembly (1838), and the next year removed to Springfield, having been appointed by President Jackson Receiver of Public Moneys for the Land Ofiice there. He w&,s twice elected to Congress (1834 and '86), the first year defeating Benjamin Mills, a brilliant lawyer of Galena. Later, May became a resident of Peoria, but finally removed to California, where he died. MAYO, Walter L., legislator, was born in Albe- marle County Va., March 7, 1810; came to Edwards County, 111., in 1828, and began teach- ing. He took part in the Black Hawk War (1831-32), being appointed by Governor Reynolds Quartermaster of a battalion organized in that section of the State. He had previously been appointed County Clerk of Edwards County to fill a vacancy, and continued, by successive re-elec- tions, to occupy the position for thirty-seven years — also acting, for a portion of the time, as Circuit Clerk, Judge of Probate and County Treas- urer. In 1870 he was elected Representative in the Twenty-seventh General Assembly for the Edwards County District. On the evening of Jan. 18, 1878, he mysteriously disappeared, having been last seen at the Union Depot at East St. Louis, when about to take the train for his home at Albion, and is supposed to have been secretly murdered. No trace of his body or of the crime was ever discovered, and the affair has remained one of the mysteries of the criminal history of Illinois. MAYWOOD, a village of Cook County, and suburb of Chicago, 10 miles west of that city, on the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago Great Western Railways; has churches, two weekly newspapers, public schools and some manufactures. Population (1900), 4,532. McAllister, WilUam K., jurist, was born in Washington County, N. Y., in 1818. After admission to the bar he commenced practice at Albion, N. Y., and, in 1854, removed to Chicago. In 1866 he was a candidate for the bench of the Superior Court of that city, but was defeated by Judge Jameson. Two years later he was chosen Judge of the Recorder's Court, and, in 1870, was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, which position he resigned in 1875, having been elected a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County to fill a vacancy. He was re-elected for a full term and assigned to Appellate Court duty in 1879. He was elected for a third time in 1885, but, before the expiration of his term, he died, Oct. 29, 1888. 358 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. McAETHUR, John, soldier, was born in Ers- kine, Scotland, Nov. 17, 1836; worked at his father's trade of blacksmith until 23 years old, when, coming to the United States, he settled in Chicago. Here he became foreman of a boiler- making establishment, later acquiring an estab- lishment of his own. Having joined the Twelfth Illinois Volunteers at the beginning of the war, with a company of which he was Captain, he was chosen Lieutenant-Colonel, still later Colonel, and, in March, 1862, promoted to Brigadier-Gen- eral for gallantry in the assault on Fort Donelson, where he commanded a brigade. At Shiloh he was wounded, but after having his woimd dressed, returned to the fight and succeeded to the com- mand of the Second Division when Gen. "VV. H. L. Wallace fell mortally wounded. He commanded a division of McPherson's corps in the operations against Vicksburg, and bore a conspicuous part in the battle of Nashville, where he commanded a division under Gen. A. J. Smith, winning a brevet Major-Generalship by his gallantry. General McArthur was Postmaster of Chicago from 1873 to 1877. McCAGG, Ezra Bntler, lawyer, was born at Kinderhook, N Y., Nov. 22, 1825; studied law at Hudson, and, coming to Chicago in 1847, entered the law ofiBce of J. Young Scammon, soon after- wards becoming a member of the firm of Scam- mon & McCagg. During the war Mr. McCagg was an active member of the United States Sani- tary Commission, and (for some years after the fire of 1871) of the Relief and Aid Society; is also a life-member and officer of the Chicago Histori- cal Society, besides being identified with several State and municipal boards. His standing in his profession is shown by the fact that he has been more than once offered a non-partisan nomina- tion for Justice of the Supreme Court, but has de- clined. He occupies a high rank in literary circles, as well as a connoisseur in art, and is the owner of a large private library collected since the destruction of one of the best in the West by the fire of 1871. McCartney, James, lawyer and ex- Attorney General, was born of Scotch parentage in the north of Ireland, Feb. 14, 1835; at two years of age was brought to the United States and, until 1845, resided in Pennsylvania, when his parents removed to Trumbull County, Ohio. Here he spent his youth in general farm work, meanwhile attending a high school and finally engaging in teaching. In 1856 he began the study of law at Warren, Ohio, which he continued a year later in the office of Harding & Reed, at Monmouth, 111. ; was admitted to the bar in January, 1858, and began practice at Monmouth, removing the fol- lowing year to Galva. In April, 1861, he enlisted in what afterwards became the Seventeenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, was commissioned a First Lieutenant, but, a year later, was com- pelled to resign on account of ill-health. A few months later he re-enlisted in the One Hundred and Twelfth Illinois, being soon promoted to a captaincy, although serving much of the time as Judge Advocate on courts-martial, and, for one year, as Acting Assistant Adjutant-General in the Army of the Ohio. At the conclusion of his term of service in the army, he resumed the practice of his profession at Fairfield, 111. ; in 1880 was nominated and elected, as a Republican, Attorney- General of the State, and, during his last year in office, began the celebrated "Lake Front suits" which finally terminated successfully for the city of Chicago. Since retiring from office, Gen- eral McCartney has been engaged in the practice of his profession, chiefly in Springfield and Chi- cago, having been a resident of the latter city since 1890. McCARTJfEY, Robert Wilson, lawyer and jurist, was born in Trumbull County, Ohio, March 19, 1843, spent a portion of his boyhood in Pennsylvania, afterwards returning to Youngs- town, Ohio, where he enlisted as a private in the Sixth Ohio Cavalry. He was severely wounded at the battle of Gettysburg, lying two days and nights on the field and enduring untold suffering. As soon as able to take the field he was commis- sioned, by Governor Curtin, a Captain in the Eighty-third Pennsylvania Volunteers, serving in the army of the Potomac to the close of the war, and taking part in the grand review at Washing- ton, in May, 1865. After the war he took a course in a business college at Pittsburg, removed to Cleveland and began the study of law, but soon came to Illinois, and, having completed his law studies with his brother, J. T. McCartney, at Metropolis, was admitted to the bar in 1868 ; also edited a Republican paper there, became inter- ested in lumber manufacture and was one of the founders of the First National Bank of that city. In 1873 he was elected County Judge of Massac County, serving nine years, when (1882) he was elected Representative in the Thirty-third Gren- eral Assembly. At the close of his term in the Legislature he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court for the first Circuit, serving from 1885 to 1891. Died, Oct. 27, 1893. Judge McCartney was able, public-spirited and patriotic. The city of Metropolis owes to him the Free Public Library bearing his name. HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. 359 McCLAUGHRT, Robert Wilson, penologist, was born at Fountain Green, Hancock County, 111., July 23, 1839, being descended from Scotch- Irish ancestry —his grandfather, who was a native of the North of Ireland, having come to America in his youth and served in the War of the Eevolu- tiou. The subject of this slietch grew up on a farm, attending school in the winter until 1854, then spent the next two winters at an academy, and, in 1856, began a course in Monmouth Col- lege, where he graduated in 1860. The following year he spent as instructor in Latin in the same institution, but, in 1861, became editor of "The Carthage Republican," a Democratic paper, which he made a strong advocate of the cause of the Union, meanwhile, both by his pen and on the stump, encouraging enlistments in the army. About the first of July, 1863, having disposed of his interest in the paper, he enlisted in a company of which he was unanimously chosen Captain, and which, with four other companies organized in the same section, became the nucleus of the One Hundred and Eighteenth Illinois Volunteers. The regiment having been completed at Camp Butler, he was elected Major, and going to the field in the following fall, took part in General Sherman's first movement against Vicksburg by way of Chickasaw Bayou, in December, 1863. Later, as a member of Osterhaus' Division of Gen- eral McClemand's corps, he participated with his regiment in the captirre of Arkansas Post, and in the operations against Vicksburg which resulted in the capture of that stronghold, in July, 1863. He then joined the Department of the Gulf under command of General Banks, but was compelled by sickness to return north. Having sufficiently recovered, he spent a few months in the recruit- ing service (1864), but, in May of that year, was transferred, by order of President Lincoln, to the Pay Department, as Additional-Paymaster, with the rank of Major, being finally assigned to duty at Springfield, where he remained, paying off Illi- nois regiments as mustered out of the service, until Oct. 13, 1865, when he was honorably dis- charged. A few weeks later he was elected County Clerk of Hancock County, serving four years. In the meantime he engaged in the stone business, as head of the firm of R. W. McClaughry & Co., furnishing stone for the basement of the State Capitol at Springfield and for bridges across the Mississippi at Quincy and Keokuk— later being engaged in the same business at St. Gene- vieve, Mo., vrith headquarters at St. Louis. Com- pelled to retire by failing health, he took up his residence at Monmouth in 1873, but, in 1874, was called to the wardenship of the State Peniten- tiary at Joliet. Here he remained until December, 1888, when he resigned to accept the superin- tendency of the Industrial Reformatory at Huntingdon, Pa., but, in May, 1891, accepted from Mayor Washburne the position of Chief of Police in Chicago, continuing in service, under Mayor Harrison, until August, 1893, when he became Superintendent of the Illinois State Reformatory at Pontiac. Early in 1897 he was again offered and accepted the position of Warden of the State Penitentiary at Joliet. Here he re- mained until 1899, when he received from Presi- dent McKinley the appointment of Warden of the Military Prison at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., which position he now (1899) occupies. Major Mc- Claughry's administration of penal and reforma- . tory institutions has been eminently satisfactoiy, and he has taken rank as one of the most success- ful penologists in the country. McCLELLAN, Robert H., lawyer and banker, was born in Washington County, N. Y., Jan. 3, 1833; graduated at Union College, Schenectady, in 1847, and then studied law with Hon. Martin I. Townsend, of Troy, being admitted to the bar in 1850. The same year he removed to Galena, lU. ; during his first winter there, edited "The Galena Gazette," and the following spring formed a partnership with John M. Douglas, afterwards General Solicitor and President of the Illinois Central Railroad, which ended with the removal of the latter to Chicago, when Mr. McClellan succeeded him as local attorney of the road at Galena. In 1864 Mr. McClellan became President of the Bank of Galena — later the "National Bank of Galena" — remaining for over twenty years. He is also largely interested in local manufac- tories and financial institutions elewhere. He served as a Republican Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly (1861-63), and as Senator (1876-80), and maintained a high rank as a sagacious and judicious legislator. Liberal, public-spirited and patriotic, his name has been prominently connected with all movements for the improvement of his locality and the advance- ment of the interests of the State. McCLEENAND, John Alexander, a volunteer officer in the Civil War and prominent Demo- cratic politician, was born in Breckenridge County, Ky., May 30, 1813, brought to Shawnee- town in 1816, was admitted to the bar in 1832, and engaged in journalism for a time. He served in the Black Hawk War, and was elected to the Legislature in 1836, and again in 1840 and '43. The latter year he was elected to Congress, serv- 360 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. ing four consecutive terms, but declining a renomination, being about to remove to Jackson- ville, where he resided from 1851 to 1856. Twice (1840 and '53) he was a Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket. In 1856 he removed to Springfield, and, in 1859, re-entered Congress as Representative of the Springfield District; was re-elected in 1860, but resigned in 1861 to accept a commission as Brigadier-General of Volunteers from President Lincoln, being promoted Major- General early in 1862. He participated in the battles of Belmont, Fort Donelson, Shiloh and before Vicksburg, and was in command at the capture of Arkansas Post, but was severely criti- cised for some of his acts during the Vicksburg campaign and relieved of his command by Gen- eral Grant. Having finally been restored by order of President Lincoln, he participated in the campaign in Louisiana and Texas, but resigned his commission in 1864. General McClernand presided over the Democratic National Conven- tion of 1876, and, in 1886, was appointed by Presi- dent Cleveland one of the members of the Utah Commission, serving through President Harri- son's administration. He was also elected Circuit Judge in 1870, as succ essor to Hon. B. S. Edwards, who had resigned. Died Sept. 20, 1900. McCLTJRG, Alexander C, soldier and pub- lisher, was born in Philadelphia but grew up in Pittsburg, where his father was an iron manu- facturer. He graduated at Miami University. Oxford, Ohio., and, after studying law for a time with Chief Justice Lowrie of Pennsylvania, came to Chicago in 1859, and entered the bookstore of S. C. Griggs & Co., as a junior clerk. Early in 1861 he enlisted as a private in the War of the Rebellion, but the quota of three-months' men being already full, his services were not accepted. In August, 1862, he became a member of the "Crosby Guards," afterwards incorporated in the Eighty -eighth Illinois Infantry (Second Board of Trade Regiment), and was unanimously elected Captain of Company H. After the battle of Perryville, he was detailed as Judge Advocate at Nashville, and, in the following year, offered the position of Assistant Adjutant-General on the staff of General MoCook, afterwards serving in a similar capacity on the staffs of Generals Thomas, Sheridan and Baird. He took part in the defense of Chattanooga and, at the battle of Missionary Ridge, had two horses shot under him ; was also with the Fourteenth Army Corps in the Atlanta campaign, and, at the request of Gen. Jeff. C. Davis, was promoted to the rank of Colonel and brevetted Brigadier-General — later, being pre- sented with a sword bearing the names of the^ principal battles in which he was engaged, besides being especially complimented in letters by Generals Sherman, Thomas, Baird, Mitchell, Davis and others. He was invited to enter the regular army at the close of the war, but pre- ferred to return to private life, and resumed his former position with S. C. Griggs & Co., soon after becoming a junior partner in the concern, of which he has since become the chief. In the various mutations through which this extensive firm has gone. General MoClurg has been a lead- ing factor until now (and since 1887) he stands- at the head of the most extensive publishing firm west of New York. McCOJfNEL, Murray, pioneer and lawyer, was- born in Orange County, N. Y., Sept. 5, 1798, and educated in the common schools; left home at. 14 years of age and, after a year at Louisville, spent several years fiat-boating, trading and hunting in the West, during this period visiting Arkansas, Texas and Kansas, finally settUng on a. farm near Herculaneum, Mo. In 1823 he located in Scott (then a part of Morgan) County, 111., but- when the. town of Jacksonville was laid out, became a citizen of that place. During the Black Hawk War (July and August, 1832), he served on the staff of Gen. J. D. Henry with the rank of Major; in 1837 was appointed by Governor Dun- can a member of the Board of Public Works for the First Judicial District, in this capacity having- charge of the construction of the railroad between Meredosia and Springfield (then known as the- Northern Cross Railroad) — the first public rail- road built in the State, and the only one con- structed during the "internal improvement" era following 1837. He also held a commission from Governor French as Major-General of State Mi- litia, in 1855 was appointed by President Pierce. Fifth Auditor of the Treasury Department, but retired in 1859. In 1832, on his return from the Black Hawk War, he was elected a Repre- sentative in the State Legislature from Morgan County, and, in 1864, was elected to the State- Senate for the District composed of Morgan, Menard, Cass, Schuyler and Brown Counties, serving until 1868. Though previously a Demo- crat and a delegate to the Democratic National Convention of 1860, he was an earnest supporter of the war policy of the Government, and was- one of four Democratic Senators, in the General Assembly of 1865, who voted for the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment of the National Constitution, prohibiting slavery in the United States. His death occurred by assassination, by HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 361 some unknown person, in his office at Jacison- ville, Feb. 9, 1869.— John Ludlum (McConnel), son of the preceding, was born in Jacksonville, 111., Nov. 11, 1826, studied law and graduated at Transylvania Law School; in 1846 enlisted as a private in the Mexican War, became First Lieu- tenant and was promoted Captain after the battle of Buena Vista, where he was twice wounded. After 'the war he returned to Jacksonville and wrote several books illustrative of Western life and character, which were published between 1850 and 1853. At the time of his death — Jan. 17, 1862 — he was engaged in the preparation of a "History of Early Explorations in America, " hav- ing special reference to the labors of the early Roman Catholic missionaries. McCOJfNELL, (Gen). John, soldier, was born in Madison County, N. Y. , Deo. 5, 1824, and came with his parents to Illinois when about sixteen years of age. His father (James McConnell) was a native of Ireland, who came to the United States shortly before the War of 1813, and, after remaining in New York until 1840, came to San- gamon County, 111., locating a few miles south of Springfield, where he engaged extensively in sheep-raising. He was an enterprising and pro- gressive agriculturist, and was one of the founders of the State Agricultural Society, being President of the Convention of 1853 which resulted in its organization. His death took place, Jan. 7, 1867. The subject of this sketch was engaged with his father and brothers in the farming and stock business until 1861, when he raised a company for the Third Illinois Cavalry, of which he was elected Captain, was later promoted Major, serv- ing until March, 1863, during that time taking part in some of the important battles of the war in Southwest Missouri, including Pea Ridge, and was highly complimented by his commander. Gen. G. M. Dodge, for bravery. Some three months after leaving the Third Cavalry, he was commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of the Fifth Illinois Cavalry, and, in March, 1865, was commissioned Brevet Brigadier-General, his com- mission being signed by President Lincoln on April 14, 1865, the morning preceding the night of his assassination. During the latter part of his service. General McConnell was on duty in Texas, being finally mustered out in October, 1865. After the death of his father, and until 1879, he continued in the business of sheep-raising and farming, being for a time the owner of several extensive farms in Sangamon County, but, in 1879, engaged in the insurance business in Springfield, where he died, March 14, 1898. McConnell, Samuel p., son of the preceding,, was born at Springfield, 111., on July 5, 1849. After completing his literary studies he read law at Springfield in the office of Stuart, Edwards & Brown, and was admitted to the bar in 1872, soon after establishing himself in practice in Chicago. After various partnerships, in which he was asso- ciated with leading lawyers of Chicago, he was. elected Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court, in 1889, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Judge W. K. MoAllist.er, serving until 1894, when he resigned to give his attention to private prac- tice. Although one of the youngest Judges upon the bench, Judge McConnell was called upon, soon after his election, to preside at the trial of the conspirators in the celebrated Cronin murder case, in which he displayed great ability. He has also had charge, as presiding Judge, of a number of civil suits of great importance affecting cor- porations. McCORMICK, Cyrus Hall, inventor and manu- facturer, born in Rockbridge County, Va., Feb. 15, 1809. In youth he manifested unusual mechani- cal ingenuity, and early began attempts at the manufacture of some device for cutting grain, his first finished machine being produced in 1831. Though he had been manufacturing for years in a small way, it was not until 1844 that his first machine was shipped to the West, and, in 1847, he came to Chicago with a view to establishing its manufacture in the heart of the region where its use would be most in demand. One of his early partners in the business was William B. Ogden, afterwards so widely known in connection with Chicago's railroad history. The business grew on his hands until it became one of the largest manufacturing interests in the United States. Mr. McCormick was a Democrat, and, in 1860, he bought "The Chicago Times." and having united it with "The Herald," which he already owned, a few months later sold the consolidated concern to Wilbur F. Storey. "The Interior," the Northwestern mouthpiece of the Presbyterian faith, had been founded by a joint stock-company in 1870, but was burned out in 1871 and removed to Cincinnati. In January, 1873, it was returned to Chicago, and, at the beginning of the following year, it became the property of Mr. McCormick in conjunction with Dr. Gray, who has been its editor and manager ever since. Mr. MoCormick's most liberal' work was undoubtedly the endowment of the Presby- terian Theological Seminary in Chicago, which goes by his name. His death occurred. May 13, 1884, after a business life of almost unprece- 363 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. dented success, and after conferring upon the agriculturists of the country a boon of inestimable value. Mccormick theological seminary, a Presbyterian school of theology in Chicago, be- ing the outgrowth of an institution originally con- nected with Hanover College, Ind., in 1830. In ISfiO the late Cyrus H. MoCormick donated SlOO,- ■000 to the school, and it was removed to Chicago, where it was opened in September, with a class of fifteen students. Since then nearly §300,000 have been contributed toward a building fund by Mr. McCormick and his heirs, besides numerous donations to the same end made by others. The number of buildings is nine, four being for the general purposes of the institution (including dormitories), and five being houses for the pro- fessors. The course of instruction covers three annual terms of seven months each, and includes didactic and polemic theology, biblical and ecclesiastical history, sacred rhetoric and pastoral theology, church government and the sacra- ments. New Testament literature and exegesis, apologetics and missions, and homiletics. The faculty consists of eight professors, one adjunct professor, and one instructor in elocution and vocal culture. Between 300 and 300 students are enrolled, including post-graduates. McCULLOCH, David, lawyer and jurist, was born in Cumberland County, Pa., Jan. 25, 1832; received his academic education at Marshall Col- lege, Mercersburg, Pa. , graduating in the class of 1852. Then, after spending some six months as a teacher in his native village, he came west, arriving at Peoria early in 1853. Here he con- ducted a private school for two yeai-s, when, in 1855, he began the study of law in the office of Manning & Merriman, being admitted to the bar in 1857. Soon after entering upon his law studies he was elected Schoor Commissioner for Peoria County, serving, by successive re-elections, three terms (1855-61). At the close of this period he was taken into partnership with his old precep- tor, Julius Manning, who died, July 4, 1862. In 1877 he was elected Circuit Judge for the Eighth Circuit, under the law authorizing the increase of Judges in each circuit to three, and was re- elected in 1879, serving until 1885. Six years of this period were spent as a Justice of the Appellate Court for the Third Appellate District. On retiring from the bench, Judge McCuUoch entered into partnership with his son, E. D. McCuUoch, which is still maintained. Politically, Judge McCuUoch was reared as a Democrat, but during the Civil War became a Republican. Since 1886 he has been identified with the Prohibition Party, although, as the result of questions arising during the Spanish-American War, giving a cordial support to the policy of President McKinley. In religious views he is a Presbyterian, and is a mem- ber of the Board of Directors of the McCormick Theological Seminary at Cliicago. McCULLOUGH, James Skiles, Auditor of Public Accounts, was bom in Mercersburg, Franklin County, Pa., May 4, 1843; in 1854 came with his father to ITrbana, 111., and grew up on a farm in that vicinity, receiving such education as could be obtained in the public schools. In 1863, at the age of 19 years, he enlisted as a private in Company G, Seventy-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and served during the next three years in the Departments of the Mississippi and the Gulf, meanwhile participating in the campaign against Vicksburg, and, near the close of the war, in the operations about Mobile. On the 9th of April, 1865, while taking part in the assault on Fort Blakely, near Mobile, his left arm was torn to pieces by a grape-shot, compelling its amputation near the shoulder. His final discharge occurred in July, 1865. Returning home he spent a year in school at Urbana, after which he was a student in the Soldiers' College at Fulton, 111., for two years. He then (1868) entered the office of the County Clerk of Champaign County as a deputy, remain- ing until 1873, when he was chosen County Clerk, serving by successive re-elections until 1896. The latter year he received the nomination of the Republican Party for Auditor of Public Accounts, and, at the November election, was elected by a plurality of 138,000 votes over his Democratic opponent. He was serving his sixth term as County Clerk when chosen Auditor, having received the nomination of his party on each occasion without opposition. McDANNOLD, John J., lawyer and ex-Con- gressman, was born in Brown County, 111., August 29, 1851, acquired his early education in the com- mon schools of his native covmty and in a private school; graduated from the Law Department of the Iowa State University in 1874, and was admitted to the bar in Illinois the same year, commencing practice at Mount Sterling. In 1885 he was made Master in Chancery, in 1886, elected County Judge, and re-elected in 1890, resigning his seat in October, 1892, to accept an election by the Democrats of the Twelfth Illinois District as Representative in the Fifty-third Congress. After retiring from Congress (March 4, 1895), Mr. McDannold removed to Chicago, where he engaged in the practice of his profession. -/^*'l \ '■ . HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 363 Mcdonough county, organized under an act passed, Jan. 25, 1826, and attached, for judicial purposes, to Schuyler County until 1830. Its present area is 580 square miles — named in honor of Commodore McDonough. The first settlement in the county was at Industry, on the site of which WiUiam Carter (the pioneer of the county) huilt a cabin in 1826. James and John Vance and William Job settled in the vicinity in the following year. Out of this settlement grew Blandinsville. William Pennington located on Spring Creek in 1828, and, in 1831, James M. Campbell erected the first frame house on the site of the present city of Macomb. The first sermon, preached by a Protestant minister in the county, was delivered in the Job settlement by Eev. John Logan, a Baptist. Among the early officers were John Huston, County Treasurer; William Southward, Sheriil; Peter Hale, Coro- ner, and Jesse Bartlett, Surveyor.- The first term of the Circuit Court was held in 1830, and presided over by Hon. Richard M. Young. The iirst railway to cross the county was the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (1857). Since then other lines have penetrated it, and there are numerous railroad centers and shipping points of consider- able Importance. Population (1880), 25,037; (1890), 37,467; (1900), 28,412. McDOUGAlL, James Alexander, lawyer and United States Senator, was bom in Bethlehem, Albany County, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1817; educated at the Albany grammar school, studied law and settled in Pike County, 111. , in 1837 ; was Attor- ney-General of Illinois four years (1843-47) ; then engaged in engineering and, in 1849, organized and led an exploring expedition to the Eio del Norte, Gila and Colorado Rivers, finally settling at San Francisco and engaging in the practice of law. In 1850 he was elected Attorney-General of California, served several terms in the State Legislature, and, in 1852, was chosen, as a Demo- crat, to Congress, but declined a re-election ; in 1860 was elected United States Senator from Cali- fornia, serving as a War Democrat until 1867. At theexpiration of his senatorial term he retired to Albany, N. Y., where he died, Sept. 3, 1867. Though somewhat irregular in habits, he was, at times, a brilliant and efifeotive speaker, and, dur- ing the War of the Rebellion, rendered valuable aid to the Union cause. McFARLAND, Andrew, M.D., alienist, was bom in Concord, N. H., July 14, 1817, graduated at JeBferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1841, and, after being engaged in general practice for a few years, was invited to assume the man- agement of the New Hampshire Asylum for the Insane at Concord. Here he remained some eight years, during which he acquired consider- able reputation in the treatment of nervous and mental disorders. In 1854 he was offered and accepted the position of Medical Superintendent of the Illinois State (now Central) Hospital for the Insane at Jacksonville, entering upon his duties in June of that year, and continuing his connection with that institution for a period of more than sixteen years. Having resigned his position in the State Hospital in June, 1870, he soon after established the Oaklawn Retreat, at Jacksonville, a private institution for the treat- ment of insane patients, which he conducted with a great degree of success, and with which he was associated during the remainder of his life, dying, Nov. 22, 1891. Dr. McFarland's serv- ices were in frequent request as a medical expert in cases before the courts, invariably, however, on the side of the defense. The last case in which he appeared as a witness was at the trial of Charles F. Guiteau, the assassin of President Garfield, whom he believed to be insane. McGAHET, David, settled in Crawford County, 111., in 1817, and served as Representative from that County in the Third and Fourth General Assemblies (1822-26), and as Senator in the Eighth and Ninth (1832-36). Although a native of Tennessee, Mr. McGahey was a strong opponent of slavery, and, at the session of 1822, was one of those who voted against the pro-slavery Constitu- tion resolution. He continued to reside in Law- rence County until his death in 1851. — James D. (McGahey), a son of the -preceding, was elected to the Ninth General Assembly from Crawford County, in 1834, but died during his term of service. McGANN, Lawrence Edward, ex-Congressman, was born in Ireland, Feb. 2, 1852. His father having died in 1884, the following year his mother emigrated to the United States, settling at Milford, Mass., where he attended the public schools. In 1865 he came to Chicago, and, for fourteen years, found employment as a shoe- maker. In 1879 he entered the municipal service as a clerk, and, on Jan. 1, 1885, was appointed City Superintendent of Streets, resigning in May, 1891. He was elected in 1892, as a Democrat, to represent the Second Illinois District in the Fifty-second Congress, and re-elected to the Fifty- third. In 1894 he was a candidate for re-election and received a certificate of election by a small majority over Hugh R. Belknap (Republican). An investigation having shown his defeat, he 364 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. magnanimously surrendered his seat to his com- petitor without a contest. He has large business interests in Chicago, especially in street railroad property, being President of an important elec- tric line. McHENRT, a village in MoHenry County, situ- ated on the Fox River and the Chicago & North- western Railway. The river is here navigable for steamboats of light draft, which ply between the town and Fox Lake, a favorite resort for sports- men. . The town has bottling works, a creamery, marble and granite works, cigar factory, flour mills, brewery, bank, four churches, and one weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 979; (1900), 1,013. McHENRY, William, legislator and soldier of the Black Hawk War, came from Kentucky to Illinois in 1809, locating in White County, and afterwards became prominent as a legislator and soldier in the War of 1813, and in the Black Hawk War of 1832, serving in the latter as Major of the "Spy Battalion" and participating in the battle of Bad Axe. He also served as Represent- ative in the First, Fourth, Fifth and Ninth Gen- eral Assemblies, and as Senator in the Sixth and Seventh. While serving his last term in the House (1835), he died and was buried at Vandalia, then the State capital. McHenry County — organ- ized by act of the Legislature, passed at a second session during the winter of 1835-36 — was named in his honor McHENRT COUNTY, lies in the northern por- tion of the State, bounded on the north by Wis- consin — named for Gen. William McHenry. Its area is 634 square miles. With what is now the County of Lake, it was erected into a county in 1836, the county-seat being at McHenry. Three years later the eastern part was set off as the County of Lake, and the county-seat of McHenry County removed to Woodstock, the geograph- ical center. The soil is well watered by living springs and is highly productive. Hardwood groves are numerous. Fruits and berries are extensively cultivated, but the herbage is espe- cially adapted, to dairying, Kentucky blue grass being indigenous. Large quantities of milk are daily shipped to Chicago, and the annual pro- duction of butter and cheese reaches into the millions of pounds. The geological formations comprise the drift and the Cincinnati and Niagara groups of rocks. Near Fox River are found gravel ridges. Vegetable remains and logs of wood have been found at various depths in the drift deposits ; in one instance a cedar log, seven Inches in diameter, having been discovered forty- two feet below the surface. Peat is found every- where, although the most extensive deposits are in the northern half of the county, where they exist in sloughs covering several thousands of acres. Several lines of railroad cross the countyj and every important village is a railway station. Woodstock, Marengo, and Harvard are the prin- cipal towns. Population (1880), 24,908; (1890), 36,114; (1900), 29,759. McINTOSH. (Capt.) Alexander, was born in Fulton County, N. Y., in 1833; at 19 years of age entered an academy at Galway Center, remaining three years ; in 1845 removed to JoUet, 111., and, two years later, started "The JoUet True Democrat," but sold out the next year, and, in 1849, went to CaUfomia. Returning in 1853, he bought back "The True Democrat," which he edited until 1857, meanwhile (1856) having been elected Clerk of the Circuit Court and Recorder of Will County. In 1863 he was appointed by President Lincoln Captain and Assistant Quarter- master, serving under General Sherman in 1864 and in the "March to the Sea," and, after the war, being for a time Post Quartermaster at Mobile. Having resigned in 1866, he engaged in mercantile business at Wilmington, WiU County; but, in 1869, bought "The Wilmington Independ- ent," which he published until 1873. The next year he returned to Joliet, and, a few months after, became political editor of "The JoUet Republican," and was subsequently connected, in a similar capacity, with other papers, including "The Phoenix" and "The Sun" of the same city. Died, in Joliet, Feb. 3, 1899. McKENDREE, William, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, was born in Virginia, in 1757, enlisted as a private in the War of the Revolution, but later served as Adjutant and in the commissary depart- ment. He was converted at 30 years of age, and the next year began preaching in his native State, being advanced to the position of Presiding Elder ; in 1800 was transferred to the West, IIU- nois falling within his District. Here he remained until his elevation to the episcopacy in 1808. McKendree CoUege, at Lebanon, received its name from him, together with a donation of 480 acres of land. Died, near Nashville, Tenn. , March 5, 1835. McKENDREE COLLEGE, one of the earUest of Illinois colleges, located at Lebanon and incorpo- rated in 1835. Its founding was suggested by Rev. Peter Cartwright, and it may be said to have had its inception at the Methodist Episcopal Conference held at Mount Carmel, in September, 1837. The first funds for its establishment were subscribed by citizens of Lebanon, who contrib- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 365 uted from their scanty means, §1,385. Instruc- tion began, Nov. 24, 1828, under Rev. Edward Ames, afterwards a Bishop of the Methodist Epis- copal Church. In 1830 Bishop McKendree made a donation of land to the infant institution, and the school was named in his honor. It cannot be said to have become really a college until 1836, and its first class graduated in 1841. University powers were granted it by an amendment to its charter in 1839. At present the departments are as follows: Preparatory, business, classical, scientific, law, music and oratory. The institu- tion owns property to the value of 190,000, includ- ing an endowment of $35,000, and has about 300 students, of both sexes, and a faculty of ten instructors. (See Colleges, Early.) MclAREN, William Edward, Episcopal Bishop, was born at Geneva, N. Y., Dec. 13, 1831 ; gradu- ated at Washington and Jefferson College (Wash- ington, Pa.) in 1851, and, after six years spent in teaching and in journalistic work, entered Alle- gheny Theological Seminary, graduating and entering the Presbyterian ministry in 1860. For three years he was a missionary at Bogota, South America, and later in charge of churches at Peoria, 111., and Detroit, Mich. Having entered the Protestant Episcopal Chiirch, he was made a deacon in July, 1872, and ordained priest the fol- lowing October, immediately thereafter assuming the pastorate of Trinity Church, Cleveland, Ohio. In July, 1875, he was elected Bishop of the Prot- estant Episcopal Diocese of Illinois, which then included the whole State. Subsequently, the dioceses of Quincy and Springfield were erected therefrom. Bishop McLaren remaining at the head of the Chicago See. During his episcopate, church work has been active and effective, and the Western Theological Seminary in Chicago has been founded. His published works include numerous sermons, addresses and poems, besides a voluAe entitled "Catholic Dogma the Antidote to Doubt" (New York, 1884). McLaughlin, Robert K., early' lawyer and State Treasurer, was born in Virginia, Oct. 25, 1779 ; before attaining his majority went to Ken- tucky, and, about 1815, removed to Illinois, set- tling finally at Belleville, where he entered upon the practice of law. The first public position held by him seems to have been that of Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of both Houses of the Third (or last) Territorial Legislature (1816-18). In August, 1819, he entered upon the duties of State Treasurer, as successor to John Thomas, who had been Treasurer during the whole Territorial period, serving until January, 1833. Becoming a citizen of Vandalia, by the removal thither of the State capital a few months later, he continued to reside there the remainder of his life. He subse- quently represented the Fayette District as Representative in the Fifth General Assembly, and as Senator in the Sixth, Seventh and Tenth, and, in 1837, became Register of the Land Office at Vandalia, serving until 1845. Although an imcle of Gen. Joseph Duncan, he became a can- didate for Governor against the latter, in 1834, standing third on the list. He married a Miss Bond, a niece of Gov. Shadrach Bond, under whose administration he served as State Treasurer. Died, at Vandalia, May 29, 1863. McLEAN, a village of McLean County, on the Chicago & Alton Railway, 14 miles southwest of Bloomington, in a farming, dairying and stock- growing district; has one weekly paper. Popu- lation (1890), 500; (1900), 632. McLEAN, John, early United States Senator, was born in North Carolina in 1791, brought by his father to Kentucky when four years old, and. at 23, was admitted to the bar and removed to Illinois, settling at Shawneetown in 1815. Pos. sessing oratorical gifts of a high order and an almost magnetic power over men, coupled with strong common sense, a keen sense of humor and, great command of language, he soon attained prominence at the bar and as a popular speaker In 1818 he was elected the first Representative in Congress from the new State, defeating Daniel P. Cook, but served only a few months, being de- feated by Cook at the next election. He was three times elected to the Legislature, serving once as Speaker. In 1834 he was chosen United States Senator to succeed Governor Edwards (who had resigned), serving one year. In 1828 he was elected for a second time by a unanimous vote, but lived to serve only one session, dying at Shawneetown, Oct. 4, 1830. In testimony of the public appreciation of the loss which the' State had sustained by his death, McLean County was named in his honor, McLEAN COUNTY, the lai:gest county of the State, having an area of 1166 square miles, is central as to the region north of the latitude of St. Louis and about midway between that city and Chicago— was named for John McLean, an early United States Senator. The early immi- grants were largely from Ohio, although Ken- tucky and New York were well represented. The county was organized in 1830, the population at that time being about 1,300. The greater portion of the surface is high, undulating prairie, with occasional groves and belts of timber. On the 366 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. creek bottoms are found black walnut, sycamore, buckeye, black ash and elm, while the sandy ridges are covered with scrub oak and black-jack. The soil is extremely fertile (generally a rich, brown loam), and the entire county is underlaid with coal. The chief occupations are stock-rais- ing, coal-mining, agriculture and manufactures. Sugar and Mackinaw Creeks, with their tribu- taries, afford thorough drainage. Sand and gravel beds are numerous, but vary greatly in depth. At Chenoa one has been found, in boring for coal, thirty feet thick, overlaid by forty-five feet of the clay common to this formation. The upper seam of coal in the Bloomington shafts is No. 6 of the general section, and the lower. No. 4; , the latter averaging four feet in thickness. The principal towns are Bloomington (the county- seat). Normal, Lexington, LeRoy and Chenoa. Population (1890), 63,036; (1900), 67,843. McLEANSBORO, a city and the coimty-seat of Hamilton County, upon a branch of the Louis- ville & Nashville Railroad, 108 miles east south- east of St. Louis and about 48 miles southeast of Centralia. The people are enterprising and pro- gressive, the city is up-to-date and prosperous, supporting three banks and six churches. Two weekly newspapers are published here. Popula- tion (1880), 1,341; (1890), 1,355; (1900), 1,758. McMTJLLIN, James C, Railway Manager, was born at Watertown, N. Y., Feb. 13, 1836; began work as Freight and Ticket Agent of the Great Western Railroad (now Wabash), at Decatur, 111., May, 1857, remaining until 1860, when he accepted the position of Freight Agent of the Chicago & Alton at Springfield. Here he re- mained until Jan. 1, 1863, when he was trans- ferred in a similar capacity to Chicago; in September, 1864, became Superintendent of the Northern Division of the Chicago & Alton, after- wards successively filling the positions of Assist- ant General Superintendent (1867), General Superintendent (1868-78) and General Manager (1878-83). The latter year he was elected Vice- President, remaining in office some ten years, when ill-health compelled his retirement. Died, in Chicago, Deo. 30, 1896. McMURTKT, William, Lieutenant-Governor, was born in Mercer County, Ky,, Feb. 20, 1801; removed from Kentucky to Crawford County, Ind., and, in 1829, came to Knox County, III, settling in Henderson Township. He was elected Representative in the Tenth General Assembly (1836), and to the Senate in 1842, serving in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth General Assemblies. In 1848 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor on the same ticket with Gov. A. C. French, being the first to hold the office under the Constitution adopted that year. In 1863 he assisted in raising the One Hundred and Second Regiment Illinois Volunteers, and, although advanced in years, was elected Colonel, but a few weeks later was compelled to accept a discharge on account of failing health. Died, April 10, 1875. McNEELEY, Thompson W., lawyer and ex-Con- gressman, was bom in Jacksonville, 111., Oct. 5, 1835, and graduated at Lombard University, Galesburg, at the age of 31. The following year he was licensed to practice, but continued to pur- sue his professional studies, attending the Law University at Louisville, Ky., from which insti- tution he graduated in 1859. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1863, and chairman of the Democratic State Central Com- mittee in 1878. From 1869 to 1873 he represented his District in Congress, resuming his practice at Petersburg, Menard County, after his retire- ment. McNULTA, John, soldier and ex-Congressman, was born in New York City, Nov. 9, 1837, received an academic education, was admitted to the bar, and settled at Bloomington, in this State, while yet a young man. On May 3, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the Union army, and served until August 9, 1865, rising, successively, to the rank of Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel, Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General. From 1869 to 1873 he was a member of the lower house of the General Assembly from McLean County, and, in 1872, was elected to the Forty-third Congress, as a Repub- lican. General McNulta has been prominent in the councils of the Republican party, standing pecond on the ballot for a candidate for Governor, in the State Convention of 1888, and serving as Permanent President of the State Convention of 1890. In 1896 he was one of the most earnest advocates of the nomination of Mr. McKialey for President. Some of his most important work, within the past few years, has been performed in connection with receiverships of certain railway u,nd other corporations, especially that of the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad, from 1884 to 1890. He is now (1898) Receiver of the National Bank of Illinois, Chicago. Died Feb. 22, 1900. Mcpherson, Simeon J., clergyman, de- scended from the Clan McPherson of Scotland, was born at Mumford, Monroe County, N. Y., Jan. 19, 1850 ; prepared for college at Leroy and Fulton, and graduated at Princeton, N. J., in 1874. Then, after a year's service as teacher of mathematics at his Alma Mater, he entered the Theological HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 367 Seminary there, and graduated from that depart- ment in 1879, having In the meantime traveled through Em-ope, Egypt and Palestine. He was licensed to preach by the Rochester Presbytery in 1877, and spent three years (1879-82) in pas- toral labor at East Orange, N. J. ; when he ac- cepted a call to the Second Presbyterian Church of Chicago, remaining until the early part of 1899, when he tendered his resignation to accept the position of Director of the Lawrenceville Prepar- atory Academy of Princeton College, N. J. McEOBERTS, Josiah, jurist, was bom in Monroe County, 111., June 12, 1820; graduated from St. Mary's College (Mo.) in 1839; studied law at Danville, 111., with his brother Samuel, and, in 1842, entered the law department of Transylvania University, graduating in 1844, after which he at once began practice. In 1846 he was elected to the State Senate for the Cham- paign and Vermilion District, at the expiration of his term removing to Joliet. In 1852 he was appointed by Governor Matteson Trustee of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, which office he held for four years. In 1866 he was appointed Circuit Court Judge by Gtovernor Oglesby, to fill a va- cancy, and was re-elected in 1867, '73, '79, and '85, but died a few months after his last election. McEOBEBTS, Samuel, United States Sena- tor, was bom in Monroe County, 111., Feb. 20, 1799; graduated from Transylvania University in 1819; in 1821, was elected the first Circuit Clerk of his native county, and, in 1825, appointed Circuit Judge, which office he held for three years. In 1828 he was elected State Senator, representing the district comprising Monroe, Clinton and Washington Counties. Later he was appointed United States District Attorney by President Jackson, but soon resigned to become Receiver of Public Moneys at Danville, by appointment of President Van Buren, and, in 1839, Solicitor of the General Land Office at Washington. Resigning the latter office in the fall of 1841, at the next session of the Illinois Legislature he was elected United States Senator to succeed John M. Robinson, deceased. Died, at Cincinnati, Ohio, March 32, 1843, being suc- ceeded by James Semple. McTICKEE, James Hubert, actor and theat- rical manager, was bom in New York City, Feb. 14, 1822; thrown upon his own resources by the death of his father in infancy and the necessity of assisting to support his widowed mother, he early engaged in various occupations, until, at the age of 15, he became an apprentice in the office of "The St. Louis Republican," three years later becoming a journeyman printer. He first appeared on the stage in the St. Charles Theater, New Orleans, in 1843 ; two years later was prin- cipal comedian in Rice's Theater, Chicago, re- maining until 1852, when he made a tour of the country, appearing in Yankee characters. About 1855 he made a tour of England and, on his return, commenced building his first Chicago theater, which was opened, Nov. 3, 1857, and was conducted with varied fortune until burned down in the great fire of 1871. Rebuilt and remodeled from time to time, it burned down a second time In August, 1890, the losses from these several fires having imposed upon Mr. McVicker a heavy burden. Although an excellent comedian, Mr. McVicker did not appear on the stage after 1882, from that date giving his attention entirely to management. He enjoyed in an eminent degree the respect and confidence, not only of the profession, but of the general public. Died in Chicago, March 7, 1896. MeWILLIAMS, David, banker, Dwight, 111., was born in Belmont County, Ohio, Jan. 14, 1834; was brought to Illinois in infancy and grew up on a, farm until 14 years of age, when he entered the office of the Pittsfield (Pike Coimty) "Free Press" as an apprentice. In 1849 he engaged in the lumber trade with his father, the management of which devolved upon him a few years later. In the early 50's he was, for a time, a student in Illinois College at Jacksonville, but did not graduate; in 1855 removed to Dwight, Livingston County, then a new town on the line of the Chi- cago & Alton Railroad, which had been completed to that point a few months previous. Here he erected the first store building in the town, and put in a $2,000 stock of goods on borrowed capi- tal, remaining in the mercantile business for eighteen years, and retaining an interest in the establishment seven years longer. In the mean- time, while engaged in merchandising, he began a banking business, which was enlarged on his retirement from the former, receiving his entire attention. The profits derived from his banking business were invested in farm lands until he became one of the largest land-owners in Living- ston County. Mr. McWilliams is one of the original members of the first Methodist Episcopal Church organized at Dwight, and has served as a lay delegate to several General Conferences of that denomination, as well as a delegate to the Ecumenical Council in London in 1881 ; has also been a liberal contributor to the support of vari- ous literary and theological institutions of the church, and has served for many years as a Trus- 368 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. tee of the Northwestern University at Evanston. In politics he is a zealous Republican, and has repeatedly served as a delegate to the State Con- ventions of that party, including the Bloomington Convention of 1856, and was a candidate for Presidential Elector for the Ninth District on the Blaine ticket in 1884. He has made several ex- tended tours to Europe and other foreign coun- tries, the last including a trip to Egypt and the Holy Land, during 1898-99. ■ MECHANICSBURG, a village of Sangamon County, near the Wabash Railway, 13 miles east of Springfield. Population (1880), 396; (1890), 436; (1900), 476. MEDILL, Joseph, editor and newspaper pub- lisher, was born, April 6, 1823, in the vicinity (now a part of the city) of St. John, N. B., of Scotch- Irish parentage, but remotely of Huguenot descent. At nine years of age he accompanied his parents to Stark County, Ohio, where he enjoyed such educational advantages as belonged to that region and period. He entered an acad- emy with a view to preparing for college, but his family having suffered from a fire, he was com- pelled to turn his attention to business ; studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1846, and began practice at New Philadelphia, in Tuscarawas County. Here he caught the spirit of journalism by frequent visits to the office of a local paper, learned to set type and to work a hand-press. In 1849 he bought a paper at Coshocton, of which he assumed editorial charge, employing his brothers as assistants in various capacities. The name of this paper was "The Coshocton Whig," which he soon changed to "The Republican," in which he dealt vigorous blows at political and other abuses, which several times brought upon him assaults from his political opponents — that being the style of political argument in those days. Two years later, having sold out "The Repub- lican," he established ""the Daily Forest City" at Cleveland — a Whig paper with free-soil proclivi- ties. The following year "The Forest City" was consolidated with "The Free-Democrat," a Free- Soil paper under the editorship of John C. Vaughan, a South Carolina Abolitionist, the new paper taking the name of "The Cleveland Leader." Mr. Medill, with the co-operation of Mr. Vaughan, then went to work to secure the consolidation of the elements opposed to slavery in one compact organization. In this he was aided by the introduction of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in Congress, in December, 1853, and, before its passage in May following, Mr. Medill had begun to agitate the question of a union of all opposed to that measure in a new party under the name "Republican." During the winter of 1854-55 he received a call from Gen. J. D. Web- ster, at that time part owner of "The Chicago Tribune," which resulted in his visiting Chicago a few months later, and his purchase of an inter- est in the paper, his connection with the concern dating from June 18, 1855. He was almost immediately joined by Dr. Charles H. Ray, who had been editor of "The Galena Jeffersonian," and, still later, by J. C. Vaughan and Alfred Cowles, who had been associated with him on "The Cleveland Leader." Mr. Medill assumed the position of managing editor, and, on the retirement of Dr, Ray, in 1863, became editor-in- chief until 1866, when he gave place to Horace White, now of "The New York Evening Post." During the Civil War period he was a zealous supporter of President Lincoln's emancipation policy, and served, for a time, as President of the "Loyal League," which proved such an influ- ential factor in upholding the hands of the Gov- ernment during the darkest period of the rebellion. In 1869 Mr. Medill was elected to the State Constitutional Convention, and, in that body, was the leading advocate of the principle of "minority representation" in the election of Representatives, as.it was finally incorporated in the Constitution. In 1871 he was appointed by President Grant a member of the first Civil Service Commission, representing a principle to which he ever remained thoroughly committed. A few weeks after the great fire of the same year, he was elected Mayor of the city of Chicago. The financial condition of the city at the time, and other questions in issue, involved great diffi- culties and responsibilities, which he met in a way to command general approval. During his administration the Chicago Public Library was established, Mr. Medill delivering the address at its opening, Jan. 1, 1873. Near the close of his term as Mayor, he resigned the office and spent the following year in Europe. Almost simultane- ously with his return from his European trip, he secured a controlling interest in "The Tribune," resuming control of the paper, Nov. 9, 1874, which, as editor-in-chief, he retained for the remainder of his life of nearly twenty-five years. The growth of the paper in business and infiuence, from the beginning of his connection with it, was one of the marvels of journalism, making it easily one of the most successful ne>^spaper ventures in the United States, if not in the world. Early in December, 1898, Mr. Medill went to San Antonio, Texas, hoping to receive relief in that HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 369 mild climate from a chronic disease which had been troubling him for years, but died in that city, March 16, 1899, within three weeks of hav- ing reached his 76th birthday. The conspicuous features of his character were a strong individu- ality and indomitable perseverance, which led him never to accept defeat. A few weeks previ- ous to his death, facts were developed going to show that, in 1881, he was offered, by President Garfield, the position of Postmaster-General, which was declined, when he was tendered the choice of any position in the Cabinet except two which had been previously promised; also, that he was offered a position in President Harrison's Cabinet, in 1889. MEDILL, (M^.) William H., soldier, was born at Massillon, Ohio, Nov. 5, 1835; in 1855, came to Chicago and was associated with "The Prairie Farmer." Subsequently he was editor of "The Stark County (Ohio) Eepublican," but again returning to Chicago, at the beginning of the war, was employed on "The Tribune," of which his brother (Hon. Joseph Medill) was editor. After a few months' service in Barker's Dragoons (a short-time organization), in Septem- ber, 1861, he joined the Eighth Illinois Cavalry (Colonel Famsworth's), and, declining an election as Major, was chosen Senior Captain. The regi- ment soon joined the Army of the Potomac. By the promotion of his superior officers Captain Medill was finally advanced to the command, and, during the Peninsular campaign of 1863, led his troops on a reconnoissance within twelve miles of Eichmond. At the battle of Gettysburg he had command of a portion of his regiment, acquit- ting himself with great credit. A few days after, while attacking a party of rebels who were attempting to build a bridge across the Potomac at Williamsburg, he received a fatal wound through the lungs, dying at Frederick City, July 16, 1863. MEEKER, Moses, pioneer, was born in New- ark, N. J., June 17, 1790; removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1817, engaging in the manufacture of white lead until 1823, when he headed a pioneer expedition to the frontier settlement at Galena, 111., to enter upon the business of smelting lead- ore. He served as Captain of a company in the Black Hawk War, later removing to Iowa County, Wis., where he built the first smelting works in that Territory, served in the Territorial Legislature (1840-43) and in the first Constitu- tional Convention (1846). A "History of the Early Lead Regions," by him, appears in the sixth volume of "The Wisconsin Historical Soci- ety Collections." Died, at ShuUsburg, Wis., July 7, 1865. MELROSE, a suburb of Chicago, 11 miles west of the initial station of the Chicago & North- western Railroad, upon which it is located. It has two or three churches, some manufacturing establishments and one weekly paper. Popula- tion (1890), 1,050; (1900), 3,593. MEMBRE, Zenobius, French missionary, was born in France in 1645 ; accompanied La Salle on his expedition to Illinois in 1679, and remained at Fort Crejve-Coeur with Henry de Tonty ; descended the Mississippi with La Salle in 1683 ; returned to France and wrote a history of the expedition, and, in 1684, accompanied La Salle on his final expedition ; is supposed to have landed with La Salle in Texas, and there to have been massacred by the natives in 1687. (See La Salle and Tonty.) MENARD, Pierre, French pioneer and first Lieutenant-Governor, was born at St. Antoine, Can., Oct. 7, 1766; settled at Kaskaskia, in 1790, and engaged in trade. Becoming interested in politics, he was elected to the Territorial Council of Indiana, and^ later to the Legislative Council of Illinois Territory, being presiding officer \)f the latter until the admission of Illinois as a State. He was, for several years. Government Agent, and in this capacity negotiated several important treaties with the Indians, of whose characteris- tics he seemed to have an intuitive perception. He was of a nervous temperament, impulsive and generous. In 1818 he was elected the first Lieu- tenant-Governor of the new State. His term of office having expired, he retired to private life and the care of his extensive business. He died at Kaskaskia, in June, 1844, leaving what was then considered a large estate. Among his assets, however, were found a large number of promis- sory notes, which he had endorsed for personal friends, besides many uncoUectable accounts from poor people, to whom he had sold goods through pure generosity. Menard County was named for him, and a statue in his honor stands in the capitol grounds at Springfield, erected by the son of his old partner— Charles Pierre Chou- teau, of St. Louis. MENARD COUNTY, near the geographical center of the State, and originally a part of Sangamon, but separately organized in 1839, the Provisional Commissioners being Joseph Wat- kins, William Engle and George W. Simpson. The county was named in honor of Pierre Menard, who settled at Kaskaskia prior to the Territorial organization of Illinois. (See Menard, Pierre.) Cotton was an important crop until 1830, when 370 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. agriculture underwent a change. Stock-raising is now extensively carried on. Three fine veins of bituminous coal underlie the county. Among early American settlers may be mentioned the Clarys, Matthew Eogers, Amor Batterton, Solo- mon Pruitt and William Gideon. The names of Meadows, Montgomery, Green, Boyer and Grant are also familiar to early settlers. The county furnished a company of eighty-six volunteers for the Mexican War. The county -seat is at Peters- burg. The area of the county is 320 square miles, and its population, under the last census, 14,336. In 1829 was laid out the town of Salem, now extinct, but for some years the home of Abraham Lincoln, who was once its Postmaster, and who marched thence to the Black Hawk War as Captain of a company. MENDON, a town of Adams County, on the Burlington & Quincy Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 15 miles northeast of Quincy ; has a bank and a newspaper ; is sur- rounded by a farming and stock-raising district. Population (1880), 653; (1890). 640; (1900), 637. MENDOTA, a city in La Salle County, founded in 1853, at the junction of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy with its Rochelle and Fulton branches and the Illinois Central Railway, 80 miles south- west of Chicago. It has eight churches, three graded and two high schools, and a public li- brary. Wartburg Seminary (Lutheran, opened in 1853) is located here. The chief industrial plants are two iron foundries, machine shops, plow works and a brewery. The city has three banks and four weekly newspapers. The sur- rounding country is agricultural and the city has considerable local trade. Population (1890), 8,542; (1900), 3,736. MERCER COUNTY, a western county, wdth an area of 555 square miles and a population (1900) of 20,945— named for Gen. Hugh Mercer. The Mississippi forms the western boundary, and along this river the earliest American settlements were made. William Dennison, a Pennsylvanian, settled in New Boston Township in 1838, and, before the expiration of a half dozen years, the Vannattas, Keith, Jackson, Wilson, Farlow, Bridges, Perry and Pleharty had arrived. Mer- cer County was separated from Warren, and specially' organized in 1835. The soil is a rich, black loam, admirably adapted to the cultivation of cereals. A good quality of building stone is found at various points. Aledo is the county- seat. The county lies on the outskirts of the Illinois coal fields and mining was commenced in 1845. MERCY HOSPITAL, located in Chicago, and. the first permanent hospital in the State — char- tered in 1847 or 1848 as the "Illinois General Hospital of the Lakes." No steps were taken toward organization until 1850, when, with a. scanty fund scarcely exceeding §150, twelve beds were secured and placed on one floor of a board- ing house, whose proprietress was engaged as nurse and stewardess. Drs. N. S. Davis and Daniel Brainard were, respectively, the first physician and surgeon in charge. In 1851 the^ hospital was given in charge of the Sisters of' Mercy, who at once enlarged and improved the accommodations, and, in 1853, changed its name to Mercy Hospital. Three or four years later, a removal was made to a building previously occu- pied as an orphan asylum. Being the only pub- lic hospital in the city, its wards were constantly overcrowded, and, in 1869, a more capacious and better arranged building was erected. This- edifice it has continued to occupy, although many additions and improvements have been, and are still being, made. The Sisters of Mercy own the- ' grounds and buildings, and manage the nursing- and all the domestic and financial affairs of the- institution. The present medical staff (1896) consists of thirteen physicians and surgeons, besides three internes, or resident practitioners.- MEREDOSI*,a town in Morgan County, on the east bank of the Illinois River and on the- Wabash Railway, some 58 miles west of Spring- field; is a grain shipping point and fishing and hunting resort. It was the first Illinois River point to be connected with the State capital by railroad in 1838. Population (1890), 631 ; (1900), 700. MERRIAM, (Col.) Jonathan, soldier, legisla-^ tor and farmer, was born in Vermont, Nov. 1, 1834; was brought to Springfield, lU., when two- years old, living afterwards at Alton, his parents^ finally locating, in 1841, in Tazewell County, where he now resides — when not oflBcially em- ployed — ^pursuing the occupation of a farmer. He was educated at Wesleyan University, Blooming- ton, and at McKendree College; entered the Union army in 1862, being commissioned Lieu- tenant-Colonel of the One Hundred and Seven- teenth Illinois Infantry, and serving to the close of the war. During the Civil War period he was- one of the founders of the "Union League of America," which proved so influential a factor in sustaining the war policy of the Government. He was also a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70; an unsuccessful Repub- lican nominee for Congress in 1870; served as Collector of Internal Revenue for the Springfieldi HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 371 District from 1873 to '83, was a Representative in the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth General Assem- bhes, and, in 1897, was appointed, by President McKinley, Pension Agent for the State of Illinois, ■with headquarters in Chicago. Thoroughly pa- triotic and of incorruptible integrity, he has won the respect and confidence of all in every public position he has been called to fill. MERRILL, Stephen Mason, Methodist Episco- pal Bishop, was born in Jefferson County, Ohio, Sept. 16, 1835, entered the Ohio Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in 1864, as a travel- ing preacher, and, four years later, became editor of "The Western Chrlstiaji Advocate," at Cin- cinnati: He was ordained Bishop at Brooklyn in 1873, and, after two years spent in Minnesota, removed to Chicago, where he still resides. The degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Ohio Wesleyan University, in 1868, and that of LL.D. by the Northwestern University, in 1886. He has published "Christian Baptism" (Cincinnati, 1876); "New Testament Idea of Hell" (1878); "Second Coming of Christ" (1879); "Aspects of Christian Experience" (1882); "Digest of Metho- dist Law" (1885) ; and "Outlines of Thought on Probation" (1886). MERRITT, John W., journalist, was born in New York City, July 4, 1806; studied law and practiced, for a time, with the celebrated James T. Brady as a partner. In 1841 he removed to St. Clair County, HI., purchased and, from 1848 to '51, conducted "The Belleville Advocate"; later, removed to Salem, lU., where he established "The Salem Advocate" ; served as Assistant Sec- retary of the State Constitutional Convention of 1863, and as Representative in the Twenty-third General Assembly. In 1864 he purchased "The State Register" at Springfield, and was its editor for several years. Died, Nov. 16, 1878. — Thomas E. (Merritt), son of the preceding, lawyer and politician, was born in New York City, April 29, 1834; at six years of age was brought by his father to Illinois, where he attended the common schools and later learned the trade of carriage- painting. Subsequently he read law, and was admitted to the bar, at Springfield, in 1863. In 1868 he was elected, as a Democrat, to the lower house of the General Assembly from the Salem District, and was re-elected to the same body in 1870, '74, '76, '86 and '88. He also served two terms in the Senate (1878-'86), making an almost continuous service in the General Assembly of eighteen years. He has repeatedly been a mem- ber of State conventions of his party, and stands as one of its trusted representatives.— Maj. -Gen. Wesley (Merritt), another son, was born in New York, June 16, 1836, came with his father to Illi- nois in childhood, and was appointed a cadet at West Point Military Academy from this State, graduating in 1860 ; became a Second Lieutenant in the regular army, the same year, and was pro- moted to the rank of First Lieutenant, a year later. After the beginning of the Civil War, he was rapidly promoted, reaching the rank of Brigadier-General of Volunteers in 1862, and being mustered out, in 1866, with the brevet rank of Major-General. He re-entered the regular army as Lieutenant-Colonel, was promoted to a colonelcy in 1876, and, in 1887, received a com- mission as Brigadier-General, in 1897 becoming Major-General. He was in command, for a time, of the Department of the Missouri, but, on his last promotion, was transferred to the Depart- ment of the East, with headquarters at Gov- ernor's Island, N. Y. Soon after the beginning of the war with Spain, he was assigned to the command of the land forces destined for the Philippines, and appointed Military Governor of the Islands. Towards the close of the year he returned to the United States and resumed his old command at New York. MESSINGER, John, pioneer surveyor and car- tographer, was born at West Stockbridge, Mass., in 1771, grew up on a farm, but secured a good education, especially in mathematics. Going to Vermont in 1783, he learned the trade of a car- penter and mill- Wright ; removed to Kentucky in 1799, and, in 1803, to Illinois (then a part of Indi- ana Territory), locating first in the American Bottom and, later, at New Design within the present limits of Monroe County. Two years later he became the proprietor of a mill, and, between 1804 and 1806, taught one of the earliest schools in St. Clair County. The latter year he took up the vocation of a surveyor, which he fol- lowed for many years as a sub-contractor under William Rector, surveying much of the land in St. Clair and Randolph Counties, and, still later, assisting in determining the northern boimdary of the State. He also served for a time as a teacher of mathematics in Rock Spring Seminary ; in 1831 published "A Manual, or Hand-Book, intended for Convenience in Practical Survey- ing," and prepared some of the earlier State and county maps. In 1808 he was elected to the Indiana Territorial Legislature, to fill a vacancy, and took part in the steps which resulted in set- ting up a separate Territorial Government for Illinois, the following year. He also received an appointment as the first Surveyor of St. Clair 373 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. County under the new Territorial Government; was chosen a Delegate from St. Clair County to the Convention of 1818, which framed the first State Constitution, and, the same year, was elected a Representative in the First General Assembly, serving as Speaker of that body. After leaving New Design, the later years of his life were spent on a farm two and a half miles north of Belleville, where he died in 1846. METAMORA, a town .of Woodford County, on a branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 19 miles east-northeast of Peoria and some thirty miles northwest of Bloomington; is center of a fine farming district. The town has a creamery, soda factory, one bank, three churches, two newspapers, schools and a park. Population (1880). 828; (1900), 758. Metamora was the county-seat of Woodford County until 1899, when the seat of justice was removed to Eureka. METCALF, Andrew W., lawyer, was born in Guernsey County, Ohio, August 6, 1828 ; educated at Madisoh College in his native State, graduating in 1846, and, after studying law at Cambridge, Ohio, three years, was admitted to the bar in 1850. The following year he went to Appleton, Wis., but remained only a year, when he removed to St. Louis, then to Edwardsville, and shortly after to Alton, to take charge of the legal busi- ness of George T. Brown, then publisher of "The Alton Courier. " In 1853 he returned to Edwards- ville to reside permanently, and, in 1859, was appointed by Governor Bissell State's Attorney for Madison County, serving one year. In 1864 he was elected State Senator for a term of four years ; was a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1872, and, in 1876, a lay delegate from the Southern Illinois Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church to the General Con- ference at Baltimore ; has also been a Trustee of McKendree College, at Lebanon, lU., for more than twenty-five years. METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, one of the most numerous Protestant church organiza- tions in the United States and in IlUnois. Rev. Joseph Lillard was the first preacher of this sect to settle in the Northwest Territory, and Capt. Joseph Ogle was the first class-leader (1795). It is stated that the first American preacher in the American Bottom was Rev. Hosea Riggs (1796). Eev. Benjamin Young took charge of the first Methodist mission in 1803, and, in 1804, this mis- sion was attached to the Cumberland (Tenn.) circuit. Revs. Joseph Oglesby and Charles R. Matheny were among the early circuit riders. In 1820 there were seven circuits in Illinois, and, in 1830, twenty-eight, the actual merhbership exceeding 10,000. The first Methodist service in Chicago was held by Rev. Jesse Walker, in 1826. The first Methodist society in that city was organized by Rev. Stephen R. Beggs, in Jime, 1831. By 1835 the number of circuits had in- creased to 61, with 370 ministers and 15,000 mem- bers. Rev, Peter Cartwright was among the early revivalists. The growth of this denomi- nation in the State has been extraordinary. By 1890, it had nearly 2,000 churches, 937 ministers, and 151,000 members— the total number of Metho- dists in the United States, by the same census, being 4,980,240. The church property owned in 1890 (including parsonages) approached §111,000,- 000, and the total contributions were estimated at 62,073,923. The denomination in Illinois sup- ports two theological seminaries and the Garrett Biblical Institute at Evanston. "The North- western Christian Advocate," with a circulation of some 30,000, is its official organ in Illinois. (See also Religious Denominations.) METROPOLIS CITY, the county -seat of Massac County, 156 miles southeast of St. Louis, situated on the Ohio River and on the St. Louis and Paduoah Division of the Illinois Central Rail- road. The city was founded in 1889, on the site of old Fort Massac, which was erected by the French, aided by the Indians, about 1711. Its industries consist largely of various forms of wood-working. Saw and planing mills are a commercial factor; other establishments turn out wheel, buggy and wagon material, barrel staves and heads, boxes and baskets, and veneers. There are also flouring mills and potteries. The city has a public library, two banks, water- works, electric lights, numerous churches, high school and graded schools, and three papers. Population (1880), 2,668; (1890), 3,573; (1900), 4,069. MEXICAN WAR. Briefly stated, this war originated in the annexation of Texas to the United States, early in 1846. There was a dis- agreement as to the western boundary of Texas. Mexico complained of encroachment upon her territory, and hostilities began with the battle of Palo Alto, May 8, and ended with the treaty of peace, concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgo, near the City of Mexico, Feb. 2, 1848. Among the most prominent figures were President Polk, under whose administration annexation was eflected, and Gen. Zachary Taylor, who was chief in com- mand in the field at the beginning of the war, and was elected Polk's successor. Illinois furnished more than her full quota of troops for the strug- gle. May 13, 1846, war was declared. On HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. 373 35, Governor Ford issued his proclamation calling for the enlistment of three regiments of infantry, the assessed quota of the State. The response was prompt and general. Alton was named as the rendezvous, and Col. (afterwards General) Sylvester Churchill was the mustering officer. The regiments mustered in were commanded, respectively, by Col. John J. Hardin, Col. Wm. H. Bissell (afterwards Governor) and Col. Ferris Forman. An additional twelve months' regiment (the Fourth) was accepted, under command of Col. E. D. Baker, who later became United States Senator from Oregon, and fell at the battle of Ball's Bluff, in October, 1861. A second call was made in April, 1847, under which Illinois sent two more regiments, for the war, towards the Mexican frontier. These were commanded by Col. Edward W. B. Newby and Col. James Collins. Independent companies were also tendered and accepted. Besides, there were some .150 volunteers who joined the regiments already in the field. Commanders of the inde- pendent companies were Capts. Adam Dunlap, of Schuyler County; Wyatt B. Stapp, of War- ren; Michael K. Lawler, of Shawneetown, and Josiah Little. Col. John J. Hardin, of the First, was killed at Buena Vista, and the official mor- tuary list includes many names of Illinois' best and bravest sons. After participating in the battle of Buena Vista, the Illinois troops shared in the triumphal entry into the City of Mexico, on Sept. 16, 1847, and (in connection with those from Kentucky) were especially complimented in General Taylor's, official report. The Third and Fourth regiments won distinction at Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo and the City of Mexico. At the second of these battles. General Shields fell severely (and, as supposed for a time, mortally) wounded. Colonel Baker succeeded Shields, led a gaUant charge, and really turned the day at Cerro Gordo. Among the officers honorably named by General Scott, in his official report, were Colonel Forman, Major Harris, Adjutant Fondey, Capt. J. S. Post, and Lieutenants Hammond and Davis. All the Illinois troops were mustered out between May 25, 1847 and Nov. 7, 1848, the inde- pendent companies being the last to quit the service. The total number of volxmteers was 6,123, of whom 86 were killed, and 160 woxmded, 12 of the latter dying of their wounds. Gallant service in the Mexican War soon became a pass- port to political preferment, and some of the brave soldiers of 1846-47 subsequently achieved merited distinction in civil Ufe. Many also be- came distinguished soldiers in the War of the Rebellion, including such names as John A. Logan, Richard J. Oglesby, M. K. Lawler, James D. Morgan, W. H. L. Wallace, B. M. Prentiss, W. R. Morrison, L. F. Ross, and others. The cost of the war, with $15,000,000 paid for territory annexed, is estimated at $166,500,000 and the extent of territory acquired, nearly 1,000,000 square miles — considerably more than the whole of the present territory of the Republic of Mexico. METER, John, lawyer and legislator, was born in Holland, Feb. 27, 1852 ; came to Chicago at the age of 12 years ; entered the Northwestern Uni- versity, supporting himself by labor during vaca- tions and by teaching in a night school, until his third year in the university, when he became a student in the Union College of Law, being: admitted to the bar in 1879; was elected from Cook County to the Thirty-fifth General Assembly (1884), and re-elected to the Thirty-sixth, Thirty- eighth and Thirty-ninth, being chosen Speaker of the latter (Jan. 18, 1895). Died in office, at Free- port, 111., July 3, 1895, during a special session of the General Assembly. MIAMIS, The. The preponderance of author- ity favors the belief that this tribe of Indians was originally a part of the Ill-i-ni or Illinois, but the date of their separation from the parent stock cannot be told. It is likely, however, that it occurred before the French pushed their explo- rations from Canada westward and southward, into and along the Mississippi Valley. Father Dablon alludes to the presence of Miamis (whom he calls Ou-mi-a-mi) in a mixed Indian village, near the mouth of Fox River of Wisconsin, in 1670. The orthography of their name is varied. The Iroquois and the British generally knew them as the "Twightwees, " and so they were commonly called by the American colonists. The Weas and Piankeshaws were of the same tribe. When La SaUe founded his colony at Starved Rock, the Miamis had villages which could muster some 1,950 warriors, of which the Weas had 500 and the Piankeshaws 150, the re- maining 1,300 being Miamis proper. In 1671 (according to a written statement by Charlevoix in 1721), the Miamis occupied three villages; —one on the St. Joseph River, one on the Mau- mee and one on the "Ouabache" (Wabash). They were friendly toward the French until 1694, when a large number of them were massacred by a party of Sioux, who carried firearms which had been furnished them by the Frenchmen. The breach thus caused was never closed. Having become possessed of guns 374 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. themselves, the Miamis were able, not only to hold their own, but also to extend their hunting grounds as far eastward as the Scioto, alternately warring with the French, British and Americans. General Harrison says of them that, ten years before the treaty of Greenville, they could have brought upon the field a body of 3,000 "of the finest light troops in the world," but lacking in discipline and enterprise. Border warfare and smallpox, however, had, by that date (1795), greatly reduced their numerical strength. The main seat of the Miamis was at Fort Wayne,, whose residents, because of their superior num- bers and intelligence, dominated all other bands except the Piankeshaws. The physical and moral deterioration of the tribe began immedi- ately after the treaty of Greenville. Little by little, they ceded their lands to the United States, the money received therefor being chiefly squan- dered in debauchery. Decimated by vice and disease, the remnants of this once powerful abo- riginal nation gradually drifted westward across the Mississippi, whence their valorous sires had emigrated two centuries before. The small rem- nant of the band finally settled in Indian Terri- tory, but they have made comparatively little progress toward civilization. (See also Pianke- shaws; Weas.) MICHAEL KEESE HOSPITAL, located in Chicago, under care of the association known as the United Hebrew Charities. Previous to 1871 this association maintained a small hospital for the care of some of its beneficiaries, but it was destroyed in the conflagration of that year, and no immediate effort to rebuild was made. In 1880, however, Michael Reese, a Jewish gentleman who had accumulated a large fortune in Cali- fornia, bequeathed §97,000 to the organization. With this sum, considerably increased by addi- tions from other sources, an imposing building was erected, well arranged and thoroughly equipped for hospital purposes. The institution thus founded was named after its principal bene- factor. Patients are received without discrimi- nation as to race or religion, and more than half those admitted are charity patients. The present medical staff consists of thirteen surgeons and physicians, several of whom are eminent specialists. MICHIGAN CENTRAL RAILROAD. The main line of this road extends from Chicago to Detroit, 270 miles, with trackage facilities from Kensington, 14 miles, over the line of the Illinois Central, to its terminus in Chicago. Branch lines (leased, proprietary and operated) in Canada, Michigan, Indiana and Illinois swell the total mileage to 1,643.56 miles.— (History.) The company was chartered in 1846, and purchased from the State of Michigan the line from Detroit to Kalamazoo, 144 miles, of which construction had been begun in 1886. The road was completed to Michigan City in 1850, and, in May, 1852, reached Kensington, 111. As at present constituted, the road (with its auxiliaries) forms an integral part of what is popularly known as the "Vanderbilt System." Only 35 m^iles of the entire line are operated in Illinois, of which 29 belong to the Joliet & Northern Indiana branch (which see). The outstanding capital stock (1898) was $18,- 738,000 and the funded debt, 119,101,000. Earn- ings in IlUnois the same year, §484,003; total operating expenses, 8540,905; taxes, §24,250. MICHIGAN, LAKE. (See Lake Michigan.) MIHALOTZT, Geza, soldier, a native of Hun- gary and compatriot of Kossuth in the Magyar struggle; came to Chicago in 1848, in 1861 enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Illinois Volunteers (first "Hecker regiment"), and, on the resignation of Colonel Hecker, a few weeks later, was promoted to the Colonelcy. A trained soldier, he served with gallantry and distinction, but was fatally wounded at Buzzard's Roost, Feb. 24, 1864, dying at Chattanooga, March 11, 1864. MILAN, a town of Rock Island County, on the Rock Island & Peoria Railway, six miles south of Rock Island. It is located on Rock River, has several mills, a bank and a newspaper. Popula- tion (1880), 845; (1890), 693; (1900), 719. MILBURN, (Rev.) WilUam Henry, clergy- man, was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 36, 1826. At the age of five years he almost totally lost sight in both eyes, as the result of an accident, and subsequent malpractice in their treatment. For a time he was able to decipher letters with difficulty, and thus learned to read. In the face of such obstacles he carried on his studies until 12 years of age, when he accompanied his father's family to Jacksonville, 111. , and, five years later, became an itinerant Methodist preacher. For a time he rode a circuit covering 200 miles, preach- ing, on an average, ten times a week, for $100 per year. In 1845, while on a Mississippi steamboat, he publicly rebuked a number of Congressmen, who were his fellow passengers, for intemperance and gaming. This resulted in his being made Chaplain of the House of Representatives. From 1848 to 1850 he was pastor of a church at Mont- gomery, Ala., during which time he was tried for heresy, and later became pastor of a "Free Church." Again, in 1853, he was chosen Ghap- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 375 lain of Congress. While in Europe, in 1859, he -took orders in the Episcopal Church, but returned to Methodism in 1871. He has since been twice Chaplain of the House (1885 and '87) and three times (1893, '95 and '97) elected to the same posi- tion in the Senate He is generally known as "the blind preacher"' and achieved considerable prominence by his eloquence as a lecturer on "What a Blind Man Saw in Europe." Among his published writings are, "Rifle, Axe and Sad- dlebags" (1856), "Ten Years of Preacher Life" (1858) and "Pioneers, Preachers and People of the Mississippi Valley" (1860). MILCHRIST, Thomas E., lawyer, was born in the Isle of Man in 1839, and, at the age of eight years, came to America with his parents, who settled in Peoria, 111. Here he attended school and worked on a farm until the .beginning of the Civil War, when he enlisted in the One Hundred and Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, serving until 1865, and being discharged with the rank of Cap- tain. After the war he read law with John I. Bennett — ^then of Galena, but later Master in ■ Chancery of the United States Court at Chicago —was admitted to the bar in 1867, and, for a number of years, served as State's Attorney in Henry County. In 1888 he was a delegate from Illinois to the Republican National Convention, and the following year was appointed by Presi- dent Harrison United States District Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois. Since retiring from office in 1893, Mr. Milchrist has been •engaged in private practice in Chicago. In 1898 he was elected a State Senator for the Fifth Dis- trict (city of Chicago) in the Forty -first General Assembly. MILES, Nelson A., Major-General, was born ~a,t Westminster, Mass., August 8, 1839, and, at the breaking out of the Civil War, was engaged in mercantile pursuits in the city of Boston. In October, 1861, he entered the service as a Second Lieutenant in a Massachusetts regiment, dis- tinguished himself at the battles of Fair Oaks, -Charles City Cross Roads and Malvern Hill, in one of which he was wounded. In Sep- tember, 1862, he was Colonel of the Sixty- &st New York, which he led at Fredericksburg and at ChanceUorsviUe, where he was again --severely wounded. He commanded the First Brigade of the First Division of the Second Army "Corps in the Richmond campaign, and was made Brigadier-General, May 13, 1864, and Major- General, by brevet, for gallantry shown at Ream's Station, in December of the same year. At the 1 close of the war he was commissioned Colonel of the Fortieth United States Infantry, and distin- guished himself in campaigns against the Indians ; became a Brigadier-General in 1880, and Major- General in 1890, in the interim being in command of the Department of the Columbia, and, after 1890, of the Missouri, with headquarters at Chi- cago. Here he did much to give efficiency and importance to the post at Fort Sheridan, and, in 1894, rendered valuable service in checking the strike riots about Chicago. Near the close of the year he was transferred to the Department of the East, and, on the retirement of General Schofield in 1895, . was placed in command of the army, with headquarters in Washington. During the Spanish- American war (1898) General Miles gave attention to the fitting out of troops for the Cuban and Porto Rioan campaigns, and visited Santiago during the siege conducted by General Shafter, but took no active command in the field until the occupation of Porto Rico, which was conducted with rare discrimination and good judgment, and with comparatively little loss of life or suffering to the troops. MILFOKD, a prosperous viUage of Iroquois County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Rail- road, 88 miles south of Chicago; is in a rich farm- ing region; has water and sewerage systems, electric lights, two brick and tile works, three large grain elevators, flour mill, three churches, good schools, a public library and a weekly news- paper. It is an important shipping point for grain and live-stock. Population (1890), 957; (1900), 1,077. MILITARY BOUNTY LANDS. (See Military Tract.) MILITARY TRACT, a popular name given to a section of the State, set apart under an act of Congress, passed. May 6, 1813, as bounty-lands for soldiers in the war with Great Britain commenc- ing the same year. Similar reservations in the Territories of Michigan and Louisiana (now Arkansas) were provided for in the same act. The lands in Illinois embraced in this act were situated between the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, and extended from the junction of these streams due north, by the Fourth Principal Merid- ian, to the northern boundary of Township 15 north of the "Base Line." This "base line" started about opposite the present site of Beards- town, and extended to a point on the Mississippi about seven miles north of Quinoy. The north- ern border of the "Tract" was identical with the northern boundary of Mercer County, which, extended eastward, reached the Illinois about the present village of De Pue, in the southeastern 376 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. part of Bureau County, where the Illinois makes a great bend towards the south, a few miles west of the city of Peru. The distance between the Illinois and the Mississippi, by this line, was about 90 miles, and the entire length of the "Tract," from its northern boundary to the junction of the two rivers, was computed at 169 miles, — con- sisting of 90 miles north of the "base line" and 79 miles south of it, to the junction of the rivers. The "Tract" was surveyed in 1815-16. It com- prised 207 entire townships of six miles square, each, and 61 fractional townships, containing an area of 5,360,000 acres, of which 3,500,000 acres— a little less than two-thirds — were appropriated to military bounties. The residue consisted partly of fractional sections bordering on rivers, partly of fractional quarter-sections bordering on township lines, and containing more or less than 160 acres, and partly of lands that were returned by the sur- veyors as unfit for cultivation. In addition to this, there were large reservations not coming within the above exceptions, being the overplus of lands after satisfying the military claims, and subject to entry and purchase on the same con- ditions as other Government lands. The "Tract" thus embraced the present counties of Calhoun, Pike, Adams, Brown, Schuyler, Hancock, Mc- Donough, Fulton, Peoria, Stark, Knox, Warren, Henderson and Mercer, with parts of Henry, Bureau, Putnam and Marshall — or so much of them as was necessary to meet the demand for bounties. Immigration to this region set in quite actively about 1823, and the development of some portions, for a time, was very rapid ; but later, its growth was retarded by the conflict of "tax- titles" and bounty-titles derived by purchase from the original holders. This led to a great deal of litigation, and called for considerable legislation; but since the adjustment of these questions, this region has kept pace with the most favored sections of the State, and it now includes some of the most important and prosperous towns and cities and many of the finest farms in Illinois. MILITIA. Illinois, taught by the experiences of the War of 1812 and the necessity of providing for protection of its citizens against the incur- sions of Indians on its borders, began the adop- tion, at an early date, of such measures as were then common in the several States for the main- tenance of a State militia. The Constitution of 1818 made the Governor "Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy of this State," and declared that the militia of the State should "consist of all free male able-bodied persons (negroes, mu- lattoes and Indians excepted) resident in the State, oetween the ages of 18 and 45 years," and this classification was continued in the later con- stitutions, except that of 1870, which omits all reference to the subject of color. In each there is the same general provision exempting persons entertaining "conscientious scruples against bearing arms," although subject to payment of an equivalent for such exemption. The first law on the subject, enacted by the first General Assembly (1819), provided for the establishment of a general militia system for the State ; and the fact that this was modified, amended or wholly changed by acts passed at the sessions of 1821, '23, '25, '26, '27, '29, '38, '37 and '39, shows the estimation in which the subject was held. While many of these acts were of a special character, providing for a particular class of organization, the general law did little except to require per- sons subject to military duty, at stated periods, to attend county musters, which were often con- ducted in a very informal manner, or made the occasion of a sort of periodical frolic. The act of July, 1833 (following the Black Hawk War), required an enrollment of "all free, white, male inhabitants of military age (except such as might be exempt under the Constitution or laws)"; divided the State into five divisions by counties, each division to be organized into a certain speci- fied number of brigades. This act was quite elaborate, covering some twenty-four pages, and provided for regimental, battalion and company musters, defined the duties of officers, manner of election, etc. The act of 1837 encouraged the organization of volunteer companies. The Mexi- can War (1845-47) gave a new impetus to this class of legislation, as also did the War of the Rebellion (1861-65). While the office of Adju- tant-General had existed from the first, its duties — except during the Black Hawk and Mexican Wars — were rather nominal, and were discharged without stated compensation, the incumbent being merely Chief -of-staff to the Governor as Commander-in-Chief. The War of the Rebellion at once brought it into prominence, as an impor- tant part of the State Government, which it has since maintained. The various measures passed, during this period, belong rather to the history of the late war than to the subject of this chapter. In 1865, however, the office was put on a different footing, and the important part it had played, during the preceding four years, was recognized by the passage of "an act to provide for the ap- pointment, and designate the work, fix the pay and prescribe the duties, of the Adjutant-General HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 377 of Illinois." During the next four years, its most important work was the publication of eight volumes of war records, containing a com- plete roster of the oflScers and men of the various regiments and other military organizations from Illinois, with an outline of their movements and a list of the battles in which they were engaged. To the Adjutant-General's oflSce, as now adminis- tered, is entrusted the ciistody of the war- reoords, battle-flags and trophies of the late war. A further step was taken, in 1877, in the passage of an act formulating a military code and provid- ing for more thorough organization. Modifying amendments to this act were adopted in 1879 and 1885. While, under these laws, "all able-bodied male citizens of this State, between the ages of 18 and 45" (with certain specified exceptions), are declared "subject to military duty, and desig- nated as the Illinois State Militia," provision is made for the organization of a body of "active militia," designated as the "Illinois National Guard, "to consist of "not more than eighty-four companies of infantry, two batteries of artillery and two troops of cavalry," recruited by volun- tary enhstments for a period of three years, with right to re-enUst for one or more years. The National Guard, as at present constituted, con- sists of three brigades, with a total force of about 9,000 men, organized into nine regiments, besides the batteries and cavalry already mentioned. Gatling guns are used by the artillery and breech- loading rifles by the infantry. Camps of instruc- , tion are held for the regiments, respectively — one or more regiments participating — each year, usually at "Camp Lincoln" near Springfield, when regimental and brigade drills, competitive rifle practice and mock battles are had. An act estabUshing the "Naval Militia of Illinois," to consist of "not more than eight divisions or com- panies," divided into two battalions of four divi- sions each, was passed by the General Assembly of 1893 — the whole to be under the command of an oflBcer with the rank of Commander. The commanding oflBcer of each battalion is styled a "Lieutenant-Commander," and both the Com- mander and Lieutenant-Commanders have their respective staflfs — ^their organization, in other respects, being conformable to the laws of the United States. A set of "Regulations," based upon these several laws, has been prepared by the Adjutant-General for the government of the various organizations. The Governor is author- ized, by law, to call out the militia to resist inva- sion, or to suppress violence and enforce execution of the laws, when called upon by the civil author- ities of any city, town or county. This authority, however, is exercised with great discretion, and only when the local authorities are deemed unable to cope with threatened resistance to law. The officers of the National Guard, when called into actual service for the suppression of riot or the enforcement of the laws, receive the same com- pensation paid to olfioers of the tJnited States army of like grade, while the enlisted men receive $2 per day. During the time they are at any encampment, the oflScers and men alike receive $1 per day, with necessary subsistence and cost of transportation to and from the encampment. (For list of incumbents in Adjutant-General's oflSce, see Adjutants-General; see, also, Spanish- American War.) MILLER, James H., Speaker of the House of Representatives, was born in Ohio, May 39, 1843 ; in early life came to Toulon, Stark County, 111., where he finally engaged in the practice of law. At the beginning of the Rebellion he enlisted in the Union army, but before being mustered into the service, received an injury which rendered him a cripple for life. Though of feeble physical organization and a suflferer from ill-health, he was a man of decided ability and much influence. He served as State's Attorney of Stark County (1873-76) and, in 1884, was elected Representative in the Thirty-fourth General Assembly, at the following session being one of the most zealous supporters of Gen. John A. Logan, in the cele- brated contest which resulted in the election of the latter, for the third time, to the United States Senate. By successive re-elections he also served in the Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth General Assemblies, during the session of the latter being chosen Speaker of the House, as successor to A. C. Matthews, who had been appointed, during the session. First Comptroller of the Treasury at Washington. In the early part of the summer of 1890, Mr. Miller visited Colorado for the bene- fit of his health, but, a week after his arrival at Manitou Springs, died suddenly, June 37, 1890. MILLS, Benjamin, lawyer and early poli- tician, was a native of Western Massachusetts, and described by his contemporaries as a highly educated and accomplished lawyer, as well as a brilliant orator. The exact date of his arrival in Illinois cannot be determined with certainty, but he appears to have been in the "Lead Mine Region" about Galena, as early as 1836 or '27, and was notable as one of the first "Yankees" to locate in that section of the State. He was elected a Representative in the Eighth General Assembly (1832), his district embracing the .378 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS, counties of Peoria, Jo Daviess, Putnam, La Salle and Cook, including all the State north of Sanga- mon (as it then stood), and extending from the Mississippi River to the Indiana State line. At this session occurred the impeachment trial of Theophilus W. Smith, of the Supreme Court, Mr. Mills acting as Chairman of the Impeachment Committee, and delivering a speech of great power and brilliancy, which lasted two or three days. In 1834 he was a candidate for Congress from the Northern District, but was defeated by "William L. May (Democrat), as claimed by Mr. Mill's friends, unfairly. He early fell a victim to consumption and, returning to Massachusetts, ■died in Berkshire County, in that State, in 1841. Hon. R. H. McClellan, of Galena, says of him: "He was a man of remarkable ability, learning and eloquence," while Governor Ford, in his "History of Illinois," testifies that, "by common •consent of all his contemporaries, Mr, Mills was regarded as the most popular and brilliant lawyer of his day at the Galena bar." KILLS, Henry A., State Senator, was born at New Hartford, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1827; located at Mount Carroll, Carroll County, 111. , in 1856, finally engaging in the banking business at that place. Having served in various local oiSces, he was, in 1874, chosen State Senator for the Eleventh District, but died at Galesburg before the expiration of his term, July 7, 1877. MILLS, Luther Laflin, lawyer, was born at North Adams, Mass., Sept. 3, 1848; brought to Chicago in infancy, and educated in the public schools of that city and at Michigan State Uni- versity. In 1868 he began the study of law, was admitted to practice three years later, and, in 1876, was elected State's Attorney, being re- elected in 1880. While in this office he was con- nected with some of the most important cases ever brought before the Chicago courts. Although he has held no official position except that already mentioned, his abilities at the bar and on the rostrrmi are widely recognized, and his services, as an attorney and an orator, have been in frequent demand. MILLSTADT, a town in St. Clair County, on branch of Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 14 miles south- rsoutheast of St. Louis; has electric lights, churches, schools, bank, newspaper, coal mines, and manufactures flour, beer and butter. Popu- lation (1890), 1,186; (1900), 1,173, MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL KAILWAT. (See Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway.) MINER, Orlin H., State Auditor, was born in Vermont, May 13, 1825; from 1834 to '51 he lived in Ohio, the latter year coming to Chicago, where he worked at his trade of watch-maker. In 1855 he went to Central America and was with Gen- eral William Walker at Greytown. Returning to Illinois, he resumed his trade at Springfield; in 1857 he was appointed, by Auditor Dubois, chief clerk in the Auditor's office, serving until 1864, when he was elected State Auditor as successor to his chief. Retiring frona office in 1869, he gave attention to his private business. He was one of the founders and a Director of the Spring- field Iron Company. Died in 1879. MINIER, a village of Tazewell County, at the intersection of the Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton and the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroads, 26 miles southeast of Peoria ; is in fine farming district and has several grain elevators, some manufactures, two banks and a newspaper. Population (1890), 664; (1900), 746. MINONK, a city in Woodford County, 29 miles north of Bloomington and 53 miles northeast of Peoria, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Illinois Central Railways. The surrounding region is agricultural, though much coal is mined in the vicinity. The city has brick yards, tile factories, steam flouring-mills, several grain elevators, two private banks and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,913; (1890), 2,316; (1900), 2,546. MINORITY REPRESENTATION, a method of choosing members of the General Assembly and other deliberative bodies, designed to secure rep- resentation, in such bodies, to minority parties. In Illinois, this method is limited to the election of members of the lower branch of the General Assembly — except as to private corporations, which may, at their option, apply it in the election of Trustees or Directors. In the apportionment of members of the General Assembly (see Legis- lative Apportionment), the State Constitution requires that the Senatorial and Representative Districts shall be identical in territory, each of such Districts being entitled to choose one Sena- tor and three Representatives. The provisions of the Constitution, making specific application of the principle of "minority representation'" (or "cumulative voting," as it is sometimes called), declares that, in the election of Representatives, "each qualified voter may cast as many votes for one candidate as there are Representatives, or (he) may distribute the same, or equal parts thereof, among the candidates as he shall see fit." (State Constitution, Art. IV, sections 7 and 8.) In practice, this provision gives the voter power to cast three votes for one candidate; two HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 379 votes for one candidate and one for another, or one and a half votes to each of two candidates, or he may distribute his vote equally among three candidates (giving one to each); but no other division is admissible without invalidating his ballot as to this oflBce. Other forms of minor- ity representation have been proposed by various writers, among whom Mr. Thomas Hare, John Stuart Mill, and Mr. Craig, of England, are most prominent ; but that adopted in Illinois seems to be the simplest and most easy of application. MIJi'SHALL, William A., legislator and jurist, a native of Ohio who came to Rushville, 111., at an early day, and entered upon the practice of law; served as Eepresentative in the Eighth, Tenth and Twelfth General Assemblies, and as Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1847. He was elected Judge of the Circuit Court for the Fifth Circuit, under the new Con- stitution, in 1848, and died in oflSce, early in 1853, being succeeded by the late Judge Pinkney H. "Walker. MISSIOJTABIES, EABLT. The earliest Chris- tian missionaries in Illinois were of the Koman CathoUc faith. As a rule, these accompanied the French explorers and did not a little toward the extension of French dominion. They were usually members of one of two orders — the "Recollects," fovmded by St. Francis, or the "Jesuits," founded by Loyola. Between these two bodies of ecclesi- astics existed, at times, a strong rivalry; the former having been earlier in the field, but hav- ing been virtually subordinated to the latter by Cardinal Richelieu. The controversy between the two orders gradually involved the civil authorities, and continued until the suppression ■of the Jesuits, in France, in 1764. The most noted of the Jesuit missionaries were Fathers AUouez, Gravier, Marquette, Dablon, Pinet, Rasle, Lamo- ges, Binneteau and Marest. Of the Recollects, the most conspicuous were Fathers Membre, Bouay, Le Clerq, Hennepin and Ribourde. Besides these, there were also Father Bergier and Montigny, who, belonging to no religious order, ■were called secular priests. The first Catholic mission, founded in IHLnois, was probably that at the original Kaskaskia, on the Illinois, in the present county of La Salle, where Father Mar- quette did missionary work in 1673, followed by Allouez in 1677. (See Allouez, Claude Jean.) The latter was succeeded, in 1688, by Father Grav- ier, who was followed, in 1692, by Father Sebas- tian Rasle, but who, returning in 1694, remained until 1695, when he was succeeded by Pinet •and Binneteau. In 1700 Father Marest was in charge of the mission, and the number of Indians among whom he labored was, that year, considerably diminished by the emigration of the Kaskaskias to the south. Father Gravier, about this time, labored among the Peorias, but was incapacitated by a wound received from the medicine man of the tribe, which finally resulted in his death, at Mobile, in 1706. The Peoria station remained vacant for a time, but was finally filled by Father Deville. Another early Catholic mis- sion in Illinois was that at Cahokia. While the precise date of its establishment cannot be fixed with certainty, there is evidence that it was in existence in 1700, being the earliest in that region. Among the early Fathers, who ministered to the savages there, were Pinet, St. Cosme, Bergier and Lamoges. This mission was at first called the Tamaroa, and, later, the mission of St. Sulpice. It was probably the first permanent mission in the Illinois Country. Among those in charge, down to 1718, were Fathers de Montigny, Damon (prob- ably), Varlet, de la Source, and le Mercier. In 1707, Father Mermet assisted Father Marest at Kaskaskia, and, in 1720, that mission became a regularly constituted parish, the incumbent being Father de Beaubois. Rev. Philip Boucher preached and administered the sacraments at Fort St. Louis, where he died in 1719, having been preceded by Fathers Membre and Ribourde in 1680, and by Fathers Douay and Le Clerq in 1687-88. The persecution and banishment of the early Jesuit missionaries, by the Superior Council of Louisiana (of which Illinois had formerly been a part), in 1763, is a curious chapter in State his- tory. That body, following the example of some provincial legislative bodies in France, ofiicially declared the order a dangerous nuisance, and decreed the confiscation of all its property, in- cluding plate and vestments, and the razing of its churches, as well as the banishment of its members. This decree the Louisiana Council undertook to enforce in Illinois, disregarding the fact that that territory had passed under the jurisdiction of Great Britain. The Jesuits seem to have offered no resistance, either physical or legal, and all members of the order in Illinois were ruthlessly, and without a shadow of author- ity, carried to New Orleans and thence deported to France. Only one — Father Sebastian Louis Meurin — was allowed to return to Illinois ; and he, only after promising to recognize the ecclesiastical authority of the Superior Council as supreme, and to hold no communication with Quebec or Rome. The labors of the missionaries, apart from spiritual results, were of great value. They 380 HISTOKIOAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. perpetuated the records of early discoveries, , reduced the language, and even dialects, of the aborigines, to grammatical rules, and preserved the original traditions and described the customs of the savages. (Authorities: Shea and Kip's "Catholic Missions," "Magazine of Western His- tory," Winsor's "America," and Shea's "Catholic Church in Colonial Days.") MISSISSIPPI BITER. (Indian name, "Missi Sipi," the "Great Water.") Its head vsraters are in the northern part of Minnesota, 1,680 feet above tide-vs^ater. Its chief source is Itasca Lake, which is 1,575 feet higher than the sea, and which is fed by a stream having Its source within one mile of the head waters of the Eed River of the North. From this sheet of water to the mouth of the river, the distance is variously estimated at from 3,000 to 3,160 miles. Lake Itasca is in lat. 47° 10' north and Ion. 95° 20' west from Greenwich. The river at first runs north- ward, but soon turns toward the east and expands into a series of small lakes. Its course, as far as Crow Wing, is extremely sinuous, below which point it runs southward to St. Cloud, thence south- eastward to Minneapolis, where occur the Falls of St. Anthony, establishing a complete barrier to navigation for the lower Mississippi. In less than a mile the river descends 66 feet, including a per- pendicular fall of 17 feet, furnishing an immense water-power, which is utilized in operating flour- ing-miUs and other manufacturing establish- ments. A few miles below St. Paul it reaches the western boundary of Wisconsin, where it expands into the long and beautiful Lake Pepin, bordered by picturesque limestone bluffs, some 400 feet high. Below Dubuque its general direc- tion is southward, and it forms the boundary between the' States ot Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas and the northern part of Louisiana, on the west, and Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee and Mis- sissippi, on the east. After many sinuous turn- ings in its southern course, it enters the Gulf of Mexico by three principal passes, or mouths, at the southeastern extremity of Plaquemines Parish, La., in lat. 29° north and Ion. 89° 12' west. Its principal affluents on the right are the Minnesota, Iowa, Des Moines, Missouri, Arkansas and Eed Rivers, and, on the left, the Wisconsin, Illinois and Ohio. The Missouri River is longer than that part of the Mississippi above the point of junction, the distance from its source to the delta of the latter being about 4,300 miles, which exceeds that of any other river in the world. The width of the stream at St. Louis is about 3,500 feet, at the mouth of the Ohio nearly 4,500 feet, and at New Orleans about 3,500 feet. The mean velocity of the current between St. Louis and the Gulf of Mexico is about five to five and one-half miles per hour. The average depth below Eed River is said to be 121 feet, though, in the vicinity of New Orleans, the maximum is said to reach 150 feet. The principal rapids below the Falls of St. Anthony are at Eook Island and the Des Moines Eapids above Keokuk, the former having twenty-two feet fall and the latter twenty-four feet. A canal around the Des Moines Eapids, along the west bank of the river, aids navigation. The alluvial banks which pre- vail on one or both shores of the lower Mississippi, often spread out into extensive "bottoms" which are of inexhaustible fertility. The most impor- tant of these above the mouth of the Ohio, is the "American Bottom," extending along the east bank from Alton to Chester. Immense sum's have been spent in the construction of levees for the protection of the lands along the lower river from overfiow, as also in the construction of a system of jetties at the mouth, to improve navi- gation by deepening the channel. MISSISSIPPI KIVEB BRIDGE, THE, one of the best constructed railroad bridges in the West, spanning the Mississippi from Pike, 111., to Loui- siana, Mo. The construction company was char- tered, April 35, 1873, and the bridge was ready for the passage of trains on Dec. 24, 1873. On Dec. 3, 1877, it was leased in perpetuity by the Chicago & Alton Railway Company, which holds all its stock and §150,000 of its bonds as an investment, paying a rental of S60, 000 per annum, to be applied in the payment of 7 per cent interest on stock and 6 per cent on bonds. In 1894, §71,000 was paid for rental, §16,000 going toward a sinking fund. MOBILE & OHIO BAILEOAD. This company operates 160.6 miles of road in Illinois, of which 151.6 are leased from the St. Louis & Cairo Rail- road. (See St. Louis <& Cairo Railroad.) MOLINE, a fiourishing manufacturing city in Eook Island County, incorporated in 1872, on the Mississippi above Eock Island and opposite Davenport, Iowa; is 168 miles south of west from Chicago, and the intersecting point of three trunk lines of railway. Moline, Rock Island and Davenport are connected by steam and street railways, bridges and ferries. All three obtain water-power from the Mississippi. The region around Moline is rich in coal, and several pro- ductive mines are operated in the vicinity. It is an important manufacturing point, its chief out- puts being agricultural implements, filters, malle- able iron, steam engines, vehicles, lumber, organs HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 381 (pipe and reed), paper, lead-rooflng, wind-mills, milling machinery, and furniture. The city has admirable water-works, several churches, good schools, gas and electric light plants, a public library, five banks, three daily and weekly papers. It also has an extensive electric power plant; electric street cars and interurban line. Population (1890), 13,000; (1900), 17,348. MOLONEY, Maurice T., ex-Attorney-General, was born in Ireland, in 1849 ; came to America in 1867, and, after a course in the Seminary of "Our Lady of the Angels" at Niagara Falls, studied theology; then taught for a time" in Virginia and studied law at the University of that State, graduating in 1871, finally locating at Ottawa, 111., where he served three years as State's Attor- ney of La Salle County, and, in 1892, was nomi- nated and elected Attorney-General on the Democratic State ticket, serving until January, 1897. MOMENCE, a town in Kankakee County, situ- ated on the Kankakee River and at the intersec- tion of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the Indiana, Illinois & Iowa Railroads, 54 miles south of Chicago; has water power, a fiouring mill, enameled brick factory, railway repair shops, two banks, two newspapers, five churches and two schools. Population (1890), 1,635; (1900), 2,026. MONMOUTH, the county-seat of Warren County, 26 miles east of the Mississippi River; at point of intersection of two lines of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Iowa Central Rail- ways. The Santa Fe enters Monmouth on the Iowa Central lines. The surrounding country is agricultural and coal yielding. The city has manufactories of agricultural implements, sewer- pipe, pottery, paving brick, and cigars. Mon- mouth College (United Presbyterian) was chartered in 1857, and the library of this institu- tion, with that of Warren County (also located at Monmouth) aggregates 30,000 volumes. There are three national banks, two daily, three weekly and two other periodical publications. An ap- propriation was made by the Fifty-fifth Congress for the erection of a Government building at Monmouth. Population (1890), 5,936; (1900), 7,460. MONMOUTH COLLEGE, an educational insti- tution, controlled by the United Presbyterian denomination, but non-sectarian ; located at Mon- mouth. It was founded in 1856, its first class graduating in 1858. Its Presidents have been Drs. D. A. Wallace (1856-78) and J. B. McMichael, the latter occupying the position from 1878 until 1897. In 1896 the faculty consisted of fifteen instructors and the number of students was 289. The college campus covers ten acres, tastefully laid out. The institution confers four degrees A.B., B.S., M.B., and B.L. For the conferring of the first three, four years' study is required; for the degree of B.L., three years. MONROE, George D., State Senator, was born in Jefferson County, N. Y., Sept. 24, 1844, and came with his parents to Illinois in 1849. His father having been elected Sheriff of Will County in 1864, he became a resident of Joliet, serving as a deputy in his father's oflSce. In 1865 he engaged in merchandising as the partner of his father, which was exchanged, some fifteen years later, for the wholesale grocery trade, and, finally, for the real-estate and mortgage-loan business, in which he is still employed. He has also been extensively engaged in the stone business some twenty years, being a large stockholder in the Western Stone Company and Vice-President of the concern. In 1894 Mr. Monroe was elected, as a Republican, to the State Senate from the Twenty-fifth District, serving in the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth General Assemblies, and proving himself one of the most influential members of that body. MONKOE COUNTY, situated in the southwest part of the State, bordering on the Mississippi — named for President Monroe. Its area is about 380 square miles. It was organized in 1816 and included within its boundaries several of the French villages which constituted, for many years, a center of civilization in the West. American settlers, however, began to locate in the district as early as 1781. The county has a diversified surface and is heavily timbered. The soil is fertile, embracing both upland and river bottom. Agriculture and the manufacture and shipping of lumber constitute leading occupations of the citizens. Waterloo is the county-seat. Population (1890), 13,948; (1900), 13,847. MONTGOMERY COUNTY, an interior county, situated northeast of St. Louis and south of Springfield; area 702 square miles, population (19.00), 30,836 — derives its name from Gen. Richard Montgomery. The earliest settlements by Ameri- cans were toward the close of 1816, county organi- zation being efEected five years later. The entire population, at that time, scarcely exceeded 100 families. The surface is undulating, well watered and timbered. The seat of county government is located at Hillsboro. Litchfield is an important town. Here are situated car-shops and some manufacturing establishments. Conspicuous in the county's history as pioneers were Harris Reavis, Henry Pyatt, John Levi, Aaron Casey 383 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. John Tillson, Hiram Rountree, the Wrights (Joseph and Charles), the Hills (John and Henry), William MoDavid and John Eussell. MONTICELLO, a city and the county-seat of Piatt County, on the Sangamon River, midway between Chicago and St. Louis, on the Kankakee and Bloomington Division of the Illinois Central, and the Chicago and St. Louis Division of the Wabash Railways. It lies within the "cornbelt, " and stock-raising is extensively carried on in the surrounding country. Among the city industries are a foundry and machine shops, steam flour and planing mills, broom, cigar and harness-making, and patent fence and tile works. The city is lighted by electricity, has several elevators, an excellent water system, numerous churches and good schools, with banks and three weekly papers. Population (1890), 1,643; (1900), 1,983. MONTICELLO FEMALE SEMIiVARY, the second institution established in Illinois for the higher education of women — Jacksonville Female Seminary being the first. It was founded through the munificence of Capt. Benjamin Godfrey, who donated fifteen acres for a site, at Godfrey, Madison County, and gave 153,000 toward erecting and equipping the buildings. The institution was opened on April 11, 1838, with sixteen young lady pupils, Rev. Theron Baldwin, one of the celebrated "Yale Band," being the first Principal. In 1845 he was suc- ceeded by Miss Philena Fobes, and she, in turn, by Miss Harriet N. Haskell, in 1866, who still remains in charge. In November, 1883, the seminary building, with its contents, was burned ; but the institution continued its sessions in tem- porary quarters until the erection of a new build- ing, which was soon accomplished through the generosity of alumnae and friends of female edu- cation throughout the country. The new struc- ture is of stone, three stories in height, and thoroughly modern. The average number of pupils is 150, with fourteen instructors, and the standard of the institution is of a high character. MOORE, Clifton H., lawyer and financier, was born at Kirtland, Lake County, Ohio, Oct. 26, 1817 ; after a brief season spent in two academies and one term in the Western Reserve Teachers' Seminary, at Kirtland, in 1889 he came west and engaged in teaching at Pekin, 111., while giving his leisure to the study of law. He spent the next year at Tremont as Deputy County and Circuit Clerk, was admitted to the bar at Spring- field in 1841, and located soon after at Clinton, DeWitt County, which has since been his home. In partnership with the late Judge David Davis, of Bloomington, Mr, Moore, a few years later, began operating extensively in Illinois lands, and is now one of the largest land proprietors in the State, besides being interested in a number of manufacturing ventures and a local bank. The only official position of importance he has held is that of Delegate to the State Constitu- tional Convention of 1869-70. He is an enthusi- astic collector of State historical and art treasures, of which he possesses one of the most valuable private collections in Illinois. MOORE, Henry, pioneer lawyer, came to Chi- cago from Concord, Mass., in 1834, and was almost immediately admitted to the bar, also acting for a time as a clerk in the office of Col. Richard J. Hamilton, who held pretty much all the county ofiices on the organization of Cook County. Mr. Moore was one of the original Trustees of Rush Medical College, and obtained from the Legislature the first charter for a gas company in Chicago. In 1838 he went to Ha- vana, Cuba, for the benefit of his failing health, but subsequently returned to Concord, Mass., where he died some years afterward. MOOEE, James, pioneer, was bom in the State of Maryland in 1750 ; was married in his native State, about 1773, to Miss Catherine Biggs, later removing to Virginia. In 1777 he came to the Illinois Country as a spy, preliminary to the con- templated expedition of Col. George Rogers Clark, which captured Kaskaskia in July, 1778. After the Clarl^ expedition (in which he served as Captain, by appointment of Gov. Patrick Henry), he returned to Virginia, where he remained until 1781, when he organized a party of emigrants, which he accompanied to Illinois, spending the winter at Kaskaskia. The following year they located at a point in the northern part of Monroe County, which afterwards received the name of Bellefontaine. After his arrival in Illinois, he organized a company of "Minute Men," of which he was chosen Captain. He was a man of prominence and influence among the early settlers, but died in 1788. A numerous and influential family of his descendants have grown up in Southern Illinois. — John (Moore), son of the preceding, was born in Maryland in 1773, and brought by his father to Illinois eight years later. He married a sister of Gen. John D. Whiteside, who afterwards became State Treasurer, and also served as Fund Commissioner of the State of Illi- nois under the internal improvement system. Moore was an officer of the State Militia, and served in a company of rangers during the War of 1813; was also the first County Treasurer of HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 383-. Monroe County. Died, July 4, 1833. — James B. (Moore), the third son of Capt. James Moore, was born in 1780, and brought to Illinois by his par- ents; in his early manhood he followed the business of keel-boating on the Mississippi and Ohio Eivers, visiting New Orleans, Pittsburg and other points ; became a prominent Indian fighter during the War of 1813, and was commissioned Captain by Governor Edwards and authorized to raise a company of mounted rangers; also served as Sheriff of Monroe County, by appoint- ment of Governor Edwards, in Territorial days; was Presidential Elector in 1820, and State Sena- tor for Madison County in 1836-40, dying in the latter year. — ^Enoch (Moore), fourth son of Capt. James Moore, the pioneer, was born in the old block-house at Bellefontaine in 1782, being the first child born of American parents in Illinois ; served as a "ranger" in the company of his brother, James B'. ; occupied the office of Clerk of the Circuit Court, and afterwards that of Judge of Probate of Monroe County during the Terri- torial period; was Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1818, and served as Representative from Monroe County in the Second General Assembly, later filling various county offices for some twenty years. He died in 1848. MOORE, Jesse H., clergyman, soldier and Con- gressman, born near Lebanon, St. Clair County, lU., April 32, 1817, and graduated from McKen- dree College in 1843. For thirteen years he was a teacher, during portions of this period being successively at the head of three literary insti- tutions in the West. In 1849 he was ordained a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, but resigned pastorate duties in 1862, to take part in the War for the Union, organizing the One Hun- dred and Fifteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commissioned Colonel, also serving as brigade commander during the last year of the war, and being brevetted Brigadier-General at its close. After the war he re-entered the ministry, but, in 1868, while Presiding Elder of the Decatur District, he was elected to the Forty-first Con- gress as a Republican, being re-elected in 1870 ; afterwards served as Pension Agent at Spring- field, and, in 1881, was appointed United States Consul at Callao, Peru, dying in office, in that city, July 11, 1883. MOORE, John, Lieutenant-Governor (1843-46) ; was born in Lincolnshire, Eng., Sept. 8, 1793; came to America and settled in Illinois in 1830, spending most of his life as a resident of Bloom- ington. In 1838 he was elected to the lower branch of the Eleventh General Assembly from the McLean District, and, in 1840, to the Senate, but before the close of his term, in 1843, was elected Lieutenant-Governor with Gov. Thomas Ford. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he took a conspicuous part in recruiting the Fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's),, of which he was chosen Lieutenant-Colonel, serving gallantly throughout the struggle. In 1848 he was appointed State Treasurer, as succes- sor of Milton Carpenter, who died in office. In 1850 he was elected to the same office, and con- tinued to discharge its duties until 1857, when he was succeeded by James Miller. Died, Sept. 33, 1863. MOORE, Risdon, pioneer, was born in Dela- ware in 1760 ; removed to North Carolina in 1789, and, a few years later, to Hancock County, Ga., where he served two terms in the Legislature. He emigrated from Georgia in 1812, and settled in St. Clair County, 111. — besides a family of fif- teen white persons, bringing with him eighteen colored people — the object of his removal being: to get rid of slavery. He purchased a farm in what was known as the "Turkey Hill Settle- ment," about four miles east of Belleville, where he resided until his death in 1828. Mr. Moore became a prominent citizen, was elected to the Second Territorial House of Representatives, and was chosen Speaker, serving as such for two ses- sions (1814-15). He was also Representative from St. Clair County in the First, Second and Third General Assemblies after the admission of Illinois into the Union. In the last of these he was one of the most zealous opponents of the pro-slavery Convention scheme of 1832-24. He left a numer- ous and highly respected family of descendants, who were afterwards prominent in public affairs. — William (Moore), his son, served as a Captain in the War of 1813, and also commanded a company in the Black Hawk War. He represented St. Clair County in the lower branch of the Ninth and Tenth General Assemblies; was a local preacher of the Methodist Church, and was Presi- dent of the Board of Trustees of McKendree Col- lege at the time of his death in 1849.— Risdon (Moore), Jr., a cousin of the first named Risdon Moore, was a Representative from St. Clair County in the Fourth General Assembly and Senator in the Sixth, but died before the expiration of his term, being succeeded at the next session by Adam W. Snyder. MOORE, Stephen Richey, lawyer, was born of Scotch ancestry, in Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept. 33, 1833; in 1851, entered Farmers' College near Cin- cinnati, graduating in 1856, and, having qualified 384 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS himself for the practice of law, located the fol- lowing year at Kankakee, 111., which has since been his home. In 1858 he was employed in defense of the late Father Chiniquy, who recently died in Montreal, in one of the celebrated suits begun against him by dignitaries of the Eoman Catholic Church. Mr. Moore is a man of strik- ing appearance and great independence of char- acter, a Methodist in religious belief and has generally acted politically in co-operation with the Democratic party, though strongly anti- slavery in his views. In 1872 he was a delegate to the Liberal Republican Convention at Cin- cinnati which nominated Mr. Greeley for the Presidency, and, in 1896, participated in the same way in the Indianapolis Convention which nomi- nated Gen. John M. Palmer for the same office, in the following campaign giving the "Gold Democ- racy" a vigorous support. MOKAN, Thomas A., lawyer and jurist, was born at Bridgeport, Conn. , Oct. 7, 1839 ; received his preliminary education in the district schools of Wisconsin (to which State his father's family had removed in 1846), and at an academy at Salem, Wis. ; began reading law at Kenosha in 1859, meanwhile supporting himself by teaching. In May, 1865, he graduated from the Albany (N.. Y.) Law School, and the same year com- menced practice in Chicago, rapidly rising to the front rank of his profession. In 1879 he was elected a Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court, and re-elected in 1885. At the expiration of his second term he resumed private practice. While on the bench he at first heard only common law cases, but later divided the business of the equity side of the court with Judge Tuley. In June, 1886, he was assigned to the bench of the Appel- late Court, of which tribunal he was, for a year. Chief Justice. MORGAN, James Dady, soldier, was born in Boston, Mass., August 1, 1810, and, at 16 years of age, went for a three years' trading voyage on the ship "Beverly." When thirty days out a mutiny arose, and shortly afterward the vessel was burned. Morgan escaped to South America, and, after many hardships, returned to Boston. In 1834 he removed to Quincy, 111., and engaged in mercantile pursuits; aided in raising the "Quincy Grays" during the Mormon difiiculties (1844-45) ; during the Mexican War commanded a company in the First Regiment Illinois Volun- teers ; in 1861 became Lieutenant-Colonel of the Tenth Regiment in the three months' service, and Colonel on reorganization of the regiment for three years ; was promoted Brigadier-General in July, 1862, for meritorious service ; commanded a brigade at Nashville, and, in March, 1865, was brevetted Major-General for gallantry at Benton- ville, N. C, being mustered out, August 24, 1865. After the war he resumed business at Quincy, 111., being President of the Quincy Gas Company and Vice-President of a bank; was also Presi- dent, for some time, of the Society of the Army of the Ctmiberland. Died, at Quincy, Sept. 13, 1896. MORGAN COUNTY, a central county of the State, lying west of Sangamon, and bordering on the Illinois River — named for Gen. Daniel Mor- gan; area, 580 square miles; population (1900), 35,006. The earliest American settlers were probably Elisha and Seymour Kellogg, who located on Mauvaisterre Creek in 1818. Dr. George Caldwell came in 1820, and was the first phy- sician, and Dr. Ero Chandler settled on the pres- ent site of the city of Jacksonville in 1821. Immigrants began to arrive in large numbers about 1822, and, Jan. 31, 1823, the county was organized, the first election being held at the house of James G. Swinerton, six miles south- west of the present city of Jacksonville. 01m- stead's Mound was the first county-seat, but this choice was only temporary. Two years later, Jacksonville was selected, and has ever since so continued. (See Jacksonville.) Cass County was cut off from Morgan in 1837, and Scott County in 1839. About 1837 Morgan was the most populous county in the State. The county is nearly equally divided between woodland and prairie, and is well watered. Besides the Illinois River on its western border, there are several smaller streams, among them Indian, Apple, Sandy and Mauvaisterre Creeks. Bituminous coal underlies the eastern part of the county, and thin veins crop out along the Illinois River bluffs. Sandstone has also been quarried. MORGAN PARK, a suburban village of Cook County, 13 miles south of Chicago, on the Chi- cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway ; is the seat of the Academy (a preparatory branch) of the University of Chicago and the Scandinavian De- partment of the Divinity School connected with the same institution. Population (1880), 187; (1890), 1,027; (1900), 2,329. MORMONS, a religious sect, founded by Joseph Smith, Jr., at Fayette, Seneca County, N. Y., August 6, 1880, styling themselves the "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. " Membership in 1892 was estimated at 230,000, of whom some 20,000 were outside of the United States. Their religious teachings are peculiar. They avow faith in the Trinity and in the Bible (as by them HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 385 interpreted). The}' believe, however, that the "Book of Mormon" — assumed to be of divine origin and a direct revelation to Smith — is of equal authority with the Scriptures, if not supe- rior to them. Among their ordinances are baptism and the laying-on of hands, and, in their chiu:ch organization, they recognize various orders —apostles, prophets, pastors, teachers, evangel- ists, etc. They also believe in the restoration of the Ten Tribes and the literal reassembling of Israel, the return and rule of Christ in person, and the rebuilding of Zion in America. Polyg- amy is encouraged and made an article of faith, though professedly not practiced under existing laws in the United States. The supreme power is vested in a President, who has authority in temporal and spiritual affairs alike; although there is less effort now than formerly, on the part of the priesthood, to interfere in temporalities. Driven from New York in 1831, Smith and his followers first settled at Kirtland, Ohio. There, for a time, the sect flourished and built a temple ; but, within seven years, their doctrines and prac- tices excited so much hostility that they were forced to make another removal. Their next settlement was at Far West, Mo. ; but here the hatred toward them became so intense as to result in open war. From Missouri they recrossed the Mississippi and founded the city of Nauvoo, near Commerce, in Hancock County, m. The charter granted by the Legislature vf as an extraordinary instrument, and well-nigh made the city independent of the State. Nauvoo soon obtained commercial importance, in two years becoming a city of some 16,000 inhabitants. The Mormons rapidly became a powerful factor in State politics, when there broke out a more bitter public enmity than the sect had yet en- countered. Internal dissensions also sprang up, and, in 1844, a discontented Mormon founded a newspaper at Nauvoo, in which he violently assailed the prophet and threatened him with exposm-e. Smith's answer to this was the de- struction of the printing office, and the editor promptly secured a warrant for his arrest, return- able at Carthage. Smith went before a friendly justice at Nauvoo, who promptly discharged him, but he positively refused to appear before the Carthage magistrate. Thereupon the latter issued a second warrant, charging Smith with treason. This also was treated with contempt. The militia was called out to make the arrest, and the Mormons, who had formed a strong military organization, armed to defend their leader. After a few trifling 'clashes between the soldiers and the "Saints," Smith was persuaded to sur- render and go to Carthage, the county-seat, where he was incarcerated in the county jail. Within twenty-four hours (on Sunday, June 37, 1844), a mob attacked the prison. Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum were killed, and some of their adherents, who had accompanied them to jail, were wounded. Brigham Young (then an apostle) at once assumed the' leadership and, after several months of intense popular excite- ment, in the following year led his followers across the Mississippi, finally locating (1847) in Utah. (See also Nauvoo.) There their history has not been free from charges of crime; but, whatever may be the character of the leaders, they have succeeded in building up a prosperous community in a region which they found a vir- tual desert, a little more than forty years ago. The polity of the Church has been greatly modi- fied in consequence of restrictions placed upon it by Congressional legislation, especially in refer- ence to polygamy, and by contact with other communities. (See Smith, Joseph. ) MOBBIS, a city and the county -seat of Grundy County, on the Illinois River, the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 61 miles southwest of Chicago. It is an extensive grain market, and the center of a region rich in bituminous coal. There is valu- able water-power here, and much manufacturing is done, including builders' hardware, plows, iron specialties, paper car- wheels, brick and tile, flour and planing-mills, oatmeal and tanned leather. There are also a normal and scientific school, two national banks and three daily and weekly news- papers. Population (188'0), 3,486; (1890), 3,653; (1900), 4,273. MORBIS, Buckner Smith, early lawyer, born at Augusta, Ky., August 19, 1800; was admitted to the bar in 1837, and, for seven years thereafter, continued to reside in Kentucky, serving two terms in the Legislature of that State. In 1834 he removed to Chicago, took an active part in the incorporation of the city, and was elected its second Mayor in 1838. In 1840 he was a Whig candidate for Presidential Elector, Abraham Lincoln running on the same ticket, and, in 1853, was defeated as the Whig candidate for Secretary of State. He was elected a Judge of the Seventh Circuit in 1851, but declined a re- nomination in 1855. In 1856 he accepted the American (or Know-Nothing) nomination for Governor, and, in 1860, that of the Bell-Everett party for the same office. He was vehemently opposed to the election of either Lincoln or 386 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. Breckenridge to the Presidency, believing that civil vs^ai- would result in either event. A shadow was thrown across his life, in 1864, by his arrest and trial for alleged complicity in a rebel plot to burn and pillage Chicago and liberate the prisoners of war held at Camp Douglas. The trial, however, which was held at Cincinnati, resulted in his acquittal. Died, in Kentucky, Dec. 18, 1879. Those who knew Judge Morris, in his early life in the city of Chicago, describe him as a man of genial and kindly disposition, in spite of his opposition to the abolition of slavery — a fact which, no doubt, had much to do with his acquittal of the charge of complicity with the Camp Douglas conspiracy, as the evidence of his being in communication with the leading con- spirators appears to have been conclusive. (See Camp Douglas Conspiracy.) MORRIS, Freeman P., lawyer and politician, was born in Cook County, 111., March 19, 1854, labored on a farm and attended the district school in his youth, but completed his education in Chicago, graduating from the Union College of Law, and was admitted to practice in 1874, when he located at Watseka, Iroquois County. In 1884 he was elected, as a Democrat, to the House of Representatives from the Iroquois Dis- trict, and has since been re-elected in 1888, '94, '96, being one of the most influential members of his party in that body. In 1893 he was appointed by Governor Altgeld Aid-de-Camp, with the rank of Colonel, on his personal staff, but resigned in 1896. MORRIS, Isaac Newton, lawyer and Congress- man, was born at Bethel, Clermont County, Ohio, Jan. 22, 1812; educated at Miami Univer- sity, admitted to the bar in 1835, and the next year removed to Quincy, 111. ; was a member and President of the Board of Canal Commissioners (1842-43), served in the Fifteenth General Assem- bly (1846-48) ; was elected to Congress as a Demo- crat in 1856, and again in 1858, but opposed the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton Con- stitution; in 1868 supported General Grant — who had been his friend in boyhood — for President, and, in 1870, was appointed a member of the Union Pacific Railroad Commission. Died, Oct. 39, 1879. MORRISON, a city, the county-seat of White- side County, founded in 1855; is a station on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 134 miles west of Chicago. Agriculture, dairying and stock-raising are the principal pursuits in the surrounding region. The city lias good water- works, sewerage, electric lighting and several manufactories, including carriage and refriger- ator works; also has numerous churches, a large graded school, a public library and adequate banking facilities, and two weekly papers. Greenhouses for cultivation of vegetables for winter market are carried on. Pop. (1900), 3,308. MORRISON, Isaac L., lawyer and legislator, born in Barren County, Ky., in 1836; was edu- cated in the common schools and the Masonic Seminary of his native State; admitted to the bar, and came to Illinois in 1851, locating at Jacksonville, where he has become a leader of the bar and of the Republican party, which he assisted to organize as a member of its first State Convention at Bloomington, in 1856. He was also a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1864, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency a second time. Mr. Morrison was three times elected to the lower house of the General Assembly (1876, '78 and '83), and, by his clear judgment and incisive powers as a public speaker, took a high rank as a leader in that body. Of late years, he has given his attention solely to the practice of his profession in Jacksonville. MORRISON, James lowery Donaldson, poh- tician, lawyer and Congressman, was born at Kas- kaskia. 111., Aprill3, 1816; at the age of 16 was appointed a midshipman in the United States Navy, but leaving the service in 1836, read law with Judge Nathaniel Pope, and was admitted to the bar, practicing at Belleville. He was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly from St. Clair County, in 1844, and to the State Senate in 1848, and again in '54. In 1852 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Lieutenant-Gov- ernorship on the Whig ticket, but, on the disso- lution of that party, allied himself with the Democracy, and was, for many years, its leader in Southern Illinois. In 1855 he was elected to Con- gress to fill the vacancy caused by the resigna- tion of Lyman Trumbull, who had been elected to the United States Senate. In 1860 he was a can- didate before the Democratic State Convention for the nomination for Governor, but was defeated by James C. Allen. After that year he took no prominent part in public affairs. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he was among the first to raise a company of volunteers, and was commis- sioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Second Regiment (Colonel Bissell's). For gallant services at Buena "Vista, the Legislature presented him with a sword. He took a prominent part in the incor- poration of railroads, and, it is claimed, drafted and introduced in the Legislature the charter of HISTOEICAL ElfCYOLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 387 the Illinois Central Railroad in 1851. Died, at St. Louis, Mo., August 14, 1888. MORRISON, 'William, pioneer merchant, came from Philadelphia, Pa., to Kaskaskia, 111., in 1790, as representative of the mercantile house of Bryant & Morrison, of Philadelphia, and finally established an extensive trade throughout the Mississippi Valley, supplying merchants at St. Louis, St. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau and New Madrid. He is also said to have sent an agent with a stock of goods across the plains, with a view to opening up trade with the Mexicans at Santa Fe, about 1804, but was defrauded by the agent, who appropriated the goods to his own benefit without accounting to his employer. He became the principal merchant in the Terri- tory, doing a thriving business in early days, when Kaskaskia was the principal supply point for merchants throughout the valley. He is de- scribed as a public-spirited, enterprising man, to whom was due the chief part of the credit for securing construction of a bridge across the Kas- kaskia River at the town of that name. He died at Kaskaskia in 1837, and was buried in the ceme- tery there. — Robert (Morrison), a brother of the preceding, came to Kaskaskia in 1793, was appointed Clerk of the Common Pleas Court in 1801, retaining the position for many years, besides holding other local oflBces. He was the father of Col. James L. D. Morrison, politician and soldier of the Mexican War, whose sketch is given elsewhere. — Joseph (Morrison), the oldest son of William Morrison, went to Ohio, residing there several years, but finally returned to Prairie du Rocher, where he died in 1845. — James, another son, went to Wisconsin ; William located at Belleville, dying there in 1843; while Lewis* another son, settled at Covington, Washington County, 111., where he practiced medicine up to 1851; then engaged in mercantile business at Chester, dying there in 1856. MORRISON, William Ralls, ex-Congressman, Inter-State Commerce Commissioner, was born, Sept. 14, 1835, in Monroe Coimty, 111., and edu- cated at McKendree College ; served as a private in the Mexican War, at its close studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1855; in 1853 was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court of Monroe County, but resigned before the close of his term, accepting the office of Representative in the State Legislature, to which he was elected in 1854; was re-elected in 1856, and again in 1858, serving as Speaker of the House during the session of 1859. In 1861 he assisted in osganizing the Forty-ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers and was commis- sioned Colonel. The regiment was mustered in, Dec. 31, 1861, and took part in the battle of Fort Donelson in February following, where he was severely wounded. While yet in the service, in 1862, he was elected to Congress as a Democrat, when he resigned his commission, but was de- feated for re-election, in 1864, by Jehu Baker, as he was again in 1866. In 1870 he was again elected to the General Assembly, and, two years later (1872), returned to Congress from the Belle- ville District, after which he served in that body, by successive re-elections, nine terms and until 1887, being for several terms Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee and promi- nent in the tariff legislation of that period. In March, 1887, President Cleveland appointed him a member of the first Inter-State Commerce Com- mission for a period of five years; at the close of his term he was reappointed, by President Harri- son, for a full term of six years, serving a part of the time as President of the Board, and retiring from office in 1898. MORRISON VILLE, a town in Christian County, situated on the Wabash Railway, 40 miles southwest of Decatur and 30 miles north- northeast of Litchfield Grain is extensively raised in the surrounding region, and Morrison- ville, with its elevators and mill, is an important shipping-point. It has brick and tile works, electric lights, two banks, five churches, graded and high schools, and a weekly paper. Popula- tion (1890), 844; i,1900), 934; (1903, est,), 1,300. MORTON, a village of Tazewell County, at the intersection of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroads, 10 miles southeast of Peoria; has factories, a bank and a newspaper. Population (1890), 657; (1900), 894. MORTON, Joseph, pioneer "farmer and legisla- tor, was born in Virginia, August 1, 1801 ; came to Madison County, 111., in 1819, and the follow- ing year to Morgan County, when he engaged in farming in the vicinity of Jacksonville. He served as a member of the House in the Tenth and Fifteenth General Assemblies, and as Senator in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth. He was a Democrat in politics, but, on questions of State and local policy, was non-partisan, faithfully representing the interests of his constituents. Died, at his home near Jacksonville, March 3, 1881. MOSES, Adolph, lawyer, was born in Speyer, Germany, Feb. 37, 1837, and, until fifteen years of age, was educated in the public and Latin schools of his native country ; in the latter part of 1852, came to America, locating in New Orleans, andj for some years, being a law student 388 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. in Louisiana University, under the preceptorship of Randall Hunt and other eminent lawyers of that State. In the early days of the Civil War he espoused the cause of the Confederacy, serving some two years as an officer of the Twenty-first Louisiana Regiment. Coming north at the expi- ration of this period, he resided for a time in Quincy, 111., but, in 1869, removed to Chicago, where he took a place in the front rank at the bar, and where he has resided ever since. Although in sympathy with the general princi- ples of the Democratic party, Judge Moses is an independent voter, as shown by the fact that he voted for General Grant for President in 1868, and supported the leading measures of the Repub- lican party in 1896. He is the editor and pub lisher of "The National Corporation Reporter," established in 1890, and which is devoted to the interests of business corporations. MOSES, John, lawyer and author, was born at Niagara Falls, Canada, Sept. 18, 1825; came to Illinois in 1837, his family locating first at Naples, Scott County. He pursued the vocation of a teacher for a time, studied law, was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court for Scott County in 1856, and served as County Judge from 1857 to 1861. The latter year he became the private secretary of Governor Yates, serving until 1863, during that period assisting in the organization of seventy- seven regiments of Illinois Volunteers. While serving in this capacity, in company with Gov- ernor Yates, he attended the famous conference of loyal Governors, held at Altoona, Pa., in Sep- tember, 1863, and afterwards accompanied the Governors in their call upon President Lincoln, a few days after the issue of the preliminary proc- lamation of emancipation. Having received the appointment, from President Lincoln, of Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Tenth Illinois Dis- trict, he resigned the position of private secretary to Governor Yates. In 1874 he was chosen Representative in the Twenty-ninth General Assembly for the District composed of Scott, Pike and Calhoun Counties ; served as a delegate to the National Re'publican Convention at Phila- delphia, in 1873, and as Secretary .of the Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commissioners for three years (1880-83). He was then appointed Special Agent of the Treasury Department, and assigned to duty in connection with the customs revenue at Chicago. In 1887 he was chosen Sec- retary of the Chicago Historical Society, serving until 1898. While connected with the Chicago Historical Library he brought out the most com- plete History of Illinois yet published, in two volumes, and also, in connection with the late Major Kirkland, edited a History of Chicago in two large volumes. Other literary work done by Judge Moses, includes "Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln" and "Richard Yates, the War Governor of Illinois," in the form of lectiires or addresses. Died in Chicago, July 3, 1898. MOULTON, Samuel W., lawyer and Congress- man, was born at Wenham, Mass., Jan. 20, 1823, where he was educated in the public schools. After spending some years in the South, he removed to Illinois (1845), where he studied law, and was admitted to the bar, commencing prac- tice at Shelbyville. From 1853 to 1859 he was a member of the lower house of the General Assem- bly; in 1857, was a Presidential Elector on the Buchanan ticket, and was President of the State Board of Education from 1859 to 1876. In 1864 he was elected, as a Republican, Representative in Congress for the State-at-large, being elected again, as a Democrat, from the Shelbyville Dis- trict, in 1880 and '83. During the past few years (including the campaign of 1896) Mr. Moulton has acted in cooperation with the Republican party. MOULTRIE COUNTY, a comparatively small county in the eastern section of the middle tier of the State — named for a revolutionary hero. Area, 340 square miles, and population (by the census of 1900), 15,224. Moultrie was one of the early "stamping grounds" of the Kiokapoos, who were always friendly to English-speaking settlers. The earliest immigrants were from the Southwest, but arrivals from Northern States soon followed. County organization was effected in 1843, both Shelby and Macon Counties surrendering a portion of territory. A vein of good bituminous coal underlies the county, but agriculture is the more important industry. Sullivan is the county-seat, selected in 1845. In 1890 its population was about 1,700. Hon. Richard J. Oglesby (former Gover- nor, Senator and a Major-General in the Civil War) began the practice of law here. MOUND-BUILDERS, WORKS OF THE. One of the most conclusive evidences that the Mis- sissippi Valley was once occupied by a people different in customs, character and civilization from the Indians found occupying the soil when the first white explorers visited it, is the exist- ence of certain artificial mounds and earthworks, of the origin and purposes of which the Indians seemed to have no knowledge or tradition. These works extend throughout the valley from the Allegheny to the Rocky Mountains, being much more numerous, however, in some portions than HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 389 in others, and also varying greatly in form. This fact, with the remains found in some of them, has heen regarded as evidence that the purposes of their construction were widely variant. They have consequently been classified by archaeolo- gists as sepulchral, religious, or defensive, while some seem to have had a purpose of which writers on the subject are unable to form any satisfactory conception, and which are, therefore, still regarded as an unsolved mystery. Some of tfie most elaborate of these works are found along the eastern border of the Mississippi Valley, especially in Ohio ; and the fact that they appear to belong to the defensive class, has led to the conclusion that this region was occupied by a race practically homogeneous, and that these works were designed to prevent the encroachnient of hostile races from beyond the AUeghenies. Illi- nois being in the center of the valley, compara- tively few of these defensive works are found here, those of this character which do exist being referred to a different era and race. (See Forti- fications, Prehistoric.) While these works are nimierous in some portions of Illinois, their form and structure give evidence that they were erected by a peaceful people, however bloody may have been some of the rites performed on those designed for a religious purpose. Their nmnbers also imply a dense population. ' This is especially true of that portion of the American Bottom opposite the city of St. Louis, which is the seat of the most remarkable gi'oup of earth works of this character on the continent. The central, or principal structure of this group, is known, locally, as the great "Cahokia Mound," being situated near the creek of that name which empties into the Mississippi just belovr the city of East St. Louis. It is also called "Monks' Moimd," from the fact that it was occupied early in the present century by a community of Monks of La Trappe, a portion of whom succumbed to the malarial influences of the climate, while the survivors returned to the original seat of their order. This mound, from its form and com- manding size, has been supposed to belong to the class called "temple mounds," and has been de- scribed as "the monarch of all similar structures" and the "best representative of its class in North America." The late William McAdams, of Alton, who surveyed this group some years since, in his "Records of Ancient Races," gives the fol- lowing description of this principal structure: In the center of a great mass of mounds and earth-works there stands a mighty pyramid whose base covers nearly sixteen acres of groimd. It is not exactly square, being a parallelogram a little longer north and south than east and west. Some thirty feet above the base, on the south side, is an apron or terrace, on which now grows an orchard of considerable size. This terrace is approached from the plain by a graded roadway. Thirty feet above this terrace, and on the west side, is another much smaller, on which are now growing some forest trees. The top, which con- tains an acre and a half, is divided into two nearly equal parts, the northern part being four or five feet the higher. ... On the north, east and south, the structure still retains its straight side, that probably has changed but little since the settlement of the country by white, men, but remains in appearance to-day the same as centuries ago. The west side of the pyramid, however, has its base somewhat serrated and seamed by ravines, evidently made by rainstorms and the elements. From the second terrace a well, eighty feet in depth, penetrates the base of the structure, which is plainly seen to be almost wholly composed of the black, sticky soil of the surrounding plain. It is not an oval or conical mound or hill, but a pyramid with straight sides." The approximate height of this mound is ninety feet. When first seen by white men, this was surmounted by a small conical mound some ten feet in height, from which human remains and various relics were taken while being leveled for the site of a house. Messrs. Squier and Davis, in their report on "Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley," published by the Smithsonian Institute (1848), estimate the contents of the structure at 30,000,000 cubic feet. A Mr. Breckenridge, who visited these mounds in 1811 and published a description of them, esti- mates that the construction of this principal mound must have required the work of thousands of laborers and years of time. The upper terrace, at the time of his visit, was occupied by the Trappists as a kitchen garden, and the top of the structure was sown in wheat. He also found numerous fragments of flint and earthern ves- sels, and concludes that "a populous city once existed here, similar to those of Mexico described by the first conquerors. The moimds were sites of temples or monuments to great men." Accord- ing to Mr. McAdams, there are seventy-two mounds of cbnsiderable size within two miles of the main structure, the group extending to the mouth of the Cahokia and embracing over one hundred in all. Most of these are square, rang- ing from twenty to fifty feet in height, a few are oval and one or two conical. Scattered among 390 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the mounds are also a number of small lakes, evidently of artificial origin. From the fact that there were a number of conspicuous mounds on the Missouri side of the river, on the present site of the city of St. Louis and its environs, it is believed that they all belonged to the same system and had a common purpose; the Cahokia Mound, from its superior size, being the center of the group— and probably used for sacrificial purposes. The whole number of these structures in the American Bottom, whose outlines were still visible a few years ago, was estimated by Dr. J. W. Foster at nearly two hundred, and the presence of so large a number in close proximity, has been accepted as evidence of a large population in the immediate vicinity. Mr. McAdams reports the finding of numerous specimens of pottery, and artificial ornaments and implements in the Cahokia mounds and in oaves and mounds between Alton and the mouth of the Illinois Biver, as well as on the latter some twenty-five miles from its mouth. Among the relics found in the Illinois River mounds was a burial vase, and Mr. McAdams says that, in thirty years, he has unearthed more than a thousand of these, many of which closely resemble those found in the movmds of Europe. Dr. Foster also makes mention of an ancient cemetery near Chester, in which "each grave, when explored, is found to contain a cist enclos- ing a skeleton, for the most part far gone in decay. These cists are built up and covered with slabs of limestone, which here abound. " — Another noteworthy group of mounds — though far inferior to the Cahokia group — exists near Hutsonville in Crawford County. As described in the State Geological Survey, this group consists of fifty- five elevations, irregularly dispersed over an area of 1,000 by 1,400 to 1,500 feet, and varying from fourteen to fifty feet in diameter, the larger ones having a height of five to eight feet. From their form and arrangement these are believed to have been mounds of habitation. In the southern por- tion of this group are four mounds of peculiar construction and larger size, each surrounded by a low ridge or earthwork, with openings facing towards each other, indicating that they were defense-works. The location of this group — a few miles from a prehistoric fortification at Merom, on the Indiana side of the Wabash, to which the name of "Fort Azatlan" has been given — induces the belief that the two groups, like those in the American Bottom and at St. Louis, were parts of the same system. — Professor Engelman, in the part of the State Geological Survey devoted to Massac County, alludes to a remarkable group of earthworks in the Black Bend of the Ohio, as an "extensive" system of "fortifications and mounds which probably belong to the same class as those in the Missis- sippi Bottom opposite St. Louis and at other points farther up the Ohio." In the report of Government survey by Dan W. Beckwith, in 1834, mention is made of a very large mound on the Kankakee River, near the mouth of Rock Creek, now a part of Kankakee County. This had' a base diameter of about 100 feet, with a height of twenty feet, and contained the remains of a large number of Indians killed in a celebrated battle, in which the Illinois and Chippewas, and the Delawares and Shawnees took part. Near by were two other mounds, said to contain the remains of the chiefs of the two parties. In this case, mounds of prehistoric origin had probably been utilized as burial places by the aborigines at a comparatively recent period. Related to the Kankakee mounds, in location if not in period of construction, is a group of nineteen in number on the site of the present city of Morris, in Grundy County. Within a circuit of three miles of Ottawa it has been estimated that there were 3,000 mounds — though many of these are believed to have been of Indian origin. Indeed, the whole Illinois Valley is full of these silent monuments of a prehistoric age, but they are not generally of the conspicuous character of those found in the vicinity of St. Louis and attributed to the Mound Builders. — A very large and numerous group of these monuments exists along the bluffs of the Mississippi River, in the western part of Bock Island and Mercer Counties, chietiy between Drury's Landing and New Boston. Mr. J. E. Stevenson, in "The American Antiquarian," a few years ago, estimated that there were 2,500 of these within a circuit of fifty miles, located in groups of two or three to 100, varying in diameter from fifteen to 150 feet, with an elevation of two to fifteen feet. There are also nvmierous burial and sacrificial mounds in the vicinity of Cbilh- cothe, on the Illinois River, in the northeastern part of Peoria County. — There are but few speci- mens of the animal or effigy mounds, of which so many exist iu Wisconsin, to be found in Illinois; and the fact that these are found chiefiy on Bock River, leaves no doubt of a common origin with the Wisconsin groups. The most remarkable of these is the celebrated "Turtle Mound," within the present limits of the city of Rockford— though some regard it as having more resemblance to an alligator. This figure, which is maintained in a HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 391 good state of preservation by the citizens, has an extreme length of about 150 feet, by fifty in width at the front legs and thirty-nine at the hind legs, and an elevation equal to the height of a man. There are some smaller mounds in the vicinity, apd s6me bird efSgies on Rook River some six miles below Rockford. There is also an animal effigy near the village of Hanover, in Jo Daviess County, vrith a considerable group of round mounds and embankments in the immedi- ate vicinity, besides a smaller effigy of a similar character on the north side of the Peoatonica in Stephenson County, some ten miles east of Free- port. The Rock River region seems to have been a favorite field for the operations of the mound- builders, as shown by the number and variety of these structures, extending from Sterling, in Whiteside County, to the Wisconsin State line. A large number of these were to be found in the vicinity of the Kishwaukee River in the south- eastern part of Winnebago County. The famous prehistoric fortification on Rock River, just beyond the Wisconsin boundary — which seems to have been a sort of counterpart of the ancient Fort Azatlan on the Indiana side of the Wabash — appears to have had a close relation to the works of the mound-builders on the same stream in Illinois. MOUNT) CITY, the county-seat of Pulaski County, on the Ohio River, seven miles north of Cairo; is on a branch line of the Illinois Central and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad. The chief industries are lumber- ing and ship-building; also has furniture, canning and other factories. One of the United States National Cemeteries is located here. The town has a bank and two weekly papers. Population (1890), 3,550; (1900), 3,705; (1903, est.), 3,500. MOTJSTT CARMEL, a city and the county-seat of Wabash County; is the point of junction of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Southern Railroads, 133 miles northeast of Cairo, and 34 miles southwest of Vincennes, Ind. ; situated on the Wabash River, which sup- plies good water-power for saw mills, flouring mills, and some other manufactures. The town has railroad shops and two daily newspapers. Agi'iculture and lumbering are the principal pursuits of the people of the surrounding district. Population (1890), 8,376; (1900), 4,311. MOUNT CARROLL, -the county-seat of Carroll County, an incorporated city, founded in 1843; is 138 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Chi- cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Farming, stock-raising and mining are the principal indus- tries. It has five churches, excellent schools, good libraries, two daily and two semi-weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,836; (1900), 1,965. MOUNT CARROLL SEMINARY, a young ladies' seminary, located at Mount Carroll, Carroll County; incorporated in 1853'; had a faculty of thirteen members in 1896, with 136 pupils, prop- erty valued at $100,000, and a library of 5,000 volumes. MOUNT MORRIS, a town in Ogle County, situ- ated on the Chicago & Iowa Division of the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 108 miles west by north from Chicago, and 34 miles south- west of Rockford; is the seat of Mount Morris College and flourishing public school; has hand- some stone and brick buildings, three churches and two newspapers. Population (1900), 1,048. MOUNT OLIVE, a village of Macoupin County, on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis and the Wabash Railways, 68 miles southwest of Decatur; in a rich agricultural and coal-mining region. Population (1880), 709; (1890), 1,986 ;(1900), 3,935. MOUNT PULASKI, a village and railroad junc- tion in Logan County, 31 miles northwest of Decatur and 34 miles northeast of Springfield. Agriculture, coal-mining and stock-raising are leading industries. It is also an important ship- ping point for grain, and contains several elevators and fiouring mills. Population (1880), 1,135; (1890), 1,357; (1900), 1,643. MOUNT STERLING, a city, the county -seat of Brown County, midway between Quincy and Jacksonville, on the Wabash Railway. It is sur- rounded by a rich farming country, and has ex- tensive deposits of clay and coal. It contains six churches and four schools (two large public, and two parochial). The town is lighted by elec- tricity and has public water-works. Wagons, brick, tile and earthenware are manufactured here, and three weekly newspapers are pub- lished. Population (1880). 