PA'TRMMI CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Library JK273 .C75 1919 olin 1924 030 467 363 The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://archive.org/details/cu31924030467363 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS BY CLYDE DAVIS CONNELLY (Mrs.A.H.) THE GRAFTERS PUB. CO. KANSAS CITY, MO. Copyright, 1919, by Clyde Davis Connelly PRESS SOUTHWESTERN JOURNAL CO. KANSAS CITY, MO. c^^^ CONTENTS. PAGE FOREWORD - 11 THE AMERICAN'S CREED 13 CHAPTER I— GOVERNMENT. GOVERNMENT -• 17 THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION 18 PREAMBLE IN OUTLINE 18 THE UNITED STATES - 19 THE DUTIES AND POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT 20 A CONGRESS 22 A STATE 22 THE GOVERNOR 23 A CITY 24 THE POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE MAYOR 25 A TERRITORY 26 THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 26 ALASKA 27 INSULAR TERRITORIES AND DEPENDENCIES 28 PORTO RICO 28 THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 29 GUAM AND SAMOA 30 THE PANAMA STRIP 31 INDIAN RESERVATIONS 31 NATIONAL PARKS 31 THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 32 USE OF THE GREAT SEAL - 33 CHAPTER II— THE ARMY. THE ARMY - 39 THE MOBILE ARMY AND COAST ARTILLERY 39 COMMISSIONED AND NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS 47 THE MILITIA 4T THE U. S. ARMY COMMANDS 48 CONTENTS regimental strength 49 Cavalry units 49 squadron 50 machine gun troop so company of infantry 50 insignia of the army - 51 u. s. military hat cords - 51 CHAPTER III— THE NAVY. THE NAVY - 65 THE NAVAL FORCES 66 NAVAL RANK OR RATING - - 67 U. S. NAVAL OFFICERS' COMMAND - 67 NAVAL BUREAUS - 68 THE STANDARD FLEET 58 NAVAL CONSULTING BOARD 59 IDENTIFICATION TAG - - 59 NAVY UNIFORMS - 60 THE MARINE CORPS 61 THE DUTIES OF THE MARINES 63 THE MARINE HOSPITAL . .. 64 THE COAST GUARD 65 PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE 66 THE LIGHT HOUSE SERVICE 67 AIRCRAFT - 67 WHY AIRMAN MUST TAKE CARE OF COMPASS 76 SEAPLANES - 79 SUBMARINES - - - 79 THE TANK 84 HISTORY OF THE TANK 87 TANKS WILL REMAIN PART OF THE U. S. ARMY 88 CONTENTS CHAPTER IV— THE FLAG. THE AMERICAN FLAG 93 THE CALL OP THE FLAG 93 GOD'S SERVICE FLAG 94 ANCESTRY OF THE AMERICAN FLAG - 95 DIMENSIONS OF THE FLAG 95 HISTORY OF THE FLAG 96 WASHINGTON'S COAT OF ARMS - 99 BEDFORD MINUTE MEN - - 100 THE MOULTREE FLAG 101 ORIGIN OF THE NAME OF "OLD GLORY" 102 FLAG DAYS - . 108 DISPLAY RULES FOR FLAG 103 THE SERVICE FLAG 107 OUR FLAG - 108 THE SALUTE 109 SALUTING 111 WHY WE SALUTE THE FLAG 113 SALUTING THE FLAG 113 GUN SALUTES - - - 114 ARMY AND NAVY REGULATIONS COVERING FLYING OF EMBLEM DIFFER 115 CEREMONIES FOR OBSERVING COLORS ON BOARD SHIPS IN COMMISSION - 117 AT SUNSET OR EVENING COLORS 117 THE AMERICAN'S PATRIOTIC SALUTE TO THE FLAG 118 THE NA'nONAL ANTHEM 118 CONTENTS CHAPTER V— MISCELLANEOUS. CAMPFIEE GIELS - - - - 121 BOY SCOUTS ... 122 ORIGIN OF "GONE WEST" - - - - 123 THE MEANING OF MORALE - 124 ORIGIN OF THE WORD, "BOyCOTT" 126 FIRST PUBLIC CELEBRATION WASHINGTON'S BIRTHDAY 125 THE DOUGHBOY - - 126 THE ORIGIN OF THE RED CROSS - - 126 "UNCLE SAM" ... - 127 THE HISTORY OF THE CAMOUFLAGE - 127 "BROTHER JONATHAN" 129 THE SHRAPNEL SHELL 129 NATIONAL COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 129 ARMISTICE - - 180 BUGLE CALLS - 180 NOTEWORTHY DAYS 132 MILESTONES ALONG THE PATH OF "OLD GLORY" 133 APRIL, MONTH OF COMMENCEMENT OF OUR GREAT WARS 134 FRIDAY "LUCKY DAY" IN REVOLUTION - 13B STATE MOTTOES - - . 13« SERVICE BAR ... 138 CHEVRONS .... . 138 THE DISTINGUISHED SERVICE CROSS - - 140 THE MEANING OF A GOLD V - 141 KITCHEN POLICE - . 141 FOREWORD The material in this book was gathered and presented to the Betsy Hall Society of the Chil- dren of the American Revolution in a study class. In bringing before these children salient facts from American history and from history in the making in the World's War, interest and enthusiasm was inspired. It was most encour- aging and delightful to teach these little im- pressive patriots. Finding this material on hand, it was suggested that it be put into book form, that not only other children's societies but men and women, who studied these things years ago, but now have forgotten them, may benefit from our study. The World War has turned many patriots, men, women and children to the study of governments, armies, navies, flags, and all things pertaining to civic and military affairs, so we, as American patriots, are particularly inter- ested in knowing more about our Constitution, our flag, our insignia and everything which nat- urally groups itself about our Government. I am publishing this book and trust it will add further, if ever so small, encouragement for loyal Americanism, which is true Patriotism. CLYDE DAVIS CONNELLY. THE AMERICAN'S CREED. I believe in the United States of America as a government of the people, by the people, for the people; whose just powers are derived from the consent of the governed ; a democracy in a repub- lic ; a sovereign Nation of many sovereign states ; a perfect union, one and inseparable; established upon those principles of freedom, equality, jus- tice and humanity for which American patriots sacrificed their lives and fortunes. I therefore believe it is my duty to my country to love it, to support its constitution, to obey its laws, to re- spect its flag and defend it against all enemies. GOVERNMENT. CHAPTER 1. GOVERNMENT. Government has grown slowly from the morn- ing of history to the present. Its growth cannot be forced by theory; it takes on new forms and develops only in response to changed conditions and new surroundings. Government is a product of man's social nature, and its quality is determined by his morals and daily conduct. The characteristic feature of all government is authority. Therefore, government may be de- fined as the rightful authority, one person exer- cises over another. Civil government is the regular and settled or- der of authority operative within a State. When this authority becomes the established rule of the State, it is usually known as law. Where civil government is properly organized and adminis- tered, it produces wholesome laws and mutual ad- vantage for those who come under its law. We recognize in our Civil Government six cor- porate bodies as follows: (1) the Nation; (2) the 17 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS State; (3) the City; (4) the County; (5) the Township; (6) the School District. Each of these groups of people must be re- garded as a unit, each occupying its own territory and exercising its own authority. THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION. The United States Constitution is a written in- strument of law operative upon the States and the people within the States, collectively and in- dividually. PREAMBLE IN OUTLINE. "We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the com- mon defense, promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Con- stitution for the United States of America. The Constitution of the United States was adopted, September 17, 1787, by convention. The Constitution was made by the representa- tives of the thirteen original States, as follows: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, North Carolina, Rhode Island. Vermont was the fourteenth State, the first adopted after the Union was formed. 18 GOVERNMENT THE UNITED STATES. It is a confederation of 48 States, divided into three parts: First — ^The legislative, the body that makes the laws, or Congress ; Second — ^The executive body, which enforces the laws; Third — ^The judicial department, which inter- prets the laws made by Congress. The laws of the United States are made by Congress, in Washington, D. C. Congress is composed of two parts, the House of Representatives and the Senate. A member of the House of Representatives is elected for two years by the people. The United States Senators are elected by the people for six years. Two Senators go from each State. The Speaker of the House of Representatives has voting power, but the Vice-President of the United States, v/ho is President of the Senate, has not, unless there is a tie. The President is the chief executive officer of the United States and is elected for four years. The people, through the electors, elect the Pres- ident of the United States. 19 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS THE DUTIES AND POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT. The President can veto the laws made by Con- gress. He can, with the consent of the Senate, make treaties with other nations. He appoints, with the consent of the Senate, the United States Supreme Court Judges, his Cabinet and some oth- er officers of the United States. He has the pow- er of granting reprieves and pardons for offenses committed against the United States. The President has command of the Army, as Commander-in-Chief through the medium of the Secretary of War, and the Chief of Staff. He may convene Congress whenever necessary. The President, with the consent of the Senate, appoints the Justices of the Supreme Court, Cir- cuit Court, District Court, Court of Claims, and his Cabinet, which are the heads of the nine executive departments, as follows : Secretary of State. Secretary of War. Secretary of Treasury. Attorney-General. Postmaster-General. Secretary of Navy. 20 GOVERNMENT Secretary of Interior. Secretary of Agriculture. Secretary of Labor and Commerce. If the President dies, or resigns, or is removed by impeachment, the Vice-President of the United States takes his place. If both the President and the Vice-President die or resign, the United States Secretary and in succession the Cabinet members take their places. The Vice-President acts as the President of the United States only in case of the death of the President or his impeachment. The duty of the Vice-President is to preside over the United States Senate. The United States Supreme Court Judges are appointed for life and can be removed only by im- peachment. The Constitution may be amended by a two- thirds majority of both houses of Congress and approved by three-quarters of the States. The United States obtains revenue to carry on its affairs by taxation which is levied by Con- gress. The word, taxes, embraces all the regular im- positions of government upon persons, property, 21 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS privileges, occupations, in order to raise public revenue. Duties and imposts are usually applied to taxes on imports and exports. Excises are the taxes laid upon the manufac- ture, sale, or consumption of goods within the country. A CONGRESS. A Congress is all the sessions, regular and spe- cial, of the Senate and House of Representatives from March the fourth one odd year to March the fourth the next odd year. The long session of a Congress is the first regu- lar session of a Congress, beginning the first Mon- day in December and extending into the follow- ing summer, usually to June or July. The short session is the second regular session of a Congress, beginning the first Monday in De- cember following the adjournment of the long ses- sion, and extending only to the fourth of March next, the close of that Congress. A special session is a session beginning any other time than the first Monday in December, the time set by the Constitution for the begin- ning of the sessions. A STATE. A state is controlled by the United States Gov- 22 GOVERNMENT ernment, only so far as the Government does not interfere with the state's rights. The state has entire power of making its own laws and electing its officers. It sends two Senators to the United States Senate and Representatives according to its population. A state has a written Constituion, a Legislature (consisting of two Houses), a Gov- ernor and state officers elected by the people. The state supports a system of public schools, and provides for the amendment of its Consti- tution. THE GOVERNOR. The Governor is elected by the people at the general State elections. The powers of the Governor are to approve or veto bills made by the State Legislature; to con- vene the Legislature (or Senate alone) on extra- ordinary occasions ; to communicate by a message with the Legislature at every session as to the condition of the State and recommend such mat- ters as he finds necessary; to grant reprieves or pardons or commute the sentence of those con- victed of crime by the State ; and to appoint, with the advice and consent of the State Senate, cer- tain officials of the State. The Lieutenant-Governor presides over the State Senate. If the Governor dies, the Lieutenant-Governor takes his place. 23 PACTS FOR PATRIOTS The following officers are appointed by the Governor with the consent of the State Senate: Superintendent of Public Works. Superintendent of State Prisons, Superintendent of Banking. Superintendent of Insurance. Superintendent of Public Buildings. Commissioners of Taxes. Commissioners of Health. Commissioners of Labor, efc. A CITY. A city is an inhabited place, a municipjJity, in- corporated and governed, usually, by a mayor and a board of aldermen, or by a city council, consist- ing of a board of aldermen and a board of coun- cilmen. There is no uniformity in the legal char- acteristics of a city throughout the United States. In most states the name city denotes a munici- pality ranking higher in population than a town. The powers of a city are given and can be taken away by the state. A city functions in the following manner: 1. Supports the public schools. Cares for the public health and builds public buildings. 24 GOVERNMENT 2. Helps the poor and unfortunate. 3. Issues licenses for trade, also assesses and collects taxes. 4. Repairs roads, improves the streets and builds bridges. 5. Establishes and supports courts of the lower grades. The Chief Magistrate of a city is the Mayor, who is elected by the people. THE POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE MAYOR. The Mayor enforces the laws and appoints most of the heads of the departments in the city government, and may remove any city official holding office by his appointment. He has the power to approve or veto bills. The Board of Aldermen makes the laws of the city, with the Mayor acting as chairman. An Alderman is elected for two years. If the Mayor dies or resigns, or is removed, the President of the Board of Aldermen takes his place. The following officers are appointed by the Mayor: The Corporation Counsel The Chamberlain. 25 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS Police Commissioners. Commissioners of Health, Members of the Board of Education. Commissioner of Tenement Houses. Judges to the Court of Interior. City Magistrates, etc. A TERRITORY. A territory is incorporated into and forms an integral part of the Unites States, but is under a provisional government. The inhabitants are citizens of the United States. A territory is governed by Congress, which has supreme power. THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Hawaii was annexed by joint resolution of Congress in 1898, July 7. In 1900 Congress provided for a territorial form of government for the territory of Hawaii, con- sisting of a legislative, an executive and judicial department. The Legislature consists of a Senate and a House of Representatives elected by the voters of Hawaii. The executive power is lodged in a Governor and territorial Secretary appointed by the President. 