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 Primitive man in Ohio 
 
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 FIG I. — Head-dress of skeleton, No. 24S, consisting of copper antlers 
 Effigy Mound, Hopewell's GrouiJ, Ross County, Ohio. See page 194. 
 
Copyright, 1892 
 
 I3y 
 
 WARREN K. MOOREHEAD 
 
 Electrotyped, Printed, and Bound by 
 
 ■ttbe Tftnfcfeevbocficr iprcso, mew JBorft 
 G. P. Putnam's Sons 
 
PEEFACE. 
 
 For many years the great majority of readers 
 upon American archaeology and ethnology have be- 
 lieved in the existence throughout the Mississippi 
 valley of a nation called, for want of a better name/ 
 " The Mound Builders." Hasty explorations of tu- 
 muli and enclosures in various parts of the Ohio and 
 Mississippi valleys have been made by those desir- 
 ing to further the popular belief. Books and numer- 
 ous articles have been published in which the 
 imagination was permitted to range unchecked. 
 Statements were made without proper authority, 
 speculations freely indulged in, and hypotheses were 
 built upon foundations as unstable as those of sand. 
 As a natural result, many persons were led to attrib- 
 ute a high degree of civilization to the mound- 
 building tribes of the Mississippi valley. Fine relics 
 or carved images taken from the mounds, the signifi- 
 cation of which the collector could not satisfactorily 
 explain, were accepted as evidence in support of the 
 high status of these people. In spite of investiga- 
 tions and publications upon the part of learned insti- 
 tutions and private individuals, tending to dispel 
 such deceptions, many intelligent people still retain 
 false impressions while reading works that treat of 
 primitive man. 
 
 ' We are in favor of employing Dr. D. G. Brinton's term, " The Ameri- 
 can Race." See pp. 17 and 18, The American Race, New York. 
 
iv PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 It is the purpose of our book to do away with 
 certain of these illusions. In attempting this we are 
 aware that a herculean task has been undertaken. 
 But the time has arrived when men prefer facts to 
 flights of fancy. We are therefore quite confident 
 that our material, so carefully collected and thought- 
 fully weighed, will not be cast aside and its place 
 usurped by the rash statements of hasty and incom- 
 petent investigators. Why there should be so much 
 speculation and uncertainty concerning the life of 
 our aborigines is inexplicable to us. No question of 
 equal importance could have been more easily deter- 
 mined had the early writers given as much care and 
 patience to mound exploration as is given at the 
 present time. 
 
 Some writers have misrepresented and distort- 
 ed field testimony to uphold theories previously 
 formed. As an illustration of this, and of the great 
 damage that it has done, we need but call the atten- 
 tion of our readers to the famous " Holy Stone " of 
 Newark. 
 
 An enthusiastic archaeologist resided many years 
 ago at Newark, Ohio. He was thoroughly in love 
 with his work, and his life's ambition was to discover 
 the origin of man upon the American continent. He 
 believed the lost ten tribes of Israel to be the ances- 
 tors of the mound-building tribes. After opening 
 mound after mound and finding no evidence what- 
 ever in support of his hypothesis, he became desper- 
 ate. He purchased a Hebrew Bible and primer, and 
 shortly afterwards there was discovered in a stone 
 box, in a mound that he had investigated, a slab, on 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 one side of which was a likeness of Moses, and on 
 the reverse an abridged form of the ten command- 
 ments. The stone attracted world-wide attention, 
 and many publications were issued describing it. No 
 one doubted the genuineness of the affair until after 
 the man's death. In cleaning up his office the 
 administrator found in a small rear room bits of slate 
 with attempts at carving Hebrew characters upon 
 them. They also found a fair copy of the wood-cut 
 of Moses used as a frontispiece in the testament. 
 
 The influence of this over-zealous deceiver has 
 gone throughout the length and l)readth of our land, 
 and one may still hear at lectures upon American 
 archaeology statements concerning the Indian's de- 
 scent from the Jew, basing such assertions upon 
 the testimony of the supposed " Holy Stone of 
 Newark," which, as is above shown, was simply a 
 counterfeit. 
 
 The moral requires no explanation. One "popu- 
 lar " book by a superficial observer has a bad influ- 
 ence and does more harm than can be remedied by 
 much honest conscientious endeavor on the part of 
 workers in the field. Those who have endured the 
 rains of spring, the heat of summer, the chilly snows 
 and sleet of winter, living in thin tents or baru-like 
 sheds alongside the tumuli that must be studied inch 
 by inch with pick and shovel, have a right to cry 
 out in honest indignation when the reports of men 
 who have never thrust a spade into the structures 
 they attempt to describe pretend to be conclusive on 
 this subject. 
 
 Many volumes upon American archaeology in the 
 
VI PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 last few years have been written by field workers and 
 consequently have a value far in excess of previous 
 publications. Most writers seem to agree of late that 
 the various tribes and clans which formerly inhabited 
 the river valleys of the State of Ohio were alike in 
 color and general habits, having certain variations in 
 stature common to all races, and differing in many of 
 the details of tribal organization and domestic life. 
 Their languages were unlike, it is thought, and un- 
 doubtedly they warred against each other. 
 
 In writing a complete description of each mound, 
 repetitions are unavoidable. A mound may be more 
 or less like its fellow structures, and our desire not 
 to overlook any detail in the position of objects and 
 skeletons has led us to follow one general rule in 
 writing the report of mound contents. The rule is, 
 "Note everything." 
 
 No attempt is made to give any description of the 
 earthworks found in the different parts of Ohio; 
 such an effort would not only swell a volume to 
 unwieldy proportions, but would be entirely foreign 
 to our purpose. 
 
 In every excavation careful field notes were made 
 on the spot, and each night the result of the day's 
 work was fully written out. The text of this volume 
 is the sum of those records. 
 
 The total number of mounds, graves, and ceme- 
 teries opened during the four seasons of exploration 
 was one hundred and seven. The field numbers are 
 retained in the text, when necessary, but not in their 
 regular order, as some portions of the country were 
 worked at different periods during the years in which 
 
PREFACE. VI 1 
 
 excavations have been made. The record of a num- 
 ber of mounds is omitted, as they contained nothing 
 that would instruct or interest the reader. In mounds 
 of small dimensions the ready access of water and air 
 to their contents will sometimes destroy every trace 
 of such deposits as are affected by these agencies. 
 Hence a mound, which as constructed would prove 
 of great interest, may in the course of time appear 
 only as a homogeneous mass of earth. 
 
 During all the years described herein Mr. Moore- 
 head had general charge of the explorations. 
 
 Mr. Gerard Fowke has contributed Chapter iv. (on 
 Flint Ridge), and has rendered valuable assistance 
 both in the field and in the preparation of this book. 
 
 Dr. H. T. Cresson also assisted in the preparation 
 of this book, and spent several months in the World's 
 Columbian Exposition service at Anderson, Ross Co. 
 The sectional drawings and ground-plans of the 
 mounds at the Hopewell Gi'oup are copied fi'om his 
 pencil studies by Mr. Bennett, who has illustrated 
 the book. The result of his observations upon the 
 osteological collections from the Little Miami and 
 Scioto valleys, and other parts of Ohio, together 
 with remarks upon palaeolithic man, have been incor- 
 porated in this volume under Chapters i. and xvii. 
 
 To Mr. W. H. Davis, of Lowell, Ohio, -we are in- 
 debted for Chapter iii., on the Muskingum valley. 
 
 Each author is responsible for the statements set 
 forth in his department. 
 
 Mr. Jack Bennett, the well-known artist, made pen 
 drawings for the illustrations, and has also furnished 
 notes upon the bone carvings. 
 
Vlll PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 To the llVwstrated American, of New York, we 
 are indebted for the loan of four cuts, Figures iv., 
 XII. A, XIX., and xx. 
 
 In 1888 Mr. Clinton Cowen superintended exca- 
 vations in Mr. Moorehead's absence, and in 1889 he 
 assisted in surveying Fort Ancient. 
 
 In May and June, 1890, Mr. W. E. Myer had 
 charge of explorations near Wilmington, Ohio. 
 
 The farmers who so kindly permitted excavations 
 to be carried on in the mounds and village sites, 
 have greatly aided science. Without the consent of 
 land-owners work cannot be projected, and hence 
 nothing learned regarding primitive man and his 
 associates. In this volume we have given the name 
 and owner of every spot examined. 
 
 Conspicuous among the farmers who introduced 
 us to other mound-owners and were instrumental in 
 securing permits for us to dig are the following : 
 Tighlman Porter, Captain C. W. McGrinnis, Strawder 
 James, and Mr. Coiner, of Frankfort ; John Boyle, 
 of Fayetteville ; Messrs. Cowdin, Ridge, Poor, Van 
 Ripei', and Nixon, of Fort Ancient ; Messrs. Janes, 
 Redman, Fullerton, Miller, and Madeira, of Chilli- 
 cothe. General reference only is made to the finds 
 of the Hopewell group of mounds. The notes taken 
 in 1891 are the property of the World's Columbian 
 Exposition, and our use of them had to be limited. 
 Mr. Hiram Tayloi', of Oregonia, has our thanks for 
 his many kindnesses. 
 
 Mr. Cloud Hopewell, owner of the famous works 
 at Andei'son, Ross County, kindly allowed the sur- 
 vey to carry on explorations to an unlimited extent. 
 
PREFACE. IX 
 
 We are his debtor for many kindnesses and personal 
 favors. No community could have been more inter- 
 ested in archaeological discoveries than the citizens 
 of the home of Messrs. Squier and. Davis, Chilli- 
 cothe. Old residents in the city remember well the 
 work of the two pioneers just named, and were ac- 
 cordingly anxious to witness the examination of the 
 territory so ably explored by them nearly half a 
 century ago. Younger persons hearing their elders 
 speak of Squier and Davis also became interested. 
 For the cordiality with which we wei-e received, 
 the many mounds offered us for inspection, and the 
 general desire on the part of all Chilli cot heans to 
 aid us in our work, we acknowledge our great in- 
 debtedness and tender in return our most sincere 
 thanks and appreciation. 
 
 Wareen K. Mooeehead. 
 Chillicothe, Ohio, 
 December, 1891. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Pal/eolithic Man in Ohio ... i 
 
 CHAPTER n. 
 Licking County and Opening Remarks . .11 
 
 CHAPTER HI. 
 The Muskingum Valley from Marietta to Zanesville, 20 
 
 chapter iv. 
 Flint Ridge . 30 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Madisonville Cemetery .... 49 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Tumuli of the East Fork of the Little Miami River, 59 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Excavations in and around Fort Ancient . . 80 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Graves of the Village Site .... 92 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Explorations in Clinton County . . 107 
 
 xi 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 Conclusions 
 
 PAGE 
 
 XII CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Excavations at Frankfort, Ross County , .113 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Mound Number Thirty-Eight . 133 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Excavations near Chillicothe , . 144 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Mounds near Slate Mills, Ross County . . , 158 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 Mound Number Forty-Three ..... 168 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 Hopewell's Tumuli ....... 184 
 
 197 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 Crania and Skeletons with Table of Measurements, 204 
 Index ......,,,. 243 
 
6i 
 
 6S 
 
 68 
 
 73 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Figure i. — Head-dress of skeleton No. 248, consisting of 
 copper antlers. Effigy mound, Hopewell's Group, 
 Ross County ... . Frontispiece 
 
 Figure ii. — Series of Palaeolithic implements ... 3 
 
 Figure hi. — Ground plan of mound No. i. Skeleton 
 surrounded by stone slabs .... 
 
 Figure iv. — Various ceremonial and ornamental objects 
 Miami valley .... . . 
 
 Figure v. — Vertical section of mound No. 6 
 
 Figure vi. — Skeleton lying upon altar of burnt clay, 
 mound No. 6 . 
 
 Figure vii. — Group of graves at Fort Ancient, Nos. 9 to 
 
 18 inclusive . . .... 83 
 
 Figure viii. — Unopened stone grave, Taylor's Farm, Ore- 
 
 gonia, Warren County . . . facing 84 
 
 Figure ix. — Skeleton from stone grave, Oregonia, facing 86 
 
 Figure x. — Shell ornaments and arrow-head from chil- 
 dren's graves, Fort Ancient . . .89 
 
 Figure xi. — Infants' bones. Stone grave. Fort Ancient 91 
 
 Figure xii. — Fragments of decorated pottery. Lower 
 
 village site. Fort Ancient . . . . -93 
 
 Figure xiia.— Whole pot of clay. Lower village site. 
 
 Fort Ancient . . . . • • 97 
 
 Figure xiii. — Animal jaws from ash-pits. Fort Ancient 99 
 
 Figure xiv. — Bone awls and scrapers from ash-pits, Fort 
 
 Ancient ........ 100 
 
 Figure xv. — Celt, ornaments, and ocre from terrace 
 
 grave, Fort Ancient . . . 103 
 
 Figure xvi. — Ground plan of Porter mound. No. 15 .119 
 
ILL USTRA TIONS. 
 
 Figure xvii.— Skeleton " R " with accompanying objects 
 
 from Porter mound, No. 15 .... 123 
 
 Figure xviii. — Various objects from Porter mound, No. 15 125 
 Figure xix. — Various objects from Porter mound. No. 15 127 
 Figure xx. — Beads and panther teeth from Porter mound, 
 
 No. IS . . . ... 130 
 
 Figure xxi. — Ground plan of Porter mound, No. 38 . 136 
 Figure xxii.— Copper plates, with imprint of cloth and 
 
 copper celt, Porter mound. No. 38 . 140 
 
 Figure xxiii. — Ground plan of mound No. 36, fourteen 
 
 skeletons . . ..... i47 
 
 Figure xxiv. — Vertical section of mound No. 36, fourteen 
 
 skeletons . . . . . . . -149 
 
 Figure xxv. — Femora, with seventeen arrow-heads in rows 
 
 along each side . . . • 151 
 
 Figure xxvi. — Two tubes, two leaf-shaped implements, 
 
 two finger rings, and one hematite celt from mound 
 
 No. 36 . . . . . 152 
 
 Figure xxvii. — Displaced skeleton from mound No. 37 . 154 
 Figure xxviii. — Tablet, bracelet, spear-head, and beads 
 
 from mounds Nos. 39 and 43 ... 156 
 
 Figure xxix. — Group of skeletons from mound No. 45 
 
 with objects . . .... 159 
 
 Figure xxx. — Hematite cone, bone awl, circular disk 
 
 and broken spear-head ...... 163 
 
 Figure xxxi. — Peculiar construction of mound No. 43 . 166 
 Figure xxxii.— Peculiar construction of mound No. 43 . 171 
 Figure xxxiii. — Two cut logs and point of pick from 
 
 mound No. 43 . ... 175 
 
 Figure xxxiv. — Ground plan of Hopewell's mound 187 
 
 Figure xxxv. — 7,232 Flint disks. Largest cache of 
 
 implements known to archasologists. (Mr. Moore- 
 head's quarters) . facing 188 
 Figure xxxvi. — Skeleton 176 from mound No. 20. The 
 
 objects are unusually numerous and unique in form, 191 
 Figure xxxvii. — Altar from mound No. 18, Hopewell's 
 
 group ...... facing 194 
 
ILL US TRA TIONS. xv 
 
 „ ''AGE 
 
 Figure xxxviii.— Stone bowl from mound No. 23, Hope- 
 well's group facing 198 
 
 Figure xxxix.— Thirty-four carved bones from village 
 
 site, Hopewell's group ...... 205 
 
 Figure xl. — Valuable objects from the mounds of the 
 
 Hopewell group . . 207 
 
 Figure xli. — Copper objects and mica ornaments from 
 mound No. 20. The copper band at the upper 
 left hand corner, surrounded the wrist of skeleton 
 176 ... . . . 209 
 
 Figure xlii. — Flint disks from mound No. 2. Hopewell's 
 group. The only " shouldered " implements of the 
 cache, \ size . 211 
 
 Figure xliii. — Fourteen-inch flint dagger from Taylor's 
 mound, Oregonia, and copper crescent, mound No. 
 20, Hopewell's group ... 213 
 
 Figure xliv. — Large Busycon sea-shells, Hopewell's 
 
 group ... ... 215 
 
 Figure xlv. — Two skulls and three lower jaws. Typical 
 
 mound crania, from Hopewell's, Ross Co. facing 216 
 
 Figure xlvi. — Skull from Hopewell's group 217 
 
 Figure xlvii. — Skull, side view. Fort Ancient stone grave 218 
 
 Figure xlviii. — Perforated skull, Hopewell's group. 
 
 Occipital perforation . . 220 
 
 Figure xlix. — Fragments of crania showing low facial 
 
 angle, Hopewell's group 222 
 
 Figure l. — Cut human jaws and perforated cranial bones, 
 
 Hopewell's group . . . 225 
 
 Figure li. — Perforated humeri and a few ulnae, Hope- 
 well's group . . 229 
 
 Figure lii. — Skull sand femora, fragmentary, Hopewell's 231 
 
 Figure liii. — Fibulas and tibiae from Hopewell's group 235 
 
 Figure liv. — Fracture of head of humerus, and of the 
 
 ulnae 23? 
 
PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 PALEOLITHIC MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 The labors of Professor G. Frederick Wright, of 
 Oberlin College, Ohio, have been of great importance 
 in connection witli the antiquity of man in America. 
 He has traced the great terminal moraine of the 
 northern ice sheet across Pennsylvania/ thence across 
 Ohio, Indiana, and far beyond the Mississippi, mak- 
 ing besides extensive study of the Muir and other 
 glaciers in Alaska, continuing his studies of glacial 
 phenomena even so far as the Eastern continent. 
 He has shovi^n ' that glacial floods, operating while 
 the ice remained over the head watei's of streams, 
 have deposited beds of drift gravel in the valleys 
 of southerly flowing rivers, and calls attention to 
 the similarity of these beds of drift gravel to those 
 deposited by the ice floods of the Delaware valley, 
 suggesting that they be carefully examined for 
 evidences of palaeolithic man. 
 
 ' Professor Wright was assisted in Pennsylvania by his pupil, Professor H. 
 C. Lewis. 
 
 2 TAe Ice Age in North America, G. F. Wright, p. 528, ct al. See also 
 Professor Wright's Report of the Western Reserve Hist. Sac. , p. 26. 
 