1,445; (1890), 1,655; (1900), 1,960. MOUNT VERNON, a city and county-seat of Jefferson County, on three trunk lines of railroad, 77 miles east-southeast of St. Louis; is the center of a rich agricultural and coal region; has many flourishing manufactories, including oar-works, a plow factory, flouring mills, pressed brick fac- tory, canning factory, and is an important ship- ping-point for grain, vegetables and fruits. The Appellate Court for the Southern Grand Division is held here, and the city has nine churches, fine school buildings, a Carnegie library, two banks, heating plant, two daily and three weekly papers. Population (1890), 3,333; (1900), 5,316. 392 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. MOUNT YERNON & (JRAYVILLE RAILROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway.) MOWEAQUA, a village of Shelby County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 16 miles south of Decatur; is in rich agricultural and stock-raising section; has coal mine, three banks and two newspapers. Population (1890), 848; (1900), 1,478. MUDDj (Col.) John J., soldier, was born in St. Charles County, Mo., Jan. 9, 1820; his father having died in 1833, his mother removed to Pike County, 111., to free her children from the influ- ence of slavery. In 1849, and again in 1850, he made the overland journey to California, each time returning by the Isthmus, his last visit ex- tending into 1851. In 1854 he engaged in the commission business in St. Louis, as head of the firm of Mudd & Hughes, but failed in the crash of 1857; then removed to Chicago, and, in 1861, was again in prosperous business. While on a business visit in New Orleans, in December, 1860, he had an opportunity of learning the growing spirit of secession, being advised by friends to , leave the St. Charles Hotel in order to escape a mob. In September, 1861, he entered the army as Major of the Second Illinois Cavalry (Col. Silas Noble), and, in the next few months, was stationed successively at Cairo, Bird's Point and Paducah, Ky., and, in February, 1863, led the advance of General McClernand's division in the attack on Fort Donelson. Here he was severely wounded ; but, after a few weeks in hospital at St. Louis, was suflSciently recovered to rejoin his regiment soon after the battle of Shiloh. Unable to perform cavalry duty, he was attached to the staff of General McClernand during the advance on Corinth, but, in October following, at the head of 400 men of his regiment, was transferred to the command of General McPherson. Early in 1863 he was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel, and soon after to a colonelcy, taking part in the movement against Vioksburg. June 13, he was again severely wounded, but, a few weeks later, was on duty at New Orleans, and subsequently participated in the operations in Southwestern Louisiana and Texas. On May 1, 1864, he left Baton Rouge for Alexandria, as Chief of Staff to General McClernand, but two days later, while approaching Alexandria on board the steamer, was shot through the head and instantly killed. He was a gallant soldier and greatly beloved by his troops. MULBERRY tJROVE, a village of Bond County, on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis (Vandalia) Railroad, 8 miles northeast of Greenville; has a local newspaper. Pop. (1890), 750; (1900), 632. MULLIGAN, James A., soldier, was bom of Irish parentage at Utica, N. Y. , June 25, 1830 ; in 1836 accompanied his parents to Chicago, and, after graduating from the University of St. Mary's of the Lake, in 1850, began the study of law. In 1851 he accompanied John Lloyd Ste- phens on his expedition to Panama, and on his return resumed his professional studies, at the same time editing "The Western Tablet," a weekly Catholic paper. At the outbreak of the Rebellion he recruited, and was made Colonel of the Twenty- third Illinois Regiment, known as the Irish Brigade. He served with great gallan- try, first in the West and later in the East, being severely wounded and twice captured. He declined a Brigadier-Generalship, preferring to remain with his regiment. He was fatally wounded during a charge at the battle of Win- chester. While being carried off the field he noticed that the colors of his brigade were en- dangered. "Lay me down and save the flag," he ordered. His men hesitated, but he repeated the command until it was obeyed. Before they returned he had been borne away by the enemy, and died a prisoner, at Winchester, Va., July 26, 1864. MUNN, Daniel W., lawyer and soldier, was born in Orange County, Vt., in 1834; graduated at Thetford Academy in 1852, when he taught two years, meanwhile beginning the study of law. Removing to Coles County, 111., in 1855, he resumed his law studies, was admitted to the bar in 1858, and began practice at Hillsboro, Mont- gomery County. In 1862 he joined the One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Regiment lUiriois Volunteers, with the rank of Adjutant, but the following year was appointed Colonel of the First Alabama Oavah-y. Compelled to retire from the service on account of declining health, he re- turned to Cairo, 111., where he became editor of "The Daily News"; in 1866 was elected to the State Senate, serving four years ; served as Presi- dential Elector in 1868 ; was the Republican nomi- nee for Congress in 1870, and the following year was appointed by President Grant Supervisor of Internal Revenue for the District including the States of Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. Removing to Chicago, he began practice there in 1875, in which he has since been engaged. He has been prominently connected with a nmnber of important cases before the Chicago courts. MUNN, Sylvester W., lawyer, soldier and legis- lator, was born about 1818, and came from Ohio at thirty years of age, settling at Wilmington, Will County, afterwards removing to JoUet, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 393 where tie practiced law. During the War he served as Major of the Yates Phalanx (Thirty- ninth Illinois Volunteers) ; later, was State's Attorney for Will County and State Senator in the Thirty-first and Thirty-second General Assemblies. Died, at Joliet, Sept. 11, 1888. He was a member of the Illinois State Bar Associ- ation from its organization. MURPHY, Eyerett J., ex-Member of Con- gress, was born in Nashville, 111., July 24, 1852; in early youth removed to Sparta, where he was educated in the high schools of that place ; at the age of fourteen he became clerk in a store; in 1877 was elected City Clerk of Sparta, but the next year resigned to become Deputy Circuit Clerk at Chester, remaining until 1882, when he was elected Sheriff of Randolph County. In 1886 he was chosen a Representative in the Gen- eral Assembly, and, in 1889, was appointed, by Governor Fifer, Warden of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary at Chester, but retired from this position in 1892, and removed to East St. Louis. Two years later he was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the Twenty -first District, but was defeated for re-election by a small majority in 1896, by Jehu Baker, Democrat and Popvdist. In 1899 Mr. Murphy was appointed Warden of the State Penitentiary at Joliet, to succeed Col. R. W. McClaughry. MURPHYSBORO, the county- seat of Jackson County, situated on the Big Muddy River and on main line of the Mobile & Ohio, the St. Louis Division of the Illinois Central, and a branch of the St. Louis Valley Railroaas, 52 miles north of Cairo and 90 miles south-southeast of St. Louis. Coal of a superior quality is extensively mined in the vicinity. The city has a foundry, machine shops, skewer factory, furniture factory, flour and saw mills, thirteen churches, four schools, three banks, two daily and three weekly news- papers, city and rural free mail delivery. Popu- lation (1890), 3,380; (1900). 6,463; (1908, est.), 7,500. MURPHYSBORO & SHAWNEETOWN BAIL. KOAD. (See Carbondale & Shawneetoum, St. Louis Southern and St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroads.) NAPEBVILLE, a city of Du Page County, on the west branch of the Du Page River and on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 30 miles west-southwest of Chicago, and 9 miles east of Aurora. It has three banks, a weekly newspaper, stone quafries, couch factory, and nine churches; is also the seat of the Northwestern College, an institution founded in 1861 by the Evangelical Association; the college now has a normal school department. Population (1890), 2,216; (1900), 2,639 NAPLES, a town of Scott County, on the Illi- nois River and the Hannibal and Naples branch of the Wabash Railway, 31 miles west of Jackson- ville. Population (1890), 452; (1900), 398. NASHVILLE, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Washington County, on the Centralia & Chester and the Louisville & Nashville Railways; is 120 miles south of Springfield and 50 miles east by south from St. Louis. It stands in a coal- producing and rich agricultural region. There are two coal mines within the corporate limits, and two large flouring mills do a considerable business. There are numerous churches, public schools, including a high school, a State bank, and four weekly papers. Population (1880), 2,322; (1890), 2,084; (1900), 2,184. NAUVOO, a city in Hancock County, at the head of the Lower Rapids on the Mississippi, between Fort Madison and Keokuk, Iowa. It was founded by the Mormons in 1840, and its early growth was rapid. After the expulsion of the "Saints" in 1846, it was settled by a colony of French Icarians, who introduced the culture of grapes on a large scale. They were a sort of communistic order, but their experiment did not prove a success, and in a few years they gave place to another class, the majority of the popu- lation now being of German extraction. The chief industries are agriculture and horticulture. Large quantities of grapes and strawberries are raised and shipped, and considerable native wine is produced. Population (1880), 1,403; (1890), 1,308; (per census 1900), 1,321. (See also • ifor- mons. ) NAVIGABLE STREAMS (by Statute). Fol- lowing the example of the French explorers, who chiefly followed the water-ways in their early explorations, the early permanent settlers of Illi- nois, not only settled, to a great extent, on the principal streams, but later took especial pains to maintain their navigable character by statute. This was, of course, partly due to the absence of improved highways, but also to the belief that, as the country developed, the streams would become extremely valuable, if not indispensable, especially in the transportation of heavy commod- ities. Accordingly, for the first quarter century after the organization of the State Government, one of the questions receiving the attention of the Legislature, at almost every session, was the enactment of laws aflirming the navigability of certain streams now regarded as of little impor- tance, or utterly insignificant, as channels of 394 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. transportation. Legislation of this character began with the first General Assembly (1819), and continued, at intervals, with reference to one or two of the more important interior rivers of the State, as late as 1867. Besides the Illinois and Wabash, still recognized as navigable streams, the following were made the subject of legislation of this character : Beaucoup Creek, a branch of the Big Muddy, in Perry and Jackson Counties (law of 1819); Big Bay, a tributary of the Ohio in Pope County (Acts of 1833); Big Muddy, to the junction of the East and West Forks in Jefferson County (1835), with various subsequent amendments ; Big Vermilion, declared navigable (1831) ; Bon Pas, a branch of the Wabash, between Wabash and Edwards Coun- ties (1831) ; Cache River, to main fork in Johnson County (1819) ; Des Plaines, declared navigable (1839); Embarras (1831), with various subsequent acts in reference to improvement; Fox River, declared navigable to the Wisconsin line (1840), and Fox River Navigation Company, incorpo- rated (1855) ; Kankakee and Iroquois Navigation & Manufacturing Company, incorporated (1847), with various changes and amendments (1851-65) ; Kaskaskia (or Okaw), declared navigable to a point in Fayette County north of Vandalia (1819), with various modifying acts (1823-67) ; Macoupin Creek, to Carrollton and Alton road (1837) ; Piasa, declared navigable in Jersey and Madison Counties (1861); Rock River Navigation Com- pany, incorporated (1841), with subsequent acts (1845-67) ; Sangamon River, declared navigable to Third Principal Meridian — east line of Sanga- mon County — (1833), and the North Fork of same to Champaign County (1845) ; Sny-Carty (a bayou of the Mississippi), declared navigable in Pike and Adams Counties (1859) ; Spoon River, navi- gable to Cameron's mill in Fulton County (1835), with various modifying acts (1845-53) ; Little Wabash Navigation Company, incorporated and river declared navigable to McCawley's bridge — probably in Clay County — (1836), with various subsequent acts making appropriations for its improvement; Skillet Fork (a branch of the Little Wabash), declared navigable to Slocum's Mill in Marion County (1837), and to Ridgway Mills (1846;. Other acts passed at various times declared a number of unim- portant streams navigable, including Big Creek in Fulton County, Crooked Creek in Schuyler County, Lusk's Creek in Pope County, McKee's Creek in Pike County, Seven Mile Creek in Ogle County, besides a number of others' of similar character. NEAIiE, THOMAS M., pioneer lawyer, was born in Fauquier County, Va., 1796; while yet a child removed with his parents to Bowling Green, Ky. , and became a common soldier in the War of 1813; came to Springfield, 111., in 1834, and began the practice of law ; served as Colonel of a regi- ment raised in Sangamon and Morgan Counties for the Winnebago War (1837), and afterwards as Surveyor of Sangamon County, appointing Abraham Lincoln as his deputy. He also served as a Justice of the Peace, for a number of years, at Springfield. Died, August 7, 1840. NEECE, William H., ex-Congressman, was born, Feb. 26, 1831, in what is now a part of Logan County, 111. , but which was then within the limits of Sangamon ; was reared on a farm and attended the public schools in McDonough County; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1858, and has been ever since engaged in practice. His political career began in 1861, when he was chosen a member of the City Coun. oil of Macomb. In 1864 he was elected to the Legislature, and, in 1869, a member of the Con- stitutional Convention. In 1871 he was again elected to the lower house of the General Assem- bly, and, in 1878, to the State Senate. From 1883 to 1887 he represented the Eleventh lUinois Dis- trict in Congress, as a Democrat, but was defeated for re-election in 1890 by William H. Gest, Republican. NEGROES. (See Slavery and Slave Laws.) NEOGtA, a village of Cumberland County, at the intersection of the Illinois Central and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railways, 20 miles southwest of Charleston ; has a bank, two newspapers, some manufactories, and ships grain, hay, fruit and live-stock. Pop. (1890), 839; (1900), 1,126 NEPONSET, a village and station on the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, in Bureau County, 4 miles southwest of Mendota. Popula- tion (1880), 1.53; (1890), 542; (1900), 516. NEW ALBANY & ST. LOUIS BAILWAT. (See Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis (Consoli- dated) Railroad.) NEW ATHENS, a village of St. Clair County, on the St. Louis & Cairo "Short Line" (now Illi- nois Central) Railroad, at the crossing of the Kas- kaskia River, 31 miles southeast of St. Louis ; has one newspaper and considerable grain trade. Population (1880), 603; (1890), 624; (1900), 856. NEW BERLIN, a village of Sangamon County, on the Wabash Railway, 17 miles west of Spring- field. Population (1880), 403; (1900), 533. NEWBERKI LIBRARY, a large reference U- brary, located in Chicago, endowed by Walter L. s n a o V) Art Institute. Public Library. Armour Institute. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. Court House. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 395 Newberry, an early business man of Chicago, who left half of his estate (aggregating over $2, 000, 000) for the purpose. The property bequeathed was largely in real estate, which has since greatly in- creased in value. The library was established in temporary quarters in 1887, and the first section of a permanent building was opened in the autumn of 1893. By that time there had been accumulated about 160,000 books and pamphlets. A collection of nearly fifty porti-aits — chiefly of eminent Americans, including many citizens of Chicago — was presented to the library by G. P. A. Healy, a distinguished artist, since deceased. The site of the building occupies an entire block, and the original design contemplates a handsome front on each of the four streets, with a large rectangular court in the center. The section already completed is massive and imposing, and its interior is admirably adapted to the purposes of a Ubrary, and at the same time rich and beautiful. When completed, the building will have a capacity for four to six million voljumes. HEWBERRr, Walter C, ex-Congressman, was bom at Sangerfleld, Oneida County, N. Y., Dec. 23, 1835. Early in the Civil War he enlisted as a private, and rose, step by step, to a colonelcy, and was mustered out as Brevet Brigadier-General. In 1890 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent the Fourth Illinois District in the Fifty -second Congress (1891-93). His home is in Chicago. NEWBERRY, Walter L., merchant, banker and philanthropist, was born at East Windsor, Conn., Sept. 18, 1804, descended from English ancestry. He was President Jackson's personal appointee to the United States Military Academy at West Point, but was prevented from taking the exami- nation by sickness. Subsequently he embarked in business at Buffalo, N. Y., going to Detroit in 1828, and settUng at Chicago in 1833. After engaging in general merchandising for several years, he turned his attention to banking, in which he accvimulated a large forttme. He was a prominent and influential citizen, serving several terms as President of the Board of Edu- cation, and being, for six years, the President of the Chicago Historical Society. He died at sea, Nov. 6, 1868, leaving a large estate, one-half of which he devoted, by will, to the founding of a free reference library in Chicago. (See Newberry Library.) NEW BOSTON, a city of Mercer County, on the Mississippi Eiver, at the western terminus of the Galva' and New Boston Division of the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railway. Population (1890), 445; (1900), 703. NEW BRIGHTON, a village of St. Clair County and suburb of East St. Louis. Population (1890) 868. NEW BURNSIDE, a village of Johnson County, on the Cairo Division of the Cleveland, Cincin- nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 53 miles northeast of Cairo. Population (1880), 650; (1890), 596; (1900), 468. NEW DOUGLAS, a village in Madison County, on the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railroad; in farming and fruit-growing region ; has coal mine, flour mill and newspaper. Population (1900), 469. NEWELL, John, Railway President, v/as born at West Newbury, Mass., March 31, 1830, being directly descended from "Pilgrim" stock. At the age of 16 he entered the employment of the Cheshire Railroad in New Hampshire. Eighteen months later he was appointed an assistant engi- neer on the Vermont Central Railroad, and placed in charge of the construction of a 10-mile section of the line. His promotion was rapid, and, in 1850, he accepted a responsible position on the Champlain & St. Lawrence Railroad. From 1850 to 1856 he was engaged in making surveys for roads in Kentucky and New York, and, during the latter year, held the position of engineer of the Cairo City Company, of Cairo, 111. In 1857 he entered the service of the Illinois Central Rail- road Company, as Division Engineer, where his remarkable success attracted the attention of the owners of the old Wiriona & St. Peter Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern system), who tendered him the presidency. This he accepted, but, in 1864, was made President of the Cleveland & Toledo Railroad. Four years later, he accepted the position of General Superin- tendent and Chief Engineer of the New York Central Railroad, but resigned, in 1869, to become Vice-President of the Illinois Central Railroad. In 1871 he was elevated to the presidency, but retired in September, 1874, to accept the position of General Manager of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, of which he was elected President, in May, 1883, and continued in ofiice until the time of his death, which occurred at Youngstown, Ohio, August 25, 1894. NEWHALL, (Dr.) Horatio, early physician and newspaper publisher, came from St. Louis, Mo., to Galena, 111., in 1827, and engaged in min- ing and smelting, but abandoned this business, the following year, for the practice of his profes- sion; soon afterward became interested in the publication of "The Miners' Journal," and still later in "The Galena Advertiser," with which Hooper Warren and Dr. Philleo were associated. 396 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. In 1830 he became a Surgeon in the United States Army, and was stationed at Fort Winnebago, but retired from the service, in 1832, and returned to Galena. "When the Black Hawk War broke out he volunteered his services, and, by order of General Scott, was placed in charge of a military hospital at Galena, of which he had control until the close of the war. The difficulties of the posi- tion were increased by the appearance of the Asiatic cholera among the troops, but he seems to have discharged his duties with satisfaction to the military authorities. He enjoyed a wide reputation for professional ability, and had an extensive practice. Died, Sept. 19, 1870. NEWMAN, a village of Douglas County, on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway, 53 miles east of Decatur; has a bank, a newspaper, can- ning factory, broom factory, electric lights, and large trade in agricultural products and live- stock. Population (1890), 990; (1900), 1,166. NEWSPAPERS, EARLY. The first newspaper published in the Northwest Territory, of which the present State of Illinois, at the time, com- posed a part, was "The Centinel of the Northwest Territory," established at Cincinnati by William Maxwell, the first issue appearing in November, 1793. This was also the first newspaper published west of the Allegheny Mountains. In 1796 it was sold to Edmund Freeman and assumed the name of "Freeman's Journal." Nathaniel Willis (grandfather of N. P. Willis, the poet) estab- lished "The Scioto Gazette," at Chillicothe, in 1796. "The Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette" was the third paper in Northwest Territory (also within the limits of Ohio), founded in 1799. Willis's paper became the organ of the Terri- torial Government on the removal of the capital to ChiUicothe, in 1800. The first newspaper in Indiana Territory (then including Illinois) was established by Elihu Stout at Vincennes, beginning publication, July 4, 1804. It took the name of "The Western Sun and Gen- eral Advertiser," but is now known as "The Western Sun," having had a continuous exist- ence for ninety-five years. The first newspaper published in Illinois Terri- tory was "The Illinois Herald," but, owing to the absence of early files and other specific records, the date of its establishment has been involved in some doubt. Its founder was Matthew Dun- can (a brother of Joseph Duncan, who was after- wards a member of Congress and Governor of the State from 1834 to 1838), and its place of pub- lication Kaskaskia, at that time the Territorial capital. Duncan, who was a native of Kentucky, brought a press and a primitive printer's outfit with him from that State. Gov. John Reynolds, who came as a boy to the "Illinois Country" in 1800, while it was still a part of the "Northwest Territory," in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," has fixed the date of the first issue of this paper in 1809, the same year in which Illinois was severed from Indiana Territory and placed under a separate Territorial Government. There is good reason, however, for believing that the Governor was mistaken in this statement. If Duncan brought his press to Illinois in 1809 — which is probable — it does not seem to have been employed at once in the publication of a news- paper, as Hooper Warren (the foimder of the third paper established in Illinois) says it "was for years only used for the public printing." The earliest issue of "The Illinois Herald" known to be in existence, is No. 83 of Vol. II, and bears date, April 18j 1816. Calculating from these data, if the paper was issued continuously from its establishment, the date of the first issue would have been Sept. 6, 1814. Corroborative evidence of this is found in the fact that "The Missouri Gazette, ' ' the original of the old ' 'Missouri Repub- lican" (now "The St. Louis Republic"), which was established in 1808, makes no mention of the Kaskaskia paper before 1814, although communi- cation between Kaskaskia and St. Louis was most intimate, and these two were, for several years, the only papers published west of Vin- cennes, Ind. In August, 1817, "The Herald" was sold to Daniel P. Cook and Robert Blackwell, and the name of the paper was changed to "The lUinois Intelligencer." Cook — who had previously been Auditor of Public'Aocounts for the Territory, and afterwards became a Territorial Circuit Judge, the first Attorney-General under the new State Government, and, for eight years, served as the only Representative in Congress from Illinois — for a time officiated as editor of "The Intelli- gencer," while Blackwell (who had succeeded to the Auditorship) had charge of the publication. The size of the paper, which had been four pages of three wide columns to the page, was increased, by the new publishers, to four columns to the page. On the removal of the State capital to Vandalia, in 1820, "The InteUigencer" was removed thither also, and continued under its later name, afterwards becoming, after a change of management, an opponent of the scheme for the calling of a State Convention to revise the State Constitution with a view to making Illinois a slave State. (See Slavery and Slave Laws.) HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 397 The second paper established on Illinois soil was "The Shawnee Chief," which began publica- tion at Shawneetown, Sept. 5, 1818, with Henry Eddy — who afterwards became a prominent law- yer of Southern Illinois — as its editor. The name of "The Chief" was soon afterwards changed to "The Illinois Emigrant," and some years later, became "The Shawneetown Gazette." Among others who were associated with the Shawnee- town paper, in early days, was James Hall, after- wards a Circuit Judge and State Treasurer, and, without doubt, the most prolific and popular ■writer of his day in Illinois. Later, he estab- lished "The Illinois Magazine" at Vandalia, sub- sequently removed to Cincinnati, and issued under the name of "The Western Monthly Magazine." He was also a frequent contributor to other maga- zines of that period, and author of several vol- umes, including "Legends of the West" and "Border Tales." During the contest over the slavery question, in 1823-34, "The Gazette" rendered valuable service to the anti-slavery party by the publication of articles in opposition to the Convention scheme, from the pen of Morris Birkbeck and others. The third Illinois paper — and, in 1823-24, the strongest and most influential opponent of the scheme for establishing slavery in Illinois — was "The Edwardsville Spectator," which began pub- hcation at Edwardsville, Madison County, May 23, 1819. Hooper Warren was the publisher and responsible editor, though he received valuable aid from the pens of Governor Coles, George Churchill, Rev. Thomas Lippincott, Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, Morris Birkbeck and others. (See Warren, Hooper.) Warren sold "The Spectator" to Rev. Thomas Lippincott in 1825, and was afterwards associated with, papers at Springfield, Galena, Chicago and elsewhere. The agitation of the slavery question (in part, at least) led to the establishment of two new papers in 1832. The first of these was "The Republican Advocate," which began publication s,t Kaskaskia, in April of that year, under the management of Elias Kent Kane, then an aspir- ant to the United States Senatorship. After his election to that ofiice in 1824, "The Advocate" passed into the hands of Robert K. Fleming, who, after a period of suspension, established "The Kaskaskia Recorder," but, a year or two later, removed to Vandalia. "The Star of the West" was established at Edwardsville, as an opponent of Warren's "Spectator," the first issue making its appearance, Sept. 14, 1822, with Theophilus W. Smith, afterwards a Justice of the Supreme Court, as its reputed editor. A few months later it passed into new hands, and, in August, 1833, assumed the name of "The Illinois Republican. " Both "The Republican Advocate" and "The Illinois Republican" were zealous organs of the pro-slavery party. With the settlement of the slavery question in Illinois, by the election of 1824, Illinois journal- ism may be said to have entered upon a new era. At the close of this first period there were only five papers published in the State— all established within a period of ten years ; and one of these ("The Illinois Republican," at Edwardsville) promptly ceased publication on the settlement of the slavery question in opposition to the views which it had advocated. The next period of fif- teen years (1825-40) was prolific in the establish- ment of new newspaper ventures, as might be expected from the rapid increase of the State in population, and the development in the art of printing during the same period. "The Western Sun," established at Belleville (according to one report, in December, 1825, and according to another, in the winter of 1827-28) by Dr. Joseph Green, appears to have been the first paper pub- lished in St. Clair County. This was followed by "The Pioneer," begun, April 35, 1829, at Rock Spring, St. Clair County, with the indomitable Dr. John M. Peck, author of "Peck's Gazetteer," as its editor. It was removed in 1836 to Upper Alton, when it took the name of "The Western Pioneer and Baptist Banner," Previous to this, however. Hooper Warren, having come into pos- session of the material upon which he had printed "The Edwardsville Spectator," removed it to Springfield, and, in the winter of 1826-27, began the publication of the first paper at the present State capital, which he named "The Sangamo Gazette." It had but a brief existence. During 1830, George Forquer, then Attorney-General of the State, in conjunction with his half-brother, Thomas Ford (afterwards Governor), was engaged in the publication of a paper called "The Cour- ier," at Springfield, which was continued only a short time. The earliest paper north of Spring- field appears to have been "The Hennepin Jour- nal," which began publication, Sept. 15, 1827. "The Sangamo Journal" — now "The Illinois State Journal," and the oldest paper of continu- ous existence in the State — was established at Springfield by Simeon and Josiah Francis (cous- ins from Connecticut), the first issue bearing date, Nov. 10, 1831. Before the close of the same year James G. Edwards, afterwards the founder of "The Burlington (Iowa) Hawkeye," began the 398 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. publication of "The Illinois Patriot" at Jackson- ville. Another paper, established the same year, was "The Gazette'' at Vandalia, then the State capital. (See Forquer, George; Ford, TJiomas; Francis, Simeon.) At this early date the development of the lead mines about Galena had made that place a center of great business activity. On July 8, 1828, James Jones commenced the issue of "The Miners' Journal, ' ' the first paper at Galena. Jones died of cholera in 1833, and his paper passed into other hands. July 20, 1829, "The Galena Adver- tiser and Upper Mississippi Herald" began pub- lication, with Drs. Horatio Newhall and Addison Philleo as editors, and Hooper Warren as pub- lisher, but appears to have been discontinued before the expiration of its first year. "The Galenian" was established as a Democratic paper by Philleo, in May, 1833, but ceased publication in September, 1836. "The Northwestern Gazette and Galena Advertiser, " founded in November, 1834, by Loring and Bartlett (the last named afterwards one of the founders of ' 'The Quincy Whig"), has had a continuous existence, being now known as "The Galena Advertiser. ' ' Benja- min Mills, one of the most brilliant lawyers of his time, was editor of this paper during a part of the first year of its publication. Robert K. Fleming, who has already been mentioned as the successor of Elias Kent Kane in the publication of "The Republican Advocate, ' ' at Kaskaskia, later published a paper for a short time at Vandalia, but, in 1827, removed his establishment to Edwardsville, where he began the publication of "The Corrector." The latter was continued a little over a year, when it was suspended. He then resumed the publication of "The Recorder" at Kaskaskia. In December, 1833, he removed to Belleville and began the pub- lication of "The St. Clair Gazette," which after- wards passed, through various changes of owners, under the names of "The St. Clair Mercury" and "Representative and Gazette." This was suc- ceeded, in 1839, by "The Belleville Advocate," which has been published continuously to the present time. Samuel S. Brooks (the father of Austin Brooks, afterwards of "The Quincy Herald") at differ- ent times published papers at various points in the State. His first enterprise was "The Crisis" at Edwardsville, which he changed to "The Illinois Advocate," and, at the close of his first year, sold out to Judge John York Sawyer, who united it with "The Western Plowboy, " which he had established a few months previous. "The Advocate" was removed to Vandalia, and, on the death of the owner (who had been appointed State Printer), was consoli- dated with "The Illinois Register," which had been established in 1836. The new paper took the name of "The Illinois Register and People's Advocate," in 1839 was removed to Springfield, and is now known as "The Illinois State Regis- ter." Other papers established between 1830 and 1840 include: "The Vandalia Whig" (1831); "The Alton Spectator," the first paper published in Alton (January, 1834); "The Chicago Demo- crat," by John Calhoun (Nov. 26, 1833); "The Beardstown Chronicle and Illinois Bounty Land Advertiser," by Francis A. Arenz (July 29, 1833); "The Alton American" (1833); "The White County News," at Carmi (1833); "The Danville Enquirer" a833); "The Illinois Champion," at Peoria (1834); "The Mount Carmel Sentinel and Wabash Advocate" (1834); "The IlUnois State Gazette and Jacksonville News," at Jacksonville (1835); "The Illinois Argus and Bounty Land Register," at Quincy (1835); "The RushviUe Journal and Military Tract Advertiser" (1835); "The Alton Telegraph" (1836); "The Alton Observer" (1836); "The Carthaginian," at Car- thage (1836) ; "The Bloomington Observer" (1837); "The Backwoodsman," founded by Prof. John Russell, at Grafton, and the first paper published in Greene County (1837); "The Quincy Whig" (1838) ; "The Illinois Statesman," at Paris, Edgar County (1838); "The Peoria Register" (1838). The second paper to be established in Chicago was "The Chicago American," whose initial number was issued, June 8, 1835, with Thomas O. Davis as proprietor and editpr. In July, 1837, it passed into the hands of William Stuart & Co., and, on April 9, 1839, its publishers began the issue of the first daily ever published in Chicago. "The Chicago Express" succeeded "The Ameri- can" in 1842, and, in 1844, became the forerunner of "The Chicago Journal." The third Chicago paper was "The Commercial Advertiser," founded by Hooper Warren, in 1836. It lived only about a year. Zebina Eastman, who was afterwards associated with Warren, and became one of the most influential journalistic opponents of slavery, arrived in the State in 1839, and, in the latter part of that year, was associated with the celebrated Abolitionist, Benjamin Lundy, in the preliminary steps for the issue of "The Genius of Universal Emancipation," projected by Lundy at Lowell, in La Salle County. Lundy's untimely death, in August, 1839, however, pre- HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 399 vented him from seeing the consummation of his plan, although Eastman lived to carry it out in part. A paper whose career, although extending only a little over one year, marked an era in Illi- nois journalism, vcas "The Alton Observer," its history closing -with the assassination of its editor. Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, on the night of Nov. 8, 1837, while unsuccessfully attempting to protect his press from destruction, for the fourth time, by a pro-slavery mob. Humiliating as was this crime to every law-abiding Illinoisan, it undoubtedly strengthened the caiuse of free speech and assisted in hastening the downfall of the institution in whose behalf it was committed. That the development in the field of journal- ism, within the past sixty years, has more than kept pace with the growth in population, is shown by the fact that there is not a county in the State without its newspaper, while every town of a few hundred population has either one or more. According to statistics for 1898, there were 605 cities and towns in the State having periodical publications of some sort, making a total of 1,709, of which 174 were issued daily, 34 semi-weekly, 1,205 weekly, 38 semi-monthly, 338 monthly, and the remainder at various periods ranging from tri-weekly to eight times a year. NEWTON, the county-seat of Jasper County, situated on the Embarras River, at the intersec- tion of subsidiary lines of the Illinois Central Railroad from Peoria and Effingham; is an in- corporated city, was settled in 1828, and made the county-seat in 1836. Agriculture, coal-mining and dairy farming are the principal pursuits in the surrounding region. The city has water- power, which is utilized to some extent in manu- facturing, but most of its factories are operated by steam. Among these establishments are flour and saw mills, and grain elevators. There are a half-dozen churches, a good public school .system, including parochial school and high school, besides two banks and three weekly papers. Population (1890), 1,428; (1900), 1,630. NEW YORK, CHICAGO & ST. LOUIS KAIL- WAY (Nickel Plate), a line 522.47 miles in length, of which (1898) only 9.96 miles are operated in IlUnois. It owns no track in Illinois, but uses the track of the Chicago & State Line Railroad (9.96 miles in length), of which it has financial control, to enter the city of Chicago. The total capitalization of the New York, Chicago & St. Louis, in 1898, is §50,332,568, of which $19,425,000 is in bonds.— (History.) The New York, Chi- cago & St. Louis Railroad was incorporated under the laws of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois in 1881, construction begun immediately, and the road put in operation in 1883. In 1885 it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1887, and reorganized by the consolidation of various east- ern lines with the Fort Wayne & Illinois Railroad, forming the line under its present name. The road between Buffalo, N. Y. , and the west line of Indiana is owned by the Company, but, for its line in Illinois, it uses the track of the Chicago & State Line Railroad, of which it is the lessee, as well as the owner of its capital stock. The main line of the "Nickel Plate" is controlled by the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway, which owns more than half of both the preferred and common stock. NIANTIC, a town in Macon County, on the Wabash Railway, 27 miles east of Springfield. Agriculture is the leading industry. The town has three elevators, three churches, school, coal mine, a newspaper and a bank. Pop. (1900), 654. NICOLAY, John George, author, was born in Essingen, Bavaria, Feb. 26, 1832; at 6 years of age was brought to the United States, lived for a time in Cincinnati, attending the public schools there, and then came to Illinois; at 16 entered the office of "The Pike County Free Press" at Pitts- field, and, while still in his minority, became editor and proprietor of the paper. In 1857 he became Assistant Secretary of State under O. M. Hatch, the first Republican Secretary, but during Mr. Lincoln's candidacy for President, in 1860, aided him as private secretary, also acting as a correspondent of "The St. Louis Democrat." After the election he was formally selected by Mr. Lincoln as his private secretary, accompany- ing him to Washington and remaining until Mr. Lincoln's assassination. In 1865 he was appointed United States Consul at Paris, remaining until 1869; on his return for some time edited "The Chicago Republican"; was also Marshal of the United States Supreme Court in Washington from 1872 to 1887. Mr. Nicolay is author, in col- laboration with John Hay, of "Abraham Lincoln: A History," first published serially in "The Cen- tury Magazine," and later issued in ten volumes; of "The Outbreak of the Rebellion" in "Cam- paigns of the Civil War, " besides numerous maga- zine articles. He lives in Washington, D. C. NICOLET, Jean, early French explorer, came from Cherbourg, France, in 1618, and, for several years, lived among the Algonquins, whose lan- guage he learned and for whom he acted as interpreter. On July 4, 1634, he discovered Lake Michigan, then called the "Lake of the Illinois," 400 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and visited the Chippewas, Menominees and Winnebagoes, in the region about Green Bay, among whom he was received kindly. From the Mascoutins, on the Fox River (of Wisconsin), he learned of tlie Illinois Indians, some of whose northern villages he also visited. He subse- quently returned to Quebec, where he was drowned, in October, 1643. He was probably the first Caucasian to visit Wisconsin and Illinois. IflLES, Nathaniel, lawyer, editor and soldier, born at Plainfield, Otsego County, N. Y. , Feb. 4, 1817; attended an academy at Albany, from 1830 to '34, was licensed to practice law and removed west in 1837, residing successively at Delphi and Frankfort, Ind., and at Owensburg, Ky., until 1S42, when he settled in Belleville, 111. In 1846 he was commissioned a First Lieutenant in the Second Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Colonel Bissell's) for the Mexican War, but, after the battle of Buena Vista, was promoted by General Wool to the captaincy of an independent com- pany of Texas foot. He was elected Chief Clerk of the House of Representatives at the session of 1849, and the same year was chosen County Judge of St. Clair County, serving until 1861. With the exception of brief periods from 1851 to '59, he was editor and part owner of "The Belle- ville Advocate, " a paper originally Democratic, but which became Republican on the organiza- tion of the Republican party. In 1861 he was appointed Colonel of the Fifty-fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but the completion of its organization having been delayed, he resigned, and, the following year, was commissioned Colo- nel of the One Hundred and Thirtieth, serving until May, 1864, when he resigned — in March, 1865, receiving the compliment of a brevet Briga- dier-Generalship. During the winter of 1862-63 he was in command at Memphis, but later took part in the Vicksburg campaign, and in the cam- paigns on Red River and Bayou Teche. After the war he served as Representative in the General Assembly from St. Clair County (1865-66) ; as Trustee of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville; on the Commission for building the State Penitentiary at Joliet, and as Commissioner (by appointment of Governor Oglesby) for locating the Soldiers' Orphans' Home. His later years have been spent chiefly in the practice of his profession, with occasional excursions into journalism. Originally an anti- slavery Democrat, he became one of the founders of the Republican party in Southern Illinois. NIXON, William Penn, journalist. Collector of Customs, was born in Wayne County, Ind., of North Carolina and Quaker ancestry, early in 1833. In 1853 he graduated from Farmers' (now Belmont) College, near Cincinnati, Ohio. After devoting two years to teaching, h?, entered the law department of the University w Pennsyl- vania (1855), graduating in 1859. For nine years thereafter he practiced law at Cincinnati, during which period he was thrice elected to the Ohio Legislature. In 1868 he embarked in journalism, he and his older brother, Dr. O. W. Nixon, with a few friends, founding "The Cincinnati Chron- icle." A few years later "The Times" was pur- chased, and the two papers were consolidated under the name of "The Times-Chronicle.'' In May, 1873, having disposed of his interests in Cincinnati, he assumed the business manage- ment of "The Chicago Inter Ocean," then a new venture and struggling for a foothold. In 1875 he and his brother, Dr. O. W. Nixon, secured a controlling interest in the paper, when the former assumed the position of editor-in-chief, which he continued to occupy until 1897, when he was appointed Collector of Customs for the City of Chicago — a position which he now holds. NOKOMIS, a city of Montgomery County, on the "Big Four" main line and " 'Frisco" Rail- roads, 81 miles east by north from St. Louis and 53 miles west of Mattoon; in important grain- growing and hay-producing section ; has water- works, electric lights, three flour mills, two machine shops, wagon factory, creamery, seven churches, high school, two banks and three papers; is noted foi' shipments of poultry, butter and eggs. Population (1890), 1,305; (1900), 1,371. NOKMA.L, a city in McLean County, 2 miles north of Bloomington and 134 southwest of Chi- cago; at intersecting point of the Chicago & Alton and the Illinois Central Railroads. It lies in a rich coal and agricultural region, and has extensive fruit-tree nurseries, two canning fac- tories, one bank, hospital, and four periodicals. It is the seat of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home, founded in 1869, and the Illinois State Normal University, founded in 1857; has city and rural mail delivery. Pop. (1890), 3,459; (1900), 3,795. NORMAL UNIVERSITIES. (See Southern Illinois Normal University; State Normal Uni- versity. ) NORTH ALTON, a village of Madison County and suburb of the city of Alton. Population (1880), 838; (1890), 763; (1900), 904. NORTHCOTT, William A., Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, was born in Murfreesboro, Tenn., Jan. 28, 1854 — the son of Gen. R. S. Northoott, whose loyalty to the Union, at the beginning of the HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 401 Eebellion, compelled him to leave his Southern home and seek safety for himself and family in the North. He went to West Virginia, was com- missioned Colonel of a regiment and served through the war, being for some nine months a prisoner in Libby Prison. After acquiring his literary education in the public schools, the younger Northoott spent some time in the Naval Academy at Annapolis, Md., after jjvhich he was engaged in teaching. Meanwhile, he was prepar- ing for the practice of law and was admitted to the bar in 1877, two years later coming to Green- ville, Bond County, 111., which has since been his home. In 1880, by appointment of President Hayes, he served as Supervisor of the Census for the Seventh District; in 1882 was elected State's Attorney for Bond County and re-elected suc- cessively in '84 and '88 ; in 1890 was appointed on the Board of Visitors to the United States Naval Academy; and, by selection of the Board, delivered the annual address to the graduating class of that year. In 1892 he was the Repub- hcan nominee for Congress for the Eighteenth Dis- trict, but was defeated in the general landslide of that year. In 1896 he was more fortunate, being elected Lieutenant-Governor by the vote of the State, receiving a plurality of over 137,000 over his Democratic opponent. NORTH PEORIA, formerly a suburban village in Peoria County, 3 miles north of the city of Peoria; annexed to the city of Peoria in 1900. NORTHERN BOUNDARY QUESTION, THE. The Ordinance of 1787, making the first specific provision, by Congress, for the government of the country lying northwest of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi (known as the Northwest Territory), provided, among other things (Art. v., Ordinance 1787), that "there shall be formed in the said Territory not less than three nor more than five States." It then proceeds to fix the boundaries of the proposed States, on the assump- tion that there shall be three in number, adding thereto the following proviso: "Provided, how- ever, and it is further understood and declared, that the boundaries of these three States shall be subject so far to be altered that, if Congress shall hereafter find it expedient, they shall have authority to form one or two States in that part of the said Territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan." On the basis of this provision it has been claimed that the north- em boundaries of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio should have been on the exact latitude of the southern limit of Lake Michigan, and that the failure to establish this boundary was a violation of the Ordinance, inasmuch as the fourteenth sec- tion of the preamble thereto declares that "the following articles shall be considered as articles of compact between the original States and the people and States in the said Territory, and for- ever remain unalterable, unless by common con- sent."— In the limited state of geographical knowledge, existing at the time of the adoption of the Ordinance, there seems to have been con- siderable difference of opinion as to the latitude of the southern limit of Lake Michigan. The map of Mitchell (1755) had placed it on the paral- lel of 42° 20', while that of Thomas Hutchins (1778) fixed it at 41° 37'. It was officially estab- lished by Government survey, in 1835, at 41° 87' 07.9" As a matter of fact, the northern bound- ary of neither of the three States named was finally fixed on the line mentioned in the proviso above quoted from the Ordinance — that of Ohio, where it meets the shore of Lake Erie, being a little north of 41° 44'; that of Indiana at 41° 46' (some 10 miles north of the southern bend of the lake), and that of Illinois at 42° 30'— about 61 miles north of the same line. The boundary line between Ohio and Michigan was settled after a bitter controversy, on the admission of the latter State into the Union, in 1837, in the acceptance by her of certain conditions proposed by Congress. These included the annexation to Michigan of what is known as the "Upper Peninsula," lying between Lakes Michigan and Superior, in lieu of a strip averaging six miles on her southern border, which she demanded from Ohio. — The establishment of the northern bound- ary of Illinois, in 1818, upon the line which now exists, is universally conceded to have been due to the action of Judge Nathaniel Pope, then the Delegate in Congress from Illinois Territory. While it was then acquiesced in without ques- tion, it has since been the subject of considerable controversy and has been followed by almost incalculable results. The "enabling act," as originally introduced early in 1818, empowering the people of Illinois Territory to form a State Government, fixed the northern boundary of the proposed State at 41° 39', then the supposed lati- tude of the southern extremity of Lake Michigan. While the act was under consideration in Com- mittee of the Whole, Mr. Pope offered an amend- ment advancing the northern boundary to 42° 30'. The object of his amendment (as he ex- plained) was to gain for the new State a coast line on Lake Michigan, bringing it into political and commercial relations with the States east of 402 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. it — Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York — thus ''affording additional security to the per- petuity of the Union." He argued that the location of the State between the Mississippi, Wabash and Ohio Rivers— all flowing to the south — would bring it in intimate communica- tion with the Southern States, and that, in the event of an attempted disruption of the Union, it was important that it should be identified with the commerce of the Lakes, instead of being left entirelj' to the waters of the south-flowing rivers. ' 'Thus, "said he, ' 'a rival interest would be created to check the wish for a Western or South- ern Confederacy. Her interests would thus be balanced and her inclinations turned to the North." He recognized Illinois as already "the key to the West," and he evidently foresaw that the time might come when it would be the Key- stone of the Union. While this evinced wonder- ful foresight, scarcely less convincing was his argument that, in time, a commercial emporium would grow up upon Lake Michigan, which would demand an outlet by means of a canal to the Illi- nois River — a work which was realized in the completion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal thirty years later, but which would scarcely have been accomplished had the State been practically cut off from the Lake and its chief emporium left to grow up in another commonwealth, or not at all. Judge Pope's amendment was accepted without division, and, in this form, a few days later, the bill became a law. — The almost super- human sagacity exhibited in Judge Pope's argu- ment, has been repeatedly illustrated in the commercial and political history of the State since, but never more significantly than in the commanding position which Illinois occupied during the late Civil War, with one of its citi- zens in the Presidential chair and another leading its 250,000 citizen soldiery and the armies of the Union in battling for the perpetuity of the Republic — a position which more than fulfilled every prediction made for it. — The territory affected by this settlement of the northern boundary, includes all that part of the State north of the northern line of La Salle County, and embraces the greater portion of the fourteen counties of Cook, Dupage, Kane, Lake, McHenry, Boone, DeKalb, Lee, Ogle, Winnebago, Stephen- son, Jo Daviess, Carroll and Whiteside, with por- tions of Kendall, Will and Rock Island— estimated at 8,500 square miles, or more than one-seventh of the present area of the State. It has been argued that this territory belonged to the State of Wisconsin under the provisions of the Ordi- nance of 1787, and there were repeated attempts made, on the part of the Wisconsin Legislature and its Territorial Governor (Doty), between 1839 and 1843, to induce the people of these counties to recognize this claim. These were, in a few instances, partially successful, although no ofi&cial notice was taken of them by the authorities of Illi- nois. The reply made to the Wisconsin claim by Governor Ford — who wrote his "History of Illi- nois" when the subject was fresh in the public mind — was that, while the Ordinance of 1787 gave Congress power to organize a State north of the parallel running through the southern bend of Lake Michigan, "there is nothing in the Ordi- nance requiring such additional State to be organized of the territory north of that line." In other words, that, when Congress, in 1818, authorized the organization of an additional State north of and in (i. e., within) the line named, it did not violate the Ordinance of 1787, but acted in accordance with it — in practically assuming that the new State "need not neces- sarily include the whole of the region north of that line. " The question was set at rest by Wis- consin herself in the action of her Constitutional Convention of 1847-48, in framing her first con- stitution, in form recognizing the northern boundary of Illinois as fixed by the enabling act of 1818. NORTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, an institution for the treatment of the insane, created by Act of the Legislature, approved, April 16, 1869. The Commissioners appointed by Gov- ernor Palmer to fix its location consisted of August Adams, B. F. Shaw, W. R. Brown, M. L. Joslyn, D. S. Hammond and William Adams. After considering many offers and examining numerous sites, the Commissioners finally selected the Chisholm farm, consisting of about 155 acres, IV^ miles from Elgin, on the west side of Fox River, and overlooking that stream, as a site — this having been tendered as a donation by the citizens of Elgin. Plans were adopted in the latter part of 1869, the system of construction chosen conforming, in the main, to that of the United States Hospital for the Insane at Wash- ington, D. C. By January, 1873, the north wing and rear building were so far advanced as to per- mit the reception of sixty patients. The center building was ready for occupancy in April, 1873, and the south wing before the end of the follow- ing year. The total expenditures previous to 1876 had exceeded $637,000, and since that date liberal appropriations have been made for addi- tions, repairs and improvements, including the z o H a ?s :?; a o tn > J-i >t) H a 2; to > •2, f o o o H Ci^ W H W < m K H Pi O M Hi CO o » z Pi w H aj. HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 403 addition of between 300 and 400 acres to the lands connected with the institution The first Board of Trustees consisted of Charles N. Holden, Oliver Everett and Henry W. Sherman, with Dr. E. A. Kilbourne as the first Superintendent, and Dr. Eichard A. Dewey (afterwards Superintend- ent of the Eastern Hospital at Kankakee) as his Assistant. Dr. Kilbourne remained at the head of the institution until his death, Feb. 27, 1890, covering a period of nineteen years. Dr. Kil- bourne was succeeded by Dr. Henry J. Brooks, and he, by Dr. Loewy, in June, 1893, and the latter by Dr. John B. Hamilton (former Super- vising Surgeon of the United States Marine Hos- pital Service) in 1897. Dr. Hamilton died in December, 1898. (See Hamilton, John B.) The total value of State property, June 30, 1894, was $883,745.66, of which $701,330 was in land and buildings. Under the terms of the law estab- lishing the hospital, provision is made for the care therein of the incurably insane, so that it is both a hospital and an asylum. The whole num- ber of patients under treatment, for the two years preceding June 80, 1894, was 1,797, the number of inmates, on Dec. 1, 1897, 1,054, and the average daily attendance for treatment, for the year 1896, 1,296. The following counties comprise the dis- trict dependent upon the Elgin Hospital: Boone, Carroll, Cook, DeKalb, Jo Daviess, Kane, Ken- dall, Lake, Stephenson, Whiteside and Winne- IfOETHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL SCHOOL, an institution, incorporated in 1884, at Dixon, Lee County, 111., for the purpose of giving instruction in branches related to the art of teaching. Its last report claims a total of 1,639 pupils, of whom 885 were men and 744 women, receiving instruc- tion from thirty-six teachers. The total value of property was estimated at more than §200,000, of which 8160,000 was in real estate and §45,000 in apparatus. Attendance on the institution has been affected by the establishment, under act of the Legislature of 1895, of the Northern State Normal School at DeKalb (which see). NORTHERN PENITENTIARY, THE, an insti- tution for the confinement of criminals of the State, located at Joliet, Will County. The site was purchased by the State in 1857, and com- prises some seventy-two acres. Its erection was found necessary because of the inadequacy of the fii-st penitentiary, at Alton. (See Alton Peni- tentiary.) The original plan contemplated a cell-house containing 1,000 cells, which, it was thought, would meet the public necessities for many years to come. Its estimated cost was $550,000; but, within ten years, there had been expended upon the institution the sum of $934,- 000, and its capacity was taxed to the utmost. Subsequent enlargements have increased the cost to over $1,600,000, but by 1877, the institution had become so overcrowded that the erection of another State penal institution became positively necessary. (See Southern Penitentiary.) The prison has always been conducted on "the Auburn system," which contemplates associate labor in silence, silent meals in a common refec- tory, and (as nearly as practicable) isolation at night. The system of labor has varied at differ- ent times, the "lessee system," the "contract system" and the "State account plan" being successively in force. {See Convict Labor.) The whole number of convicts in the institution, at the date of the official report of 1895, was 1,566. The total assets of the institution, Sept. 30, 1894, were reported at $3,121,308.86, of which $1,644,- 601.11 was in real estate. NORTH & SOUTH RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway. ) NORTHERN STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, an institution for the education of teachers of the common schools, authorized to be established by act of the Legislature passed at the session of 1895. The act made an appropriation of $50,000 for the erection of buildings and other improve- ments. The institution was located at DeKalb, DeKalb County, in the spring of 1896, and the erection of buildings commenced soon after — Isaac F. Ell wood, of DeKalb, contributing $30,- 000 in cash, and J. F. Glidden, a site of sixty- seven acres of land. Up to Dec. 1, 1897, the appropriations and contributions, in land and money, aggregated $175,000. The school was expected to be ready for the reception of pupils in the latter part of 1899, and, it is estimated, will accommodate 1,000 students. NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The name formerly applied to that portion of the United States north and west of the Ohio Eiver and east of the Mississippi, comprising the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wiscon- sin. The claim of the Government to the land had been acquired partly through conquest, by the expedition of Col. George Eogers Clark (wliich see), under the auspices of the State of Virginia in 1778 ; partly through treaties with the Indians, and partly through cessions from those of the original States laying claim thereto. The first plan for the government of this vast region was devised and formulated by Thomas Jefferson, in his proposed Ordinance of 1784, which failed 404 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. of ultimate passage. But three years later a bi'oader scheme was evolved, and the famous Ordinance of 1787, with Its clause prohibiting the extension of slavery beyond the Ohio Eiver, passed the Continental Congress. This act has been sometimes termed "The American Magna Charta," because of its engrafting upon the organic law the principles of human freedom and equal rights. The plan for the establishment of a distinctive territorial civil government in a new Territory — the first of its kind in the new republic — was felt to be a tentative step, and too much power was not granted to the residents. All the officers were appointive, and each official was required to be a land-owner. The elective franchise (but only for members of the General Assembly) could first be exercised only after the population had reached 5,000. Even then, every elector must own fifty acres of land, and every Representative, 200 acres. More liberal provisions, however, were, subsequently incorporated by amendment, in 1809. The first civil government in the Northwest Territory was established by act of the Virginia Legislature, in the organization of all the country west of the Ohio under the name "Illinois County," of which the Governor was authorized to appoint a "County Lieuten- ant" or "Commandant-in-Chief . " The first "Commandant" appointed was Col. John Todd, of Kentucky, though he continued to discharge the duties for only a short period, being killed in the battle of Blue Licks, in 1782. After that the Illinois Country was almost without the semblance of an organized civil government, until 1788, when Gen. Arthur St. Clair was appointed the first Governor of Northwest Territory, under the Ordinance of 1787, serving until the separation of this region into the Territories of Ohio and Indi- ana in 1800, when William Henry Harrison became the Governor of the latter, embracing all that portion of the original Northwest Territory except the State of Ohio. During St. Clair's administration (1790) that part of the present State of Illinois between the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers on the west, and a line extending north from about the site of old Fort Massac, on the Ohio, to the mouth of the Mackinaw River, in the present county of Tazewell, on the east, was erected into a county under the name of St. Clair, with three coimty-seats, viz. . Cahokia, Kaskaskia and Prairie du Rocher. (See St. Clair ' County. ) Between 1830 and 1834 the name North- west Territory was applied to an unorganized region, embracing the present State of Wisconsin, attached to Michigan Territory for governmental purposes. (See Illinois County; St. Clair, Arthur; and Todd, John.) NOKTHWESTERIf COLLEGE, located at Naperville, Du Page County, and founded in 1865, under the auspices of the Evangelical Asso- ciation. It maintains business, preparatory and collegiate departments, besides a theological school. In 1898 it had a faculty of nineteen profes- sors and assistants, with some 360 students, less than one-third of the latter being females, though both sexes are admitted to the college on an equal footing. The institution owns property to the value of $207,000, including an endowment of $85,000. NORTHWESTERN GRAND TRUNK RAIL- WAT. (See Chicago & Gh-and Trunk Railway.) NORTHWESTERN NORMAL, located at Gene- seo, Henry County, 111., incorporated in 1884; in 1894 had a faculty of twelve teachers with 171 pupils, of whom ninety were male and eighty-one female. NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, an impor- tant educational institution, established at Evanston, in Cook County, in 1851. In 1898 it reported 3,599 students (1,980 male and 619 female), and a faculty of 234 instructors. It embraces the following departments, all of which confer degrees; A College of Liberal Arts; two Medical Schools (one for women exclusively); a Law School; a School of Phar- macy and a Dental College. The Garrett Bibh- cal Institute, at which no degrees are con- ferred, constitutes the theological department of the University. The charter of the institution requires a majority of the Trustees to be mem- bers of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and the University is the largest and wealthiest of the schools controlled by that denomination. The College of Liberal Arts and the Garrett Biblical Institute are at Evanston ; the other departments (all professional) are located in Chicago. In the academic department (Liberal Arts School), pro- vision is made for both graduate and post-gradu- ate courses. The Medical School was formerly knovm as the Chicago Medical College, and its Law Department was originally the Union Col- lege of Law, both of which have been absorbed by the University, as have also its schools of dentistry and pharmacy, which were formerly independent institutions. The property owned by the University is valued at $4,870,000, of which $1,100,000 is real estate, and $2,250,000 in endow- ment funds. Its income from fees paid by students in 1898 was $215,288, and total receipts from all sources, $482,389. Co-education of the sexes pre- HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 405 vails in the College of Liberal Arts. Dr. Henry Wade Rogers is President. NOETHWESTERN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL, located in Chicago ; was organized in 1859 as Medical School of the Lind (now Lake Forest) University. Three annual terms, of five months each, at first constituted a course, although attendance at two only was compul- sory. The institution first opened in temporary quarters, Oct. 9, 1859, with thirteen professors and thirty-three students. By 1863 more ample accommodations were needed, and the Trustees of the Lind University being unable to provide a building, one was erected by the faculty. In 1864 the University relinquished all claim to the institution, which was thereupon incorporated as the Chicago Medical College. In 1868 the length of the annual terms was increased to six months, and additional requirements were imposed on candidates for both matriculation and gradu- ation. The same year, the college building was sold, and the erection of a new and more commo- dious edifice, on the grounds of the Mercy Hos- pital, was commenced. This was completed in 1870, and the college became the medical depart- ment of the Northwestern University. The number of professorships had been increased to eighteen, and that of undergraduates to 107. Since that date new laboratory and clinical build- ings have been erected, and the growth of the institution has been steady and substantial. Mercy and St. Luke's Hospital, and the South Side Free Dispensary afford resources for clinical instruction. The teaching faculty, as constituted in 1898, consists of about fifty instructors, in- cluding professors, lecturers, demonstrators, and assistants. JTOKTHWESTERJf UNIVERSITY WOMAN'S MEDICAL SCHOOL, an institution for the pro- fessional education of women, located in Chicago. Its first corporate name was the "Woman's Hospital Medical College of Chicago," and it was in close connection with the Chicago Hospital for Women and Children. Later, it severed its connection with the hospital and took the name of the "Woman's Medical College of Chicago." Co-education of the sexes, in medicine and surgery, "was experimentally tried from 1868 to 1870, but the experiment proved repugnant to the male students, who unanimously signed a protest against the continuance of the system. The result was the establishment of a separate school for women in 1870, with a faculty of six- teen professors. The requirements for graduation were fixed art four years of medical study, includ- ing three annual graded college terms of six months each. The first term opened in the autumn of 1870, with an attendance of twenty students. The original location of the school was in the "North Division" of Chicago, in tem- porary quarters. After the fire of 1871 a removal was effected to the "West Division," where (in 1878-79) a modest, but well arranged building was erected. A larger structure was built in 1884, and, in 1891, the institution became a part of the Northwestern University. The college, in all its departments, is organized along the lines of the best medical schools of the country. In 1896 there were twenty-four professorships, all capably filled, and among the faculty are some of the best known specialists in the country. NORTON, Jesse 0., lawyer. Congressman and Judge, was born at Bennington, Vt., April 35, 1812, and graduated from Williams College in 1835. He settled at Joliet in 1839, and soon became prominent in the affairs of Will County. His first public oflice was that of City Attorney, after which he served as County Judge (1846-50). Meanwhile, he was chosen a Delegate to the Con- stitutional Convention of 1847. In 1850 he was elected to the Legislature, and, in 1852, to Con- gress, as a Whig. His vigorous opposition to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise resulted in his re-election as a Representative in 1854. At the expiration of his second term (1857) he was chosen Judge of the eleventh circuit, to fill the unexpired term of Judge Randall, resigned. He was once more elected to Congress in 1862, but disagreed with his party as to the legal status of the States lately in rebellion. President Johnson appointed him United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois, which office he filled until 1869. Immediately upon his retirement he began private practice at Chicago, where he died, August 3, 1875. NORWOOD PARK, a village of Cook County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad (Wis- consin Division), 11 miles northwest of Chicago. Incorporated in City of Chicago, 1893. NO YES, George Clement, clergyman, was born at Landaff, N. H., August 4, 1833, brought by his parents to Pike County, 111., in 1844, and, at the age of 16, determined to devote his life to the ministry ; in 1851, entered Illinois College at Jack- sonville, graduating with first honors in the class of 1855. In the following autumn he entered Union Theological Seminary in New York, and, having graduated in 1858, was ordained the same year, and installed pastor of the First Presby- terian Church at Laporte, Ind. Here he remained 40G HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ten years, when he accepted a call to the First Presbyterian Church of Evanston, 111., then a small organization which developed, during the twenty years of his pastorate, into one of the strongest and most influential churches in Evans- ton. For a number of years Dr. Noyes was an editorial writer and weekly correspondent of "The New York Evangelist," over the signature of "Clement. " He was also, for several years, an active and very efficient member of the Board of Trustees of Knox College. The liberal bent of his mind was illustrated in the fact that he acted as counsel for Prof. David Swing, during the cele- brated trial of the latter for heresy before the Chicago Presbytery — his argument on that occasion winning encomiums from all classes of people. His death took place at Evanston, Jan. 14, 1889, as the result of an attack of pneumonia, and was deeply deplored, not only by his own church and denomination, but by the whole com- munity. Some two weeks after it occurred a union meeting was held in one of the churches at Evanston, at which addresses in commemoration of his services were delivered by some dozen ministers of that village and of Chicago, while various social and literary organizations and the press bore testimony to his high character. He was a member of the Literary Society of Chicago, and, during the last year of his life, served as its President. Dr. Noyes was married, in 1858, to a daughter of David A. Smith, Esq., an honored citizen and able lawyer of Jacksonville. OAKLAND, a city of Coles County on the Van- dalia Line and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railroad, 15 miles northeast of Charleston; is in grain center and broom-corn belt ; the town has two banks and one daily and two weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 995;(1900), 1,198. OAK PARK, a village of Cook County, and popular residence suburb of Chicago, 9 miles west of the initial station of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, on which it is located ; is also upon the line of the Wisconsin Central Rail- road. The place has numerous churches, pros- perous schools, a public library, telegraph and express oflSces, banhs and two local papers. Population (1880), 1,883; (1890), 4,771. OBERLT, J(,!i;i K., journalist and Civil Serv- ice Commissioner, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Deo. 0, 1837 ; spent part of his boyhood in Alleglieny County, Pa., but, in 1853, began learn- ing the printer's trade in the ofUce of "The Woos- ter (Ohio) Republican, " completing it at Memphis, Tenn., and bocomlug a jourueymau printer in 1857. He worked in various offices, including the Wooster paper, where he also began the study of law, but, in 1860, became part proprietor of "The Bulletin" job office at Memphis, in which he had been employed as an apprentice, and, later, as foreman. Having been notified to leave Memphis on account of his Union principles after the beginning of the Civil War, he returned to Wooster, Ohio, and conducted various papers there during the next four years, but, in 1865, came to Cairo, 111., where he served for a time as foreman of "The Cairo Democrat," three years later establishing "The Cairo Bulletin. ' ' Although the latter paper was burned out a few months later, it was immediately re-established. In 1873 he was elected Representative in the Twenty -eighth General Assembly, and, in 1877, was appointed by Governor Cullom the Democratic member of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, serving four years, meanwhile (in 1880) being the Demo- cratic candidate for Secretary of State. Other positions held by him included Mayor of the city of Cairo (1869) ; President of the National Typo- graphical Union at Chicago (1865), and at Mem- phis (1866) ; delegate to the Democratic National Convention at Baltimore (1872), and Chairman of the Democratic State Central Committee (1883-84). After retiring from the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, he united in founding "The Bloomington (111.) Bulletin," of which he was editor some three years. During President Cleveland's administration he was appointed a member of the Civil Service Commission, being later transferred to the Commissionership of Indian Affairs. He was subsequently connected in an editorial capacity with "The Washington Post," "The Richmond (Va.) State," "The Con- cord (N. H.) People and Patriot" and "The Wash- ington Times." While engaged in an attempt to reorganize "The People and Patriot," he died at Concord, N. H., April 15, 1899. ODD FELLOWS. "Western Stair" Lodge, No. 1, I. O. O. F., was instituted at Alton, June 11, 1836. In 1838 the Grand Lodge of Illinois was instituted at the same place, and reorganized, at Springfield, in 1842. S. C. Pierce was the first Grand Master, and Samuel L. Miller, Grand Sec- retary, y.'ildey Encampment, ITo. 1, was organ- ized at Alton ill It-^iS, .an J the Grand Encampment, at Peoria, in 1850, with Charles H. Constable Grand Patriarcli. In 1850 the subordinate branches of the Order numbered seventy -six, with 3,391 members, and |25,892.87 revenue. In 1895 the Lodges numbered 838, the membership 50,544, with $475,253.18 revenue, of which §135,018.40 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 407 was expended for relief. The Encampment branch, in 1895, embraced 179 organizations with a membership of 6,813 and §23,865.2.5 revenue, of which 16,781.40 was paid out for relief. The Bebekah branch, for the same year, comprised 423 Lodges, with 23,000 members and $43,315.65 revenue, of which $3,133.79 was for relief. The total sum distributed for relief by the sevei-al organizations (1895) was $144,973.59. The Order was especially liberal in its benefactions to the sufferers by the Chicago fire of 1871, an appeal to its members calling forth a generous response throughout the United States. (See Odd Fellows' Orphans' Home.) ODD FELLOWS' ORPHANS' HOME, a benevo lent institution, incorporated in 1889, erected at Lincoln, 111., under the auspices of the Daughters of Rebekah (see Odd Fellows), and dedicated August 19, 1893. The building is four stories in height, has a capacity for the accommodation of fifty children, and cost $36,534.76, exclusive of forty acres of land valued at $8,000. ODELL, a village of Livingston County, and station on the Chicago & Alton Railway, 83 miles south-southwest of Chicago. It is in a . grain and stock-raising region. Population (1880) , ■908; (1890), 800;'' (1900), 1,000. ODIN, a village of Marion County, at the cross- ing of the Chicago branch of the Illinois Central and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- ways, 244 miles south by west from Chicago; in fruit belt; has coal-mine, two fruit evaporators, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,180. O'EALLON, a village of St. Clair County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 18 miles east of St. Louis ; has interurban railway, ■electric lights, water-works, factories, coal-mine, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,267. OGDEN, William Butler, capitalist and Rail- way President, bom at Walton, N. Y., June 15, 1805. He was a member of the New York Legis- lature in 1834, and, the following year, removed to Chicago, where he established a land and trust agency. He took an active part in the various enterprises centering around Chicago, and, on the incorporation of the city, was elected its first Mayor. He was prominently identified with the construction of the Galena & Chicago Union r.aih-oad, and, in IG-i.?. becamo its President. While visiting Europe in 1S33, he made a careful study of the canals of Holland, which convinced him of the desirability of widening and deepen- ing the Illinois & Michigan Canal and of con- structing a ship canal across the southern peninsula of Michigan. In 1855 he became Presi- dent of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railroad, and effected its consolidation with the Galena & Chicago Union. Out of this consoli- dation sprang the "Chicago & Northwestern Rail- way Company, of which he was elected President. In 1850 he presided over the National Pacific Railroad Convention, and, upon the formation of the Union Pacific Railroad Company, he became its Pi-esident. He was largely connected with the inception of the Northern Pacific line, in the success of which he was a firm believer. He also controlled various other interests of public importance, among them the great lumbering establishments at Peshtigo, Wis. , ahd, at the time of his death, was the owner of what was probably the largest plant of that description in the world. His benefactions were numerous, among the recipients being the Rush Medical College, of which he was President; the Theological Semi- nary of the Northwest, the Chicago Historical Society, the Academy of Sciences, the University of Chicago, the Astronomical Society, and many other educational and benevolent institutions and organizations in the Northwest. Died, in New York City, August 3, 1877. (See Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. ) OGLE, Joseph, pioneer, was born in Virginia in 1741, came to Illinois in 1785. settling in the American Bottom within the present County of Monroe, but afterwards removed to St. Clair County, about the site of the present town of O'Fallon, 8 miles north of Belleville ; was selected by his neighbors to serve as Captain in their skirmishes with the Indians. Died, at his home in St. Clair County, in February, 1831. Captain Ogle had the reputation of being the earliest con- vert to Methodism in Illinois. Ogle County, in Northern Illinois, was named in his honor. — Jacob (Ogle), son of the preceding, also a native of Virginia, was born about 1773, came to Illinois with his father in 1785, and was a "Ranger" in the War of 1813. He served as a Representative from St. Clair County in the Third General Assembly (1833), and again in the Seventh (1830), in the former being an opponent of the pro-slavery convention scheme. Beyond two terms in the Legislature he seems to have held no public office except that of Justice oi the Peace. Like his father, he was a zealous Metho- dist and highly respected. Died, in 1844, aged 73 years. OGLE COUNTY, next to the "northern tier" of counties of the State and originally a part of Jo Daviess. It was separately organized in 1837, and Lee County was carved from its territory in 408 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 1839. In 1900 its area was 780 square miles, and its population 29,129. Before the Black Hawk War immigration was slow, and life primitive. Peoria was the nearest food market. New grain was "ground" on a grater, and old pounded with an extemporized pestle in a wooden mortar. Rook River flows across the county from north- east to southwest. A little oak timber grows along its banks, but, generally speaking, the sur- face is undulating prairie, with soil of a rich loam. Sandstone is in ample supply, and all the Kmestones abound. An extensive peat-bed has been discovered on the Killbuck Creek. Oregon, the county-seat, has fine water-power. The other principal towns are Rochelle, Polo, Forreston and Mount Morris. OGLESBT, Richard James, Governor and United States Senator, was born in Oldham County, Ky., July 25, 1824; left an orphan at the age of 8 years ; in 1836 accompanied an uncle to Decatur, 111., where, until 1844, he worked at farming, carpentering and rope-making, devoting his leisure hours to the study of law. In 1845 he was admitted to the bar and began practice at Sullivan, in Moultrie County. In 1846 he was commissioned a Lieutenant in the Fourth Regi- ment, Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's regi- ment), and served through the Mexican War, taking part in the siege of Vera Cruz and the battle of Cerro Gordo. In 1847 he pursued a course of study at the Louisville Law School, graduating in 1848. He was a "forty-niner" in California, but returned to Decatur in 1851. In 1858 he made an unsuccessful campaign for Con- gress in the Decatur District. In 1860 he was elected to the State Senate, but early in 1861 resigned his seat to accept the colonelcy of the Eighth Illinois Volunteers. Through gallantry (notably art Forts Henry and Donelson and at Corinth) he rose to be Major-General, being se- verely wounded in the last-named battle. He resigned his commission on account of disability, in May, 1864, and the following November was elected Governor, as a Republican. In 1872 he was re-elected Governor, but, two weeks after his inauguration, resigned to accept a seat in the United States Senate, to which he was elected by the Legislature of 1873. In 1884 he was elected Governor for the third time — being the only man in the history of the State who (up to the present time — 1899) has been thus honored. After the expiration of his last term as Governor, he devoted his attention to his private affairs at his home at Elkhart, in Logan County, where he died, April 24, 1899, deeply mourned by personal and political friends in all parts of the Union, who admired his strict integrity and sterling patriotism. OHIO, INDIANA & WESTERN EAIIWAT. (See Peoria & Eastern Railroad.) OHIO RITEK, an affluent of the Mississippi, formed by the union of the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers, at Pittsburg, Pa. At this point it becomes a navigable stream about 400 yards wide, with an elevation of about 700 feet above sea-level. The beauty of the scenery along its banks secured for it, from the early French explorers (of whom La Salle was one), the name of "La Belle Riviere." Its general course is to the southwest, but with many sinuosities, form- ing the southern boundary of the States of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and the western and north- ern boundary of West Virginia and Kentucky, until it enters the Mississippi at Cairo, in latitude 37° N., and about 1,200 miles above the mouth of the latter stream. The area which it drains is computed to be 214,000 square miles. Its mouth is 268 feet above the level of the sea. The current is remarkably gentle and uniform, except near Louisville, where there is a descent of twenty- two feet within two miles, which is evaded by means of a canal around the falls. Large steam- boats can navigate its whole length, except in low stages of water and when closed by ice in vrinter. Its largest affluents are the Tennessee, the Cum- berland, the Kentucky, the Great Kanawha and the Green Rivers, from the south, and the Wa- bash, the Miami, Scioto and Muskingum from the north. The principal cities on its banks are Pitts- burg, Wheeling, Cincinnati, Louisville, Evans- ville. New Albany, Madison and Cairo. It is crossed by bridges at Wheeling, Cincinnati and Cairo. The surface of the Ohio is subject to a variation of forty-two to fifty-one feet between high and low water. Its length is 975 miles, and its width varies from 400 to 1,000 yards. (See Inundations, Remarkable. ) OHIO & MISSISSIPPI RAILWAY. (See Bal- timore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad. ) OLNEY, an incorporated city and the county- seat of Richland County, 31 miles west of Vin- cennes, Ind., and 117 miles east of St. Louis, Mo., at the junction of the Baltimore & Ohio South- western and the Peoria Division of the Illinois Central and the Ohio River Division of the Cin- cinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad; is in the center of the fruit belt and an important shipping point for farm produce and live-stock; has flour mills, a furniture factory and railroad repair shops, banks, a public library, churches and five HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 409 newspapers, one issuing daily and another semi- weekly editions. Population (1890), 3,831 ; (1900), 4,260. OMELYENT, John, pioneer and head of a numerous family which became prominent in Southern Illinois; was a native of Ireland who came to America about 1798 or 1799. After resid- ing in Kentucky a few years, he removed to Illi- nois, locating in what afterwards became Pope County, whither his oldest son, Samuel, had preceded him about 1797 or 1798. The latter for a time followed the occupation of flat-boating, carrying produce to New Orleans. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1818 from Pope County, being the colleague of Hamlet Ferguson. A year later he removed to Randolph County, where he served as a member of the County Court, but, in 1820-22, we find him a member of the Second General Assembly from Union County, having successfully contested the seat of Samuel Alexander, who had received the certificate of election. He died in 1828. — Edward (Omelveny), another member of this family, and grandson of the elder John Omelveny, represented Monroe County in the Fifteenth General Assem- bly (1846-48), and was Presidential Elector in 1852, but died sometime during the Civil War. — HarTey K. S. (Omelveny), the fifth son of Wil- liam Omelveny and grandson of John, was born in Todd County, Ky., in 1823, came to Southern Illinois, in 1852, and engaged in the practice of law, being for a time the partner of Senator Thomas E. Merritt, at Salem. Early in 1858 he was elected a Justice of the Circuit Court to succeed Judge Breese, who had been promoted to the Supreme Court, but resigned in 1861. He gained considerable notoriety by his intense hostility to the policy of the Government during the Civil "War, was a Delegate to the Constitii- tional Convention of 1862, and was named as a member of the Peace Commission proposed to be appointed by the General Assembly, in 1863, to secure terms of peace with the Southern Con- federacy. He was also a leading spirit in the peace meeting held at Peoria, in August, 1863. In 1869 Mr. Omelveny removed to Los Angeles, Cal., which has since been his home, and where he has carried on a lucrative law practice. ONARGA, a town in Iroquois County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 85 miles south by west from Chicago, and 43 miles north by east from Champaign. It is a manufacturing town, flour, wagons, wire-fencing, stoves and tile being among the products. It has a bank, eight churches, a graded school, a commercial college, and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 1,061; (1890), 994; (1900), 1,370. ONEIDA, a city in Knox County, on the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 12 miles northeast of Galesburg; has wagon, pump and furniture factories,- two banks, electric lights, several churches, a graded school, and a weekly paper. The surrounding country is rich prairie, where coal is mined about twenty feet below the surface. Pop. (1890), 699; (1900), 785. OQUAWKA, the county-seat of Henderson County, situated on the Mississippi River, about 15 miles above Burlington, Iowa, and 32 miles west of Galesburg. It is in a farming region, but has some manufactories. The town has five churches, a graded school, a bank and three newspapers. Population (1900), 1,010. ORDINANCE OF 1787. This is the name given to the first organic act, passed by Congress, for the government of the territory northwest of the Ohio River, comprising the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. The first step in this direction was taken in the appointment, by Congress, on March 1, 1784, of a committee, of which Thomas Jefferson was Chair- man, to prepare a plan for the temporary govern- ment of the region which had been acquired, by the capture of Kaskaskia, by Col. George Rogers Clark, nearly six years previous. The necessity for some step of this sort had grown all the more urgent, in consequence of the recognition of the right of the United States to this region by the Treaty of Paris of 1783, and the surrender, by Vir- ginia, of the title she had maintained thereto on account of Clark's conquest under her auspices — a right which she had exercised by furnishing whatever semblance of government so far existed northwest of the Ohio. The report submitted from Jefferson's committee proposed the division of the Territory into seven States, to which was added the proviso that, after the year 1800, "there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in any of said States, otherwise than in punish- ment of crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." This report failed of adoption, however. Congress contenting itself with the passage of a resolution providing for future organization of this territory into States by the people — the measures necessary for temporary government being left to future Congressional action. While the postponement, in the reso- lution as introduced by Jefferson, of the inhi- bition of slavery to the year 1800, has been criticised, its introduction was significant, as coming from a representative from a slave State, 410 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and being the first proposition in Congress look- ing to restriction, of any character, on the subject of slavery. Congress having taken no further step under the resolution adopted in 1784, the condition of the country (thus left practically v^ithout a responsible government, while increas- ing in population) became constantly more deplorable. An appeal from the people about Kaskaskia for some better form of government, in 1786, aided by the influence of the newly organized "Ohio Company," who desired to en- courage emigration to the lands which they were planning to secure from the General Government, at last brought about the desired result, in the passage of the famous "Ordinance," on the 13th day of July, 1787. While making provision for a mode of temporary self-government by the people, its most striking features are to be found in the six "articles"— a sort of "Bill of Rights"— with which the document closes. These assert: (1) the right of freedom of worship and religious opinion; (2) the right to the benefit of habeas corpus and trial by jury ; to proportionate repre- sentation, and to protection in liberty and prop- erty; (3) that "religion, morality and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged' ' ; (4) that the States, formed within the territory referred to, "shall forever remain a part of this confeder- acy of the United States of America, subject to the Articles of Confederation and to such alter- ations therein as shall be constitutionally made" ; (5) prescribe the boundaries of the States to be' formed therein and the conditions of their admis- sion into the Union ; and (6 — and most significant of all) repeat the prohibition regarding the introduction of slavery into the Northwest Terri- tory, as proposed by Jefferson, but without any qualification as to time. There has been consider- able controversy regarding the authorship of this portion of the Ordinance, into which it is not necessary to enter here. While it has been char- acterized as a second and advanced Declaration of Independence — and probably no single act of Congress was ever fraught with more important and far-reaching results — it seems remarkable that a majority of the States supporting it and securing its adoption, were then, and long con- tinued to be, slave States. OREttOPf, the county-seat of Ogle County, situated on Rock River and the Minneapolis Branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- road, 100 miles west from Chicago. The sur- rounding region is agricultural; the town has water power and manufactures flour, pianos, steel tanks, street sprinklers, and iron castings. It has two banks, water-works supplied by flowing artesian wells, cereal mill, and two weekly news- paners ; has also obtained some repute as a summer resort. Pop. (1880), 1,088; (1890), 1,566; (1900),1,577. ORION, a village of Henry County, at the inter- section of the Rock Island Division of the Chicago Burlington & Quincy and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railways, 19 miles southeast of Rook Island. Pop. (1890), 624; (1900), 584. OSBORN, WilUam Henry, Railway President, was born at Salem, Mass., Dec. 21, 1820. After receiving a high school education in his native town, he entered the covinting room of the East India house of Peele, Hubbell & Co. ; was subse- quently sent to represent the firm at Manila, finally engaging in business on liis own account, during which he traveled extensively in Europe. Returning to the United States in 1853, he took up his residence in New York, and, having mar- ried the daughter of Jonathan Sturges, one of the original incorporators and promoters of the Illi- nois Central Railroad, he soon after became asso- ciated with that enterprise. In August, 1854, he was chosen a Director of the Company, and, on Dec. 1, 1855, became its third President, serving in the latter position nearly ten years (until July 11, 1865), and, as a Director, until 1877— in all, twenty-two years. After retiring from his con- nection with the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. Osborn gave his attention largely to enterprises of an. educational and benevolent character in aid of the unfortunate classes in the State of New York. OSBORN, Thomas 0., soldier and diplomatist, was born in Licking County, Ohio, August 11, 1832; graduated from the Ohio Uiuversity at Athens, in 1854; studied law at Crawfordsville, Ind., with Gen. Lew Wallace, was admitted to the bar and began practice in Chicago. Early in the war for the Union he joined the "Yates Phalanx, ' ' which, after some delay on account of the quota being full, was mustered into the serv- ice, in August, 1861, as the Thirty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, the subject of this sketch being com- missioned its Lieutenant-Colonel. His promotion to the colonelcy soon followed, the regiment being sent east to guard the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, where it met the celebrated Stonewall Jackson, and took part in many important en- gagements, including the battles of Winchester, Bermuda Hundreds, and Drury's Bluff, besides the sieges of Charleston and Petersburg. At Bermuda Hundreds Colonel Osborn was severely HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 411 ■wounded, losing the use of his right arm. He bore a conspicuous part in the operations about Eiohmond which resulted in the capture of the rebel capital, his services being recognized by- promotion to the brevet rank of Major-General. At the close of the war he returned to the prac- tice of law in Chicago, but, in 1874, was appointed Consul-General and Minister-Resident to the Argentine Republic, remaining in that position until June, 1885, when he resigned, resuming his residence in Chicago. OSWEGO, a village in Kendall County, on the Aurora and Streator branch of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railway, 6 miles south of Aurora. Population (1890), 641; (1900), 618. OTTAWA, the county-seat and principal city of La SaUe County, being incorporated as a vil- lage in 1838, and, as a city, in 1853. It is located at the confluence of the Illinois and Fox Rivers and on the Illinois & Michigan, Canal. It is the intersecting point of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway and the Streator branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, 98 miles east of Rock Island and 83 miles west-southwest of Chi- cago. The surrounding region abounds in coal. Sand of a superior quality for the manufacture of glass is found in the vicinity and the place has extensive glass works. Other manufactured products are brick, drain-tile, sewer-pipe, tile- roofing, pottery, pianos, organs, cigars, wagons and carriages, agricultural implements, hay carriers, bay presses, sash, doors, blinds, cabinet work, saddlery and harness and pumps. The city has some handsome public buildings including the Appellate (formerly Supreme) Court House for the Northern Division. It also has several public parks, one of which (South Park) contains a medicinal spring. There are a dozen churches and numerous public school buildings, including a high school. The city is lighted by gas and electricity, has electric street railways, good sewerage, and water-works supplied from over 150 artesian wells and numerous natural springs. It has one private and two national banks, five hbraries, and eight weekly newspapers (three German), of which four issue daily editions. Pop. (1890), 9,985; (1900), 10,588. OTTAWA, CHICAGO & FOX RIVER VALLEY RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) OUTAGAMIES, a name given, by the French, to the Indian tribe known as the Foxes. (See Sacs and Foxes. ) OWEJf, Thomas J. V., early legislator and Indian Agent, was bom in Kentucl;y, April 5, 1801; came to Illinois at an early day, and, in 1830, was elected to the Seventh General Assem- bly from Randolph County; the following year was appointed Indian Agent at Chicago, as suc- cessor to Dr. Alexander Wolcott, who had died in the latter part of 1830. Mr. Owen served as Indian Agent until 1838; was a member of the first Board of Town Trustees of the village of Chi- cago, Commissioner of School Lands, and one of the Government Commissioners who conducted the treaty with the Pottawatomie and other tribes of Indians at Chicago, in September, 1833. Died, in Chicago, Oct. 15, 1835. PADDOCK, Gains, pioneer, a native of Massa- chusetts, was born in 1758; at the age of 17 he entered the Colonial Army, serving until the close of the Revolutionary War, and being in Washington's command at the crossing of the Delaware. After the war he removed to Ver- mont; but, in 1815, went to Cincinnati, and, a year later, to St. Charles, Mo. Then, after hav- ing spent about a year at St. Louis, in 1818 he located in Madison County, 111., at a point after- wards known as "Paddock's Grove," and which became one of the most prosperous agricultural sections of Southern Illinois. Died, in 1831. PAIJfE, (Gen.) Eleazer A., soldier, was born in Parkman, Geauga County, Ohio, Sept. 10, 1815; graduated at West Point Military Academy, in 1839, and was assigned to the First Infantry, serving in the Florida War (1839-40), but resigned, Oct. 11, 1840. He then studied law and practiced at Painesville, Ohio, (1843-48), and at Monmouth, 111., (1848-61), meanwhile serving in the lower branch of the Eighteenth General Assembly (1852-53). Before leaving Ohio, he had been Deputy United States Marshal and Lieutenant- Colonel of the State Militia, and, in Illinois, became Brigadier-General of Militia (1845-48). He was appointed Colonel of the Ninth Illinois in April, 1861, and served through the war, being promoted Brigadier-General in September, 1861. The first duty performed by his regiment, after this date, was the occupation of Paducah, Ky., where he was in command. Later, it took part in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, the battles of S'.r:;oh, New Madrid and Corinth, and also in t'.:o various engagements in Nortlicm Gebrgia r.-.il in the "march to the sea." From Nove-.iiljcr, 1863, to May. 1864, General Paine vas guarr.iiij railroad lines in Central Tennessee, and, (Murine; a part of 1^34, in command of the Western Districi of I^entrck-. He resigned, April 5, ICCj, Lind died i:i Jersey City, Dec. 16, 413 lilSTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1883. A sturdy Union man, he performed his duty as a soldier with great zeal and efficiency. PALATINE, a village of Cook County, on the Wisconsin Division of the Chicago & Northwest- ern Railroad, 26 miles northwest from Chicago. There are flour and planing mills here; dairying and farming are leading industries of the sur- rounding country. Population (1880), 731 ; (1890), 891; (1900), 1,030. PALESTINE, a town in Crawford County, about 3 miles from the Wabash River, 7 miles east of Robinson, and 35 miles southwest of Terre Haute, on the Illinois Central Railway ; has five churches, a graded school, a bank, weekly newspaper, flour mill, cold storage plant, canning factory, garment factory, and municipal light and power plant. Pop. (1890), 733; (1900), 979. PALMER, Frank W., journalist, ex-Congress- man and Public Printer, was born at Manchester, Dearborn County, Ind., Oct. 11, 1827; learned the printer's trade at Jamestown, N. Y., afterwards edited "The Jamestown Journal," and served two terms in the New York Legislature ; in 1858 removed to Dubuque, Iowa, and edited "The Dubuque Times," was elected to Congress in 1860, and again in 1868 and 1872, meanwhile having purchased "The Des Moines Register," which he edited for several years. In 1873 he removed to Chicago and became editor of ' 'The Inter Ocean, ' ' remaining two years ; in 1877 was appointed Post- master of the city of Chicago, serving eight years. Shortly after the accession of President Harrison, in 1889, he was appointed Public Printer, continu- ing in office until the accession of President Cleve- land in 1893, when he returned to newspaper work, but resumed his old place at the head of the Government Printing Bureau after the inaugura- tion of President MoKinley in 1897. PALMER, John McAnley, lawyer, soldier and United States Senator, was born in Scott County, Ky., Sept. 13, 1817; removed with his father to Madison County, 111., in 1881, and, four years later, entered Shurtleff College, at Upper Alton, as a student ; later taught and studied law, being admitted to the bar in 1889. In 1843 he was elected Probate Judge of Macoupin County, also served in the State Constitutional Convention of 1847 ; after discharging the duties of Probate and County Judge, was elected to the State Senate, to fill a vacancy, in 1853, and re-elected in 1854, as an Anti-Nebraska Democrat, casting his vote for Lyman Trumbull for United States Senator in 1855, but resigned his seat in 1856 ; was President of the first Republican State Convention, held at Bloomington in the latter year, and appointed a delegate to the National Convention at Philadel- phia ; was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in 1859, and chosen a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket in 1860; served as a member of the National Peace Conference of 1861 ; entered the army as Colonel of the Fourteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry; was promoted Briga- dier General, in November, 1861, taking part in the campaign in Tennessee up to Chickamauga, assuming the command of the Fourteenth Army Corps with the rank of Major-General, but was relieved at his own request before Atlanta. In 1865 he was assigned, by President Lincoln, to command of the Military Department of Ken- tucky, but, in September, 1866, retired from the service, and, in 1867, became a citizen of Spring- field. The following year he was elected Gov- ernor, as a Republican, but, in 1873, supported Horace Greeley for President, and has since co- operated with the Denaocratic party. He was three times the unsuccessful candidate of his party for United States Senator, and was their nominee for Governor in 1888, but defeated. In 1890 he was nominated for United States Senator by the Democratic State Convention and elected in joint session of the Legislature, March 11, 1891, receiving on the 154th ballot 101 Democratic and two Farmers' Mutual Alliance votes. He became an important factor in the campaign of 1896 as candidate of the "Sound Money" Democracy for President, although receiving no electoral votes, proving his devotion to principle. His last years were occupied in preparation of a volume of personal recollections, which was completed, under the title of "The Story of an Earnest Life," a few weeks before his death, which occurred at his home in Springfield, September 35, 1900. PALMER, Potter, merchant and capitalist, was born in Alljany County, N. Y., in 1835; received an English education and became a junior clerk in a country store at' Durham, Greene County, in that State, three years later being placed in charge of the business, and finally engaging in business on his own account. Com- ing to Chicago in 1853, he embarked in the dry- goods business on Lake Street, establishing the house which afterwards became Field, Leiter & Co. (now Marshall Field & Co. ) , from which here- tired, in 1865, with the basis of an ample fortune, which has since been immensely increased by fortunate operations in real estate. Mr. Palmer was Second Vice-President of the first Board of Local Directors of the World's Columbian Expo- sition in 1891. — Mrs. Bertha M. Honore (Palmer), wife of the preceding, is the daughter of H. H. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 413 Honore, formerly a prominent real-estate owner and operator of Chicago. She is a native of Louisville, Ky., where her girlhood was chiefly spent, though she was educated at a convent near Baltimore, Md. Later she came with her family to Chicago, and, in 1870, was married to Potter Palmer. Mrs. Palmer has been a recognized leader in many social and benevolent movements, hut won the highest praise by her ability and administrative skill, exhibited as President of the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Colum- bian Exposition of 1893. PALMIRA, a village of Macoupin County, on the Springfield Division of the St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul Eailway, 33 miles southwest from Springfield ; has some local manufactories, a bank and a newspaper. Population (1900), 813. PAN A, an important railway center and prin- cipal city of Christian County, situated in the southeastern part of the County, and at the inter- secting point of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- ern, the Illinois Central and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroads, 35 miles south by west from Decatur, and 43 miles southeast of Springfield. It is an important ship- ping-point for grain and has two elevators. Its mechanical establishments include two flouring mills, a foundry, two machine shops and two planing mills. The surrounding region is rich in coal, which is extensively mined. Pana has banks, several churches, graded schools, and three papers issuing daily and weekly editions. Population (1890), 5,077; (1900), 5,580. PANA, SPRINGFIELD & NORTHWESTERN RAILROAD. (See Baltimore <& Ohio South- western Railroad. ) PARIS, a handsome and flourishing city, the county-seat of Edgar County. It is an important railway center, situated on the "Big Four" and the Vandalia Line, 160 miles south of Chicago, and 170 miles east-northeast of St. Louis; is in the heart of a wealthy and populous agricultural region, and has a prosperous trade. Its industries include foundries, three elevators, flour, saw and planing mills, glass, broom, and corn product factories. The city has three banks, three daily and four weekly newspapers, a court house, ten churches, and graded schools. Pop. (1890), 4,996; (1900), 6,105. PARIS & DECATUR RAILROAD. (See Terre Haute & Peoria Railroad.) PARIS & TERRE HAUTE RAILROAD. (See Terre Haute .... William R. Morrison, D ... William E. Morrison, D.... S. W. Moulton, E. S.W. Moulton, D aW. Moulton.D Abner C. Harding, R Barton C. Cook, E H. P. H. Bromwell. E Shelby M. Cullom, E Anthony Thornton, D Jehu Baker, R Jehu Baker, R Jehu Baker, P A. J. Kuykendall, R Norman B. Judd, R Albert G. Bnrr, D Green B. Raum, R Horatio C. Burchard, R — Horalio C. Burchard, E — JohnB. Hawley, E JohnB. Hawley.E Je^seH. Moore, E Thomas W. McNeeley, B.. John B. Hay, E JohnM.Orebs, D John L. Beveridge, E Charles B. Farwell, E Charles B. Farwell, E Charles B. Farwell, R Brad. N. Stevens, B Henry Snapp, E Edward Y. Elce, D JohnB. Rice, R B. G. Caniaeld, D Jasper D. Ward, R Stephen A. Hurlbut, R Franklin Corwin, E Greenbury L. Fort, E Granville Barrlere, E William H. Ray, R. Robert M. Knapp, D Robert M. Knapp, D John McNulta, B Joseph G. Cannon, R Joseph G. Gannon, R Joseph 6. Cannon, B Joseph G. Gannon. R James S. Martin, B Isaac Clements, R Carter H. Harrison, D John V, Le Moyne, D T. J. Henderson, B T. J. Henderson, R Alexander Campbell, G.B. . Richard H. Whiting, R . . . . JohnC. Bagby.D Scott Wike, D Scott WIke, D William M. Springer, D William M. Springer, D. . . Adlai E. Stevenson, D Adlai E. Stevenson, D William A. J. Sparks, D. . . . William HartzelI,D .. .. William B. Anderson, D . . William Aldrich, B Carter H Harrison, D . . . . liOrenz Brentano, E Wilham Lathrop, B PhUipC Hayes, R Thomas A. Boyd, B Benjamin F Marsh, B. . . LawrenceviUe . Marshall Marshall Springfield Springfield Belleville Benton Carbondale Rksidence. sixteenth.. Seventh... Eleventh.. Eighth . . . . Twelfth... Eighth.... Ninth Chicago Chicago Marion Marion Jersey ville Jerseyville Oquawka Peoria Sullivan Sullivan Sullivan Lewistown Waterloo Waterloo Waterloo Shelby ville Shelbyville Shelbyville Monmouth Ottawa Charleston Springfield Shelbyville Belleville Belleville Belleville Vienna Chicago Carrollton Metropolis Freeport Freeport Bock Island Rocklsland Decatur Petersburg Bell.eville Carmi Evanston Chicago Chicago Chicago Princeton Joliet Hillsboro Chicago Chicago Chicago Belvidere Peru Lacon Canton Rushville Jerseyville Jerseyville Bloomington Tuscola and Danville, Danville Danville Danville Salem Carbondale Chicago Chicago Princeton & Geneseo. Princeton LaSalle.'. Peoria Rushville Plttsfleld Pittsfleld Springfield Springfield Bloomington Bloomington Carlyle Chester Mt. Vernon Chicago Chicago Chicago Rockford Morris Lewiston Warsaw State-at-large Second First, Ninth Thirteenth..., Fifth Tenth Fourth Fifth Seventh Fifteenth , Seventeenth.., Ninth Twelfth Seventeenth,. Eighteenth... State-at-large Fifteenth Seventeenth . . Fourth Sixth Seventh Eighth Tenth Twelfth Eighteenth..., Twenty-first . Thirteenth — First Tenth Thirteenth Third Fifth Fourth Sixth Seventh Ninth Twelfth Thirteenth... State-at-large First Third Third Fifth Sixth Tenth First First Second Fourth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Eleventh Thirteenth... Fourteenth... .Fifteenth Fifteenth Twelfth Sixteenth Eighteenth... Second Third Sixth Seventh Seventh Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Twelfth Thirteenth. .. Thirteenth.. . . Thirteenth . . . Sixteenth Eighteenth .. . Nineteenth... First Second Third Fourth Seventh Ninth Tenth 1883-85.. 1859-63.., 18(i3-65.. 1871-78.. 1873-75 ., 1859-63.. 1859-62.. 1869-71.. 1861-63.. 1863-65.. 1862-63.. 1863-65.. 1861-63.. 1863-65.. 1863-65.. 1864-71.. 1863-65.. 1873-79.. 1885-87.. 1863-69.., 1863-66.., 1873-83.. 1883-87.., 1865-67.., 1881-83.. 1883-85.. 1865-69.., 1865-71.. 1865-69.., 1865-71.., 1865-67.. 1865-69.. 1887-89.., 1897-99.. 1865-67.., 1867-71.. 1867-71.. 1867-69... 1869-73.. 1873-79.., 1869-73.., 1873-75.. 1869-78. , 1869-73., 1869-73., 1869-73., 1871-73... 1871-73.. 1873-76.. 1881-83.. 1871-73.. 1871-73,. 1871-73., 1873-74. 1874-77.. 1873-75.. 1873-77.. 1873-75.. 1873-81.. 187-3-75.., 1873-75.. 1873-75.. 1877-79... 1873-75... 1873-83.. 1888-91 . 1893-95.. 1895 1873-75.. 1873-75.. 1875-79. 1876-77. 1875-83. 1883-95. 1875-77. 1875-77.. 1875-77.. 1875-77,. 1889-93., 1875-83. 1883-95., 1876-77. 1870-81.. 1875-83.. 1875-79.. 1875-77. . 1877-83.. 1877-79... 1877-79... 1877-79.., 1877-81 . , 1877-81., 1877-83.., Served Logan's unexpired term. Served McClernand's unexpired term. Eemarks. Res'd,Apr. '62; term filled by W . J.Allen. ' Chosen TJ. S. Senator, 1871; resigned; term filled by John L. Beveridge. 1864-'65 filled Lovejoy's unexpired term. Re-elected, '70 but res'd before beg'ng of term. Filled unexpired terna of Washburne. Served unexpired term of Logan. May, '76, seat awarded to J. V. Le Moyne. Filled unexpired term of B. C. Cook. Died Dec, '74; succeeded by B. G. Caulfield. From 1874-75 served out Bice's term. Awarded seat, vice Farwell. 448 IIISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLHSTOIS. Name. RESIDBNClil. DiST. Teiim. Bkmarks. Benjamin F. Marsh, R.... Warsaw Eleventh Fifteenth Thirteenth... Nineteenth... Second Third 189JJ 95 Benjainin F. Marsh, R.... Thomas F. Tipton, R Bloomington 1877-79 B. W. Townshend, D GoorgeR. Davis. R Chicago Chicago Chicago Geneva and Elgin Mt. Carroll 1879 83 George R. Davis, K 1883-85 Hiram, Barber, E, John C. Sherwin, R Fourth Fifth 1879-83....'. H. M. A. Hawk.R 1879-82 Died, '82; succeeded by B. B, Hitt. James W. Singleton, D Qulncy Eleventh Fifteenth Eighteenth,... Twentieth Seventh Eighth Eighth . . 1879 83 A. P. Forsythe, G. B. . : Isabel 1879 81 JohnR. Thomas, R John R. Thomas, R Metropolis Ottawa..., 1883-89 William Cullen,Il 1881-83 William Cullen.R Lewis E. Payson, R Pontiac ...'. 1881-83 Lewis E. Paysou. R 1883 91 John H. Lewis, R Dietrich C. Smith, R Pekin Thirteenth.... 1881-83 R. W. Dunham, R 1883-89 JohnF. Finerty, R Chicago Chicago Second Fourth Fifth George E. Adams, R Reuben Ellwood, R 1883-91 1882-85 Robert R. Hitt, R Mt. Morris Sixth 1882-95 1895— Robert R. Hitt, R Mt. Morris Ninth N. E. Worthington, D Peoria Tenth 1883-87 William H. Neece, D Macomb Eleventh Twelfth Fourteenth 1883-87 James M. RIggs, D Winchester Bloomington Jonathan H. Rowell, R 1883-91 Prank Lawler.D 1885-91 James H. Ward, D Chicago Third Fifth 1885-87 Albert J. Hopkins, R 1885-95 Albert J. Hopkins, R Aurora Eighth Eiehth 1895— Ralph Plumb, R 1885-89 Silas G. Landes, D Sixteenth Third William E. Mason, R Chicago 1887-91 Philip Sidney Post, R 1887-95 William H. Gest, R Rock Island Eieventh Twelfth. Seventeeoth... 1887-91 George A. Anderson, D Quincy 1887-89 Edward Lane, D Hlllsboro 1887-95 Abner Taylor, R 1889-93. Charles A. Hill, R JoHet Eighth Sixteenth Eighteenth.... Eighteenth.... Nineteenth — Twentieth Twenty-sec' nd Second Third Fourth Eighth ]Minth 1889-91 .. . Geo. W, Fithian, D Newton 1889-95 Williams. Forman.D Nashville 1889-95 James R.Williams, D Carmi 1889-95 James R. Williams, D Carml 1899— George W. Smith, R Murphysboro Murphysboro 1889-95 GeorgeW. Smith, R 1895— Lawrence E. McGann, D. . . 1891-95 Allan C. Durborow, Jr.. D.. Chicago 1891-95 Walter C.Newberry, D... Chicago 1891-93 Lewis Steward, Ind Piano 1891-93 Herman W. Snow. R Sheldon lt91-93. Benjamin T. Cable, D Rock Island Eleventh Fourteenth.,.. Fifteenth State-at-large. State-at-large. Nineteenth.... lb91-93 Owen Scott. D Bloomington Urbana Chicago 1891-93 . .. Samuel T. Busey, D 1891-93 John C. Black, D lft93-95 Andrew J. Hunter, D Paris 1893-95 Andrew J. Hunter, D Paris 1897-99 J. Frank Aldrich, E 1893-97 Julius Goldzier, D Fourth Eighth Ninth 1893-95 Robert A. Childs,R Hinsdale 1893-95 Hamilton K. Wheeler, R... Kankakee 1893-95 John J. McDannoId, D Mt.Sterhng Twelfth Fourteenth.... Second 1893-95 Benjamm F. Funk. R .893-95 William Lorimer, R. ..;... . Chicago ^895-- Hugh R. Belknap, R Third Fourth Fifth 1895-99 Awardedseat after con. with L. E. McGann. Charles W. Woodman, R.. 1895-97 Geo. E. White, R Dhlcago 1895-99. Edward D. Cooke, R Sixth 1805-98 Died, June 4, '98; suc'd. by Henry S. Boutell. George B. Foss, R Seventh 1895 George W. Prince, R 1895— y Walter Reeves, R Eleventh Thirteenth.... Fourteenth Sixteenth Seventeenth... Eighteenth.... Eighteenth STiiieteenth. ... Twentieth Twenty-first . . First 1895— Vespasian Warner, R Clinton 1895— J. V.Graff.E Pekin Virginia 1895— Finis E, Downing, D 1895-97 James A. Connolly, R 1895-99 Frederick Remann, R Vandalla 1895 .. . . Died, July 14, '95; suc'd. by W, F. L. Hadley. Elected to fill vacancy. Wm. F. L. Hadley, R EdwardsvlUe 1=95- 1895-97 Benson Wood, R Effingham Carml East St. Louis Chicago Orlando Burrell, R L895-97 Everett J. Murphy, R 1895-97 James R. Mann, R 1697— Daniel W. Mills, R 1897— Thomas M. Jett, D Hillsboro Eighteenth rwentieth Third 1897— James R. Campbell, D.... McLeansboro 1897-99 George P. Foster, R Chicago 1899- Thomas Cusack, D Fourth Fifth 1899— Edgar T. Noonan, D Chicago I8a9— Henry S, Boutell, R Chicago Sixth 1898 Succeeded E. D. Cooke, deceased. W. E. Wiillams,D Pittsfield Sixteenth Seventeenth... fJineteenth..,. Twenty Hrat... 1899- B. P. Caldwell, D 1890— Joseph B. Crowley, D 1809- W. A. Rodenberg, R East St. Luuls 1 1899— HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 449 EETNOLDS, John, Justice of Supreme Court . and fourth Governor of Illinois, was born of Irish ancestry, in Montgomery County, Pa., Feb. 36, 1789, and brought by his parents to Kaskaskia, HI., in 1800, spending the first nine years of his life in Illinois on a farm. After receiving a com- mon school education, and a two years' course of study in a college at Knoxville, Tenn., he studied law and began practice. In 1812-13 he served as a scout in the campaigns against the Indians, winning for himself the title, in after life, of "The Old Ranger." Afterwards he removed to Cahokia, where he began the practice of law, and, in 1818, became Associate Justice of the first Supreme Court of the new State. Eetiring from the bench in 1835, he served two terms in the Legislature, and was elected Governor in 1830, in 1833 personally commanding the State volunteers called for service in the Black Hawk War. Two weeks before the expiration of his term (1834), he resigned to accept a seat in Con- gress, to which he had been elected as the suc- cessor of Charles Slade, who had died in office, and was again elected in 1838, always as a Demo- crat. He also served as Eepresentative in the Fifteenth General Assembly, and again in the Eighteenth (1853-54), being chosen Speaker of the latter. In 1858 he was the administration (or Buchanan) Democratic candidate for State Su- perintendent of Public Instruction, as opposed to the Republican and regular (or Douglas) Demo- cratic candidates. For some years he edited a daily paper called "The Eagle," which was pub- lished at Belleville. While Governor Reynolds ■ acquired some reputation as a "classical scholar, ' ' from the time spent in a Tennessee College at that early day, this was not sustained by either his colloquial or written style. He was an ardent champion of slavery, and, in the early days of the Rebellion, gained unfavorable notori- - ety in consequence of a letter written to Jefferson Davis expressing sympathy with the cause of "secession." Nevertheless, in spite of intense prejudice and bitter partisanship on some ques- tions, he possessed many amiable qualities, as shown by his devotion to temperance, and his popularity among persons of opposite political opinions.' Although at times crude in style, and not always reliable in his statement of historical facts and events. Governor Reynolds has rendered a valuable service to posterity by his writings relating to the early history of the State, espe- cially those connected with his own times. His best known works are: "Pioneer History of Illi- -nois" (Belleville, 1848); "A Glance at the Crystal Palace, and Sketches of Travel" (1854); and "My Life and Times" (1855). His death occurred at Belleville, May 8, 1865. REYNOLDS, John Parker, Secretary and President of State Board of Agriculture, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, March 1, 1830, and graduated from the Miami University at the age of 18. In 1840 he graduated from the Cincinnati Law School, and soon afterward began practice. He removed to Illinois in 1854, settling first in Win- nebago County, later, successively in Marion County, in Springfield and in Chicago. From 1860 to 1870 he was Secretary of the State Agri- cultural Society, and, upon the creation of the State Board of Agriculture in 1871, was elected its President, filling that position until 1888, when he resigned. He has also occupied numer- ous other posts of honor and of trust of a public or semi-public character, having been President of the Illinois State Sanitary Commission during the War of the Rebellion, a Commissioner to the Paris Exposition of 1867, Chief Grain Inspector from 1878 to 1883, and Secretary of the Inter- State Industrial Exposition Company of Chicago, from the date of its organization (1873) until its final dissolution. His most important public service, in recent years, was rendered as Director- in-Chief of the Illinois exhibit in the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. EETNOLDS, Joseph Smith, soldier and legis- lator, was born at New Lenox, 111., Dec. 3, 1839; at 17 years of age went to Chicago, was educated in the high school there, within a month after graduation enlisting as a private in the Sixty- fourth Illinois Volunteers. From the ranks he rose to a colonelcy through the gradations of Second-Lieutenant and Captain, and, in July, 1865, was brevetted Brigadier-General. He was a gallant soldier, and was thrice wounded. On his return home after nearly four years' service, he entered the law department of the Chicago University, graduating therefrom and beginning practice in 1866. General Reynolds has been prominent in public life, having served as a member of both branches of the General Assem- bly, and having been a State Commissioner to the Vienna Exposition of 1873. He is a member of the G. A. R., and, in 1875, was elected Senior Vice-Commander of the order for the United States. REYNOLDS, William Morton, clergyman, was born in Fayette County, Pa., March 4, 1812; after graduating at Jefferson College, Pa., in 1833, was connected with various institutions in that State, as well as President of Capital University at 450 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Columbus, Ohio, ; then, coming to Illinois, was President of the Illinois State University at Springfield, 1857-60, after which he became Prin- cipal of a female seminary in Chicago. Previ- ously a Lutheran, he took orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1864, and served several parishes until his death. In his early life he founded, and, for a time, conducted several reli- gious publications at Gettysburg, Pa., besides issuing a number of printed addresses and other published works. Died at Oak Park, near Chi- cago, Sept. 5, 1876. RHOADS, (Col.) Franklin Lawrence, soldier and steamboat captain, was born in Harrisburg, Pa., Oct. 11, 1824; brought to Pekin, Tazewell County, 111. , in 1836, where he learned the print- er's trade, and, on the breaking out of the Mexican War, enlisted, serving to the close. Eeturning home he engaged in the river trade, and, for fifteen years, commanded steamboats on the Illinois, Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. In April, 1861, he was commissioned Captain of a company of three months' men attached to the Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, on the reorganization of the regiment for the three- years' service, was commissioned Lieutenant- Colonel, soon after being promoted to the colo- nelcy, as successor to Col. Richai-d J. Oglesby, who had been promoted Brigadier-General. After serving through the spring campaign of 1863 in Western Kentucky and Tennessee, he was com- pelled by rapidly declining health to resign, when he located in Shawneetown, retiring in 1874 to his farm near that city. During the latter years of his life he was a confirmed invalid, dying at Shawneetown, Jan. 6, 1879. RHOADS, Joslina, M.D., A.M., physician and educator, was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 14, 1806; studied medicine and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania with the degree of M.D., also receiving the degree of A.M., from Princeton ; after several years spent in practice as a physician, and as Principal in some of the public schools of Philadelphia, in 1839 he was elected Principal of the Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind, and, in 1850, took charge of the State Institution for the Blind at Jacksonville, 111., then in its infancy. Here he remained until 1874, when he retired. Died, February 1, 1876. RICE, Edward T., lawyer and jurist, born in Logan County, Ky., Feb. 8, 1820, was educated in the common schools and at Shurtleff College, after which he read law with John M. Palmer at Carlinville, and was admitted to practice, in 1845, at Hillsboro ; in 1847 was elected County Recorder of Montgomery County, and, in 1848, to the Six- teenth General Assembly, serving one term. Later he was elected County Judge of Montgom- ery County, was Master in Chancery from 1853 to 1857, and the latter year was elected Judge of the Eighteenth Circuit, being re-elected in 1861 and again in 1867. He was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, at the election of the latter year, was chosen Repre- sentative in the Forty-second Congress as a Democrat. Died, April 16, 1883. RICE, John B., theatrical manager. Mayor of Chicago, and Congressman, was bom at Easton, Md., in 1809. By profession he was an actor, and, coming to Chicago in 1847, built and opened there the first theater. In 1857 he retired from the stage, and, in 1865, was elected Mayor of Chicago, the city of his adoption, and re-elected in 1867. He was also prominent in the early stages of the Civil War in the measures taken to raise troops in Chicago. In 1872 he was elected to the Forty-third Congress as a Republican, but, before the expiration of his term, died, at Nor- folk, Va., on Dec. 6, 1874. At a special election to fill the vacancy, Bernard G. Caulfield was chosen to succeed him. RICHARDSON, William A., lawyer and poli- tician, born in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 11, 1811, was educated at Transylvania University, came to the bar at 19, and settled in Schuyler County, 111., .becoming State's Attorney in 1835; was elected to the lower branch of the Legislature in 1836, to the Senate in 1838, and to the House again in 1844, from Adams County — the latter year being also chosen Presidential Elector on ' the Polk and Dallas ticket, and, at the succeeding session of the General Assembly, serving as Speaker of the House. He entered the Mexican War as Captain, and won a Majority through gallantry at Buena Vista. From 1847 to 1856 (when he resigned to become a candidate for Governor), he was a Democratic Representative in Congress from the Quincy District ; re-entered Congress in 1861, and, in 1868, was chosen United States Senator to fill the unexpired term of Stephen A. Douglas. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention of 1868, but after that retired to private life, acting, for a short time, as editor of "The Quincy Herald." Died, at Quincy, Dec. 27, 1875. RICHLAND COUNTY, situated in the south- east quarter of the State, and has an area of 361 square miles. It was organized from Edwards County in 1841. Among the early pioneers may be mentioned the Evans brothers, Thaddeus HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 451 Morehouse, Hugh Calhoun and son, Thomas Gardner, James Parker, Cornelius De Long, James Gilmore and Elijah Nelson. In 1820 there were but thirty families in the district. The first frame houses — the Nelson and More- house homesteads — were built in 1831, and, some years later, James Laws erected the first brick house. The pioneers traded at Vincennes, but, in 1825, a store was opened at Stringtown by Jacob May ; and the same year the first school was opened at Watertown, taught by Isaac Chaun- cey. The first church was erected by the Bap- tists in 1833, and services were conducted by WilUam Martin, a Kentuckian. For a long time the maUs were carried on horseback by Louis and James Beard, but, in 1824, Mills and Whet- sell established a line of four -horse stages. The principal road, known as the "trace road," lead- ing from Louisville to Cahokia, followed a buffalo and Indian trail about where the main street of Olney now is. Olney was selected as the county-seat upon the organization of the county, and a Mr. Lilly built the first house there. The chief branches of industry followed by the inhabitants are agriculture and fruit- growing. Population (1880), 15,545; (1890), 15,019; (1900), 16,391. RIDGE FARM, a village of Vermillion County, at junction of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railroads, 174 miles northeast of St. Louis ; has electric light plant, planing mill, elevators, bank and two papers. Pop. (1900), 933; (1904), 1,300. RIDGtELY, a manufacturing and mining sub- urb of the city of Springfield. An extensive rolling mill is located there, and there are several coal-shafts in the vicinity. Population(1900), 1,169. RID6ELT, Charles, manufacturer and capi- talist, born in Springfield, 111., Jan. 17, 1836; was educated in private schools and at Illinois Col- lege; after leaving college spent some time as a clerk in his father's bank at Springfield, finally becoming a member of the firm and successively Cashier and Vice-President. In 1870 he was Democratic candidate for State Treasurer, but later has affiliated with the Republican party. About 1872 he became identified with the Spring- field Iron Company, of which he has been Presi- dent for many years ; has also been President of the Consolidated Coal Company of St. Louis and, for some time, was a Director of the Wabash Rail- road. Mr. Ridgely is also one of the Trustees of Illinois College. RIDGELY, Nicholas H., early banker, was bom in Baltimore, Md., April 37, 1800; after leaving school was engaged, for a time, in the dry-goods trade, but, in 1839, came to St. Louis to assume a clerkship in the branch of the United States Bank just organized there. In 1835 a branch of the State Bank of Illinois was established at Springfield, and Mr. Ridgely became its cashier, and, when it went into liqui- dation, was appointed one of the trustees to wind up its affairs. He subsequently became Presi- dent of the Cork's Exchange Bank in that city, but this having gone into liquidation a few years later, he went into the private banking business as head of the "Ridgely Bank," which, in 1866, became the "Ridgely National Bank," one of the strongest financial institutions in the State out- side of Chicago. After the collapse of the inter- nal improvement scheme, Mr. Ridgely became one of the purchasers of the "Northern Cross Railroad" (now that part of the Wabash system extending from the Illinois river to Springfield), when it was sold by the State in 1847, paying therefor $31,100. He was also one of the Spring- field bankers to tender a loan to the State at the beginning of the war in 1861. He was one of the builders and principal owner of the Springfield gas-light system. His business career was an eminently successful one, leaving an estate at his death, Jan. 31, 1888, valued at over $2,000,000. KIDGWAY, a village of Gallatin County, on the Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 12 miles northwesh of Shawneetown; has a bank and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 533; <1900), 839; (1903, est.), 1,000. RIDGWAY, Thomas S., merchant, banker and politician, was born at Carmi, 111., August 30, 1826. His father having died when he was but 4 years old and his mother when he was 14, his education was largely acquired through contact with the world, apart from such as he received from his mother and during a year's attendance at a private school. When he was 6 years of age the family removed to Shawneetown, where he ever afterwards made his home. In 1845 he em- barked in business as a merfchant, and the firm of Peoples & Ridgway soon became one of the most prominent in Southern Illinois. In 1865 the partners closed out their business and organized the first National Bank of Shawneetown, of which, after the death of Mr. Peeples in 1875, Mr. Ridgway was President. He was one of the projectors of the Springfield & Illinois South- eastern Railway, now a part of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern system, and, from 1867 to 1874, served as its President. He was an ardent and active Republican, and served as a delegate 452 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. to every State and National Convention of his party from 1868 to 1896. In 1874 he was elected State Treasurer, the candidate for Superintendent of Public Instruction on the same ticket being defeated. In 1876 and 1880 he was an unsuccess- ful candidate for his party's nomination for Gov- ernor. Three times he consented to lead the forlorn hope of the Republicans as a candidate for Congress from an impregnably Democratic stronghold. For several years he was a Director of the McCormick Theological Seminary, at Chi- cago, and, for nineteen years, was a Trustee of the Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbon- dale, resigning in 1893. Died, at Shawneetown, Nov. 17, 1897. BIGGSj James M., ex-Congressman, was born in Scott County, 111., April 17, 1839, where he received a common school education, supple- mented by a partial collegiate course. He is a practicing lawyer of Winchester. In 1864 he was elected Sheriff, serving two years. In 1871-73 he represented Scott County in the lower house of the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, and was State's Attorney from 1873 to 1876. In 1883, and again in 1884, he was the successful Dernocratic candidate for Congress in the Twelfth IlUnois District. RIGUS, Scott, pioneer, was born in North Carolina about 1790; removed to Crawford County, 111, early in 1815, and represented that county in the First General Assembly (1818-20). In 1825 he removed to Scott County, where he continued to reside until his death, Feb. 34, 1873. BI1VAE.EB, John I., lawyer and Congressman, born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 18, 1830. Left an orphan at an early age, he came to Illinois in 1836, and, for several years, lived on farms in Sangamon and Morgan Counties; was educated at Illinois and McKendree Colleges, graduating from the latter in 1851; in 1853 began reading law with John M. Palmer at Carlinville, and was admitted to the bar in 1854. In August, 1862, he recruited the One Hundred and Twenty-second Illinois Volunteers, ' of which he was commis- sioned Colonel. Four months later he was wounded in battle, but served with his regiment through the war, and was brevetted Brigadier- General at its close. Eeturning from the war he resumed the practice of his profession at Carlin- vville. Since 1858 he has been an active Repub- lican ; has twice (1873 and '76) served his party as a Presidential Elector — the latter year for the State-at-large — and, in 1874, accepted a nomina- tion for Congress against William R. Morrison, largely reducing the normal Democratic major- ity. At the State Republican Convention of 1880 he was a prominent, but unsuccessful, candidate for the Republican nomination for Governor. In 1894 he made the race as the Republican candi- date for Congress in the Sixteenth District and, although his opponent was awarded the certifi- cate of election, on a bare majority of 60 votes on the face of the returns, a re-count, ordered by the Fifty-fourth Congress, showed a majority for General Rinaker, and he was seated near the close of the first session. He was a candidate for re-election in 1896, but defeated in a strongly Democratic District. RIPLEY, Edward Payson, Railway President, was born in Dorchester (now a part of Boston), Mass., Oct. 30, 1845, being related, on his mother's side, to the distinguished author. Dr. Edward Payson. After receiving his education in the high school of his native place, at the age of 17 he entered upon a commercial life, as clerk in a wholesale dry-goods establishmeiit in Boston. About the time he became of age, he entered into the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad as a clerk in the freight department in the Boston oflfice, but, a few years later, assumed a responsible position in connection with the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy line, finally becoming General Agent fctr the business of that road east of Buffalo, though retaining his headquarters at Boston. In 1878 he removed to Chicago to accept the position of General Freight Agent of the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy System, with which he remained twelve years, serving successively as General Traffic Manager and General Manager, until June 1, 1890, when he resigned to become Third Vice-President of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul line. This relation was continued until Jan. 1, 1896, when Mr. Ripley accepted the Presidency of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, which (1899) he now holds. Mr. Ripley was a prominent factor in securing the location of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, and, in April, 1891, was chosen one of the Directors of the Exposition, serving on the Executive Committee and the Committee of Ways and Means and Transportation, being Chair- man of the latter. RITERSIDE, a suburban town on the Des Plaines River and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 11 miles west of Chicago; has handsome parks, several churches, a bank, two local papers and numerous fine residences. Population (1890), 1,000; (1900), 1,551. RIVERTON, a village in Clear Creek Town- ship, Sangamon County, at the crossing of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 453 Wabash Railroad over the Sangamon River, 6)4 miles east-northeast of Springfield. It has four churches, a nursery, and two coal mines Popu- lation (1880), 705; (1890), 1,137, (1900), 1,511 ; (1903, est.), about 2,000. KITES, John Cook, early banker and journal- ist, was born in Franklin County, Va., May 24, 1795; in 1806 removed to Kentucky, where he grew up under care of an uncle, Samuel Casey. He received a good education and was a man of high character and attractive manners. In his early manhood he came to Illinois, and was con- nected, for a time, with the Branch State Bank at Edwardsville, but, about 1824, removed to Shawneetown and held a position in the bank there; also studied law and was admitted to practice. Finally, having accepted a clerkship in the Fourth Auditor's Office in Washington, he removed to that city, and, in 1830, became associated with Francis P. Blair, Sr., in the establishment of "The Congressional Globe'' (the predecessor of "The Congressional Record"), of which he finally became sole proprietor, so remaining until 1864. Like his partner, Blair, although a native of Virginia and a life-long Democrat, he was intensely loyal, and contrib- uted liberally of his means for the equipment of soldiers from the District of Columbia, and for the support of their families, during the Civil War. His expenditures for these objects have been estimated at some $30,000. Died, in Prince George's County, Md., April 10, 1864. EOAJfOKE, a village of Woodford County, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, 26 miles northeast of Peoria; is in a coal district; has two banks, a coal mine, and one newspaper. Population (1880), 355; (1890), 831; (1900), 966. KOBB, Thomas Patten, Sanitary Agent, was bom in Bath, Maine, in 1819; came to Cook County, 111., in 1838, and, after arriving at man- hood, established the first exclusive wholesale grocery house in Chicago, remaining in the busi- ness until 1850. He then went to California, establishing himself in mercantile business at Sacramento, where he remained seven years, meanwhile being elected Mayor of that city. Returning to Chicago on the breaking out of the war, he was appointed on the staff of Governor Yates with the rank of Major, aiid, while serv- ing in this capacity, was instrumental in giving General Grant the first duty he performed in the office of the Adjutant-General after his arrival from Galena. Later, he was assigned to duty as Inspector-General of Illinois troops with the rank of Colonel, having general charge of sanitary affairs until the close of the war, when he was appointed Cotton Agent for the State of Georgia, and, still later. President of the Board of Tax Commissioners for that State. Other positions held by him were those of Postmaster and Col- lector of Customs at Savannah, Ga. ; he was also one of the publishers of "The New Era," a Republican paper at Atlanta, and a prominent actor in reconstruction affairs. Resigning the CoUectorship, he was appointed by the President United States Commissioner to investigate Mexi- can outrages on the Rio Grande border ; was sub- sequently identified with Texas railroad interests as the President of the Corpus Christi & Rio Grande Railroad, and one of the projectors of the Chicago, Texas & Mexican Central Railway, being thus engaged until 1872. Later he retm-ned to California, dying near Glenwood, in that State, April 10, 1895, aged 75 years and 10 months. ROBERTS, William Charles, clergyman and educator, was born in a small village of Wales, England., Sept. 23, 1833; received his primary education in that country, but, removing to America during his minority, graduated from Princeton College in 1855, and from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1858. After filling vari- ous pastorates in Delaware, New Jersey and Ohio, in 1881 he was elected Corresponding Secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, the next year being offered the Presidency of Rutgers College, which he declined. In 1887 he accepted the presidency of Lake Forest Univer- sity, which he still retains. From 1859 to 1863 he was a Trustee of Lafayette College, and, in 1866, was elected to a trusteeship of his Alma Mater. He has traveled extensively in the Orient, and was a member of the first and third councils of the Reformed Churches, held at Edin- burgh and Belfast. Besides occasional sermons and frequent contributions to English, Ameri- can, German and Welsh periodicals, Dr. Roberts has published a Welsh translation of the West- minster shorter catechism and a collection of letters on the great preachers of Wales, which appeared in Utica, 1868. He received the degree of D.D., from Union College in 1872, and that of LL.D., from Princeton, in 1887. ROBINSON, an incorporated city and the county-seat of Crawford Courty, 25 miles north- west of Vinoennes, Ind. , and 44 miles south of Paris, 111. ; is on two lines of railroad and in the heart of a fruit and agricultural region The city has water-works, electric lights, two banks and three weekly newspapers Population (1890) 1,387; (1900), 1,683; (1904), about 2,000. 454 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS, KOBINSON, James C, lawyer and former Congressman, was born in Edgar County, 111., in 1832, read law and was admitted to the bar in 1850. He served as a private during the Mexican War, and, in 1858, was elected to Congress as a Democrat, as he was again in 1860, '63, '70 and '73. In 1864 he was the Democratic nominee for Governor. He was a fluent speaker, and attained considerable distinction as an advocate in crimi- nal practice. Died, at Springfield, Nov. 3, 1886. ROBINSON, John M., United States Senator, born in Kentucky in 1793, was liberally educated and became a lawyer by profession. In early life he settled at Carmi, 111. , where he married. He was of fine physique, of engaging manners, and personally popular. Through his association with the State militia he earned the title of "General." In 1880 he was elected to the United States Senate, to fill the unexpired term of John McLean. His immediate predecessor was David Jewett Baker, appointed by Governor Edwards, who served one month but failed of election by the Legislature. In 1834 Mr. Robinson was re- elected for a full term, which expired in 1841. In 1848 he was elected to a seat upon the Illinois Supreme bench, but died at Ottawa, April 37, of the same year, within three months after his elevation. ROCHELLE, a city of Ogle County and an intersecting point of the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago, Burlington & Quinoy Railways. It is 75 miles west of Chicago, 37 miles south of Rockford, and 33 miles east by north of Dixon. It is in a rich agricultural and stock-raising region, rendering Rochelle an important ship- ping point. Among its industrial establish- ments are water- works, electric lights, a flouring mill and silk-underwear factory- The city has three banks, five churches and three newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,789; (1900), 3,073; (1903), 3,500. ROCHESTER, a village and early settlement in Sangamon County, laid out in 1819; in rich agricultural district, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 7>^ miles southeast of Springfield; has a bank, two ohuVches, one school, and a newspaper. Population (1900), 365 ROCK FALLS, a city in Whiteside County, on Rock River and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad; has excellent water-power, a good public school system with a high school, banks and a weekly newspaper. Agricultural imple- ments, barbed wire, furniture, flour and paper are its chief manufactures. Water for the navigable feeder of the Hennepin Canal is taken from Rock River at this point. Pop. (1900), 3,176. EOCKFORD, a flourishing manufacturing city, the county-seat of Winnebago County ; lies on both sides of the Rock River, 93 miles west of Chicago. Four trunk lines of railroad — the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quinoy, the Chicago & North- western, the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul — intersect here. Excellent water-power is secured by a dam across the river, and communication between the two divisions of the city is facilitated by three railway and three highway bridges. Water is provided from five artesian wells, a reserve main leading to the river. The city is wealthy, prosperous and pro- gressive. The assessed valuation of property, in 1893, w^as 16,531,335. Churches are numerous and schools, both public and private, are abundant and well conducted. The census of 1890 showed 17,715,069 capital invested in 246 manufacturing establishments, which employed 5, 223 persons and turned out an annual product .valued at $8,888,- 904. The principal industries are the manufac- ture of agricultural implements and fumitm-e, though watches, silver-plated ware, paper, flour and grape sugar are among the other products. Pop. (1880), 18,129; (1890), 23,584; (1900), 31,051. ROCKFORD COLLEGE, located at Rockford, 111., incorporated in 1847; in 1898 had a faculty of 31 instructors with 161 pupils. The branches taught include the classics, music and fine arts. It has a library of 6,150 volumes, funds and en- dowment aggregating §50,880 and property valued at 1340,880, of which §150,000 is real estate. ROCK ISLAND, the principal city and county- seat of Rock Island County, on the Mississippi River, 183 miles west by south from Chicago ; is the converging point of five lines of railroad, and the western terminus of the Hennepin Canal. The name is derived from an island in the Missis- sippi River, opposite the city, 8 miles long, which belongs to the United States Government and contains an arsenal and armory. The river channel north of the island is navigable, the southern channel having been dammed by the Government, thereby giving great water power to Rock Island and Moline. A combined railway and highway bridge spans the river from Rock Island to Davenport, Iowa, crossing the island, while a railway bridge connects the cities a mile below. The island was the site of Fort Arm- strong during the Black Hawk War, and was also a place for the confinement of Confederate prison- ers during the Civil War. Rock Island is in a re- gion of much picturesque scenery and has exten- sive manufactures of lumber, agricultural imple- HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 455 inents, iron, carriages and wagons and oilcloth; also five banks and three newspapers, two issuing daily editions. Pop. (1890), 13,634; (1900), 19,493. ROCK ISLAND COUNTY, in the northwestern section of the State bordering upon the Missis- sippi River (which constitutes its northwestern boundary for more than 60 miles), and having an area of 440 square miles. In 1816 the Govern- ment erected a fort on Rock Island (an island in the Mississippi, 3 miles long and one-half to three-quarters of a mile wide), naming it Fort Armstrong. It has always remained a military post, and is now the seat of an extensive arsenal and work-shops. In the spring of 1828, settle- ments were made near Port Byron by John and Thomas Kinney, Archibald Allen and George Harlan. Other early settlers, near Rock Island and Rapids City, were J. W. Spencer, J. W. Bar- riels, Benjamin F. Pike and Conrad Leak; and among the pioneers were Wells and Michael Bart- lett, Joel Thompson, the Si^nms brothers and George Davenport. The country was full of Indians, this being the headquarters of Black Hawk and the initial point of the Black Hawk War. (See Black Hawk, and Black Hawk War. ) By 1839 settlers were increased in number and county organization was effected in 1835, Rock Island (then called Stephenson) being made the county-seat. Joseph Conway was the first County Clerk, and Joel Wells, Sr. , the first Treas- urer. The first court was held at the residence of John W. Barriels, in Farnhamsburg. The county is irregular in shape, and the soil and scenery greatly varied. Coal is abundant, the water-power inexhaustible, and the county's mining arid manufacturing interests are very extensive. Several lines of railway cross the county, affording admirable transportation facili- ties to both eastern and western markets. Rock Island and Moline (which see) are the two prin- cipal cities in the county, though there are several other important points. Coal Valley is the center of large mining interests, and Milan is also a manufacturing center. Port Byron is one of the oldest towns in the county, and has con- siderable lime and lumber interests, while Water- town is the seat of the Western Hospital for the Insane. Population of the county (1880), 38,302; (1890), 41,917; (1900), 55,349. KOCK ISLAND & PEOBIA RAILWAY, a standard-guage road, laid with steel rails, extend- ing from Rock Island to Peoria, 91 miles. It is lessee of the Rock Island & Mercer County Rail- road, running from Milan to Cable, 111., giving it ■a total length of 118 miles— 'with Peoria Terminal, 121.10 miles.— (History.) The company is a reorganization (Oct. 9, 1877) of the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad Company, whose road was sold under foreclosure, April 4, 1877. The latter Road was the result of the consolidation, in 1869, of two corporations— the Rock Island & Peoria and the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad Compa- nies — the new organization taking the latter name. The road was opened through its entire length, Jan. 1, 1873, its sale under foreclosure and reorganization under its present name taking place, as already stated, in 1877. The Cable Branch was organized in 1876, as the Rock Island & Mercer County Railroad, and opened in De- cember of the same year, sold under foreclosure in 1877, and leased to the Rock Island & Peoria Rail- road, July 1, 1885, for 999 years, the rental for the entire period being commuted at $450,000. — (Financial.) The cost of the entire road and equipment was 53,654,487. The capital stock (1898) is §1,500.000; funded debt, $600,000; other forms of indebtedness increasing the total capital invested to $3,181,066. KOCK RIVER, a stream which rises in Wash- ington County, Wis., and fiows generally in a southerly direction, a part of its course being very sinuous. After crossing the northern boundary of Illinois, it runs southwestward, intersecting the counties of Winnebago, Ogle, Lee, Whiteside and Rock Island, and entering the Mississippi three miles below the city of Rock Island. It is about 375 miles long, but its navigation is partly obstructed by rapids, which, however, furnish abundant water-power. The principal towns on its banks are Rockford, Dixon and Sterling. Its valley is wide, and noted for its beauty and fertility. ROCKTON, a village in Winnebago County, at the junction of two branches of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, on Rock River, 13 miles north of Rockford; has manufactures of paper and agricultural implements, a feed mill, and local paper. Pop. (1890), 893; (1900), 936. ROE, Edward Reynolds, A.B., M.D., physician, soldier and author, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, June 33, 1813 ; removed with his father, in 1819, to Cincinnati, and graduated at Louisville Med- ical Institute in 1842; began practice at Anderson, Ind., but soon removed to Shawneetown, 111., where he gave much attention to geological research and made some extensive natural his- tory collections. From 1848 to '52 he resided at Jacksonville, lectured extensively on his favorite science, wrote for the press and, for two years (1850-53), edited "The Jacksonville Journal, " still 456 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. later editing the newly established "Constitu- tionalist" for a few months. During a part of this period he was lecturer on natural science at ShurtleflE College ; also delivered a lecture before the State Legislature on the geology of Illinois, which was immediately followed by the passage of the act establishing the State Geological Department. A majority of both houses joined in a request for his appointment as State Geolo- gist, but it was rejected on partisan grounds — he, then, being a Whig. Removing to Blooming- ton in 1852, Dr. Eoe became prominent in educa- tional matters, being the first Professor of Natural Science in the State Normal University, and also a Trustee of the Illinois "Wesleyan University. Having identified himself with the Democratic party at this time, he became its nominee for State Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1860, but, on the inception of the war in 1861, he promptly espoused the cause of the Union, raised three companies (mostly Normal students) which were attached to the Thirty-third Illinois (Nor- mal) Regiment ; was elected Captain and succes- sively promoted to Major and Lieutenant-Colonel. Having been dangerously wounded in the assault at Vicksburg, on May 23, 1863, and compelled to return home, he was elected Circuit Clerk by the combined vote of both parties, was re-elected four years later,, became editor of "The Bloom- ington Pantagraph" and, in 1870, was elected to the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, where he won distinction by a somewhat notable humorous speech in opposition to removing the State Capital to Peoria. In 1871 he was ap- pointed Marshal for the Southern District of Illi- nois, serving nine years. Dr. Roe was a somewhat prolific author, having produced more than a dozen works which have appeared in book form. One of these, "Virginia Rose; a Tale of Illinois in Early Days," first appeared as a prize serial in "The Alton Courier" in 1852. Others of his more noteworthy productions are : "The Gray and the Blue"; "Brought to Bay"; "From the Beaten Path"; "G. A. R. ; or How She Married His Double"; "Dr. Caldwell; or the Trail of the Serpent"; and "Prairie-Land and Other Poems." He died in Chicago, Nov. 6, 1893. ROGERS, George Clarke, soldier, was born in Grafton County, N H., Nov. 22, 1838; but was educated in Vermont and Illinois, having re- moved to the latter State early in life. While teaching he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1860 ; was the first, in 1861, to raise a com- pany in Lake County for the war, which was mustered into the Fifteenth Illinois Volunteers ; was chosen Second-Lieutenant and later Captain;: was wounded four times at Shiloh, but refused to- leave the field, and led his regiment in the final charge; was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel and soon after commissioned Colonel for gallantry at Hatchie. At Champion Hills he received three wounds, from one of which he never fully re- covered ; took a prominent part in the operations at Allatoona and commanded a brigade nearly two years, including the Atlanta campaign, retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier-Gen- eral. Since the war has practiced law in Illinois and in Kansas. ROGERS, Henry Wade, educator, lawyer and author, was born in Central New York in 1853; entered Hamilton College, but the following- year became a student in Michigan University, graduating there in 1874, also receiving th& degree of A.M., from the same institution, in 1877. In 1883 he was elected to a professorship- in the Ann Arbor Law School, and, in 1885, was made Dean of the Faculty, succeeding Judge Cooley, at the age of 32. Five years later he was tendered, and accepted, the Presidency' of the Northwestern University, at Evanston, being the first layman chosen to the position, and succeed- ing a long line of Bishops and divines. The same year (1890), Wesleyan University conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. He is a mem- ber of the American Bar Association, has served for a number of years on its Committee on Legal Education and Admission to the Bar, and was the first Chairman of the Section on Legal Edu- cation. President Rogers was the General Chair- man of the Conference on the Future Foreign Policy of the United States, held at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., in August, 1898. At the Con- gress held in 1893, as auxiliary to the Columbian Exposition, he was chosen Chairman of the Com- mittee on Law Reform and Jurisprudence, and was for a time associate editor of "The American Law Registei-," of Philadelphia. He is also the author of a treatise on "Expert Testimony," which has passed through two editions, and has edited a work entitled "Illinois Citations," besides doing much other valuable literary work of a similar character. ROGERS, John Gorin, jurist, was born at Glasgow, Ky., Dec. 28, 1818, of English and early Virginian ancestry ; was educated at Center Col- lege, Danville, Ky., and at Transylvania Univer- sity, graduating from the latter institution in 1841, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. For sixteen years he practiced in his native town, and, in 1857, removed to Chicago, where he soon HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 457' attained professional prominence. In 1870 he was elected a Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court, continuing on the bench, through repeated re-elections, until his death, which occurred suddenly, Jan. 10, 1887, four years before the expiration of the term for which he had been elected. ROGERS PARK, a village and suburb 9 miles north of Chicago, on Lake Michigan and the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railways ; has a bank and two weekly newspapers ; is reached by electric street- car hne from Chicago, and is a popular residence suburb. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1893. ROLL, John E., pioneer, was born in Green Village, N. J., June 4, 1814; came to Illinois in 1830, and settled in Sangamon County. He assisted Abraham Lincoln in the construction of the flat-boat with which the latter descended the Mississippi River to New Orleans, in 1831. Mr. EoU, who was a mechanic and contractor, built a number of houses in Springfield, where he has since continued to reside. ROMAN OATHOLIC CHURCH. The earliest Christians to establish places of worship in Illi- nois were priests of the Catholic faith. Early Catholic missionaries were explorers and histori- ans as well as preachers. (See Allouez; Bergier; Early Missionaries; Oravier,' Marquette.) The church went hand in hand with the represent- atives of the French Grovernment, carrying in one hand the cross and in the other the flag of France, simultaneously disseminating the doc- trines of Christianity and inculcating loyalty to the House of Bourbon. For nearly a hundred years, the self-sacrificing and devoted Catholic clergy of the seventeenth and eighteenth cen- turies ministered to the spiritual wants of the early French settlers and the natives. They were not without factional jealousies, however, and a severe blow was dealt to a branch of them in the order for the banishment of the Jesuits and the confiscation of their property. (See Early Mis- sionaries.) The subsequent occupation of the country by the English, with the contemporane- ous emigration of a considerable portion of the French west of the Mississippi, dissipated many congregations. Up to 1830 Illinois was included in the diocese of Missouri ; but at that time it was constituted a separate diocese, under the episco- pal control of Rt. Rev. Joseph Rosatti. At that date there were few, if any, priests in Illinois. But Bishop Rosatti was a man of earnest purpose and rare administrative ability. New parishes were organized as rapidly as circumstances would permit, and the growth of the church has been steady. By 1840 there were thirty-one parishes and twenty priests. In 1896 there are reported 698 parishes, 764 clergymen and a Catholic population exceeding 850,000. (See also- Religious Denominations. ) KOODHOUSE, a city in Greene County, 21 miles south of Jacksonville, and at junction of three divisions of the Chicago & Alton Railroad ; is in fertile agricultural and coal-mining region ; city contains a flouring mill, grain-elevator, stock- yards, railway shops, water-works, electric light plant, two private banks, fine opera house, good school buildings, one daily and two weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 2,360; (1900), 2,351. ROODHOUSE, John, farmer and founder of the town of Roodhou^e, in Greene County, 111., was born in Yorkshire, England, brought to America in childhood, his father settling in Greene County, 111., in 1831. In his early man- hood he opened a farm in Tazewell County, but finally returned to the paternal home in Greene County, where, on the location of the Jackson- ville Division of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, he laid out the town of Roodhouse, at the junc- tion of the Louisiana and Kansas City branch with the main line. ROOT, George Frederick, musical composer and author, was born at Sheffield, Mass., August 30, 1820. He was a natural musician, and, while employed on his father's farm, learned to play on various instruments. In 1838 he removed to Bos- ton, where he began his life-work. Besides teaching music in the pubUo schools, he was employed to direct the musical service in twa churches. From Boston he removed to New York, and, in 1850, went to Paris for purposes of musical study. In 1853 he made his first public essay as a composer in the song, "Hazel Bell," which became popular at once. From this time forward his success as a song-writer was assured. His music, while not of a high artistic character, captivated the popular ear and appealed strongly to the heart. In 1860 he took up his residence in Chicago, where he conducted a musical journal and wrote those ''war songs" which created and perpetuated his fame. Among the best known are "Rally Round the Flag"; "Just Before the Battle, Mother"; and "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp." Other popular songs by him are "Rosalie, the Prairie Flower"; "A Hundred Years Ago"; and "The Old Folks are Gone." Besides songs he composed several cantatas and much sacred music, also publishing many books of instruction and numerous collections of vocal and instru- 458 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. mental music. In 1873 the University of Chicago conferred on him the degree of Mus. Doc. Died, near Portland, Maine, August 6, 1895. ROOTS, Benajah Guernsey, civil engineer, and educator, was born in Onondaga County N. Y., April 20, 1811, and educated in the schools and academies of Central New York; began teaching in 1827, and, after spending a year at sea for the benefit of his health, took a course in law and civil engineering. He was employed as a civil engineer on the Western Railroad of Massachusetts until 1838, when he came to Illi- nois and obtained employment on the railroad projected from Alton to Shawneetown, under the "internal improvement system" of 1837. When that was suspended in 1839, he settled on a farm near the present site of Tamaroa, Perry County, and soon after opened a boarding school, continuing its management until 1846, when he became Principal of a seminary at Sparta. In 1851 he went into the service of the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad, first as resident engineer in charge of surveys and construction, later as land agent and attorney. He was prominent in the introduction of the graded school system in Illi- nois and in the establishment of the State Nor- mal School at Bloomington and the University of Illinois at Champaign; was a member of the State Board of Education from its organization, and served as delegate to the National Repub- lican Convention of 1868. Died, at his home in Perry County, 111., May 9, 1888.— Philander Keep (Roots), son of the preceding, born in Tolland County, Conn., June 4, 1838, brought to Illinois the same year and educated in his father's school, and in an academy at CarroUton and the Wes- leyan University at Bloomington ; at the age of 17 belonged to a corps of , engineers employed on a Southern railroad, and, during the war, served as a civil engineer in the construction and repair of military roads. Later, he was Deputy Sur- veyor-General of Nebraska ; in 1871 became Chief Engineer on the Cairo & Fulton (now a part of the Iron Mountain) Railway; then engaged in the banking business in Arkansas, first as cashier of a bank at Fort Smith and afterwards of the Merchants' National Bank at Little Rock, of which his brother, Logan H., was President. — Logan H. (Roots), another son, born near Tama- roa, Perry County, 111., March 22, 1841, was edu- cated at home and at the State Normal at Bloomington, meanwhile serving as principal of a high school at Duquoin ; in 1862 enlisted in the Eighty-first Illinois Volunteers, serving through the war and acting as Chief Commissary for General Sherman on the "March to the Sea," and participating in the great review in Wash- ington, in May,. 1865. After the conclusion of the war he was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for the First Arkansas District, was elected from that State to the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses (1868 and 1870)— being, at the time, the youngest member in that body — and was appointed United States Marshal by Presi- dent Grant. He finally became President of the Merchants' National Bank at Little Rock, with which he remained nearly twenty years. Died, suddenly, of congestion of the brain. May 30, 1893, leaving an estate valued at nearly one and a half millions, of which he gave a large share to charitable purposes and to the city of Little Rock, for the benefit of its hospitals and the im- provement of its parks. KOSE, James A., Secretary of State, was bom at Golconda, Pope County, 111., Oct. 13, 1850. The foundation of his education was secured in the public schools of his native place, and, after a term in the Normal University at Normal, 111., at the age of 18 he took charge of a country school. Soon he was chosen Principal of the Golconda graded schools, was later made County Superintendent of Schools, and re-elected for a second term. During his second term he was admitted to the bar, and, resigning the office of Superintendent, was elected State's Attorney without opposition, being re-elected for another term. In 1889, by appointment of Governor Fifer, he became one of the Trustees of the Poutiac Reformatory, serving until the next year, when he was transferred to the Board of Commissioners of the Southern Illinois Peniten- tiary at Chester, which position he continued to occupy until 1893. In 1896 he was elected Secre- tary of State on the Republican ticket, his term extending to January, 1901. ROSEVILLE, a village in Warren County, on the Rock Island Division of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railroad, 17 miles northwest of Bushnell ; has water and electric-light plants, two banks, public library and one newspaper Region agricultural and coal-mining. Pop. (1900), 1,014. BOSS, Leonard Fulton, soldier, born in Fulton County, 111., July 18, 1823; was educated in the common schools and at Illinois College, Jackson- ville, studied law and admitted to the bar in 1845; the following year enlisted in the Fourth Illinois Volunteers for the Mexican War, became First Lieutenant and was commended for services at Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo ; also performed im- portant service as bearer of dispatches for Gen- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 459 eral Taylor. After the war he served six years as Probate Judge. In May, 1861, he enlisted in the war for the Union, and was chosen Colonel of the Seventeenth Illinois Volunteers, serving with it in Missouri and Kentucky ; was commis- sioned Brigadier-General a few weeks after the capture of Fort Donelson, and, after the evacu- ation of Corinth, was assigned to the command of a division with headquarters at Bolivar, Tenn. He resigned in July, 1863, and, in 1867, was appointed by President Johnson Collector of Internal Revenue for the Ninth District; has been three times a delegate to National Repub- lican Conventions and twice defeated as a candi- date for Congress in a Democratic District. Since the war he has devoted his attention largely to stock-raising, having a large stock- farm in Iowa. In his later years was President of a bank at Levsristown, 111. Died Jan. 17, 1901. BOSS, (Col.) William, pioneer, was born at Monson, Hampden County, Mass., April 24, 1792; removed with his father's family, in 1805, to Pittsfield, Mass., where he remained until his twentieth year, when he was commissioned an Ensign in the Twenty-first Regiment United States Infantry, serving through the War of 1813- 14, and participating in the battle of Sack- ett's Harbor. During the latter part of his serv- ice he acted as drill-master at various points. Then, returning to Pittsfield, he carried on the business of blacksmithing as an employer, mean- while filling some local ofiices. In 1830, a com- pany consisting of himself and four brothers, with their families and a few others, started for the West, intending to settle in Illinois. Reach- ing the head-waters of the Allegheny overland, they transferred their wagons, teams and other property to flat-boats, descending that stream and the Ohio to Shawneetown, 111. Here they disembarked and, crossing the State, reached Upper Alton, where they found only one house, that of Maj. Charles W. Hunter. Leaving their families at Upper Alton, the brothers proceeded north, crossing the Illinois River near its mouth, nntil they reached a point in the western part of the present county of Pike, where the town of Atlas was afterwards located. Here they erected four rough log-cabins, on a beautiful prairie not far from the Mississippi, removing their families thither a few weeks later. They suffered the usual privations incident to life in a new country, not excepting sickness and death of some of their number. At the next session of the Legislature (1830-31) Pike County was estab- lished, embracing all that part of the State west and north of the Illinois, and including the present cities of Galena and Chicago. The Ross settlement became the nucleus of the town of Atlas, laid out by Colonel Ross and his associates in 1833, at an early day the rival of Quincy, and becoming the second county-seat of Pike County, so remaining from 1834 to 1833, when the seat of justice was removed to Pittsfield. During this period Colonel Ross was one of the most promi- nent citizens of the county, holding, simultane- ously or successively, the ofiices of Probate Judge, Circuit and County Clerk, Justice of the Peace, and others of a subordinate character. As Colonel of Militia, in 1833, he was ordered by Governor Reynolds to raise a company for the Black Hawk War, and, in four days, reported at Beardstown with twice the number of men called for. In 1834 he was elected to the lower ' branch of the General Assembly, also serving in the Senate during the three following sessions, a part of the time as President pro tem. of the last- named body. While in the General Assembly he was instrumental in securing legislation of great importance relating to Military Tract lands. The year following the establishment of the county-seat at Pittsfield (1834) he became a citi- zen of that place, which he had the privilege of naming for his early home. He was a member of the Republican State Convention of 1856, and a delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1860, which nominated Mr. Lincoln for Presi- dent the first time. Beginning life poor he acquired considerable property ; was liberal, pub- lic-spirited and patriotic, making a handsome donation to the first company organized in Pike County, for the suppression of the Rebellion. Died, at Pittsfield, May 31, 1873. EOSSVILLE, a village of Vermillion County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 19 miles north of Danville ; has electric-light plant, water- works, tile and brick-works, two banks and two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 879; (1900), 1,435. ROUNDS, Sterling Parker, public printer, was born in Berkshire, Vt., June 37, 1838; about 1840 began , learning the printer's trade at Ken- osha, Wis., and, in 1845, was foreman of the State printing office at Madison, afterward working in offices in Milwaukee, Racine and Buffalo, going to Chicago in 1851. Here he finally established a printer's warehouse, to which he later added an electrotype foundry and the manufacture of presses, also commencing the issue of "Round's Printers' Cabinet," a trade-paper, which was continued during his life. In 1881 he was ap- pointed by President Garfield Public Printer at 4G0 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Washington, serving until 1885, when he removed to Omaha, Neb., and was identified with "The Eepublican," of that city, until his death, Deo. 17, 1887. ROUNTREE, Hiram, County Judge, born in Rutherford County, N. C, Dec. 32, 1794; was brought to Kentucky in infancy, where he grew to manhood and served as an Ensign in the War of 1813 under General Shelby. In 1817 he re- moved to Illinois Territory, first locating in Madison County, where he taught school for two years near Edwardsville, but removed to Fayette County about the time of the removal of the State capital to VandaUa. On the organization of Montgomery County, in 1831, he was appointed to office there and ever afterwards resided at Hillsboro. For a number of years in the early history of the county, he held (at the same time) the offices of Clerk of the Coxmty Commissioners Court, Clerk of the Circuit Court, County Recorder, Justice of the Peace, Notary Public, Master in Chancery and Judge of Probate, besides that of Postmaster for the town of Hillsboro. In 1826 he was elected Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the Senate and re-elected in 1830 ; served as Delegate in the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and the next year was elected to the State Senate, serving in the Sixteenth and Seven- teenth General Assemblies. On retiring from the Senate (1853), he was elected County Judge without opposition, was re-elected to the same office in 1861, and again, in 1865, as the nominee of the Republicans. Judge Rountree was noted for his sound judgment and sterling integrity. Died, at Hillsboro, March 4, 1873. ROUTT, John L., soldier and Governor, was born at Eddyville, Ky., April 35, 1836, brought to Illinois in infancy and educated in the com- mon schools. Soon after coming of age he was elected and served one term as Sheriff of McLean County; in 1862 enlisted and became Captain of Company E, Ninety-fourth Illinois Volunteers. After the war he engaged in business in Bloom- ington, and was appointed by President Grant, successively. United States Marshal for the Southern District of Illinois, Second Assistant Postmaster-General and Territorial Governor of Colorado. On the admission of Colorado as a State, he was elected the first Governor under the State Government, and re-elected in 1890 — serv- ing, in all, three years. His home is in Denver. He has been extensively and successfully identi- fied with mining enterprises in Colorado. ROWELL, Jonathan H., ex-Congressman, was born at Haverhill, N. H., Feb. 10, 1883. He is a graduate of Eureka College and of the Law Department of the Chicago University. During the War of the Rebellion he served three years as company officer in the Seventeenth Illinois Infantry. In 1868 he was elected State's Attor- ney for the Eighth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1880, was a Presidential Elector on the Eepublican ticket. . In 1882 he was elected to Congress from the Fourteenth Illinois District and three times re-elected, serving until March, 1891. His home is at Bloomington. ROWETT, Richard, soldier, was bom in Corn- wall, England, in 1880, came to the United States in 1851, finally settling on a farm near Carlinville, 111., and becoming a breeder of thorough-bred horses. In 1861 he entered the service as a Captain in the Seventh Illinois Volunteers and- was successively promoted Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel; was wounded in the battles of Shiloh, Corinth and Allatoona, especially distinguishing himself at the latter and being brevetted Brigadier-General for gallantry. After the war he returned to his stock-farm, but later held the positions of Canal Commissioner, Penitentiary Commissioner, Rep- resentative in the Thirtieth General Assem- bly and Collector of Internal Revenue for the Fourth (Quincy) District, until its consolidation with the Eighth District by President Cleveland. Died, in Chicago, July 13, 1887. RTJSH MEDICAL COLLEGE, located in Chi- cago; incorporated by act of March 3, 1837, the charter having been prepared the previous year by Drs. Daniel Brainard and Josiah C. Goodhue. The extreme financial depression of the following year prevented the organization of a faculty until 1843. The institution was named in honor of Dr. Benjamin Riish, the eminent practitioner, medical author and teacher of Philadelphia in the latter half of the eighteenth century. The first faculty consisted of four professors, and the first term opened on Dec. 4, 1848, with a class of twenty-two students. Three years' study was required for graduation, but only two annual terms of sixteen weeks each need be attended at the college itself. Instruction was given iu a few rooms temporarily opened for that purpose. The next year a small building, costing between $8,000 and $4,000, was erected. This was re-ar- ranged and enlarged in 1855 at a cost of $15,000. The constant and rapid growth of the college necessitated the erection of a new building in 1867, the cost of which was $70,000. This was destroyed in the fire of 1871, and another, costing $54,000, was erected in 1876 and a free dispensary HISTOEIOAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 461 added. In 1844 the Presbyterian Hospital was located on a portion of the college lot, and the two institutions connected, thus insuring abun- dant and stable facilities for clinical instruction. Shortly afterwards, Rush College became the medical department of Lake Forest University. The present faculty (1898) consists of 95 profes- sors, adjunct professors, lecturers and instructors of all grades, and over 600 students in attend- ance. The leiigth of the annual terms is six months, and four years of study are required for graduation, attendance upon at least three col-, lege terms being compulsory. EUSHVILLE, the county-seat of Schuyler County, 50 miles northeast of Quincy and 11 miles northwest of Beardstown ; is the southerr. terminus of the Buda and Rushville branch of the Chicago, Bxrrlington & Quincy Railroad. The town was selected as the county-seat in 1826, the seat of justice being removed from a place called Beardstown, about five miles eastward (not the present Beardstown in Cass County), where it had been located at the time of the organization of Schuyler County, a year previous. At first the new seat of justice was called Rush- ton, in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but after- wards took its present name. It is a coal-mining, grain and fruit-growing region, and contains several manufactories, including flour-mills, brick and tile works; also has two banks (State and private) and a public library. Four periodicals (one daily) are published here. Population (1880), 1,662; (1890), 2,031; (1900), 2,292. RUSSELL, John, pioneer teacher and author, was born at Cavendish, Vt., July 31, 1793, and educated in the common schools of his native State and at Middlebury College, where he gradu- ated in 1818 — having obtained means to support himself, during his college course, by teaching and by the publication, before he had reached his 20th year, of a volume entitled "The Authentic History of Vermont State Prison. ' ' After gradu- ation he taught for a short time in Georgia ; but, early in the following year, joined his father on the way to Missouri. The next five years he spent in teaching in the "Bonhommie Bottom" en the Missouri River. During this period he published, anonymously, in "The St. Charles Mis- sourian," a temperance allegory entitled "The Venomous Worm" (or "The Worm of the Still"), which gained a wide popularity and was early recognized by the compilers of school-readers as a sort of classic. Leaving this locality he taught a year in St. Louis, when he removed to Vandalia (then the capital of Illinois), after which he spent two years teaching in the Seminary at Upper Alton, which afterwards became Shurtleflf College. In 1838 he removed to Greene County, locating at a point near the Illinois River to which he gave the name of Bluffdale. Here he was li- censed as a Baptist preacher, officiating in this ca- pacity only occasionally, while pursuing his calling as a teacher or writer for the press, to which he was an almost constant contributor during the last twenty-five years of his life. About 1837 or 1838 he was editor of a paper called "The Backwoodsman" at Grafton— then a part of Greene County, but now in Jersey County— to which he afterwards continued to be a contribu- tor some time longer, and, in 1841-42, was editor of "The Advertiser, ' at Louisville, Ky. He was also, for several years. Principal of the Spring Hill Academy in East Feliciana Parish, La., meanwhile serving for a portion of the time as Superintendent of Public Schools. He was the author of a number of stories and sketches, some of which went through several editions, and, at the time of his death, had in preparation a his- tory of "The Black Hawk War," "Evidences of Christianity" and a "History of Illinois." He was an accomplished linguist, being able to read with fluency Greek, Latin, French, Spanish and Italian, besides having considerable familiarity with several other modern languages. In 1862 he received from the University of Chicago the degree of LL.D. Died, Jan. 3, 1863, and. was buried on the old homestead at Bluflfdale. RUSSELL, Martin J., politician and journal- ist, born in Chicago, Dec. 20, 1845. He was a nephew of Col. James A. Mulligan (see Mulligan, James A. ) and served with credit as Adjutant- General on the staff of the latter in the Civil War. In 1870 he became a reporter on "The Chicago Evening Post," and was advanced to the position of city editor. Subsequently he was connected with "The Times," and "The Tele- gram" ; was also a member of the Board of Edu- cation of Hyde Park before the annexation of that village to Chicago, and has been one of the South Park Commissioners of the city last named. After the purchase of "The Chicago Times" by Carter H. Harrison he remained for a time on the editorial, staff. In 1894 President Cleveland appointed him Collector of the Port of Chicago. At the expiration of his term of office he resumed editorial work as editor-in-chief of "The Chron- icle," the organ of -the Democratic party in Chicago. Died June 25, 1900. RUTHERFORD, Friend S., lawyer and sol- dier, was born in Schenectady, N. Y., Sept. 25, 462 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 1820; studied law in Troy and removed to Illi- nois, settling at Ed wards ville, and finally at Alton; was a Republican candidate for Presi- dential Elector in 1856, and, in 1860, a member of the National Republican Convention at Chicago, which nominated Mr. Lincoln for the Presidency. In September, 1863, he was commissioned Colonel of the Ninety-seventh Illinois Volunteers, and participated in the capture of Port Gibson and in the operations about Vicksburg — also leading in the attack on Arkansas Post, and subsequently serving in Louisiana, but died as the result of fatigue and exposure in the service, June 20, 1864, one week before his promotion to the rank of Brigadier-General. — Reuben C. (Rutherford), brother of the preceding, was born at Troy, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1823, but grew up in Vermont and New Hampshire ; received a degree in law when quite young, but afterwards fitted himself as a lec- turer on physiology and hygiene, upon which he lectured extensively in Michigan, Illinois and other States after coming west in 1849. During 1854-55, in co-operation with Prof. J. B. Turner and others, he canvassed and lectured extensively throughout Illinois in support of the movement which resulted in the donation of public lands, by Congress, for the establishment of "Industrial Colleges" in the several States. The establish- ment of the University of Illinois, atChampaign, was the outgrowth of this movement. In 1856 he located at Quincy, where he resided some thirty years; in 1861, served for several months as the first Commissary of Subsistence at Cairo; was later associated with the State Quartermaster's Department, finally entering the secret service of the War Department, in which he remained until 1867, retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier- General. In 1886, General Rutherford removed to New York City, where he died, June 24, 1895. — George T. (Rutherford), another brother, was born at Rutland, Vt. , 1830 ; was first admitted to the bar, but afterwards took charge of the con- struction of telegraph lines in some of the South- ern States; at the beginning of the Civil War became Assistant Quartermaster-General of the State of Illinois, at Springfield, under ex-Gov. John Wood, but subsequently entered the Quartermaster's service of the General Govern- ment in Washington, retiring after the war with the rank of Brigadier-General. He then returned to Quincy, 111. , where he resided until 1872, when he engaged in manufacturing business at North- ampton, Mass., but finally removed to California for the benefit of his failing health. Died, at St. Helena, Cal., August 28, 1872. RUTLAND, a village of La Salle County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 25 miles south of La Salle; has a bank, five churches, school, and a newspaper, with coal mines in the vicinity. Pop. (1890), 509; (1900), 893; (1903), 1,093. RUTLEDGE, (Rev.) WiUiam J., clergyman. Army Chaplain, born in Augusta Covmty, Va., June 24, 1820; was converted at .the age of 13 years and, at 21, became a member of the Illinois Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, serving various churches in the central and west- ern parts of the State — also acting, for a time, as Agent of the Illinois Conference Female College at Jacksonville. From 1861 to 1863 he was Chap- lain of the Fourteenth Regiment Illinois Volun- teers. Returning from the war, he served as pastor of churches at Jacksonville, Bloomington, Quincy, Rushville, Springfield, Griggsville and other points; from 1881 to '84 was Chaplain of the Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet. Mr. Rutledge was one of the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, and served for many years as Chaplain of the order for the Department of Illinois. In connection with the ministry, he has occupied a supernumerary relation since 1885. Died in Jacksonville, April 14, 1900. RUTZ, Edward, State Treasurer, was born in a village in the Duchy of Baden, Germany, May 5, 1829 ; came to America in 1848, locating on a farm in St. Clair County, 111. ; went to California in 1857, and, early in 1861, enlisted in the Third United States Artillery at San Francisco, serving with the Army of the Potomac until his discharge in 1864, and taking part in every battle in which his command was engaged. After his return in 1865, he located in St. Clair County, and was elected County Surveyor, served three consecu- tive terms as County Treasurer, and was elected State Treasurer three times— 1873, '76 and '80. About 1892 he removed to California, where he now resides. RYAN, Edward G., early editor and jurist, born at Newcastle House, County Meath, Ireland, Nov. 13, 1810; was educated for the priesthood, but turned his attention to law, and, in 1830, came to New York and engaged in teaching while prosecuting his legal studies; in 1836 re- moved to Chicago, where he was admitted to the bar and was, for a time, associated in practice with Hugh T. Dickey. In April, 1840, Mr. Ryan assumed the editorship of a weekly paper in Chi- cago called "The Illinois Tribune," which he conducted for over a year, and which is remem- bered chiefly on account of its bitter assaults on Judge John Pearson of Danville, who had HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 463 aroused the hostility of some members of the Chicago bar by his rulings upon the bench. About 1843 Ryan removed to Milwaukee, Wis., where he was, for a time, a partner of Matthew H. Carpenter (afterwards United States Senator), and was connected with a number of celebrated trials before the courts of that State, including the Barstow-Bashford case, which ended with Bashford becoming the first Bepublican Governor of Wisconsin. In 1874 he was appointed Chief Justice of Wisconsin, serving until his death, which occurred at Madison, Oct. 19, 1880. He was a strong partisan, and, during the Civil War, was an intense opponent of the war policy of the Government. In spite of infirmities of temper, he appears to have been a man of much learning and recognized legal ability. RTAN, James, Roman Catholic Bishop, born in Ireland in 1848 and emigrated to America in childhood; was educated for the priesthood in Kentucky, and, after ordination, was made a pro- fessor in St. Joseph's Seminary, at Bardstown, Ky. In 1878 he removed to Illinois, attaching himself to the diocese of Peoria, and having charge of parishes at Wataga and Danville. In 1881 he became rector of the Ottawa parish, within the episcopal jurisdiction of the Arch- bishop of Chicago. In 1888 he was made Bishop of the see of Alton, the prior incumbent (Bishop Babes) having died in 1886. SACS AJfD FOXES, two confederated Indian tribes, who were among the most warlike and powerful of the aborigines of the Illinois Country. The Foxes called themselves the Musk-wah-ha- kee, a name compounded of two words, signify- ing "those of red earth." The French called them Ou-ta-ga-mies, that being their spelling of the imme given them by other tribes, the mean- ing of which was "Foxes," and which was bestowed upon them because their totem (or armorial device, as it may be called) was a fox. They seem to have been driven westward from the northern shore of Lake Ontario, by way of Niagara and Mackinac, to the region around Green Bay, Wis. — Concerning their allied breth- ren, the Sacs, less is known. The name is vari- ously spelled in the Indian dialects — Ou-sa-kies, Sauks, etc. — and the term Sacs is unquestionably an abbreviated corruption. Black Hawk be- longed to this tribe. The Foxes and Sacs formed a confederation according to aboriginal tradition, on what is now known as the Sac River, near Green Bay,, but the date of the alliance cannot be determined. The origin of the Sacs is equally uncertain. Black Hawk claimed that his tribe originally dwelt around Quebec, but, as to the authenticity of this claim, historical authorities difiEer widely. Subsequent to 1670 the history of the allied tribes is tolerably well defined. Their characteristics, location and habits are described at some length by Father AUouez, who visited them in 1666-67. He says that they were numer- ous and warlike, but depicts them as "penurious, avaricious, thievish and quarrelsome." That they were cordially detested by their neighbors is certain, and Judge James Hall calls them "the Ishmaelites of the lakes. ' ' They were unfriendly to the French, who attached to themselves other tribes, and, through the aid of the latter, had well-nigh exterminated them, when the Sacs and Foxes sued for peace, which was granted on terms most humiliating to the vanquished. By 1718, however, they were virtually in possession of the region around Rock River in Illinois, and, four years later, through the aid of the Mascou- tins and Kickapoos, they had expelled the Illinois, driving the last of that ill-fated tribe across the Illinois River. They abstained from taking part ill the border wars that marked the close of the Revolutionary War, and therefore did not par- ticipate in the treaty of Greenville in 1795. At that date, according to Judge Hall, they claimed the country as far west as Council Bluffs, Iowa, and as far north as Prairie du Chien. They offered to co-operate with the United States Government in the War of 1813, but this offer was declined, and a portion of the tribe, under the leadership of Black Hawk, enlisted on the side of the British. The Black Hawk War proved their political ruin. By the treaty of Rock Island they ceded vast tracts of land, including a large part of the eastern half of Iowa and a large body of land east of the Mississippi. (See Black Hawk War; Indian Treaties.) In 1843 the Government divided the nation into two bands, removing both to reservations in the farther West. One was located on the Osage River and the other on the south side of the Nee-ma-ha River, near the northwest corner of Kansas. From these reser- vations, there is little doubt, many of them have silently emigrated toward the Rocky Mountains, where the hoe might be laid aside for the rifle, the net and the spear of the hunter. A few years ago a part of these confederated tribes were located in the eastern part of Oklahoma. SAILOR SPRINGS, a village and health resort in Clay County, 5 miles north of Clay City, has an academy and a local paper. Population (1900), 419; (1903, est.), 550. 464 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. SALEM, an incorporated city, the county-seat of Marion County, on the Baltimore & Ohio South- western, the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the Illinois Southern Railroads, 71 miles east of St. Louis, and 16 miles northeast of Centralia; in agricultural and coal district. A leading indus- try is the culture, evaporation and shipment of fruit. The city has flour-mills, two banks and three weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,493; (1900), 1,643. SALINE COUIVTY, a southeastern county, organized in 1847, having an area of 380 square milfes. It derives its name from the salt springs which are found in every part of the county. The northern portion is rolling and yields an abundance of coal of a quality suitable for smith- ing. The bottoms are swampy, but heavily timbered, and saw-mills abound. Oak, hickory, sweet gum, mulberry, locust and sassafras are the prevailing varieties. Fruit and tobacco are •extensively cultivated. The climate is mild and humid, and the vegetation varied. The soil of the low lands is rich, and, when drained, makes excellent farming lands. In some localities a good gray sandstone, soft enough to be worked, is quarried, and millstone grit is frequently found. In the southern half of the county are the Eagle Mountains, a line of hills having an altitude of some 450 to DOO feet above the level of the Mis- sissippi at Cairo, and believed Ijy geologists to have been a part of the upheaval that gave birth to the Ozark Mountains in Missouri and Arkan- sas. The highest land in the county is 864 feet above sea-level. Tradition says that these hills are rich in silver ore, but it has not been found in paying quantities. Springs strongly impreg- nated with sulphur are found on the slopes. The county-seat was originally located at Raleigh, which was platted in 1848, but it was subse- quently removed to Harrisburg, which was laid out in 1859. Population of the county (1880), 15,940; (1890), 19,343; (1900), 31,685. SALINE RIVER, a stream formed by the con- fluence of two branches, both of which flow through portions of Saline County, uniting in GaUatin County. The North Fork rises in Hamil- ton County and runs nearly south, while the South Fork drains part of Williamson County, and runs east through Saline. The river (which is little more than a creek), thus formed, runs southeast, entering the Ohio ten miles below Shawneetown. SALT MANUFACTURE. There is evidence going to show that the saline springs, in Gallatin County, were utilized by the aboriginal inhabit- ants in the making of salt, long; before the advent of white settlers. There have been discovered, at various points, what appear to be the remains of evaporating kettles, composed of hardened clay and pounded shells, varying in diameter from three to four feet. In 1818, with a view to en- couraging the manufacture of salt from these springs. Congress granted to Illinois the use of 36 square miles, the fee still remaining in the United States. These lands were leased by the State to private parties, but the income derived from them was comparatively small and fre- quently difficult of coUeotion. The workmen were mostly slaves from Kentucky and Tennes- see, who are especially referred to in Article VI., Section 3, of the Constitution of 1818. The salt made brought §5 per 100 pounds, and was shipped in keel-boats to various points on the Ohio, Mis- sissippi, Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, while many purchasers came hundreds of miles on horseback and carried it away on pack animals. In 1837, the State treasury being empty and the General Assembly having decided to erect a peni- tentiary at Alton, Congress was petitioned to donate these lands to the State in fee, and per- mission was granted "to sell 30,000 acres of the Ohio Salines in Gallatin County, and apply the proceeds to such purposes as the Legislature might by law direct." The sale was made, one- half of the proceeds set apart for the building of the penitentiary, and one-half to the improve- ment of roads and rivers in the eastern part of the State. The manufacture of salt was carried on, however — ^for a time by lessees and subse- quently by owners — until 1873, about which time it was abandoned, chiefly because it had ceased to be profitable on account of conapetition with other districts possessing superior faciUties. Some salt was manufactured in Vermilion County about 1834. The manufacture has been success- fully carried on in recent years, from the product of artesian wells, at St. John, in Perry County. SANDOVAL, a village of Marion County, at the crossing of the western branch of the Illinois Central Railroad, and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern, 6 mUes north of Centralia. The town has coal mines and some manufactures, with banks and one newspaper. Population (1880), 564; (1890), 834; (1900), 1,258. SANDSTONE. The quantity of sandstone quar- ried in Illinois is comparatively insignificant, its value being less than one-fifth, of one per cent of the value of the output of the entire country. ■ In 1890 the State ranked twenty -fifth in the Ust of States producing this mineral, the total value HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 465 of the stone quarried being but $17,896, repre- senting 141,605 cubic feet, taken from ten quar- ries, which employed forty-six hands, and had an aggregate capital invested of $49,400. SANDWICH, a city in De Kalb County, incor- porated in 1873, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 58 miles southwest of Chicago. The principal industries are the manufacture of agricultural implements, hay-presses, corn-shell- ers, pumps and wind-mills. Sandwich has two private banks, two weekly and one semi-weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 2,516; (1900), 2,520; (1903), 3,865. SANGAMON COUNTY, a central county, organized under act of June 30, 1821, from parts of Bond and Madison Counties, and embracing the present counties of Sangamon, Cass, Menard, Mason, Tazewell, Logan, and parts of Morgan, McLean, Woodford, Marshall and Putnam. It was named for the river flowing through it. Though reduced in area somewhat, four years later, it extended to the Illinois River, but was reduced to its present limits bythe setting apart of Menard, Logan and Dane (now Christian) Counties, in 1839. Henry Funderbiu'k is believed to have been the first white settler, arriving there in 1817 and locating in what is now Cotton Hill Township, being followed, the next year, by William Drennan, Joseph Dodds, James McCoy, Robert Pulliam and others. John Kelly located on the present site of the city of Springfield in 1818, and was there at the time of the selection of that place as the temporary seat of justice in 1821. Other settlements were made at Auburn, Island Grove, and elsewhere, and population began to flow in rapidly. Remnants of the Potta- watomie and Kickapoo Indians were still there, but soon moved north or west. County organi- zation was effected in 1821, the first Board of County Commissioners being composed of Wil- liam Drennan, Zachariah Peter and Samuel Lee. John Reynolds (afterwards Governor) held the first term of Circuit Court, with John Taylor, Sheriff ; Henry Starr, Prosecuting Attorney, and Charles R. Matheny, Circuit Clerk. A United States Land Office was established at Springfield in 1823, with Pascal P. Enos as Receiver, the first sale of lands taking place the same year. The soil of Sangamon County is exuberantly fer- tile, with rich underlying deposits of bituminous coal, which is mined in large quantities. The chief towns are Springfield, Auburn, Riverton, Uliopolis and Pleasant Plains. The area of the county is 860 square miles. Population (1880), 52,894; (1890), 61,195; (1900), 71,593. SANGAMON KIVER, formed by the union of the North and South Forks, of which the former is the longer, or main branch. The North Fork rises in the northern part of Champaign County, whence it runs southwest to the city of Decatur, thence westward through Sangamon .. County, forming the north boundary of Christian County, and emptying into the Illinois River about 9 miles above Beardstown. The Sangamon is nearly 240 miles long, including the North Fork. The South Fork flows through Christian County, and joins the North Fork about 6 miles east of Springfield. In the early history of the State the Sangamon was regarded as a navigable stream, and its improvement was one of the measures advocated by Abraham Lincoln in 1832, when he was for the first time a candidate (though unsuc- cessfully) for the Legislature. In the spring of 1833 a small steamer from Cincinnati, called the "Talisman," ascended the river to a point near Springfield. The event was celebrated with great rejoicing by the people, but the vessel encountered so much difiSculty in getting out of the river that the experiment was never repeated. SANGAMON & MORGAN RAILROAD. (See Wabash Railroad. ) SANGER, Lorenzo P., railway and canal con- tractor, was born at Littleton, N. H., March 2, 1809; brought in childhood to Livingston County, N. Y. , where his father became a contractor on the Erie Canal, the son also being employed upon the same work. The latter subsequently became a contractor on the Pennsylvania Canal on his own account, being known as "the boy contract- or. ' ' Then, after a brief experience in mercantile business, and a year spent in the construction of a canal in Indiana, in 1836 he came to Illinois, and soon after became an extensive contractor on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, having charge of rock excavation at Lockport. He was also connected with the Rook River improvement scheme, and interested in a line of stages between Chicago and Galena, which, having been consolidated with the line managed by the firm of Fink & Walker, finally became the Northwestern Stage Company, extending its operations throughout Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa and Missouri — Mr. Sanger having charge of the Western Division, for a time, with headquarters at St. Louis. In 1851 he became the head of the firm of Sanger, Camp & Co. , contractors for the construction of the Western (or Illinois) Division of the Ohio & Mississippi (now the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern) Railway, upon which he 466 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. was employed for several years. Other works with which he was connected were the North Missouri Railroad and the construction of the State Penitentiary at Joliet, as member of the firm of Sanger & Casey, for a time, also lessees of convict labor. In 1863 Mr. Sanger received from Governor Yates, by request of President Lincoln, a commission as Colonel, and was assigned to staff duty in Kentucky and Tennessee. After the war he became largely interested in stone quarries adjacent to Joliet ; also had an extensive contract, from the City of Chicago, for deepening the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Died, at Oakland, Cal., March 23, 1875, whither he had gone for the benefit of his health. — James Toung (Sanger), brother of the preceding, was born at Sutton, Vt., March 14, 1814; in boyhood spent some time in a large mercantile establishment at Pittsburg, Pa., later being associated with his father and elder brother in contracts on the Erie Canal and similar works in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indi- ana. At the age of 22 he came with his father's family to St. Joseph, Mich., where they estab- lished a large supply store, and engaged in bridge-building and similar enterprises. At a later period, in connection with his father and his brother, L. P. Sanger, he was prominently connected with the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal — the aqueduct at Ottawa and the locks at Peru being constructed by them. About 1850 the Construction Company, of which he and his brother, L. P. Sanger, were leading members, undertook the construction of the Ohio & Mississippi (now Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- ern) Railroad, from St. Louis to Vincennes, Ind., and were prominently identified with other rail- road enterprises in Southern Illinois, Missouri and California. Died, July 3, 1867, when consum- mating arrangements for the performance of a large contract on the Union Pacific Railroad. SANITARY COMMISSION. (See IlKnois San- itary Commission.) SANITARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO. (See Chicago Drainage Canal. ) SATJGANASH, the Indian name of a half-breed known as Capt. Billy Caldwell, the son of a British officer and a Pottawatomie woman, born in Canada about 1780; received an education from the Jesuits at Detroit, and was able to speak and write English and French, besides several Indian dialects ; was a friend of Tecum- seh's and, during the latter part of his life, a devoted friend of the whites. He took up his residence in Chicago about 1820, and, in 1826, was a Justice of the Peace, while nominally a subject of Great Britain and a Chief of the Otta- was and Pottawatomies. In 1828 the Govern- ment, in consideration of his services, built for him the first frame house ever erected in Chicago, which he occupied until his departure with his tribe for Council Bluffs in 1836. By a treaty, made Jan. 2, 1830, reservations were granted by the Government to Sauganash, Shabona and other friendly Indians (see Shabona), and 1,240 acres on the North Branch of Chicago River set apart for Caldwell, which he sold before leaving^ the country. Died, at Council Blufifs, Iowa, Sept. 28, 1841. SAVAGE, George S. F., D.D., clergyman, was born at Cromwell, Coim., Jan. 29, 1817; gradu- ated at Yale College in 1844; studied theology at Andover and New Haven, graduating in 1847; was ordained a home missionary the same year and spent twelve years as pastor at St. Charles, 111. , for four years being corresponding editor of "The Prairie Herald" and "The Congregational Herald." For ten years he was in the service of the American Tract Society, and, during the Civil War, was engaged in sanitary and religious work in the army. In 1870 he was appointed Western Secretary of the Congregational Publishing Society, remaining two years, after which he be- came Financial Secretary of the Chicago Theo- logical Seminary. He has also been a Director of the institution since 1854, a Trustee of Beloit College since 1850, and, for several years, editor and publisher of "The Congregational Review." SAVANNA, a city in Carroll County, situated on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Bur- lington & Northern and the Chicago, Milwaukee. & St. Paul Railways; is 10 miles west of Mount Carroll and about 20 miles north of Clinton, Iowa. It is an important shipping-point and con- tains several manufactories of machinery, lumber, flour, etc. It has two State banks, a public library, churches, two graded schools, township- high school, and two daily and weekly news- papers. Pop. (1890), 3,097; (1900), 3,325. SAYBROOK, a village of McLean County, on- the Lake Erie & Western Railroad, 26 miles east of Bloomington; district agricultural; county fairs held here; the town has two banks and two- newspapers. Pop. (1890), 851; (1900), 879. SCATES, Walter Bennett, jurist and soldier, was born at South Boston, Halifax County, Va., Jan. 18, 1808 ; was taken in infancy to Hopkins- ville, Ky., where he resided until 1831, having meanwhile learned the printer's trade at Nash- ville and studied law at Louisville. In 1831 he removed to Frankfort, Franklin County, IU.> HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 467 where, for a time, he was County Surveyor. In 1836, having been appointed Attorney-General, he removed to Vandalia, then the seat of govern- ment, but resigned at the close of the same year to accept the judgeship of the Third Judicial Circuit, and took up his residence at Shawnee- town. In 1841 he was one of five new Judges added to the Supreme Court bench, the others being Sidney Breese, Stephen A. Douglas, Thomas Ford and Samuel H. Treat. In that year he removed to Mount Vernon, Jefferson County, and, in January, 1847, resigned his seat upon the bench to resume practice. The same year he was a member of the Constitutional Con- vention and Chairman of the Committee on Judiciary. In June, 1854, he again took a seat upon the Supreme Court bench, being chosen to succeed Lyman Trumbull, but resigned in May, 1857, and resumed practice in Chicago. In 1862 he volunteered in defense of the Union, received a Major's commission and was assigned to duty on the staff of General McClernand ; was made. Assistant Adjutant-General and mustered out in January, 1866. In July, 1866, President Johnson appointed him Collector of Customs at Chicago, which position he filled until July 1, 1869, when he was removed by President Grant, during the same period, being ex-oflScio custodian of United States funds, the office of Assistant Treasurer not having been then created. Died, at Evanston, Oct. 26, 1886. SCAMMOJf, Jonathan Tonng, lawyer and banker, was born at Whitefield, Maine, July 27, 1812; after graduating at Waterville (now Colby) University in 1831, he studied law and was admitted to the bar at HalloweU, in 1835 remov- ing to Chicago, where he spent the remainder of his life. After a year spent as deputy in the office of the Circuit Clerk of Cook County, during which he prepared a revision of the Illinois stat- utes, he was appointed attorney for the State Bank of Illinois in 1837, and, in 1839, became reporter of the Supreme Court, which office he held until 1845. In the meantime, he was associ- ated with several prominent lawyers, his first legal firm being that of Scammon, McCagg & Fuller, which was continued up to the fire of 1871. A large operator in real estate and identi- fied with many enterprises of a public or benevo- lent character, his most important financial venture was in connection with the Chicago Marine & Fire Insurance Company, which con- ducted an extensive banking business for many years, and of which he was the President and leading spirit. As a citizen he was progressive, public-spirited and liberal. He was one of the main promoters and organizers of the old Galena & Chicago Union Railway, the first railroad to run west from Lake Michigan ; was also promi- nently identified with the founding of the Chi- cago public school system, a Trustee of the (old) Chicago University, and one of the founders of the Chicago Historical Society, of the Chicago Academy of Sciences and the Chicago Astro- nomical Society — being the first President of the latter body. He erected, at a cost of $30,000, the Fort Dearborn Observatory, in which he caused to be placed the most power- ful telescope which had at that time been brought to the West. He also maintained the observatory at his own expense. He was the pioneer of Swedenborgianism in Chicago, and, in politics, a staunch Whig, and, later, an ai-dent Republican. In 1844 he was one of the founders of "The Chi- cago American," a paper designed to advance the candidacy of Henry Clay for the Presidency; and, in 1872, when "The Chicago Tribune" espoused the Liberal Republican cause, he started "The Inter-Ocean" as a Republican organ, being, for some time, its sole proprietor and editor-in- chief. He was one of the first to encourage the adoption of the homeopathic system of medicine in Chicago, and was prominently connected with the founding of the Hahnemann Medical College and the Hahnemann Hospital, being a Trustee in both for many years. As a member of the Gen- eral Assembly he secured the passage of many important measures, among them being legisla- tion looking toward the bettering of the currency and the banking system. He accumulated a large fortune, but lost most of it by the fire of 1871 and the panic of 1873. Died, in Chicago, March 17, 1890. SCARKITT, Ifathan, pioneer, was born in Con- necticut, came to Edwardsville, 111., in 1820, and, in 1821, located in Scarritt's Prairie, Madison County. His sons afterward became influential in business and Methodist church circles. Died, Dec. 12, 1847. SCENERY, NATURAL. Notwithstanding the imiformity of surface which characterizes a country containing no mountain ranges, but which is made up largely of natural prairies, there are a number of localities in Illinois where scenery of a picturesque, and even bold and rugged character, may be found. One of the most striking of these features is produced by a spur or low range of hills from the Ozark Moun- tains of Missouri, projected across the southern part of the State from the vicinity of Grand 468 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Tower in Jackson County, through the northern part of Union, and through portions of William- son, Johnson, Saline, Pope and Hardin Counties. Grand Tower, the initial point in the western part of the State, is an isolated cliS of limestone, standing out in the channel of the Mississippi, and forming an island nearly 100 feet above low- water level. It has been a conspicuous landmark for navigators ever since the discovery of the Mississippi. "Fountain Bluff," a few miles above Grand Tower, is another conspicuous point immediately on the river bank, formed by some isolated hills about three miles long by a mile and a half wide, which have withstood the forces that excavated the valley now occupied by the Mississippi. About half a mile from the lower end of this hill, with a low valley between them, is a smaller eminence known as the "Devil's Bake Oven." The main chain of bluffs, known as the "Back Bone," is about five miles from the river, and rises to a height of nearly 700 feet above low-tide in the Gulf of Mexico, or more than 400 feet above the level of the river at Cairo. "Bald Knob" is a very prominent inland bluff promontory near Alta Pass on the line of the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, in the northern part of Union County, with an elevation above tide- water of 985 feet. The highest point in this range of hills is reached in the northeastern part of Pope County — the elevation at that point (as ascertained by Prof. Rolf e of the State University at Champaign) being 1,046 feet. — There is some striking scenery in the neighborhood of Grafton between Alton and the mouth of the Illinois, as well as some distance up the latter stream — though the landscape along the middle section of the Illinois is generally monotonous or only gently undulating, except at Peoria and a few other points, where bluffs rise to a considerable height. On the Upper Illinois, beginning at Peru, the scenery again becomes picturesque, including the celebrated "Starved Rock," the site of La Salle's Fort St. Louis (which see). This rock rises to a perpendicular height of about 135 feet from the surface of the river at the ordinary stage. On the opposite side of the river, about four miles below Ottawa, is "Buffalo Rock," an isolated ridge of rock about two miles long by forty to sixty rods wide, evidently once an island at a period when the Illinois River occupied the whole valley. Additional interest is given to both these localities by their associ- ation with early history. Deer Park, on the Ver- milion River — some two miles from where it empties into the Illinois, just below "Starved Rock" — is a peculiar grotto-like formation, caused by- a ravine which enters the Vermilion at this point. Ascending this ravine from its mouth, for a quarter of a mile, between almost perpen- dicular walls, the road terminates abruptly at a dome-like overhanging rock which widens at this point to about 150 feet in diameter at the base, with a height of about 75 feet. A clear spring of water gushes from the base of the cliff, and, at certain seasons of the year, a beautiul water-fall pours from the cliffs into a little lake at the bot- tom of the chasm. There is much other striking scenery higher up, on both the Illinois and Fox Rivers. — A point which arrested the attention of the earliest explorers in this region was Mount Joliet, near the city of that name. It is first mentioned by St. Cosme in 1698, and has been variously known as Monjolly, Mont Jolie, Mount Juliet, and Mount Joliet. It had an elevation, in early times, of about 30 feet with a level top 1,300 by 225 feet. Prof O. H. MarshaU, in "The American Antiquarian," expresses the opinion that, originally, it was an island in the river, which, at a remote period, swept down the valley of the Des Plaines. Mount Joliet was a favorite rallying point of Illinois Indians, who were accustomed to hold their councils at its base. — The scenery along • Rock River is not striking from its boldness, but it attracted the attention of early explorers by the picturesque beauty of its groves, undulating plains and sheets of water. The highest and most abrupt elevations are met with in Jo Daviess County, near the Wisconsin State line. Pilot Knob, a natural mound about three miles south of Galena and two miles from the Mississippi, has been a landmark well known to tourists and river men ever since the Upper Mississippi began to be navigated. Towering above the surrounding bluffs, it reaches an alti- tude of some 430 feet above the ordinary level of Fever River. A chain of some half dozen of these mounds' extends some four or five guiles in a north- easterly direction frona Pilot Knob, Waddel's and Jackson's Mounds being conspicuous among them. There are also some castellated rocks around the city of Galena which are very strik- ing. Charles Mound, belonging to the system already referred to, is believed to be the highest elevation in the State. It stands near the Wis- consin State line, and, according to Prof. Rolfe, has an altitude of 314 feet above the IlUnois Cen- tral Railroad at Scales' Mound Station, and, 1,357 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. SCHAUMBERG, a village in Schaumberg Township, Cook County. Population, 578. HISTOKIOAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 469 SCHNEIDER, George, journalist and banker, ■was bom at Pirmasens, Bavaria, Deo. 13, 1833. Beiug sentenced to death for his participation in the attempted rebellion of 1848, he escaped to America in 1849, going from New York to Cleve- land, and afterwards to St. Louis. There, in con- nection with his brother, he established a German daily — "The New Era" — which was intensely anti-slavery and exerted a decided political influ- ence, especially among persons of German birth. In 1851 he removed to Chicago, where he became editor of "The Staats Zeitung," in which he vigorously opposed the Kansas-Nebraska bill on its introduction by Senator Douglas. His attitude and articles gave such offense to the partisan friends of this measure, that "The Zeitung" was threatened with destruction by a mob in 1855. He early took advanced ground in opposition to slavery, and was a member of the convention of Anti-Nebraska editors, held at Decatur in 1856, and of the first Republican State Convention, held at Bloomiagton the same year, as well as of the National Republican Conventions of 1856 and 1860, participating in the npmination of both John C. Fremont and Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency. In 1861 he was a member of the Chicago Union Defense Committee, and was appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Consul-General at Elsinore, Denmark. Returning to America in 1862, he disposed of his interest in "The Staats Zeitung" and was appointed the first Collector of Internal Revenue for the Chicago District. On retiring from this oflSce he engaged in banking, subsequently becoming President of the National Bank of Illinois, with which he was associated for a quarter of a century. In 1877 President Hayes tendered him the ministry to Switzerland, which he declined. In 1880 he was chosen Presi- dential Elector for the State-at-large, also serving for a number of years as a member of the Repub- lican State Central Committee. SCHOFIELD, John McAlUster, Major-General, was bom in Chautauqua County,. N. Y., Sept 29, 1831; brought to Bristol, Kendall County, 111., in 1843, and, two years later, removed to Freeport ; graduated from the United States Military Acad- emy, in 1853, as classmate of Generals McPherson and Sheridan ; was assigned to the artillery ser- vice and served two years in Florida, after which he spent five years (1855-60) as an instructor at West Point. At the beginning of the Civil War he was on leave of a,bsence, acting as Professor of Physics in Washington University at St. Louis, but, waiving his leave, he at once returned to duty and was appointed mvistering officer; then, by permission of the War Department, entered the First Missouri Volunteers as Major, serving as Chief of Staff to General Lyon in the early battles in Missouri, including Wilson's Creek. His subsequent career included the organization of the Missouri State Militia (1862), command of the Army of the Frontier in South- west Missouri, command of the Department of the Missouri and Ohio, participation in the Atlanta campaign and co-operation with Sher- man in the capture of the rebel Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in North Carolina — his army having been transferred for this purpose, from Tennessee by way of Washington. After the close of the war he went on a special mission to Mexico to investigate the French occupation of that cotmtry; was commander of the Department of the Potomac, and served as Secretary of War, by appointment of President Johnson, from June, 1868, to March, 1869. On retiring from the Cabi- net he was commissioned a full Major-General and held various Division and Department com- mands until 1886, when, on the death of General Sherman, he succeeded to the command of the Army, with headquarters at Washington. He was retired under the age limit, Sept. 29, 1895. His present home is in Washington. SCHOLFIELD, John, jurist, was born in Clark County, 111., in 1834; acquired the rudiments of an education in the common schools during boy- hood, meanwhile gaining some knowledge of the higher branches through toilsome application to text-books without a preceptor. At the age of 30 he entered the law school at Louisville, Ky., graduating two years later, and beginning prac- tice at Marshall, 111. He defrayed his expenses at the law school from the proceeds of the sale of a small piece of land to which he had fallen heir. In 1856 he was elected State's Attorney, and, in 1860, was chosen to represent his county in the Legislature. After serving one term he retiu-ned to his professional career and succeeded in build- ing up a profitable practice. In 1869-70 he repre- sented Clark and Cumberland Counties in the Constitutional Convention, and, in 1870, became Solicitor for the Vandalia Railroad. In 1873 he was elected to fill the vacancy on the bench of the Supreme Court of the State for the Middle Grand Division, caused by the resignation of Judge Anthony Thornton, and re-elected without oppo- sition in 1879 and 1888. Died, in office, Feb. 13, 1893. It has been claimed that President Cleve- land would have tendered him the Chief Justice- ship of the United States Supreme Court, had he not insistently declined to accept the honor. 470 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. SCHOOL-HOUSES, EARLY. The primitive school-houses of Illinois were built of logs, and were extremely rude, as regards both structure and furnishing. Indeed, the earliest pioneers rarely erected a special building to be used as a school-house. An old smoke-house, an abandoned dwelling, an old block-house, or the loft or one end of a settler's cabin not unf requently answered the purpose, and the church and the court-house were often made to accommodate the school. When a school-house, as such, was to be built, the men of the district gathered at the site selected, bringing their axes and a few other tools, with their ox-teams, and devoted four or five days to constructing a house into which, perhaps, not a nail was driven. Trees were cut from the public lands, and, without hewing, fashioned into a cabin. Sixteen feet square was usually con- sidered the proper dimensions. In the walls were cut two holes, one for a door to admit light and air, and the other for the open fireplace, from which rose a chimney, usually built of sticks and mud, on the outside. Danger of fire was averted by thickly lining the inside of the chimney with clay mortar. Sometimes, but only with great labor, stone was substituted for mortar made from the clay soil. The chimneys were always wide, seldom less than six feet, and sometimes extending across one entire end of the building. The fuel used was wood cut directly from the forest, frequently in its green state, dragged to the spot in the form of logs or entire trees to be cut by the older pupils in lengths suited to the width of the chimney. Occasionally there was no chimney, the fire, in some of the most primi- tive structures, being built on the earth and the smoke escaping through a hole in the roof. In such houses a long board was set up on the wind- ward side, and shifted from side to side as the wind varied. Stones or logs answered for andirons, clapboards served as shovels, and no one complained of the lack of tongs. Eoof s were made of roughly split clapboards, held in place by "weight poles" laid on the boards, and by sup- ports starting from "eaves poles." The space between the logs, which constituted the walls of the building, was filled in with blocks of wood or "chinking," and the crevices, both exterior and interior, daubed over with clay mortar, in which straw was sometimes mixed to increase its adhesiveness. On one side of the structure one or two logs were sometimes cut out to allow the admission of light ; and, as glass could not always be procured, rain and snow were excluded and light admitted by the use of greased paper. Over this space a board, attached to the outer wall by leather hinges, was sometimes suspended to keep out the storms. The placing of a glass window in a country school-house at Edwardsville, in 1824, was considered an important event. Ordi- narily the floor was of the natural earth, although this was sometimes covered with a layer of clay, firmly packed down. Only the more pretentious school-houses had "pimcheon floors"; i. e., floors made of split logs roughly hewn. Few had "ceilings" (so-called), the latter being usually made of clapboards, sometimes of bark, on which was spread earth, to keep out the cold. The seats were also of puncheons (without backs) supported on four legs made of pieces of poles inserted through augur holes. No one had a desk, except the advanced pupils who were learning to write. For their convenience a broader and smoother puncheon was fastened into the wall by wooden pins, in such a way that it would slope downward toward the pupil, the front being supported by a brace extending from the wall. When a pupil was writing he faced the wall. When he had finished this task, he "reversed him- self" and faced the teacher and his schoolmates. These adjuncts completed the furnishings, with the exception of a split-bottomed chair for the teacher (who seldom had a desk) and a pail, or "piggin, " of water, with a gourd for a drinking cup. Rough and uncouth as these, structures were, they were evidences of public spirit and of appreciation of the advantages of education. They were built and maintained by mutual aid and sacrifice, and, in them, some of the great men of the State and Nation obtained that primary training which formed the foundation of their subsequent careers. (See Edtication.) SCHUTLEK COUNTY, located in the western portion of the State, has an area of 430 square miles, and was named for Gen. Philip Schuyler. The first American settlers arrived in 1823, and, among the earliest pioneers, were Calvin Hobart, William H. Taylor and Orris McCartney. The county was organized from a portion of Pike County, in 1825, the first Commissioners being Thomas Blair, Thomas MoKee and Samuel Hor- ney. The Commissioners appointed to locate the county-seat, selected a site in the eastern part of the county about one mile west of the present village of Pleasant View, to which the name of Beardstown was given, and where the earliest court was held, Judge John York Sawyer presid- ing, with Hart Fellows as Clerk, and Orris Mc- Cartney, Sheriff. This location, however, proving unsatisfactory, new Commissioners were ap- HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPBDIA OF ILLINOIS. 471 ■jointed, who, in the early part of 1836, selected the present site of the city of Rushville, some five miles west of the point originally chosen. The new seat of justice was first called Rushton, in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but the name was afterwards changed to Rushville. Ephraim Eggleston was the pioneer of Rushville. The . surface of the county is rolling, and the region contains excellent farming land, which is well watered by the Illinois River and numerous creeks. Population (1890), 16,013; (1900), 16,129. SCHWATKA, Frederick, Arctic explorer, was born at Galena, 111., Sept. 29, 1849; graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1871, .and was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Third Cavalry, serving on the frontier until 1877, meantime studying law and medicine, being admitted to the bar in 1875, and graduating in medicine in 1876. Having his interest excited by reports of traces of Sir John Franklin's expedi- tion, found by the Esquimaux, he obtained leave of absence in 1878, and, with Wm. H. Gilder as second in command, sailed from New York in the "Eothen," June 19, for King William's Land. The party returned, Sept. 22, 1880, having found and buried the skeletons of many of Franklin's party, besides discovering relics which tended to clear up the mystery of their fate. During this period he made a sledge journey of 3,251 miles. Again, in 1883, he headed an exploring expedition up the Yukon River. After a brief return to army duty he tendered his resignation in 1885, - and the next year led a special expedition to Alaska, under the auspices of "The New York Times," later making a voyage of discovery among the Aleutian Islands. In 1889 he con- ducted an expedition to Northern Mexico, where he found many interesting relics of Aztec civili- zation and of the cliflE and cave-dwellers. He received the Roquette Arctic Medal from the Geographical Society of Paris, and a medal from the Imperial Geographical Society of Russia ; also published several volumes relating to his re- searches, imder the titles, "Along Alaska's Great River"; "The Franklin Search Under Lieutenant Schwatka" ; "Nimrod of the North" ; and "Children of the Cold." Died, at Portland, Ore,, Nov. 2, 1892. SCOTT, James W., journalist, was born in Walworth County, Wis., June 26, 1849, the son of a printer, editor and publisher. While a boy he accompanied his father to Galena, where the latter established a newspaper, and where he learned the printer's trade. After graduating - from the Galena high school, he entered Beloit College, but left at the end of his sophomore year. Going to New York, he became interested in flori- culture, at the same time contributing short articles to horticultural periodicals. Later he was a compositor in Washington. His first news- paper venture was the publication of a weekly newspaper in Maryland in 1872. Returning to Illinois, conjointly with his father he started "The Industrial Press" at Galena, but, in 1875, removed to Cliicago. There he purchased "The Daily National Hotel Reporter," from which he withdrew a few years later. In May, 1881, in conjunction with others, he organized The Chi- cago Herald Company, in which he ultimately secured a controlling interest. His journalistic and executive capability soon brought additional responsibilities. He was chosen President of the American Newspaper Publishers' Association, of the Chicago Press Club, and of the United Press — the latter being an organization for the collec- tion and dissemination of telegraphic news to journals throughout the United States and Can- ada. He was also conspicuously connected with the preliminary organization of the World's Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of the Press Committee. In 1898 he started an evening paper at Chicago, which he named "The Post." Early in 1895 he purchased "The Chicago Times," intending to consolidate it with "The Herald," but before the final consummation of his plans, he died suddenly, while on a business visit in New York, April 14, 1895. SCOTT, John M., lawyer and jurist, was bom in St. Clair County, 111., August 1, 1824; his father being of Scotch-Irish descent and his mother a Virginian. His attendance upon dis- trict schools was supplemented by private tuition, and his early education was the best that the comparatively new country afforded. He read law at Belleville, was admitted to the bar in 1848, removed to McLean County, which con- tinued to be his home for nearly fifty years. He served as County School Commissioner from 1849 to 1852, and, in the latter year, was elected County Judge. In 1856 he was an unsuccessful Repub- lican candidate for the State Senate, frequently speaking from the same platform with Abraham Lincoln. In 1862 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court of the Eighth Judicial Circuit, to succeed David Davis on the elevation of the latter to the bench of the United States Supreme Court, and was re-elected in 1867. In 1870, a new judicial election being rendered necessary by the adoption of the new Constitution, Judge Scott was chosen Justice of the Supreme Court 472 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. for a term of nine years ; was re-elected in 1879, but declined a renomination in 1888. The latter years of his life were devoted to his private affairs. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 21, 1898. Shortly before his death Judge Scott published a volume containing a History of the Illinois Supreme Court, including brief sketches of the early occupants of the Supreme Court bench and early lawyers of the State. SCOTT, Matthew Thompson, agriculturist and real-estate operator, was born at Lexington, Ky., Feb. 34, 1838; graduated at Centre College in 1846, then spent several years looking after his father's landed interests in Ohio, when he came to Illinois and invested largely in lands for him- self and others. He laid out the town of Chenoa in 1856; lived in Springfield in 1870-72, when he removed to BJoomington, where he organized the McLean County Coal Company, remaining as its head until his death; was also the founder of "The Bloomington Bulletin," in 1878. Died, at Bloomington, May 31, 1891. SCOTT, Owen, journalist and ex-Congressman, was born in Jackson Township, Effingham County, 111., July 6, 1848, reared on a farm, and, after receiving a thorough common-school edu- cation, became a teacher, and was, for eight years. Superintendent of Schools for his native county. In January, 1874, he was admitted to the bar, but abandoned practice, ten years later, to engage in newspaper work. His first publi- cation was "The EfiBngham Democrat," which he left to become proprietor and manager of "The Bloomington Bulletin." He was also publisher of "The Illinois Freemason," a monthly periodi- cal. Before removing tO Bloomington he filled the oflioes of City Attorney and Mayor of Efiing- ham, and also served as Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue. In 1890 he was elected as a Democrat from the Fourteenth Illinois District to the Fifty-second Congress. In 1892 he was a candidate for re-election, but was defeated by his Bepublican opponent, Benjamin F. Funk. Dur- ing the past few years, Mr. Scott has been editor of "The Bloomington Leader." SCOTT COUNTY, lies in the western part of the State adjoining the Illinois River, and has an area of 348 square miles. The region was origi- nally owned by the Kickapoo Indians, who ceded it to the Government by the treaty of Edwardsville, July 30, 1819. Six months later (in January, 1830) a party of Kentuckians settled near Lynnville (now in Morgan County), their names being Thomas Stevens, James Scott, Alfred Miller, Thomas Allen, John Scott and Adam Miller. Allen erected the first house in the county, John Scott the second and Adam Miller the third. About the same time came Stephen M. Umpstead, whose wife was the first white woman in the county. Other pioneers were Jedediah Webster, Stephen Pierce, Joseph Dens- more, Jesse Roberts, and Samuel Bogard. The country was rough and {he conveniences of civi- lization few and remote. Settlers took their corn to Edwardsville to be ground, and went to Alton for their mail. Turbulence early showed itself, and, in 1833, a band of "Regulators" was organized from the best citizens, who meted out a rough and ready sort of justice, until 1830, occasionally shooting a desperado at his cabin door. Scott County was cut oflE from Morgan and organized in 1839. It contains good farming land, much of it being originally timbered, and it is well watered by the Illinois River and numerous small streams. Winchester is the county-seat. Population of the county (1880), 10,741; (1890), 10,304; (1900), 10,455. SCRIPPS, John L., journalist, was born near Cape Girardeau, Mo., Feb. 18, 1818; was taken to Rushville, 111., in childhood, and educated at McKendree College; studied law and came to Chicago in 1847, with the intention of practicing, but, a year or so later, bought a third interest in "The Chicago Tribune," which had been estab- lished during the previous year. In 1853 he withdrew from "The Tribune," and, in conjunc- tion with William Bross (afterwards Lieuten- ant-Governor), established "The Daily Demo- cratic Press," which was consolidated with "The Tribune" in July, 1858, under the name of "The Press and Tribune," Mr. Scripps remaining one of the editors of the new concern. In 1861 he was appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving until 1865, when, having sold his interest in "The Tribune," he engaged in the banking business as a member of the firm of Scripps, Preston & Kean. His health, however, soon showed signs of failure, and he died, Sept. 31, 1866, at Minneapolis, Minn., whither he had gone in hopes of restoration. Mr. Scripps was a finished and able writer who did much to elevate the standard of Chicago journalism. SCROGGS, George, journalist, was born at Wilmington, CUnton, County, Ohio, Oct. 7, 1843 — the son of Dr. John W. Scroggs, who came to Champaign County, 111., in 1851, and, in 1858, took charge of "The Central Illinois Gazette." In 1866-67 Dr. Scroggs was active in securing the location of the State University at Champaign, afterwards serving as a member of the first Board HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 473 of Trustees of that institution. The son, at the age of 15, became an apprentice in his father's printing office, continuing until 1862, when he enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, being promoted through the positions of Sergeant-Major and Second Lieutenant, and finally serving on the staffs of Gen. Jeff. C. Davis and Gen. James D. Morgan, but declining a commission as Adju- tant of the Sixtieth Illinois. He participated in the battles of Perryville, Chickamauga, Mission Ridge and the march with Sherman to the sea, in the latter being severely wounded at Bentonville, N. C. He remained in the service until July, 1865, when he resigned; then entered the Uni- versity at Champaign, later studied law, mean- while writing for "The Champaign Gazette and Union," of which he finally became sole propri- etor. In 1877 he was appointed an Aid-de-Camp on the staff of Governor CuUom, and, the follow- ing year, was elected to the Thirty -first General Assembly, but, before the close of the session (1879), received the appointment of United States Consul to Hamburg, Germany. He was com- pelled to surrender this position, a year later, on account of ill-health, and, returning home, died, Oct. 15, 1880. SEATONVILLE, a village in Hall Township, Bureau County. Population (1900), 909. SECRETARIES OF STATE. The following is a list of the Secretaries of State of Illinois from its admission into the Union down to the present time (1899), with the date and duration of the term of each incumbent: Elias Kent Kane, 1818-22; Samuel D. Lockwood, 1822-23; David BlackweU. 1833-24; Morris Birkbeck, October, 1834 to January, 1835 (failed of confirmation by the Senate) ; George Forquer, 1825-28 ; Alexander Pope Field, 1838-40; Stephen A. Douglas, 1840-41 (served three months — resigned to take a seat on the Supreme bench); Lyman Trumbull, 1841-43; Thompson Campbell, 1843-46; Horace S. Cooley, 1846-50; David L. Gregg, 1850-53; Alexander Stame, 1853-57; Ozias M. Hatch, 1857-65; Sharon Tyndale, 1865-69; Edward Eummel, 1869-73; George H. Harlow, 1873-81; Henry D. Dement, 1881-89; Isaac N. Pearson, 1889-93; William H. Hinrichsen, 1893-97; James A. Rose, 1897 . Nathaniel Pope and Joseph Phillips were the only Secretaries of Illinois during the Territorial period, the former serving from 1809 to 1816, and the latter from 1816 to 1818. Und'er the first Con- stitution (1818) the office of the Secretary of State was filled by appointment by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, but without limitation as to term of office. By the Constitution of 1848, and again by that of 1870, that officer was made elective by the people at the same time as the Governor, for a term of four years. SECRET TREASONABLE SOCIETIES. Early in the War of the Rebellion there sprang up, at various points in the Northwest, organizations of persons disaffected toward the National Govern- ment. They were most numerous in Ohio, Indi- ana, Illinois, Kentucky and Missouri. At first they were known by such titles as "Circles of Honor," "Mutual Protective Associations," etc. But they had kindred aims and their members were soon united in one organization, styled "Knights of the Golden Circle." Its secrets having been partially disclosed, this body ceased to exist — or, it would be more correct to say, changed its n^me — being soon succeeded (1863) by an organization of similar character, called the "American Knights." These societies, as first formed, were rather political than military. The "American Knights" had more forcible aims, but this, in turn, was also exposed, and the order was re-organized under the name of "Sons of Liberty." The last named order started in Indiana, and, owing to its more perfect organi- zation, rapidly spread over the Northwest, acquiring much more strength and influence than its predecessors had done. The ultimate author- ity of the organization was vested in a Supreme Council, whose officers were a "supreme com- mander," "secretary of state, "and "treasurer." Each State represented formed a division, under a "deputy grand commander. ' ' States were divided into military disti'icts, under "major-generals." County lodges were termed "temples." The order was virtually an officered army, and its aims were aggressive. It had its commander-in- chief, its brigades and its regiments. Three degrees were recognized, and the oaths of secrecy taken at each initiation surpassed, in binding force, either the oath of allegiance or an oath taken in a court of justice. The maintenance of slavery, and forcible opposition to a coercive policy by the Government in dealing with seces- sion, were the pivotal doctrines of the order. Its methods and purposes were to discourage enlist- ments and resist a draft; to aid and protect deserters; to disseminate treasonable literature; to aid the Confederates in destroying Government property. Clement L. Vallandigham, the expat- riated traitor, was at its head, and, in 1864, claimed that it had a numerical strength of 400,- 000, of whom 65,000 were in Illinois. Many overt 474 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. acts were committed, but the organization, hav- ing been exposed and defeated in its objects, dis- banded in 1865. (See Camp Douglas Conspiracy. ) SELBY, Paul, editor, was born in Pickaway County, Ohio, July 20, 1825; removed with his parents, in 1837, to Van Buren County, Iowa, but, at the age of 19, went to Southern Illinois, where he spent four years teaching, chiefly in Madison County. In 1848 he entered the preparatory department of Illinois College at Jacksonville, but left the institution during his junior year to assume the editorship of ''The Morgan Journal," at Jacksonville, with which he remained until the fall of 1858, covering the period of the organization of the Republican party, in which "The Journal" took an active part. He was a member of the Anti-Nebraska (afterwards known as Republican) State Convention, which met at Springfield, in October, 1854 (the first ever held in the State), and, on Feb. 22, 1856, attended and presided over a conference of Anti-Nebraska editors of the State at Decatur, called to devise a line of policy for the newly organizing Repub- lican party. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention.) This body appointed the first Republican State Central Committee and desig- nated the date of the Bloomington Convention •of May 29, following, which put in nomination the first Republican State ticket ever namted in Illinois, which ticket was elected in the following November (See Bloomington Convention.) In 1859 he prepared a pamphlet giving a history of the celebrated Canal scrip fraud, which was widely circulated. (See Canal Scrip Fraud.) ■Going South in the fall of 1859, he was engaged in teaching in the State of Louisiana until the last of June, 1861. Just two weeks before the fall of Fort Sumter he was denounced to his Southern neighbors as an "abolitionist" and falsely charged with having been connected with the "underground railroad," in letters from secession sympathizers in the North, whose per- sonal and political enmity he had incurred while conducting a Republican paper in Illinois, some ■of whom referred to Jefferson Davis, Senator Slidell, of Louisiana, and other Southern leaders as vouchers for their characters. He at once invited an investigation by the Board of Trus- tees of the institution, of which he was the Principal, when that body — although composed, for the most part, of Southern men — on the basis of testimonials from prominent citizens of Jack- sonville, and other evidence, adopted resolutions declaring the charges prompted by personal hos- tility, and delivered the letters of his accusers into his hands. Returning North with his family in July, 1861, he spent some nine months in the com- missary and transportation branches of the ser- vice at Cairo and at Paducah, Ky. In July, 1862, he became associate editor of "The Illinois State Journal" at Springfield, remaining until Novem- ber, 1865. The next six months were spent as Assistant Deputy Collector in the Custom House at New Orleans, but, returning North in June, 1866, he soon after became identified with the Chicago press, serving, first upon the staff of "The Evening Journal" and, later, on "The Repub- lican." In May, 1868, he assumed the editorship of "The Quincy Whig," ultimately becoming part proprietor of that paper, but, in January, 1874, resumed his old place on "The State Jour- nal," four years later becoming one of its propri- etors. In 1880 he was appointed by President Hayes Postmaster of Springfield, was reappointed by Arthur in 1884, but resigned in 1886. Mean- while he had sold his interest in "The Journal," but the following year organized a new company for its purchase, when he resumed his former position as editor. In 1889 he disposed of his holding in "The Journal," finally removing to Chicago, where- he has been employed in literary work. In all he has been engaged in editorial work over thirty-five years, of which eighteen were spent upon "The State Journal." In 1860 Mr. Selby was complimented by his Alma Mater with the honorary degree of A. M. He has been twice married, first to Miss Erra Post, of Spring- field, who died in November, 1865, leaving two daughters, and, in 1870, to Mrs. Mary J. Hitch- cock, of Quincy, by whom he had two children, both of whom died in infancy. SEMPLE, James, United States Senator, was born in Green County, Ky., Jan. 5, 1798, of Scotch descent ; after learning the tanner's trade, studied law and emigrated to Illinois in 1818, removing to Missouri four years later, where he was ad- mitted to the bar. Returning to Illinois in 1838, he began practice at Edwardsville, but later became a citizen of Alton. During the Black Hawk War he served as Brigadier-General. He was thrice elected to the lower house of the Legislature (1832, '34 and '36), and was Speaker during the last two terms. In 1833 he was elected Attorney-General by the Legislature, but served only until the following year, and, in 1887, was appointed Minister to Granada, South America. Iii 1843 he was appointed, and after- wards elected. United States Senator to fill the unexpired term of Samuel McRoberts, at the expiration of his term (1847) retiring to private HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 475 life. He laid out the town of Elsah, in Jersey County, just south of which he owned a large estate on the Mississippi bluffs, where he died, Dec. 20, 1866. SENECA (formerly Grotty), a village of La Salle County, situated on the Illinois River, the Illinois & Michigan Canal and the Chicago, Bock Island & Pacific and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways, 13 miles east of Ottawa. It has a graded school, several churches, a bank, some manufactures, grain warehouses, coal mines, telephone system and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 1,190; (1900), 1,036. SEJfN, (Dr.) Nicholas, physican and surgeon, was bom in the Canton of St. Gaul, Switzerland, Oct. 31, 1844; was brought to America at 8 years of age, his parents settling at Washington, Wis. He received a grammar school education at Fond du Lac, and, in 1864, began the study of medi- cine, graduating at the Chicago Medical College in 1868. After some eighteen months spent as resident physician in the Cook County Hospital, he began practice at Ashford, Wis., but removed to Milwaukee in 1874, where he became attending physician of the Milwaukee Hospital. In 1877 he visited Europe, gradua,ted the following year from the University of Munich, and, on his return, became Professor of the Principles of Surgery and Surgical Pathology in Rush Medical College in Chicago — also has held the chair of the Prac- tice of Surgery in the same institution. Dr. Senn has achieved great success and won an international reputation in the treatment of difficult cases of abdominal surgery. He is the author of a number of volumes on different branches of surgery which are recognized as standard authorities. A few years ago he pur- chased the extensive library of the late Dr. Will- iam Baum, Professor of Surgery in the University of Gottingen, which he presented to the New- berry Library of Chicago. In 1898, Dr. Senn was appointed Surgeon-General of the Illinois National Guard, and has also been President of the Association of Military Surgeons of the National Guard of the United States, besides being identified with various other medical bodies. Soon after the beginning of the Spanish- American War, he was appointed, by President McKinley, a Surgeon of Volunteers with the rank of Colonel, and rendered most eflBcient aid in the miUtary branch of the service at Camp Chicka- mauga and in the Santiago campaign. SEXTON, (Col.) James A., Commander-in- Chief of Grand Army of the Republic, was born in the city of Chicago, Jan. 5, 1844; in April, 1861, being then only a little over 17, enlisted as a private soldier under the first call for troops issued by President Lincoln; at the close of his term was appointed a Sergeant, with authority to recruit a company which afterwards was attached to the Fifty -first Volunteer Infantry. Later, he was transferred to the Sixty-seventh with the rank of Lieutenant, and, a few months after, to the Seventy -second with a commission as Captain of Company D, which he had recruited. As com- mander of his regiment, then constituting a part of the Seventeenth Army Corps, he participated in the battles of Columbia, Duck Creek, Spring HiU, Franklin and Nashville, and in the Nash- ville campaign. Both at Nashville and Franklin he was wounded, and again, at Spanish Fort, by a piece of shell which broke his leg. His regiment took part in seven battles and eleven skirmishes, and, while it went out 967 strong in officers and men, it returned with only 383, all told, although it had been recruited by 234 men. He was known as "The boy Captain," being only 18 years old when he received his first commission, and 21 when, after participating in the Mobile cam- paign, he was mustered out with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. After the close of the war he engaged in planting in the South, purchasing a plantation in Lowndes County, Ala., but, in 1867, returned to Chicago, where he became a member of the firm of Cribben, Sexton & Co., stove manufacturers, from which he retired in 1898. In 1884 he served as Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket for the Fourth District, and, in 1889, was appointed, by President Harrison, Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving over five years. In 1888 he was chosen Department Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic for the State of Illinois, and, ten years later, to the position of Commander-in-Chief of the order, which he held at the time of his death. He had also been, for a number of years, one of the Trus- tees of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, and, during most of the time. President of the Board. Towards the close of the year 1898, he was appointed by President McKinley a member of the Commission to investigate the conduct of the Spanish- American War, but, before the Com- mission had concluded its labors, was taken with "the grip," which developed into pneumonia, from which he died in Washington, Feb. 5, 1899. SEYMOUR, Oeorge Franklin, Protestant Epis- copal Bishop, was born in New York City, Jan. 5, 1839 ; graduated from Columbia College in 1850, and from the General Theological Seminary (New York) in 1854. He received both minor 476 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. and major orders at the hands of Bishop Potter, being made deacon in 1854 and ordained priest in 1855. For several years he was engaged in mis- sionary work. During this period he was promi- nently identified with the founding of St. Stephen's College. After serving as rector in various parishes, in 1865 he was made Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the New York Semi- nary, and, ten years later, was chosen Dean of the institution, still retaining his professorship. Eacine College conferred upon him the degree of S.T.D., in 1867, and Columbia that of LL.D. in 1878. In 1874 he was elected Bishop of Illinois, but failed of confirmation in the House of Depu- ties. Upon the erection of the new diocese of Springfield (1877) he accepted and was conse- crated Bishop at Trinity Church, N. Y., June 11, 1878. He was a prominent member of the Third Pan-Anglican Council (London, 1885), and has done much to foster the growth and extend the influence of his church in his diocese. SHABBONA, a village of De Kalb County, on the Iowa Division of the Chicago, Biirlington & Quincy Railroad, 35 miles west of Aurora. Population (1890), 503; (1900), 587. SHABONA (or Shabbona), an Ottawa Chief, was born near the Maumee Eiver, in Ohio, about 1775, and served under Tecumseh from 1807 to the battle of the Thames in 1813. In 1810 he accompanied Tecumseh and Capt. Billy Caldwell (see Sauganasli) to the homes of the Pottawato- mies and other tribes within the present limits of Illinois and Wisconsin, to secure their co-oper- ation in driving the white settlers out of the country. At the battle of the Thames, he was by the side of Tecumseh when he fell, and both he and Caldwell, losing faith in their British allies, soon after submitted to the United States through General Cass at Detroit. Shabona was opposed to Black Hawk in 1833, and did much to thwart the plans of the latter and aid the whites. Hav- ing married a daughter of a Pottawatomie chief, who had a village on the Illinois River east of the present city of Ottawa, he lived there for some time, but finally removed 35 miles north to Shabona's Grove in De Kalb County. Here he remained till 1837, when he removed to Western Missouri. Black Hawk's followers having a reservation near by, hostilities began between them, in which a son and nephew of Shabona were killed. He finally returned to his old home in Illinois, but found it occupied by whites, who drove him from the grove that bore his name. Some friends then bought for him twenty acres of land on Mazon Creek, near Morris, where he died, July 27, 1859. He is described as a noble specimen of his race. A life of him has been published by N. Matson (Chicago, 1878). SHANNON, a village of Carroll County, on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 18 miles southwest of Freeport. It is an important trade center, has a bank and one newspaper. Popu- lation (1890), 591; (1900), 678. SHAW, Aaron, former Congressman, born in Orange County, N. Y., in 1811; was educated at the Montgomery Academy, studied law and was admitted to the bar at Goshen in that State. In 1833 he removed to Lawrence County, 111. He has held various important public offices. He was a ruember of the first Internal Improvement Convention of the State; was chosen State's Attorney by the Legislature, in which body he served two terms ; served four years as Judge of the Twenty -fifth Judicial Circuit; was elected to the Thirty-fifth Congress in 1856, and to the Forty-eighth in 1883, as a Democrat. SHAW, James, lawyer, jurist, was born in Ire- land, May 3, 1833, brought to this country in in- fancy and grew up on a farm in Cass County, 111. ; graduated from Illinois College in 1857, and, after admission to the bar, began practice at Mount Carroll. In 1870 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, being re-elected in 1872, '76 and '78. He was Speaker of the House during the session of 1877, and one of the Republican leaders on the floor during the suc- ceeding session. In 1873 he was chosen a Presi- dential Elector, and, in 1891, to a seat on the Circuit bench from the Thirteenth Circuit, and, in 1897 was re-elected for the Fifteenth Circuit. SHAWNEETOWN, a city and the county-seat of Gallatin County, on the Ohio River 120 miles from its mouth and at the terminus of the Shaw- neetown Divisions of the Baltimore & Ohio South- western and the Louisville & Nashville Railroads; is one of the oldest towns in the State, having been laid out in 1808, and noted for the number of prominent men who resided there at an early day. Coal is extensively mined in that section, and Shawneetown is one of the largest shipping points for lumber, coal and farm products between Cairo and LouisviUe, navigation being open the year round. Some manufacturing is done here; the city has several mills, a foundry and machine shop, two or three banks, several churches, good schools and two weekly papers. Since the disastrous floods of 1884 and 1898, Shaw- neetown has reconstructed its levee system on a substantial scale, which is now believed to furnish HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 477 ample protection against the recurrence of similar disaster. Pop. (1900), 1,698; (1903, est.), 3,200. SHEAHAJf, James W., journalist, was born in Baltimore, Md., spent his early life, after reaching manhood, in Washington City as a Congressional Eeporter, and, in 1847, reported the proceedings of the Illinois State Constitutional Convention at Springfield. Through the influence of Senator Douglas he was induced, in 1854, to accept the editorship of "The Young America" newspaper at Chicago, which was soon after changed to "The Chicago Times." Here he remained until -the fall of 1860, when, "The Times" having been sold and consolidated with "The Herald," a Buchanan-Breckenridge organ, he established a new paper called "The Morning Post." This he made representative of the views of the "War Democrats" as against "The Times," which was opposed to the war. In May, 1865, he sold the plant of "The Post" and it became "The Chicago Bepublican" — now "Inter Ocean." A few months later. Mr. Sheahan accepted a position as ■chief writer on the editorial staff of "The Chicago Tribune,'' which he retained until his death, June 17, 1883. SHEFFIELD, a prosperous village of Bureau County, on the Chicago, Rook Island & Pacific Eailroad, 44 miles east of Rook Island; has valu- able coal mines, a bank and one newspaper. Population (1890), 993; (1900), 1,365. SHELBY COUNTY, lies south of the center of the State, and contains an area of 776 square miles. The tide of immigration to this county was at first from Kentucky, Tennessee and North Carolina, although later it began to set in from the Northern States. The first cabin in the coxmty was built by Simeon Wakefield on what is now the site of Williamsburg, first called Cold Spring. Joseph Daniel was the earliest settler in what is now Shelbyville, pre-empting ten acres, which he soon afterward sold to Joseph Oliver, the pioneer merchant of the county, and father of the first white child born within its limits. Other pioneers were Shimei Wakefield, Levi Casey and Samuel Hall. In lieu of hats the early settlers wore caps made of squirrel or coon skin, with the tails dangling at the backs, and he was regarded as well dressed who boasted a fringed buckskin shirt and trousers, with moccasins. The county was formed in 1837, and Shelbyville made the county-seat. Both county and town are named in honor of Governor Shelby, of Ken- tucky. County Judge Joseph Oliver held the first coifft in the cabin of Barnett Bone, and Judge Theophilus W. Smith presided over the first Circuit Court in 1838. Coal is abundant, and limestone and sandstone are also found. The surface is somewhat rolling and well wooded. The Little \Yabash and Kaskaskia Rivers flow through the central and southeastern portions. The county lies in the very heart of the great corn belt of the State, and has excellent transpor- tation facilities, being penetrated by four lines of railway. Population (1880), 30,270; (1890), 31,- 191; (1900), 32,126. SHELBYVILLE, the county-seat and an incor- porated city of Shelby County, on the Kaskaskia River and two lines of railway, 33 miles southeast of Decatur. Agriculture is carried on exten- sively, and there is considerable coal mining in the immediate vicinity. The city has two flour- ing mills, a handle factory, a creamery, one National and one State bank, one daily and four weekly papers and one monthly periodical, an Orphans' Home, ten churches, two graded schools, and a public library. Population (1890), 3,163; (1900), 3,546. SHELDON, a village of Iroquois County, at the intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railways, 9 miles east of Watseka; has two banks and a newspaper. The region is agricultural. Pop. (1890), 910; (1900), 1,103. SHELDON, Benjamin R., jurist, was born in Massachusetts in 1813, graduated from Williams College in 1831, studied law at the Yale Law School, and was admitted to practice in 1836. Emigrating to Illinois, he located temporarily at Hennepin, Putnam County, but soon removed to Galena, and finally to Rockford. In 1848 he was elected Circuit Judge of the Sixth Circuit, which afterwards being divided, he was assigned to the Fourteenth Circuit, remaining until 1870, when he was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, presiding as Chief Justice in 1877. He was re- elected in 1879, but retired in 1888, being suc- ceeded by the late Justice Bailey. Died, April 13, 1897. SHEPPAKD, Nathan, author and lecturer, was born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 9, 1834; graduated at Rochester Theological Seminary in 1859 ; dur- ing the Civil War was special correspondent of "The New York World" and "The Chicago Jour- nal" and "Tribune," and, during the Franco- German War, of "The Cincinnati Gazette;" also served as special American correspondent of "The London Times," and was a contributor to "Frazer's Magazine" and "Temple Bar." In 1873 he became a lecturer on Modern English Liter- ature and Rhetoric in Chicago University and, 478 HISTOEIOAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. four years later, accepted a similar position in Allegheny College; also spent four years in Europe, lecturing in the principal towns of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1884 he founded the "Athenaeum" at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., of which he was President until his death, early in 1888. "The Dickens Reader," "Character Read- ings from George Eliot" and "Essays of George Eliot" were among the volumes issued by him between 1881 and 1887. Died in New York City, Jan. 24, 1888. SHERMAN, Alson Smith, early Chicago Mayor, was born at Barre, Vt., April 21, 1811. remaining there until 1836, when he came to Chicago and began business as a contractor and builder. Sev- eral years later he opened the first stone quarries at Lemont, 111. Mr. Sherman spent many years in the service of Chicago as a public ofiBcial. From 1840 to 1843 he was Captain of a company of militia; for two years served as Chief of the Fire Department, and was elected Alderman in 1842, serving again in 1846. In 1844, he was chosen Mayor, his administration being marked by the first extensive public improvements made in Chicago. After his term as Mayor he did much to secure a better water supply for the city. He was especially interested in promoting common school education, being for several years a member of the City School Board. He was Vice-President of the first Board of Trustees of Northwestern University. Retired from active pursuits, Mr. Sherman is now (1899) spending a serene old age at Waukegan, 111. — Oren (Sherman) brother of the preceding and early Chicago mer- chant, was born at Barre, Vt., March 5, 1816. After spending several years in a mercantile house in Montpelier, Vt. , at the age of twenty he came west, first to New Buffalo, Mich. , and, in 1836, to Chicago, opening a dry-goods store there the next spring. With various partners Mr. Sherman continued in a general mercantile busi- ness until 1853, at the same time being extensively engaged in the provision trade, one-half the entire transactions in pork in the city passing through Lis hands. Next he engaged in developing stone quarries at Lemont, 111. ; also became extensively interested in the marble business, continuing in this until a few years after the panic of 1873, when he retired in consequence of a shock of paralysis. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 15, 1898. SHERMAN, Elijah B., lawyer, was born at Fairfield, Vt., June 18, 1833— his family being distantly related to Roger Sherman, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and the late Gan. W. T. Sherman; gained his education in the common schools and at Middlebury College, where he graduated in 1860 ; began teaching, but soon after enlisted as a private in the war for the Union ; received a Lieutenant's commission, and served until captured on the eve of the battle at * Antietam, when he was paroled and sent to Camp Douglas, Chicago, awaiting exchange. During this period he commenced reading law and, hav- ing resigned his commission, graduated from the law department of Chicago University in 1864 In 1876 he was elected Representative in the General Assembly from Cook County, and re- elected in 1878, and the following year appointed Master in Chancery of the United States District Court, a position which he still occupies He has repeatedly been called upon to deliver addresses on political, literary and patriotic occasions, one of these being before the alumni of his alma mater, in 1884, when he was complimented with the degree of LL.D. SHIELDS, James, soldier and United States Senator, was born in Ireland in 1810, emigrated to the United States at the age of sixteen, and began the practice of law at Kaskaskia in 1833. He was elected to the Legislature in 1836, and State Auditor in 1839. In 1843 he became a Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, and, in 1845, was made Commissioner of the General Land Office. In July, 1846, he was commissioned Brigadier-General in the Mexican War gaining the brevet of Major-General at Cerro-Gordo, where he was severely wounded. He was again wounded at Chapultepec, and mxistered out in 1848. The same year he was appointed Governor of Oregon Territory. In 1849 the Democrats in the Illinois Legislature elected him Senator, and he resigned his office in Oregon. In 1856 he removed to Minnesota, and, in 1858, was chosen United States Senator from that State, his term expiring in 1859, when he established a residence in California. At the outbreak of the Civil War (1861) he was superintending a mine in Mexico, but at once hastened to Washington to tender his services to the Governnmet. He was commis- sioned Brigadier-General, and served with dis- tinction until March, 1863, when the effect of niunsrous wounds caused him to resign. He sub- sequently removed to Missouri, practicing law at CarroUton and serving in the Legislature of that State in 1874 and 1879. In the latter year he was elected United States Senator to fill out the unex- pired term of Senator Bogy, who had died in office — serving only six weeks, but being the only man in the history of the country who filled the office of United States Senator from three differ- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 479' ent States. Died, at Ottumwa, Iowa, June 1, 1879. SHIPMAN, a town of Macoupin County, on the Chicago & Alton Railway, 19 miles north-north- east of Alton and 14 miles southwest of Carlin- ville. Population (1890), 410; (1900), 396. SHIPMAN, George E., M.D., physician and philanthropist, horn in New York City, March 4, 1820 ; graduated at the University of New York in 1839, and took a course in the College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons; practiced for a time at Peoria, 111., hut, in 1846, located in Chicago, where he assisted in organizing the first Homeopathic Hospital in that city, and, in 1855, was one of the first Trustees of Hahnemann College. In 1871 he estahlished, in Chicago, the Foundlings' Home at his own expense, giving to it the latter years of his Ufe. Died, Jan. 20, 1893. SHORET, Daniel Lewis, lawyer and philan- thropist, was horn at Jonesborough, Washington County, Maine, Jan. 31, 1824; educated at Phil- lips Academy, Andover, Mass., and at Dartmouth College, graduating from the latter in 1851; taught two years in Washington City, meanwhile reading law, afterwards taking a course at Dane Law School, Cambridge ; was admitted to the bar in Boston in 1854, the next year locating at Davenport, Iowa, where he remained ten years. In 1865 he removed to Chicago, where he prose- cuted his profession until 1890, when he retired. Mr. Shorey was prominent in the establishment of the Chicago Public Library, and a member of the first Library Board; was also a prominent member of the Chicago Literary Club, and was a Director in the new University of Chicago and deeply interested in its prosperity. Died, in Chi- cago, March 4, 1899. SHORT, (Rev.) William F., clergyman and educator, was born in Ohio in 1839, brought to Morgan County, 111., in childhood, and Uved upon a faocm until 20 years of age, when he entered McKendree College, spending his senior year, however, at Wesleyan University, Bloomington, where he graduated in 1854. He had meanwhile accepted a call to the Missouri Conference Semi- nary at Jackson, Mo. ; where he remained three years, when he returned to Illinois, serving churches at Jacksonville and elsewhere, for a part of the time being Presiding Elder of the Jacksonville District. In 1875 he was elected President of Illinois Female College at Jackson- ville, continuing in that position until 1893, when he was appointed Superintendent of the Illinois State Institution for the Blind at the same place, but resigned early in 1897. Dr. Short received the degree of D.D., conferred upon him by Ohio Wesleyan University. SHOUP, George L., United States Senator, was born at Kittanning, Pa., June 15, 1836; came to Illinois in 1852, his father locating on a stock- farm near Galesburg; in 1859 removed to Colo- rado, where he engaged in mining and mercantile business until 1861, when he enlisted in a com- pany of scouts, being advanced from the rank of First Lieutenant to the Colonelcy of the Third Colorado Cavalry, meanwhile serving as Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1864. Retiring to private Ufe, he again engaged in mer- cantile and mining business, first in Nevada and then in Idaho; served two terms in .the Terri- torial Legislature of the latter, was appointed Territorial Governor in 1889 and, in 1890, was chosen the first Governor of the State, in October of the same year being elected to the United States Senate, and re-elected in 1895 for a second term, which ends in 1901. Senator Shoup is on& of the few Western Senators who remained faith- ful to the regular Republican organization, during, the political campaign of 1896. SHOWALTER, John W., jurist, was born in Mason County, Ky., Feb. 8, 1844; resided some years in Scott County in that State, and was educated in the local schools, at Maysville and Ohio University, finally graduating at Yale Col- lege in 1867; came to Chicago in 1869, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1870. He returned to Kentucky after the fire of 1871, but, in 1872, again came to Chicago and entered the employment of the firm of Moore & Caulfield, with whom he had been before the fire. In 1879 he became a member of the firm of Abbott, Oliver & Showalter (later, Oliver & Showalter), where he remained until his appointment as United States Circuit Judge, in March, 1895. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 12, 1898. SHUMAN, Andrew, journalist and Lieutenant- Governor, was born at Manor, Lancaster County, Pa., Nov. 8, 1830. His father dying in 1837, he was reared by an uncle. At the age of 15 he became an apprentice in the oflSce of "The Lan- caster Union and Sentinel. " A year later he ac- companied his employer to Auburn, N. Y. .working for two years on "The Daily Advertiser" of that city, then known as Governor Seward's "home organ." At the age of 18 he edited, published and distributed — during his leisure hours— a small weekly paper called ' 'The Auburnian. ' ' At the conclusion of his apprenticeship he was em- ployed, for a year or two, in editing and publish- ing "The Cayuga Chief," a temperance journal. 480 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. In 1851 he entered Hamilton College, but, before the completion of his junior year, consented, at the solicitation of friends of William H. Seward, to assume editorial control of "The Syracuse Daily Journal. " In July, 1856, he came to Chi- cago, to accept an editorial position on "The Evening Journal" of that city, later becoming editor-in-claief and President of the Journal Com- pany. From 1865 to 1870 (first by executive appointment and afterward by popular election) he was a Commissioner of the Illinois State Peni- tentiary at Joliet, resigning the ofHce four years before the expiration of his term. In 1876 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor on the Eepub- lican ticket. Owing to declining health, he abandoned active journalistic work in 1888, dying in Chicago, May 5, 1890. His home during the latter years of his life was at Evanston. Governor Shuman was author of a romance entitled "Loves of a Lawyer," besides numerous addresses before literary, commercial and scien- tific associations. SHTJMWAY, Dorice Dwight, merchant, was born at "Williamsburg, Worcester County, Mass., Sept. 28, 1813, descended from French Huguenot ancestry; came to Zanesville, Ohio, in 1837, and to Montgomery County, 111., in 1841; married a daughter of Hiram Eountree, an early resident of Hillsboro, and, in 1843, located in Christian County ; was engaged for a time in merchandis- ing at Taylorville, but retired in 1858, thereafter giving his attention to a large landed estate. In 1846 he was chosen Representative in the General Assembly, served in the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1847, and four years as County Judge of Christian County. Died, May 9, 1870. — Hiram P. (Shumway), eldest son of the preceding, was born in Montgomery County, 111., June, 1843; spent his boyhood on a farm in Christian County and in his father's store at Taylorville ; took an academy course and, in 1864, engaged in mercan- tile business; was Representative in the Twenty- eighth General Assembly and Senator in the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh, afterwards removing to Springfield, where he engaged in the stone business. SHURTLEFF COLLEGE, an institution located at Upper Alton, and the third estab- lished in Illinois. It was originally incorporated as the "Alton College" in 1831, under a special charter which was not accepted, but re-incorpo- rated in 1835, in an "omnibus bill" with Illi- nois and McKendree Colleges. (See Early Col- leges.) Its primal origin was a school at Rock Spring in St. Clair County, founded about 1824, by Rev. John M. Peck. This became the "Rock Spring Seminary" in 1827, and, about 1831, was united with an academy at Upper Alton. This was the nucleus of "Alton" (afterward "Shurt- leff") College. As far as its denominational control is concerned, it has always been domi- nated by Baptist influence. Dr. Peck's original idea was to found a school for teaching theology and Biblical literature, but this project was at first inhibited by the State. Hubbard Loomis and John Russell were among the first instruc- tors. Later, Dr. Benjamin Shurtlefl donated the college §10,000, and the institution was named in his honor. College classes were not organized until 1840, and several years elapsed before a class graduated. Its endowment in 1898 was over §126,000, in addition to §125,000 worth of real and personal property. About 255 students were in attendance. Besides preparatory and collegiate departments, the college also maintains a theo- logical school. It has a faculty of twenty instructors and is co-educational. SIBLEY, a village of Ford County, on the Chi- cago Division of the Wabash Railway, 105 miles south-southwest of Chicago; has banks and a weekly newspaper. The district is agricultural. Population (1890), 404; (1900), 444. SIBLEY, Joseph, lawyer and jurist, was bom at Westfield, Mass., in 1818; learned the trade of a whip-maker and afterwards engaged in mer- chandising. In 1843 he began the study of law at Syracuse, N. Y., and, upon admission to the bar, came west, finally settling at Nauvoo, Han- cock County. He maintained a neutral attitude during the Mormon troubles, thus giving offense to a section of the community. In 1847 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature, but was elected in 1850, and re-elected in 1853. In 1853 he removed to Warsaw, and, in 1855, was elected Judge of the Circuit Court, and re-elected in 1861, '67 and '73, being assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court of the Second District, in 1877. His residence, after 1865, was at Quincy, where he died, June 18, 1897. SIDELL, a village of Vermillion County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and Cincinnati, Hamil- ton & Dayton Railroads; has a bank, electric light plant and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 776. SIDNEY, a village of Champaign County, on the main line of the Wabash Railway, at the junc- tion of a bran ch to Champaign, 48 miles east-north- east of Decatur. It is in a farming district ; has a bank and a newspaper. Population, (1900), 564. SIM, (Dr.) William, pioneer physician, was born at Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1795, came to HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 481 America in early manhood, and was the first phy- .-sician to settle at Golconda, in Pope County, which he represented in the Foiu'th and Fifth General Assemblies (1834 and '28). He married a Miss Elizabeth Jack of Philadelphia, making the journey from Golconda to Philadelphia for that purpose on horseback. He had a family of five children, one son, Dr. Francis L. Sim, rising to distinction as a physician, and, for a time, being President of a Medical College at Memphis, Tenn. The elder Dr. Sim died at Golconda, in 1868. SIMSj James, early legislator and Methodist preacher, was a native of South Carolina, but removed to Kentucky in early manhood, thence to St. Clair County, lU., and, in 1820, to Sanga- mon County, where he was elected, in 1823, as the first Representative from that county in the Third General Assembly. At the succeeding ses- sion of the Legislature, he was one of those who voted against the Convention resolution designed to prepare the way for making Illinois a slave State. Mr. Sims resided for a time in Menard County, but finally removed to Morgan. SINGER, Horace M., capitalist, was born in Schnectady, N. Y., Oct. 1, 1823; came to Chicago in 1836 and found employment on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, serving as superintendent of repairs upon the Canal until 1853. While thus employed he became one of the proprietors of the stone-quarries at Lemont, managed by the firm of Singer & Talcott imtil about 1890, when they became the property of the Western Stone Company. Originally a Democrat, he became a Republican during the Civil War, and served as a member of the Twenty-fifth General Assembly (1867) for Cook County, was elected County Com- missioner in 1870, and was Chairman of the RepubUcan County Central Committee in 1880. He was also associated with several financial institutions, being a director of the First National Bank and of the Auditorium Company of Chi- cago, and a member of the Union League and Calumet Clubs. Died, at Pasadena, Cal., Dec. 28, 1896. SINGLETON, James W., Congressman, born •at Paxton, Va., Nov. 23, 1811; was educated at the Winchester (Va. ) Academy, and removed to Illinois in 1833, settling first at, Mount Sterling, •Brown County, and, some twenty years later, near Quinoy. By profession he was a lawyer, ;and was prominent in political and commercial affairs. In his later years he devoted consider- able attention to stock-raising. He was elected Brigadier-General of the Illinois militia in 1844, being identified to some extent with the "Mor- mon War" ; was a member of the Constitutional Conventions of 1847 and 1862, served six terms in the Legislature, and was elected, on the Demo- cratic ticket, to Congress in 1878, and again in 1880. In 1883 he ran as an independent Demo- crat, but was defeated by the regular nominee of his party, James M. Riggs. During the War of the Rebellion he was one of the most conspicuous leaders of the "peace party." He constructed the Quincy & Toledo (now part of the Wabash) and the Quincy, Alton & St. Louis (now part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy) Railways, being President of both companies. His death occurred at Baltimore, Md., April 4, 1892. SINNET, John S., pioneer, was born at Lex- ington, Ky., March 10, 1796; at three years of age, taken by his parents to Missouri ; enlisted in the War of 1812, but, soon after the war, came to Illinois, and, about 1818, settled in what is now Christian County, locating on land constituting a part of the present city of Taylorville. In 1840 he removed to Tazewell County, dying there, Jan. 13, 1873. SKINNEK, Mark, jurist, was born at Manches- ter, Vt., Sept. 13, 1813; graduated from Middle- bury College in 1833, studied law, and, in 1836, came to Chicago; was admitted to the bar in 1839, became City Attorney in 1840, later Master in Chancery for Cook County, and finally United States District Attorney under President Tyler. As member of the House Finance Committee in the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48), he aided influentially in securing the adoption of measures for refunding and paying the State debt. In 1851 he was elected Judge of the Court of Common Pleas (now Superior Court) of Cook County, but declined a re-election in 1853. Origi- nally a Democrat, Judge Skinner was an ardent opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill and a liberal supporter of the Government policy dur- ing the rebellion. He liberally aided the United States Sanitary Commission and was identified with all the leading charities of the city. Among the great business enterprises with which he was officially associated were the Galena & Chi- cago Union and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railways (in each of which he was a Director), the Chicago Marine & Fire Insurance Company, the Gas-Light and Coke Company and others. Died, Sept, 16, 1887. Judge Skinner's only sur- viving son was killed in the trenches before Petersburg, the last year of the Civil War. SKINNER, Otis Ainsworth, clergyman and author, was born at Royalton, Vt., July 3, 1807; 482 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. taught for some time, became a Universalist minister, serving churches in Baltimore, Boston and New York between 1831 and 1857; then came to Elgin, 111., was elected President of Lom- bard University at Galesburg, but the following year took charge of a church at Joliet. Died, at Naperville, Sept. 18, 1861. He wrote several vol- umes on religious topics, and, at different times, edited religious periodicals at Baltimore, Haver- hill, Mass., and Boston. SKINNEE, Ozias C, lawyer and jurist, was born at Floyd, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1817; in 1836, removed to Illinois, settling in Peoria County, where he engaged in farming. In 1838 he began the study of law at Greenville, Ohio, and was admitted to the bar of that State in 1840. Eighteen months later he returned to Illinois, and began practice at Carthage, Hancock County, removing to Quincy in 1844. During the "Mor- mon War" he served as Aid-de-camp to Governor Ford. In 1848 he was elected to the lower house of the Sixteenth General Assembly, and, for a short time, served as Prosecuting Attorney for the district including Adams and Brown Coim- ties. In 1851 he was elected Judge of the (then) Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1855, suc- ceeded Judge S. H. Treat on the Supreme bench, resigning this position in April, 1858, two months before the expiration of his term. He was a large land owner and had extensive agricultural interests. He built, and was the first President of the Carthage & Quincy Eailroad, now a part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy system. He was a prominent member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869, serving as Chairman of the Committee on Judiciary. Died in 1877. SLADE, Charles, early Congressman; his early history, including ■ date and place of birth, are unknown. In 1820 he was elected Representative from Washington County in the Second General Assembly, and, in 1826, was re-elected to the same body for Clinton and Washington. In 1833 he was elected one of the three Congressmen from Illinois, representing the First District. After attending the first session of the Twenty- third Congress, while on his way' home, he was attacked with cholera, dying near Vincennes, Ind., July 11, 1834. SLADE, James P., ex-State Superintendent of Public Instruction, was born at Westerlo, Albany County, N. Y., Feb. 9, 1837, and spent his boy- hood with his parents on a farm, except while absent at school ; in 1856 removed to Belleville, 111., where he soon became connected with the public schools, serving for a number of years as Principal of the Belleville High School. While connected with the Belleville schools, he was elected County Superintendent, remaining in oflSce some ten years ; later had charge of Almira College at Greenville, Bond County, served six years as Superintendent of Schools at East St. Louis and, in 1878, was elected State Superintend- ent of Public Instruction as the nominee of the Eepijblican party. On retirement from the ofiBce of State Superintendent, he resumed his place at the head of Almira College, but, for the past few years, has been Superintendent of Schools at East St. Louis. SLAVERY AGITATION OF 1823-24. (See Slavery and Slave Laws.) SLAVEET AND SLATE LAWS. African slaves were first brought into the Illinois country by a Frenchman named Pierre F. Renault, about 1722. At that time the present State formed a part of Louisiana, and the traffic in slaves was regulated by French royal edicts. When Great Britain acquired the territory, at the close of the French and Indian War, the former subjects of France were guaranteed security for their per- sons "and effects," and no interference with slavery was attempted. Upon the conquest of Illinois by Virginia (see Clark, George Rogers), the French very generally professed allegiance to that commonwealth, and, in her deed of cession to the United States, Virginia expressly stipulated for the protection of the "rights and liberties" of the French citizens. This was construed as recognizing the right of property in negro slaves. Even the Ordinance of 1787, while pro- hibiting slavery in the Northwest Territory, pre- served to the settlers (reference being especially made to the French and Canadians) "of the Kas- kaskias, St. Vincents and neighboring villages, their laws and customs, now (then) in force, relative to the descent and conveyance of prop- erty. ' ' A conservative construction of this clause was, that while it prohibited the extension of slavery and the importation of slaves, the status of those who were at that time in involuntary servitude, and of their descendants, was left un- changed. There were those, however, who denied the constitutionality of the Ordinance in toto, on the ground that Congress had exceeded its powers in its passage. There was also a party which claimed that all children of slaves, born after 1787, were free from birth. In 1794 a con- vention was held at Vincennes, pursuant to a call from Governor Harrison, and a memorial to Con- gress was adopted, praying for the repeal — or, at least a modification — of the sixth clause of the HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 483 Ordinance of 1787. The first Congressional Com- mittee, to which this petition was referred, reported adversely upon it ; but a second commit- tee recommended the suspension of the operation of the clause in question for ten years. But no action was taken by the National Legislature, and, in 1807, a counter petition, extensively signed, was forwarded to that body, and Congress left the matter in statu quo. It is worthy of note that some of the most earnest opponents of the measure were Representatives from Southern Slave States, John Randolph, of Virginia, being one of them. The pro-slavery party in the State then prepared what is popularly known as the "Indenture Law," which was one of the first acts adopted by Governor Edwards and his Council, and was re-enacted by the first Territorial Legis- lature in 1812. It was entitled, "An Act relating to the Introduction of Negroes and Mulattoes into this Territory," and gave permission to bring slaves above 15 years of age into the State, when they might be registered and kept in servitude within certain limitations. Slaves under that age might also be brought in, registered, and held in bondage until they reached the age of 35, if males, and 30, if females. The issue of registered slaves were to serve their mother's master until the age of 30 or 28, according to sex. The effect of this legislation was rapidly to increase the number of slaves. The Constitution of 1818 pro- hibited the introduction of slavery thereafter — that is to say, after its adoption. In 1822 the slave-holding party, with their supporters, began to agitate the question of so amending the organic law as to make Illinois a slave State. To effect such a change the calling of a convention was necessary, and, for eighteen months, the struggle between "conventionists" and their opponents was bitter and fierce. The question was submitted to a popular vote on August 2, 1824, the result of the count showing 4,973 votes for such convention and 6,640 against. This decisive result settled the question of slave-hold- ing in Illinois for all future time, though the existence of slavery in the State continued to be recognized by the National Census until 1840. The number, according to the census of 1810, was 168; in 1830 they had increased to 917. Then the number began to diminish, being reduced in 1830 to 747, and, in 1840 (the last census which shows any portion of the population held in bondage), it was 331. Hooper Warren — who has been mentioned else- where as editor of ' 'The Edwardsville Spectator, ' ' and a leading factor in securing the defeat of the scheme to make Illinois a slave State in 1822— in an article in the first number of "The Genius of Liberty" (January, 1841), speaking of that con- test, says there were, at its beginning, only three papers in the State— "The Intelligencer" at Van- dalia, "The Gazette" at Shawneetown, and "The Spectator" at Edwardsville. The first two of these, at the outset, favored the Convention scheme, while "The Spectator" opposed it. The management of the campaign on the part of the pro-slavery party was assigned to Emanuel J. West, Theophilus W. Smith and Oliver L. Kelly, and a paper was established by the name of "The Illinois Republican," with Smith as editor. Among the active opponents of the measure were George Churchill, Thomas Lippincott, Samuel D. Lockwood, Henry Starr (afterwards of Cincin- nati), Rev. John M. Peck and Rev. James Lemen, of, St. Clair County. Others who con- tributed to the cause were Daniel P. Cook, Morris Birkbeck, Dr. Hugh Steel and Burton of Jackson County, Dr. Henry Perrine of Bond; William Leggett of Edwardsville (afterwards editor of "The New York Evening Post"), Ben- jamin Lundy (then of Missouri), David Blackwell and Rev. John Dew, of St. Clair County. Still others were Nathaniel Pope (Judge of the United States District Court), William B, Archer, Wil- liam H. Brown and Benjamin Mills (of Vandalia), John Tillson, Dr. Horatio Newhall, George For- quer. Col. Thomas Mather, Thomas Ford, Judge David J. Baker, Charles W. Hunter and Henry H. Snow (of Alton). This testimony is of interest as coming from one who probably had more to do with defeating the scheme, with the exception of Gov. Edward Coles. Outside of the more elabor- ate Histories of Illinois, the most accurate and detailed accounts of this particular period are to be found in "Sketch of Edward Coles" by the late E. B. Washburne, and "Early Movement in Illi- nois for the Legalization of Slavery," an ad- dress before the Chicago Historical Society (1864), by Hon. WiUiam H. Brown, of Chicago. (See also. Coles, Edward; Warren,Hooper; Brovm, William H.; Churchill, George; Lippincott, Thomas; and Newspapers, Early, elsewhere in this volume. ) SLOAN, Wesley, legislator and jurist, was born in Dorchester County, Md., Feb. 30,, 1806. At the age of 17, having received a fair academic education, he accompanied his parents to Phila- delphia, where, for a year, he was employed in a wholesale grocery. His father dying, he returned to Maryland and engaged in teaching, at the same time studying law, and being admitted to 484 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the bar in 1831. He came to Illinois in 1838, going first to Chicago, and afterward to Kaskas- kia, finally settling at Golconda in 1839, which continued to be his home the remainder of his life. In 1848 he was elected to the Legislature, and re-elected in 1850, '53, and '56, serving three times as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. He was one of the members of the first State Board of Education, created by Act of Feb. 18, 1857, and took a prominent part in the founding and organization of the State educational insti- tutions. In 1857 he was elected to the bench of the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit, and re-elected in 1861, but declined a re-election for a third term. Died, Jan. 15, 1887. SMITH, Abner, jurist, was born at Orange, Franklin County, Mass., August 4, 1843, of an old New England family, whose ancestors came to Massachusetts Colony about 1630; was edu- cated in the public schools and at Middlebury College, Vt., graduating from the latter in 1866. After graduation he spent a year as a teacher in Newton Academy, at Shoreham, Vt., coming to Chicago in 1867, and entering upon the study of law, being admitted to the bar in 1868. The next twenty-five years were spent in the practice of his profession in Chicago, within that time serv- ing as the attorney of several important corpo- rations. In 1893 he was elected a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and re-elected in 1897, his term of service continuing until 1903. SMITH, (Dr.) Charles Oilman, physician, was born at Exeter, N. H., Jan. 4, 1828, received his early education at Phillips Academy, in his native place, finally graduating from Harvard Univer- sity in 1847. He soon after commenced the study of medicine in the Harvard Medical School, but completed his course at the University of Penn- sylvania in 1851. After two years spent as attending physician of the Alms House in South Boston, Mass. , in 1853 he came to Chicago, where he soon acquired an extensive practice. During the Civil War he was one of six physicians employed by the Government for the treatment of prisoners of war in hospital at Camp Douglas. In 1868 he visited Europe for the purpose of observing the management of hospitals in Ger- many, France and England, on his return being invited to lecture in the Woman's Medical College in Chicago, and also becoming consulting phy- sician in the Women's and Children's Hospital, as well as in the Presbyterian Hospital — a position which he continued to occupy for the remainder of his life, gaining a wide reputation in the treat- ment of women's and children's diseases. Died, Jan. 10, 1894. SMITH, David Allen, lawyer, was born near Richmond, Va., June 18, 1809; removed with his father, at an early day, to Pulaski, Tenn. ; at 17 went to Courtland, Lawrence County, Ala., where he studied law with Judge Bramlette and began practice. His father, dying about 1831, left him the owner of a number of slaves whom, in 1837, he brought to Carlinville, 111., and emanci- pated, giving bond that they should not become a charge to the State. In 1839 he removed to Jacksonville, where he practiced law until- his •death. Col. John J. Hardin was his partner at the time of his death on the battle-field of Buena Vista. Mr. Smith was a Trustee and generous patron of Illinois College, for a quarter of a cen- tury, but never held any political oflBce. As a lawyer he was conscientious and faithful to the interests of his clients ; as a citizen, liberal, pub- lic-spirited and patriotic. He contributed liber- ally to the support of the Government dur- ing the war for the Union. Died, at Anoka, Minn., July 13, 1865, where, he had gone to accompany an invaUd son. — Thomas William (Smith), eldest son of the preceding, born at Courtland, Ala., Sept. 27, 1832; died at Clear- water, Minn., Oct. 29, 1865. He graduated at Illinois College in 1852, studied law and served as Captain in the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, until, broken in health, he returned home to die. SMITH, Dietrich C, ex-Congressman, was born at Ostfriesland, Hanover, April 4, 1840, in boyhood came to the United States, and, since 1849, has been a resident of Pekin, Tazewell County. In 1861 he enlisted in the Eighth IIU- nois Volunteers, was promoted to a Lieutenancy, and, while so serving, was severely wounded at Shiloh. Later, he was attached to the One Hun- dred and Thirty-ninth Illinois Infantry, and was mustered out of service as Captain of Company C of that regiment. His business is that of banker and manufacturer, besides which he has had con- siderable experience in the construction and management of railroads. He was a member of the Thirtieth General Assembly, and, in 1880, was elected Representative in Congress from what was then the Thirteenth District, on the Repub- lican ticket, defeating Adlai E. Stevenson, after- wards Vice-President. In 1883, his county (Taze- well) having been attached to the district for many years represented by Wm. M. Springer, he was defeated by the latter as a candidate for re- election. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 485 SMITH, George, one of Chicago's pioneers and early bankers, was born in Aberdeenshire, Scot- land, March 8, 1808. It was his early intention to study medicine, and he entered Aberdeen Col- lege with this end in view, but was forced to quit the institution at the end of two years, because of impaired vision. Inl833 he came to America, and, in 1834, settled in Chicago, where he resided until 1861, meanwhile spending one year in Scot- land. He invested largely in real estate in Chi- cago and Wisconsin, at one time owning a considerable portion of the present site of Mil- waukee. In 1837 he secured the charter for the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company, whose headquarters were at Milwaukee. He was really the owner of the company, although Alex- ander Mitchell, of Milwaukee, -was its Secretary. Under this charter Mr. Smith was able to issue $1,500,000 in certificates, which circulated freely as currency. In 1839 he founded Chicago's first private banking house. About 1848 he was inter- ested in a storage and commission business in Chicago, with a Mr. Webster as partner. He was a Director in the old Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern), and aided it, while in course of construction, by loans of money; was also a charter member of the Chicago Board of Trade, organized in 1848. In 1854, the State of Wiscon- sin having prohibited the circulation of the Wis- consin Marine and Fire Insurance certificates above mentioned, Mr. Smith sold out the com- pany to his partner, Mitchell, and bought two Georgia bank charters, which, together, em- powered him to issue |3, 000, 000 in currency. The notes were duly issued in Georgia, and put into circulation in Illinois, over the counter of George Smith & Co.'s Chicago bank. About 1856 Mr. Smith began winding up his affairs in Chicago, meanwhile spending most of his time in Scotland, but, returning in 1860, made extensive invest- ments in railroad and other American securities, which netted him large profits. The amount of capital which he is reputed to have taken with him to his native land has been estimated at $10,000,000, though he retained considerable tracts of valuable lands in Wisconsin and about Chicago. Among those who were associated with him in business, either as employes or otherwise, and who have since been prominently identified with Chicago business affairs, were Hon. Charles B. Farwell, E. I. Tinkham (after- wards a prominent banker of Chicago), E. W. Willard, now of Newport, R. I., and others. Mr. Smith made several visits, during the last forty years, to the United States, but divided his time chiefly between Scotland (where he was the owner of a castle) and London. Died Oct. 7, 1899. SMITH, George TV., soldier, lawyer and State Treasurer, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 8, 1837. It was his intention to acquire a col- legiate education, but his father's business embarrassments having compelled the abandon- ment of his studies, at 17 of years age he went to Arkansas and taught school for two years. In 1856 he returned to Albany and began the study of law, graduating from the law school in 1858. In October of that year he removed to Chicago, where he remained continuously in practice, with the exception of the years 1862-65, when he was serving in the Union army, and 1867-68, when he filled the office of State Treasurer. He was mus- tered into service, August 27, 1863, as a Captain in the Eighty-eighth Illinois Infantry — ^the second Board of Trade regiment. At Stone River, he was seriously wounded and captured. After four days' confinement, he was aided by a negro to escape. He made his way to the Union lines, but was granted leave of absence, being incapaci- tated for service. On his return to duty he joined his regiment in the Chattanooga cam- paign, and was officially complimented for his bravery at Gordon's Mills. At Mission Ridge he was again severely wounded, and was once more personally complimented in the official report. At Kenesaw Mountain (June 27, 1864), Capt. Smith commanded the regiment after the killing of Lieutenant-Colonel Chandler, and was pro- moted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy for bravery on the field. He led the charge at Franklin, and was brevetted Colonel, and thanked by the com- mander for his gallant service. In the spring of 1865 he was brevetted Brigadier-General, and, in June following, was mustered out. Returning to Chicago, he resumed the practice of his pro- fession, and gained a prominent position at the bar. In 1866 he was elected State Treasurer, and, after the expiration of his term, in January, 1869, held no public office. General Smith was, for many years, a Trustee of the Chicago Histor- ical Society, and Vice-President of the Board. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 16, 1898. SMITH, George W., lawyer and Congressman, was born in Putnam County, Ohio, August 18, 1846. When he was four years old, his father removed to Wayne County, 111., settling on a farm. He attended the common schools and graduated from the literary department of Mc- Kendree College, at Lebanon, in 1868. In his youth he learned the trade of a blacksmith, but 486 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. later determined to study law. After reading for a time at Fairfield, 111., he entered the Law Department of the Bloomington (Ind.) Univer- sity, graduating there in 1870. The same year he was admitted to the bar in Illinois, and has since practiced at Murphysboro. In 1880 he was a Republican Presidential Elector, and, in 1888, was elected a Republican Representative to Congress from the Twentieth Illinois District, and has been continuously re-elected, now (1899) serving his sixth consecutive term as Representative from the Twenty-second District. SMITH, (Jiles Alexander, soldier, and Assist- ant Postmaster-General, was born in Jefferson County, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1829; engaged in dry- goods business in Cincinnati and Bloomington, 111., in 1861 being proprietor of a hotel in the latter place; became a Captain in the Eighth Missouri Volunteers, was engaged at Forts Henry and Donelson, Shiloh and Corinth, and promoted Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel in 1862 ; led his regiment on the first attack on Vicksburg, and was severely wounded at Arkansas Post ; was pro- moted Brigadier-General in August, 1863, for gallant and meritorious conduct; led a brigade of the Fifteenth Army Corps at Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge, as also in the Atlanta cam- paign, and a division of the Seventeenth Corps in the "March to the Sea." After the surrender of Lee he was transferred to the Twenty-fifth Army Corps, became Major-General in 1865, and resigned in 1866, having declined a commission as Colonel in the regular army ; about 1869 was appointed, by President Grant, Second Assistant Postmaster-General, but resigned on account of failing health in 1872. Died, at Bloomington, Nov. 8, 1876. General Smith was one of the founders of the Society of the Army of the Tennessee. SMITH, Gustavus Adolphns, soldier, was born in Philadelphia, Dec. 26, 1820; at 16 joined two brothers who had located at Springfield, Ohio, where he learned the trade of a carriage-maker. In December, 1837, he arrived at Decatur, 111., but soon after located at Springfield, where he resided some six years. Then, returning to Decatur, he devoted his attention to carriage manufacture, doing a large business with the South, but losing heavily as the result of the war. An original Whig, he became a Democrat on the dissolution of the Whig party, but early took ground in favor of the Union after the firing on Fort Sumter; was offered and accepted the colonelcy of the Thirty-fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at the same time assisting Governor Yates in the selection of Camp Butler as a camp of recruiting and instruction. Having been assigned to duty in Missouri, in the summer of 1861, he proceeded to Jefferson City, joined Fre- mont at Carthage in that State, and made a forced march to Springfield, afterwards taking part in the campaign in Arkansas and in the battle of Pea Ridge, where he had a horse shot under him and was severely (and, it was supposed, fatally) wounded, not recovering until 1868. Being compelled to return home, he received authority to raise an independent brigade, but was unable to accompany it to the field. In Sep- tember, 1863, he was commissioned a Brigadier- General by President Lincoln, "for meritorious conduct," but was unable to enter into active service on account of his wound. Later, he was assigned to the command of a convalescent camp at Murfreesboro, Tenn., under Gen. George H. Thomas. In 1864 he took part in securing the second election of President Lincoln, and, in the early part of 1865, was commissioned by Gov- ernor Oglesby Colonel of a new regiment (the One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Illinois), but, on account of his wounds, was assigned to court- martial duty, remaining in the service until January, 1866, when he was mustered out with the brevet rank of Brigadier-General. During the second year of his service he was presented with a magnificent sword by the rank and file of his regiment (the Thirty-fifth), for brave and gal- lant conduct at Pea Ridge. After retiring from the army, he engaged in cotton planting in Ala- bama, but was not successful; in 1868, canvassed Alabama for General Grant for President, but declined a nomination in his own favor for Con- gress. In 1870 he was appointed, by General Grant, United States Collection and Disbursing Agent for the District of New Mexico, where he continued to reside. SMITH, John Corson, soldier, ex-Lieutenant- Governor and ex-State Treasurer, was born in Philadelphia, Feb. 13, 1833. At the age of 16 he was apprenticed to a carpenter and builder. In 1854 he came to Chicago, and worked at his trade, for a time, but soon removed to Galena, where he finally engaged in business as a contractor. In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the Seventy-fourth Illinois Volunteers, but, having received author- ity from Governor Yates, raised a company, of which he was chosen Captain, and which was incorporated in the Ninety-sixth Illinois Infan- try. Of this regiment he was soon elected Major. After a short service about Cincinnati, Ohio, and Covington and Newport, Ky., the Ninety- HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLIJSTOIS. 487 sixth was sent to the front, and took part (among other battles) in the second engagement at Fort Donelson and in the bloody fight at Franklin, Tenn. Later, Major Smith was assigned to staff duty under Generals Baird and Steedman, serv- ing through the Tullahoma campaign, and par- ticipating in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Being promoted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy, he rejoined his regi- ment, and was given command of a brigade! In the Atlanta campaign he served gallantly, tak- ing a conspicuous part in its long series of bloody engagements, and being severely wounded at Kenesaw Mountain. In February, 1865, he was breyetted Colonel, and, in June, 1865, Brigadier- General. Soon after his return to Galena he was appointed Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue, but was legislated out of office in 1873. In 1873 he removed to Chicago and embarked in business. In 1874-76 he was a member (and Secretary) of the Illinois Board of Commissioners to the Cen- tennial Exposition at Philadelphia. In 1875 he was appointed Chief Grain-Inspector at Chicago, a.nd held the office for several years. In 1873 and '76 he was a delegate to the National Republican Conventions of those years, and, in 1878, was elected State Treasurer, as he was again in 1883. In 1884 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor, serv- ing until 1889. He is a prominent Mason, Knight Templar and Odd Fellow, as well as a distin- guished member of the Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, and was prominently connected with the erection of the "Masonic Temple Build- ing" in Chicago. SMITH, John Engene, soldier, was born in Switzerland, August 3, 1816, the son of an officer who had served under Napoleon, and after the downfall of the latter, emigrated to Philadelphia. The subject of this sketch received an academic education and became a jeweler ; in 1861 entered the volunteer service as Colonel of the Forty-fifth Illinois Infantry; took part in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, in the battle of Shiloh and siege of Corinth ; was promoted a Brigadier- General in November, 1863, and placed in com- mand of a division in the Sixteenth Army Corps ; led the Third Bivision of the Seventeenth Army Corps in the Vicksburg campaign, later being transferred to the Fifteenth, and taking part in the battle of Missionary Ridge and the Atlanta and Carolina campaigns of 1864-65. He received the brevet rank of Major-General of Volunteers in January, 1865, and, on his muster-out from the volunteer service, became Colonel of the Twenty- seventh United States Infantry, being transferred. in 1870, to the Fourteenth. In 1867 his services at Vicksburg and Savannah were further recog- nized by conferring upon him the brevets of Brig- adier and Major-General in the regular army. In May, 1881, he was retired, afterwards residing in Chicago, where he died, Jan. 39, 1897. SMITH, Joseph, the founder of the Mormon sect, was born at Sharon, Vt., Dec. 38, 1805. In 1815 his parents removed to Palmyra, N. Y., and still later to Manchester. He early showed a dreamy mental cast, and claimed to be able to locate stolen articles by means of a magic stone. In 1830 he claimed to have seen a vision, but his pretensions were ridiculed by his acquaintances. His story of the revelation of the golden plates by the angel Moroni, and of the latter's instruc- tions to him, is well known. With the aid of Martin Harris and Oliver Cowdery he prepared the "Book of Mormon," alleging that he had deciphered it from heaven-sent characters, through the aid of miraculous spectacles. This was published in 1830. In later years Smith claimed to have received supplementary reve- lations, which so taxed the credulity of his fol- lowers that some of them apostatized. He also claimed supernatural power, such as exorcism, etc. He soon gained followers in considerable numbers, whom, in 1833, he led west, a part settling at Kirtland, Ohio, and the remainder in Jackson County, Mo. Driven out of Ohio five years later, the bulk of the sect found the way to their friends in Missouri, whence they were finally expelled after many conflicts with the authorities. Smith, with the other refugees, fled to Hancock County, 111., founding the city of Nauvoo, which was incorporated in 1840. Here was begun, in the following year, the erection of a great temple, but again he aroused the hostility of the authorities, although soon wielding con- siderable political power. After various unsuc- cessful attempts to arrest him in 1844, Smith and a number of his followers were induced to sur- render themselves under the promise of protection from violence and a fair trial. Having been taken to Carthage, the county -seat, all were dis- charged under recognizance to appear at court except Smith and his brother Hyrum, who were held under the new charge of ' ' treason, ' ' and were placed in jail. So intense had been the feeling against the Mormons, that Governor Ford called out the militia to preserve the peace; but it is evident that the feeling among the latter was in sympathy with that of the populace. Most of the militia were disbanded after Smith's arrest, one company being left on duty at Carthage, 488 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. from whom only eight men were detailed to guard the jail. In this condition of affairs a mob of 150 disguised men, alleged to be from Warsaw, appeared before the jail on the evening of June 37, and, forcing the guards — who made only a feeble resistance, — Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum were both shot down, while a friend, who had remained with them, was wounded. The fate of Smith undoubtedly went far to win for him the reputation of martyr, and give a new impulse to the Mormon faith. (See Mormons; Nauvoo.) SMITH, Justin Almerin, D.D., clergyman and editor, was born at Ticonderoga, N. Y., Dec. 29, 1819, educated at New Hampton Literary and Theological Institute and Union College, gradu- ating from the latter in 1843 ; served a year as Principal of the Union Academy at Bennington, Vt., followed by four years of pastoral work, when he assumed the pastorate of the First Bap- tist church at Eochester, N. Y., where he remained five years. Then (1853) he removed to Chicago to assume the editorship of "The Chris- tian Times" (now "The Standard"), with which he was associated for the remainder of his life. Meanwhile he assisted in organizing three Baptist churches in Chicago, serving two of them as pastor for a considerable period; made an ex- tended tour of Europe in 1869, attending the Vatican Council at Rome; was a Trustee and one of the founders of the old Chicago Univer- sity, and Trustee and Lecturer of the Baptist Theological Seminary; was also the author of several religious works. Died, at Morgan Park, near Chicago, Feb. 4, 1896. SMITH, Perry H., lawyer and politician, was born in Augusta, Oneida County, N. Y., March 18, 1838; entered Hamilton College at the age of 14 and graduated, second in his class, at 18 ; began reading law and was admitted to the bar on com- ing of age in 1849. Then, removing to Appleton, Wis., when 33 years of age he was elected a Judge, served later in both branches of the Legislature, and, in 1857, became Vice-President of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railway, retaining the same position in the reorganized coi'poration when it became the Chicago & Northwestern. In 1856 Mr. Smith came to Chi- cago and resided there till his death, on Palm Sunday of 1885. He was prominent in railway circles and in the councils of the Democratic party, being the recognized representative of Mr. Tilden's interests in the Northwest in the cam- paign of 1876. SMITH, Robert, Congressman and lawyer, was born at Petersborough, N. H., June 12, 1803; was educated and admitted to the bar in his; native town, settled at Alton, 111., in 1883, and engaged in practice. In 1836 he was elected to- the General Assembly from Madison County, and re-elected in 1838. In 1843 he was elected to- the Twenty-eighth Congress, and twice re-elected, serving three successive terms. During the Civil War he was commissioned Paymaster, with the^ rank of Major, and was stationed at St. Louis. He was largely interested in the construction of water power at Minneapolis, Minn., and also in railroad enterprises in Illinois. He was a promi- nent Mason and a public-spirited citizen. Died, at Alton, Dec. 30. 1867. SMITH, Samnel lisle, lawyer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1817, and, belonging to a^ wealthy family, enjoyed superior educational advantages, taking a course in the Yale Law School at an age too early to admit of his receiv- ing a degree. In 1836 he came to Illinois, to look after some lauded interests of his father's in the vicinity of Peru. Returning east within the next- two years, he obtained his diploma, and, again, coming west, located in Chicago in 1838, and, for a time, occupied an office with the well-known law firm of Butterfield & Collins. In 1889 he was elected City Attorney and, at the great Whig- meeting at Springfield, in June, 1840, was one of the principal speakers, establishing a reputation as one of the most brilliant campaign orators in the West. As an admirer of Henry Clay, he was. active in the Presidential campaign of 1844, and was also a prominent speaker at the River and Harbor Convention at Chicago, in 1847. With a. keen sense of humor, brilliant, witty and a mas- ter of repartee and invective, he achieved popu- larity, both at the bar and on the lecture' platform, and had the promise of future success, which was unfortunately marred by his convivial habits. Died of cholera, in Chicago, July 30, 1854. Mr. Smith married the daughter of Dr. Potts, of Philadelphia, an eminent clergyman of the Episcopal Church. SMITH, Sidney, jurist, was born in Washing- ton County, N. Y., May 12, 1829; studied law and was admitted to the bar at Albion, in that State, in 1851; came to Chicago in 1856 and entered into partnership with Grant Goodrich and Will- iam W. Farwell, both of whom were afterwards elected to places on the bench — the first in the Superior, and the latter in the Circuit Court.' In 1879 Judge Smith was elected to the Superior Court of Cook County, serving until 1885, when he became the attorney of the Chicago Board of Trade. He was the Republican candidate for HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 48^ Mayor, in opposition to Carter H. Harrison, in 1885, and is believed by many to have been honestly elected, though, defeated on the face of the returns. A recount was ordered by the court, but so much delay was incurred and so many obstacles placed in the way of carrying the order into effect, that Judge Smith abandoned the con- test in disgust, although making material gains as far as it had gone. During his professional career he was connected, as counsel, with some of the most important trials before the Chicago courts ; was also one of the Directors of the Chi- cago Public Library, on its organization in 1871. Died suddenly, in Chicago, Oct. 6, 1898. SMITH, Theophilus Washington, Judge and politician, was born in New York City, Sept. 28, 1784, served for a time in the United States navy, was a law student in the oflSce of Aaron Burr, was admitted to the bar in his native State in 1805, and, in 1816, came west, finally locating at Edwardsville, where he soon became a prominent figure in early State history. In 1820 he was an unsuccessful candidate before the Legislature for the oflBce of Attorney-General, being defeated by Samuel D. Lockwood, but was elected to the State Senate in 1822, serving four years. In 1823 he was one of the leaders of the "Conventionist" party, whose aim was to adopt a new Constitution which would legalize slavery in Illinois, during this period being the editor of the leading organ of the pro-slavery party. In 1825 he was elected one of the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, but resigned, Dec. 26, 1842. He was im- peached in 1832 on charges alleging oppressive conduct, corruption, and other high misdemean- ors in oflBce, but secured a negative acquittal, a two-thirds vote being necessary to conviction. The vote in the Senate stood twelve for convic- tion (on apart of the charges) to ten for acquittal, four being excused from voting. During the Black Hawk War he served as Quartermaster- General on the Governor's staff. As a jurist, he was charged by his political opponents with being unable to divest himself of his partisan bias, and even with privately advising counsel, in poUtical causes, of defects in the record, which they (the counsel) had not discovered. He was also a member of the first Board of Commission- ers of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, appointed in 1823. Died, in Chicago, May 6, 1846. SMITH, William Henry, journalist. Associ- ated Press Manager, was born in Columbia County, N. Y., Dec. 1, 1833; at three years of age was taken by his parents to Ohio, where he enjoyed the best educational advantages that State at the time afforded. After completing his school course he began teaching, and, for a time, served as tutor in a Western college, but soon turned his attention to journalism, at first as assistant editor of a weekly publication at Cincin- nati, still later becoming its editor, and, in 1855, city editor of "The Cincinnati Gazette," with which he was connected in a more responsible position at the beginning of the war, incidentally doing work upon "The Literary Review." His connection with a leading paper enabled hiin to- exert a strong influence in support of the Govern- ment. This he used most faithfully in assisting to raise troops in the first years of the war, and, in 1863, in bringing forward and securing the election of John Brough as a Union candidate for Governor in opposition to Clement L. Vallandi- gham, the Democratic candidate. In 1864 he was- nominated and elected Secretary of State, being re-elected two years later. After retiring from office he returned to journalism at Cincinnati, as editor of "The Evening Chronicle," from which he retired in 1870 to become Agent of the West- ern Associated Press, with headquarters, at first at Cleveland, but later at Chicago. His success- in this line was demonstrated by the final union of the New York and Western Associated Press organizations under his management, continuing^ until 1893, when he retired. Mr. Smith was a^ strong personal friend of President Hayes, by whom he was appointed Collector of the Port of Chicago in 1877. While engaged in ofScial duties- he found time to do considerable literary work, having published, several years ago, "The St. Clair Papers," in two volumes, and a life of Charles Hammond, besides contributions to periodicals. After retiring from the management of the Associated Press, he was engaged upon a "His- tory of American Politics" and a "Life of Ruther- ford B. Hayes," which are said to have been well advanced at the time of his death, which took place at his home, at Lake Forest, 111., July 27, 1896. SMITH, William M., merchant, stock-breeder and politician, was born near Frankfort, Ky., May 23, 1827; in 1846 accompanied his father's family to Lexington, McLean County, 111. , where they settled. A few years later he bought forty acres of government land, finally increasing his holdings to 800 acres, and becoming a breeder of fine stock. Still later he added to his agricultural ■ pursuits the business of a merchant. Having early identified himself with the Republican party, he remained a firm adherent of its prin- ciples during the Civil War, and, while declining 490 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. a commission tendered him by Governor Yates, devoted his time and means liberally to the re- cruiting and organization of regiments for serv- ice in the field, and procuring supplies for the sick and wounded. In 1866 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature, and was re-elected in 1868 and '70, serving, during his last term, as Speaker. In 1877 he was appointed by Governor CuUom a member of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, of which body he served as President until 1883. He was a man of remarkably genial temperament, liberal impulses, and wide popu- larity. Died, March 25, 1886. SMITH, William Sooy, soldier and civil engi- neer, was born at Tarlton, Pickaway County, Ohio, Jilly 32, 1830 ; graduated at Ohio University in 1849, and, at the United States Military Acad- emy, in 1853, having among his classmates, at the latter. Generals McPherson, Schofield and Sheri- dan. Coming to Chicago the following year, he first found employment as an engineer on the Illinois Central Railroad, but later became assist- ant of Lieutenant-Colonel Graham in engineer service on the lakes ; a year later took charge of a select school in Buffalo ; in 1857 made the first surveys for the International Bridge at Niagara Falls, then went into the service of extensive locomotive and bridge-works at Trenton, N. J., in their interest making a visit to Cuba, and also superintending the construction of a bridge across the Savannah River. The war intervening, he returned North and was appointed Lieutenant- Colonel and assigned to duty as Assistant Adju- tant-General at Camp Denison, Ohio, but, in June, 1862, was commissioned Colonel of the Thirteenth Ohio Volunteers, participating in the West Virginia campaigns, and later, at Shiloh and Perryville. In April, 1862, he was promoted Bi-igadier-General of volunteers, commanding divisions in the Army of the Ohio until the fall of 1862, when he joined Grant and took part in the Vicksburg campaign, as commander of the First Division of the Sixteenth Army Corps. Subsequently he was made Chief of the Cavalry Department, serving on the staffs of Grant and Sherman, until compelled to resign, in 1864, on account of impaired health. During the war General Smith rendered valuable service to the Union cause in great emergencies, by his knowl- edge of engineering. On retiring to private life he resumed his profession at Chicago, and since has been employed by the Government on some of its most stupendous works on the lakes, and has also planned several of the most important railroad bridges across the Missouri and other streams. He has been much consulted in refer- ence to municipal engineering, and his name is connected with a number of the gigantic edifices in Chicago. SMITHBORO, a village and railroad junction in Bond Count}', 3 miles east of Greenville. Population, 39.3; (1900), 314. SNAPP, Henry, Congressman, born in Livings- ton Count}', N. Y., June 30, 1822, came to IlUnois with his father when 11 years old, and, having read law at Joliet, was admitted to the bar in 1847. He practiced in Will County for twenty years before entering public life. In 1868 he was elected to the State Senate and occupied a seat in that body until his election, in 1871, to the Forty- second Congress, by the Republicans of the (then) Sixth Illinois District, as successor to B. C. Cook, who had resigned. Died, at Joliet, Nov. 23, 1895. SNOW, Herman W., ex-Congressman, was born in La Porte County, Ind., July 3, 1836, but was reared in Kentucky, working upon a farm for five years, while yet in his minority becoming a resident of Illinois. For several years he was a school teacher, meanwhile studying law and being admitted to the bar. Early in the war he enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and Thirty-ninth Illinois Volimteers, rising to the rank of Captain. His term of service having e^spired, he re-enlisted in the One Hundred and Fifty-first Illinois, and was mustered out with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. After the close of the war he resumed teaching at the Chicago High School, and later served in the General Assembly (1873-74) as Representative from Wood- ford County. In 1890 he was elected, as a Demo- crat, to represent the Ninth Illinois District in Congress, but was defeated by his Repubhcan opponent in 1892. SNOWHOOK, WilUam B., first Collector of Customs at Chicago, was born in Ireland in 1804; at the age of eight years was brought to New York, where he learned the printer's trade, and worked for some time in the same ofBce with Horace Greeley. At 16 he went back to Ireland, remaining two years, but, returning to the United States, began the study of law ; was also employed on the Passaic Canal; in 1886, came to Chicago, and was soon after associated with William B. Ogden in a contract on the Illi- nois & Michigan Canal, which lasted until 1841. As early as 1840 he became prominent as a leader in the Democratic party, and, in 1846, received from President Polk an appointment as first Col- lector of Customs for Chicago (having previously served as Special Surveyor of the Port, .while HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 491 attached to the District of Detroit) ; in 1853, was re-appointed to the CoUectorship by President Pierce, serving two years. During the "Mormon War" (1844) he organized and equipped, at his own expense, the Montgomery Guards, and was commissioned Colonel, but the disturbances were brought to an end before the order to march. " From 1856 he devoted his attention chiefly to his practice, but, in 1863, was one of the Democrats of Chicago who took part in a movement to sus- tain the Government by stimulating enlistments ; was also a member of the Convention which nominated Mr. Greeley for President in 1873. Died, in Chicago, May 5, 1883. SJTYDER, Adam Wilson, pioneer lawyer, and early Congressman, was born at Connellsville, Pa., Oct. 6, 1799. In early life he followed the occupation of (vool-curling for a livelihood, attending school in the winter. In 1815, he emi- grated to Columbus, Ohio, and afterwards settled in Eidge Prairie, St. Clair County, 111. Being offered a situation in a wool-curling and fulling mill at Cahokia, he removed thither in 1817. He formed the friendship of Judge Jesse B. Thomas, and, through the latter's encouragement and aid, studied law and gained a solid professional, poli- tical, social and financial position. In 1830 he was elected State Senator from St. Clair County, and re-elected for two successive terms. He served through the Black Hawk War as private. Adjutant and Captain. In 1833 he removed to Belleville, and, in 1834, was defeated for Congress by Governor Reynolds, whom he, in turn, defeated in 1836. Two years later Reynolds again defeated him for the same position, and, in 1840, he was elected State Senator. In 1841 he was the Demo- cratic nominee for Governor. The election was held in August, 1843, but, in May preceding, he died at his home in Belleville. His place on the ticket was fiUed by Thomas Ford, who was elected.