26 GOVERNMENT Attorney-General, Treasurer, a Superintendent of Public Instruction, an Auditor and several oth- er administrative officers are appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate of Hawaii. The territorial courts consist of a Supreme Court and Circuit Courts, the judges are appointed by the President of the United States. Hav/aii has one delegate, elected bienially by the people. The act annexing Hawaii conferred upon the citizens the rights of citizenship of the United States. ALASKA. In 1912 Congress vested the legislative power of the territory of Alaska in an elective Legisla- ture, consisting of a Senate and House of Repre- sentatives. The Governor is appointed by the Pres- ident of the United States. The Governor has the veto power, but his veto may be overruled by a two-thirds vote of all the members of each house. All laws passed by the territorial Legislature must be transmitted by the Governor to the Pres- ident and by him submitted to Congress, if disap- proved by Congress the law becomes null and void. Alaska has its other executive officers, a Secretary, Treasurei' and a Superintendeni, of Ed- ucation, and is divided in four judicial divisions with a judge for each. Alaska has a territorial Delegate in the House of Representatives, who is elected every two years by popular vote and re- ceives the same salary as other members of Con- gress. He serves on Committees and may speak 27 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS on all questions pertaining to his territory but has no vote. INSULAR TERRITORIES AND DEPENDENCIES. An Insular Bureau was established July 1, 1910, to take charge of all matters pertaining to the civil government of Porto Rico, which was occu- pied July 25, 1898, by military force under General Miles, also the Philippines, August 13, 1898, by Admiral Dewey. On February 8, 1907, this Bureau exercised immediate supervision and con- trol of Santo Domingo. This Bureau is under the jurisdiction of the War Department. Guam was seized by the United States during the war with Spain, 1898, and the Samoan group was acquired by treaty in 1900. These groups of islands are under control of the Navy Department. PORTO RICO. In April, 1900, a government was provided for Porto Rico; a Governor, Secretary, Attorney-Gen- eral, Treasurer, an Auditor, a Commissioner of the Interior and a Commissioner of Education, being appointed by the President of the United Sta'tes for four years. The Legislature, that is the upper house, consists of the officers named (not includ- ing the Governor) and five other native persons appointed by the United States. The lower branch consists of delegates elected by the voters of the island for a term of two years. The Governor can veto the act of the Legislature. The Supreme 28 GOVERNMENT Court, composed of judges for life, or good be- havior, are appointed by the President. The Dis- trict Courts are presided over by Judges ap- pointed by the Governor. In Municipal Courts the Judges are elected by the people. They elect a Commissioner every two years and while he is not a delegate by the prace of the House of Repre- sentatives, he has the right to spea and be on Committees. Porto Rico is a Dependency. THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. The Philippine Islands were ceded to the United States in 1899 by the treaty of Paris. It was not intended to incorporate the inhabitants into citi- zenship of the United States, nor to annex said islands as an integral part of the territory. It is the intention of the United States to prepare them for self government and in due time to make such disposition of the Islands as will best promote the interests of the citizens of the United States and the inhabitants of said Islands. In 1917 the legis- lative power was vested in the Philippine Legisla- ture, consisting of two houses elected by the quali- fied voters. Members of both houses must be resi- dents of the Island. Any law enacted by the Legis- lature must be confirmed by the Governor Gen- eral, who can veto a law, whose veto may be over- ruled by the Legislature. A law passed over the head of the Governor General is sent to the Presi- dent for approval or disapproval ; if the President 29 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS approves, it becomes a law, if not it is lost. The Governor-General and Vice-Governor (who is the head of the department of education, and an audi- tor, are all appointed by the President of the United States. The Philippine Islands have no delegate in Congress, but send two Commissioners who appear before the Committees of Congress and represent the interests of the Islands. The ju- dicial system consists of a Supreme Court, a Chief Justice, and six Associate Justices. The Judges of the Provincial Courts and the Justices of the Peace are appointed by the Governor. Cases may be carried to the Supreme Court of the United States. The Philippine Islands are divided into provinces and the provinces into municipalities; each prov- ince has a Governor, Secretary, Treasurer and Su- pervisor of Public Buildings, Roads, Bridges. The provincial officers, except the Governor, are ap- pointed by the Commission. The municipality has a Mayor and a body of municipal councilors elected by the qualified voters of the municipality. These Municipal Councilors elect the Governor of the province. The Commission has large control over the province and the province has large control over the municipality. GUAM AND SAMOA. Governmental power is vested in the naval of- ficers who happen to be in command. 30 GOVERNMENT THE PANAMA STRIP. The Panama Strip consists of a zone of land ten miles wide extending five miles on each side of the central line of the route of the canal. It has a Governor, appointed by the Presi- dent. The Canal is neutral, being free and open to the vessels of commerce and war of all nations that pay toll. The United States even pays toll. It is provided by treaties that the Canal shall never be blockaded. No act of hostility shall ever be committed in it. Warships must pass without delay and no belligerent vessel while in the Canal may embark or disembark troops or munitions of war. INDIAN RESERVATIONS. The National Government has from time to time marked off and reserved certain lands for the use of the Indian. The Navajo Reservation in Arizona is larger than the State of Maryland. In- dian affairs are under the management of the In- dian office, a bureau in the Department of the In- terior. NATIONAL PARKS. The National Government has set off several large tracts of land to be used as parks, and they are under the supervision of the Secretary of the Interior. The Yellowstone National Park, located in Wyoming, Montana and Idaho, has over 2,000,000 31 PACTS FOR PATRIOTS acres and is much larger than the State of Dela- ware. The Glacier National Park in Montana has nearly 1,000,000 acres and is larger than the State of Rhode Island. Piatt National Park is in Oklahoma. The Yosemite National Park is in California. The Mount Ranier National Park is in Wash- ington. The Crater National Park is in Oregon. Each has a resident Superintendent. THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. The government of the District of Columbia (by our Constitution) is invested exclusively in Congress. The District is governed by a board of three Commissioners appointed by the Presi- dent. Two of the Commissioners are from civil life, the other must be an officer of the army. This board exercises not only executive power, but acts in many respects as a legislature and reg- ulates all matters affecting the life, health, and comfort of the people. Washington is in the District of Columbia and has no district Legislature of its own, but enjoys the services of the greatest legislative body of the country, for Congress keeps its eye upon the af- 32 GOVERNMENT fairs of the District and devotes certain days to the consideration of District business. When legislating for the District, Congress acts as a city council, Senators and Representa- tives discussing topics of local government, as re- pairing streets, etc. The judicial system of the District consists of a Court of Appeals, a regular trial court called the Supreme Court, a Police Court for the trial of pet- ty offenses and municipal regulations. Justices of the Peace are provided for the trial of certain kinds of civil cases, all appointed by the President. The District of Columbia has no delegate in Congress. The citizens of the District of Columbia do not vote in National or State elections. The District of Columbia was ceded to the United States by Maryland and Virginia in 1790 as the permanent seat of the federal government. USE OF THE GREAT SEAL. When the Continental Congress made the Great Seal of the national arms, it intended that the de- vice should pass into common use among the peo- ple, as the flag has done, and, like the flag, the arms at first met with general approval, which soon gave place to an acceptance of it as an em- blem of the power and sovereignty of the United States. 33 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS The seal itself has, of course, a very limited use, which is strictly guarded by law. The Sec- retary of State is its custodian, but even he has no authority to affix it to any paper that does not bear the President's signature. At the present time the seal of the United States is affixed to the commissions of all Cabinet officers and diplomatic and consular officers who are nominated by the President and con- firmed by the Senate; to all ceremonious com- munications from the President to the heads of foreign governments; to all treaties, conventions, and formal agreements of the President with for- eign powers; to all proclamations by the president; to all commissions of exequatur to foreign consular officers in the United States who are appointed by the heads of the governments which they represent; to war- rants by the President to receive persons surren- dered by foreign governments under extradition treaties; and to all miscellaneous commissions of appointments which are not now especially direct- ed by law to be signed under a different seal. The great seal of the United States was adopted by Congress 137 years ago. The design was sug- gested by Sir John Preswich, an eminent English antiquary, to John Adams, then United States Minister to Great Britain, and was formally ac- cepted by Congress on June 20, 1782. It is com- posed of a spread eagle, bearing on its breast an escutcheon with thirteen stripes, and in its talons 34 GOVERNMENT holding an olive branch and thirteen arrows, sym- bolic of both peace and war. The eagle, the sug- gestion of an Englishman, has ever since been the national bird of the United States. On January 1, 1883, Theodore F. Frelinghuy- sen, then Secretary of State, recommended that a new seal be cut and asked Congress for an ap- propriation of $1,000. This was granted on July 7, 1884. The work of designing a new seal was begun immediately, and on December 13, 1884, Tiffany and Company, of New York, submitted a seal which was designed in strict conformity to the rules of heraldry, but which did not materi- ally differ from the original design of 1782. This seal was adopted. THE ARMY CHAPTER II THE ARMY. The Army of the United States consists of the Regular Army, sometimes called the "Standing Army," the Volunteer Army, the Officers' Re- serve Corps, the Enlisted Reserve Corps, the Na- tional Guard, when in federal service, and such other units as may be provided by law. The Organized Land Militia, or State Militia, when called into the service of the United States, is practically the same as the so-called National Guards of the several states, and such volunteers and drafted men as may be authorized by Con- gress from time to time as occasion demands. The land forces, however raised, are divided into the Mobile Army and the Coast Artillery. THE MOBILE ARMY AND COAST ARTILLERY The infantry, field artillery and cavalry are known as the Mobile Army. The Coast Artillery has charge of the fixed and movable elements of land and coast fortifications, and of submarine mines. Machine gun detachments are parts of infantry regiments. Aviation is included in the 39 PACTS FOR PATRIOTS Signal corps. A permanent military post is termed a "Fort," and a temporary post is called a "Camp." The Regular Army is divided into the Infantry, Cavalry, Field Artillery, Coast Artillery Corps, Engineer Corps, Signal Corps, including Aviation Section, Quarter-master Corps, Ordnance Corps, Judge Advocate's Corps, Inspection General's Corps and Medical Corps. The Regular Army is composed of the West Point Military Academy graduates, or those who have passed examinations for permanent second lieutenancies or such reserve officers as may be assigned provisionally. The enlisted men of the Regular Army are volunteers or those assigned from the selective draft. In times of peace officers of the Reserve are liable to service in the field for fifteen days every year. In time of actual or threatened hostilities the President may order members of the Officers' Reserve Corps, subject to physical examination, to temporary duty with the Regular Army, or as officers in volunteer or other organizations au- thorized by law or to other duties in connection with the service. They may be promoted to va- cancies in volunteer organizations or the Regular Army. They receive the regular pay and allow- ances of their grades. The National Guard is organized by States for interior State protection in time of peace. It is 40 THE ARMY subject to call for special service, or to draft by the Federal Authorities under the National De- fense Act of June 3d, 1916. When drafted into Federal service the guard becomes part of the armed forces of the United States, and while in service is outside the control of the States and receives the same pay and allowances as that of the officers and enlisted men of similar grade in the Regular Army and is subject to the same laws, regulations and discipline as the Regular Army. The land forces are organized into Field Ar- mies, the basis of the organization being the di- vision. The Division as prescribed in the United States Army is an organization containing all of the arms and service necessary for independent ac- tion. Divisions are sub-divided into grades which are divided into regiments. The Infantry consists of foot soldiers of the army and constitutes its main fighting element. A regiment of infantry is usually composed of three battalions of four companies each. The Cavalry is the eyes and ears of the army, and searches out the enemy and secures informa- tion relative to its strength, disposition and move- ments. The Cavalry, commanded by a Colonel, consists of three squadrons, commanded by Majors; each 41 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS squadron comprising four troops, commanded by Captains. The Artillery prepares the way for victory by long range guns, with shrapnel and shell, while the infantry advances for the main attack. Field Artillery is commanded by Colonel and consists of two battalions, commanded by Majors; each battalion comprising three batteries, com- manded by Captains. Regiment of Engineers, commanded by Colonel, consists of two battalions, commanded by Majors ; each battalion comprising three companies com- manded by Captains. Battalions of Mounted Engineers, commanded by Major, consist of three companies, commanded by Captains. Field Signal Battalions, commanded by Major, consist of three companies, commanded by Cap- tains. Aero Squadrons, commanded by Major, consist of four sections, commanded by Captains or First Lieutenants. The Coast Artillery is organized into companies, the number of companies in any one command de- pending upon the size of the forts to be garri- soned. Signal Corps Troops are organized into com- panies and larger organizations according to the duties assigned to them. 42 THE ARMY Quartermaster Corps is charged with providing the supplies required and with the transportation of both men and supplies. The Medical Corps has charge of the hospitals and the personnel required by them both, at the permanent stations and in the field. For this purpose the corps is organized into ambulance companies and field hospitals. Chaplains are assigned to regiments and other organizations, if required. Veterinarians are commissioned officers to the Cavalry and Field Artillery. The General Staff Corps is composed of offic- ers detailed by the President for a term of four years. The Chief of Staff is not to be below the grade of Brigadier General, and is the military adviser of the Secretary of War. It is the duty of the General Staff Corps to study military problems, to work out plans for national defense and mobilization of the military forces, and to supervise all questions effecting the efficiency of the army and its preparedness for military operations. In war, officers of the Gen- eral Staff Corps are assigned to duty with gen- erals in the field and the senior of such officers acts as chief of staff to the Commanding Gen- eral in the field. The administration of the army and the war de- partment is effected under the Secretary of War, through the Chief Staff by various bureaus. 43 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS In addition to the three different fighting arms, — Infantry, Cavalry and Artillery, — there are nine branches known as the staff corps and departments. They do not fight physically, but assist in fighting and provide everything needed. Few people have an idea of these branches of the service. They are: (1) General Staff Corps; (2) Adjutant General's Department; (3) Inspector (Jeneral's Department; (4) Judge Advocate Gen- eral's Department; (5) Engineer Corps; (6) Sig- nal Corps; (7) Medical Department; (8) Quarter- master Corps; (9) Ordnance Department. The first four branches are composed entirely of ex- perienced and capable officers. The other five include enlisted men as well as officers. 1. General Staff Corps is the "Brains of the Army," studying military problems and reporting to the Chief of Staff of the Army. Some of the members serve with and assist generals in the field. While on this duty the senior General Staff officer acts as Chief of Staff of the Commanding General. This position is not to be confused with that of Chief of Staff of the Army, who has gen- eral supervision of all military operation, both at home and in the field. 2. The Adjutant General's Department has charge of all the records relating to officers and enlisted men, issues orders to carry out the wishes of the commanding officer, and carries on mili- tary correspondence. In every battalion and reg- iment, one of the officers of the line is detailed as 44 THE ARMY "adjutant" to perform for his organization the duties of this office. 3. The Inspector General's Department takes cognizance of everything and reports on the skill and fitness of officers and troops. An officer of this Department frequently reviews troops, ex- amines the arms, looks into equipment, goes over the books, and sends unbiased reports of condi- tions. 4. The Judge Advocate General's Department is the legal department of the army, passes on legal questions, acts as law representative in mili- tary courts, and keeps the legal records of the army. The Provost Marshal General enforces the selective service law. 5. The Engineer Corps are the skilled work- men of the army. They build camps and entrench- ments, military roads, railways and bridges. They lay mines under enemy's fortifications and trenches. While not essentially a fighting branch of the army, engineers often play a decis- ive part under fire, as in the erection of bridges. 6. The Signal Corps has charge of the con- struction, repairs and operation of military cables, telegraph and telephone lines. Also the radio in- stallations, balloon trains and the preparation and distribution for all the necessary supplies for coast defense and all military signals. It also has charge of the books, papers and all instruments. The Signal Corps is really the nerve system, by 45 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS which information is transmitted to the brain of the army. The Aviation Section of the Signal Corps was established July 18, 1914. 7. The Medical Department. This Depart- ment does two things: First, it looks after the health of all in camp, in transport, and on the field. It looks out for cleanliness, good food and sanitary conditions. Second, it takes care of the sick and the wounded. The Medical Department includes the Dental Corps, the Hospital Corps, and the Nurse Corps. Its officers are experienced physicians and surgeons. Its enlisted men are carefully trained to care for the sick and wound- ed. All men carry a "first-aid" packet so they can assist themselves, or a stricken comrade. 