 I 
 
2 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 " Man was on this continent," says Wright, " at 
 that period when the cHmate and ice of Greenland 
 extended to the mouth of New York Harbor. The 
 probability is that, if he was in New Jersey at 
 that time, he was also upon the banks of the Ohio, 
 and the extensive terrace and gravel deposits in the 
 southern part of our State should be closely scanned 
 by archseologists. When observers become familiar with 
 the rude forms of these palaeolithic implements they will 
 doubtless find them in abundance. But whether we find 
 them or not in this State (Ohio), if you admit, as I am 
 compelled to do, the genuineness of those found by 
 Dr. Abbott, our investigations into the glacial phenomena 
 of Ohio must have an important archaeological signifi- 
 cance, for they bear upon the question of the chronology 
 of the glacial period, and so upon that of man's appear- 
 ance in New Jersey." 
 
 This prediction that traces of pre-glacial man 
 would be found in terraces and gravel deposits of 
 southern Ohio, was verified later on at a meeting of 
 the Boston Society of Natural History, held Novem- 
 ber 4, 1885, when Professor Putnam displayed a 
 chipped implement of black flint found by Dr. 
 C. L. Metz (Fig. ii., No. 1). It was discovered 
 eight feet below the surface, at Madisonville, Ohio. 
 This is the first announcement of the finding of 
 a palseolith in the gravels of Ohio. The town of 
 Madisonville is situated about eleven miles north- 
 east of Cincinnati, about five miles back from the 
 Ohio River. The Little Miami, on its way to join 
 the Ohio, passes through the valley of the same 
 name about three miles to the eastward of Madison- 
 ville, the town standing in a depression between 
 
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4 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 this stream and that of Mill Creek, which empties 
 below Cincinnati. This depression is surrounded 
 by hills rising above the river and is filled by a 
 deposit of gravel, sand, and loam belonging to the 
 glacial terrace epoch. At Ked Bank, on the east 
 side of the Little Miami Kiver, several miles from 
 Madisonville, the gravel is interstratified with sand 
 and underlaid with clay, being overlaid by a thin 
 deposit of loess. Farther to the west of Madison- 
 ville beds of loess exist' eight feet, and even more, in 
 thickness, and the gravels disappear. The gravel 
 terraces of the Little Miami show that it was an 
 important outlet of waters during the glacial epoch, 
 and there is little doubt that this small valley in 
 which Madisonville stands, connecting the last- 
 named river with Mill Creek, has been filled in by 
 deposits brought down by turbulent floods from 
 the north. 
 
 It was just below the loess in the gravel that 
 fills the small valley which we have referred to, 
 that Dr. Metz discovered his implement at Madison- 
 ville. 
 
 A chipped limestone pebble was also discovered 
 northeast of Madisonville by Dr. Metz, at Loveland, 
 Ohio, in 1887. It was in similar deposits to that of 
 his first find, but lay at a great depth, nearly thirty 
 feet from the surface. Bones of the mastodon have 
 been found to the west side of the gravel pit in 
 which the palseolith was discovered. 
 
 Several years after the last find which we have 
 mentioned, a palseolith was discovered in the 
 
 ' Ice Age in Norih America, G. F. Wright, p. 532. 
 
PALEOLITHIC MAN IN OHIO. 5 
 
 terrace gravels at New Comerstown, Tuscarawas 
 County, Ohio, a small village which stands on the 
 right bank of the Tuscarawas River (Fig. ii., No. 3). 
 Mr. W. C. Mills in describing his find ' says : 
 
 " In the northern part of the town . . , is a large 
 gravel terrace, deposited in a recess near the mouth of 
 Buckhorn Creek and derived from northern drift. For 
 several years past the Cleveland and Marietta Railway- 
 Company have been taking out this gravel in large quan- 
 tities, which they used in ballasting their railroad, and so 
 have kept the gravel exposed to the depth of about 
 twenty-five feet. The top of the terrace is about thirty- 
 five feet above the flood plane of the Tuscarawas and 
 extends up the Buckhorn about a quarter of a mile, 
 gradually diminishing in height as it recedes from the main 
 line of deposition. In this gravel bank, on the 27th day 
 of October, 1889, while examining the different strata of 
 the gravel, I found the specimen that you have before 
 you, fifteen feet from the surface of the terrace. The bank 
 was almost perpendicular at this time, exposing a front of 
 about twenty feet. The small part of the bank was in 
 place in the side of the terrace, until I struck it with my 
 walking-cane, when a space of about six feet in length by 
 two feet in height tumbled down, exposing to view the 
 specimen. At first I recognized the peculiar shape and 
 glossy appearance of the specimen, such as were charac- 
 teristic of palaeolithic specimens described to me by Pro- 
 fessor Edward Orton, while I was a student at the Ohio 
 State University." 
 
 Mr. Mills then compared the object which he 
 had found with other flint implements collected in 
 the valley of the Tuscarawas, amounting to at least 
 
 ' Discovery of a Palaeolithic Implement at New Comerstown, Ohio, by G. 
 F. Wright, LL.D., in Report of Western Reserve Hist. Soc., Dec. 12, 
 i8go. Account by W. C. Mills. 
 
6 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 three thousand chipped specimens taken from 
 mounds and on the surface of the ground. None of 
 the specimens in his collection, however, resembled 
 it. He then requested Mr. A. A. Graham, secretary 
 of the Ohio Archseological and Historical Society, to 
 forward the specimen to Professor Wright for exam- 
 ination, who at once recognized it as a true palaeolith, 
 having a striking resemblance to those which are 
 found in the valley of the Somme, in northern France. 
 Professor G. Frederick Wright in speaking of the 
 Tuscarawas palseolith ' says : 
 
 " As is to be expected, however, the material from which 
 the implement is made is of local origin, and differs much 
 in appearance from that of the French implement. Upon 
 showing this specimen from New Comerstown to my asso- 
 ciate, Professor Albert A. Wright, who did much work 
 upon the State Geological Survey, in Holmes County, 
 immediately adjoining Tuscarawas, he at once recognized 
 the material as a black flint, or chert, which occurs with 
 much frequency in the ' Lower Mercer' limestone strata, 
 an exposure of which passes through the eastern part of 
 Holmes County, and he was able at once to go to his 
 drawer and produce the accompanying specimen, which 
 he brought home from that vicinity several years ago." 
 
 The same authority gives a most complete 
 description of the Tuscarawas implement in the 
 New York Nation of April 24, 1890. 
 
 " The flint implement referred to is a perfect representa- 
 tive of the palaeolithic type of northern France and 
 southern England. It is four inches long, two inches 
 wide, and an inch and a half through at its larger end, 
 
 ' Paper by G. Frederick Wright, LL.D., in Kep. of Western Reserve 
 Hist. Soc, Dec. 12, i8go. Tract No. 75. 
 
PALEOLITHIC MAN IN OHIO. 7 
 
 tapering gradually to a point, and carefully chipped to 
 an edge all around. Figure 472 in Evans' Ancient Stone 
 Implements of Great Britain would pass for a very good 
 representation of it [See Fig. II., No. 3, in this work]. The 
 material is black flint, or chert, such as occurs in the ' Lower 
 Mercer ' limestone strata, not many miles away, and has 
 upon its surface the peculiar glazed appearance which 
 indicates considerable age." 
 
 A distinction must be made between the term 
 glazed appearance or glossiness of surface and what 
 is technically known as the patina. The palaeo- 
 lithic implements of France and England are gen- 
 erally made of flint very compact in gi'ain, which 
 is found in the chalk deposits of those countries. 
 Glossiness of surface may be due in a great measure 
 to long-continued use, and there is but little doubt 
 that chemical causes may also add to its smooth sur- 
 face. Patina is due to the infiltration of certain sub- 
 stances through the beds in which the palseolith had 
 been deposited, this action partially dissolving the 
 substance of the flint. 
 
 New Comerstown is situated upon the right bank 
 of the Tuscarawas River, forty miles south of the 
 glacial boundary of Ohio. The latter part of the 
 Journey from the north to reach the place is so com- 
 plete a demonstration of the now accepted theory 
 concerning the origin of the terraces along this river, 
 and others similarly situated, that a brief description 
 of it will be profitable. 
 
 " The head waters both of the Tuscarawas itself and of 
 the several branches which unite with it before reaching 
 Canal Dover, are all within the glaciated area, thus afford- 
 
8 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 ing access to an unlimited quantity of debris brought by 
 the continental ice sheet from the Laurentian region in 
 Canada. Immediately below the glacial boundary all 
 these streams are bordered with extensive terraces, the 
 material of which consists of assorted matter from the 
 glacial drift, such as would naturally have been carried 
 during the closing turbulent floods of the glacial 
 period. 
 
 " From Canal Dover to New Comerstown the Tuscara- 
 was River makes a bend to the east, but the railroad cuts 
 across the elbow, and for twenty miles or more finds its 
 way through two small valleys tributary to the main line 
 of drainage. The course of the railroad first strikes up 
 the valley of Stone Creek, following it for several miles, 
 but no sooner does it enter this tributary valley than it 
 leaves behind the terraces and other gravel deposits which 
 mark the main valley and every tributary farther north. 
 At length the road, after passing through a tunnel, strikes 
 into the head waters of Buckhorn Creek, which runs south- 
 ward to join the Tuscarawas at New Comerstown. Here, 
 too, for several miles, there is a total absence of terraces 
 or any deposit of gravel. On approaching the mouth of 
 the creek, however, a vast gravel deposit, derived from 
 the northern drift, is encountered, in which the railroad 
 company is making extensive excavations to get material 
 for ballasting their track. Thus, in this short journey 
 there was demonstrated before our eyes the limitation of 
 these gravel deposits to the main valley of the river, and 
 so by consequence their glacial age and origin. 
 
 " A glance at the physical features of the region in 
 Ohio and Indiana where these palaeoliths have been found, 
 shows their eminent adaptation to the primitive conditions 
 of life indicated by the implements themselves. The 
 Tuscarawas valley has been formed by erosion through 
 the parallel strata of sandstone and limestone here com- 
 posing the coal formation. The summits of the hills on 
 either side rise to the heights of from 300 to 500 feet, and 
 
PALEOLITHIC MAN IN OHIO. 9 
 
 their perpendicular faces abound even now with commo- 
 dious shelters for primitive man, but in pre-glacial times 
 the trough of the Tuscarawas was 175 feet deeper than at 
 present, that amount of glacial gravel having been de- 
 posited along the bottom, thus raising it to its present 
 level. Hence, in pre-glacial times the opportunities for 
 shelter must have been much superior even to those 
 which are now in existence." 
 
 Just as early man in the Old World had to con- 
 tend with ferocious brutes, such as the terrible 
 machairodus, with its keen, dagger-like tusks, and 
 the mammoth, so did our primitive American race 
 have to contend with huge jaguars and bears larger 
 and more formidable than those of the present day. 
 These were not the only animals that they battled 
 with in their struggle for existence ; the mastodon, 
 the megatherium, the mylodon, the megalonyx, and 
 the elephant had to be attacked with wretched 
 weapons of stone, in order to obtain the necessary 
 food for subsistence. Naked and wretched as primi- 
 tive man was, he triumphed over the trials and 
 dangers that beset him, and his descendants grad- 
 ually increased until they were to be numbered 
 almost as the leaves of the forest, again to disappear 
 as these solitudes were cleared away by the axes 
 of the hardy American pioneers. 
 
 Attention has been called in this chapter to traces 
 of man's occupancy of America at different epochs, 
 
 viz. : 
 
 1st, in times so remote that we cannot appreciate 
 its vast antiquity or approximate to it by any time 
 measure. 
 
lO PRIMITIVE MAN JN OHIO. 
 
 2d, when the glacial terraces were in process of 
 deposition, these primitive beings having been asso- 
 ciated with the period when the great glacier came 
 down from the north. Here we find traces of a 
 people who built rude hearths upon the surfaces of 
 the terraces along the banks of rivers, and it may 
 be about the same period, or even in more recent 
 times, erected imposing mounds and earthworks 
 upon them. 
 
 These primitive men, to whom we especially refer, 
 were a part of the American race that once dwelt in 
 what is now called Ohio, a description of whose 
 remains is given in the ensuing chapters. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 LICKING COUNTY AND OPENING REMARKS. 
 
 Messrs. Squier and Davis in their volume, 
 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, have 
 given a series of surveys of earthworks and enclos- 
 ures, mounds and fortifications, which, taken as a 
 whole, is sufficiently accurate to follow. There are 
 certain of the more important structures which have 
 been resurveyed with improved instruments, and 
 hence the maps that have been made of Fort 
 Ancient, the Serpent Mound, and Fort Hill are 
 more accurate and correct in detail. Assuming 
 that every one is more or less interested in American 
 archaeology and familiar with Squier and Davis' 
 book, we shall proceed at once to the tumuli, graves, 
 and village sites which were explored between the 
 months of June, 1885, and October, 1890, taking it 
 for granted that reference on the part of the reader 
 to the maps in Ancient Monuments of the Missis- 
 sippi Valley will establish the location of our 
 excavations. Reference has been made to the plates 
 in the above-mentioned work, and overlooking all 
 small errors that may have resulted from careless- 
 ness or inferior measuring instruments, we would 
 emphatically say that, in our estimation, no work of 
 
12 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 recent times has approached that of Messrs. Squier 
 and Davis in the accuracy and numbers of maps set 
 forth. We know, from excavations and our own 
 surveys, that in the truthfulness of their reports 
 they frequently have been over-cautious and mod- 
 erate in their enumerations of finds in order to keep 
 entirely within the bounds of truth. Frequently in 
 trenching mounds pi'eviously explored by them, we 
 found shafts they had sunk from the summit, and, 
 by following the disturbed earth into hard layers 
 near the base, were able to discern the pick and 
 mattock strokes still plain on the sides of the exca- 
 vation. While we do not desire to give coimtenance 
 to their conclusions, and believe much of their work 
 to have been hastily projected, yet we are confident 
 of the very grave errors committed by those who 
 have endeavored to prove them untruthful and 
 grossly inaccurate. So much for Squier and Davis, 
 and our reasons for hereafter referring to their maps. 
 In the valley of the Muskingum River and its 
 tributaries there are numerous evidences of the 
 existence of aboriginal man. From the Muskingum 
 eastward, through Ohio, there are but few mounds 
 and village sites, the country being very hilly and 
 broken, the soil, as a rule, poor, when compared 
 with other sections of the State. But in the prox- 
 imity of the Ohio River, from Pittsburg to Cincin- 
 nati, there are numerous tumuli, village sites, and 
 earthworks. When we consider the great fertility 
 of the soil nearest the Ohio and of the valleys of its 
 principal tributaries, we are not surprised that 
 primitive man should have chosen to live in places 
 
LICKING COUNTY AND OPENING REMARKS. 13 
 
 where all conditions were most favorable for him to 
 cultivate corn, beans, and tobacco, rather than to 
 dwell amongst the high and gloomy hills, where 
 tangled underbrush and the irregularities of the 
 surface would impede his progress while in pursuit 
 of game. Before speaking of the Muskingum val- 
 ley, at length, we would say it is evident that in 
 the southern portion of the State he has left scarcely 
 any traces of occupancy. We refer to a region 
 known as the " Sunfish Hills," which extend be- 
 tween Portsmouth and Georgetown on the south, 
 Chillicothe and Hillsboro on the north and south. 
 The valley of Brush Creek, however, which passes 
 directly through the Sunfish Hills, has some evi- 
 dence of his existence — the Serpent Mound, Fort 
 Hill, several village sites, and a few mounds,— all of 
 which were described by Professor F. W. Putnam in 
 the Century Magazim of March and April, 1890. 
 
 In Muskingum and Licking counties we also 
 note a scarcity of mounds in the hilly sections. Near 
 Rix Mills, in Muskingum County, are three small 
 mounds, all placed upon high points of land; none 
 of these are more than six feet in height, and their 
 exploration yielded nothing of interest or value, a 
 few skeletons only, being found within them.' 
 
 In Licking County no large mounds are found 
 back of the watercourses. As we have noted in 
 Muskingum County, there are a few small mounds, 
 scattered here and there, occupying prominent 
 points upon the highest hills. In all elevated 
 regions throughout the State we find these small 
 
 • Explored in June. 1882.— W. K. M. 
 
14 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 isolated mounds. Excavations show them to be so 
 unimportant that they cannot be classed with the 
 great works of the Miami, Scioto, and Muskingum 
 valleys. The water-sheds between the rivers just 
 named contain more of the small mounds referred 
 to than the Sunfish Hills or the elevations of the 
 coal regions. Some of the hill-top mounds will be 
 described in Chapter III. 
 
 The northern portion of the State is singularly 
 deficient in mounds and earthworks. A line drawn 
 from Darke and Shelby counties on the west, to 
 Columbia County on the east, represents the farthest 
 extension northward of the mound groups. We are 
 aware that some of the valleys of the northern tribu- 
 taries of the Miami, Scioto, and Muskingum rivers 
 contain mounds, and we cannot |)verlook the exist- 
 ence of scattered mounds in the Maumee, Sandusky, 
 Vermilion, Cuyahoga, and Grand River valleys. 
 There are many fertile tracts and localities in the 
 northern part of Qhio which aborigines, in all prob- 
 ability, would have found desirable for village sites. 
 Why primitive man should have left scarcely any 
 traces in the counties near Lake Erie we do not 
 know. Indians in historic times (Shawnees, Dela- 
 wares, Wyandots, Eries, and Mingoes) inhabited the 
 shores of this lake, and a few villages of greater an- 
 tiquity than those left by the tribes Just named have 
 been discovered in the vicinity of Toledo, Sandusky, 
 and Kelley's Island. In Allen, Hardin, Marion, and 
 Morrow counties the country is quite flat. 
 
 Before the advent of white settlers who have 
 ditched, tiled, and drained thousands of square 
 
LICKING COUNTY AND OPENING REMARKS. 1 5 
 
 miles of land, an enormous swamp belt extended 
 through the counties named. The forest growth is 
 excessively heavy, even at the present day, and, so 
 far as we are aware, the region in early times was 
 not only unhealthy but practically uninhabitable. 
 There seems to be a considerable number of tumuli 
 and village sites at the head of the Cuyahoga and 
 Muskingum rivers in Wayne, Stark, and Portage 
 counties. From an inspection of village sites in the 
 counties Just named, along the Maumee River to the 
 west, and in Wyandot County near the head waters 
 of the Sandusky River, we are quite positive in our 
 assertion that only roving bands, who may or may 
 not have been related to the great mound-building 
 nations of the south, moved frequently from one 
 place to another, remaining perhaps only a few 
 months in a spot. They did not manufacture fine 
 implements of stone and flint or construct large 
 mounds ; with the exception of a few circles discov- 
 ered here and there, they built no fortifications. The 
 evidence of aboriginal man in this portion of the 
 State is so scattered and of such a limited character 
 that we do not care to theorize in regard to the 
 movements of those clans living near Lake Erie. 
 We shall treat largely of the early people who dwelt 
 in three river valleys toward the south, and although 
 referring in a general sense to the men of the lake 
 region, yet we think there is sufficient evidence to 
 say that they were much inferior to their neighbors. 
 The village sites examined upon the Maumee River 
 yielded quantities of burnt bones, fragments of pot- 
 tery, a few awls, celts, and ornaments. Finer objects, 
 
l6 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 such as carved pipes and copper implements, were 
 not present. The graves were constructed in the 
 sand-banks of the river, and the bodies, judging 
 from their nearness to the surface, were hastily and 
 carelessly buried. 
 