— William H. (Snyder), son of the pre- ceding, was born in St. Clair County, 111., July 12, 1825; educated at McKendree College, studied law with Lieutenant-Governor Koerner, and was admitted to practice in 1845; also served for a time as Postmaster of the city of Belleville, and, during the Mexican War, as First-Lieutenant and Adjutant of the Fifth Illinois Volunteers. From 1850 to '54 he represented his county in the Legis- lature ; in 1855 was appointed, by Governor Mat- teson. State's Attorney, which position he filled for two years. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the office of Secretary of State in 1856, and, in 1857, was elected a Judge of the Twenty- fourth Circuit, was re-elected for the Third Cir- cuit in '73, '79 and '85. He was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Died, at Belleville, Dec. 24, 1893. SOLDIERS' AKD SAILORS' HOME, a State charitable institution, founded by act of the Legislature in 1885, and located at Quincy, Adams County. The object of its establish- ment was to provide a comfortable home for such disabled or dependent veterans of the United States land or naval forces as had honorably served during the . Civil War. It was opened for the reception of veterans on March 3, 1887, the first cost of site and build- ings having been about $350, 000. The total num- ber of inmates admitted up to June 30, .1894, was 2,813; the number in attendance during the two previous years 988, and the whole number present on Nov. 10, 1894, 1,088. The value of property at that time was 1393,636.08. Considerable appro- priations have been made for additions to the buildings at subsequent sessions of the Legisla- ture. The General Government pays to the State SlOO per year for each veteran supported at the Home. SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOME, ILLINOIS', an institution, created by act of 1865, for the main- tenance and education of children of deceased soldiers of the Civil War. An eighty-acre tract, one mile north of Normal, was selected as the site, and the first principal building was com- pleted and opened for the admission of benefici- aries on June 1, 1869. Its first cost was $135,000, the site having been donated. Repairs and the construction of new buildings, from time to time, have considerably increased this sum. In 1875 the benefits of the institution were extended, by legislative enactment, to the children of sol- diers who had died after the close of the war. The aggregate number of inmates, in 1894, was 572, of whom 333 were males and 249 females. SOLDIERS' WIDOWS' HOME. Provision was made for the establishment of this institution by the Thirty-ninth General Assembly, in an act, approved, June 13, 1895, appropriating 120,000 for the purchase of a site, the erection of buildings and furnishing the same. It is designed for the reception and care of the mothers, wives, widows and daughters of such honorably discharged soldiers or sailors, in the United States Service, as may have died, or may be physically or men- tally unable to provide for the families natu- rally dependent on them, provided that such persons have been residents of the State for at least one year previous to admission, and are without means or ability for self-support. 492 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. The affairs of the Home are managed by a board of five trustees, of whom two are men and three women, the former to be members of the Grand Army of the Republic and of different political parties, and the latter members of the Women's Relief Corps of this State. The institu- tion was located at Wilmington, occupying a site of seventeen acres, where it was formally opened in a house 'Of eighteen rooms, March 11, 1896, with twenty-six applications for admit- tance. The plan contemplates an early enlarge- ment by the erection of additional cottages. SORENTO, a village of Bond County, at the intersection of the Jacksonville & St. Louis and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railways, 14 miles southeast of Litchfield; has a bank and a newspaper. Its interests are agricultural and mining. Pop. (1890), 538; (1900), 1,000. SOULAED, James Gaston, pioneer, born of French ancestry in St. Louis, Mo., July 15, 1798; resided there until 1821, when, having married the daughter of a soldier of the Revolution, he received an appointment at Fort Snelling, near the present city of St. Paul, then under command of Col. Snelling, who was his wife's brother-in- law. The Fort was reached after a tedious jour- ney by flat-boat and overland, late in the fall of 1831, his wife accompanying him. Three years later they returned to St. Louis, where, being an engineer, he was engaged for several years in surveying. In 1827 he removed with his family^ to Galena, for the next six years had charge of a store of the Gratiot Brothers, early business men of that locality. Towards the close of this period he received the appointment of County Recorder, also holding the position of County Surveyor and Postmaster of Galena at the same time. His later years were devoted to farming and horti- culture, his death taking place, Sept. 17, 1878. Mr. Soulard was probably the first man to engage in freighting between Galena and Chicago. "The Galena Advertiser" of Sept. 14, 1829, makes mention of a wagon-load of lead sent by him to Chicago, his team taking back a load of salt, the paper remarking: "This is the first wagon that has ever passed from the Mississippi River to Chicago." Great results were predicted from the exchange of commodities between the lake and the lead mine district. — Mrs. Eliza M. Hunt (Soulard), wife of the preceding, was born at Detroit, Dec. 18, 1804, her father being Col. Thomas A. Hunt, who had taken part in the Battle of Bunker Hill and remained in the army until his death, at St. Louis, in 1807. His descend- ants have maintained their connection with the army ever since, a son being a prominent artillery officer at the Battle of Gettysburg. Mrs. Soulard was married at St. Louis, in 1830, and survived her husband some sixteen years, dying at Galena, August 11, 1894. She had resided in Galena nearly seventy years, and at the date of her death, in the 90th year of her age, she was that city's oldest resident. SOUTH CHICAGO & WESTERN INDIANA RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad. ) SOUTH DANVILLE, a suburb of the city of Danville, Vermilion County. Population (1890), 799; (1900), 898. SOUTHEAST & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See Louisville & Nashville Railroad. ) SOUTH ELGIN, a viUage of Kane County, near the city of Elgin. Population (1900), 515. SOUTHERN COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE^ located at Albion, Edwards County, incorporated in 1891 ; had a faculty of ten teachers with 21* pupils (1897-98) — about equally male and female. Besides classical, scientific, normal, music and fine arts departments, instruction is given in pre- paratory studies and business education. Its- property is valued at $16,500. SOUTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, located at Anna, Union County, founded by act of the Legislature in 1869. The original site com- prised 290 acres and cost a little more than $22,000, of which one-fourth was donated by citi- zens of the county. The construction of build- ings was begun in 1869, but it was not until March, 1875, that the north wing (the first com- pleted) was ready for occupancy. Other portions were completed a year later. The Trustees pur- chased 160 additional acres in 1883. The first cost (up to September, 1876) was nearly §635,000. In 1881 one wing of the main building was de- stroyed by fire, and was subsequently rebuilt ; the patients being, meanwhile, cared for in temporary wooden barracks. The total value of lands and buildings belonging to the State, June 30, 1894, was estimated at 1738,580, and, of property of all sorts, at $838,700. The wooden barracks were later converted into a permanent ward, additions made to the main buildings, a detached building for the accommodation of 300 patients erected, numerous outbuildings put up and genei-al im- provements made. A second fire on the night of Jan. 3, 1895, destroyed a large part of the main building, inflicting a loss upon the State of $175,000. Provision was made for rebuilding by the Legislature of that year. The institution has' capacity for about 750 patients. a »" p4 O to o Pi M HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 493 SOUTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL UNIVER- SITY, established in 1869, and located, after competitive bidding, at Carbondale, which offered lands and bonds at first estimated to be of the value of $329,000, but which later depreciated, through shrinkage, to §75,000. Construction was commenced in May, 1870, and the first or main building was completed and appropriately dedi- cated in July, 1874. Its cost was $365,000, but it was destroyed by flre, Nov. 26, 1883. In Febru- ary, 1887, a new structure was completed at a cost of 1150,000. Two normal courses of instruction are given — classical and scientific — each extend- ing over a period of four years. The conditions of admission require that the pupil shall be 16 years of age, and shall possess the qualifications enabling him to pass examination for a second- grade teacher's certificate. Those unable to do so may enter a preparatory department for six months. Pupils who pledge themselves to teach in the public schools, not less than half the time of their attendance at the University, receive free tuition with a small charge for incidentals, while others pay a tuition fee. The number of students in attendance for the year 1897-98 was 730, coming from forty-seven counties, chiefly in the southern half of the State, with represent- atives from eight other States. The teaching faculty for the same year consisted, besides the President, of sixteen instructors in the various departments, of whom five were ladies and eleven gentlemen. SOUTHERN PENITENTIARY, THE, located near Chester, on the Mississippi River. Its erec- tion was rendered necessary by the overcrowding of the Northern Penitentiary. (See Northern Penitentiary.) The law providing for its estab- lishment required the Commissioners to select a site convenient of access, adjacent to stone and timber, and having a high elevation, with a never failing supply of water. In 1877, 123 acres were purchased at Chester, and the erection of build- ings commenced. The first appropriation was of 1200,000, and 1300,000 was added in 1879. By March, 1878, 300 ' convicts were received, and their labor was utilized in the completion of the buildings, which are constructed upon approved modern principles. The prison receives convicts sent from the southern portion of the State, and has accommodation for some 1,200 prisoners. In connection with this penitentiary is an asylum for insane convicts, the erection of which was provided for by the Legislature in 1889. SOUTH GROVE, a village of De Kalb County. Population (1890), 730. SPALDING, Jesse, manufacturer. Collector of Customs and Street Railway President, was born at Athens, Bradford County, Pa., April 15, 1833; early commenced lumbering on the Susquehanna, and, at 23, began dealing on his own account. In 1857 he removed to Chicago, and soon after bought the property of the New York Lumber Company at the mouth of the Menominee River in Wiscon- sin, where, with different partners, and finally practically alone, he has carried on the business of lumber manufacture on a large scale ever since. In 1881 he was appointed, by President Arthur, Collector of the Port of Chicago, and, in 1889, received from President Harrison an appointment as one of the Government Directors of the Union Pacific Railway. Mr. Spalding was a zealous supporter of the Government during the War of the Rebellion and rendered valuable aid in the construction and equipment of Camp Douglas and the barracks at Chicago for the returning soldiers, receiving Auditor's warrants in payment, when no funds in the State treasury were available for the purpose. He was associ- ated with William B. Ogden and others in the project for connecting Green Bay and Sturgeon Bay by a ship canal, which was completed in 1882, and, on the death of Mr. Ogden, succeeded to the Presidency of the Canal Company, serving until 1893, when the canal was turned over to the General Government. He has also been identified with many other public enterprises intimately connected with the development and prosperity of Chicago, and, in July, 1899, became President of the Chicago Union Traction Company, having control of the North and West Chicago Street Railway Systems. SPALDING, John Lancaster, Catholic Bishop, was born in Lebanon, Ky., June 2, 1840; educated in the United States and in Europe, ordained a priest in the Catholic Church in 1863, and there- upon attached to the cathedral at Louisville, as assistant. In 1869 he organized a congregation of colored people, and built for their use the Church of St. Augustine, having been assigned to that parish as pastor. Soon afterwards he was appointed Secretary to the Bishop and made Chancellor of the Diocese. In 1873 he was trans- ferred from Louisville to New York, where he was attached to the missionary parish of St. Michael's. He had, by this time, achieved no little fame as a pulpit orator and lecturer. When the diocese of Peoria, 111., was created, in 1877, the choice of the Pope fell upon him for the new see, and he was consecrated Bishop, on May 1 of that year, by Cardinal McCloskey at New York. His 494 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. administration has been characterized by both energy and success. He has devoted much atten- tion to the subject of emigration, and has brought about the founding of many new settlements in the far West. He was also largely instrumental in bringing about the founding of the Catholic University at Washington. Ho is a frequent contributor to the reviews, and the author of a number of religious works. SPANISH INVASION OF ILLINOIS. In the month of June, 1779, soon after the declaration of war between Spain and Great Britain, an expe- dition was organized in Canada, to attack the Spanish posts along the Mississippi. Simultane- ously, a force was to be dispatched from Pensa- cola against New Orleans, then commanded by a young Spanish Colonel, Don Bernardo de Galvez. Secret instructions had been sent to British Commandants, all through the Western country, to co-operate with both expeditions. De Galvez, having learned of the scheme through intercepted letters, resolved to forestall the attack by becoming the assailant. At the head of a force of 670 men, he set out and captured Baton Rouge, Fort Manchac and Natchez, almost with- out opposition. The British in Canada; being ignorant of what had been going on in the South, in February following dispatched a force from Mackinac to support the expedition from Pensa- cola, and, incidentally, to subdue the American rebels while en route. Cahokia and Kaskaskia were contemplated points of attack, as well as the Spanish forts at St. Louis and St. Genevieve. This movement was planned by Capt. Patrick Sinclair, commandant at Mackinac, but Captain Hesse was placed in charge of the expedition, which numbered some 750 men, including a force of Indians led by a chief named Wabasha. The British arrived before St. Louis, early on the morning of May 26, 1780, taking the Spaniards by surprise. Meanwhile Col. George Rogers Clark, having been apprised of the project, arrived at Cahokia from the falls of the Ohio, twenty-four hours in advance of the attack, his presence and readiness to co-operate with the Spanish, no doubt, contributing to the defeat of the expedition. The accounts of what followed are conflicting, the number of killed on the St. Louis shore being variously estimated from seven or eight to sixty -eight — the last being the esti- mate of Capt. Sinclair in his official report. All agree, however, that the invading party was forced to retreat in great haste. Colonel Mont- gomery, who had been in command at Cahokia, with a force of 350 and a party of Spanish allies, pursued the retreating invaders as far as the Rock River, destroying many Indian villages on the way. This movement on the part of the British served as a pretext for an attempted re- prisal, undertaken by the Spaniards, with the aid of a number of Cahokians, early in 1781. Starting early in January, this latter expedition crossed Illinois, with the design of attacking Foti St. Joseph, at the head of Lake Michigan, which had been captured from the English by Thomas Brady and afterwards retaken. The Spaniards were com- manded by Don Eugenic Pourre, and supported by a force of Cahokians and Indians. The fort was easily taken and the British flag replaced by the ensign of Spain. The affair was regarded as of but little moment, at the time, the post being evacuated in a few days, and the Spaniards returning to St. Louis. Yet it led to serious international complications, and the "conquest" was seriously urged by the Spanish ministry as giving that country a right to the territory trav- ersed. This claim was supported by France before the signing of the Treaty of Paris, but was defeated, through the combined efforts of Messrs. Jay, Franklin and Adams, the American Commissioners in charge of the peace negoti- ations with England. SPAEKS, (Capt.) David R., manufacturer and legislator, was born near Lanesville, Ind., in 1833; in 1836, removed with his parents to Ma- coupin County, 111. ; in 1847, enlisted for the Mexican War, crossing the plains to Santa Fe, New Mexico. In 1850 he made the overland trip to California, returning the next year by the Isthmus of Panama. In 1855 he engaged in the milling business at Staunton, Macoupin County, but, in 1860, made a third trip across the plains in search of gold, taking a quartz-mill which was erected near where Central City, Colo., now is, and which was the second steam-engine in that region. He retirrned home in time to vote for Stephen A. Douglas for President, the same year, but became a stalwart Republican, two weeks later, when the advocates of secession began to develop their policy after the election of Lincoln. In 1861 he enlisted-, under the call for 500,000 vol- unteers following the first battle of Bull Run, and was commissioned a Captain in the Third Illinois Cavalry (Col. Eugene A. Carr), serving two and a half years, during which time he took part in several hard-fought battles, and being present at the fall of Vicksburg. At the end of his service he became associated with his former partner in the erection of a large flouring mill at Litchfield, but, in 1869, the firm bought an extensive flovu:- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 495 ing mill at Alton, of which he became the princi- pal owner in 1881, and which has since been greatly enlarged and improved, until it is now one of the most extensive establishments of its kind in the State. Capt. Sparks was elected to the House of Representatives in 1888, and to the State Senate in 1894, serving in the sessions of 1895 and '97; was also strongly supported as a candidate for the Republican nomination for Congress in 1896. SPARES, William A. J., ex-Congressman, was born near New Albany, Ind., Nov. 19, 1828, at 8 years of age was brought by his parents to Illi- nois, and shortly afterwards left an orphan. Thrown on his own resources, he found work upon a farm, his attendance at the district schools being limited to the winter months. Later, he passed through McKendree College, supporting himself, meanwhile, by teaching, graduating in 1850. He read law with Judge Sidney Breese, and was admitted to the bar in 1851. His first public ofiBce was that of Receiver of the Land Office at Edwardsville, to which he was appointed by President Pierce in 1853, re- maining until 1856, when he was chosen Presi- dential Elector on the Democratic ticket. The same year he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, and, in 1863-64, served in the State Senate for the unexpired term of James M. Rodgers, deceased. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention in 1868, and a Democratic Representative in Congress from 1875 to 1883. In 1885 he was appointed, by President Cleveland, Commissioner of the General Land OfBce in Washington, retiring, by resignation, in 1887. His home is at Carlyle. SPARTA & ST. GENEVIEVE RAILROAD. (See Centralia & Chester Railroad.) SPEED, Joshna Fry, merchant, and intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln ; was educated in the local schools and at St. Joseph's College, Bards- town, Ky., after which he spent some time in a wholesale mercantile establishment in Louisville. About 1835 he came to Springfield, 111., where he engaged in the mercantile business, later becom- ing the intimate friend and associate of Abraham Lincoln, to whom he offered the privilege of sharing a room over his store, when Mr. Lincoln removed from New Salem to Springfield, in 1836. Mr. Speed returned to Kentucky in 1843, but the friendship with Mr. Lincoln, which was of a most devoted character, continued until the death of the latter. Having located in Jefferson County, Ky., Mr. Speed was elected to the Legis- lature in 1848, but was never again willing to accept office, though often solicited to do so. In 1851 he removed to Louisville, where he acquired a handsome fortune in the real-estate business. On the breaking out of the rebellion in 1861, he heartily embraced the cause of the Union, and, during the war, was entrusted with many deli- cate and important duties in the interest of the Government, by Mr. Lincoln, whom he frequently visited in Washington. His death occurred at Louisville, May 29, 1883.— James (Speed), an older brother of the preceding, was a prominent Unionist of Kentucky, and, after the war, a leading Republican of that State, serving as dele- gate to the National Republican Conventions of 1873 and 1876. In 1864 he was appointed Attor- ney-General by Mr. Lincoln and served until 1866, when he resigned on account of disagreement with President Johnson. He died in 1887, at the age of 75 years. SPOON RIVER, rises in Bureau County, flows southward through Stark County into Peoria, •thence southwest through Knox, and to the south and southeast, through Fulton County, entering the Illinois River opposite Havana. It is about 150 miles long. SPRINGER, (EeT.) Francis, D.D., educator and Army Chaplain, born in Franklin County, Pa., March 19, 1810; was left an orphan at an early age, and educated at Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg; entered the Lutheran ministry in 1836, and, in 1839, removed to Springfield, 111., where he preached and taught school; in 1847 became President of Hillsboro College, which, in 1853, was removed to Springfield and became Illi- nois State University, now known as Concordia Seminary. Later, he served for a time as Super- intendent of Schools for the city of Springfield, but, in September, 1861, resigned to accept the Chaplaincy of the Tenth Illinois Cavalry ; by suc- cessive resignations and appointments, held the positions of Chaplain of the First Arkansas Infan- try (1863-64) and Post Chaplain at Fort Smith, Ark., serving in the latter positiqn until April, 1867, when he was commissioned Chaplain of the United States Army. This position he resigned while stationed at Fort Harker, Kan., August 23, 1867. During a considerable part of his incum- bency as Chaplain at Fort Smith, he acted as Agent of the Bureau of Refugees and Freedmen, performing important service in caring for non- combatants rendered homeless by the vicissitudes of war. After the war he served, for a time, as Superintendent of Schools for Montgomery County, 111. ; was instrumental in the founding of Carthage (HI.) College, and was a member of 496 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. its Board of Control at the time of his death. He was elected Chaplain of the Illinois House of Representatives at the session of the Thirty-fifth General Assembly (1887), and Chaplain of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Illinois for two consecutive terms (1890- '92). He was also member of the Stephenson Post, No. 30, G. A. R., at Springfield, and served as its Chaplain from January, 1884, to his death, which occurred at Springfield, Oct. 21, 1892. SPRINGER, William McKendree, ex-Congress- man, Justice of United States Court, was born in Sullivan County, Ind., May 30, 1886. In 1848 he removed with his parents to Jacksonville, 111., was fitted for college in the public high school at Jacksonville, under the tuition of the late Dr. Bateman, entered Illinois College, remaining three years, when he removed to the Indiana State University, graduating there in 1858. The following year he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Logan County, but soon after removed to Springfield. He entered public life as Secretary of the Constitutional Convention of 1862. In 1871-73 he represented Sangamon County in the Legislature, and, in 1874, was elected to Congress from the Thirteenth Illinois District as a Democrat. From that time until the close of the Fifty-third Congress (1895), he served in Congress continuously, and was recog- nized as one of the leaders of his party on the floor, being at the head of many important com- mittees when that party was in the ascendancy, . and a candidate for the Democratic caucus nomi- nation for Speaker, in 1893. In 1894 he was the candidate of his party for Congress for the eleventh time, but was defeated by his Repub- lican opponent, James A. ConnoUy. In 1895 President Cleveland appointed him United . States District Judge for Indian Territory. SPRINGFIELD, the State capital, and the county-seat of Sangamon County, situated five miles south of the Sangamon River and 185 miles southwest of Chicago; is an important railway center. The first settlement on the site of the present city was made by John Kelly in 1819. On April 10, 1821, it was selected, by the first Board of County Commissioners, as the temporary county-seat of Sangamon County, the organi- zation of which had been authorized by act of the Legislature in January previous, and the name Springfield was given to it. In 1823 the selection was made permanent. The latter year the first sale of lands took place, the original site being entered by Pascal P. Enos, Elijah lies and 'Thomas Cox. The town was platted about the same time, and the name "Calhoun" was given to a section in the northwest quarter of the present city — this being the "hey-day" of the South Carolina statesman's greatest popularity— but the change was not popularly accepted, and the new name was soon dropped. It was incorpo- rated as a town, April 3, 1832, and as a city, April 6, 1840; and re-incorporated, under the general, law in 1882. It was made the State capital by act of the Legislature, passed at the session of 1837, which went into effect, July 4, 1839, and the Legislature first convened there in December of the latter year. The general surface is flat, though there is rolling ground to the west. The city has excellent water-works, a paid fire-depart- ment, six banks, electric street railways, gas and electric lighting, commodious hotels, fine churches, numerous handsome residences, beauti- ful parks, thorough sewerage, and is one of the best paved and handsomest cities in the State. The city proper, in 1890, contained an area of four square miles, but has since been enlarged by the annexation of the following suburbs: North Springfield, April 7, 1891 ; West Springfield, Jan. 4, 1898; and South Springfield and the village of Laurel, April 5, 1898. These additions give to the present city an area of 5.84 square miles. The population of the original city, according to the census of 1880, was 19,743, and, in 1890, 24,963, while that of the annexed suburbs, at the last census, was 3, 109— making a total of 39,072. The ' latest school census (1898) showed a total popu- lation of 33,375— population by census (1900), 34, 159. Besides the State House, the city has a handsome United States Government Building for United States Court and post-office purposes, a county courthouse (the former State capitol), a city hall and (State) Executive Mansion. Springfield was the home of Abraham Lincoln. His former residence has been donated to the State, and his tomb and monument are in the beautiful Oak Ridge cemetery, adjoining the city. Springfield is an important coal-mining center, and has many important industries, notably a watch factory, rolUng mills, and exten- sive manufactories of agricultural implements and furniture. It is also the permanent location of the State Fairs, for which extensive buildings have been erected on the Fair Grounds north of the city. There are three daily papers — two morn- ing and one evening — published here, besides various other publications, Pop. (1900), 84,159. SPRINGFIELD, EFFINGHAM & SOUTH- EASTERN RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Indian- apolis & Eastern Railroad. ) HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. 497 SPRINGFIELD & ILLINOIS SOUTHEAST- ERN RAILROAD. (See Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad. ) SPRINGFIELD & NORTHWESTERN EAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria & St Louis Bailroad of Illinois. ) SPRING TALLEY, an incorporated city in Bureau County, at intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern, the Cliicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Toluca, Marquette & Northern Railways, 100 miles southwest of Chicago. It lies in a coal- mining region and has important manufacturing Interests as well. It has two banks, electric street and interurban railways, and two news- papers. Population (1890), 3,837; (1900), 6,214. ST. AGATHA'S SCHOOL, an institution for young ladies, at Springfield, under the patronage of the Bishop of the Episcopal Church, incorpo- rated in 1889. It has a faculty of eight teachers ^ving instruction in the preparatory and higher branches, including music and fine arts. It reported fifty-five pupils in 1894, and real estate valued at 115,000. ST. AlBAN'S ACADEMY, a boys' and young men's school at Knoiville, 111., incorporated in 1896 under the auspices of the Episcopal Church ; in 1898 had a faculty of seven teachers, with forty-five pupils, and property valued at $61,100, of which $54,000 was real estate. Instruction is ^ven in the classical and scientific branches, besides music and preparatory studies. ST. ANNE, a village of Kankakee County, at the crossing of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Xouis Railways, 60 miles south of Chicago. The town has two banks, tile and brick factory, and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,000. ST. CHARLES, a city in Kane County, on both sides of Fox River, at intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago Great Western Railways; 38 miles west of Chicago and 10 miles south of Elgin. The river furnishes excellent water-power, which is being utilized by a number of important manufacfuring enterprises. The ■city is connected with Chicago and many towns in the Fox River valley by interurbi-n electric trolley lines ; is also the seat of the State Home iorBoys. Pop. (1890), 1,690; (1900), 2,675. ST. CLAIR, Arthur, first Governor of the Northwest Territory, was bom of titled ancestry at Thurso, Scotland, in 1734; came to America in 1757 as an ensign, having purchased his commis- •sion, participated in the capture of Louisburg, ■Canada, in 1758, and fought under Wolfe at Quebec. In 1764 he settled in Pennsylvania, where he amassed a moderate fortune, and be- came prominent in public affairs. He served with distinction during the Revolutionary War, rising to the rank of Major-General, and succeeding General Gates in command at Ticonderoga, but, later; was censured by Washington for his hasty evacuation of the post, though finally vindicated by a military court. His Revolutionary record, however, was generally good, and even distin- guished. He represented Pennsylvania in the Continental Congress, and presided over that body in 1787. He served as Governor of the Northwest Territory (including the present State of Illinois) from 1789 to 1802. As an executive he was not successful, being unpopular because of his arbitrariness. In November, 1791, he suffered a serious defeat by the Indians in the valley between the Miami and the Wabash. In this campaign he was badly crippled by the gout, and had to be carried on a litter ; he was again vindicated by a Congressional investigation. His first visit to the Illinois Country was made in 1790, when he organized St. Clair County, which was named in his honor. In 1802 President Jef- ferson removed him from the governorship of Ohio Territory, of which he had continued to be the Governor after its separation from Indiana and Illinois. The remainder of his life was spent in comparative penury. Shortly before his decease, he was granted an annuity by the Penn- sylvania Legislature and by Congress. Died, at Greensburg, Pa., August 31, 1818. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, the first county organ- ized within the territory comprised in the pres- ent State of Illinois — the whole region west of the Ohio River having been first placed under civil jurisdiction, under the name of "Illinois County," by an act of the Virginia House of Delegates, passed in October, 1778, a few months after the capture of Kaskaskia by Col. George Rogers Clark. (See Illinois; also Clark, George Rogers.) St. Clair County was finally set off by an order ©f Gov. Arthur St Clair, on occa- sion of his first visit to the "Illinois Country," in April, 1790— more than two years after his assumption of the duties of Governor of- the Northwest Territory, which then comprehended the "Illinois Country" as well as the whole region -within the present States of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan and Wisconsin. Governor St. Clair's order, which bears date, April 27, 1790, defines the boundaries of the new county— which took his own name— as follows: "Beginning at the mouth of the Little Michillimackanack River, 498 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. running thencg southerly in a direct line to the mouth of the little river above Fort Massac upon the Ohio River; thence with the said river to its junction with the Mississippi; thence up the Mississippi to the mouth of the Illinois, and so up the Illinois River to the place of beginning, with all the adjacent islands of said rivers, Illinois and Mississippi." The "Little Michillimackanack, " the initial point mentioned in this description — also variously spelled "Makina" and "Macki- naw," the latter being the name by which the stream is now known — empties into the Illinois River on the south side a few miles below Pekin, in Tazewell County. The boundaries of St. Clair County, as given by Gov. St. Clair, indicate the imperfect knowledge of the topog- raphy of the "Illinois Country" existing in that day, as a line drawn south from the mouth of the Mackinaw River, instead of reaching the Ohio "above Fort Massac," would have followed the longitude of the present city of Springfield, striking the Mississippi about the northwestern corner of Jackson County, twenty-five miles west of the mouth of the Ohio. The object of Gov- ernor St. Clair's order was, of course, to include the settled portions of the Illinois Country in the new county ; and, if it had had the effect intended, the eastern border of the county would have fol- lowed a line some fifty miles farther eastward, along the eastern border of Marion, Jefferson, Franklin, Williamson and Johnson Counties, reaching the Ohio River about the present site of Metropolis City in Massac County, and embracing about one-half of the area of the present State of Illinois. For all practical purposes it embraced all the Illinois Country, as it included that por- tion in which the white settlements were located. (See St. Clair, Arthur; also Illinois Country.) The early records of St. Clair County are in the French language; its first settlers and its early civilization were French, and the first church to inculcate the doctrine of Christianity was the Roman Catholic. The first proceedings in court under the common law were had in 1796. The first Justices of the Peace were appointed in 1807, and, as there was no penitentiary, the whipping- post and pillory played an important part in the code of penalties, these punishments being im- partially meted out as late as the time of Judge (afterwards Governor) Reynolds, to "the lame, the halt and the blind," for such offenses as the lar- ceny of a silk handkerchief. At first three places — Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher and Kaskas- kia — were named as county -seats by Governor St. Clair; but Randolph County having been set off in 1895, Cahokia became the county-seat of the. older county, so remaining until 1813, when Belleville was selected as the seat of justice. At that time it was a mere cornfield owned by George Blair, although settlements had previously been established in Ridge Prairie and at Badgley. Judge Jesse B. Thomas held his first court in a log-cabin, but a rude court house was erected in 1814, and, the same year, George E. Blair estab- lished a hostelry, Joseph Kerr opened a store, and, in 1817, additional improvements were- inaugurated by Daniel Murray and others, from Baltimore. John H. Dennis and the Mitchells and Wests (from Virginia) settled soon after- ward, becoming farmers and mechanics. Belle- ville was incorporated in 1819. In 1835 Governor' Edwards bought the large landed interests of Etienne Personeau, a large French land-owner, ordered a new survey of the town and infused fresh life Into its development. Settlers began to arrive^ in large numbers, mainly Virginians, who brought; with them their slaves, the right to hold which was, for many years, a fruitful and perennial source of strife. Emigrants from Germany began to arrive at an early day, and now a large, proportion of the population of Belleville and St. Clair County is made up of that nationality. The. county, as at present organized, lies on the west- ern border of the south half of the State, immedi- ately opposite St. Louis, and comprises some 680. square miles. Three-fourths of it are underlaid by a vein of coal, six to eight feet thick, and about one hundred feet below the surface. Con- siderable wheat is raised. The principal towns- are Belleville, East St. Louis, Lebanon and Mas- coutah. Population of the comity (1880), 61,806;. (1890), 66,571; (1900), 86,685. ST. JOHN, an incorporated village of Perry County, on the Illinois Central Railway, one mile north of Duquoin. Coal is mined and salt manu- factured here. Population about 500. ST. JOSEPH, a village of Champaign County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 10 miles east of Champaign ; has inter- urban railroad connection. Pop. (1900), 637. ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, (Chicago), founded in 1860, by the Sisters of Charity. Having been de- stroyed in the fire of 1871, it was rebuilt in the following year. In 1893 it was reconstructed, en- larged and made thoroughly modern in its appoint- ments. It can accommodate about 350 patients. The Sistersattend to the nursing, and conduct the domestic and financial affairs. The medical staff comprises ten physicans and surgeons, among whom are some of the most eminent in Chicago- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 499 ST. LOUIS, ALTON & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Alton Railrodd. ) ST. LOUIS, ALTON & SPRINGFIELD RAIL- ROAD. (See St. Louis, Chicago dk St. Paul Railroad.) ST. LOUIS, ALTON & TERRE HAUTE BAILOAD, a corporation formerly operating an extensive system of railroads in Illinois. The Terre Haute & Alton Railroad Company (the original corporation) was chartered in January, 1851, work begun in 1853, and the main line from Terre Haute to Alton (172.5 miles) completed, March 1, 1856. The BeUeville & Illinoistown branch (from BelleviUe to East St. Louis) was chartered in 1852, and completed between the points named in the title, in the fall of 1854. This corporation secured authority to construct an extension from Illinoistown (now East St. Louis) to Alton, which was completed in October, 1856, giving the first railroad connection between Alton & St. Louis. Simultaneously with this, these two roads (the Terre Haute & Alton and the Belleville & Illinoistown) were consolidated under a single charter by special act of the Legis- lature in February, 1854, the consolidated line taking the name of the Terre Haute, Alton & St. Louis Railroad. Subsequently the road became financially embarassed, was sold under foreclosure and reorganized, in 1862, under the name of the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad. June 1, 1867, the main line (from Terre Haute to St. Louis) was leased for niety-nine years to the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railway Company (an Indiana corporation) guaranteed by certain other lines, but the lease was subsequently broken by the insolvency of the lessee and some of the guarantors. The Indianapolis & St. Louis went into the hands of a receiver in 1882, and was sold tmder foreclosure, in July of the same year, its interest being absorbed by the Cleveland, Cin- cinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, by which the main line is now operated. The properties oflSciaUy reported as remaining in the hands of the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad, June 30, 1895, beside the Belleville Branch (14.40 miles), included the following leased and subsidi- ary lines: Belleville & Southern Illinois — "Cairo Short Line" (56.40 miles); Belleville & Eldorado, (50.20 miles); Belleville & Carondelet (17.30 miles); St. Louis Southern and branches (47.27 miles), and Chicago, St. Louis & Paducah Rail- way (53.50 miles). All these have been leased, since the close of the fiscal year 1895, to the Illi- nois Central. (For sketches of these several roads see headings of each. ) ST. LOUIS, CHICAGO & ST. PAUL RAIL- ROAD, (BlufiE Line), a line running from Spring- field to Granite City, 111., (opposite St. Louis), 102.1 miles, with a branch from Lock Haven to Grafton, 111., 8.4 miles— total length of line in Illinois, 110.5 miles. The track is of standard ■gauge, laid with 56 to 70-poimd steel rails.— (His- tory.) The road was originally incorporated under the name of the St. Louis, Jerseyville & Springfield Railroad, built from Bates to Grafton in 1882, and absorbed by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company ; was surrendered by the receivers of the latter in 1886, and passed under the control of the bond-holders, by whom it was transferred to a corporation known as the St. Louis & Central Illinois Railroad Company. In June, 1887, the St. Louis, Alton & Springfield Railroad Company was organized, with power to build extensions from Newbern to Alton, and from Bates to Springfield, which was done. In October, 1890, a receiver was appointed, followed by a reorganization imder the present name (St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul). Default was made on the interest and, in June following, it was again placed in the hands of receivers, by whom it was operated until 1898. The total earnings and income for the fiscal year 1897-98 were $318,815, operating expenses, $373,270; total capitalization, $4,853,526, of which, $1,500,000 was in the form of stock and $1,235 000 in income bonds. ST. LOUIS, INDIANAPOLIS & EASTERN RAILROAD, a railroad line 90 miles in length, extending from Svpitz City, Ind., to EfSngham, 111. — 56 miles being within the State of Illinois. It is of standard gauge and the track laid chiefly with iron rails. — (History.) The orginal corpo- ration was chartered in 1869 as the Springfield, EfiSngham & Quincy Railway Company. It waa built as a narrow-gauge line by the Cincinnati, Effingham & Quincy Construction Company, which went into the hands of a receiver in 1878. The road was completed by the receiver in 1880, and, in 1885, restored to the Construction Com- pany by- the discharge of the receiver. For a short time it was operated in connection with the Bloomfield Railroad of Indiana, but was reorganized in 1886 as the Indiana & Illinois Southern Railroad, and the gauge changed to standard in 1887. Having made default in the payment of interest, it was sold under foreclosure in 1890 and purchased in the interest of the bond- holders, by whom it was conveyed to the St. Louis, Indianapolis & Eastern Railroad Company, in whose name the line is operated. Its business 500 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. is limited, and chiefly local. The total earnings in 1898 were $65,583 and the expenditures $69,113. Its capital stock was 1740,900; bonded debt, $978,000, other indebtedness increasing the total capital investment to $1,816,736. ST. LOUIS, JACKSONVILLE & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Alton Railroad. ) ST. LOUIS, JERSEYVILLE & SPRINGFIELD RAILROAD. (See St Louis, Chicago & St. Paul Railroad.) ST. LOUIS, MOUNT CARMEL & NEW AL- BANY RAILROAD. (See Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis {Consolidated) Railroad.) ST. LOUIS, PEORIA & NORTHERN RAIL- WAY, known as "Peoria Short Line," a corpo- ration organized, Feb. 29, 1896, to take over and unite the properties of the St. Louis & Eastern, the St. Louis & Peoria and the North and South Railways, and to extend the same due north from Springfield to Peoria (60 miles), and thence to Fulton or East Clinton, 111., on the Upper Mis- sissippi. The line extends from Springfield to Glen Carbon (84.46 miles), with trackage facilities over the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad and the Merchants' Terminal Bridge (18 miles) to St. Louis. — (History.) This road has been made up of three sections or divisions. (1) The initial section of the line was constructed under the name of the St. Louis & Chicago Railroad of Illinois, incorporated in 1885, and opened from Mount Olive to Alhambra in 1887. It passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under fore- closure in 1889, and reorganized, in 1890, as the St. Louis & Peoria Railroad. The St. Louis & East- ern, chartered in 1889, built the line from Glen Carbon to Marine, which was opened in 1893 ; the following year, bought the St. Louis & Peoria line, and, in 1895, constructed the link (8 miles) between Alhambra and Marine. (3) The North & South Railroad Company of Illinois, organized in 1890, as successor to the St. Louis & Chicago Railway Company, proceeded in the construction of the line (50.46 miles) from Mt. Olive to Spring- field, which was subsequently leased to the Chi- cago, Peoria & St. Louis, then under the management of the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. Louis Railway. The latter corporation having defaulted, the property passed into the hands of a receiver. By expiration of the lease in Decem- ber, 1896, the property reverted to the proprietary Company, which took possession, Jan. 1, 1896. The St. Louis & Southeastern then bought the line outright, and it was incorporated as a part of the new organization under the name of the St. Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway, the North & South Railroad going out of existence. In May, 1899, the St. Louis, Peoria & Northern was sold to the reorganized Chicago & Alton Railroad Company, to be operated as a short line between Peoria & St. Louis. ST. LOUIS, ROCK ISLAND & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) ST. LOUIS SOUTHERN RAILROAD, a line running from Pinckneyville, 111., via Murphys- boro, to Carbondale. The company is also the lessee of the Carbondale & Shawneetown Rail- road, extending from Carbondale to Marion, 17.5 miles — total, 50.5 miles. The track is of standard gauge and laid with 56 and 60-pound steel rails. The company was organized in August, 1886, to succeed to the property of the St. Louis Coal Rail- road (organized in 1879) and the St. Louis Central Railway ; and was leased for 980 years from Deo. 1, 1886, to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company, at an annual rental equal to thirty per cent of the gross earnings, with a mini- mum guarantee of $82,000, which is sufficient to pay the interest on the first mortgage bonds. During the year 1896 this line passed under lease from the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Rail- road Company, into the hands of the lUinois Central Railroad Company. ST. LOUIS, SPRINGFIELD & TINCENNES RAILROAD COMPANY, a corporation organized in July, 1899, to take over the property of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway in the State of Illinois, known as the Ohio & Mississippi and the Springfield & Illinois Southeastern Railways — the former extending from Vin- cennes, Ind., to East St. Louis, and the latter from Beardstown to Shawneetown. The prop- erty was sold under foreclosure, at Cincinnati, July 10, 1899, and transferred, for purposes of reorganization, into the hands of the new cor- poration, July 28, 1899. (For history of the several lines see Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway.) ST. LOUIS, VANDALIA & TERRE HAUTE RAILROAD. This line extends from East St. Louis eastward across the State, to the Indiana State line, a distance of 158.8 miles. The Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Company is the lessee. The track is single, of standard gauge, and laid with steel rails. The outstanding capi- tal stock, in 1898, was $8,924,058, the bonded debt, $4,496,000, and the floating debt, $218,480.— (His- tory ) The St. Louis, Vandalia & .Terre Haute Railroad was chartered in 1865, opened in 1870 and leased to the Terre Haute & Indianapolis HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 501 Eailroad, for itself and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Eailroad. ST. LOUIS & CAIRO RAILROAD, extends from East St. Louis to Cairo, 111., 151.6 miles, with a branch from Millstadt Junction to High Prairie, 9 miles. The track is of standard gauge and laid mainly with steel rails. — {History. ) The origi- nal charter was granted to the Cairo & St. Louis Eailroad Company, Feb. 16, 1865, and the road opened, March 1, 1875. Subsequently it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under fore- closure, July 14, 1881, and was taken charge of by a new company under its present name, Feb. 1, 1882. On Feb. 1, 1886, it was leased to the Mobile & Ohio Railroad Company for forty-five years, and now constitutes the Illinois Division of that line, giving it a connection with St. Louis. (See Mobile & Ohio Railway. ) ST. LOUIS & CEIfTRAL ILLINOIS RAIL- ROAD. (See St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul Eailroad. ) ST. LOUIS & CHICAGO RAILROAD (of Illinois). (See St. Louis, Peoria & .Northern Railway.) ST. LOUIS & EASTERN RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Peoria tSb Northern Railway.) ST. LOUIS & PEORIA RAILWAY. (See St. Louis, Peoria > iliiam, pioneer lawyer and legis- lator, was born in what is now Allen County, Ky., Nov. 22, 1802; received a rudimentary edu- cation, and served as deputy of his father (who was Sheriff), and afterwards of the County Clerk; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1823 ; in 1826 removed to Jacksonville, 111., where he taught school, served as a private in the Winne- bago War (1827), and at the session of 1828-29, reported the proceedings of the General Assem- bly for -'The Vandalia Intelligencer"; was State's Attorney and School Commissioner of Morgan County; served as Quartermaster and Commis- sary in the Black Hawk War (1831-32), first under Gen. Joseph Duncan and, a year later, under General Whiteside ; in 1839 was appointed Circuit Judge, but legislated out of oflBce two years later. It was as a member of the Legislature, however, that he gained the greatest prominence, first as State Senator in 1834-40, and Representative in 1846-48 and 1850-52, when he was especially influ- ential in the legi-slation which resulted in estab- lishing the institutions for the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind, and the Hospital for the Insane (the first in the State) at Jacksonville — serving, for a time, as a member of the Board of Trustees of the latter. He was also prominent in connec- tion with many enterprises of a local character, including the establishment of the Illinois Female College, to which, although without children of his own, he was a liberal contributor. During the first year of the war he was a member of the Board of Army Auditors by appointment of Gov- ernor Yates. Died, at Jacksonville, August 22, THORNTON, Anthony, jurist, was born in Bourbon County, Ky., Nov. 9, 1814 — being descended from a Virginia family. After the usual primary instruction in the common schools, he spent two years in a high school at Gallatin, Tenn., when he entered Centre College at Dan- ville, Ky., afterwards continuing his studies at Miami University, Ohio, where he graduated in 1834. Having studied law with an uncle at Paris, Ky., he was licensed to practice in 1836, when he left his native State with a view to set- tling in Missouri, but, visiting his uncle, Gen. William F. Thornton, at Shelby ville, 111., was induced to establish himself in practice there. He served as a member of the State Constitutional Conventions of 1847 and 1862, and as Represent- ative in the Seventeenth General Assembly (1850-52) for Shelby County. In 1864 he was elected to the Thirty-ninth Congress, and, in 1870, to the Illinois Supreme Court, but served only until 1873, when he resigned. In 1879 Judge Thornton removed to Decatur, 111., but subsequently returned to Shelbyville, where (1898) he now resides. THORNTON, William Fitzlmgh, Commissioner of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, was born in Hanover County, Va. , Oct. 4, 1789 ; in 1806, went to Alexandria, Va., where he conducted a drug business for a time, also acting as associate HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 523 editor of "The Alexandria Gazette." Subse- quently removing to Washington City, he con- ducted a paper there in the interest of John Quincy Adams for the Presidency. During the War of 1813-14 he served as a Captain of cavalry, and, for a time, as staff-officer of General Winder. On occasion of the visit of Marquis La Fayette to America (1824-25) he accompanied the distin- guished Frenchman from Baltimore to Rich- mond. In 1829 he removed to Kentucky, and, in 1883, to Shelbyville, 111., virhere he soon after engaged in mercantile business, to which he added a banking and brokerage business in 1859, with which he was actively associated until his death. In 1836, he was appointed, by Governor Duncan, one of the Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal,, serving as President of the Board imtil 1842. In 1840, he made a visit to London, as financial agent of the State, in the interest of the Canal, and succeeded in making a sale of bonds to the amount of §1,000,000 on what were then considered favorable terms. General Thornton was an ardent Whig until the organi- zation of the Republican party, when he became a Democrat. Died, at Shelbyville, Oct. 21, 1873. TILLSOTf, John, pioneer, was born at Halifax, Mass., March 13, 1796; came to Illinois in 1819, locating at Hillsboro, Montgomery County, where he became a prominent and enterprising operator in real estate, doing a large business for eastern parties; was one of the founders of Hillsboro Academy and an influential and liberal friend of IlHnois College, being a Trustee of the latter from its establishment until his death ; was sup- ported in the Legislature of 1827 for State Treas- urer, but defeated by James Hall. Died, at Peoria, May 11, 1853.— Christiana Holmes (Till- son), wife of the preceding, was born at Kingston, Mass., Oct. 10, 1798; married to John Tillson in 1822, and immediately came to Illinois to reside ; was a woman of rare culture and refinement, and deeply interested in benevolent enterprises. Died, in New York City, May 29, 1873.— Charles Holmes (Tillson), son of John and Christiana Hohnes Tillson, was born at Hillsboro, 111. , Sept. 15, 1823; educated at Hillsboro Academy and Illinois College, graduating from the latter in 1844; studied law in St. Louis and at Transyl- vania University, was admitted to the bar in St. Louis and practiced there some years — also served several terms in the City Council, and was a member of the National Guard of Missouri in the War of the Rebellion. Died, Nov. 35, 1865.— John (Tillson), Jr., another son, was born at Hillsboro, III, Got. 13, 1835; educated at Hills- boro Academy and Illinois College, but did not graduate from the latter; graduated from Tran- sylvania Law School, Ky., in 1847, and was admitted to the bar at Quincy, III, the same year; practiced two years at Galena, when he returned to Quincy. In 1861 lie enlisted in the Tenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, became its Lieutenant-Colonel, on the promotion of Col. J. D. Morgan to Brigadier-General, was advanced to the colonelcy, and, in July, 1865, was mustered out with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General; for two years later held a commission as Captain in the regular army. During a portion of 1869-70 he was editor of "The Quincy Whig"; in 1873 was elected Representative in the Twenty-eighth General Assembly to succeed Nehemiah Bushnell, who had died in office, and, during the same year, was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for the Quincy District, serving until 1881. Died, August 6, 1893. TILLSON, Robert, pioneer, was born in Hali- fax County, Mass., August 13, 1800; came to Illi- nois in 1833, and was employed, for several years, as a clerk in the land agency of his brother, John Tillson, at Hillsboro. In 1836 he engaged in the mercantile business with Charles Holmes, Jr., in St. Louis, but, in 1838, removed to Quincy, 111., where he opened the first general store in that city; also served as Postmaster for some ten years. During this period he built the first two- story frame building erected in Quincy, up to that date. Retiring from the mercantile business in 1840 he engaged in real estate, ultimately becoming the proprietor of considerable property of this character ; was also a contractor for fur- nishing cavalry accouterments to the Government during the war. Soon after the war he erected one of the handsomest business blocks existing in the city at that time. Died, in Quincy, Dec. 27, 1893. TINCHER, John L., banker, was born in Ken- tucky in 1831 ; brought by his parents to Vermil- ion County, Ind., in 1829, and left an orphan at 17; attended school in Coles County, 111., and viras employed as clerk in a store at Danville, 1843-53. He then became a member of the firm of Tincher & English, merchants, later establish- ing a bank, which became the First National Bank of Danville. In 1864 Mr. Tincher was elected Representative in the Twenty-fourth General Assembly and, two years later, to the Senate, being re-elected in 1870. He was also a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Died, in Springfield, Dec. 17, 1871, 524 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. wliile in attendance on the adjourned session of that year. TIPTON, Thomas F., lawyer and jurist, was born in Franklin County, Ohio, August 29, 1833; has been a resident of McLean County, 111., from the age of 10 years, his present home being at Bloomington. He was admitted to the bar in 1857, and, from January, 1867, to December, 1868, was State's Attorney for the Eighth Judicial Circuit. In 1870 he was elected Judge of the same circuit, and under the new Constitution, was chosen Judge of the new Fourteenth Circuit. From 1877 to 1879 he represented the (then) Thirteenth Illinois District in Congress, but, in 1878, was defeated by Adlai E. Stevenson, the Democratic nominee. In 1891 he was re-elected to a seat on the Circuit bench for the Bloomington Circuit, but resumed practice at the expiration of his term in 1897. TISKILWA, a village of Bureau County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 7 miles soiithwest of Princeton; has creameries and cheese factories, churches, school, library, water- works, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 965. TODD, (Col.) John, soldier, was born in Mont- gomery County, Pa., in 1750; took part in the battle of Point Pleasant, Va., in 1774, as Adju- tant-General of General Lewis; settled as a lawyer at Fincastle, Va., and, in 1775, removed to Fayette County, Ky., the next year locating near Lexington. He was one of the first two Delegates from Kentucky County to the Virginia House of Burgesses, and, in 1778, accompanied Col. George Rogers Clark on his expedition against Kaskaskia and Vincennes. In Decem- ber, 1778, he was appointed by Gov. Patrick Henry, Lieutenant-Commandant of Illinois County, embracing the region northwest of the Ohio River, serving two years; in 1780, was again a member of the Virginia Legislature, where he procured grants of land for public schools and introduced a bill for negro-emancipation. He was killed by Indians, at the battle of Blue Licks, Ky., August 19, 1783. TODD, (Dr.) John, physician, born near Lex- ington, Ky., April 37, 1787, was one of the earli- est graduates of Transylvania University, also graduating at the Medical University of Phila- delphia ; was appointed Surgeon-General of Ken- tucky troops in the War of 1812, and captured at tne battle of River Raisin. Returning to Lex- ington after his release, he practiced there and at Bardstown, removed to Edwardsville, 111., in 1817, and, in 1837, to Springfield, where he had been appointed Register of the Laud OflBce by President John Quincy Adams, but was removed by Jackson in 1839. Dr. Todd continued to reside at Springfield until his death, which occurred, Jan. 9, 1865. He was a grandson of John Todd, who was appointed Commandant of Illinois County by Gov. Patrick Henry in 1778, and an uncle of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln. — John lilalr Smith (Todd), son of the preceding, was bom at Lexington, Ky., April 4, 1814; came with his father to lUinois in 1817 ; graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1837, serving after- wards in the Florida and Mexican wars and on the fi-ontier; resigned, and was an Indian- trader in Dakota, 1856-61; the latter year, took his seat as a Delegate in Congress from Dakota, then served as Brigadier-General of Volun- teers, 1861-63; was again Delegate in Congress in 1863-65, Speaker of the Dakota Legislature in 1867, and Governor of the Territory, 1869-71. Died, at Yankton City, Jan. 5, 1873. TOLEDO, a village and the county -seat of Cumberland County, on the Illinois Central Rail- road; founded in 1854; has five churches, a graded school, two banks, creamery, floru- mill, elevator, and two weekly newspapers. There are no manu- factories, the leading industry in the surrounding country being agriculture. Pop. (1890), 676; (1900), 818. TOLEDO, CINCINNATI & ST. LOUIS RAIL- ROAD. (See Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas Git's Railroad. ) TOLEDO, PEORIA & WARSAW RAILROAD. (See Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway.) TOLEDO, PEORIA & WESTERN RAILROAD. (See Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway.) TOLEDO, PEORIA & WESTERN RAILWAY, a line of railroad whoUy within the State of Illi- nois, extending from Effner, at the Indiana State line, west to the Mississippi River at Warsaw. The length of the whole line is 230.7 miles, owned entirely by the company. It is made up of a division from Effner to Peoria (110.9 miles) — which is practically an air-line throughout nearly its entire length — and the Peoria and Warsaw Division (108.8 miles) with branches from La Harpe to Iowa Junction (10.4 miles) and 0.6 of a mile connecting with the Keokuk bridge at Hamilton.— (History.) The original charter for this line was granted, in 1863, under the name of the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad ; the main line was completed in 1868, and the La Harpe & Iowa Junction branch in 1878. Default was made in 1873, the road sold under foreclosure, in 1880, and reorganized as the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad, and the line leased for 49^ HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 525 years to the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company. The latter defaulted in Julj% 1884, and, a year later, the Toledo, Peoria & Western was transfeiTed to trustees for the first mortgage bond-holders, was sold under foreclosure in October, 1886, and, in March, 1887, the present company, under the name of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway Company, was organized for the purpose of taking over the property. In 1893 the Pennsylvania Railroad Company obtained a controlling interest in the stock, and, in 1894, an agi-eement, for joint ownership and management, was entered into between that corporation and "the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Com- pany. The total capitalization, in 1898, was 19,712,433, of which $4,076,900 was in stock and $4,895,000 in bonds. TOLEDO, ST. LOUIS & KANSAS CITY RAIL- ROAD. This line crosses the State in a northeast direction from East St. Louis to Humrick, near the Indiana State line, with Toledo as its eastern terminus. The length of the entire line is 450.73 miles, of which 179% miles are operated in Illi- nois. — (History.) The Illinois portion of the line grew out of the union of charters granted to the Tuscola, Charleston &• Vincennes and the Charleston, Neoga & St. Louis Railroad Com- panies, which were consolidated in 1881 with certain Indiana lines under the name of the Toledo, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad. During 1882 a narrow-gauge road was constructed from Ridge Farm, in Vermilion County, to East St. Louis (172 miles). In 1885 this was sold under foreclosure and, in June, 1886, consolidated with the main line under the name of the Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas City Railroad. The whole line was changed to standard gauge in 1887-89, and otherwise materially improved, but, in 1893, went into the hands of receivers. Plans of re- organization have been under consideration, but the receivers were still in control in 1898. TOLEDO, WABASH & WESTERN RAIL- ROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) TOLONO, a city in Champaign County, situ- ated at the intersection of the Wabash and the Illinois Central Railroads, 9 miles south of Cham- paign and 37 miles east-northeast of Decatur. It is the business center of a prosperous agricultural region. The town has five churches, a graded school, a bank, a button factory, and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 905; (1890), 903; <1900), 845. TONICA, a village of La Salle County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 9 miles south of La Salle ; ■ the district is agricultural, but the place has some manufactures and a newspaper. Population (1890), 473; (1900), 497. TOjVTT, Chevalier Henry de, explorer and sol- dier, born at Gaeta, Italy, about 1650 What is now known as the Tontine system of insurance undoubtedly originated with his father. The younger Tonty was adventurous, and, even ^s a youth, took part in numerous land and naval encounters. In the course of his experience he lost a hand, which was replaced by an iron or copper substitute. He embarked with La Salle in 1678, and aided in the construction of a fort at Niagara. He advanced into the country of the Illinois and established friendly relations with them, only to witness the defeat of his putative savage allies by the Iroquois. After various encounters (chiefly under the direction of La Salle) with the Indians in Illinois, he returned to Green Bay in 1681. The same year — under La Salle's orders — he began the erection of Fort St. Louis, on what is now called "Starved Rock" in La Salle County. In 1682 he descended the Mis- sissippi to its mouth, with La Salle, but was ordered back to Mackinaw for assistance. In 1684 he returned to Illinois and successfully repulsed the Iroquois from Fort St. Louis. In 1686 he again descended the Mississippi in search of La Salle. Disheartened by the death of his commander and the loss of his early comrades, he took up his residence with the Illinois Indians. Among them he was found by Iberville in 1700, as a hunter and fur-trader. He died, in Mobile, in September, 1704. He was La Salle's most efli- cient coadjutor, and next to his ill-fated leader, did more than any other of the early French explorers to make Illinois known to the civilized world. TOPOGRAPHY. Illinois is, generally speak- ing, an elevated table-land. If low water at Cairo be adopted as the maximum depression, and the summits of the two ridges hereinafter men- tioned as the highest points of elevation, the alti- tude of this table land above the sea-level varies from 300 to 850 feet, the mean elevation being about 600 feet. The State has no mountain chains, and its few hills are probably the result of unequal denudation during the drift epoch. In some localities, particularly in the valley of the upper Mississippi, the streams have cut channels from 300 to 300 feet deep through the nearly horizontal strata, and here are found pre- cipitous scarps, but, for the most part, the fundamental rocks are covered by a thick layer of detrital material. In the northwest there is a broken tract of uneven ground; the central por- 626 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. tion of the State is almost wholly flat prairie, and, in the alluvial lands in the State, there are many deep valleys, eroded .by the action of streams. The surface generally slopes toward the south and southwest, but the uniformity is broken by two ridges, which cross the State, one in either extremity. The northern ridge crosses the Rock River at Grand Detour and the Illinois at Split Rock, with an extreme altitude of 800 to 850 feet above sea-level, though the altitude of Mount Morris, in Ogle County, exceeds 900 feet. That in the south consists of a range of hills in the latitude of Jonesboro, and extending from Shawneetown to Grand Tower. These hills are also about 800 feet above the level of the ocean. The highest point in the State is in Jo Daviess County, just south of the Wisconsin State line (near Scale's Mound) reaching an elevation of 1,257 feet above sea-level, while the highest in the south is in the northeast corner of Pope Coimty — 1,046 feet — a spur of the Ozark moun- tains. The following statistics regarding eleva- tions are taken from a report of Prof. C. W. Rolfe, of the University of Illinois, based on observations made under the auspices of the Illi- nois Board of World's Fair Commissioners: The lowest gauge of the Ohio river, at its mouth (above sea-level), is 268.58 feet, and the mean level of Lake Michigan at Chicago 581.28 feet. The altitudes of a few prominent points are as follows: Highest point in Jackson County, 695 feet; "Bald Knob" in Union County, 985; high- est point in Cook County (Barrington), 818; in La Salle County (Mendota), 747; in Livingston (Strawn), 770; in Will (Monee), 804; in Pike (Arden), 790; in Lake (Lake Zurich), 880; in Bureau, 910; in Boone, 1,010; in Lee (Carnahan), 1,017; in Stephenson (Waddam's Grove), 1,018; in Kane (Briar Hill), 974; in Winnebago, 985. The elevations of important towns are : Peoria, 465; Jacksonville, 603; Springfield, 596; Gales- burg, 755; Joliet, 537; Rockford, 728; Blooming- ton, 821. Outside of the immediate valleys of the streams, and a few isolated groves or copses, little timber is found in the northern and central portions of the State, and such growth as there is, lacks the thriftiness characteristic of the for- ests in the Ohio valley. These forests cover a belt extending some sixty miles north of Cairo, and, while they generally include few coniferous trees, they abound in various species of oak, black and white walnut, white and yellow pop- lar, ash, elm, sugar-maple, linden, honey locust, Cottonwood, mulberry, sycamore, pecan, persim- mon, and (in the immediate valley of the Ohio) the cypress. From a commercial point of view, Illinois loses nothing through the lack of timber over three-fourths of the State's area. Chicago is an accessible market for the product of the forests of the upper lakes, so that the supply of lumber is ample, while extensive coal-fields sup- ply abundant fuel. The rich soil of the prairies, with its abundance of organic matter (see Oeo- logical Formations) , more than compensates for the want of pine forests, whose soil is ill adapted to agriculture. About two-thirds of the entire boundary of the State consists of navigable waters. These, with their tributary streams, ensure sufficient drainage. TORRENS LAND TITIE SYSTEM. A system for the registration of titles to, and incumbrances upon, land, as well as transfers thereof, intended to remove all unnecessary obstructions to the cheap, simple and safe sale, acquisition and transfer of realty. The system has been in suc- cessful operation in Canada, Australia, New Zea- land and British Columbia for many years, and it is also in force in some States in the American Union. An act providing for its introduction into Illinois was first passed by the Twenty- ninth General Assembly, and approved, June 13, 1895. The final legislation in reference thereto was enacted by the succeeding Legislature, and was approved, May 1, 1897. It is far more elabo- rate in its consideration of details, and is believe'd to be, in many respects, much better adapted to accomplish the ends in view, than was the origi- nal act of 1895. The law is applicable only to counties of the first and second class, and can be adopted in no county except by a vote of a majority of the qualified voters of the same — the vote "for" or "against" to be taken at either the November or April elections, or at an election for the choice of Judges. Thus far the only county to adopt the system has been Cook, and there it encountered strong opposition on the part of certain parties of influence and wealth. After its adoption, a test case was brought, rais- ing the question of the constitutionality of the act. The issue was taken to the Supreme Court, which tribunal finally upheld the law. — The Torrens system substitutes a certificate of regis- tration and of transfer for the more elaborate deeds and mortgages in use for centuries. Under it there can be no actual transfer of a title until the same is entered upon the public land regis- ter, kept in the office of the Registrar, in which case the deed or mortgage becomes a mere power of attorney to authorize the transfer to be riiade, upon the principle of an ordinary stock transfer, HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 527 or of the registration of a United States bond, the actual transfer and public notice thereof being simultaneous. A brief synopsis of the pro- visions of the Illinois statute is given below: Recorders of deeds are made Registrars, and required to give bonds of either $50,000 or $300,- 000, according to the population of the county. Any person or corporation, having an interest in land, may make application to any court having chancery jurisdiction, to have his title thereto registered. Such application must be in writ- ing, signed and verified by oath, and must con- form, in matters of specification and detail, with the requirements of the act. The court may refer the application to one of the standing examiners appointed by the Registrar, who are required to be competent attorneys and to give bond to ex- amine into the title, as well as the truth of the apphcant's statements. Immediately upon the filing of the application, notice thereof is given by the clerk, through publication and the issuance of a summons to be served, as in other proceed- ings in chancery, against all persons mentioned in the petition as having or claiming any inter- est in the property described. Any person inter- ested, whether named" as a defendant or not, may enter an appearance within the time allowed. A failure to enter an appearance is regarded as a , confession by default. The court, in passing upon the application, is in no case bound by the examiner's report, but may require other and further proof ; and, in its final adjudication, passes upon all questions of title and incimibranoe, directing the Registrar to register the title in the party in whom it is to be vested, and making provision as to the manner and order in which incumbrances thereon shall appear upon the certificate to be issued. An appeal may be allowed to the Supreme Court, if prayed at the time of entering the decree, upon like terms as in other cases in chancery ; and a writ of error may be sued out from that tribunal within two years after the entry of the order or decree. The period last mentioned may be said to be the statutory period of limitation, after which the decree of the court must be regarded as final, although safeguards are provided for those who may have been defrauded, and for a few other classes of persons. Upon the filing of the order or decree of the court, it becomes the duty of the Registrar to issue a certificate of title, the form of which is prescribed by the act, making such notations at the end as shall show and preserve the priorities of all estates, mortgages, incum- brances and changes to which the owner's title is subject. For the purpose of preserving evidence of the owner's handwriting, a receipt for the certificate, duly witnessed or acknowledged, is required of him, which is preserved in the Regis- trar's office. In case any registered owner should desire to transfer the whole or any part of his estate, or any interest therein, he is required to execute a conveyance to the transferee, which, together with the certificate of title last issued, must be surrendered to the Registrar. That official thereupon issues a new certificate, stamp- ing the word "cancelled" across the surrendered certificate, as well as upon the corresponding entry in his books of record. When land is first brought within the operation of the act, the receiver of the certificate of title is required to pay to the Registrar one-tenth of one per cent of the value of the land, the aggregate so received to be deposited with and invested by the County Treasurer, and resers'ed as an indemnity fund for the reimbursement of persons sustaining any loss through any omission, mistake or malfea- sance of the Registrar or his subordinates. The advantage claimed for the Torrens system is, chiefly, that titles registered thereunder can be dealt with more safely, quickly and inexpensively than under the old system ; it being possible to close the entire transaction within an hour or two, without the need of an abstract of title, while (as the law is administered in Cook County) the cost of transfer is only $3. It is asserted that a title, once registered, can be dealt with almost as quickly and cheaply, and quite as safely, as shares of stock or registered bonds. TOULON i the county -seat of Stark County, on the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad, 37 miles north- , northwest of Peoria, and 11 miles southeast of Galva. Besides the county court- house, the town has five churches and a high school, an academy, steam granite works, two banks, and two weekly papers. Population (1880), 967; (1890), 945; (1900), 1,057. TOWER HILL, a village of Shelby County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- roads, 7 miles east of Pana; has bank, grain ele- vators, and coal mine. Pop. (1900), 615. TOWNSHEND, Richard W., lawyer and Con- gressman, was born in Prince George's County, Md., April 30, 1840. Between the ages of 10 and 18 he attended public and private schools at Washington, D. C. In 1858 he came to Illinois, where he began teaching, at the same time reading law with S. S. Marshall, at Mc- Leansboro, where he was admitted to the bar 528 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in 1863, and where he began practice. From 1863 to 1868 he was Circuit Clerk of Hamilton County, and, from 1868 to 1872, Prosecuting Attorney for the Twelfth Judicial Circuit. In 1873 he removed to Shawneetown, where he became an officer of the Gallatin National Bank. From 1C64 to 1875 he was a member of the Democratic State Cen- tral Committee, and a delegate to the National Democratic Convention at Baltimore, in 1873. For twelve years (1877 to 1889) he represented his District in Congress; was re-elected in 1888, but died, March 9, 1889, a few days after the beginning of his seventh term. TRAOY, John M., artist, was born in Illinois about 1842 ; served in an Illinois regiment during the Civil War; studied painting in Paris in 1866-7G ; established himself as a portrait painter in St. Louis and, later, won a high reputation as a painter of animals, being regarded as an author- ity on the anatomy of the horse and the dog. Died, at Ocean Springs, Miss., March 20, 1893. TBEASUKERS. (See State Treasurers.) TREAT, Samuel Hubbel, lawyer and jurist, was born at Plainfield, Otsego County, N. Y. , June 21, 1811, worked on his father's farm and studied law at Richfield, where he was admitted to practice. In 1834 he came to Springfield, 111. , traveling most of the way on foot. Here he formed a, partnership with George Forquer, who had held the offices of Secretary of State and Attorney-General. In 1839 he was appointed a Circuit Judge, and, on the reorganization of the Supreme Court in 1841, was elevated to the Supreme bench, being acting Chief Justice at the time of the adoption of the Constitution of 1848. Having been elected to the Supreme bench under the new Constitution, he remained in office until March, 1855, when he resigned to take the posi- tion of Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois, to which he had been appointed by President Pierce. This position he continued to occupy rmtil his death, which occurred at Springfield, March 27, 1887. Judge Treat's judicial career was one of the long- est in the history of the State, covering a period of forty-eight years, of which fourteen were spent upon the Supreme bench, and thirty-two in the position of Judge of the United States Dis- trict Court. TREATIES. (See Greenville, Treaty of; Indian Treaties. ) TREE, Lambert, jurist, diplomat and ex-Con- gressman, was born in Washington, D. C, Nov. 29, 1832, of an ancestry distinguished in the War of the Revolution. He received a superior clas- sical and professional education, and was admii^ ted to the bar, at Washington, in October, 185-5. Removing to Chicago soon afterward, his profes- sional career has been chiefly connected with that city. In 1864 he was chosen President of the Law Institute, and served as Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, from 1870 to 1875, when he resigned. The three following years he spent in foreign travel, returning to Chicago in 1878. In that year, and again in 1880, he was the Democratic candidate for Congress from the Fourth Illinois District, but was defeated by his Republican opponent. In 1885 he was the candi- date of his party for United States Senator, but was defeated by John A. Logan, by one vote. In 1884 he was a member of the National Democratic Convention which first nominated Grover Cleve- land, and, in July, 1885, President Cleveland appointed him Minister to Belgium, conferring the Russian mission upon him in September, 1888. On March 3, 1889, he resigned this post and returned home. In 1890 he was appointed by President Harrison a Commissioner to the Inter- national Monetary Conference at Washington. The year before he had attended (although not as a delegate) the International Conference, at Brus- sels, looking to the suppression of the slave-trade, where he exerted all his influence on the side of humanity. In 1893 Belgium conferred upon him the distinction of "Councillor of Honor" upon its commission to the World's Columbian Exposi- tion. In 1896 Judge Tree was one of the most earnest opponents of the free-silver policy, and, after the Spanish- American War, a zealous advo- cate of the policy of retaining the territory acquired from Spain. TREMONT, a town of Tazewell County, on the Peoria Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 9 miles southeast of Pekin; has two banks, two telephone exchanges, and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 768. TRENTON, a town of Clinton County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 81 miles east of St. Louis: in agricultural district; has creamery, milk condensery, two coal mines, six churches, a public school and one newspaper, Pop. (1890), 1,384; (1900), 1,706; (1904), about 2,000. TROY, a village of Madison County, on the Teire Haute & Indianapolis railroad, 31 miles northeast of St . Louis. ; has churches, a bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,080. TRUITT, James Madison, lawyer and soldier, a native of Trimble County, Ky., was born Feb. 13, 1842, but lived in Illinois since 1843, his father having settled near Carrollton that year; was HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 529 educated at Hillsboro and at McKendree College ; enlisted in the One Hundred and Seventeenth Illinois Volunteers in 1863, and was promoted from the ranks to Lieutenant. After the war he studied law with Jesse J. Phillips, now of the Supreme Court, and, in 1872, was elected to the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, and, in 1888, a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket. Mr. Truitt has been twice a prominent but unsuc- cessful candidate for the Republican nomination for Attorney -General. His home is at Hillsboro, where he is engaged in the practice of his profes- sion. Died July 26, 1900. TRUMBULL, Lyman, statesman, was born at Colchester, Conn., Oct. 12, 1813, descended from a historical family, being a grand-nephew of Gov. Jonathan Trumbull, of Connecticut, from whom the name "Brother Jonathan" was derived as an appellation for Americans. Having received an academic education in his native town, at the age of 16 he began teaching a district school near his home, went South four years later, and en- gaged in teaching at Greenville, Ga. Here he studied law with Judge Hiram Warner, after- wards of the Supreme Court, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. Leaving Georgia the same year, he came to Illinois on horseback, visiting Vandalia, Belleville, Jacksonville, Springfield, Tremont and La Salle, and finally reaching Chicago, then a village of four or five thousand inhabitants. At Jacksonville he obtained a license to practice from Judge Lockwood, and, after visiting Michi- gan and his native State, he settled at Belleville, which continued to be his home for twenty years. His entrance into public life began- with his elec- tion as Representative in the General Assembly in 1840. This was followed, in February, 1841, by his appointment by Governor Carlin, Secre- tary of State, as the successor of Stephen A. Douglas, who, after holding the position only two months, had resigned to accept a seat on the Supreme bench. Here he remained two years, when he was removed by Governor Ford, March 4, 1843, hut, five years later (1848), was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, was re-elected in 1853, but resigned in 1853 on account of impaired health. A year later (1854) he was elected to Congress from the Belleville District as an anti- Nebraska Democrat, but, before taking his seat, was promoted to the United States Senate, as the successor of General Shields in the memorable con- test of 1855, which resulted in the defeat of Abra- ham Lincoln. Senator Trumbull's career of eighteen years in the United States Senate (being re-elected in 1861 and 1867) is one of the most memorable in the history of that body, covering, as it does, the whole history of the war for the Union, and the period of reconstruction which followed it. During this period, as Chairman of the Senate Committee on Judiciary, he had more to do in shaping legislation on war and recon- struction measm-es than any other single member of that body. While he disagreed with a large majority of his Republican associates on the ques- tion of Andrew Johnson's impeachment, he was always found in sympatliy with them on the vital questions affecting the war and restoration of the Union. The Civil Rights Bill and Freedmen's Bureau Bills were shaped by his hand. In 1872 he joined in the ''Liberal Republican" movement and afterwards co-operated with the Democratic party, being their candidate for Governor in 1880. From 1863 his home was in Chicago, where, after retiring from the Senate, he con- tinued in the practice of his profession until his death, which occurred in that city, June 35, 1896. TUG MILLS. These were a sort of primitive machine used in grinding corn in Territorial and early State days. The mechanism consisted of an upright shaft, into the upper end of which were fastened bars, resembling those in the capstan of a ship. Into the outer end of each of these bars was driven a pin. A belt, made of a broad strip of ox-hide, twisted into a sort of rope, was stretched around these pins and wrapped twice around a circular piece of wood called a trundle head, through which passed a perpendicular flat bar of iron, which turned the mill-stone, usually about eighteen inches in diameter. From the upright shaft projected a beam, to which were hitched one or two horses, which furnished the motive power. Oxen were sometimes employed as motive power in lieu of horses. These rudi- mentary contrivances were capable of grinding about twelve bushels of corn, each, per day. TULET, Murray Floyd, lawyer and jurist, was born at Louisville, Ky., March 4, 1837, of English extraction and descended from the early settlers of Virginia. His father died in 1833, and, eleven years later, his mother, having married Col. Richard J. Hamilton, for many years a prominent lawyer of Chicago, removed with her family to that city. Yoimg Tuley began reading law with his step-father and completed his studies at the Louisville Law Institute in 1847, the same year being admitted to the bar in Chicago. About the same time he enlisted in the Fifth Illinois Volun- teers for service in the Mexican War, and was commissioned First Lieutenant. The war having ended, he settled at Santa Fe, N. M., where he 530 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. practiced law, also served as Attorney-General and in the Territorial Legislature. Returning to Chicago in 1854, he was associated in practice, successively, with Andrew Harvie, Judge Gary and J. N. Barker, and finally as head of the firm of Tuley, Stiles & Lewis. From 1869 to 1873 he was Corporation Counsel, and during this time framed the General Incorporation Act for Cities, under which the City of Chicago was reincor- porated. In 1879 he was elevated to the bench of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and re- elected every six years thereafter, his last election being in 1897. He is now serving his fourth term, some ten years of his incumbency having been spent in the capacity of Chief Justice. XrNNICLIFFE, Damon G., lawyer and jurist, was born in Herkimer County, N. Y., August 30, 1829 ; at the age of 20, emigrated to Illinois, set- tling in Vermont, Fulton County, where, for a time, he was engaged in mercantile pursuits. He subsequently studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1853. In 1854 he established himself at Macomb, McDonough County, where he built up a large and lucrative practice. In 1868 he was chosen Presidential Elector on the Repub- lican ticket, and, from February to June, 1885, by appointment of Governor Oglesby, occupied a seat on the bench of the Supreme Court, vice Pinkney H. Walker, deceased, who had been one of his first professional preceptors. TURCHIN, John Basil (Ivan Vasilevitch Tur- chinoflE), soldier, engineer and author, was born in Russia, Jan. 30, 1822. He graduated from the artillery school at St. Petersburg, in 1841, and was commissioned ensign; participated in the Hungarian campaign of 1849, and, in 1852, was assigned to the staff of the Imperial Guards; served through the Crimean War, rising to the rank of Colonel, and being made senior staff officer of the active corps. In 1856 he came to this coTintry, settling in Chicago, and, for five years, was in the service of the Illinois Central Railway Company as topographical engineer. In 1861 he was commissioned Colonel of the Nine- teenth Illinois Volunteers, and, after leading his regiment in Missouri, Kentucky and Alabama, was, on July 7, 1862, promoted to a Brigadier- Generalship, being attached to the Army of the Cumberland until 1864, when he resigned. After the war he was, for six years, solicitor of patents at Chicago, but, in 1873, returned to engineering. In 1879 he established a Polish colony at Radom, in Washington County, in this State, and settled as a farmer. He is an occasional contributor to the press, writing usually on military or scientific subjects, and is the author of the "Campaign and Battle of Chickamauga" (Chicago, 1888). TURNER (now WEST CHICAGO), a town and manufacturing center in Winfield Township, Du Page County, 80 miles west of Chicago, at the junction of two divisions of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy, the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern and the Chicago & Northwestern Railroads. The town has a rolling-mill, manufactories of wagons and pumps, and railroad repair shops. It also has five churches, a graded school, and two newspapers. Pop. (1900), 1,877; with suburb, 2,270. TURNER, (Col.) Henry L., soldier and real- estate operator, was born at Oberlin, Ohio, August 26, 1845, and received a part of his edu- cation in the college there. During the Civil War he served as First Lieutenant in the One Hundred and Fiftieth Ohio Volunteers, and later, with the same rank in a colored regiment, taking part in the operations about Richmond, the capture of Fort Fisher, of Wilmington and of Gen. Joe Johnston's army. Coming to Chi- cago after the close of the war, he became con- nected with the business office of "The Advance," but later was employed in the banking house of Jay Cooke & Co., in Philadelphia. On the failure of that concern, in 1872, he returned to Chicago and bought "The Advance, " which he conducted some two years, when he sold out and engaged in the real estate business, with which he has since been identffied — being President of the Chicago Real Estate Board in 1888. He has also been President of the Western Publishing Company and a Trustee of Oberlin College. Colonel Turner is an enthusiastic member of the Illinois National Guard and, on the declaration of war between the United States and Spain, in April, 1898, promptly resumed his connection with the First Regiment of the Guard, and finally led it to Santiago de Cuba during the fighting there — his regiment being the only one from Illinois to see actual serv- ice in the field during the progress of the war. Colonel Turner won the admiration of his com- mand and the entire nation by the manner in which he discharged his duty. The regiment was mustered out at Chicago, Nov. 17, 1898, when he retired to private life. TURNER, John Bice, Railway President, was born at Colchester, Delaware Covmty, N. Y., Jan. 14, 1799; after a brief business career in his native State, he became identified with the con- struction and operation of railroads. Among the works with which he was thus connected, were the Delaware Division of the New York & Erie and the Troy & Schenectady Roads. In 1843 he HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 531 came to Chicago, having previously purchased a large body of land at Blue Island. In 1847 he joined with W. B. Ogden and others, in resusci- tating the Galena & Chicago Union Railway, which had been incorporated in 1836. He became President of the Company in 1850, and assisted in constructing various sections of road in Northern Illinois and Wisconsin, which have since become portions of the Chicago & Northwestern system. He was also one of the original Directors of the North Side Street Eailway Company, organized in 1859. Died, Feb. 26, 1871. TUB?^ER, Jonathan Baldwin, educator and agriculturist, was born in Templeton, Mass., Dec. 7, 1805; grew up on a farm and, before reaching his majority, began teaching in a country school. After spending a short time in an academy at Salem, in 1827 he entered the preparatory depart- ment of Yale College, supporting himself, in part, by manual labor and teaching in a gymnasium. In 1829 he matriculated in the classical depart- ment at Yale, graduated in 1833, and the same year accepted a position as tutor in Illinois Col- lege at Jacksonville, 111., which had been opened, three years previous, by the late Dr. J. M. Sturte- vant. In the next fourteen years he gave in- struction in nearly every branch embraced in the college curriculum, though holding, during most of this period, the chair of Rhetoric and English Literature. In 1847 he retired from college duties to give attention to scientific agriculture, in which he had always manifested a deep inter- est. The cultivation and sale of the Osage orange as a hedge- plant now occupied his attention for many years, and its successful introduction in Illinois and other Western States — where the absence of. timber rendered some substitute a necessity for fencing purposes — was largely due to his efforts. At the same time he took a deep interest in the cause of practical scientific edu- cation for the industrial classes, and, about 1850, began formulating that system of industrial edu- cation which, after twelve years of labor and agitation, he had the satisfaction of seeing recognized in the act adopted by Congress, and approved by President Lincoln, in July, 1862, making liberal donations of public lands for the establishment of "Industrial Colleges" in the several States, out of which grew the University of Illinois at Champaign. While Professor Tur- ner had zealous colaborers in this field, in Illinois and elsewhere, to him, more than to any other single man in the Nation, belongs the credit for this magnificent achievement. (See Education, and University of Illinois.) He was also one of the chief factors in founding and building up the Illinois State Teachers' Association, and the State Agricultural and Horticultural Societies. His address on "The Millennium of Labor," delivered at the first State Agricultural Fair at Springfield, in 1853, is still remembered as mark- ing an era in industrial progress in Illinois. A zealous champion of free thought, in both political and religious affairs, he long bore the reproach which attached to the radical Abolitionist, only to enjoy, in later years, the respect universally accorded to those who had the courage and independence to avow their honest convictions. Prof. Turner was twice an unsuccessful candidate for Congress— once as a Republican and once as an "Independent"— and wrote much on political, religious and educational topics. The evening of an honored and useful life was spent among friends in Jacksonville, which was his home for more than sixty years, his death taking place in that city, Jan. 10, 1899, at the advanced age of 93 years.— Mrs. Mary Turner Carriel, at the pres- ent time (1899) one of the Trustees of the Univer- sity of Illinois, is Prof. Turner's only daughter. TURNER, Thomas J., lawyer and Congress- man, born in Trumbull County, Ohio, April 5, 1815. Leaving home at the age of 18, he spent three years in Indiana and in the mining dis- tricts about Galena and in Southern Wisconsin, locating in Stephenson County, in 1886, where he was admitted to the bar in 1840, and elected Probate Judge in 1841. Soon afterwards Gov- ernor Ford appointed him Prosecuting Attorney, in which capacity he secured the conviction and punishment of the murderers of Colonel Daven- port. In 1846 he was elected to Congress as a Democrat, and, the following year, founded "The Prairie Democrat" (afterward "The Freeport Bulletin"), the first newspaper published in the county. Elected to the Legislature in 1854, he was chosen Speaker of the House, the next year becoming the first Mayor of Freeport. He was a member of the Peace Conference of 1861, and, in May of that year, was commissioned, by Governor Yates, Colonel of the Fifteenth Illinois Volun- teers, but resigned in 1862. He served as a mem- ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, in 1871, was again elected to the Legisla- ture, where he received the Democratic caucus nomination for United States Senator against General Logan. In 1871 he removed to Chicago, and was twice an unsuccessful candidate for the office of State's Attorney. In February, 1874, he went to Hot Springs, Ark. , for medical treatment, and died there, April 3 following. 532 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. TUSCOLA, a city and the county-seat of Douglas County, located at the intersection of the Illinois Central and two other trunk lines of rail- way, 22 miles south of Champaign, and 36 miles east of Decatur. Besides a brick court-house it has five churches, a graded school, a national bank, two weekly newspapers and two establish- ments for the manufacture of carriages and wagons, Population (1880), 1,457; (1890), 1,897; (1900), 3,569. TUSCOIA, CHARLESTON & TINCENNES RAILROAD. (See Toledo, St. '' Louis & Kansas City Railroad.) TUTHILL, Richard Stanley, jurist, was born at Vergennes, Jackson County, 111., Nov. 10, 1841. After passing through the common schools of his native county, he took a preparatory course in a high school at St. Louis and in Illinois College, Jacksonville, when he entered Middlebury Col- lege, Vt., graduating there in 1863. Immediately thereafter he joined the Federal army at Vicks- burg, and, after serving for some time in a com- pany of scouts attached to General Logan's command, was commissioned a Lieutenant in the First Michigan Light Artillery, with which he served until the close of the war, meanwhile being twice promoted. During this time he was with General Sherman in the march to Meridian, and in the Atlanta campaign, also took part with General Thomas in the operations against the rebel General Hood in Tennessee, and in the battle of Nashville. Having resigned his com- mission in May, 1865, he took up the study of law, which he had prosecuted as he had opportu- nity while in the army, and was admitted to the bar at Nashville in 1866, afterwards serving for a time as Prosecuting Attorney on the Nashville circuit. In 1873 he removed to Chicago, two years later was elected City Attorney and re- elected in 1877 ; was a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1880 and, in 1884, was appointed United States District Attorney for the Northern District, serving until 1886. In 1887 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Judge Eogers, was re-elected for a full term in 1891, and again in 1897. TYIfDALE, Sharon, Secretary of State, born in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 19, 1816; at the age of 17 came to Belleville, 111., and was engaged for a time in mercantile business, later being employed in a surveyor's corps under the internal improve- ment system of 1837. Having married in 1839, he returned soon after to Philadelphia, where he engaged in mercantile business with his father ; then came to Illinois, a second time,in 1845, spend- ing a year or two in business at Peoria. About 1847 he returned to Belleville and entered upon a course of mathematical study, with a view to fitting himself more thoroughly for the profession of a civil engineer. In 1851 he graduated in engineering at Cambridge, Mass., after which he was employed for a time on the Sunbury & Erie Railroad, and later on certain Illinois railroads. In 1857 he was elected County Surveyor of St. Clair County, and, in 1861, by appointment of President Lincoln, became Postmaster of the city of Belleville. He held this position until 1864, when he received the Republican nomination for Secretary of State and was elected, remaining in oflice four years. He was an earnest advocate, and virtually author, of the first act for the regis- tration of voters in Illinois, passed at the session of 1865. After retiring from ofiice in 1869, he continued to reside in Springfield, and was em- ployed for a time in the. survey of the Gilman, Clinton & Springfield Railway — now the Spring- field Division of the Illinois Central. At an early hour on the morning of April 29, 1871, while going from his home to the railroad station at Springfield^ to take the train for St. Louis, he was assassinated upon the street by shooting, as sup- posed for the purpose of robbery — his dead body being found a few hours later at the scene of the tragedy. Mr. Tyndale was a brother of Gen. Hector Tyndale of Pennsylvania, who won a high reputation by his services during the war. His second wife, who survived him, was a daughter of Shadrach Penn, an editor of con- siderable reputation who was the contemporary and rival of George D. Prentice at Louisville, for some years. "UNDERGROUND RAILROAD," THE. A history of Illinois would be incomplete without reference to the unique system which existed there, as in other Northern States, from forty to seventy years ago, known by the somewhat mys- terious title of "The Underground Railroad." The origin of the term has been traced (probably in a spirit of facetiousness) to the expression of a Kentucky planter who, having pursued a fugi- tive slave across the Ohio River, was so surprised by his sudden disappearance, as soon as he had reached the opposite shore, that he was led to remark, "The nigger must have gone off on an underground road." From "underground road" to "underground railroad," the transition would appear to have been easy, especially in view of the increased facility with which the work was performed when railroads came into use. For HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. 533 readers of the present generation, it may be well to explain what "The Underground Railroad" really was. It may be defined as the figurative appellation for a spontaneous movement in the free States — extending, sometimes, into the slave States themselves — to assist slaves in their efforts to escape from bondage to freedom. The movement dates back to a period close to the Revolutionary War, long before it received a definite name. Assistance given to fugitives from one State by citizens of another, became a cause of complaint almost as soon as the Govern- ment was organized. In fact, the first President himself lost a slave who took refuge at Ports- mouth, N. H., where the public sentiment was so strong against his return, that the patriotic and philosophic "Father of his Country" chose to let him remain unmolested, rather than "excite a mob or riot, or even uneasy sensations, in the mindsof well-disposed citizens." That the mat- ter was already one of concern in the minds of slaveholders, is shown by the fact that a provision was inserted in the Constitution for their concili- ation, guaranteeing the return of fugitives from labor, as well as from justice, from one State to another. In 1793 Congress passed the first Fugitive Slave Law, which was signed by President Washing- ton. This law provided that the owner, his agent or attorney, might follow the slave into any State or Territory, and, upon oath or affi- davit before a court or magistrate, be entitled to a warrant for his retiirn. Any person who should hinder the arrest of the fugitive, or who should harbor, aid or assist him, knowing him to be such, was subject to a fine of 1500 for each offense. — In 1850, fifty-seven years later, the first act having proved inefficacious, or conditions having changed, a second and more stringent law was enacted. This is the one usually referred to in discussions of the subject. It provided for an increased fine, not to exceed |1,000, and im- prisonment not exceeding six months, with liability for civil damages to the party injured. No. proof of ownership was required beyond the statement of a claimant, and the accused was not permitted to testify for himself. The fee of the United States Commissioner, before whom the case was tried, was ten dollars if he found for the claimant: if not, five dollars. This seemed to many an indirect form of bribery ; clearly, it made it to the Judge's pecuniary advantage to decide in favor of the claimant. The law made it possible and easy for a white man to arrest, and carry into slavery, any free negro who could not immediately prove, by other witnesses, that he was born free, or had purchased his freedom. Instead of discouraging the disposition, on the part of the opponents of slavery, to aid fugi- tives in their efforts to reach a region where they would be secure in their freedom, the effect of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 (as that of 1793 had been in a smaller degree) was the very oppo- site of that intended by its authors — unless, indeed, they meant to make matters worse. The provisions of the act seemed, to many people, so unfair, so one-sided, that they rebelled in spirit and refused to be made parties to its enforce- ment. The law aroused the anti-slavery senti- ment of the North, and stimulated the active friends of the fugitives to take greater risks in their behalf. New efforts on the part of the slaveholders were met by a determination to evade, hinder and nullify the law. And here a strange anomaly is presented. The slaveholder, in attempting to recover his slave, was acting within his constitutional and legal rights. The slave was his property in law. He had purchased or inherited his bondman on the same plane with his horse or his land, and, apart from the right to hold a human being in bond- age, regarded his legal rights to the one as good as the other. From a legal standpoint his posi- tion was impregnable. The slave was his, repre- senting so much of money value, and whoever was instrumental in the loss of that slave was, both theoretically and technically, a partner in robbery. Therefore he looked on "The Under- ground Railway" as the work of thieves, and en- tertained bitter hatred toward all concerned in its operation. On the other hand, men who were, in all other respects, good citizens — often relig- iously devout and pillars of the church — became bold and fiagrant violators of the law in relation to this sort of property. They set at nought a plain provision of the Constitution and the act of Congress for its enforcement. Without hope of personal gain or reward, at the risk of fine and imprisonment, with the certainty of social ostra- cism and bitter opposition, they harbored the fugitive and helped him forward on every occasion. And why? Because they saw in him a man, with the same inherent right to "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" that they themselves possessed. To them this was a higher law than any Legislature, State or National, could enact. They denied that there could be truly such a thing as property in man. Believing that the law violated human rights, they justified themselves in rendering it null and void. 534 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. For the most part, the "Underground Rail- road" operators and promoters were plain, obscure men, without hope of fame or desire for notoriety. Yet there were some whose names are conspicuous in history, such as Wendell Phillips, Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Theodore Parker of Massachusetts; Gerrit Smith and Thurlow Weed of New York: Joshua E. Giddings of Ohio, and Owen Lovejoy of Illinois. These had their followers and sympathizers in all the Northern States, and even in some por- tions of the South. It is a curious fact, that some of the most active spirits connected with the "Underground Eailroad" were natives of the South, or had resided there long enough to become thoroughly acquainted with the "insti- tution." Levi Coffin, who had the reputation of being the "President of the Underground Bail- road" — at least so far as the region west of the Ohio was concerned — was an active operator on the line In North Carolina before his removal from that State to Indiana in 1826. Indeed, as a system, it is claimed to have had its origin at Guilford College, In the "Old North State" in 1819, though the evidence of this may not be conclusive. Owing to the peculiar nature of their business, no official reports were made, no lists of officers, conductors, station agents or operators preserved, and few records kept which are now accessible. Consequently, we are dependent chiefly upon the personal recollection of individual operators for a history of their transactions. Each station on the road was the house of a "friend" and it is significant, in this connection, that in every settlement of Friends, or Quakers, there was sure to be a house of refuge for the slave. For this reason it was, perhaps, that one of the most frequently traveled lines extended from Vir- ginia and Maryland through Eastern Pennsyl- vania, and then on towards New York or directly to. Canada. From the proximity of Ohio to Virginia and Kentucky, and the fact that it oflEered the shortest route through free soil to Canada, it was traversed by more lines than any other State, although Indiana was pretty thoroughly "grid-ironed" by roads to freedom. In all, however, the routes were irregular, often zigzag, for purposes of security, and the "con- ductor" was any one who conveyed fugitives from one station to another The "train" was some- times a farm-wagon, loaded with produce for market at some town (or depot) on the line, fre- quently a closed carriage, and it is related that once, in Ohio, a number of carriages conveying a large party, were made to represent a fimeral procession. Occasionally the train ran on foot, for convenience of side-tracking into the woods or a cornfield, in case of pursuit by a wild loco- motive. Then, again, there were not wanting lawyers who, in case the operator, conductor or station agent got into trouble, were ready, without fee or reward, to defend either him or his human freight in the courts. These included such names of national repute as Salmon P. Chase, Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, William H. Seward, Rutherford B. Hayes, Richard H. Dana, and Isaac N. Arnold, while, taking the whole country over, their "name was legion." And there were a few men of wealth, like Thomas Garrett of Delaware, willing to contribute money by thousands to their assistance. Although technically acting in violation of law — or, as claimed by themselves, in obedience to a "higher law" — the time has already come when there is a disposition to look upon the actors as, in a certain sense, heroes, and their deeds as fitly belonging to the field of romance. The most comprehensive collection of material relating to the history of this movement has been furnished in a recent volume entitled, "The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Free- dom," by Prof. Wilbur H. Siebert, of Ohio State University ; and, while it is not wholly free from errors, both as to individual names and facts, it will probably remain as the best compilation of history bearing on this subject — especially as the principal actors are fast passing away. One of the interesting features of Prof. Siebert's book is a map purporting to give the principal routes and stations in the States northwest of the Ohio, yet the accuracy of this, as well as the correct- ness of personal names given, has been questioned by some best informed on the subject. As might be expected from its geographical position between two slave States — Kentucky and Mis- souri — on the one hand, and the lakes offering a highway to Canada on the other, it is naturally to be assumed that Illinois would be an attract- ive field, both for the fugitive and his sympa- thizer. The period of greatest activity of the system in this State was between 1840 and 1861— the latter being the year when the pro-slavery party in the South, by their attempt forcibly to dissolve the Union, took the business out of the hands of the secret agents of the "Underground Railroad," and — in a certain sense — placed it in the hands of the Union armies. It was in 1841 that Abra- HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 535 ham Lincoln — then a conservative opponent of the extension of slavery — on an appeal from a judgment, rendered by the Circuit Court in Taze- well County, in favor of the holder of a note given for the service of the indentured slave- girl "Nance," obtained a decision from the Supreme Court of Illinois upholding the doctrine that the girl was free under the Ordinance of 1787 and the State Constitution, and that the note, given to the person who claimed to be her owner, was void. And it is a somewhat curious coincidence that the same Abraham Lincoln, as President of the United States, in the second year of the War of the Rebellion, issued the Proclamation of Emancipation which finally resulted in striking the shackles from the limbs of every slave in the Union. In the practical operation of aiding fugitives in Illinois, it was natural that the towns along the border upon the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, should have served as a sort of entrepots, or initial stations, for the reception of this class of freight — especially if adjacent to some anti- slavery community. This was the case at Ches- ter, from which access was easy to Sparta, where a colony of Covenanters, or Seceders, was located, and whence a route extended, by way of Oakdale, Kashville and Centralia, in the direction of Chicago. Alton offered convenient access to Bond County, where there was a community of anti-slavery people at an early day, or the fugi- tives could be forwarded northward by way of Jerseyville, Waverly and Jacksonville, about each of which there was a strong anti-slavery sentiment. Quincy, in spite of an intense hos- tility among the mass of the community to any- thing savoring of abolitionism, became the theater of great activity on the part of the opponents of the institution, especially after the advent there of Dr. David Nelson and Dr. Rich- ard Eells, both of whom had rendered themselves obnoxious to the people of Missouri by extending aid to fugitives. The former was a practical abolitionist who, having freed his slaves in his native State of "Virginia, removed to Missouri and attempted to establish Marion College, a few miles from Palmyra, but was soon driven to Illinois. Locating near Quincy, he founded the "Mission Institute" there, at which he continued to dis- seminate his anti-slavery views, while educating young men for missionary work. The "Insti- tute" was finally burned by emissaries from Mis- souri, while three young men who had been connected with it, having been caught in Mis- souri, were condemned to twelve years' confine- ment in the penitentiary of that State— partly on the testimony of a negro, although a negro was not then a legal witness in the courts against a white man. Dr. Eells was prosecuted before Stephen A. Douglas (then a Judge of the Circuit Court), and fined for aiding a fugitive to escape, and the judgment against him was finally con- firmed by the Supreme Court after his death, in 1852, ten years after the original indictment. A map in Professor Siebert's book, showing the routes and principal stations of the "Undergound Railroad," makes mention of the following places in Illinois, in addition to those already referred to: Carlinville, in Macoupin County; Payson and Mendon, in Adams; Washington, in Taze- well; Metamor^, in Woodford; Magnolia, in Put- nam; Galesburg, in Knox; Princeton (the home of Owen Lovejoy and the Bryants), in Bureau ; and many more. Ottawa appears to have been the meeting point of a number of lines, as well as the home of a strong colony of practical abo- litionists. Cairo also became an important transfer station for fugitives arriving by river, after the completion of the Illinois Central Rail- road, especially as it offered the speediest way of reaching Chicago, towards which nearly all the lines converged. It was here- that the fugitives could be most safely disposed of by placing them upon vessels, which, without stopping at inter- mediate ports, could soon land them on Canadian soil. As to methods, these differed according to cir- cumstances, the emergencies of the occasion, or the taste, convenience or resources of the oper- ator. Deacon Levi Morse, of Woodford County, near Metamora, had a route towards Magnolia, Putnam County; and his favorite "car" was a farm wagon in which there was a double bottom. The passengers were snugly placed below, and grain sacks, filled with bran or other light material, were laid over, so that the whole presented the appearance of an ordinary load of grain on its way to market. The same was true as to stations and routes. One, who was an operator, says: "Wherever an abolitionist happened on a fugi- tive, or the converse, there was a station, for the time, and the route was to the next anti-slavery man to the east or the north. As a general rule, the agent preferred not to know anything beyond the operation of his own immediate section of the road. If he knew nothing about the operations of another, and the other knew nothing of his, they could not be witnesses in court. We have it on the authority of Judge Harvey B. Hurd, of Chicago, that runaways were usually 636 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. forwarded from that city to Canada by way of the Lakes, there being several steamers available for that purpose. On one occasion thirteen were put aboard a vessel under the eyes of a United States Marshal and his deputies. The fugitives, secreted in a woodshed, one by one took the places of colored stevedores carrying wood aboard the ship. Possibly the term, "There's a nigger in the woodpile," may have originated in this incident. Thirteen was an "unlucky num- ber" in this instance — for the masters. Among the notable trials for assisting runaways in violation of the Fugitive Slave Law, in addi- tion to the case of Dr. Eells, already mentioned, were those of Owen Lovejoy of Princeton, and Deacon Gushing of Will County, both of whom were defended by Judge James Collins of Chi- cago. John Hossack and Dr. Joseph Stout of Ottawa, with some half-dozen of their neighbors and friends, were tried at Ottawa, in 1859, for assisting a fugitive and acquitted on a techni- cality. A strong array of attorneys, afterwards widely known through the northern part of the State, appeared for the defense, including Isaac N. Arnold, Joseph Knox, B. C. Cook, J. V. Eus- tace, Edward S. Leland and E. C. Lamed. Joseph T. Morse, of Woodford County, was also arrested, taken to Peoria and committed to jail, but acquitted on trial. Aniother noteworthy case was that of Dr. Samuel Willard (now of Chicago) and his father, Julius A. Willard, charged with assisting in the escape of a fugitive at Jacksonville, in 1843, when the Doctor was a student in Illinois College. "The National Corporation Reporter," a few years ago, gave an account of this affair, together with a letter from Dr. Willard, in which he states that, after protracted litigation, during which the case was carried to the Supreme Court, it was ended by his pleading guilty before Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, when he was fined one dollar and costs — the latter amounting to twenty dollars. The Doctor frankly adds: "My father, as well as myself, helped many fugitives afterwards." It did not always happen, however, that offenders escaped so easily. Judge Harvey B. Hurd, already referred to, and an active anti-slavery man in the days of the Fugitive Slave Law, relates the following : Once, when the trial of a fugitive was going on before Justice Kercheval, in a room on the second floor of a two-story frame building on Clark Street in the city of Chicago, the crowd in attendance filled the room, the stairway and the adjoining sidewalk. In some way the prisoner got mixed in with the audience, and passed down over the heads of those on the stairs, where the officers were unable to follow. In another case, tried before United States Commissioner Geo. W. Meeker, the Result was made to hinge upon a point in the indictment to the effect that the fugitive was "copper-colored." The Commissioner, as the story goes, being in- clined to favor public sentiment, called for a large copper cent, that he might make comparison. The decision was, that the prisoner was "off color," so to speak, and he was hustled out of the room before the officers could re-arrest him, as they had been instructed to do. Dr. Samuel Willard, in a review of Professor Siebert's book, published in "The Dial" of Chi cago, makes mention of Henry Irving and Will- iam Chauncey Carter as among his active allies at Jacksonville, with Rev. Bilious Pond and Deacon Lyman of Farmington (near the present village of Farmingdale in Sangamon County), Luther Ransom of Springfield, Andrew Borders of Randolph County, Joseph Gerrish of Jersey and William T. Allan of Henry, as their coadju- tors in other parts of the State. Other active agents or promoters, in the same field, included such names as Dr. Charles V. Dyer, Philo Carpen- ter, Calvin De Wolf, L. C. P. Freer, Zebina East- man, James H. Collins, Harvey B. Hurd, J. Young Scanunon, Col. J. F. Farnsworth and others of Chicago, whose names have already been men- tioned; Rev. Asa Turner, Deacon BaUard, J. K. Van Dorn and Erastus Benton, of Quincy and Adams County; President Rufus Blanchard of ICnox College, Galesburg ; John Leeper of Bond ; the late Prof. J. B. Turner and Elihu Wolcott of Jacksonville; Capt. Parker Morse and his four sons — Joseph T., Levi P., Parker, Jr., and Mark — of Woodford County ; Rev. William Sloane of Randolph ; William Strawn of La Salle, besides a host who were willing to aid their fellow men in their aspirations to freedom, without advertising their own exploits. Among the incidents of "Underground Rail- road" in Illinois is one which had some importance politically, having for its climax a dramatic scene in Congress, but of which, so far as known, no full account has ever been written. About 1855, Ephraim Lombard, a Mississippi planter, but a New Englander by birth, purchased a large body of prairie land in the northeastern part of Stark County, and, taking up his residence temporarily in the village of Bradford, began its improve- ment. He had brought with him from Mississippi a negro, gray-haired and bent with age, a slave HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 537 of probably no great value. "Old Mose, " as he was called, soon came to be well known and a favorite in the neighborhood. Lombard boldly- stated that he had brought him there as a slave ; that, by virtue of the Dred Scott decision (then of recent date), he had a constitutional right to take his slaves wherever he pleased, and that "Old Mose" was just as much his property in Illinois as in Mississippi. It soon became evident to some, that his bringing of the negro to Illinois was an experiment to test the law and the feel- ings of the Northern people. This being the case, a shrewd play would have been to let him have his way till other slaves should have been brought to stock the new plantation. But this was too slow a process for the abolitionists, to whom the holding of a slave in the free State of Illinois appeared an unbearable outrage. It was feared that he might take the old negro back to Mississippi and fail to bring any others. It was reported, also, that "Old Mose" was ill-treated; that he was given only the coarsest food in a back shed, as if he were a horse or a dog, instead of being permitted to eat at table with the family. The prairie citizen of that time was very par- ticular upon this point of etiquette. The hired man or woman, debarred from the table of his or her employer, would not have remained a day. A quiet consultation with "Old Mose" revealed the fact that he would hail the gift of freedom joyously. Accordingly, one Peter Risedorf, and another equally daring, met him by the light of the stars and, before morning, he was placed in the care of Owen Lovejoy, at Princeton, twenty miles away. From there he was speedily "franked" by the member of Congress to friends in Canada. There was a great commotion in Bradford over the "stealing'' of "Old Mose." Lombard and his friends denounced the act in terms bitter and profane, and threatened vengeance upon the per- petrators. The conductors were known only to a few, and they kept their secret well. Lovejoy's part in the affair, however, soon leaked out. Lombard returned to Mississippi, where he related his experiences to Mr. Singleton, the Representative in Congress from his district. During the next session of Congress, Singleton took occasion, in a speech, to sneer at Lovejoy as a "nigger-stealer, " citing the case of "Old Mose." Mr. Lovejoy replied in his usual fervid and dramatic style, making a speech which ensured his election to Congress for life— "Is it desired to call attention to this fact of my assisting fugitive slaves?" he said. "Owen Lovejoy lives at Prince- ton, ,111., three-quarters of a mile east of the village, and he aids every slave that comes to his door and asks it. Thou invisible Demon of Slavery, dost thou think to cross my humble threshold and forbid me to give bread to the hungry and shelter to the homeless? I bid you defiance, in the name of my God!" With another incident of an amusing charac- ter this article may be closed: Hon. J. Young Scammon, of Chicago, being accused of conniving at the escape of a slave from officers of the law, was asked by the court what he would do if sum- moned as one of a posse to pursue and capture a fugitive. ' 'I would certainly obey the summons, ' ' he replied, "but— I should probably stub my toe and fall down before I reached him." Note.— Those who wish to pursue the suhjeot of the "Underground Eallroad" in lUinols further, are referred to the work of Dr. Slebert, already mentioned, and to the various County Histories which have been issued and may be found in the public libraries; also for interesting inci- dents, to " Keminiscences of Levi CofBn," Johnson's " From Dixie to Canada," Petit's Sketches, " Still, Under- ground Eallroad," and a pamphlet of the same title by James H. Falrchild, ex-President of Oberlin College. rNDERWOOD, WilllaM H., lawyer, legislator and jurist, was born at Schoharie Court House, N. Y., Feb. 21, 1818, and, after admission to the bar, removed to Belleville, 111., where he began practice in 1840, The following year he was elected State's Attorney, and re-elected in 1843. In 1846 he was chosen a member of the lower house of the General Assembly, and, in 1848-54, sat as Judge of the Second Circuit. During this period he declined a nomination to Congress, although equivalent to an election. In 1856 he was elected State Senator, and re-elected in 1860. He was a member of the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1869-70, and, in 1870, was again elected to the Senate, retiring to private life in 1872. Died, Sept. 33, 1875. UNION COUNTY, one of the fifteen counties into wliich Illinois was divided at the time of its admission as a State — having been organized, under the Territorial Government, in January, 1818. It is situated in the southern division of the State, bounded on the west by the Mississippi River, and has an area of 400 square miles. The eastern and interior portions are drained by the Cache River and Clear Creek. The western part of the county comprises the broad, rich bottom lands lying along the Mississippi, but is subject to frequent overflow, while the eastern portion is hilly, and most of its area originally heavily tim- bered. The county is especially rich in minerals. Iron-ore, lead, bituminous coal, chalk, alum and 638 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. potter's clay are found in considerable abun- dance. Several lines of railway (the most impor- tant being the Illinois Central) either cross or tap the county. The chief occupation is agri- culture, although manufacturing is carried on to a limited extent. Fruit is extensively cultivated. Jonesboro is the county-seat, ajid Cobden and Anna important shipping stations. The latter is the location of the Southern Hospital for the Insane. The population of the county, in 1890, was 31,529. Being next to St. Clair, Randolph and Gallatin, one of the earliest settled counties in the State, many prominent men found their first home, on coming into the State, at Jones- boro, and this region, for a time, exerted a strong influence in public afEairs. Pop. (1900), 22,610. UNION LEAGUE OF AMERICA, a secret poUt- ical and patriotic order which had its origin early in the late Civil War, for the avowed pur- pose of sustaining the cause of the Union and counteracting the machinations of the secret organizations designed to promote the success of the Eebellion. The first regular Council of the order was organized at Pekin, Tazewell County, June 35, 1863, consisting of eleven members, as follows: John W. Glasgow, Dr. D. A. Cheever, Hart Montgomery, Maj. Richard N. Cullom (father of Senator Cullom), Alexander Small, Rev. J. W. M. Vernon, George II. Harlow (after- ward Secretary of State), Charles Turner, Col. Jonathan Merriam, Henry Pratt and L. F. Gar- rett. One of the number was a Union refugee from Tennessee, who dictated the first oath from memory, as administered to members of a some- what similar order which had been organized among the Unionists of his own State. It sol- ■emnly pledged the taker, (1) to preserve invio- late the secrets and business of the order ; (3) to "support, maintain, protect and defend the civil liberties of the Union of these United States against all enemies, either domestic or foreign, at all times and under all circumstances," even "if necessary, to the sacrifice of life"; (3) to aid in electing only true Union men to offices of "trust in the town, county. State and General Government; (4) to assist, protect and defend any member of the order who might be in peril from his connection with the order, and (5) to obey all laws, rules or regulations of any Council to which the taker of the oath might be attached. The oath was taken upon the Bible, the Decla- ration of Independence and Constitution of the United States, the taker pledging his sacred honor to its fulfillment. A special reason for the organization existed in the activity, about this time, of the "Knights of the Golden Circle," a disloyal organization which had been introduced from the South, and which afterwards took the name, in the North, of "American Knights" and "Sons of Liberty. ' ' (See Secret Treasonable Soci- eties.) Three months later, the organization had extended to a number of other counties of the State and, on the 35th of September following, the first State Council met at Bloomington — twelve counties being represented — and a State organization was effected. At this meeting the following general officers were chosen: Grand President — Judge Mark Bangs, of Marshall County (now of Chicago) ; Grand Vice-President — Prof. Daniel Wilkin, of McLean ; Grand Secre- tary — George H. Harlow, of Tazewell; Grand Treasurer — H. S. Austin, of Peoria, Grand Mar- shal— J. R. Gorin, of Macon; Grand Herald— A. Gould, of Henry; Grand Sentinel — John E. Rosette, of Sangamon. An Executive Committee was also appointed, consisting of Joseph Medill of "The Chicago Tribune"; Dr. A. J. McFar- land, of Morgan County; J. K. Warren, of Macon; Rev. J. C. Rybolt, of La SaUe; the President, Judge Bangs; Enoch Emery, of Peoria; and John E. Rosette. Under the direction of this Committee, with Mr. Medill as its Chairman, the constitution and by-laws were thoroughly revised and a new ritual adopted, which materi- ally changed the phraseology and removed some of the crudities of the original obligation, as well as increased the beauty and impressiveness of the initiatory ceremonies. New signs, grips and pass- words were also adopted, which were finally accepted by the various organizations of the order throughout the Union, which, by this time, included many soldiers in the army, as well as civilians. The second Grand (or State) Council was held at Springfield, January 14, 1863,- with only seven counties represented. The limited representation was discouraging, but the mem- bers took heart from the inspiring words of Gov- ernor Yates, addressed to a committee of the order who waited upon him. At a special ses- sion of the Executive Committee, held at Peoria, six days later, a vigorous campaign was mapped out, under which agents were sent into nearly every county in the State. In Oc- tober, 1863, the strength of the order in Illi- nois was estimated at three to five thousand; a few months later, the number of enrolled members had increased to 50,000 — so rapid had been the growth of the order. On March 25, 1868, a Grand Council met in Chicago — 404 Coiincils in Illinois being represented, with HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 539 a number from Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wiscon- sin, Iowa and Minnesota, At this meeting a Committee was appointed to prepare a plan of organization for a National Grand Council, which was carried out at Cleveland, Ohio, on the 80th of May following — the constitution, ritual and signs of the Illinois organization being adopted with slight modifications. The lovised obligation — taken upon the Bible, the Declaration of Inde- pendence and the Constitution of the United States — boimd members of the League to "sup- port, protect and defend the Government of the United States and the flag thereof, against all •enemies, foreign and domestic," and to" bear true faith and allegiance to the same"; to "defend the State against invasion or insurrection"; to support only "true and reliable men" for offices of trust and profit; to protect and defend worthy members, and to preserve inviolate the secrets of the order. The address to new mem- bers was a model of impressiveness and a powerful appeal to their patriotism. The organization extended rapidly, not only throughout the North- west, but in the South also, especially in the army. In 1864 the number of Councils in Illinois wEis estimated at 1,300, with a membership of 175,000; and it is estimated that the total mem- bership, throughout the Union, was 2,000,000. The influence of the silent, but zealous and effect- ive, operations of the organization, was shown, not only in the stimulus given to enlistments and support of the, war policy of th^ Government, but in the raising of supplies for the sick and wounded soldiers in the field. Within a few weeks before the fall of Vicksburg, over $35,000 in < H tio ai W > t3 .'3 Id HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 541 geons was affiliated as the College of Medicine — a School of Dentistry being added to the latter in 1901. In 1885 the State Laboratory of Natural History was transferred from Normal, 111., and an Agricultural Experiment Station entablished in 1888, from which bulletins are sent to farmers throughout the State who may desire them. — The first name of the Institution was "Illinois Indus- trial University," but, in 1885, this was changed to "University of Illinois." In 1887 the Trustees (of whom there are nine) were made elective by popular vote — ^three being elected every two years, each holding office six years. Dr. Gregory, having resigned the office of Eegent in 1880, was succeeded by Dr. Selim H. Peabody, who had been Professor of Mechanical and Civil Engineer- ing. Dr. Peabody resigned in 1891. The duties of Eegent were then discharged by Prof. Thomas J. Burrill until August, 1894, when Dr. Andrew Sloan Draper, former State Superintendent of Public Instruction of the State of New "York, was installed as President, serving until 1904. — The corps of instruction (1904) includes over 100 Pro- fessors, 60 Associate and Assistant Professors and 200 Instructors and Assistants, besides special lecturers, demonstrators and clerks. The num- ber of students has increased rapidly in recent years, as shown by the following totals for suc- cessive years from 1890-91 to 1903-04, inclusive: 519; 583; 714; 743; 810; 853; 1,075; 1,582; 1,824; 2,234; 2,505; 2,933; 3,289; 3,589. Of the last num- ber, 2,271 were men and 718 women. During 1903-04 there were in all departments at Urbana, 3,547 students (356 being in the Preparatory Aca- demy) ; and in the three Professional Departments in Chicago, 1,043, of whom 694 were in the Col- lege of Medicine, 185 in the School of Pharmacy, and 163 in the School of Dentistry. The Univer- sity Library contains 63,700 volumes and 14,500 pamphlets, not including 5,350 voliimes and 15,850 pamphlets in the State Laboratory of Nat- ural History. — The University occupies a con- spicuous and attractive site, embracing 220 acres adjacent to the line between Urbana and Cham- paign, and near the residence portion of the two cities. The athletic field of 11 acres, on which stand the gymnasium and armory, is enclosed with an ornamental iron fence. The campus, otherwise, is an open and beautiful park with fine landscape effects. UNORGAISIZED COUNTIES. In addition to the 103 counties into which Illinois is divided, acts were passed by the General Assembly, at different times, providing for the organiza- tion of a number of others, a few of which were subsequently organized under different names, but the majority of which were never organized at all— the proposition for such or- ganization being rejected by vote of the people within the proposed boundaries, or allowed to lapse by non-action. These unorganized coun- ties, with the date of the several acts authorizing them, [>nd the territory which they were in- tended to include, were as follows: Allen County (1841) — comprising portions of Sanga- mon, Morgan and Macoupin Counties; Audobon (Audubon) County (1843)— from portions of Mont- gomery, Fayette and Shelby; Benton County (1843) — from Morgan, Greene and Macoupin; Coffee County (1837)— with substantially the same territory now comprised within the bound- aries of Stark County, authorized two years later; Dane County (1839) — name changed to Christian in 1840; Harrison County (1855)— from McLean, Champaign and Vermilion, com- prising territory since partially incorporated in Ford County; Holmes County (1857)— from Champaign and Vermilion; Marquette County (1843), changed (1847) to Highland— compris- ing the northern portion of Adams, (this act was accepted, with Columbus as the county- seat, but organization finally vacated) ; Michi- gan County (1837) — from a part of Cook; Milton County (1843) — from the south part of Vermil- ion; Okaw County (1841) — comprising substan- tially the same territory as Moultrie, organized under act of 1843; Oregon County (1851) — from parts of Sangamon, Morgan and Macoupin Coun- ties, and covering substantially the same terri- tory as proposed to be incorporated in Allen County ten years earlier. The last act of this character was passed in 1867, when an attempt was made to organize Lincoln County out oZ parts of Champaign and Vermilion, but whicti failed for want of an affirmative vote. UPPER ALTON, a city of Madison County, situated on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, about 1^ miles northeast of Alton— laid out in 1816. It has several churches, and is the seat of Shurtleff College and the Western Military Academy, the former founded about 1831, and controlled by the Baptist denomination. Beds of excellent clay are found in the vicinity and utilized in pottery manufacture. Pop. (1890), 1,803; (1900), 3,373. UPTON, George Putnam, journalist, was born at Roxbury, Mass., Oct. 35, 1884; graduated from Brown University in 1854, removed to Chicago in 1855, and began newspaper work on "The Native American," the following year taking the place of city editor of "The Evening Jour- 542 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. nal." In 1862, Mr. Upton became musical critic on "The Chicago Tribune," serving for a time also as its war correspondent in the field, later (about 1881) taking a place on the general edi- torial staflf, which he still retains. . He is regarded as an authority on musical and dramatic topics. Mr. Upton is also a stockholder in, and, for sev- eral years, has been Vice-President of the "Trib- une" Company. Besides numerous contributions to magazines, his works include: "Letters of Peregrine Pickle" (1869) ; "Memories, a Story of German Love," translated from the German of Max MuUer (1879); "Woman in Music" (1880); "Lives of German Composers" (3 vols.— 1883-84); besides four volumes of standard operas, oratorios, cantatas, and symphonies (1885-88). URBANA, a flourishing city, the county-seat of Champaign County, on the "Big Four," the Illinois Central and the Wabash Railways: 130 miles south of Chicago and 31 miles west of Dan- ville; in agricultural and coal-mining region. The mechanical industries include extensive rail- road shops, manufacture of brick, suspenders and lawn-mowers. The Cunningham Deaconesses' Home and Orphanage is located here. The city has water-works, gas and electric light plants, electric car-lines (local and interurban), superior schools, nine churches, three banks and three newspapers. Urbana is the seat of the University of Illinois. Pop. (1890), 8,511; (1900), 5,728, USREY, William J., editor and soldier, was born at Washington (near Natchez), Miss., May 16, 1837 ; was educated at Natchez, and, before reaching manhood, came to Macon County, 111., where he engaged in teaching until 1846, when he enlisted as a private in Company C, Fourth Illinois Volunteers, for the Mexican War. In 1855, he joined with a Mr. Wingate in the estab- lishment, at Decatur, of ' 'The Illinois State Chron- icle," of which he soon after took sole charge, conducting the paper until 1861, when he enlisted in the Thirty-fifth Illinois Volunteers and was appointed Adjutant. Although born and edu- cated in a slave State, Mr. Usrey was an earnest opponent of slavery, as proved by the attitude of his paper in opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. He was one of the most zealous endorsers of the proposition for a conference of the Anti- Nebraska editors of the State of Illinois, to agree upon a line of policy in opposition to the further extension of slavery, and, when that body met at Decatur, on Feb. 22, 1856, he served as its Secre- tary, thus taking a prominent part in the initial steps which resulted in the organization of the Republican party in Illinois. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention.) , After returning from the war he resumed his place as editor of "The Chronicle," but finally retired from newspaper work in 1871. He was twice Postmaster of the city of Decatur, first previous to 1850, and again under the administration of President Grant; served also as a member of the City Council and was a member of the local Post of the G. A. R,, and Secretary of the Macon County Association of Mexican War Veterans. Died, at Decatur, Jan. 20, 1894. UTICA, (also called North Utica), a village of La Salle County, on the Illinois & Michigan Canal and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 10 miles west of Ottawa, situated on the Illinois River opposite "Starved Rock," also believed to stand on the site of the Kaskaskia village found by the French Explorer, La Salle, when he first visited Illinois. "Utica cement" is produced here; it also has several factories or mills, besides banks and a weekly paper. Popu- lation (1880), 767; (1890), 1,094; (1900), 1,150. VAN ARNAM, John, lawyer and soldier, was born at Plattsburg, N. Y., March 3, 1820. Hav- ing lost his father at five years of age, he went to live with a farmer, but ran away in his boyhood; later, began teaching, studied law, and was ad- mitted to the bar in New York City, beginning practice at Marshall, Mich. In 1858 he removed to Chicago, and, as a member of the firm of Walker, Van Arnam & Dexter, became promi- nent as a criminal lawyer and railroad attorney, being for a time Solicitor of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railroad. In 1862 he assisted in organizing the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry and was commissioned its Colonel, but was compelled to resign on account of illness. After spending some time in California, he resumed practice in Chicago in 1865. His later years were spent in California, dying at San Diego, in that State, April 6, 1890. VANDALIA, the principal city and county-seat of Fayette County. It is situated on the Kas- kaskia River, 30 miles north of Centraha, 63 miles south by west of Decatur, and 68 miles east-northeast of St. Louis. It is an intersecting point for the Illinois Central and the St. Louis, VandaUa and Terre Haute Railroads. It was the capital of the State from 1830 to 1839, the seat of government being removed to Springfield, the latter year, in accordance with act of the General Assembly passed at the session of 1837. It con- tains a court house (old State Capitol building), six churches, two banks, three weekly papers, a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 543 graded school, flour, saw and paper mills, foundry, stave and heading mill, carriage and wagon and brick works. Pop. (1890), 3,144; (1900), 3,665. TANDEVEER, Horatio M., pioneer lawyer, was born in Washington County, Ind., March 1, 1816 ; came with his family to Illinois at an early age, settling on Clear Creek, now in Christian County; taught school and studied law, using books borrowed from the late Hon. John T. Stuart of Springfield ; was elected first County Recorder of Christian County and, soon after, appointed Circuit Clerk, filling both offices three years. He also held the office of County Judge from 1848 to 1857 ; was twice chosen Representative in the General Assembly (1843 and 1850) and once to the State Senate (1863); in 1846, enlisted and was chosen Captain of a company for the Mexican War, but, having been rejected on account of the quota being full, was appointed Assistant-Quarter- master, in this capacity serving on the staff of General Taylor at the battle of Buena Vista. Among other offices held by Mr. Vandeveer, were those of Postmaster of Taylorville, Master in Chancery, Presidential Elector (1848), Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1863, and Judge of the Circuit Court (1870-79). In 1868 Judge Vandeveer established the private banking firm of H. M. Vandeveer & Co., at Taylorville, which, in conjunction with his sons, he continued successfully during the remainder of his life. Died, March 13, 1894. VAN HORNE, William C, Railway Manager and President, was born in "Will County, III., February, 1843 ; began his career as a telegraph operator on the Illinois Central Railroad in 1856, was attached to the Michigan Central and Chi- cago & Alton Railroads (1858-73), later being General Manager or General Superintendent of various other lines (1873-79). He next served as General Superintendent of the Chicago, Milwau- kee & St. Paul, but soon after became General Manager of the Canadian Pacific, which he assisted to construct to the Pacific Coast; was elected Vice-President of the line in 1884, and its President in 1888. His services have been recog- nized by conferring upon him the order of knighthood by the British Government. TASSECR, Noel C, pioneer Indian-trader, was bom of French parentage in Canada, Dec. 35, 1799; at the age of 17 made a trip with a trading party to the "West, crossing Wisconsin by way of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, the route pursued by Joliet and Marquette in 1673 ; later, was associ- ated with Gurdon S. Hubbard in the service of the American Fur Company, in 1830 visiting the region now embraced in Iroquois County, where he and Hubbard subsequently established a trad- ing post among the Pottawatomie Indians, believed to have been the site of the present town of Iroquois. The way of reaching their station from Chicago was by the Chicago and Des Plaines Rivers to the Kankakee, and ascending the latter and the Iroquois. Here Vasseur re- mained in trade until the removal of the Indians west of the Mississippi, in which he served as agent of the Government. While in the Iroquois region he married Watseka, a somewhat famous Pottawatomie woman, for whom the town of Watseka was named, and who had previously been the Indian wife of a fellow-trader. His later years were spent at Bourbonnais Grove, in Kankakee County, where he died, Dec. 13, 1879. TENICE, a city of Madison County, on the Mississippi River opposite St. Louis and 3 miles north of East St. Louis ; is touched by six trunk lines of railroad, and at the eastern approach to the new "Merchants' Bridge," with its round- house, has two ferries to St. Louis, street car line, electric lights, water-works, some manufactures and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 933; (1900), 3,450. TENICE & CARONDELET RAILROAD. (See Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis {Consolidated) Railroad.) VERMILION COUNTY, an eastern county, bordering on the Indiana State line, and drained by the Vermilion and Little Vermilion Rivers, from which it takes its name. It was originally organized in 1836, when it extended north to Lake Michigan. Its present area is 936 square miles. The discovery of salt springs, in 1819, aided in attracting immigration to this region, but the manufacture of salt was abandoned many years ago. Early settlers were Seymour Treat, James Butler, Henry Johnston, Harvey Lidington, Gurdon S. Hubbard and Daniel W. Beckwith. James Butler and Achilles Morgan were the first County Commissioners. Many interesting fossil remains have been found, among them the skeleton of a mastodon (1868). Fire clay is found in large quantities, and two coal seams cross the county. The surface is level and the soil fertile. Corn is the chief agricultural product, although oats, wheat, rye, and potatoes are extensively cultivated. Stock-raising and wool-growing are important industries. There are also several manufactories, chiefly at Dan- ville, which is the county-seat. Coal mining is carried on extensively, especially in the vicin- ity of Danville. Population (1880), 41,588 ; (1890), 49,905; (1900), 65,635. 544 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. TERMILION RIVER, a tributary of the Illi- nois; rises in Ford and the northern part of McLean County, and, running northwestward through Livingston and the southern part of La Salle Counties, enters the Illinois River nearly opposite the city of La Salle ; has a length of about 80 miles. VERMILION RIVER, an affluent of the Wa- bash, formed by the union of the North, Middle and South Forks, which rise in Illinois, and come together near Danv:.lle in this State. It flows southeastward, and enters the Wabash in Vermilion County, Ind. The main stream is about 28 miles long. The South Fork, however, which rises in Champaign County and runs east- ward, has a length of nearly 75 miles. The Little Vermilion Eiver enters the Wabash about 7 or 8 miles below the Vermilion, which is some- times called the Big Vermilion, by way of distinction. VERMONT, a village in Fulton County, at junction of Galesburg and St. Louis Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 24 miles north of Beardstown ; has a carriage manu- factory, flour and saw-mills, brick and tile works, electric light plant, besides two banks, four churches, two graded schools, and one weekly newspaper. An artesian well has been sunk here to the depth of 2,600 feet. Pop. (1900), 1,195. VERSAILLES, a town of Brown County, on the Wabash Railway, 48 miles east of Quincy ; is in a timber and agricultural district; has a bank and weekly newspaper. Population (1900), 524. VIENNA, the county-seat of Johnson County, situated on the Cairo and Vincennes branch of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, 36 miles north-northwest of Cairo. It has a court house, several churches, a graded school, banks and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 494; (1890), 838; (1900), 1,317. VIGO, Francois, pioneer and early Indian- trader, was born at Mondovi, Sardinia (Western Italy), in 1747, served as a private soldier, first at Havana and afterwards at New Orleans. When he left the Spanish army he came to St. Louis, then the military headquarters of Spain for Upper Louisiana, where he became a partner of Com- mandant de Leba, and was extensively engaged in the fur-trade among the Indians on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. On the occupation of Kaskaskia by Col. George Rogers Clark in 1778, he rendered valuable aid to the Americans, turn- ing out supplies to feed Clark's destitute soldiers, and accepting Virginia Continental money, at par, in payment, incurring liabilities in excess of $30,000. This, followed by the confiscation policy of the British Colonel Hamilton, at Vincennes, where Vigo had considerable property, reduced him to extreme penury. H. W. Beckwith says that, towards the close of his life, he lived on his little homestead near Vincennes, in great poverty but cheerful to the last He was never recom- pensed during his Uf e for his sacrifices in behalf of the American cause, though a tardy restitution was attempted, after his death, by the United States Government, for the benefit of his heirs. He died, at a ripe old age, at Vincennes, Ind., March 23, 1835. VILLA RIDGE, a village of Pulaski County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 10 nailes north of Cairo. Population, 500. VINCENNES, Jean Baptiste Bissot, a Canadian explorer, born at Quebec, January, 1688, of aris- tocratic and wealthy ancestry. He was closely connected with Louis Joliet — probably his brother-in-law, although some historians say that he was the latter's nephew. He entered the Canadian army as ensign in 1701, and had a long and varied experience as an Indian fighter. About 1725 he took up his residence on what is now the site of the present city of Vincennes, Ind., which is named in his honor. Here he erected an earth fort and established a trading- post. In 1736, under orders, he co-operated with D'Artaguiette (then the French Governor of Illi- nois) in an expedition against the Chickasaws. The expedition resulted disastrously. Vincennes and D'Artaguiette were captured and burned at the stake, together with Father Senat (a Jesuit priest) and others of the command. (See also D'Artaguiette,- French Oovemors of Illinois. ) VIRDEN, a city of Macoupin County, on the Chicago & Alton and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 21 miles south by west from Springfield, and 31 miles east-southeast of Jack- sonville. It has five churches, two banks, two newspapers, telephone service, electric lights, grain elevators, machine shop, and extensive coal mines. Pop. (1900), 2, 280 ; (school census 1903),8,651. VIRGINIA, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Cass County, situated at the intersection of the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis, with the Spring- field Division of the Baltimore & Ohio South- western Railroad, 15 miles north of Jacksonville, and 33 miles west-northwest of Springfield. It lies in the heart of a rich agricultural region. There is a flouring mill here, besides manu- factories of wagons and cigars. The city has two National and one State bank, five churches, a HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOISi. 545 Tiigh sdhDol, and two weekly papers. Pop, (1890), :1,603; (1900), 1,600. VOCKE, William, lawyer, was born at Min- >den, Westphalia (Germany), in 1839, the son of a Government Secretary in the Prussian service. Having lost his father at an early age, he emi- grated to America in 1856, and, after a short stay in New York, came to Chicago, where he found employment as a paper-carrier for "The Staats-Zeitung," meanwhile giving his attention ■to the study of law. Later, he became associated with a real-estate firm; on the commencement of the Civil War, enlisted as a private in a three-months' regiment, and, finally, in the ' Twenty -fom-th Illinois (the first Hecker regi- ment), in which he rose to the rank of Captain. Betuming from the army, he was employed as -city editor of "The Staats-Zeitung," but, in 1865, became Clerk of the Chicago Police Court, serving until 1869. Meanwhile he had been admitted to the bar, and, on retirement from •office, began practice, but, in 1870, was elected Representative in the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, in which he bore a leading part in framing "the burnt record act" made necessary by the fire of 1871. He has since been engaged in the practice of his profession, having been, for a number of years, attorney for the German 'Consulate at Chicago, also serving, for several .years, on the Chicago Board of Education. Mr. Vocke is a man of high literary tastes, as shown by his publication, in 1869, of a volume of poems translated from the German, which has been highly commended, besides a legal work on "The Administration of Justice in the United •States, and a Synopsis of the Mode of Procedure in our Federal and State Courts and All Federal and State Laws relating to Subjects of Interest to AUens," which has been published in the Ger- man Language, and is highly valued by German lawyers and business men. Mr. Vocke was a member of the Republican National Convention of 1873 at Philadelphia, which nominated General 'Grant for the Presidency a second time. YOLK, Leonard Wells, a distinguished Illinois tsculptor, born at Wellstown (afterwards Wells), N. Y., Nov. 7, 1828. Later, his father, who was a marble cutter, removed to Pittsfield, Mass., and,'at the age of 16, Leonard began work in his shop. In 1848 he came west and began model- ing in clay and drawing at St. Louis, being only self-taught. He married a cousin of Stephen A. Douglas, and the latter, in 1855, aided him in the prosecution of his art studies in Italy. Two years afterward he settled in Chicago, where he modeled the first portrait bust ever made in the city, having for his subject his first patron— the "Little Giant." The next year (1858) he made a life-size marble statue of Douglas. In 1860 he made a portrait bust of Abraham Lincoln, which passed into the possession of the Chicago His- torical Society and was destroyed in the great fire of 1871. In 1868-69, and again in 1871-73, he revisited Italy for purposes of study. In 1867 he was elected academician of the Chicago Academy, and was its President for eight years. He was genial, companionable and charitable, and always ready to assist his younger and less fortunate pro- fessional brethren. His best known works are the Douglas Monument, in Chicago, several soldiers' monuments in different parts of the country, the statuary for the Henry Keep mausoleum at Watertown, N. Y., life-size statues of Lincoln and Douglas, in the State House at Springfield, and numerous portrait busts of men eminent in political, ecclesiastical and commercial life. Died, at Osceola, Wis., August 18, 1895. TOSS, Arno, journalist, lawyer and soldier, born in Prussia, April 16, 1821 ; emigrated to the United States and was admitted to the bar in Chicago, in 1848, the same year becoming editor of "The Staats-Zeitung"; was elected City Attorney in 1852, and again in 1853; in 1861 became Major of the Sixth Illinois Cavalry, but afterwards assisted in organizing the Twelfth Cavalry, of which he was commissioned Colonel, still later serving with his command in Vir- ginia. He was at Harper's Ferry at the time of the capture of that place in September, 1863, but succeeded in cutting his way, with his command, through the rebel lines, escaping into Pennsyl- vania. Compelled by ill-health to leave the serv- ice in 1863, he retired to a farm in Will County, but, in 1869, returned to Chicago, where he served as Master in Chancery and was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly in 1876, but declined a re-election in 1878. Died, in Chi- cago, March 33, 1888. WABASH, CHESTER & WESTERN RAIL- ROAD, a railway nmning from Chester to Mount Vernon, 111. , 63. 