8. Quartermaster Corps. This is the business end of the army. It feeds, clothes, provides trans- portation, buys horses and mules, takes charge of all funds and pays all officers and men. The scale of fighting is now so vast that the business of this Corps has been magnified to such a degree that the officers of this Corps must be business men of the highest type. 9. The Ordnance Department. This some- what resembles the Quartermaster Corps, except that the supplies are guns, ammunition and fight- ing supplies. Large arsenals and government gun works provide some of the material, and the rest is contracted for. Ammunition, particularly, is of great weight and enormous quantities are used. 46 THE ARMY COMMISSIONED AND NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS. Military rank is that character or quahty be- stowed on military persons, which marks their station and confers power to exercise command or authority in the military service within the law. The Commissioned Officers receive a certificate of authority or rank, or both, from the President, who is authorized to make out and deliver, after the adjournment of the Senate, commissions for all officers whose appointments have been ad- vised and consented to by the Senate. The Non-Commissioned men are enlisted men, accepted for a definite period of seven years and given an appointment, or warrant, by their imme- diate military superiors ; they hold the rank inter- mediate between that of a commissioned officer and a private. The position of non-commissioned officers in garrison, field, camp or on the march, in peace and in war, is most imi)ortant. The appointed officers in the Army are: Avi- ators, Army Field Clerks, Field Clerks, Quarter- master Corps and Cadets at the Military Acad- emy. THE MILITIA The Militia includes every able-bodied male citi- 47 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS zen, between the ages of 18 and 45, within a State. The organized Militia and military force organ- ized by the State is sometimes called the Home Guards. Congress has given the President the power to call out the Militia. The two advantages of the Militia system are: Very little money is required to support it. The able-bodied men are engaged in useful oc- cupations when not needed as soldiers. The Militia receive no pay when not in service; the regulars receive a fixed monthly salary. The regulars are always ready to act. THE U. S. ARMY OFFICERS' COMMANDS. General An Army Lieutenant-General Army corps of two divisions. Major General Army division of 27,152 men. Brigadier General Brigade of two regiments. Colonel, Lieutenant-Colonel second in command Regiment of 3755 men, i. e., three battalions of 1025 men, the balance being machine gun company, supply company, headquarters com- pany, and medical detachment. Major Battalion of 1025 men. Captain - Company of 256 men- 48 THE ARMY First Lieutenant. Second in command of com- pany. Second Lieutenant Platoon of 59 men. Sergeant. Second in command of platoon. Corporal _ Sqad of 8 men. REGIMENTAL STRENGTH Regimental full strength: Infantry (2002 men, 56 officers) Cavalry ....._ (1520 men, 59 officers) Artillery (24 guns, 1290 men, 47 officers) Artillery (24 heavy guns, 1321 men, 51 officers) Artillery, Mountain — _..(24 guns, 1040 men, 41 officers) Engineers (1061 men, 37 officers) Battalions of Mounted Engineers - (369 men, 18 officers) Field Signal Battalions _-- _ (245 men, 14 officers) Aero Squadrons (12 aeroplanes, 154 men, 19 officers) CAVALRY UNITS Cavalry Unit shall consist of one colonel, one lieutenant-colonel, three majors, sixteen sec- ond lieutenants, one headquarters troop, one ma- chine gun troop, one supply troop and twelve troops organized into three squadrons of four troops each. One chaplain and twenty-eight of- 49 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS ficers and men of the Medical Department are as- signed to each regiment. SQUADRON Squadron shall consist of one major, one first lieutenant (squadron adjutant) , and four troops. Each troop in squadron shall con- sist of one captain, one first lieutenant, one second lieutenant, one first sergeant, one mess sergeant, one supply sergeant, one stable sergeant, five sergeants, eight corporals, two cooks, two horseshoers, one saddler, two buglers, ten privates (first class), and thirty-six privates. MACHINE GUN TROOP Each machine gun troop shall consist of one captain, one first lieutenant, two second lieuten- ants, one first sergeant, one mess sergeant, two horseshoers, five sergeants, six corporals, two cooks, one mechanic, one saddler, two buglers, twelve privates (first class), and thirty-five pri- vates. COMPANY OF INP^ANTRY Each infantry company consists of one captain, one first lieutenant, one second lieutenant, one first sergeant, one mess sergeant, one supply ser- geant, six sergeants, eleven corporals, two cooks, two buglers, one mechanic, nineteen privates (first class) , and fifty-six privates. This number may be increased by the president in his discre- 50 THE ARMY tion by two sergeants, six corporzils, one cook, one mechanic, nine privates. INSIGNIA OF THE ARMY General Officers _ Stars Infantry _ Two crossed rifles Cavalry Two crossed sabres Field Artillery .Two crossed cannons Engineers A castle Aviation A globe with wings Q. M. Corps An eagle on a wheel Signal Corps Two crossed flags Ordnance A flaming bomb Medical - Winged staff and serpents Musicians A bugle U. S. MILITARY HAT CORDS A cord of light blue, signifies the wearer be- longs to the Infantry. The red cord — Artillery. The yellow cord — Cavalry. The buff cord — Quartermaster's. The red and white — Engineers' Corps. The orange and white — Signal Corps. The red and black — To the Ordnance. The black and white— To the Field Clerk. The maroon and white — To the Medical Corps. 51 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS The black and gold — To the Officers' Corps. The silver and black — ^To the Adjutant Gener- al's Clerk. The green — ^To the Instruction Home Guards. The green and white — To the Home Guards. The green and white — For the Corps of Inter- preters and Corps of Intelligence Police. Gray — For Tank Service. Scarlet and white — For Chemical Service, used by Engineers' Corps. 52 THE NAVY CHAPTER III THE NAVY The Navy of the United States consists of the Regular Navy and the Marine Corps. The Naval Militia of the several states and ter- ritories, also the Coast Guard and Lighthouse Service are transferred to the jurisdiction of the Navy Department, in time of war. The Navy is divided for the purpose of Com- mand and Organization into Forces, Squadrons, Divisions, and Sections. A fleet is an aggregation of various classes in one organization under one command. The fleets are subdivided and they are made up of the vessels of a fleet that are the same class or type that are assigned to perform the same duty. A fleet may be commanded by a flag officer. A squadron or division, by a flag officer, cap- tain, or commander. A torpedo or submarine group, by a captain, commander or lieutenant commander. 55 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS A naval station, by a rear admiral, captain or commander. Torpedo boat destroyers, by lieutenant com- manders or lieutenants. A flotilla is a squadron of torpedo vessels. A complete organized fleet consists of battleship force, scout force, cruiser force, destroyer force, submarine force, mine force, train force (ships and repair vessels and transports) . A Section consists of two vessels of the larger classes, or three vessels of the smaller classes. Squadrons consist of two divisions, although the number in each subdivision may be varied to suit special occasions. A first class vessel is given the name of a State. A second-class vessel is given the name of a city or river. A third-class vessel is given a name by the Pres- ident. THE NAVAL FORCES The Naval Forces are named as follows: Battleship Force; 56 THE NAVY Scout Force (including battle cruisers, armored cruisers and scouts) ; Cruiser Force (including gunboats) ; Destroyer Force; Mine Force; Train. NAVAL RANK OR RATING Admiral of the Navy Midshipman Vice Admiral Chief Petty Officer Rear Admiral Petty Officer, 1st class Commodore Petty Officer, 2nd class Captain Petty Officer, 3rd class Commander Seaman, 1st class Lieutenant-Commander Seaman, 2nd class Lieutenant Seaman, 3rd class Lieutenant (Jr. grade) Commissary Branch Ensign Messman Branch U. S. NAVAL OFFICERS' COMMANDS Admiral - A fleet Vice-Admiral A division of a fleet Rear Admiral _..... A battleship squadron Captain A battleship, cruiser, fleet of de- stroyers or submarine flotilla Commander ^.Smaller ships Lieutenant-Commander Destroyer fleet, submarine fleet, etc. 57 PACTS FOR PATRIOTS Lieutenant Destroyer, torpedo boat, submarine, etc. Lieutenant, Junior Grade _ Submarine, torpedo boat, etc. Ensign Submarine or smaller ships NAVAL BUREAUS The business of the Navy Department is dis- tributed among several bureaus, as follovi^s: Bureau of Yards and Docks. Bureau of Equipment. Bureau of Navigation. Bureau of Ordnance. Bureau of Construction and Repair. Bureau of Steam Engineering. Bureau of Supplies and Accounts. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. THE STANDARD FLEET In time of peace, consists of: One ship as battleship of the commander, and Battleship divisions of two sections of two bat- tleships each. (Two divisions compose a squad- ron.) Battle and armored cruiser divisions consisting 58 THE NAVY of two sections of two vessels each. (Two divis- ions compose a squadron.) Scout divisions, of two sections of three vessels each, except as to battle cruisers and armored cruisers. (Three divisions compose a squadron.) Cruiser divisions, including gunboats, consisting of two sections of three vessels each. (Three di- visions compose a squadron.) Destroyer and submarine divisions consist of two sections of three vessels each. Three of these compose a flotilla, which may, however, consist of only two divisions. There will be a tender for each flotilla which may, however, consist of only two divisions. There will be a tender for each flotilla destroyer and each division of submarines, though twelve small submarines may have but one ten- der. NAVAL CONSULTING BOARD This Board consists of about twenty-five mem- bers, who are civilians, eminent in the arts and sciences and in invention. The members are ap- pointed by the President on the recommendation of eleven national technical societies. When called upon, this board advises the Secretary of the Navy on technical subjects connected with naval warfare. IDENTIFICATION TAG Every officer and enlisted man of the U. S. Navy on active duty is required to wear an identi- 59 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS fication tag, which consists of an oval plate of metal, one and one-quarter inches by one and one-half inches in size, suspended from the neck by a monel metal wire encased in a cotton sleeve. On one side of the tag is etched the finger print of the right index finger of the officer or man wearing the tag and on the other side, for officers the letters "U. S. N.," the surname and initials, the rank and the date of commission or appoint- ment ; for enlisted men the letters "U. S. N.," the surname and initials, the month, day and year of enlistment expressed in numerals thus "1.5.1916," and the month, day and year of birth similarly ex- pressed. A copy of the finger print of each officer and enlisted man in the Naval Service is also kept on file at the Bureau of Navigation of the Navy De- partment in Washington, D. C. These tags are for the purpose of identification in case of death or wounds so serious as to pro- duce unconsciousness. NAVY UNIFORMS A reason for flaring trousers in the navy is that they are really the most prac- tical for duty on shipboard. Because of the looseness, they may be rolled up snugly to the knees when the sailor is on the decks, and the kneeflare also prevents them from binding at the knee, when the bluejacket is required to go 60 THE NAVY aloft. Another important advantage of the loose- ness is that, combined with the arrangement of the buttons on the side, the trousers may be eas- ily slipped off in the water. The thirteen buttons across the top of the trousers are supposed to represent the thirteen original states. The custom of wearing the black tie, prescribed by regulation for American Bluejackets, was handed down from the British Navy. It was worn by the sailors of that fleet in memory of Nelson after the death of the great naval hero. The three stripes bordering the collar commemo- rate three great victories won by Nelson. The bit of white undershirt showing at the neck is associated with the famous American Ad- miral, Farragut. After his death the sail in which his body was lowered to the water was divided among his sailors with the request that the pieces be worn across their chests. This established the custom of wearing a white Dickey, which is now replaced by the portion of the undershirt. THE MARINE CORPS The Marine Corps is a distinct military organi- zation, forming an integral part of the Navy. When the President so orders, any portion of the corps may be detached for service with the Army. In every war the marines have fought as a part of the crew of the fighting ships of the Navy as 61 FACTS FOE PATRIOTS landing forces and expeditionary forces with the Navy and also on detached service with the Army. The Marine Corps is commanded by a Major General, whose station is at head- quarters of the Corps in Washington, as- sisted by a staff consisting of an Adjutant and Inspector's Department, Paymaster's Depart- ment each headed by a Brigadier General, and sta- tioned at all of the Navy Yards and Naval sta- tions of the United States, both at home and abroad ; they also serve as the Guards for Ameri- can Legations in countries where such guards are considered necessary ; and as expeditionary forces with the fleet, and for protection of Americans and their rights in foreign countries during revo- lutions and disorders. Also in detached duty with the Army, as circumstances require in time of war. Also aboard the battleships and cruisers of the Navy as a part of the crew. Marines are organized for land forces into a regiment, the detachment from each ship forming one of the companies. The Colonel commanding the regiment serves in the staff of the admiral in command of the fleet. These companies are formed into provisional battalions, regiments and brigades, according to the service or duty required when serving on board a ship of the Navy. The Marines act as a guard of honor, when such a guard is turned out to receive the President, the 62 THE NAVY ruler of any foreign country, or any lesser officer or official entitled to such honors. While the Marines are organized and armed as infantry and drilled in that arm of the service, they are also specially trained as follows : As field artillery. As machine gun companies. In the use of searchlights. In the use of wireless apparatus. In the use of all signaling apparatus. In the use of range-finders. In telephone line construction. In mine planting. In torpedo handling. In aviation. THE DUTIES OF THE MARINES (a) To serve on board ships. (b) To garrison navy yards and naval sta- tions. (c) To form the first line of defense of Unit- ed States naval bases and naval stations in foreign parts. When aboard a ship their duties are the same as in the Navy. When ashore just the same as in the Army. 63 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS Officers and men are subject to the laws and regulations of the service to which they are so transferred. The Marine Corps is subordinate to the Navy Department and the corps is organized as infantry and is under the general command of a Major Gen- eral Commandant of the Marine Corps, stationed at the headquarters of the Marine Corps at Wash- ington. Marine barracks are provided at various naval stations. Marine detachments are located at naval stations, aboard warships and transports, at navy yards, etc. The Panama Canal Zone is garrisoned entirely by marines. THE MARINE HOSPITAL Has twenty-two large, and about one hundred and twenty-five smaller relief stations at the dif- ferent ports and cities of the country. Also fur- nishes the medical officers for the vessels of the Coast Guard. The Division of Personnel and Accounts has charge of the record of the officers and men of the service and the expenditures of the monies appro- priated for the service from the public funds. The Miscellaneous Division issues the various annual reports, public health reports and otlier publications of the service, including the bulletins of the results of research at the Hygenic Labora- tory at Washington. 64 THE NAVY The Commissioned Officers are: Surgeon General. Assistant Surgeon General. THE COAST GUARD The Coast Guard was established by act of Con- gress in January, 1915, and provided that the then existing revenue cutter service and life saving service should be confined into one service to be known as the Coast Guard. It is part of the Military forces of the United States, operated under the Treasury Department in time of peace and operates as a part of the Navy, subject to the orders of the Navy De- partment in time of war, or other times when the President shall so direct. The Coast Guard has charge of peace enforce- ment of the revenue laws as applying to sea and foreign commerce, with giving aid to vessels in distress at sea, protection of the seal fisheries, maintaining and operating the life-saving stations along the coasts of the United States and its in- sular possessions. Navy ships and personnel of the service become to all intents and purposes a por- tion of the regular army. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE. The United States Public Health Service is op- 65 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS erated as a Bureau of the Department of the Treasury and has charge of the enforcement of the quarantine regulations for the prevention of contagious and infectious diseases, care of sick and disabled seamen of the Merchant Marine and scientific research- at home and abroad. The Public Health and Marine Hospital Service, by an act of Congress on August 14, 1912, was changed to Public Health Service and is administered under the Surgeon General at the National Capitol, assigned to seven divisions, and is charged with studies of various diseases and conducts a hygienic laboratory at Washington and field laboratories. The Surgeon General enforces the laws for the regulation of serums and calls annual and special conferences and attends to the general improvement in public health. The Foreign and Insular Quarantine is charged with the execution of the national quarantine laws, being accomplished at fifty Federal Quaran- tine stations, with one each at Panama, Porto Rico, Hawaii, and Philippines, and Consular Sta- tions. The Interstate Quarantine has charge of the enforcement of the laws for the prevention of the spread of contagious or infectious diseases from one state or territory to another. The Interstate Quarantine has charge of the collection and publication of information relative to the diseases which may threaten the public 66 THE NAVY health of the United States and foreign countries. THE LIGHT HOUSE SERVICE. The Light House Service has the duties of es- tablishing and maintaining the lighthouse and other aids to navigation such as buoys and bea- cons and range marks on shore, that are required to make navigation safe in the waters adjacent to our coasts, harbors and the channels leading to them and inland waterways. The Lighthouse Service is operated under the department of Commerce by Act of Congress of August, 1916. President is authorized to trans- fer the stations, vessels, equipment and personnel of the service as may be required to the jurisdic- tion of the Navy Department, or that of the War Department. Lightships are vessels carrying powerful lights anchored in places where it is necessary to have lights to aid in navigation, where it is impossible to build lighthouses. The Depots of the lighthouse are shore estab- lishments where buoys, lights, lightships may be overhauled and repaired. AIRCRAFT. Throughout the centuries it has been the dream of many men and all nations to fly. The earliest Greek Mythology is full of legends, and disaster. The wax wings of Icarus melted 67 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS in the glare of the sun, when he was trying to fly. We find many "flying" stories in the legendary lore of the Peruvians, East Indians, the Babyloni- ans and even the savage races of darkest Africa. The chief badge of sanctity conferred on God's angels was wings and the ability to fly. Our ancestors in New England, who persecuted the witches, were convinced that they were perfectly able to navigate the air on a broomstick. More has been done in the last decade towards the conquest of the air than in twenty centuries. One of the most important efforts to master gravity and navigate the air was made in the Six- teenth Century, by Leonardo da Vinci. Not con- tented with being a painter, architect, sculptor, engineer and designer of forts, he made drawings and specifications of wings, which fitted to men, he thought would enable them to fly. The sketches are in a Museum at Paris. He modeled his wings on those of a bat and worked them with roi>es passing over pulleys. The aviator, lying prone face downward, was proposed to kick with both arms and legs, with the vigor of a frog. No record is made that Da Vinci's aviator ever advanced beyond the literary state. Da Vinci never risked his own life, but on his attempts was formed the modern aviator's maxim, "There's saftey in alti- tude." Time after time the flapping of wings was resorted to, although the fallacy that a man could, by the rapid flapping of wings of any sort, over- 68 THE NAVY come the force of gravity was persisted in, until recently, despite the complete mathematical dem- onstration by Von Holmholtz in 1878, that man could not possibly by his own muscular exertion raise his own weight into the air and keep it sus- pended. Besnier, the French locksmith, who has four col- lapsible planes on two rods balanced across his shoulders — the planes opening like covers to a fork, as they came down and closing as they went up, made no attempt to raise himself from the ground. Once launched from an elevation he could main- tain himself, then glide to the ground. One or two of his students accomplished this. There was an Italian friar whom King James the Fourth of Scotland made Prior of Tongland who operated on "Besnier" principle — launched himself from Sterling Castle, but gravity was too much and he landed in a manure heap. A soul above his fate — ^but ascribed his fall to the fact of pluming his wings with the feathers of com- mon barnyard fowl, instead of with plumes plucked from the wings of eagles. All trying for actual accomplishment, the bal- loonists, the advocates of lighter than air ma- chines, took the lead. The Montgolfier Brothers, Joseph and Jacques, were papermakers of Paris. They thought in paper — and one evening sitting by their big open fireplace they noticed the smoke 69 EACTS FOR PATRIOTS rushing up the chimney. "Why not fill a big pa- per bag with smoke and make it lift its objects into the air?" Housewife noticed the bag bump- ing against the ceiling and suggested fastening a pan below the mouth of the bag, and putting their fire in that and then it would carry the smoke and pan with it. Finally their balloon, which was put over a deep pit, filled with fire, rose 6000 feet. Montgolfers were elated with their first victory over gravity. They demonstrated a principle and made their names immortal. It was realized the battle must be fought in the sky and lives must be risked to demonstrate a theory. Aristocratic Paris took up aviation in the last days of the 18th Cen- tury, as the American is taking it up in the first days of the 20th Century. The first ascension was made by a learned professor of physical sci- ence, Palatre de Rogier and Marquis d' Arlandes. Published accounts seemed as if both were ner- vous. In 1785 Palatre de Rogier essayed the crossing of the English Channel in a balloon of his own design, sought to combine the principles of gas and hot-air balloon. Our own Franklin gave a lively account of the first three ascensions. He saw clearly the great possibilities of this new invention. Franklin's good natured plea for the fullest experiments and the touch of piety is delightful. The earliest experimenters thought that oars 70 THE NAVY might be employed. Not until Count Zeppelin and M. Santos Dumont demonstrated differently. Santos Dumont was born on one of those great coffee plantations of Brazil, where everything is done by machinery. At 15 years he saw his first balloon ascend. In 1898 he determined to build a cigar-shaped airship for a 66 ft. triple motor — now a success. He was the first constructor and pilot of a dirigible balloon that made a round trip — that is, returning to the starting point. The Bra- zilian was the first aviator to make a flight with a heavier than air machine before a body of judges. This triumph was technical. He built five airships before taking a prize. He had later the advantage of having the gasoline motor — made the body of Japanese silk — some of the workmen refused to build one of that material, so he said he would build it himself. His aspirations never soared as high as those of Count Zeppelin — the largest airship he ever planned only held four, called the "Omnibus." De- spite his great personal popularity they never ap- pealed to the French. He served his country well by stimulating the creation of great companies which built largely upon the foundations he had laid. The two brothers, Orville and Wilbur Wright, Americans, have done more to advance the art of navigating the air than all the other experimenters. The interest of the Wrights was first stimulated in 1878; their father brought 71 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS home a small toy called a "helicoptic," which when tossed in the air rose up instead of falling. The boys were mad about flying — they nurtured and cultivated the passion until manhood. From the "helicoptic" they passed to kites, then gliders. By calling they were makers of bicycles, but their spare time for years was devoted to solving the problem of flight. In time it became their sole occupation and they won a fortune and world- wide fame. The fields near their home were too level, and then the people were getting inquisitive, and the Wrights disliked publicity; they found a little hamlet called "Kitty-Hawk," on the coast of North Carolina, where they could spend all the time studying through glasses the methods of flight of the different birds. They found that the buzzards were the most persistent flyers, never flapped their wings except when it was absolute- ly necessary — while the eagles and the hawks soared only when at leisure. Two methods of soaring, when the weather was cold and damp and the wind strong the buzzards would be soaring back and forth along the hills, or at the edge of a clump of trees, taking advantage of the current air flowing upward over these obstructions; on such days they were often utterly unable to soar, except in these special places, but on warm days, when the wind was light, they would soar high in the air in great circles. The Wrights gradually perfected their machine — you would find little resemblances to the wings of a bird in those rectangular rigid planes, but it 72 THE NAVY was built according to deductions drawn from natural flight. Their flight was taken in Dayton, Ohio, De- cember 17th, 1903, with motor. This flight lasted twelve seconds. They felt the weakness of their machine had been eliminated, and the Unit- ed States gave them no encouragement, nor was any rich American willing to share the cost of further experiments, so they went to France, where their machine was superior to all others. This was in 1908. France went mad with enthu- siasm. England was cold and clung to the bal- loon long after other nations had abandoned it. As soon as they discovered they had hit upon the secret of raising, supporting and propelling an airplane, the Wrights made of their profession a matter of cold business, but the cold indifference to fame and concentration on the business of fly- ing was in fact the utmost value to aviation as an art and a science. They were pioneers and suc- cessful. No one ever heard of either one of the Wright Brothers looping the loop, or in any fash- ion reducing the profession of aviation to the level of a circus. In 1909 they received a contract from the United States for a machine for the use of the signal service. The price was $25,000 and $2500 was to be paid for every mile above forty miles an hour made by the machine on its trial trip. They did fly successfully, crossing the Po- tomac, going down its North side to Alexandria, 73 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS and then back to Ft. Myer, before 12,000 specta- tors. Indifferent to the enthusiasm, Wilbur Wright figured the government owed him five thousand dollars. The great war in Europe, 1914, had more to do with the rapid development of aircraft, both di- rigible balloon and . airplanes, than any other agency. The war has developed a new branch of service, the "Aviation Corps." As to the future of the aircraft there can be no doubt. Its uses in peace will be innumerable, both for sport and business, easy and inexpensive to build, simple to operate with but little training on the part of the aviator, it will be made the common carrier of all nations. The United States is maintaining an aerial mail service in Alaska. Aircrafts need no tracks or right of way, no ex- pensive signalling or operative system, asking only for high field for rising and landing. These machines will in time take to themselves the passenger business of the world. One thing, the Zeppelins are so expensive and large that they are a target unless they sail too high for safety for airships. The maps of the battlefields of the World War were the marvels of military science. They showed every road, watercourse, ditch and gully, wood- land, farmhouse, church, and did it by sketches and by the camera. They must learn to fly by the maps. 74 THE NAVY Everything about the control of an air- plane has to be learned mechanically. One of the amazing things is the rapidity with which pilots are trained. Many things had to be considered by the bomb pilot. He needed to be a lightning calcu- lator and first class mathematician. Height, speed, wind and the shape and size of bomb should be known in an instant. The airplanes are the eyes of the army. The greatest use of the airplane eventually will be to prevent wars by making them too expensive, too slow, difficult and too long drawn out. There is little chance for one army to take another by sur- prise. It has equalized information — each side has complete information. The Signal Corps formerly transmitted mes- sages by means of flags, lanterns, heliographs, etc. These methods are still used, but were sup- plemented by telegraph and telephone wires ; then came the wireless, and, lastly, the aeroplane, which is included in the aviation section. There is no branch of the service more attractive than the Signal Corps, and it is filled with men of high in- telligence and daring. Aeroplanes are now equip- ped with wireless, which makes them indeed the "eyes" of the army. The airman's next most important instrument in his aneroid, or height indicator. This is fitted with an adjustable dial which can be moved around so that on leaving any given airdrome the reading 75 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS is zero, whatever the height of that airdrome above sea level may be. WHY AIRMAN MUST TAKE CARE OF COMPASS One of the safest places in the airplane cockpit is given to the compass, for without its aid the airman who is flying over sea or land on a misty day is hopelessly lost. Great attention is paid by American pilots training in England to the prob- lem presented by "drift." If an airplane starts to fly from one point to another due east, and there is a wind blowing fifteen miles an hour northeast, he must take that element into consid- eration by altering his compass course, before as- cending, according to the total distance of the journey. Many difficulties had to be overcome in the pro- duction of a satisfactory compass for aerial work. Chief among these was the problem of neutralizing the magnetism of the engine and particularly the magneto, and of preventing the effect of centrifu- gal force which tends to cause the dial of the com- pass to swing in a direction quite independent of North when the airplane is banking on a turn. These difficulties, however, have all been sur- mounted and the compass in use on present-day airplanes is a fairly satisfactory instrument. It is said to be far superior to anything which the Germans have yet been able to evolve. The insignias of the airplanes of the various countries are as follows: The United States 76 THE NAVY makes use of the five-pointed star, Great Britain still retains her three crosses of the Union Jack, iGermany marks her airplanes with the Prussian black cross, and Turkey displays the familiar star and crescent. On April 12th, 1917, The Council of Na- tional Defense appointed the Aircraft Pro- duction Board, the object of which is to bring the manufacturers together and to assist the Government in stimulating the production of better types and greater quantities of air ma- chines. The Board also advises as to sites for aviation schools, etc. Arrangements have been made with British and Canadian offices to stand- ardize the training machines in the United States so that machines can be distributed impartially. Flyers must have special aptitude for their hazardous mission and must be sound, physically, mentally and morally. Those who are enlisted must be between 19 and 30, although in exception- al cases older men of splendid physique and of pronounced athletic attainments are selected. No applicant is received who is not able to qualify as an officer in the U. S. Army. U. S. Army. — 1. Aviation section of the Sig- nal Corps for enlisted men and commissioned of- ficers of the Regular Army. 2. Aviation section of the Signal Officers' Re- serve Corps. 3. Aviation section of the Signal Enlisted. 