 In the summers of 1885 and 1886 a considerable 
 amount of work was done upon the village sites and 
 mounds in the neighborhood of Granville, Licking 
 County, and at Flint Ridge, ten miles to the south- 
 east. The town is situated in a valley a mile in 
 width. Raccoon Creek traverses the valley, empty- 
 ing into the Licking River a short distance south of 
 the city of Newark. The valley from Newark north- 
 ward, for a distance of ten miles, is dotted here and 
 there with mounds on the second and third terraces. 
 The great earthworks known as the " Newark Fair- 
 Ground Enclosures," and described upon pages 67 
 to 73 of Squier and Davis' volume, the fortified hill 
 two miles northeast of Granville,* and the so-called 
 Alligator Mound ^ are all within a mile of the banks 
 of Licking Rivei". 
 
 A very hilly region lying to the north called the 
 "Welsh Hills " contains a few hill-top mounds, but 
 no enclosures. Two miles east of Granville, within 
 sight of the famous Opossum Mound refeiTed to 
 above, there is a large village site covering from fif- 
 teen to sixteen acres of ground. It is upon the 
 second creek terrace, with its greatest diameter east 
 and west. The terrace lies thirty feet higher than 
 
 ' Plate ix., p. 24, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi ]^alley. 
 ' It is our opinion that this structure represents an opossum rather than 
 an alligator. 
 
LICKING COUNTY AND OPENING REMARKS. 1 7 
 
 the first or latest, and its edge is distant three hun- 
 dred yards from the water. Through the first ter- 
 race flows the creek, and, so far as we are awai'e, no 
 implements or arms have been found lower than the 
 second" terrace. 
 
 The habitations of the village site were circular, 
 but we do not attempt to say they were occupied 
 for any great length of time. The ash-pits discov- 
 ered within the circles of burnt earth were of little 
 depth, and the amount of animal bones found was 
 far less than those of the great villages of the Miami 
 and Scioto valleys. The village site in question 
 was probably occupied during the summer months 
 by tribes whose home was lower down in the Mus- 
 kingum valley, and here they fashioned implements 
 of flint. The distance in a straight line from the 
 flint quarries on the ridge is but ten miles. Numer- 
 ous broken and unfinished arrow-heads, thousands 
 of flint chips, flakes, cores, and hundreds of large 
 blocks of raw material lie scattered over the surface. 
 The beautiful colors so common in the chalcedony 
 of Flint Ridge — blue, pink, red, yellow, and pure 
 white — are noticeable in many of the specimens. 
 N"o pestles and but few celts were picked up. Stone 
 hammers, both grooved and ungrooved, portions of 
 elk and deer antlers, and numerous broken stones, 
 discovered upon spots where the chipping was car- 
 ried to the greatest degree, gave indisputable evi- 
 dence of the object of the location of the village. 
 A great many fragments of pottery, resembling 
 those in the Muskingum valley nearer the Ohio 
 River, occurred in the ash-pits, and led us to 
 
1 8 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 conclude that tribes living at no great distance had 
 occupied the lodges. 
 
 One and a half miles west of Grranville is a 
 larger village site. It occupies a hillside to the 
 south of the creek, and is distant a quarter of a 
 mile from the stream. From an examination of the 
 spot we conclude it to have been occupied during 
 summer and winter. Both pestles and grooved 
 axes have been found, and it is therefore probable 
 that corn was raised in quantities. There are some 
 mortars at the top of large glacial drift bowlders 
 in the neighborhood, and we know that mortars 
 were extensively used for maize grinding. A few 
 flint flakes and chips exist upon the surface. Burnt 
 stones are to be found in large quantities, together 
 with broken animal bones and ashes, marking the 
 position of each family lodge. Pottery is also found 
 everywhere, and is of the rougher, undecorated 
 kind, moulded, while in a plastic state, within rush 
 baskets, as it retains upon its outer surface the 
 imprint of the reeds. 
 
 Professor Appey has opened quite a number of 
 mounds in Licking County. His finds have been of 
 a different character from those made in other 
 portions of the State. We believe that ornaments 
 of slate occur in mounds in the vicinity of Grranville 
 and Newark, if the reports of those examined are to 
 be relied upon, as they undoubtedly are. No altars 
 and scarcely any copper, but few shell ornaments, 
 and few, if any, Busycons have been taken from the 
 mounds of this region. The skeletons, as a rule 
 are well preserved. Many of them are accompanied 
 
LICKING COUNTY AND OPENING REMARKS. 1 9 
 
 by beads and bone awls, and, occasionally, pipes. 
 The entire skeleton of a bison was found by Pro- 
 fessor Appey in a large tumulus, associated with 
 human remains, but we have no details of the 
 discovery. 
 
 Raccoon Creek valley ( partly in the neighborhood 
 of Granville, as previously mentioned) contains many 
 mounds, all of them smaller than the average Ross 
 County tumuli. Primitive man here seems to have 
 devoted most of his time to the working of flint 
 implements, and probably lived chiefly by exchange 
 with the tribes who came from a distance to secure 
 the superior chalcedonys of Flint Ridge. 
 
 There is quite a large village eight miles north- 
 west from Granville, near the banks of Raccoon 
 Creek. The stream opposite the village is very 
 small, and we think there are no habitation sites of 
 more than ten or fifteen lodges in extent farther up. 
 The site Just mentioned must have accommodated 
 forty or fifty tepees. The debris upon the surface 
 is identical with that of the town upon the south 
 side of the creek, one mile and a half above Gran- 
 ville. 
 
 As will be seen in the following chapter ( which 
 treats of the remainder of the Muskingum valley ), 
 the village sites and contents of the mounds are 
 largely similar in character. Undoubtedly the whole 
 valley was occupied by the same race, and this race, 
 according to cranial peculiarities, is called the 
 dolicocephalic stock. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE MUSKINGUM VALLEY, FEOM MARIETTA TO 
 ZANESVILLE. 
 
 Although the Muskingum valley is undoubtedly 
 very rich in prehistoric remains, but little work has 
 yet been done to ascertain facts pertaining to the 
 life of those primitive men who once dwelt along its 
 beautiful shores. We can assign no reason for our 
 limited knowledge concerning its pre-Columbian 
 inhabitants, unless it be that investigators followed 
 too closely in the footsteps of Squier and Davis. 
 These gentlemen confined their attentions largely to 
 the Scioto and Miami valleys. 
 
 Mr. Fowke's observations upon Flint Ridge, Mr. 
 Davis' remarks concerning the mounds and village 
 sites lying between Zanesville and Marietta, Dr. 
 Cresson's study of the crania, and Mr. Moorehead's 
 brief sojourn in the valley may give the reader an 
 idea of the domestic life of the long-heads who pre- 
 dominated in eastern Ohio. It is very interesting 
 to note that the short-headed people did not monopo- 
 lize the Muskingum valley as they did the Scioto 
 and Miami regions. Dr. Cresson believes from his 
 study of the crania of this region that the dolico- 
 cephali predominated, and as among other people of 
 
THE MUSKINGUM VALLEY. 21 
 
 this type were not competent to hold their own in 
 intellect and attainments in the art of implement- 
 making and in the construction of mounds and 
 fortifications ; but in the western and southwestern 
 part of the State they were enslaved and conquered 
 by the more numerous short-headed race, and hence 
 lived in the hilly regions of Clermont and Clinton 
 counties and the valley of Brush Creek, as men- 
 tioned in Chapters ix. and xvi. 
 
 Beginning at Marietta, we find the wonderful 
 series of embankments shown in Plate 26, pages 
 73 to 77 of Squier and Davis' Ancient Monuments 
 of the Mississippi Valley. Proceeding up the river 
 we find the mounds and village sites of the dolico- 
 cephalic race upon the second and third terraces 
 and frequently upon the high points of land two or 
 three miles removed from the river. The structures 
 do not closely resemble those of the Scioto and 
 Miami valleys. 
 
 No better idea can be obtained of the Mus- 
 kingum valley than from the substance of a letter 
 written by Mr. Willard H. Davis on December 14, 
 1891. 
 
 He has observed during an acquaintance of 
 twenty years with the Muskingum River, among 
 hills, terraces, and alluvial lands fi'om Marietta to 
 Meigs Creek, in Morgan County, mounds irregularly 
 distributed. But one mound was ever found upon 
 the alluvial bottom. 
 
 One mile and a half from Marietta, upon the 
 farm of Mr. Strecker, are two mounds three or four 
 feet in height. In the same neighborhood are sev- 
 
22 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 eral mounds upon" the farm of Josiali Deveol, one 
 fourth of a mile from the river. Mounds are also 
 numerous in the following localities: just back of 
 Devol's dam near Marietta, on John Drake's farm 
 in the same neighborhood, upon the farm of Joseph 
 Stow five miles up the river, on Bear Creek upon 
 the farms of Messrs. Wilkings, Snyder, etc. 
 
 It is very interesting to note that Mr. Davis has 
 occasionally found whole pottery in the mounds. 
 Pottery is very rare in the tumuli of any section of 
 Ohio, although it has been frequently found at 
 Madisonville and occasionally in the Miami valley. 
 In exploring the mound upon Mr. John Drake's farm, 
 a vphole pot, decorated, filled with charcoal and 
 ashes, was taken from a point three feet below the 
 surface. There seems to have been nothing else in 
 the structure, except a badly decayed skeleton. 
 
 Just belov7 the mouth of Bear Creek is a small vil- 
 lage site, while on the high bluffs above there is a 
 fair-sized mound which commands a good view of the 
 surrounding country. As in the case of the major 
 portion of the mounds throughout the Muskingum 
 valley, it seems to have been designed more as a 
 place of observation than for the interment of the 
 dead. 
 
 Above Bear Creek there is a fine alluvial bottom, 
 and near the hills a splendid gravel terrace, one 
 third of a mile in width, extends for some distance. 
 An elliptical stone mound, thirty -five by twenty- 
 five feet, and four feet in altitude, a village site 
 and other evidences of occupation are upon this ter- 
 race. In May, 1881, the mound was thoroughJly 
 
THE MUSKINGUM VALLEY. 23 
 
 explored ; two copper bracelets, slightly oxidized, 
 and human bones, were found scattered among the 
 stones. 
 
 The hills, several miles above Bear Creek, recede 
 from the river to the northwest and leave a broad 
 bottom, part of which is occupied by a terrace simi- 
 lar to the one described above. A large village site 
 and several mounds are located upon the terrace on 
 the Davis estate, Wilkings, Snyder, and other farms. 
 One of the mounds, forty feet in diameter by four 
 feet in height, was explored with the following 
 results : 
 
 Near the surface was a decayed skeleton and a 
 polished hematite spherical object. In the centre, 
 above the base line, was an ash-pit containing an 
 arrow-head, while at the bottom lay a decayed body. 
 A cannel coal gorget, four by six inches with two 
 perforations, was found upon the breast. There 
 were no stones in the mound. One hundred yards 
 west of the structure is a ravine, on the west side of 
 which once existed a small mound. A few rods fai"- 
 ther west a roadway is traceable. It has been cut 
 into the bank of the terrace, and leads from the top 
 of the hill above to the river bottoms below. As in 
 the case of some of the Miami valley terraces it is 
 under discussion regarding its origin, whether natural 
 or artificial. Upon the river bank at this point, 
 many mussel shells, flint chips, and pieces of pottery 
 seem to indicate the presence of a village. 
 
 There are three mounds surrounded by a semi- 
 circular embankment near the same spot. The 
 circle has an inside ditch. A fourth mound is 
 
24 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 distant fifty yards west, on the edge of the 
 bluif at the bottom of which runs Wilson's 
 Creek, a small tributary of the Muskingum. Mr. 
 Davis thoroughly explored these mounds and also 
 made excavations in the semicircle, finding flint im- 
 plements, an unfinished sandstone tablet, and de- 
 cayed skeletons. The best entire earthen pot, which 
 it was his privilege to take from the tumuli in his 
 neighborhood, was found at the head of one of the 
 skeletons in the largest mound. The vessel had a 
 contour like a cocoa-nut, and exhibited on its exterior 
 the impression of a twisted bark basket. 
 
 A most singular slate efiigy was found upon the 
 surface near the semicircle. It is of banded slate three 
 and a half inches long, the upper portion being semi- 
 circular, the lower portion having been di-awn and 
 narrowed until it gracefully ends in a fair represen- 
 tation of a child's feet and toes. So far as we ai'e 
 aware no efiigy of this kind has ever been found 
 in the State of Ohio. 
 
 Several mounds lie on the Davis estate on the 
 bluffs overlooking the Muskingum. From their 
 summits views can be had for a distance of eight 
 or ten miles up the beautiful river. In reference to 
 these mounds much cannot be said, except that a 
 few relics, cremated skeletons, and mussel shells 
 were in the tumuli, and the usual village site debris 
 upon the hearths. One or two stone graves are also 
 to be found on this property. 
 
 In December, 1888, a mound upon the farm of 
 Mrs. Mary Hall, seven by forty feet, was examined. 
 The position of nine skeletons was strangely like 
 
THE MUSKINGUM VALLEY. 25 
 
 those which we have taken from mounds containing 
 dolicocephalic crania in Clinton, Clermont, and Brown 
 counties. The ash-pits were small, and one or two 
 layers of sandstone slabs were observed. Upon 
 the same farm a skeleton was found in a small 
 mound surrounded by limestone slabs. The inter- 
 ment was similar to the one mentioned in Chapter 
 Tin., to some of the burials made in the Taylor 
 Mound. The stone coverings were fitted so closely 
 as to exclude earth, and when lifted off gave a 
 perfect view of the body. About the wrists were 
 beads of copper, bird bones, elk and bear teeth, 
 with short pieces of buckskin strings preserved by 
 the copper; a small grooved axe' and a bone awl 
 accompanied the remains. 
 
 Another small mound, just to the east of the one 
 described, was excavated by Mr. Davis. In it he 
 found three skeletons with heads to the east. With 
 them were elk teeth, beads, and a worked hematite 
 object similar to a cylinder. A mound west of the 
 group enclosed by the semicircle, as described above, 
 was found to contain four skeletons. The largest 
 of the skeletons was placed in one of the stone 
 graves, such as are described in Chapters vni. and tx. 
 The head of this skeleton was separated from the 
 rest of the body by a distance of a foot. A large 
 stone was placed in an upright position back of the 
 head, and another large one stood near the lower 
 jaw. Thus the head was enclosed in a small stone 
 
 ■ In all our mound explorations we never found a grooved axe. The find 
 is certainly very remarkable. Ungrooved axes, however, are common in the 
 tumuli.— W. K. M. 
 
26 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 box-shaped cavity entirely separate from the one 
 that enclosed the body. Seven dark-gray sandstone 
 objects, similar to an axe in outline, and a cup, con- 
 structed from the shell of a land tortoise, were with 
 the head. In the right parietal was an aperture 
 where an arrow had penetrated the brain. The point 
 was found within the skull. One of the fragments 
 of another cranium had a small arrow-head im- 
 bedded in it. 
 
 Just above Cat's Creek, which empties into the 
 Muskingum a mile above Lowell, is a gravelly ter- 
 race on which are eleven mounds and a small enclos- 
 ure. This is the only enclosure in the Muskingum 
 valley, save the large one at Marietta. The highest 
 mound between Marietta and Zanesville lies upon 
 the farm of John IS^ewton. It is twelve feet in alti- 
 tude and has a base of ninety or one hundred feet. 
 North of the enclosure is a small mound which Mr. 
 Davis explored, finding upon the base line an altar 
 four feet square, dipping toward the centre, and six 
 inches high. In the altar were the following objects, 
 together with charcoal and ashes : a sandstone tab- 
 let, three by four inches, and half an inch thick; 
 a diamond-shaped tablet of slate, two and a half by 
 three inches; a flint spear-head five inches long; a 
 striped slate ornament four inches in length, with 
 two perforations ; another beautifully polished orna- 
 ment, oval-shaped, with two perforations ; a thick 
 tablet of sandstone four inches in length, a some- 
 what smaller tablet, fragments of copper, and a tube 
 of clay and sand. 
 
 Below the altar just described were found logs ten 
 
THE MUSKINGUM VALLEY. 2J 
 
 to twelve inches in diameter resting upon a second 
 and larger altar, but in it there were no remains. 
 
 It is very singular that hematite should have been 
 used so largely by the aborigines of the Muskingum 
 valley for fashioning implements, when tribes of the 
 Miami or Scioto regions used it only to a limited 
 extent. Mr. Davis reports finding a highly polished 
 hematite celt and cone and fragments of hematite in 
 a tumulus upon the same terrace as the altar mound. 
 Upon a terrace near Big Run a rich stone mound 
 was examined, in which were found fragmentary 
 bones and four large beautiful slate ornaments all 
 perforated for suspension. These were six or seven 
 inches in length and beautifully worked. 
 
 Copper in the Muskingum valley is exceedingly 
 rare. In a mound near Rainbow Station, upon Mr. 
 Joseph Dayrs' fai'm, was a decayed skeleton. At 
 the hips lay a copper spear-head six inches in length. 
 At the head lay a copper disk three inches in diame- 
 ter with a central perforation. In a mound upon 
 Mr. S. S. Stowe's land Mr. Davis found the bones of 
 a young woman in a kneeling position with a child's 
 skeleton in her arms. 
 
 There are surface indications of a large village site 
 near the same place. (This is not far from Lowell.) 
 
 In Mr. Davis' letter some twenty more mounds 
 were mentioned than are here recorded. Nearly all 
 of them he had explored, and found objects similar 
 to those described in the preceding pages. The 
 village sites he found to be small when compared 
 with those in the Scioto and Miami valleys. But 
 while no single village site equalled in extent the 
 
28 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 ones at Hopewell's, Port Ancient, or Madisonville, 
 yet when combined they would contain a population 
 equal to the larger towns in the western part of the 
 State. 
 
 He finds no high mounds or extensive fortifica- 
 tions, and even such as he found are not near the 
 river, but are usually on high ground. The pre- 
 dominance of slate objects is noted in the mounds of 
 the lower Muskingum valley, and many of them oc- 
 cur in Clinton and Clermont counties. ISTone of the 
 fine objects, such as we describe in Chapter xv., were 
 discovered. The crania are all dolicocephalic. 
 