33 miles, with a branch extend- ing from Chester to Menard, 1.5 miles; total mileage, 64.83. It is of standard gauge, and almost entirely laid with 60-pound steel rails, — (History.) It was organized, Feb. 20, 1878, as successor to the Iron Mountain, Chester & East- ern Railroad. During the fiscal year 1893-94 the Company purchased the Tamaroa & Mount Ver- non Railroad, extending from Mount Vernon to 546 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Tamaroa, 32.5 miles. Capital stock (1898), |1,- 350,000; bonded indebtedness, 1690,000; total capitalization, $3,038,573. WABASH COUNTY, situated in the southeast corner of the State; area 320 square miles. The county was carved out from Edwards in 1834, and the first coiirt house built at Centerville, in May, 1836. Later, Mount Carmel was made the county -seat. (See Mount Carmel) The Wabash Kiver drains the county on the east; other streams are the Bon Pas, Coffee and Crawfish Creeks. The surface is undulating with a fair growth of timber. The chief industries are the raising of live-stock and the cultivation of cere- als. The wool-crop is likewise valuable. The county is crossed by the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis and the Cairo and Vincennes Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Raihroads. Population (1880), 4,945; (1890), 11,866; (1900), 12,583. WABASH RAILROAD, an extensive raibroad system connecting the cities of Detroit and Toledo, on the east, with Kansas City and Council Bluffs, on the west, with branches to Chicago, St. Louis, Quinoy and Altamont, 111., and to Keokuk and Des Moines, Iowa. The total mileage (1898) is 1,874.96 miles, of which 677.4 miles are in Illi- nois — all of the latter being the property of the company, besides 176.7 miles of yard-tracks, sid- ings and spurs. The company has trackage privileges over the Toledo, Peoria & Western (6.5 miles) between Elvaston and Keokuk bridge, and over the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (21.8 miles) between Camp Point and Quincy. — (His- tory.) A considerable portion of this road in Illinois is constructed on the line upon which the Northern Cross Eailroad was projected, in the "internal improvement" scheme adopted in 1837, and embraces the only section of road completed under that scheme — that between the Illinois River and Springfield. (1) The construction of this section was begun by the State, May 11, 1837, the first rail laid, May 9, 1838, the road completed to Jacksonville, Jan. 1, 1840, and to Springfield, May 13, 1842. It was operated for a time by "mule power," but the income was in- sufficient to keep the line in repair and it was finally abandoned. In 1847 the line was sold for $21,100 toN. H. Eidgelyand Thomas Mather of Springfield, and by them transferred to New York capitalists, who organized the Sangamon & Morgan Eailroad Company, reconstructed the road from Springfield to Naples and opened it for business in 1849. (2) In 1853 two corporations were organized in Ohio and Indiana, respectively, under the name of the Toledo & Illinois Railroad and the Lake Erie, Wabash & St. Louis Railroad, which were consolidated as the Toledo, Wabash & Western Railroad, June 25, 1856. In 1858 these lines were sold separately under foreclo- sure, and finally reorganized, under a special char- ter granted by the Illinois Legislature, under the name of the Great Western Railroad Company. (3) The Quincy & Toledo Railroad, extending from Camp Point to the Illinois River opposite Meredosia, was constructed in 1858-59, and that, with the Illinois & Southern Iowa (from Cla,y- ton to Keokuk), was united, July 1, 1865, with the eastern divisions extending to Toledo, the new organization taking the name of the main line, (Toledo, Wabash & Western). (4) The Hannibal & Naples Division (49.6 miles), from Bluffs to Hannibal, Mo., was chartered in 1863, opened for business in 1870 and leased to the Toledo, Wabash & Western. The latter defaulted on its interest in 1875, was placed' in the hands of a receiver and, in 1877, was turned over to a new company under the name of the Wabash Railway Company. (5) In 1868 the company, as it then existed, promoted and secured the con- struction, and afterwards acquired the owner- ship, of a line extending from Decatur to East St. Louis (110.5 roiles) under the name of the Deca- tur & East St. Louis Railroad. (6) The Eel River Railroad, from Butler to Logansport, Ind., was acquired in 1877, and afterwards extended to Detroit under the name of the Detroit, Butler & St. Louis Railroad, completing the connection from Logansport to Detroit. — In November, 1879, the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Com- pany was organized, took the property and con- solidated it with certain lines west of the Mississippi, of which the chief was the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern. A line had been pro- jected from Decatur to Chicago as early as 1870, but, not having been constructed in 1881, the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific purchased what was known as the Chicago & Paducah Railroad, uniting with the main line at Bement, and (by way of the Decatur and St. Louis Division) giv- ing a direct line between Chicago and St. Louis. At this time the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific was operating the following additional leased Unes: Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur (67.3 miles); Hannibal & Central Missouri (70.2 miles); Lafayette, Mun- cie & Bloomington (36.7 miles), and the Lafayette Bloomington & Muncie (80 miles). A connection between Chicago on the west and Toledo and Detroit on the east was established over the Grand Trunk road in 1883, but, in 1890, the com- HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 547 pany constructed a line from Montpelier, Ohio, to Clark, Ind. (149.7 miles), thence by track lease to Chicago (17.5 miles), giving an independent line between Chicago and Detroit by what is known to investors as the Detroit & Chicago Division. The total mileage of the Wabash, St. Louis & Paciflo system, in 1884, amounted to over 3,600 miles; but, in May of that year, default having been made in the payment of interest, the work of disintegration began. The main line east of the Mississippi and that on the west were sepa- rated, the latter taking the name of the "Wabash Western." The Eastern Division was placed in the hands of a receiver, so remaining until May, 1889, when the two divisions, having been bought in by a purchasing committee, were consolidated under the present name. The total earnings Eind income of the road in Illinois, for the fiscal year 1898, were $4,403,631, and the expenses $4,836,110. The total capital invested (1898) was $139,889,643, including capital stock. of $53,000,000 and bonds to the amount of $81,- 534,000. WABASH BIVEE, rises in northwestern Ohio, passes into Indiana, and runs northwest to Hun- tington. It then flows nearly due west to Logans- port, thence southwest to Covington, finally turning southward to Terre Haute, a few miles below which it strikes the western boundary of Indiana. It forms the boundary between Illinois and Indiana (taking into account its numerous windings) for some 300 miles. Below Vincennes it runs in a south-southwesterly direction, and enters the Ohio at the south-west extremity of Indiana, near latitude 37° 49' north. Its length is estimated at 557 miles. WABASH & MISSISSIPPI EAILROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad.) WABASH, ST. LOUIS & PACIFIC RAIL- BOAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) WABASH & WESTERN RAILROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) WAIT, WiUlam Smith, pioneer, and original suggestor of the Illinois Central Railroad, was bom in Portland, Maine, March 5, 1789, and edu- cated in the public schools of his native place. In his youth he entered a book-publishing house in which his father was a partner, and was for a time associated with the publication of a weekly paper. Later the business was conducted at Boston, and extended over the Eastern, Middle, and Southern States, the subject of this sketch making extensive tours in the interest of the firm. In 1817 he made a tour to the West, reaching St. Louis, and, early in the following year, visited Bond County, 111., where he made his first entry of land from the Government. Returning to Boston a few months later, he con- tinued in the service of the publishing firm until 1830, when he again came to Illinois, and, in 1831, began farming in Ripley Township, Bond County. Returning East in 1834, he spent the next ten years in the employment of the publish- ing firm, with occasional visits to Illinois. In 1835 he located permanently near Greenville, Bond Coimty, and engaged extensively in farm- ing and fruit-raising, planting one of the largest apple orchards in the State at that early day. In 1845 he presided as chairman over the National Industrial Convention in New York, and, in 1848, was nominated as the candidate of the National Reform Association for Vice-President on the ticket with Gerrit Smith of New York, but declined. He was also prominent in County and State Agricultural Societies. Mr Wait has been credited with being one of the first (if not the very first) to suggest the construction of the Illinois Central Railroad, which he did as early as 1835 ; was also one of the prime movers in the construction of the Mississippi & Atlantic Rail- road — now the "Vandalia Line" — giving much time to the latter enterprise from 1846 for many years, and was one of the original incorporators of the St. Louis & Illinois Bridge Company. Died, July 17, 1865. WALKER, Cyrus, pioneer, lawyer, born in Rockbridge County, Va., May 14, 1791; was taken while an infant to Adair County, Ky., and came to Macomb, 111., in 1833, being the second lawyer to locate in McDonough County. He had a wide reputation as a successful advocate, especially in criminal cases, and practiced extensively in the courts of Western Illinois and also in Iowa. Died, Dec. 1, 1875. Mr. Walker was uncle of the late Pinkney H. Walker of the Supreme Court, who studied law with him. He was Whig candidate for Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 1840. WALKER, James Barr, clergyman, was born in Philadelphia, July 39, 1805; in his youth served as errand-boy in a country store near Pittsburg and spent four years in a printing office ; then became clerk in the office of Mordecai M. Noah, in New York, studied law and gradu- ated from Western Reserve College, Ohio ; edited various religious papers, including "The Watch- man of the Prairies" (now "The Advance") of Chicago, was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Chicago, and for some time was lecturer on 548 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. "Harmony between Science and Revealed Reli- gion" at Oberlin College and Chicago Theological Seminary. He was author of several volumes, one of which— "The Philosophy of the Plan of Salvation," published anonymously under the editorship of Prof. Calvin E. Stowe (1855)— ran through several editions and was translated into live different languages, including Hindustanee. Died, at Wheaton, 111, , March 6, 1887. WALKER, James Monroe, corporation lawyer and Railway President, was born at Claremont, N. H., Feb. 14, 1820. At fifteen he removed with his parents to a farm in Michigan ; was educated at Oberlin, Ohio, and at the University of Michi- gan, Ann Arbor, graduating from the latter in 1849. He then entered a law office as clerk and student, was admitted to the bar the next year, and soon after elected Prosecuting Attorney of Washtenaw County ; was also local attorney for the Michigan Central Railway, for which, after his removal to Chicago in 1853, he became Gen- eral Solicitor. Two years later the firin of Sedg- wick & Walker, which had been organized in Michigan, became attorneys for the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and, until his death, Mr. Walker was associated with this com- pany, either as General Solicitor, General Counsel or President, filling the latter position from 1870 to 1875. Mr. Walker organized both the Chicago and Kansas City stock-yards, and was President of these corporations, as also of the Wilmington Coal Company, down to the time of his death, which occurred on Jan. 33, 1881, as a result of heart disease. WALKER, (Rev.) Jesse, Methodist Episcopal missionary, was born in Rockingham County, Va., June 9, 1766; in 1800 removed to Tennessee, became a traveling preacher in 1803, and, in 1806, came to Illinois under the presiding-elder- ship of Rev. William McKendree (afterwards Bishop), locating first at Turkey Hill, St. Clair County. In 1807 he held a camp meeting near Edwardsville — the first on Illinois soil. Later, he transferred his labors to Northern Illinois; was at Peoria in 1824; at Ottawa in 1835, and devoted much time to missionary work among the Pottawatomies, maintaining a school among them for a time. He visited Chicago in 1836, and there is evidence that he was a prominent resident there for several years, occupying a log house, which he used as a church and living-room, on "Wolf Point" at the junction of the North and South Branches of the Chicago River. While acting as superintendent of the Fox River mis- sion, his residence appears to have been at Plain- field, in the northern part of Will County. Died, Oct. 5, 1835. WALKER, Pinkney H., lawyer and jurist, was born in Adair County, Ky., June 18, 1815. His boyhood was chiefly passed in farm work and as clerk in a general store ; in 1834 he came to Illi- nois, settling at Rushville, where he worked in a store for four years. In 1838 he removed to Macomb, where he began attendance at an acad- emy and the study of law with his uncle, Cyrus Walker, a leading lawyer of his time. He was admitted to the bar in 1839, practicing at Macomb until 1848, when he retirrned to Rushville. In 1853 he was elected Judge of the Fifth Judicial Circuit, to fill a vacancy, and re-elected in 1855. This position he resigned in 1858, having been appointed, by Governor Bissell, to fill the vacancy on the bench of the Supreme Court occasioned by the resignation of Judge Skinner. Two montlis later he was elected to the same position, and re-elected in 1867 and '76. He presided as Chief Justice from January, 1864, to June, '67, and again from. June, 1874, to June, '75. Before the expiration of his last term he died, Feb. 7, 1885. WALL, George Willard, lawyer, politician and Judge, was born at ChilUcothe, Ohio, April 33, 1839; brought to Perry County, 111., in infancy, and received his preparatory education at McKen. dree College, finally graduating from the Uni- versity of Michigan in 1858, and from the Cincmnati Law School in 1859, when he began practice at Duquoin, lU. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and, from 1864 to '68, served as State's Attorney for the Third Judicial District ; was also a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. In 1873 he was an unsuccessful Democratic candi- date for Congress, although running ahead of his ticket. In 1877 he was elected to the bench of the Third Circuit, and \re-elected in '79, '85 and '91, much of the time since 1877 being on duty upon the Appellate bench. His home is at Duquoin. WALLACE, (Rev.) Peter, D.D., clergyman and soldier; was born in Mason County, Ky., April 11, 1813; taken in infancy to Brown County, Ohio, where he grew up on a farm until 15 years of age, when he was apprenticed to a carpenter; at the age of 20 came to Illinois, where he became a contractor and builder, fol- lowing this occupation for a number of years. He was converted in 1835 at Springfield, 111., and, some years later, having decided to enter the ministry, was admitted to the Illinois Conference as a deacon by Bishop E. S. Janes in 1855, and HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 549 placed in charge of the Danville Circuit. Two years later he was ordained by Bishop Scott, and, in the next few years, held pastorates at various places in the central and eastern parts of the State. From 1867 to 1874 he was Presiding Elder of the Mattoon and Quincy Districts, and, for six years, held the position of President of the Board of Trustees of Chaddock College at Quincy, from which he received the degree of D.D. in 1881. In the second year of the Civil War he raised a company in Sangamon County, was chosen its Captain and assigned to the Seventy-third Illinois Volunteers, known as the "preachers' regiment" — all of its oflBoers being ministers. In 1864 he was compelled by ill-health to resign his commission. While pastor of the church at Say- brook, 111., he was offered the position of Post- master of that place, which he decided to accept, and was allowed to retire from the active minis- try. On retirement from office, in 1884, he removed to Chicago. In 1889 he was appointed by Grovernor Fifer the first Chaplain of the Sol- diers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, but retired some four years afterward, when he returned to Chicago. Dr. Wallace was an eloquent and effective preacher and continued to preach, at intervals, until within a short time of his decease, which occurred in Chicago, Feb. 31, 1897, in his 84th year. A zealous patriot, he frequently spoke very effectively upon the political rostrum. OriginaUy a Whig, he became a Republican on the organization of that party, and took pride in the fact that the first vote he ever cast was for Abraham Lincoln, for Representative in the Legis- lature, in 1834. He was a Knight Templar, Vice- President of the Tippecanoe Club of Chicago, and, at his death. Chaplain of America Post, No. 708, G. A. R. WALLACE, William Henry Lamb, lawyer and soldier, was born at Urbana, Ohio, July 8, 1821 ; brought to Illinois in 1833, his father settling near La Salle and, afterwards, at Mount Morris, Ogle County, where young Wallace attended the Rock River Seminary; was admitted to the bar in 1845 ; in 1846 enlisted as a private in the First Illi- nois Volunteers (Col. John J. Hardin's regiment), for the Mexican War, rising to the rank of Adju- tant and participting in the battle of Buena Vista (where his commander was killed), and in other engagements. Returning to his profession at Ottawa, he served as District Attorney (1853-56), then became partner of his father-in-law. Col. T. Lyle Dickey, afterwards of the Supreme Court. In April, 1861, he was one of the first to answer the call for troops by enlisting, and became Colo- nel of the Eleventh Illinois (three-months' men), afterwards re-enlisting for three years. As commander of a brigade he participated in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, in Feb- ruary, 1863, receiving promotion as Brigadier- General for gallantry. At Pittsburg Landing (Shiloh), as commander of Gen. C. F. Smith's Division, devolving on him on account of the illness of his superior officer, he showed great courage, but fell mortally wounded, dying at Charleston, Tenn., April 10, 1863. His career promised great brilliancy and his loss was greatly deplored.— Martin R. M. ( Wallace), brother of the preceding, was born at Urbana, Ohio, Sept. 39, 1839, came to La SaUe County, 111., with his father's family and was educated in the local schools and at Rock River Seminary ; studied law at Ottawa, and was admitted to the bar in 1856, soon after locating in Chicago. In 1861 he assisted in organizing the Fourth Regiment Illi- nois Cavalry, of which he became Lieutenant- Colonel, and was complimented, in 1865, with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the war he served as Assessor of Internal Revenue (1866-69) ; County Judge (1869-77) ; Prosecuting Attorney (1884) ; and, for many years past, has been one of the Justices of the Peace of the city of Chicago. WALNUT, a town of Bureau County, on the Mendota and Fulton branch of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad, 36 miles west of Mendota; is in a farming and stock-raising dis- trict; has two banks and two newspapers. Popu- lation (1890), 605; (1900), 791. WAR OF 1812. Upon the declaration of war by Congress, in June, 1813, the Pottawatomies, and most of the other tribes of Indians in the Territory of Illinois, strongly sympathized with the British. The savages had been hostile and restless for some time previous, and blockhouses and family forts had been erected at a number of points, especially in the settlements most exposed to the incursions of the savages. Gov- ernor Edwards, becoming apprehensive of an outbreak, constructed Fort Russell, a few miles from Edwardsville. Taking the field in person, he made this his headquarters, and collected a force of 350 mounted volunteers, who were later reinforced by two companies of rangers, under Col. William Russell, numbering about 100 men. An independent company of twenty-one spies, of which John Reynolds — afterwards Governor — was a member, was also formed and led by Capt. Samuel Judy. The Governor organized his little army into two regiments under Colonels Rector 550 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. and Stephenson, Colonel Russell serving as second to the commander-in-chief, other mem- bers of his staff being Secretary Nathaniel Pope and Robert K. McLaughlin. On Oct. 18, 1812, Governor Edwards, vyith his men, set out for Peoria, where it was expected that their force would meet that of General Hopkins, who had been sent from Kentucky with a force of 2,000 men. En route, two Kickapoo villages were burned, and a number of Indians unnecessarily slain by Edwards' party. Hopkins had orders to disperse the Indians on the Illinois and Wabash Rivers, and destroy their villages. He deter- mined, however, on reaching the headwaters of the Vermilion to proceed no farther. Governor Edwards reached the head of Peoria Lake, but, failing to meet Hopkins, returned to Fort Russell. About the same time Capt. Thomas E. Craig led a party, in two boats, up the Illinois River to Peoria. His boats, as he alleged, having been fired upon in the night by Indians, who were har- bored and protected by the French citizens of Peoria, he burned the greater part of the village, and capturing the population, carried them down the river, putting them on shore, in the early part of the winter, just below Alton. Other desultory expeditions marked the campaigns of 1813 and 1814. The Indians meanwhile gaining courage, remote settlements were continually harassed by marauding bands. Later in 1814, an expedi- tion, led by Major (afterwards President) Zachary Taylor, ascended the Mississippi as far as Rock Island, where he found a large force of Indians, supported by British regulars with artillery. Finding himself unable to cope with so formida- ble a foe, Major Taylor retreated down the river. On the site of the present town of Warsaw he threw up fortifications, which he named Fort Edwards, from which point he was subsequently compelled to retreat. The same year the British, with their Indian allies, descended from Macki- nac, captured Prairie du Chien, and burned Forts Madison and Johnston, after which they retired to Cap au Gris. The treaty of Ghent, signed Dec. 24, 1814, closed the war, although no formal treaties were made with the tribes until the year following. WAR OF THE REBELLION. At the outbreak of the Civil War, the executive chair, in Illinois, was occupied by Gov. Richard Yates. Immedi- ately upon the issuance of President Lincoln's first call for troops (April 15, 1861), the Governor issued his proclamation summoning the Legisla- ture together in special session ,and, the same day, issued a call for "six regiments of militia," the quota assigned to the State under call of the President. Public excitement was at fever heat, and dormant patriotism in both sexes was aroused as never before. Party lines were broken down and, with comparatively few excep- tions, the mass of the people were actuated by a common sentiment of patriotism. On April 19, Governor Yates was instructed, by the Secretary of War, to take possession of Cairo as an important strategic point. At that time, the State militia organizations were few in number and poorly equipped, consisting chiefly of independent com- panies in the larger cities. The Governor acted with great promptitude, and, on April 31, seven companies, numbering 595 men, commanded by Gen. Richard K. Swift of Chicago, were en' route to Cairo. The first volunteer compq,ny to tender its services, in response to Governor Yates' proc- lamation, on April 16, was the Zouave Grays of Springfield. Eleven other companies were ten- dered the same day, and, by the evening of the 18th, the number had been increased to fifty. Simultaneously with these proceedings, Chicago bankers tendered to the Governor a war loan of $500,000, and those of Springfield, §100,000. The Legislature, at its special session, passed acts in- creasing the efficiency of the militia law, and provided for the creation of a war fund of §2,- 000,000. Besides the six regiments already called for, the raising of ten additional volunteer regi- ments and one battery of light artillery was authorized. Tlie last of the six regiments, apportioned to Illinois under the first presidential call, was dispatched to Cairo early in May. The six regiments were numbered the Seventh to Twelfth, inclusive — the earlier numbers. First to Sixth, being conceded to the six regiments which had served in the war with Mexico. The regi- ments were commanded, respectively, by Colonels John Cook, Richard J. Oglesby, Eleazer A. Paine, James D. Morgan, William H. L. Wallace, and John Mc Arthur, constituting the "First Brigade of Illinois Volunteers." Benjamin M. Prentiss, having been chosen Brigadier-General on arrival at Cairo, assumed command, relieving General Swift. The quota under the second call, consist- ing of ten regiments, was mustered into service within sixty days, 300 companies being tendered immediately. Many more volunteered than could be accepted, and large numbers crossed to Mis- souri and enlisted in regiments forming in that State. During June and July the Secretary of War authorized Governor Yates to recruit twenty- two additional regiments (seventeen infantry and five cavalry), which were promptly raised. On HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 551 July 32, the day following the defeat of the Union army at Bull Rim, President Lincoln called for 500,000 more volunteers. Governor Yates im- mediately responded with an offer to the War Department of sixteen more regiments (thirteen of infantry and three of cavalry), and a battalion of artillery, adding, that the State claimed it as her right, to do her full share toward the preser- vation of the Union. Under supplemental author- ity, received from the Secretary of War in August, 1861, twelve additional regiments of in- fantry and five of cavalry were raised, and, by De- cember, 1861, the State had 43,000 volunteers in the field and 17,000 in camps of instruction. Other calls were made in July and August, 1862, each for 300,000 men. Illinois' quota, under both calls, was over 52,000 men, no regard being paid to the fact that the State had already furnished 16,000 troops in excess of its quotas under previ- ous calls. Unless this number of volunteers was raised by September 1, a draft would be ordered. The tax was a severe one, inasmuch as it would fall chiefly upon the prosperous citizens, the float- ing population, the idle and the extremely poor having already followed the army's march, either as soldiers or as camp-followers. But recruiting was actively carried on, and, aided by liberal bounties in many of the counties, in less than a fortnight the 52,000 new troops were secured, the volunteers coming largely from the substantial classes — agricultural, mercantile, artisan and professional. By the end of December, fifty-nine regiments and four batteries had been dispatched to the front, besides a considerable number to fill up regiments already in the field, which had suf- fered severely from battle, exposure and disease. At this time, Illinois had an aggregate of over 135,000 enlisted men in the field. The issue of President Lincoln's preliminary proclamation of emancipation, in September, 1862, was met by a storm of hostile criticism from his political opponents, who— aided by the absence of so large a proportion of the loyal population of the State in the field — were able to carry the elec- tions of that year. Consequently, when the Twenty-third General Assembly convened in regular session at Springfield, on Jan. 5, 1863, a large majority of that body was not only opposed to both the National and State administrations, but avowedly opposed to the further prosecution of the war under the existing policy. The Leg- islature reconvened in June, but was prorogued by Govepior Yates, Between Oct. 1, 1863, and July 1, 1864, 16,000 veterans re-enlisted and S7,000 new volunteers were enrolled; and, by the date last mentioned, Illinois had furnished to the Union army 244,496 men, being 14,596 in ex- cess of the allotted quotas, constituting fifteen per cent of the entire population. These were comprised in 151 regiments of infantry, 17 of cavalry and two complete regiments of artillery, besides twelve independent batteries. The total losses of Illinois organizations, during the war, has been reported at 34,884, of which 5,874 were killed in battle, 4,020 died from wounds, 22,786 from disease and 2,154 from other causes— being a total of thirteen per cent of the entire force of the State in the service. The part which Illinois played in the contest was conspicuous for patriot- ism, promptness in response to every call, and the bravery and efficiency of its troops in the field— reflecting honor upon the State and its his- tory. Nor were its loyal citizens— who, while staying at home, furnished moral and material support to the men at the front— less worthy of praise than those who volimteered. By uphold- ing the Government— National and State— and by their zeal and energy in collecting and sending forward immense quantities of supplies— surgical, medical and other — often at no little sacrifice, they contributed much to the success of the Union arms. (See also Camp Douglas; Camp Douglas Conspiracy; Secret Treasonable Soei- eties.) WAK OF THE REBELLION (History of Illi- nois Regiments). The following is a list of the various military organizations mustered into the service during the Civil War (1861-65), with the terms of service and a summary of the more important events in the history of each, while in the field : Seventh Infantry. Illinois having sent six regiments to the Mexican War, by courtesy the numbering of the regiments which took part in the war for the Union began with number Seven. A number of regiments which responded to the first call of the President, claimed the right to be recognized as the first regiment in the field, but the honor was finally accorded to that organized at Springfield by Col. John Cook, and hence his regiment was numbered Seventh. It was mustered into the service, April 25, 1861, and remained at Mound City during the three months' service, the period of its first enlistment. It was subsequently reorganized and mustered for the three years' service, July 25, 1861, and was engaged in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Cherokee, Allatoona Pass, Salkahatchie Swamp, Bentonville and Columbia. The regi- ment re-enlisted as veterans at Pulaski, Tenn., 553 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. Dec. 22, 1863; was mustered out at Louisville, July 9, 1865, and paid off and discharged at Springfield, July 11. Eighth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in for three months' service, April 26, 1861, Richard J. Oglesby of Decatur, being appointed Colonel. It remained at Cairo during its term of service, when it was mustered out. July 25, 1861, it was reorganized and mustered in for three years' service. It participated in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Port Gibson, Thompson Hill, Raymond, Champion Hill, Vicks- burg, Brownsville, and Spanish Fort ; re-enlisted as veterans, March 24, 1864; was mustered out at Baton Rouge, May 4, 1866, paid off and dis- charged, May 13, having served five years. Ninth Infantry. Mustered into the service at Springfield,. April 36, 1861, for the term of three months, under Col. Eleazer A. Paine. It was reorganized at Cairo, in August, for three years, being composed of companies from St. Clair, Madison, Montgomery, Pulaski, Alexander and Mercer Counties ; was engaged at Fort Donel- son, Shiloh, Jackson (.Tenn.), Meed Creek Swamps, Salem, Wyatt, Florence, Montezuma, Athens and Grenada. The regiment was mounted, March 15, 1863, and so continued during the remainder of its service. Mustered out at Louis- ville, July 9, 1865. Tenth Infantry, Organized and mustered into the service for three months, on April 29, 1861, at Cairo, and on July 29, 1861, was mustered into the service for three years, with Col. James D. Morgan in command. It was engaged at Sykeston, New Madrid, Corinth, Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, Kenesaw, Chattahooohie, Savannah and Bentonville. Re- enlisted as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864, and mustered out of service, July 4, 1865, at Louisville, and I'eceived final discharge and pay, July 11, 1865, at Chicago. Eleventh Infantry. Organized at Spring- field and mustered into service, April 30, 1861, for three months. July 30, the regiment was mustered out, and re-enlisted for three years' service. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Tallahatchie, Vicksburg, Liver- pool Heights, Yazoo City, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely. W. H. L. Wallace, afterwards Brigadier-General and killed at Shiloh, was its first Colonel. Mustered out of service, at Baton Rouge, July 14, 1865 ; paid off and discharged at Springfield. Twelfth Infantry. Mustered into service for three years, August 1, 1861 ; was engaged at Columbus, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Lay's-- Ferry, Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, Kenesaw, Nickajack Creek, Bald Knob, Decatur, Ezra Church, Atlanta, Allatoona and Goldsboro. On Jan. 16, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veter- ans. John McAi-thur was its first Colonel, suc- ceeded by Augustus L. Chetlain, both being- promoted to Brigadier-Generalships. Mustered out of service at Louisville, Ky., July 10, 1865, and received final pay and discharge, at Spring- field, July 18. Thirteenth Infantry. One of the regiments- organized under the act known as the "Ten Regi- ment Bill" ; was mustered into service on May 24, 1861, for three years, at Dixon, with John B. Wyman as Colonel; was engaged at Chickasa-w Bayou, Arkansas Post, Vicksburg, Jackson, Mis- sionary Ridge, Rossville and Ringgold Gap. Mustered out at Springfield, June 18, 1864, hav- ing served three years and two months. Fourteenth Infantry. One of the regiments- raised under the "Ten Regiment Bill," which anticipated the requirements of the General Government by organizing, equipping and dril- ling a regiment in each Congressional District in. the State for thirty days, unless sooner required for service by the United States. It was mustered in at Jacksonville for three years. May 25, 1861, under command of John M. Palmer as its first' Colonel ; was. engaged at Shiloh, Corinth, Meta- mora, Vicksburg, Jackson, Fort Beauregard and Meridian; consolidated with the Fifteenth Infan- try, as a veteran battalion (both regiments hav- ing enlisted as veterans), on July 1, 1864. In October, 1864, the major part of the battalion was captured by General Hood and sent to Andersonville. The remainder participated in the "March to the Sea," and through the cam- paign in the Carolinas. In the spring of 1865 the battalion organization was discontinued, both regiments having been filled up by recruits. The regiment was mustered out at Fort Leaven- worth, Kan., Sept. 16, 1865; and arrived at Springfield, 111., Sept. 22, 2865, where it received final payment and discharge. The aggregate number of men who belonged to this organization was 1,980, and the aggregate mustered out at Fort Leavenworth, 480. During its four years and four months of service, the regiment marched 4,490 miles, traveled by rail, 3,830 miles, and, by river, 4,490 miles— making an aggregate of 11,670 miles. Fifteenth Infantry. Raised under the "Ten Regiment Act," in the (then) First Congressional District; was organized at Freeport, and mus- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 553 tered into service, May 24, 1861. It was engaged at Sedalia, Shiloh, Corinth, Metamora Hill, Vicksburg, Fort Beauregard, Champion Hill, Allatoona and Bentonville. In March, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and, in July, 1864, was consolidated with the Fourteenth Infan- try as a Veteran Battalion. At Big Shanty and Ackworth a large portion of the battalion was captured by General Hood. At Ealeigh the Veteran Battalion was discontinued and the Fifteenth reorganized. From July 1, to Sept. 1, 1865, the regiment was stationed at Forts Leaven- worth and Kearney. Having been mustered out at Fort Leavenworth, it was sent to Springfield for final payment and discharge — having served four yeajs and four months. Miles marched, 4,299; miles by rail, 2,403, miles by steamer, 4,310; men enlisted from date of organization, 1,963; strength at date of muster-out, 640. SiXTEKNTH Infantry. Organized and mus- tered into service at Quincy under the "Ten-Regi- ment Act," May 34, 1861. The regiment was • engaged at New Madrid, Tiptonville, Corinth, Buzzards' Roost, Resaca, Rome, Kenesaw Moun- tain, Chattahoochie River, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Savannah, Columbia, Fayetteville, Averysboro and Bentonville. In December, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans; was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 8, 1865, after a term of service of four years and three months, and, a week later, arrived at Spring- field, where it received, its final pay and discharge papers. Seventeenth Infantry. Mustered into the service at Peoria, 111., on May 34, 1861; was engaged at Frederickt«wn (Mo.), Greenfield (Ark.), Shiloh, Corinth, Hatchie and Vicksburg. In May, 1864, the term of enlistment having expired, the regiment was ordered to Springfield for pay and discharge. Those men and officers who re-enlisted, and those whose term had not expired, were consolidated with the Eighth Infan- try, which was mustered out in the spring of 1866. Eighteenth Infantry. Organized under the provisions of the "Ten Regiment Bill," at Anna, and mustered into the service on May 28, 1861, the term of enlistment being for three years. The regiment participated in the capture of Fort McHenry, and was actively engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh and Corinth. It was mustered out at Little Rock, Dec. 16, 1865, and Dec. 31, thereafter, arrived at Springfield, 111., for pay- ment and discharge. The aggregate enlistments in the regiment, from its organization to date of discharge (rank and file), numbered 3,043. Nineteenth Infantry. Mustered into the United States service for three years, June 17, 1861, at Chicago, embracing four companies which had been accepted under the call for three months' men; participated in the battle of Stone River and in the TuUahoma and Chatta- nooga campaigns; was also engaged at Davis' Cross Roads, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge and Resaca. It was mustered out of service On July 9, 1864, at Chicago. Originally consisting of nearly 1,000 men, besides a large number of recruits received during the war, its strength at the final muster-out was less than 350. Twentieth Infantry, Organized, May 14, 1861, at Joliet, and June 13, 1861, and mustered into the service for a term of three years. It participated in the following engagements, bat- tles, sieges, etc.: Predericktown (Mo.), Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Thompson's Planta- tion, Champion Hills, Big Black River, Vicks- burg, Kenesaw Mountain and Atlanta. After marching through the Carolinas, the regiment was finally ordered to Louisville, where it was. mustered out, July 16, 1865, receiving its final discharge at Chicago, on July 34. Twenty-first Infantry. Organized under the "Ten Regiment Bill," from the (then) Sev- enth Congressional District, at Mattoon, and mustered into service for three years, June 38, 1861. Its first Colonel was U. S. Grant, who was in command until August 7, when he was com- missioned Brigadier-General. It was engaged at Predericktown (Mo.), Corinth, Perry ville, Mur- freesboro. Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans, at Chattanooga, in February, 1864. From June, 1864, to December, 1865, it was on duty in Texas. Mustered out at San Antonio, Dec. 16, 1865, and paid off and discharged at Springfield, Jan. 18, 1866. Twenty-second Infantry. Organized at Belleville, and mustered into service, for three years, at Casey ville. 111., June 35, 1861; was engaged at Belmont, Charleston (Mo.), Sikestown, Tiptonville, Farmington, Corinth, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, New Hope Church, and all the battles of the Atlanta campaign, except Rocky Face Ridge. It was mustered out at Springfield, July 7, 1864, the vet- erans and recruits, whose term of service had not expired, being consolidated with the Forty-second Regiment Illinois Infantry Volunteers. Twenty-third Infantry. The organization of the Twenty-third Infantry Volunteers com- menced, at Chicago, under the popular name of 554 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. the "Irish Brigade," immediately upon the opening of hostilities at Sumter. The formal muster of the regiment, under the command of Col. James A. Mulligan, was made, June 15, 1861, at Chicago, when it was occupying barracks known as Kane's brewery near the river on West Polk Street. It was early ordered to North- ern Missouri, and was doing garrison duty at Lexington, when, in September, 1861, it surren- dered with the rest of the garrison, to the forces under the rebel General Price, and was paroled. From Oct. 8, 1861, to June 14, 1862, it was detailed to guard prisoners at Camp Douglas. Thereafter it participated in engagements in the Virginias, as follows: at South Fork, Greenland Gap, Phi- lippi, Hedgeville, Leetown, Maryland Heights, Snicker's Gap, Kernstown, Cedar Creek, Win- chester, Charlestown, Berryville, Opequan Creek, Fisher's Hill, Harrisonburg, Hatcher's Run and Petersburg. It also took part in the siege of Richmond and the pursuit of Lee, being present at the surrender at Appomattox. In January and February, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, at Greenland Gap, W. Va. In August, 1864, the ten companies of the Regiment, then numbering 440, were consolidated into five com- panies and designated, "Battalion, Twenty-third Regiment, Illinois Veteran Volunteer Infantry." The regiment was thanked by Congress for its part at Lexington, and was authorized to inscribe Lexington upon its colors. (See also Mulligan, James A.) Twenty-fourth Infantry, (known as the First Hecker Regiment). Organized at Chicago, with two companies — to- wit: the Union Cadets and the Lincoln Rifles — from the three months' service, in June, 1861, and mustered in, July 8, 1861. It participated in the battles of Perryville, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain and other engagements in the Atlanta campaign. It was mustered out of service at Chicago, August 6, 1864. A fraction of the regi- ment, which had been recruited in the field, and whose term of service had not expired at the date of muster-out, was organized into one company and attached to the Third Brigade, First Divi- sion, Fourteenth Army Corps, and mustered out at Camp Butler, August 1, 1865. Twenty-fifth Infantry. Organized from the counties of Kankakee, Iroquois, Ford, Vermil- ion, Douglas, Coles, Champaign and Edgar, and mustered into service at St. Louis, August 4, 1861. It participated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, in the siege of Corinth, the battle of Kenesaw Moun- tain, the siege of Atlanta, and innumerable skir- mishes ; was mustered out at Springfield, Sept. 5, 1864. During its three years' service the regi- ment traveled 4,962 miles, of which 3,352 were on foot, the remainder by steamboat and railroad. Twenty-sixth Infantry. Mustered into serv- ice, consisting of seven companies, at Springfield, August 31, 1861. On Jan. 1, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans. It was authorized by the commanding General to inscribe upon its ban- ners "New Madrid" ; "Island No. 10;" "Farming- ton;" "Siege of Corinth;" "luka;" "Corinth— 3d and 4th, 1862;" "Resaca;" "Kenesaw;'- "Ezra Church;" "Atlanta;" "Jonesboro;" "Griswold- ville;" "McAllister;" "Savannah;" "Columbia," and "Bentonville." It was mustered out at Louisville, July 30, 1865, and paid off and discharged, at Springfield, July 28— the regiment having marched, during its four years of service, 6,931 miles, and fought twenty-eight hard battles, besides innumerable skirmishes. Twenty-seventh Infantry. First organized, with only seven companies, at Springfield, August 10, 1861, and organization completed by the addition of three more companies, at Cairo, on September 1. It took part in the battle of Bel- mont, the siege of Island No. 10, and the battles of Farmington, Nashville, Murfreesboro, Chicka- mauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Calhoun, AdairsviUe, Dallas, Pine Top Mountain and Kenesaw Mountain, as well as in the investment of Atlanta; was relieved from duty, August 25, 1864, while at the front, and mustered out at Springfield, September 20. Its veterans, with the recruits whose term of serv- ice had not expired, ware consolidated with the Ninth Infantry. Twenty-eighth Infantry. Composed of companies from Pike, Fulton, Schuyler, Mason, Scott and Menard Counties; was organized at Springfield, August 15, 1861, and mustered into service for three years. It participated in the battles of Shiloh and Metamora, the siege of Vioksburg and the battles of Jackson, Mississippi, ■ and Fort Beauregard, and in the capture of Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely and Mobile. From June, 1864, to March, 1866, it was stationed in Texas, and was mustered out at Brownsville, in that State, March 15, 1866, having served four years and seven months. It was discharged, at Springfield, May 13, 1866. Twenty-ninth Infantry. Mustered into serv- ice at Springfield, August 19, 1861, and was engaged at Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and in the sieges of Corinth, Vioksburg and Mobile. Eight HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 555 companies were detailed for duty at Holly Springs, and were there captured by General Van Dorn, in December, 1863, but were exchanged, six months later. In January, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and, from June, 1864, to November, 1865, was on duty in Texas. It was mustered out of service in that State, Nov. 6, 1865, and received final discharge on November 28. Thirtieth Infantry. Organized at Spring- field, August 28, 1861 ; was engaged at Belmont, Fort Donelson, the siege of Corinth, Medan Station, Raymond, Champion Hills, the sieges of Vicksburg and Jackson, Big Shanty, Atlanta, Savannah, Pocotaligo, Orangeburg, Columbia, Cheraw, and Fayetteville ; mustered out, July 17, 1865, and received final payment and discharge at Springfield, July 27, 1865. Thirty-first Infantry. Organized at Cairo, and there mustered into service on Sept. 18, 1861; was engaged at Belmont, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, in the two expeditions against Vicks- burg, at Thompson's Hill, Ingram Heights, Ray- mond, Jackson, Champion Hill, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Lovejoy Station and Jonesboro; also participated in the "March to the Sea" and took part in the battles and skir- mishes at Columbia, Cheraw, Fayetteville and BentonviUe. A majority of the regiment re- enUsted as veterans in March, 1864. It was mustered out at Louisville, July 19, 1865, and finally discharged at Springfield, July 23. Thirty-second Infantry. Organized at Springfield and mustered into service, Dec. 31, 1861. By special authority from the War^Depart- ment, it originally consisted of ten companies of infantry, one of cavalry, and a battery. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, in the sieges of Corinth and Vicksburg, and in the battles of La Grange, Grand Junction, Metamora, Harrison- burg, Kenesaw Mountain, Nickajack Creek, Allatoona, Savannah, Columbia, Cheraw and BentonviUe. In January, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and, in June, 1865, was ordered to Fort Leavenworth. Mustered out there, Sept. 16, 1865, and finally discharged at Springfield. Thirty-third Infantry. Organized and mus- tered into service at Springfield in September, 1861; was engaged at Fredericktown (Mo.), Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, the assault and siege of Vicksburg, siege of Jackson, Fort Esperanza, and in the expedition against Mobile. The regiment veteranized at Vicksburg, Jan. 1, 1864; was mustered out, at the same point, Nov. 24, 1865, and finally discharged at Spring- field, Dec. 6 and 7, 1865. The aggregate enroll- ment of the regiment was between 1,900 and 3,000. Thirty-fourth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, Sept. 7, 1861 ; was engaged at Shiloh, Corinth, Murfreesboro, Rocky Face Ridge, Re- saca. Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Jonesboro, and, after participating in the "March to the Sea" and through the Carolinas, took part in the battle of BentonviUe. After the surrender of Johnston, the regiment went with Shertnan's Army to Washington, D. C, and took part in the grand review. May 24, 1865; left Washington, June 12, and arrived at Louisville, Ky., June 18, where it was mustered out, on July 12; was dis- charged and paid at Chicago, July 17, 1865. Thirty-fifth Infantry. Organized at De- catur on July 3, 1861, and its services tendered to the President, being accepted by the Secretary of War as "Col. G. A. Smith's Independent Regi- ment of Illinois Volunteers," on July 23, and mustered into service at St. Louis, August 12. It was engaged at Pea Ridge and in the siege of Corinth, also participated in the battles of Perry- ville. Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rooky Face Ridge, Resaca, Dallas and Kenesaw. Its final muster-out took place at Springfield, Sept. 27, 1864, the regiment having marched (exclusive of railroad and steamboat transportation) 3,056 miles. Thirty-sixth Infantry. Organized at Camp Hammond, near Aurora, 111., and mustered into service, Sept. 23, 1861, for.a term of three years. The regiment, at its organization, numbered 965 officers and enlisted men, and had two companies of Cavalry ("A" and "B"), 186 ofiicers and men. It was engaged at Leetown, Pea Ridge, Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga, the siege of Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Jones- boro, Franklin and Nashville. Mustered out, Oct. 8, 1865, and disbanded, at Springfield, Oct. 37, having marched and been transported, during its term of service, more than 10,000 miles. Thirty-seventh Infantry. Familiarly known as "Fremont Rifles"; organized in August, 1861, and mustered into service, Sept. 18. The regi- ment was presented with battle-flags by the Chi- cago Board of Trade. It participated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Neosho, Prairie Grove and Chalk Bluffs, the siege of Vicksburg, and in the battles of Yazoo City and Morgan's Bend. In October, 1863, it was ordered to the defense of the frontier along the Rio Grande; re-enlisted as 556 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. veterans in February, 1864; took part in the siege and storming of Fort Blakely and the cap- ture of Mobile; from July, 1865, to May, 1866, was again on duty in Texas ; was mustered out at Houston, May 15, 1866, and finally discharged at Springfield, May 31, having traveled some 17,000 miles, of which nearly 3,300 were by marching. Thiety-eighth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, in September, 1861. The regiment was engaged in the battles of Fredericktown, Perryville, Knob Gap, Stone River, Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Pine Top, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville; re-enlisted as veterans in February, 1864; from June to December, 1865, was on duty in Louisi- ana and Texas; was mustered out at Victoria, Texas, Dec. 31, 1865, and received final discharge at Springfield. Thirty-ninth Infanppey. The organization of this Regiment was commenced as soon as the news of the firing on Fort Sumter reached Chi- cago. General Thomas O. Osborne was one of its contemplated field ofBcers, and labored zealously to get it accepted under the first call for troops, but did not accomplish his object. The regiment had already assumed the name of the "Yates Phalanx" in honor of Governor Yates. It was accepted by the War Department on the day succeeding the first Bull Run disaster (July 22, 1861), and Austin Light, of Chicago, was appointed Colonel. Under his direction the organization was completed, and the i-egiment left Camp Mather, Chicago, on the morning of Oct. 13, 1861. It par- ticipated in the battles of Winchester, Malvern Hill (the second), Morris Island, Fort Wagner, Drury's Bluff, and in numerous engagements before Petersburg and Richmond, including the capture of Fort Gregg, and was present at Lee's surrender at Appomattox. In the meantime the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, at Hilton Head, S. C, in September, 1863. It was mustered out at Norfolk, Dec. 6, 1865, and received final dis- charge at Chicago, December 16. Fortieth Infantry. Enlisted from the coun- ties of Franklin, Hamilton, Wayne, White, Wabash, Marion, Clay and Fayette, and mustered into service for three years at Springfield, August 10, 1861. It was engaged at Shiloh, in the siege of Corinth, at Jackson (Miss.), in the siege of Vicksburg, at Missionary ' Ridge, New Hope Church, Black Jack Knob, Kenesaw Moun- tain, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Ezra Chapel, Gris- woldville, siege of Savannah, Columbia (S. C), and Bentonville. It re-enlisted, as veterans, at Soottsboro, Ala., Jan. 1, 1864, and was mustered out at Louisville, July 24, 1865, receiving final discharge at Springfield. Forty-first Infantry. Organized at Decatur during July and August, 1861, and was mustered into service, August 5. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, the second battle of Corinth, the siege of Vicksburg and Jackson, in the Red River campaign, at Guntown, Kenesaw Mountain and Allatoona, and partici- pated in the "March to the Sea." It re-enlisted, as veterans, March 17, 1864, at Vicksburg, and was consolidated with the Fifty-third Infantry, Jan. 4, 1865, forming Companies G and H. Forty-second Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, July 22, 1861 ; was engaged at Island No. 10, the siege of Corinth, battles of Farmington, Columbia (Tenn.), was besieged at NashviUe, engaged at Stone River, in the Tullahoma cam- paign, at Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope Church, Pine and Kenesaw Mountains, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. It re- enlisted, as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864; was stationed in Texas from July to December, 1865 ; was mus- tered out at Indianola, in that State, Dec. 16, 1865, and finally discharged, at Springfield, Jan. 12, 1866. Forty-third Infantry. Organized at Spring- field in September, 1861, and mustered into service on Oct. 12. The regiment took part in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh and in the campaigns in West Tennessee, Mississippi and Arkansas; was mustered out at Little Rook, Nov. 30, 1865, and returned to Springfield for final pay and discharge, Dec. 14, 1865. Forty-fourth Infantry. Organized in Au- gust, 1861, at Chicago, and mustered into service, Sept. 13, 1861; was engaged at Pea Ridge, Perryville, Stone River, Hoover's Gap, Shelby- ville, Tullahoma, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge, Adairsville, Dallas, New Hope Church, Kene- saw Mountain, Gulp's Farm, Chattahoochie. River, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans in Tennessee, in January, 1864. From June to September, 1865, it was stationed in Louisiana and Texas, was mustered out at Port Lavaca, Sept. 25, 1865, and received final discharge, at Springfield, three weeks later. Forty-fifth Infantry. Originally called the "Washburne Lead Mine Regiment"; was organized at Galena, July 23, 1861, and mustered HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 557 into service at Cliioago, Dec. 25, 1861. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, battle of Medan, the campaign against Vioksburg, the Meridian raid, the Atlanta cam- paign, the "March to the Sea," and tlie advance through the Carolinas. The regiment veteran- ized in January, 1864-, was mustered out of serv- ice at Louisville, Ky., July 13, 1865, and arrived in Chicago, July 15, 1865, for final pay and dis- charge. Distance marched in four years, 1,750 miles. Forty-sixth Infantry. Organized at Spring- field, Dec. 28, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donel- sOn, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, battle of Metamora, siege of Vicksburg (where five com- panies of the regiment were captured), in the reduction of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakeley, and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered in as a veteran regiment, Jan. 4, 1864. From May, 1865, to January, 1866, it was on duty in Louisi- ana; was mustered out at Baton Rouge, Jan. 20, 1866, and, on Feb. 1, 1866, finally paid and dis- charged at Springfield. Forty-seventh Infantry. Organized and mustered into service at Peoria, 111., on August 16, 1861. The regiment took part in the expe- dition against New Madrid and Island No. 10; also participated in the battles of Farmington, luka, the second battle of Corinth, the capture of Jackson, the- siege of Vicksburg, the Red River expedition and the battle of Pleasant Hill, and in the struggle at Lake Chicot. It was ordered to Chicago to assist in quelling an antici- pated riot, in 1864, but, returning to the front, took part in the reduction of Spanish Fort and the capture of Mobile; was mustered out, Jan. 21, 1866, at Selma, Ala., and ordered to Spring- field, where it received final pay and discharge. Those members of the regiment who did not re-en- list as veterans were mustered out, Oct. 11, 1864. Forty-eighth Infantry. Organized at Spring- field, September, 1861, and participated in battles and sieges as follows: Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth (siege ofj, Vicksburg (first expedition against). Missionary Ridge, as well as in the Atlanta campaign and the "March to the Sea." The regiment re-enlisted as veter- ans, at Scottsboro, Ala., Jan. 1, 1864; was mus- tered out, August 15, 1865, at Little Rock, Ark. , and ordered to Springfield for final discharge, arriving, August 21, 1865.' The distance marched was 3,000 miles; moved by water, 5,000; by rail- road, 8,450— total, 11,450. Forty-ninth Infantry. Organized at Spring- field, 111., Dec. 31, 1861; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh and Little Rock; took part in the campaign against Meridian and in the Red River expedition, being in the battle of Pleasant Hill, Jan. 15, 1864; three-foiirths of the regiment re-enlisted and were mustered in as veterans, returning to Illinois on furlough. The non- veterans took part in the battle of Tupelo. The regiment participated in the battle of Nashville, and was mustered out, Sept. 9, 1865, at Paducah, Ky., and arrived at Springfield, Sept, 15, 1865, for final payment and discharge. Fiftieth Infantry. Organized at Quinoy, in August, 1861, and mustered into service, Sept. 12, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, the second battle of Corinth, Allatoona and Bentonville, besides many minor engagements. The regiment was mounted, Nov. 17, 1863 ; re-enlisted as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864, was mustered out at Louisville, July 13, 1865, and reached Springfield, the following day, for final pay and discharge. Fifty-first Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, Dec. 24, 1861 ; was engaged at New Madrid, Island No. 10, Farmington, the siege of Corinth, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaoa, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jones- boro, Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. The regiment was mustered in as veterans, Feb. 16, 1864 ; from July to September, 1865, was on duty in Texas, and mustered out, Sept. 25, 1865, at Camp Irwin, Texas, arriving at Springfield, 111., Oct. 15, 1865, for final payment and discharge. Fifty-second Infantry. Organized at Ge- neva in November, 1861, and mustered into serv- ice, Nov. 19. The regiment participated in the following battles, sieges and expeditions : Shiloh, Corinth (siege and second battle of), luka. Town Creek, Snake Creek Gap, Resaca, Lay's Ferry, Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Nickajack Creek, Decatur, Atlanta, Jonesboro and Bentonville. It veteranized, Jan, 9, 1864; was mustered out at Louisville, July 4, 1865, and received final payment and discharge at Springfield, July 12. Fifty-third Infantry. Organized at Ottawa in the winter of 1861-63, and ordered to Chicago, Feb. 27, 1862, to complete its organization. It took part in the siege of Corinth, and was engaged at Davis' Bridge, the siege of Vicksburg, in the Meridian campaign, at Jackson, the siege of Atlanta, the "March to the Sea," the capture of Savannah and the campaign in the Carolinas, including the battle of Bentonville. The regi- ment was mustered out of service at Louisville, 558 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. July 32, 1865, and received final discharge, at Chicago, July 28. It marched 3,855 miles, and was transported by boat and cars, 4,168 miles. Over 1,800 officers and men belonged to the regi- ment during its term of service. Fifty-fourth Infantry. Organized at Anna, in November, 1861, as a part of the "Kentucky Brigade," and was mustered into service, Feb. 18, 1863. No complete history of the regiment can be given, owing to the loss of its official records. It served mainly in Kentucky, Tennes- see, Mississippi and Arkansas, and always effect- ively. Three-fourths of the men re-enlisted as veterans, in January, 1864. Six companies were captured by the rebel General Shelby, in August, 1864, and were exchanged, the following De- cember. The regiment was mustered out at Little Rock, Oct. 15, 1865 ; arrived at Springfield, Oct. 26, and was discharged. During its organi- zation, the regiment had 1,342 enlisted men and 71 commissioned officers. Fifty-fifth Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, and mustered into service, Oct. 31, 1861. The regiment originally formed a part of the "Douglas Brigade," being chiefly recruited from the young farmers of Fulton, McDonough, Grundy, La Salle, De Kalb, Kane and Winnebago Counties. It participated in the battles of Shiloh and Corinth, and in the Tallahatchie campaign; in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, around Vicksburg, and at Missionary Ridge ; was in the Atlanta campaign, notably in the battles of Kenesaw Mountain and Jonesboro. In all, it was engaged in thirty -one battles, and was 138 days under fire. The total mileage traveled amounted to 11,965, of which 3,340 miles were actually marched. Re-enlisted as veterans, while at Larkinsville, Tenn. , was mustered out at Little Rock, August 14, 1865, receiving final discharge at Chicago, the same month. Fifty-sixth Infantry. Organized with com- panies principally enlisted from the counties of Massac, Pope, Gallatin, Saline, White, Hamilton, Franklin and Wayne, and mustered in at Camp Mather, near Shawneetown. The regiment par- ticipated in the siege, and second battle, of Corinth, the Yazoo expedition, the siege of Vicksburg — being engaged at Champion Hills, and in numerous assaults ; also took part in the battles of Missionary Ridge and Resaca, and in the campaign in the Carolinas, including the battle of Bentonville. Some 200 members of the regiment perished in a wreck oflE Cape Hatteras, March 31, 1865. It was mustered out in Arkan- sas, August 12, 1865. Fifty-seventh Infantry. Mustered into serv- ice, Dec. 26, 1861, at Chicago; took part in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, and the second battle at that point ; was also engaged at Resaca, Rome Cross Roads and Allatoona; participated in the investment and capture of Savannah, and the campaign through the Carolinas, including the battle of Benton- ville. It was mustered out at Louisville, July 7, 1865, and received final discharge at Chicago, July 14. Fifty-eighth Infantry. Recruited at Chi- cago, Feb. 11, 1863; participated in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, a large number of the regiment being captured during the latter engage- ment, but subsequently exchanged. It took part in the siege of Corinth and the battle of luka, after which detachments were sent to Springfield for recruiting and for guarding prisoners. Returning to the front, the regiment was engaged in the capture of Meridian, the Red River cam- paign, the taking of Fort de Russey, and in many minor battles in Louisiana. It was mustered out at Montgomery, Ala., April 1, 1866, and ordered to Springfield for final payment and discharge. Fifty-ninth Infantry, Originally known as the Ninth Missouri Infantry, although wholly recruited in Illinois. It was organized at St. Louis, Sept. 18, 1861, the name being changed to the Fifty-ninth Illinois, Feb. 12, 1862, by order of the War Department. It was engaged at Pea Ridge, formed part of the reserve at Farmington, took part at Perryville, Nolansville, Knob Gap and Murfreesboro, in the Tullahoma campaign and the siege of Chattanooga, in the battles of Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, Kingston, Dallas, Ackworth, Pine Top, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna, Atlanta, Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. Having re-enlisted as veterans, the regiment was ordered to Texas, in June, 1865, where it was mustered out, December, 1865, receiving its final discharge at Springfield. Sixtieth Infantry. Organized at Anna, 111., Feb. 17, 1862; took part in the siege of Corinth and was besieged at Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans while at the front, in January, 1864; participated in the battles of Buzzard's Roost, Ringgold, Dalton, Resaca, Rome, Dallas, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Nickajack, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Averysbor6 and BentonviUe; was mustered out at Louisville, July 31, 1865, and received final discharge at Springfield. Sixty-first Infantry. Organized at Carroll- ton, 111., three full companies being mustered HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 559 in, Feb. 5, 1862. On February 21, the regiment, being still incomplete, moved to Benton Bar- racks, Mo. , where a sufficient number of recruits joined to make nine full companies. The regiment was engaged at Shiloh and Bolivar, took part in the Yazoo expedif ion, and re-enlisted as veter- ans early in 1864. Later, it took part in the battle of Wilkinson's Pike (near Murfreesboro), and other engagements near that point ; was mustered out at Nashville, Tenn., Sept. 8, 1865, and paid off and discharged at Springfield, Septem- ber 27. Sixty-second Infantry. Organized at Anna, 111., April 10, 1862 ; after being engaged in several skirmishes, the regiment sustained a loss of 170 men, who were captured and paroled at Holly Springs, Miss., by the rebel General Van Dorn, where the regimental records were destroyed. The regiment took part in forcing the evacuation of Little Rock ; re-enlisted, as veterans, Jan. 9, 1864; was mustered out at Little Eock, March 6, 1866, and ordered to Springfield for final payment and discharge. Sixty-third Infantry. Organized at Anna, in December, 1861, and mustered into service, April 10, 1862. It participated in the first invest- ment of Vicksburg, the capture of Richmond Hill, La., and in the battle of Missionary Ridge. On Jan. 1, 1864, 272 men re-enlisted as veterans. It took part in the capture of Savannah and in Sherman's march through the Carolinas, partici- pating in its important battles and skirmishes; was mustered out at Louisville, July 13, 1865, reaching Springfield, July 16. The total distance traveled was 6,453 miles, of which 2,250 was on the march. Sixty-fourth Infantry. Organized at Spring- field, December, 1861, as the "First Battalion of Yates Sharp Shooters." The last company was mustered in, Deo. 81, 1861. The regiment was engaged at New Madrid, the siege of Corinth, Chambers' Creek, the second battle of Corinth, Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Decatur, the siege of Atlanta, the investment of Savannah and the battle of Bentonville ; re-enlisted as veterans, in January, 1864 ; was mustered out at Louisville, July 11, 1865, and finally discharged, at Chicago, July 18. Sixty-fifth Infantry. Originally known as the "Scotch Regiment"; was organized at Chi- cago, and mustered in, May 1, 1862. It was cap- tured and paroled at Harper's Ferry, and ordered to Chicago ; was exchanged in April, 1863 ; took part in Burnside's defense of Knoxville; re-en- listed as veterans in March, 1864, and participated in the Atlanta campaign and the "March to tlie Sea." It was engaged in battles at Columbia (Tenn.), Franklin and Nashville, and later, near Federal Point and Smithtown, N. C, being mus- tered out, July 13, 1865, and receiving final pay- ment and discharge at Chicago, July 36, 1865. Sixty-sixth Infantry. Organized at Benton Barracks, near St. Louis, Mo., during September and October, 1861 — being designed as a regiment of "Western Sharp Shooters" from Illinois, Mis- souri, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, Indiana and Ohio. It was mustered in, Nov. 33, 1861, was engaged at Mount Zion (Mo.), Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, luka, the second battle of Corinth, in the Atlanta campaign, the "March to the Sea" and the campaign through the Carolinas. The regiment was variously known as the Fourteenth Missouri Volunteers, Birge's Western Sharpshooters, and the Sixty- sixth Illinois Infantry. The latter (and final) name was conferred by the Secretary of War, Nov. 20, 1863. It re-enlisted (for the veteran service), in December, 1863, was mustered out at Camp Logan, Ky., July 7, 1865, and paid off and discharged at Springfield, July 15. Sixty-seventh Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, June 13, 1862, for three months' service, in response to an urgent call for the defense of Washington. The Sixty-seventh, by doing guard duty at the camps at Chicago and Springfield, relieved the veterans, who were sent to the front. Sixty-eighth Infantry. Enlisted in response to a call made by the Governor, early in the sum- mer of 1863, for State troops to serve for three months as State Militia, and was mustered in early in June, 1862. It was afterwards mustered into the United States service as Illinois Volun- teers, by petition of the men, and received marching orders, July 5, 1862 ; mustered out, at Springfield, Sept. 26, 1862 — many of the men re- enlisting in other regiments. Sixty-ninth Infantry. Organized at Camp Douglas, Chicago, and mustered into service for three months, June 14, 1862. It remained on duty at Camp Douglas, guarding the camp and rebel prisoners. Seventieth Infantry. Organized at Camp Butler, near Springfield, and mustered in, July 4, 1863. It remained at Camp Butler doing guard duty. Its term of service was three months. Seventy-first Infantry. Mustered into serv- ice, July 36, 1862, at Chicago, for three months. Its service was confined to garrison duty in Illi- nois and Kentucky, being mustered out at Chi- cago, Oct. 29, 1862. mo IIISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. Seventy-second Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, as the First Regiment of the Chicago Board of Trade, and mustered into service for three years, August 33, 1863. It was engaged at Cham- pion Hill, Vicksburg, Natchez, Franklin, Nash- ville, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely; mustered out of service, at Vicksburg, August 6, 1865, and discharged at Chicago. Seventy-third Infantry. Recruited from the counties of Adams, Champaign, Christian, Hancock, Jackson, Logan, Piatt, Pike, Sanga- mon, Tazewell and Vermilion, and mustered into .service at Springfield, August 31, 1868, 900 strong. I't participated in the battles of Stone River, Perryville, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, Burnt Hickory, Pine and Lost Mountains, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Spring Hill, Frank- lin and Nashville ; was mustered out at Nashville, June 13, 1865, and, a few days later, ~/vent to Springfield to receive pay and final discharge. Seventy-fourth Infantry. Organized at Rockford, in August, 1863, and mustered into service September 4. It was recruited from Win- nebago, Ogle and Stephenson Counties. This regi- ment was engaged at Perryville, Murfreesboro and Nolansville, took part in the TuUahoma campaign, and the battles of Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Tunnel Hill, and Rocky Face Ridge, the siege of Atlanta, and the battles of Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. It was mustered out at Nashville, June 10, 186-5, with 343 officers and men, the aggregate number enrolled having been 1,001. Seventy-fifth Infantry. Organized at Dixon, and mustered into service, Sept. 3, 1863. The regiment participated in the battles of Perry- ville, Nolansville, Stone River, Lookout Mountain, Dalton, Resaca, Marietta, Kenesaw, Franklin and I^ashville; was mustered out at Nashville, June 13, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago, July 1, following. Seventy-sixth Infantry. Organized at Kan- kakee, 111., in August, 1868, and mustered into the service, August 83, 1863 ; took part in the siege of Vicksburg, the engagement at Jackson, the cam- paign against Meridian, the expedition to Yazoo City, and the capture of Mobile, was ordered to Texas in June, 1865, and mustered out at Galves- ton, July 33, 1865, being paid off and disbanded at Chicago, August 4, 1865 — having traveled 10,000 miles. Seventy-seventh Infantry. Organized and mustered into service, Sept. 3, 1863, at Peoria; •was engaged in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg (including the battle of Champion Hills), the capture of Jackson, the Red River expedition, and the bat^ ties of Sabine Cross Roads and Pleasant Hill; the reduction of Forts Gaines and Morgan, and the capture of Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely and Mobile. It was mustered out of service at Mobile, July 10, 1865, and ordered to Springfield for final pay- ment and discharge, where it arrived, July 33, 1865, having participated in sixteen battles and sieges. Seventy-eighth Infantry. Organized at Quincy, and mustered into service, Sept. 1, 1868 ; participated in the battles of Chickamauga, Mis- sionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Averysboro and Bentonville ; was mustered out, June 7, 1865, and sent to Chicago, where it was paid off and dis- charged, June 13, 1865. Seventy-ninth Infantry. Organized at Mat- toon, in August, 1863, and mustered into service, August 38, 1868; participated in the battles of Stone River, Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Mis- sionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Kene- saw Mountain, Dallas, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy, Franklin and Nashville ; was mustered out, June 13, 1865; arrived at Camp Butler, June 15, and, on Jime 33, received final pay and discharge. Eightieth Infantry. Organized at Centralia, 111., in August, 1863, and mustered into service, August 85, 1863. It was engaged at Perryville, Dug's Gap, Sand Mountain and Blunt's Farm, surrendering to Forrest at the latter point. After being exchanged, it participated in the battles of Wauhatchie, Missionary Ridge, Dalton, Resaca, Adairsville, Cassville, Dallas, Pine Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, Marietta, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station and Nash- ville. The regiment traveled 6,000 miles and participated in more than twenty engagements. It was mustered out of service, June 10, 1865, and proceeded to Camp Butler for final pay and discharge. Eighty-first Infantry. Recruited from the counties of Perry, Franklin, Williamson, Jack- son, Union, Pulaski and Alexander, and mustered into service at Anna, August 36, 1863. It partici- pated in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Champion Hill, Black River Bridge, and in the siege and capture of Vicksburg. Later, the regiment was engaged at Fort de Russey, Alexandria, Guntown and Nashville, besides assisting in the investment of Mobile. It was mustered out at Chicago, August 5, 1864. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 561 Eighty-second Infantry. Sometimes called the "Second Hecker Regiment," in honor of Col- onel Frederick Hecker, its first Colonel, and for merly Colonel of the Twenty-fourth Illinois Infantry— being chiefly composed of German members of Chicago. It was organized at Spring- field, Sept. 26, 1863, and mustered into service, Oct. 33, 1863; participated in the battles of Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Wauhatchie, Or- chard Knob, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, New Hope Church, Dallas, Marietta, Pine Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and Bentonville ; was mustered out of service, June 9, 1865, and returned to Chicago, June 16 — having marched, during its time of service, 3,503 miles. Eighty-third Infantry. Organized at Mon- mouth in August, 1863, and mustered into serv- ice, August 81. It participated in repelling the rebel attack on Fort Donelson, and in numerous hard- fought skirmishes in Tennessee, but was chiefly engaged in the performance of heavy guard duty and in protecting lines of communi- cation. The regiment was mustered out at Nash- ville, June 26, 1865, and finally paid off and discharged at Chicago, July 4, following. Eighty-fourth Infantry. Organized at Quincy, in August, 1862, and mustered into serv- ice, Sept. 1, 1862, with 939 men and officers. The regiment was authorized to inscribe upon its battle-flag the names of Perryville, Stone River, Woodbury, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, Ringgold, Dalton, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Burnt Hickory, Kenesaw Moun- tain, Smyrna, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Sta- tion, Franklin, and Nashville. It was mustered out, June 8, 1865. Eighty-fifth Infantry. Organized at Peoria, about Sept. 1, 1863, and ordered to Louisville. It took part in the battles of Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga, BJioxville, Dalton, Rocky-Face Ridge, Resaca, Rome, Dallas, Kenesaw, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Savannah, Ben- ton viUe, Goldsboro and Raleigh; was mustered out at Washington, D. C, June 5, 1865, and sent to Springfield, where the regiment was paid off and discharged on the 30th of the same month. Eighty-sixth Infantry. Mustered into serv- ice, August 27, 1862, at Peoria, at which time it numbered 933 men, rank and file. It took part in the battles of Perryville, Chickamauga, Mis- sionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, Dallas, Kwnesaw, Peach Tree Creek, Jonesboro, Averysboro and Benton ville; was mustered out on June 6, 1865, at Washington, D. C, arriving on June 11, at Chicago, where, ten days later, the men received their pay and final discharge. Eighty-seventh Infantry. Enlisted in Au- gust, 1863; was composed of companies from Hamilton, Edwards, Wayne and White Counties ; was organized in the latter part of August, 1863, at Shawneetown; mustered in, Oct. 3, 1863, the muster to take effect from August 2. It took part in the siege and capture of Warrenton and Jackson, and in the entire campaign through Louisiana and Southern Mississippi, participating in the battle of Sabine Cross Roads and in numer- ous skirmishes among the bayous, being mustered out, June 16, 1865, and ordered to Springfield, where it arrived, June 34, 1865, and was paid off and disbanded at Camp Butler, on July 2. Eighty-eighth Infantry. Organized at Chi- cago, in September, 1863, and known as the "Second Board of Trade Regiment." It waa mustered in, Sept. 4, 1862 ; was engaged at Perry- ville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope Church, Pine Mountain, Mud Creek, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna Camp Ground, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Franklin and Nashville; was mustered out, June 9, 1865, at Nashville, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago, June 13, 1865, where it received final pay and discharge, June 32, 1865. Eighty-ninth Infantry. Called the "Rail- road Regiment"; was organized by the railroad companies of Illinois, at Chicago, in August, 1863, and mustered into service on the 37th of that month. It fought at Stone River, Chicka- mauga, Missionary Ridge, Knoxville, Resaca, Rocky Face Ridge, Pickett's MiUs, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy's Station, Spring Hill, Columbia, Frank- lin and Nashville; was mustered out, June 10, 1865, in the field near Nasl^viUe, Tenn. ; arrived at Chicago two days later, and was finally dis- charged, June 24, after a service of two years, nine months and twenty -seven days. Ninetieth Infantry. Mustered into service at Chicago, Sept. 7, 1862; participated in the siege of Vicksburg and the campaign against Jackson, and was engaged at Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, New Hope Church, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Marietta, Nickajack Creek, Rosswell, Atlanta, Jonesboro and Fort McAllister. After the review at Washington, the regiment was mustered out, June 6, and returned to Chicago, June 9, 1863, where it was finally discharged. T^TiNETY-FlRST INFANTRY. Organized at Camp Butler, near Springfield, in August, 1863, and 563 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. mustered in on Sept. 8, 1862 ; participated in the campaigns against Vicksburg and New Orleans, and all along the southwestern frontier in Louisiana and Texas, as well as in the investiture and capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at Mobile, July 13, 1865, starting for home the same day, and being finally paid off and discharged on July 38, following. Ninety-second Infantry (Mounted). Organ- ized and mustered into service, Sept. 4, 1862, being recruited from Ogle, Stephenson and Car- roll Counties. During its term of service, the Ninety-second was in more than sixty battles and skirmishes, including Ringgold, Chickamauga, and the numerous engagements on the "March to the Sea," and during the pursuit of Johnston through the Carolinas. It was mustered out at Concord, N. C. , and paid and discharged from the service at Chicago, July 10, 1865. NiNETY-THiED iNFANTEY. Organized at Chi- cago, in September, 1862, and mustered in, Oct. 13, 998 strong. It participated in the movements against Jackson and Vicksburg, and was engaged at Champion Hills and at Fort Fisher ; also was engaged in the battles of Missionary Ridge, Dallas, Resaca, and many minor engagements, following Sherman in his campaign though the Carolinas. Mustered out of service, June 23, 1865, and, on the 35th, arrived at Chicago, receiv- ing final payment and discharge, July 7, 1865, the regiment having marched 2,554 miles, traveled by water, 2,296 miles, and, by railroad, 1,237 miles — total, 6,087 miles. NiNETY-FOUETH INFANTRY. Organized at Bloomington in August, 1863, and enlisted wholly in McLean County. After some warm experi ence in Southwest Missouri, the regiment took part in the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and was, later, actively engaged in the campaigns in Louisiana and Texas. It participated in the cap- ture of Mobile, leading the final assault. After several months of garrison duty, the regiment was mustered out at G-alveston, Texas, on July 17, 1865, reaching Bloomington on August 9, follow- ing, having served just three years, marched 1,200 miles, traveled by railroad 610 miles, and, by steamer, 6,000 miles, and taken part in nine bat- tles, sieges and skirmishes. Ninety-fifth Infantry. Organized at Rook- ford and mustered into service, Sept. 4, 1862. It was recruited from the counties of McHenry and Boone — three companies from the latter and seven from the former. It took part in the cam- paigns in Northern Mississippi and against Vicks- burg, in the Red River expedition, the campaigns against Price in Missouri and Arkansas, against. Mobile and around Atlanta. Among the battles in which the regiment was engaged were those of the Tallahatchie River, Grand Gulf, Raymond, Champion Hills, Fort de Russey, Old River, Cloutierville, Mansura, Yellow Bayou, Guntown, Nashville, Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely, Kenesaw Mountain, Chattahoochie River, Atlanta, Ezra Church, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station and Nash- ville. The distance traveled by the regiment, while in the service, was 9,960 miles. It was transferred to the Forty-seventh Illinois Infan- try, August 35, 1865. Ninety-sixth Infantry. Recruited during the months of July and August, 1862, and mus- tered into service, as a regiment, Sept. 6, 1863. The battles engaged in included Fort Donelson, Spring Hill, Franklin, Triune, Liberty Gap, Shelbyville, Chickamauga, Wauhatchie, Lookout Mountain, Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Kingston, New Hope Church, Dallas, Pine Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna Camp Ground, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Rough, and Ready, Jonesboro, Lovejoy's Station, Frank- lin and Nashville. Its date of final pay and dis- charge was June 30, 1865. Ninety-seventh Infantry. Organized in. August and September,- 1862, and mustered in on Sept. 16 ; participated in the battles of Chickasaw Bluffs, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion. Hills, Black River, Vicksburg, Jackson and Mobile. On July 29, 1865, it was mustered out. and proceeded homeward, reaching Springfield, August 10, after an absence of three years, less a few days. Ninety-eighth Infantry. Organized at Cen- tralia, September, 1862, and mustered in, Sept. 8; took part in engagements at Chickamauga, Mc- Minnville, Farmington and Selma, besides many others of less note. It was mustered out, June 27, 1865, the recruits being transferred to thfr Sixty-first Illinois Volunteers. The regiment arrived at Springfield, June 30, and received final payment and discharge, July 7, 1865. Ninety-ninth Infantry. Organized in Pike County and mustered in at Florence, August 23, 1863; participated in the following battles and skirmishes: Beaver Creek, Hartsville, Magnolia Hills, Raymond, Champion Hills, Black River, Vicksburg, Jackson, Fort Esperanza, Grand Coteau, Fish River, Spanish Fort and Blakely: days under fire, 62; miles traveled, 5,900; men killed in battle, 38; men died of wounds and disease, 149; men discharged for disability, 127; men deserted, 35; ofBcers killed in battle, 3; HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 563 officers died, 2; officers resigned, 36. The regi- ment was mustered out at Baton Rouge, July 31, 1865, and paid off and discharged, August 9, following. One Hundredth Infantry. Organized at JoUet, in August, 1863, and mustered in, August 30. The entire regiment was recruited in Will Coimty. It was engaged at Bardstown, Stone River, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, and Nashville; was mustered out of service, June 12, 1865, at Nashville, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago, June 15, where it received final payment and discharge. One Hundred and First Infantry. Organ- ized at Jacksonville during the latter part of the month of August, 1863, and, on Sept. 3, 1863, was mustered in. It participated in the battles of "Wauhatchie, Chattanooga, Resaca, New Hope Church, Kenesaw and Pine Mountains, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Averysboro and Bentonville. On Dec. 20, 1862, five companies were captured at Holly Springs, Miss., paroled and sent to Jefferson Barracks, Mo., and formally exchanged in June, 1863. On the 7th of June, 1865, it was mustered out, and started for Springfield, where, on the 21st of June, it was paid off and disbanded. One Hundred and Second Infantry. Organ- ized at Knoxville, in August, 1862, and mustered in, September 1 and 3. It was engaged at Resaca, Camp Creek, Burnt Hickory, Big Shanty, Peach Tree Creek and Averysboro; mustered out of service June 6, 1865, and started home, arriving at Chicago on the 9th, and, June 14, received final payment and discharge. One Hundred and Third Infantry. Re- cruited wholly in Fulton County, and mustered into the service, Oct. 2, 1863. It took part in the Grierson raid, the sieges of Vicksburg, Jack- son, Atlanta and Savannah, and the battles of Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Dal- las, Kenesaw Mountain and Griswoldsville ; was also in the campaign through the Carolinas. The regiment was mustered out at Louisville, June 21, and received final discharge at Chi- cago, July 9, 1865. The original strength of the regiment was 808, and 84 recruits were enlisted. One Hundred and Fourth Infantry. Organ- ized at Ottawa, in August, 1862, and composed almost entirely of La Salle County men. The regiment was engaged in the battles of Harts- ville, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Mission- ary Ridge, Resaca, Peach Tree Creek, Utoy Creek, Jonesboro and Bentonville, besides many severe skirmishes ; was mustered out at Washing- ton, D. C, June 6, 1865, and, a few days later, received final discharge at Chicago. One Hundred and Fifth Infantry. Mus- tered into service, Sept. 3, 1862, at Dixon, and participated in the Atlanta campaign, being engaged at Resaca, Peach Tree Creek and Atlanta, and almost constantly skirmishing; also took part in the "March to the Sea" and the campaign in the Carolinas, including the siege of Savannah and the battles of Averysboro and Bentonville. It was mustered out at Washing- ton, D. C, June 7, 1865, and paid off and dis- charged at Chicago, June 17. One Hundred and Sixth Infantry. Mus- tered into service at Lincoln, Sept. 18, 1863, eight of the ten companies having been recruited in Logan County, the other two being from San- gamon and Menard Counties. It aided in the defense of Jackson, Tenn., where Company "C" was captured and paroled, being exchanged in the summer of 1863; took part in the siege of Vicksburg, the Yazoo expedition, the capture of Little Rock, the battle of Clarendon, and per- formed service at various points in Arkansas. It was mustered out, July 12, 1865, at Pine Bluff, Ark., and arrived at Springfield, July 34, 1865, where it received final payment and discharge One Hundred and Seventh Infantry. Mus- tered into service at Springfield, Sept. 4, 1862; was composed of six companies from DeWitt and four companies from Piatt County. It was engaged at Campbell's Station, Dandridge, Rocky-Face Ridge, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Spring Hill, Franklin, Nashville and Fort Anderson, and mustered out, June 21, 1865, at Salisbury, N. C, reaching Springfield, for final payment and discharge, July 3, 1865. One Hundred and Eighth Infantry. Organ- ized at Peoria, and mustered into service, August 38, 1863 ; took part in the first expedition against Vicksburg and in the battles of Arkansas Post (Fort Hindman), Port Gibson and Champion Hills ; in the capture of Vicksburg, the battle of Guntown, the reduction of Spanish Fort, and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at Vicks- burg, August 5, 1865, and received final discharge at Chicago, August 11. One Hundred and Ninth Infantry. Re- cruited from Union and Pulaski Counties and mustered into the service, Sept. 11, 1863. Owing to its number being greatly reduced, it was con- solidated with the Eleventh Infantry in April, 1863. (See Eleventh Infantry.) One Hundred and Tenth Infantry. Organ- ized at Anna and mustered in, Sept. 11, 1863 ; was 564 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. engaged at Stone Ri^er, Woodbury, and in numerous skirmishes in Kentucky £|,nd Tennessee. In May, 1863, the regiment was consolidated, its numbers having been greatly reduced. Subse- quently it participated in the battles of Chicka- mauga and Missionary Ridge, the battles around Atlanta and the campaign through the Carolinas, being present at Johnston's surrender. The regi- ment was mustered out at Washington, D. C, June 5, 1865, and received final discharge at Chicago, June 15. The enlisted men whose term of service had not expired at date of muster-out, were consolidated into four companies and trans- ferred to the Sixtieth Illinois Veteran Volunteer Infantry. One HaNDKBD and Eleventh Infantry. Re- cruited from Marion, Clay, Washington, Clinton and Wayne Counties, and mustered into the serv- ice at Salem, Sept. 18, 1862. The regiment aided in the capture of Decatur, Ala. ; took part in the Atlanta campaign, being engaged at Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw, Atlanta and Jonesboro ; partici- pated in the "March to the Sea" and the cam- paign in the Carolinas, taking part in the battles of Fort McAllister and Bentonville. It was mus- tered out at Washington, D. C, June 7, 1865, receiving final discharge at Springfield, June 27, having traveled 3,736 miles, of which 1,836 was on the march. One Hundred and Twelfth Infantry. Mus- tered into service at Peoria, Sept. 20 and 22, 1862 ; participated in the campaign in East Ten- nessee, under Burnside, and in that against Atlanta, under Sherman; was also engaged in the battles of Columbia, Franklin and Nashville, and the capture of Fort Anderson and Wilming- ton. It was mustered out at Goldsboro, N. C, June 30, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago, July 7, 1865. One Hundred and Thirteenth Infantry. Left Camp Hancock (near Chicago) for the front, Nov. 6, 1862; was engaged in the Tallahatchie expedition, participated in the battle of Chicka- saw Bayou, and was sent North to guard prison- ers and recruit. The regiment also took part in the siege and capture of Vicksburg, was mustered out, June 20, 1865, and finally discharged at Chi- cago, five days later. One Hundred and Fourteenth Infantry. Organized in July and August, 1862, and mustered in at Springfield, Sept. 18, being recruited from Cass, Menard and Sangamon Counties. The regi- ment participated in the battle of Jackson (Miss. ), the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and in the battles of Guntown and Harrisville, the pursuit of Price through Missouri, the battle of Nash- ville, and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at Vicksburg, August 8, 1865, receiving final payment and discharge at Springfield, August 15, 1865. One Hundred and Fifteenth Infantry. Ordered to the fi'ont from Springfield, Oct. 4, 1862 ; was engaged at Chickamauga, Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge, Tunnel Hill, Resaca and in all the principal battles of the Atlanta campaign, and in the defense of Nashville and pursuit of Hood; was mustered out of service, June 11, 1865, and received final pay and discharge, June 23, 1865, at Springfield. One Hundred and Sixteenth Infantry. Recruited almost wholly from Macon County, numbering 980 ofiScei'S and men when it started from Decatur for the front on Nov. 8, 1862. It participated in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Stone Moimtain, Atlanta, Fort McAllister and Bentonville, and was mustered out, June 7, 1865, near Washington, D. C. One Hundred and Seventeenth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in, Sept. 19, 1862; participated in the Meridian campaign, the Red River expedition (assisting in the cap- ture of Fort de Russey), and in the battles of Pleasant Hill, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, FrankUn, Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely. It was mustered out at Springfield, August 5, 1865, having traveled 9,276 miles, 2,307 of which were marched. One Hundred and Eighteenth Infantry. Organized and mustered into the service at Springfield, Nov. 7, 1862 ; was engaged at Chicka- saw Bluffs, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Cham- pion Hills, Black River Bridge, Jackson (Miss.), Grand Coteau, Jackson (La.), and Amite River. The regiment was mounted, Oct. 11, 1863, and dismounted, May 23, 1865. Oct. 1, 1865, it was mustered out, and finally discharged, Oct. 13. At the date of the muster-in, the regiment num- bered 820 men and officers, received 283 recruits, making a total of 1,103; at muster-out it num- bered 523. Distance marched, 2,000 miles; total distance traveled, 5,700 miles. One Hundred and Nineteenth Infantry. Organized at Quincy, in September, 1862, and was mustered into the United States service, October 10 ; was engaged in the Red River cam- paign and in the battles of Shreveport, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 565 Blakely. Its final muster-out took place at Mobile, August 26, 1865, and its discharge at Springfield. One Hundred and Twentiety Infantry. Mustered into the service, Oct. 28, 1862, at Spring- field ; was mustered out, Sept. 7, 1865, and received final payment and discharge, September 10, at Springfield. One Hundred and Twenty-first Infan- try. (The organization of this regiment was not completed.) One Hundred and Twenty-second Infan- try. Organized at Carlinville, in August, 1862, and mustered into the service, Sept. 4, with 960 enlisted men. It participated in the battles of Tupelo and Nashville, and in the capture of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, and was mustered out, July 15, 1865, at Mobile, and finally dis- charged at Springfield, August 4. One Hundred and Twenty-third Infan- try. Mustered into service at Mattoon, Sept. 6, 1862; participated in the battles of Perry ville, Milton, Hoover's Gap, and Farmington ; also took part in the entire Atlanta campaign, marching as cavalry and fighting as infantry. Later, it served as mounted infantry in Kentucky, Tennes- see and Alabama, taking a prominent part in the capture of Sehna. The regiment was discharged at Springfield, July 11, 1865 — the recruits, whose terms had not expired, being transferred to the Sixty-first Volunteer Infantry. One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Infan- try. Mustered into the service, Sept. 10, 1862, at Springfield ; took part in the Vicksburg campaign and in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond and Champion Hills, the siege of Vicksburg, the Meridian raid, the Yazoo expedition, and the capture of Mobile. On the 16th of August, 1865, eleven days less than three years after the first company went into camp at Springfield, the regi- ment was mustered out at Chicago. Colonel Howe's history of the battle-flag of the regiment, stated that it had been borne 4, 100 miles, in four- teen skirimishes, ten battles and two sieges of forty-seven days and nights, and thirteen days and nights, respectively. One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Infan- try. Mustered into service, Sept. 3, 1862; par- ticipated in the battles of PerryviUe, Chicka- mauga, Missionaay Bidge, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and Jonesboro, and in the "March td the Sea" and the Carolina cam- paign, being engaged at Averysboro and Benton- ville. It was mustered out at Washington, D. C, June 9, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago. One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Infan- try. Organized at Alton and mustered in, Sept. 4, 1862, and participated in the siege of Vicksburg. Six companies were engaged in skirmish line, near Humboldt, Tenn. , and the regiment took part in the capture of Little Rock and in the fight at Clarendon, Ark. It was mustered out July 12, 1865. One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Infan- try. Mustered into service at Chicago, Sept. 6, 1862; took part in the first campaign against Vicksburg, and in the battle of Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg under Grant, the capture of Jackson (Miss.), the battles of Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain, the Meridian raid, and in the fighting at Resaoa, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta and Jonesboro; also accom- panied Sherman in his march through Georgia and the Carolinas, taking part in the battle of Bentonville ; was mustered out at Chicago. June 17, 1865. One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Infan- try. Mustered in, Deo. 18, 1862, but remained in service less than five months, when, its nvun- ber of officers and men having been reduced from 860 to 161 (largely by desertions), a number of officers were dismissed, and the few remaining officers and men were formed into a detachment, and transferred to another Illinois regiment. One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Infan- try. Organized at Pontiac, in August, 1862, and mustered into the service Sept. 8. Prior to May, 1864, the regiment was chiefly engaged in garri- son duty. It marched with Sherman in the Atlanta campaign and through Georgia and the Carolinas, and took part in the battles of Resaca, Buzzard's Roost, Lost Mountain, Dallas, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Averysboro and Benton- ville. It received final pay and discharge at Chi- ca'-o, June 10, 1865. One Hundred and Thirtieth Infantry. Organized at Springfield and mustered into service, Oct. 35, 1862 ; was engaged at Port Gib- son, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, Vicks- burg, Jackson (Miss.), and in the Red River expedition. While on this expedition almost the entire regiment was captured at the battle of Mansfield, and not paroled until near the close of the war. The remaining officers and men were consolidated with the Seventy-seventh Infantry in January, 1865, and participated in the capture of Mobile. Six months later its regimental re- organization, as the One Hundred and Thirtieth, was ordered. It was mustered out at New Orleans, August 15, 1865, and discharged at Springfield, August 31. 566 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. One HtJNDEED and Thirty-first Infan- try. Organized in September, 1862, and mus- tered into the service, Nov. 13, with 815 men, exclusive of officers. In October, 1863, it was consolidated with the Twenty-ninth Infantry, and ceased to exist as a separate organization. Up to that time the regiment had been in but a few conflicts and in no pitched battle. One Hundred and Thirty-second Infan- try. Organized at Chicago and mustered in for 100 days from June 1, 1864. The regiment re- mained on duty at Paducah until the expiration of its service, when it moved to Chicago, and was mustered out, Oct. 17, 1864. One Hundred and Thirty-third Infan- try. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in for one him.dred days, May 81, 1864; was engaged during its term of service in guarding prisoners of war at Rock Island ; was mustered out, Sept. 4, 1864, at Camp Butler. One Hundred and Thirty-fourth Infan- try. Organized at Chicago and mustered in. May 31, 1864, for 100 days; was assigned to garrison duty at Columbus, Ky., and mustered out of service, Oct. 35, 1864, at Chicago. One Hundred and Thirty-fifth Infan- try. Mustered in for 100-days' service at Mat- toon, June 6, 1864, having a strength of 853 men. It was chiefly engaged, during its term of service, in doing garrison duty and guarding railroads. It was mustered out at Springfield, Sept. 88, 1864. One Hundred and Thirty-sixth Infan- try. Enlisted about the first of May, 1864, for 100 days, and went into camp at Centralia, 111., but was not mustered into service until June 1, following. Its principal service was garrison duty, with occasional scouts and raids amongst guerrillas. At the end of its term of service the regiment re-enlisted for fifteen days; was mus- tered out at Springfield, Oct. 32, 1864, and dis- charged eight days later One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Infan- try. Organized at Quincy, with ex-Gov. John Wood as its Colonel, and mustered in, June 5, 1864, for 100 days. Was on duty at Memphis, Tenn , and mustered out of service at Spring- field. 111.. Sept. 4, 1864. One Hundred and Thirty-eighth Infan- try Organized at Quincy, and mustered in, June 31, 1864, for 100 days; was assigned to garri- son duty at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., and in Western Missouri. It was mustered out of serv- ice at Springfield, 111., Oct. .14, 1864. One Hundred and Thirty-ninth Infan- try. Mustered into service as alOO-day's regi- ment, at Peoria, June 1, 1864; was engaged in garrison duty at Columbus and Cairo, in making reprisals for guerrilla raids, and in-the pursuit of the Confederate General Price in Missouri. The latter service was rendered, at the President's request, after the term of enlistment had expired. It was mustered out at Peoria, Oct. 25, 1864, hav- ing been in the service nearly five months. One Hundred and Fourtieth Infantry. Organized as a 100-days' regiment, at Springfield, June 18, 1864, and mustered into service on that date. The regiment was engaged in guarding railroads between Memphis and Holly Springs, and in garrison duty at Memphis. After the term of enlistment had expired and the regiment had been mustered out, it aided in the pursuit of General Price through Missouri; was finally dis- charged at Chicago, after serving about five months One Hundred and Forty-first Infan- try. Mustered into service as a 100-days' regi- ment, at Elgin, June 16, 1864 — strength, 843 men; departed for the field, June 27, 1864; was mus- tered out at Chicago, Oct. 10, 1864. One Hundred and Forty-second Infan- try. Organized at Freeport as a battahon of eight companies, and sent to Camp Butler, where two companies were added and the regiment mustered into service for 100 days, June 18, 1864. It was ordered to Memphis, Tenn., five days later, and assigned to duty at White's Station, eleven miles from that city, where it was employed in guarding the Memphis & Charleston railroad. It was mustered out at Chicago, on Oct, 37, 1864, the men having voluntarily served one month beyond their term of enlistment. One Hundred and Forty-third Infan- try. Organized at Mattoon, and mustered in, June 11, 1864, for 100 days. It was assigned to garrison duty, and mustered out at Mattoon, Sept. 36, 1864. One Hundred and Forty-fourth Infan- try. Organized at Alton, in 1864, as a one-year regiment ; was mustered into the service, Oct. 21, its strength being 1,159 men. It was mustered out, July 14, 1865. One Hundred and Forty-fifth Infan- try. Mustered into service at Springfield, June 9, 1864; strength, 880 men. It departed for the field, June 13, 1864; was mustered out, Sept. 23, 1864. One Hundred and Forty-sixth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield, Sept. 18, 1864. for one year. Was assigned to the duty of guarding drafted men at Brighton, Quincy, Jacksonville HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. 567 ••and Springfield, and mustered out at Springfield, July 5, 1865. One Hundred and Forty-seventh Infan- try. Organized at Chicago, and mustered into service for one year, Feb. 18 and 19, 1865; was engaged chiefly on guard or garrison duty, in scouting and in skirmishing with guerrillas. Mustered out at Nashville, Jan. 22, 1866, and received final discharge at Springfield, Feb. 4. < One Hundred and Forty-eighth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 21, 1865, for the term of one year ; was assigned to garrison and guard duty and mustered out, Sept. 5t 1865, at Nashville, Tenn ; arrived at Springfield, Sept. 9, 1865, where it was paid off and discharged. One Hundred and Forty-ninth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 11, 1865, and mustered in for one year; was engaged in . garrison and guard duty ; mustered out, Jan. 27, 1866, at Dalton, Ga., and ordered to Springfield, where it received final payment and discharge. One Hundred and Fiftieth Infantry. ■Organized at Springfield, and mustered in, Feb. 14, 1865, for one year ; was on duty in Tennessee and ■Georgia, guarding railroads and garrisoning towns. It was mustered out, Jan. 16, 1866, at Atlanta, Ga., and ordered to Springfield, where it received final payment and discharge. One Hundred and Fifty-first Infantry'. This regiment was organized at Quincy, 111., and mustered into the United States service, Feb. 23, 1865, and was composed of companies from various parts of the State, recruited, under the call of Dec. 19, 1864. It was engaged in guard duty, with a few guerrilla skirmishes, and was present at the surrender of General War- ford's army, at Kingston, Ga. ; was mustered out at Columbus, Ga., Jan. 34, 1866, and ordered to Springfield, where it received final payment and discharge, Feb. 8, 1866. One Hundred and Fifty-second Infan- try. Organized at Springfield and mustered in, Feb. 18, 1865, for one year ; was mustered out of service, to date Sept. 11, at Memphis, Tenn. , and arrived at Camp Butler, Sept. 9, 1865, where it received final payment and discharge. One Hundred and Fifty-third Infan- try. Organized at Chicago, and mustered in, Feb. 27, 1865, for one year; was not engaged in any battles. It was mustered out, Sept. 15, 1865, and moved to Springfield, 111., and, Sept. 24, received final pay and discharge. One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 21, 1865, for one year. Sept. 18, 1865, the regiment was mustered out at Nashville, Tenn., and ordered to Springfield for final payment and discharge, where it arrived, Sept. 23 ; was paid ofl:' and dis- charged at Camp Butler, Sept. 29. One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Infan- try. Organized at Springfield and mustered in Feb. 28, 1865, for one year, 904 strong. On Sept. 4, 1865, it was mustered out of service, and moved to Camp Butler, where it received final pay and discharge. One Hundred and Fifty-sixth Infan- try. Organized and mustered in during the months of February and March, 1865, from the northern counties of the State, for the term of one year. The officers of the regiment have left no written record of its history, but its service seems to have been rendered chiefly in Tennessee in the neighborhood of Memphis, Nashville and Chattanooga. Judging by the muster-rolls of the Adjutant-General, the regiment would appear to have been greatly depleted by desertions and otherwise, the remnant being finally mustered out, Sept. 30, 1865. First Cavalry. Organized — consisting of seven companies, A, B, C, D, E, F and G — at Alton, in 1861, and mustered into the United States service, July 3. After some service in Missouri, the regiment participated in the battle of Lexington, in that State, and was surrendered, with the remainder of the garrison, Sept. 20, 1861. The oflicers were paroled, and the men sworn not to take up arms again until discharged. No ex- change having been effected in November, the non-commissioned oflicers and privates were ordered to Springfield and discharged. In June, 1862, the regiment was reorganized at Benton Barracks, Mo., being afterwards employed in guarding supply trains and supply depots at various points. Mustered out, at Benton Bar- racks, July 14, 1862. Second Cavalry. Organized at Springfield and mustered into service, August 13, 1861, with Company M (which joined the regiment some months later), numbering 47 commissioned offi- cers and 1,040 enlisted men. This number was in- creased by recruits and re-enlistments, during its four and a half year's term of service, to 2,236 enlisted men and 145 commissioned oflicers. It was engaged at Belmont ; a portion of the regi- ment took part in the battles at Fort Henry, Fort Donelson and Shiloh, another portion at Merriweather's Ferry, Bolivar and Holly Springs, and participated in the investment of Vicksburg. In January, 1864, the major part of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, later, participating in the S68 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. Red River expedition and the investment of Fort Blakely. It -wa,s mustered out at San Antonio, Tex., Nov. 23, 1865, and finally paid and dis- charged at Springfield, Jan. 3, 1866. Third Cavalry. Composed of twelve com- panies, from various localities in the State, the grand total of company oiiicers and enlisted men, under the first organization, being 1,433. It was organized at Springfield, in August, 1861 ; partici- pated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Haines' Bluff, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, and the siege of Vicksburg. In July, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re- enlisted as veterans. The remainder were mus- tered out, Sept. 5, 1864. The veterans participated in the repulse of Forrest, at Memphis, and in the battles of Lawrenceburg, Spring Hill, Campbells- ville and Franklin. From May to October, 1865, engaged in service against the Indians in the Northwest The regiment was mustered out at Springfield, Oct. 18, 1865. Fourth Cavalry. Mustered- into service, Sept. 26, 1861, and participated in the battles of Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, and Shiloh; in the siege of Corinth, and in many engagements of less historic note ; was mustered out at Springfield in November, 1864. By order of the War Depart- ment, of June 18, 1865, the members of the regiment whose terms had not expired, were con- solidated with the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry. Fifth Cavalry, Organized at Camp Butler, in November, 1861; took part in the Meridian raid and the expedition against Jackson, Miss., and in numerous minor expeditions, doing effect- ive work at Canton, Grenada, Woodville, and other points. On Jan. 1, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans. Its final muster-out took place, Oct. 27, 1865, and it re- ceived final payment and discharge, October 30. Sixth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, Nov. 19, 1861 ; participated in Sherman's advance upon Grenada ; in the Grierson raid through Mis- sissippi and Louisiana, the siege of Port Hudson, the battles of Moscow (Tenn), West Point (Miss.), Franklin and Nashville; re-enlisted as veterans, March 30, 1864; was mustered out at Selma, Ala., Nov. 5, 1865, and received discharge, November 30, at Springfield. Seventh Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, and was mustered into service, Oct. 18, 1861. It participated in the battles of Farmington, luka, Corinth (second battle) ; in Grierson's raid through Mississippi and Louisiana; in the en- gagement at Plain's Store (La.), and the invest- ment of Port Hudson. In March, 1864, 288 ofl5cers and men re-enlisted as veterans. The non-veterans were engaged at Guntown, and the entire regiment took part in the battle of Frank- lin. After the close of hostilities, it was stationed in Alabama and Mississippi, until the latter part of October, 1865 ; was mustered out at Nashville, and finally discharged at Springfield, Nov. 17, 1865. Eighth Cavalry. Organized at 'St. Charles, 111., and mustered in, Sept. 18, 1861. The regi- ment was ordered to Virginia, and participated in the general advance on Manassas in March, 1863; was engaged at Mechanicsville, Gaines' Hill, Malvern Hill, Sugar Loaf Mountain, Middle- town, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericks- burg, Sulphur Springs, Warrenton, Rapidan Station, Northern Neck, Gettysburg, Williams- burg, Funkstown, Falling Water, Chester Gap Sandy Hook, Culpepper, Brandy Station, and in many raids and skirmishes. It was mustered out of service at Benton Barracks, Mo., July 17, 1865, and ordered to Chicago, where it received final payment and discharge. Ninth Cavalry. Organized at Chicago, in the autumn of 1861, and mustered in, November 30 ; was engaged at Coldwater, Grenada, Wyatt, Saulsbury, Moscow, Guntown, Pontotoc, Tupelo, Old Town Creek, Hurricane Creek, Lawrence- burg, Campellsville, Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans, March 16, 1864; was mustered out of service at Selma, Ala., Oct. 31, 1865, and ordered to Springfield, where the men received final payment and discharge. Tenth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield in the latter part of September, 1861, and mustered into service, Nov. 35, 1861 ; was engaged at Prairie Grove, Cotton Plant, Arkansas Post, in the Yazoo Pass expedition, at Richmond (La,), Brownsville, Bayou Metoe, Bayou La Fourche and Little Rock. In February, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re-enlisted as veter- ans, the non- veterans accompanying General Banks in his Red River expedition. On Jan. 27, 1865, the veterans, and recruits were consolidated with the Fifteenth Cavalry, and all reorganized under the name of the Tenth Illinois Veteran Volunteer Cavalry. Mustered out of service at San Antonio, Texas, Nov. 23, 1865, and received final discharge at Springfield, Jan. 6, 1866. Eleventh Cavalry. Robert G. Ingersoll of Peoria, and Basil D. Meeks, of Woodford County, obtained permission to raise a regiment of cavalry, and recruiting commenced in October, 1861. The regiment was recruited from the counties of Peoria, Fulton, Tazewell, Woodford. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 569 Marshall, Stark, Knox, Henderson and Warren; was mustered into the service at Peoria, Dec. 20, 1861, and was first under fire at Shiloh. It also took part in the raid in the rear of Corinth, and in the battles of Bolivar, Corinth (second battle), luka, Lexington and Jackson (Tenn.); in Mc- pherson's expedition to Canton and Sherman's Meridian raid, in the relief of Yazoo City, and in numerous less important raids and skirmishes. Most of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans in December, 1863; the non- veterans being mus- tered out at Memphis, in the autumn of 1864. The veterans were mustered out at the same place, Sept 30, 1865, and discharged at Springfield, October 20. Twelfth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, in February, 1862, and remained there guarding rebel prisoners until June 25, when it was mounted and sent to Martinsburg, Va. It was engaged at Fredericksburg, Williamsport, Falling Waters, the Eapidan and Sltevensburg. On Nov. 26, 1868, the regiment was relieved from service and ordered home to reorganize as veterans. Subsequently it joined Banks in the Red River expedition and in Davidson's expedition against Mobile. While at Memphis the Twelfth Cavalry was consolidated into an eight-company organi- zation, and the Fourth Cavalry, having previously been consolidated into a battalion of five com- panies, was consolidated with the Twelfth. The consolidated regiment was mustered out at Houston, Texas, May 29, 1866, and, on June 18, received final pay and discharge at Springfield. Thirteenth Cavalry. Organized at Chicago, in December, 1861; moved to the front from Benton Barracks, Mo., in February, 1862, and was engaged in the following battles and skir- mishes (all in Missouri and Arkansas) : Putnam's Ferry, Cotton Plant, Union City (twice). Camp Pillow, Bloomfield (first and second battles). Van Buren, Allen, Eleven Point River, Jackson, White River, Chalk Bluff, Bushy Creek, near Helena, Grand Prairie, White River, Deadman's Lake, Brownsville, Bayou Metoe, Austin, Little Rock, Benton, Batesville, Pine Bluff, Arkadel- phia, Okolona, Little Missouri River, Prairie du Anne, Camden, Jenkins' Ferry, Cross Roads, Mount Elba, Douglas Landing and Monticello. The regiment was mustered out, August 31, 1865, and received final pay and discharge at Spring- field, Sept. 13, 1865. Fourteenth Cavalry. Mustered into service at Peoria, in January and February, 1863; par- ticipated in the battle of Cumberland Gap, in the defense of Knoxville and the pursuit of Long- street, in the engagements at Bean Station and Dandridge, in the Macon raid, and in the cavalry battle at Sunshine Church. In the latter Gen- eral Stoneman surrendered, but the Fourteenth cut its way out. On their retreat the men were betrayed by a guide and the regiment badly cut up and scattered, those escaping being hunted by soldiers with bloodhounds. Later, it was engaged at Waynesboro and in the battles of Franklin and Nashville, and was mustered out at Nashville, July 31, 1865, having marched over 10,000 miles, exclusive of duty done by detachments. Fifteenth Cavalry. Composed of companies originally independent, attached to infantry regi- ments and acting as such; participated in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and in the siege and capture of Corinth. Regimental or- ganization was effected in the spring of 1863, and thereafter it was engaged chiefiy in scouting and post duty. It was mustered out at Springfield, August 25, 1864, the recruits (whose term of service had not expired) being consolidated with the Tenth Cavalry. Sixteenth Cavalry. Composed principally of Chicago men — Thieleman's and Schambeok's Cavalry Companies, raised at the outset of the war, forming the nucleus of the regiment. The former served as General Sherman's body-guard for some time. Captain Thieleman was made a Major and authorized to raise a battalion, the two companies named thenceforth being known as Thieleman's Battalion. In September, 1862, the War Department authorized the extension of the battalion to a regiment, and, on the 11th of June, 1863, the regimental organization was com- pleted. It took part in the East Tennessee cam- paign, a portion of the regiment aiding in the defense of Knoxville, a part garrisoning Cumber- and Gap, and one battalion being captured by Longstreet. The regiment also participated in the battles of Rocky Face Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Kingston, Cassville, Carterville, AUatoona, Kenesaw, Lost Mountain, Mines Ridge, Powder Springs, Chattahoochie, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. It arrived in Chicago, August 23, 1865, for final payment and discharge, having marched about 5,000 miles and engaged in thirty-one battles, besides numer- ous skirmishes. Seventeenth Cavalry. Mustered into serv- ice in January and February, 1864; aided in the repulse of Price at Jefferson City, Mo., and was engaged at Booneville, Independence, Mine Creek, and Fort Scott, besides doing garrison duty, scouting and raiding. It was mustered 570 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. out in November and December, 1865, at Leaven- worth, Kan. Gov. John L. Beveridge, who had previously been a Captain and Major of the Eighth Cavahy, was the Colonel of this regi- ment. First Light Artillery. Consisted of ten batteries. Battery A was organized under the first call for State troops, April 31, 1861, but not mustered into the three years' service until July 16; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the sieges of Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the Atlanta cam- paign; was in reserve at Champion Hills and Nashville, and mustered out July 3, 1865, at Chicago. Battery B was organized in April, 1861, en- gaged at Belmont, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, in the siege of Corinth and at La Grange, Holly Springs, Memphis, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg, Mechanicsbui-g, Richmond (La.), the Atlanta campaign and the battle of Nashville. The Battery was reorganized by con- solidation with Battery A, and mustered out at Chicago, July 3, 1865. Battery D was organized at Cairo, Sept. 3, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson and at Shiloh, and mustered out, July 38, 1865, at Chicago. Battery E was organized at Camp Douglas and mustered into service, Deo. 19, 1861 ; was engaged at Shiloh, Corinth, Jackson, Vicksburg, Gun- town, Pontotoc, Tupelo and Nashville, and mus- tered out at Louisville, Dec. 34, 1864. Battery F was recruited at Dixon and mus- tered in at Springfield, Feb. 25, 1863. It took part in the siege of Corinth and the Yocona •expedition, and was consolidated with the other batteries in the regiment, March 7, 1865. Battery G was organized at Cairo and mus- tered in Sept. 28, 1861 ; was engaged in the siege and the second battle of Corinth, and mustered out at Springfield, July 24, 1865. Battery H was recruited in and about Chicago, during January and February, 1862 ; participated in the battle of Shiloh, siege of Vicksburg, and in the Atlanta campaign, the "March to the -Sea," and through the Carolinas with Sherman. Battery I was organized at Camp Douglas and mustered in, Feb. 10, 1862; was engaged at Shiloh, in the Tallahatchie raid, the. sieges of Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the battles of Chattanooga and Vicksburg It veteranized, March 17, 1864, and was mustered out, July 36, 1865. Battery K was organized at Shawneetown and mustered in, Jan. 9, 1863, participated in Burn- side's campaign in Tennessee, and in the capture of Knoxville. Part of the men were mustered out at Springfield in June, 1865, and the re- manider at Chicago in July. Battery M was organized at Camp Douglas and mustered into the service, August 13, 1863, for three years. It served through the Chickamauga campaign, being engaged at Chickamauga; also was engaged at Missionary Ridge, was besieged at Chattanooga, and took part in all the impor- tant battles of the Atlanta campaign. It was mustered out at Chicago, July 24, 1864, having traveled 3,102 miles and been under fire 178 days. Second Light Artillery. Consisted of nine batteries. Battery A was organized at Peoria, and mustered into service, May 23, 1861 ; served in Missouri and Arkansas, doing brilliant work at Pea Ridge. It was mustered out of service at Springfield, July 37, 1865. Battery D was organized at Cairo, and mustered into service in December, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Vicksburg, Jackson, Meridian and Decatur, and mustered out at Louisville, Nov. 31, 1864. Battery E was organized at St. Louis, Mo., in August, 1861, and mustered into service, August 30, at that point. It was engaged at Fort Donel- son and Shiloh, and in the siege of Corinth and the Yocona expedition — was consolidated with Battery A. Battery F was organized at Cape Girardeau, Mo., and mustered in, Dec. 11, 1861; was engaged at Shiloh, in the siege and second battle of Corinth, and the Meridian campaign; also at Kenesaw, Atlanta and Jonesboro. It was mustered out, July 27, 1865, at Springfield. Battery H was organized at- Springfield, De- cember, 1861, and mustered in, Dec. 81, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson and in the siege of Fort Pillow; veteranized, Jan. 1, 1864, was mounted as cavalry the following summer, and mustered out at Springfield, July 29, 1865. Battery I was recruited in Will County, and mustered into service at Camp Butler, Dec. 31, 1861. It participated in the siege of Island No. 10, in the advance upon Cornith, and in the battles of Perryville, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge and Chattanooga. It veteranized, Jan. 1, 1864, marched with Sher- man to Atlanta, and thence to Savannah and through the Carolinas, and was mustered out at Springfield. Battery K was organized at Springfield and mustered in Dec. 31, 1863 ; was engaged at Fort Pillow, the capture of Clarkston, Mo., and the HISTORigAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 571 siege of Vioksburg. It was mustered out, July 14, 1865, at Chicago. Battery L was organized at Chicago and mus- tered in, Feb. 28, 1863; participated in the ad- vance on Corinth, the battle of Hatchie and the advance on the Tallahatchie, and was mustered out at Chicago, August 9, 1865. Battery M was organized at Chicago, and mus- tered in at Springfield, June, 1863 ; was engaged at Jonesboro, Blue Spring, Blountsville and KogersviUe, being finally consolidated with other batteries of the regiment. Chicagk) Board of Trade Battery. Organ- ized through the efforts of the Chicago Board of Trade, which raised §15,000 for its equipment, within forty-eight hours. It was mustered into service, August 1, 1863, was engaged at Law- renoeburg, Murfreesboro, Stone River, Chicka- mauga, Farmington, Decatur (Ga.), Atlanta, Lovejoy Station, Nashville, Selma and Columbus (Ga.) It was mustered out at Chicago, June 30, 1865, and paid in full, July 3, having marched 5,268 miles and traveled by rail 1,331 miles. The batteiy was in eleven of the hardest battles fought in the West, and in twenty-six minor battles, being in action forty-two times while on scouts, reconnoissances or outpost duty. Chicago Mercantile Battery. Recruited and organized under the auspices of the Mercan- tile Association, an association of prominent and patriotic merchants of the City of Chicago. It was mustered into service, August 29, 1862, at Camp Douglas, participated in the Tallahatchie and Yazoo expeditions, the first attack upon Vioksburg, the battle of Arkansas Post, the siege of Vioksburg, the battles of Magnolia Hills, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge and Jackson (Miss.); also took part in Banks' Red River ex- pedition; was mustered out at Chicago, and received final payment, July 10, 1865, having traveled, by river, sea and land, over 11,000 miles. Springfield Light Artillery. Recruited principally from the cities of Springfield, Belle- ville and Wenona, and mustered into service at Springfield, for the term of three years, August 31, 1863, numbering 199 men and ofiicers. It participated in the capture of Little Rock and in the Red River expedition, and was mustered out at Springfield, 114 strong, June 30, 1865. Cogswell's Battery, Light Artillery. Organized at Ottawa, 111., and mustered in, Nov. 11, 1861, as Company A (Artillery) Fifty-third Illinois Volunteers, Colonel Cushman command- ing the regiment. It participated in the advance on Corinth, the siege of Vioksburg, the battle of Missionary Ridge, and the capture of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, near Mobile. The regiment was mustered out at Springfield, August 14, 1865, having served three years and nine months, marched over 7,500 miles, and partici- pated in seven sieges and battles. Sturges Rifles. An independent company, organized at Chicago, armed, equipped and sub- sisted for nearly two months, by the patriotic generosity of Mr. Solomon Sturges; was mustered into service. May 6, 1861 ; in June following, was ordered to West Virginia, serving as body- guard of General McClellan; was engaged at Rich Mountain, in the siege of Yorktown, and in the seven days' battle of the Chiokahominy. A portion of the company was at Antietam, the remainder having been detached as foragers, scouts, etc. It was mustered out at Washington, Nov. 35, 1863. WAR, THE SPANISH - AMERICAN. The oppressions and misrule which had character- ized the administration of affairs by the Spanish Government and its agents for generations, in the Island of Cuba, culminated, in April, 1898, in mutual declarations of war between Spain and the United States. The causes leading up to this result were the injurious effects upon American commerce and the interests of American citizens owning property in Cuba, as well as the constant expense imposed upon the Government of the United States in the maintenance of a large navy along the South Atlantic coast to suppress fili- bustering, superadded to the friction and unrest produced among the people of this country by the long continuance of disorders and abuses so near to our own shores, which aroused the sympathy and indignation of the entire civilized world. For three years a large proportion of the Cuban population had been in open rebellion against the Spanish Government, and, while the latter had imported a large army to the island and sub- jected the insurgents and their families and sympathizers to the grossest cruelties, not even excepting torture and starvation itself, their policy had failed to bring the insurgents into subjection or to restore order. In this condition of affairs the United States Government had endeavored, through negotiation, to secure a miti- gation of the evils complained of, by a modifica- tion of the Spanish policy of government in the island ; but all suggestions in this direction had either been resented by Spain as unwarrantable interference in her affairs, or promises of reform, when made, had been as invariably broken. 572 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. In the meantime an increasing sentiment had been growing up in the United States in favor of conceding belligerent rights to the Cuban insur- gents, or the recognition of their independence, which found expression in measures proposed in Congress— all offers of friendly intervention by the United States having been rejected by Spain with evidences of indignation. Compelled, at last, to recognize its inability to subdue the insur- rection, the Spanish Government, in November, 1897, made a pretense of tendering autonomy to the Cuban people, with the privilege of amnesty to the insurgents on laying down their arms. The long duration of the war and the outrages perpetrated upon the helpless "reooncentrados," coupled with the increased confidence of the insurgents in the final triumph of their cause, rendered this movement — even if intended to be carried out to the letter — of no avail. The proffer came too late, and was promptly rejected. In this condition of affairs and with a view to greater security for American interests, the American battleship Maine was ordered to Havana, on Jan. 24, 1898. It arrived in Havana Harbor the following day, and was anchored at a point designated by the Spanish commander. On the night of February 15, following, it was blown up and destroyed by some force, as shown by after investigation, applied from without. Of a crew of 354 men belonging to the vessel at the time, 266 were either killed outright by the explosion, or died from their wounds. Not only the Ameri- can people, but the entire civilized world, was shocked by the catastrophe. An act of horrible treachery had been perpetrated against an American vessel and its crew on a peaceful mis- sion in the harbor of a professedly friendly na- tion. The successive steps leading to actual hostili- ties were rapid and eventful. One of the earliest and most significant of these was the passage, by a unanimous vote of both houses of Congress, on March 9, of an appropriation placing $50,000,000 in the hands of the President as an emergency fund for purposes of national defense. This was followed, two days later, by an order for the mobilization of the army. The more important events following this step were : An order, under date of April 5, withdrawing American consuls from Spanish stations ; the departure, on April 9, of Consul-General Fitzhugh Lee from Havana; April 19, the adoption by Congress of concurrent resolutions declaring Cuba independent and directing the President to use the land and naval forces of the United States to put an end to Spanish authority in the island; April 20, the sending to the Spanish Government, by the Presi- dent, of an ultimatum in accordance with xhis act ; April 31, the delivery to Minister Woodford, at Madrid, of his passports without waiting for the presentation of the ultimatum, with the departure of the Spanish Minister from Washing- ton ; April 33, the issue of a call by the President for 135,000 volunters; April 24, the final declara- tion of war by Spain; April 25, the adoption by Congress of a resolution declaring that war had existed from April 21 ; on the same date an order to Admiral Dewey, in command of the Asiatic Squadron at Hongkong, to sail for Manila with a view to investing that city and blockading Philippine ports. The chief events subsequent to the declaration of war embraced the following: May 1, the destruction by Admiral Dewey's squadron of the Spanish fleet in the harbor of Manila; May 19, the arrival of the Spanish Admiral Cervera's fleet at Santiago de Cuba; May 25, a second call by the President for 75,000 volunteers; July 3, the attempt of Cervera's fleet to escape, and its destruction off Santiago; July 17, the surrender of Santiago to the forces under General Shafter; July 30, the statement by the President, through the French Ambassador at Washington, of the terms on which the United States would consent to make peace ; August 9, acceptance of the peace terms by Spain, followed, three days later, by the signing of the peace protocol ; September 9, the appointment by the President of Peace Commis- sioners on the part of the United States; Sept. 18, the announcement of the Peace Commissioners selected by Spain; October 1, the beginning of the Peace Conference by the representatives of the two powers, at Paris, and the formal signing, on December 10, of the peace treaty, including the recognition by Spain of the freedom of Cuba, with the transfer to the United States of Porto Rico and her other West India islands, together with the surrender of the Philippines for a con- sideration of 520,000,000. Seldom, if ever, in the history of nations have such vast and far-reaching results been accom- plished within so short a period. The war, which practically began with the destruction of the Spanish fleet in Manila Harbor — an event which aroused the enthusiasm of the whole American people, and won the' respect and admiration of other nations— was practically ended by the surrender of Santiago and the declaration by the President of the conditions of peace just three months later. Succeeding HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 573 events, up to the formal signing of the peace treaty, were merely the recognition of results previously determined. History of Illinois Regiments. — The part played by Illinois in connection with these events may be briefly summarized in the history of Illi- nois regiments and other organizations. Under the first call of the President for 135,000 volun- teers, eight regiments — seven of infantry and one of cavalry — ^were assigned to Illinois, to which was subsequently added, on application through Governor Tanner, one battery of light artil- lery. The infantry regiments were made up of the Illinois National Guard, numbered consecutively from one to seven, and .were practically mobilized at their home stations within forty-eight hours from the receipt of the call, and began to arrive at Camp Tanner, near Springfield, the place of rendezvous, on April 36, the day after the issue of the Governor's call. The record of Illinois troops is conspicuous for the promptness of their response and the com- pleteness of their organization — in this respect being unsurpassed by those of any other State. Under the call of May 35 for an additional force of 75,000 men, the quota assigned to Illinois was two regiments, which were promptly furnished, taking the names of the Eighth and Ninth. The first of these belonged to the Illinois National Guard, as the regiments mustered in under the first call had done, while the Ninth was one of a number of "Provisional Regiments" which had tendered their services to the Government. Some twenty-five other regiments of this class, more or less complete, stood ready to perfect their organi- zations should there be occasion for their serv- ices. The aggregate strength of Illinois organi- zations at date of muster out from the United States service was 13,380—11,789 men and 491 officers. FmsT Regiment Illinois Volunteers (orig- inally Illinois National Guard) was organized at Chicago, and mustered into the United States service at Camp Tanner (Springfield), under the command of Col. Henry L. Turner, May 13, 1898; left Springfield for Camp Thomas (Chiokamauga) May 17; assigned to First Brigade, Third Division, of the First Army Corps; started for Tampa, Fla., June 3, but soon after arrival there was transferred to Picnic Island, and assigned to provost duty in place of the First United States Infantry. On June 30 the bulk of the regiment embarked for Cuba, but was detained in the har- bor at Key West until July 5, when the vessel ■sailed for Santiago, arriving in Guantanamo Bay on the evening of the 8th. Disembarking on the 10th, the whole regiment arrived on the firing line on the 11th, spent several days and nights in the trenches before Santiago, and were present at the surrender of that city on the 17th. Two companies had previously been detached for the scarcely less perilous duty of service in the fever hospitals and in caring for their wounded comrades. The next month was spent on guard duty in the captured city, until August 35, when, depleted in numbers and weakened by fever, the bulk of the regiment was transferred by hospital boats to Camp Wikoflf, on Montauk Point, L. I. The members of the regi- ment able to travel left Camp Wikoflf, September 8, for Chicago, arriving two days later, where they met an enthusiastic reception and were mustered out, November 17, 1,385 strong (rank and file)— a considerable number of recruits having joined the regiment just before leaving Tampa. The record of the First was conspicuous by the fact that it was the only Illinois regiment to see service in Cuba during the progress of actual hostilities. Before leaving Tampa some eighty members of the regiment were detailed for engineering duty in Porto Rico, sailed for that island on July 13, and were among the first to perform service there. The First suffered severely from yellow fever while in Cuba, but, as a regiment, while in the service, made a brilliant record, which was highly complimented in the official reports of its com- manding officers. Second Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- fantry (originally Second I. N. G.). This regi- ment, also from Chicago, began to arrive at Springfield, April 37, 1898 — at that time number- ing 1,303 men and 47 officers, under command of Col. George M. Moulton; was mustered in between May 4 and May 15 ; on May 17 started for Tampa, Fla., but en route its destination was changed to Jacksonville, where, as a part of the Seventh Army Corps, under command of Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, it assisted in the dedication of Camp Cuba Libre. October 35 it was transferred to Savannah, Ga., remaining at "Camp Lee" until December 8, when two battalions embarked for Havana, landing on the 15th, being followed, a few days later, by the Third Battalion, and sta- tioned at Camp Columbia. From Dec. 17 to Jan. 11, 1899, Colonel Moulton served as Chief of Police for the city of Havana. On March 38 to 30 the regiment left Camp Columbia in detach- ments for Augusta, Ga., where it arrived April 5, and was mustered out, April 36, 1,051 strong (rank and file), and returned to Chicago. Dur- 574 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ing its stay in Cuba the regiment did not lose a man. A history of this regiment has been written by Rev. H. W. Bolton, its late Chaplain. Third Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- fantry, composed of companies of the Illinois National Guard from the counties of La Salle, Livingston, Kane, Kankakee, McHenry, Ogle, Will, and Winnebago, under command of Col. Fred Bennitt, reported at Springfield, with 1,170 men and 50 oflacers, on April 37 ; was mustered in May 7, 1898; transferred from Springfield to Camp Thomas (Chickamauga), May 14; on July 23 left Chickamauga for Porto Rico ; on the 38th sailed from Newport News, on the liner St. Louis, arriving at Ponce, Porto Rico, on July 31 ; soon after disembarking captured Arroyo, and assisted in the capture of Guayama, which was the beginning of General Brooke's advance across the island to San Juan, when intelligence was received of the signing of the peace protocol by Spain. From August 13 to October 1 the Third continued in the performance of guard duty in Porto Rico ; on October 22, 986 men and 39 ofii- cers took transport tor home by way of New York, arriving in Chicago, November 11, the several comijanies being mustered out at their respective home stations. Its strength at final muster-out was 1,373 men and officers. This regiment had the distinction of being one of the first to see service in Porto Rico, but suffered severely from fever and other diseases during the three months of its stay in the island. Fourth Illinois Voluxteer Infantry, com- posed of companies from Champaign, Coles, Douglas, Edgar, Effingham, Fayette, Jackson, Jefferson, Montgomery, Richland, and St. Clair counties; mustered into the service at Spring- field, May 20, under command of Col. Casimer Andel; started immediately for Tampa, Fla., but en route its destination was changed to Jackson- ville, where it was stationed at Camp Cuba Libre as a part of the Seventh Corps under command of Gen. Fitzhugh Lee; in October was transferred to Savannah, Ga., remaining at Camp Onward until about the first of January, when the regi- ment took ship for Havana. Here the regiment was stationed at Camp Columbia until April 4, 1899, when it returned to Augusta, Ga., and was mustered out at Camp Mackenzie (Augusta), May 2, the companies returning to their respective home stations. During a part of its stay at Jacksonville, and again at Savannah, the regi- ment was employed on guard duty. While at Jacksonville Colonel Andel was suspended by court-martial, and finally tendered his resigna- tion, his place being supplied by Lieut. -Col. Eben Swift, of the Ninth. Fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- fantry was the first regiment to report, and was mustered in at Springfield, May 7, 1898, under command of Col. James S. Culver, being finally composed of twelve companies from Pike, Chris- tian, Sangamon, McLean, Montgomery, Adams, Tazewell, Macon, Morgan, Peoria, and Fulton counties; on May 14 left Springfield for Camp Thomas (Chickamauga, Ga.), being assigned to the command of General Brooke ; August 3 left Chickamauga for Newport News, Va., with the expectation of embarking for P()rto Rico — a> previous order of July 26 to the same purport having been countermanded; at Newport News embarked on the transport Obdam, but again the order was rescinded, and, after remaining on board thirty-six hours, the regiment was disem- barked. The next move was made to Lexington, Ky., where the regiment — having lost hope of reaching "the front" — remained until Sept. 5, when it returned to Springfield for final muster- out. This regiment was composed of some of the best material in the State, and anxious for active service, but after a succession of disappoint- ments, was compelled to return to its home sta- tion without meeting the enemy. After its arrival at Springfield the regiment was furloughed for thirty days and finally mustered out, October 16, numbering 1,213 men and 47 officers. Sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- fantry, consisting of twelve companies from the counties of Rock Island, Knox, Whiteside, Lee, Carroll, Stephenson, Henry, Warren, Bureau, and Jo Daviess, was mustered in May 11, 1898, under command of Col. D. Jack Foster ; on May 17 left Springfield for Camp Alger, Va. ; July 5 the regiriient moved to Charleston, S. C, where a part embarked for Siboney, Cuba, but the whole regiment was soon after united in General Miles' expedition for the invasion of Porto Rico, landing at Guanico on July 25, and advancing into the interior as far as Ad junta and Utuado. After several weeks' service in the interior, the regiment returned to Ponce, and on September 7 took transport for the return home, arrived at Springfield a week later, and was mustered out November 25, the regiment at that time consist- ing of 1,339 men and 49 officers. Seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry (known as the "Hibernian Rifles"). Two- battalion? of this regiment reported at Spring, field, April 27, with 33 officers and 765 enlisted, men, being afterwards increased to the maxi- HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 675 mum; was mustered into the United States serv- ice, under command of Col. Marcus Kavanagh, May 18, 1898; on May 28 stai-ted for Camp Alger, Va. ; was afterwards encamped at Thoroughfare Gap and Camp Meade ; on September 9 returned to Springfleld, was furloughed for thirty days, and mustered cut, October 20, numbering 1,260 men and 49 oflficers. Like the Fifth, the Seventh saw no actual service in the field. Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry (col- ored regiment), mustered into the service at Springfield under the second call of the Presi- dent, July 23, 1898, being composed wholly of Afro- Americans rmder oflBcers of their own race, with Col. John R. Marshall in command, the muster-roll showing 1,195 men and 76 officers. The six companies, from A to F, were from Chi- cago, the other five being, respectively, from Bloomington, Springfield, Quincy, Litchfield, Moimd City and Metropolis, and Cairo. The regiment having tendered their services to relieve the First Illinois on duty at Santiago de Cuba, it started for Cuba, August 8, by way of New York; immediately on arrival at Santiago, a week later, was assigned to duty, but subse- quently transferred to San Luis, where Colone, Marshall was made military governor. The major part of the regiment remained here until ordered home early in March, 1899, arrived at Chicago, March 15, and was mustered out, April 3, 1,226 strong, rank and file, having been in service nine months and six days. Ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry was organized from the counties of Southern Illinois, and mustered in at Springfield under the second call of the President, July 4-11, 1898, under com- mand of Col. James E. Campbell; arrived at Camp Cuba Libre (Jacksonville, Fla.), August 9; two months later was transferred to Savannah, Ga. ; was moved to Havana in December, where it remained until May, 1899, when it returned to Augusta, Ga., and was mustered out there. May 20, 1899, at that time consisting of 1,095 men and 46 officers. From Augusta the several companies returned to their respective home stations. The Ninth was the only "Provisional Regiment" from Illinois mustered into the service during the war, the other regiments all belonging to the National Guard. First Illinois Cavalry was organized at Chi- cago immediately after the President's first call, seven companies being recruited from Chicago, two from Bloomington, and one each from Springfleld, Elkhart, and Lacon ; was mustered in at Springfield, May 21, 1898, under command of Col. Edward C. Young; left Springfielil for Camp Thomas, Ga., May 30, remaining there until August 24, when it returned to Fort Sheridan, near Chicago, where it was stationed until October 11, when it was mustered out, at that time con- sisting of 1,158 men and 50 officers. Although the regiment saw no active service in the field, it established an excellent record for itself in respect to discipline. First Engineering Corps, consisting of 80^ men detailed from the First Illinois Volunteers, were among the first Illinois soldiers to see serv- ice in Porto Rico, accompanying General Miles' expedition in the latter part of July, and being engaged for a time in the construction of bridges in aid of the intended advance across the island. On September 8 they embarked for the return home, arrived at Chicago, September 17, and were mustered out November 20. Battery A (I. N. G.), from Banville, 111., was- mustered in under a special order of the War Department, May 12, 1898, under command of Capt. Oscar P. Yaeger, consisting of 118 men; left Springfield for Camp Thomas, Ga., May 19, and, two months later, joined in General Miles' Porto Rico expedition, landing at Guanico on August 8, and taking part in the afl:air at Gua- yama on the 12th. News of peace having been received, the Battery returned to Ponce, where it remained until September 7, when it started on the return home by way of New York, arrived at Danville, September 17, was furloughed for sixty days, and mustered out November 25. The> Battery was equipped with modern breech-load- ing rapid-firing guns, operated by practical artil- lerists and prepared for effective service. Naval Reserves. — One of the earliest steps taken by the Government after it became ap- parent that hostilities could not be averted, was to begin preparation for strengthening the naval arm of the service. The existence of the "Naval Militia," first organized in 1893, placed Illinois in an exceptionally favorable position for making a prompt response to the call of the Government, as well as furnishing a superior class of men for service — a fact evidenced during the operations in the West Indies. Gen. John MoNulta, as head of the local committee, was active in calling the attention of the Navy Department to the value of the service to be rendered by this organization, which resulted in its being enlisted practically as a body, taking the name of "Naval Reserves" — all but eighty-eight of the number passing the physical examination, the places of these being promptly filled by new recruits. The first de- 576 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tachment of over 200 left Chicago May 2, under the command of Lieut. -Com. John M. Hawley, followed soon after by the remainder of the First Battalion, making the whole number from Chi- cago 400, with 367, constituting the Second Bat- talion, from other towns of the State. The latter was made up of 147 men from Moline, 58 from Quincy, and 62 from Alton — making a total from the State of 667. This does not include others, not belonging to this organization, who enlisted for service in the navy during the war, which raised the whole number for the State over 1,000. The Eeserves enlisted from Illinois occupied a different relation to the Government from that of the "naval militia" of other States, which retained their State organizations, while those from Illinois were regularly mustered into the United States service. The recruits from Illinois were embarked at Key West, Norfolk and New York, and distributed among fifty-two different vessels, including nearly every vessel belonging to the North Atlantic Squadron. They saw serv- ice in nearly every department from the position of stokers in the hold to that of gunners in the turrets of the big battleships, the largest number (60) being assigned to the famous battleship Ore- gon, while the cruiser Yale followed with 47 ; the Harvard with 35; Cincinnati, 27; Yankton, 19; Franklin, 18 ; Montgomery and Indiana, each, 17 ; Hector, 14; Marietta, 11; Wilmington and Lan- caster, 10 each, and others down to one each. Illinois sailors thus had the privilege of partici- pating in the brilliant affair of July 3, which resulted in the destruction of Cervera's fleet off Santiago, as also in nearly every other event in the West Indies of less importance, without the loss of a man while in the service, although among the most exposed. They were mustered out at different times, as they could be spared from the service, or the vessels to which they were attached went out of commission, a portion serving out their full term of one year. The Reserves from Chicago retain their organization under the name of "Naval Reserve Veterans," with headquarters in the Masonic Temple Build- ing, Chicago. WARD, James H., ex-Congressman, was born in Chicago, Nov. 30, 1853, and educated in the Chicago public schools and at the University of Notre Dame, graduating from the latter in 1873. Three years later he graduated from the Union College of Law, Chicago, and was admitted to the bar. Since then he has continued to practice his profession in his native city. In 1879 he was elected Supervisor of the town of West Chicago, and, in 1884, was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket, and the same year, was the successful candidate of his party for Congress in the Third Illinois District, serv- ing one term. WINNEBAGO INDIANS, a tribe of the Da- cota, or Sioux, stock, which at one time occupied a part of Northern Illinois. The word Winne- bago is a corruption of the French Ouinebe- goutz, Ouimbegouc, etc., the diphthong "ou" taking the place of the consonant "w," which is wanting in the French alphabet. These were, in turn, French misspellings of an Algonquin term meaning "fetid," which the latter tribe applied to the Winnebagoes because they had come from the western ocean — ^the salt (or "fetid") water. In their advance towards the East the Winnebagoes early invaded the country of the Illinois, but were finally driven north- ward by the latter, who surpassed them in num- bers rather than in bravery. The invaders settled in Wisconsin, near the Fox River, and here they were first visited by the Jesuit Fathers in the seventeenth century. (See Jesuit Rela- tions.) The Winnebagoes are commonly re- garded as a Wisconsin tribe; yet, that they claimed territorial rights in Illinois is shown by the fact that the treaty of Prairia du Chien (August 1, 1829), alludes to a Winnebago village located in what is now Jo Daviess County, near the mouth of the Pecatonica River. While, as a rule, the tribe, if left to itself, was disposed to live in amity with the whites, it was carried away by the eloquence and diplomacy of Tecumseh and the cajoleries of "The Prophet." General Harrison especially alludes to the brav- ery of the Winnebago warriors at Tippecanoe' which he attributees in part, however, to a super- stitious faith in "The Prophet." In June or i July, 1827, an unprovoked and brutal outrage by the whites upon an unoffending and practically defenseless party of Winnebagoes, near Prairie du Chien brought on what is known as the 'Winnebago ' War." (See Winnebago War.) The tribe took no part in the Black Hawk War, largely because of the great influence and shrewd tactic of their chief, Naw-caw. By treaties executed in 1832 and 1837 the Winnebagoes ceded to the United States all their lands lying east of the Mississippi. They were finally removed west of that river, and, after many sh if tings of loca- tion, were placed upon the Omaha Reservation in Eastern Nebraska, where their industry, thrift and peaceable disposition elicited high praise from Government officials. HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 577 WARNER, Yespasian, lawyer and Member of Congress, was born in De Witt County, 111. , April 23, 1842, and has lived all his life in his native county — his present residence being Clinton. After a short course in Lombard University, while studying law in the ofSce of Hon. Law- rence Weldon, at Clinton, he enlisted as a private soldier of the Twentieth Illinois Volunteers, in June, 1861, serving until July, 1866, when he was mustered out with the rank of Captain and brevet Major. He received a gunshot wound at Shiloh, but continued to serve in the Army of the Tennessee until the evacuation of Atlanta, when he was ordered North on account of dis- ability. His last service was in fighting Indians •on the plains. After the war he completed his law studies at Harvard University, graduating in 1868, when he entered into a law partnership with Clifton H. Moore of Clinton. He served as Judge- Advocate General of the Illinois National Guard for several years, with the rank of Colonel, under the administrations of Governors Hamil- ton, Oglesby and Fifer, and, in 1894, was nomi- nated and elected, as a Republican, to the -Fifty-fourth Congress for the Thirteenth District, being re-elected in 1896, and again in 1898. In the Fifty-fifth Congress, Mr. Warner was a mem- ber of the Committees on Agriculture and Invalid Pensions, and Chairman of the Committee on Revision of the Laws. WARREN, a village in Jo Daviess County, at intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chi- cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways, 26 miles west-northwest of Freeport and 27 miles east by north of Galena. The surrounding region is .agricultural and stock-raising ; there are also lead mines in the vicinity. Tobacco is grown to some extent. Warren has a flouring mill, tin factory, creamery and stone quarries, a State bank, water supply from artesian wells, fire department, gas plant, two weekly newspapers, five churches, a high school, an academy and a public library. Pop. (1890), 1,172; (1900), 1,337. WARREN, Calvin A., lawyer, was born in Essex County, N. Y., Jime 3, 1807; in his youth, worked for a time, as a typographer, in the ofiice of "The Northern Spectator," at Poultney, Vt., ■side by side with Horace Greeley, afterwards the founder of "The New York Tribune." Later, he became one of the publishers of "The Palladium" at Ballston, N. Y., but, in 1833, removed to Hamilton County, Ohio, where he began the study of law, completing his course at Transyl- vania University, Ky., in 1884, and beginning ipractice at Batavia, Ohio, as the partner of Thomas Morris, then a United States Senator from Ohio, whose daughter he married, thereby becoming the brother-in-law of the late Isaac N. Morris, of Quincy, 111. In 1886, Mr. Warren came to Quincy, Adams County, 111., but soon after removed to Warsaw in Hancock County, where he resided until 1839, when he returned to Quincy. Here he continued in practice, either alone or as a partner, at different times, of sev- eral of the leading attorneys of that city. Although, he held no office except that of Master in Chancery, which he occupied for some sixteen years, the possession of an inexhaustible fund of humor, with strong practical sense and decided ability as a speaker, gave him great popularity at the bar and upon the stump, and made him a recognized leader in the ranks of the Democratic party, of which he was a life-long member. He served as Presidential Elector on the Pierce ticket in 1853, and was the nominee of his party for the same position on one or two other occa- sions. Died, at Quincy, Feb. 22, 1881. WARREN, Hooper, pioneer journalist, was born at Walpole, N. H. , in 1790 ; learned the print- er's trade on the Rutland (Vt.) "Herald"; in 1814 went to Delaware, whence, three years later, he emigrated to Kentucky, working for a time on a paper at Frankfort. In 1818 he came to St. Louis and worked in the office of the old "Mis- souri Gazette" (the predecessor of "The Repub- lican"), and also acted as the agent of a lumber company at Cairo, 111. , when the whole popula- tion of that place consisted of one family domi- ciled on a grounded flat-boat. In March, 1819, he established, at Edwardsville, the third paper in Illinois, its predecessors being "The Illinois Intelligencer," at Kaskaskia, and "The Illinois Emigrant," at Shawneetown. The name given to the new paper was "The Spectator," and the contest over the effort to introduce a pro-slavery clause in the State Constitution soon brought it into prominence. Backed by Governor Coles, Congressman Daniel P. Cook, Judge S. D. Look- wood, Eev. Thomas Lippincott, Judge Wm. H. Brown (afterwards of Chicago), George Churchill and other opponents of slavery, "The Spectator" made a sturdy fight in opposition to the scheme, which ended in defeat of the measure by the rejection at the polls, in 1824, of the proposition for a Constitutional Convention. Warren left the Edwardsville paper in 1835, and was, for a time, associated with "The National Crisis," an anti-slavery paper at Cincinnati, but soon re- turned to Illinois and established "The Sangamon Spectator"— the first paper ever pubHshed at the 678 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. present State capital. This he sold out in 1839, and, for the next three years, was connected with "The Advertiser and Upper Mississippi Her- ald," at Galena. Abandoning this field in 1833, he removed to Hennepin, where, within the next five years, he held the oflBces of Clerk of the Cir- cuit and County Commissioners' Courts and ex- officio Recorder of Deeds. In 1836 he began the publication of the third paper in Chicago — "The Commercial Advertiser" (a weekly) — which was continued a little more than a year, when it was abandoned, and he settled on a farm at Henry, Marshall County. His further newspaper ven- tures were, as the associate of Zebina Eastman, in the publication of "The Genius of Liberty," at Lowell, La Salle County, and "The Western Citizen" — afterwards "The Free West" — in Chi- cago. (See Eastman, Zebina, and Lundy, Ben- jamin.) On the discontinuance of "The Free West" in 1856, he again retired to his farm at Henry, where he spent the remainder of his days. While returning home from a visit to Chicago, in August, 1864, he was taken ill at Mendota, dying there on the 33d of the month. WARREN, John Esaias, diplomatist and real- estate operator, was born in Troy, N. Y., in 1826, graduated at Union College and was connected with the American Legation to Spain during the administration of President Pierce; in 1859-60 was a member of the Minnesota Legislature and, in 1861-63, Mayor of St. Paul; in 1867, came to Chicago, where, while engaged in real-estate business, he became known to the press as the author of a series of articles entitled "Topics, of the Time." In 1886 he took up his residence in Brussels, Belgium, where he died, July 6, 1896. Mr. Warren was author of several volumes of travel, of which "An Attache in Spain" and "Para" are most important. WARREN COUNTY. A western county, cre'ated by act of the Legislature, in 1835, but not fully organized until 1830, having at that time about 350 inhabitants ; has an area of 540 square miles, and was named for Gen. Joseph Warren. It is drained by the Henderson River and its aflSuents, and is traversed by the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quinoy (two divisions), the Iowa Central and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroads. Bituminous coal is mined and lime- stone is quarried in large quantities. The county's early development was retarded in consequence of having become the "seat of war," during the Black Hawk War. The principal products are grain and live-stock, although manufacturing is carried on to some extent. The county-seat and chief city is Monmouth (which see). Roseville is a shipping point. Population (1880), 33,933. (1890), 31,281; (1900), 23,163. WARRENSBURG, a town of Macon County, on Peoria Division 111. Cent. Railway, 9 miles northwest of Decatur; has elevators, canning factory, a bank and newspaper. Pop.' (1900); 503. WARSAW, the largest town_ in Hancock County, and admirably situated for trade. It stands on a bluff on the Mississippi River, some three miles below Keokuk, and about 40 miles above Quincy. It is the western terminus of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway, and lies 116 miles west-southwest of Peoria. Old Fort Edwards, established by Gen. Zachary Taylor, during the War of 1812, was located within the limits of the present city of Warsaw, opposite the mouth of the Des Moines River. An iron foundry, a large woolen mill, a plow factory and cooperage works are its principal manufac- turing establishments. The channel of the Missis- sippi admits of the passage of the largest steamers up to this point. Warsaw has eight churches, a system of common schools comprising one high and three grammar schools, a National bank and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 3,105; (1890), 2,731; (1900), 2,335. WASHBURN, a village of Woodford County, on a branch of the Chicago & Alton Railway 35 miles northeast of Peoria; has banks and a weekly paper ; the district is agricultural. Popu- lation (1890), 598; (1900), 703. WASHBURNE, Elihu Benjamin, Congressman and diplomatist, was born at Livermore, Maine, Sept. 33, 1816 ; in early life learned the trade of a printer, but graduated from Harvard Law School and was admitted to the bar in 1840. Coming west, he settled at Galena, forming a partnership with Charles S. Hempstead, for the practice of law, in 1841. He was a stalwart Whig, and, as such, was elected to Congress in 1853. He con- tinued to represent his District until 1869, taking a prominent position, as a Republican, on the organization of that party. On account of his long service he was known as the "Father of the House," administering the Speaker's oath three times to Schuyler Colfax and once to James G. Blaine. He was appointed Secretary of State by General Grant in 1869, but surrendered his port- folio to become Envoy to France, in which ca- pacity he achieved great distinction. He was the only official representative of a foreign govern- ment who remained in Paris, during the siege of that city by the Germans (1870-71) and the reign of the "Commune." For his conduct he was HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 579 honored by the Governments of France and Ger- many alike. On his return to the United States, he made his home in Chicago, where he devoted his latter years chiefly to literary labor, and where he died, Oct. 32, 1887. He was strongly favored as a candidate for the Presidency in 1880. WASHINGTON, a city in Tazewell County, situated at the intersection . of the Chicago & Alton, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, and the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads. It is 21 miles west of El Paso, and 12 miles east of Peoria. Carriages, plows and farming implements con- stitute the manufactured output. It is also an important shipping-point for farm products. It has electric light and water-works plants, eight churches, a graded school, two banks and two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,301; (1900), 1,451. WASHINGTON COUNTY, an interior county of Southern Illinois, east of St. Louis ; is drained by the Kaskaskia River and the Elkhorn, Beaucoup and Muddy Creeks; was organized in 1818, and has an area of 540 square miles. The surface is diversified, well watered and timbered. The soU is of variable fertility. Corn, wheat and oats are the chief agricultural products. Manu- facturing is carried onto some extent, among the products being agricultural implements, flour, carriages and wagons. The most impor- tant town is Nashville, which is also the county- seat. Population (1890), 19,262; (1900), 19,526. Washington was one of the fifteen counties into which Illinois was divided at the organization of the State Government, being one of the last three created during the Territorial period — the other two being Franklin and Union. WASHINGTON HEIGHTS, a village of Cook County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways, 12 miles southwest of Chicago ; has a graded school, female seminary, military school, a car factory, several churches and a newspaper. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1890. WATAGA, a village of Knox County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 8 miles northeast of Galesburg. Population (1900), 545. WATERLOO, the coxmty-seat and chief town of Monroe County, on the Illinois Division of the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 24 miles east of south from St. Louis. The region is chiefly agricultural, but underlaid with coal. Its industries embrace two flour mills, a plow factory, distillery, cream- ery, two ice plants, and some minor concerns. The city has municipal water and electric light plants, four churches, a graded school and two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,860; (1900). 