77 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS U. S. Navy. — 1. Naval Flying Corps, for en- listed men and commissioned officers of the Reg- ular Navy; 2. Naval Reserve Flying Corps; 3. Aviation Section of the Naval Militia, for enlisted men and officers of the Naval Militia: 4. Marine Corps Reserve Flying Corps open only to qualified aviators. Navy Aviation Service. — Men enlist in the Na- val Flying Corps as "landsman" for quartermaster (aviation), or "landsman," for machinist's mate (aviation) . Balloonists are also trained in flights in free and captive balloons. In the Regular Army enlisted men in genoral are non-fliers and repair the planes and motors and groom the machines, but they may be pro- moted to flier rank. In the Signal Officers' Reserve Corps a candi- date enlists as a private, first class, and declares that he wishes to train as an aviator, and that he will attend a school of Military Aeronautics; and then in an aviation training camp, take the regu- lar military aviator's test and apply for a Com- mission. This enlistment is virtually equivalent to $75 a month, including everything, which is fur- nished. There will be no difficulty in training 10,000 to 20,000 aviators a year. The Signal En- listed Reserve Corps, Aviation Section, enlists men 18 to 45. As the service is technical, men quali- fied as mechanicians are especially required. All 78 THE NAVY men are enlisted as privates and are promoted by manifestations of ability. SEAPLANES. These hig flying boats originated in America. The seaplanes are smaller dirigibles and have shown themselves more effective in detecting sub- marines, than our submarine chaser. These hawks of the air dart up and down the coast in search of the enemy, often flying as far as eleven miles out to sea. In action the seaplane has much in common with the aeroplane. The desirable features are sim- plicity, strength, with great elasticity in order to take up the stroke of landing. The seaplane is of the greatest value as a scout for the battle and cruiser fleets. The pilots specialize in bombing. A large number of the flying boats now in use in the English Navy harbour and coast defense work are Curtiss machines, designed and built by Americans with American materials and engines. They originated in America. SUBMARINES. Submarines are not an entirely new idea and in- vention, — merely the ultimate reduction to prac- tical use of an idea that had been germinating in the mind of man from the earliest days of history. Alexander the Great, Aristotle and Pliny spent some time on speculation concerning underwater 79 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS activities, mainly as to the employment of divers. In the Sixteenth Century there are very specific reference to actual underwater boats. In 1572 a Hollander, Cornelius Drebel, or Van Drebel, came to London during the reign of James I, who was his friend and patron. In 1620 he conceived the idea of build- ing a submarine and built three from 1620 to 1624. Drebel, who died in London in 1634, discov- ered the art of compressing oxygen and making it serviceable for freshening the air in a boat. In- deed, the reference made to the substances by which Drebel purified the atmosphere in his sub- marine as a liquor, suggests that he may possibly have hit upon the secret of liquid air. England and France supplied most of the men who occupied themselves with the submarine problem between 1610 and 1760. The credit for using a submarine boat for the first time in actual warfare belongs to a Yankee, David Bushnell, born in Saybrook, Connecticut, and graduated from Yale in 1775. He was inter- ested in science and the problem which attracted his special attention was how to explode powder under water. He succeeded in solving this to his own satisfaction. Of course, this was during the Revolutionary War, and naturally a further prob- lem presented itself to him and how could his de- vise benefit his country against Great Britain, who was threatening New York City. Bushnell 80 THE NAVY planned and built a submarine boat, and on ac- count of its shape, it was called the "turtle." George Washington, in a letter to Thomas Jef- ferson, spoke of him as a man of great mechani- cal powers, fertile in invention and master of exe- cution, certainly an effort of genius. A submarine built in 1800-01 gained the sup- port of Napoleon Bonaparte. It was built by Rob- ert Fulton, who was born in Pennsylvania in 1765. In 1801 he built Nautilus, cigar shape, 7 feet in di- ameter, 21 ft. in length; in 1806 he returned to America; in 1814 he built another submarine called the "mute." In the middle of the Nineteenth Century a Ger- man, Wilhelm Bauer, became interested and built his first submarine at Kiel. In 1855 he built a boat at St. Petersburg which was accepted by the Russian Government and looked like a dolphin. There was great activity of the submarine dur- ing the Civil War. More determined became the attempts to build submarine boats that could sink and rise easily, navigate safely and sustain human beings under the surface of the water for a con- siderable length of time; steam, compressed air and electricity were all called upon. Numbers were built between 1875 and 1900. In 1875 John P. Holland built and launched his first submarine boat at Paterson, N. J. In 1877 a second one was built. The experience gathered by 81 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS Holland in building these two boats strengthened his determination to build a thoroughly success- ful submarine. In 1888 Holland's reputation as a submarine engineer and navigator had grown to such an extent that Holland was asked by the Famous Philadelphia shipbuilders to submit to them designs for submarine boats to be built by the United States Government. William C. Whit- ney, then Secretary of the United States Navy, accepted Holland's designs. None of his boats had brought him any money, but March 3, 1893, Con- gress appropriated a sum of money to defray the expenses of constructing an experimental subma- rine. Holland needed the money for the plans, and told a young lawyer that he needed $347.19. He asked Holland where the 19 cents was to be used, — and quick as a flash, Holland told him they were needed to pay for a particular type of ruler necessary to draw the required plans. So im- pressed was the lawyer with Holland's accuracy and honesty, that he loaned Holland money. It was a good investment. In exchange the lawyer received a good sized block of stock in the Holland Torpedo Boat Company — later it made him a mul- timillionaire. Holland won in the competition. Simon Lake was born at Pleasantville, New Jersey, September 4, 1866. Early in life he dis- played a marked interest in and genius for me- chanical problems. In 1894 he built an experiment- al boat called Argonaut, Jr. Holland and Lake are the fathers of the modern submarine. Lake was an American by birth and Holland by choice. The 82 THE NAVY work which these two men did formed the foun- dation on which all others built. Submarines of the highest type, greatest development, the most significant characteristics have been combined in the Holland-Lake boats. The early Twentieth Century may be called the turning point in the history of submarine invention and the beginning of the modern submarine, but later boats did not have to depend on conning tower for steering. More recent boats have wonderful periscopes, gyro compasses and electric motors. This perfection of technical details has increased the fighting power of submarines. The ability to withstand the pressure of the water at great depths is a vital quality of a suc- cessful submarine. The submarine boat of today in order to do its work promptly and efficiently must first of all possess seaworthiness. It has the ability to find and observe objects in its vicinity and provides for ventilation so that the crew will lose as little as possible in its efficiency and comfort. Heat and light are supplied by electricity, which is used for cooking. It is equipped with wireless. The most dangerous enemies of the submarine are the airplanes and the dirigibles, due to the fact that objects under the water are readily dis- cernible at a considerable depth when viewed from a point directly over them. From the air the avia- 83 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS tor can see a submarine at the depth of 50 feet unless the water is unusually rough. THE TANK The tank, a fighting automobile, was so named for secrecy. In its experimental stage it was called a Land Cruiser or Landship. When it was crystal- lized into a definite shape, it was christened by some non-committal word giving no inkling of its nature. It was a bluff during the stage of its pro- duction and training. During transportation secrecy was maintained in several ways. Tanks were concealed under tar- paulins and landed after dark. Mr. H. G. Wells prophesied to the world the ar- rival of such a monster as the Tank 13 years be- for it appeared. The first definite proposal for a fighting ma- chine on the lines of the existing Tank v/as due to the appearance of the Hornsby-Ackroyd Cater- pillar Tractor, tested for military traction pur- poses in England in 1906-1908. It was made by a military officer and was car- ried to the stage of the preparations of sketch drawings. Indefinitely a similar idea took shape in the minds of some other soldiers at the very begin- ning of the war. In America in July, 1914, it became known there 84 THE NAVY was in existence an automobile for agricultural purposes, propelled on the caterpillar principle, possessed of quite unusual power of crossing rough ground and traversing obstacles. This was the Holt Tractor, made in Peoria, 111., U. S. A. Benjamin Holt intended it for hauling and not especially for climbing. This suggested one simi- larly designed to travel across the country, having all the value of the existing armored motor cars without their limitations. The German machine gun was the logical in- strument in forcing the Tank into being. The Tanks are powerfully engined, armed auto- mobiles enclosed in a bullet proof casing for the protection of their crews, propelled in the cater- pillar principle over rough ground. They are inde- fatigable in crossing trenches, craters and cavi- ties, and climbing without difficulty over raised obstacles, such as parapets, etc., and they readily go through wire entanglements, uproot trees and throw down walls of dwelling houses. In spite of their elemental strength and appar- ent clumsiness, in skilled hands they are as docile as trained elephants. In the war of 1914 it became obvious that there must be some means of parrying the danger of well directed and well protected machine guns, if our infantry was to carry out assaults and be successful; such a machine recalled the "turris mobilis" of Livy and the "beffroi" of the middle ages. 85 FACTS FOE PATRIOTS The earliest suggestion was by Col. Swinton, the first Commanding Officer of the Heavy Sec- tion in 1914, to build armored cars on the Holt Tractor system. One, called male, was armed with two Hotchkiss quick fire guns and with some machine guns to deal at close quarters. Another type, called female, was armed with only machine guns, more suitable for dealing with machine gun personnel and riflemen than with emplacements. The members of the Heavy Section had to learn to drive and steer and repair them, to fire off the guns. They had to learn how to live near compass. Narrow cabin, 9 or 10 feet long, 4 feet high, an engine over 100 H. P., two guns, three or four machine guns, provisions, ammunition and equip- ment beside a crew of several men. As noise made by the engine made it impossible to hear an order, communication was made by signs. The armor plating was so effective one could only see for steering or aiming the guns through the narrow chinks. Motion over rough ground was not unlike a ship in heavy sea. Smell of the oil, close atmosphere at first induced the same ef- fect as at sea. In spite of all, the Tank answered the purpose for which it had been designed. 86 THE NAVY The Tanks were painted all over with weird col- ors for the purpose of concealment. Added to their grotesque appearance they were given fancy names. Tanks were first used in the British Army at Deville Wood, Sept. 15, 1916, and fighting around Arras in April, 1917. What they did in the fighting around Cambrai in Nov., 1917, is a mat- ter of history. During the summer fighting of 1918, the Tanks came into their own. HISTORY The principle underlying all tank development was covered in a patent taken out in 1770 by Richard Edgworth, portable railway to wheel carriages. The rails, which are taken up from the rear, are in succession laid down in front, furnish constantly a rail for the wheels to roll upon. When America entered the World War the Tank was practical. We saw great possibilities and set out to learn and have built over 4,000 light Tanks and joined England to build the heavy ones. The army of the future, not measured in terms of men but terms of mechanical improvements over men. The Tank was to be nurse, protector and back- er of the attacking infantry. 87 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS TANKS WILL REMAIN PART OF U. S. ARMY So great was the success of the armored tank in modern warfare that the organization of a peace-time branch of this section of the army has been approved by the war department. The plan which has recently been made public, calls for a minimum of 1,050 tanks to be maintained in com- mission and ready for service, 330 of these being of the heavy type and 720 of the light type. A third type, designated as the "signal tank," is pro- vided for each company and battalion commander, forty-five being the total included in the complete Attached to each army corps will be a tank bri- gade composed of one battalion of heavy tanks and two of light tanks, the typical heavy battalion including forty-five fighting tanks with twenty- four in reserve, and the light battalion consisting of forty-five fighting tanks with twenty-seven in reserve. The American light tank which was adopted late in the war is a two-ton machine operated by two men and armed with a machine gun or rapid firing rifle. Due to the lightness of its construc- tion it is capable of better than fifteen miles un- der favorable conditions and can maneuver with great agility. The weight of the heavy tanks is about thirty-five tons and each carries a sawed-off 37 millimeter gun and is driven at a moderate walking speed by its 500 horsepower Liberty mo- tor. The light type is intended principally for cleaning out machine gun nests and snipers' posts 88 THE NAVY while the heavy is to be used for smashing pillbox defenses and for generally clearing a way for the infantry which follows. The corps will be made up of 377 commissioned officers and 5,862 enlisted men. THE FLAG CHAPTER IV THE AMERICAN FLAG THE RED, WHITE AND BLUE The red says: Be brave. The white says: Be pure. The blue says : Be true. The red also reminds us that every true patriot should be willing to die for the love of country ; to shed his blood, if necessary, in the hour of the Na- tion's peril, and reminds us of that Divine love which should dwell in every breast and be the ruling passion in every soul. The white stands for the ideal virtue, humility and charity and for everything that is godly. Stars are symbols of light and heavenly protec- tion. Every star should be a symbol of light, of righteousness, of truth and should remind us that Heaven is above us, underneath, and around us, and that in the darkest hour of the Nation's peril God's eye is upon us. All hail, Old Glory, flag of the brave and the free. THE CALL OF THE FLAG One flag for the men who fought the battles 93 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS and for the men who stayed at home and worked. Every one felt it was his own flag: Soldiers saw it on their march and said: "That's my flag. I'll fight for it." Sailors: "That's my flag. I'll de- fend it." "That's our flag," said the servants of the gov- ernment, from the President down to the little Page in Congress. "That's our flag, we will be true." No flag in the world is so easily recognized as the Stars and Stripes. Flag stands for home, country and for protec- tion, rights of the people and bids defiance to those who would question. "Fix upon some flag," said Washington, "by which our vessels may know each other." "Must be clear and distinct. Must arouse cheer, and en- courage, and inspire." GOD'S SERVICE FLAG There's a service flag up in the sky That calmly floats its banners high. And twinkles down its blessed light Upon the gloomy world each night. And all the twinkling stars it holds. Are there to represent the souls Of those who've fought life's battles right; For each a service star shines bright. 94 THE FLAG ANCESTRY OF THE AMERICAN FLAG The present American flag is descended from the English gunner known as St. George's cross, a rectangular red cross upon a white field ; it was a very old flag, adopted at the time of the First Crusade, about the year 1096 A.D. The cross of St. Andrew, the Scotch ensign, a diagonal white cross upon a blue field, was also adopted in those early days. In 1707, when complete union of England. Scot- land and Wales was established, Great Britain adopted the "Meteor Flag," a red ensign with the two crosses in the canton — the canton being top quarter next the staff. It quickly became the custom to call the crosses "the jack" and "the Union Jack." On Jan. 2, 1776, Washington raised at Cam- bridge, Mass., the first flag emblematic of the union of the colonies. It had seven red and white stripes and in the canton were the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew on a blue field. It con- tained the official army flag of the Revolution until Congress adopted the Stars and Stripes on June 4, 1777. Finally, on March 4, 1818, Congress enacted the law which fixed the form of the flag for all time. DIMENSIONS OF THE FLAG War Department Regulations: The garrison flag has 38 feet fly and 28 feet hoist. 