 In size and contents the mounds are very like 
 those of Clinton, Clermont, and Brown counties, 
 where the long-headed stock had small villages. 
 The copper found in the mounds may have been 
 obtained by force in wars with the Scioto valley 
 peoples. From the limited extent of the villages 
 and the general inferiority of the implements and 
 ornaments to those found in the short-heads' country, 
 we are of the opinion that primitive man in the 
 Muskingum valley was a confirmed warrior, waging 
 battle with the short-heads to the west for many 
 years, keeping up his towns upon the Muskingum as 
 headquarters, to which the marauding bands which 
 he sent out might return. 
 
 The upper Muskingum, namely, the valleys of the 
 Licking and the Tuscarawas rivers, contains several 
 large fortifications and two or three hundred tumuli. 
 The Tiiscarawas region has never been thoroughly 
 explored, and therefore little is known regarding it. 
 
 Concerning the Licking region, we are of the opin- 
 
THE MUSKINGUM VALLEY. 29 
 
 ion that the skulls are dolicocephalic. Judging from 
 the field evidence it was occupied by a larger body 
 of the loii2;-heads than were in the lower Muskino;um. 
 Living so near Flint Ridge — to which all tribes were 
 compelled to resort for material to be used in the 
 manufacture of implements — they probably suffered 
 greatly by the incursions of flint-seeking tribes. 
 Hence we can readily see why it was necessary for 
 them to erect earthworks and fortifications. The 
 southern portion, of their country needed no such 
 protection. 
 
 In Chapter ix. further testimony will be offered 
 concerning a few villages of the long-heads that have 
 been found in the Miami and Scioto valleys. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 FLINT EIDGE. 
 
 Aboeigestal man was a practical lithologist. Un- 
 acquainted with any method of reducing ores, he was 
 unable to avail himself of the harder metals, and 
 consequently was compelled to utilize some form of 
 stone in the manufacture of implements intended 
 for ordinary use. The glacial drift, covering three- 
 fourths of the State, furnished an abundance of ma- 
 terial for axes, pestles, celts, and other utensils 
 required for rough work ; but, while quartzite, syen- 
 ite, and diorite are well adapted for making any 
 tool or weapon which must be both hard and tough, 
 they are unsuitable for use when a keen cutting 
 edge is necessary. For the latter purpose nothing 
 else at the command of the ancient artificer was so 
 suitable as the different varieties of chalcedony. 
 Obsidian and the various forms of agate, so plen- 
 tifully at the command of Indians in the extreme 
 west, could not be obtained by the prehistoric in- 
 habitants of the Ohio valley, who were therefore 
 forced to adopt the flint, hornstone, chert, and chal- 
 cedony found nearer home. These occur in quantity 
 from central Ohio eastward, generally imbedded in 
 limestone, but sometimes replacing that rock to a 
 
 30 
 
FLINT RIDGE. 3 1 
 
 small extent. Many of these deposits contain stone 
 that is coarse, impure, of uneven texture, oi- other- 
 wise unsuitable for the needs of the primitive hunter 
 or warrior. Direct exposure to atmospheric agencies 
 also detracts from its availability, the manner of 
 cleavage being so altered that the stone no longer 
 splits into conchoidal flakes when sti'uck, but shat- 
 ters or bi'eaks into irregular fragments. Thus, while 
 a small, sharp-pointed fragment of stone, such as 
 could be picked up almost anywhere, might be ser- 
 viceable for an arrow-head, the requirements of a 
 manufacturer of finer flint implements were more 
 difficult to meet. He must have a stone very hard 
 and compact, of homogeneous texture, free from any 
 admixture of foreign material, with a definite line of 
 fracture that could be determined beforehand, and 
 covered by a stratum of earth or rock which would 
 prevent deterioration by weathering ; at the same 
 time the overlying mass must not be of such depth 
 or solidity as to prevent convenient access to the 
 desired material. 
 
 In the State of Ohio there are two flint deposits 
 presenting these essential features to a marked 
 degree. 
 
 The first of these is between Nevp-ark and Zanes- 
 ville. At no other place in the Ohio valley can be 
 found so great a quantity of this material ; and prob- 
 ably nowhere else in the United States are to be 
 seen aboriginal excavations on so extensive a scale. 
 The magnitude of the deposit is such that it has 
 given to the locality the distinctive name of " Flint 
 Kidge," by which it is well known to geologists and 
 
32 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 collectors. Its outline is extremely tortuous, owing 
 to the erosion that has made the whole country a suc- 
 cession of hills and ravines. Throughout its length 
 it forms the cap-rock of the high land, all the super- 
 incumbent material having been either removed or 
 converted into soil. 
 
 The salient points of the surface in the region 
 being practically in a horizontal plane, while the 
 dip of the rock is to the southeast, it follows that the 
 flint stratum was, at its eastern end, first covered 
 by a considerable thickness of earth. The rounded 
 knolls characteristic of the landscape are in some 
 places eighty feet above the flint. This, however, is 
 not common ; for the most part the overlying earth 
 is only a few feet in depth, and toward the ends or 
 sides of the numerous ridges the flint stands out in 
 relief. 
 
 Geologically the formation belongs to the car- 
 boniferous or coal-measure rocks, being the last or 
 uppermost layer of the " Putnam Hill Limestone " 
 of the Ohio Greological Survey. 
 
 A fine bed of cannel coal lies one hundred and 
 four feet below the flint, and is mined on a consid- 
 erable scale. Bituminous coal also is found south 
 of the ridge, some distance below the level of the 
 flint stratum ; the exact interval has never been 
 measured. If the Kittaning coal of the Pennsyl- 
 vania Geological Survey were extended thus far 
 toward the west, it would lie about thirty-five feet 
 above the flint. 
 
 The western extremity of the flint is found in a 
 detached hill in Franklin Township, eight miles 
 
FLINT RIDGE. 
 
 33 
 
 southeast of Newark. It here appears as a porous 
 stone, similar to buhr or millstone, but more open or 
 cellular. This continues only a short distance, when 
 it is cut off by a depression formed by ravines having 
 their beginning on opposite sides of the ridge, of 
 which this hill was formerly a part. These ravines 
 have worn back until they have broken down and 
 removed all the flint, as well as much of the subja- 
 cent rock. 
 
 Beyond this depression is a level tract extending 
 eastward a little more than a mile, with an average 
 width of about four hundred yards. Much of the 
 flint about the outcrop is of the same nature as that 
 to the west ; but there are several places where the 
 exposed portions are quite solid and nearly white in 
 color. The main body of the deposit has been pro- 
 tected from weathering by a considerable thickness 
 of earth ; in places where this has been removed the 
 flint proves to be translucent, very dense, and with 
 a decided tinge of blue, thus almost answering the 
 description of chalcedony. 
 
 Another depression similar to the one noted above, 
 and due to the same cause, terminates this body of 
 flint to the east. In this, on the north side, is a mine 
 from which the cannel coal has been taken for many 
 years. 
 
 Reappearing east of this depression, the flint ex- 
 tends without another interruption for nearly three 
 miles. The outcrop along the northern side of the 
 ridge in this part is tolerably regular, and follows, 
 approximately, an east and west line ; on the south- 
 ern side, however, several spurs project to a distance 
 
34 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 of more than half a mile. There are also detached 
 hills and ridges which once were connected with the 
 main ridge, but have been cut off by erosion. 
 
 Beyond this large area of flint is an interval of 
 three fourths of a mile in which the flint is entirely 
 absent, except in scattered fragments or boulders 
 sufficiently compact and homogeneous to resist the 
 destructive atmospheric agencies that have reduced 
 the general level from forty to sixty feet below the 
 surface of the limestone which underlies the flint 
 stratum. 
 
 After passing this the flint is again found, but 
 much of it is buried beneath a thickness of earth 
 that precludes any definite knowledge of its nature. 
 Such of it as is visible, either along the slopes or 
 occasionally in places on the surface where removal 
 of the soil has been more marked, is either buhr- 
 stone or a white, compact stone whose monotony of 
 color may be due to weathering ; for fragments 
 about the ancient quarries show a considerable 
 variety in texture and color, many of them being 
 quite translucent, others containing an amount of 
 carbonaceous matter that makes them almost black, 
 while still others have the bluish-gray tints of 
 chalcedony. 
 
 This portion of the deposit, which at one point is 
 almost a mile in width, extends in a general easterly 
 direction for fully a mile beyond the Muskingum 
 County line ; it then trends toward the north, form- 
 ing a curve whose farthest limit is a mile to . the 
 north of any other part of the ridge. 
 
FLINT RIDGE. 35 
 
 How much farther it may have extended eastward 
 cannot now be ascertained ; but the present termina- 
 tion is certainly much within its original boundary, 
 for the rock which Juts out from .the hillside at its 
 very extremity is thicker than the flint at any other 
 point, there being a vertical exposure of fully seven 
 feet. How far downward it may reach is not known. 
 In a number of places in the west and middle por- 
 tions of the ridge, wells have been dug and other 
 excavations made ; but nowhere has the stone been 
 found more than four feet in thickness. 
 
 The entire length of the deposit, measured on a 
 section line, is eight miles, and its greatest breadth 
 is three miles. Its actual area as it now exists is 
 probably not more than four square miles, the re- 
 mainder having been removed by denudation. It is 
 not improbable that, as deposited, it comprised fully 
 thirty square miles, with an average thickness of four 
 or five feet. 
 
 Baryte is found in small quantities in some places ; 
 quartz crystals are abundant; while nearly all the 
 flint, except the clear chalcedony, is highly fossilif- 
 erous. 
 
 As to the evidence of human occupation and 
 industry, the first remains of this nature are on the 
 western end of the level tract mentioned as extend- 
 ing to the depression in which the coal mine is situ- 
 ated. A space of about ten acres is here surrounded 
 by an ancient wall built of flint blocks that have 
 been gathered up along the outcrop on the hillsides. 
 The enclosure has almost disappeared, the stones 
 
36 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 composing it having been hauled awa}^ by those 
 cultivating the field. Enough remains, however, 
 to indicate its outlines. It commanded the valleys 
 to the north and south, the wall being carried along 
 the hill just at the top of the slope on either side, 
 and connecting across the level surface of the ridge. 
 Before being disturbed it was fully five feet in height 
 and eight or ten feet in breadth at the base. 
 
 Within the walls are two mounds not more than 
 thirty feet apart. One, built entirely of earth, is 
 fifteen feet in height, and seventy-five feet in diame- 
 ter at the base; the other, a pile of loose stones 
 heaped together, is not more than three feet in 
 height, with a diameter of fifty feet. 
 
 This structure was undoubtedly designed as a 
 fort. From the north or south, approach is possible 
 only by climbing a steep hill strewn thickly with angu- 
 lar fragments of flint and sandstone ; from the east 
 or west an attacking force would have a level space 
 to cross, with little opportunity for shelter from the 
 missiles of the defensive party. 
 
 Nothing else of artificial character is found on 
 this hill ; there are no quarries, workshops, or other 
 remains, until the great deposit east of the coal mine 
 is reached. Here occur the most interesting features 
 of the entire region. Few persons have ever seen 
 more than a small part of it, and yet such superficial 
 examination as can be made in a day's visit will im- 
 press the observer with a feeling that he is viewing 
 the scene of operations by comparison with which 
 the construction of Ohio's most extensive earthworks 
 would be mere holiday sport. 
 
FLINT RIDGE. 37 
 
 On almost every farm thousands of cubic yards of 
 earth have been removed that the flint beneath might 
 be reached. Acre after acre has been so thoroughly 
 excavated that scarcely a single foot of earth or 
 stone retains its original position. Hundreds of 
 wagon-loads of spalls cover the ground, the refuse 
 of ancient implement making. In many places one 
 may walk forty rods or more in a direct line with the 
 certainty that nowhere within fifty feet of him would 
 it be possible to find a spot that had not been dug 
 for a depth of five to fifteen feet, or even more. To 
 comprehend fully the labor necessary to accomplish 
 all this, it must be borne in mind that the subsoil is 
 as solid as the earth in a public highway. Sharp 
 picks, wielded by muscular arms, cannot be driven 
 into it more than two or three inches. The stone, 
 when reached, is so extremely hard that, unless fa- 
 vored by a baryte or crystal deposit, a person, in 
 digging a well, for example, may have to work an 
 entire day with the best steel drills in order to make 
 a hole deep enough to put in a blast. When one 
 witnesses the slow progress made by good workmen 
 aided by steel and powder, and remembers that the 
 Indians had no better tools than they could fashion 
 from wood, bone, or stone, and when he finds fur- 
 ther, that it requires several days merely to walk over 
 the area included by the ancient quarries, he realizes 
 the vast amount of toil involved in these excava- 
 tions. 
 
 Eleven miles from Newark the Zanesville road is 
 intersected by the road leading from Brownsville, 
 on the old National Pike, to the Baltimore and Ohio 
 
38 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 Railway. This point, locally known as "The Ridge 
 Cross-road," is one mile east of the coal mine, and 
 three miles north of Brownsville. For fully half a 
 mile to the east, west, and south, and half that dis- 
 tance to the north, the debris from pits and work- 
 shops literally covers the surface, not only on the 
 spurs and minor ridges, but in many places on the 
 lower ground. Most of the stone is very solid, 
 though some of it is so porous as to be unfit for use. 
 
 One of the pits near here is almost a hundred feet 
 in diameter. A pole eighteen feet long has been 
 thrust full length downward into the muck with 
 which it is filled, without reaching the bottom. 
 
 The flint in this entire central area shows an 
 almost endless diversity in coloring. Much of it is 
 milk-white. There are large beds, perhaps a hun- 
 dred acres in all, of striped jasper, the colors being 
 alternate light gray and dark gray in thin and regu- 
 lar bands. This is an excellent material for arrow- 
 and spear-heads, and has been extensively quari'ied. 
 Segregated masses occur of lustreless, dull black, 
 gray, or yellowish-brown. These contain various 
 impurities, and apparently were not sought after. 
 At various places, but mostly in the immediate 
 vicinity of the cross-road, are immense deposits of 
 what should have a distinct classification as " Flint 
 Ridge Stone." It is a chalcedony, pure or nearly so, 
 but differing somewhat in appearance from that in 
 any other known locality. When thoroughly pro- 
 tected from weathering it is of a light grayish-blue 
 color, translucent in pieces of considerable thickness, 
 
FLINT RIDGE. 39 
 
 exceedingly hard, and yet, when freshly dug, easily 
 wrought by the usual methods in vogue among 
 modern Indians. When exposed to the atmosphere 
 for a long period it assumes an almost infinite variety 
 of tints, equalling or even surpassing in beauty and 
 brilliancy the finest agates or carnelians. But, no 
 matter how it may have changed in other respects, 
 it retains a peculiar gloss or lustre that enables one 
 familiar with it to detect at a glance an implement 
 from this locality, no matter where it may be found. 
 This property has been useful in aiding to estab- 
 lish two facts. First, that people using it cov: 
 ered a wide territory ; weapons made from it have 
 been found in New York, Illinois, and eastern 
 Virginia, as well as nearer to its source. Secondly, 
 that the aborigines resorted to this spot for a long 
 period of time, perhaps many centuries ; chips or 
 blocks of exactly the same composition found side 
 by side on the surface vary greatly in appearance, 
 some being as yet scarcely affected by the exposure, 
 the exterior of other pieces being completely changed 
 in color, while in still others the change of color may 
 be uniform through the fragment. 
 
 It was quarried anterior to the construction of 
 some, at least, of the large mounds in Ohio and West 
 Virginia, for many arrows, cores, and flakes of it 
 have been found in them. In the large mound de- 
 scribed in chapter xiv., a chip of it was found lying 
 upon the original surface as if it had been carelessly 
 thrown there piior to the beginning of the first or 
 oldest part of the mound. 
 
40 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 It was unquestionably used by the Indians occu- 
 pying the Ohio valley at the time of its settlement 
 by the whites, for thousands of implements made of 
 it have been picked up on or very near the surface of 
 the ground in spots where it is known that modern 
 tribes had their domicile in quite recent times. 
 
 Several hills situated between the ridge and the 
 National road were once part of the plateau covered 
 by the flint ; but erosive agencies have cut them ofP, 
 and they are now entirely isolated. On all of these 
 which retain their former elevation excavations have 
 been made on a very large scale. None of the ma- 
 terial here, however, has the diversified colors so 
 noticeable in that nearer the cross-road. 
 
 The only indications of permanent occupation 
 along this portion of the ridge are three circular en- 
 closures — two near the cross-road, now obliterated 
 by cultivation, the third a mile and a half south. 
 The last, which is still quite distinct, consists of an 
 embankment with interior ditch, the outer diameter 
 being about three hundred feet. They are probably 
 the sites of small stockaded villages or camps. There 
 are also two small mounds of earth, both of which 
 have yielded human bones to investigators. 
 
 On the third principal deposit of the flint, that 
 lying along both sides of the line between Licking 
 and Muskingum counties, the excavations are on a 
 smaller scale than those heretofore noted. There is 
 but one group of pits west of the county line ; these 
 extend over an area of five or six acres. They occur 
 at a place where the covering of earth was quite thin, 
 and present no features worthy of special notice. 
 
FLINT RIDGE. 
 
 41 
 
 The first excavations in Muskingum County are 
 small. The stone is of the same general character as 
 the chalcedony at the cross-roads, and therefore well 
 adapted to the uses made of it ; but the quantity of 
 earth to be removed before it could be reached vras 
 an obstacle too great to be overcome, and the at- 
 tempted quarries had to be abandoned. 
 
 It is not until the margin of the flint area in this 
 direction is reached that evidence of extensive vi^ork 
 is found. Almost the entire spur forming the noi-th- 
 ern and eastern extremity of the deposit has under- 
 gone extensive denudation, owing to the peculiar 
 arrangement of the drainage system about it ; conse- 
 quently the stone is easy to reach. The pits extend 
 very nearly to the final outcrop on the east and as 
 far toward the north as workable material is to be 
 obtained. But they are all shallow, and the im- 
 mense piles of refuse show that only a small portion 
 of the stone obtained was fit to be wrought into 
 implements. 
 
 Careful researches by various parties have shown 
 the methods by which the primitive worker obtained 
 the coveted material and made from it weapons or 
 implements suitable to his wants. 
 
 Probably numerous experiments and repeated 
 failures in working the fragments found on the sur- 
 face had taught him that if he wished to make 
 specimens of symmetrical form and definite outline, 
 he must procure a stone that was solid and uniform 
 in texture. Either by accident, or by the use of his 
 reasoning powers, he discovered that such material 
 is to be found in the ground instead of upon it. 
 