2,114. WATERMAN, Arba Nelson, lawyer and jurist, was born at Greensboro, Orleans County, Vt., Feb. 3, 1836. After receiving an academic edu- cation and teaching for a time, he read law at Montpelier and, later, passed through the Albany Law School. In 1861 he was admitted to the bar, removed to Joliet, 111., and opened an oflSce. In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the One Hun- dredth Illinois Volunteers, serving with the Army of the Cumberland for two years, and being mustered out in August, 1864, with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. On leaving the army, Colonel Waterman commenced practice in Chicago. In 1878-74 he represented the Eleventh Ward in the City Council. , In 1887 he was elected to the bench of the Cook County Circuit Court, and was re-elected in 1891 and, again, in 1897. In 1890 he was assigned as one of the Judges of the Appellate Court. WATSEKA, the county-seat of Iroquois County, situated on the Iroquois River, at the mouth of Sugar Creek, and at the intersection of the Chi- cago & Eastern Illinois and the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads, 77 miles south of Chicago, 46 miles north of Danville and 14 miles east of Gilman. It has flour-mills, brick and tile works and foundries, besides several churches, banks, a graded school and three weekly newspapers. Artesian well water is obtained by boring to the depth of 100 to 160 feet, and some forty flowing streams from these shafts are in the place. Popu- lation (1890), 2,017; (1900), 3,505. WATTS, Amos, jurist, was born in St. Clair County, 111., Oct. 25, 1821, but removed to Wash- ington County in boyhood, and was elected County Clerk in 1847, '49 and '58, and State's Attorney for the Second Judicial District in 1856 and '60; then became editor and proprietor of a news- paper, later resuming the practice of law, and, in 1878, was elected Circuit Judge, remaining in office until his death, at Nashville, 111., Dec. 6, 1888. WAUKEGAN, the county-seat and principal city of Lake County, situated on the shore of Lake Michigan and on the Chicago & North- western Railroad, about 36 miles north by west from Chicago, and 50 miles south of Milwaukee; is also the northern terminus of the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railroad and connected by electric lines with Chicago and Fox Lake. Lake Michigan is about 80 miles wide opposite this point. Waukegan was first known as "Little Fort," from the remains of an old fort that stood on its site. The principal part of the city is built on a bluff, which rises abruptly to the height of about 580 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. flft)' feet. Between the bluff and the shore is a flat tract about 400 yards wide which is occupied by gardens, dwellings, warehouses and manu- factories. The manufactures include steel-wire, refined sugar, scales, agricultural implements, brass and iron products, sash, doors and blinds, leather, beer, etc. ; the city has paved streets, gas and electric light plants, three banks, eight or ten churches, graded and high schools and two newspapers. A large trade in grain, lumber, coal and dairy products is carried on. Pop. (1890), 4,915; (1900), 9,426. WAUKEGAN & SOUTHWESTERN RAIL- WAY. (See Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway.) WAVER LY, a city in Morgan County, 18 miles southeast of Jacksonville, on the Jacksonville & St. Louis and the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroads. It was originally settled by enter- prising emigrants from New England, whose descendants constitute a large proportion of the population. It is the center of a rich agricultural region, has a fine graded school, six or seven churches, two banks, two newspapers and tile works. Population (1880), 1,134; (1890), 1,337; (1900), 1,573. WAYNE, (Gen.) Anthony, soldier, was born in Chester County, Pa., Jan. 1, 1745, of Anglo-Irish descent, graduated as a Surveyor, and first prac- ticed his profession in Nova Scotia. During the years immediately antecedent to the Revolution he was prominent in the colonial councils of his native State, to which he had returned in 1767, where he became a member of the "Committee of Safety." On June 3, 1776, he was commissioned Colonel of the Fourth Regiment of Pennsylvania troops in the Continental army, and, during the War of the Revolution, was conspicuous for his courage and ability as a leader. One of his most daring and successful achievements was the cap- ture of Stony Point, in 1779, when — the works having been carried and Wayne having received, what was supposed to be, his death-wound — he entered the fort, supported by his aids. For this service he was awarded a gold medal by Con- gress. He also took a conspicuous part in the investiture and oaptui-e of Yorktown. In October, 1783, he was brevetted Major-General. In 1784 he was elected to the Pennsylvania Legislature. A few years later he settled in Georgia, which State he represented in Congress for seven months, when his seat was declared vacant after contest. In April, 1793, he was confirmed as General-in-Chief of the United States Army, on nomination of President Washington. His con- nection with Illinois history began shortly after St. Clair's defeat, when he led a force into Ohio (1783) and erected a stockade at Greenville, which he named Fort Recovery ; his object being to subdue the hostile savage tribes. In this he was eminently successful and, on August 3, 1793, after a victorious campaign, negotiated the Treaty of Greenville, as broad in its provisions as it was far-reaching in its influence. He was a daring fighter, and although Washington called him "prudent," his dauntlessness earned for him the sobriquet of "Mad Anthony." In matters of dress he was punctilious, and, on this account, he was sometimes dubbed "Dandy Wayne." He was one of the few white officers whom all the Western Indian tribes at once feared and re- spected. They named him "Black Snake" and "Tornado." He died at Presque Isle near Erie, Dec. 15, 1796. Thirteen years afterward his remains were removed by one of his sons, and interred in Badnor churchyard, in his native county. The Pennsylvania Historical Society erected a marble monument over his grave, and appropriately dedicated it on July 4 of the same year. WAYNE COUNTY, in the southeast quarter of the State ; has an area of 720 square miles ; was organized in 1819, and named for Gen. Anthony Wayne. The county is watered and drained by the Little Wabash and its branches, notably the Skillet Fork. At the first election held in the county, only fifteen votes were cast. Early life was exceedingly px-imitive, the first settlers pounding corn into meal with a wooden pestle, a hollowed stump being used as a mortar. The first mill erected (of the antique South Carolina pattern) charged 25 cents per bushel for grinding. Prairie and woodland make up the surface, and the soil is fertile. Railroad facilities are furnished by the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis and the Baltimore & Ohio (Southwestern) Railroads. Corn, oats, tobacco, wheat, hay and wool are the chief agricultural products. Saw mills are numer- ous and there are also carriage and wagon facto- ries. Fairfield is the county-seat. Population (1880), 21,291; (1890), 23,806; (1900), 27,626. WEAS, THE, a branch of the Miami tribe of Indians. They called themselves "We-wee- hahs, "and were spoken of by the French as ' 'Oui- at-a-nons" and "Oui-as." Other corruptions of the name were common among the British and American colonists. In 1718 they had a village at Chicago, . but abandoned it through fear of their hostile neighbors, the Chippewas and Potta- watomies. The Weas were, at one time, brave and warlike ; but their numbers were reduced by HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 58i constant warfare and disease, and, in the end, debaiichery enervated and demoralized them. They were removed west of the Mississippi and given a reservation in Miami County, Kan. This they ultimately sold, and, under the leadership of Baptiste Peoria, united with their few remain- ing brethren of the Miamis and with the remnant of the lU-i-ni under the title of the "confederated tribes, " and settled in Indian Territory. (See also Miamis; Piankeshaws.) WEBB, Edwin B., early lawyer and politician, was born about 1803, came to the vicinity of Carmi, White County, 111., about 1838 to 1830, and, stiU later, studied law at Transylvania Uni- versity. He held the office of Prosecuting Attorney of White County, and, in 1834, was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly, serving, by successive re-elections, until 1843, and, in the Senate, from 1842 to '46. During his service in the House he was a col- league and political and personal friend of Abraham Lincoln. He opposed the internal improvement scheme of 1837, predicting many of the disasters which were actually realized a few years later. He was a candidate for Presi- dential Elector on the Whig ticket, in 1844 and '48, and, in 1853, received the nomination for Governor as the opponent of Joel A. Matteson, two years later, being an unsuccessful candidate for Justice of the Supreme Court in opposition to Judge W. B. Scates. While practicing law at Carmi, he was also. a partner of his brother in the mercantile business. Died, Oct. 14, 1858, in the 56th year of his age. WEBB, Henry Livingston, soldier and pioneer (an«elder brother of James Watson Webb, a noted New York journalist), was born at Claverack, N. Y., Feb. 6, 1795; served as a soldier in the War of 1813, came to Southern Illinois in 1817, and became ctae of the founders of the town of America near the mouth of the Ohio ; was Repre- sentative in the Fourth and Eleventh General Assemblies, a Major in the Black Hawk War and Captain of volunteers and, afterwards, Colonel of regulars, in the Mexican War. In 1860 he went to Texas and served, for a time, in a semi -mili- tary capacity under the Confederate Govern- ment; returned to Illinois in 1869, and died, at Makanda, Oct. 5, 1876. WEBSTER, rietclier, lawyer and soldier, was bom at Portsmouth, N. H., July 38, 1813; gradu- ated at Harvard in 1833, and studied law with his father (Daniel Webster) ; in 1837, located at Peru, 111., where he practiced three years. His father having been appointed Secretary of State in 1841, the son became his private secretary, was also Secretary of Legation to Caleb Gushing (Minister to China) in 1843, a member of the Massachusetts Legislature in 1847, and Surveyor of the Port of Boston, 1850-61; the latter year became Colonel of the Twelfth Massachusetts Volunteers, and was killed in the second battle of Bull Run, August 30, 1862. WEBSTER, Joseph Dana, civil engineer and soldier, was born at Old Hampton, N. H., August 25, 1811. He graduated from Dart- mouth College in 1833, and afterwards read law at Newburyport, Mass. His natural incli- nation was for engineering, and, after serv- ing for a time in the Engineer and War offices, at Washington, was made a United States civil engineer (1835) and, on July 7, 1838, entered the army as Second Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers. He served through the Mexican War, was made First Lieutenant in 1849, and promoted to a captaincy, in March, 1853. Thir- teen months later he resigned, removing to Chi- cago, where he made his permanent home, and soon after was identified, for a time, with the proprietorship of "The Chicago Tribune." He was President of the commission that perfected the Chicago sewerage system, and designed and executed the raising of the grade of a large por- tion of the city from two to eight feet, whole blocks of buildings being raised by jack screws, while new foundations were inserted. At the outbreak of the Civil War he tendered his serv- ices to the Government and superintended the erection of the fortifications at Cairo, 111., and Paducah, Ky. On April 7, 1861, he was com- missioned Paymaster of Volunteers, with the rank of Major, and, in February, 1863, Colonel of the First Illinois Artillery. For several months he was chief of General Grant's staff, participat- ing in the capture of Forts Donelson and Henry, and in the battle of Shiloh, in the latter as Chief of Artillery. In October, 1863, the War Depart- ment detailed him to make a survey of the Illi- nois & Michigan Canal, and, the following month, he was commissioned Brigadier-General of Volunteers, serving as Military Governor of Mem- phis and Superintendent of military railroads. He was again chief of staff to General Grant during the Vicksburg campaign, and, from 1864 until the close of the war, occupied the same relation to General Sherman. He was brevetted Major-General of Volunteers, March 13, 1865, but, resigning Nov. 6, following, returned to Chicago, where he spent the remainder of his life. From 1869 to 1872 he was Assessor of Internal Revenue 583 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. there, and, later, Assistant United States Treas- urer, and, in July, 1873, was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue. Died, at Chicago, March 13, 1876. WELCH, William R., lawyer and jurist, was born in Jessamine County, Ky., Jan. 23, 1838, educated at Transylvania University, Lexington, graduating from the academic department in 1847, and, from the law school, in 1851. In 1864 he removed to Carlinville, Macoupin County, 111., which place he made his permanent home. In 1877 he was elected to the bench of the Fifth Circuit, and re-elected in 1879 and '85. In 1884 he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court for the Second District. Died, Sept. 1, 1888. WELUON, Lawrence, one of the Judges of the United States Court of Claims, Washington, D. C, was born in Muskingum County, Ohio, in 1839 ; while a child, removed with his parents to Madison County, and was educated in the com- mon schools, the local academy and at Wittenberg College, Springfield, in the same State ; read law with Hon. R. A. Harrison, a prominent member of the Ohio bar, and was admitted to practice in 1854, meanwhile, in 1853-53, having served as a clerk in the ofBce of the Secretary of State at Columbus. In 1854 he removed to Illinois, locat- ing at Clinton, DeWitt County, where he engaged in practice ; in 1860 was elected a Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly, was also chosen a Presidential Elector the same year, and assisted in the first election of Abraham Lincoln to the Presidency. Early in 1861 he resigned his seat in the Legislature to accept the position of United States District Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois, tendered him by President Lincoln, but resigned the latter oflSce in 1866 and, the following year, removed to Bloomington, where he continued the practice of his profession until 1883, when he was appointed, by President Arthur, an Associate Justice of the United States Court of Claims at Washington — a position which he still (1899) continues to fill. Judge Weldon is among the remaining few who rode the circuit and practiced law with Mr. Lin- coln. From the time of coming to the State in 1854 to 1860, he was one of Mr. Lincoln's most intimate traveling companions in the old Eighth Circuit, which extended from Sangamon County on the west to Vermilion on the east, and of which Judge David Davis, afterwards of the Supreme Court of the United States and United States Senator, was the presiding Justice. The Judge holds in his memory many pleasant remi- niscences of that day, especially of the eastern portion of the District, where he was accustomed to meet the late Senator Voorhees, Senator Mc- Donald and other leading lawyers of Indiana, as well as the historic men whom he met at the State capital. WELLS, Albert W., lawyer and legislator, was born at Woodstock, Conn'., May 9, 1839, and enjoyed only such educational and other advan- tages as belonged to the average New England boy of that period. During his boyhood his family removed to New Jersey, where he attended an academy, later, graduating from Columbia College and Law School in New York City, and began practice with State Senator Robert Allen at Red Bank, N. J. During the Civil War he enlisted in a New Jersey regiment and took part in the battle of Gettysburg, resuming his profes- sion at the close of the war. Coming west in 1870, he settled in Quincy, 111., where he con- tinued practice. In 1886 he was elected to the House of Representatives from Adams County, as a Democrat, and re-elected two years later. In 1890 he was advanced to the Senate, where, by re-election in 1894, he served continuously until his death in oflSce, March B, 1897. His abilities and long service — covering the sessions of the Thirty -fifth to the Fortieth General Assem- blies — placed him at the head of the Democratic side of the Senate during the latter part of his legislative career. WELLS, William, soldier and victim of the Fort Dearborn massacre, was born in Kentucky, about 1770. When a boy of 13, he was captured by the Miami Indians, whose chief. Little Turtle, adopted him, giving him his daughter in mar- riage when he grew to manhood. He was highly esteemed by the tribe as a warrior, and, in 1790, was present at the battle where Gen. Arthur St. Clair was defeated. He then realized that he was fighting against his own race, and informed his father-in-law that he intended to ally himself with the whites. Leaving the Miamis, he made his way to General Wayne, who made him Cap- tain of a company of scouts. After the treaty of Greenville (1795) he settled on a farm near Fort Wayne, where he was joined by his Indian wife. Here he acted as Indian Agent and Justice of the Peace. In 1813 he learned of the contemplated evacuation of Fort Dearborn, and, at the head of thirty Miamis, he set out for the post, his inten- tion being to furnish a body-guard to the non- combatants on their proposed march to Fort Wayne. On August 13, he marched out of the fort with fifteen of his dusky warriors behind HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 583 him, the remainder bringing up the rear. Before a mile and a half had been traveled, the party fell into an Indian ambuscade, and an indiscrimi- nate massacre followed. (See Fort Dearborn.) The Miamis fled, and Captain Wells' body was riddled with bullets, his head cut off and his heart taken out. He was an uncle of Mrs. Heald, wife of the commander of Fort Dearborn. WELLS, William Harrey, educator, was born in Tolland, Conn., Feb. 37, 1813; lived on a farm until 17 years old, attending school irregularly, but made such progress that he became succes- sively a teacher in the Teachers' Seminary at Andover and Newburyport, and, finally, Principal of the State Normal School at Westfield, Mass. In 1856 he accepted the position of Superintend- ent of Public Schools for the city of Chicago, serving till 1864, when he resigned. He was an organizer of the Massachusetts State Teachers' Association, one of the first editors of "The Massachusetts Teacher'' and prominently con- nected with various benevolent, educational and learned societies; was also author of several text- books, and assisted in the revision of "Webster's Unabridged Dictionary." Died, Jan. 31, 1885. WENONA, city on the eastern border of Mar- shall County, 30 miles south of La Salle, has zinc works, public and parochial schools, a weekly paper, two banks, and five churches. A good quality of soft coal is mined here. Popu- lation (1880), 911; (1890), 1,053; (1900), 1,486. WENTWORTH, John, early journalist and Congressman, was bom at Sandwich, N. H., March 5, 1815, graduated from Dartmouth Col- lege in 1836, and came to Chicago the same year, where he became editor of "The Chicago Demo- crat," which had been established by John Cal- houn three years previous. He soon after became proprietor of "The Democrat," of which he con- tinued to be the publisher until it was merged into "The Chicago Tribune," July 34, 1864. He also studied law, and was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1841. He served in Congress as a Demo- crat from 1843 to 1851, and again from 1853 to 1855, but left the Democratic party on the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. He was elected Mayor of Chicago in 1857, and again in 1860, during his incumbency introducing a number of important municipal reforms ; was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1863, and twice served on the Board of Education. He again represented Illinois in Congress as a Eepublican from 1865 to 1867 — making fourteen years of service in that body. In 1873 he joined in the Greeley movement, but later renewed his alle- giance to the Republican party. In 1878 Mr. Went- worth published an elaborate genealogical work in three volumes, entitled "History of the Went- worth Family." A volume of "Congressional Reminiscences" and two by him on "Early Chi- cago," published in connection with the Fergus Historical Series, contain some valuable informa- tion on early local and national history. On account of his extraordinary height he received the sobriquet of "Long John," by which he was familiarly known throughout the State. Died, in Chicago, Oct. 16, 1888. WEST, Edward M., merchant and banker, was born in Virginia, May 3, 1814; came with his father to Illinois in 1818 ; in 1839 became a clerk in the Recorder's office at Edwardsville, also served as deputy postmaster, and, in 1833, took a position in the United States Land Office there. Two years later he engaged in mercantile busi- ness, which he prosecuted over thirty years — meanwhile filling the office of County Treasurer, ex-officio Superintendent of Schools, and Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1847. In 1867, in conjunction with W. R. Prickett, he established a bank at Edwardsville, with which he was con- nected until his death, Oct. 31, 1887. Mr. West officiated frequently as a "local preacher" of the Methodist Church, in which capacity he showed much ability as a public speaker. WEST, Mary Allen, educator and philanthro- pist, was born at Galesburg, 111., July 31, 1837; graduated at Knox Seminary in 1854 and taught until 1873, when she was elected County Super- intendent of Schools, serving niae years. She took an active and influential interest in educa- tional and reformatory movements, was for two years editor of "Our Home Monthly," in Phila- delphia, and also a contributor to other journals, besides being editor-in-chief of "The Union Sig- nal," Chicago, the organ of the Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union — in which she held the position of President ; was also President, in the latter days of her life, of the Illinois Woman's Press Association of Chicago, that city having become her home in 1885. In 1893, Miss West started on a tour of the world for the benefit of her health, but died at Tokio, Japan, Dec. 1, 1893. WESTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, an institution for the treatment of the insane, located at Watertown, Rock Island County, in accordance with an act of the General Assembly, approved. May 33, 1895. The Thirty-ninth Gen- eral Assembly made an appropriation of $100,000 for the erection of fire-proof buildings, while Rock Island County donated a tract of 400 acres 584 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. of land valued at S40, 000. The site selected by the Commissioners, is a commanding one overlooking the Mississippi River, eight miles above Rock Island, and five and a half miles from Moline, and the buildings are of the most modern style of con- struction. Watertown is reached by two lines of railroad— the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy — besides the Mississippi River. The erection of buildings was begun in 1896, and they were opened for the reception of patients in 1898. They have a ca- pacity for 800 patients. WESTERN MILITABT ACADEMY, an insti tution located at Upper Alton, Madison County, incorporated in 1893 ; has a faculty of eight mem- bers and reports eighty pupils for 1897-98, with property valued at $70,000. The institution gives instruction in literary and scientific branches, besides preparatory and business courses. WESTERN NORMAL COLLEGE, located at Bushnell, McDonough County; incorporated in 1888. It is co-educational, has a corps of twelve instructors and reported 500 pupils for 1897-98, 300 males and 200 females. WESTERN SPRINGS, a village of Cook County, and residence suburb of the city of Chi- cago, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- road, 15 miles west of the initial station. Population (1890), 451; (1900), 662. WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, located in Chicago and controlled by the Protes- tant Episcopal Church. It was founded in 1883 through the munificence of Dr. Tolman Wheeler, and was opened for students two years later. It has two buildings, of a superior order of archi- tecture — one including the school and lecture rooms and the other a dormitory. A hospital and gymnasium are attached to the latter, and a school for boys is conducted on the first floor of the main building, which is known as Wheeler Hall. The institution is under the general super- vision of Rt. Rev. William E. McLaren, Protes- tant Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of Illinois. WESTFIELD, village of Clark County, on Cin., Ham. & Dayton R. R. , 10 m. s -e. of Charleston ; seat of Westfield College; has a bank, five churches and two newspapers. Pop. (1900), 830. WEST SALEM, a town of Edwards County, on the Peoria-Evansville Div. 111. Cent. R. R., 13 miles northeast of Albion; has a bank and a weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 476; (1900), 700. WETHERELL, Emma Abbott, vocalist, was born in Chicago, Drc. 9, 1849; in her childhood attracted attention while singing with her father (a poor musician) in hotels and on the streets in Chicago, Peoria and elsewhere; at 18 years of age, went to New York to study, earning her way by giving concerts en route, and receiving aid and encouragement from Clara Louisa Kellogg; in New York was patronized by Henry Ward Beecher and others, and aided in securing the training of European masters. Compelled to sur- mount many obstacles from poverty and other causes, her after success in her profession was phenomenal. Died, during a professional tour, at Salt Lake City, Jan. 5, 1891. Miss Abbott married her manager, Eugene Wetherell, who died before her. WHEATON, a city and the county-seat of Du Page County, situated on the Chicago & North- western Railway, 35 miles west of Chicago. Agri- culture and stock-raising are the chief industries in the surrounding region. The city owns a new water- works plant (costing §60,000) and has a public library valued at §75,000, the gift of a resident, Mr. John Quincy Adams ; has a court house, electric light plant, sewerage and drainage system, seven churches, three graded schools, four weekly newspapers and a State bank. Wheaton is the seat of Wheaton College (which see). Population (1880), 1,160; (1890), 1,622; (1900), 2,345. WHEATON COLLEGE, an educational insti- tution located at Wheaton, Du Page County, and under Congregational control. It was founded in 1853, as the Illinois Institute, and was char- tered under its present name in 1860. Its early existence was one of struggle, but of late years it has been established on a better foundation, in 1898 having $54,000 invested in productive funds, and property aggregating $136,000. The faculty comprises fifteen professors, and, in 1898, there were 331 students in attendance. It is co-edu- cational and instruction is given in business and preparatory studies, as well as the fine arts, music and classical literature. WHEELER, David Hilton, D.D., LL.D., clergy- man, was born at Ithaca, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1829; graduated at Rock River Seminary, Mount Morris, in 1851; edited "The Carroll County Republican" and held a professorship in Cornell College, Iowa, (1857-61) ; was United States Con- sul at Geneva, Switzerland, (1861-66) ; Professor of English Literature in Northwestern University (1867-75) ; edited "The Methodist" in New York, seven years, and was President of Allegheny College (1883-87) ; received the degree of D.D. from Cornell College in 1867, and that of LL.D. from the Northwestern University in 1881. He is the author of "Brigandage in South Italy" HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 585 (two volumes, 1864) and "By-Ways of Literature" (1883), besides some translations. WHEELER, Hamilton K., ex-Congressman, was born at Ballston, N. Y., August 5, 1848, but emigrated with his parents to Illinois in 1853; remained on a farm until 19 years of age, his educational advantages being limited to three months' attendance upon a district school each year. In 1871, he was admitted to the bar at Kankakee, where he has since continued to prac- tice. In 1884 he was elected to represent the Six- teenth District in the State Senate, vsrhere he served on many important committees, being Chairman of that on the Judicial Department. In 1893 he was elected Eepresentative in Con- gress from the Ninth Illinois District, on the Republican ticket. WHEELING, a town on the northern border of Cook County, on the Wisconsin Central Railway. Population (1890), 811; (1900), 331. WHISTLER, (Maj.) John, soldier and builder of the first Fort Dearborn, was born in Ulster, Ire- land, about 1756 ; served under Burgoyne in the Revolution, and was with the force surrendered by that officer at Saratoga, in 1777. After the peace he returned to the United States, settled at Hagerstown, Md., and entered the United States Army, serving at first in the ranks and being severely wounded in the disastrous Indian cam- paigns of 1791. Later, he was promoted to a captaincy and, in the summer of 1808, sent with his company, to the head of Lake Michigan, where he constructed the first Fort Dearborn within the limits of the present city of Chicago, remaining in command until 1811, when he was succeeded by Captain Heald. He received the brevet rank of Major, in 1815 was appointed military store-keeper at Newport, Ky., and after- wards at Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis, where he died, Sept. 8, 1829. Lieut. William Whistler, his son, who was with his father, for a time, in old Fort Dearborn — but transferred, in 1809, to Fort Wayne — was of the force included in Hull's surrender at Detroit in 1813. After his exchange he was promoted to a captaincy, to the rank of Major in 1836 and to a Lieutenant-Colo- nelcy in 1845, dying at Newport, Ky., in 1863. James Abbott McNiel Whistler, the celebrated, but eccentric artist of that name, is a grandson of the first Major Whistler. WHITE, George E., ex-Congressman, was born in Massachusetts in 1848 ; after graduating, at the age of 16, he enlisted as a private in the Fifty- seventh Massachusetts Veteran Volunteers, serv- ing under General Grant in the campaign against Richmond from the battle of the Wilder- ness until the surrender of Lee. Having taken a course in a commercial college at Worcester, Mass., in 1867 he came to Chicago, securing em- , ployment in a lumber yard, but a year later began business on his own account, which he has successfully conducted. In 1878 he was elected to the State Senate, as a Republican, from one of the Chicago Districts, and re-elected four years later, serving in that body eight years. He declined a nomination for Congress in 1884, but accepted in 1894, and was elected for the Fifth District, as he was again in 1896, but was defeated, in 1898, by Edward T. Noonan, Demo- crat. WHITE, Horace, journalist, was born at Cole- brook, N. H., August 10, 1834; in 1853 graduated at Beloit College, Wis., whither his father had removed in 1837 ; engaged in journalism as city editor of "The Chicago Evening Journal," later becoming agent of the Associated Press, and, in 1857, an editorial writer on "The Chicago Trib- une," during a part of the war acting as its Washington correspondent. He also served, in 1856, as Assistant Secretary of the Kansas National Committee, and, later, as Secretary of the Republican State Central Committee. In 1864 he purchased an interest in "The Tribune," a year or so later becoming editor-in-chief, but retired in October, 1874. After a protracted European tour, he united with Carl Schurz and E. L. Godkin of "The Nation," in the purchase and reorganization of "The New York Evening Post," of which he is now editor-in-chief. WHITE, JnUus, soldier, was born in Cazen- ovia, N. Y., Sept. 39, 1816; removed to Illinois in 1836, residing there and in Wisconsin, where he was a member of the Legislature of 1849 ; in 1861 was made Collector of Customs at Chicago, but resigned to assume the colonelcy of the Thirty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, which he commanded on the Fremont expedition to South- west Missouri. He afterwards served with Gen- eral Curtiss in Arkansas, participated in the battle of Pea Ridge and was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General. He was subsequently assigned to the Department of the Shenandoah, but finding his position at Martinsburg, W. Va., untenable, retired to Harper's Ferry, voluntarily serving under Colonel Miles, his inferior in com- mand. When this post was surrendered (Sept. 15, 1863), he was made a prisoner, but released under parole ; was tried by a court of inquiry at his own request, and acquitted, the court finding that he had acted with courage and capability. 586 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. He resigned in 1864, and, in Marcli, 1865, was brevetted Major-General of Volunteers. Died, at Evanston, May 13, 1890. WHITE COUNTY, situated in the southeastern quarter of the State, and bounded on the east by the Wabash River ; was organized in 1816, being the tenth county organized during the Territorial period: area, 500 square miles. The county is ci-ossed by three railroads and drained by the Wabash and Little Wabash Rivers. The surface consists of prairie and woodland, and the soil is, for the most part, highly productive. The princi- pal agricultural products are corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, tobacco, fruit, butter, sorghum and wool. The principal industrial establishments are carriage factories, saw mills and flour mills. Carmi is the county -seat. Other towns are En- field, Grayville and Norris City. Population (1880), 33,087; (1890), 35,005; (1900), 25,386. WHITEHALL, a city in Greene County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 65 miles north of St. Louis and 24 miles south-southwest of Jaclcsonville ; in rich farming region; has stoneware and sewer-pipe factories, foundry and machine shop, flour mill, elevators, wagon shops, creamery, water system, sanitarium, heating, electric light and power system, nurseries and fruit-supply houses, and two poultry packing houses; also has five churches, a graded school, two banks and three newspapers — one daily. Pop- ulation (1890), 1,961; (1900), 3,030. WHITEHOtSE, Henry John, Protestant Epis- copal Bishop, was born in New York City, August 19, 1803; graduated from Columbia College in 1821, and from the (New York) General Theolog- ical Seminary in 1834. After ordination he was rector of various parishes in Pennsylvania and New York until 1851, when he was chosen Assist- ant Bishop of Illinois, succeeding Bishop Chase in 1853. In 1867, by invitation of the Archbishop of Canterbury, he delivered the opening sermon before the Pan-Anglican Conference held in England. During this visit he received the degree of D.D. from Oxford University, and that of LL.D. from Cambridge. His rigid views as a churchman and a disciplinarian, were illustrated in his prosecution of Rev. Charles Edward Cheney, which resulted in the formation of the Reformed Episcopal Church. He was a brilliant orator and a trenchant and unyielding controver- sialist. Died, in Chicago, August 10, 1874. WHITESIDE COUNTY, in the northwestern portion of the State bordering on the Mississippi Eiver ; created by act of the Legislature passed in 1836, and named for Capt. Samuel Whiteside, a noted Indian fighter ; area, 700 square miles. The surface is level, diversified by prairies and wood- land, and the soil is extremely fertile. The county -seat was first fixed at Lyndon, then at Sterling, and finally at Morrison, its present location. The Rock River crosses the county and furnishes abundant water power for nimier- ous factories, turning out agricultural imple- ments, carriages and wagons, furniture, woolen goods, flour and wrapping paper. There are also distilling and brewing interests, besides saw and planing mills. Corn is the staple agricultural product, although all the leading cereals are extensively grown. The principal towns are Morrison, Sterling, Fulton and Rock Falls. Popu- lation (1880), 30,885; (1890), 30.854; (1900), 34.710. WHITESIDE, William, pioneer and soldier of the Revolution, emigrated from the frontier of North Carolina to Kentucky, and thence, in 1793, to the present limits of Monroe County, 111., erecting a fort between Cahokia and Kaskaskia, which became widely known as "Whiteside Station." He served as a Justice of the Peace, and was active in organizing the militia during the War of 1813-14, dying at the old Station in 1815. — John (Whiteside), a brother of the preced- ing, and also a Revolutionary soldier, came to Illinois at the same time, as also did William B. and Samuel, sons of the two brothers, respec- tively. All of them became famous as Indian fighters. The two latter served as Captains of companies of "Rangers" in the War of 1813, Samuel taking part in the battle of Rock Island in 1814, and contributing greatly to the success of the day. During the Black Hawk War (.1833) he attained the rank of Brigadier-General. Whiteside County was named in his honor. He made one of the earliest improvements in Ridge Prairie, a rich section of Madison County, and represented that county in the First General Assembly. William B. served as Sheriff of Madi- son County for a number of years. — John D. (Whiteside), another member of this historic family, became very prominent, serving in the lower House of the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth and Fourteenth General Assemblies, and in the Sen- ate of the Tenth, from Monroe County; was a Presidential Elector in 1886, State Treasiurer (1837-41) and a member of the State Constitu- tional Convention of 1847. General Whiteside, as he was known, was the second of James Shields in the famous Shields and Lincoln duel (so-called) in 1843, and, as such, carried the challenge of the former to Mr. Lincoln. (See Duels.) HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 587 WHITING, Lorenzo D., legislator, was born in Wayne County, N. Y., Nov. 17, 1819; came to Illinois in 1838, but did not settle there perma- nently until 1849, when he located in Bureau County. He was a Representative from that county in the Twenty-sixth General Assembly (1869), and a member of the Senate continuously from 1871 to 1887, serving in the latter through eight General Assemblies. Died at his home near Tiskilwa, Bureau County, 111., Got. 10, 1889. WHITING, Richard H., Congressman, was born at West Hartford, Conn. , June 17, 1836, and received a common school education. In 1862 he was commissioned Paymaster in the Volunteer Army of the Union, arid resigned in 1866. Hav- ing removed to Illinois, he was appointed Assist- ant Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Fifth Illinois District, in February, 1870, and so contin- ued until the abolition of the office in 1873. On retiring from the Assessorship he was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue, and served xmtil March 4, 1875, when he resigned to take his seat as Republican Representative in Congress from the Peoria District, to which he had been elected in November, 1874. After the expiration of his term he held no public office, but was a member of the Republican National Convention of 1884. Died, at the Continental Hotel, in New York City, May 34, 1888. WHITNEY, James W., pioneer lawyer and early teacher, known by the nickname of "Lord Coke"; came to Illinois in Territorial days (be- heved to have been about 1800) ; resided for some time at or near Edwardsville, then became a teacher at Atlas, Pike County, and, still later, the first Circuit and County Clerk of that county. Though nominally a lawyer, he had little if any practice. He acquired the title, by which he was popularly known for a quarter of a century, by his custom of visiting the State Capital, during the sessions of the General Assembly, when he would organize the lobbyists and visit- ors about the capital — of which there were an unusual number in those days — into what was called the "Third House." Having been regu- larly chosen to preside under the name of "Speaker of the Lobby," he would deliver a mes- sage full of practical hits and jokes, aimed at members of the two houses and others, which would be received with cheers and laughter. The meetings of the "Third House," being held in the evening, were attended by many members and visitors in lieu of other forms of entertain- ment. Mr. Whitney's home, in his latter years. was at Pittsfield. He resided for a time at Quincy. Died, Deo. 13, 1860, aged over 80 years. WHITTEMORE, Floyd K., State Treasurer, is a native of New York, came at an early age, with his parents, to Sycamore, 111., where he was edu- cated in the high school there. He purposed becoming a lawyer, but, on the election of the late James H. Beveridge State Treasurer, in 1864, accepted the position of clerk in the office. Later, he was employed as a clerk in the banking house of Jacob Bunn in Springfield, and, on the organization of the State National Bank, was chosen cashier of that Institution, retaining the position some twenty years. After the appoint- ment of Hon. John R. Tanner to the position of Assistant Treasurer of the United States, at Chi- cago, in 1892, Mr. Whittemore became cashier in that office, and, in 1865, Assistant State Treas- rure under the administration of State Treasurer Henry Wulfl. In 1898 he -was elected State Treasurer, receiving a plurality of 43,450 over his Democratic opponent. WICKERSHAM, (Col.) Dudley, soldier and merchant, was born in Woodfoi-d County, Ky., Nov. 33, 1819; came to Springfield, 111., in 1843, and served as a member of the Fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's) through the Mexican War. On the return of peace he engaged in the dry-goods trade in Springfield, until 1861, when he enlisted in the Tenth Regi- ment Illinois Cavalry, serving, first as Lieutenant- Colonel and then as Colonel, until May, 1864, when, his regiment having been consolidated with the Fifteenth Cavalry, he resigned. After the war, he held the office of Assessor of Internal Revenue for several years, after which he en- gaged in the grocery trade. Died, in Springfield, August 8, 1898. WIDEN, Raphael, pioneer and early legislator, was a native of Sweden, who, having been taken to France at eight years of age, was educated for a Ca^tholic priest. Coming to the United States in 1815, he was at Cahokia, 111., in 1818, where, during the same year, he married into a French family of that place. He served in the House of Representatives from Randolph County, in the Second and Third General Assemblies (1820-24), and as Senator in the Fourth and Fifth (1824-28). During his last term in the House, he was one of those who voted against the pro-slavery Con- vention resolution. He died of cholera, at Kas- kaskia, in 1833. WIKE, Scott, lawyer and ex- Congressman, was born at Meadville, Pa. , April 6, 1834 ; at 4 years of age removed with his parents to Quincy, 111. , 588 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and, in 1844, to Pike County. Having graduated from Lombard University, Galesburg, in 1857, he began reading law with Judge O. C. Skinner of Quincy. He was admitted to the bar in 1858, but, before commencing practice, spent a year at Harvard Law School, graduating there in 1859. Immediately thereafter he opened an office at Pittsfleld, 111., and has resided there ever since. In politics he has always been a strong Democrat. He served two terms in the Legislature (1863-67) and, in 1874, was chosen Representative from his District in Congress, being re-elected in 1888 and, again, in 1890. In 1893 he was appointed by President Cleveland Third Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, which position he continued to fill until March, 1897, when he resumed the practice of law at Pittsfleld. Died Jan. 15, 1901. WHEY, (Col.) Benjamin Ladd, soldier, was born in Smithfield, Jefferson County, Ohio, March 35, 1821, came to Illinois in 1845 and began life at Vienna, Johnson County, as a teacher. In. 1846 he enlisted for the Mexican War, as a member of the Fifth (Colonel Newby's) Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serving chiefly in New Mexico until mustered out in 1848. A year later he removed to Jonesboro, where lie spent some time at the carpenter's trade, after which he became clerk in a store, meanwhile assisting to edit "The Jonesboro Gazette" until 1853; then became traveling salesman for a St. Louis firm, but later engaged in the hardware trade a,t Jonesboro, in which he continued for several years. In 1856 he was the Republican candidate for Congress for the Ninth District, receiving 4,000 votes, while Fremont, the Republican can- didate for President, received only 825 in the same district. In 1857 he opened a real estate office in Jonesboro in conjunction with David L. Phillips and Col. J. W. Ashley, with which he was connected until 1860, when he removed to Makanda, Jackson County. In September, 1861, he was mustered in as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Fifth Illinois Cavalry, later serving in Missouri and Arkansas under Generals Steele and Curtiss, being, a part of the time, in command of the First Brigade of Cavalry, and, in the advance on Vioks- burg, having command of the right wing of General Grant's cavalry. Being disabled by rheumatism at the end of the siege, he tendered his resignation, and was immediately appointed Enrolling Officer at Cairo, serving in this capac- ity until May, 1865, when he was mustered out. In 1869 he was appointed by Governor Palmier one of the Commissioners to locate the Southern Illinois Hospital for the Insane, and served as Secretary of the Board until the institution was opened at Anna, in May, 1871. In 1869 he was defeated as a candidate for County Judge of Jackson County, and, in 1873, for the State Sen- ate, by a small majority in a strongly Democratic District; in 1876 was the Republican candidate for Congress, in the Eighteenth District, against William Hartzell, but was defeated by only twenty votes, while carrying six out of the ten counties comprising the District. In the latter years of his Uf e, Colonel Wiley was engaged quite extensively in fruit-growing at Makanda, Jack- son County, where he died, March 23, 1890. WILKIB, Franc Bangs, journalist, was born in Saratoga County, N. Y., July 3, 1830; took a partial course at Union College, after which he edited papers at Schenectady, N. Y., Elgin, lU., and Davenport and Dubuque, Iowa ; also serving, during a part of the Civil War, as the western war correspondent of "The New York Times." In 1863 he became an editorial vrriter on "The Chicago Times," remaining with that paper, with the exception of a brief interval, until 1888 — a part of the time as its European correspond- ent. He was the author of a series of sketches over the nom de plume of "PoUuto," and of a volume of reminiscences under the title, "Thirty -five Years of Journalism," published shortly before his death, which took place, April 12, 1893. WILKIN, Jacob W., Justice of the Supreme Court, was born in Licking County, Ohio, June 7, 1837 ; removed with his parents to Illinois, at 13 years of age, and was educated at McKendree College ; served three years in the War for the Union; studied law with Judge Scholfield and was admitted to the bar in 1866. In 1872, he was chosen Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket, and, in 1879, elected Judge of the Circuit Court and re-elected in 1885 — the latter year being assigned to the Appellate bench for the Fourth District, where he remained until his election to the Supreme bench in 1888, being re-elected to the latter office in 1897. His home is at Danville. WILKINSON, Ira 0., lawyer and Judge, was born in Virginia in 1823, and accompanied his father to Jacksonville (1835), where he was edu- cated. During a short service as Deputy Clerk of Morgan County, he conceived a fondness for the profession of the law, and, after a course of study under Judge William Thomas, was admitted to practice in 1847. Richard Yates (^.fterwards Gov- ernor and Senator) was his first partner. In 1845 he removed to Rock Island, and, six years later. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 689 was elected a Circiiit Judge, being again closen to the same position in 1861. At the expiration of his second term he removed to Chicago. Died, at Jacksonville, August 24, 1894. TVILKINSOJf, John P., early merchant, was bom, Dec. 14, 1790, in New Kent County, Va., emigrated first to Kentucky, and, in 1838, settled in Jacksonville, 111., where he engaged in mer- wer was completed. It was built by Brooks & Daley at a cost of $15,000. March 7, 1853, Dixon was incorporated as a town (not city). The first Trustees were Johij Dixon, A. L. Porter, P. M. Alexander, Lorenzo Wood and L. Wynkoop. April 16, 1853, the local paper notes that, after the murder of the Mormon high priest, Joseph Smith, his brother William, with a small band of followers, took up their resi- dence about twelve miles south of town, where they have kept up their organization and meet- ings, and that, at the April term of the Cir- cuit Court of that year, William's suit against his wife for divorce came on and the jury found in favor of the wife. May 4, 1854, he was in jail for "jumping bail." The "resi- dence" referred to was Palestine Grove, whero Mormonlsm gained quite a foothold. (See Am- boy.) May 21, 1853, "The Telegraph" records the advent of a milk wagon and dray. The pioneer "strike" of the comm.unity oc- curred in March, 1854, during the construction of the Illinois Central Railroad through the town. The hands employed on the work struck for $1.25 a day. Frequent rows and knock- downs were the accompaniments. In 1846 the first brick building in the town was erected. It is still standing as Nos. 109 and 111 First Street. The west half was erected by James and Horace Benjamin, and the east half by A. T. Murphy. In 1854 one of the buildings which formed the nucleus of the present Grand Detour Plow Works, was erected by John Dement for manu- facturing purposes. In this same year Ex- change Block (Nos. 102 and 104 Galena Ave- nue) was erected by Stiles, Eustace & Webb, and Nos. 84 and 86 Galena Avenue, were built by P. M. Alexander and J. B. Brooks. One hundred and thirty buildings were erected in 1855, among which were the brick building, corner of First and Hennepin (No. 124 First Street), erected by Davis Bros.; "Union Block" (Nos. 105-107 EMrst Street), erected by Nash & Noble. This was originally four stories high, but in April, 1862, the fourth story being considered unsafe, was removed. The three- story brick building on the north side of First Street (No. 115) was erected in the fall of 1856. In the fall of 1858 C. Godfrey & Sons, who then owned the Brooks & Dailey mill on the water-power, completed the "Farmers' Mill," located on present site of electric power-house, lots 2 and 3, Mill Block. The year 1854 was a very eventful one in the annals of Dixon, not only in matters of growth and development, but on account of the cholera scourge which afflicted it. There had been a few deaths from the disease prior to July 21, including those of Mrs. Alanson Smith and a few railroad hands; but on the 21st it became epidemic, breaking out in full force on Saturday the 22d. During that night many of the inhabitants fled into the country. The next day, Sunday, fourteen victims lay dead in the town. The total number of deaths from July 20th to August 7th by cholera was 34. Doctors Everett and Abbott, who were in at- tendance, give the following as the death roll: Mrs. Patrick DufCee and child, Michael Harris, Mrs. Jacob Craver, Wm. Lahee, Daniel Brook- ner and wife and Daniel Brookner, Jr., John Pinley, Joseph Cleaver (Postmaster) and cous- in of same name, John Keenan, Mrs. Cooley, Marsh, Mrs. Owen's child, John Conmels, John Barnes, Elijah Dixon, Wm. Patrick, Benj. Vann, Mrs. Scheer, Cyrus Kimball and wife, Israel Evans, Mrs. Catherine Dailey, Mr. Peck, Ed- ward Hamlin, Roderick McKenzie and wife, Mrs. Huff, Mr. Jones, Mr. C. Johnson, Owen Gallinger and E. Boswick. October 12, 1854, Mr. Ferris Finch was occu- pied in the painting of the fine portrait of Father Dixon, which for many years hung in the Court House, and is now in the Public Li- brary. At an auction sals of town lots, made March 15, 1856, by Brooks, Eddy and Wood, the aver- age price obtained was $52 a front foot for business property. A corner lot on First and Galena Streets (not stated which comer) brought $72 a foot. Property bought in 1848 for $225 sold for $3,000. At the first election under the city charter 298 votes were cast against licensing the sale of liquor, and 170 votes in favor. June 6, 1855, the Maine Prohibitory Liquor Law was submitted to popular vote and received 318 votes for to 38 against. February 20, 1856, the "Nameless Minstrels" gave a concert, "the proceeds to go towards purchasing a fire engine for the corporate town of Dixon." The names of J. C. Ayres and H. T. Noble appear among the "talent." In 1856 the excitement over the Kansaa-Ne- brasika issue ran high and $1,000 was raised 650 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. to aid bona fide emigrants to Kansas to assist in mailing it free territory. July 14, 1858, the Lee County Agricultural Society was organized and held its first fair on fair-grounds near the cemetery, in October of that year. A similar society had been organ- ized February 6, 1854. July 30, 1858, the steamer "Rockford" ar- rived on its first trip up the Rock River. December 4, 1858, the proposed city charter was submitted to vote of the citizens and by them indorsed. ' It was passed by the General Assembly and approved February 19, 1859. T'wo previous efforts to incorporate had been de- feated at the polls. August 10, 1859, the North Dixon depot of the Illinois Central Railroad was opened, with George L. Herrick as agent. April 5, 1860, the "Dixon Improvement Asso- ciation" was formed for the purpose of Im- proving and beautifying the city by planting trees, etc. In the fall of 1862 the Illinois Central Rail- road replaced its wooden bridge with an iron one, on the same piers. The "Quaker City" building (No. 209 First Street) was erected by Isaac Jones in the sum- mer of 1862. June 22, 1863, a "Society of Vigilance" was organized for the purpose of detecting and bringing thieves to justice, and reclaiming stolen property. June 24, 1870, the Dixon Hose Company, No. 1, was organized with about thirty members — H. S. Dey, Foreman — and a week later, the Monitor Hook & Ladder Company was organ- ized with W. N. Johnson as foreman. June 2, 1870, the Dixon Park Association was formed, and held its first fair that summer on its grounds west of the city, now included in Maple Park. January 12, 1871, the City Hall building, (frame) at the comer of Second and Henne- pin Streets, was completed for use of the fire department. November 30, 1876, the Opera House, erected by H. J. Stevens, F. A. Truman, J. D. Crabtree and W. D. Stevens, was opened. December 4, 1879, trains commenced run- ning on switch track connecting depots with water power. This track was paid for by citi- zens of Dixon with funds raised by subscrip- tion. In 1892 a new frame passenger depot was built by the Illinois Central Railroad Company, about two blocks south of the old one. The latter, a small brick building, was the first to be occupied by the company and was permitted to hold its ground until the summer of 1903, when it was demolished. Old Settlers. — It is well nigh impossible to give anything like a complete list of the early settlers of Dixon and immediate vicinity, but the following is offered as a partial roll of ar- rivals prior to 1850: John Dixon, 1830; Joseph Crawford, 1835; Dr. J. B. Nash, 1838; J. H. Moore^ 1847; J. V. Eustace, 1843; Isaac S. Boardman, 1837; Oliver Everett, 1836; Joseph T. Little (who died this summer), 1839; Sally Herrick, who recently died at an advanced age, sister of Dr. Nash, 1840; Mrs. N. G. H. Morrill, who also died recently, 1838; John Richards and daughter Sarah, September 1, 1836; John L. Lord, 1838; Noah Beede and son, A. A. Beede, 1836; A. T. Murphy, 1840; Reuben Eastwood and son Sumner D., 1837; John De- ment, 1840; W. W. Heaton, about 1840; Alexan- ander Charters and son James, 1838; John Clute, 1840; Philip M. Alexander, 1838; Hiram Hetler and parents, 1837; David H. Law and parents, 1839; Daniel McKinney and parents, 1846; Andrew J. Brubaker, 1848; John H. Page, 1834; Joseph B. Brooks, prior to May 15, 1844. Mrs. E. B. Baker (Ann Elizabeth Kellogg) passed through here in 1828 with her father's family; they settled at Buffalo's Grove (Polo) and she became a permanent settler of Dixon in 1846; Stephen Puller arrived in 1836; Joseph Brierton and son Sylvester, 1838. (Wm. S., the son of Joseph, was bom the next year.) Of. these all but the following have passed to the "great beyond:" Mr. Moore, Miss Sarah Rich- ards, Mrs. Murphy, S. D. Eastwood, Mr. Clute, Hiram Hetler, Dr. D. H. Law, Mr. Brubaker, Mrs. Baker, Mr. Puller, Sylvester and W. S. Brierton. PiRES. — In 1846 the first recorded fire visited the town, consuming the Phoenix Hotel, Stiles & Eddy's Store (Bowman's old stand), corner of Galena and River Streets. October 14, 1859, a disastrous fire occurred extending on both sides of First Street from Hennepin west. Seventeen buildings were de- stroyed. The estimiated loss was over ?50,000; insurance, $10,200. January 29, 1860, John Dement's machine shop, opposite the Mills on Water Street, was HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 651 burned out, ruining the machinery — loss $25,- 000; no insurance. March 7, 1861, three buildings on or near the northwest corner of First and Galena Streets were destroyed by fire. March 3, 1871, three buildings in center of the block on north side of First Street, be- tween Hennepin and Peoria, were destroyed by fire— loss $4,000. November 30, 1871, St. James Hotel (formerly Shabbona House) was burned to the ground. March 12, 1873, the Western Knitting Mills were entirely destroyed by fire — loss $20,000. The Flax Factory adjoining was damaged to the extent of $5,000. December 7, 1875, a fire broke out in the upper story of Becker & Underwood's Flouring Mill, resulting in a loss of $13,000.^ The main building of the Dixon Power & Lighting Com- pany now occupies the ground. April 8, 1880, the most disastrous fire that ever visited Dixon broke out at one o'clock in the morning, at the water-power. In an hour all the buildings on the north side of the race, were consumed. They consisted of the double stone building — one-half of which was owned by Caleb Clapp and the other half by John Dement — Thompson's Flouring Mill and that of Becker & Underwood. The only pumps af- fording fire protection were on the race in front of these mills, and they were soon dis- abled. The Amboy Fire Company, with its engine, was sent for and its timely arrival and efficient work saved the buildings on the oppo- site side of the street. When the flames reached the Becker & Underwood Mill there was a ter- rific explosion, cause, it was supposed, by the combustion of flour dust. Men were In the building at the time striving to check the fire, two of whom, Ezra Becker and William Schum, were killed, while ten others were wounded more or less seriously. The total loss was $190,000; insurance, $66,900. The interior of the Catholic Church was en- tirely destroyed by fire May 7, 1887. On the morning of June 3, 1903, all of the Opera House above the first floor within walls, was destroyed by fire; insurance paid, $12,000. Biographical Sketch of Father Dixon. — John Dixon was born in the Village of Rye, West- chester County, N. Y., October 9, 1784. On reaching his majority he moved to New York City where, for fifteen years, he was the pro- 851-3 prietor of a clothing store and merchant tail- oring establishment. He was actively inter- ested in the temperance cause and religious matters, and became one of the directors of the "Young Men's Bible Society of the City of New York," organized February 11, 1809. It was the first Bible Society established in the United States, and developed into the American Bible Society of the present day. When Fultou took his first steamboat on its trial trip up the Hud- son, Mr. Dixon was a passenger and insisted on paying fare against the inventor's protest. He thus came by the distinction, not only of riding on the first steamboat, but of paying the first fare for such a ride. Being threatened with pulmonary disease, he left New York in 1820 for the West with his wife and children, the means of transportation being a covered wagon drawn by a single team. On reaching Pittsburg a flatboat was purchased on which they embarked with their team and belongings, and floated down the Ohio to Shaw- neetown, 111., where they disembarked and pro- ceeded with their wagon across the trackless prairies to the locality where Springfield now stands. On Fancy Creek, nine miles from the site of the future capital, he located after over seventy days' journey. Early the next year Sangamon County was organized. At the first session of Court in the new county, John Dixon was foreman of the grand jury. In 1825 he was appointed Clerk of the Circuit Court and Recorder of Deeds for Peoria County, necessi- tating his removal to Peoria, then also known as Fort Clark. Northern Illinois was not then divided into counties and, within the territory attached to Peoria County were the voting pre- cincts of Galena and Chicago. This whole region, which now embraces thirty counties, then had but 1,236 inhabitants. While Mr. Dixon was thus engaged at Peoria, the Government established a mail route from that point to Galena,- crossing Rock River at the present site of Dixon, mail to be carried once in two weeks on horseback. Mr. Dixon secured the contract. In order to effect safe passage of the mails over the river, he induced a French and Indian half-breed by the name of Ogee to establish a ferry, which was later purchased by Mr. Dixon, who with his family moved to this point April 11, 1830, and the crossing was thereafter known as "Dixon's Ferry." Whether this is the same "Joseph 6S2 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Ogee" referred to in the treaty of Prairie du Chien, heretofore quoted, nowhere appears, but it is highly probable. The Winnebago Indians were occupants of a large part of the country, and Mr. Dixon soon established business relations with them and secured their entire confidence which, on the return of the Sacs and Foxes in 1832, proved to be of great value to himself and family, and he reciprocated with services equally valuable to them. His unflinching integrity and strict temperance habits served often to protect his dusky friends from the exactions of unscnipu- lous traders. Owanico, or "Jahro," chief of the Winnebagoes, became an active disciple of tem- perance. Even at that early day, Mr. Dixon's hair was so white that he was known among the Indians as "Na-chu-sa" (the white-haired.) In 1838 Mr. Dixon was appointed by the Gov- ernor of the State one of .the Commissioners to carry on the system of internal improve- ment then inaugurated, and later was elected to the position by the Legislature. Although the movement was ill-conceived and resulted in ridiculous failure, no fault was ever at- tached to the Commissioners. The acquaintance which Abraham Lincoln made with Father Dixon, during the Black Hawk War, was never forgotten by Mr. Lin- coln; and when the great man had been elected President, and before his departure from Springfield to assume the office, Father Dixon called on him. Mr. Lincoln eagerly recalled the early friendship and volunteered a promise, unsolicited on Mr. Dixon's part, that he would see that his old friend was made Postmiaster of the city he had founded; but when the time for the change came, another secured the post. By some political trick the commission had been obtained without Mr. Lincoln's knowledge. On being apprised of it, the President was in- dignant and mortified, "for," he said, "he had promised it to Mr. Dixon." This incident is vouched for by unquestionable authority. In 1840 Mr. Dixon visited Washington, his mission being to procure the removal of the Government Land Office from Galena to Dixon. It is needless to say that he succeeded. He enlisted the interest of General Scott, who had made his acquaintance while serving in the Black Hawk War, and thus reached President Van Buren, who promptly caused the desired order to be made. Mrs. Dixon was a woman of superior attain- ments, who exerted an active moral and relig- ious influence in the community, and was a worthy companion for so exemplary a man. Mr. Dixon died at his home in North Dixon, July 6th, 1876, universally respected and be- loved, having nearly attained his ninety-second year. His wife and ten children had all de- parted before him, but grandchildren and other family connections were about him and ten- derly ministered to him to the last. Though he had once owned the tract on which the city which bears his name now stands, and had been afforded many opportunities to accumu- late a fortune, he died a poor man. The preva- lent craze for speculation seems to have passed him by. He was modest, gentle and retiring by nature,' a great reader and a man of large in- telligence. Current events and the affairs of the nation and the world at large were of ab- sorbing interest to him up to a short time be- fore he was taken. His generosity and public spirit are well indicated by the fact that, in platting the town of North Dixon, he dedicated Oak Park to public use, and in laying out the town of Dixon south of the river, he gave Mar- ket Square to the public, and donated to the county the Public Square on which the Court House now stands. It is generally understood that he also donated 80 acres of land adjacent to Dixon to aid in the erection of the first Court House. His funeral was the occasion of a demonstra- tion seldom accorded a modest, private citizen having no official claims to distinction. It oc- curred on Sunday following his death. From all the surrounding towns came delegations and societies to pay their last respects to his memory. Business houses and public buildings were draped in mourning. The body lay in state at the Court House under guard of Sir Knights Templar, and for hours the people streamed by to take a last look at the venerable founder of the town. At a meeting of citizens, held the Friday evening before his burial, a touching memorial was adopted, in which the rare tribute was pronounced that he was. a man of great strength of mind, force of character and determination of purpose; yet he had lived and died without an enemy. Forgetful of him- self, he lived for others a pure and unselfish life. He was that "noblest work of God" — "an honest man." No life admits of a higher en- HISTORY OF LEE. COUNTY. 653 comium, nor can any city boast of a name which should carry with it, into all the arter- ies of municipal life, more of manly virtue and civic righteousness than the one which this noble pioneer gave to the town he founded, and on whose infant life he impressed the seal of his fine personality. A monument to his mem- ory was erected and dedicated in 1892, in Oak- wood Cemetery, by popular subscription, at a cost of $1,000. (For further notice of Father Dixon see "Black Hawk War") Distinguished Visitors. — Dixonites, like all the rest of creation, recall with satisfaction the distinguished personages who have tarried within their borders. Abraham Lincoln, the Immortal, heads their list. He weis first here as a Captain of Militia during the Black Hawk War, and again as private on a second and third enlistment. Lieut. Jefferson Davis, of the regular army, who became President of the Southern Confedercy, and Lieut. Robt. Ander- son, also of the regular army, who in April, 1861, defended Fort Sumter against the Con- federacy's rebellious assault, were also here at the same time. That Davis was here has been questioned, but no longer admits of doubt. Lieut. Col. Zachary Taylor, afterwards Presi- dent of the United States, and Gen. Winfleld Scott were also of the numiber. It has often been asserted, and generally believed, that Lin- coln was first mustered into the service of the Government at Dixon's Ferry, and that, as a part of the procedure, Lieut. Davis adminis- tered the oath of allegiance to him. Father Dixon and Col. John Dement so understood it, and it is said upon creditable authority that Mr. Lincoln so stated. But it may not be true. Mr. Frank E. Stevens, who, by the way, was Dixon born and bred, in his recently issued ' exhaustive work on the Black Hawk War, re- produces a letter from Mlaj. Buckmaster, under whom Captain Lincoln's company was serving, dated May 9, 1832, at mouth of Rock River, in which he writes that they were mustered into the service of the United States the day before by G'en. Atkinson; and the author submits this as conclusive proof of the fallacy of what has been so long and fondly entertained as true. Certain it is, that this letter casts another shadow over the subject. If Mr. Lincoln wa3 sworn into the service at Dixon, it is of course possible that Lieut. Davis was the mustering officer, but rather more probable that Lleuten-. ant Anderson performed that function. We have said in our notice of the Black Hawk War that Lincoln entered the service three times before the war terminated. He was discharged from the first company at the mouth of Fox River, and there re-enlisted for twenty days as a private in Capt. lies' Company, Lieut. Ander- son being the officer who then mustered the company in. At the expiration of the twenty days, these men returned and were mustered out at Fort Wilbourn, located between LaSalle and Peru. On the following day Lincoln was mustered in as a private in Capt. Early's Com- pany, this being his third enlistment. June 21st the company reached Dixon's Ferry, and thence moved north to Whitewater River, where it was mustered out July 10, 1832, the men re- turning homewai-d by way of Dixon's Ferry. It follows, therefore, that there was only one opportunity for Mr. Lincoln to have been mus- tered in at Dixon, and that was when his com- mand reached here on its march from the mouth of Rock River, where Major Buckmaster writes the troops were sworn into the service. But it must be looked upon as little less than marvelous, that Father Dixon and John De- ment, both of whom were active participants in the war and were brought in constant con- tact with both Lieut. Anderson and Lieut. Davis, and became well acquainted with Mr. Lincoln, should be mistaken; and it is still more remarkable that Mr. Lincoln himself should state that he was sworn in here, if, in fact, it occurred at the mouth of the river, as deduced from the letter from Maj. Buckmaster. It is possible, of course, that, for some reason, Lincoln may not have been with his company at the time of the muster referred to by the Major. There is no question but what Lincoln was at Dixon on other occasions. He had become well acquainted with Joseph Crawford, who had served with him in the Legislature, and who, being a brother Whig, was a great admirer of Mr. Lincoln. Lincoln is remembered to have visited Dixon at one time, when he sought out Mr. Crawford, if indeed he was not actually entertained at the Crawford home. He also knew Judge J. V. Eustace, whose acquaintance he had formed at Springfield, and on one of his visits here called on the Judge. One occasion was when he spoke in Court House square, September 8, 1856, in the Presidential cam- paign of that year. The probable spot where 6S4 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. he addressed the people has been recently marked by a large boulder, placed there by the Dixon Post G. A. R., bearing an inscription commemorative of the event. A number of citi- zens still living were present. A communica- tion from one of the audience whose identity is not revealed, is referred to in "Scribner's Magazine" for April, 1878, p. 884, in which the writer says: "Lincoln spoke in the grove in the Court House square, Dixon, 111. I think you (Noah Brooks, to whom the letter was ad- dressed) and I sat together and made a little fun of his excessively homely appearance. He was dressed in an awkwardly fitting linen suit, evidently bought ready made at a country store, and intended for a man at least five inches less in stature than he was, the vest and trousers not meeting by at least an inch and a half, and the last named garment being short at the feet. Lincoln made, on that occas- ion, his second speech on a Republican or Free- Soil platform. No other speech I have ever heard made such a lasting impression on my mind." In Herndon's "Life of Lincom," It is stated on authority of Mr. Horace "White, then corre- spondent of the Chicago Tribune, who later be- came its editor, that Mr. N. B. Judd and Dr. C. H. Ray, then editor of the Tribune, met Mr. Lin- coln at Dixon in conference the day before his memorable debate with Douglas at Preeport. It is known by those intimately associated with Mr. Lincoln at this time, that in the debate he contemplated putting to Douglas the following question: "Can the people of a United States territory, in any lawful way, against the wish of any citizen of the United Statesi, exclude slavery from its limits prior to the formation of a State constitution?" The politicians close to Mr. Lincoln feared the consequences which would follow, and endeavored to persuade Mr. Lincoln to desist. Mr. White writes that this was the purpose of the conference at Dixon. We are able to state, on authority of Mr. B. F. Shaw of Dixon, who was then conducting a Republican paper (The Telegraph) here and was deeply interested in current events, as well as a great admirer of Mr. Lincoln and a stanch champion of the cause he advocated, that this reported interview never, in fact, took place. One thing is practically certain; that if such a gathering occurred, he would have known of it. On the contrary, he was at the Illinois Central depot when the large excursion train, with Mr. Lincoln aboard, passed through Dixon on its way to Freeport on the day of the great debate, and on a regular train, a few hours later, he himself reached Freeport in time to hear the discussion. It might be added that he found on the train Owen Lovejoy, with whom he was acquainted, who was likewise on his way to Freeport. Mr. Lovejoy was very much disturbed over certain references which Mr. Douglas had made to him in his speech at Ot- tawa; and, after the debate was over, Mr. Shaw was a prime mover in bringing Mr. Lovejoy be- fore the assembled crowd where, standing on a dry goods box in front of the Brewster House, he delivered one of the most eloquent, as well as fiery, philippics ever heard. In this con- nection the writer may say that, in conversa- tion he heard Gen. S. D. Atkins, of Freeport, re- late that he was present in Lincoln's room in the Brewster House on that eventful day, when several intimate friends of Mr. Lincoln were laboring with him to withhold the question above quoted, which he still expected to pro- pound to Mr. Douglas ; that Mr. Lincoln patient- ly listened to all that was said, and after re- flecting some time without speaking, announced his determination to stand by the question, saying that while it might defeat him as a Sen- ator, it would prevent Douglas from ever be- coming President. The question was put and the predicted result followed. Albert Sidney Johnson and Joseph E. John- son, both of whom became leading Generals on the Confederate side in the War of the Re- bellion, Col. Nathan Boone, a son of Daniel Boone, John Reynolds, Governor of the State, and Gen. B. D. Baker, one of the brilliant ora- tors of the then future, who was killed early , in the war of the Rebellion at Bali's Bluff — these, with many other notables, made the ac- quaintance of Father Dixon at Dixon's Ferry. Father Dixon's account book of those days shows a loan to Gen. Scott of $6.50, for which Scott gave his note. In 1843 Margaret Fuller, a talented writer and one of the literary circle of Boston and Concord, which included Emerson. Chan- nlng, Alcott, Hawthorne and others who be- came eminent, passed through Lee County in what was doubtless an emigrant .wagon or "prairie schooner," en route from Chicago to Oregon, Ogle County. In her book, "At Home and Abroad," she speaks of a night spent in • a tavern at Paw Paw. The ladies of the party HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 655 slept in the bar-room, from which its drinking visitors had been ejected at a late hour, the supper table serving as Miss Fuller's couch and the doors, of course, remaining unlocked. They crossed Rock River at Dixon's Ferry and spent three days at Hazelwood, "place chosen.'' she vrrites, "by an Irish gentleman ('Gov.' Charters), whose absenteeship seems to be of the wisest kind." "If you descended a ravine at the side to the water's edge, you found there a long walk on the narrow shore, with a wall above of the richest hanging wood, in which they said the deer lay hid." Reference is made to the commodious dwelling and the log cabin, the latter being at this writing still standing on the spot. Dwelling on the beauty of the surroundings, she adds: "It seems not neces- sary to have any better heaven, or fuller ex- pression of love and freedom, than In the mood of Nature here." On parting she left a poem entitled, "The Western Eden," which would be quoted here but for lack of space. In the days when the lecture platform at- tracted the ablest and most talented men of the country to appear before the people, several whose names deserve to be mentioned addressed Dixon audiences. Among these were Horace Greeley, who was here twice: T. Starr King, who later moved to California, and was one of the great forces in that State for patriotism in the days of the Civil War. Here also lectured Ralph Waldo Emerson, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Bayard Taylor, Henry Ward Beecher, Joshua R. Giddings, Horace Mann, John G. Saxe and others of less note. That most charming poet, William Cullen Bryant, who wrote so sweetly of nature, visited Dixon, as indicated by letter already quoted, and was the guest of his brother-in-law, Dr. Oliver Everett, when this entire country was a ■vast field of virgin prairie, covered with wild flowers, and its lakes and river frequented by birds of gorgeous plumage unharassed by the sportsman's gun. It was on that visit that Mr. Bryant was inspired to pen that most beau- tiful of his poems, "To a Waterfowl," in which this verse appears: "There is a power whose care Teaches the way along that pathless coast — The desert and illimitable air — Lone wandering, but not lost." Churches. — The first sermon preached in Dixon was in the fall of 1834 by a Methodist missionary named Segg. His field of labor ex- tended from Apple River, in Jo Daviess County, to Prophetstown, in Whiteside County, and he made the circuit once in four weeks. In 1837 a Methodist class was formed with S. M. Bowman, E. A. Bowman, Maria McClure,, John Richards, Ann Richards, Caleb Tallmage and Amanda Tallmage as members, and in 1839 T. D. Boardman, Mr. and Mrs. Perry, Mr. and Mrs. O. F. Ayres were added. Preaching services were held at intervals of six weeks over Bowman's store. The circuit preachers conducting services were Robert Dunlap, Bar- ton Cartwright, Isaac Pool, Riley Hill, Luke Hitchcock, Richard Blanchard, Philo Judson and W. H. Cooley. W. Wilcox was appointed to Dixon in 1843; David Brooks in July, 1844; S. P. Keyes, August, 1845; Milton Hawey and R. W. H. Brent, August, 1846; R. P. Lawton, 1847; William Palmer, 1848; Thomas North, 1850; James Baume (father of Judge Baume of our Circuit Court), September, 1852; J. W. Agard, 1854; Wilbur McKalg, September, 1855; N. P. Heath, 1857; L. A. Sanford, August, 1858; S. G. Lathrop, 1859; 0. B. Thayer, September, 1862; W. H. Smith, March, 1864; G. L. Stuff, 1864; T. C. Clendenning, 1865; George E. Stro- bridge, 1867; J. H. Brown, 1869; John William- son, 1871; Isaac Linebarger, 1874; G. R. Van Horn, 1876; A. W. Patton, 1879-80; P. P. Cleve- land, 1880-81; 0. F. Mattison, 1881-84; M. E. Cady, 1884-87; F. H. Sheets, 1887-88; C. A. Bunker, 1889-90; S. Barngey, 1890-93; 0. H. Cessna, 1893-98; J. D. Leek, 1898-1900; William Phillips, 1900-02; William Craven, 1902, present incumbent. (Beginning with 1864, the term of service of each circuit rider began uniformly in October, Immediately after the adjournment of the Annual Conference.) In the summer of 1843 the first Methodist church building was completed. It was a brick structure and is still standing in good state of preservation, at No. 117 Second Street, oppo- site the Court House. It was dedicated that summer by Presiding Elder John T. Mitchell. The board of trustees consisted of J. P. Dixon, E. Edson, O. F. Ayres, L. G. Wynkoop, Thomas McCabe, Joseph Brierton and S. M. Bowman. A Union Sunday School was organized which, on July 15th of that year, had eight teachers, sixty scholars and a library of ninety volumes. 0. F. Ayres was Superintendent; T. D. Board- man, Secretary; J. W. Clute, Librarian. 6s6 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. In 1854 a Methodist churcli was built wliere the present one stands, corner of Second Street and Peoria Avenue. March 1, 1855, it was dedi- cated by Rev. Wm. McKaig. The cost of the building, including furnishings, etc., was about $15,000. August 31, 1876, it was rededicated after extensive repairs had been made. This building was torn down to make room for the present structure, which was completed in De- cember, 1892, at a cost of $30,000. The next year a parsonage was built adjacent to the church, at a cost of $3,500. May 28, 1838, the "First Regular Baptist Church of Dixon and Buffalo Grove" was or- ganized at Buffalo Grove (now Polo.) Elder Thomas Powell, a missionary, was Moderator of the meeting. The original members were: Houland Bicknell, Rebecca Dixon, Elizabeth Bellows, Jerusha Hammond, Sarah Kellogg, Martha Parks and Ann Clarley. At the end of four years there were seventy-two names on the membership roll. January 13, 1841, the present corporate or- ganization of the Baptist Church was effected under the name of the "First Baptist Church of Dixon." April 16, 1842, the congregation was divided into two churches, Buffalo Grove and Dixon. The former has since become extinct. Pastors since the organization have been: B. B. Carpenter, June, 1840, to October, 1844; Burton Carpenter, December, 1844, to March, 1845. William Gates filled the pulpit occas- ionally, and William Walker about four months between March, 1844, and April, 1847, when E. T. Manning became pastor for one year. S. S. Martin was pastor for one year in 1849. G. W. Benton supplied the pulpit for about six months between Martin's pastorate and Au- gust, 1851, when John E. Ball became pastor and remained about four years. Anson Tucker served eleven months from May, 1855. W. R. Webb came in June, 1856, and continued over four years. William G. Pratt served one year beginning in March, 1861. W. S. Goodno came in September, 1862, serving two years. J. H. Pratt became pastor in October, 1864, and con- tinued nine years. D. F, Carnahan followed in August, 1874, and 0. P. Bestor in August, 1877, who remained until October, 1882; Rev. W. H. Parker from January, 1883, to September, 1886: John F. Howard, October 10, 1886, to Septem- ber 1, 1890; William D. Fuller, March 4, 1891, to May 24, 1892; Hector C. Leland, from Sep- tember, 1892, to February 1, 1899; Wm. C. Spencer, the present incumbent, came March, 1899. May 5, 1849, the Baptist congregation dedi- cated their first house of worship, Rev. Jacob Knapp preaching the sermon. It was a brick building, situated on the west side of Ottawa Street, at corner of the alley next north of First Street. It was abandoned as a church when the present edifice was completed, but was used in connection with a lumber yard until spring of 1899, when it was torn down. October 1, 1869, the corner-stone of the pres- ent Baptist church was laid with appropriate ceremonies, and the building was dedicated in August, 1872, Rev. Mr. Ravlin delivering the morning sermon and Rev. J. A. Smith the even- ing sermon. June 23, 1878, the fortieth anni- versary exercises of the Dixon Baptist Church were held in its house of worship. A correspondent, writing from Dixon to a Rockford paper in summer of 1845, says the place then had "four congregations: Metho- dist, Baptist, Episcopal and Congregational, and one church structure — that of the Metho- dist." "The First Evangelical Lutheran Congrega- tion of Lee County" was organized August 20, 1848, in the bam of J. N. Burket, east of Dixon, by Rev. Jacob Burket. The name was changed November 12, 1853, to "St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church." The pastors have been: Jacob H. Burket, who continued in charge un- til August, 1850; Ephraim Miller, May, 1851, to April, 1852; Charles Young, May, 1852, to Au- gust, 1853; William TJhl, September, 1853, to 1855; D. Harbaugh, July, 1855, to July, 1856; William XJhl, September, 1856, to July, 1858; J. L. Guard, July, 1858, to. 1861; J. R. Kelser, September, 1861, to October, 1864; A. A. Trim- per, spring of 1865 to 1870; N. W. Lilly, Octo- ber, 1870, to 1874 ; S. S. Waltz, September, 1874, to April, 1879; L. L. Lipe, October, 1879, to 1885; J. M. Ruthrauff, 1885, to 1895; T. P. Dornblazer, fall of 1895, present incumbent. In December, 1856, the German portion of the con- gregation withdrew and organized a separate congregation, but were united again under the pastorate of Rev. Trimper. A Lutheran church was in process of erection in September, 1854, and was dedicated Septem- ber 30, 1855. It was a brick building with basement and spire, located on or near No. 309 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 657 Crawford Avenue. It was demolished in 1879 to make room for residences. In 1868 the pres- ent Lutheran church was built at a cost of $14,- 664.81, and was dedicated February 14, 1869. Extensive additions were made and the whole interior remodeled and equipped with an organ in the summer of 1898, at a cost, including or- gan, of about $7,000. A semi-centennial and rededication of the improved church was cele- brated December 16-19, 1898. The Evangelical Lutheran Emanuel Church was organized March 23, 1891, by Rev. H. Stauf- enberg. The church building was erected the same year and in 1899 the parsonage was built, the cost of the entire property being $5,000. The pastors have been H. Staufenberg, who served until October 14, 1894, L. Lentz from 1894 to 1897. H. P. Schmidt, the present pas- t6T, took charge November, 20, 1897. The local paper of June 22, 1851, has this item: "Some Presbyterians, wishing to have worship in accordance with their own views and customs," have preaching in the district school house. January 29, 1853, the Presbyter- ian Church was organized and held public serv- ice in the stone school house. The original members were: George Sharer, Nancy Sharer, James Means, feabella Means, John Beatty, Nancy Beatty, Mary Richardson, Robert Mc- Bride, Mrs. Jane Smith and Mrs. Jane Little. W. W. Harsha served as first pastor, being suc- ceeded in December, 1862, by E. C. Sickels, who continued in the pastorate until July 7, 1895, when failing health necessitated his resigna- tion. He was foHowed by A. R. Bickenback from September 16, 1895, to September 30, 1899. January 1, 1900, S. S. Cryor, the present in- cumbent, took charge. February 17, 1856, the first Presbyterian church building was dedicated. It was a grout structure, 28 by 42 feet, standing on a portion of the present site, nov/ partly occupied by a chapel addition. The main part of the present church, which cost about $16,000, was dedi- cated in October, 1860. In 1898 the chapel ad- dition was built at a cost of about $3,000 and, in 1902, the main church was redecorated, re- seated and refurnished throughout, and the first pipe-organ installed. The total outlay (in- cluding organ, $3,000) was between $5,000 and $6,000. In 1S54 the Catholic Church was organized under the labors of Father Mark Anthony, with about twenty-five members. They worshipped in the Court House until the completion of a frame church building the same year, on the west side of Highland Avenue near the south- west corner of that street and Fifth Street. The pastors in charge since Father Anthony have been, In the order named: Father James Fitzgerald, succeeded by T. Kennedy in 1856; M. Ford, 1859; James Power, 1862; H. Koehne, 1863; Louis Lightner, July, 1863; M. McDer- mott, J. P. Hodnett, Gray, Tracy, and the pres- ent incumbent. Father Michael Foley, who took charge in June, 1892. June 23, 1873, the corner-stone of the present Catholic church was laid, Rt. Rev. Bishop Foley of Chicago officiating, and it was dedi- cated by him the second day of the following November. The foundation was laid during the pastorate of Father Lightner, and the edi- fice completed during the pastorate of Father MoDermott at a cost of $30,000. The entire inside of the building, including organ, crucifix and altar vases, were con- sumed by fire Saturday, May 7, 1887. Fa- ther Tracy held servi'ces the following Sunday in the front yard of the parsonage. A contract was immediately let to Contractor W. J. McAl- pine to rebuild the edifice for $12,000. The in- surance was $7,000. In the summer of 1838 an Episcopal Church was organized under labors of Rev. James De- puy, but on his moving away active work was suspended and all records up to 185-^ were lost. The first record, "after suspension of active la- bors," proceeds: March 19, 1855, a meeting of the vestry of St. Luke's Episcopal Church was held at office of Robertson, Eastman & Co., Rev. Bentley presiding. Addison Rice, S. C. Eells and Geo. C. Chapman were elected members of vestry to fill vacancies caused by removals. Soon thereafter services were regularly held in Exchange Hall until 1856, when a frame church was built on the lot immediately north of the present one. First services were held in this building September 28, 1856. When the present edifice was erected, the first church was converted into a dwelling and still stands on its original ground. Mr. Bentley was the first rector after this reorganization. Follow- ing him were: C. J. Todd, August, 1856; J. G. DO'wning, May, 1857; John Wilkison, August, 1858, to August, 1859; A. J. Warner took charge January, 1861, and was succeeded by 658 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. G. C, Street, in April, 1862, and James W. Coe in May, 1863, who continued in cliarge until July, 1865; H. H. De Garmo was rector from March to September, 1866; D. W. Dresser, No- vember, 1866, to November, 1867; H. W. Wil- lams, March 1868, to June, 1871; M. Byllesby, November, 1871, to April, 1873; Samuel Edson, May, 1873, to October, 1875; Joseph Gross, De- cember, 1875, to October, 1876; "W. H. Jones, November, 1876, until his death, April 26, 1878; W. W. Steel, September, 1878, to November 15. 1880; John Wilkison, as minister in charge May, 1881, to June, 1885, when he became rec- tor, remaining until November 26, 1887; Louis A. Arthur, January 7, 1889, to February 12, 1889; Henry C. Granger, November, 1889, as lay-reader until January, 1890, when he be- came deacon in charge. On being ordained priest, he became rector, June 24, 1890, and continued until October 5, 1896; John C. Sage, October 16, 1896, to December 31, 1901; John Mark Ericsson, January 1, 1902, present incum- bent. September 7, 1871, the corner-stone of the present stone edifice was laid. Rev. John Wil- kison officiating. It was opened for services September 15, 1872. In 1900 a fine rectory was built next east of the church (between it and the public library), at a cost of ?4,200. July 7, 1870, the Universalist Church was established. Services were first conducted in Union Hall. From there the society moved to Tillson's Hall, where services were continued until the church at the corner of Second Street and Hennepin Avenue was dedicated, August 10, 1873. H. V. Chase was the first pastor, continuing until December, 1876, when he was succeeded by B. F. Rogers who served one year. About the beginning of 1877 Mr. Chase was recalled and remained three years. Then the pulpit remained vacant for several years with only an occasional service. Mr. Skilling conducted services one year and a Mr. Yates did the same about two years. Joseph F. Newton, now in charge, was regularly called and has entered on his third year. September 29, 1854, a Congregational Church was organized in Exchange Hall where, and in the Court House, meetings were held until October, 1856, when the society moved to the brick church on Second Street built by the Methodists (No. 117). Rev. Illesly started it, and after two or three years was compelled to abandon it, moving to Roscoe, Ogle County, where soon after a brick dwelling in which the family lived was so undermined by a flood, that it was precipitated into the river, and his wife and seven or eight children were drowned, he alone escaping. The West Side Congregational Church was organized, August 19, 1901. A church build- ing was erected which, with lot and furnish- ings, cost about |4,400. J. G. Brooks was the first pastor, beginning his pastorate Septem- ber 15, 1901. The society then consisted of sixty-two members drawn from nine different denominations. At the end of the first year the miembership was exactly doubled, and the society was out of debt. They next purchased a parsonage near by, which is also paid for. July 25, 1855, the erection of a Unitarian Church was commenced in North Dixon. It was located on the north side of Boyd Street between Galena and Hennepin, and was dedi- cated April 9, 1856. Rev. Kelsey was the first and, as far as can be learned, the only pastor. It was torn down some time after 1863. Grace United Evangelical Church is located at the northwest corner of East Fellows .and Ottawa Streets, North Dixon. The society had its inception in a Sabbath- School, which started with twenty-two members June 12, 1892, under the leadership of Mrs. I. Divan. The church was organized September 14, 1892, with thirteen charter members, by Rev. I. Di- van. A lot on which to build was bought in 1892 and, in 1893, the building was erected. The present membership of the church is ninety. The pastors have been I. Divan, June, 1892, to April, 1897; J. H. Keagle, April, 1897, to April, 1898; J. G. Finkbeiner, April, 1898, to March, 1902; B. O. Rife, April, 1902, present incum- bent. Initial services which resulted in the found- ing of the Christian Church in Dixon, were commenced Sunday, September 1, 1895, in a tent at the southeast corner of First Street and Madison Avenue, under the leadership of Rev. T. A. Boyer, of Eureka, 111. The tent was occu- pied seven weeks, when the services were moved to G. G. Rosbrook Hall, on Peoria Ave- nue. The original membership, which was small when the meetings began, was thus in- creased to 187. A committee from the congre- gation was selected by the District Board to act as an executive board until the society HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 659 could be organized. C. E. Evans, of Walnut, 111., was called November 1, 1895, services being conducted in Union Hall. The church was fully organized February 2, 1896. Mr. Evans closed his pastorate in January, 1897, and was succeeded the following May by S. H. Zendt, of Eureka, 111., who continued until October 1, 1899. In the spring of 1896 a lot near the northeast corner of First Street and Madison Avenue had been purchased for $1,350 and, in the summer of 1897, the society erected its pres- ent building on this lot at a cost of about $3,- 500. It was dedicated June 29, 1897, J. H. Har- din, then President of Eureka College, deliver- ing the sermon. It was under Mr. Zendt's labors not only that the building was secured, but that a mortgage on it was paid off and com- mitted to the flames on the first Sunday of ' June, 1897. The next regular pastor was Finis Idleman, the present incumbent, who has served since June 1, 1900. Ycmng Men's Christian Association. — This in- stitution is one of the leading influences in the community for good. It was organized in Dixon, June 24, 1889, with twenty-eight mem- bers. During the last four years the member- ship has fluctuated between 285 and 400, the present membership being 317. The advan- tages include a gymnasium, baths, games, gos- pel meetings and bible classes, library of 140 volumes and a free reading room with forty- five periodicals, including daily and religious papers. Baths have been availed of at an aver- age rate of about 425 per month. Thus a whole- some resort is provided for young men with a nominal membership fee of $5.00 a year. The first Board of Trustees consisted of Albert John- son, Ira W. Lewis, N. F. Swartout, F. E. Wright, A. P. Armington, E. L. Kling, John T. Laing, E. E. Wingert and E. B. Raymond. The pres- ent officers and Board of Directors are: Ira W. Lewis, President; H. V. Baldwin, Vice- President; Jno. T. Laing, Secretary; W. B. Johnson, Treasurer; C. C. Kost, O. E. Clymer, E. B. Raymond, H. W. Morris, L. W. Dach- steiner, M. L. Christian, W. B. McMahon and R. M. Ayres. Mr. Lewis has been President from the first. The General Secretaries have been: Phil. Bevis, H. L. Sawyer, L. L. Ev- erly from about July 1, 1897, to December, 1899, since which time the present Secretary, F. M. Smith, has filled the post. CHAPTER X. DIXON TOWNSHIP AND CITY. (Continued.) MANUFACTUEINO ENTERPRISES — KEWSPAPEES SCHOOLS, SE:MINAE1ES A^-D business COLLEGES — BOCK RIVER WATER POWER DAMS AND BRIDGES — HOTELS — BANKIXG INSTITUTIONS — DIXON IN THE CIVIL AND SPANISH-AMERICAN WARS — PATRIOTIC AND BENEVOLENT ORGANIZA- TIONS — PUBLIC LIBRARY — LOAN AND BUILDING ASSOCIATION — CITY LIGHTING AND WATER WORKS — GROWTH AND POPULATION. In July, 1855, J. W. Hollenbeck and J. H. Cropsey completed a sash, door and blind fac- tory on Third Street at No. 320. It was a stone building 32 by 64 feet, four stories high, with engine house 25 by 32 feet. It was torn down in 1893 to make room for residences. July, 1857, Mr. Daily bought the property to convert it into a fiour mill, afterwards oper- ated by Cheney & Co. At a very early day a saw-mill stood on or near Lot 1 in Block 7 of the original plat, at the foot of Peoria Avenue. It is said to have been erected by Judge Wilkinson, but who this Judge Wilkinson was is not stated. The mill was operated for a short time by Huff & Thomp- son, and was afterwards used for a distillery and vinegar factory. There are three lots lying between the west side of Peoria Avenue and Huff's Reserve, and it may be from Huff's con- nection with the reserve that the building was located on this piece of ground instead of the lot mentioned. In the spring of 1857 a joint stock company was formed with a capital of $2,000 for ths erection of a starch factory. The building was erected of ston^ on the bank of the river in West Dixon, but never finished. April 4, 1857, the Plow Works and Machine Shop of Dement & Co. was employing seventy- five hands and turning out thirty plows a day. The shops were included in the projected "Union Eagle Iron Works," the corner stone of which was laid July 27, 1857, with ceremon- 66o HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. ies. They were afterwards utilized as the nu- cleus of the group of buildings now constitut- ing the Grand Detour Plow Works. During this same year of 1857, the Plow Works were moved from these buildings to the water-power at the corner of Ottawa and River Streets. The breadth of Col. Dement's powers is indi- cated by the fact, wfell authenticated, that after long experiments he succeeded in welding a plate of malleable iron on the back of the steel mould-board of a plow, thus protecting the hardened steel against cracking or breaking. It is confidently asserted that he was the first to accomplish this feat. The device is now in, universal use and has proven of inestimable value, and, if patented, would have been the source of large income to the inventor. In the summer of 1858, W. C. Van Osdel erected a three-story frame sash and blind fac- tory in the west end of Dement Town. In 1862 it was converted into a sorghum mill and is now a residence. In August, 1859, Cheney & Co. vacated their steam flouring mill on Third Street (No. 320) and started a mill in building at water power built ,by Godfrey & Sons, and known as "Parm- er's Mills." February 29, 1860, Charles Godfrey & Son succeeded Cheney & Co. as proprietors. August 9, 1866, the Bucklin Pile Manufactur- ing Company was incorporated with a capital of $100,000 and erected a two-story factory building of stone at the water-power, 40 by 140 feet, but the business failed in less than a year. December 2, 1868, the "Western Knit- ting Factory" was established in the same building by Mcllroy & Crane. It was located at the southeast corner of Ottawa and First Streets. A few months later it passed into the hands of W. H. Godfrey and Jas. B. Charters. The building and contents were de- stroyed by fire, March 12, 1873, entailing a loss of $20,000. In the summer of 1866 John Dement erected the stone flax-factory building at the water- power, 45 by 64 feet, and in tlie following Feb- ruary the manufacture of flax-bagging or cotton- baling was commenced by Jerome & Downing. About 1870 the building was extended to its present depth of 140 feet. (It is now occupied by the Reynolds Wire Company.) In the spring of 1867 the wagon and car- riage factory of Cheney & Mason was started in stone building then standing at what is now 320 Third Street, and in August of the same year. Severance & Cheney commenced the man- ufacture of platform scales. In 1869 the latter business was in the hands of John T. Cheney and John P. Hutchinson, and the scale became known as the "Victor." The factory was finally moved to Moline, 111. The Grand Detour Plow Works were estab- lished at Grand Detour, Ogle County, by John Deere and Major L. Andrus, in 1837. At the start two men suflilced for the iron-work and two for the wood-work. In about two years a horse power was brought into requisi- tion. The product was peddled about the coun- try in wagons. In 1848, Mr. Deere went to Moline and built up a very large plow-manu- facturing business which is still in operation. Sometime after the withdrawal of Mr. Deere, Col. Amos Bosworth became associated with Mr. Andrus. He died at his home in Grand De- tour in March, 1862, from typhoid fever con- tracted in the army. The shops were destroyed by fire in 1857, but immediately rebuilt, Theron Cumins became a partner in the concern in August, 1863, the style of the firm becoming Andrus & Cumins, so continuing until Mr. An- drus' death in February, 1867. The business was then carried on by Mr. Cumins alone until June, 1869, when Col. H. T. Noble was admit- ted as partner, and the firm name became T. Cumins & Co. It was in this year that the works were moved to Dixon and located on their present site. In June, 1879, Mr. O. B. Dodge became connected with the firm, the style being changed to Cumins, Noble & Dodge. In June, 1879, the business was incorporated under its present name, the "Grand Detour Plow Com- pany," with a capital of $120,000, which has since been increased to $500,000, Theron Cum- ins, Henry T. Noble, Orris B. Dodge and Charles H. Noble being the incorporators and oflicers. Col. Noble died, April 15, 1891, and Mr. Cumins August 3, 1898. The present officers are O. B. Dodge, President; Charles H. Noble, Vice Presi- dent; L. D. Dement, Secretary; Amos Bosworth, Assistant Secretary, and P. O. Coleman, Treas- urer. On July 1, 1889, the factory of the Anglo- Swiss Condensed Milk Company received its first milk from the farmers. It was erected and equipped at a stated cost of $500,000. Since then additions and improvements have been made, which are said to have increased the investment to $750,000. The largest quantity of milk received in one day has been 150,000 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 66 1 pounds, while the average daily receipts have exceeded 100,000 pounds. It is estimated that about 10,000 cows are milked daily within a radius of ten to sixteen miles of Dixon, to yield this product, and that an average for the year of about $40,000 is paid to the farmers monthly for milk. This milk is condensed and placed on the market in cans and large pack- ages. In addition to this, an entire floor of one of the large buildings is occupied in the manu- facture of caramel candy, the average daily out- put of which is from seven to eight thousand pounds. Persons who have occasion to use the products of this concern will find comfort in the assurance that superlative cleanliness ev- erywhere prevails, and every precaution is ex- ercised to safeguard the health of the con- sumer. The city and community cannot too highly honor the memory of Mr. George H. Page (a Palmyra boy) who, as founder of this splendid enterprise, and by a public spirit which death cut short of its final aim, made them his lasting debtor. July 1, 1902, the Borden Condensed Milk Com- pany succeeded the Anglo-Swiss and, after a year's experience, has become thoroughly in- trenched in the respect and confidence of pat- rons and people. C. M. Henderson & Co. located a shoe fac- tory in Dixon in 1887, the citizens having do- nated about $27,000 to the concern as an induce- ment for its coming. Two or three years later a second purse of $6,000 was raised towards a second factory building near the first, but $3,- 000 of this was afterward turned into the hos- pital fund by Mr. Watson. (See Hospital.) Three factories were here brought together from Allegheny City, Penn., Fond du Lac, Wis., and Jefferson City, Mo., where the work had been done by State's prison labor. August 30, 1901, the "Watson-Plummer Shoe Company" was in- corporated with Frederick A. Watson, Joseph P. Plumm«r and Frank N. Stackpole as the first Directors; capital stock, $50,000; duration, ninety-nine years. This company purchased the two Henderson factories, and also the Fargo factory, elsewhere referred to, and is now oper- ating them. Mr. Watson, who was Dixon born, and occupied a very responsible position with C. M. Henderson & Co., and possessed the com- pany's entire confidence, was the moving spirit enabling Dixon to secure these extensive in- dustries, and it is gratifying that he should in due time he found standing at their head. On the 25th day of August, 1891, the Citizens' Association of Dixon entered into a contract with C. H. Fargo & Co., of Chicago, which will be found recorded in the Recorder's office of the County, in Book "E" of Miscellaneous Records, p. 597, whereby the Association agreed to donate to Fargo & Co. a factory site and $27,500 in money, as an inducement to locate their shoe factory in Dixon. The agreement was carried out by both parties, resulting in the erection of the factory on the river bank in the east part of the city. As a means of raising the required sum, the Association bought land and laid out the Fargo and the River View Ad- ditions to the city and sold the lots. The t-ompany failed in 1896, and the property re- mained idle for a time, but having finally passed into the hands of Mr. F. A. Watson, of the C. M. Henderson Company, is now one of the fac- tories which is conducted by the Watson-Plum- mer Company. The Reynolds Wire Company was organized October 12, 1894, with a capital of $80,000. It is engaged in the manufacture of wire cloth and novelties into which wire cloth enters. The present officers are: Horace G. Reynolds, Pres- ident; S. S. Dodge, Vice President; Walter B. Merriman, Secretary and Treasurer. It oper- ates over 100 looms and does an extensive busi- ness. In September, 1892, A. C. Bardwell platted the West End Addition to the City of Dixon, with a view of making it a manufacturing district. Lots were sold under contract to secure the location of factories. The hard times of 1893, coming on at a critical juncture, greatly em- barrassed the enterprise, and the hopes of the projector and patrons were but faintly real- ized. A large factory was put up on the Addi- tion immediately west of Lincoln Avenue, for the Canton Steam Pump Company. This com- pany reorganized and was incorporated as the Miller Steam Pump Company, and had the factory in motion in December, 1892. The Miller Company failed in the summer of 1893, and early in the spring of 1894, the Brosius Sewing Machine & Motor Company came into possession, but in August made an assignment, the property passing into the hands of the Spring Motor Company. In November, 1895, the Nash Manufacturing Company became the owner. April 1, 1896, the Terre Haute Manu- facturing Company acquired the machinery and soon moved it away. All these companies, fol- 662 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. lowing the Miller Company, were engaged in the manufacture of a spring motor sewing-machine. The factory remained unoccupied until the Grand Detour Wagon Company became owner. The Grand Detour Wagon Company was In- corporated December 24, 1900, with $60,000 cap- ital. Its first directors were C. H. Baldwin, J. C. Frey, 0. B. Dodge, C. H. Noble and L. D. De- ment. In January, 1900, it acquired title to the sewing-machine factory just mentioned, and is now using the property in the manufacture of wagons. As a part of the West End undertaking, a three-story brick building was erected near the railroad on an elevation some distance east of Lincoln Avenue. The construction of a building designed for a knitting factory was commenced in January, 1893, but it was never occupied for that purpose. In the spring of 1894 Alanson H, Reed and John W. Reed, under the firm name of A. Reed & Sons, occupied this building under a contract of purchase for use in the manufac- ture of pianos. They failed in the winter of 1898-9, since which time the building has been unused. The Dixon Cereal Company was incorporated in 1900 with capital of $10,000. John Forrest is its President and Hugh McCartney Secretary and Treasurer. Their business is milling and buying and selling grain at the stone elevator near the Illinois Central Railroad depot. Newspapers. — The first paper printed in Lee County appeared under date of May 1, 1851, named "Dixon Telegraph and Lee County Her- ald," Charles R. Fisk publisher. October 5 of the same year it passed into the hands of J. F. Hooper and M. P. Bull. January 21, 1852, John V. Eustace became editor and B. F. Shaw man- ager. April 30, 1854, Eustace retired and Mr. Shaw became sole proprietor. June 27, 1855, the "Daily Whisper," to be issued "semi-occasionally," made its first ap- pearance. October 26, 1854, the "Transcript," a Demo- cratic paper, made its appearance. Charles Allen, its editor, was succeeded by Prof. Eber- hart, May 2, 1855, who yielded the place to A. C. Appier, August 8th following. January 5, 1856, it passed into the hands of John Stev- ens and J. L. Johnson as proprietors, and Janu- ary 15, 1857, became the "Dixon Weekly Re- publican," with S. W. Beckwith and E. H. Leg- gitt editors. July 9, 1857, the "Telegraph" and "Republican" combined under the editorship of B. F. Shaw and S. W. Beckwith. March 3, 1859, B. F. Shaw retired and I. S. Boardman became editor and proprietor December 22d J. R. Bond became associated with Mr. Boardman, but soon sold his interest to his partner. The name of the paper was reduced to "The Telegraph," February 7, 1867. Mr. Boardman retired, April 22, 1869, being succeeded by his sons, John D. and William H. February 14, 1868, the "Dixon Weekly Her- ald" started with A. C. Bardwell as editor and proprietor. December 2, 1869, the "Telegraph" and the "Herald" were united under the editor- ship of A. C. Bardwell, and the business man- agement of William H. Boardman, the name of the new paper being the "Telegraph and Her- ald." In January, 1870, B. F. Shaw became associate editor, and on January 1, 1871, Mr. liardwell retired, leaving Mr. Shaw sole edi- tor. Soon the "Herald" part of the name was dropped, and the paper became "The Dixon Telegraph." On the last Friday of November, 1883, the "Evening Telegraph" came out, the first daily paper to be published in Dixon. The weekly issue was continued as before until November 21, 1899, it was supplanted by the semi-weekly issue. Both daily and semi-weekly still continue their regular issues. July 2, 1891, B. F. Shaw and his son, Eustace B., incorpor- ated the B. F. Shaw Printing Company, to carry on the publication. B. F. Shaw & Son appeared as editors and Eustace E. Shaw as managing editor and publisher. July 24, 1858, the "Dixon Weekly Monitor" was started by Chas. Meigs, Jr., but soon failed, when E. B. Stiles, L. W. Atherton and J. V. Eustace bought the office and launched the "Dixon Advertiser" November 24, 1858, of which W. H. Staunton took charge August 10, 1859. November 24 of the same year I. S. Boardman bought the paper and it apparently became merged in the "Republican and Tele- graph." July 9, 1868, the "Lee County Democrat" ar- rived with E. Giles as proprietor and S. C. Postlewait as editor. November 16, 1871, W. M. Kennedy became proprietor and Eugene Pinck- ney editor, and on March 6, 1872, the name was changed to the "Dixon Sun." December 9, 1874, W. M. Kennedy appears as editor and proprietor. March 29, 1890, Mr. Kennedy hav- ing died, his widow, Mrs. Inez A. Kennedy, took charge as proprietor and financial manager. March 23, 1892, B. Everett Harrington appears HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 663 as editor, Mrs. Kennedy still being proprietor and manager. The daily edition of the "Dixon Sun" started December 23, 1893, with Mrs. Ken- nedy as proprietor and manager. January 4, 1894, Frank J. Devlin became editor. January 30, 1894, the paper passed into the hands of J. T. Day, with Devlin still as editor. October 15, 1894, Mr. Devlin ceased to be editor and Day was thenceforth both editor and proprietor. November 14, 1895, T. W. and E. C. Fuller, the present proprietors, succeeded Mr. Day. January 26, 1871, the "Rock River Farmer," a monthly, appeared with W. M. Kennedy as editor and proprietor. The last number found in the flies of the paper is the issue of Decem- ber, 1878. The first number of the "Dixon Evening Star" was issued March 28, 1891, by Charles H. Keeler and Gurdon B. Bishop, under the firm name of the Star Printing Company, Mr. Keeler being the editor and business manager and Mr. Bishop general superintendent, thus consolidating the job oflBce run by each. The business oflSce was located temporarily over the store at No. 112 First Street, while the publication oflSce was in basement of the north building of the North- ern Illinois Normal School. About the first of May of that year, both departments were brought together at 105 Galena Avenue. In De- cember, 1891, Mr. Keeler purchased Mr. Bish- op's interest. In the spring of 1893, he sold a half interest to G. A. Fairfield, of Blkader, Iowa. January 1, 1894, he sold the remaining half to Mr. A. H. Swart. Fairfield & Swart conducted the daily a few weeks as an evening paper, when they converted it into a morning paper, styling it the "Morning Star." A short experience proved unprofitable and Mr. Swart, having purchased Mr. Fairfield's interest, sus- pended the daily and started a weekly named the "Dixon Star." He carried it on as a weekly until March, 1897, when he again entered the daily field, taking in two of his employes as partners. Bishop and C. H. Downs. About the first of July of the same year, the daily was sus- pended for lack of support, and the issue of .the weekly was resumed. Shortly afterwards the plant was sold to Mr. Wilson, who conducted it for three months and then let it fall ba«k into Mr. Swarfs hands. In the fol- lowing February (1898) it was purchased by the present proprietor, Mr. DeWitt C. Owen, who took possession March 1st. For eight months the weekly was continued, when it was changed to a tri-weekly and has been conducted on that plan up to the present time. Schools.— North Dixon lies in Town 22, and the line dividing that town from Town 21, in which nearly all of the original Town of Dixon is found, throws all of Mill Block, nearly all of Block 1, more than half of Block 2 and a small portion of Block 3 into the former town. This line divides the city of Dixon for public school purposes, the portion in Town 22 being under a system independent of that in Town 21. Undoubtedly the efficiency of the public schools of the city would be greatly promoted, and the burden of taxes diminished, if the two town- ships could be brought under one management. Several efforts have been made to this end, but thus far without success. John K. Robinson was a teacher in Father Dixon's family in the winter of 1833-4. Follow- ing him, Father Dixon employed a Miss Butler of Bureau County. The children of 0. W. Kel- logg, of Buffalo Grove (now Polo), including Mrs. E. B. Baker, still living in our midst, were members of this school. It was the custom for a few years for Mr. Kellogg to employ a teacher one winter when Father Dixon would send his children to Buffalo Grove, and for Mr. Dixon to employ a teacher the next winter, when Mr. Kellogg would reciprocate by sending his chil- dren to Dixon's Ferry. When it is remembered that the two points were about twelve miles apart, the value which these pioneers placed on education for their children may be appreci- ated. In the summer of 1837 the first school house, a one-story frame building 20 by 30 feet, was built on or near Lot 1, Block 69, near the ceme- tery, and in 1839 was moved to the north end of Lot 5, Block 17, east side of Ottawa Avenue. For several years it served as school house, court house, town hall, meeting house, etc. It ■was built by subscription. In 1838 the first school was opened in the new building under charge of H. Bicknell, being supported by individual tuition fees. The fol- lowing were his successors: Mr. Bowen, part of 1840; W. W. Heaton, winter of 1841-2; Miss Ophelia Loveland (afterwards Mrs. J. B. Brooks), summer of 1843. The district then in- cluded botK sfdes of the river as far up as "Fuller's Cave," and yet the school numbered only about 25 pupils. Lorenzo Wood taught 664 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. during the winter of 1843-4; Mr. Cross and James Lumm between 1846 and 1848, and J. D. McKay in 1848. In the summer of 1847 a stone school house was In process of construction on Hennepin Avenue, and a school probably opened in it that winter. James Lumm was the first teacher and Henry T. Noble one of the later ones. It is still standing at No. 212 Hennepin Avenue, but is disguised by a frame second story and by an outer garment of clapboards. It is a dwelling immediately in rear of Nachusa House. Doubt- less it succeeded the school house built in 1837. In 1840 Dixon's one school had 30 pupils. In the summer of 1845 a correspondent writing from Dixon, says it had "a select school and one district school, with an attendance of 75 pupils in the two and 149 children under twenty years of age in the school district." December 7, 1854, the first school house was built in North Dixon and stood on the present site of 417 North Crawford Avenue. It had seats for 130 scholars. January 30, 1855, a meting was held at Ex- change hall to consider a plan proposed by Rock River Presbytery through their agents. Revs. Harsha and Ma=on, to locate a Presbyter- ian college in Dixon. This school was opened. May 17 of the same year, in the basement of the Lutheran church, as "Dixon Collegiate Insti- tute" under care of Rev. Mr. Harsha. Early teachers beside himself were his wife, E. C. Smith and wife and Miss Jennie L. Backus. July 4 following, the corner-stone of the Insti- tute was laid in presence of a large concourse of people, Benjamin F. Taylor, the poet, of Chi- cago, delivering the oration. The building was a large brick structure located in a commanding position on what is now Bluff Park. The school had an endowment of $25,000, $12,000 being contributed by the citizens of Dixon, in grounds, equipment, etc. It was incorporated in 1857 by special act of the Legislature. It was insti- tuted and continued under the care of Presby- tery until 1858, when the property passed into other hands and, for a number of years, was the home of different private schools. The building was demolished in 1889 to give place to residences. November 5, 1855, a school was opened in the Union School House on Peoria Avenue. The building was a two-story brick 33 by 45 feet, costing $6,000. It stood on the lot where J. C. Ayres residence now stands, at No. 419 Peoria Avenue. It was torn down in 1874. The old wooden desks were here first discarded and pat- ent furniture introduced. July 15, 1857, a female seminary under charge of the Episcopal Church was started by Rev. J. W. Downing, in a dwelling house near the Illinois Central Railroad depot. August 27, 1857, Prof. A. M. Gow took charge of the Collegiate Institute as Principal. April 18, 1861, the Institute building was purchased by Rev. 0. W. Cooley, of Wisconsin, for a fe- male seminary. In August, 1858, a high school department of the public schools was established in the old Methodist church on Second Street (No. 117), with A. H. Fitch as Principal. In 1859 A. M. Gow was employed as Superintendent of Schools and James Gow as Principal of the High School. The school then had five depart- ments and an enrollment of about 400 pupils. They continued in charge until 1862, when E. C. Smith was made Superintendent of Schools and Principal of the High School. September 3, 1863, "Dixon Seminary" was- opened in the Collegiate Institute building by S. G. Lathrop and M. M. Took. In 1866 the brick ward school house in De- ment Town was built. It has since been en- larged. September 1, 1868, Knepper & Wells took charge of the Dixon Seminary, and were suc- ceeded September 22, 1872, by Prof. Lummis. Prof. S. W. Moses and E. A. Gurney started a Conservatory of Music in the Institute build- ing January 20, 1874, and November 1, 1875, the "Rock River University" was opened in the same building, with O. G. May as President and M. M. Took, Regent. October 4, 1877, Dan- iel M. Graham was made President and on De- cember 2, 1878, A. M. Hausen took charge. Sep- tember 3, 1879, the university opened under new management with J. R. Hinckley as Presi- dent. In the fall and winter of 1868-9, the large brick public school building in North Dixon, now in use, was erected at a cost of $20,000. Dedicatory exercises were held January 15, 1869. During the following summer the "red brick" High School building, crowning the hill on the south side, now occupied for "grammar grades," was built at a cost of $30,000. The opening exercises occurred September 25th of that year. About ten years ago a brick primary school building was placed in the school yard HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 665 in North Dixon, at a cost of $4,000. Having become unsafe it was torn dqwn in 1889, and a high school building was erected on the spot and completed in 1900 at a cost of ?15,500. The "White Brick" school house, on the southeast corner of Block 55, (south side), was completed in January, 1887, at a cost of about $5,500. It was enlarged and greatly improved, at a cost of $17,000, in the winter of 1892-3. In 1902 the North Dixon schools entered on the experiment of a kindergarten as one of .the departments of the public schools, and the south side schools introduced manual training. Dur- ing this year the first school house to be erected in West Dixon was completed at a cost of $7,- 000. It is situated on the Block fronting Third Street, and was named the "Truman School," after Mr. F. A. Truman, deceased, who was President of the Board of Education for many years and Mayor of the city. In 1881 the Northern Illinois Normal School and Dixon Business College was opened in the old Institute, or Seminary Building, pending the construction of buildings in the west part of city, which were completed and occupied the next year. Prof. J. B. Dille was Principal. As an inducement to secure the location of this school, citizens of Dixon and vicinity subscribed for scholarships in the institution to the extent of about $20,000. The school now occupies a large brick building, and on either side is a dor- mitory similarly constructed. The grounds em- brace four city blocks in the west part of the city. The two southernmost of these buildings were completed in 1882, and the school became permanently located in them. In 1888 the northern dormitory was built. The school is now operating under charter of July 15, 1902, with J. B. Dille, J. C. Flint and J. W. Watts as directors. Steinman College was established in the fall of 1882 by Mr. Chas. A. Steinman, its present President and business manager. The build- ings are located on the bank of the river adjoin- ing Assembly Park, on the up river side, and consist of a large three-story brick school building, standing immediately on the high bank of the stream surrounded by native trees, and a dormitory near by. The campus embraces many acres and the surroundings are quiet and in every respect attractive. The main building was erected in 1895 and the dormitoy in 1902. St. Mary's Parochial School was founded in 1897. The residence property belonging to the estate of George L. Schuler, Nos. 710-716 Peoria Avenue, was purchased and a plot 300 feet on Peoria Avenue by 200 feet deep, reserved for school purposes. The dwelling was overhauled and admirably arranged to meet the needs of the school. It started with an attendance of over 250 pupils, which has increased some- what. The course includes primary and gram- mar grades preparing pupils for the high school. Seven teachers are employed, including a music teacher, all of whom are Sisters of the Domin- ican Order, whose home, as well as the home of the Order, is at Sinsinawa Mound, Wis. Dams and Bridges. — In the summer of 1845 measures were being taken for the incorpora- tion of the Rock River Dam and Bridge Com- pany, to erect a toll-bridge and "a good and sufficient dam across Rock River." The bridge was built at the foot of Ottawa Street in the fall and winter of 1846-7. March 20, 1847, the freshet took out the north half of the bridge, and during the summer it was rebuilt two feet higher at a cost of $2,000. It was a toll-bridge at first, but became a free bridge June 13, 1855. In the spring of 1849, the south half was swept away by the ice and was not restored until the summer of 1851, when it was rebuilt four feet higher than the north half, the ferry be- ing the means of crossing in the interim. In 1850 the dam was built. Father Dixon appar- ently continued, in some degree, the ferry busi- ness as late as December 31, 1851, on which date he sold to the Rock River Dam and Bridge Company all his "right, title and interest in the ferry, as now established at Dixon, together with ferry landing, ferry-boat, privileges," etc. The estimate placed on Rock River in those days is reflected in the act of the Legislature, approved March 1, 1845, incorporating the Rook River Dam and Bridge Company at Dixon, wherein it is provided that, in erecting the pro- posed dam, said company "shall construct and maintain a lock in said dam for the passage of steamboats, rafts and water-crafts of such dimensions as were adopted by the State in the contemplated improvement of the naviga- tion of Rock River, and shall construct a draw in said bridge Immediately over said lock." February 14, 1857, a free bridge had just been completed below the railroad bridge, when the ice wrecked it so badly as to render it use- less. On the 24th of the same month the ice carried away the bridge at foot of Ottawa Street. 666 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. May 23, 1857, Jas. A. Watson commenced the erection of a footbridge at the foot of Galena Avenue. Sufficient money was raised, a few days later, to convert it into a double-track bridge. December 10, 1857, the new bridge in West Dixon was completed. February 20, 1859, the dam was carried out by the ice and high water, sweeping four bents of the Galena Street Bridge. The West Dixon bridge was left as the only means of crossing the river except by boat. April 23, 1859, "two factories and Brookner's saw mill," standing at north end of the dam were being undermined by high water, and in danger of tumbling into the river and floating against the toll-bridge just finished and demol- ishing it. The factories were moved and the saw mill burned to save the bridge. Mr. John W. King, now living in Dixon, touched the match to the mill by consent of the owner, Mr. Brookner. From him we learn that the north bank of the river,at the dam abutment, is from 100 to 150 feet farther north than it was then; that the river is thus that much wider at this point than it was then. August 20 of this year the erection of an- other free-bridge, at the foot of Galena Street, was commenced to cost $12,000, Z. H. Luckey being the contractor. The opening of this bridge for travel, January 1, 1861, was cele- brated by a procession with blare of band and booming of cannon. In the spring of 1863 the dam was again repaired by J. H. Cropsey, at a cost oi $10,000. May 20, 1866, a drove of nearly a hundred head of cattle broke through a span of the bridge near the center and were precipitated intO' the river. December 2, 1867, work was rommenced by James A. Watson in rebuilding the wagon- bridge, which was swept away before com- pleted. City bonds to the amount of $8,000 were issued on account of this bridge. March 7, 1868, the "free bridge" was taken out by the ice, cooperating with a very high freshet. One of the piers of the railroad bridge was battered down by the ice and two spans fell into the river. About 120 feet of the south end of the dam was also washed out. A tem- porary wagon bridge was erected within a few weeks. January 21, 1869, the first iron bridge was dedicated. It was known as the Trusdell pattern, and cost, with the present stone piers and abutments, $75,000. For most, if not all, of its life it was a toll-bridge. Although it had five spans, each 132 feet in length, it was a continuous truss, each span being dependent on the others. The opening was celebrated by a procession, headed by the venerable founder of the town in a carriage, followed by a brass band, the City Council and citizens. On Sun- day, the 4th day of May, 1873, (a beautiful day), baptismial services were being held below the bridge at its north end, at the hour when resi- dents of the north side were returning from church. A crowd had already gathered on the down-river side of the northernmost span, and many of those on their way from church stopped to ■ witness the ceremony when, without warning, the span was precipi- tated into the deep water beneath. The fall was not directly downward but somewhat side- wise, in a manner indicating that the accident was caused by the crowd being massed on one side. This was the sorest affliction Dixon has ever been subjected to. Thirty-seven persons were drowned or killed by portions of the iron work falling upon them or by being held un- der the water, while forty-seven were seriously, and five mortally, injured. Of this number all but seven were women or girls. Some were thrown against the abutment with such force as to inflict fatal injuries; others were held under the water by their clothing being caught in the framework, while still others were bruised and rendered helpless by the blows of the falling iron. The collapse of this span caused all the others to give way with varying effect. The one next to the south bank fell into the water while others, though broken, hung suspended above the stream. The mortality list from this terrible catastrophe was as follows: Misses Clara and Rosa Stackpole, Kate Sterling, Melissa Willhelm, Maggie O'Brien, Nettie Hill, Ida Vann, Ida Drew, Agnes Nixon, Bessie Reyne, Irene Baker, Emily Deming, Lizzie Mackay; Mesdames Doctor Hoffman, J. W. Lat- ta. Col. H. T. Noble, Benj. Gillman, Carpenter (mother of J. W. Carpenter), William Took, Jas. Goble, Elias Hope, E. Wallace, E. Peters- berger and little daughter, Thomas Wade, Henry Sillman, William Merriman, C. W. Rent- er; Messrs. George W. Kent, Frank Hamilton, Edward Doyle, Thomas Haley, Robert Dyke, Jay R. Mason, and two children of Mrs. Hen- drix. Five died from injuries received, towit: HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 667 Mesdames P. M. Alexander, William Vann, Charles Marcli and W. Wilcox and Mr. Seth Whitemore. All were residents of Dixon and vicinity. Up to this time, ten bridges in all had spanned the river, including the Trusdell bridge. November 18, 1873, the Howe Truss wooden bridge was completed at a cost of $18,000. In time the timber became unsafe in spite of re- pairs and, in 1885, its place was taken by the iron bridge now in use, which cost $35,000. The interests represented by the dam, race and water-power have never been incorporated, but have continued up to the present to be owned in severalty as appurtenant to the abut- ting land. Efforts were made to consolidate the different properties into the owenrship of an incorporated company, but tbe ideas of the various owners and the valuations they placed upon their holdings precluded this. In 1880, however, an agreement was entered into by all of the interested parties except Mr. W. H. God- frey, recognizing the several holdings exclus- ive of his, and furnishing a basis of assess- ment for maintenance and repair, and prescrib- ing procedure for collecting the same. The instrument is dated May 19, 1880, and is re- corded in the Recorder's OflSce in Book "C," of Miscellaneous Records, p. 283. It seems to have served its purpose satisfactorily up to the present time. Hotels.— In the winter of 1836-7 Peter McKin- ney and H. Thompson started the "Western Hotel," the building still being in existence as Nos. 112, 114 and 116 Jlennepin Avenue. Fa- ther Dixon's log house had been converted into a tavern, and was kept by the same parties. In 1837 a third hotel was started known as "Rock River House," and afterwards as "Phe- nix Hotel." It was located about fifty feet west of the corner of Galena and Water Streets and was conducted by Crowell & Wilson, and later by George Holly and Isaac Robinson. It was destroyed by fire in 1846. The foundation of the Nachusa House was laid in. 1838 by a company from Buffalo, N. Y., further progress being stopped by the strin- gency of the money market. Nothing further was done until March 19, 1853, when a com- pany was formed with a capital of $10,000 to complete the building, and, on the 10th of the following December, it was opened for busi- ness. November 23, 1854, one of the papers 667—4 says: "Mr. E. B. Stiles intends building a long addition, 80 by 32 and four stories high, to the Nachusa house. • The Washington House, corner of Ottawa Avenue and First Street, was completed Octo- ber 1, 1854. About 1840 the Dixon House was built by Henry McKinney on First Street, and in Au- gust, 1855, was moved to the present site of the Countryman Block (111-113 Galena Ave- nue), where it .was remodeled and enlarged. It was demolished in 1889 to make room for the latter block. June 14, 1856, Cropsey, Dement & Noble com- menced the erection of the Shabbona House, about a block north of the Chicago & North- western Depot. It was an imposing brick structure, located immediately south of No. 723 Depot Avenue. It was opened October 1, 1857, by, Mr. Benjamin from Vermont, under the name of "Dement House." In the summer of 1868 it was leased by Crockett & Dake. April 19, 1860, Cheney & Company opened the Waverly House at the Northwestern Depot. December 2, 1868, the Shabbona House was opened by H. E. Gedney, as the "St. James Ho- tel," and on November 30, 1871, it was destroyed by fire— loss, $22,500. Banks. — The firm of S. Noble & Co., consist- ing of Silas Noble, Henry T. Noble and Jerome W. Hollenbeck, was early conducting a real- estate agency, which, about 1854, developed into a banking business carried on in the identical room which Is now 108 First Street. In 1855 the firm joined J. B. Nash in building Union Block, now 105-107 First Street. The first floor of 107 was splendidly finished and well equip- ped as a banking office, and as soon as com- pleted, the firm moved into its new quarters. They failed in the panic of 1857. E. B. Stiles was in the banking business here as early as 1854, and in 1854-5 built the bank building where the City National Bank is now located. He failed in 1864 or 1865. In 1853 Robertson, Eastman & Co., of Rock- ford, established a bank at what is now 202 First Street. Here, in 1854, Samuel C. Eells found employment as clerk. In the spring of 1855 the firm became Robertson, Eells & Co. In 1859 it was changed to Bells & Coleman. On January 21, 1865, the Lee County National Bank was organized as its successor,' with a capital of $100,000, and with Joseph Crawford as President; Joseph Utley, Vice President; S. 668 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. C. Bells, Cashier; John Coleman, Assistant Cashier. On expiration of its charter the Lee County National was succeeded by the City National Bank, which was organized in 1885 with the same capital, and with Joseph Craw- ford as President and S. C. Eells as Cashier. The present ofHcers are Samuel C. Eells, Presi- dent; Leonard Andrus, Vice President; Warren C. Durkes, Cashier; Charles E. Chandler, Assis- tant Cashier. It is worthy of note that, for al- most fifty years, Mr. Eells has thus been identi- fied with the banking interests of Dixon, and that now, at the advanced age of eighty-one, he is still actively engaged at the head of the institution which he practically founded. His conservative methods, together with the confi- dence inspired, tided him over every financial crisis and enabled him eventually to own, as he does now, the banking houses of both of his early competitors. September 15, 1871, the Dixon National Bank was organized with $100,000 capital, and with H. B. Jenks, President; John Dement, Vice President; H. S. Lucas, Cashier. The present officers are Jason C. Ayres, President; S. S. Dodge, Vice President; C. H. Hughes, Cashier, and A. P. Armington, Assistant Cashier. The Union State Bank was incorporated un- der the State law, January 8, 1902, with I. B. Countryman, President; C. J. Rosbrook, Vice President; R. M. Moore, Cashier — ^capital, $50.- 000. It has the. only savings deposit depart- ment in the city, and makes a specialty of this class of accounts. Its business, at this writing, indicates that by September 1, 1903, the num- ber of savings depositors will reach 900, with deposits to their credit of $120,000, exclusive of commercial deposits. Dixon in the War of the Rebellion. — It is worth remarking that the war spirit began to take form as early as March 14, 1857, when a young men's military company was organized with Capt. J. B. Wyman, of Amboy, as drill- master, H. T. Noble Captain, B. F. Shaw First Lieutenant, L. G. Mooney Second Lieutenant, and Ellis Williams Third Lieutenant. The first company to volunteer for the war organized April 22, 1861, by electing A. B. Gorgas, Captain; Henry T. Noble, First Lieu- tenant; Henry D. Dement, Second Lieutenant; Benj. Gilman, First Sergeant; 0. M. Pugh, Second Sergeant. The company became Com- pany "A," Thirteenth Illinois Volunteer In- fantry. The promotion of Capt. Gorgas to the office of Major of the regiment resulted in Henry T. Noble becoming Captain; Henry D. Dement First Lieutenant, Benj. Gilman Second ond Lieutenant; George L. Aiken, First Ser- geant, and A. J. Pinkham, Second Sergeant. April 25th the company was presented with a silk fiag by the ladies of Dixon, Miss Mary Wil- liams (later Mrs. H. D. Dement) making the presentation address, and on June 1st the ladies presented the company with uniforms made by their own hands. Two other companies, the "Dixon Cadets" and "Dixon Blues," were organized within a few days, but were not needed, as the regiments under the first call of the President for troops were already full. October 1, 1861, a recruiting camp was es- tablished on the bank of the river in West Dixon. December 5, 1861, "Dement Phalanx" went into winter-quarters, in a vacant stone building, now part of Grand Detour Plow Works, referred to as Dement Barracks. It was organized as "Co. H," Forty-sixth Illinois, John Stevens Cap- tain, and left for Springfield, February 2, 1862, to join the regiment. June 20, 1861, the "Volunteer Aid Associa- tion" secured subscriptions to the amount of $2,625 for the benefit of the families of absent volunteers, and, in 1864, the young men in the public schools formed a "Patriotic Club," for the purpose of assisting soldiers' widows and families by chopping firewood, doing chores and the like. March 28, 1862, the ladies of Dixon formed a Soldiers' Aid Society. . June 10, 1862, another company was organ- ized with Jas. W. Reardon as Captain. Its principal service was the guarding of rebel prisoners confined in Camp Douglas, Chicago. It was enlisted for three months and became Co. H, Sixty-ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry. May 21, 1863, John V. Eustace was appointed Provost Marshal for this Congressional Dis- trict, with office in Dixon. November 26, 1863, the Board of Supervisors offered a bounty of $100 to eyery accepted vol- unteer from the county. January 21, 1864, the Thirty-fourth Regi- ment, which went cut 1,000 strong, returned on thirty days' furlough omy 340 strong. They were given a public reception. June 16, 1864, the One Hundred Fortieth Illi- nois Volunteer Infantry, which had been in HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 669 camp at Dement Barracks about six weeks, de- parted for Springfield, where It was mustered into the service, with Lorenzo H. Whitney, Colonel; Michael W. Smith, Lieutenant Colonel; and William 0. Evans, Major. June 21, 1864, Company A of the Thirteenth Regiment returned. A concourse of people met them at the depot and escorted them to the Court House, where a sumptuous dinner awaited them. ( See "Lee County in War of Re- bellion.") Dixon in Spanish-American War. — A com- pany of 100 men left Dixon for the camp of rendezvous at Springfield, at three o'clock on the morning of April 27, 1898. About half the number were members of Company G, of th« Sixth Regiment State Militia. They were un- der command of Capt. Philip McGrath, of Woo- sung, and Maj. W. C. Baldwin, of Dixon. Mar- tial spirit ran high up to the hour of their de- parture. A farewell demonstration was held in front of the Nachusa House, at which Mayor Truman presided and stirring addresses were made. A Sterling company joined the Dixon company here en route to the State Capital, and the night was taken up with attentions to the soldier boys. After partaking of a supper served at the Armory by the Woman's Relief Corps, about midnight they were escorted to the Illinois Central Railroad depot by the Grand Army Post and civic societies, and sent on their way midst the huzzas of the crowd and strains of martial music. September 21, 1898, the company returned, after having served in Cuba and Porto Rico. It was a bright day, and it seemed as if the whole town was out to greet them on their march to the armory on Second Street, where a royal dinner, furnished by the citizens and served by Mr. Young of the Nachusa House, awaited them. In the evening a band concert in Court House Park and a reception and dance tendered the soldiers in Rosbrook's Hall, testi- fied to the joy of the community at their re- turn. The officers on return were, Philip Mc- Grath, Captain; C. E. Prisby, First Lieuten- ant; H. B. Trowbridge, Second Lieutenant; S. Frisby, M. J. Doctor, H. T. Roherbeck, C. H. Nye and Sam. Gushing, Sergeants. Corporals, other subordinate ofllcers and privates num- bered 72. Maj. Baldwin contracted a disease from which he died in hospital before reach- ing home. He was buried at Oakwood Ceme- tery, a few weeks later, with honors becoming his rank and service. Grand Army of the RepuliHo.— Dixon Post, No. 299, Department of Illinois, was organized June 29, 1883, in the court room of the Court House, with Charles W. Dey as Commander; Dwight Heaton, S. V. C; David Erisman, J. V. C; A. F. Robinson, Chap.; D. H. Law, Surg.; G. G. Messer, Q. M.; H. W. Eaton, Adjt.; Wm. Coffey, 0. D.; Louis Allemand, 0. G.; H. S. Palmer, S. M.; John Merriman, Q. M. S. The post has prospered and now has a membership of 123 in good standing. The present officers are: M. M. Avery, Com.; H. C. Cook, S. V.; White, J. v.; S. W. Youngman, Q. M.; William Post, Chap.; Alex. Depuy, Surg.; C. W. Dey, Adjt.; L. W. Mitchell, Q. M. S.; Calvin Frisbee, S. M.; S. F. Thomas, 0. D.; Wm. A. Vann, 0. G.; L. W. Mitchell, C. H. Noble and S. S Dodge, Trustees. Women's Relief Corps. — Dixon W. R. C. No. 218, auxiliary to G. A. R., was organized, iJecember 12, 1892, with one hundred members, (vhich has increased to 223, ranking first in the State in charter membership, and second in present membership. Its first officers were Dorothy N. Law, President; Grace Johnson, S. v.; Hattie Dodge, J. V.; Mary A. Noble, Sec; Catharine J. Thompson, Treas.; Evelyn Street, Chap.; Rachel M. H. Dey, Conductor; Rachel Guthrie, Asst. Cond.; Ella Parkhurst, Guard; Sarah A. Brubaker, Assistant Guard. The present officers are: Clara Goodrich, President; Nellie Eastman, S. V.; Carrie Meyers, J. V.; Harriet Smith, Sec; Nettie Dixon, Treas.; Nancy Prescott, Chap.; Katberine Greig, Cond.; Nellie Johnson, Asst. Cond.; Lydia Cummings, Guard; Ella Bresie, Asst. Guard; Lucy Ros- brook, Ella Drew, Fannie Toot, Anna Gray, Color-Bearers; Eda Honey, Instructor; Hattie Reed, Musician. The Corps has done a splen- did work in caring for afflicted soldiers and those dependent upon them. It has been a model of harmonious cooperation and efficient work. Hospital. — Dixon has a hospital of which it is justly proud. It was built in 1896 at a cost, including furnishings, of about $12,000, and was opened for patients January 1, 1897. This beneficent enterprise was made possible through the initiatory benevolence of one of Dixon's citizens, Mr. Solomon H. Bethea. The beauti- ful, and in every way suitable, site on which the building stands, was purchased by him at a cost of $3,500 and donated to the city for this purpose. To avail of this gift the hospital was established by ordinance of the City Council, 670 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. passed November 1, 1895, "for use and benefit of tbe inhabitants of said city, with a Board of Directors of nine women, to be chosen from the citizens at large by the Mayor, with approval of the Council," and by resolution of the Board it was very appropriately named the "Katherinb Shaw Bethea Memorial Hospital." November 1, 1896, Mary A. Noble, Sarah J. Brubaker, Lou- ise B. Cumins, Lizzie J. Shaw, Susan A. Smith, Delia L. Watson, Nellie McMartin, Kittle Fin- ley and Annie Geisenheimer were chosen as the first Board of Directors, which was organ- ized by the election of Mary A. Noble, Presi- dent; Lizzie J. Shaw, Vice President; Kittle Finley, Secretary, and Nellie McMartin, Treas- urer. Mr. Bethea conveyed the grounds to the "Dix- on Public Hospital" by deed, dated May 26, 1896, and recorded in the Recorder's office, in Book 71 of Deeds, p. 138, in memory of his wife, Katherine Shaw Bethea. The conditions of the grant, as set forth in' the deed, are very ex- plicit and in reality form the operative frame- work of the institution. The building was erected by contributions from various sources. Citizens of Dixon had raised a purse to secure the removal to Dixon from Jefferson City, Mo., of the third of the shoe factories of C. M. Henderson & Co. Mr. F. A. Watson, manager of these factories, pro- cured the consent of the contributors that three thousand dollars of this purse might be turned over to the hospital fund, instead of being used for the benefit of his company, as intended. The city appropriated $1,000 to the building. The remainder of the cost was raised by indi- vidual contributions and entertainments. We would be glad to insert the names of all the givers with amounts, did space permit, but can only make room for subscriptions of $100 and over: Theron Cumins, for sun room (since con- verted into wards), $700; C. M. Henderson & Co., $500; Grand Detour Plow Company, $500; Geo. H. Squires, $200; J. C. Ayres, $200; Mrs. Jos. Crawford, $200; Mrs. H. T. Noble, $200; Loveland & Stitely, $150; C. F. Emerson Lum- ber Co., $100; I. B. Countryman, $100; J. W. Crawford, $100; J. D. Crabtree, $100; C. H. Hughes, $100; C. H. Fargo &■ Co., $100. The total raised up to December 31, 1896, was $7,831.68. Not less to be appreciated was the assistance afforded by individuals and societies, in the way of furnishing patients' rooms and equip- ping the institution for its humane work. Mrs. F. A. Watson furnished one room; Mrs. John Reilly another; the ladies of Palmyra, one; and the Lutheran, Methodist, Catholic and Episcopal churches each did the same, while Miss Lizzie J. Shaw furnished the reception room. The room outfits consisted of suitable furniture, bedding, linen and other necessa- lies and conveniences. In each instance, gen- erosity and good taste regulated the supply. It was estimated that the cost did not average less than $200 per room; and, with only one or two exceptions, the donors have kept up the equipments of their respective rooms. The contributions of Mrs. Crawford and Mrs. Noble were applied to the equipment of the operating and etherizing room, with all modern acces- sories. The hospital is supported by reasonable charges where patients are able to pay, and by a yearly appropriation from the City Council; and for a number of years the Board of Super- visors, recognizing the benefits to the county as a whole from a humanitarian, as well as a business standpoint, have annually voted $500 to its support. Mr. Theron Cumins, by his will, bequeathed $5,000 as a permanent fund for its benefit, the interest alone being available. In addition to these sources of revenue, charitable contributions in the shape of money or supplies are received and highly appreciated. By the terms of the deed referred to, provision is made for the safeguarding of gifts or bequests which may be made to the institution for any special purpose, thus assuring those who are phllan- thropically disposed that the terms of their benefactions will be faithfully observed. The present Board of Trustees consists of Mrs. Susan S. Smith, President; Mrs. Louise Cumins, Vice President; Miss Anna L. Geisen- heimer, Secretary; Miss Nellie McMartin, Treasurer; Miss Lizzie J. Shaw, Mrs. Delia L. Watson, Mrs. Carrie Todd, Mrs. Jennie McAl- pine and Miss Kittle Finley. Library. — Dixon is not only proud of its Pub- lic Library and Hospital, but of the public spirit and generosity that prompted them. The O. B. Dodge Library, a gift by deed to the city from the citizen for whom it is named, is not only architecturally beautiful without and with- in, but possesses all modern conveniences suited to a library of -its size, and Is admirably adapt- ed to the purpose to which it is devoted. Con- struction was commenced in 1900 and the build- ing opened and dedicated to public use, by ap- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 671 propriate exercises, February 16, 1901. THe building and grounds cost $22,000. In admirable keeping with the spirit of this uoble gift, came a library endowment of $15,- 000 from the estate of another citizen, Theron Cumins, deceased, which was placed in the hands of the Trustees at the dedication, and the income from which is to be used for the pur- chase of books. In addition to this income, the city makes an annual appropriation towards the support of the library. Mr. Dodge's gift carries with it the condition that the city shall maintain the library and keep it open every week day. The present Library Board are: 0. B. Dodge, B. C. Parsons, J. C. Ayres, B. F. Shaw, Geo. H. Squires, B. E. Wingert, C. B. Groves, H. W. Baldwin and J. B. Dille, O. B. Dodge being President; B. C. Parsons, Secre- tary, and J. C. Ayres, Treasurer. Earlier efforts towards a public library must not be overlooked. As early as 1872 the Dixon Hose Company got together a library of 500 volumes, mostly donated, Alexander Charters alone giving 150 and the Women's Christian Temperance Union 300. Started originally solely for the benetit of the members of the company, it became a public library in 1873, where persons paying an annual fee of one dollar became entitled to its privileges. Under this policy the volumes increased to 2,000 in 1884. In 1895 the City Council passed an ordinance establishing a public library under the State law, which was opened January 1, 1896. On the 1st of the following June the Hose Company library was merged in this public library. Up to the date of the change the Hose Company had raised $1,500 by means of memberships, entertainments and fairs. The popularity of the Company's undertaking will be appreciated, when it is recalled that $875 was once cleai-ed in a single night's entertainment. All honor to the Hose Company for its splendid work. The volumes it accumulated are now in the 0. B. Dodge Library. The first Library Board appointed by the City Council at the organization of the Public Li- brary consisted of 0. B. Dodge, J. C. Ayres, J. B. Charters, B. F. Shaw, G. H. Squires, J. E. Dille, William Jenkins, J. C. Joselyn and B. E. Wingert. Rock River AssemMy. — This, one of the most highly prized institutions of which Dixon may rightfully boast, is controlled by the Lutherans. Its inception sprang from a movement at a meeting of the Synod of that denomination, held at Lena, 111., September 27 to October 2, 1887, to inaugurate a summer Sunday School Institute. Rev. J. M. Ruthrauff, then pastor of the church at Dixon (recently deceased), sug- gested that it be made a reunion occasion for members and friends of the church and Sunday school, and that an attractive grove, by some body of water, be selected as the meeting place where rest and recreation might combine with church work. The outcome was a meeting be- ginning on the night of July 17, 1888, and clos- ing on the 18th at Hazelwood, three miles up the river from Dixon. The vacated residence of the once owner, Alexander Charters, and the log cabin, which was his first dwelling, and seven tents accommodated the campers. Rev. J. W. Ruthrauff was elected President and Rev. W. H. Hartman Secretary. The total expense of the session was about $50. About two hun- dred were present from abroad. The next year a ten days' session was held at the same place and, by a small admission fee for persons and conveyances, $700 was realized, which exceeded expenses by ten dollars. The present name was given to the enterprise, and a committee appointed to secure a, permanent location, as the Charters estate had parted with Hazelwood. The committee consisted of Revs. J. M. Ruth- rauff, W. H. Hartman, J. J. Delo and Owen Cly- mer, W. T. Sehell and A. A. Krape, who selected the present site. The ground was rented with an option to purchase expiring September 1, 1890. At the August assemblage the stock of a company with $10,000 capital was all sub- scribed, and a permanent organization was ef- fected with J. M. Ruthrauff, W. T. Sehell, Geo. W. Bruner, O. B. Blackman, F. Klosterman, 0. Clymer, W. H. Hartman, H. A. Ott and A. A. Krape, Directors, , who made Ruthrauff Presi- dent; Krape, Vice President; Hartman, Secre- tary, and Sehell, Treasurer. The grounds, consisting of about -thirty-four acres, were purchased at $150 per acre by deed dated November 1, 1890. A hotel was built and a tabernacle 75 feet wide by 110 feet long, ready for the session of 1891. This was superseded in 1900 by a splendid auditorium costing about $8,000, with a seating Capacity of 5,000 people. It is circular in form, 160 feet in diameter with- out supporting posts anywhere to obstruct the view. It was projected by Mr. R. J. Bennett of Chicago, who contributed $1,000 towards its cost. Mr. Morrison H. Vail, now of Dixon, was the architect. 672 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Cemetery. — The first burial was that of a man by the name o£ LafEerty, who died in the fall of 1836. In 1882 or 1883 a considerable extension of the grounds was added on the south and east, and in the summer of the present year (1903) the city entered into contract carrying the grounds still further eastward. The cemetery has always been owned and controlled by the city. Scant attention was, however, paid to it until about 1890 or 1891, when, largely through the efforts of Aid. C. C. Godfrey in preventing the revenues of the cemetery from being di- verted to other uses, means were at hand for improvement. From that time the betterment was manifest. A few years later the city ac- cepted the aid and co-operation of a number of ladies, under the name of the Cemetery Asso- ciation, but for some time past their services seem not to have been sought. 'I'rie Dixon Loan & Building Association was organized in June, 1887. Its first officers were Sherwood Dixon, President; A. C. Bardwell, Vice President; Jas. A. Hawley, Treasurer; W. D. Barge, Attorney; Lloyd R. Hawley, Secre- tary. Its present oHicers: C. H. Hughes, Pres- ident; M. Maloney, Vice President; A. P. Arm- ington, Treasurer; H. S. Dixon, Attorney; J. N. Sterling, Secretary. Its first statement, December 1, 1887, showed assets amounting to $3,335.05. Its last state- ment, June 1, 1903, gave assets, $88,478.86. The first statement showed loans in force, $3,200; the last, $81,000 in force. Ine total number of loans has been 272, ag- gregating $304,400. The Association has fur- nished the funds for buiding over 200 new houses in Dixon, and has enabled its members to purchase over fifty houses already built. In the last sixty-five months, since the stock com- menced maturing, it has paid its stockholders $162,000 — certainly a valuable institution to the community. During the sixteen years of its existence it has had but one foreclosure. Mayors. — At the election, March 7, 1859, John Dement was elected Mayor, but failed to quali- fy. Alderman Joseph Crawford served as act- ing Mayor until a special election, April 4th, when A. C. Stedman was chosen to fill the va- cancy. The Mayors in succession have been: A. C. Stedman, 1859-1860; G. L. Herrick, 1861; Jas. B. Charters, 1862; Oliver Everett, 1863; Jas. K. Edsall, 1864; Person Cheney, Jr., 1865- 6; Andrew McPherran, 1867-8; John Dement, 1869-72; Joseph Crawford, 1873-5; Jas. A. Haw- ley, 1876-7; John Dement, 1878-9; John V. Thomas, 1880-4; R. S. Farrand, 1885-6; A. C. Warner, 1886-7; S. H. Bethea, 1888-9; H. T. Noble, 1890-1; Geo. Steel, 1891-2; J. F. Palmer. 1893-4; Chas. H. Hughes, 1895-6; F. A. Truman, 1897-9; Chas. H. Hughes, 1900-1; F. A. Truman, 1901-02; Henry S. Dixon, 1903, present incum- bent. City Clerks and Treasurers. — A. P. Curry, 1859; Jas. L. Camp, 1860; J. C. Ayres, 1861-84; Geo. Steel, 1885-7; A. C. Warner, 1888; E. W. Smith, 1890, present incumbent. Dixon is still governed under its original special charter and amendments thereto, the provisions of the general law relating to cities and villages never having been adopted. City Lighting. — December 22, 1874, the West- ern Excelsior Gas Company commenced opera- tion. Its franchise was, however, repealed May 10, 1877, and in June, 1877, one was grant- ed to J. D. Patton, under which Henry C. Hig- gins and Thomas Higgins established the gas plant now in operation. The com- pany was known as the Dixon Gas Com- pany, and was succeeded by the Dixon Gas and Electric Light Company. November 13, 1889, the city granted a franchise to F. A. Wat- son, and the Dixon Light & Power Company was formed to operate under it. An electric light plant was placed in the larger shoe fac- tory of C. M. Henderson & Co., in West End, and supplied electric light, while the Gas & Electric Light Company limited its product to gas. In the winter of 1891 the two companies consolidated under the name of the Dixon Power & Lighting Company, its first oflScers be- ing: P. A. Watson, President; Geo. Steel, Vice President; Geo. C. Loveland, Secretary. In Au- gust, 1892, the company purchased the proper- ty at the water power, then known as the Beck- er & Underwood Flour Mills, and moving its machinery from the shoe factory, commenced running there April 1, 1893. In fall of 1898 the company commenced the erection of an ad- dition on the adjoining lot, formerly known as the "Farmers' " or "Thompson's" Mill, and on April 1, 1899, the machinery there installed was set in motion. This company now supplies electric light and gas to the city and its in- habitants. Its oflicers are: F. A. Watson, Pres- ident; H. E. Paine, Vice President; I. B. Coun- tryman, Secretary; F. E. Stiteley, Treasurer; E. P. Maxwell, superintendent. The city has recently granted a franchise to the Sterling, Dixon & Eastern Railway Com- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 673 pany, to use the streets in supplying gas and electric light in competition with the former company. The gas plant is now being erected and pipes laid. The franchise has passed into the hands of the Lee County Lighting Com- pany, a corporation with $100,000 capital. The first Board of Directors consists of Henry C. Hlggins, John Van Dyke, Jr., Scrynton Stock- dale, John L Biggs and Charles H. Hughes. Water Works. — During the winter of 1871-2 water mains were laid, from a rotary pump which had been installed at the water power, extending to the corner of Galena and First Streets, at a cost of $600. July 18, 1883, the city granted a franchise to Alex. H. McNeal. S. S. Murphy was his agent and the real projector of the enterprise. The Dixon Water Works Company was incorporated May 10, 1884, with a capital of $75,000, to take over the McNeal franchise. The capital was re- duced to $60,000, June 28, 1890. The duration of the franchise was thirty years. The com- pany is now operating under this franchise. The works were in operation in 1884. Bonds were issued to the extent of the capital, and the mortgage securing them was ultimately foreclosed in the United States Court, Chicago, ana sale made to the bondholders; but before the deed was issued, A. K. Trusdell, J. D. Crab- tree, J. A. Hawley and S. S. Murphy purchased the works. The first oflScers under the new management were: J. D. Crabtree, President; J. A. Hawley, Secretary and Treasurer; Jno. Wasley, superintendent. This was continued until after Mr. Hawley's death, when, on May 9, 1899, his son, Geo. Hawley, succeeded his father as director and a. K. Trusdell was made President and J. D. Crabtree, Secretary and Treasurer. After Judge Crabtree's death, his son, John B., succeeded him as Director and also as Secretary and Treasurer; and the or- ganization so stands at this date. The water is obtained from three flowing artesian wells, which draw their supply from water-bearing rock (St. Peter's sandstone). In the winter of 1890-91 two wells were put down, one to a depth of 1600 feet, the other to a depth of 1650 feet. In 1894 another was sunk to a depth of 1700 feet. By these wells an ample supply of superior water for all purposes is assured. As originally constructed the water was pumped directly from the river. The main carrying the water across the river rests on the bed of the stream a short distance below the Galena Street bridge. The water is distributed to consumers through about fifteen miles of mains, on which are 165 hydrants for fire protection. The con- sumers number about one hundred. The actual average pumpage in twenty-iour hours is about 2,500,000 gallons. The natural flow from the wells into the reservoir at the works is 600 to 700 gallons per minute. The capacity of the reservoir Is a half million gallons, and of the standpipe near the cemetery, 270,000 gallons. Analysis of the water shows: The total solids in a gallon, 17.5875 grains, distributed in grains and fractions of a grain, thus: Silica, .6424; oxide of aluminum and iron, .2219; carbonate of lime, 7.8006; carbonate of magnesia, 7.5154; chloride of sodium, 1.3472. The Citizens' Association of Dixon was incor- porated April 18, 1887, with Jason C. Ayres, C. F. Emerson, E. W. Smith, Joseph F. Palmer, S. S. Dodge, Chas. H. Noble and Geo. D. Laing, as directors for first year. Purpose: "To pro- mote the interest of the City of Dixon and de- velop its natural resources." _ The present or- ganization is J. C. Ayres, President; C. H. No- ble, Vice President; E. C. Smith, Secretary; A. C. Warner, Corresponding- Secretary; I. B. Countryman, Treasurer; R. S. Parrand, 0. B. Dodge, M. Maloney, W. B. Page, E. C. Parsons. The association is governed by by-laws, and had an original membership of 88. It was through this association that the Fargo Shoe Factory was secured, and other good work for the city has been done. Growth. — The growth of Dixon in recent years may be judged of to some extent by its PostoiEce receipts. In 1899 they were $19,- 710.38; 1900, $21,236.87; 1901, $22,706.47. In 1902 they fell off somewhat, owing to reduc- tion in classification of matter other than vol- ume of business. The receipts that year were $21,600.35. The following statement of improvements for the five years named, was compiled by insur- ance agencies and published in city papers: Business improvements of all kinds, except "roads, sidewalks and sewers," 1897, $48,410; 1898, $97,657; 1899, $84,125; 1900, $195,000; 1901, $61,000. Number of new dwellings and cost of same: 85 in 1897, costing $111,325; 90 in 1898, $135,575; HI in 1899, $147,675; 76 in 1900, $109,650; 77 in 1901, $154,500. No state- ment was made for 1902, but building that year was less than in previous years. Povulation.