95 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS The post flag has 19 feet fly and 10 feet hoist. The storm flag has 9 feet 6 inches fly and 5 feet hoist. Navy Department Regulations: The fly shall be 1.9 of the hoist. The hoist of the Union shall be 7-13 of the hoist of the flag. HISTORY OF THE FLAG It is not generally known that though the Unit- ed States is the youngest of the Great Nations of the world, our Flag is older than that of any other nation. The flag of England, in its distinctive form of the Union Jack, dates back only to 1801. The French tri-color was adopted in 1794. The German and Italian banners are no older than the existing regimes of those countries. The Spaniards first established their flag in 1785; while the grandest flag of them all, the Stars and Stripes, was established by a resolution of the American Continental Congress, June 14, 1777. The flags of America seemed to have covered a period from 1494 to the present time, and num- bered sixty-four (64) different designs. The earliest suggestions of stars as a device for an American ensign prior to their adoption in 96 THE FLAG 1777, was in the Massachusetts Spy of March 10, 1774, published in a song written for the anni- versary of the Boston Massacre (March 5), in which the writer foretells the triumph of the American ensign in the following words: "A ray of bright glory now beams from afar. The American Ensign now sparkles like a star, Which shall shortly flame wide through the skies." The earliest known instance of the thirteen stripes being used upon the American banner is found upon a standard presented to the Philadel- phia troop of Light Horse, by its Captain, in 1775, and moreover the Union flag of the thirteen united Colonies raised at Washington's headquarters at Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 2, 1776, had thirteen red and white stripes just as they appear in the flag today; but it also had the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew on a blue field in the upper left- hand corner. The first recorded "legislative action" by the American Congress in session at Philadelphia, Pa., for the adoption of the Stars and Stripes, was in resolution offered Saturday, June 14, 1777, as fol- lows: "Resolved, That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation." Although this resolution was not officially pro- mulgated by the Secretary of Congress until Sept. 97 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS 3, 1777, it seems well authenticated that the first flag hoisted as the "Stars and Stripes" was un- furled by Capt. Stephen White on Friday, Aug. 6, 1777, over Fort Stanwix, commonly known as Fort Schuyler, then a military post on the present site of the city of Rome, Oneida County, N. Y. The flag was hastily constructed from a soldier's white shirt, an officer's blue overcoat, and a wom- an's red flannel petticoat. The Stars and Stripes were also carried at the battle of Brandywine, Sept. 11, 1777, and thence- forth in all the battles of the Revolution. There is no satisfactory evidence, however, that any flag bearing the union of the stars had been in public use before the revolution of June 14, 1777. Soon after the adoption of the Stars and Stripes tliey were hoisted on all the naval vessels of the United States. The first appearance was on a small vessel commanded by Capt. John Paul Jones, sailing on the Schuylkill, displaying the new flag to show the people what their future ensign would be. The first ship to unfurl the Stars and Stripes and to convey them to a foreign country was the "Ranger," also commanded by Captain Jones. He hoisted the new flag about Nov. 1, arriving at a French port Dec. 1, 1777. On Feb. 14, 1778, the first salute was given to the American flag by foreign naval vessels. On the 28th of January, 98 THE FLAG 1778, the Stars and Stripes for the first time waved over a foreign fortress. Our navy held, for two days, Fort Nassau, New Providence, Ba- hama Islands. As our flag advances it carries freedom on land and sea. It is the symbol of liberty and the flag of the free. The flag is the symbol of liberty and justice. Heaven bom colors of Red, White and Blue. Hail to "Old Glory," the symbol of Justice. Hail to the flag of the brave and the free. Give us the strength and the courage to bear it, for men and for freedom on land, or on sea. WASHINGTON'S COAT OF ARMS It is usual for the coat of arms of a family to have a motto, which is generally in Latin. The motto used on General Washington's last watch seal is, "Exitus acta probat," "Actions are tested by their issues." Very true as regards Washing- ton himself; for having proved successful he is now revered as a patriot. This motto was on his carriage panels and book-mark, which also have the Stars and Stripes. Two watch seals worn by General Washington also give evidence of the ori- gin of the Stars and Stripes. The Grand Union, known as The Cambridge flag, was made at Cambridge, Massachusetts, first floated January 2, 1776, partly English and large- 99 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS ly American, combined crosses of St. George and St. Andrew in the Canton expressed the allegiance of the Colonies to the Mother Country, thirteen stripes alternate red and white plainly said: We must have our rights, peaceably, if possible, forci- bly if needs be. The flag was hoisted by Washington's own hands, and meant much to the Colonies. Our forefathers had sailed under the English Flag for more than fifteen years, victorious in battle, and had extended the dominion of England to all parts of the World. The message of the Cambridge flag to England was : "We love the Mother Country, but we must have the right to govern our own affairs." If the English had understood message of the Cambridge flag, the history of our country, since 1776, would have been different. Pine Tree Flag of New England. Red flag with the cross of St. George forming the Union and green pine tree in the first quarter. This was the banner at Bunker Hill, and naval ensign suggest- ed by Washington, was like it. BEDFORD MINUTE MEN The field, which was full of brownish red, was emblazoned with a rriailed arm and hand. Uplift- ed sword. Embroidered on a gold scroll was the Latin legend. These words, "Conquer or Die." The Rattlesnake flags were used more perhaps 100 THE FLAG than others. Some showed the snake coiled, and bore the legend, "Don't tread on me," others bor- rowing the idea from a picture printed twenty- years earlier, in Franklin's Pennsylvania Gazette, showed the reptile divided into parts, and bore the inscription, "Unite or Die." Rhode Island's flag was a white field with blue anchor, over which was the simple word "Hope." New York's flag showed a black beaver in a white field. Whatever the device, or the color, or the motto, these flags meant the same thing, "to work, to fight, and to die for liberty." THE MOULTEEE FLAG Men will risk life and liberty for the honor of the flag. The earliest flag of the South was an ensign of blue with a silver crescent in the upper corner and the word "Liberty" written large, across the field. Moultree Flag was designed by Colonel William Moultree of South Carolina, 28th of June, 1776. It inspired the Patriots to hold the Fort of Charleston and drive the British out of the Har- bor. Inspired Sergeant William Jasper of the sec- ond South Carolina regiment that he became a hero. There is a statue in his honor in Charleston, South Carolina, and his name was given to Jasper Square, Savannah, and to Jasper County, Georgia, at Charleston the hottest fight and the pole was 101 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS shot away and flag fell. Rescued the colors through shot and shell. ORIGIN OF THE NAME OF "OLD GLORY" In 1831, as Master of the brig Charles Daggett, about to set sail for a voyage around the world, from Salem, Mass., Captain Driver was presented by the citizens with a large bunting flag in com- mendation of his services upon the sea and his well known love for his country's emblem. This flag, when presented, was rolled in the form of a triangle and the halyards bent. A young sailor stepping forward said: "In ancient times, when an ocean voyage was looked upon with superstiti- ous dread, it was the custom on the eve of depart- ure to roll the banner in form of a triangle. When ready and bent like this, a priest stepped forward and taking the banner in his hand, sprinkled it with consecrated water and dedicated it to 'God, the Father; God, the Son; and God, the Holy Ghost,' turning the point of the triangle upward at the name of each, thus calling in that sacred unity of Creator, Redeemer and Sanctifier, to bless the National Emblem and prosper the voyagers and their friends." The flag thus consecrated was then hoisted to the masthead, with glistening eyes. The Captain watched the hoisting of the flag; and as it fell into position at the masthead of his ship and the colors unfurled to the breeze, he shouted: "I'll call her Old Glory, boys. Old Glory!" He al- ways carried Old Glory with him as a sacred relic, carefully deposited in a heavy brass-bound cam- 102 THE FLAG phorwood sea chest, that accompanied him on all his voyages. FLAG DAYS Washington's Birthday _ February 22 Battle of Lexington _ April 19 Flag Day June 14 Bunker Hill Day _ June 17 Independence Day _.....July 4 Evacuation Day _ November 25 "Anniversaries on which the flag should be dis- played at full staff: January 3, Battle of Prince- ton; February 12, Lincoln's birthday; February 22, Washington's birthday; April 19, Battle of Lexington; May 30, Memorial day; June 14, Flag day ; June 17, Battle of Bunker Hill ; July 4, Inde- pendence day ; September 6, Lafayette's birthday ; October 12, Columbus day; October 19, surrender at Yorktown; November 25, Evacuation day; De- cember 26, Battle of Trenton ; and other legal holi- days or special occasions. DISPLAY RULES FOR FLAG The regulations are as follows : The flag should be suspended from a flag pole. For decorative purposes, the National Colors should be used in the form of bunting. If the flag is used for decorative purposes, it should be hung flat on the inside or outside of the building, with the Union (square with stars) to the north of east, thus lending uniformity to the display. 103 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS The flag should rarely be displayed in a hori- zontal position, or laid flat. It should never be hung where it can be soiled easily. No object or emblem should be placed over it. It may fly on civilian property at night, provided it is not for advertising purposes. When flovm with flags of other nations, it should be hoisted first and hung at the top. In parade, it should have the place of honor. It should only be displayed with the Union side down as a sign of distress at sea. Old and worn flags should not be used for sec- ondary purposes, but reverently destroyed, prefer- ably by burning. The colors in the flag have, in themselves, no meaning of the United States. It is their arrange- ment that makes the flag. The federal statutes provide : The flag shall consist of thirteen horizontal stripes, alternate red and white, with a star for each state on the blue background. That a new star shall be added for each new state. By statute is it a misdemeanor to: Deface the flag with any mark, picture, adver- tisement, etc. Use for advertising purposes. Place it on any article of merchandise. 104 THE FLAG Deface or defile it in any way, either by words or acts. The flag should never be allowed to touch the ground. In unveiling a monument, arrange if pos- sible to draw the flag to the top of a pole from which it may float during the ceremonies. "In placing the flag at half-staff it should first be hoisted to the top of the staff and then lowered to position, and prelimniary to lowering from half- staff it should be raised again to the top. On Memorial day the flag should fly at half-staff from sunrise to noon, and at full staff from noon to sunset. "During time of war it is proper to display the flag continuously ; but it is conducive to the spirit of economy and to greater respect for the flag to lower it at night, and as far as possible protect it from inclement weather." When the National Colors are passing in parade or on review, the spectator should halt and stand at attention; men and boys should uncover the head. The National salute is 21 guns. It is also the salute to a national flag (accepted under Interna- tional law). The salute to the President is 21 guns ; to the governor of a state, 17 guns. The salute to the Union, commemorative of the Declaration of Independence and consisting of 1 gun for each state, is fired at noon on July 4th at 105 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS every military post provided with suitable artil- lery. Salutes are fired between 8 a. m. and sunset. The National Flag should always be displayed when salutes are fired. When the national air, "The Star Spangled Banner," is played or sung, all persons within hearing should rise and stand. When the flag is carried in parade with any other flag it should have the place of honor, at the right. The design and arrangement of the Stars and Stripes prescribed by the War Department, ac- cording to specifications issued from the Quarter- master-General's office, in part, are as follows: Material. — Standard all-wool United States bunting. Dimensions. — Storm or recruiting flag, used for stormy weather and recruiting stations, is eight (8) feet in length and four (4) feet two (2) in- ches in breadth. Post flag, used for pleasant weather and extra occasions, is twenty (20) feet in length and ten (10) feet in breadth. The garrison flag is the national flag, and is used only on holidays and great occasions. It is thirty-six (36) feet in length and twenty (20) feet in breadth. The Union or field of blue one- 106 THE FLAG third (1-3) the length, extending to the lower edge of the fourth red stripe. Regulation and regimental flags, carried by reg- iments of infantry, artillery, and battalions of en- gineers, on parade or in battle, are made of silk, and are six and one-half (6I/2) feet in length and six (6) feet in breadth, the field thirty-one (31) inches in length, extending to the lower edge of the fourth red stripe; mounted on staff or pike, including the ferrule, spear, eagle or other orna- ments. THE SERVICE FLAG. The Service Flag was designed by Robert L. Queisser of Cleveland, Ohio. In the Queisser fam- ily there were two boys. One went in for athlet- ics. Robert went in for the military. He served in the National Guard for years and became an officer. He served with the troops in Mexico. At the outset of the war his home was in East Cleveland, a suburb of Cleveland. There he de- signed the Service Flag and called it to the atten- tion of the city council. They adopted it official- ly. No national movement could have had a more modest beginning. Then the big city of Cleveland adopted it and after that the state of Ohio and the Congress of the United States. At its inception, the Service Flag was intended to convey one message only to the world: "From this house a man has gone to do his duty in the great war." 107 PACTS FOR PATRIOTS As it stood originally, it was a white field with a deep border of red. In the center was a blue star for each man who had responded to the call. It was originally the badge of honor of the house- hold and a call to others to do their duty. When the casualty lists began to come over from the western front, the Service Flag began to carry another message: "From this house a man has given his life to sustain the honor of his country." It was still the same field of white with the same deep border of red and the same blue stars. But, in case one of the men had given his life, one of the blue stars had faded out and in its place had come a gold star. The Service Flag had be- come eloquent. It told the story not only of honor, but of grief. OUR FLAG. In 1776, proclaiming to the world the deathless truths of the Declaration of Independence; thrill- ing mankind with the assertion that life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness, hitherto the possession of the few, should henceforward be the goal of the many. 1861 — First raised and kept flying on a pubUc school by the high school of New Bedford. In 1863, carrying opportunity to the black man, giving him the chance to live his own Ufe, develop 108 THE FLAG his capacities, win his way to a share in the gains of civihzation. 1867 — First raised in Alaska on the transfer of that territory from Russia to the United States. 1868 — Raised over the Midway islands, in the Pacific Ocean, the first acquisition ever made by our government in this manner. 1868 — Planted on the summit of Mount Baker, 16,613 feet above sea level, on the occasion of the first ascent of the peak by man. 1871 — Carried into the interior of Africa by the Henry M. Stanley expedition. 1873 — First raised on the summit of the Andes by a party of American engineers engaged in rail- way surveying. 1877 — Unfurled for the first time in the far in- terior of China. 1917 — Displayed on a European battlefield for the first time by the American Expeditionary Force in France. THE SALUTE In the first place, the salute is not a sign of hu- miliation, but an honor, not only to the officer saluted, but to the soldier saluting. The word is derived from the Latin, "salutas," which means "safety." So the act is really one denoting mutual 109 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS safety. It is, therefore, every man's duty to obey without question. When a soldier salutes an officer he really means: "I realize your superiority in military training and experience, and I am prepared to obey every order that you may give me, and in token of this I salute you." The return salute from the officer means, "I trust you to carry out my order that we may protect each other." How the Boys Salute. — The salute is given with the right hand only. The soldier looks the officer straight in the eye, and raises the hand briskly till the tip of the forefinger touches the lower part of the head-dress or the forehead over the right eye. The fingers are held extended and joined, the forearm at about an angle of 45 de- grees, hand, wrist, and forearm in a straight line. The hand is kept in this position until the officer acknowledges the salute or until he has passed. Then the hand is dropped to the side. Whom They Salute. — ^AU commissioned officers. Army, Navy, or Marine Corps, must be saluted. Non-commissioned officers and enlisted men do not exchange salutes. A soldier standing in the ranks or taking part at drill, work, games, or mess does not salute. Saluting distance does not generally exceed thir- ty paces. The salute is exchanged at a distance of about six paces or at the nearest point of ap- proach when individuals or bodies of troops pass each other within saluting distance. 110 THE FLAG In public conveyances, such as railway trains and street cars, and in public places such as the- aters, honors and personal salutes may be omitted when palpably inappropriate or apt to disturb ci- vilians present. Before addressing an officer an enlisted man salutes, and again salutes after receiving a reply. Officers, junior in rank, salute first. A mount- ed officer or enlisted man dismounts before he ad- dresses a superior officer, except under campaign conditions. SALUTING. The military salute is universal. It is at foun- dation, but a courteous recognition between two individuals of their common fellowship in the same common fellowship in the same honorable profession, the profession of arms. Regulations require that it be rendered by both the senior and the junior, as bare courtesy requires between gen- tlemen of civil life. It is the military equivalent of the laymen's expressions "Gk)od morning," or "How do you do ?" Therefore be punctilious about saluting all regular army officers ; be proud of the manner in which you execute your salute and make it indicative of discipline and good breeding. Always look at the officer you are saluting. The junior salutes first. It is very unmilitary to sa- lute with the hands in the pocket, or with a cig- arette, cigar, or pipe in the mouth. Observe the following rules : 111 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS 1. Never salute an officer when you are in ranks. 