42 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 Digging away the earth with such tools as he could 
 impi'ovise — pointed sticks hardened by fire, antler, 
 bone, or stone, — he came to the surface of the flint. 
 This resisted all his efforts until he thought of the 
 effects of heat. Placing wood upon it, he set fire to 
 the pile. When the stone had reached a high tem- 
 perature he threw cold water on it ; this caused it 
 to shatter and crack in all directions. Casting aside 
 the fragments, he repeated the operation, until he 
 had finally burned his way to the limestone beneath. 
 Removing all burned portions of the flint, he next 
 procured a quantity of fine clay and spread a thick 
 coating on the top and sides of the stone, to prevent 
 injury to it. Then building a fire at the bottom of 
 the hole, he soon burned away the limestone and the 
 lower part of the flint stratum, leaving the top pro- 
 jecting. This he broke loose with large boulders of 
 quartz or granite ; hammers of this sort, weighing from 
 twenty to one hundred and fifty pounds, have been 
 found in the bottoms of pits that have been cleared 
 out. Knocking loose the clay, which had burned 
 almost as hard as the stone, he found himself in 
 possession of a block of clear, pure flint. By means 
 of the same hammers he broke this into pieces of a 
 convenient size for handling. These were carried to 
 a spot near by, which may be termed a " blocking 
 out " shop. Here they were further broken by 
 smaller hammers, and brought somewhat into the 
 shape of the implements which were to be made 
 from them. The work was never, or very seldom, 
 carried beyond this stage at the spot where it was 
 begun ; the subsequent manipulation was at some 
 
FLINT RIDGE. 43 
 
 other place, best designated as a " finishing shop." 
 These are characterized by quantities of small chips, 
 flakes and spalls, broken implements, and unfinished 
 pieces, which were unavailable by reason of some 
 flaw or defect not discernible until the final work 
 was begun. The finishing touches were always 
 made by means of pressure with a bone, antler, or 
 some other tough substance. Many finishing shops 
 are located near the quarries, others at a distance, 
 some of them several miles away. The principal 
 one was near the cross-road ; here a pile of fine 
 chips, covering one fourth of an acre, and fully six 
 feet in depth at the central portion, existed when 
 the country was first settled by the whites, but from 
 various causes it has been reduced until it now is all 
 of one level. This, while the largest, is only one of 
 several hundred such places. 
 
 Second in importance only to Flint Ridge are the 
 aboriginal quarries of Coshocton County. 
 
 They are located on the south side of the Wal- 
 honding River, four miles above Warsaw. The flint 
 forms the cap-rock of a high hill intersected by 
 numerous ravines, and is covered by a' layer of earth 
 whose thickness varies greatly owing to the contour 
 of the surface. 
 
 The area worked over, the piles of earth thrown 
 aside by the diggers, and the fragments and blocks 
 of stone scattered about in profusion, show that this 
 was long a place of resort by the Indians. 
 
 In one place is a pit more than one hundred feet 
 in diameter, whose depth has never been ascertained, 
 owing to the accumulated earth and decayed organic 
 
44 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 matter that forms a bog within it ; but the quantity 
 of debris scattered on every side shows that a great 
 amount of labor was expended in opening it. In 
 many other places in the vicinity smaller holes bear 
 witness to the same industry. As a rule, these follow 
 a line parallel with the outcrop of the flint. One of 
 them has been cleared out, and the process of exca- 
 vation found to be the same as that followed at Flint 
 Ridge. On most of the hill-tops, the superincum- 
 bent earth, having in some places a thickness of 
 twenty-five feet, or even more, proved an efficient 
 barrier against such tools as the ancient workers 
 could procure. 
 
 The most interesting feature of this quarry is in a 
 ridge or promontory bounded on three sides by the 
 river and a deep ravine, the sides being very steep — 
 almost precipitous in places. A careful exploration 
 of its summit has never been made, but sufficient 
 evidence is at hand to justify the statement that the 
 Indians began work at the outcrop on one side, next 
 to the river, and followed the flint stratum entirely 
 across to the outcrop above the ravine, throwing the 
 earth and refuse material behind them as they pro- 
 ceeded. Probably five acres have been removed in 
 this manner, while the sum of the areas dug in the 
 different pits would be still greater. 
 
 The flint forming this deposit is of various shades, 
 from a pale amber or "honey color" to a jet 
 black, much of it being banded like agate, or varie- 
 gated with colors imperceptibly blending. The 
 lighter varieties are translucent or almost transpar- 
 ent, in pieces of considerable size; the darker are 
 
FLINT RIDGE. 45 
 
 usually opaque except in very thin chips. In much 
 of it the grain is as close as in the finest agate or 
 chalcedony, consequently it is susceptible of very 
 delicate manipulation. Some of the specimens from 
 this locality are as thin, symmetrical, and highly 
 finished as can be found among the best of those 
 belonging to the neolithic age of Europe, and many 
 may be found which, after decades or even centuries 
 of exposure to an inclement climate, have an edge or 
 point almost as keen as a piece of freshly broken 
 glass. 
 
 To a people living in the condition of the early 
 inhabitants of the Ohio valley, stone possessing 
 such qualities was invaluable. Arrows, speai's, and 
 knives were essential to their existence, and in the 
 absence of steel or iron no better material is ob- 
 tainable for the manufacture of such implements 
 than the finer grades of chalcedony, of which the 
 Coshocton flint is a variety, or the " Flint Ridge 
 Stone," which is fully equal to it. That the abo- 
 rigines fully understood their worth for such uses is 
 proven by the evidences still remaining of the great 
 amount of labor which they performed in obtaining 
 them. 
 
 There are various other flint deposits in the State 
 that have been worked to some extent, notably those 
 in Perry County. In fact there is scarcely a county 
 along the line of this geological formation, from the 
 western border of Pennsylvania to central Kentucky, 
 where these flint quarries do not occur. None of 
 them, however, present any feature, except it be in 
 the character of the stone, that is different from 
 
46 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 what may be observed in the two localities herein 
 described. 
 
 A short explanation of the origin of flint deposits 
 may not be out of place. 
 
 Certain microscopic organic bodies belonging to 
 both animal and plant creation extract from the sea- 
 water in which they exist small quantities of silica, 
 which enters into their composition as lime enters 
 into the shells of moUusks or the skeletons of ani- 
 mals belonging to a higher class. Most sponges also 
 abstract from the water silica, which may be found 
 in them in minute particles. On the death and de- 
 cay of these oi'ganisms the silica is released and set- 
 tles to the bottom. Being in the finest possible 
 state of subdivision it forms a very compact mass 
 which, when free from impurities, hardens into fine- 
 grained chalcedony or flint. Should there be con- 
 tained in it foreign substances of any sort the stone 
 is correspondingly altered, and there may result all 
 the different varieties of flint, chert, buhr, and simi- 
 lar stone, which is so abundant as compared with 
 the purer kind. 
 
 It is essential in this method of formation that the 
 water in which it has its origin should be free from 
 currents, and containing a smaller proportion of salt 
 than in the open ocean, otherwise the necessary 
 forms of life will not thrive. These conditions can 
 only be met with in a small gulf almost enclosed by 
 land, or in a depression protected by shoals, and in 
 either case i-eceiving a constant supply of fresh 
 water with silica in solution. In this way is formed 
 most of the chalcedonic stone occurring in large de- 
 
FLINT RIDGE. 47 
 
 posits. Flint Ridge was thus made; we find the 
 baser stone or chert ai-ound the edges of this deposit 
 nearer to the old shore line, while the finer grain of 
 the central deposits shows a body of water un- 
 troubled by currents and free from sediment. More- 
 over, the deposit is irregular in its bedding, being 
 considerably lower in some places than in others, 
 showing that it was laid down on an uneven bottom. 
 The single blocks or boulders, lying in some places 
 many feet above the main body of flint, are of later 
 origin. 
 
 A second manner in which rock of this character 
 may be made is by a process of substitution or petri- 
 faction. A body soluble or subject to decay, being 
 covered with water charged with mineral of any 
 sort, will, under certain conditions, be changed from 
 its natural form into one exactly similar in shape 
 and size agreeing in composition with the mineral 
 solution in which it is immersed. As each particle 
 of the original substance is removed it is replaced by 
 a particle of the dissolved mineral ; and after a time 
 the entire body is thus changed. In this way are 
 formed petrified forests, silicified wood, and the 
 many fossil remains that have been converted into 
 flinty rock. 
 
 Still a third method in which such stone is formed 
 is by deposition. Water settling into a cavity and 
 evaporating must deposit all the solid matter con- 
 tained in it. If this be repeated a sufficient number 
 of times the cavity will be flUed ; and should the 
 deposits thus made be of matter held in solution and 
 not merely carried mechanically, they may harden 
 
48 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 into a stone much more compact than that by which 
 they are surrounded. Such is the origin of most 
 agates, opals, and stones of that character. Should 
 the evaporation be exceedingly slow crystals will 
 be produced, their size and perfection depending 
 upon the length of time allowed for their completion. 
 
CHAPTEE V. 
 
 MADISONVILLE OEMETEKY. 
 
 No aboriginal village site found within the limits 
 of the United States has exceeded in extent that of 
 Madisonville. The hundreds of important discoveries 
 made under the auspices of the Madisonville Lite- 
 rary and Scientific Society, and afterwards completed 
 by the Peabody Museum of Cambridge, Mass., at- 
 tracted the attention of archaeologists both abroad 
 and in our own country. It is extremely difficult 
 to give anything like a comprehensive treatment of 
 Madisonville cemetery in one brief chapter. In at- 
 tempting to describe the more remarkable features 
 of the place we are compelled to draw largely from 
 the following publications : Archceological Explora- 
 tions of the Literary and Scientific Society of Madi- 
 sonville, Ohio, part ii., September 1 to December 
 8, 1879 ; The Journal of the Cincinnati Society of 
 Natural History, volume iii., Nos. 1 and 3 ; Ap- 
 pendix A of Professor John T, Short's North 
 Americans of Antiquity. 
 
 The cemetery or village site occupies a plateau 
 facing the Little Miami River, half a mile west 
 of Batavia Junction, on the P. C. C. & St. L. Rail- 
 way. Prior to the spring of 1879 no thorough work 
 
 4 49 
 
50 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 was projected, and no definite knowledge existed as 
 to the extent and character of the remains. Curi- 
 osity collectors of the vicinity had called the place 
 "The Pottery Field." 
 
 In March, 1879, Dr. C. L. Metz had in his employ 
 a laborer who, prompted by curiosity, sank an ex- 
 cavation in the southwest section of the plateau. 
 He discovered a skeleton at the depth of two feet. 
 The editors of part i. of the Madisonville Scientific 
 Society's report say with reference to. the find:^ 
 
 " This was the initiatory step toward a most important 
 archseological discovery, as further investigation has re- 
 vealed the interesting fact that the entire plateau is the 
 site of an ancient cemetery, from which have since been 
 exhumed upward of four hundred skeletons of a prehistoric 
 people, accompanied by numerous evidences of their 
 handiwork, in the shape of flint and stone implements, 
 pipes, pottery ware, charred matting and corn, tools, and 
 ornaments of bone, shell, and copper, some of which are 
 believed to be unique, all indicating an industrious people, 
 who lived in large communities, and obtained their sup- 
 port by cultivating the soil, as well as by fishing and 
 hunting." 
 
 The gentlemen were afterwards permitted to take 
 thousands of fine implements, ornaments, and uten- 
 sils, together with nearly eleven hundred skeletons, 
 principally of brachycephalic stock, from the vari- 
 ous slopes of the plateau. 
 
 "On Friday, March 21, 1879 the excavation, begun 
 on the previous day, was continued, and a skeleton in a 
 horizontal position, with its head to the south, was ex- 
 humed. This appeared to be the remains of a female of 
 
 ' Madisonville Historical Society Report, part i. , page 3. 
 
MADISONVILLE CEMETERY. Jx 
 
 large size (5 feet 10 inches). Near the left hip was de- 
 posited a large earthen vessel, capacity about one gallon ; 
 unfortunately this vessel was broken by the spade and 
 thrown out of the trench, but most of the fragments 
 were recovered." Near the head, lay four hollow cylin- 
 ders, or beads, of polished bone, two to four inches in 
 length, and fragments of some others were found ; these 
 were apparently portions of a necklace. Two chisels or 
 gouge-shaped implements, one of horn, and the other of 
 flint, and an imperfect perforated stone implement, were 
 also found with these remains." 
 
 During the next two years several hundred skele- 
 tons were exhumed, buried under various conditions 
 and in many attitudes. The sitting posture was a 
 favorite mode of burial. Frequently, as in the 
 case of the cemetery at Fort Ancient, the interments 
 were made in groups, but seldom in stone graves. 
 The ash-pits were much more extensive than those we 
 excavated at Fort Ancient. On April 22d to 28th, 
 several ash-pits were opened, varying from three to 
 six feet in diameter. In them they found the unio 
 shells, fine bone implements, broken bones, and other 
 debris such as we have excavated in "Warren County, 
 Several entire grooved bone implements were taken 
 from the pits, made from the tibiae of the elk and 
 deer. One large scraper was made from the right 
 femur of an elk. 
 
 " On Wednesday, April 23d, a second ash-pit was ex- 
 plored, but only a few fragments of pottery were found. 
 Close by this pit, a large skeleton, six feet two inches in 
 length, was uncovered. These remains were in a hori- 
 zontal position, and badly decayed, but a portion of the 
 
 ' Madisonville Historical Society Report, part i. , page 4. 
 
52 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 cranium was preserved as an interesting pathological 
 specimen. In the right parietal was a perforation, the 
 effect of a blow which had crushed the skull, and which 
 had been repaired and almost obliterated by an internal 
 deposit of new bone. 
 
 "Another ash-pit was opened on the following day, and 
 several bone implements, together with animal bones and 
 shreds of pottery, were found. One skeleton, in a sitting 
 position, and two in horizontal, with heads toward the 
 south, were also removed. With these two latter skele- 
 tons were found small vessels, one at the head of each. 
 Fragments of two other vessels were found in the same 
 excavation." ' 
 
 It is veiy singular that so many objects should be 
 found with skeletons, in the Madisouville cemetery, 
 and comparatively few in the Fort Ancient and 
 Oregonia cemeteries. In the latter part of April 
 the members of the society dug up seven skeletons 
 in one day. 
 
 " Two were in a sitting position, three horizontal, with 
 heads to the south, and two others in the same position 
 with heads directed east. A nearly perfect vessel, and 
 fragments of another were taken from near the crania of 
 those lying north and south. A polished stone implement 
 (chisel-shaped), was found lying by the side ; and among 
 the bones of the right hand a medium-sized jasper spear- 
 head was discovered. The third horizontal skeleton was 
 of small size, and the skull rested upon the pelvic bones 
 of the second skeleton." " 
 
 On April 28th they took from one ash-pit a large 
 tube and the bones of Mastodon Americanus. The 
 most important relics found were a sandstone pipe, a 
 
 ' Madisonville Historical Society Report, part i., page il. 
 ^ Ibid., p. 12. 
 
MADISONVILLE CEMETERY. S3 
 
 perforated stone disk, numerous fine bone awls, bone 
 beads, and implements of bone and flint ; one large 
 vessel of about three quarts' capacity, and another 
 quite small, not larger than an ordinary teacup — the 
 latter was found with a child's skeleton. 
 
 " On Tuesday, August 26th, one of the most interesting 
 discoveries in this cemetery was made. In excavating an 
 ash-pit, a large deposit of several bushels of carbonized 
 maize was found. Newspaper accounts of this remarkable 
 discovery were published at the time, which are more or 
 less erroneous. A correct diagram of the pit is here 
 given, with a brief description of its contents. 
 
 " Layer No. i consists of about two feet of rich black 
 earth and leaf mould. No. 2 is fifteen inches of gravelly 
 clay, in which were found numerous animal remains, sev- 
 eral implements of flint, stone, and bone, an unfinished 
 pipe, and some charred animal bones. 
 
 " Next came layer No. 3, about ten inches of ashes, in- 
 termingled with bones of a great number of animals, of 
 which the following were identified : deer, elk, raccoon, 
 opossum, mink, woodchuck, beaver, and turkey, together 
 with unio shells of various species. Immediately below 
 this was a layer (No. 4), about four inches thick, of coarse 
 matting and twigs, cornstalks and bark, completely car- 
 bonized. No. 5 was a layer of shelled corn, probably 
 three or four bushels, and below this was a quantity of 
 ear corn, all of which was completely carbonized. On the 
 bottom of the pit was a layer of fire-cracked boulders, 
 with some ashes and a few animal bones. The adjoining 
 pit was separated from the corn pit at the bottom by 
 about six inches of clay, and did not differ from the usual 
 pits, except that no implements were found in it. 
 
 " August 29th and 30th, two ash-pits were explored, 
 from which the usual implements were taken, and an un- 
 finished pipe representing a bear on its haunches. An 
 
54 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 adult skeleton was also exhumed, lying horizontally, head 
 south and face upwards ; a vessel was found at its feet. 
 Immediately under this skeleton was an ash-pit three feet 
 in diameter, and four feet ten inches deep." ' 
 
 In Number 3, volume iii., the report of the Madison- 
 ville Society describes a very peculiar occurrence : 
 
 " On Tuesday, January 20th, an ash-pit was opened 
 three feet four inches in diameter, and six feet in depth ; 
 the layer of leaf mould was twenty-one inches, then a layer 
 of ashes thirty-six inches, with sherds, unio shells, animal 
 remains, and burnt limestones ; third, a layer of charcoal 
 about three inches in thickness, and below this twelve 
 inches of pure grayish ashes. In these ashes were found 
 an entire human skeleton. 
 
 " This skeleton was lying in the bottom of the pit on 
 its back, head toward the northwest, with the lower limbs 
 sharply flexed on the thighs. Surrounding the skeleton 
 were a number of flat limestones ten or twelve inches 
 square, set on edge, forming a wall around the base of the 
 pit. All these stones showed distinctly the marks of fire, 
 but must have been burned before being placed in their 
 present position, as a very careful examination was made 
 of the walls and bottom of the pit and no traces of the 
 action of fire were visible." " 
 
 In the report of the society for 1879, part ii., 
 September Ist to December 31st, are many remark- 
 able discoveries chronicled. The following quota- 
 tions will give an idea of the character of the 
 burials. 
 
 " On Thursday, 25th, a very interesting ornament was 
 found with the skeleton of a child. It is made of a 
 
 ' Madisonville Historical Society Report, part i., p. 27. 
 ' Ibid., part iii., p. 42. 
 