—lrx 1837 there were 13 families residing at or near the ferry. In 1839 the 674 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. number had increased to 40 families. By 1850 the township numbered 1,073. November 7, 1855, it reached 3,054. In 1860 it was 3,408. In 1870 the number was 4,687; 1880, 4,241. (WTiether the figures for 1855, 1860 and 1870 are limited to the village or embrace the entire township, we have no means of ascer- taining.) The population of the township, in- cluding the city, as shown by the census, was 5,804 in 1890, and 9,128 in 1900. The population of the city, by wards, the latter year, was: First Ward, 2,027; Second Ward, 1,522; Third Ward, 2,643; Fourth Ward, 1,725. The school census of June, 1903, showed persons under 21 — south side, 2,321, north side, 843. Postmasters, in order of service: Gay, John Dixon, from Sept, 29, 1830, to summer of 1837; D. B. McKenney, Smith Gilbraith, Abram Brown, David H. Birdsall, A. T. Murphy, Joseph Cleaver, B. B. Baker, J. L. Camp, Mary A. Camp, Jas. B. Charters, Michael Maloney, Benj. F. Shaw, present incumbent. CHAPTER XL EAST GROVE TOWNSHIP. a claim of one John Kasbier. At the time of the land sale at Dixon, in 1844, S. P. Mcintosh purchased the east half of Section 36, but did not move onto it until 1856. John Downey, A. A. Spooner, John Flynn, M. Coleman, A. Barlow, D. Sullivan, Henry Hubbell and Sam- uel Tubbs were also early settlers. In 1842 John W. Harrison, a Deputy Sheriff from Toronto, Canada, while on a visit in this region, was murdered by James S. Bell, near the north-west comer of Section 35. Bell was rinally tried in Whiteside County, on change of venue, and sent to the penitentiary. On the northeast comer of the southwest quarter of Section 10 stands a church, known as the "Union Church," which was built a num- ber of years ago by contributions of citizens without regard to denominational distinction. The old State road from Peoria to Dixon and Galena passed through the centers of Section 10 and 13 and jogged east on or near the Marion town line, for a distance of about 20 rods west of the east line of Section 34, and thence passed directly north until it crosses Inlet Creek, or Green River. This road was turnpiked under authority from the Legisla- ture. (See "Marion Township.") The population of the township in 1890 was 659; in 1900 it was 653, as appears by Govern- ment census. CHAPTER XH. EAST GROVE SET OFF FROM HAMILTON TOWNSHIP THE FIRST SETTLER LATER ARRIVALS — AN EARLY MtTEDER — THE "UNION CHURCH" — PE- ORIA, DIXON AND GALENA STATE ROAD. At the November session, 1864, of the Board of Supervisors, Bast Grove was set apart from Hamilton Township. In 1837 Charles Falvey occupied a claim on the north half of Section 34 in the grove, from which the town took its name. On the north his nearest neighbor was a Mr. Robinson, six miles distant. In 1849 Fenwick Anderson settled on the south half of Section 34, having purchased the claim of Robert Tate. The house, which was built of logs, was for a number of years a stopping place for the stage on the line from Peoria to Dixon and Galena. In 1852 Mr. Anderson burnt a kiln of 200,000 brick in the south part of the grove, which proved to be of excellent quality and with which he built his residence. Thomas Shehan moved onto Section 5 in 1849, buying HAMILTON TOWNSHIP. ORIGINAL DIMENSIONS OF THE TOWNSHIP — FIRST SUPERVISORS AND EARLY SETTLERS — ^PASTOR N. G. COLLINS — ^EAELY SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES. This tovm originally included what are now the towns of Harmon, East Grove, May and the south half of Marion. By the organization of these towns, Hamilton has been shaved down until it is now limited to a government town- ship, William B. Stuart was the first Super- visor of the original town. After serving two years he was succeeded by R. B. Viele, who con- tinued in office three years, when Mr. Stuart was again elected for two years. What is further said here will relate to the township as at present formed. The first HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 675 dwelling house in the township was of logs and built by Charles and Rocs Freeman, on the south half of Section 32, and was occupied by the former, but as their sojourn was of a temporary character, Jacob Pope, who came in 1854 and located on the south half of the south- east quarter of Sectioa 26, is considered the first permanent settler. Dolph Freeman, a brother of Roos and Charles, built a small one- story house several years later on the southeast corner of Section 31, and he and his mother lived there two or three years, when, in the spring of 1865, the school directors bought the house for $163 and moved it to the southeast corner of Section 34, where it was fitted up for a school-house. The first teacher who taught in it was Electa J. Minnerley, who afterwards was a candidate before the Republican County Convention for Superintendent of Schools. In the spring of 1871 the house was moved to the present site near the northwest corner of the northwest quarter of Section 35. In the sum- mer of 1872 a new house was built. A. T. Keig- win bought the old house and it again started on its last journey to the old homestead, where it now is. A. T. Keigwin built on the northwest quarter of Section 27 in the spring of 1858, and a Mr. Carpenter built on the northeast quarter of Section 26 in the spring of 1859. Mr. Carpenter farmed that season and moved to La Moille in the winter or fall, and from there went to Men- dota, where he embarked in the manufacture of organs under the firm name of Tewksbury & Carpenter, having been engaged in the same business in Vermont, his old home. Anson Stone and his sons, R. P. and S. O., bought out Mr. Carpenter and occupied the place in 1860. Morris Logue occupied the north half of the northeast quarter of Section 27, built a shanty and broke his land during the same year, and the next season brought his family. David and John Knight arrived the same year, purchased Section 35 and erected a house on his land the following year. In 1857 David Griggs located on the southeast quarter of Section 34, a house having been erected for him during the previ- ous year. J. F. McMurray also came the same year and settled on the southeast quarter of Section 33. J. Shields bought and occupied the north half of the northeast quarter of Section 24 and most of the southeast quarter of Section 13 in 1858. William Skully settled on the east half of the northwest quarter of Section 24 in that year. Michael Dunn came a year later and located on the southeast quarter and south half of the northwest quarter of Section 24. Bennett Havens, who served as Super- visor several year3, piirchased the south half of the northeast quarter of Section 36, and was one of the early comers. L. B. Moore, on the southwest quarter and west half of the northwest quarter of Section 24, and Michael Flemming, on the south half of the southwest quarter of the same section, were early settlers. J. L. Reed located on the west half of the south- east quarter of Section 23 in 1862. It will be noted that all of these settlements were south of the swamp. That portion lying north of the swamp remained unsettled for many years, and served as a range for cattle. A. T. Anderson, of Polo, owned a large farm on the north part of Section 7. Perhaps the first to break any of the prairie on this side for cultivation was William Rink, on Section 5. John D. Shaffer built his cabin on Section 8, and herded cattle for several years. James Durr was on the northwest quarter of the northwest quarter of Section 19 in 1862. Rev. N. G. Collins was a considerable factor in the early history of the town. A man of great energy, he was ambitious to own and farm large tracts of land. He became Chaplain of the Fifty-seventh Illinois Infantry in the War of the Rebellion. Though not a success as a farmer, his ambition was in part realized, for at the close of the war he had saved of his holdings Sections 8, 28, 29, 30 and the west half of 31. At the marriage of his daughter, his wedding gift was a deed to Section 8. Mr. Col- lins was pastor of a Baptist church at LaMoille for a number of years. The first school in the town was taught in the residence of David Griggs. Mrs. Cornelia Ma- ona, daughter of A. T. Keigwin, was the teacher. This was in 1861 or 1862. Miss Lizzie Larkins succeeded her the following summer, and later. Miss Lavina Swisher presided. Mr. McMurray moved into Bureau County and the house he left was made into a school house and Mrs. Maona taught there. All this was before school districts were organized. The teachers were paid by private subscription. In the fall of 1863 or '64 school district No. 1 was organized. The new school house was erected on the west side of the west half of the north- west quarter of Section 35 in 1874. District No. 2 was organized about the same time as District No. 1. The first school was opened in a portion of Thaddeus May's dwelling on Sec- 676 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. tion 26 by Miss Lydia Havens. The first school house in this district was built in 1864 or '65, at the southeast corner of Section 25. It was moved afterwards to the southwest corner of the same Section. The first preaching the settlers had was in a little school house known as the Dodge school- house, on the prairie over the line in Bureau County. The abundance of game encouraged the gunning propensity on the Sabbath in the early days; and to reform this habit, David Griggs, William Griggs, Solomon Welsh, J. P. McMurray, Johnson Griggs and J. H. Knight contributed to pay for preaching and employed their neighbor. Rev. Ford, who lived at the east end of Red Oak Grove, paying him fifty cents for each Sunday. A Baptist church was early organized at Walnut in Bureau County, Amos T. Keigwin and wife, Bzekiel Sayers and wife, S. H. Sayers and Lydia Stone, of Hamil- ton, being among the organizers. For a number of years meetings were held in the township at the residences of the members. When the vil- lage of Walnut sprang into existence, the serv- ices were confined to that place where, in 1871, a fine church building was erected. The population of the township in 1890 was 329, and in 1900, 498, as shown by the Govern- ment census. CHAPTER XIII. HARMON TOWNSHIP. OE6ANIZATION OF THE TOWNSHIP — SOME EARLY SETTLERS — FIRST ELECTION WILD GAME HAR- MON VILLAGE LAID OUT GRAIN ELEVATORS, CHURCHES AND BUSINESS HOUSES. The Township of Harmon was set off from Marion by resolution of the Board of Super- visors, at Its March meeting, 1867. The peti- tion asked to have the town named Dayton, but the Board took the responsibility of substi- tuting the present name. The writer has been informed by one who ought to know, that this name was given the township in honor of Har- mon Wasson, the son of Benjamin Wasson of Amboy Township. In 1853 John D. Rosbrook, with three sons, settled at the lake, a clear body of water cov- ering nearly forty acres on the northwest quar- in the village was built by J. M. Ja- ter of Section 25. There was no other dwelling nearer than eight miles. The following spring the two remaining sons came. In 1854 Mrs. Robert Tuttle, a widowed sister of Mitchell Rosbrook, with her family of five children, set- tled in the township. During the same year came Thomas Sutton and settled with his large family one mile south of the lake. This fam- ily eventually, including nineteen children, be- came conspicuous in that part of the country, not only for their number but for their rugged and boisterous methods. In 1854 Mitchell Ros- brook, with his wife and five children, joined the settlement. To him is credited the founding of the first Sunday-school in Harmon, it being very successfully conducted in John D. Ros- brook's granary. The first two elections in the township were held at the house of Mitchell Rosbrook. James McManus was elected Supervisor; Rosbrook, Town Clerk; and George Stillings, Constable. In the winter of 1856-7, Austin Balch came with his wife and two children. About this time the Brills reached the settlement, and also Patrick Grogan. The years 1856 and '57 witnessed large accessions. Joseph Julien, a brother of Anton and John; E. A. Balch, C. H. Self ken, Israel Perkins, James Porter, George Stillings and Charles Craby were among the early settlers. In 1855 Lewis HuUinger settled on the south- west quarter of Section 7. In Harmon in pioneer days wild game abounded. We have it on good authority that one hunter brought down one hundred geese in a single day, and that another shot sixty-six mallard ducks at one discharge, a drove of thirteen deer were chased by men on horse- back past the Rosbrook place, and five were killed after pursuit of several miles. These statements seem a little incredible now, but are well authenticated. One of the early settlers ventures to say that it was not an uncommon sight to see a thousand acres covered with sand- hill cranes — a bird which has now almost dis- appeared. In 1§56 a drove of 5,000 Texas steers were driven through Harmon on their way to Chi- cago. The summer had been consumed on the drive. In 1857, 2,000 very large, fat hogs were also driven through the town, but headed west- ward. TUlage of Harmon. — The village of Harmon was platted, March 15, 1872. for Joel H. Wicker, Charles G. Wicker, Jonas S. Meekling and Alonzo Kinyon. The first elevator HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 677 ques & Bro., and is now operated by the Neola Elevator Company. The second elevator was built by 0. E. Mclntyre and is now operated by the Atlas Elevator Company. The third was built, and is now operated by Prank Het- tinger. The Wesleyan Methodist Church was organ- ized, September 20, 1862, Rev. J. Pinkney being the first pastor. The Methodist Episco- pal Church was organized in 1871, Rev. Rive being the first pastor. The Catholic church was built about 1874, and has been recently remodeled and repaired. It had no resident priest until it was made an independent par- ish about four years ago, under the pastorate of Father McGrath. Father Ryan was his suc- cessor and is now in charge. Prior to the estab- lishment of the village the Wesleyan Methodists had a church building which is now used for a town hall. In 1882 the Methodist Episcopal Society erected their present church. Sam Boyer, now of Dixon, started the first store in the new town, and Hempstead & Van Alstine the second general store. The first school-house to be built after the village was platted was located where the present one stands. This was followed by a larger frame building, which was consumed by fire in the early part of the winter of 1899. In its place was erected, in the summer of 1900, the present brick structure, which does credit to the com- munity. The population of the entire township was 840 in 1890, and 936 in 1900, as shown by the Government census. CHAPTER XIV. LEE CENTER TOWNSHIP. FIBST WHITE SETTLBE OTHEE EABLT AEEIVALS — CHUECH AND SCHOOL HISTOEY ^LEE CENTEE ACADEMY AND VILLAGE. Adolphus Bliss and wife were the first set- tlers within the territory later known as Lee Center, having located there in May, 1834. Mrs. Bliss was the first white woman to reside in the township, and the second in the county. It was a year before she had a neighbor nearer than Dixon. Mr. Bliss entered a claim on west half of southwest quarter of Section 4, and the north half of the northeast quarter of Sec- tion 9. The first to follow him was Corydon R. Dewey, who came in the following spring and entered a claim on the east half of the north- west quarter of Section 9, and later, but during the year, Cyrenus and Cyreno Sawyer joined them, and together took up a claim on the northeast quarter of Section 1. In the spring of 1836, Lewis Clapp settled on the northwest quarter of Section 8. In this year Charles F. Ingalls and his brother, George A., entered their claims in the southern part of Lee Center Township, on which a Pottawatomie In- dian village then stood. In 1837 Mr. David Tripp and family, with his brother-in-law Orange Webster, settled at Inlet; Mr. Birdsell was an arrival of the following year. During that year Dr. R. F. Adams arrived and was the first physician in the neighborhood. Roswell Streator filed a claim in 1833, on the land on which Lee Cen- ter is situated, and the following year built a log house in the edge of Inlet Grove, which was near his claim. He gave a portion of the land towards the erection and maintenance of an academy, which will be hereafter referred to. George E. Haskell early settled at the Grove. Two of the Ingalls brothers, Henry and Addi- son, first settled on the Illinois River near where Chandlerville now stands, and Abraham Lincoln surveyed the farm for one of them. Mr. Ralph Ford was also one of the early ar- rivals. In the spring of 1836 the first sermon in the neighborhood was preached by Peter Cartwright in Mr. Dewey's house. In that year the first Methodist class was organized, with John Fos- dick as leader. Mr. David Tripp was a Bap- tist, and services were now and then held in his house until he built a new barn, which was dedicated with protracted meeting. A Bap- tist society was organized with Mr. Webster as deacon and Mr. Tripp as clerk. Here meet- ings were held regularly until a school-house was built near the Dewey Mill. In 1835 Rev. Luke Hitchcock and Oscar F. Ayres came, and the former preached the first funeral sermon in the town. It was over the body of a young "circuit rider" by the name of Smith, who died at Tripp's homestead. 678 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. The first school-house was built in the edge of the timber on the Bliss land. George B. Haskell was teacher. It was a typical log structure. Moses Crombie settled in the village of Lee Center in 1840. Prior to the erection of this school house, Mrs. Crombie conducted a neighborhood school in her own house. The first building occupied as a store stood on the ground where David Tripp's grout house stood. It was sold to George B. Haskell, who moved it nearer to Inlet Creek, where it stood a few years, when it was moved to the town of Lee Center and was occupied for some years by Joseph Gary. The pioneer teacher was Ann Chamberlain, who in the summer occupied a room in Adol- phus Bliss's house lor her school. In the log school-house already referred to, Otis Timo- thy taught, and later settled at Franklin Grove where he died. His teaching was for three months in the winter of 1837-8. He had twenty to twenty-five pupils under his charge, and was paid at the rate of $15 per month. A log tav- ern kept by Benjamin Whittaker stood where Mr. Cephas Clapp lived in recent years. This was as early as 1839. The first wedding in the town was that of Albert Static and Blmira Car- penter, in 1836, Daniel M. Dewey, Justice of the Peace, performing the ceremony. Mr. James Brewer reached Inlet in 1843, having ridden on horseback from Montgomery, Ala., and later became principal of the academy. There were other schools than those already mentioned. Mrs. Sallie P. Starks taught a class of five boys and five girls, ranging from one year old to near twenty-one; her teaching was for 12 hours a day all the year round. Lee Center Academy. — The main part of the Academy building was constructed of brick and built in 1847, at a cost of $2,000. Mr. Moses Crombie was the contractor, and the school opened the same year and soon advanced to a leading rank among the educational institu- tions in that section. A certificate is found recorded in the Recorder's Office of the county, stating that Lewis Clapp, Luke Hitchcock, N. P. Swartwout, Martin Wright, Daniel Frost, Moses Crombie and R. F. Adams were elected Trustees of the Academy, March 3, 1847. The first Prin- cipal was Hiram McChesney, a graduate of Rensselaer Institute, of Troy, N. Y. He served one year, when he was succeeded by H. B. Len- ard, of Naperville. After two years Rev. James Brewer, a graduate of Jamestown College, Mass., took charge remaining one year. After him came Simeon Wright, during whose three years of service the Academy reached a degree of prosperity never exceeded either before or after. The average attendance of the school in this year was 150 pupils. Prof. Nash came after Mr. Wright and remained until 1859, in which year he died. By this time other schools of importance had sprung up at Paw Paw, Dixon, Amboy and elsewhere, and the Academy, remote from railroads, began to decline, so that, in the year 1859, it became a graded district school. In 1853 a stone addition to the school- house was erected to acommodate the increasing needs of the institution. In these days Lee Center was indeed a flour- ishing village, with an academy as its center of interest and activity. Lyceums, lectures and traveling entertainments were frequent in the chapel. A Congregational Church was organized in 1843, at the home of Amos Crombie, near Bing- hamton in Amboy Township, with eleven mem- bers. The first pastor was Rev. Joseph Gard- ner. It was called the Congregational Church of Palestine Grove. Worship was conducted until 1849 in the Wasson school house, in Am- boy Township, after which it was changed to Lee Center, when a building was erected in 1856 at a cost of $1,500. In another account of this society (see Amboy) John Worrell is men- tioned as first pastor and Joseph Gardner as third. We are unable to determine which statement is correct. A Methodist Church was organized in 1837, at the residence of Corydon R. Dewey, at Inlet Grove. Their first church building was erected in 1842, in which services were held until 1858, v^fhen a larger and more commodious one was built. For many years Luke Hitchcock was pastor. Philo Judson,^ afterwards an eminent foreign missionary, preached here, and "Father Penfield" often filled the pulpit. The building was badly racked by the tornado of June 3, 1860, and was finally demolished by a storm on Octoher 30, 1882. Its place was supplied by a fine new structure erected in 1883-4. It appears by a certificate, recorded in the Recorder's Office, that I. G. Dimick, C. R. Dewey, Daniel Frost, D. H. Birdsall and G. R. Lynn were elected Trustees of the "Methodist Epis- copal Church at Inlet," December 12, 1840. On June 4, 1848, Daniel Frost, Solomon Matteson, A. W. Crombie, C. S. Frost, M. S. Curtis and HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 679 Hezekiah McCune, were elected trustees of the "Methodist Episcopal Church of Lee Center." In 1849, trustees of a parsonage were elected, but we have been unable to learn when the building was constructed. An Episcopal Church was organized in 1855, and a building erected in 1857, costing $2,500. The windows of the cnurch were presented to the congregation by Bishop Whitehouse. The title was vested in the Bishop by instrument dated May 4, 1857. Dr. Charles Gardner and Garrett M. La Porge were the principal sup- porters, and after they left the town the serv- ices here declined until the building was aban- doned and sold for other uses a very few years ago. The country was greatly disturbed in the period from 1843 to 1850, by a succession of crimes indicating a thorough organization among the lawless class. The principals in thfi nefarious business are known in the annals of this and adjoining counties as the "Banditti of the Prairies." The vicinity of Inlet furnished one of their bases of operation. Counterfeiting, robbery and murder were included among their offenses. Two leading citizens of Inlet Grove — one of them a magistrate — were implicated in a robbery, and sent to the penitentiary where both died. Other citizens were found to be involved in like transactions. One turned state's evidence, which resulted in more arrests and the recovery of considerable stolen prop- erty. As a means of better contending with the law-breaking element, an "Association for Furthering the cause of Justice" was formed. The preamble of the constitution recited that, "appearances have plainly shown that Inlet Grove has been a resting place and depot for the numerous rogues that infest the country." A vigilance committee was appointed to hunt out and run down the rascals, by which effective work was done for the protection of the people and punishment of criminals. The lands on which the pioneers settled were not open to purchase until 1844, when the first land sale occurred at Dixon. Hence the early settlers were known as "squatters," having no assurance that the lands they occupied would ever become their own. To protect themselves against the cupidity of interlopers who might seek to enter the lands of the first comers se- cretly, and also as a means of adjusting any differences which might arise between them touching their respective claims, the set- tlers of this neighborhood formed a "Squatters' Association," with a formal constitution containing rigia provisions for the mutual protection of its members. Similar movements were resorted to in other sections, and became known as "Grove Associations." The constitution of the one in the vicinity of Amboy was preserved by Ira Brewer, and bore date, "Inlet, Ogle County, Illi- nois, July 10th, 1837," and was subscribed by sixty-six members. The field of the association extended from Inlet half way to Knox, Dixon, Malugin, Palestine and Franklin Grove. George E. Haskell was the first president and Martin Wright the first clerk. The scheme called for a bond to be signed by each member, obligating, him to convey to the adjoining claimant any land occupied by the latter which might, inad- vertently or otherwise, be purchased by the former. Difficulties were apt to arise owing to the fact that the Government survey had not then been made. In a committee report of choice diction and marked seriousness, having much of the tone of a plea addressed to the membership, it is said: "The claims of all have been respected and a just regard had to the growth and prosperity of the neighborhood, in the accommodations afforded to all that wished to unite themselves to this community in nearness of settlement. But a change in our circumstances is about to take place. The rightful owner of the soil upon which we are located is to call upon us for his dues, and that too at a period not far distant. Some, and it is hoped all the members of this association, will be able to answer the call and obtain a title to the land which they now claim. In paying for land, whether at general land sales or under the preemption law, the individual so paying receives his title to the same, which no right of the claimant can ever reach." The situation was manifestly one of grave peril to these frontiersmen who were in danger of losing the property — the home — which they had braved so much and forsaken so much to secure. As a rule, however, the community, by the intimidating force of a law of its own making, was able to protect the bona-fide settler against the barbarous greed of the "claim jumper." The early settlers brought with them much of the spirit of colonial days, and vigor- ously used all that was needed to meet the emergency. Shaw Station was platted as "Shaw" on land of Sherman Shaw October 24, 1878. The place has an elevator operated by Chas. Guffln, a Con- 68o HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. gregational church, which was built five or six years ago, and a public school. The population of the township in 1890 was 789, while in 1900 it was 876. CHAPTER XV. MARION TOWNSHIP. ORGANIZATION OF THE TOWNSHIP AND FIKST Om- CEES — FIKST PERMANENT SETTLERS SOME LA- TER ARRIVALS TOWN OF WALTON PLATTED. At the September session, 1854, of the Board of Supervisors, the north half of Town 20, Range 9, which had belonged to Amboy Township, the south half of Town 20, Range 9, and all of Town 20, Range 8, which had be- longed to Hamilton Township, were set off as a town called Marion, to take effect from the first Tuesday in April, 1855. At the March meeting, 1867, the town of Harmon was created, leaving Marion a simple Government township, as it now exists. The first Supervisor of the new town was Alford Wolcot; Assessor, Sherman W. Caldwell; Justices of the Peace, Abram Morri- son and A. S. Phillip; Town Clerk, Simon Dyk- man; Collector, David Morrison. The first permanent settler in the town was David Welty, who came, as did many others, in pursuit of health. Starting from Buffalo, N. Y., in 1838, on a thorough-bred mare pre- sented to him by a friend, he made the entire distance to Dixon's Ferry on horseback. His wife and son, John M., with Mr. and Mrs. Scott, her father and mother, reached Chicago by way of the lakes, and thence by stage to Dixon the next year. In 1840 he preempted land on Sections 34 and 35, Town 20, Range 9. Mr. Welty soon built a double log-house on the stage road leading from Peoria to Dixon. The lumber for the doors, window sash, tloors, shingles, etc., was hauled from Chicago by team. He was considered wealthy, as riches were rated at that early date, while both he and his wife were educated and refined people who had been reared under the advantageous conditions afforded by the city of Buffalo, the home from which they emigrated. The floors of their log house were covered with velvet and Brussells carpets and costly rugs. The furni- ture was of mahogany and walnut, all brought from the East. The son, John M., writes: "The contrast' between the log house and its belong- ings was so great, as to excite the wonder and admiration of strangers from the Bast who chanced to alight from the stages and enter our pioneer home. There were, for many years, only three houses between Dixon and Prince- ton, one at Dad Jo's Grove, one on the south side of Palestine Grove and the other in which we lived." Near by was Green River, then known as Inlet Creek, which flowed through Mr. Welty's land, and here was, for many years, the only bridge across that stream. This bridge and a turnpike through the swamps were constructed under an act of the Legislature, approved Feb- ruary 19, 1839, granting authority to Henry W. Cleaveland to "erect a toll bridge across Green River and a causeway across the Winnebago Swamp, at or near the same." An act, approved February 3, 1843, provides for the selection of three inspectors to examine the work, and re- fers to it as located in Lee County, and requires their report to be filed in the office of the Clerk of that county. One toll gate was near the Welty house. The log house soon became an Inn, where the traveling public were both fed and lodged. Although there was no other house in the settlement, it acquired the name of Scottville, by which it was for some time known. It may be that this was adopted out of regard for Gen. Scott, or was simply the use of the name of the old people, Mrs. Welty's father and mother. With Mr. Welty came A. L. Porter, who set- tled in Dixon and was at one time Sheriff of the county. Contemporaneous with the coming of Mr. Welty to the township, was that of W. H. Blair, who located on Section 24. In 1841 J. C. Haley located on Section 13. In 1846 R. Scott settled on Section 15. George Keith arrived in 1861-62; Benjamin Brooks, long identified with the township, in 1856 bought the west half of the northwest quarter of Section 9, and soon became a resident. John R. Hawkins was an early settler, but in what year we are unable to ascertain. In 1856 Franklin H. Church settled on Section 2. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 68 1 May 4, 1878, "Walton" — or "Town of Walton" — was platted on land of Price Jones. Marion Township had a population in 1890 of 750, and in 1900 of 741, as shown by Government census. CHAPTER XVI. MAY TOWNSHIP. TOWN SET APART FROJI HAMILTON TOWNSHIP IN 1855 — EARLY SETTLERS CATHOLIC CHURCH AND ACADEMY. At the meeting of the Board of Supervisors, September, 1854, the Town of May was set apart from the Town of Hamilton, to which it had theretofore belonged. By the resolution the change was to take effect the first Tuesday in April, 1855. The name is said to have been selected in honor of a military officer of the name who fell in the battle of Palo Alto. The first settler in the township was Joseph Bay, who located on Section 13, south of Palestine Grove. The next was Ira Axtle, who located the same year on Section 6. In 1840, William Dolan, who became prominent in the town, set- tled on Section 14. Martin McGowen, J. Moran and John Darcy also came in 1840. In 1850 Andrew Kessler settled on Section 13. Joseph Hall came in 1857. In the latter year George Ash came and settled on Section 10. Also, in this year, Silas W. Avery arrived and settled on the northeast quarter of Section 7, while Hugh Fitzpatrick located on Section 19. The township has always been strong in the number of its citizens belonging to the Catholic communion. In an early day the "Sandy Hill" church was built on the northeast corner of the southwest qtiarter of the northeast quarter of Section 14. A brick building was erected and a cemetery started adjacent there- to. On the southeast corner of the southwest quarter of Section 17, St. Patrick's church was built at a later date. On the southwest corner of Section 25, St. Mary's church was erected in more recent years. At a very early date an academy was erected on the northwest corner of the southwest quarter of Section 24, where a school was, for many years, successfully conducted. This institution was the result of a bequest of Patrick Riley, who settled on Sec- tion 23 in 1848 and died in 1868, leaving his property for the • establishment of a school. Martin McGowen and Patrick McCann were the ' trustees. The building was dedicated early in September, 1880, and the school soon had six sisters of the order of Benedictine nuns for teachers. It was a boarding-school for young ladies, but boys were received as day pupils. The situation, however, proved unfavorable, and the school was finally discontinued. Across the road from this academy building was also erected a parsonage. The "Sandy Hill" church has been abandoned, but the furniture has been moved to the academy where weekly services are held. Father Kilkiney has been priest in charge for a number of years. At St. Mary's church services are conducted in Ger- man on the fourth Sunday of every month, by some priest from a near by parish. The township had a population, in 1890, ac- cording to the Government census, of 703 and in 1900 of 654. CHAPTER XVII. NACHUSA TOWNSHIP. NACHUSA SET OFF PROM CHINA TOWNSHIP SOME ROAD AND BRIDGE HISTORY — EARLY SETTLERS A FAMILY QUARREL — SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES — NACHUSA VILLAGE. Nachusa was set off from the Town of China, by resolution of the Board of Supervisors of Lee County February 7, 1871, being made up of the west half of the latter town. Dixon Township remained intact as first formed until the Feb- ruary meeting of the Board of Supervisors in 682 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 1872, when all lying east of the following line was detached and added to Naohusa: Com- mencing at the river and following the half section lines south to center of Section 34, thence east to center of Section 35, thence south to center of Section 2, thence west 80 rods, thence south to the north line of South Dixon. After two petitions had been rejected, a third was unanimously granted, without opposition, at the July meeting, 1877, restoring to Dixon • the east half of Sections 10, 15, 22, 27 and the northeast quarter of Section 34. The construc- tion of the bridge across the river at Grand Detour, in 1902, with its south terminus rest- ing in the town of Nachusa, necessitated the repair of the approaching roads and rendered desirable the opening of a new and more direct highway to the bridge. Nachusa having failed — indeed, practically refused — to take the needed action, and having manifested such in- difference on the subject as to arouse the indig- nation of the people most interested in the bridge, two petitions were placed before the Board of Supervisors, asKing that the territory embracing the roads calling for repair and the projected new road be added to Dixon. Both of these petitions were defeated, but a third petition offered at the September meeting, in 1903, resulted in detaching from Nachusa all the territory em- braced in Towns 21 and 22, Range 9, and adding it to the Town of Dixon. Thus Nachusa has been brought back to its original boundaries. (For further information as to bridge history, see "Lee County.") The proximity of Grand Detour to the north- ern boundary of the township drew an unusual number of early settlers to this locality. Among this class was Cyrus Chamberlain, who located on Section 18. Mr. Hollingshead, coming a little later, settled on Section 19. In 1835 Jo- seph Crawford arrived, and after living one year with Mr. Hollingshead, then settled in Dixon Township. Solomon Shelhamer joined the settlement a year or two afterwards. In 1836 John Chamberlain bought the Hollings- head farm and, in this same year, a Mr. Fisk came from the Best with a stock of goods, with which he opened a store in the Hollingshead house. A number of dwellings, including Cyrus Chamberlain's, in time, grouped about the point on the southwest quarter of Section 18, Town 22, Range 9, where a road leads off to the upper Grand Detour ferry, in such manner as at the present day to suggest a village. This settle- ment has been known for many years as "The Kingdom." Old settlers trace this name to dif- ferent sources, but all agree that it became attached to the place about 1844-6. One says that Sabbath-breaking, profanity, horse-racing and other irregularities caused the law-abiding, Sabbath-observing people of Grand Detour to as?aciate locality with the devil's affairs. Another (Harvey Herrick, now living in Dixon) lelates how, when a boy of twelve or fourteen years of age, he and an older brother quarreled with the boys of the only other family then in the place (Chamberlain's), and how their re- spective fathers took sides with the sons until finally one of the former charged that Satan had reigned ever since the other family had come into the neighborhood; that this was taken up by others in jest, and was circulated until it became firmly fixed to the place. The ac- companying circumstances are told with such particularity that the latter seems to be the more probable of the two accounts. In time the Satanic part of the name was dropped. In 1844 Harvey Herrick, Sr. (father of the Harvey Herrick above mentioned) settled here, having brought a house from over the county line, which was the second, Cyrus Chamber- lain's being the first. The first school house in the township was built of stone by Cyrus Chamberlain on his land, and its use was given to the pioneers. It was built on the southwest quarter of Section 18, Town 22, Range 10, and is still standing on the Weatherbee farm at "the Kingdom." Chester Herrington was the first teacher. Prior to the building of the school house, school was taught in private houses by a man named Shel- don, who is supposed to have been the first teacher in this section. The second school house was also built of stone and stood on the south half of the southwest quarter of Section 26, Town 22, Range 10. RTr. Chamberlain was the first Justice of the Peace in this part of the town, and was also County Commissioner when Ogle and Lee Coun- ties constituted one county. He is also credited with building the first saw-mill in that section. It was located east of the road on the southwest quarter of Section 18, on the north side of Franklin Creek, from which the power was obtained through a mill race which tapped the creek about a mile further upstream. Harvey HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 683 Herrick, Sr., took advantage of this power for blast purposes, to start a foundry here — un- doubtedly the first in the county — which he had been operating by horse power at Grand Detour. On the county map of 1863 appears the name "Galena & Chicago Union Railroad" across the south half of Section 18 and the southwest quar- ter of Section 17. When the road (now the Chicago & Northwestern) was being con- sti-ucted, timber was cut from these lands for ties and fuel. In 1842 a settlement was started on the Dixon and Franklin Grove road, wher,e Ludlum Ayres, Levi Green, Thomas Hopkins, William Parker, William Richardson, James Goddard and Don Cooper took up claims and built their huts. Most of these disposed of their claims in a few years and moved further west. In 1845 quite a number selected land near where the village of Nachusa stands. At the west end of the .Franklin Grove timber and within the present town of Nachusa, Joseph Bmmert bought a claim of Don Cooper where he erected, in 1845-6, a two-story dwelling and a large barn. In 1850 he put up quite a large flouring-mill on the creek at heavy expense. He was a min- ister of the German Baptist, or Dunkard, faith, and about 1850 erected the first church of that den'omination, where the present one stands, on the Dixon and Franklin road, on the south- east quarter of the southeast quarter of Section 5. In 1847, A. P. Dysart purchased the claim of Thomas Hopkins, which included the northwest quarter of the southeast quarter of Section 6, where Col. Dysart continued to reside up to the date of his death, and where hie erected an at- tractive and expensive dwelling. This' building Mrs. Mary E. B. Shippert has recently given to the Northern Illinois Lutheran Synod, to be turned over to the proper committee or trus- tees of the Northern, Central and Southern Illi- nois Synods, the Synods of Iowa, Nebraska and Kansas, and the two German bodies for an orphanage. The property, embracing forty-six acres, is valued at 1 6,000. The gift in such hands will prove a great blessing to the parent- less through long years yet to come. John M. Crawford and Samuel Crawford, brothers, came in 1846, the first establishing a permanent home on the east half of the south- west quarter of Section 5, and the other the west half of Section 9. Jonathan Depuy reached the county in 1842, and before long settled down 683-5 in this township. Abbut 1844 or '45 William Fiscel bought in Section 32. John P. Brubaker located on Sections 5 and 6, about the year 1850, and it was in this year that Benjamin Kesler also settled on Section 6. In 1852 Henry Wingert settled on Section 4, and John W. Win- gert also came to the town. Joshua Wingert arrived in 1846. Jacob Wertman arrived still earlier, reaching the township in 1838. William Brandon reached Dixon in 1837, and in a few years moved to Nachusa Township, where he resided many years. Marshall McNeel came to the county with his parents in 1847, and Jacob HIttle reached the county as early as 1841, both of them spending the remainder of their days in this township. Chester Harrington arrived in 1837 and soon secured the land in Section 13, Town 22, Range 9, on which he now re- sides with his son. William Garrison landed in the county in 1845 and eventually, some ten years later, settled in Nachusa. Prior to the building of the Dunkard church, above mentioned, by Joseph Emmert, and prior to his coming, the society was in existence over the river in Ogle County. Mr. Emmert first preached to its members there; but this was so inconvenient to him and the members in this county, that a society was formed in his neighborhood composed of himself and fam- ily, Christopher Lahman and wife, Jacob and Samuel Riddlesbarger and their wives, Oliver Edmunds and wife, Isaac Seits and wife, An- drew Dierdorf and wife, Benjamin Kesler and wife, with a few others. Adjacent to the church is the cemietery, in which the first burial was that of Debbie Beever. At an early date a Methodist minister by the name of Benjamin preached to the settlers in their homes; but the first church building to be erected in the north part of the township was the Mt. Union church, dedicated November 9, 1890, for the use of the denominations desir- ing to hold service there. It stands on the northwest corner of the northeast quarter of Section 26, a prominent point, giving the white building a conspicuous place in the landscape. Separated from the church yard only by a fence is the Mooers Cemetery, which was given by one of the pioneers, Josiah Mooers, whose remains were the first to be interred within its precincts. It dates prior to 1860. In 1887 the Lutheran Church erected a neat meeting house in the village of Nachusa, which is now occu- 684 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. pied by the society. In May, 1900, Trinity Evangelical church dedicated a new building erected by its members at "the Kingdom." Turning to the southern portions of the town- ship, it is found that the first settler was a Mr. Jones, who located on Section 20, Town 21. In 1839 Dr. Charles Gardner settled on the northwest quarter and north half of the south- west quarter of Section 20, where he resided until his death at a good old age. Most of the pioneers emigrated from the East by means of horse or ox-teams, or by way of canals and lakes, but Dr. Gardner entered the new country by an altogether different route. He reached New Orleans by sloop from Newport, R. I., and thence by steamboat up the Mississippi and Illinois to Peru, where wagons and teams were purchased with which the remainder of the journey was accomplished. His wife followed the track across the States a few months later. Dr. Gardner belonged to the Thomsonian school of medicine, and was the first physician in that section. He brought with him a large supply of seeds, cuttings, grafts and slips, with which to start the much desired fruit and ornamental tree culture. These were freely distributed and, besides his own planting, laid the founda- tion for taste and interest in trees which have characterized the locality. In 1873 he built a large hay barn, the heavy timber for which was cut from the grove which he himself had planted. This southern part of the town- ship had the advantage of the Chicago road, which was the artery of travel from Chicago to Dixon's Ferry, and, naturally, the first set- tlements were thickest along its course. About six months later than the coming of Mrs. Gard- ner, her aunt and Mrs. Hannah DeWolf arrived and purchased a home about a mile west on the northwest quarter of Section 19. Here Mrs. Gardner and Mrs. DeWolf started the first Sunday School in that vicinity, and here, in Mrs. DeWolf's house, the first public school in the township was taught. The first teacher was Miss Betsey DeWolf. On the northeast corner of Mrs. DeWolf's farm she donated a plat for a cemetery, which is still in use. This was about the year 1840, and the first person to be buried there was "Old Michael," a man who worked for her. Adjacent to this site, the first school house was built in 1841 or '42, when Miss DeWolf again taught, also a Miss Hunter. The house was afterwards moved to the southwest corner of Dr. Gardner's . farm, where it was known for many years as "Locust Street School House." Later it was moved to the crossroads, where it took the name of "Hollister." In 1841 John Leake settled in the township at Temperance Hill, having emigrated from England in 1840. His wife and three sons, William, John C, Thomas, and a daughter, Mary Ann, together with Mrs. Lake's two sisters, Mrs. Edward Willars and Mrs. Daniel Leake and their husbands, all came over in a party in 1841. Isaac Means and William Moody ac- companied Mr. Leake. John Leake (2d) with his wife and two children, Clarissa, and Will- iam, made the passage from England in 1843 and settled on the highest ground at Temper- ance Hill, that part of the southwest quarter of the southwest quarter of Section 27, lying south of the road. The two Johns became distinguishable in the neighborhood by names coined for the purpose; John, the. first-comer, being called "Butcher John,' from his early occupation in the old country, and the other, "Miller John," or "John on the 'illtop," from the elevation of his land. Miller John and Daniel were brothers, and cousins of Butcher John. Alva Hale was one of the early settlers, enter- ing a claim on Section 33. Nachusa Village. — The station was called Taylor when the railroad was in process of con- struction, but when the plat was made In the fall of 1853 by Col. Dysart and George Baugh, it was given its present name — the one by which Father Dixon was known among the In- dians. The first business enterprise in the place was launched by its founder. Col. A. P. Dysart, who built a warehouse, bought grain and dealt in coal and lumber. In 1855 or '56 he opened a general store in partnership with a Mr. Cunningham. They were succeeded in 1860 by the firm of (John) Dysart & Riley, who built the present elevator. The business finally passed into the hands of William C. Dysart, and now is owned and conducted by Mr. C. B. Crawford. The first postmaster was Col. Dysart, and the oflice has always remained in the store where he opened it, the successive proprietors of which have held the commission, except during the first four years of President Cleveland's admin- istration, when C. D. Hart held the office. The first school house to be erected in the village was the one now in use. It was built HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 68s in 1868 and J. A. D. Barnes was the first teacher to hold forth in It. The first blacksmith shop was started in 1855 or 1856, by Mr. Farwell. According to the census the township had a population in 1890 of 913 and in 1900 of 886. Note— The government survey of the different towns in the county was made in the following years: Town 21 range 9 in 1834; Town 22 range 9, Town 22 range 10 in 1839; Town 21 range 8 and Town 21 range 10 in 1839-40; Town 22 ranges. Town 22 range 11, Town 39 range 1 and Town 38 rang: 1 in 1840; Town 20 range 10 and Town 37 range i in 1842; Town 37 range 2 in 1842-3; the remaining towns in the county were all surveyed in 1843. CHAPTER XVIII. NELSON TOWNSHIP. KELSON TOWXSHIP SET OFF FROJI DIXON ITS EABLI- EST SETTLER OTHER EARLY ABRIVAL.S THE "bluff boys" ZION LUTHERAN CI-ICJRCH — NEL- SON VILLAGE PLATTED. At the February meeting, 1860, of the Board Of Supervisors that part of the Town of Dixon lying south of Rock River, in Town 21, Range 8, was set apart as the Town of Nelson. The earliest settler in the township was Luther Stone, who, with his sons, Burrell and Samuel, settled in 1836, on Section 29. Abner Coggswell settled on Section 30 in 1843. Uriah Gruver has been considered an old settler, but it was as late as 1854 when he came to Dixon, and it was 1865 when he settled on Section 26 in Nel- son Township. Charles P. Hubbard settled on the northeast quarter of Section 11 at an early day, but we have been unable to ascertain the year. Nathan Morehouse located a short dis- tance north of the southeast corner of the south- west quarter of Section 17 in 1847. William Bivens bought the farm and moved onto it in the spring of 1849. Lewis Brauer settled some- where east of Bivens about the year 1849. It is a singular fact that this township was backward in attracting early settlers, being spaisely settled prior to 1854. In the latter year Jacob and Solomon Harding, Daniel Uhl, John and Eli Geiger came. William Uhl settled on the northwest quarter of Section 23 about 1852. Frederick Haupt and his son, Fred, and Gerhard H. Missman settled in the township in 1855, and Eli Lloyd the next year. Arthur Phillips, John Mooers, Michael Trautman, Eli- jah Walker, Henry Heaton, Albert Hubbard and Conrad Hartman were among the settlers of the early or middle '50s. Mention should be made of a set of young fellows who were known as the "Bluff Boys," and who made the cabin of Charles F. Hubbard, on the river bluff, their headquarters. Among them were Alexander Charters, commonly known as the "Governor," Carleton Bailey, Capt. William Graham and Mr. Hubbard. The group was composed of young scions of wealthy tamilies in the Bast or across the waters, who had enjoyed the privileges of city schools and life, and had come to a new country for fun rather than business or the opportunities which pioneer life afforded. They, to a man, were jovial, high-spirited and not indifferent to the cup. "Gov." Charters became the host of Hazel- wood; Carleton Bailey settled in Dixon Town- ship in the Bend opposite Grand Detour Town- ship; Capt. Graham acquired land in Palmyra Township. All were congenial companions and became endeared to those about them. Zion Lutheran church was organized in the township at an early date, and services were held in a little school-house located on south- west quarter of the northwest quarter of Sec- tion 23, which was built about the year 1856. In a short time a larger school-house was erected on the spot, which was also used for church services until about the year 1880, when it was torn down. The present church building owned and occupied by the society, was built in 1880 and stands on the southeast corner of Sec- tion 22. The cemetery which was started within the same enclosure where the small school house stood, has been enlarged and is controlled by the Pine Grove Cemetery Association, which was recently incorporated under the State law. December 22, 1862, the "Town of Nelson" was platted on land of Willard S. Pope and Samuel Nelson. In 1902 and 1903 the Chicago & North-Western Railroad Company built a branch, leaving its main line at Nelson, and running thence to Peoria, and here at Nelson they erected large coal sheds. This has given something of an impetus to the little village and it is manifesting uniq,istakable signs of growth. Nelson had a population in 1890 of 454 and, in 1900, of 586, as shown by the Government census. 686 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. CHAPTER XIX. PALMYRA TOWNSHIP. ITS EARLY SETTLERS ARRIVAL OP THE NEW YORK COLONY CHURCHES AND SCHOOLS CEMETERIES — ^PRAIRIEVILLE AND ITS SOLDIERS' MONUMENT PALMYRA INSURANCE C03IPANY. For the names and time of arrival of early settlers In Palmyra Township, the following quotation is made from an article by Miss Jane Johnson, appearing in "Recollections of Pio- neers of Lee County" (p. 497) : "The first settlement was begun in the spring of tS34 bj-- old Mr. Morgan and his sons, Harvey and John, and Benjamin Stewart, who settled in the south side of the Grove, known as "the Gap." They were followed in the autumn by John H. Page and wife, and Stephen Fellows, with a large family. "The following spring (1835) the new acces- sions included W. W. Bethea, Absalom Fender tvith a large family, Capt. Oliver Hubbard, a numerous family of Gastons, Smith Gilbraith, William T. and Elkanah Bush, Daniel Beards- ley, old Mr. Thomas and his sons, Enoch and Noah; Daniel Obrist, Nathan Morehouse, Jeff Harris, Anson Thummel, brother of Rev. C. B. Thummel; James Power and sons, Thomas and Jeptha. From 1836 to 1845 large additions were made to the infant settlement, most of the following being well known families: John C. Oliver, Noah Beede, Abijah Powers, Frederick and Henry Coe, Walter Rogers, Reuben East- wood, William Myers (afterwards known as the "Prophet"), Hiram Parks, W. W. Tilton, Timo- thy Butler, Hugh Graham, John T. Lawrence, John Lawrence, Abner Moon, John Lord and his son John L., Jarves N. and David Holly, Wm. Martin and his nephews, James, Jacob and Ty- ler Martin; Capt. Jonas M. Johnson and his sons, William Y. and Morris, with their fam- ilies and a son-in-law; Eben H. Johnson and wife, Joshua Seavey and sons, Jesse and Win- throp; Joshua Marden and son William; Al- bert and John Jenness, Harvey E. Johnson, Charles and Dana Columbia, Levi Briggs and father, Thomas Monk, William and John Benja- min, Truxton and Lemuel Sweeney, John and Joseph Thompson, John Norris, William and Lockwood Harris, Wm. Burger, Wm. Stackpole, Rev. William Gates, James Gates, William Ayres, Thomas Ayres, L. Deyo, B. Deyo, Col. Leman Mason and sons Sterne, Volney and Rod- ney; Moses Warner and sons Henry, Moses and George; Major Sterling, Henry and Gustavus Sartorius; Nehemiah, William, Fletcher and Morris Hutton; Abram O'Brist, Martin Blair, Wesley Atkinson, Thomas and Moses Scallion, John Carley, Hardin, Beach, Tomlin, Martin Richardson, Benjamin Gates, Mathias Schick, Anton Harms, Charles A. Becker, Henry Miller, Becker Miller, Mr. Curtis, Martin and William Brauer, William Miller, John Morse." The names of David Law (father of Dr. David H.) and family, who came in 1839, and their rela- tives, the McGinnisses, who came at or about the same time, should be added to this list. It should also be noted that John Lord and family first settled in Dixon, near the point where Peoria Avenue crosses the Chicago & North- ern Railway. Between 1839 and 1844 the New York Colony (so called) settled in Palmyra. Capt. Hugh Graham was its acknowledged head. William Graham, John T. Lawrence and brother were tLe first to arrive. C. F. Hubbard came later. The colony was made up for the most part of highly educated young men and women from New York City and across the sea. They were lured westward by imaginary attractions of a new and fertile country. It was to be their El Dorado, but proved quite otherwise. Their lack of experience in agricultural pursuits, and their unfitness for pioneer life, its hardships and problems, defeated their hopes, financially, but it is not too much to say that the communi- ty was still a distinct gainer. Their Influence was always exerted in the direction of better educational conditions, and they contributed in the press and by example to raise the in- telectual standards of the neighborhood. Mr. Lawrence, Mr. Geyot and Mr. Hubbard spent their lives in the locality where they first set- tled, and were gathered to their fathers only a few years ago. An article contributed by Mr. Lawrence to that excellent collection of essays on early days, "Recollections of the Pioneers of Lee County" (above quoted from), gives a most graphic account of their experiences, is rich in local incident and suggests the scholarly cast of the New York Colony. Mr. Lawrence says, in the paper referred to, that Palmyra was HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 687 named by Fred Coe, from the town of that name in New York. The Indians were gathering sweetness from the maple trees of Sugar Grove when the white man came, and under the latter's care the "sap bush" soon became a fixed institution. At an early date a double log house stood in front of the spot on which now stands the John Lord family residence, of which Smith Gil- braith's family occupied one side. It seems that there was a postoflice at the Gap in the early days, E. B. Bush being the first Postmaster and having a deputy at Buffalo Grove. This same Bush ran a ferry near where the center line of Section 10 strikes the river. Joshua Morgan also served as Postmaster. The office was continued until the recent introduc- tion of postal delivery service. In 1840 the settlement had sixty voters. As early as 1843 Matthias Selricks had a blacksmith shop at Prairieville, and there were others in the town. O'Brist had a saw-mill on Sugar Creek where, after a heavy rain, a little sawing of the native logs could be done. There were two brothers; Daniel was drovraed in Elkhorn Creek and Abram then ran the mill. Aside from the as- sistance of this mill, nearly all the buildings were made of hewed logs, shakes or split shin- gles for the roof, and puncheons or boards split from logs for the floor. There was a time not many years ago when the carriage and wagon shops of John L. Lord did a large business, considering their inacces- sibility by rail. The business was founded by John Lord in 1841, and twelve' years later passed into the hands of his son John L. Comp- petition having eventually proven too formida- ble for works so situated, the business was, a few years ago, abandoned. The first church in Palmyra was at Gap Grove on the site where the school house now stands. Its dimensions were 24 by 36 feet and it was built in 1839 jointly by the Congregationalists and the Meth- odists, and was occupied on alternate Sundays by those two denominations. It was aban- doned at least forty years ago and transformed into a school house and used for a number of years, when it was moved off and sold for $20, and in its place the present school house was built. The old school house was converted into a barn, in which capacity it is still doing serv- ice for H. M. Gilbert. About the year 1855 the Methodists built a church at a point on the south side of the pub- lic road, near the west line of the southwest quarter of Section 34. Near it stood a frame school house, but when built or what figure it cut in the neighborhood we have been unable to find out. It is, however, at present used as a milk-house on Howard Martin's farm. Tne church was sold and torn down many years ago. On the southwest corner of the farm now owned by Gustav Selig (southeast quarter. Section 27), near the forks of the road, once stood a log house, which is claimed by some to have been the true historic school house of the section. At one time the number of pupils here taught reached fifty. In 1857-8 a brick church, with basement for school purposes, was erected at Sugar Grove. At an early day there was also a log school house near the John Lord residence on Section 36, and, in the "Hall" at "the Gap," which was originally a saw-mill built by W. W. Tilton, a Mr. Judd once taught an advanced school, to which many came from a distance on horse- back to enjoy its advantages. Old settlers are not agreed touching the first school teacher of the town. Mr. J. T. Law- rence awards the mantle to Mary Hill, who in time became Mrs. Michael Fellows, while Rev. S. N. Fellows, brother of Michael (both of whom were sons of Stephen Fellows) , gives the honor to his sister Margaret. Another accords it to Mrs. Hubbard, afterward wife of W. W. Tilton. However this may be, no regular school was established until 1838, when a small frame school house was erected in the center of Sugar Grove, but never finished, in which W. W. Bethea was master for two winters. In 1837 there was a school house at the Gap nearly opposite the ground where the town hall now stands. In 1847, a frame school house was built on or near the spot where the combined school and church building at Sugar Grove, on the south line of the southeast quarter of Sec- tion 22, was later erected. On the former com- ing into use the log house on the Selig tract was abandoned. In 1856 the house of 1847 was moved off and became a part of the dwelling on the farm now owned by Fletcher Seavey, where it still may be found. In its stead a building, with stone basement and brick second story, was put up by the voluntary contributions of the neigh- borhood. The basement being desirable for school purposes, was, in some way, soon sold to the school authorities of the town. The walls 688 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. of the second story proving too light to safely support the roof, they were taken out without disturbing the roof and replaced with a suita- ble frame inclosure. About the year 1880 the building was entirely consumed by fire. It was promptly rebuilt substantially as before, and as it is now seen, except that the first story is of wood instead of stone. Cemeteries. — In 1840 a cemetery was located at the Gap and the ilrst interment was that of Samuel Fellows, on February 8th of that year. It was situated on the south side of the half-sec- tion line at the northwest comer of the south- west quarter of Section 34, and at the northeast corner of the southeast quarter of Section 33. A number of bodies were removed, but a number are still there, though the spot has long been abandoned to weeds and underbrush. A con- siderable burial ground also existed at one time about the middle of the tract south of the road in the southwest quarter of the southeast quar- ter of Section 26, on what is known as the Beede farm. The bodies here buried were all removed, some finding a temporary resting place on the east side of the forks of the road on the west line of said quarter section; but nearly all of them reposed at last in the cemetery at the Grove church and school house, which was opened in 1855, the remains of an infant child of Asa Seavey being the first in- terred here. By the bestowal of much labor and taste, for which the ladies are largely to be credited, it is now an ideal little burial plot. The cemetery north of Prairieville, at the northeast corner of the southeast quarter of Section 31, was established by deed from Abi- jah Powers, dated April, 1861. Its location is a beautiful spot for which nature has done much, and while considerably less has been ex- pended upon it than on the other, it is still a respectable rival. i-rairiemlle was located and platted at the instance of Abijah Powers, Phillip Schock,. Sam- uel Shaw and Winthrop Seavey, April 10, 1855. On its site a blacksmith shop was in full blast in 1843. liie village school house is a two-story brick structure surmounted by a belfry. It was built at a cost of $3,000. In the schoolyard inclosure a soldiers' monu- ment, costing about $900, was erected June 3, 1869, by the voluntary contributions of the patriotic citizens of the township. It is a nota- ble fact that this is the only monument, thus far set up anywhere in the county, to the mem- ory of the brave men who served their country in the War of the Rebellion. On September 3, 1902, this monument was moved to the cemetery one-half mile north of Prairieville, through the interest and agency of the W. C. Robinson Post, G. A. R., of Ster- ling. To make this practicable, the heirs of the late Samuel Shaw donated their beautiful lot in the center of the grounds where had re- posed, until removed to the cemetery at Dixon, the remains of Timothy Shaw, the son of Sam- uel Shaw, and brother of Miss Elizabeth J. Shaw. He was the first Lee County boy to en- list in the War of the Rebellion. The date of his enlistment appears by the records to have been April, 1861. He was at school at Jackson- ville at the time, and became a member of Com- pany B, Tenth Illinois Infantry. The marble shaft was rededicated in its new position by appropriate ceremonies, Mr. S. H. Bethea, an honored son of Palmyra, delivering the address. On this occasion the shaft bore the following names of the country's defenders credited to Palmyra: Timothy Shaw, Jerome D. Morgan, Benj. E. Berry, Solomon Stewart, Joseph Brown, Jefferson Seavey, Michael 0'- Kane, Charles Becker, Henry Peek, John Strothman, Norman D. Smith, Morris Hutton, Theodore Gaston, William Hackett, Edward S. O'Brien, Emanuel Schick, Henry D. Wood, George P. Ehrman, Louis Gleichman, Deidrich Kruger, Albert Slater and Homer Clink. There is at present the school house re- ferred to, and a church edifice in the village of Prairieville (if the few houses there now can be so called), in which the Congregationalists and Lutherans hold service. A blacksmith shop and small store cater to the wants of the neighborhood in their respective lines. The town hall at the Gap was built about the year 1880. To encourage enlistment in the War of the Rebellion, Palmyra, as a town, paid $12,470 in bounties. Palmyra Insurance Company. — One of Pal- myra's permanent institutions is the "Parmer's Mutual Fire Insurance Company of Palmyra," which was incorporated by special act of the Legislature, February 15, 1865, since which time it has done a large business in Lee and surrounding counties. When the company com- menced doing business in the following July, it had applications for over $100,000 of insur- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 689 aace to start with. Its business has Increased until it is now carrying risks aggregating over $1,500,0.00. It Is what is called a "District Company," and is one of the largest of its kind in the State. Its operations are confined to Lee, Ogle, Whiteside and Carroll counties, and it insures all kinds of farm property, but never enters cities or incorporated villages. Its first officers were John H. Page, President, and C. B. Thummel, Secretary. Its present officers are F. M. Coe, President, and Fletcher Seavey, Sec- retary. The population of Palmyra Township was 1,016 in 1890, and 1,019 In 1900, as shown by the Government census. CHAPTER XX. cated at Brush Grove, and was the first settler in the township. The society of the Methodist Episcopal church was organized in the fall of 1875, and soon af- terwards a church building was erected on the "Flats." The building committee consisted of F. F. Farmlow, C. W. Ament, C. F. Van Patten, John A. Edgar, Daniel C. Miller and B. F. Parker. At the southeast corner of Section 19 stands the Emanuel church of the Evangelical Associ- ation (German). It was built at a cost of $4,000, and was dedicated October 13, 1872, free from debt. In 1881, $900 was expended in im- provements and repairs. The building commit- tee consisted of John Kersten, George Sand- rock, George Bolei, Martin Wagner and Ernst Weiner. The population of the township, according to census, was 674 in 1890, and 743 in 1900. REYNOLDS TOWNSHIP. CHAPTER XXI. OBIGINAL DIMENSIONS NEW ORGANIZATION IN 1859 — FIRST ELECTION AND BOARD OP OFFICERS — EARLY SETTLERS CHURCHES. The Town of Brooklyn originally embraced all of Towns 37, 38 and 39, Range 1. Town 38, Range 1 (now Viola) was set off under the name of Stockton, by the Board of Supervisors at the February meeting, 1861. A year prior to this the northern township of these three was, In like manner, set apart by the name of Reynolds Township. The first election under the new organization was held April 5, 1859, at which Thomas Minier was elected Supervis- or and Assessor; John C. Piper, Town Clerk and Constable; Dudley C. Whitehead, Collector and Constable; Daniel Brink, Jr., Overseer of the Poor; E. F. Gatten, Job Whitehead and David Douthett, Commissioners of Highways; Peter Mills and Robert M. Piel, Justices of the Peace. The election and town meeting was held in the r^idence of Horace Stearns, a cabin 13 by 16 feet and six feet high, located on Section lo. It was later used as a pigi>en and corn crib. The early settlers were Sewell Reynolds, Thomas Minier, Jonathan Whitehead, John Herrington, Dudley C. Whitehead, Daniel Brink, Jr., and Charles Gooch. Reynolds lo- SOUTH DIXON TOWNSHIP. THE TOWNSHIP SET APART FROM DIXON — FIRST PERMANENT SETTLER' — OTHERS WHO FOLLOWED — FIRST SCHOOL — CHURCHES A PIONEER DEBATING SOCIETY TOWN OF ELDENA PLATTED. At the February session, 1867, of the Board of Supervisors, the town of South Dixon was detached from the Town of Dixon, embracing all of Town 22, Range 9, except the north tier of sections. The town remained with these boundaries until the March session, 1877, when the territory lying north of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway was restored to thle Town of Dixon. The earliest permanent set- tler in the township was Joseph Cartwright, who settled there in 1838 and died the follow- ing year. Prior to this, however, in 1836, a young man staked out a claim for himself close to the three mile branch on the Chicago road, near the northeast corner of Section: 15. Abram Brown, who settled in the town in 1849 on that part of Section 13, where he continued to live until his death a few years ago, relates that Uncle Peter and Aunt Rhoda McKenney, through some misunderstanding, jumped the 690 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. young man's claim and built a small shanty and set up housekeeping, by reason of which the "Claim Society" ousted them. The shanty was loaded on a wagon, much against their will, and moved off the premises. The second permanent settler was Charles Edson, , who located here in 1839. Mr. Bdson and his wife did much to foster everything that was calculated to uplift and advance the interests of the community. The family after- wards occupied the farm across the road from the brick school house, which circumstance and their relations to the school gave it the name of the Edson school, by which it was known for many years. As soon as they moved into their first house, Mrs. Edson gave up her largest room for a school, and this was the first school to be taught in the vicinity. The teacher was a Miss Robinson, later a preceptress in Mt. Morris Seminary, where she married Judge Puller of Ogle County, and after his death he- came the wife of Bowman Bacon, a nephew of Mrs. Joseph Crawford of Dixon. In the early '60s the Edson family moved to California. The next family to locate in the town con- sisted of James Campbell, his wife and two daughters. Mr. Campbell did not live long, and on his death his widow married Isaac Boardman, of Dixon. The father of Reuben Trowbridge settled near Bldena very early, and reared a large family of boys. Hiram and He- man Meade joined the settlement soon after, and a man of a different stripe by the name of Hamill, who brought his wife from the poor- house at Buffalo, New York, came to the town- ship. His abuse of one of his children so ex- citfed the kind N. G. H. Morrill, the County Poormaster, and other large-hearted people of Dixon, that they administered to the brute a thorough coat of tar and feathers in Dixon, in the vicinity of where the Western Hotel then stood. Other early settlers were Christian Stevens, Henry B. True, Caldwell Bishop, Henry Page, Jacob McKenney, Jacob Groh, and son B. H., James Rogers, Matthew McKenney, William A. Judd, Nathan Hill, John Fritz, Sr., William J. Fritz, William Rink, John Anderson, Barnhard Wissman and others. St.' James Evangelical Lutheran Church was early organized and, in 1877, built a church edifice north of the Chicago road near the southeast corner of the northeast quarter of Section 14. Another church of the same de- nomination was built on the southwest corner of Section 20, known as Emanuel Church. In the village of Eldina the Methodist Episcopal Society built a church in 1870, which has also been used by other denominations. Further mention should be made of the Ed- son school house, later known as "The Brick," on the northwest corner of the southwest quar- ter of Section 13, which was built at an early dsCy, and was for many years the center of Intel- lectual activity in that section. Mr. B. B. Bdson was the first teacher in this building. At one time the attendance reached 120. In the days when Abram Brown, Ephraim Groh and others were at the height of their activity, this school house was the scene of periodical debates, which attracted a large attendance, it being a com- mon thing for disputants from Dixon to take part. In 1858 the Edsonville Literary and De- bating Society was formed, with Mr. Brown as its first President, and it was under the aus- pices of this organization that, for many years, the forensic contests went on during the win- ter months. The only poor-farm in the county is situated on Section 26, and contains 100 acres. July 10, 1863, the "Town of Eldina" was platted on land of the Illinois Central Rail- road. The first store and house in the village was built by Reuben H. Cheney. The first grain-house was built by Reuben Trowbridge, Reuben H. Cheney and Daniel Brown. To this was later added an elevator. The population of South Dixon, according to the government census, was 841 in 1890, and 854 in 1900. CHAPTER XXII. SUBLETTE TOWNSHIP. FIRST SETTLERS — THE ORIGINAL NAME HANTfO .CHANGED TO SUBLETTE ^FIRST ELECTION AND TOWN OFFICERS — CHURCHES AND EABLT SCHOOLS — HBNKEL AND SUBLETTE VILLAGES — BUSINESS IIOTTfc.ES. Charles F. Ingals settled just over the line in Lee Center Township, in 1836. Sherman Hatch reached Dixon in 1837, and soon found his wp\ to Mr. Ingals* place. During that sum- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 691 mer or fall he settled on the southwest part of Section 7, taking possession of and completing a log house that had been partly built by pre- vious* claimants who had abandoned their claim. He went back to Vermont that fall and returned the next year with his bride. Jona- than Peterson laid claim, in the summer of 1837, to the northwestern part of Section 4, and after building a log cabin near by in Lee Center, he, too, repaired that fall to his New England home for a wife, returning with her the next year. In the fall of 1838 Thomas and William Fessenden arrived with their families, and built a log house near the southeast cor- ner of the northwest quarter of Section 7, and moved into it in December. In the following year "William Fessenden built on the southeast corner of the southwest quarter of Section 6. Sometime in the '30s William Knox and family settled on the south side of the eastern portion of the grove which bears their name. It was on the Chicago and Galesburg road, east of the center of the southeast quarter of Section 24. Sylvanus Peterson, brother of Jonathan, lo- cated on the southeast quarter of Section 5. Earlier than 1840, John Morton and R. E. Good- all settled on Sections 5 and 8. One of the old settlers, Daniel Baird, located in LaSalle County in the fall of 1836, and came on to Sublette in 1839, planting his home on the La- Salle and Grand Detour road, near the north- east corner of the south half of the northeast quarter of Section 17. It was in this year that Phineas Rust built the first frame house in the township, on the northeast quarter of Section SI. He never lived there, however, but sold his claim late in 1840 to Philo Stanard and Thomas Angier. During the year 1839 Thomas Tour- tillott built a frame house near the center of Section 31 and Obed W. Bryant settled on the Chicago and Galesburg road on Section 35. In 1843, Ephraim RenifE, with his family, located on the south half of the northeast quarter of Section 33, and Hiram Anderson did likewise on the northeast quarter of the southeast quar- ter of the same section. It was over the latter claim that the Settlers' Claim Society applied a law of their own ihaking to a claim-jumper by the name of Bull. A force, sixty-five in number, well armed, repaired to Dixon and captured the offender. The difficulty was so adjusted, however, that Anderson held the land, and the vigorous remedy protected the settlement from "jumpers" ever thereafter. Early in the '40s Stephen Richardson located near the southwest corner of the northeast quarter of Section 31. Jacob Vertrees came in 1843 or '44, and John Skinner in 1844 or '45. Hezekiah and John McKune were also settlers in the early '40s, the former locating on the north half of the northeast quarter of Section 8, and the latter on the southwest quarter of Section 17. In 1848 or '49 William Coleman settled on the northeast quarter of Section 7. In 1843 Alpheus Crawford bought a claim to the south half of Section 13 for $75. This was within the Knox Grove settlement, where Levi Camp had settled that year and Daniel Pratt the year before. Prescott Bartlett claimed the east half of Section 27, and built a log house near the northwest corner of the tract in 1844. Silas D. Reniff also settled on the north half of the north half of Section 20, and John Betz on the southeast quarter of Section 33, near the southeast corner, the same year. It was in this year, too, that R. P. Hubbard settled east of the road on the northeast quarter of the north- west quarter of Section 17. In 1846 Bartholo- mew Theiss made a claim to 120 acres in Sec- tions 29 and 32, where his sons, John, Jacob and Gotfreid Theiss, subsequently lived. John W. Skinner located on the southwest quarter of Section 13 in 1846; Stephen Averill settled on the same section about the same time. John Clink located on the southwest quarter of Sec- tion 12 in 1847, and about 1848 William Clink settled on the northwest quarter of the same section. Jacob, Andrew and Michael Lauer came in 1849 or '50. Other settlers on the south side of Knox Grove were Solomon Por- ter who bought out William Knox in the fall of 1845; Samuel and Nathaniel Ellsworth, who settled on the southwest quarter of Section 25, the same year, and David Maxwell, who came to the southwest quarter of Section 35 about the same time. George Hoffman settled on the southwest quarter of Section 33 about 1845, and Henry Schwab located the next year, just south of the center of Section 34. John Spielman came in 1846 and located on the eastern part of Section 34, in Perkins Grove neighborhood, and also a German family by the name of Smith. In 1849 or '50 Carl Buettner bought part of the southwest quarter of Section 35 and 692 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. made it his home. About the same time the Pohls and Andrew Henkel came to the town- ship, the former locating on the southwest quarter of Section 36, and the latter on the southeast quarter of Section 26. May 22, 1846, Bleazer Barton, father of J. B. Barton, settled on the northeast quarter of the northwest quar- ter of Sec. 25. William A. Miller and son-in-law, George Gheer, settled on the northeast quarter of Section 35 in 1846. Miller sold out to H. N. Erskine, who later sold to P. H. Kapser and bought the east half of Section 12. William and Thomas Ireland and Jacob Schneck came in 1849-50, and Jacob Wolf and father, Nicholas, Jacob Eich and Andrew Hatzenberger in 1850. In 1846 what was known as Knox Grove set- tlement covered a radius of two to three miles around the grove, and numbered fourteen fami- lies. Not a house had been built on the Chi- cago and Galesburg road between the settle- ment and Paw Paw Grove, a distance of twelve miles. There was no settlement to the south nearer than the Illinois River. To the south- east Troy Grove settlement, eight miles dis- tant, was the nearest. On the north. Inlet Grove was eight miles away; on the northeast, Melugin Grove, ten miles, and Four-mile Grove, eight miles distant, were the nearest settle- ments in those directions. The town was flrst called "Hanno" from "Hanau," a city on the Rhine above f'rankfort in Nassau, Prussia. It was so named at the suggestion of James Tourtillott. By act of the legislature, approved February 18, 1857, it was enacted "that the name of Hanno Township, in the county of Lee" be changed to "Sublette Township." The new name Sublette has been accounted for in other histories as having been derived from the practice of "subletting" con- tracts for the building of the railroad. This is clearly erroneous. In the first place, if that had been its origin, the name would have been spelled "Sublet" without the final "te." In the second place there was little, if any, subletting on this section of the road, and hence the word was not brought into prominence. But, con- clusively, the name on the recorded plot of the village is spelled "Soublette," and, in the Com- pany's certificate attached, the place is named "Town of Soublett" without the final "e." Moreover the name on the station house for years was "Soublette." There is nothing to indicate where the name was found, but clearly the history commonly given it is wide of the mark. The flrst town meeting was held on the sec- ond Tuesday of April, 1850, at which thS fol- lowing oflScers were elected: Daniel Baird, Supervisor; Henry Porter, Clerk; Whitlock T. Porter, Assessor; Silas D. Renlff, Collector; Daniel Pratt, Overseer of the Poor; Hiram An- derson and W. H. Hamblin, Highway Commis- sioners; Daniel Avery and Thomas S. Angier, Constables; Alpheus Crawford and Andrew Ber- tholf, Justices of the Peace. The number vot- ing at this election is not given, but two years later forty-seven votes were cast. Town meet- ings were held at private residences as follows: 1853, at Daniel Pratt's, Knox Grove; 1854, at Daniel Wilcox's; 1855, at David Maxwell's. At the latter meeting $1,000 was voted for the erection of a town house in the village of Sub- lette. In 1848 Alpheus Crawford and others killed a black bear north of Knox Grove, which weighed 400 pounds. The first postoffice in the township was opened in Daniel Baird's house, about 1840. The office was called Brookfield. The second postoffice was established at Knox Grove in 1847 or '48, and named Ovid; the first postmas- ter was Solomon Porter. In 1841 O. W. Bryant burned a kiln of brick on the northwest comer of Section 35. As early as 1850 a man by the name of McBirney had a blacksmith shop near the southwest cor- ner of the town. The Baptist church was organized in 1843 in Jonathan Peterson's log house, with thirteen members. It was known as the First Baptist Church of Palestine Grove. To accommodate the members, meetings were held alternately on opposite sides of the grove at the homes of worshipers until the school house came, when that, as a rule, became the meeting place in the different localities. In 1854 meetings began to be held in Benton's Hall, about half a mile west of the site of the church where they now assemble. Here they continued until Novem- ber, 1858, when the building in the village, where the congregation • now worships, and which had been built at a cost of $5,000, was dedicated. The society also had a parsonage, which has been sold. The first organization of the Methodist Epis- copal Church was effected at the house of Levi HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 693 Camp, at Knox Grove, about 1846. Meetings were held at private residences and at Knox Grove school house, until the town hall was available at the village, when the meetings became localized at that place. In 1870 a church was built in the village and dedicated the next year. Services continued seven or eight years, when the society was abandoned and the property sold, since which time Sub- lette has been without a Methodist church. A Congregational church was established April 20, 1871. This, like the other societies, held its meetings in the Town Hall. Soon, however, a building was begun and when com- pleted had cost about $5,000. The Society of the Evangelical Association of North America erected a building in 1864, on the northeast quarter of Section 35, north of the southwest comer. It is now closed and the organization, once strong, is now weak. The organization of the Roman Catholic Church took place in 1848, and, in 1853, a church building and parsonage were erected on the northeast corner of Section 32. The par- sonage was destroyed by fire in 1869, and no services are now held in the church. In 1868 a Catholic church was built in the village, which is now being superseded by a splendid edifice of pressed brick with slate roof, which will cost, unfurnished, not less than $30,000. Its extreme length is 115 feet and Its extreme width 74 feet, and the building is surmounted by a spire 141 feet high. The old church in which services are conducted while the building is going on, was moved aside so that the new structure could rise on the site of the old one. Work was commenced in August, 1902, and the building will probably be ready for occupancy in the summer of 1904. Father Tasche is the priest in charge. The pioneer school was started in the west part of the township in a log house on Thomas Pessenden's farm. The next was in a slab building on the farm of Thomas Tourtillott. It was a structure used at first as a shelter for tue purpose of preempting land, and was after- wards known as the "Sheep Pen." Maria Coleman was the first to keep school in it. The next school in the neighborhood was taught in the winter by Joseph Carey, in Mrs. Tourtil- lott's house, and the next of any importance was taught by John Bacon, about 1850, in Mrs. Richardson's house. The third school in the township was in a log school house on Section 5, where Mrs. Clute, sister of Jonathan Peter- son, taught the first summer school about the year 1844. The winter school kept here was ■ for several years quite important, being well attended by an advanced class of pupils. The first school taught at Knox Grove was in a vacant log house (the first built in that neigh- borhood), in which William Knox had lived, being taught by Stephen Barton. The second term was kept in a "lean-to" about 12 by 16 feet, attached to Daniel Pratt's log house. The Erst Sunday School was organized in these same narrow quarters. This was in the sum- mer of 1847. Later, meetings and Sunday school were held in Levi Camp's log house until the log school house was erected. The first school house in Knox Grove settle- ment was built on the county line on the north side of the Chicago and Galesburg road. It was built in 1848 of logs and accommodated pupils from Sublette, Brooklyn and Mendota townships. It also served the purposes of a church for a number of years. For a number of years the Lee County Guards, a distinctively Sublette organization, designated as Company F, Twelfth Infantry, State Militia, has refiected on the township the credit due to superior drill, discipline and soldierly bearing. They were regularly mus- tered into the service of the State May 30, 1879, with 98 members, which increased to 103 at the annual inspection March 31, 1880. It was luen the largest infantry company in the State, and was frequently honored by being called to participate as escort on important occasions in different parts of the State. It owned a large armory in the village, and was prosperous for a number of years, but in time the members scattered, recruiting became difficult and the company finally disbanded. Henkel. — Where the Illinois Central Railroad crosses the south line of Section 25 is a station called by this name. It is a grain buying point where a single elevator serves the purpose of storing grain. Sublette Tillage.— The village was platted as "Soublette," or the "Town of Soublett," May 8, 1855, on land of the Illinois Central Railroad Company. A railroad depot and warehouse were erected in the summer of 1854. During the following winter Daniel Cook built the first dwelling. 694 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. The next summer, A. L. Wilder built a small store in the back part of which he lived. Jesse Hale began a store a few months earlier. George A. Richmond also put up a house and Mr. Swartout moved into his new house in the winter of 1855-6. In 1855 Prank Bartlett built what was afterwards the Catholic parsonage. Paul Lindstraum completed a tavern the next year. Dr. Smith moved into his residence that winter. "Uncle Alva" Hale, as well as the families of James Colvin and Robert Ash, came to the village in 1856 and, in that year, J. B. Barton opened a drug store. The first elevator in the place was built by Fred Oberhelman in 1874. It was enlarged in 1898 by an addition much larger than the orig- inal building. Its present capacity is 42,000 bushels. The business is conducted by F. Ober- helman & Bro. A second elevator was built in 1900 by J. H. Ebersole, who is now operating it. It has a capacity of about 20,000 bushel?. The banking interests of the community are looked after by the Sublette Exchange Bank, with a capital of $12,500 and deposits amount- ing to $102,946 at a given date. The oflScers are: Geo. P. Maloch, President; John P. Ma- loch, Vice-President; Anton H. Lauer, Cashier. The village was incorporated under the gen- eral law December 27, 1892. According to the Government census, the population of the town- ship, including the village, was 1,000 in 1890 and 1,004 in 1900, of which number the village furnshed 306 in the latter year. CHAPTER XXIII. VIOLA TOWNSHIP. STOCKTON TOWNSHIP ORGANIZED — NAilE CHANGED TO VIOLA — FIRST TOWN OFFICEES — EARLY SET- TLERS SOirE FIRST EVENTS. At the February meeting, 1861, of the Board of Supervisors, Town 38, Range 1, was formed into a township by the name of Stockton, hav- ing theretofore been a part of Brooklyn Town- ship. This name was selected in recognition of the large amount of stock then being raised in the town. The name was changed to Viola, some time during the following spring or early summer, because of the fact that there was al- ready at least one town by the name of Stock- ton in the State. The first officers of the town were chosen at the April town meeting, 1861. Fifty-two bal- lots were cast, resulting in the election of Sam- uel L. Butler for Supervisor; Simeon Cole, As- sessor; Samuel Vosburg, Town Clerk; John Melugin, Constable; Ford and Moses B. Van Campen, Highway Commissioners. The meet- ing and election were held at Van Campen's house. Little Meiugin Grove, in the southeast part of the town, was the focus of early settlement. William Guthrie, the first settler in the town- ship, settled here in 1834 or 1836 and gave his name to the grove. It was also sometimes known as Lawton's Grove, from William Law- ton, one of the early comers. Guthrie's build- ings were placed at the extreme south end of the timber. Melugin Grove, lying southwest of Little Melugin, spreads itself into the two towns of Viola and Brooklyn. It took its name from Zachariah Melugin, who located in the grove but on the Brooklyn side of the timber, in 1834. Later came Evins Adrian, but prior to 1840. Walter Little came to the township about the year 1837. It is claimed that the first marriage in the township was that of Evins Adrian to Marilla Goodale, October, 1840; that Walter Little was the first adult to die in the township, and that the first birth was that of a child of William Lawton, who died in infancy. The first school in the township was kept at the house of M. Van Campen for three terms, and the first school house was built at Little Melugin Grove. The town being purely agricultural without a village center, little is to be gleaned of his- torical character regarding it. Its history is to be traced in the development and increasing value of its farm lands, which is difficult of re- duction to details. Its land-owners have been large participants in the drainage of Inlet Swamp, elsewhere noticed, and bave received great benefits therefrom. The population of the township was 598 in 1890, and 694 in 1900, as shown by the Govern- ment census. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 695 CHAPTER XXIV. WILLOW CREEK TOWNSHIP. THE FOUR GKOVES — FOREIGN-BORN SETTLERS EARLY SCHOOLS ORIGINALLY A PART OF PAW PAW TOWNSHIP — SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES LEE VIL- LAGE. In this town are to be found four groves, often referred to in early history and by early set- tlers as landmarks, by names which they still retain; Smith's Grove, Allen's Grove and Twin Grove, or Groves — for there are two of the lat- ter, as the name implies. The township may perhaps be distinguished from all others in the county by the large per- centage of inhabitants of either foreign birth or extraction, the Norwegian and German pre- dominating. An enumeration made in 1880 placed the population at 1,214, of whom one- half were of foreign birth. Add to this the probable number of descendants of such par- ents, and the number will be greatly increased. We have been unable to find the census of 1890 covering such statistics, and that of 1900 is not yet obtainable. Settlements were made almost simultaneously at the several groves. Peter Gonzolas, a French- man, put in his appearance at Allen's Grove in the fall of 1836; John Smith, a Scotchman, at Smith's Grove in 1837; and William Moore at the south one of the Twin Groves, in the latter year. The Gonzolas tract (the Shoudy farm of re- cent years) was acquired in the spring of 1878 by Richard M. Allen, whose name was given to the grove, and this farm was the first in the township to be improved. Allen sold in 1840 to a man by the name of Bond, who sold to a Mr. Price in 1842. Mr. Smith bought a claim on Section 35, and there settled, and the name "Dry Grove," by which the timber was first known, soon surrendered to the name of the proprietor. With Mr. Smith came another Scotchman, John Colville, who was postmaster for many years at Paw Paw, dying there in October, 1893. Mr. Smith's log cabin, roofed with mowed grass, was the second to be built in the township. In mid-winter following its construction, fire caught in the Inflammable roof, and the cabin burned to the ground. As soon as- possible another was erected in its place. Soon after moving into the first cabin Mr. Smith's son John died— the first white person in the township to be taken away. Mr. Smith sent to Ottawa, the nearest point, for a doctor, who was guided across the prairie by Robert, a brother of the sick boy, now residing in Dixon. Robert and David Smith, sons of the first settler, still survive and own parts of their father's original claim. Israel Shoudy came in 1844 and bought the Gonzolas or Allen tract from Price, and lived there until his death, which occurred in Cali- fornia at an advanced age only a few years ago. His remains were brought back and are buried over the line in DeKalb County. Hora- tio G. Hewlett settled at Allen's Grove in 1839, having spent the two preceding years at Dixon. Nathaniel Allen settled in the vicinity of Smith's and Allen's groves, in 1845 with four of his five sons and daughters, his son, Chand- ler, coming a year later. Benjamin Nettleton had joined the settlement as early as this. Isaac Ellsworth came in the spring of 1846 and Chris- topher Vandeventer in 1848. The Littletons ar- rived at Smith's about 1845. The Indian Trail from Ottawa north to the hunting grounds in Wisconsin ran through Allen's Grove. Twin Groves were first named Moore, from William Moore, the earliest settler there, who began his improvements in 1837 at the South Grove. James Thompson and Levi Lathrop came here together about 1842, and in partner- ship bought Moore's claim. The first birth at the grove was that of Robert Blair, son of Robert Blair, Si-., in 1846. Cummings Noe set- tled here probably as early as 1846, and to- gether with James Thompson and James Smith, entered all of the South Grove. James Smith and Nathan Koons, Jesse Koons and A. N. Dow arrived in 1847. Cyrus Goff came in these early days and built between the two groves where he kept a tavern. Lewis G. and Gilbert Durin, brothers, joined the Twin Grove settlement in 1849. Wesson Helton's coming was in 1853. The station "Scarboro" on the Rochelle South- ern Railway, now being built, is located on L. G. Durin's farm. 696 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. The pioneer among the German settlers was Gotlieb Hochstrasser in 1854. A little later, but probably in the same year, came Joseph Herman. In 1856, Frank Bates, Frank Herman and John Herman were added, and the next year witnessed the arrival of Archeart Hochstrasser. Of the Norwegians, Ommor Hilleson was the forerunner of the large settlement, having, it is said, landed in New York in 1837 and walked all the way thence to Chicago. He settled in Bradford Township a year or two later and, af- ter accumulating a goodly fortune, died there. Though the pioneer of his nationality, the greater portion by far settled in "Willow Creek- Township. Lars Larsen Rissiter located there in 1847. In this township, as elsewhere, schools were early looked after. The first school in the township was at Allen's Grove. It was started in 1848 in one of Israel Shoudy's log houses, and Martha Vandeventer, sister of Christopher Vandeventer, was the teacher. Preceding her, however, were Miss i'rice, Eliza Nettleton and Laura Brace. In the fall of 1849 a frame school house was built by subscription, one-half mile east of the present one. Prior to the building of this school house, school was taught by the ladies mentioned in the dwellings of Dr. Bas- ford, Shoudy and Howlett. The first Board of Examiners to pass on the qualifications of teachers for this school consisted of John Smith, Sr., H. G. Howlett and Colville, Smith examining as to Geography and Grammar, Howlett in Mathematics and Reading, Colville in Writing and Spelling. At Twin Groves the first school was taught in James Thompson's original log cabin, but in what year we are not informed. Later, in 1854, a school house was built at the Groves by subscription and was purchased by the school district three years later. It was destroyed by fire in the winter of 1863-4. The Ellsworth school house was built in the spring of 1855, and Mrs. Ellsworth was the first teacher. It will be recalled that the territory now embracing the town of Wyoming, Willow Creek and Alto, was first set off as Paw Paw Township, but was soon changed to Wyoming. In 1855 the north two-thirds was made into the Township of Willow Creek. The first town meeting in tne new township was con- vened at Twin Groves School House, April 3, 1855. A. N. Dow acted as Moderator and G. Bishop as clerk. In 1861 Alto Township was set apart. In 1874 the town house was built on the southeast corner of Section 16, Willow Creek, at a cost of ?1,100, including one acre of ground. At a meeting to pass on the ques- tion of building, the proposition was carried by a vote of 50 to 47. When the Chicago & Rock River Railroad Company (now the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy) was seeking township aid toward the construction of its line, at an election held October 16, 1869, Willow Creek gave one vote in favor to twenty-four against the proposal. But when the Chicago & Iowa Railroad Com- pany applied for a subscription of $50,000 to its stock, the town, at a meeting held March 26, 1870, by a vote of seventy-five in affirmative and fifty-one negative, agreed to subscribe for tne stock on condition that the road be located within one mile of the center of the town. This condition not having been complied with, the town wholly escaped railroad taxation. The town was one of four to levy a bounty- tax to encourage enlistments in the War of the Rebellion, Dixon, Lee Center and Palmyra being the two others. The reports of the Adjutant General of the State credits Willow Creek with $5,200 bounty paid at an expense of $232.70, being a total of $5,432.70. The patriotism of the community was further evidenced, not only by the volunteers it sent to the front, but by the fact that, although it was then a purely agricultural district, with no village to in- crease its population, a "Union League" was organized in the dark days of 1862 with a membership of seventy. Churches. — As early as 1844 and for eight or ten years thereafter, regular preaching was held at Allen's Grove, and about 1848 a Presbyte- rian Society was formed and existed several years. In 1868 a church building, under con- trol of the Methodist denomination, was erected on the southwest corner of Section 16, at a cost of $3,500, owned jointly by the Metho- dist, Congregationalist and United Brethren denominations. It was dedicated November 9, 1868, Rev. F. A. Hardin and A. P. Beach offi- ciating. The date of the organization of the Methodist Society is not accessible to the writer. The Congregational Society was formed in 1859. It never numbered over seven- teen members, the removal of whom from the section gradually accomplished Its dissolution. The Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran church was formed in the fall of 1858, by Rev. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 697 Didrikson. The members were then scattered through several townships, but in time the most of them were found in Willow Creek. A church building was erected on a command- ing site (northeast corner of the west half of northeast quarter. Section 11), at a cost of $3,- 500. A parsonage, with a twenty-acre tract ad- joining, belongs to the society. The Zion church of the Evangelical Association was formed in 1868, its membership being confined to Germans. The first trustees were John Tet- ter, William Dunkelberger and J. L. Lutz. In 1875 a house of worship was erected on the southeast corner of Section 5, at a cost of $3,- 000, including ground. The German Catholics had readings of mass about 1863, by Father Westkam, of Mendota, at the house of Peter Kimbler. The following year a stone building was put up on the north- west corner of the southwest quarter of Sec- tion 16, at a cost of $3,000. In 1863 a society of Dunkards was formed and, in 1870, a German Lutheran Society was organized by Rev. William Halleberg. In the spring of 1878 a Catholic church was built in the village of Lee, at a cost of $3,200, John Kennedy, James Kirby and Stephen Kirby being the principal contributors to the under- taking. It was dedicated in the autumn of 1878 by Father Verdin, of St. Ignatius College, Chicago. Father Edwards, of Rochelle, was the priest in charge when it was built. A Methodist church was built in the vil- lage in 1877, at a cost of nearly $2,000. It is located in the DeKalb County section of the village. It is doubtful if any other agricultural township in the county has as many churches and distinct denominations ministering to the religious wants of its people. The tornado which swept over the county from the west on Sunday, June 3, 1860, en- tered Willow Creek about nine o'clock in the evening, midway of the west line of Section 18, and left it midway of the east line of Section 13, on the county line. Devastation was strewn in its path. Mrs. Abram Miller, Mr. James Nealis, A. N. Dow and family, consisting of eight persons, and Mrs. McConeky were all more or less seriously injured, while Mr. Mc- Coneky and his eldest and youngest boys were killed outright. All 01: the buildings in the path of the storm were either injured or to- tally demolished, and a windrow of twisted, splintered and uprooted trees, ten to twenty yards wide, was left through the southern por- tion of the Twin Groves. Village of Lee.— That portion of the village lying in Lee County was platted for Francis E. Hinkley and John Kennedy August 19, 1872. The first building to be erected was the small grain office and grocery of Christopher & Jorgens. About the same time J. Cheasbro put up an office for trading in grain, coal and lum- ber. The first store was at the corner of Main and B Streets, and was built by R. J. White, who became the first Postmaster in the new town. J. Johnson was the next to start a gen- eral store, his location being on Main Street, between A and B Streets. Abel Downer's, at the southwest corner of Main and B streets, was the third general store, and included drugs. Ostewig & Leyder started in hardware the same season. The first dwelling was built by James Minnihan, in 1872. W. H. Emmett erected the second in March, 1872. The first hotel was built by Frank Bacon on B Street, and in 1874 , A. B. Trask built the second. The first ele- vator was erected by J. Cheasbro in the fall of 1872, and that winter Christopher & Jorgens built one. A third elevator was erected in 1901 and is operated by James E. Johnson. The other two are now owned and operated by M. P. Harris. The first brick structure to be put up in the new town was the store of Sardis Vosburg, at the northwest corner of Main and B Streets. The first school was opened in De- cember, 1874, in the Dyas building, with W. H. Emmett as teacher. Different vacant rooms were occupied until the summer of 1876, when the first school house was put up. Lee has the distinction of belonging to two counties, the center line of B Street being the dividing line between Lee and DeKalb. It was incorporated as a village June 23, 1874. About three o'clock on the morning of July 5, 1902, the place was visited by a disastrous fire, which licked up one entire block of build- ings on the west side of Main Street. Substan- tial brick buildings are gradually taking the place of the ones destroyed. According to the census, the population of the township, including the Lee County part of the village of Lee, was 1,034 in 1890 and 959 in 1900. The part of the village lying in Lee County was 153 in 1890 and 151 in 1900. The total population of the village in 1890 was 264 and in 1900, 286. 698 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. CHAPTER XXV. WYOMING TOWNSHIP. OEIGINALLY PAW PAW TOWNSHIP PIONEER SET- TLERS — EARLY HOTELS AND POSTOFPICE — UN- DESGEOUND RAILROAD — REGION INFESTED BY HORSETHIEVES AND COUNTERFEITERS. PAW PAW VILLAGE. — NEWSPAPERS, CHURCHER SCHOOLS, BANKS AND BUSINESS HOUSES. When Lee County was divided into town- ships in 1850, Towns 37, 38 and 39, Range 2, \yere given the name of "Paw Paw" by the commissioners appointed to make the divi- sion. Their report was dated July 19, 1850. On the 14th of the preceding May, six repre- sentatives of the different localities met in Dix- on, as a "Board of Supervisors," convening at their first session, and at this meeting changed the name of the "town formerly called Paw Paw" to Wyoming. (See ante, "Lee County.") The authority for this action is at least open to question, and but for acquiescence in the change. Paw Paw might still be legally Wyom- irig. The latter name is said to have been adopted at the suggestion of James Goble, in memory of Wyoming Valley, Pa., from which his family and others came. Levi Kelsey and Joel Griggs were the first to locate a claim and build a house at Paw Paw Grove. This was in the winter of 1833-4; but supposing that they were on the Indian reservation, whose boundaries had not yet been defined, Mr. Griggs abandoned his claim and moved to Troy Grove. Tracy Reeves, writing from Princeton, 111., under date of July 27, 1881, says that he was with a party at Paw Paw Grove in May, 1834, and camped over night in Indian huts, and that "they saw no one there, white or Indian." We have the authority of Mrs. Sarah Terry, now of Earlville, 111., a daughter of David A. Town, for the following statement: "David A. Town and family arrived in 1834, and stopped at the east end of the grove, where he put up an unhewed log house (on land after- ward owned by Pierpont Edwards), in which he lived until 1835, when his brother Russell came and occupied the cabin he moved out of. On moving from this cabin, David A. Town built a log house north of the Chicago road, on the southeast quarter of the southwest quar- ter of Section 11, on or near the spot where the residence of H. L. Roberts now stands. He soon erected a hewed log house (the first of its kind) close to this. The two houses were sep- arated by so short a space that they were occu- pied as one, and the hewed portion was given the dignity of a parlor of the pioneer home. In this log house was held the first wedding in this section, George Town, the son of David A. Town, being the groom, and Fidelia Sawyer, the daughter of George Sawyer, of Lee Center Township, being the bride. "The first store at the east end of the Grove was operated by one Harris, and the first store at the west end was built and operated by Wheeler Hedges, until it was purchased by Willard Hastings, whose property it continued to be until consumed by fire, this being the first building to burn in the settlement. It was lo- cated on the triangular piece of ground east of the town plat formed by the crossing of the cuicago road and the railroad. George Town built a hewed log house where the residence of W. I. GufBn now stands, near the southwest corner of Lot 6, Block 5, Harper's Addition." O. P. Johnson, who settled in Brooklyn Township and died tnere at an advanced age, stated that he rived the shingles for Town's cabin, and, with three others, put it up in a day and a half in November, 1834. Edwin (or Edward) Town, a brother of David, settled at Shabbona Grove, and Hosea Town, a half- brother, located at Melugin's Grove about the same time. About two years later than Town came Benonl Harris, then a man approaching eighty years of age, and his equally aged wife, with a large family of children. Mrs. Harris was the first in the settlement to be taken away. They were accompanied by a son-in-law, Edward Butterfield, John Ploss, John Wilcox and William McDowell. In the spring of 1836 Butterfield built a log cabin near the county line and close to the north line of the south- west quarter of Section 19, DeKalb County, on south side of the road now leading to Earl- ville. It was on the east edge of the tract which became South Paw Paw. He later moved about a mile northeast of this point, and in 1854 went to black Hawk, Iowa, whence he finally returned and Is buried near his old home. Wilcox located on the fractional south- west quarter. Section 18; Stephen Harris on the fractional northwest quarter of Section 19, HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 699 LeClaire reservation; Benjamin Harris on the northwest quarter of Section 19, and Joseph Harris on the northeast quarter of the same section — all in DeKalb County. These were sons of Benoni Harris. John Ploss had a claim which embraced the larger part of South Paw Paw. Here, some rods east of the county line, he built his house on the creek about the time Butterfleld put up his cabin. As late as 1840 the only tavern at the Grove was that afterward known as Simms' Tavern. It was a hewed log house, the second of its kind in the neighborhood. Simms' son, hav- ing been indicted for counterfeiting, the father sold out to raise money to satisfy the ball bond, and the criminal was permitted to escape. Isaac Robinson purchased the tavern of Simms and added a small stock of goods to his busi- ness. It was on an elevation on the north side of the rpad, probably on the west half of the northwest quarter of Section 12, but earlier a hewed log house on the opposite side of the road had been used as a tavern. In 1840 a log house stood on the north side of the Chicago road, on Section 12, nearly opposite the junc- tion with the present road from South Paw Paw. This house was occupied by Charles Morgan, who came with his wife and a number of children in 1836. Here was kept the first postofEce in the town, Morgan being the Post- master. Afterward, Hiram "Wood held the of- fice in the house then standing next west of the Robinson, or Simms", Tavern. On the south side of the Chicago road and on the east half of Section 12, a small log house stood in 1840. It was never occupied for residence pur- poses after that year, but was used for a time for a public school, the first in the township. It is supposed that Jacob Alcott, who had mar- ried a squaw, built it. A little east of this cabin, and on the same side of the road, a frame house, believed to have been the first in the township, was built in the hollow by one Mus- selman, and hence was then, and has ever since been, known as the "Hollow House." It is still standing and is used as a barn. For a number of years Musselman kept a tavern here, and the house became noted for its dance hall and bar. On the south side of the road and about thirty rods east of David Town's house, stood a log blacksmith shop in the early '40s, where once Alonzo Osborne was the smith. Later, per- haps in 1845, a blacksmith shop stood on ground in the village now occupied as the store of R. A. Hopps, and here this same Osborne held forth for a time. A man by the name of Alger settled at Four Mile Grove in 1835 or '36. Alcott, above mentioned, married the Potta- watomie woman, Madaline, the former wife of Joseph Ogee, the half-breed, the one favored in the treaty of Prairie du Chien reserving to "Madaline, a Pottawatomie woman, wife of Joseph Ogee, one section,'" etc. (See ante, "Lee County.") David A. Town eventually pur- chased the west 170 rods of this Reserve Sec- tion for $1,000, and William Rogers the re- mainder. The tract has always been desig- nated in conveyances and on maps as the "Ogee Section." In 1880 William McMahan, County Surveyor, surveyed and platted the section and recorded the plat. The section granted to Pierre LeClaire by the Prairie du Chien treaty, was surveyed and platted by Wheeler Hedges in 1843, which plat was recorded. The County Atlas of 1900 shows these sections and their relation to each other. William Rogers, son of Charles, arrived in 1836, and was the first Postmaster. His office was located near Morgan's tavern, which was presumably the "Hollow House." Jacob D. Rogers landed in 1837. His claim included the west part of the site of Paw Paw village. He was a conductor, and his house was a station, on the "Underground Road," over which negro slaves were transported to freedom. His log house was built in 1837 on Section 10, where Mr. Ritchie's house stood in recent years. In the latter year James Goble, afterward Sheriff, came with Jacob D. Rogers, Rogers's wife be- ing Goble's sister. Goble's father, Ezekiel, and his brother, Timothy, came at the same time. William. Jenkins and family were also acces- sions of 1837, while Henry and Medard Com- stock, both blacksmiths, were a year earlier. Reference is made in other works to a "Butter- field or George Town" cabin, when, in fact, But- terfleld never built or owned a cabin in this part of' the grove. His holdings were confined to the south side of the grove. Rev. Caleb Morris joined the settlement in 1848 with his widowed daughter, Nancy Rob- inson, and children, all of whom settled south of the grove. About this time a man by the name of Dunbar became the second settler at Four Mile Grove. In 1840, Deacons Orlando Boardman and Hallock were added to the set- tlers on the south side of the grove, at which 700 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. time there were eighteen families encircling the grove, thirteen being within what is now Wyoming Township. This year, also, came Bally Breese and started a cooper shop and bought of William Rogers nearly all of the land on which Bast Paw Paw is situated. Peter May and family were added in 1841. He bought all the land now covered by Paw Paw village, but disappeared mysteriously, ten years later, without having received a deed. Elder Nor- man Warriner came in 1843 and Obed W. Bry- ant settled at Four Mile Grove in 1842. In the later '40s two saw-mills were in operation In the grove, both propelled by horse- power. One was put up by Stanley Ruggles on the southeast corner of the west half of the northwest quarter of Section 19, DeKalb County. The other was in Lee County on the road between the LeClaire and Ogee Sections. Without being able to make anything like an exact comparison, it would seem that, in 1840, Paw Paw Grove was the focus of the largest settlement in the county^ — Dixon and, possibly Sugar Grove, in Palmyra, excepted. This is accounted for by two facts: that it was on the stage road from Chicago to Galena, and also was one of the largest, most beautiful and attractive pieces of timber in all the country. All the early settlers sought the shelter and other advantages of groves, and were slow to reach out for the now valuable prairie lands. John D. Rogers was not the only abolition- ist in the colony who, by the "Underground Road," dealt frequent, but ineffective, blows at slavery. He expressed the sentiments of many when he said: "Whether I am an aboli- tionist or not, my best mares are." The township and range lines were surveyed in 1836, but the section lines were not run until the winter of 1842-3. Prior to this peo- ple had held their lands only by right of pos- session, awaiting the market or pre-emption day. Consequently the "claim-jumper" found the same scope and temptation to operate here as elsewhere, and as in nearly every ofher sec- tion, protective societies were organized to de- feat his dishonest efforts. The remedy was al- ways adjusted to the emergency and the out- come was never satisfactory to the rascal. The law was of the home-made kind, but its princi- ples were founded in justice, and hence it was never appealed from. The horsethlef and the counterfeiter plied their vocations all over the country. Condi- tions favored them and they prospered. Paw Paw and Inlet seem to have been their favorite rendezvous or bases of operation. Nn other settlements in the county are as notoriously identified with them as these two. As a rule, all newcomers were under suspicion. As a set- tler of 1837 put It: "Paw Paw was a strange place then. It seemed to me that every other man I met was hunting a horsethlef, and you couldn't tell which was the thief — generally it was both." One horsethlef buried a sack con- taining $900 in gold and, on being sent to prison, told his wife how he had marked the spot by a notched stake, but she was unable to find it. The secret having leaked out later, Harris Breese noticed such a stake and, to- gether with his neighbor, Hampton, dug for and recovered the treasure. The latter's share is said to have been to him the nest-egg of fu- ture wealth. In 1834 a thousand Indians were encamped for a week at the Big Spring, at the northwest corner of the grove. They were being moved from Indiana west, and the Government made them a payment here. The local Indians had already been sent to their western reservation the same year, but the old chief Shabbona, who is held in grateful memory for the protection he afforded the settlement in the days of the Black Hawk War, afterwards returned to the scenes of his early life and died on the Illinois River July 17, 1859, aged eighty-four. He was buried in a lot set apart to him in the cemetery at Morris, Grundy County, where a fitting monument was raised to his memory a few years ago. His oldest wife and several chil- dren rest beside him. Waubunsle, Chief of the tribe at Paw Paw Grove, and Shabbona were on the most friendly relations. The latter was, however, the leader and the former loyally fol- lowed. The Indian trail from Chicago to the Indian village at Rock Island ran along the south side of Paw Paw Grove. Schools. — The first school in Wyoming Township is supposed to have been started as early as 1836, in what was called "The Little Pole School House," which was not more than twelve feet square, and was erected ex- pressly for school purposes. The probability is that it was the same cabin heretofore men- tioned as having been built by Jacob Alcott. The schools were all necessarily small and were started and maintained entirely by indi- vidual contributions, the public school system HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 701 not having then been established. Vacant cabins were sometimes utilized for this purpose, and at other times private houses sheltered the school. The first frame school building in the township was erected about 1844 on or near the northeast corner of Section 24. Here Charles Dickinson and Orlando Boardman were the first teachers, Dickinson probably preceding Boardman. In two or three years the building was moved half a mile east, and now serves as a roosting place for chickens. Postmasters. — Before a postoffice was opened at Paw Paw, the nearest one was at Somonauk, fifteen miles eastward. A "star n;ail-route" was established through Paw Paw in 1837, William Rogers being the first Post- master there. Isaac Robinson took charge of the office as early as 1838 or 1839. In 1841 a Mr. Brittain, who lived in Princeton, carried the mail from that place to Paw Paw by way of Knox Grove. Willard Hastings was the car- rier between Paw Paw and Ottawa. Hiram Wood held the office of Postmaster from 1845 to 1849, when William H. Robinson succeeded him, remaining until 1853, when Wood came in again. He was followed In 1857 by James Si- mons, and he in 1861 by John Colville, who re- mained at the post many years. Then came C. F. Preston, in Cleveland's first term, Ezra G. Cass, J. H. BrafEett and Sadie Case, the present incumbent. At the first organization of the township in 1850, 113 votes were cast for town officers. David A. Town was the choice for Supervisor and John Colville for Clerk. Paw Paw Village. — Paw Paw Village was first incorporated as a village June 7, 1882. George Town's log house, already mentioned, was the first to be erected on the site of the village. Peter May's cabin stood close to the location, in recent years, of the Sutter house, west of Siglin & Potter's brick store, and his blacksmith shop, started in 1842, was on the south side of the road nearly opposite the store. The Hastings house, formerly on the site of the Roberts dwelling, was built in May, 1841, and was the first frame house in the village or in the township. About this time Hastings put up the first brick building in the township, about one-half mile south of the village, on J'onda's corners, and it was later clap-boarded. In 1844 Rodolphus Hawley built on the south side of the Chicago road, opposite George Town's, on site of the place now owned and oc- cupied by John B. Bawards. The next year Amos Sawyer built a cabin where the Deta- more house now stands. In 1846 George Town moved out of his log cabin into the house known, many years afterwards, as the "Grum- mond" house. In those days John Colville and Jacob Rogers were partners in the manufac- ture of shingles by horse power. They also had such a mill over in DeKalb County. Probably this was the same mill moved from one local- ity to the other. This was the settlement in 1847. Not a store was then in the place. Enterprising peddlers traveled the roads and undertook to supply the simple wants of the people. In the latter year, however, settlers began coming in and the vil- lage entered on a career of healthy develop- ment which, though slow, has had no appre- ciable check up to the present! We should be glad to follow its business growth, building by building, but space will not permit. Plodding, indeed, was its headway up to 1871, when lots and buildings together were assessed at only $3,809. Allowing for the assessor's discounts, this will still prove to be very small. Village Schools. — Prior to 1880 the demands of the village school had led to the erection of a two-story frame building situated on the west side of North Street at the west end of East Avenue. In 1883 a two-story addition was built on the west end of this building, thus making four rooms in all. In December, 1884, the building was destroyed by fire, and, in 1885, a two-story brick structure, with large hall above, was erected on the same spot. Dr. J. H. Braffet was one of the school directors, and was chiefiy Instrumental in having this building erected. January 27, 1897, this struc- ture was also consumed by fire. A long con- test followed over the selection of a new site, which was finally settled in favor of the pres- ent location by a majority of twelve votes. In the summer and fall of 1897, the school house now in use was erected on the ground thus chosen, occupying a campus of four acres. The building, furniture and grounds are valued at $15,000. The building furnishes ample accom- modations, and is in every respect thoroughly modern. The full course of study embraces twelve years, eight in the graded departments and four in the high school course. The school is on the accredited list of the State University, the Northern State Normal, Oberlin College, as well as others. Six teachers are employed. 702 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Newspapers. — The first number of the "Paw Paw Herald" was issued November 23, 1877, by R. H. Ruggles, editor and proprietor. In Janu- ary, 1878, E. G. Cass and J. B. Gardner became publishers, Ruggles still owning the plant. On the 22d of the next month they were succeeded by W. M. Geddes, who soon purchased the out- fit. The paper was Republican in pqlitics, but ceased publication some years ago. The "Lee County Times," originally a Dem- ocratic paper, appeared March 21, 1878, with E. G. Cass and J. B. Gardner as proprietors. In August following Mr. Gardner retired. It became a strong Republican paper and, as such, is now owned and edited by 0. W. Briggs. Churches. — The Baptist church is the pioneer religious organization of the township. In February, 1841, it was organized with Orlando Boardman and wife, Mrs. Hallock, wife of Is- rael Hallock, James Goble and wife, Rev. Bur- ton Carpenter, Sr., Hiram Harding and wife, Cyrus Whitford and wife and Mr. Sampson and wife as its first members. The meetings were held in Deacon Boardman's log cabin. Cyrus Whitford and wife belonged to Johnson's Grove, twelve miles to the northeast. Harding and wife and Sampson and wife came from Harding (now Freedom), La Salle County, about the same distance southeast. The others were all living at South Paw Paw. Israel Hal- lock, who is now living and is respected and known as Deacon Hallock, joined the society the next year and became its second deacon, Boardman being the first. Rev. Thomas Pow- ell preached the sermon at this first gathering. Assisting him were Rev. Burton Carpenter, Jr.. from Dixon, Rev. Hadley and Mr. Stannard of La Moille. Rev. Mr. Carpenter preached a few sermons, and was succeeded by Rev. Charles Harding in March, 1841, who continued as pas- tor until his death, February 3, 1843. Feeling the need of an assistant in his work Mr. Hard- ing sent for Elder Norman Warriner, of Indi- ana, who arrived just in time to help bury Mr. Harding. Mr. Warriner occupied the pulpit for twenty years until he resigned. In 1843 the first meeting house was commenced at South Paw Paw and *as finished in 1846. Un- til then services were held in Boardman's log cabin, which stood on the spot where now stands the home of Deacon Hallock. The mem- bership reached its highest point in 1859, when it numbered 162. On Mr. Warriner's resigna- tion, J. D. Pullis became pastor serving from July of that year until December 31, 1865. Dur- ing his pastorate the present house of worship was built at South Paw Paw at a cost of about $3,000, and a parsonage purchased at the cost of $1,000. In March, 1866, G. W. Scott became pastor and continued until July, 27, 1867. C. H. Perritt served from October 12, 1867, for a little over one year, and was succeeded Decem- ber 26, 1868, by William Sturgeon, who re- mained until October 26, 1872. In 1873 the church building was moved from South Paw Paw to its present location in the village, and a basement was constructed under it at a cost of a little over $2,000. The parsonage at South Paw Paw was disposed of and a lot purchased in the village, on which a parsonage was built in the winter of 1873-4. January 24, 1874, H. R. Hicks became pastor, continuing pntil Sep- tember, 1881. S. B. Gilbert was pastor from December 10, 1881, until July, 1885. September 26th, following, H. F. Gilbert became pastor and served until May 21, 1887, after which the church was for a while without a regular pas- tot-. R. H. Shaftoe served from June 3, 1888, to April 1, 1891. On May 10th of the latter year, R. S. Sargent was called and continued to May 10, 1896. During his term an addition was made to the rear of the church and other improvements at a cost of $1,000. A. C. Jones became pastor, June 14, 1896, and served until September 1, 1898. He was succeeded January 1, 1899, by William A. Mathews, who continued until October 1, 1892. In April, 1901, the par- sonage on Flagg Street was sold for $800, and a modern residence as a parsonage was erected on Wheeler Street, at cost of about $2,500. No- vember 16, 1902, H. J. Wheeler, the present pastor, assumed charge. The church celebrated its fiftieth anniversary June 18, 1891. About 1870 a class of the Methodist Episco- pal Church was formed with James Fonda, Jane E. Fonda, Sarah E. Swarthout, Edward Patrick and Harriet Patrick as members, the way being prepared by the preaching of Elder Lazenby at the school house the previous year. In 1875, while Rev. Pomeroy was pastor, their church building was erected. Paw Paw was made a separate charge in Rock River Con- ference in October, 1879. In 1864 the Protestant Episcopal Society, organized in 1857, but long in a somnolent state, was revived by Rev. Jacob Fowler and built up to a membership of thirty or forty. A church was built in 1866 on the northeast quar- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 703 ter of the northwest quarter of Section 6, at a cost of 12,600. The building was finally sold at Sheriff's sale, on a judgment for $500 recovered by the minister, A. C. Wallace, for arrears of salary. Being bid in by him he sold it to the irnited Brethren in 1874. The Presbyterian Church of Wyoming, at Cottage Hill, was organized under the labors of John Plemming as missionary pastor from Earlville, i^ 1857, with the following members: Barton Bisbee, Joseph Blee, William Winter, Sally C. Bisbee, Euphemia Blee, Mrs. William Winter, Mrs. William Sproul and James Sproul. Mr. Plemming continued to preach once in two weeks in the school house, but for how long we have been unable to ascertain. In 1858 or '59 a building was put up at a cash outlay of J200. Being too small it was sold and be- came James Blee's granary. A new church 36 by 60 feet was erected a little north of the first one at a cost of $2,200. It was remodeled in 1861. No pastor was settled until about 1870, when Alexander S. Peck was installed, serving at Paw Paw at the same time. Rev. McParland succeeded him for a year and, in 1878, Mr. McCuUock, the pastor at Paw Paw, be- came the supply and continued for three years. About 1870 the Presbyterians began holding meetings in the school house at the village. Rev. Alex. S. Peck, of Cottage Hill, preaching every two weeks. The society was regularly organized May 26, 1873, the first members be- ing Miss Sarah A. Wilson, Andrew J. Fuller, Susan C. Fuller, Jane Nettleton, Jane Bulen- tine, Mr. and Mrs. Simeon Cole, Henry Cole, Anderson G. Radley and Mrs. Jane Howell. Rev. Mr. Peck was the first pastor. In 1875 a church was built at a cost of $1,900. Mr. Peck remained until the close of 1876. Revs. McFar- land and E. N. Lord filled the pulpit until April, 1878, when George D. McCullock was in- stalled, continuing until July, 1881. "The Presbyterian church of Paw Paw" was formally incorporated May S, 1901. On the same date the society voted to sell the old church, par- sonage and grounds, and purchase the Siglin property, where the new church and parsonage now stand, the latter having been moved to make a place for the church. The project was inaugurated with an offer from Mr. David Smith to give $1,000 towards the expenses on condition that a church building, costing not less than $5,000; should be erected. Robert Pogue, David Smith, W. S. Yingling, William Moffatt and T. H. Stettler were chosen building committee. The church was completed at a cost of $10,000, and the improvements on the parsonage, with cost of ground on which both buildings stand, came to $3,000. The pastors succeeding Rev. McCullock have been: John H. Carpenter, C. E. Schalble, Edgar D. Keys, Henry A. Furgeson, Charles H. Herald, Samuel Olerenshaw, W. A. Bass and Joseph W. Mann, the present incumbent. The first Board of Trustees of the church were Jacob Hender- shot, A. C. Radley and A. J. Fuller. Banks. — A bank was organized in the spring of 1880, under the name of the Union Bank, by M. M. Morse and P. C. Ransom, Mr. Ransom transferring his interest to Mr. Morse in 1882. B. J. Wheeler and Teal Swarthout succeeded Mr. Morse, in June, 1887. In 1901 the bank was reorganized under the State law, as the State Bank of Paw Paw, with a paid up capital of $25,000, B. J. Wheeler being President; Da- vid Smith, Vice President; Teal Swarthout, Cashier, and Frank Wheeler, Assistant Cash- ier. Its first Board of Directors consisted of David Smith, B. J. Wheeler, S. B. Miller, T. H. Stettler and Teal Swarthout. In July, 1902, the capital stock was increased to $40,000, and the Board of Directors from five to eight members, W. I. Guffin, Alonzo La Porte and A. H. Rosen- krans being added to the former list. On No- vember 1, 1902, they bought out the interest of the First National Bank of Paw Paw, which had been organized June 1, 1902, and the capi- tal stock was increased to $50,000. At this time W. I. Gufiin, A. H. Rosenkrans and Alon- zo La Porte resigned as directors, their places being filled by the election of William Moffatt, B. P. Prantz and A. C. McBride, the latter be- ing elected Assistant Cashier. The Bank has a line of deposits averaging close to $200,000. Loans and discounts amount to $150,000, and the institution is in every way doing a con- servative and satisfactory business. Water System. — Natural Gas. — The village is equipped with an eflicient water system for fire protection and general use. While drilling a well for the water supply an obstruction was encountered which required the use of dyna- mite, the explosion of which opened up a powerful stream of natural gas necessitatinjg lue abandonment of the well. B. J. Wheeler purchased it and piped gas from it to several houses, but the gas soon gave out. Another gas supply was struck on the west half of the 704 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. southeast quarter of Section 1, which still fur- nishes fuel for the houses and for the power used on the farm. The village standpipe, or water tanlj, stands over the first mentioned well. East Paw Paw. — This settlement, as well as that of South Paw Paw, is so near the real Paw Paw in the grove that, to a certain ex- tent, the early history of one runs through all of them. William Rogers' hotel was evidently within the bounds of what became Bast f'aw Paw. Baily Breese settled in 1841, and a part of Bast Paw Paw was platted on his land. Jacob Wirick bought out William Rogers about 1842 or 1843, and thus was, for a while, land- lord of the hotel in that part of Bast Paw Paw lying in DeKalb County. A man by the name of Meade landed in 1838 and located in the grove south of East Paw Paw. At that time Paw Paw grove extended into DeKalb County. Hiram Gates came in 1845 and bought Meade out. Charles Pierce also arrived in the latter year. The first store at "the grove" was opened here by one Harris, and another was started a little west on the Chicago road by Charles Howard, in 1847, and a postoflSce was opened in 1850 with Andrew Breese as Postmaster. About 1855 the Teachers' Institute and Class- ical Seminary was erected with funds sub- scribed for the purpose. The building stands in DeKalb County, and is now used for public- school purposes. Before 1848, S. B. Warren had a general store and Jos. Harris a grocery and saloon in Bast Paw Paw, and there was also a blacksmith shop in the place. A Union Church has been standing here since 1868, but is no longer used for services. South Paw Paw. — Most of the first settlers of South Paw Paw have already been mentioned, including John Ploss in 1835, and Deacons Boardman and Hallock in 1840. Bber St. John seems to have arrived prior to the latter date. Ralph Atherton arrived in 1844, as also did Dr. George S. Hunt, the first physician in the township as well as at the grove. Deacon Daniel Pine settled here in 1845, while Timothy Goble, brother of James, did the same in 1843. Once the place supported a graded school which is reputed to have done excellent work. Prior to 1859 a postofflce was opened here and con- tinued until about two years ago, and was al- ways called LeClaire Postoffice. Daniel Robin- son was the first postmaster. About 1855 the Union Academy was started in South Paw Paw and was continued for several years, with H. H. Hoffman as first Principal. A two-story building was erected by subscription^ — the up- per floor being used for the academy and the lower for a district school. It now stands about fifty rods east of the original site, being used as a barn. Railroad. — September 22, 1869, the town, by a vote of 142 yeas to 62 nays, decided to take $50,000 stock in the Chicago & Rock River Railroad, issuing ten per cent, interest-bearing bonds for that purpose. The bonds were issued July 1, 1871. The town resisted payment by instituting suit to enjoin collection of the bonds, but was defeated. In 1881 new bonds were issued to take up the first issue, and were made payable in annual installments, the last of which fell due in 1901, the principal and in- terest aggregating $102,380. The stock was purchased at this cost to aid in the construc- tion of the road, which went into operation in 1872 and has been of inestimable value to the community. Elevator. — The only grain elevator in Paw Paw was erected by Capt. D. M. Roberts in 1872, and was operated by him until it was sold in 1873 to J. H. Hurlbut & Company of Chicago, and rented to Warner & GuflBn, who bought it the following year. The original building collapsed in 1880, while loaded with wheat, oats, corn and timothy seed. It was rebuilt at once on the old site and is now owned by the estate of A. J. Warner, and operated by the firm of Warner & Guffln. Mr. W. I. Guffin has been a member of the firm from the begin- ning, and is now actively engaged in the busi- ness. A prosperous tile and brick business is car- ried on in the village by J. M. Beal & Co. Their drying sheds have 15,600 feet floor space, and with their two kilns, give them a capacity of 30,000 brick per day and about the same pro- portion of drain tile. The population of Paw Paw village, accord- ing to census of 1900, was 675. The population of the township and village combined, was 1,- 455 in 1890, and 1,546 in 1900. The editor's work ends here. The jiersonal sketches following are furnished by others. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 705 CITIZENS OF LEE COUNTY. The verdict of mankind has awarded to the Muse of History the highest place among the classic Nine. The extent of her office, however, appears to be, by many minds, but imperfectly understood. The task of the historian is com- prehensive and exacting. True, History reaches beyond the doings of court or camp, beyond the issue of battles or the effects of treaties, and records the trials and the triumphs, the fail- ures and the successes of the men who make history. It is but an imperfect conception of the philosophy of events that fails to accord to portraiture and biography its rightful position as a part — and no unimportant part — of his- torical narrative. Behind and beneath the activities of outward life the motive power lies out of sight, just as the furnace fires that work the piston and keep the ponderous screw revolving, are down in the darkness of the hold. So, the impulsive power which shapes the course of communities may be found in the molding influences which form its citizens. It is no mere idle curiosity that prompts men to wish to learn the private, as well as the public, lives of their fellows. Rather, it is true that such desire tends to prove universal brotherhood; and the interest in personality and biography is not confined to men of any particular caste or avocation. The list of those to whose lot it falls to play a conspicuous part in the great drama of life is comparatively short; yet communities are made up of individuals, and the aggregate of achievements — no less than the sum total of human happiness — is made up of the deeds of those men and wom.sn whose primary aim, through lif6, cs faithfully to preform the duty that comes nearest to hand. Individual influ- ence upon human affairs wjll be considered potent, or insignificant, according] to the stand- point from which it is viev/ed. To him vpho, standing upon the sea-shore, notes the ebb and flow of the tides and listens to the sullen roar of the waves, as they break upon thel beach in seething foam, seemingly chafing at their limit- ations, the ocean appears so vast as to need no tributaries. Yet, v.'ithout the smallest rill that helps to swell the "Father of Waters," the mighty torrent of the Mississippi would be lessened, and the beneficent influence of the Gulf Stream diminished. Countless streams, currents and counter-currents — sometimes mingling, sometimes counteracting each other — collectively combine to give motion to the accumulated mass of waters. So is it — and so must it ever be — in the ocean of human action, which is formed by the blending and repulsion of currents of thought, of influence and of life yet more numerous and more tortuous than those which form "the foundation of the deep." In the foregoing pages is traced the begin- ning, growth, and maturity of a concrete thing — Lee County. But the concrete is but the ag- gregate result of individual labor. The acts and characters of men, like the several faces • that compose a composite picture, are wrought together into a compact or heterogeneous whole. History is condensed biography; "bi- ography is history teaching by e:^ample." It is both interesting and instructive to rise above the generalization of history and trace, in the personality and careers of the men from whom it sprang, the principles and influences, the impulses and ambitions, the labors, strug- gles and triumphs that engrossed their lives. In the pages that follow are gathered up, with as much detail as the limits of the work allow, the personal record of many of the men who have made Lee County what it is. In each record may be traced some feature which influenced, or has been stamped upon, the civic life. Here are pioneers, v/ho, "when the fullness of time had come," came from v/idely scattered sources, some from beyond the sea, impelled by diverse motives, little conscious of the im- port of their acts, and but dimly anticipating the harvest which would spring from their sowing. They built their little cabins, toiling for a present subsistence while laying the foun- dations of private fortunes and future advance- ment. Most havei passed away, but not before they beheld a development of business and popula- tion surpassing the wildest dreams of fancy. A few yet remain, whose years have passed the allotted three score and ten, and v.'ho love to recount, among the cherished memories of their lives, their reminiscences of early days in Lee County. 7o6 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Among these early, hardy settlers, and those who followed them, may he found the names of many who imparted the first impulse to the county's growth and home-likeness; the many who, through their identification with agricul- tural pursuits, aided in her material progress; of skilled mechanics, who firstJ laid the founda- tions of beautiful homes, and productive indus- tries; and of the members of the learned pro- fessions — clergymen, physicians, educators and lawyers — whose influence upon thei intellectual life and development of a community it is im- possible to over-estimate. Municipal institutions arise; Commerce spreads her sails and prepares the way for the magic of Science that drives the locomotive en- gine over Iron rails. Trade is organized, stretching its arms across the prairie to gather - in and distribute the products of the soil. Church spires rise to express, in architectural form, the faith and aspirations of the people, while schools, public and private, elevate the standards of education and of artistic taste. Here are many of the men through' whose labors, faith and thought, these magnificent re- sults have been achieved. To them, and to their co-laborers, the Lee County of today stands an enduring monument, attesting their faith, their energy, their courage and their self-sacrifice. FATHER JOHN DIXON (deceased) was born at Rye, Westchester County, N. Y., Oct. 9, 1784, son of John and Elizabeth (Purdey) Dixon. In 1804 he established himself in the tailoring business in New York City, which he conducted until 1820, when he came to Illi- nois and settled at Springfield, where he erec- ted the third house built in that city. At the expiration of four years, he removed to Peoria, 111., where he was County Clerk, Justice of the Peace, etc., remaining there five years. The following year (1829) he spent in Bureau County, 111., and on April 11, 1830, arrived at the ferry on Rock River. Mr. Dixon pur- chased the ferry, which was henceforth known as Dixon's Ferry, but later the word "ferry" was dropped and the village has since been called Dixon. In 1808 he married Rebecca Sherwood, a native of New York, and to them twelve children were born, four of whom grew to maturity. Father Dixon died July 6, 1876; JOHN DIXON. his wife dying in February, 1847. He was a Republican in political sentiment, and in his younger days was a member of the Baptist church. Mrs. Dixon was a charter member of the Baptist church at Dixon. BENJAMIN F. SHAW, editor and proprietor of "The Telegraph," Dixon, 111., was born at Waverly, N. Y. March 31, 1831, of English and Colonial ancestry, being a descendant of Wil- liam Bradford who kept the log of the ship "Mayflower" in 1620, and became the first Governor of Plymouth Colony. His grand- mother on the paternal side was, previous to her death, the last survivor of the "Wyoming Massacre" of 1778, her father and two uncles being killed during the battle which preceded the massacre. His mother's father, Major Zeph- on Flower, was a soldier of the Revolution. Mr. Shaw engaged in journalism in Dixon, 111., previous to 1856 and, on February 22d of that year, as editor of the "Dixon Telegraph," took part in the convention of Illinois editors held at Decatur for the purpose of outlining a policy in opposition to the further extension of slav- ery, serving upon the committee which framed the platform. It was in accordance with reso- lutions adopted at this convention that the HISTORY OF LEE COUNTA'. 707 first Republican State Convention was held at Bloomington, 111., May 29, 1856. Mr. Shaw's journalistic career, extending over a period of over fifty years, has been almost entirely iden- tified with the "Dixon Telegraph," of which BENJAMIN F. SHAW. he Is now the editor and proprietor, although he spent sometime in 1867 and 1868 as the Washington correspondent of a Chicago paper. The official positions held by him include two terms as Clerk of the Circuit Court and Re- corder of Lee County, six years as Canal Com- missioner, and Postmaster of the city of Dixon, in which he is now serving his second term. EUSTACE E. SHAW (deceased), late associ- ate editor and joint proprietor of the "Dixon Evening Telegraph," was born at Dixon, 111., March 28, 1857, the son of Mr. and Mrs. B.-F. Shaw, and died in that city, Sept. 5, 1902. Mr. Shaw learned the printing trade in his father's office, and gave his best efforts to assisting his father to build up the business of the B. F. Shaw Printing Company,' during the latter years of his life serving efficiently as associ- ate editor and business manager of the "Even- ing Telegraph." The following tribute to his memory was paid by the Rev. J. F. Newton at the funeral, which was largely attended by neighbors who deeply mourned his untimely death: "He lived with Nature — a life of simple sweetness. He loved his fellow man and was kind of heart. There are none who knew him but who are eager to vouchsafe these lovable attributes to Eustace Shaw. He was always in touch with the subtle, tender influ- ences that are akin to a, manly nature; and to know him was to love him in turn. It might fittingly be re-iterated, 'If every one to whom he had done some kindly act should drop a flower upon his grave, ha would sleep beneath a bower of roses.' Eustace Shaw was ener- getic in every-day life and the soul of honor. With- all who knew him his word was a sacred pledge, and the ties that bound him to his friends v/ere as inseparable as the strongest links o^ gold. There were ncne too poor, none too lowly, to receive his every-day challen,ge of good will and friendship, and when he passed to his reward he was simply and truly among EUSTACE E. SHAW. hosts of loving friends who had preceded him. "His memory cannot die with those who were privileged to know him in his true light. 7o8 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. There are many who have accomplished more in worldly, affairs, but we Know that the spirit of Eustace Shaw rests at peace, content with the love he inspired in others while living his worldly life. The earnest prayers that went up from so many hearts the day of his death must have reached him and given him quiet and peace. Eustace Shaw loved the woods and the flowers; he loved everything in Nature. He loved his native river; and his repose was assuring and keen when he might feast his eyes upon the gentle waters as they murmured by. He saw the pretty things in life, and more — he wanted others to see them and share their simple- beauty with him. He knew no selfishness. He never deliberated over a sacrifice to be made for a friend — no, it came spontaneous; and many a noble tender has he made at the altar of friendship. He was never so quick to act as when the friend was in the direst distress ^any conceivable reward unlooked for and an impossibility. He worshipped at the shrine of home, wife and children, and God has taken him as tenderly to his heart as he would take the most innocent babe; for how could G-od but love a man who was loved by all his fellov/ men and who despised hypocrisy, shunned bad habits and was honest and true to himself, as well the world at large? He passed away with a smile on his lips and a word of assurance to those about him; and this was but the crowning example of his great bravery and his solicitious concern for those whom he loved. Then the Guardian Angel said. 'Peace be with thy soul.' and the life of Eustace Shaw was ended." Deceased was descended from Puritan stock; Governor Bradford, of Massachusetts Bay, be- ing of the fifth (5) generation; three of his ancestors were in the Revolutionary War. He leaves a widow, Mabel (Smith) Shaw, and three sons, George Boules, Benj. T. and Rob- ert Eustace Shaw. .JOHN DAWSON CRABTREE (deceased), lawyer and late Judge of the Circuit Court, Thirteenth Judicial District, was born in Not- tinlgham, England, Nov. 19, 1837; came to America in 1848 and to Dixon, 111., in 1853; was educated in the district schools and in the public schools of Dixon. In 1861, in re- sponse to the first call for troops to repress the rebellion, he enlisted in Company A, Thir- teenth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and was successively advanced to the rank of Lieutenant and Captain, and at the date of his discharge, August 16, 1864, was bre- vetted with the rank of Major. Returning home after the close of the war, he resumed study of the law, which he had begun previous to his enlistment, and was admitted to the bar in 1866. In 1886 he was elected State JOHN DAWSON CRABTREE. Senator on the Republican ticket, but resigned in 1888 to accept the position of Judge of Cir- cuit Court to which he was elected the same year, was re-elected without opposition in 1891, and again reelected in 1897, but died May 22, 1902, one year before the expiration of his term of office. Judge Crabtree was a member of Friendship Lodge, No. 7, A. F. and A. M., Dixon. JASON C. AYRES, President of Dixon Na- tional Bank, Dixon, 111., was born in St. Law- rence County, N. Y., August 22, 1835, son of Sylvanus and, Anna (Bean) Ayres. He located in Dixon in 1855 and has since been promi- nently connected with its growth and devel- opment, as well as with real estate interests HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 709 of his locality. He was admitted to the bar in 1870. In political sentiment Mr. Ayres is a Republican and has served as Citt Clerk and Treasurer of Dixon for many years. On May 7, 1861, he married Lavina Crawford, JOHN C. AYRES. daughter of Dr. John S. and Delia A. (Preston) Crawford, of Wllliamsport, Penn. Fraternally he is a member of Friendship Lodge, No. 7, A. P. & A. M.; Nachusa Chapter, No. 56, R. A. M.; Dixon Council, No. 21, R. & S. M., and Dixon Commandery, No. 21, K. T. CHARLES W. CHADWICK, retired farmer, Lee Center, 111., was born at Windsor, Me., June 18, 1822, son of Lott and Sarah (Linn) Chadwick. He came to Lee County with his father in 1838, where, for three years, he as- sisted the latter in his trade as mill-right. In 1841 he removed South, where he remained eight years, and then (in 1849) crossed the plains to California in search of gold. Return- ing from the gold fields in 1851, he located at Lee Center, where he engaged in the manufac- ture of plows; afterwards engaged in farming at Palestine Grove; later spent several years in Missouri and Colorado, but since 1883 has lived retired at Lee Center. In 1847 he mar- ried Nancy J. Holderby, who died two years later, leaving one child, Sarah J. (Mrs. Silas Whitney). In 1853 he married his second wife, Phebe Whitney, by whom there were the fol- lowing named children: Alice (Mrs. John Jacobs), Ida (Mrs. W. W. Allen, of California), Fred C, now residing in California, and Harry, who resides, in Mexico. In politics Mr. Chad- wick is a Republican, and fraternally is a member of the A. F. & A. M. SAMUEL C. EELLS, President City National Bank, Dixon, 111., was born at Walton, Dela- ware County, N. Y., March 19, 1822, son of Nathaniel G. and Betty (St. John) Eells, natives of Connecticut. He came to Dixon, 111., in 1854, and engaged as bookkeeper with Rob- ertson, Eastman & Company, bankers. In the Spring of 1855 the firm was changed to Rob- ertson, Bells & Company; in 1860 to Eells & Coleman; in 1865 to Lee County National Bank, and since 1885 has been known as the SAMUEL C. EELLS. City National Bank. Mr. Eells has been President of this institution since the death of Joseph Crawford, August 11, 1891, although he has been manager of the business since April, 1855. On October 12, 1854, he married 7IO HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Anna Moore, and they have three children — Caroline W., Anna S., and Bessie P. In politi- cal relations Mr. Bells is a Republican, and in religious faith is a member of St. Lulie's Episcopal church in which he has served as vestryman since 1855. ABALINO C. BARDWELL, Dixon, 111., born Oct. 23, 1844, at Conneautville, Penn., son of Dr. George A. and Julia A. (Cutler) Bardwell; parents moved to Prophetstown, Whiteside County, III., in 1853. Came to Dixon, Feb. 10, 1864, and read law in office of George P. Good- v/in, Esq.; enlisted Feb. 10, 1865, as private; on oiganization of the One Hundred and Forty- seventh Illinois Infantry, was elected Captain of Company G; served as Provost-Marshal at Resaca, Americus and Savannah, Ga. Admitted to the bar Sept. 24, 1867, and commenced prac- tice that fall at Rochelle, 111., but owing to im- paired health shortly after abandoned it. In February, 1868, he established the "Dixon Weekly Herald;" on Dec. 2, 1869, the Herald and Telegraph were united under his editor- ship. January 1, 1871, he retired from the tice, excepting from the spring of 1892 to the fall of 1894. Elected State's Attorney in No- vember, 1876, and served one term. In January, 1899, was appointed Master in Chancery of Lee County Circuit Court, which position he continues to hold. JOSEPH UTLBY (deceased), Dixon, 111., was born at Western, Oneida County, N. Y., July 27, 1815, the son of Henry and Sarah (Morse) Utley. After completing his education in the ABALINO C. BARDWELL. paper and in August follov/ing resumed prac- tice in partnership with Hon. James K. Ed- sall, since which date he has continued in prac- JOSEPH UTLEY. neighborhood schools, he entered his father's tannery, learned the trade and succeeded to the business in 1838, v/hlch he followed until 1859, when he removed to Dixon and opened a saddlery hardware store, continuing until 1867, when he retired from active business. He was deeply interested in water transportation, and was a recognized authority on this sub- ject; was appointed Canal Commissioner of the State in 1869 and served eight years, most of the time as President of the Board. He was one of the prime movers in the improve- ment of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and to his efforts is largely due the Hennepin Oanal, now being constructed, in the interest of which he did effective work before com- mercial bodies. Committees of Congress and HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 711 state Legislatures. The whole project met with fierce opposition from the Sterling people, and it was years after his death that sentiment changed, a dam at that point instead of Dixon having been pronounced the more feasible. Mr. Utley died at Dixon, 111., March 19, 1889. THERON CUMINS. THBRON CUMINS (deceased), manufac- turer. Grand Detour and Dixon, 111., was born in the town of Tunbridge, Orange County, Vt, son of Joseph and Hannah (Con- verse) Cumins, who were natives of Vermont; was educated in the public schools and, in 1842, came to Grand Detour, Ogle County, 111., where he became clerk in a general store, remaining there three years, when he went to Newark, Ohio, remaining four years. Then, returning to Grand Detour, he was engaged for two years in the mercantile business with his brother Solon, when going a second time to Ohio, he became a contractor on the Ft. Wayne & Pittsburg Railroad, but two years later (1863) again came to Grand Detour and there enteried into partnership with Leonard Andrus for the manufacture of plows. Owing to ill-health of Mr. Andrus the management of the concern devolved largely upon Mr. Cumins, and after the death of his partner he conducted the business alone until 1869, when Col. H. T. Noble acquired an interest in the establishment, followed in June, 1874, by the admission of O. B. Dodge to the firm. In June, 1879, the business having assumed large pro- portions, the concern was incorporated by Theron Cumins, Henry T. Noble, O. B. Dodge and Charles H. Noble, under the name of the Grand Detour Plow Company. In the mean- time (1867) the plant was moved to Dixon, 111., where it new occupies five acres of ground. Mr. Cumins served as President of the Com- pany for many years, was also a director cf the Dixon National Bank, and was an important factor in the development of Dixon as an in- dustrial center. Politically he was an earnest Republican. Mr. Cumins died August 2, 1898. RICHARD S. FARRAND, lawyer, Dixon, 111., was born in St. Joseph, Ind., Oct. 1, 1852; left home when a boy of eleven years and after- wards was dependent upon his own resources, earning his livelihood by his own efforts and improving all available opportunities to acquire RICHARD S. FARRAND. an education. In 1877 he came to Dixon, and soon after began the study of law with A. C. Bardwell, was admitted to the bar in 1879 and in 1882 was elected County Judge of Lee 712 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. County, serving continuously until 1902, when he was chosen Circuit Judge for the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit to succeed the late Judge Crab- tree. Judge Farrand has also served one term as Mayor of the city of Dixon. January 30, 1873, he was married to Miss Catherine Jane Marsh, daughter of Harry and Catherine (Smith) Marsh. Judge Farrand is a Republi- can in politics and Is fraternally associated with Brooklyn Lodge, A. F. & A. M.; Na- chusa Chapter, No. 56; R. A. M. Lodge, No. 137; the A. 0. XJ. W. and Camp No. 56, M. W. A. J. B. MERRIMAN, M. D., (deceased), a prominent early settler of Lee County, 111., was born in Hartford County, Conn., May 2, 1814, of English extraction. Nathaniel Mer- riman, born in England in 1614, was the founder of the family In America and settled J. B. MERRIMAN, M. D. in New Haven, Conn., in 1639. Anson Merri- man, father of Dr. J, B. Merriman, was born in Hartford County, Conn., and died at the age of thirty-two years. J. B. Merriman was the second child in his father's family and ob- tained a good education in his youth, deciding at that time to become a physician. Gradu- ating from the medical department of Yale College In 1837, he began practicing in Berk- shire County, Mass., where he rose rapidly in his profession, but after ten years of steady service his health failed and he removed to Long Island, N. Y. His large and increasing practice at the latter place wore so rapidly on his physical powers that, six years later, he de- termined to abandon the medical profession and seek a new home on the western prairies with the hope of restoring his impaired health. Coming to Lee County in 1855, he located on a quarter section of unimproved land in South Dixon Township, to which he mad« subsequent additions until he owned between 700 and 800 acres of valuable land in that locality. He also purchased large tracts of land in Iowa, which he later disposed of. The doctor first married in Berkshire County, Mass., Miss Eliza Curtis, who bore him one child, Grace (Mrs. E. W. Curtis, of Chicago), who died March 3, 1893. His second wife was Elizabeth Smith, a native of Long Island, N. Y, who died at the age of twenty-one years, leaving one son, Walter B. His third marriage was with Angellne Judd, who died Sept. 2, 1891, aged seventy-four years. When Doctor Merri- man came to Lee County he intended to aban- don the medical profession, but his reputation as a skillful physician had preceded him, and thus many demands were made upon him for his services. In 1884 he left his home in South Dixon to reside with his son Walter B., whose home is now in the suburbs of Dixon City, where he died in 1898. The Doctor was a well- informed man, possessing excellent business qualifications, and made many friends during his long and influential career in Lee County. In political sentiment he was a Republican and served his township as a member of the Board of Supervisors and two terms as Justice of the Peace. WALTER B. MERRIMAN, County Treasurer of Lee County, Dixon, 111., was born on his father's farm in South Dixon Township, Lee County, Nov. 5, 1859, son of Dr. Joel B. and Elizabeth (Smith) Merriman. Dr. Joel B. Merriman, whose biography may be found else- where in this volume, came to Lee County in 1855, where he practiced medicine and con- ducted a farm for many years. Walter B. Merriman remained on his father's farm until twenty-four years of age, and in the meantime HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 713 received his educational training In the district year, he bought his present 240-acre farm. Mr. schools of South Dixon Township, the public school at Dixon, and the Dixon College. He married for his first wife Mattie Lee, who died WALTER B. MERRIMAN. Feb. 27, 1893, leaving four children — Verna B., Guy H., Grace B., and Walter Barl. In 1896 he married his second wife, Ida Mackin, and of this union ther^ were three sons — Glenwood B., George C. and Clifford F. Mr. Merriman retired from active farm life in 1896, but is still an extensive land owner, his farms ag- gregating 970 acres, and during his connec- tion with the agricultural interests of the county, v'as well known as' a breeder of thor- oughbred Norman horses. In political views he is a Republican, and is serving as County Treasurer, having been elected to that office in 1902. ELMER COTTON, farmer, Hamilton Town- ' ship, Lee County, 111., was born in Vermilion County, 111., April 13, 1862, son of Henry and Elizabeth G. Cotton. During the year 1881 Mr. Cotton worked in the coal mines and then removed to McLean County, 111., where h© con- ducted a rented farm for seven years, and after- wards purchased 240 acres upon which he lived until 1901. Coming to Lee County in the latter Cotton was married March 4, 1886, to Mary B., daughter of William and Electa Wright, of Mc- Lean County, 111., and of this union two chil- dren — William H. (deceased) and Charles B. — have been born. In politics Mr. Cotton is a Republican. JOHN L. LORD (deceased). Palmyra, Lee County, 111.; born in Hopkinton, N. H., June 10, 1829, son of John and Achsah (Gary) Lord; in 1838 came to Lee County with his parents, who first settled in Dixon, but in 1841 located on a farm, in Palmyra Township, whence John L. was accustomed to walk to Dixon to attend school; besides working on the farm learned the trade of blacksmith with his father, who had established a wagon-factory; in 1850 pur- chased his father's interest in the wagon-fac- tory, which some years before his death, he transferred to his son, Paul G. Mr. Lord's mother died about a year after the family re- moved to Dixon, and his father in 1873. June JOHN L. LORD. 17, 1851, he was united in marriage with Mary L. Warner, daughter of Moses M. and Orrel (Smith) Warner, who came to Lee County in 1838, and they had six children: August W. 714 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. and Paul G. Lord, of Dixon, 111.; Dr. John P. Lord, of Omaha, Neb.; Mary E., Fred and Grace, who reside with their widowed mother on the farm. Mr. Lord died March 15, 1901, as the result of a stroke of apoplexy four days previous. An ardent Republican and a man of pronounced views and thorough conviction, he was of too modest and retiring a disposition to be a prominent factor in political affairs, but served his township as a member of the Board of Supervisors, and was active in connection with agricultural and horticultural institutes in his section of the State; was one of the found- ers and President of the Palmyra Mutual Fire Insurance Company, and for several years President of the Lee County Old Settlers' As- sociation. Mr. Lord was a member and liberal supporter of the Universalist church. HON. JAMES B. CHARTERS T/as born in Belfast, Ireland, July 11, 1831, son of Alexan- der Charters, who long made his residence at Hazlewood, Dixon. Judge Charters graduated from Trinity College, Dublin, in 1852, and JAMES B. CHARTERS. studied in The Inner Temple, London, England, and immediately thereafter came to Dixon, 111., where, in 1856, he began practicing his profes- sion, which he followed continuously until his death, Feb. 4, 1902. He was elected County Judge in 1877, and prior to holding this ofiBcial position, had served as Mayor of Dixon one term. In 1858 he married Miss Fanny J. Chart- ers, daughter of Mr. Samuel M. Charters, who died in 1883, and on July 9, 1885, he mar- ried Miss Blanche Soule, of Dixon, daughter of Dr. James Kent Soule. He was a Director of the Public Library from its founding, and a \a'ued member of St. Luke's Episcopal church, in which he served as vestryman for thirty years. Ever identified with the best interests of Dixon, his many friends pay tribute to. his qualities of mind and heart, and his gracious personality endeared him to all. LEOMARD ANDRUS. LEONARD ANDRUS, Vice President City National Bank, Dixon, 111., was born at Grand Detour, Ogle County, 111., Nov. 10, 1853, son of Leonard and Sarah Ann (Bosworth) Andrus. Leonard Andrus, Sr., located at Grand Detour in 1834 and gave that village its name, but shortly afterwards went to Michigan, return- ing to the former locality about May 1, 1835, where he made a permanent settlement. In 1837, in company with John Deere, he made the first steel plow manufactured in America, HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 715 and from this humble beginning developed an extensive business. He died In 1867. Leonard Andrus, -Jr., came to Dixon in 1882 and has since been prominently identified with the in- terests of that city. On October 4, 1882, he married Elizabeth M. Alexander, daughter of Philip M. and Eliza (Howell) Alexander, and they have one son, Leonard A., a student of Harvard University. In politics Mr. Andrus affiliates with the Republican party. PHILIP M. ALEXANDER. PHILIP M. ALEXANDER (deceased) was born at Pompey Hill, N. Y., Oct. 1, 1819, the son of Solomon Alexander. In 1837 he came to Dixon, 111., and ■^■'as variously employed un- til 1854, when he and George L. Howell, estab- lished a hardware business on Galena Avenue, which was conducted until the time of Mr. Alexander's death at Wauwatosa, Wis., May 17, 1898. July 20, 1848, he married Eliza Howell, daughter of Nicholas and Betsy (Wil- son) Howell. Mrs. Alexander died May 5, 1873. To Mr. and Mrs. Alexander two children were born: Ida Louise, born March 12, 1857, mar- ried June 1, 1882, George A. Morris, and died Jan. 12, 1901; Elizabeth Maude, born August 7, 1860, and married Leonard Andrus, Oct. 4, 1882. Mr. Alexander was a stanch Democrat In po- litical sentiment. HON. JOSEPH CRAWFORD (deceased) was born in Columbia County, Penn., May 19, 1811; located in Lee County in 1835; appointed Dep- uty Surveyor for Northwestern Illinois In 1836; elected County Surveyor of Lee County In 1840, serving eighteen years; served as a mem- ber of the First Board of Supervisors of Lee County in 1841; elected to represent Lee and Whiteside Counties in the State Legislature In 1849; re-elected to the same office In 1853. He was one of the charter members of the Lee County Nationali Bank (now the City National Bank of Dixon), which was organized in 1865, and served as its President until his death; elected Mayor of Dixon in 1873 and re-elected the two following terms. He died August 11, 1891. GEORGE L. HOWELL (deceased) v/as born near Syracuse, N. Y., August 2-1, 1820, son of Nichol and Betsy (Wilson) Howell, natives GEORGE L. .HOWELL. of New York. George L. Howell came to Dixon, 111., in 1854, and the same year formed a partnership with P. M. Alexander in the 7i6 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. hardware business, which was continued tor nearly forty years, or until the time of his death, March 23, 1893. On July 17, 1845, he married Julia Thomas who bore him three children — Clarence N. (deceased), Frank S. and Emma (deceased). Mrs. Howell died, and on Dec. 22, 1859, Mr. Hov/ell married his sec- ond wife, Emma P. Little, who was born in Castine, Maine, and of this union there were four children — Edward N., Agnes P. (Mrs. Wil- liam E. Appleford), Louise A. (deceased) and George L. Mr. Howell was a Republican in political views, and in religious belief a Pres- byterian. REV. EDWARD C. SICKELS, D. D., pastor emeritus of the First Presbyterian church, EDWARD C. SICKELS, D. D. Dixon, 111., was born in Indianapolis, Ind., April 24, 1835, the son of Rev. William and Alma C. (Coe) Sickles, both of New York State birth and ancestry. Dr. Sickels received his pre- paratory education in his native city, graduat- ing from Hanover College, Ind., and later (1858) in theology at Princeton, N. J., having spent the years 1856 and '57 studying in Ber- lin, Germany. While in Berlin he was soci- ally intimate with Timothy Dwight, former President of Yale College; the late Gov. Ogles- by, the late Neal Dow, and many other promi- nent Americans who visited the German capi- tal. The year of his graduation from Prince- ton, he began preaching at Kirkv/ood, Mo., but in the summer of 1862, came to Dixon, 111., shortly after becoming pastor of the First Presbyterian church there — a position which he continued to occupy until the spring of 1895 when, after thirty-three years of continuous service, he retired with the position of pastor emeritus. During his pastorate at Dixon, Dr. Sickels served twenty-five years as Stated Clerk of his Presbytery and was twice chosen Moderator of the Synod of Illinois. He re- ceived the degree of D.D. from Lake Forest University in 1889. February 19, 1863, Dr. Sickels was united in marriage to Caroline P. Dunham, a native of Ohio but reared in St. Louis, Mo., the daughter of James S. and Jane (Cutler) Dunham, of New York. Dr. and Mrs. Sickels have had seven children born to them, viz.: Alma (deceased), Edward E., Gracia Gay (wife of Alfred G. Welch), James D., William C, Amy C. and Lewis N. In his retirement Dr. Sickels enjoys the ardent friendship of a large circle of former parishioners and ac- quaintances. EDWARD A. SICKELS, physician and sur- geon, Dixon, 111., was born at North Dixon, 111., Oct. 3, 1866, son of Rev. E. C. and Caroline P. (Dunham) Sickels. Rev. E. C. Sickels was pastor of the First Presbyterian church at Dix- on for thirty-five consecutive years. Edward A. Sickels attended the North Dixon public schools and graduated from the high school when seventeen years of age. He afterwards attended the Dixon Normal School for five years, graduating from the commercial and scientific departments, and, during his attend- ance, paid his own expenses by manual labor in the brick and tile factory at Morrison, 111., where, for a time, he had charge of a large force of men. In 1887 he entered the railway mail service, running ten years, and as his duties would permit during the last five years of his service, attended the Hahnemann Medi- cal College, graduating with honors from that institution in 1897. Resigning his position in the mail service in the latter year, he entered the Hahnemann Hospital, Chicago, where he remained one year, and then came to Dixon, 111., where he has since practiced his profession HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 717 witli successful results. In 1899 the Doctor lectured weekly on the subject of anatomy in the Hahnemann College, and also had charge of the surgical clinic in that institution. He is a member of the Rock River Institute of Homeopathy, Clinical Society of Chicago, Na- tional Institute of Homeopathy, is on the hos- pital staff at Dixon, formerly held a position on the surgicaal staff of the Hahnemann Hospi- tal, and is Examining Physician for the Bank- er's Life Insurance Company, Des Moines, Iowa. Socially he is a member of the Knights of Maccabees, Knights of the Globe and Royal Circle. September 25, 1901, the Doctor was married to Jeanne Wood, daughter of the Rev. Wood, who is now connected with the mission work of the Dutch-Reformed church. In re- ligious belief he is a Presbyterian, and in poli- tical views a Republican. HON. ABIJAH POWERS (deceased) was born in Greenwich, Hampshire County, Mass., Dec. 16, 1814, son of Joseph and Sally (Powers) Powers, and a grandson of Col. Thomas Powers. In the spring of 1838 Joseph Powers and his son Abijah came west, and after reach- ing Rock Island, proceeded by boat to Dixon (then Dixon's Ferry) and entered land in Sec- tion 31, Palmyra Township, where the former died April 28, 1853; his wife surviving him sev- eral years, and dying at the age of seventy- six. Abijah Powers began life in the West without capital, working at first by the month as a farm-hand. He entered land in Lee County in 1838, which he later purchased of the Gov- ernment with money saved while employed at farm labor. By industrious habits and careful management, Mr. Powers developed his land into a modern farm, and at the time of his death — July 24, 1891 — owned, in addition to his home farm of 300 acres, several other valuable farms in Lee and Whiteside Counties. In September, 1839, he married Miss Amanda M. Sprout, born in Greenwich, Mass., daugh- ter of Ezra and Dency (Newland) Spriout, also natives of the Bay State. Six children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Powers, viz.. Alfred A., who died at the age of six years; Helen, who became the wife of Anson Thummel of Pla- myra Township and died in 1889; Elvira, wife of Capt. Charles Eckles, a soldier in the Fed- eral army during the late Rebellion and now a prominent farmer near Marshalltown, Iowa; Mary, who married J. C. Nickerson, a com- mission merchant in Chicago; Warren F., who married Mary Miller and is now a prominent farmer in Whiteside County, 111.; Austin, who married Adella Tallman and now owns and conducts the home farm in Palmyra Township. Mrs. Powers resides on the old homestead with her son Austin. Abijah Powers was a Repub- lican in political views, and held a number of local offlc'es including that of Township Super- visor in which he served five years. In 1876 ABIJAH POWERS. he was elected Representative from his dis- trict to the Thirtieth General Assembly of Illi- nois. Mr. Pov.'ers was a member of the Con- gregational church at Prairieville, in which he served as deacon fcr many years. CLYDE L. WICHER, Superintendent of the Lee County Almshouse, South Dixon Township, was born in Anamosa, Jones County, Iowa, Nov. 15, 1872, son of Henry and Georgiana (Stott) Wicher, the former a native of Cowes, Isle of Wight, England, and the latter, of Susquehanna, N. Y. Henry Wicher came west in 1867, and settled in Iowa. In spring of 1895, Clyde L. came to Dixon, and was employed in the mercantile establishment of I. B. Country- 7i8 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. man until Nov. 7, 1900, when he was appointed Superintendent of the County Farm, and has since filled that position to the satisfaction of all concerned. January 1, 1898, he married CLYDE L. WICHER. Jesse B. Burright, and they have one daughter, Enid, born Sept. 30, 1900. Mr. Wicher is a member of the Knights of the Globe, and Dixon Lodge, No. 779, B. P. O. E. In religious belief Mr. Wicker is an Episcopalian, while Mrs. Wicher is identified with the Methodist Episcopal Church. AUSTIN POWERS, Section 31, Palmyra Township, Lee County, 111., was born in the township where he now resides, Oct. 18, 1857, son of Abijah and Amanda M. (Sprout) Powers, being the youngest in a family of six children. His father and paternal grandfather (Joseph Powers) settled in Palmyra Township in 1838. Abijah Powers was a man of practi- cal ideas and was elected to represent his township as Supervisor for five years, and in 1876 was elected to the General Assembly of Illinois. He was prominent as a breeder of thoroughbred short-horned cattle and through his industrious habits accumulated a large estate. He died July 24, 1891. Austin Powers grew to maturity on his father's farm, and ob- tained his elementary education in the public schools at Prairieville, 111., later becoming a student in Cornell College, Mt. Vernon, Iowa. On January 6, 1881, he married Adella Tall- man, daughter of Jesse H. Tallman and wife, early settlers of Clinton County, Iowa. To Mr. and Mrs. Powers four children have been born, viz.: Grace (died in infancy), Leroy, Lu- ella, and Edna. Mr. Powers became owner of his father's estate at the time of the latter's death in 1891-. This farm is kept in a high state of cultivation, shade and fruit trees are planted as occasion requires, barns and other buildings are arranged so as to shelter stock and grain to the best advantage, and the gen- eral appearances of his well-kept premises give evidence of the owner's constant and careful supervision. Mr. Powers has a constant and increasing demand for select seed-corn, as he makes a specialty of cultivating that cereal, and by scientific tests retains only the choicest grain for planting. In politics Mr. Powers is AUSTIN POWERS. a Republican and was Assessor of his town- ship two years, at the present time Is Trustee ofi the School Board, and is also crop reporter in Lee County for the Illinois State Board of Agriculture. He and his family are mem- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY 719 bers of the Fourth Street Methodist church, Sterling, 111., and he is Superintendent of the Sunday School in the Prairieville Union fchurch. W. I. GUFFIN. HON. W. I. GUFFIN, grain and coal dealer. Paw Paw, 111., was born at Carlisle, Schoharie County, N. Y., Jan. 17, 1840. He came to Lee County in the fall of 1868, locating at Mslugin's Grove, where he conducted a dairy farm until 1872. Locating at Compton, 111., in the latter year, he engaged in the grain and stock busi- ness at that village until 1889, when he re- moved to Pav/ Paw, where he has since con- ducted his present enterprise. In 1869 he married Laura W. Fisk, who died in 1870, leav- ing one son, Edward F. In December, 1879, Mr. Guffln married Mary E. Bradshav/ of Comp- ton, and they have two children — Homer and Grace. In political sentiment Mr. Guffin is a Republican and served eight consecutive years (1892-1900) in the Lower House of the Illinois General Assembly. Fraternally he is a mem- ber of Corinthian Lodge, No. 205, A. F. & A. M. BENJAMIN F. FRANTZ, Paw Paw, 111., son of Joseph and Charlotte (Pike) Frantz, was born at "The Cove," Alleghany County, Md., Oct. 29, 1848. In 1859 his family removed to Somerset County, Penn,, and in 1866, to Prince- ton, 111., where Mr. Frantz was engaged with his brother, A. J. Frantz, in agricultural pur- suits for a number of years, when moving to Pav/ Paw in 1873, he later entered the "Teach- ers' Institute and Classical Seminary," where he finally graduated with his class-mates, Frank Stevens, Sadie Van Patten and Anna Flewellen, June 10, 1881. During his connec- tion with the Seminary he taught several terms in district schools in De Kalb and Lee Coun- ties, and in the spring of 1882 was chosen Principal of the Paw Paw public school. On August 23, 1882, he was united in marriage to Mary J. Taylor, daughter of Thomas G. and Lucy (Moysey) Taylor, andl with his wife con- tinued teaching together in the Paw Paw school for one year. Mr. Frantz' then engaged with his father in the sale of buggies, harness and agricultural implements, which they car- ried on successfully until 1890, when his father having retired on account of advancing years. BENJAMIN F. FRANTZ. the son assumed the entire responsibility of the business, conducting it alone for two years. He then turned his attention to the real estate and general mercantile business, in which he has been engaged to the present time. In the 720 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. spring of 1893, W. B. McMahon surveyed and platted for Mr. Frantz what is known as "The Frantz Grove Cemetery," located about & half- mile south of Paw Paw, and containing about nine acres of ground, which has been improved and beautified until it is now one of the most beautiful and attractive "cities of the dead" in this part of the country. The cemetery grounds include a handsome grove, where Decoration Day exercises in honor of the sol- diers of the Civil War are held annually. Dur- ing the same year (1893) Mr. McMahon also sur- veyed and platted for Mr. Frantz the "Frantz Addition to Paw Paw." Mr. Frantz is a mem- ber of the Board of Directors of the State Bank of Paw Paw, holds the office of Deacon of the Methodist Episcopal church, and fraternally is a member of the Knights of the Globe and In- dependent Order of Odd Fellows. His family consists of his wife and one daughter — Eula Mae. JAMES A. WATSON. MAJOR JAMBS A. WATSON (deceased) was born in 1812, and came to Dixon in 1850; con- tracted to build, and in 1852 built the Illinois Central Railway running through Dixon ; raised a company of volunteers in 1862 for the Sev- enty-fifth Illinois, and after the battle of Per- ryville, v/as promoted to the rank of Major; served during the war, and mustered out at Camp Douglas in 1865; was Superintendent of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and, for several years, subsequently, engaged in farming near Dixon, following this occupation up to the time of his death in 1893. He was first married in 1840, and in 1853 married Mrs. Richard Love- land for Tiis second wife. There were three children of the second marriage; Frederick A., Sam N., and Eleanor B., two of whom are living. Mr. Watson was an enthusiastic mem- ber of the G. A. R. He was accidentally killed at the Dixon dam. May 8, 1893. FREDERICK A. WATSON, President Wat- son-Plummer Shoe Company, Chicago and Dix- on, was born Oct. 3, 1854. From 1866 to 1868 he clerked in the store of W. G. Stevens & Co., Dixon,, and from 1868 to 1870, was train-boy on the C. & N. W. Ry. From 1872 to 1874 he clerked in a store in St. Joseph, Mich., and from the latter year to 1901, was salesman, stock- holder and manufacturing superintendent for C. M. Henderson & Co., locating their factories at Dixon, 111., in 1887. He organized the Watson- Plummer Shoe Company in 1901, and succeeded to the business of C. M. Henderson & Co., in 1902. In politics he is a Republican; is President of the Dixon Power &. Lighting Co., and Dixon Ice Company. S. F. MILLS, retired Banker of Ashton, Lee County, 111., and New York State, was born in the town of Columbia, Herkimer County, N. Y., June 21, 1831, son of Lorin A. and Eva (Petrie) Mills, who were parents of a family of six children — three sons and three daughters. S. F. Mills graduated from a high school in his native State, later took a seminary course and in 1857 came to Ashton, Lee County, 111., then a small hamlet, where he engaged in buying grain v/hich he stored in a small warehouse capable of holding about three car-loads. He was a man of genial temper, hospitable and won many life-long friends, no deserving per- son ever appealing to him for aid in vain, and took a foremost place in charitable work and in public improvements in his village. In his successful business career he was closely iden- tified with his friend and partner, N. A. Petrie. December 22, 1879, Mr. Mills was married at Ashton to Miss Louise Getman, daughter of HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 721 Daniel and Mary (Vrooman) Getman of Pa- lermo, Oswego County, N. Y., but formerly of Herkimer County. In 1890, desiring to retire from active business, Mr. Mills erected an up- S. F. MILLS. to-date home at Parish, Oswego County, N. Y., and there resides nine months each year, spending the remaining three months with his friends and partner, Mr. Petrie, at Ashton, 111. In action and appearance he would be taken for a man in the prime of life. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and adopts as his motto, "Good will to all, malice to none." Mr. Mills' father was a Colonel of the New York State militia and pa- ternally he is of Scotch extraction, and mater- nally of English descent. NATHAN A. PETRIE, Cashier of the Ashton Bank, Ashton, 111., was born in Oswego, N. Y., Nov. 14, 1843, the seventh son of Rudolph and Elizabeth (Vrooman) Petrie, natives of New York. His early ancestors were German. The maternal grandfather was captain of a fort in New York in early colonial days, and was killed and scalped by the Indians, as were also his wife and son John. N. A. Petrie was raised on a farm, received his educational training in a country school, and came to Ashton in the winter of 1860, where he worked one year for his cousin, S. F. Mills, for $50.00 and board, and was employed a second year at a salary of $75.00. In the meantime he studied and read good books in the evenings after a hard day's work, and in this manner completed his edu- cation. He now owns a valuable library. In 1862 Mr. Petrie entered into partnership with S. F. Mills in the grain and lumber business, which they sold in 1865 and erected a large two-story frame building in Ashton, and en- gaged in the general mercantile business under the firm name of Mills & Petrie, in which they established an extensive trade, employing seven clerks. Disposing of their mercantile business in 1869 they established a bank at Ashton, which was conducted as a private in- stitution until Jan. 1, 1903, when it was re- organized into a State Bank with a capital of $25,000 and a surplus of $5,000, the officers be- ing S. F. Mills, President; M. D. Hathaway. Vice President; N. A. Petrie, Cashier. Mr. Petrie is a Republican and has represented N.a.THAN A. PETRIE. his town as Supervisor two terms; has been a Notary Public for twenty-four consecutive years; was school treasurer eighteen years, and has administered in the settlement of about sixty estates during his business career 722 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. in Ashton. He pays a high tribute to the county ofBcers, with whom he has been closely associated for more than thirty years, and is a man of kind and generous disposition al- ways thinking more of his fellow citizens than of himself. On December 22, 1879, he married Sarah E. Howard, daughter of William and Mary (Hollingsworth) Howard, natives of Lincoln- shire, England, who came to America in 1S57. Mrs. Petrie died Feb. 11, 1899, leaving no chil- dren. Mr. Petrie is a member of the Method- ist Episcopal church. The life-long friendship of Mr. Petrie and Mr. Mills has never been interrupted by a hasty or cress word, and in this respect their association has been a sec- ond example of Damon and Pythias. C. K. NORTHRUP. C. K. NORTHRUP, Postmaster, Ashton, 111., was bcrn at Tyringham, BerKshire County, Mass., March 30, 1845, son of Gilbert D. and Eliza B. (Phillips) Northrup. Gilbert D. North- rup died in 1852, but his wife still survives at the venerable age of ninety-flve years. C. K. Northrup obtained his education in the public school of his native State and came to Lee County in 1860. In 1862 he enlisted in Company G., First Wisconsin Cavalry, remain- ing until the close of the war, and participated in the battle of Cape Girardeau, Bloomfield, Chalks Bluff, Langee Ferry, Stone River, and Chickamauga. On September 19, 186-3, during the engagement last mentioned, he received a sever wound in the right forearm. After the close of the war he entered Wheaton Col- lege, Wheaton, 111., remaining in that institu- tion four years, and for several years after that was engaged in farming in Bradford Town- ship, but eventually disposed of his holdings and engaged in the mercantile business at Ash- ton. Mr. Northrup v/as appointed Postmaster in 1897, reappointed in 1901, and is still an incumbent of that office. On November 25, 1869, he married Mary M. Wright, daughter of William Wright, an early settler of Lee County, and of this union there were two sons, one of whom — Gilbert W. — is living and is a student in the State University, Rolla, Missouri. Mr. Northrup is a member of the Masonic order, M. W. A., G. A. R. and Knights of the Globe. He and his wife are communicants of the Pres- byterian church, and in politics he is a Re- publican. JOHN L. CLAPP, merchant, Compton, 111., was bcrn in Brooklyn Township, Lee County, 111., Feb. 5, 1873, son of John F. and Sarah (Smith) Clapp, natives of Massachusetts and New York, respectively. In partnership with J. W. Rhodes, Mr. Clapp is engaged in the general merchandise business at Compton, 111. On October 21, 1897, he married Nellie Hold- ren, daughter of Benjamin F. and Zarah (Cow- ing) Holdren. In politics he is a Republican, and in fraternal affiliations a member of the Masonic Order, I. O. O. F. and M. W. A. Mr. Clapp is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and is superintendent cf the Sunday school. HON SAMUEL DYSART, ex-President State Board of Agriculture; born in Huntingdon County, Penn., Sept. 4, 1834, son of James and Elizabeth (Roller) Dysart, who came to Illi- nois in 1855, settling near Franklin Grove. Lee County, where they both died. In 1855 Mr. Dy- sart settled on Section 14, China Township, and has resided there ever since. On February 24, 1858, he was married to Miss Margaret J. Henderson, daughter of David and TJargaret (Conrad) Henderson, natives of Huntingdon Cotmty, Penn., and of this union nine children HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 723 have been born, viz.: Harry W., U. Gi~ant, Hor- ace H., Jesse R., Drucilla D. (Mrs. Dr. Banker of Franklin Grove), Birdie B. (Mrs. T. B. Pet- erson, of Chicago), Mary Janet, Vir.s;!nia L. (deceased) and Lola W. (deceased). From 1866 to 1883 Mr. Dysart was one of the lead- ing breeders of short-horn cattle in Illinois; In 1874 he was elected Vice President of the State Board of Agriculture for his District, T/as chosen President cf the Board serving two years and, during the last year of his incumb- ency (1888), visited Europe for the purpose of investigating the breeding of French draft horses. During 1878, by appointment of Presi- dent Hayes, he served as one of the Live-Stock Commissioners to the Paris Exposition and, on July 1, 1891, was appointed by Gov. J. W. Fifer, Commissioner of the World's Columbian Exposition for the Seventh Congressional Dis- trict of Illinois. HENRY CASPER BROOKNER (deceased), born near Osnabruck, Hanover, Germany, June 15, 1827, son of George and Marie (Engle) Brookner; came to America at nineteen years of age, arriving with four dollars in his pocket, and having learned the carpenter's trade with an uncle, by persevering industry and prudent management acquired a handsome competency. In 1847 he came to Dixon, 111., which continued to be his home for the remainder of his life, although absent much of the time for twenty years on official duty in connection with the Illinois Central Railroad. He was a trained musician, was a member of the first band or- ganized in Dixon, and sang in the choir of the First Methodist Episcopal church, of which he v/as a member. His first home was just north of the Nachusa House. Mr. Brookner was twice married, his first wife leaving one daughter, Adella May, who died of cholera at the age of sixteen years. April 4, 1875, he married at Litchfield, 111., Emily Reid Keith- ley, born at Greenville, Ind., the daughter of Seth McCollum Keithley, who was a native of Blizabethtown, Ky., born Oct. 18, 1812, and died at Litchfield, 111., March 18, 1887. Seth McCollum Keithley's father, John Keithley, was a native of Germany, born Jan. 1, 1788, died Sept. 28, 1830, and his mother, Phebe (McCollum) Keithley, a native of Scotland, born in 1787, died April 11, 1868; his grand- father, John Keithley, born Jan. 1, 1750, died July 28, 1835, and his grandmother, whose maiden name was Ballon, was a native of Hol- land. The last named John Keithley served in the commissary department of the patriot army during the Revolutionary War. Henry Casper Brookner and v/ife had three children: Mae Adella, Paul Henry and George Keithley. Mr. Brookner died Jan. 10, 1889. Mrs. Brookner's mother, nee Anna Theresa Miller, was born at Elizabethtown, Ky., Nov. 13, 1808, and died at Litchfield, 111., Nov. 22, 1869. Her parents, David and Elizabeth (Wise) Miller, were na- tives respectively, of Germany and Holland, and the mixture of German and Scotch blood in Mrs. Brookner's veins has tended to the de- velopment of a woman of strong vitality and much mental energy. Besides other business, she oversees two milk farms, has been a mem- ber of the Phidian Art Club for thirteen years, and served as delegate of this club to the Bi- ennial Congress of Federated Women's Clubs held at Los Angeles, Cal., in 1902. She is also a charter member of the Woman's Relief Corps, is serving her second year as President of the Dixon Woman's Club, and is Worthy 724 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Matron of the Order of the Eastern Star — an organization which encircles the globe. Mrs. Brookner holds a commission from Governer Yates as inspector of insane wards of Lee HENRY CASPER BROOKNER. County, and is President of the committee. She lives in quiet retirement v/ith her children in the home erected by' her deceased husband nearly fifty years ago, at 511 Peoria Avenue, Dixon, 111. WILLIAM W. BETHBA (deceased) was born in Marion District, S. C, May 15, 1812. He removed to Lee County in 1835, locating in Palmyra Township. Upon the organization of Lee County in 1839, he was elected Justice of the Peace and served continuously until 1877; elected County Treasurer in 1845 and served two terms. In 1833 he married Irene Pender, who died in 1838, and in 1850 he was' united in marriage v/ith his second wife, Mrs. Emily (Green) ["'erguson. years of age, he came with his father to Cham- paign County, 111., and for four years assisted in opening up a new prairie farm; at the age of twenty he engaged in general merchandis- ing at Rantoul, 111., remaining until 1867, when he located in Dixon, 111., where he conducted a dry goods store for several years, and was the first merchant to establish the one price cash system in that city. In 1872 he purchased an interest in the Grand Detour Plow Works — established at Grand Detour in 1837 and re- moved to Dixon in 1867. He held the oflace of Secretary and Treasurer of the company for twenty-five years, and is now serving as President. Mr. Dodge is a member of the Masonic Order in v/hich he has been Master, High Priest and Commander. He is a member of St. Luke's Episcopal church, was for thirty- five years a member of the vestry and is now Senior Warden. He has been President of the Business Men's Association, and was for ORRIS BISSELL DODGE. ORRIS BISSELL DODGE, President Grand Detour Plow Company, Dixon, 111., was born at Twinsburg, Ohio, Dec. 8, 1838. He obtained his education in the Tv/insburg Seminary and Shaw Academy, the latter institution being lo- cated at East Cleveland, Ohio. When sixteen four years a member of the City Council. Mr. Dodge assisted in establishing the Dixon Pub- lic Library in 1895, and has been President of the Board of Directors since that time. In 1900 he erected and donated to the city the library building now in use. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 725 GEORGE ALEXANDER LYMAN, Postmaster, Amboy, Illinois; born in Winchester, N. H., June 26th, 1838; educated in the public schools of his native town, and at Northfield Institute (now Moody School), Northfield, Mass. In 1856 he removed to Bradford Township, Lee County, 111., with his father's family, who settled on the farm he now owes. In 1888 he bought the "Amboy Journal," of which he is now editor and proprietor; was appointed Postmaster of Amboy, March 1, 1898, and is now (January), 1904) serving his second term. He has been a member of the Congregational Church in Lee Center arid Amboy since 1860; is an influential Republican, serving for many years as a mem- GEORGE ALEXANDER LYMAN. ber of the Republican County Committee, and for four years as secretary of the Committee. Mr. Lyman has been actively identified, as an editor and otherwise, with the religious, edu- cational and political progress of his county, and this has been recognized by his election to membership in "The American Institute of Civics," organized in 1885 to "inspire and per- petuate the spirit of intelligence, and unselfish and incorruptible patriotism;" is a member of the Order of Runnymede by virtue of direct descent from Saier de Quincy, one of the twenty-five English Barons who compelled King John to sign the Magna Charta in 1215; is also a member of the Society of Colonial Wars, of the sons of the American Revolution, the Knights of the Globe, and of the Masonic Fraternity. The Lyman family trace their descent in an unbroken line from Albert the Great, first King of England, and through his line of ancestors back to Woden or Odin, King of North Europe in the third century, about the year 225 A. D. Richard Lyman, the first of the name in Amer- ica, came from England in 1631, landed at Boston, became a settler of Charlestown, Mass., and was one of the founders of Hartford, Connecticut, and of the First Congregational church of that city, and his tombstone may still be seen in the churchyard there. Mr. Lyman was the first man in Bradford Township to offer his services to the Govern- ment at the beginning of the Civil War in 1861, but failed to be mustered in on account of physical defect. He continued active in the support of the Union cause, however; and Feb. 13, 1865, was elected and commissioned recruit- ing officer for the township of Bradford, Lee County, and enlisted by his own personal efforts alone, twenty-nine recruits who went to the front to fill the quota of Bradford Township; and in recognition of his enlistment and subse- quest services, his name is enrolled in the ros- ter of enlisted men of Company D, Thirty fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and he receives favorable mention by the historian of the regi- ment in the recently published history. Mr. Lyman married, in 1866, Mary E. Jones, and they have two children: Dr. James Alex- ander Lyman, Professor of Chemistry in Port- land Academy, Portland, Oregon; and George Richard Lyman, Assistant Professor of Botany in Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H. Both sons are married, and Dr. Lyman has tv/o daughters, Mary Ethel, born July, 1899, and Ida Grace, born April, 1902. ALBION P. CHASE (deceased), physician, son of Mayhew and Anne (Merrill) Chase, was born in Livermore, Oxford County, Me., (later incorporated with Androscoggin County), Feb. 18, 1817. His grandfather, Sarson Chase, with brothers. Captain Thomas Chase (who was with John Paul Jones in the famous naval en- gagement between the Bon Homme Richard 726 HISTOI^Y OF LEE COUNTY. and the Serapis), and Captain Tristram Chase (who was lost at sea in 1800), shipmasters, came to Livermore from Tisbury, Martha's Vineyard, before Maine was separated from Massachusetts. Some sixty families came from Massachusetts to Livermore about that time, and the town had for its first settlers, faithful and stanch men with an honest purpose for every duty; men who made sacrifices for their children's education, and who living in peace, read the newspapers with interest, discussed questions of state and country, and were only intolerant of injustice, oppression, meanness and lying. An old resident writes: "I will ALBION P. CHASE, M. D. remember a neighborhood quarrel. I lock back with pleasure, not unmixed with pride, upon their honest, useful lives, and feel thankful for the lessons they imparted." The first physi- cian was Dr. Cyrus Hamlin, grandfather of Vice-President Hannibal Hamlin; the first minister was Rev. Sulvanus Boardman, father of George Dana Boardman, the missionary to Burmah, in the mountains of Tavoy. Both of these men came from Tisbury, Mass. Israel Washburn, father of the noted "Washburn Brothers" — Israel, Elihu and Cadwallader — who have served their country so acceptably,was the first merchant. Nearly all had large families. The district schools, with their "spelling schools," their "debating clubs" and library (kept in the kitchen cupboard and parlor alcove of "the doctor"), formed the "Alma Mater" of many a man who has served his State honorably both in Maine and Washing- ton, the v/inter schools sometimes numbering eighty pupils' of all ages, and taught by young men who afterwards were Senators from other States. It was in this school that Doctor Chase prepared for the aicademy from which he went to Loudon County, Va., where he taught school for several years before going to Bow- doin College for a course of Instruction in medicine, from which place he went to Boston, remaining for some time in the hospital there. He v/as a member of the Massachusetts Medi- cal Society, contemporary with Dr. Oliver Wen- dell Holmes. He practiced successfully in South Abington (now Whitman), Mass., from 1845, coming to Amboy, 111., In 1856. He was long surgeon for the Illinois Central Rail- road; also surgeon for the United States Pens- ions Department. He was conscientious and sympathetic, with remarkably quick percepdon and correct judgment and retentive memory. He had a fund of pleasant anecdotes which were "as good as medicine," when it v/as the right time to relate them. He lived sixty-two years, dying May 27, 1879, sincerely mourned. A letter from a high officer of the Illionis Cen- tral Railroad stated that, during all the years of his service for their company, which com- menced years before his appointment as regu- lar surgeon, "not a single complaint of him had ever ccme to them, and no operation had ever caused them unnecessary expense." Dr. Chase was twice married; first to Miss E. R. Yale, of Stoneham, Mass., who died in 1850, leaving tv/o children — Mrs. J. B. Fisher, of Houston, Texas, and Amerton Y. Chase, of Co- lumbus, Texas. In December, 1852, he married Miss D. C. Howland, of Abington, Mass. Their son, Henry H. Chase, M. D., is a resident of Rock Island, 111. A daughter, Mary N., died in 1868. Mrs. Chase still resides in the old home. ABRAHAM B. TITUS, retired farmer, Stew- ard, Lee County, was born in Onondaga County, N. Y., Nov. 8, 1828, the son of Leonard and Maria (Becker) Titus, who were both natives of New York State. The father was a black- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 727 smith by trade, but late in life turned his at- tention to farming. In 1835 the family moved to Gallia County, Ohio, and there Abraham B., who was the oldest son by his father's second marriage, grew up on the farm attending th'e ABRAHAM B. TITUS. district school during the winter months. The father died in 1847, but the mother survived until 1899, dying at the age of ninety-three years. In February, 1850, the suoject of this sketch came to Illinois, spant three seasons in farm work in Morgan County, when he re- moved to Richland County, and was married near Olney in that county, to Elizabeth J. Chauncey, the daughter of Isaac and Cynthia (Morehouse) Chauncey. Mr. Titus carried on farming in Richland County for ten years, when, in 1863, he removed to Champaign County, settling near Rantoul. Mr. and Mrs. Titus became the parents of seven children — five sons and two daughters — viz.: A. Leonard, Helen M., Edgar L., Ira R., Charles C, Mattie S. and Jesse R. Mr. Titus had a farm of 160 acres in Champaign County, which he sold in 1895, and bought a farm of 320 acres in White- side County. He had already retired from act- ive farm life, and in 1902 removed to the vil- lage of Steward, Lee County, where he now resides. He is still the owner of a farm of 160 acres in Whiteside County, besides holding an interest with his two sons, Edgar L. and Ira R., in 400 acres in Viola Township, Lee County. About 1859 Mr. Titus spent a short time gold- mining with success in Colorado. He is a di- rector of the First National Bank of Steward, is a Republican in politics and has been a member of the Odd Fellows fraternity since 1858. IRA R. TITUS, member of the firm of Titus Brothers, bankers and grain-dealers. Steward, 111., was born in Richland County, 111., Dec. 29, 1862, the son of Abraham B. and Elizabeth (Chauncey) Titus; when one year old was brought by his parents to Champaign County, 111., where he grew up on a farm about ten miles north of Urbana. Remaining with his father until twenty-two years of age, in the meantime he received his education in the dis- trict schools and a business college at Cham- paign, then engaged in the mercantile busi- ness at Rantoul with his brother-in-law, F. IRA R. TITUS. B, Hitchcock. This partnership lasted one year, when Mr. Titus' brother, F. B. Titus, hav- ing purchased the Hitchcock interest, the firm became "Titus Brothers." A year later A. L. Titus was succeeded by another brother, C. C. 72i HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Titus, the firm name remaining unctianged for four years, when they sold out and C. C. Titus engaged in farming. The subject of this slcetch then engaged in the grain business at Dewey, Champaign County, in partnership with J. M. Coon, continuing one year, when the firm hav- ing sold out, he spent some time at Walnut, Bureau County, but without completing his ar- rangements to engage in the elevator business there as contemplated. Then, having formed a partnership with his brother, Edgar L. Titus, In November, 1894, they purchased the elevator and agricultural implement business of Merritt Meller, at Steward, Lee County, v/hich they carried on under the firm name of "Titus Brothers," later acquiring ownership of the "Steward & Henning Elevator," purchased from the L. E. Birdsall Company, and for the next eighteen months carried on an extensive grain, coal and lumber business. In the fall cf 1902 they sold out the Steward & Henning Elevator and their lumber business, but still retain the ownership of the elevator first pur- chased. On January 1, 1903, in connection with a number of the leading business men of Stew- ard, the Titus Brothers organized the First National Bank of Steward, v/ith a capital stock of $25,000, of which Ira R. Titus is at present (1903) the Cashier, and his brother, Edgar L., the President — the Titus Brothers being own- ers of the controlling interest. May 21, 1889, Mr. Titus was married at Rantoul, 111., to Lulu Coon, and two children have been born of this marriage — Lyle, born in 1892, and Ray, born in 1899. The Titus Brothers are associated with G. H, T. Shaw and S. D. Frost in con- structing the Northern Illinois Electric Rail- way, extending from Dixon to Amboy by way of Lee Center, Steward and DeKalb, of which Ira R. Titus is Secretary. Mr. Titus is a Re- publican in politics, a member of the Modern Woodmen of America, and of the Methodist EpiscopaJ church, in which he holds the posi- tion of treasurer and is teacher of the Young Men's Sunday School class. EDGAR L, TITUS, President First National Bank, Steward, Lee County, 111., was born in Richland County, 111., Sept. 29, 1860, the son of Abraham B. and Elizabeth (Chauncey) Titus, who were natives, respectively, of the States of New York and Illinois. Edgar L. Titus received his education in the public schools of Illinois, and remained on his fath- er's farm until he reached the age of thirty years, when he was employed in his brother's store at Rantoul, and in the grain business. In the spring of 1892 he came to Lee County and there engaged in farming for the next two years, but in 1894 entering into partnership with his brother, Ira R., under the firm name of "Titus Brothers," purchased an elevator, grain and agricultural implement business, later bought another grain elevator, and car- ried on a very extensive business in grain. EDGAR L. TITUS. coal and lumber. The elevator last mentioned, with the coal and lumber business, they sold out in 1902, retaining the first elevator with the grain business attached to it. January 1, 1903, in conjunction with several leading business men, they organized the First Na- tional Bank of Steward, with a paid-up capital of $25,000, in which the Titus Brothers hold a controlling interest and of which Edgar L. Titus was made President. The Titus Broth- ers are associated with G. H. T. Shaw and S. D. Frost In the construction of the North- ern Illinois Electric Railway, extending from Dixon to Amboy and through Lee Center tOi Steward and DeKalb, of which Edgar L. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 729 Titus was the original promoter and is now Vice- President. Mr. Titus v/as married June 3, 1891, to Minnie G. Staubus, who was born in McLean County, 111., the daughter of Alexander F. and Frances (Miller) Staubus. Mrs. Titus' parents came to McLean County in 1866, but in 1873 removed to Champaign County, where they now reside. Her father served as a soldier through the Civil War. Five children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Titus, viz.: Lee Edgar, Paul Bardwell, Luella Audrey, Helen Neleta and Gor- don Alexander. Mr. Tituq is a member of the Methodist church, a Republican in politics and fraternally a member of the Modern Woodmen and the Mystic Workers; Mrs Titus is also a member cf the latter order. WILLIAM W. SEAVEY (deceased) was born on his father's farm in Palmyra Township, Lee County, 111., Oct. 18, 1840, son of Winthrop and Elizabeth (Curtis) Seavey, natives of New Hampshire who came to Lee County in 1839, locating in the v.'estern part of Palmyra Town- ship. Winthrop Seavey and his wife were WILLIAM W. SEAVEY. among the pioneer settlers of Lee County, and founded what later became a valuable estate. At the time of their death William W. Seavey became owner of the estate, and by judicious management greatly increased its area and value. In 1885 he erected a modern residence, which is surrounded with stately trees, and together with other well-constructed farm buildings, presents an attractive rural picture. .Mr. Seavey was an extensive breeder of Short- horn and Aberdeen Angus cattle. On Novem- ber 17, 1870, he married Augusta Moses, born in Palmyra Township, and to them one child — Albion M. — was born. Mr. Seavey died August 14, 1897, and his widow resides with her son on the old homestead ia Section 30, Palmyra Township. ALBION M, SE.AVEY. ALBION M. SEAVEY was born in Ports- mouth, N. H., in 1871, son of William W. and Augusta (Moses) Seavey. He grew to matur- ity on his father's farm in Palmyra Township, Lee County, and obtained his educational training in the district schools and Steinman's Business College, Dixon, 111. On April 6, 1897, he married Elizabeth Comerer, who was born in Pennsylvania, and they have two daughters —Lola and Bessie. Mr. Seavey's farm consists of 440 acres, which, with the exception of his home "farm and fifty acres adjoining, is rented to good tenants. 730 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. ALBERT T. TOURTILLOTT, farmer and stock-raiser, Sublette Township, Lee County; born Sept. 27, 1858, in the house in which he now lives, the son of John and Mary J. (Dexter) Tourtillott, and grandson of John Dexter, the first settler in Amboy; Township; on the pater- nal side is descended from a member of the "Boston Tea Party," of Revolutionary times. Both branches of the family were pioneers in Maine. John Tourtillott, the -father, born in the State of Maine, June 26, 1827, died Oct. 6, 1888; Mary (Dexter) Tourtillott, born at Vaughan, York| County, Upper Canada, Nov. 8, 1832, died Oct. 10. 1878. The paternal grandfather, ALBERT T. TOURTILLOTT. Thcriias Tourtillott, born at Orono, Me., April 22, 1789, came with his family to Sublette Township in 1839, the journey occupying sev- enty days. A. T. Tourtillot was educated in the common schools of his neighborhood and at Naperville, 111.; spent two years (1869-1871) with his father's family in California, and during his business life has been a farmer. September 20, 1878, he enlisted in the Illinois National Guard, of which he had been a mem- ber ever since, having re-enlisted three times —1880, 1888 and 1895— and in which he has held the following offices: Corporal, Dec. 29, 1889; Sergeant, August 1, 1885; Elected Cap- tain, Feb. 23, 1889, by subsequent re-elections serving in this capacity until May 11, 1898, v/hen he was mustered into the United States service at Springfield as a member of the Sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, Col. D. Jack Foster commanding, after which he saw service in Cuba and in Porto Rico, part of the time in the capacity of Major of his regi- ment, to which he was formally elected as a member of the I. N. G., August 5, 1899; also served as Captain of his company during the coal-miners' strike at Braidwood and the rail- way strike in Chicago in 1894. Major Tour- tillott is the owner of a farm of 185 acres, and also follows the business of feeding stock of which he has 100 head. August 25, 1881, he was married to Hattie Welch, daughter of Enoch and Eliza (Richardson) Welch. The father, born at Groton, Vt., July 2, 1825, and the mother at Dalton, N. H., Sept. 8, 1834, were married at LaMoille, 111., June 1856; the fathej' died at Sioux City, lov/a, April 5, 1893, and the mother at LaMcille, June 14, 1866. Major Tourtillot and wife have had five children: Arthur J. and Alfred J. (twins), Mary, E., Min- nie B. and Frank H. Major Tourtlilott has served as School Director, eight years as Con- stable, and in April, 1903, was elected Supervis- or of his township. He and his family are members of the Congregational church. AMBROSE N. ANGIER, farmer, Sublette Township, Lee County, 111., was born In the house where he now resides, Jan. 3, 1843, son of Thomas and Fannie (Morse)' Angler, and is, in all probability, the oldest person born in Lee County, who has always resided within its borders. Thomas Angler v/as born at Fitz- william, N. H., August 11, 1822, and died June 5, 1893, while his wife was born at the same place, April 15, 1821, and died Dec. 28, 1900. They were the parents of ten children, eight of whom grew to maturity. Mr. Angler came to Lee County in 1840 and entered 100 acres of land. He became a prominent citizen in his community, and was Chairman of the Board of Supervisors seventeen years, and Justice of the Peace for many years. Ambrose N. Angler was married on Oct. 30, 1869, to Annie M. Barrett, and they are the parents of four chil- dren, viz.: Laura, wife of Dr. Wallace E. Eddy HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 731 of LaMolUe, 111. ; Martha, v/ife of Martin Clark ; Thomas R., who married Lizzie Clark, and Oliver R., who died aged fourteen years. Mrs. Angler's parents, Jonathan T. and Caroline E. Jacobs (Supt. of the Illinois Central Railroad), a position he resigned in 1875. He was editor of the "Amboy News" for some time, but dis- posed of the business in 1900. In 1867 Mr. Chase was married to Mary Jacobs, daughter of John C. Jacobs. She died In 1868, and on June 15, 1875, he was married to Grace (Cow- drey) Wells, widow of Capt. M. W. Wells. Mr. Chase died Oct. 28, 1901. WILLIAM MEPPEN, farmer, Nelson Town- ship, Lee County, was born in Hanover, Ger- many, August 16, 1836, son of Peter and Mar- tha (Becker) Meppen; emigrated to America in 1863, and coming directly to Lee County, 111., worked for a time in Palmyra Township, after which he removed to Nelson Township, where he has since resided. January 21, 1875, AMBROSE N. ANGIER. (Isham) Barrett, came to Lee County in 1849, the former dying at Amboy in 1868, aged sixty- one years, and the lattar in Lamoni, Iowa, in her seventy-eighth year. Mr. Angler owns 230 acres of land, which includes his father's home- stead, and here he has passed the whole of his life. He and his wife ara members of the Baptist church. EVERETT E. CHASE (deceased), soldier of the Civil War, was born in Pawtucket, R. I., Sept. 27, 1840; came to Amboy, 111., in 1856, and at first was employed as a clerk and Deputy Postmaster, later becoming a partner of R. H. Mellen in the book and stationery business. In 1864 he enlisted in Company A, Eleventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry, serving until November, 1865, when he was mustered out at New Orleans. Mr. Chase was a Repub- lican and held various offices, including City Clerk twelve years; Collector of Taxes, two terms; Mayor of Amboy, two years, and Just- ice of the Peace for many years. For a num- ber of years he was private clerk to John C. WILLIAM MEPPEN. he was married to Wllhelmina Brauer, daugh- ter of Louis and Louise (Toel) Brauer, who came from Germany to the United States in the early '40s. Mr. and Mrs. Meppen are the parents of seven children, viz.: .Mabel (de- ceased), Martha L., Lucy H., Louis G., Wil- liam, H., Arthur J., and Minnie Alice. Mr. Meppen served as Highway Commissioner of his township nine years. The family are mem- bers of the Lutheran church. 732 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. HON. WILLIAM H. VAN EPPS (deceased) was born in Schenectady, N. Y., August 12, 1812, son of John A. and Deborah (Hausmani Van Bpps, the former having been a soldier in WILLIAM H. VAN EPPS. the War of 1812. William H. Van Epps came to Illinois in 1837, locating in Fulton County, but later returned to New York. In 1854 he located in Dixon, 111., where for twenty years he v/as a prominent merchant and did much in the upbuilding of business interests of that city and in the development of Lee County. Mr. Van Epps was first married to Charlotte R. Churchill, and one son — William H. — of this union survives. For his second wife he mar- ried Mary A. Peck, Mrs. Louisa P. Steel being the only surviving child of that union. Mr. Van Bpps died Oct. 8, 1877. LEMUEL BAURNE, Vice President of the First National Bank of Amboy, 111., was born In Sandwich (now Bowen), Mass., Jan. 21, 1830, and came to Lee County in 1855, where for eight years he served as agent for the Illinois Central Railway at Amboy. In 1862 he estab- lished a general mercantile business at Am- boy, which he conducted until 1902 when he retired. He was one of the organizers of the First National Bank of Amboy, and has served as Vice President since the date of its orga- nization. In 1859 he married Anna M. Smith and they have six children. In politics he is a Republican, and served as a member of the Board of Review two years, and was President of the Board of Education for seve,fal years. In religious belief Mr. Baurne is an Episco- palian. HON. GEORGE STEEL (deceased), ex-Mayor of Dixon, 111., was born in Will County, 111., May 10, 1842, the son of George and Annie Steen (Morrison) Steel. George Steel was a native of Scotland and one of the prominent pioneers of Chicago, where he was largely in- strumental in organizing the Board of Trade of that city, serving as its first President. George Steel, Jr., was also a well-known char- acter in Chicago, building the first crib for the water-works and the second lake tunnel. On July 11, 1371, he married Louise P. Van Epps' of Dixon, and to them four children were GEORGE STEEL. born, viz.: William, Louise L. (deceased), Georgia (wife of Theo. Fuller, editor of Dixon Sun), and Gladys. Prom 1871 Mr. Steel was prominently connected with the interests of HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 733 Dixon, where he served as a member of the City Council and School Board, and as Mayor during 1891-92. In political sentiment he was a Democrat.- He died March 31, 1896. non, Iowa), and the State University at Ann Arhor, Michigan, pursuing the course of civil engineering in each of the higher institutions. In 1892 he began practicing his profession for , ter of David and Margaret Cowen, who came to Lee County from Canada in 1868, and he and his wife have had eight children: Oliver C, Josephine A., Jacoib J., Lawrence T., Mar- garet R., Clarence, Avis and Hugh. Frater- nally Mr. Martin is a member of the Modern Woodmen of America and the Code of Honor, and in politics is a Republican. G. WILLIAM MESSER, farm.er, Bradford Township, Lee County, was born at Gelffers- haussn, Kreis Rothensburg, Kur Hessen, Ger- many, Dec. 12, 1840, son of Karl and Martha (Henert) Messer. The father died in. 1855 and the mother in 1863 aged fifty-three and seventy- three years, respectively. In 1864 the son came to America arriving ini Lee County, 111., in July of that year, after which, for the next three years, he worked at blacksmithing, when he bought a half acre of ground but, in 1867, began farming on a 40-arce farm. He now owns 260 acres of land in Lee County, besides a half- section in South Dakota. August 24, 1866, Mr. Messer married Anna Katherine Griese, born in Heineboch, Kreis Melzun, Kur Hessen, Ger- many, the daughter of Justus and Anna E. (Hunner) Griese, who came to Lee County in 1864. The mother died in 1885, aged seventy- eight, and the father in 1894, aged eighty-five. The children of Mr. and Mrs. Messer are: Adam E.; Katie, wife of Jacob Bolie; Minnie, wife of William Geyer ; Martha, wife of Charles Albrecht; Mollie, wife of Fred Harck; Henry; Anna; William J.; Emma; Augusta and Amanda. Mr. and Mrs. Messer are members of the United Evangelical church. In politics he is a Republican and has served as Road Commissioner three years. Road Overseer one year. School Director three years and School Trustee twelve years. JACOB MILLER, farmer, Amboy Township, Lee County, 111.^ was born in Upper Ca)xa.da, June 4, 1839, son of Jacob and Esther (Van Sickel) Miller, natives of Canada, who came to Lee County in 1853, and located west of Paw Paw. His parents are now deceased. On June 21, 1862, Jacob Miller was married to Maria Taylor, daughter of James and Martha (Ar- graves) Taylor, and to them eight children have been born, seven of whom are living, viz. : Rosetta B., Delia E., Mary A., Earnest J., For- rest J., Nina E. and Merritt K. Mr. Miller owns 370 acres of land in Amboy Township. In po- litical convictions he is a stanch Republican, and has served as School Director ten years. He and his family are members of the Method- ist Episcopal church. HUGH McGUIRK, merchant and Postmaster. Walton, 111., was born in North Dixon, 111., Oct. 24, 1858, son of William and Bridget (Brogan) McGuirk, natives of County Tyrone, Ireland, who came to the United States in; 1845, and to Dixon im 1865 — both being now] deceased. May 27, 1895, Mr. McGuirk married Margaret Mc- Caffrey, daughter of Patrick and Ann (Cassidy) McCaffrey, of Lee County, and to them three 804 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. children have b&en bom, viz.: Lloyd, Raymond and Joseph E. For four years Mr. McGuirk was in the United States postal service as railway mail clerk. He is a Democrat in pol- itics, and held the office of Town Clerk from 1883 to 1887; School Director six years; Super- visor of Marion Township ten years, and since 1890 has been postmaster of Walton where he conducts a general store. He is a member of the Catholic church. THOMAS McCUNE, farmer, Marion Town- ship, Lee County, 111., was born in Peoria Coun- ty, 111., June 22, 1866, son of John and Mary (Lawless) McCune, the former a native of Scotland and the latter of Ireland. John Mc- Cune came to Illinois in the early '40s. and located at Peoria when there was but one log house on the present site oi that city. Thomas McCune came to Lee County in 1894, where he now owns 160 acres of land in Marion Town- ship. In September, 1890, he was married to Mary Duffy, daughter of James and Johannah (Sughrue) Duffy of Peoria County, and to them six children have been born, three of whom — Johanna, Mary and James Morris — now survive. Socially Mr. McCune belongs to the M. W. A. and Royal Neighbors. He is a Demo- crat in politics, and a member of the Catholic church. WILLIAM Mccarty (deceased) was born in New York City, April 25, 1838, and came to Illinois in 1857, and after residing three years in Knox County, removed to Lee County, v/here he spent the remainder of his life following the occupation of a farmer. October 14, 1861, he was united in marriage with Ruth Ann, the daughter of Jacob J. and Lydia A. Conderman, natives of New York, who located in Marion Township, Lee Cckinty, in 1850. Mr. Conderman was a prominent Mason and one of the sterling pioneers of the county. He died April 10, 1899. To Mr. and Mrs. McCarty three children v/ere born: George M., Frances and William J., the first two named being now deceased. Mr. McCarty was a leading Mason and a stanch Republican. He died Dec. 28, 1896. With his family he belonged to the Congregational church. JAMES H. MORRIS, retired farmer, Dixon, III., was born at Morrisville, Madison County, N. Y., March 8, 1829, son of Harvey and Lavina (Gurley) Morris, also natives of the Empire State. Mr. Morris located in Chicago in 1851, where he was extensively engaged in the lum- ber business for many years. Failing health in- duced him to remove to Dixon in 1872, where, for several years, he was engaged in the whole- sale grocery business with his son George A. under the firm name of J. H. Morris & Son. In 1863 he married Lucia Savage, a native of New York but reared and educated in Wor- cester, Mass. Mr. and Mrs. Morris have two sons — George A., of Chicago, and William Savage, a farmer, in Dixon Township. In po- litical views Mr. Morris is a Republican. CALVIN MEESE, farmer and stock-raiser. South Dixon Township, Lee County, was bom in Somerest County Penn., son of Alexander and Elizabeth (Miller) Meese, both natives of Pennsylvania. The father died in the Union army in 1863, but the mother still survives, making her home with her son Calvin A. The latter moved first from Pennsylvania to Ohio, then to Bureau County, 111., in 1873, and in 1880 settled in South Dixon Township, Lee County, where he now resides and is owner of a val- uable farm of 240 acres on Sections 33 and 34. December 4, 1879, Mr. Meese was married to Buena Porsythe, whose father was a native of Ohio, but her mother came from England. To Mr. and Mrs. Meese six children have been born, of whom two died in infancy, and the four still surviving are Edward F., James A., Benton and Cora E. Politically Mr. Meese is a Republican and fraternally a member of the Modern Woodmen of America. The family are members of the Lutheran church. GEORGE P. McWETHY, farmer and dairy- man. Section 1, Palmyra Township, Lee County, 111., son of John Henry and Hattie E. (Sheldon) McWethy. John H. McWethy resides on Sec- tion 39, Palmyra Township, and since 1902 has lived retired. He was bom in Wyoming County, N. Y., in March, 1836, son of Henry and Olive (Hale) McWethy, natives of Scot- land and England respectively, who were the parents of ten children. John H. obtained his education in the public schools of his native country and came to Lee County in the spring of 1861, purchasing land in Palmyra Township in 1864. To himself and wife three children HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 805 were born — Charles E., George P. and W. C. In politics he is a Republican and has served as Trusteo on the School Board. George P. Mc- Wethy received his educational training in the district schools of Palmyra Township and the Normal School at Dixon. He remained on his father's farm during youth, and in 1888 married Mary A. Ayres, who has borne him four children — Thomas H., Marcia A., Fred O. and Glenn P. Mr. McWethy conducted a farm for five years in Hardin County, Iowa, and in 1902 purchased his father's homestead consist- ing of 98 acres, upon which he keeps a herd of forty cows, and supplies much of the milk for the city trade at Dixon. Mr. and Mrs McWethy are Baptists in religious belief and services of that denomination are held at their house every Sunday. In political views Mr. Mc- Wethy is a Republican. Mrs. McWethy's father, Thomas Ayres, is a native of Pennsyl- vania and has passed most of his life on his farm in Palmyra Township, while her mother, Rebecca D. (Parks) Ayres, was the second white child born in Dixon. Four children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Ayres — Rodney M., Smith M., Martha (Mrs. D. M. Rossiter) and Mary A. (Mrs. George P. McWethy). WILLIAM H. MADDEN, farmer, Palmyra Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Fort Wayne, Ind., Oct. 22, 1847, son of Benjamin and Phoebe (Gardener) Madden, both of whom were born in Troy N. Y. William Madden's parents died when he was an infant, and he was raised by his maternal grandfather, Ben- jamin Gardener, who was a farmer and dairy- man, remaining in his home until Dec. 22, 1863, when he joined Company B. Tw.elfth Indiana Cavalry, serving two years as chief musician of his regiment. He participated in the siege of Atlanta under Gen. Kilpatrick, Nashville and Franklin (in December, 1864), under Gen- eral Pap Thomas, and siege of Mobile under General Canby. He was with Gen. Grierson in Alabama, Georgia and Mississippi, and during inig his service had three horses shot under him, one at Atlanta, one at Brov/nsboro and one at Mobile. Mr. Madden was mustered out of the service at Vicksbui-g, and discharged at Indian- apolis, Dec. 20, 1865, and then went to Miami County, Ohio, where he was engaged in farm- ing near Dayton from 1866 to 1869. Coming to Lee County in the latter year, he has since been engaged in farming in Palmyra Town- ship, where he cultivates 315 acres of land and keeps from forty to fifty head of cattle and from fifty to a hundred hogs. August 10, 1879, he married Ardella Unangst, daughter of George and Mary J. (Ritenberg) Unangst, who came from Pennsylvania and settled in Lee County in 1877. Mr. and Mrs. Madden have three children, Eurith Edna, Georgia Marie and Lloyd H., all of whom reside at home. Mr. Madden is a member of the G. A. R., I. O. O. F., Knights of the Globe, Supreme Court of Honor and Royal Circle. Mrs. Madden is a member of the Woman's Relief Corps. In political sentiment Mr. Madden is a Repub- lican, casting his first vote for General Grant, and acted as Assistant Marshal of Dixon in 1891. During his life he has traveled exten- sively through the United States. RILEY A. MEAD, farmer and prominent stock-raiser. Paw Paw, Lee County, 111., was born in Tiogaj County, N. Y., July 19, 1839, son of Joshua and Abigail (Lewis) Mead, natives of the Empire State. Mr. Mead first came to Lee County in 1857, but two years later return- ed to his native State. Returning to Lee Coun- ty, 111., in 1861, he settled in Wyoming Town- ship, where he has since been engaged in gen- eral farming and breeding of fine stock. On September 4, 1859, he was married to Rachel Vose, a native of NeW York State, and to them seven children have been born, viz.: Cora, wife of Thomas Harper; Fred R., who lives at Paw Paw 111.; Belle, wife of Robert Fluellen; Arthur, who is engaged in farming in Iowa; Ella, widow of Edward Thomas; Bert, a resi- dent of Thornton, Iowa, and Lena, wife of Charles W. McMillan. In political opinions Mr. Mead is a Democrat. GEORGE MULLINS, farmer, Section 12, Wil- low Creek Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Sheffield, England, May 3, 1842, son of Robert and Sarah (Yulett) Mullins. Robert MuUins was a cutler in Sheffield, England, until 1845, when he removed to Yorkshire and engaged in farming. In 1852 the entire family emigrated to America. Landing at New York, they came direct tol Shabbona, DeKalb County, 111., where the father continued farming the 8o6 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. remainder of his life. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Mullias were the parentsi of eight children, the subject of this article being third in order of birth. Robert Mullins died in 1887, his wife dying in 1886. George Mullins remained on the parental homestead until tv/enty- one years of age, and in the meantime attended the dis- trict schools. December 14, 1886, he married Mary Ann Bostock, and they became the par- ents of eight children, viz.: Sarah Minnie (Mrs. James Henderson), Emma Louisa (Mrs. Edwin Hartman), William Robert, Robert A., Maud Mary and George F. (twins), Mary Ann, Esther Ann, and one child who died in infancy. Be- sides his home farm of 240 acres in Willow Creek Township, Mr. Mullins owns 315 acres in DeKalb County 111. In political opinions he is a Republican, and has served as School Director and Pathmaster; in religious belief he is a Methodist. BERNARD McCAFFRBY, farmer, Marion Township, Lee County, was born in Lee County, III., Nov. 3, 1861, son of Patrick and Ann (Cassidy) McCaffrey — the former a native of County Monaghan, Ireland, who in 1856, came to Dixon, 111., where he married and reared a family of five children. June 6, 1887, the sub- ject of this sketch was married to Catherine McQuirk, and they have had a family of ten children — all daughters — viz.: Catherine E., Anna B., Rose M., Gertrude, Mary F., Helen, Ruth, Florence L., Alice J. and Margaret — the latter deceased. Politically Mr. McCaffrey is a liberal; served fourteen years continuously as Assessor of his township, and two years as Collector. He' is a member of the Catholic church and of the Modern Woodmen of America. He owns a farm of 160 acres in Marion Township. RINEAR MILLER, farmer, Viola Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Brantford, Canada, July 15, 1835, son of Jacob and Esther (Van- Sickle) Miller, who came to Paw Pay/ Grove, 111., May 11, 1845, and purchased 100 acres of land. Rinear Miller remained with his parents until twenty-two years of age, and then con- ducted a rented farm for three years, after which he purchased eighty acres in Viola Town- ship. He was married July 28, 1857, to Anna Scott, daughter of George and Rebecca Scott of Sterling, 111. To Mr, and Mrs. Miller eleven children were born, viz.: LaFayette, Canvar, Lincoln, Francis T., Granville, Harrison, Nel- son, Andrew, Pomeroy, Emerson and one who died in infancy. Mrs. Miller died May 10, 1890. Mr. Miller is a Republican in political views; has served as School Trustee fifteen years, and Road Commissioner fourteen years. He is a memeber of the Methodist Episcopal church. CHARLES W. McMILLEN, agricultural implement dealer, Paw Paw, 111., was born in Fulton County, Ind., Oct. 9, 1869, son of Henry and Mariah (Finnemore) McMillen. He came to Paw Paw in October, 1893, where for two years he was employed in livery business, and on March 1, 1896, — in company with S. C. Agler — ^he engaged in the agricultural implement business. In 1899 he purchased Mr. Agler's in- terest and has since conducted the business alone. March 22, 1899, he married Lena M. Mead, daughter of R. A. and Rachel (Vost) Mead, of Paw Paw, 111. He is a Republican in politics, and in 1902 was appointed Town Clerk, being elected to the same position in 1903. Fraternally he is a member of the I. O. O. F. and M. W. A. AVERY MERRIMAN, farmer, Wyoming Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Geauga County, Ohio, Feb. 2, 1846, son of Peter and Mary Merriman, who came to Illinois in 1846, and settled in Shabbona Grove, DeKalb County. Mr. Merriman first purchased eighty acres of land, but now owns 400 acres in Wyoming Township. Ho was married on De- cember 23, 1878, to Josephine, daughter of Les- ter and Miranda Potter, and to them five chil- dren were born, viz.: Albert, Lovancha (de- ceased), Josephine, Alice and Charles. In po- litical opinions he is a Republican, and has served his fellow-citizens as School Director for fourteen years. He and his family are attendants of the Baptist church, of which Mr. Merriman is a member. ANDREW MAY (deceased) was born in Sussex County, N. Y., May 28, 1834, son of Peter and Catherine May, who came to Paw Paw, III., in 1841. In March, 1857, Mr. May began business life for himself, and succeeded in accumulating a competency. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 807 WILLIAM McMAHAN (deceased) was born in Montour County, Penn., Jan. 17, 1829, son of Benjamin and Estlier J. (Brearley) McMa- han. He obtained his education in the schools of his native county and afterwards learned sureveying. In 1854 he came to Lee County and taught school one winter at Franklin Grove. In the spring of 1855 he went to Min- nesota, where, for five years, he was! employed as surveyor by the United States Government. Returning to" Lee County in 1860, he located on a farm in Wyoming Township, and in No- vember, 1864, was appointed County Surveyor, serving until Oct. 1, 1882, resigning on account of ill health. He also served as Township Supervisor five terms. Assessor seven terms, and in addition to the village of Paw Paw, surveyed the plat for Compton, Carnahan, Brooklyn, Shaw and Walton. In October, 1859, he married Sarah A. Clark, of Trumbull County, Ohio, and three of their children— Hattie E., John C. and William B — survive. In fraternal relations Mr. McMahan was a member of Corinthian Lodge, No. 210, A. F. & A. M.; Mendota Chapter, R. A. M.; and Mendota Commandery, K. T. DAVID MINOR (deceased) was born in Madison County, N. Y., April 1, 1827, son of Cjrrus R. and Louise (Norton) Minor, natives of Massachusetts, who came to Lee County in 1836, locating at Franklin Grove, on' thSt site of the old stone hotel, where they died. David Minor was married in 1856 to Cina Whitmore, a native of Ohio, and to them six children! were born, four of whom are now living, viz. : Daniel, Iva, Rose and Hewitt. In political opinions he was a Republican, and in religious belief an Evangelical Lutheran. He died in February, 1889, his wife surviving until April, 1899. FRANK MAXJ, Supervisor of Hamilton Town- ship, Lee County, 111., was born in Province Brandenburg, Germany, Jan. 14, 1854, son of Frederick and Dora (Wolfe) Mau. Mr. Man came with his father to America in 1868, his mother having died in 1864. They settled near Washburn, Woodford County, 111., remaining there until 1899, when Frank Mau located in Hamilton Township, Lee County, where he now owns 320 acres of land, and devotes his attention to general farming. On February 2, 1882, he married Carrie Frede, daughter of August and Christine (Bundel) Frede, and to them three children— Dora E., Harry B. and J. Edwin— have been born. Mr. Mau is a com- municant of the Evangelical Lutheran church, while Mrs. Mau is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. Mr. Mau is a member of the M. W. A. and I. O. O. F.; in politics is a Republican, and has served as Township Supervisor six years. RUDOLPH W. MENK, hardware dealer, Paw Paw, 111., was born at Hinckley, 111., Sept. 12, 1875, son of William H. and Johanna (Lehring) Menk. He was employed in his father's hardware establishment at Hinckley, 111., until October, 1896, and was afterwards engaged in a similar capacity at Downer's Grove until January, 1897, at Aurora until July, 1898 and Yorkville until 1899. On August 1st of the latter year, he purchased the hardware business of S. C. Mitchell, and has since con- ducted the enterprise under the firm name of W. H. Menk & Son. On September 6, 1899, he married Mary Reimersneider, of Hinckley, and and they have one daughter. Marguerite R. In political convictions he is a Republican, and fraternally belongs to the Masonic Order and M. W. A. He and his wife are members of the German Evangelical church. FRANK McBRIDE, farmer, Wyoming Town- ship, Lee County, 111., was born in Leei County, Nov. 6, 1862, son of George and Elizabeth (Baker) McBride, natives of Pennsylvania and Illinois, respectively. George McBride came to Lee County in 1856, locating on a farm in Wyoming Township, where he spent the rest of his life, dying April 26, 1885. On March 1, 1888, Frank McBride married Hattie E. Mc- Mahon, daughter of William and Sarah A. (Clark) McMahon, and they have one son, George W. Upon starting out in business life, Mr. McBride first rented land, but later pur- chased his present farm of 200 acres. In po- litical afiflliation he is a Reipublican, and so- cially belongs to the M. W. A. JOHN B. McBRIDB, retired farmer. Paw Paw, Lee County, 111., was born in County An- trim, Ireland, Jan. 27, 1835, the son of Robert and Ruth (Kirker) McBride, also natives of the Emerald Isle, who came to the United States in 1844, and settled in Ohio, where they 8o8 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. both died. John B. McBride came to Lee County, 111., in 1864, locating in Brooklyn Township, where he was engaged in farming until 1875, and then moved into Wyoming Township, but since 1892 has lived retired at Paw Paw. In April, 1861, he was married to Sarah Bryson, a native of Ccifinty Antrim, Ireland, who came to the United States in 1848, and of this union two children — N. A. C. and Mary R. (Mrs. Wilbur Chaffee) — v/ere born. Mrs. McBride died July 6, 1903. In poli- tics Mr. McBrid^ affiliates with the Democratic party, and served as Assessor of Brooklyn Township in 1873. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. FRANK J. MONTARIN, farmer, Viola^ Town- ship, Lee County, 111., was born in Scioto County, Ohio, Jan. 28, 1857, son of Joseph and Margaret Montarin, who settled near Assump- tion, 111. in 1865, and removed to Lee County in 1866, Frank J. Montarin purchased his present 80-acre farm in 1880, and located on it in 1881. November 30, 1880, he was married to Lydia Henry, daughter of Ltopold and Del- phine Henry, and they have seven children — five sons and two daughters — viz.: Edward J., Mary, Lillie, John, Louis, Henry and Wilbur. Mr. Montarin is a Republican in political views, and in religious belief a Catholic. In fraternal affiliation he is a member of the Masonic Order. MICHAEL McGINNIS, retired fanner, Dixon, 111., was born in Austinbrook, Canada, Jan. 2, 1827, son of Michael and Bridget McGinnis, natives of the North of Ireland, v/ho came to Canada in 1817 or 1818. Michael McGinnis came to Illinois in 1852, locating at Dixon in 1895. On 1853 he was engaged as a contractor on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. On January 15, 1856, he married Miss Emily Douglas, of New York, and to them eight chil- dren were born, viz.: John C, Thomas A., Jennie M. and Jessie S. (twins), Susie B., William R., Nan D. and George H. WILLIAM NICHOLSON, liveryman, Amboy, Lee County, 111.; born at Inlet, Lee County, 111., June 9, 1864, son of Thomas and Anna (Bur- rows) Nicholson; educated in the public schools of his native village; remained on the parental homestead until he reached his ma- jority, and was afterwards engaged as a farm- hand until 1891. In the latter year he rented a farm, and in addition to conducting the same, dealt quite extensively in stock, having brought about eight or ten car-loads of horses from the West and disposed of them in Lee County. In 1891 he was married to Miss Gene- vieve Strickland, daughter of Seneca and Mal- vina (Bainter) Strickland, natives of Pennsyl- vania and Illinois, respectively. To Mr. and Mrs. Nicholson one daughter has been born. Malvina Annie, Jan. 14, 1894. Iri politics Mr. Nicholson is a Republican. In 1903 he estab- lished a livery, feed and sale stable near the Illinois Central Railroad Depot, where he conducts a first-class business. BARTON B. NEER, farmer. Section 3, Alto Township, Lee County, 111., was bom in Ken- dall County, 111., March 31, 1848, son of Wil- liam and Dorcas (Colbert) Neer, natives of West Virginiai and Maryland, respectively, who were married in the Bast and came to Kendall County in 1847. Their children were: James, Catherine, John, George, Mary and Barton B. William Neer came to Lee County in 1863, lo- cating on a rented farm one mile north of Steward, but later purchased the homestead (160 acres), where Barton B. now resides. Mr. Neer was a stanch Republican in politics, and was School Director of his township. He died Oct. 1, 1883, while his wife survived until 1895. On the death of their parents, the farm, by will, became the property of Barton B. and George Neer, v/ho have since conducted it in partnership. Mr. Neer had three sons in the Civil War — Barton B., John and James. Bar- ton B. enlisted in 1863, in Company H, Forty- sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and served until the close of the war, afterwards return- ing to the home farm, where he has since re- sided. During his service, he was wounded by a spent ball at Jackson, Miss. December 13, 1878, Mr. Neer married Jane Cook, daugh- ter of Morris and Elizabeth (Cooper) Cook, natives of New Jersey. They have no children, but adopted a daughter, Gertrude Kenney. Mr. Neer is a member of the G. A. R., and Edward Bridge Post No. 124; in politics he is a Repub- lican. He and his wife are communicants of the Methodist Episcopal church. COL. HENRY T. NOBLE (deceased), born in Berkshire County, Mass., May 3, 1830; came HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 809 west and located at Dixon, where he taught school the following two years; was engaged in the real estate and banking business with his uncle, Silas Noble, until 1857. On April 20, 1861, he was chosen First Lieutenant of Company A, Thirteenth Regiment Illinois Vol- unteer Infantry, and was mustered into ser- vice as Captain of his Company on May 24, of the same year. He was promoted to the staff of the Quartermaster's Department on July 8, 1863, and in November following, was raised to Major, and thirty days later commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel. About March 1, 1864, he was promoted by the Secretary of War to Colo- nel on the staff of Major-General J. J. Rey- nolds, and| was appointed Chief Quartermaster, Department of Kansas, filling the latter posi- tion until Oct. 15, 1866, when! he was mustered out of the service at his own request. Return- ing to Dixon in the latter year, he purchased an interest in the Grand Detour Plow Works, with which he was connected until Ms death. G. LAFAYETTE NBLLBS, farmer, Viola Township, Lee County, 111., w^s born in the township where he now resides, Oct. 22, 1875, son of John and Caroline Nelles, natives of Canada. Mr. Nelles remained at home and worked with his father on the farm, and now owns 120 acres of land in Viola Township. August 10, 1898, he married Susie Dodson, daughter of Santford and Hattie Dodson, of Oregon, and they have two children, named John S. and Santford. In political opinions Mr. Nelles is a Democrat, and, he and his wife are communicants of the United Brethren church of Compton. MICHAEL O'MALLEY, farmer, Marion Township, Lee County, 111., was born in County Mayo, Ireland, Sept. 8, 1827, son o^ Austin and Bridget O'Malley. Michael O'Malley came to the United States in 1849, landing at Portland, Maine, later going to Boston, and then to Worcester, Mass., where he was employed for four or five years. In 1854 he came to Dixon, and now owns a 200-acre farm in Marion Township. On March 31, 1869, he married Mary Mayock, daughter of John Mayock, of Lee County, and to them seven children have been bom, viz.: Austin J., Catherine A., Pat- rick E. (deceased), Joseph M., William H., Thomas E. and Peter F. Mr. O'Malley is a Democrat in politics, and has served two terms as Supervisor, Assessor and Highway Commis- sioner, and eight years as School Treasurer. He is a member of the Catholic church. E. B. OWENS, physician and surgeon, Dixon, 111., was born in LaSalle County, 111., May 3, 1867, son of Daniel W. and Mary (Silverthorn) Owens, natives of Pennsylvania. E. B. Owens spent his boyhood on his father's farm, in the meanv/hile attended the district schools, and later took a teacher's course at the Normal School in Bureau County, 111. Taking up the study of medicine, he entered the medical school of the Northwestern University, gradu- ating from that institution in 1890, and then served one year as resident physician and sur- geon in St. Luke's Hospital. In the spring of 1891 he came to Dixon, 111., where he has since practiced his profession, and aside from the liberal patronage he receives from the general public, is the attending physician at the city hospital. In 1894 he married Eleanor Isett, who was born in Pennsylvania, and they have two children, Elizabeth and Katherine. The Doctor is a member of the State Medical So- ciety, Lee County Medical Association, North Central Illinois Association, and is Secretary of the Rock River Valley Association. In relig- ious belief he is a Baptist, and in political sen- timent a Republican. FRED OBERHBLMAN, dealer in grain, lum- ber and coal, firm of Fred Oberhelman & Co., Sublette, 111., was born in Warren County, Mo., Nov. 29, 1844, son of Frederick A. and Anna Christine (Knoepker) Oberhelman, na- tives of Westphalia, Germany. Frederick A. Oberhelman was born near Lengerich, and came to America in 1833, locating in Warren County, Mo., where he engaged in farming, and owned 311 acres of land. His wife camie to St. Charles County, Mo., in 1836. They were mar- ried in 1843 and became the parents of eleven children, eight of whom grew to maturity. In 1889 Mr. Oberhelman and his family removed to LaFayette, Mo., where he owned a 160-acre farm. He died in 1900, aged eighty-two years; his wife survived until June 15, 1903, dying in her seventy-sixth year. Fred Oberhelman came to Sublette Township in 1866, where he engaged in farming until 1871, when he re- moved to Sublette village and established his 8io HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. present business. In 1882 his brother, John W., became a partner in the enterprise, and the sales of the firm average about $200,000 annu- ally. On March 22, 1866, Mr. Oberhelman was married tq Mary E. Betz, born in Hesse Darm- stadt, Germany, May 25, 1843, daughter of John and Elizabeth (Blass) Betz, who came to Lee County in 1844. John Betz was a farmer by occupation, and died in 1898, aged about eighty- two years, while his wife died in 1876 in her fifty-sixth year. Mr. and Mrs. Oberhelman raised an adopted daughter, Emma A. (now Mrs. George Barth). In politics Mr. Oberhel- man is a Democrat, and was Supervisor of Sublette Township two years. Town Clerk two years. Trustee of the Village Board nine years; is now serving his third term as Justice of the Peace, and has, for many years, been a Notary Public. He and his wife are members of the Evangelical Lutheran church. During the late Rebellion, Mr. Oberhelman was a member of the Missiouri State Militia. JOHN WILLIAM OBERHELMAN, dealer in lumber, grain and coal, Sublette, 111., was born in Warren County, Mo., Oct. 30, 1853, son of Frederick A. and Anna Christine (Knoepker) Oberhelman, natives of Westphalia, Germany. After reaching his majority he clerked in his uncle's store at Hopewell, Mo., for two years, then came to Sublette, where he was employed for the same length of time in a grain and feed store belonging to his brother, Fred; after- wards became a partner in the store of Ober- helman & Bittendorf, but two years later en- gaged to work for his brother Fred, being thus employed until 1882, when he entered into a partnership with him, and has since been iden- tified with the business. On June 14, 1883, he married Augusta D. Bansan, born in Sub- lette, daughter of Henry and Louise (Miller) Bansan, the former a native of Schleswig Hol- stein, and the latter of Hanover, Germany. Mr. Bansan is still living, but his wife died in 1883. Mr. and Mrs. Oberhelman have five chil- dren: William F., Paulina C, Fred A., Arthur and Lenora. Mr. Oberhelman and his family are members of the Evangelical Lutheran church. In political views he is a Democrat, and has been Town Clerk since 1887; was Township Collector four years, School Director fifteen years. Village Treasurer several terms, and was the first Village Clerk of Sublette, and recorded the ordinances when the village was organized, in February, 1893. JOSEPH PEMBERTON PLUMMER, shoe manufacturer, Dixon, 111., was born at Rich- mond, Ind., Feb. 3, 1859. His ancestors were Quakers for many generations. In 1875 Mr. Plummer entered the commercial world as office boy for C. M. Henderson & Co., Chicago, manufacturers of boots and shoes, and was advanced by stages until he became factory superintendent. In 1883 he was married to Sarah A. Lightcap, of Allegheny, Penn., and of this union two daughters have been born — Florence, in 1884, and Rachel, in 1889. Mr. Plummer entered the wholesale drug house of Morrisson, Plummer & Co., Chicago, in 1891, retired from the company in 1901 to enter the Watson-Plummer Shoe Company, as Sec- retary and Treasurer, the latter company being successors to his fi'rst employers, C. M. Hen- derson & Co. He is also Secretary and Treas- urer of the Dixon Ice Company. HON. CHARLES F. PRESTON, Attorney and Mayor of Paw Paw, 111., was born in Marion Township, Lee County, 111., Jan. 20, 1860, the son of James H. and Nancy A. (May- dole) Preston, natives of New York, v;ha came to Lee County, 111., in 1854, and settled at Amboy. Charles F. Preston obtained his pre- paratory education in the Lee County public schools and at Normal, 111., and afterwards read law with Charles H. Wooster, of Amboy, being admitted to the bar in May, 1882. In 1883 he located at Paw Paw, where he has since been actively engaged in practicing his profession. Politically he is a Democrat, and was elected Mayor of Paw Paw in 1891, having served continuously since that date. On Oc- tober 6, 1886, Mr. Preston was married to Ida A., the daughter of Jacob and Jane (Carey) Hendershot, the former a merchant at Paw Paw for many years. To this union three children — Frances H., Hazel J. and Rolland C. — have been born. Fraternally Mr. Preston is a Mason, and belongs to Blue Lodge at Paw Paw, and the Chapter at Mendota. Mrs Preston died at Paw Paw, 111., Jan. 2, 1904. WILBUR A. PRATT, druggist, Paw Paw, 111,, was born at Deep River, Conn., Oct. 5, 1852, son of Henry H. and Mary Jane (Corn- stock) Pratt. In the spring of 1857 he came, HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 8ii with his parents, to Sandwich, 111., where he remained until March 19, 1873, when he re- moved to Paw Paw, and engaged in the drug husiness. On January 10, 1878, he married Mamie E. Berry, of Paw Paw, and they are the parents of five children— .Merritt B., "Winnie H. (deceased). Dale B. (deceased), Helen and Rogers W. In political sentiment Mr. Pratt is a Republican, and served as Village Treasurer (Paw Paw) four years. Socially he is a mem- ber of the I. O. O. F., and M. W. A. He and his wife are members of the Baptist church. WILLIAM W. PHILLIPS, farmer, Compton, III., was born in Viola Township, Lee County, 111., Nov 14, 1862, son of Richard and Amelia (Davenport) Phillips. Richard Phillips is a native of Ireland, and came to Lee County in 1851, locating in Viola Township. He is still living on the old homestead. William W. Phil- lips owns a 200-acre farm in Viola Township, but resides in Compton. In October, 1887, he married Jane Stainbrook, daughter of Isaiah and Xsabelle (Davidson) Stainbrook, and to them two children have been born, Jesmette A. and George (deceased). In political views Mr. Phillips is a Republican, and has served as Township Treasurer for thirteen years, and is a member of the Compton School Board. In fraternal relations he is a member of the Ma- sonic Order, Eastern Star and I. O. O. F. Mr. and Mrs. Phillips are members of the Method- ist Episcopal church. LORENZO T. PRESTON was, born in La- peer, Cortland County, N. Y., Dec. 24, 1841, son of Charles and Susan (Burgess) Preston, natives of Massachusetts and Maine, respect- ively. L. T. Preston was educated in the pub- lic schools of Manchester, Wis., where his parents had moved in 1846. He later paid his way, three years, in Lav/rence University, Ap- pleton. Wis., and on May 13, 1864, enlisted in Company E, Fortieth Regiment, Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, and at the expiration of his term of service, was discharged Sept., 13, 1864. After the war he settled in Dixon, 111., and worked at the carpenter's trade, and taught school in Lee County until 1870, when he went to Ottertail County, Minn., and took up a home- stead of 160 acres, where he combined farming with his trade and profession, and held various political offices in the county. August 30, 1871, he married Rosella A. Wallace, who was born in Vermont, Dec. 12, 1854, and to them five children have been born, viz.: Harry, born at Otter, Minn., June 21, 1872, and resides in Portland, Oregon; Ernest C, born at Otter, June 1, 1874, and resides at Sterling, 111.; Walter L., born at Otter, Jan. 10, 1877, and resides at Dixon, 111.; Maude R., born in Lee County, May 23, 1886; and Kate S., born Nov. 24, 1888. In 1877 Mr. Preston emigrated with his family to Illinois, and in Lee County he again took up the trade and profession he had previously follov.'ed for years, and in which he has since been actively engaged. A Repub- lican in politics, he has never sought office. He is a Master Mason, and is an active mem- ber of the G. A. R., M. W. A., and R. N. A.; has been a resident of Dixon since 1877, and taken an interest in all public alEalrs. PHILIP S. PIERCE, farmer, Wyoming Town- ship, Lee County, 111., was born in Paw Paw Township, Be Kalb County, 111., Oct. 8, 1847, son of Charles and Catherine (Sine) Pierce natives of Pennsylvania, who drove from the Keystone State to DeKalb County in 1844, and located in Lee County in 1855. Philip S. Pierce located on his present 160-acre farm in 1902. On Feb. 20, 1869, he married Ada B. Barringer, daughter of John and Delia (Barringer) Bar- ringer, and they have seven children, viz.: Everett, Mate, Philip, Harry, Blanche, Mabel and Wayne. In politics Mr. Pierce is a Repub- lican, and has served as Township Collector two years. Deputy Sheriff four years, and aa Constable twelve years. He is a prominent Mason, being a Knight Templar of that order. WILLIAM PANKHURST (deceased) was born in Westfield, England, Dec. 8, 1837, son of John and Mary (Welfare) Pankhurst. Mr. Pankhurst came to the United States in the spring of 1850, locating at Grand de Tour in 1851, and Dixon in 1861. On September 20, 1862, he enlisted in Company A, Seventy-fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, serving in the Union ranks until his discharge in May, 1866. Returning to Dixon after the close of the war he v/as employed in the posto'ffice for many years, and was afterwards occupied as a flor- ist for twenty-one years. On September 8, 1862, he married Ella V., daughter of Orville and Elizabeth A. (Lyons) Hamilton, natives of 8l2 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. Connecticut and New York, respectively. Mr. Hamilton enlisted in Company A, Tliirteenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and served during the Civil War. To Mr. and Mrs. Pankhurst two children were born — Mary E. and Willis (de- ceased). Mr. Pankhurst died may 30, 1897, his wife dying March 27, 1899. Miss Mary E. Pankhurst is an active member of the Daugh- ters of the American Revolution. WILLIAM T. PRESTON, retired farmer and merchant, Steward, 111., was born at Newark, Kendall County, 111., Dec. 6, 1839, son of Luman and Lucinda (Bishop) Preston, who were na- tives of Vermont, and, after marriage there, came to Morgan County, 111., by team in 1834. Luman Preston followed the occupation of a farmer, and he and his wife reared a family of eight children, of whom the subject of this sketch was sixth. William T. remained with his parents until twenty-one years of age, in the meantime attending the district school, and in 1861, enlisted in the Twentieth Regi- ment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, being mus- tered in at Joliet, June 13, 1861, and among other numerous engagements, taking part in the battle of Shiloh, the Vicksburg campaign, and the march with Sherman to the sea, and later in the grand review at Washington, being finally mustered out at Louisville, Ky., and discharged at Chicago, July 24, 1865. Mr. Pres- ton rose from the ranks to the office of Ser- geant, and for two years of his term of enlist- ment was on detached service. After the close of the war, he returned to Kendall County, 111., and there engaged in farming until 1869, when he removed to Lee County and bought a farm on Section 36, in Reynold's Township, v.'here he carried on farming seven years. In 1876 he removed to Steward, his present residence, and there engaged in the grocery and clothing business, but selling out Dec. 1, 1888, has since been practically retired except one and a half years (1896-98) spent at Hammond, La. In 1878 he was appointed Postmaster of Heaton (the original name of Steward), Lee County, serving until 1884. October 3, 1866, he was married to Mrs. Corilla A. Coleman (nee Rich- ards), who had three children by her former marriage. Mr. Preston is a Republican in poli- tics, a member of Rochelle Post, No. 546, G. A. R., and, at the present time, is serving as Pathmaster of his township. HORACE PRESTON (deceased) was born at New. Ipswich, N. H., May 12, 1819, son of Jere- miah and Anna (Proctor) Preston, natives of the same State. Horace Preston came to Dix- on in May, 1838, and opened the first black- smith shop in the city, continuing in the busi- ness for many years, also building the first brick house in Dixon. Later he engaged in farming in South Dixon, Lee Center Township, but finally retired to Dixon, where he died August 7, 1888. He was married Oct. 27, 1847, to Lucy Jane Wood, daughter of Martin and Lucy Wood, who came from Middlebury, Vt. to Dixon in 1849, and to them were bom six children: Lucy J. (deceased), Mary B., (Mrs. M. E. Grosse), Jennie (Mrs. W. Packard), Horace Jr. (deceased), Clara A. (Mrs. Marcus Rowe, of Clinton, lov/'a), and Grace E. (de- ceased). Mrs. Preston was one of the pioneer school teachers of Lee County, receiving $2.00 per week salary for her services there. She died April 25, 1888. In political sentiment Mr. Preston was a Democrat. He was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church; fraternally a Mason, being one of the charter members of the Dixon Lodge. NICHOLAS PLEIN, proprietor of the Sev- enth Street Brewery, Dixon, III., was born in Trier, Germany, Nov. 18, 1848, son of John and Margaret (Plein) Plein. He obtained his edu- cation in the Fatherland, and in 1865 came di- rect from his German home to Dixon, 111., where he was employed in various capacities for eight years. His parents came to America a few years later than he, and settled in Lee County, where they died. In 1837 Mr. Nicholas Plein was married to Christina Sold, a widow, and at that time, owner of the brewery. Mr. Plein's brewery has a capacity of 3,000 barrels annually, and his beer is manufactured from pure malt, hops and East India rice. He em- ploys five men in his establishment, and sup- plies nluch of the local trade. To Mr. and Mrs. Plein five children have been born — Kate, Louis, Harry, Maud and George — all of whom have had advantages of obtaining a good edu- cation. Mr. Plein is a member of the Catholic church ; socially is an Odd Fellow, and int poli- tics a Republican. BENJAMIN ROBERTS, farmer. Paw Paw, 111., was born at Yorkville, Kendall County, 111., HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 813 Oct. 8, 1860, the son of Hendrick H. and Eliza- beth (Scott) Roberts, natives of New Jersey, who came to Illinois in 1855. In 1892 Mr. Rob- erts began farming operations for himself, and now owns 137V2 acres of land east of Paw Paw. June 16, 1891, he married Martha P. Carnahan of Paw Paw, 111., and they have two children, Louis and Benjamin E. In political opinions Mr. Roberts is a Republican, and in religious views a Baptist. In April, 1903, he was elected member of the Board of Aldermen of Paw Paw, and in the same year chosen School Director. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. and M. W. A. HENRY L. ROBERTS, farmer. Paw Paw, 111., was born at Red Bank, N. J., Nov. 28, 1847, and came west with his parents in 1855, the family settling at Yorkville, Kendall C!ounty, 111. Mr. Roberts conducted a farm in partnership with his father for ten years, and then purchased 130 acres of land east of Paw Paw, 111. His estate now consists of 167 acres. He married, on Jan. 1, 1871, Eva Cornell, and they are the parents of five children: Crawford, LeRoy, Etta May, Lura, Henry V. (deceased) and Blanche. Mr. Roberts is a Republican in politics, and in religious belief a Baptist. JACOB W. RHOADS, merchant, Compton, 111., was born in Seneca County, Ohio, Jan. 25, 1857, son of John and Sarah (Williams) Rhoads, natives, respectively, of Pennsylvania and Ohio, who came to Lee County in 1856. Jacob W. Rhoads is a partner of John L. Clapp in the mercantile business at Compton. On December 2, 1875, he married Rhoda Kottns, daughter of Nathan and Charlotte (South) Koons, and of this union there are seven chil- dren: Harvey L., Joseph W., Emma M., Ethel D., Minnie, Glenn and Nathan. In political opinions he is a Republican, and has been a member of the Village Board seventeen years, and for the last two years has been clerk of the same. Fraternally he is a member of the M. W. A. Mr. and Mrs. Rhoads are members of the United Brethren church at Compton. ANDREW H. ROSENKRANS, retired farmer, Paw Paw, 111., was born in the State of New York, March 10, 1835, son of Abram and Lydla (Henry) Rosenkrans. He worked on his father's farm in Pennsylvania, and on com- ing to Lee County in 1853, began to work at his trade, carpentering, following this occupa- tion until 1859, when he made an overland trip to California, where he remained about one and a half years. Returning to Illinois in 1860, he bought a small tract of land in Willow Creek Township, to which he made subsequent additions until he owned over 600 acres, and devoted his attention to general farming until 1900, when he removed to Paw Paw, and has since lived retired. October 15, 1863, he mar- ried Lydia A. Mittan, daughter of Jeptha P. and Jane (Beemer) Mittan, who settled in Wil- low Creek Township in 1850. Mr. and Mrs. Rosenkrans have two sons — Anson P. and Byron M. — who are farmers in Wyoming Town- ship, Lee County. Fraternally Mr. Rosenkrans is a member of the Anchor Lodge, No. 510, I. O. O. F. FRANCIS E. ROGERS, farmer, Wyoming Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Luzerne County, Penn., August 2, 1840, son of Elihu and Beersheba (Stiles) Rogers, natives of Pennsyl- vania, v/ho located on the farm now occupied by their son — P. E. Rogers — in 1848, where the former died in 1873, while the latter passed away in 1853. P. E. Rogers remained under the parental roof until March 4, 1865, when he enlisted in Company G, Fifteenth Illinois Vol- unteer Infantry, and, with his regiment, was first stationed in North Carolina, but later went to Washington, where he took part in the grand review and was discharged at Leaven- worth, Kansas, Sept. 16, 1865. Returning to the farm after the close of hostilities, he pur- chased his father's homestead at the time of the latter's death. On April 25, 1866, he mar- ried Nancy P. Barratt, and to them three chil- dren were born, viz.: Belle C., wife of Joseph A. Miller; Frank D., who married Grace B. Rosenkrans; Mary E., wife of George R. Mc- Henry. In politics Mr. Rogers is a Republican, and was elected Township Supervisor in 1890, and has served continuously since that date. Socially he is a member of W. H. Thompson Post G. A. R., at Paw Paw. JOHN S. RICHARDSON, farmer, Brooklyn Township, Lee County, 111., was born in the township v/here he now resides, Feb. 3, 1863, son of Nathan W. and Dorothy T. (Smith) Richardson. Mr. Richardson married, August 8i4 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 30, 1893, Lovanche Merriman, daughter of Avery and Josephine Merriman, and to them four children were born, viz.: Kathleen, Wilder A., Robert M. and John R. Mrs. Richardson died May 7, 1901, and on May 27, 1903, Mr. Richardson married, for his second wife, Mary F. Nicholson, daughter of Thomas Nicholson of Lee County. Mr. Richardson's farm comprises 320 acres, and he devotes his attention to gen- eral farming and stock-raising. In political opinions he is a Republican, and is now (1903) serving his third term as Township School Treasurer. He Is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. NATHAN W. RICHARDSON, farmer, Brook- lyn Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Vermont, August 23, 1827, son of Stephen and Eerepty (Wilder) Richardson, who were na- tives of Vermont and New Hampshire, respect- ively, and came to Bureau County, 111.,' in 1835. In 1850 Mr. Richardson went, overland, to Cali- fornia, returning four years later by way of the Isthmus of Panama and New York. For many years he was engaged in farming in Brooklyn Township, owning, at one time, 320 acres of land. On March 4, 1862, he was mar- ried to Dorothy T., daughter of John and Rachel (Wycoff) Smith, and to them three children — John S., Albert N. (deceased), and Mary E. — have been born. He is a Republican in politics, and has served six years as School Director and four years as Pathmaster. Mr. Richardson is liberal in his religious views. CORNELIUS S. ROSSITER, electrical en- gineer, Dixon, 111., was born in Chester County, Penn., Sept. 9, 1837, son of Jacob and Mary Ann (Anderson) Rossiter, who were also na- tives of the Keystone State. Cornelius S. Ros- siter came to Illinois in 1868. He enlisted in Company K, Thirty-third Pennsylvania Volun- teer Infantry, and served in the Union Army three years. During his service he was seven days in front of Richmond under General Mc- Clellan, and participated in many hard-fought engagements of the war, receiving a severe v.'ound in the battle of Anteitam. On October 31, 1874, he was married to Edith Drew, and they have six children — Jacob L., Lloyd H., Cora E,, Charlotte, Jennie B. and Edith. Mr. and Mrs. Rossiter reside at 335 Fellows Street, Dixon. JOHN E. RIPLEY (deceased) was born In Whiteside County, 111., July 31, 1855, son of Charles P. and Sarah (Merrick) Ripley, natives of New York and Virginia, respectively, who located in Whiteside County, 111., in 1855. On February 28, 1878, Mr. Ripley married Flora E. Long, daughter of L. F. and Sevilla (Haase) Long, natives of Pennsylvania, who settled in Illinois in 1856, locating at Ashton, Lee County. To Mr. and Mrs. Ripley two daughters — Bessie G. and E. Blanche — were barn. In 1890 Mr. Ripley removed to Dixon, 111., where, for ten years, he was engaged in the grocery business. He died Sept. 17, 1901. He and his family were members of the Baptist church. SAMUEL and MARY (CAMPBELL) SHAW, Dixon, 111., came as pioneers to Cass County, 111., in 1833; in 1855 removed with their family to Lee County, and there engaged in farming and stock-raising. The village of Prairieville was built on one corner of their farm. James, their oldest son, graduated from Illinois Col- lege, studied law and located at Mt. Carroll, 111., where he practiced his profession many years; was chosen a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket in 1872, served four terms as Representative in the General Assembly, being Speaker of the House during the session of 1876, and in 1891 was elected Judge of the Circuit Court, and reelected in 1897, serving until June, 1903, when he retired. Tv/o other sons, William and Archibald, emigrated, re- spectively, to Missouri and Kansas, the latter serving as a member of the Kansas Legislature, and Trustee of the State Penitentiary. Tim- othy, the fourth son, while a student in Illi- nois College, Jacksonville, enlisted April 16, 1861, under the first call for troops during the Civil War, and was enrolled as the first volun- teer from Lee County, but died at Cairo in August following. Samuel, tne youngest son/ graduated from the Albany, N. Y., Law School, and has since been engaged in practice and the real estate business in Kansas City, Mo. Samuel Shaw, Sr., and his three sons, Archi- bald, Timothy and Samuel, Jr., were all sol- diers of the Civil War. In 1876 Mr. and Mrs. Shaw removed with their daughters to Dixon, III., and there the daughter Katherine was married to Hon. S. H. Bethea, now (1903) U. S. District Attorney for the Northern Dis- trict of Illinois. Mrs. Bethea died March, 1893; HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 815 the brother Archibald, in Kansas, May, 1888; Samuel Shaw, Sr., August, 1891; and Mrs. Shaw, the mother, in May, 1897. Two daugh- ters, Elizabeth J. and Mary A., occupy the family home in Dixon. JAMES A. SMITH, farmer, Section 20, Alto Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Frank- lin County Ohio, ten miles northv.'-est of Co- lumbus, Feb. 20, 1832, son of Abraham and Millie (Kanouse) Smith. James A. Smith re- mained with his parents until twenty-two years of age, and obtained his education in the dis- trict school. He came to Lee County, 111., in 1854, at first being employed as a farm-hand, but later bought eighty acres of land, upon which he settled in 1857, building at that time a small house, and erected his present attract- ive residence in 1879. April 2, 1857, Mr. Smith was married to Martha Cooper, daughter of Garrett and Sarah (Smith) Cooper, who re- cently became residents of Alto Tov/nship. To Mr. and Mrs. Smith eleven children have been born, eight of whom are now living, viz.: Whit- field, Elmer, Ira, Ernest, Martin, Lottie, Ada and Wesley. Mr. Smith has 240 acres in his home farm and 271 acres in Sections 17 and 18, the former being managed by his sons, Martin and Wesley, and the latter by his son Whit- field. Fraternally Mr. Smith is a Mason, in politics a Republican, and has served his fel- low-townsmen as Roaii Commissioner and as a member of the School Board. FOREST E. STILES, grain dealer. West Brooklyn, 111., was born in Washington) County, Kansas, Oct. 23, 1872, son of A. B. and Susan (McPall) Stiles, natives of Illinois and Indiana;, respectively. Mr. Stiles came to West Brook- lyn in 1902, and engaged in the grain business. On August 11, 1897, he married Etta Leavens, daughter of Charles and Sarah Ann (Stout) Leavens of Lee County. In political sentiment he is a Republican, and in religious belief a Methodist. HENRY W. SUNDAY, blacksmith and dealer in agricultural implements, Franklin Grove, Lee County, 111., was born Nov. 18, 1859, son of Solomon Sunday, an early settler of Lee County. Henry W. was educated in the Frank- lin Grove schools, and worked on a farm un- til he was eighteen years of age, when he learned the blacksmith trade, and in 1883 bought out the business of his father, which he has carried on continuously ever since. In 1902 Mr. Sunday added to his business that of dealing in agricultural implements. January 7, 1883, he was married to Agnes Kreger, and they have had five children: May, Florence, Hazel (deceased), Donald and on© who died in infancy. Mr. Sunday is a Republican politically, and a member of the Knights of Pythias, Knights of the Globe and Modern Woodme.i ct ."America. GEORGE W. SCHAFER, farmer and stock- raiser, Bradford Township, Lee County, 111., was born on his present homestead, June 2, 1855, son of Carl and Mary (Eisenberg) Schaf- er, natives of Germany. Carl Schafer was born in 1824, and died in 1891, while his wife was born in 1826 and died April 2, 1857. They were married in Germany, became the parents of five children, and came to America in 1852, locating in Lee County in 1854, where Mr. Schafer owned 520 acres of land at the time of his death. George W. Schafer rented a farm in 1877, but later bought his present 240-acre farm. December 25, 1877, he married Anna Barbara Roth, and to them seven sons have been born — Charles W., William C, Harry C, Edward G., Albert J., Adam C. and Clifford G Mrs. Schafer's parents, John and Anna B. (Barnhart) Roth, were natives of Germany, and came to Lee County in 1858, locating at Lee Center, where the former died in 1893, aged seventy-four years, and the latter in 1892, in her seventy-second year. In politics Mr. Schafer is a Republican, and has been School Director for many years; is manager of the Bradford Insurance Company, and a mem- ber of the M. W. A. His family attend the Methodist Episcopal church. ELIAS SHELL, farmer. East Grove, Town- ship, Lee County, 111., was born near Findlay, Ohio, Oct. 30, 1830, the son of Abraham and Lydia (Fought) Shell, natives of Virginia and Pennsylvania, respectively. Elias Shell was raised on his father's farm, attended the dis- trict school, and in early manhood worked in the linen and cotton mills of his native State. Coming to Lee County in 1869, he rented eighty acres of land in Section 32, East Grove Town- ship, for one year, but now owns an estate of 8i6 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 400 acres of the most productive land in his township, and is considered the most success- ful farmer in his section of the county. De- cember 24, 1854, he married Mary A. Stultz, whose parents settled in Ohio at an early date. Mrs. Shell died in 1890, leaving live children, viz.: Henry B. (a jeweler at Ohio, 111.), James A., I. v., L. E., and Hattie M. (Mrs. A. J. loder) — another child is deceased. Including the early homestead, Mr. Shell ov/ns three farms adjacent to each other, and these he rents to his sons, James A., i. V. and L. E. In politics he is a Republican, and has served as Overseer of Highways and School Director. He is a member cf the Methodist Episcopal church. JAMES W. SEYBERT, farmer and dairyman. South Dixon Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Luzerne County, Penn., May 1, 1851, son of Wallace and Desire (Hill) Seybert, who were also natives of the Keystone State, and came to Lee County in 1862, where they both died in 1896. For many years James W. Sey- bert has been one of the leading farmers of South Dixon Township. July 3, 1884, he mar- ried Laura M. Hill, daughter of Austin and Hester (Straton) Hill, pioneer settlers of Lee County, and to Mr. and Mrs. Seybert three chil- dren have been born, viz.: Eva P., born Sept. 7, 1891; Grover C, born Oct. 19, 1893; and Hes- ter J., born Oct, 5, 1903. In political views Mr. Seybert is a Democrat, and in religious belief a Lutheran. Fraternally he is a member of the Court of Honor. SCHUYLER, E. SMITH, Paw Paw, 111., was born at Rochester, Ind., August 15, 1862, son of Nelson and Mary (Bryant) Smith. Schuyler E. Smith was brought to Paw Paw, 111., by his parents in 1866, and remained with them on the farm until nineteen years cf age. For two years he was engaged as a clerk in the general store of J. H. Thompson, and for six years v.fas engaged in a similar capacity by R. A. Hopps. On April 24, 1889, he was ap- pointed clerk in the Railway Mail Service, and holds that position at the present time (1903). July 1, 1902, he established a livery business at Paw Paw, which he still conducts. No- vember 29, 1883, he married Lucetta Swa;rth- out, of Paw Paw, 111., and they have two chil- dren, Alfa DeL. and Eugene B. Mr. Smith is a. Republican, and a member of the I. O. O. P. He and his family are communicants of the Methodist Episcopal tehurch. JOHN JOSHUA SEIDBL, farmer and dairy- man. Section 5, Palmyra Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Wurtemburg, Ger- many, Oct. 22, 1845, son of John G. and Bar- bara (Zeizer) Seidel. In the fall of 1853, John G. Seidel and his family came to America, locating in Columbus, Ohio, Vifhere they re- mained seven years, and in 1860 removed to Whiteside County, 111. Mr. Seidel died Nov. 10, 1885, and his wife May 11, 1883; both are buried in the cemetery at Sterling, 111. John J. Seidel attended the primary schools in the Fatherland, and completed his educa- tional training after coming to America. On February 2, 1870, he married Miss Louisa Le- derer, a native of Germany, and they are the parents of seven children, viz.: Katie, who died aged six years; Anna M., who married B. H. Klosterman; Lydia B. ; Bertha C. ; Jennie A., Frank W., who assists his father in con- ducting the farm, and Pearl. Mr. Seidel was engaged in farming for -fifteen years near Sterling, 111., but in 1875 removed to Dickin- son County, Kansas, where he bought 280 acres of railroad land, upon which he lived nine- teen years, bringing the soil to a high, state of cultivation, erected good farm buildings and planted fruit and shade trees. In 1893, receiv- ing a very liberal offer for his property, he disposed of his holdings in Kansas, and re- turning to Illinois, purchased his present 120-acre farm the same year. Mr. Seidel keeps from thirty-five to forty milch cows, and sends his milk to the Dixon factory. In political views Mr. Seidel is a Republican, and was School Director one term. Socially he is a member of the Knights of Maccabees, and in religious belief a Lutheran. His children have all raceived good educational advantages. PRANK E. STITBLEY, real-estate, loan and insumnce agent, Dixon, 111., was born at Mt. Carroll, Carroll County. 111., Nov. 18, 1859, son of George W. and Mary (Buser) Stiteley. He obtained his education in the Mt. Carroll High School and the Davenport Business College, Davenport, Iov,'a, In 1892 he maiTied Bffa G. Manatt, daughter of Thomas and Clarissa (Winchester) Manatt of Brooklyn, Iowa. Mr. HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 817 Stiteley is Treasurer of the Dixon Power and Lighting Company, Treasurer of the Methodist Episcopal church, and is a Director and ex- Cashier of the Leaf River Banlt, in Ogle County, 111.; was also one of the organizers of Union State Bank, Dixon, 111. In politics he is a Re- puhlican. CHRISTOPHER SMITH, farmer. Nelson Township, Lee County, was born in Somerset County, Penn., March 8, 1852, son of Adam and Magdalene (Genck) Smith, natives of Ger- many, who came to the United States in 1840, and to Illinois in 1865. Both parents are now deceased. The subject of this sketch has been a resident of Lee County since 1868. March 2, 1882, he married Annie Rubright, daughter of David and Sophia (Shank) Rubright, of Pennsylvania, and to Mr. and Mrs. Smith six children have been born, viz.: Millie M., Clara M., Walter H., Oliv'e R., Ruth Esther and Harry E. (deceased). The family is identified with the Zion Lutheran church, in which Mr. Smith has served as deacon for many years. In politics Mr. Smith is a Democrat, and has served as School Director for twelve years. FraiteTnally he is a member of the Knights of the Globe. MELCHIOR S. STONER, farmer. South Dixon Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Franklin County, Penn., March 22, 1865, son of Henry and Margaret (Baltzley) Stoner, na- tives of Pennsylvania. He came to Lee County in 1886, and has since been identified with the agricultural interests in that section of the country. On February 19, 1890, he married Mary A. Depew, daughter of J. W. and Hester A. (Garrison) Depew, natives of Pennsylvania. To Mr. and Mrs. Stoner four children have been born, three of whom are now living, viz.: Florence M., Harriet S. and Marguerite B. In religious belief Mr. Stoner is a Methodist, and socially he belongs to the M. W. A. and Knights of the Globe. ELIJAH E. SWOPE, farmer Brooklyn Toivn- ship, Lee County, 111., was bom in Adams County, Penn., June 25, 1855, son of George and Mary A. (Nary) Swope, natives of Germany and Pennsylvania respectively, v/ho came to Lee County in 1859, but both of whom are now deceased. Elijah B. Swope married, on March 4, 1891, Catherine Malfeld, daughter of Pete and Carrie Malfeld, and they are the parents of five children, named George H., Emeline, Minnie, Roy and Mabel. In politics he is a Republican, and is a member of the M. W. A., and Knights of the Globe. He is a communi- cant of the Reformed church. Mr. Swope de- votes his time to the management of his 80- acre farm in Brooklyn Township, HENRY P. STEIN, farmer, Brooklyn Town- ship, Lee County, 111., was born in Troy Town- ship, LaSalle County, 111., Dec. 1, 1866, son of Frederick and Sydillia (Lehn) Stein, natives of Germany, of whom the former came to the United States in 1844, and the latter a few years later. On February 10, 1889, Mr. Stein was married to Elizabeth Florschuetz, born April 27, 1866, daughter of George J. and Bar- bara (Caetles) Florschuetz, natives of Germany, who came to LaSalle County, 111., in 1854, and to Lee County in 1862. To Mr. and Mrs. Stein two children — Lillie M. and Gilbert P. — have been horn. Mt. Stein devotes his time and attention to the management of his 160-acre farm in Brooklyn Township. In politics he affiliates with the Democratic party, and in re- ligious belief is a German Lutheran. JOHN SCHMIDT, farmer, Brooklyn Town- ship, Lee County, 111., was bom in Germany, Nov. 3, 1836, and came to the United States in 1864, and to Lee County, 111., in 1870, where he now owns 200 acres of excellent farm land in Brooklyn Township, and devotes his time and attention to general farming. On July 17, 1867, Mr. Schmidt v/as married to Mary Ganz, a native of Germany, and to them nine chil- dred have been born: Amelia, Catherine, Mary A., Minnie (deceased), Phillip J., John J., Eliza- beth S., Anna M. and Lena M. Mr. Schmidt is liberal in his political views. He^ is a member of the Lutheran church. 'M. J. STUNKEL, farm.ea'. Section 13, Rey- nolds Township, Lee County, 111., was born near Raleigh, N. C, August 26, 1866, son of August and Isabella (Stonebanks) Stunkel, natives of Hanover, Germany, and New York City, re- spectively. August Stunkel, born in 1833, ob- tained his education in the Fatherland, be- came a sailor and followed a sea-faring life for nine years. In 1855, after having made a trip to California, he settled at College Point, in Long Island, N. Y., whore he married in HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 1861. In 1865 he removed to Raleigh, N. C, where he devoted his attention to growing cotton and tobacco, and there spent the remainder of his life, dying in 1884. His wife still survives, and resides in North Carolina. Mr. Stunkel and wife were the parents of seven children, M. J. being the oldest. The maternal ancestors of the subject of this sketch came from England at an early date, and settled in New York, where the maternal grandfather was a promi- nent architect and builder. The paternal grandfather of M. J. Stunkel was a Collector of Revenue in Zelle, Hanover, Germany. M. J. Stunkel spent his boyhood with an aunt at Richton, Cook County, 111., and obtained his educational training in the schools of that locality. When thirteen years of age he began worlfing out ior farmers, being thus employed for four years. Then iieturning to North Carolina, he resided with his parents until he reached his twentieth year, when he returned to Illinois, where he was employed as a farm hand for one year, worked one year in Chi- cago, and for seven years afterwards con- ducted a farm at Benson, 111. In January, 1890, he married Gertrude Reents, native of Secor, Woodford County, 111., and of this union there are six children — August, Truletta, Alma, Lydia, Elnora, and Mauriese. Mir. Stunkel came to Lee County in 1895, and bought his present farm, to which he has made many improve- ments, and has brought his land to a high state of cultivation. He is a member of the Luther- an church, and in political viev/s is a Republi- can. HENRY SARTORIOUS, farmer, Section 4, Palmyra Township, Lee County, 111., was bom in the house where he now resides, Oct. 10, 1854, son of Gustavus and Charlotte H. (Eld- mann) Sartorious, natives respectively of Old- enburg, Germany, and Minden, Prussia, who came to Lee County in 1848, locating on a farm in, Palmyra Township. Gustavus Sartori- ous was a soldier of the late Rebellion, enlist- ing in Company D, Thirty-fourth Illinois Vol- unteer Infantry, and serving eighteen months. He was a Democrat in political views, and served as a member of the School Board. So- cially he belonged to the G. A. R. Seven chil- dren were born to Mr. and Mrs. Sartorious, two of whom — Henry and William — survive. Mr. Sartorious died Dec. 25, 1889, but his wife still survives, and resides with her son Henry. Henry Sartorious grew to years of maturity on his father's farm, obtained his education in the public schools, and on Nov. 22, 1878, married Louisa Bouger, daughter of William Bouger and wife, who came from Germany to Lee County in 1870. Three children hav^ been born to Mr. and Mrs. Sartorious — Gustavus (died at the age of ten years), Charlotte and Carl. Mr. Sartorious owns 147 acres of valu- able land, upon which there is a comfortable residence and well-constructed farm buildings. In politics he is a Democrat, and is serving as Township Collector. Fraternally he is a mem- ber of the Sons of Veterans and Knights of the Globe. He and his wife are communicants of the Union church at Prairieville. CHARLES G. SMITH, plumber and steam- ntter, Dixon, 111., was born in the State of New York, April 4, 1847, son of Nathan T. and Eliza (Becker) Smith, the former a native of Con- necticut; thfe latter being of Holland ancestry, and related to the Van Rencselaer family of New York. Nathan T. Smith was, at different times, a merchant, farmer and school teacher, and in the early part of the nineteenth century, removed, with his father's family, from Con- necticut into Nev/ York. In 1850 h© came vsiest and bought land in Ve-rmllion and Bu- reau Counties, 111., and Winnebago County, Wis. In 1851, while hunting with his wife's brother, he was accidentally shot, dying in nine days after the accident occurred. His wife survived him about forty-nine years, dying in 1900. Charles G. Smith was the youngest in a family of ten children. After completing his educa- tion in the Dixon schools, he learned the mill- ing trade, an occupation members of his moth- er's family (the Beckers) had followed for generations. He afterwards joined his brother, Nathan T., in the publishing business in Chi- cago, remaining until 1876, when he returned to Dixon and resumed his former occupation, but shortly afterwards removed to Kansas, where he remained until 1880. Returning to Dixon in the latter year, he had charge of a mill in that city until 1886. when he returned to Kansas, where he was employed in a simi- lar capacity at Great Bend, and also built a mill in Stafford County, same State, which he later sold. Then removing to Las Vegas, New Mexico, he built and operated a mill in HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 819 that locality, and also conducted an agency for George Westinghouse, remaining thus em- ployed until 1890, when he again returned to Dixon and established his present business, which he has since conducted in a very suc- cessful manner. On March 17, 1870, he mar- ried Susan A. McKenney, daughter of P. C. and Catherine (Clute) McKenney, who came to Lee County in 1836.- Mr. and Mrs. Smith have but one child living, Fred McKenney Smith, who is a partner in his father's busi- ness. Their other son. Earl Becker Smith, a bright, promising young man, and a graduate of Dixon High School, was fatally injured by one of his schoolmates while practicing- gym- nastic exercises for field sports, which were to take place a few days later, and, after linger- ing a few days, died May 9, 1903. In politics Mr. Smith is a Republican, and was a member of the Board of Education six years. Socially he is a member of the Masonic Order and K. T. In religious belief he is a Methodist, and is Secretary of the Official Board of his church. RICHARD M. SHADDICK, farmer, Wyoming Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Devon- shire, England, Dec. 5, 1857, and in 1884 re- moved to Ontario, Canada, remaining there until 1890, when he came to Wyoming Town- ship, Lee County, where he now owns a 160- acre farm. On March, 19, 1877, he wias married to Ann Burnett, a native of England, and to them five children have been born: Fanny, Anna, William, Frederick and George. | In poli- tics Mr. Shaddock affiliates with the Demo- cratic party, and in religious belief is a Pres- byterian. He is a member of the M. W. A. JOHN H. SLOGGETT, farmer, Ashton Town- ship, Lee County, was born at Granby, Prov- ince of Quebec, Canada, Nov. 1, 1855, son of William and Bethany (Horer) Sloggett — the former a native of London, England, who oame with his father (also named William), to Can- ada, in 1831, and the mother, a native of Ver- mont. William and Bethany Sloggett became the parents of ten children, six of v/hom (1903) are now living, viz.: Sarah, wife of Moses G. Montgomery; William, Alfred, John H., James, and Hattie, the wife of Harry J. Packer. The parents came to Illinois in 1856, and the sub- ject of this sketch v/as reared at Forreston, 111., attended the public and high schools, and acquired a good business education; also learned the creamery business, which he fol- lowed at Franklin Grove from 1890 to 1901. February 1, 1883, he married Julia Holsinger, daughter of John Holsinger, and they have two children — Glennie May and Everett — both of whom, as well as their mother, are now de- ceased. July 26, 1893, Mr. Sloggett was mar- ried to his second wife. Miss Lucy Sanders, daughter of Henry and Rachel SaiUders, and their family consists of an adopted son, Fred Morris Sloglgett, and a daughter, Ethel Marie Sloggett, born Feb. 19, 1904. Mr. Sloggett is a Republican in politics, a member of the Pres- byterian church, in which he and his wife take an active interest, and fraternally associated with the Order of Modern Woodmen of Ameri- ca. Henry Sanders (deceased), the father of Mrs. Lucy (Sanders) Sloggett, was born in Hardin County, Penn., in 1826, son of Henry and Mary (Buck) Sanders, natives of Pennsyl- vania, but of German extraction. Henry Sand- ers, Sr., was a Captain in the State Militia, and in religious belief a Catholic. Henry Sanders came to Illinois in 1845, but after re- maining here one year, returned to his native State; then coming back to Lee County, he there made his home for the remainder of his life. In 1851 he married Rachel Morgan, daughter of Edward and Nancy Morgan, both natives of Ohio. Mr. and Mrs. Henry Sanders had nine children: Winfield B., Mary (de- ceased), Joseph F., Jerome (deceased), Alice (deceased), Jane, John W. (deceased), Edward and Lucy. Mr. Sanders was prosperous as a farmer, acquiring an estate of over 600 acres of land. He died March 18, 1895, and his wife Feb. 18, 1902. FLETCHER SBAVEY, farmer. Section 23, Palmyra Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Carroll County, N. H., Sept. 2, 1839, son of Asa A. and Ruth (Ricker) Seavey, who came to Lee County in 1854, locating in Palmyra Township. Fletcher Seavey was the oldest of three children in his father's family. He was raised on the farm, attending the dis- trict school near his home, and during the Rebellion enlisted in Company D, One Hundred and Fortieth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, serv- ing eight months in the Atlanta campaign. In 1862 he married Eveline Eastwood, whose parents were pioneer settlers of Lee County, 820 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. and of this union the following children weire born: Harry C; Fred A., deceased; Bda B., wife of J. M. Honey of Dixon; Allen B., who rents and conducts his father's farm; Roscoe C, deceased; Clyde L., who resides in Cali- fornia; Ruth M., who is qualifying herself as a nurse in a Chicago training school; Erma L., who resides with her sister, Mrs. Honey. Mr. Seavey gave his children the advantages of a good education, most of them being high school and college graduates. In politics he is a Republican, and has filled several public offices in his township, including that of As- sessor and Supervisor. He is Secretary of the Palmyra Insurance Company, having held that office for the past ten years. In religious be- lief he is a Methodist, and fraternally belongs to the M. W. A.. A. O. U. W. and G. A. R. Mr. Seavey has resided! on his present 140-acre farm for twenty-one years, and has lived in the immiediate neighborhood nearly fifty years. He is a man of more than ordinary ability, and is highly respected for his honest principles and sterling worth. GEORGE SCHNUCKEL, farmer, Brooklyn Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Bureau County, 111., Jan. 25, 1869, son of Charles and Margaret (Batz) Schnuckel, natives of Ger- many, who came to the United States in the '50s, and are now residing at Mendota, 111. On December 9, 1891, Mr. Schnuckel was mar- ried to Catherine Trubel, daughter of Sebas- tian and Catherine (Weirauch) Trubel, who were natives ofi Germany, and residents of Lee County about forty years, and now reside at Mendota, 111. To Mr. and Mrs. Schnuckel three children — Florence M., Lulu C. and Delia M. — have been born. In political opinions Mr. Schnuckel is a Republican, and has served as Township Assessor for three years, being an incumbent of that office at the pres.ent time (1903); also served as Township Collector for two years. Fraternally he is a member of camp, No. 2578; M. W. A. In religious be- lief he is a Methodist. Mr. Schnuckel's farm consists of eighty acres in Brooklyn Town- ship. JOHN D. SITTS, retired farmer, Franklin Girove, Lee County, 111., was born in Oneida County, N. Y., in 1831, son of George and Har- riet Sitts; came to Franklin Grove in 1857, and was engaged in the lumber trade until 1863, and from 1872 to 1902 was engaged in the grocery business. He; was married in January, 1863, to Eva E. Lincoln, v/ho died in April, 1888, leaving four children: Henry B., Gertie G., Bertha C. and Helen E. In politics he is a Republican, and has served as Supervisor three terms. SAMUEL STONE (deceased) was born in Erie County, N. Y., Dec. 18, 1823, and came to Illinois in 1835, locating in what is now Nelson Township, Lee County, and entered his first tract of land from the Government, for which he paid $1.25 per acre. He married Mrs. Eliza (Power) Stone, widow of his brother, and they have three children : Reuben, Alonzo D. and Louisa A. Mr. Stone was very successful as a land-dealer, and at the time of his death, was the owner of 3,000 acres of land, located in Illinois, Kansas, Nebraska and Iowa. He was employed by the Government in surveying the land through this section of the State. He died at the age of seventy-five years. NELSON SMITH (deceased) was born in Seneca County, N. Y., August 27, 1820, and, after living in Michigan, Ohloi and Indiana, came to Lee County, 111., in 1866, where he engaged in farming near the present village of Paw Paw. He was first married to Mary M. Fennimore, and to them two children were born, Marion and Lafayette. His second wife was Elizab€.th Conrad, who bore him two chil- dren, Schuyler E. and Emma B. In political views Mr. Smith was a Republican. He died March 17, 1899. CHARLES ALMON STEINMANN, President Steinmann College, Dixon, 111., born at Cherry Grove, 111., Oct. 14, 1861; moved with his pa- rents to Lanark, 111., in 1884, where, at eight years of age, he entered the public schools, and completed the graded and high school course at fifteen; took post-graduate work, and taught school until twenty years of age, when he organized a school of shorthand in con- nection with the Northern Illinois Normal School of Dixon. Four years later, he removed to larger and more desirable quarters in the central part of the city; built the present splendid college edifice in 1895, and ladies' dormitory in 1901; present site of school is HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 821 unusually attractive, containing a campus of forty-three acres, fine athletic field, pure water, excellent drainage, magnificent surroundings. The courses of study are thorough and com- plete; comprising Business, Normal, English, Scientific, Classical, Philosophical, Musical, Civil Service, and Oratory departments. The moral and intellectual tone of the school is high. UndiBT Prof. Steinmann's direction the school has grown in numbers as well as in strength and efliciency. New buildings are de- manded, and a gentleman's dormitory, an indus- trial hall — whereby worthy students may earn an education — a school of forestry, a botanical garden and a complete experimental laboratory are contemplated. Besides performing duties of President of Steinmann College, Prof. Stein- mann is vice-chancellor of Ruskln University, Chicago, 111. He married, on Christmas day, 1902, Miss Rosa Mary Lohafer. SOLOMON SUNDAY, retired farmer, Frank- lin Grove, Lee County, 111., was born Oct. 21, 1832, a native of Pennsylvania, and oamo to Illinois in 1855, locating where he now lives, and was engaged in blacksmithing for many years. In August, 1856, he married Eva M. Stefan, and to them ten children were born, six of whom are now living. In politics he is a Prohibitionist, and in fraternal relations a member of the I. O. O. F. WILLIAM SUTTON (deceased) was born in the State of New York, August 2, 1810, but at an early day removed to Pennsylvania, where he learned and followed the blacksmith's trade, being engaged in that line of work for a num- ber of years. In 1855- he removed to Lee County, 111., settling on a farm In Willow Cieek Township, where he made his home un- til 1877, removing to Paw Paw in the latter year. On April 30, 1831, he married Barbara Miller, who was born in Pennsylvania, Dec. 25, 1812, and to them two children were boirn: Mrs. Amos Siglin, cyt Paw Paw, and Mrs. H. B. Stark, who resides in Pennsylvania. Mr. Sut- ton died Oct. 15, 1879, his wife surviving until Nov. 12, of the same year. In political senti- ment Mr. Sutton was a Democrat. DARIUS SAWYER, pioneer of 1835j now liv- ing in retirement in Amboy, Lee County, 111., was born at Waterbury, Vt., April 17, 1816, the son of Joseph and Sarah (Farnham) Sawy-er, natives, respectively, of New York and New Hampshire. The parents came, with their family, to Lee County, 111., arriving March 17, 1835, settling at Lee Center, and there the mother passed away just two years later — March 17, 1837— being the first of the early settlers to die in that locality,' while the father survived until Oct. 11, 1872. Darius Sawyer learned the blacksmith trade in early life, which he followed several years, when he en- gaiged in farming, continuing some, sixteen years. In February, 1899, he removed to Amboy, and has since lived in retirement. March 21, 1839, Mr. Sawyer was married to Sophronia Parker, and seven children by this union are now living. Mrs. Sawyer died July 25, 1883, and on Oct. 6, 1887, Mr. Sawyer married Jane E. Tinker, who died in 1893. In 1898 he married, as his third wife, Mrs. Isabelle Dunn, who died four months later. Mr. Sawyer is an original Republican, having voted for John C. Fremont in 1856, and has been a member of the Masonic Fraternity since 1859. SEELY SCOFIELD, farmer, Harmon Town- ship, Lee County, 111., was born in Sterling, Whiteside County, 111., Dec. 22, 1867, son of David and Betsy B. (Hull) Scofield, natives of Westchester, N. Y., who located at Sterling In 1856. The father died in 1883, while the mother still survives and makes her home in Sterling. Seely Scofield devotes his attention to general farming, and owns 320 acres of land in Sections 5 and 6, Harmon Township. He is a member of Corinthian Lodge No. 63, K. of P., of Sterling; Lodge No. 779, B. P., O. E., of Dixon, and M. W. A. Politically he is a Republican, and is a Universalist in religious belief. DANIEL SWARTZ, farmer, Harmon Town- ship, Lee County, 111., was bom in Germany, March 15, 1836, son of George Swartz, who came to the United States in 1841, and settled in Marshal County, 111. In March, 1865, Dan- iel Swartz was married to Louisa Walker, daughter of Washington and Mary (Ward) Walker, of Marshall County, 111., and to them five children were born, four of whom are now living, viz.: George W., Frederick, Charles B., and Mary. Mrs. Swartz died Sept. 16, 1873, 822 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. and on Dec. 1, 1S75, Mr. Swartz married, for his second wife, Rebecca Jamison, daugliter of Thomas and Sarah (Smith) Jamison, natives of Delaware and Ohio, respectively. To Mr. and Mrs. Swartz five children have been born, four of whom survive: Frank C, Clara E., Jessie G. and Ethel M. In March, 1865, Mr. Swartz came to Lee County, v/here he now owns 310 acres of land in Harmon Township. Politically he is a Democrat, and he and his family are members of the Methodist church. AMOS SIGLIN (deceased) was born in Chestnut Hill Township, Luzerne County, Penn., In 1826, son of Jacob and Susannah (Singer) Siglin. He learned the carpenter's trade in his native State, and in 1855 came to Lee County, 111., where, until two years prior to his death, he followed the occupation of contracting and building. October 19, 1851, he married Catherine Sutton, daughter of Wil- liam and Barbara (Miller) Sutton, and to them four children were born, viz.: Elizabeth, wife of W. H. Smith of Paw Paw; Dollie, widov/ of Adolphus Fisher; William, who lives in Ala- bama, and Barbara, who resides at home. Mr. Slglln died August 24, 1900. He was a member of the Masonic Order, and also of the I. O. O. F. In politics he was a Democrat, and in religious belief a Presbyterian. RENSSELAER P. TREADWELL (deceased) was born in Chenango County, N, Y., July 25, i821, son of Allen and Deborah (Squires) Treadwell, natives of the Empire State, who camel to Lee County in 1845. Rensselaer P. Tireadwell was married on Feb. 10, 1848, to Lydia Hale, daughter of Alvah and Clara (Rouse) Hale, and of this union there were two sons, Spencer, of Everett, Wash., and William, of Freeport, 111. Mr. and Mrs. Alvah Hale came to Lee County in 1844. In 1879 Mr. Tread- well removed to St. Croix County, Wis., but in 1894 returned to Amboy, 111., v/here he passed the remainder of his life, dying there Nov. 22, 1902. In early life a stanch Republican, he was during the latter years of his existence, an ardent advocate of Prohibition. From 1864 to 1866 he was Sheriff of Lee County. He was a devout member of the Methodist Episcopal church and his wife is still a leading member of the church of that denomination at Amboy. A. J. TOMPKINS, Supervisor, Amboy Town- ship, Lee County, was born in Greene County, Ky., in June, 1831, son of N. S. and Sallle (Rey- nolds)! Tompkins; came to Amboy, 111., In 1858, and for twenty-two years was master caa-penter for the Illinois Central Railroad. He was then engaged in farming for twenty-one years, when he removed to Amboy and retired from active business life. Mr. Tompkins is a Republican in politics, served five years as a member of the City Council; in 1883 was elected member of the Board of Supervisors, and has since served continuously in that capacity. It was largely through his efforts that $100,000 in bonds, issued by Amboy Township to the Chi- cago & Rock River Railroad, were compromised and settled, thus resulting in a saving of many thousands of dollars to the tax-payers of the township. Mr. Tompkins was married In 1858 to Miss Mary A. Smith, and five children have been born tO' this union, viz.: Walter J., Elmer S., Stella L., Willis (born Jan. 17, 1860, dlei Feb. 23, 1860), Jennie M. (died Oct. 2, 1878, ajged eleven years). Mr. Tompkins is a member of the Baptist church. DR. EDMOND R. TRAVERS (deceased), born In County Cork, Ireland, March 7, 1832, son of Richard H. and Harriet (Walsh) Trav- ers, who came to Canada in 1842. In 1858 Edmond R. matriculated in the medical de- partment of the University of Michigan, grad- uating in the class of '61. In September, 1863, he located at Amboy, 111., where he engaged in the practice of his profession, which he con- tinued until the time of his death, April 13, 1899. On May 17, 1864, he married Esther Scott, daughter of Thomas and Martha (Swan) Scott, and to them four children were bom, one of whom is living — Mary, wife of Dr. N., J. Smith, a dentist at Amboy, 111. Those deceased were named Martha, Edmond and George. The Doctor was a member of the Episcopal church, and fraternally was identified with the Masonic Order. JOHN TODD, farmeir and dairyman, Nachusa Township, Lee County, was born in County Antrim, Ireland, Nov. 3, 1848, son of Robert and Elizabeth (Thompson) Todd, who were also natives of the Emerald Isle, and the par- ents of five children who grew to years of maturity. John Todd came to America in 1866, HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 823 locating the same year in Lee ,Coun.ty, 111., where for sixteen years he worked for wages, being employed ten years by the Grand Detour Plow Company. He afterwards engaged in farming, and now owns 140 acres of land in Nachusa Township, upon v.'hich he keeps a herd of twenty-five cows and conducts a first- class dairy. In 1873 he married Jane Grier, daughter of John and Mary (Gillan) Grier, natives of County Monaghan, Ireland. Mr. Todd is a Democrat in political relations, and In religious faith is a member of the Church of the Covenant, while (his wife is a Presbyterian. Mr. and Mrs. Todd have no children. JOHN H. TERHTJNB, station agent, Chicago, Burlingtoni & Quincy Railroad, West Brooklyn, 111., was born in Binghamton, N. Y., Oct. 26, 1856, son of Abram R. and Lydia (Ramsey) Terhune, natives of New Jersey. John H. Terhune has been a resident of Lee County since 1866, and first became station agent for the above named railroad at Shaws, 111. On October 27, 1876, he married Ida M. Wertman, daughter of John and Lucy Anna (Derr) Wert- man, natives of Pennsylvania who came to Led County in the early '50«. To Mr. and Mrs. Terhune two children have been born, , both of whom are deceased. In politiual viev/s Mt. Terhune is a Republican, and socially belongs to the I. O. O. F., M. W. A. and Royal League. He and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church. WILLIAM C. THOMPSON, County Clerk of Lee County, was born at Paw Paw, 111., June 28, 1868, son of James H. and Catherine (Swart- hout) Thompson. James H. Thompson came to Lee County in 1852, and for twenty-five years was engaged in the mercantile business at Paw Paw, 111. In 1886 he was elected County Clerk of Lee County and served continuously until 1902. William C. Thompson obtained his edu- cation in the high school at Paw Paw, grad- uating in 1883; became his father's deputy in 1889, and was elected County Clerk in 1902 when his father retired. On July 3, 1900, he married Susan B. Dimon, and they have two children — Dorrance S. and Avis F. Mir. Thomp- son is a member of the Masonic Order, Knights of the Globe, M. W.A., and B. P. O. E. Politi- cally he is a Republican, and in religious be- lief a Presbyterian. MANLEY M. TEAL (deceased),, was born in Taylor Township,- Ogle County, 111., July 31, 1846, son of Elias and Isabelle (Brown) Teal, pioneers of Ogle County. Manley M. Teal ob- tained his education in the schools at Dixoni and Mt. Morris, 111., and, when his father diedl in 1887, inherited an extensive property, which he subsequently largely increased. On Decem- ber 20, 1876, he was married to Ellen J., daugh- ter of Joseph and Ann (Mackay) Boyd, pioneer settlers of Nashua Township, Ogle County, and to them one child — Allie M. — was born. In political opinions Mr. Teal was a Republican, and at the time of his death, Dec. 2, 1880, was serving as Justice of the Peace. Mrs. Teal and her daughter Allie M. are members of the- Lutheran church. JOHN A. TERHUNE, farmer, Nelson Town- ship, Lee County, was born in Whiteside Coun- ty, 111., July 2, 1859, son of John A. and Jannet Meldron (Smithburt) Terhune, who were na- tives of New York City; came to Whiteside County, 111., about 1855, and ten years later (1865) settled in Lee County. The subject of this sketch was reared from boyhood in Lee County, and has always been intimately identi- fied with Its farming interests. February 5, 1890, he was married to Mamie M., daughter of Bernard and Eva Johnson, and to them have been born three children — Harry A., Les- ter H. and Genevieve E. Religiously the family are connected Y,ath the Methodist Episcopal church, while fraternally Mr. Terhune is affili- ated with the Knights of the Globe. JOHN N. TRUCKBNBROD, farmer, Sublette Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Bureau County, 111., Nov. 10, 1862, son of John and Elizabeth Faber Truckenbrod. John Trucken- brod, father of John N., was born in Bavaria, and his wife, Elizabeth Faber, in Saxe-Coburg, Germany. They were the parents of eleven children, all of whom are now living, and re- side in Clarion Township, Bureau County, 111. John N. Truckenbrod conducted the homestead for his father for three years, afterv/ards rent- ed the same for a time, but now owns a 120- acre farm adjoining his father's. On Decem- ber 20, 1893, he married Emma M. Hartan, daughter of John and Margaret (Arnold) Hart- an, and to them six children havej been bom-^ Carl J., Fritz, Greta, Bertha, Nerval and Ralph. 824 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. In politics Mr. Truclienbrod is a Republican, and has served as School Director and ,Road Overseer. He and his family attend the Ger- man Lutheran church. John and Margaret (Arnold) Hartan, parents of Mrs. John N. Truckenbrod, were natives of Germany who Temoved to La Salle County, 111., where Mir. Hartan owned 200 acres of land and engaged in farming, but afterwards was proprietor of several saloons, and later engaged in the coal business, later retiring from business. He was born Dec. 16, 1838, and died Dec. 14 1899, while his wife was born Jan 2, 1840. HON. JOHN V. THOMAS was born in Prince- ton, N. J., Oct. 30, 1835, came west and located in Dixon, 111., in 1857; engaged in school teach- ing in Lee County, following the profession until 1874; later identified himself with the ^eal^estate and insurance business, and is now Assistant Secretary! of the Liverpool & London and Globe Insurance Companies in Chicago. He served six terms as Mayor of Dixon, and Is prominent in Masonry; married in 1861 Ellen J. Warner. GARDNER W. THOMPSON, farmer. Section 26. Alto Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Luzerne County, Penn., July 11, 1841, son of Isaac and Maria (Wilcox) Thompson, na- tives respectively of Luzerne County, Penn., and Duchess County, N. Y. Isaac Thompson removed to Abingdon, Penn., in 1854, and en- gaged in farming, which had been his occupa- tion from early youth. In 1867, he and his wife came to Lee County, 111., where they lived the remainder of their days with Gardner W. Mr. Thompson died Sept. 29, 1901, at the re- markable age of 104 years, his wife dying April 25, 1885, in her eighty-seventh year. Isaac Thompson has been a devoted Methodist for over eighty years, having united with the church in 1819. He was of Irish extraction, while his wife was of English descent, and her forefathers landed on New England shores in the seventeenth century. Gardner W. Thompson was the youngest in a family of fifteen children, and obtained his education in a select school at Pittston, Penn. He came to Lee County in 1864 and purchased of his brother the quarter section of land where he now resides, to which he has made subsequent additions' until he now owns 240 acres of well- improved land with residence, barns and many trees of his own planting. He devotes his attention to general farming and breeding Durham cattle, Chester White hogs, and horses of the Wilkes stock On April 26, 1873, Mr. Thompson was married to Mary Howell, daugh- ter of William and Sarah (Rogers) Howell, early settlers of Lee County, and they have one son. Prank, who was born Oct. 11, 1876, and assists his father in conducting the farm. In political opinions Mr. Thompson is a Re- publican, and served as Township Supervisor from 1875 to 1890; has served as Assessor since 1900, and is also a Justice of the Peace and School Trustee. He and his family are members of the Methodist Episcopal church. STEPHEN A. TARR, retired farmer, Paw Paw, 111., was born in New Hampshire, May 30, 1834, and came to Henry County, 111., in 1853, locating at Kewanee, where he remained until 1854, when he returned to New Hamp- shire and brought his parents to Illinois, set- tling at Kewanee, where he engaged in paint- ing. In 1860 Mr. Tarr came to Paw Paw, where he engaged in painting for many years, but it now living retired. September 1, 1860, he married Jane E., daughter of Israel P. and Persis (Boardman) Hallock, and| to them eight children have been born, five of whom survive, viz.: Pranklin, Rubert and Reuben (twins), Maryj and Thomas. On September 2, 1862, Mr. Tarr enlisted in Company K, Seventy-fifth Illinois Volunter Infantry. He was seriously wounded in the engagement at Perryville and discharged Dec. 6, 1862, on account of physic- al disability. He is a member of the G. A. R. at Paw Paw, and of the I. O. O. P. In politics he is a Republican, and has served one term as Township Collector. He is a member of the Baptist church. WILLIAM E. TAYLOR, farmer, Reynolds Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Saun- ders County, Neb., August 15, 1871, son of James E. and Eliza (Blair) Taylor, natives of Ontario, Canada, and Lee County, 111., respec- tively. James T. Taylor, grandfather of Wil- liam E., was born in England, Feb. 18, 1816, set- tled in Canada and died in 1902. He was a lumberman, as was also his son, James E. The latter was born in 1840, and came to Lee County in 1859. At the breaking out of the HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 825 Civil War, he enlisted in Company K, Seventy- fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and served three years. When the war closed he returned to Illinois and married Eliza, daughter of Rob- ert Blair, and born in 1849. Her father (Rob- ert Blair) was a miller by trade, settled in Illi- nois,' and died there aged 82 years. After mar- riage Mr. Taylor went to Nebraska, where he took up a homestead and remained five or six years. To himself and wife eleven children were born, the subject of this sketch being the oldest. Later Mr. Taylor returned to Lee County, but in 1901 he and his wife removed to Oklahoma, where they still reside. William E. Taylor was educated in the public schools and at Dixon and grew to manhood on his father's farm. December 25, 1897, he married Amanda, daughter of William A. and Mary Jane (Gun- salus) Snyder. Mrs. Taylor was born in Chris- tian County, 111., Dec. 25, 1879. Her father was of German descent and came to Illinois from Cumberland County, Penn., when a boy. Mrs. Taylor's parents are both living in Henry County, 111. They have been parents of six children. Mr. and Mrs. Taylor have one child, Clarence W., born May 20, 1903. Mr. Taylor has conducted his present farm for the past seven years, and devotes his attention princi- pally to breeding Poland-China hogs, and raising corn, more than one^half the acreage of his farm being planted with this cereal each year. He also keeps a small herd of cattle. In political sentiment he is a Republican. EDWARD C. ULTCH, farmer, Sublette Town- ship, Lee County, III., was born May 6, 1857, son of John P. and Elizabeth (Wendel) Ultch, natives of Cronach, near Munich, Bavaria. John P. Ultch came to America in 1847, locating in Bureau County, 111., where he became the own ©r of over 3200 acres of land. In 1850 ha mar- ried Elizabeth Wendel, who died August 18 1868, aged forty-four years, leaving six children viz.: Carline, Frederick, William, Edward C. George W. and John P., Jr. In 1872 John P Ultch married for his second wife, Catherine Ava Masel, and of this union there was one child, Katie. Mr. Ultch died Sept. 13, 1889, aged seventy years. Edward P. Ultch remained under the parental roof until 1879, having charge of his father's farm for several years. In 1882 he removed to Lee County, and now owns a 280-acre farm near the village of Sub- lette, besides 1200 acres in other localities. February 19, 1882, he married Charlotte Fassig, daughter of Philip and Charlotte (Erbes) Fas- sig, natives of Darmstadt, Germany, and of this union there are four children — William F., Altlna L., Emma C. and Esther S. Mrs. Ultch's father, Philip Fassig, died at the age of eighty- one year and seven months, while her mother died in 1898, aged seventy-two years. In politics Mr. Ultch is a Republican, and served one term as Constable and Road Commissioner, twelve years as School Director, eight years as Justice of the Peace, besides being Pound- master for some ,time. M. and Mrs. Ultch are members of the Dutch-Reformed church. SAMUEL A. VANN, retired farmer, Dixon, 111., was born in Berkshire County, Mass., in 1819, son of William and Elizabeth (Wheatly) Vann, natives of Northhamptonshire, England, who came to the United States in 1818. In 1844 Samuel A. Vann married Janei Brown, who came to Illinois in 1856, and to them four children were born, two of whom are living, viz. : Alice Elizabeth, who is her father's house- keeper, and George B. Mr. Vann was engaged for many years in the manufacture of cairriages. but for the past two years (1904) has been an invalid. MORRISON H. VAIL, architect and artist, Dixon, 111., was born in Chicago, 111., in 1866, son of Charles A. and Henrietta (Huggins) Vail; obtained his education in the public schools of Chicago., Northwestern University and the Chicago Art Institute. He was appren- ticed to W. L. B. Jenny, architect, Chicago, with whom he learned his profession, and was subsquently engaged by him as draftsman; was also with Holabird & Roche and other Chicago firms, and for twtj years did the archi- tectural designing for the city of Chicago dur- ing Mayor D. C. Creiger's administration. He afterwards engaged in business for himself in Chicago, and in 1899 designed the Rock Riven Assembly building at Dixon, establishing a branch office in that city the same year. Dis- continuing his Chicago office in 1903, he re- moved to Dixon and has since mad© that city his home and place of business. In 1899 Mr. Vail invented and patented an "auditorium truss construction," which makes possible the 826 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. covering of large surfaces with durable roof construction at a small expense. Mr. Vail's specialties are designs for church edifices clubs and public halls. In 1902 he was elected a member of the American Institute of Archi- tects, and is a member of the Chicago Archi- tects' Business Association, and the "National Society of Associated Arts." Fraternally he belongs to the I. O. O. F., and in religious be- lief is a Congreigationalist. September 11, 1889, he married Miss Maude E. Be.nnett, of Chicago, and they have three daughters, Mar- jorie, Alta, and Electa. Mr. Vail's ancestors were Huguenots, who moved from France through Denmark toi Wales, and emigrated to the New England States in 1636. Some of them took part in the Revolution and the War of 1812. JACOB VOGEL, retired farmer, residing on Section 9, Ashton Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Somerset- County, Penn., Oct. 30, 1853, son of John and Margaret (Miller) Vogel, both of whom were natives of Germany, and died in Somerset County. John Vogel was a farmer and his son Jacob grew up on the farm, attended the public school and, in 1876, came to Lee County, 111., where he first found employ- ment at farm-work by the month, later renting lands until 1892, when he bought his present farm, which he has brought to a high state of cultivation, erecting upon it a comfortable resi- dence and making other valuable improve- ments. He has also added to his general farm- ing business the cultivation of small fruits, thereby adding to the profits of his business and the beauty of the place. Mr, Vcgsl was married Dec. 28, 1887, to Lillian Cleaver, daughter of Samuel and Minerva (Brierton) Cleaver, who came with their parents from Pennsylvania to Dixon, 111., in 1838. The Cleav- ers were farmers. Mr. Vogel and wife have had four children.: Clinton Edison, Jacob Earl; Neva Mas and Anna Ada. In politics Mr. Vogel is a Republican, and he and his family are members of the Methodist church. HARMON VAN PATTEN, farmer, Section 28, Alto Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Schenectady County, N. Y., July 14, 1836, son of Simon Bartlett and Susan (Van Patten) Van Patten, natives of Glenville, Schenectady County, and Albany County, N. Y,, respec- tively. Harmon Van Patten's paternal great- grand father, Simon Van Patten, was a soldier in the Reloutionary War, and himself and wife assisted in throwing overboard the objection- able cargo of tea into Boston Haarbor. Harmon Van Patten spent his boyhood and youth on his father's farm in New York, and came to Lee County, 111., in 1859, having spent the pre- vious season in Detroit, Mich. During the first year of his residence in Lee County, he worked in the Willow Creek Nursery, and then attend- ed the Rock River Seminary, thus acquiring a good education. He was married March 17, 1861, to Hannah Nettleton, born July 26, 1838, daughter of Moses and Martha (Martin) Nettle- ton, natives of Canada. Toi Mr. and Mrs. Van Patten five children v/ere bom, viz.: Winnie B., wife of Lester Atwood of Langdon, Iowa; Min- nie Dell, wife of Hy P. Moon; Ernest M., who married Morda Stevens; John Frederick; and Mabel, wife of R. C. Clarke, of Aurora, 111. Mrs. Van Patten died Jan. 6, 1875, and on Sept. 5, 1878, Mr. Van Patten married for his second wife Nettie Fuller, and of this union there is one child, Marion Delight. Mr. Van Patten served as Assessor in 1863-4, as Town Clerk several terms, and was Township Treas- urer ten years. He has been a consistent mem- ber of the Methodist church for the past forty years. Mr. Van Patten gives his attention to general farming and breeding of high grade Norman and road horses. B. J. WHEELEIR, President State Bank of Paw Pav,r_ Paw Paw, 111., was born near Bangor, Maine, May 4, 1836, son cf Jacob and Martha (Drake) Wheeler, who came with team and wagon from the Pine Tree State to Lee County, 111., arriving at the latter place in November, 1845. B. J. Wheeler went overland to Cali- fornia in 1859. Returning to Lee County in 1863, he purchased a farm, and has been a resi- dent of Paw Paw since that time. For two years he was engaged in the hardware busi- ness, operated a grist mill for two' years, and established a creamery, which he conducted five years. In 1901,. on the organization of the State Bank of Paw Paw, he was elected President of that institution, and also conducts a real-estate business. On January 1, 1873, he married Clarissa Swarthout, and to them four children have been born — ^Addie, Frank, Jean- HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. b27 ette and Robert W. In politics Mr. Wheeler is a Republican, and socially belongs to the I. O. O. F. of Paw Paw. EBENEZER WOODBRIDGE (deceased) was born in Salem, Wayne County, Penn., Feb. 22, 1816, son of Joseph and Anna (Mollister) Wood- bridge, natives of Connecticut, where the family has been connected with Yale College in various capacities for many years. Ebenszer Woodbridge was raised in the State of New York, became a farmer, and in early life re- moved to Jay County, Ind., where he was a prominent pioneer and one of the leading men for fourteen years. He was always an ardent advocate of the temperance cause, and while living in Indiana was one of the Trustees of Liber College at Portland of the samis State. In 1855 he came to Lee County, 111., where he was engaged ia farming until his death, Dec. 10, 1888. In 1840 he married Eliza S. Ripley, daughter of John and Diana (Westfall) Ripley, natives of Connecticut and New Jersey, respec- tively. Four children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Wcodbridge, viz.: Sarah, Diana (Mrs. B. I. Hitchcock), Joseph and Egbert (deceased). Mrs. Woodbridge removed to Dixon im 1894, and she and her daughter. Miss Anna Wood- bridge, are attendants of the Presbytarian church of that city. The latter is also a mem- ber of the D. A. R., and Phidian Art Club. CHARLES W. WAGNER, farmer, Bradford ToT-'nship, Lee County, 111., was born in Brad- ford Township, May 13, 1865, son of Jacob and Sophia (Reiss) Wagner. He obtained his ed- ucation in the public schools, and remained on his father's farm until twenty-three years of age. In 1888 he married Anna C. Bauer, and to them cne child — Nellie Deloras — has been born. Mir. Wagner owns 160 acres of land in Bradford Township, which was a gift from his father. Ha and his wife are members of the Evangelical church, and in political views Mr. Wagner is a Republican. Mrs. Wagner's par- ents, Wolfgang and Christina (Schobert) Bauer, were natives of Bavaria, the former being born May 13, 1825, and died Jan. 9, 1902, while the latter v/as born June 5, 1834, and died May 4, 1897. They were married in their native country and became the parents of nine children — all daughters — two of whom were born before the parents came to America in 1856. STEPHEN A. WRIGHT, real-estate dealer. Paw Paw, 111., was born in DeKalb County, 111., ■Dec. 8, 1866, son of George and Elizabeth (Scott) Wright, natives of England and Illinois, respectively. Stephen A. Wright was educated in the public schools of DeKalb County, after- wards engaged as a farm-hand, but still later purchased land, and has since been engaged in farming, and in the conduct of a general real estate business. On November 6, 1889, he married Lillie Fleming, daughter of Peter and Charlotte (Edmonds) Fleming, and they have one daughter, Roberta. In 1896 Mr. Wright moved to Pav/ Paw, and built his present resi- dence. In political opinions he is a Republican. ALBERT WOODS, farmer, Wyoming Town- ship, Lee County, 111., was born in Belmont County, Ohio, Feb. 13, 1848, son of George and Susan (Coss) Woods. He accompanied his parents to Lee County in 1869, and settled en a farm adjoining the old homestead, where he has since resided, and now owns 120 acres. On February 15, 1876, he married .Jane Kline, daughter of William and Nancy (Norma-n) Kline, of Belmont County, Ohio, and they have three children.: Laura M., Walter V. and Wil- bur A. Mr. Woods is a Democrat in politics, and fraternally is a member of the I. O. O. F. His wife is a member of the Baptist church. CHARLES E. WEISZ, farmer. Palmyra ToY/nship, Lee County, 111., was born in Ger- many, March 7, 1848, son of Valentine and Elizabeth (Bernges) Weisz. His father came to America in 1855 and settled near Defiance, Ohio, where Valentine Weisz still resides, his wife having died when fifty years of age. Charles E. Weisz came to America in 1859, locating in Lea County, 111., in 1869, purchased bis present 100-acre farm in 1901. Mir. Weisz married Ellen McCavett, who died Feb. 27, 1897, leaving one son, Williami C. In 1899 Mr. WiOisz married for his second wife Maria J. Girton, daughter of Marshall Glrton who came from Pennsylvania in the early '40s and set- tled in Lee County, and of this union there are two children, Hazel Gladys and Clark Girton. Socially Mr. Weisz is a member of the I. O. 828 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. O. F., and the Knights of the Globe, In politics he is independent. CHARLES I. WILL, farmer and stock-raiser, South Dixon Township, Lee County, 111., was born in Somerset County, Penn., August 15, 1845, son of Hiram and Keziah (Meese) Will, natives of Pennsylvania, who located in South Dixon Township in 1865. Hiram Will is now living retired in Dixon, 111., while his wife died in Januairy, 1903. Peter Will, an uncle of Hi- ram Will, was a pioneer of Illinois, and Will County,, of the State, was named in his honor. On August 17, 1862, Charles I. Will enlisted in Company F, One Hundred and Forty-second Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, and was as- signed to the Army of the Potomac, participat- ing in the following battles: Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, BetheiSda Church, N^rth Ann River, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Weldon Rail- road, Hatcher's Run, Fort Steadman, Five Forks, and the final struggle at Appomattox. He was discharged in June, 1865. Mr. Hill lo- cated on his present farm in 1876, and now owns 400 acres in South Dixon Township. On Auugst 17, 1876, he married Marietta Moss- holder, daughter of Jacob and Mary (Flamm) Mossholder, and to them the following chil- dren were born: Ida F. (Mrs. Albert Hart- man), Myrtle M. and Ralph O. Mr. Will is a member of Dixon Post, No. 299, G. A. R. In political views he is a Republican. JOHN W. WEISHAAR, farmer and stock- breeder, Bradford Township, Lee County, 111., was born Dec. 27, 1864, son of Emrich and Anna B. (Merbach) Welshaar, natives of Lauterbach, Germany. Emrich Welshaar was born Feb. 3, 1834, came to Lee County in 1856, and on March 9, 1861, married Anna B. Mer- bach, and they were the parents of four chil- dren — Bmert, John W., Henry and Caroline. Mr. Welshaar bought land shortly after locat- ing in Lee County, and at the time of leaving the farm owned 420 acres. In 1897 he removed to Ashton, where he has since lived retired. On December 5, 1897, John W. Welshaar mar- ried Augusta Brunotte, and they have two children — Emrich August and Martha Annie. Mr. Welshaar occupies a part (240 acres) of the farm formerly owned by his father, known as the "Weishaar-Durham Short-horn Stock Farm," and devotes his attention 'to raising herds of pedigreed Durham short-horn cattle. In politics he is a Republican, and has served as School Director and Constable. In relig- ious belief he belongs to the Evangelical church, while his v/ife is a Lutheran. Mrs. Weishaar's parents v/ere born in the city of Hanover, Germany. Her mother died in the Fatherland, and in 1886 Mr. Brunotte brought his family to New York, where he died Dec. 19, 1892. JACOB WERTMAN (deceased), born in Lu- zerne (now a part of Bucks) County, Penn., son of Henry and Anna M. (Krymmin) Wert- man, natives of Pennsylvania; came to Lee County, 111., in 1838, and settled on Section 4, Nachusa Township, where he spent the remain- deir of his life. He was a carpenter by trade, and was employed in that line several years after locating in Lee County. February 20, 1851, he was married to Mary E., daughter of Solomon and Jane Shelhamer, who came to Lee County in 1837, and to them v/ere born four children: Charles, Thomas, Alice and Wil- lard L. Mr. Wertman died Jan. 23, 1892, and his wife Feb. 14, 1901. He was a Republican in politics, and in religious belief a German Lutheran. WILLARD L. WERTMAN, youngest son of Jacob Wertman, has had charge of his father's farm since 1883, and in 1902 became itS( owner by purchase from his father's estate. January 20, 1892, he married Sarah C, daughter of Alfred and Susan (Lambert) Smith, natives of Washington County, Md., who settled in Car- roll County, 111., in 1882. Mr. and Mrs. Willard L. Wertman have had four children: Mary, Naomi, Charles and Agnes. Mr. Wertman is a Republican politically and a member of Franklin Grove Lodges Knights of Pythias and Knights of the Globe. ISAAC N. WOODS, farmer, Wyoming Town- ship, Lee County, 111., was born in Belmont County, Ohio, Jan. 26, 1856, the son of George W. and Susan (Coss) Woods. Isaac N. Woods has been a farmer all his life, and now owns a farm of 120 acres two and a half miles south of Paw Paw, 111. He was married Nov. 29, 1883, to Mary E., daughter of Alexander and Mary J. Caruth, and to them six children — Arthur HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY." 829 R., Robert G., Bernice A., Irving G., Harold E. and Clifton — have been born. In political sen- timent he Is a Democrat, and in religious be- lief a Presbyterian, being a member of the church at Paw Paw. CAREY J. WHITE (deceased) was born at Peru, Clinton County, N. Y., April 10, 1835, the son of Jacob and Sairah (Chandler) White. Mr. White came to Illinois in March, 1871, mak- ing his first settlement in DeKalb County, but later in the same year removed to Wyoming Township, Lee County, where he spent the re- mainder of his life as one of the leading farm- ers of that vicinity. In October, 1855, he mar- ried Eunice Cobb, daughter of John and Lydia (Grandy) Cobb, who were also natives of the Empire State, and of this union there were nine children, six of whom survive, viz. : Edwin J., Elma J. (Mrs. Jacob Fisher), Marion- (a physician of Dixon, 111.), Chandler D., Earl C. and Merton A. In political sentiment Mr. White was a Republican. He died March 24, 1898. EDWIN J. WHITE, farmer, Wyoming Town- ship, Lee County, 111., was bora in Clinton County, N. Y., July 31, 1856, his birthplace being in the same house where his father came into life twenty-one years previously. When a boy fifteen years of age, he came, with his parents — Carey J. and Eunice (Cobb) White — to Illinois, and remained under the parental roof until 1886, when he went to Nebraska, where he was employed for two years in rail- road construction. He settled on the farm where he now resides, in 1889. In politics Mr. White is a Republican, and socially belongs to the Masonic Order and Knights of the Globe. JUDGE DAVID WELTY (deceased) was born Sept. 30, 1811, in Williamsville, Erie County, N. Y.; moved to Lee County in 1833, and from that time until his death — Jan. 13, 1885 — was a prominent citizen of the county. He was elected Probate Judge in 1854, and served two terms ; also held the ofiice of Drain- age Commissioner for several years. The Judge was married in 1834, in Buffalo, N. Y., to Seiraphina Scott, and they were the parents of thirteen children. Mrs. Welty died July 26, 1886. JOHN WEDLOCK, farmer, Lee Center Town- ship, Lee County, 111., born near Plymouth, England,; Feb. 1820, son of John and Ann Wed- lock; came to the United States in 1847, and a year later to China Township, Lee County, 111., and in 1856, located on the farm of 160 acres which he now owns. In 1859, Mr. Wed- lock married Mary J. Phillips, and to them were born four children: George, James, Clara and Vira. Mrs. Mary J. Wedlock died Feb. 6, 1876, and in 1879 Mr. Wedlock married Mrs. Anna L. Miller, daughter of Robert P. and Annie Hight, natives of Pennsylvania, who came to Lee County in 1846. Mrs. Wedlock is a member of the Congregational church, and Mr. Wedlock is a Republican, having cast his first Republican vote for Abraham Lincoln. Kyle Miller, a grandson of Mrs. Wedlock, was reared by Mr. and Mrs. Wedlock, and in No- vember, 1897, he married Eva La Tieo- Gentry, and theyl have two children — Floyd and May. COL. JOHN B. WYMAN (deceased) was born in Massachusetts, July 12, 1817. In 1852 he entered the service of the Illinois Central Rail- way Company, and assisted in the survey and construction of that road. At thel beginning of the Civil War, he was appointed Assistant Ad- jutant General of Illinois, and rendered valu- able aid in mustering into service the first six regiments of the State. At Amboy, 111., he recruited Company C, Thirteenth Regiment, Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and upon organi- zation of the regiment, was selected Colonel. He was mortally wounded at Chickasaw Bayou, Dec. 28, 1862. HON. LORENZO WOOD (deceased) was born in Vermont, in November, 1818. In 1842 he located in Dixon, 111., and v/as admitted to the bar; he was elected County Judge, holding office until 1852, when he resigned. He was later Master in Chancery, Internal Revenue Assessor, and for many years Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Lee County. Being constantly in public life for many years, he held many minor oflices in addition to those mentioned above. He was present at the organ- ization of the Republican party at Blooming- ton in 1856. Fraternally he was a prominent Mason. , JACOB WAGNER, farmer, Bradford Town- ship, Lee County, 111., was born in Reichen- 830 HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. sachsen, Kreis Eschwege, Kur H&ssen, Ger- many, Oct. 28, 1840, son of George and Maria (Fischbach) Wagner. In 1855 he came, with his parents, to Lee County, where his father died the same year, and his mother in 1870, being then in her sixty-eighth year. Jacob Wagner began working in a nursery when fifteen years of age, continuing until he reached his majority. He then purchased an 80-acre farm, to which he made subsequent additions, until his estate embraced 485 acres. In 1863 he married Sophia Reiss, daughter of Jacob and Julia (Schafer) Reiss, natives of Germany. Mrs. Wagner died in 1883, leaving ten children, viz.: Martha, Charles, John, George, Anna, Jacob, Mary, Emma, Sarah, and Minnie. On February 16, 1887, Mr. Wagner married his sec- ond wife, Anna Fernou, who was born in Ger- many, August 26, 1849, and of this union there is one son, Frederick. Mr. and Mrs. Wagner are members of the Reformed Evangelical church. In politics he is a Republican. GEORGE WOODS (deceased) was born in Jefferson County, Ohio, Oct. 28, 1820, son of William and Elizabeth Woods. In March, 1869, Mr. Woods and his family came to Lee County and purchased the present Woods homestead in Wyoming Township. He married Susan Coss, daughter of Abraham and Margaret Cctss, of Belmont County, Ohio, and they had eight children: Catherine A. (deceased), Albert, Mary R., Pinkney L., Isaac N., Maria L. (de- ceased), EfEe J. and Olive. In political views he was a Democrat, and in religious belief a Presbyterian. He died May 4, 1900, and his v/idow now resides at Paw, Paw, 111. ALEXIS R. WHITNEY (deceased) was born at Albion, Orleans Coiunty, N. Y., Feb. 22, 1824, son of Col. Nathan Whitney, who was famil- iarly known as "Father Whitney." Alexis R. Whitney came, with his parents, to Lee County in 1837, and later became prominently identi- fied with the interests of that section of coun- try. Hei was, for many years, proprietor of the Franklin Grove Orchard and Nursery Farm, which he established in 1843, and was also extensively engaged in the manufacture of cider and vinegar. On August 14, 1851, he married Mary J. Oakly, bornj in Hudson, N. Y., Oct. 10, 1830, and to them six children were born: Sarah J., Carrie L., Jessie R., Carrie Louise, Nathan A. and Mary J. In political convictions he was a Republican, and was the first Clerk of China Township, holding ofilce for six years. Fraternally he was a Thirty- second Degree Masop. Mr., Whitney died Dec. 15, 1897. COL. NATHAN WHITNEY (deceased), known far and wide as "Father Whitney," was born in Conway, Mass., Jan. 22, 1791. He came to Lee County in 1835, locating there perma- nently in 1837, and shortly afterwards was elected one of the Commissioners who organ- ized the County. Mr. Whitney was a promi- nent and influential citizen, and for many years took an active part in the development of Lee County. He became a Mason June 23, 1817, and was one of the charter members of Friend- ship Lodge, No. 7, of Dixon; was also one of the first members to receive the order of Sir Knight in the Dixon Commandery. The Nathan Whitney Chapter of Royal Arch Ma- sons wes named in his honor. He died June 11, 1891. EDWARD E. WINGERT,, attorney, Dixon, 111., was born at Franklin Grove, Lee County, 111., Nov. 13, 1866, son of Walter J. and Mary C. (Emmert) Wingert, natives of Ohio and Maryland, respectively. Walter J. Wingert came to Lee County in 1852, and is now a resident of Dixon. Edward E. Wingert obtained his education in Dixon, and the Uni- versity of Michigan, graduating from the law department of the latter institution in 1889, and locating in Dixon the same! year. For two years he taught languages in the Northern Illinois Normal School, and was also engaged in a similar capacity in the Law School for three years. He married, in 1892, Bessie E. Boardman, and to this union there are three children: Marjorie, Bessie and Edward B. In political sentiment he is a Republican, and served as City Attorney from 1890' to 1893, and again from 1902 to 1903. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. CAPTAIN GEORGE E. YOUNG (deceased) was born in Lee Center, Oneida County, N. Y., June 24, 1840, son of Franklin J. and Mary Ann (Ward) Young, who removed, with their family to Winnebago County, 111., in 1854. George E. Young came to Amboy in 1879, HISTORY OF LEE COUNTY. 831 where, for many years, he was engaged in the grocery business. On October 1, 1861, he en- listed in Company A, Fifty-second Illinois Vol- unteer Infantry, and served three years in de- fending his Nation's honor. He was chosen First Lieutenant at the organization of his regi- ment, and Oct. 7, 1862, was elected Captain, holding the command until mustered out of the service. On August 1, 1883, he married Miss Julia Tippie, who still survives. In political views he was a Democrat, and served as Mayor of Amboy several terms, and v/as Post- master of the same city eight years. Captain Young died at Pamonia, Cal., Nov. 7, 1892. THOMAS YOUNG, proprietor of the Nachusa House, Dixon, 111., was bom in Dodge County, Wis., in 1856, son of Thomas and Zemira (Flem- ing) Young. Thomas Young, Sr., was born in Devonshire, England, and came to the United States in 1830, locating first at Elmira, N. Y., where, in 1840, he married Zemira Fleming, the same year removing to Milwaukee, Wis., where he became a manufacturer and real estate dealer. Here he remained ^intil 1845, when he removed from Milwaukee to Beaver Dam, Wis., where he continued in the manu- facturing business until 1872. In 1872, as- sisted by his sons, Oscar A. and Thomas, he established a number of eating houses at dif- ferent points — Minnesota Junction and Madi- son, Wis.; Dixon, 111., and Eagle Grove, Iowa, on the Chicago & North-Western Railroad, — v/hich eventually induced him to locate at Dixon, 111., where, in 1887, he as- sumed management of the Waverly House, which he conducted until 1892. Mr. and Mrs. Young were the parents of nine children, five of whcm arej living, viz.: Charles M., Oscar A., Thomas, Zemira M. (who is housekeeper for her brother Thomas at the Nachusa House), and Leora (Mrs. J. Craney). Mr. Young died in 1892, and Mrs. Young in 1893. Thomas Young, Jr., obtained his education in the high school at Horicon, Wis., and in 1899, in part- nership with George Dewey, became proprietor of the Nachusa Housei at Dixon. In the spring of 1893 they sold their lease to a Mr. Orvis, who retained possession until September, 1899, when Mr. Young and John H. Schafer became proprietors. In April, 1900, Mr. Young bought his partner's interest, and is now sole proprie- tor of that hostelry, as well as the Assembly Park Hotel at North Dixon, and the Orient Hotel at Polo, 111. Socially he is a member of the Knights of Pythias, Knights of the Globe, Dixon Club, and Retail Merchants' Association. S. T. ZBLLER, grain dealer, firm of Zeller & Hutchison, Ashton, 111., was born in Warren County, Ohio, in 1853, son of A. J?, and Maria (Flickinger) Zeller. When an infant he was brought, by his parents, to Preble County, Ohio, where he attended the public schools, and remained on his father's farm until 1889. Coming to Lee County in the latter year, he conducted a grain elevator at Harmon for twelve years, the greater part of the time be- ing in partnership with A. E. Hutchinson. Withdrawing from the firm, Mr. Zeller removed to Sterling, where he was engaged for a time in a similar capacity, but on Jan. 1, 1901, dis- posed of his business at the latter place, and coming to Ashton, 111., again entered into part- nership with Mr. Hutchison, when they pur- chased the Knapp & Jennings Elevator, and the extensive stock yards adjacent, where stock is fed in transit on the North-Western Railroad. Under the firm name of Zeller & Hutchi- son they conduct an extensive business. In 1881 Mr. Zeller was married in Ohio to Caro- line Foster, and they have four children, viz.: Nellie, nov/ attending Oberlin Conservatory of Music, Oberlin, Ohio; Samuel, now a student in the State University of Michigan; Ruth, and Ralph. Mr. Zeller is a Repuhlican in political views, and, while a resident of Harmon, served as Town Clerk and Supervisor. Fraternally he belongs to the Masonic Order and M. W. A. 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