2. Indoors (in your tent) unarmed, do not sa- lute, but stand at attention, uncovered, on the en- trance of an officer. If he speaks to you, then salute. 3. Indoors, armed, render the prescribed sa- lute, i. e., the rifle salute at order arms or at trail. 4. Outdoors, armed, render the prescribed sa- lute, i. e., the rifle salute at right shoulder arms. 5. Outdoors, unarmed, or armed with side arms, salute with the right hand. The American Flag carried by a regiment of infantry is referred to as the "Colors." When carried by mounted soldiers it is known as the "Standard." Another flag is known as the regi- mental colors or standard and is the symbol of the regiment, infantry, cavalry, artillery, engi- neers, or signal corps. The regimental colors are always carried to the left of the National colors. When not in use the colors are kept in the of' fice of the colonel or in front of his tent. At night or in rainy weather they are furled and placed in a case of oilcloth. During the day they are displayed unfurled. 112 THE FLAG WHY WE SALUTE THE FLAG It is the symbol of liberty and justice. Not an- other flag on the globe has such an errand, it gives hope for the captive and such glorious tid- ings. The Stars upon it were to the pining nations like the morning stars of God. The Stripes upon it were beams of morning light. At early dawn the stars stand fast and then grow light. So on the American flag. Stars and beams of many colored lights shine out together, no rampant lion, or fierce eagle, but only light and every fold of liberty. Let us twine each thread of the glorious tissue of our country's flag about our heartstrings and let us resolve, come weal or woe : we will in life and in death, now and forever stand by the Stars and Stripes. They have led the brave to victory and to glory. Let it be our prayer and our struggle that it shall float over our graves. SALUTING THE FLAG. The National Salute is determined by the num- ber of states composing the Union, at the rate of one gun for each State. It is fired at noon on July 4, at every post provided with artillery. The salute of a national flag is twenty-one guns. The salute to the national or regimental colors passing a guard or other armed body in the army 113 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS is the trumpets sounding and the drums beating a march. Officers and enlisted men passing the colors give the prescribed salute, whether with or with- out arms or uniforms. The salute for all officers and men, when not under arms, is the same in both the army and navy, and is raising the extended right hand to the forehead, palm downward. The morning gun is fired when the flag is hoisted at reville, and the evening gun is fired when the flag is lowered at retreat. GUN SALUTES 21 Guns. For President of United States. President of a Republic. Royal Family. An ex-President. 19 Guns. Vice-President (pro temjwre of the Senate) . Ambassador. Cabinet Officer. Admiral of the Navy. 17 Guns. Governors of States. Governor General U. S., Islands, or Territories. Speaker House of Representatives. Committee of Congress Secretary of War or Navy. Chief Justice of the United States. 114 THE FLAG 15 Guns. Envoy Extraordinary. Vice-Admiral. Lieutenant General. Rear Admiral. 13 Guns. Major General Army or Marine Corps. Minister, President, or Diplomatic representative. 11 Guns. Commodore. Brigadier General. Charge d Affaires. Consul General. 7 Guns. First Secretary of Embassies or Le- gations. 5 Guns. Vice-Consul, or Consular Agent rep- resentative of the United States. 48 Guns. On July Fourth Salute is fired for each State in the Union. ARMY AND NAVY REGULATIONS COVERING FLY- ING OF EMBLEM DIFFER The army hoists its flag at sunrise and hauls it down at sunset. The navy raises the flag at 8 o'clock in the morning and hauls it down at sun- set. The flag is not flown at sea except for the purpose of exchanging courtesies with other ves- sels, but a vessel making port keeps the flag fly- ing until she comes to anchor, whatever the hour may be. The flag is hoisted on board ship during 115 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS church service, with the church pennant flying above it. The hoisting of a flag below another flag is the token of surrender, and the only pow- er to which our services surrender is the power of the church. The regulations require that: At every military post or station the flag will be hoisted at the sounding of the first note of the reveille. The flag will be lowered at the sounding of the last note of the retreat, and while the flag is being lowered, the band will play "The Star Spangled Banner." The national flag shall be dis- played at a seacoast or lake fort at the commence- ment of an action and during a battle in which the fort may be engaged, whether by day or by night. The national ensign on board a ship of the navy at anchor shall be hoisted at 8 o'clock in the morn- ing and kept flying until sunset, if the weather permits. Whenever a ship comes to anchor or gets under way, if there is sufficient light for the ensign to be seen, it shall be hoisted, although earlier or later than the time specified. Unless there are good reasons to the contrary, the ensign shall be displayed when sailing with other ships of war, or when near the land, and especially when passing or approaching forts, lighthouses or towns. In some states the law requires that an Ameri- can flag on a staff shall mark every public school as it does an armory or an army camp. 116 THE FLAG In the navy, "Every officer or man, upon reaching the quarterdeck or upon leaving it to go over the side, salutes the national ensign. This salute is returned by the officers of the watch, at hand." CEREMONIES FOR OBSERVING COLORS ON BOARD SHIPS IN COMMISSION At "Morning Colors," 8 A. M., the field music and band give three rolls and three flourishes. At the third roll the ensign is started from the deck and hoisted slowly to the peak or truck, dur- ing which time the band will play "The Star Spangled Banner." When the ensign leaves the deck, or rail, all sentries will salute, and remain at salute until the band ceases to play the national air. All officers and men present will stand facing the ensign, and salute when it reaches peak or truck. AT SUNSET OR EVENING COLORS The same ceremonies will be observed at sun- set, or "Evening Colors," except that the music will give three rolls and three flourishes before the ensign leaves the peak or truck, and all offi- cers and men will salute when the ensign touches the deck. 117 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS THE AMERICAN'S PATRIOTIC SALUTE TO THE FLAG "We give our heads and our hearts to God and our country; one language, one flag." This was introduced into the public schools in 1891. THE NATIONAL ANTHEM When the national anthem is played at any place where persons belonging to the military serv- ice are present, all officers and enlisted men not in uniform stand at attention facing toward the music (except at retreat, when they face toward the flag) . If in uniform, covered, they salute at the first note of the anthem, retaining the posi- tion of salute until the last note of the anthem. If not in uniform and covered, they uncover at the first note of the anthem, holding the head- dress opposite the left shoulder until the close of the anthem, except in inclement weather, when the headdress may be held slightly raised. On August 23, 1916, the "Star Spangled Ban- ner" was designated by the President to be the na- tional anthem of the United States. 118 CHAPTER V CAMPFIRE GIRLS The Camp Fire Girls' organization is a Nation- al club of girls, whose effort it is to find beauty . and romance in every day life. Groups are called "Camps" and are made up of from six to twenty members. The leader is called the Guardian. Ev- ery Camp Fire Girl must be twelve years of age or over. The movement was launched in England in 1910. Already there are well over seventy thou- sand girl guides in the sisterhood, and by the end of the year there will be a hundred thousand, if the present rate of growth continues. Every girl guide must promise on her honor : To be loyal to God. To obey the guide law. To help others at all times. And the guide law is simple, too, consisting of ten sentences: A guide's honor is to be trusted. A guide is loyal. 121 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS A guide's duty is to be useful and help others. A guide is a friend to all and a sister to every other guide. A guide is courteous. A guide is a friend to animals. A guide obeys orders. A guide smiles and sings under all difficulties. A guide is thrifty. A guide is pure in thought, word and deed. The salute is given by raising three fingers to the hatbrim, the open hands outward and the thumb and little finger crossed. The three fin- gers are to remind the guide of her threefold pledge. Their motto is "Be Prepared," the em- blem is a green clover leaf. BOY SCOUTS They have been taught discipline in the light of voluntary good-fellowship, courage as a quality of self-reliance, fair play as the sporting element of contact with animate and inanimate nature. To do a brave and unselfish deed each day is one of the fundamental theories and practices of these adventurous young scouts. From the day they don it, they recognize their uniform as the em- blem and the pledge of good citizenship and its inevitable concomitant — good sportsmanship. The Boy Scouts are the best governed, because the 122 MISCELLANEOUS least governed, of any juvenile organization of which we know. It has been proved by years of experience that once "a real boy" learns what is and what is not "the decent thing to do" he will do it unfailingly, willingly and even strenuously, if left to his honor so to act. Contact with nature, the liberty of outdoors, the sense of self-reliance, the experiment of con- flict with natural hostilities, the regard for others and, above all, the daily and constant awareness of duty to the flag which have marked the peace- time activities of the Boy Scouts, are all explana- tory of the fine soldierly qualities now displayed by the thousands of grown-up "good scouts" who graduated at intervals during the last score of years from the Boy Scouts of America. ORIGIN OF "GONE WEST" The World War gave us many new words and phrases. Perhaps none is more pathetically ex- pressive than "Gone West," the soldier term that came to be almost universally used to desig- nate death. More than three thousand years ago the an- cient Egyptians spoke of the dead as "the West- erners," or those who had "gone West." For the abode of the dead was believed to be in the realm of the setting sun, in that Amenti where Osiris reigned. This belief by the ancients in the soul going West has at least a reflection in the cus- toms of some of our own North American Indians, 123 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS who cherished the belief that their "happy hunt- ing grounds, lay in the West, and who practiced the custom of laying their dead away in well pro- visioned scaffolds facing the West. THE MEANING OF MORALE "Morale." It's about the best word the World War has given us. "Morale" is a sort of a high toned word for "team work." But it means a lot more than team work. Morale means that I believe in you and you be- lieve in me and we believe in all the rest of us and all of us believe that we can do our work better and quicker than anybody else anywhere. Morale means that we make good on our belief. It means that I don't sit down at my desk, or lean against a wall somewhere, and think dark green thoughts about the fellow upstairs or the fellows over in the other departments. It means that we are all so busy and so glad watching the way the whole outfit is putting the thing over that there isn't any room in our sys- tems for self-pity or for knocks on the others. It means that the sight of you and the way you are digging into your task puts about 50 per cent more pep into me — makes me feel that no matter what is ahead of me, it can't beat me, because I've 124 MISCELLANEOUS got all the rest of the crowd behind me and with me. Morale means — why, it means friendship, after all. You can't buy morale, you can't make it, you can't borrow it — you've got to have it. ORIGIN OF THE WORD "BOYCOTT" The first use of the word boycott, which meant originally a concerted social ostracism or ban di- rected by a community against one of its mem- bers as a mark of public disapproval, resulted from an Irish riot which occurred many years ago. Captain Boycott, an Irish land agent, was besieged by the people at Lough Mask farm, his laborers threatened and supplies re- fused him by the tradespeople. This riot led Charles Stewart Parnell to use the word "boycott" as a synonym for social ostracism. The use of the term spread through Ireland, and eventually to England and America, and is now included in all dictionaries. THE FIRST PUBLIC CELEBRATION OF WASHING- TON'S BIRTHDAY The first public celebration of the anniversary of George Washington's birthday took place on Feb. 22, 1783, when a number of distinguished men met at a tavern in New York City. Speeches were made and toasts given, and the occasion was 125 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS one of great rejoicing. Before separating they agreed to meet annually and honor General Wash- ington's birthday with special ceremonies. After the death of Washington, his birthday was made a national holiday that all might honor and re- vere his memory. THE DOUGHBOY It was a small, round doughnut (dough-cake) served to sailors on shipboard, generally with hash. Early in the civil war, the term was ap- plied to the large globular brass buttons of the infantry uniforms, and lastly given to the foot soldiers, from which it passed by natural transi- tion to the infantrymen themselves. THE ORIGIN OF THE RED GROSS The Red Cross as a badge of Service for suffer- ing humanity dates back more than three hundred years, and it has expanded, as a society, into a multitude that ministers to the physical needs of our Army and Navy, here and abroad. Camillus de Lellis was bom in the kingdom of Naples in 1550. After serving in the Venetian army, he was badly wounded in the leg and sent to the hospital of San Giacomo in Rome, where he was so impressed by the horrors and filth of what was really a pesthouse, that he resolved to devote his life to suffering humanity; "to care for the plague stricken and to nurse the sick in 126 MISCELLANEOUS their own homes." At 32, he was ordained a priest and set about founding a religious order "to serve the sick." "They shall wear a red cross upon their breast," said Camillus, "to remind them of the suffering of our Lord Christ. This will give them strength and encouragement." Sixtus V. con- firmed the congregation in 1585, granting them in the brief a special permission to wear "the red cross." "UNCLE SAM" "Uncle Sam." The term originated at Troy, New York, during the war of 1812. The Govern- ment inspector there was Samuel Wilson, known as Uncle Sam. Whenever he inspected supplies furnished the Government, he would brand them U. S., meaning United States, but the workmen supposed it meant "Uncle Sam." THE HISTORY OF THE CAMOUFLAGE There may be something new under the sun, but camouflage isn't it. Camouflaging trenches and breastworks in the Civil War was done with branches of trees and sod. The airplane, which has made camouflaging so necessary, wasn't thought of then. It was con- sidered a disgrace for a man to protect himself 127 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS behind a tree. Capture of Fort Pulaski, though, resulted from camouflage. Union forces, work- ing nights, built up disguised batteries, carefully- making them appear like the growing forest they replaced. The walls of the fort crumpled before the astonished gaze of the Confederate defenders when the 'forest' opened up fire after weeks of preparations. Yankee camouflage in the War of 1812 caused the British sea fighters much concern. American merchantmen were painted black, like warships, and portholes, blocked on in white, to give the appearance of heavy cannon armament. Frequently British warships would refrain from attack. Another device used on land in the World War, when munitions were shy, was to emplace logs on fortifications to look like cannon, which proved ef- fective — until the enemy made a charge. The master strategists of ancient days — ^the Greeks — ^pulled a few that might make a camou- flage of today envious. Ulysses, known as the "crafty," brought about the capture of Troy by camouflage. The Greeks built an immense statue of a horse, which the Trojans took inside the city gates. At night Ulys- ses and his band, concealed within, crawled out and let in the invading hosts. 