MADISONVILLE CEMETERY. 55 
 
 single piece of copper of irregular shape, the edges of 
 which have been brought together so as to form a ball, or 
 rather like a sleigh-bell, leaving an irregular opening on 
 one side. A small hole was punched through the top and 
 a strip of copper doubled up and the ends pushed through 
 the opening from the inside, forming a handle. Inside 
 this bell is a fragment of copper, about the size of a large 
 pea, and when the ornament is shaken it produces a rat- 
 tling or tinkling sound. It is without question one of the 
 most unique specimens of aboriginal workmanship ever 
 recovered." ' 
 
 " On October 7th, three skeletons were uncovered ; the 
 first, that of a child, about six years of age, in horizontal 
 position, head east, at a depth of fourteen inches ; the 
 next, an adult female, length five feet two inches, head 
 northeast, depth twenty inches ; a small vessel was 
 found at the right side of the cranium. The third 
 skeleton, an adult male, was lying in the same position, 
 at a depth of twenty-two inches. From near the right 
 side of the head was taken a vessel, with a base or 
 pedestal, the only one of this peculiar form yet found ; 
 beneath the cranium was a small discoidal stone and a 
 bone fish-hook." " 
 
 " On Tuesday, October 28th, skeleton No. 8 was found, 
 an adult male, with head southeast, length five feet eight 
 inches, depth fifteen inches. A broken vessel was found 
 at the right of the head, and on the left side a pipe made 
 of limestone, well finished, and carved to represent the 
 head of some animal. A copper ornament was also found 
 at the right side of the neck. This relic, which has two 
 bars or cross-arms, is made of a very thin piece of copper, 
 rolled or beaten evenly, with small perforation at one end, 
 doubtless for suspensory purposes ; and, excepting the 
 double arms, somewhat resembles the copper ornament 
 
 ' Madisonville Historical Society Report, part iii., p. 32. 
 ' Ibid., part ii., p. 32. 
 
S6 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 found in the stone graves of Tennessee, described and 
 figured in the Eleventh Annual Report of the Peabody 
 Museum of American ArchcBology and Ethnology, page 
 
 307- 
 
 " The total absence in this cemetery of any evidences 
 of contact with European races, of which fact mention 
 was made in our first paper, makes the remarks and con- 
 clusions of Professor Putnam, relative to the Tennessee 
 ornament, very appropriate in this connection. 
 
 " ' The cross-like form of this ornament may give rise to 
 the question of its derivation ; and had any article of 
 European make, such as glass beads, brass buttons, etc., 
 so common in Indian graves subsequent to contact with 
 the whites, been found in any one of the hundreds of 
 graves I opened in Tennessee, I should consider the form 
 of this ornament the result of contact with the early 
 missionaries ; but, from the total absence of articles de- 
 noting such contact, I think it must be placed in the same 
 category with the " tablet of the cross " at Palenque, and 
 be regarded as an ornament made in its present form, 
 simply because it is an easy design to execute, and one 
 of natural conception.' " ' 
 
 In inspecting the contents of the Peabody Museum 
 one is impressed with the extent of the collection 
 from Madisonville. During the time that has elapsed 
 since the Madisonville Scientific Society ceased ope- 
 rations upon the cemetery, both Professor Putnam 
 and Dr. Metz have been very active in the interests 
 of the Peabody Museum. There are so many large 
 cases filled with implements and debris that one can 
 obtain nearly as complete a knowledge of the inhab- 
 itants of the village by studying in the museum as 
 in the field. The display is admirably made. 
 
 ' Madisonville Historical Society Report, part ii. , p. 34. 
 
MADISONVILLE CEMETERY. 5f 
 
 From an inspection of this collection, the one in 
 the Cincinnati Historical Society rooms, and another 
 in the Art Museum in Eden Park, Cincinnati, we 
 have come to the following conclusions. 
 
 More of the short-heads were at Madisonville than 
 upon any other spot in the Ohio valley. They 
 must have dwelt there for many years, using the 
 village as a general rendezvous, to which to return 
 from hunting, fishing, or warring expeditions. They 
 made better pottery at Madisonville than at any 
 other of their villages. They did not construct 
 good stone graves, such as we find farther up the 
 Little Miami valley. From the limited number of 
 dolicocephalic crania taken from the ash-pits and 
 cemetery^ we would infer that, in proportion to the 
 size of their town, they suffered less from attack 
 than did the tribes at Fort Ancient, Oregonia, or 
 the Scioto valley. 
 
 Possibly the Madisonville people may have re- 
 sorted to Fort Ancient, in company with all the 
 short-heads living in the Miami valley, upon the 
 appearance of their enemies. It was a splendid 
 structure for defence, and at so short a distance as 
 to render access to it comparatively easy. 
 
 We feel safe in placing the inhabitants at Madi- 
 sonville at the head of the brachycephalic race in 
 Ohio. Probably the Cacique controlling all the 
 mound area of southern Ohio had his dwelling 
 there. 
 
 Note. — Dr. Cresson informs me that he is impressed by the resemblance 
 of many of the bone implements found at the Madisonville cemetery, dis- 
 played in the cases at the Peabody Museum, and a few implements exca- 
 
58 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 vated by himself at the place, to those of the lake-dwelling people of 
 Europe during the stone age ; in fact, bone implements seem to predomi- 
 nate over those of stone at this cemetery of the brachycephali. 
 
 He also states that he believes Fort Ambush at Foster's, Ohio, to have 
 been a stronghold of the brachyqephalic people, and has found this type to 
 predominate in the small aboriginal graveyard partially excavated by him at 
 Burton's farm, near Madisonville. 
 
 W. K. M. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 TUMULI OF THE EAST FORK OF THE LITTLE MIAMI 
 EIVER.^ 
 
 The country at the head of East Fork is a 
 monotonous level, except where broken by small 
 streams, but the lower portion is hilly and we find 
 there hill-top mounds such as have been mentioned in 
 the first chapter of this work. The soil is generally 
 of clay resulting from the weathering of the Cincin- 
 nati limestone, although considerable glacial deposits 
 are of frequent occurrence. We do not observe 
 the wide fertile bottoms and productive uplands 
 so characteristic of some other portions of Ohio 
 where evidences of aboriginal occupancy are 
 abundant. 
 
 As the size and number of the mounds and earth- 
 works seem to be in direct ratio to the fertility of 
 the soil, we would not expect to find within the area 
 drained by the East Foi'k so many large mounds as 
 are to be seen in sections more f avoided by nature, 
 or to obtain from them such a number and variety 
 of specimens conforming to aboriginal ideas of 
 utility and beauty. Investigation confirms the 
 belief. Those foimd in this vicinity do not contain 
 
 ' May, June, and July 1888. 
 59 
 
6o PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 mucli of importance, and from their construction we 
 would infer that they are the work of a race or 
 tribe who placed small value upon this form of 
 monuments. It has been thought by some authors 
 that the builders were a small clan of the tribe 
 which erected Fort Ancient, and probably had its 
 principal seat in the Miami valley with its chief 
 settlement in a great village at Madison ville. Others 
 are of the opinion that they were a branch of a 
 great tribe inhabiting the Scioto valley. Both 
 theories are untenable, as we will proceed to 
 show. 
 
 Fourteen tumuli were examined in this section, 
 and the results are herewith presented. 
 
 MoTJND Number One. — This structure is situated 
 at a high point of land on the farm of Richard 
 Shumard, in Stone Lick Township, Clermont County. 
 It overlooks a deep and narrow valley with almost 
 precipitous sides, at the bottom of which flows a 
 small stream known as Rocky Run. It was two 
 feet in height in the centre, nearly circular in out- 
 line, twenty-five feet in diameter at the base, and 
 had never been disturbed by plough or shovel. 
 
 The entire mound was removed, and the illustra- 
 tion given (Figure iii.) shows its ground-plan. A 
 layer of charcoal was discovered extending across 
 the mound one foot above its original surface. 
 Immediately beneath the charcoal was a floor or 
 pavement of limestone slabs (marked d in the 
 figure) such as may be found in the creek beds or 
 along the hillsides. They ^%rQ from twenty to 
 thirty inches in length, about a foot in breadth, 
 
TUMULI OF EAST FORK. 
 
 6l 
 
 and weighed perhaps forty or fifty pounds each. 
 This pavement measured nine or ten feet in 
 breadth. 
 
 On taking away the stones at the central portion, 
 we found a layer three inches in thickness of com- 
 
 /"-iC 
 
 FIG. HI. — Ground plan of mound No. i. Skeleton surrounded by stone 
 slabs. See page 60. 
 
 mon soil, covering a skeleton of medium size (a in 
 the figure). We removed this dirt, which had evi- 
 dently been placed to prevent the stones from 
 coming in contact with the body, and thus endeav- 
 ored to secure the skull. Although the greatest 
 
62 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 possible care was exercised, atmospheric agencies 
 had reduced the bones to such a fragile state that 
 their removal was an utter impossibility, and we 
 were unable to preserve any portion of the skeleton 
 save the lower and upper jaws and some fragments 
 of the skull. 
 
 Near the right side of the skeleton lay a small 
 polished bone awl or perforator (c in the figure) ; 
 about twenty inches from the right shoulder was a 
 finely polished celt of greenstone (b), four and a 
 half inches in length and two and one fourth wide. 
 Underneath the body was a mass of red ochre. 
 
 Graves. — Before proceeding with the excavation 
 of other mounds along Stone Lick Run several 
 graves were examined. Although these differ some- 
 what in minor details they, as a general thing, 
 correspond in the method of their construction. 
 First, the surface soil is removed to the depth of a 
 few inches, possibly as much as a foot ; then large 
 flat stones are laid down, with other stones set on 
 edge around this floor, forming a I'ude, box-shaped 
 structure in which the body is placed. Finally, a 
 covering of flat stones is placed over the top. When 
 the vault is finished a mass of earth or stone, or 
 both, is thrown over it and the structure is com- 
 plete. Inside these box-shaped graves were found 
 skeletons in vai-ious stages of decay. No objects or 
 implements were placed with the remains.' This 
 peculiarity has been frequently noticed in graves at 
 Fort Ancient and throughout Greene County. 
 
 ' It is singular that no stone floors exist in the Fort Ancient or Oregonia 
 graves. 
 
TUMULI OF EAST FORK. 63 
 
 Mound Number Two. — Tlie structure lies upon 
 the farm of Harvey Anderson, just north of the vil- 
 lage of Marathon, in Clermont County. It is upon 
 one of the highest points in the vicinity, and from it 
 a view can be obtained of the surrounding country 
 for a distance of three miles. It is now eight feet 
 high and fifty feet in diameter at the base ; but, as 
 the field in which it is situated has been cultivated 
 for many years, its original altitude has been consid- 
 erably reduced. Old citizens of the village informed 
 us that before it was cleared o£E, it stood twelve or 
 thirteen feet in height, and was covered by large 
 trees. 
 
 The work of excavation was begun upon the east 
 side ; a trench twenty feet in width was carried 
 through on a level with the original surface, and 
 continued until within a few feet of its western 
 margin. 
 
 For some distance nothing was discovered except 
 the usual charcoal flakes, animal bones, and chips of 
 flint which are found in all these structures.. The 
 presence of such objects has no significance, as they 
 are scattered over the surface about every Indian 
 village or camp, and are gathered up with the earth 
 that is taken to form the mound. 
 
 Fifteen feet from the edge a layer of bark was 
 discovered, about one inch in thickness. It extend- 
 ed nearly the entire width of our trench, and was 
 decayed to such an extent that only a few small 
 pieces retained their structure suflBciently to be iden- 
 tified. The bark rested upon a layer of ordinary 
 clay eighteen inches thick ; below was a stratum of 
 
64 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 burnt earth, then another layer of clay, and finally 
 the structure resting upon the original surface, a bed 
 of yellow sand. This extended from the point to 
 the centre, where it came to an end and was replaced 
 by a bed of black earth, mingled with charcoal and 
 decayed wood, reaching to about the same distance 
 on the western side. 
 
 It was evident that the burned earth was not due 
 to a fire made at this place. It had been carried 
 from some outside point and deposited in the same 
 manner as the remainder of the material composing 
 the mound. Then a large fire is built upon the 
 ground, that is allowed to remain afterwards undis- 
 turbed, the effects of the heat being plainly marked 
 at the surface and become less apparent as the depth 
 increases, until they are no longer perceptible. In 
 the mass referred to the color was of a bright red 
 and uniform throughout. The line of separation be- 
 tween it and the next lower stratum was so plainly 
 marked as to admit of no doubt in the matter. 
 
 About four feet east of the centre and two feet 
 above the base a skull was uncovered, but not the 
 slightest trace of any other bones could be found. 
 As the surrounding earth was of uniform consistency, 
 the inference is unavoidable that no other portion of 
 the body to which this skull belonged had been 
 placed there.' 
 
 A little to the east of the highest portion of the 
 mound, about three feet beneath the surface, was 
 found the skeleton of an intrusive burial, covered by 
 
 ' In Scioto valley mound interments of partial skeletons have been 
 observed. 
 
TUMULI OF EAST FORK. 
 
 65 
 
 a thiu layer of bark or rotten wood. Just west, and 
 at a slightly higher level, were two small thin 
 masses of burned clay, separated by six inches of 
 clean sand ; this deposit, however, seemed to have 
 no connection with the skeleton. 
 
 Near the centre of the mound a pit had been dug 
 to a depth of nearly two feet below the original sur- 
 face, and the sides of it burnt quite hard ; this was 
 filled with ashes, fragmentary bones, and calcined 
 limestone, intermingled with which were a few 
 
 FIG. IV. — Various ceremonial and ornamental objects, Miami 
 valley, Ohio. 
 
 mussel shells, pottery fragments, and pieces of deer 
 antlers. Just above it was a slab of limestone fif- 
 teen inches wide, and nearly three feet long, which 
 had been almost disintegrated by an intense heat. 
 Adhering to the upper side of the stone were por- 
 tions of ribs and traces of vertebrae, burned until 
 they were scarcely distinguishable. It was plain 
 that a skeleton or body had been placed on this 
 stone, and then cremated. 
 
 The slab was carefully taken from its resting- 
 
&(> PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 place and put where the rays of the sun would not 
 fall upon it ; we hoped to preserve it entire, but ex- 
 posure to the atmosphere caused the stone to crumble 
 rapidly, and the bones to scale off bit by bit, until 
 at last nothing remained but a shapeless mass. 
 
 On the east and west sides, at very nearly equal 
 distances (about ten feet) from the central pit, were 
 two small holes, eight inches in diameter and four- 
 teen inches deep, which were very smooth and sym- 
 metrical ; a small amount of ashes lay at the bottom 
 of each. Holes of this description are called 
 "pockets," or "post-holes," and are of frequent oc- 
 currence in the mounds. In them posts or logs 
 were frequently placed as supports for small struc- 
 tures.' Other holes, or pockets, similar to these, 
 were found above the lower stratum. Each, was 
 neatly covered with a chunk of hard-burned clay, 
 and had in it a few shells and a small amount of fine 
 black earth. 
 
 At the centre '•' of the mound, just below the dark 
 stratum, lay a decomposed skeleton. Above this 
 stratum, and a few feet west of the first, lay another 
 skeleton ; this was so much decayed that we could 
 only save a portion of the lower jaw. Still farther 
 west, just above the edge of the red clay stratum, 
 
 ' At the Hopewell group, in 1891, we came upon numerous burials in 
 holes or caves three by five or four by seven feet in extent. The skeletons 
 were usually covered by logs and saplings, placed two or three feet above 
 them, and resting upon post supports. When the coverings decayed, con- 
 siderable earth would fall into the interior. But so long had the logs 
 supported the earth above that it formed a partial arch, the remains lying in 
 the caves thus formed. 
 
 ' It may be well to explain that by " centre " is meant the line extending 
 from the summit to the middle point of the area covered by the mound. 
 
 — W. K. M. 
 
TUMULI OF EAST FORK. 6/ 
 
 lay a rather small skeleton, evidently that of a young 
 person. 
 
 All these burials were placed with heads to the 
 west, and each, except the intrusive one at the top, 
 was within a space eighteen by thirty-six inches, in- 
 dicating that the bodies had been folded or doubled 
 up before they were placed in the ground. Nothing 
 of interest was found with them. 
 
 Mound Number Four. — This is in Wayne Town- 
 ship, Clermont County, on the farm of Mr. Crane. 
 It was small, and contained very little charcoal or 
 burned earth. 
 
 The remains of two badly decayed skeletons were 
 found. On the breast of one lay a small chisel- 
 shaped celt, and on the other was an arrow-head ; 
 by the side of the latter implement lay a scraper of 
 red flint. Nothing else was found. 
 
 Mound Number Five. — -This is situated on the 
 farm of Mr. John Boyle, in Perry Township, Cler- 
 mont County ; it is in a dense forest on a level table- 
 land, there being no valley or stream within three 
 miles. It measures four feet in height, and thirty 
 feet across the base. Surrounding the mound is an 
 earthen embankment two feet higli and seven feet in 
 breadth, with a shallow interior ditch. 
 
 Two bodies had been interred ; one at the centre, 
 on the original surface, the other two feet above. 
 Beneath the former, of which only a few fragments 
 remained, were a rude flint arrow-head and a sand- 
 stone pebble with two small cup-shaped depressions 
 on opposite sides. 
 
 The upper skeleton was partially covered by a 
 
68 
 
 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 mica, consist- 
 
 layer of 
 ing of forty-one sheets, 
 tlie edges of which had 
 been slightly trimmed 
 to give them a more 
 regular outline. They 
 occupied an irregular 
 space of about two by 
 three feet and were so 
 placed that the edges 
 somewhat overlapped in 
 the same manner as 
 scales on fish. A single 
 piece lying to one side, 
 was much larger than 
 the others, being five 
 by eight and one half 
 inches, and half an inch 
 thick. The skeleton it- 
 self was so decayed that 
 no portion of it could 
 be recovered. 
 
 A careful examina- 
 tion of the entire tumu- 
 lus disclosed nothing 
 more than the objects 
 mentioned. 
 
 Mound Number Six. 
 — The mound about to 
 be described lies upon 
 very high ground and 
 overlooks the East Fork. 
 
TUMULI OF EAST FORK. 69 
 
 It lies upon the farm of Mr. John Boyle, in Brown 
 County, one mile and a half north of the village of 
 St. Martins. It was originally much higher than 
 at present, but the surface has been plowed over for 
 so many years that the mound is now only about 
 seven feet in altitude with a diameter of seventy 
 feet, while a circular embankment of considerable 
 elevation, by which it was formerly surroxmded, has 
 almost entirely disappeared. 
 
 In this, as in many other mounds that it has been 
 our privilege to examine, a hole had been dug at 
 some former time, from the summit directly toward 
 the base, but, in this case, the work had been aban- 
 doned before any damage ensued. 
 
 It is a matter of regret that so many persons take 
 it upon themselves to destroy these interesting re- 
 mains merely for the sake of such relics as may be 
 found. The construction and method of arrange- 
 ment of the contents are what we must depend upon 
 for scientific classification, and yet these are the very 
 points to which relic-hunters pay no attention. Even 
 intelligent men who have witnessed or assisted in 
 the work of demolition can give only the most vague 
 and unsatisfactory statements in regard to them. 
 Such methods are objectionable, not only on account 
 of the unworthy motives that impel the searchers, 
 but because if prosecuted to any extent they com- 
 pletely ruin the mound for subsequent investigations. 
 
 In order to make a thorough examination we 
 began our work by opening from the south side a 
 trench twenty feet in width. (Figure v. represents 
 a vertical section through the centre.) 
 
JO PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 Our first find was made at a point about eighteen 
 feet distant from the centre. Here we came upon a 
 large pile of burned earth and charcoal, (a in the 
 figure) intermingled with fragmentary remains of 
 human bones which had been burned until they 
 were almost destroyed ; but as there was about a 
 bushel of small pieces, it was obvious that several 
 bodies had been cremated. They had not, however, 
 been burned on the spot, for not only did the sur- 
 rounding earth show no evidence of the intense heat 
 that would have been required to reduce them to 
 the condition in which they were found, but the 
 mass itself showed the curvature of the mound's 
 surface, the end nearest the centre being about two 
 feet higher than that first struck. 
 
 Several similar, but smaller, masses were found 
 on the original surface at various distances from the 
 centre, but none of them were so large as the one 
 first discovered. 
 
 We can offer no explanation of these singular de- 
 posits ; it is scarcely possible to suppose their pres- 
 ence accidental, or to consider them in any other 
 way than as having a direct connection with the 
 funeral ceremonies held at the interment of the per- 
 sonage in whose honor the mound had been erected ; 
 and yet had this been the case, we would naturally 
 expect the cremation to have taken place at the spot 
 where the bodies were entombed. 
 
 Forming a circle twenty-five feet in diameter 
 around the centre of the mound was a series of 
 pockets, placed about three feet apart. These were 
 twenty inches across the top, fourteen to sixteen 
 
TUMULI OF EAST FORK. Jl 
 
 inches at the bottom, three feet deep, and filled with 
 small, flat, slightly burned pieces of limestone, 
 weighing from two to three pounds each ; they are 
 shown at b in the figure. The spaces between the 
 stones were tightly packed with earth which had 
 also been burned. No relics or remains of any kind 
 whatever were placed with them. 
 
 While, as before mentioned, these pockets are of 
 frequent occurrence, in all our experience of mound 
 opening we have never met with another instance in 
 which they were completely filled with burned 
 stones ; nor can we recall a similar example in the 
 reports of other explorers.' 
 
 As we proceeded with the trench a heavy layer 
 of earth was discovered (c), burned until the upper 
 surface had become a bright red color; this lay 
 about six or seven inches above the large pockets, 
 and was separated from them by a mass of very fine 
 black earth (d). 
 
 The clay composing the burned layer had been 
 placed in the mound when in its natural state, and a 
 fire kept burning upon it for a considerable time. 
 The earth above showed some evidences of the heat, 
 as though it had been piled on while the clay was 
 still very hot; but owing to the thickness of the 
 latter the heat had not penetrated to the black loam 
 below ; at least not to a sufficient extent to produce 
 any alteration in its appearance. 
 
 When we reached the centre of the mound we 
 made the most important find of the week. A rough 
 
 ■ Since the above was written pockets filled with burnt stone were examined 
 in the Hopewell group of mounds, Ross County. — W. K. M. 
 
72 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 altar of hard burned clay, represented by e in the 
 figure, had been constructed six inches above the 
 burned stratum, and resting upon a little mass of 
 charcoal. It was oval in outline, measuring seven 
 by nine feet, the longer axis being east and west, and 
 wa& ten inches in height. The upper surface dipped 
 slightly from the edge toward the centre ; extended 
 upon it at full length, with head to the east, lay a 
 skeleton (r). Both the skeleton and the altar were 
 unusually well preserved, but the latter was so thin 
 and soft that it was impossible for us to remove it ; 
 an enlarged view of them is given in Fig. vi. 
 
 Just above the forehead of the skeleton, and bent 
 back over the crown, was a thin plate about eight 
 inches in length, and five inches in breadth, made of 
 copper ore, probably from the Lake Superior region, 
 and evidently beaten out in the cold state. It had a 
 circular indentation in the lower edge, as if designed 
 to fit over the bridge of the nose, and was perforated 
 near the top with two small holes an eighth of an 
 inch in diameter, apparently to afford means of 
 vision. It is shown in Fig. vi. 
 
 The finding of the plate is a noteworthy feature, 
 as such relics rarely occur in this locality. 
 
 Another skeleton (g in Figure v.) was found 
 east of the altar, lying just above the stratum of 
 burnt earth. No objects of any description were 
 placed with it. 
 
 The skulls of these two skeletons were very 
 fragile and it required the utmost care to secure 
 them. As soon as uncovered they were given a 
 heavy coat of varnish, left in the sun for half an 
 
Mi 
 
 m 
 
 Sli 
 
 mm. 
 
 
 73 
 
74 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 hour to dry thoroughly, and then another coat of 
 varnish was put on. When this had dried they 
 were removed from their resting-place, packed in 
 cotton, in baskets, and then carried to Cincinnati by 
 hand, so there would be no danger of breakage. 
 This amount of trouble may seem uncalled for, but 
 as there is only a comparatively small number of 
 Mound Builders' skulls in the United States, one 
 cannot be too careful with specimens in good 
 condition. 
 
 On the east side of the mound, lying underneath 
 the burnt clay, with head toward the east, was the 
 skeleton, tolerably well preserved, of an individual 
 somewhat below the average size ; this is repre- 
 sented by H in the figure. A small piece of galena, 
 which showed some attempts at working, lay near 
 the skull. 
 
 There were some animal bones scattered through- 
 out the mound, mostly those of the deer. About 
 three and a half feet above the bottom of the mound, 
 a thin layer of bark and charcoal (i) extended 
 beyond these deposits on every side. 
 
 This was all of importance that the structure con- 
 tained ; we spent a full week upon the excavation, 
 and left nothing undone. 
 
 Mound Number Sevek. — The position of this 
 mound was on a tract of low ground near a small 
 creek in Brown County about one mile distant from 
 Number Two, and owned by the same gentleman. 
 Its height was three feet, while its breadth was 
 about forty feet. It was composed in a large part 
 of limestone slabs averaging in weight forty or fifty 
 
TUMULI OF EAST FORK. ']% 
 
 pounds each, which wei'e taken from the stream 
 near by, and thrown in at random. The want of 
 regularity in their position, and the compactness with 
 which the clay had settled into the spaces between 
 them, made the work of excavation very difficult. 
 
 In the exact centre of the mound was a hard 
 burnt altar or elliptical layer of clay about six inches 
 thick, three feet long, and two feet wide, resting 
 upon the original surface ; above this were a few 
 inches of md, upon which lay the skeleton of a 
 child perhaps six years of age. The bones were 
 very badly decayed ; some had entirely disappeared, 
 while of others only faint traces remained. A large 
 slab was placed on edge at the side of the body, an- 
 other at the head, and one at the feet. It is unusual 
 to find such care taken in the burial of so young an 
 individual. No relic of any kind ^vas found in the 
 tumulus, except a small arrow-head by the side of 
 the skeleton. 
 
 MouisTD Number Eight. — Upon the farm of Mr. 
 J. G. Hutchison, two miles and a half southeast of 
 Marathon, are eight mounds placed in the form of a 
 semicircle upon the brow of a high hill overlook- 
 ing the valley of the East Fork ; they average two 
 feet in height and thirty in diameter, and stand 
 at intervals varying from sixty to two hundred 
 feet. G-roups of this character are not common in 
 Ohio. 
 
 Judging from their contents we conclude that 
 they were all erected at the same time to cover the 
 remains of individuals who fell in battle. Twenty 
 persons, whose skeletons we found in more or less 
 
*j(i PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 advanced state of decomposition, were here interred 
 Some of the skulls were ci'ushed and broken, several 
 having large holes in the sides as if a fatal wound 
 had been inflicted with a rude stone axe. While 
 the artificial objects found were few, and of small 
 importance, the fractures in the bones of the head 
 and the condition of some of the other bones make 
 the mounds very interesting. 
 
 As the mounds were quite small we removed each 
 one entirely, generally commencing at the east or 
 south side. 
 
 Number Eight was near the centre of the cres- 
 cent. It consisted mainly of earth, although some 
 eight or nine wagon-loads of limestone slabs were 
 scattered through it. Upon the east side, near the 
 bottom, were five large flat stones placed on edge, 
 while others were laid horizontally, thus enclosing a 
 long narrow space. We looked in vain for any 
 traces of the body which had undoubtedly been 
 placed within the tomb — not the slightest fragment 
 of decayed bone remained ; atmospheric agencies 
 had resolved them all into their elements. 
 
 Near the centre of the mound and lying upon the 
 original surface of the hill-top were three badly de- 
 cayed skeletons. One of the skulls we managed to 
 save nearly entire, but the others were too far gone 
 to be removed even in pieces. By the side of the; 
 best-preserved individual lay a small, keen-edged celt 
 of syenite, five inches in length and two in width. 
 
 One of the fragmentary skulls had four flint im- 
 plements about two by three inches lying just back 
 of it near the occipital bone. 
 
TUMULI OF EAST FORK. "Jf 
 
 Mound Number Ten. — This structure contained 
 many irregular pieces of limestone and sandstone 
 scattered throughout its entire upper portion. Near 
 the base was a skeleton, above the average in size, and 
 quite well preserved, which lay upon the floor of 
 seven large flat stones. The stones had been selected 
 with great care and were fitted together as closely as 
 it would be possible to Join them without artificially 
 cutting the edges or using cement. We saved the 
 cranium nearly entire ; it shows a large ragged aper- 
 ture upon the right side, as though the whole temple 
 had been crushed in before death. The worn con- 
 dition of the teeth indicated that the person was 
 well past middle age. 
 
 Mound Number Eleven. — This was the most 
 western one in the crescent and was the largest, as 
 well as the most interesting, in the entire group. 
 Like the others, it contained stones, and, in addition, 
 some charcoal flakes were scattered through the first 
 eighteen inches of soil. 
 
 We uncovered in the course of our excavation a 
 layer, four by eight feet, composed of ten large flat 
 stones, which proved to be the top of a box-shaped 
 coffin of slabs, containing a skeleton in a better state 
 of preservation than any other we found while here. 
 
 Usually the bones in mounds and graves are dis- 
 placed and broken by the superincumbent earth or 
 stones, or softened to such an extent by the moisture 
 of the soil as to crumble when an attempt is made 
 to remove the dirt from them ; even if they remain 
 in good order and condition, there is generally such 
 a close correspondence in color between them and 
 
78 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 the earth in which they lie that it is almost impossi- 
 ble to obtain a good photographic view of them ; but 
 in this case a most excellent negative could have 
 been secured, for every bone was in its proper posi- 
 tion. All were perfect except the skull, which 
 showed the same marks of violence as the others, 
 and the left humerus, which was broken near the 
 upper end. As there was no weight upon any of 
 the bones, these fractures undoubtedly were the 
 result of injuries which terminated the life of the 
 person whose remains had been buried here. 
 
 Mound Number Twelve. — This is one of the 
 smaller tumuli, and is the fourth from the eastern 
 extremity of the crescent. It was opened by Mr. 
 Cowen, who reported that the structure contained 
 many stones, and that a number of small deposits of 
 ashes and animal bones were discovered here and 
 there throughout the excavation. 
 
 There was a decayed skeleton near the eastern 
 side, and a few traces of another skeleton by which 
 lay a roughly chipped arrow-head, close to the wes- 
 tern margin. Lying upon the base near the centre 
 were many small fi'agments of a clay vessel, made 
 from a mixture of very coarse clay and pulverized 
 shells ; like all pottery found in the valley of East 
 Fork it was very rude, apparently representing the 
 lowest degree of art in pottery making. 
 
 The other mounds of this group were mingled 
 masses of earth and stone, in which nothing was 
 found except slight traces of bone, sufficient to show 
 that each had been erected above the remains of a 
 single individual. 
 
TUMULT OF EAST FORK. 79 
 
 Satisfied that the large number of tumuli opened 
 in East Fork valley had given us sufficient material 
 for our conclusions regarding the tribe inhabiting it, 
 we ceased operations and located in Warren County 
 in the valley of the Little Miami River. 
 
 Primitive man in the East Fork did not possess 
 the mental capacity of his neighbors to the east and 
 west. He was content to bury his dead in small 
 mounds and shallow graves. He used the rudest of 
 implements, manufacturing only such as were abso- 
 lutely necessary articles. The limited quantity of 
 copper and mica he employed was undoubtedly 
 secured from the Scioto valley people. 
 
 We have no evidence that he cultivated the soil, 
 and are of the opinion that he lived solely by hunting 
 and fishing. The skeletons exhumed from his burial- 
 places prove him to have been low in stature with 
 recedino- forehead. His crania are of the dolico- 
 cephalic type. He lived so near the Clinton County 
 villages of his own race that we think he was inti- 
 mately associated with them. As remarked in 
 Chapter ix. it is probable that, in company with 
 the Clinton County long-headed savages, he made 
 incursions upon the short-heads of the Miami and 
 Scioto valleys. 
 
 We place him far beneath the mound- and embank- 
 ment-building peoples of the larger streams in tribal 
 organization, in skill as a flint, stone, and metal 
 worker. In short, we assign him place as a nomadic 
 warrior. 
 
CHAPTEK VII. 
 
 EXCAVATIONS IN AND AROUND POBT ANCIENT. 
 
 Fort Ancient being the centre of aboriginal life 
 in the Little Miami valley, one need but study it alone 
 to acquire a comprehension of the lives and customs 
 of tvro separate races — named according to the shape 
 of the skull — brachycephalic and dolicocephalic. 
 
 At the time of Mr. Moorehead's first view of this 
 celebrated fortification in 1885, he was strongly im- 
 pressed with its importance, and there suggested 
 itself to his mind to make a thorough and exhaustive 
 study of everything pertaining to the earthwork. 
 Previous to 1889, on one or two occasions excava- 
 tions were attempted with the aid of one or two 
 parties living near the fort, but from some cause or 
 other the work was always interrupted, and he was 
 compelled to bring it to a close before attaining any 
 valuable results. It was not until the spring of 1889 
 that an opportunity was afforded for extended and 
 continuous investigation. The results of that work 
 have already been given to the public," and there is 
 no necessity of repeating any description of the 
 
 1 In a volume entitled, Fort Ancient, Ohio, by Warren K. Moore- 
 head, with maps and illustrations. Published by Robert Clarke & Co., 
 Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 So 
 
EXCAVATIONS IN AND AROUND FORT ANCIENT. 8l 
 
 structure as a whole, or to give the details of the 
 work done with pick and shovel. But as additional 
 work projected in 1890 at his own expense, and 
 four months' work in the spring and summer of 1891 
 in the interests of the World's Columbian Exposi- 
 tion ' resulted in new discoveries, and in adding fur- 
 ther testimony in support of the conclusions set 
 forth in Fort Ancient, we take pleasure in sub- 
 mitting the following chapter. 
 
 When we consider the magnitude of the walls of 
 Fort Ancient, the immense amount of labor involved 
 in their erection, and in the construction of the miles 
 of terraces connected with them, we realize that all 
 this required a long period of time or a large num- 
 ber of workers ; perhaps, when we bear in mind 
 the primitive methods of the builders, we are even 
 justified in believing that it represents the prolonged 
 and continuous industry of a numerous population. 
 Taking this view of the case, it is a surprising 
 feature to note that so few mounds occur in connec- 
 tion with this great earthwork, and that even such 
 as do exist are of insignificant proportions. Omitting 
 a few small elevations which have been plowed over 
 until it is impossible to determine whether they are 
 natural or artificial, and which have never disclosed 
 
 ' When he was appointed to the position of field assistant for the World's 
 Columbian Exposition Survey in 1891, Professor Putnam wrote him on 
 March l8th of that year, giving instructions for the work to be carried out 
 at Fort Ancient, viz.: " Taking into consideration the fact that the Expo- 
 sition will have the benefit of your former work at this place, and the use 
 of such plans and notes as you already have, I herewith agree that all 
 material obtained during this expedition shall be at your service for study 
 
 and description." 
 6 
 
82 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 anything that would throw light on the question, 
 there are only ten mounds in sight from any por- 
 tion of the enclosure ; all these except one,' which 
 is in the loop or curve formed by the junction of the 
 parallels, at the farthest extremity of the fort, were 
 thoroughly examined. 
 
 The builders of Fort Ancient atoned for the small 
 number of mounds thrown up by leaving numerous 
 village sites, richer in some respects than the more 
 imposing tumuli of the Scioto valley. The greatest 
 village site in extent, the one from which such a 
 great number of skeletons, implements, and utensils 
 used for domestic purposes were exhumed in 1889, 
 occupies the broad bottoms fringing the south side 
 of the Little Miami River. One can see the spot 
 from a hundred places upon the towering fort walls 
 above. It is so near the enclosure that but three or 
 four minutes would be occupied in reaching safety 
 should the villagers be compelled to flee at the 
 approach of an enemy. 
 
 One mile and a half below the southern extrem- 
 ity of Fort Ancient is another large village covering 
 some eight or ten acres rich in graves and debris. 
 Two miles up the river is still a third, so large that 
 it must have been occupied by two or three hundred 
 lodges — ^ while at the mouth of Caesar Creek, six miles 
 distant to the north, are two extensive sites, one in 
 the bottoms and the other upon the hills to the 
 south. All of these save one were carefully ex- 
 plored under Professor Putnam's direction. Fig. 
 IX. shows one of the Oregonia skeletons. 
 
 ' This was examined in April, 1891. It contained nothing. 
 
83 
 
84 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 The Village Site. — For a number of years 
 pieces of pottery, broken animal bones, flakes of 
 charcoal, and other refuse found on the spots occu- 
 pied by aboriginal settlements, have been discovered 
 along the river bank Just above the station of Fort 
 Ancient. Occasionally a whole pot, or a portion of 
 a human skeleton, was discovered, indicating that 
 burials had taken place. These finds are usually 
 made after a period of high water has caused the 
 banks to cave in. An earthenware vessel thus found 
 is shown in Fig. xii. a. 
 