128 MISCELLANEOUS "BROTHER JONATHAN" The national sobriquet for the people of the United States is "Brother Jonathan." The name originated in revolutionary days. One of the most ardent patriots, and a man of superior abilities and undisputed integrity, was Jonathan Trumbull, the elder, Governor of Connecticut from 1769 to 1784. He was especially prized by Washington, who placed the greatest confidence in his judg- ment. It is said that, when the commander-in-chief was in a quandary as to raising supplies for the army, or making preparations for the defense of the country, he was in the habit of saying, "Well, we must consult Brother Jonathan in the matter." It was no broken reed to lean upon, and the Gov- ernor's advice was always satisfactory. THE SHRAPNEL SHELL The Shrapnel shell was invented by Lieutenant (afterwards Lieutenant-General) Henry Shrapnel (1761-1842), in 1784. It was a spherical com- mon shell with lead bullets mixed with the burst- ing charge. NATIONAL COUNCIL OF DEFENSE The National Council of Defense is a commis- sion by Congress for the organization of the fi- nancial, industrial and commercial resources of the country for national defense in time of war. 129 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS The law provides that the Council shall consist of the Secretaries of War; the Navy; the Interior; Agriculture; Commerce and Labor; and of an advisory commission of seven citizens appointed by the President, qualified by special knowledge of the industrial and commercial resources of the country. ARMISTICE Armistice is pronounced as if it were spelled ar- mistis, accent on the first syllable. An Armistice suspends military operations by mutual agreement between belligerent parties. If its duration is not fixed, the belligerent parties can resume operations at any time, provided al- ways the enemy is warned within the time agreed upon, in accordance with the terms of the armis- tice. BUGLE CALLS 1. First Call (Soon form for roll call) 2. Guard Mounting. 3. Full Dress. 4. Overcoats. 5. Drill. 6. Stable _ _ (Attention to horses) 7. Water _ (Water the horses) 8. Boots and Saddles (To be mounted) (The above are warning calls, to precede assembly call). 130 MISCELLANEOUS 9. Assembly (Fall in) 10. Adjutant's Call, (Battalions and guard de- tails form). 11. To the Color (When color salutes) 12. Fire (Fire alarm, fall in, unarmed) 13. To Arms, (Fall in quickly on Company pa- rade ground, armed). 14. To Horse, (Arm, mount and assemble quick- ly). 15. Reveille (Wake up and get ready). 16. Retreat (Fire evening gun). 17. Tattoo (To quarters for sleep) . 18. Call to Quarters. 19. Taps (Extinguish lights) . 20. Mess (Come to meal). 21. Sick (Report your ailments). 22. Church. 23. Recall. 24. Issue - (Quartermaster is ready). 25. Officers' Call (Officers assemble). 26. Captains' Call (Captains assemble). 131 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS NOTEWORTHY DAYS January 6, 1750 — Wedding of George Washing- ton and Martha Custis. October 7, 1765 — Stamp Act Congress Assem- bled. March 5, 1770 — Boston Massacre. December 16, 1773 — Boston Tea Party. September 5, 1774 — First Continental Congress Assembled in Philadelphia. June 15, 1775 — Appointment of Washington as Commander-in-Chief of the Army. June 17, 1775— Battle of Bunker Hill. March 17, 1776 — Boston Evacuated by the Brit- ish. June 14, 1777 — Stars and Stripes adopted by Congress. October 17, 1777 — Surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga. February 6, 1778 — Signing of the Treaty be- tween France and the United States. October 19, 1781 — Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown. November 30, 1782 — Revolutionary War ends. September 17, 1787 — Adoption of Constitution of the United States. April 30, 1789 — Inauguration of Washington as first President of United States. 132 MISCELLANEOUS MILESTONES ALONG THE PATH OF "OLD GLORY" 1777 — First displayed over a military post at Fort Schuyler, on the site of the present city of Rome, N. Y. 1777 — First displayed on a vessel of war by the famous John Paul Jones of the "Ranger." 1777 — First carried into battle on the banks of the Brandywine. 1777 — First hoisted over a foreign stronghold when Captain Rathbone of the sloop of war Prov- idence, captured Fort Nassau, in the Bahamas. 1783 — First displayed in an English port by the schooner Bedford of Massachusetts. 1790 — First carried around the world by the American ship Columbia. 1824 — First carried through the Straits of Ma- gellan by the merchant ship Endeavor of Salem, Mass. 1829 — First raised in California by Captain J. P. Arther, a seafarer from Plymouth, Mass. 1839 — First carried far beyond the Antarctic circle by the pilot boat Flying Fish of the Wilkes expedition. 1844 — First carried around the world by an American steamship. 1848 — First displayed upon the Sea of Gallilee by the expedition of Lieutenant Lynch. 1853 — First displayed in Japan at the landing of Perry's party in the bay of Jeddo. 133 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS APRIL, MONTH OF THE COMMENCEMENT OF OUR GREAT WARS. April 19, 1775 — Battle of Lexington. April 4, 1776 — Washington forms the first American army of 8,000 men. April 25, 1777 — Lafayette arrives in America to aid in the War of Independence. April 25, 1871 — First American man-of-war built at Portsmouth, N. H., by Paul Jones. April 19, 1783 — War of Independence ends. April 21, 1836— Sam Houseton defeats Mexicans under Santa Anna at San Jacinto, assuring inde- pendence of Texas. April 26, 1845 — War declared on Mexico. April 12, 1861 — First shot of Rebellion fired on Fort Sumter. April 6, 1862— Battle of Shiloh. April 24, 1862 — Admiral Farragut forces the passage of the Mississippi. April 2, 1865 — Richmond abandoned by Confed- erates. April 9, 1865 — Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House. April 14, 1865 — Lincoln assassinated. April 21, 1898 — War declared on Spain. April 7, 1914 — American marines occupy Vera Cruz. April 6, 1917 — War declared on Germany. 134 MISCELLANEOUS FRIDAY "LUCKY DAY" IN REVOLUTION Friday, February 22d, 1732, George Washing- ton was born. Friday, May 10th, 1775, Battle of Crown Point. Friday, May 19th, 1775, Union of Colonies ef- fected. Friday, June 7th, 1776, R. H. Lee offered Reso- lutions of Independence to Congress. Friday, June 17th, 1775, Battle of Bunker Hill. Friday, June 28th, 1776, Battle of Fort Moul- trie. Friday, January 3d, 1777, Battle of Princeton. Friday, August 3d, 1777, Stars and Stripes first hoisted as a National flag in Fort Schuyler (now Rome, N. Y.) Friday, September 19th, 1777, Battle of Bemis Heights. Friday, October 17th, 1777, Battle of Saratoga. Friday, May 12th, 1780, Battle of Charleston. Friday, September 22, 1780, Benedict Arnold's treason discovered. Friday, September 22, 1780, Surrender of Lord Comwallis. 135 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS STATE MOTTOES. All our states have mottoes, as you know, and most of them are very inspiring. Here is a list : Alabama — "Here we rest." Arizona — "Founded by God." Arkansas — "The people rule." California — "I have found it." Colorado — "Nothing without God." Connecticut — "He who transplanted still sus- tains." Delaware — "Liberty and independence." District of Columbia — "Justice to all." Florida — "In God we trust." Georgia — "Wisdom, justice, moderation," and "Agriculture and commerce." Idaho— "Hail." Illinois — "National union, State sovereignty." Iowa — "Our liberties we prize, and our rights we will maintain." Kansas — "To the stars through difficulties." Kentucky — "United we stand, divided we fall." Louisiana — "Union, justice and confidence." Maine— "I direct." 136 MISCELLANEOUS. Maryland — "Manly deeds, womanly words," and "You have crowned us with the shields of your good will." Massachusetts — "With the sword she seeks quiet peace under liberty." Minnesota — "The star of the north.". Michigan — "If thou seekest a beautiful penin- sula, behold it here." Missouri — "The welfare of the people is the su- preme law." Montana — "Gold and silver." Nebraska — "Equality before law." Nevada — "All for our country," New Mexico — "It increases by going." New York — "Excelsior." North Dakota — "Liberty and union, one and in- separable, now and forever." Oregon — "The union." Pennsylvania — "Virtue, liberty and independ- ence." Rhode Island— "Hope." South Carolina — "Prepared in mind and re- sources ready to give life and property," and "While I breathe I hope." 137 FACTS FOE PATRIOTS South Dakota — "Under Gk)d the people rule." Tennessee — "Agriculture, commerce." Vermont — "Freedom and unity." Virginia — "Ever so to tyrants," and "Perse- verance." Washington — "Byebye." West Virginia — "Mountaineers are always free men," and "Liberty and fidelity." Wisconsin — "Forward." SERVICE BAR. A bar worn on the breast or sleeve of the uni- form when made up of red, white and blue at either end of bar and a wide gold stripe in the center, indicates that the soldier has seen action in the Allied service; if red, white and blue only, service for France. A bar of green with red stripes is the much coveted "Croix de Guerre," and if surmounted with the palm, indicates that the soldier was presented with the decoration by a general, and if with a star, it was presented by a colonel. The number of stars on the bar indi- cates the number of citations. Many of our brave lads who served so valiantly on the western front have three or four stars with their "Croix de Guerre." CHEVRONS. "Chevron" is an architectural term denoting 138 MISCELLANEOUS the rafters of a roof, meeting at an angle at the upper apex. It is derived from the French word "chevre," a goat, and so used on account of the fancied resemblance of a pair of such rafters to the horns of a goat. The chevron in heraldry was employed as a badge of honor to mark the main supporters of the head of the clan, "the top of the house," and it came to be used in various forms as an em- blem of rank for the knights and men-at-arms in feudal days, and from this resulted its common use as an insignia of rank in the armies and na- vies of the present day. The chevrons indicating the rank of non-com- missioned officers are worn midway between the shoulder and the elbow on both sleeves of the service coats, full dress coat and overcoat. War Service Chevron — A "V" shaped bar of gold lace, worn on lower left sleeve of all uniform coats, except fatigue coats, by officers, field clerks and enlisted men who have served six months in the war zone. This chevron is worn point down. An additional chevron is allowed for each six months' service. Wound Chevron — Also a "V" shaped bar of gold lace, worn point down, on the right sleeve. Not more than one wound chevron can be worn if two or more wounds are sustained at the same time. Silver Chevron — For officers, field clerks and 139 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS enlisted men who served six months outside the theater of operations, a silver chevron (worn the same as the gold chevron) is allowed. For each additional six months another chevron is worn. Scarlet Chevron — Soldiers honorably discharged wear a scarlet chevron, point up, on the left sleeve above the elbow. These are in addition to the usu- al service stripes. Sky Blue Chevron-Service of less than six months in theater of war is indicated by a sky blue cloth worn as the gold war service chevron. One white stripe on the left arm denotes six months' service in the United States. A white star, which is worn above the stripe, denotes enlistment, that the soldier volunteered and was not drafted. The army's chevrons for six months' foreign service and for a wound are just alike — a V- shaped gold stripe for each six months' service, or for each wound. The difference is that the "service stripes" are worn on the left sleeve just above the cuff, the wound stripes on the right. There is also a chevron of light blue for less than six months of foreign service. THE DISTINGUISHED SERVICE CROSS. The distinguished service cross is awarded by the President to any person who, since April 6, 1917, has distinguished himself or herself by "ex- 140 MISCELLANEOUS traordinary heroism in connection with direct military operations." It is a bronze cross, bear- ing an eagle. Its ribbon is of red, white and blue — a wide blue center, a narrow white stripe on each side, a wider red stripe at each end. THE MEANING OF A GOLD V. A gold "V" stripe on the right sleeve of a sol- dier or officer indicates that he has been wounded; a gold "V" on the left sleeve indicates six months' service in France; a blue "V" on the left sleeve means less than six months' service, usually three months, and the two together indi- cate nine months' service in France; a green "V" stripe or two gold "V's" indicates a year's service in France. KITCHEN POLICE Kitchen Police is all "kitchen" and no "police." The only thing about an M. P. that would be use- ful in connection with the kitchen police would be his club with which potatoes could be mashed in a steel helmet. One of the duties of kitchen police is to hold spuds in custody and keep suspicious eggs under surveillance. Kitchen policemen do not wear stars until after they have risen to the rank of brigadier general. One good thing about the establishment run 141 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS by the kitchen police is that its menu consists of considerable more than bread and water. The K. P.s should be commended on the fact that they never demand your bread ticket. The mess sergeant is a sort of a kitchen police judge. The motto of the kitchen police force is "Try to bring home the bacon, never spill the beans, and always know which side your bread is buttered on." 112 INDEX FACTS FOR PATRIOTS A Adjutant General 44, 45 Aeroplane "75 Aero Squadrons 42 Aircraft 67 Airdome 76 Airman 76 Airplane 75, 127 Alaska 27, 74 Aldermen 25 American Ensign 97 American Flag 93, 95, 112 American Legations 62 Ammunition 46 Aneroid 75 Arlandes 70 Armistice 130 Armor Plate 86 Army 39, 48 Artillery 42 Automobile 85 Aviation 39, 78 Aviation Corps 74 Aviators 47, 68 B Balloonists 78 Battalions 42 Battleship Force 56 Bauer 81 146 INDEX Bedford Minute Men 100 Beffroi 85 Besnier 69 Bluejacket 61 Blue V 141 Board of Education 26 Boycott 125 Boy Scouts 122 Brigadier General 43 Brother Jonathan 129 Bugle Calls 130 Bushnell 80 C Cabinet 20, 34 Call of the Flag 93 Cambridge Flag 99, 100 Camouflage 127 Camp 40 Camp Fire Girls 121 Caterpillar Tractor 84 Cavalry 41, 44 Cavalry Units 49 Chaplains 43 Chevrons 138 Chevron, Scarlet 140 Chevrons, Service 139 Chevron, Silver 139 Chevron, Sky Blue 140 Chevron, Wound 139 147 PACTS FOR PATRIOTS Chief of Staff 43, 44 Cigar Shape 81 City 18, 24 Coast Artillery 39, 42, 43 Coast Guard 55, 65 Cockpit 76 Colors 112 Colors, Regimental 112 Commissioned Officers 47 Compass 76 Congress 19, 21, 22, 34 Constitution 18, 21 Council of National Defense 77 County 18 Croix de Guerre 138 Cruiser Force 57 Curtiss Machines 79 D Dependency 29 Dependencies, Insular 28 Destroyer Force 57 Dewey, Admiral 28 Dimensions of the Flag 95 Distinguished Service Cross 140 District of Columbia 32 Division 41 Dolphin 81 Doughboy 126 Drebel 80 148 INDEX Drift 76 Dumont 71 Duties 22 E Edgworth 87 Engineer Corps 45 Evening Colors 117 F Farragut 61 Field Army 41 Field Artillery 40 Fighting Automobiles 84 Flag Officer 55 Fleet 55 Fliers 77 Flotilla 56 Flying Boats 79 Fort 40 Franklin 70 French Tri-Color 96 Fulton 81 Flag Anniversaries 103 Flag Days 103 Flag Display Rules 103 Flags, Old and Worn 104 Flying of Emblem 115 G Garrison Flag 95, 106 General Staff Corps 43, 44 149 FACTS FOE PATRIOTS Gold V 141 Good Scouts 122, 123 Gone West 123 Government 17 Government, Civil 17 Governor 23 Guam 28, 30 Guide 121 Gun Salutes 114 H Hat Cords 51 Hawaiian Islands 26 Helicoptic 72 Holland 82 Holt Tractor 85 Hotchkiss 86 House of Representatives 19, 22 I Identification Tag 60 Insignia 51. 76 Infantry 39, 41, 44, 50 J Jones, John Paul 98 Judge Advocate 44, 45 K Kitchen Police 141 Kitty-Hawk 72 150 INDEX L Lake 82 Landship 84 Law 17 Lellis 126 Liberty Motor 88 Lighthouse Service 55, 67 Lightships ' 67 Lucky Day 135 M Machine Gun 85 Machine Gun Troop 50 Magneto 76 Marines 63, 64 Marine Corps 55, 62, 64 Marine Hospital 64, 66 Material for Flag 106 Mayor 25 Medical Corps 43 Meteor Flag 95 Milestones 133 Militia 47 Military Aeronautics 78 Mine Force 57 Mobile Army 39 Mobilization 43 Montgolfier 69 Morale 124 Morning Colors 117 Mottoes 136 Moultree Flag 101 151 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS N Nation 17 National Anthem 118 National Colors i 105 National Council of Defense 129 National Defense 43 National Defense Act 41 National Ensign 116 National Flag 113 National Guard 39, 40 National Salute 105, 113 Naval Aviation Service 78 Naval Bureaus 58 Naval Consulting Board 59 Naval Flying Corps 78 Naval Forces 56 Naval Militia 55 Naval Officers' Commands 57 Naval Rank 57 Naval Station 56 Navy 55 Navy Uniform 60 Nelson 61 New York's Flag 101 Non-Commissioned Officers 47 Noteworthy Days 132 Observing Colors 117 Officers' Commands 48 152 INDEX Officers' Reserve Corps. . .' 40 Old Glory 93, 99, 102, 133 Omnibus 71 Ordnance Department 46 Our Flag 108 Our Flag First Raised 108 Panama Strip 31, 64 Parks, National 31 Pamell 125 Patriotic Salute 118 Philippine Islands 29, 30 Pillbox 89 Pilot 79 Pine Tree Flag 100 Planes 69 Porto Rico 28 Post Flag 96, 106 Preamble 18 President 19, 20 Public Health Service 66 Public Schools 23, 24 Q Quarantine 66 Quartermaster Corps 43, 46 Queisser 107 R Rattlesnake Flag 100 Red Cross 126 153 FACTS FOR PATRIOTS Regimental Flags 107 Regimental Strength 49 Regular Army 40, 41 Regular Navy 55 Reservations, Indian 31 Reveille 116 Rhode Island's Flag 101 Rogier 70 S Salutes 109 Salutes, Boys' 110 Salute, Military Ill Salutes, Soldier 110 Salute to the Union 105 Saluting Distance 110 Saluting Flag Ill Samoan Islands 28, 30 School District 18 Scout Force 57 Seal, Great 33 Seaplanes 79 Section 56 Senate 19, 22 Service Bar 138 Service Flag 94, 107 Service Stripes 140 Shrapnel Shell 129 Signal Corps 75 Signal Corps Troops 42 Signal Tank 88 154 INDEX Squadron 50, 55 Standard 112 Standard Fleet 58 Standing Army 39 Stars 113 Star, White 140 St. Andrew 95, 97, 100 St. George's Cross 95, 97, 100 Stars and Stripes 94 Star Spangled Banner 106, 116 State 18, 22 State Militia 39 Storm Flag 96 Stripes 113 Stripe, White 140 Swinton 86 Symbol 113 T Tank 84, 87 Taxes 21, 25 Territory 26 Territories, Insular 28 Torpedo 55, 56, 82 Township 18 Turris Mobilis 85 U Uncle Sam 127 Union Flag 97 155 FACTS FOE PATRIOTS Union Jack 77, 95, 96 United States 19 V Veterinarians 43 Vinci, Leonardo da 68 Von Holmholtz 69 W Washington 32 Washington's Birthday 125 Washington's Coat-of- Arms 99 Wells 84 West Point Military Academy 40 White, Stephen 98 Whitney 82 Wilson, Samuel 127 Wireless 63, 75, 83 World War 74 Wright Bros 72 Y Yankee Camouflage 128 Yards and Docks 58 Z Zeppelin 71 Zeppelins 74 156