 The field containing these remains is usually 
 planted in corn. Permission to excavate it has 
 always been refused previous to the time of our 
 survey, but the owner had become so interested in 
 our work on the hill above that he willingly allowed 
 pits to be opened wherever we wished. 
 
 Availing ourselves of this privilege, we under- 
 took a series of explorations, which resulted in 
 unexpected and valuable discoveries. 
 
 The ground in question is subject to overflow 
 during unusually rainy seasons, and consequently is 
 slowly increasing in elevation above the ordinary 
 level of the river. This condition has existed for an 
 indefinite period, and was of much assistance to us 
 in determining the fact that considerable time had 
 elapsed between different periods of prehistoric 
 occupation. 
 
 For a depth of two feet below the surface there 
 was no appearance of anything different from the 
 ordinary sandy loam characteristic of river terraces. 
 This level was found to be the highest, and therefore 
 
j3 
 
 o 
 
 d 
 U 
 a 
 
 a 
 
EXCAVATIONS IN AND AROUND FORT ANCIENT. 85 
 
 the latest, of three villages that had been situated 
 upon the bottom. "We found great quantities of 
 burnt stone, ashes, charcoal, fragments of pottery, 
 bones of animals and birds. Implements of stone 
 lay scattered about and were, with few exceptions, 
 broken or thrown aside in the waste so abundant in 
 such places. This layer had a thickness of about 
 six inches. After passing through it we found 
 another stratum of soil not less than a foot thick, 
 and in some places as much as eighteen inches. It 
 did not contain any specimens of human handiwork. 
 At a depth of one foot below the first layer the 
 level of the second village site was discovered. It 
 had been occupied for a longer period of time than 
 the other. 
 
 A few inches of clean earth had formed between 
 the second layer and the debris of the lowest or 
 oldest site. Its highest point is fully five and a 
 half feet below the present surface. The depth of 
 this layer is less than six inches. 
 
 The greatest depth below the surface at which 
 any relic was found in the three village sites was 
 six and a half feet. The specimen was a small highly 
 polished celt of green stone. 
 
 It must not be inferred that the "kitchen-middens" 
 extended in a continuous, unbroken stratum at the 
 various levels. In some of the pits we found all 
 three strata, in others either one or two. A few 
 places were entirely without layers and did not show 
 any traces of fire from the surface to the bottom of 
 the pit. Articles of aboriginal manufacture were 
 also absent. 
 
86 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 Some of the ash-beds were small — such as would 
 result from a single camp-fire ; others contained 
 several bushels of ashes, bones, etc., and covered an 
 area of fifty or sixty square feet. In several places 
 the earth was burned to a red color extending to 
 a depth of five or six inches, while a pile of mate- 
 rial to one side of it indicated that the spot had 
 been used for a considerable time. As the ashes 
 accumulated and became inconvenient they were 
 scraped away and the fire continued on the same 
 ground. 
 
 The remains found at the level of the second 
 village site far exceeded in amount those from both of 
 the others. There is no essential difference between 
 them either in character or quality. They comprise 
 ashes and charcoal, and several bushels of broken pot- 
 tery. Among the pieces are some which, if we may 
 judge from their slight curvature, must have been por- 
 tions of vessels holding five or six gallons. Many 
 of these sherds were decorated with designs varied 
 in character and quite artistic. (See Figure xn.) 
 Quantities of bones of almost every species of ani- 
 mal, bird, or fish known to have lived in this region 
 were excavated ; also burnt stones, probably used in 
 building fire-places, and thousands of mussel shells 
 perforated at or near the centre. Among other arti- 
 cles discovered were hammer and grinding stones, 
 broken celts, spear- and arrow-heads and knives of 
 flint, bone awls and needles, some pointed at both 
 ends, and tibiae of deer with the shaft worked to 
 give a sharp edge on each side, making an imple- 
 ment like that now in use among the southwestern 
 
j3 
 
 o 
 
EXCAVATIONS IN AND AROUND FORT ANCIENT. 87 
 
 Indians for removing the hair from hides in pre- 
 paring leather or buckskin. Deer antlers, some of 
 which showed marks of use as perforators or polish- 
 ers, were collected, and a few slate gorgets, together 
 with some beautiful perforated shell disks of a small 
 size. 
 
 Ashes have a remarkable preservative quality. 
 The small soft bones of fishes which were found in 
 it were as perfect as if they had been buried but a 
 day. In one pit we discovered a large mussel shell 
 heaped full of fish scales, and in another the leg-bone 
 of a very large turkey, with the sinews in their proper 
 positions alongside. Objects so easily destroyed 
 would soon disappear in ordinary earth. 
 
 The general character of the objects found may be 
 seen by referring to Figures xir., xiia., xiii., xiv. 
 
 No whole pottery was found nor was there evi- 
 dence of a hut or shelter of any kind, except in one 
 place, at the level of the upper or most recent vil- 
 lage. Even this, so far as we could make out, was 
 nothing more than what loggers call a " shack " — 
 that is, a shelter formed by setting up a single row 
 of posts, varying in number according to the space 
 required. A pole or small log is run across the top, 
 and then saplings placed close together with one end 
 on the log and the other on the ground. The whole 
 structure is then covered with bark or brush. We 
 found the remains of five or six posts, each about 
 eight inches in diameter, with a mass of charred 
 wood extending between them. In a few places, 
 reaching out to one side, were small pieces of char- 
 coal such as would result from burning small poles. 
 
88 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 It is obvious then, that at three difEerent periods 
 in the past, separated from one another by consider- 
 able intervals, this bottom was a place of resort for 
 the aboriginal hunters and fishermen of the Little 
 Miami valley. But vphether they came to spend 
 the summer only, or whether the villages were per- 
 manent places of abode will never be known. On 
 one hand is the great amount of refuse accumulated ; 
 but on the other is the fact that the ground is 
 subject to an occasional overflow. At any rate, the 
 intervening strata of earth containing no evidence of 
 human residence, would show that, whichever view 
 of the matter we take, occupation of the site was 
 not continuous. 
 
 During the excavations at this point we unearthed 
 three skeletons some rods back from the river. The 
 first was that of an adult of small size, not more 
 than five feet six inches long. This burial is notice- 
 able for its peculiarity. The earth had been removed 
 for a depth of two feet, and in the bottom of the 
 space a hole had been dug large enough to contain 
 the body. At each end of this hole a rectangular 
 limestone slab had been placed to serve as head and 
 foot stones. The body had then been deposited and 
 four large flat limestones placed across with their 
 ends resting on the earth at either side so they would 
 not touch the body. The soil had then been thrown 
 over the structure. The bones were well preserved, 
 but no relics of any sort were found in the grave. 
 
 Within three feet of the end of the grave just 
 referred to was one containing the remains of a child. 
 It was similar in construction to the first, except 
 
a 
 
 89 
 
90 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 that tte headstone was omitted, and only two stones 
 placed over it. These weighed at least seventy-five 
 pounds each. Near the head was placed a triangu- 
 lar arrow-point of chalcedony, two small shell pen- 
 dants, each with one perforation, and a couple of well 
 finished circular shell disks, one inch and a half in 
 diameter, with two perforations. Two were similar 
 to the others in shape but had three perforations. 
 This skeleton was extremely small. The femur 
 measured from its head to the lower end of the 
 tibia, as the bones lay in their proper position, only 
 seven inches, while the clavicle was one and seven- 
 eighth inches long. The bones of the skull were no 
 thicker than a piece of ordinary blotting-paper. A 
 small quantity of very fine soft black earth was 
 with the bones — possibly the remains of the gar- 
 ments in which it had been clad. We can account 
 for the unusual preservation of the bones only by 
 the fact that they lay in very sandy soil, and the 
 large rocks placed over them prevented any water 
 from percolating down to them from above. 
 
 The third grave, about twenty-five feet from the 
 other, was also that of a child, but somewhat older 
 than the last. The method of burial was the same, 
 except that five stones, none of them large, were 
 placed above the body. By the head lay several 
 shell beads. No other relics were with it. 
 
 In Figure xi. is shown a femur of the second child. 
 The other bones were excavated from the smaller 
 grave. Figure x. shows some of the objects found 
 with them. 
 
h 
 
 o 
 c/5 
 
 91 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 GEAVES OF THE VILLAGE SITE. 
 
 We are forced to admit that in 1889 our excava- 
 tions at the village site, Just mentioned in the last 
 chapter, were not as complete as those of 1891. We 
 did not have the opportunity for thorough investi- 
 gation of the village sites such as we desired to 
 make, consequently we had not discovered graves in 
 groups. In April and May, 1891, long trenches 
 were dug traversing the area in every direction. 
 Three groups of graves, ranging from seven in the 
 smaller to seventeen in -the larger, were laid bare 
 and photographed. They were found at an average 
 depth of two feet, and the following illustrations 
 truthfully portray their appearance. Nearly all of 
 the interments extended east and west, but a few 
 were obviously headed north and south. 
 
 The smaller group presents no peculiarities what- 
 ever from the others, and need not here be described. 
 Near the smaller group, distant five or six hundred 
 feet from that farther down the stream (known as 
 the "Lower Village Site"), were sixteen graves, 
 which we have designated " Upper Village Site 
 Burials." As will be seen by Illustrations vii. and 
 vni., the interments were somewhat different from 
 
 92 
 
93 
 
94 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 those in tlie large cemetery at the southern portion 
 of Fort Ancient, to be described later. After the 
 excavation of the grave had been made by the 
 friends of the deceased, stones were set upon edge 
 one foot apart on each side, at the head and the 
 feet. The slabs selected for such purposes were 
 long, naiTow, and not more than twenty-four to 
 thirty inches in length, by eight or ten inches in 
 width. About eight or ten were sufficient to up- 
 hold the layer of larger slabs placed above. The 
 stones were stuck in the ground to a depth of five 
 or six inches, and firmly imbedded in the hard river 
 sand. When we uncovered them they still retained 
 their upright position. 
 
 In the lower village site nearly all the graves 
 were hollow, only a little earth having filtered in 
 between the crevices. In the construction of the 
 hollow tombs larger slabs were employed than those 
 used at the upper village site. Some of the slabs 
 measured three or four feet across, weighing one 
 hundred and fifty to two hundred pounds. At nei- 
 ther the upper nor lower sites were stone floors 
 in the graves. 
 
 In Tennessee many stone graves are found of a 
 moi'e sepulchre-like form than those of the. Miami 
 valley. Gen. Gates P. Thruston, in his excellent 
 wo7"k recently published, entitled. Antiquities of 
 Tennessee (pages 28 to 32), describes the graves of 
 Duct Creek, S. Drake Creek, and in the vicinity of 
 Nashville. They are strangely like the Fort An- 
 cient graves, with the exception of the stone floors 
 above mentioned. 
 
GRAVES OF THE VILLAGE SITE. 95 
 
 General Thruston says : 
 
 " The rude cists, or box-shaped coffins, are made of 
 thin slabs of stone. Sometimes the stones are broken or 
 cut, or rubbed down so as to fit evenly and form a well 
 shaped case, but more frequently they are rudely joined 
 together. Occasionally they are found in mounds or 
 layers, four or five tiers of graves deep. The graves are 
 usually six or seven feet long, a foot and a half to two 
 feet wide, and eighteen inches deep ; but graves of 
 greatly varying sizes and shapes are found intermingled 
 with those of more regular form. The children's graves 
 are proportionately smaller. Frequently the same cist con- 
 tains two or three skeletons, and is not more than three 
 or four feet long, the bones having been placed in a pile 
 irregularly within it, indicating that they were probably 
 interred long after death, and after some intermediate 
 preparation or ceremonies similar to the burial customs 
 of some of the historic tribes. 
 
 " Many of the graves in the vicinity of Nashville are 
 lined with large, thick fragments of broken pottery, as 
 neatly joined together as if moulded for the purpose. The 
 author recently excavated several graves of this kind on 
 Hon. W. F. Cooper's farm, near Nashville. The pottery 
 burial cases were symmetrically formed, and seemed to 
 be moulded in single pieces, until an attempt was made 
 to raise them, when they fell apart, and were found to be 
 composed of neatly joined fragments of large vessels; 
 the heavy rims of the vessels, more than an inch and 
 a half thick, having been used as rims or borders for the 
 burial cases. 
 
 " Nearly all the stone graves are found to be filled with 
 earth inside, by infiltration. The roots of trees have pene- 
 trated them. The very skulls are usually packed solid with 
 earth, but now and then the iron pick, will strike a hollow 
 cist in its original state, and the fortunate explorer may 
 be rewarded by finding a vessel or bowl of clay, perhaps 
 
96 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 two or three, within easy grasp, beside the still uncov- 
 ered skeleton, and he will thus secure a better oppor- 
 tunity of observing at his leisure all the interesting 
 details of the burial. 
 
 " Sometimes a little cluster of stone graves is found, 
 with the usual accompaniments of pottery and rude orna- 
 ments, like many modern plantation burial-places, contain- 
 ing the remains of a single family, or group of families, 
 that doubtless lived an agricultural life in its own farm 
 dwellings. The remains sometimes found in these small 
 isolated burial-grounds show that some of these villagers 
 or country people must have been supplied with many 
 of the domestic conveniences enjoyed by the inhabitants 
 of the larger towns." 
 
 The burials in both upper and lower village sites 
 were about equally divided as to adults and children, 
 save in one or two instances. No objects were buried 
 with the adults, but near the children were bead 
 necklaces, small shell ornaments, and shell toys. 
 Frequently a child would be placed alongside an 
 adult woman, probably its mother. Occasionally 
 the short grave of the child, but three or four feet in 
 length, rested directly upon the long hollow vault in 
 which lay the mother. But one or two male skele- 
 tons were found in the group of graves and those 
 were young persons, not over eighteen or twenty 
 years of age. 
 
 The lower burial site when uncovered presented a 
 very singular appearance. We had excavated a great 
 hole one hundred feet in length and forty feet in 
 width to a depth of four feet, or until we struck 
 hard river sand. Above this floor stood the graves 
 from one to eighteen inches high. See Illustration 
 
GRAVES OF THE VILLAGE SITE. 
 
 97 
 
 vni. Many of them were roughly hollowed out 
 and had partially filled with earth, because the 
 stones across the top were broken by horses or other 
 weighty animals passing over them in the field.' 
 The illustration shows some of the stones sloping 
 toward the centre of the grave, thus permitting the 
 water and earth to penetrate to the cavity beneath. 
 
 FIG. XIIA. — Whole pot of clay. Lower village site, Fort Ancient. 
 See page loi. 
 
 Upon a given day the sixteen graves comprising 
 the lower group were opened in the presence of 
 eleven hundred people. In those graves which were 
 covered by perfect stones the skeletons remained 
 well preserved. Out of thirty -seven graves in the 
 three groups we secured twenty-five crania entire. 
 
 ' It must be borne in mind that the tops of the graves were sometimes 
 within twenty inches of the surface. — W. K. M. 
 7 
 
98 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 It would be impossible for any one to say bow 
 great a period of time bad elapsed since tbe inter- 
 ments bad occurred. It may be readily granted from 
 tbe following reasons tbat tbe graves were construc- 
 ted in pre-Columbian times. First, two previous 
 periods of occupation bave been sbown to bave ex- 
 isted upon tbe site since tbe burials. Second, in tbe 
 debris of botb villages no glass beads, or implements 
 of iron were ever discovered. It is a well known 
 fact tbat tbe Sbawnees, wbo inbabited tbe Miami 
 valley at tbe time of its settlement by tbe wbites, 
 adopted tbeir superior weapons more rapidly tban 
 any otber tribe known to bistory. Had tbey occu- 
 pied tbe village site, wbicb we bave just described, 
 tbey would bave left evidences of tbeir association 
 witb tbe wbites. Tbe two villages tben were in ex- 
 istence before tbe advent of tbe Frencb or Englisb 
 traders among tbe savages. How long prior we can- 
 not say. Tbe burials were made sufficiently early 
 for a deposit of six or eigbt incbes of river sand to 
 bave accumulated above tbem. 
 
 In 1812, wben Mr. Jobn Hugbes, at tbe age of 
 fourteen, came to Obio, tbe village site was covered 
 witb tbe beaviest of sycamore, elm, and walnut 
 timber. Mr. Hugbes is still living in tbe valley. 
 He assured us of tbe great size and age of tbe 
 timber growing above tbe graves in tbe early part 
 of tbis century. We give tbe testimony for what 
 it is wortb, and, wbile acknowledging tbe rapid 
 growtb of tbe average forest tree wben located near 
 a stream, we do not believe tbat sucb a beavy 
 growtb of forest as be describes could bave sprung 
 
a, 
 
 99 
 
lOO 
 
 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 up in less than one or two centuries/ Tbe very 
 character of the graves and the skeletons is evidence, 
 to our minds, of their great antiquity. 
 
 — llS^^V^^S- 
 
 FIG. XIV. Bone awls and scrapers, from ash-pits, Fort Ancient, 
 page 87. 
 
 See 
 
 Gen. G. P. Thruston, in his work, Antiquities of 
 Tennessee ( page 1 ), makes the statement ( referring 
 
 •I am informed by Dr. H. T. Cresson that while he was attached to 
 the Peabody Museum, Harvard University, as an assistant in the field, 
 Professor Putnam showed him a letter written by the late Asa Gray, which 
 stated that the growth of trees in the United States might be estimated by 
 the so-called ring marks. Five centuries can be attributed to Fort Ancient, 
 counted upon trees cut down during the excavations. — W. K. M. 
 
GRAVES OF THE VILLAGE SITE. lOI 
 
 to stone graves ) : "A hundred or more of these 
 rude sarcophagi are occasionally found deposited in 
 several tiers, or layers, in a single burial mound." 
 
 This statement is borne out in the Ohio valley by 
 our own. investigations, as well as those of others. 
 While not at liberty to speak in detail of the work 
 done by the "World's Fair at Oregonia, Ohio, a few 
 general remarks will be permitted regarding a mound 
 of unusual character. Caesar's Creek, a tributary of 
 the Little Miami Eiver, is noted for the large num- 
 ber of mounds existing near its banks. No archae- 
 ological work was ever carried on in Caesar's Creek 
 valley prior to 1891. Hence, the field was un- 
 usually rich. Upon the heights overlooking the 
 creek and the Miami River to the south is a large 
 village site, covering sixty or seventy acres of 
 ground. In the bottoms on the south side of the 
 river, below the mouth of the creek, is another large 
 village site, while Just above the delta is still a 
 third, and smaller one. At the edge of the village 
 upon the hill is a gravel knoll, from which we 
 exhumed ten skeletons, two whole pots, etc. As is 
 always the case when interments are made in gravel 
 or sand, the bones were remarkably well preserved. 
 Just back of the gravel pit is a mound eight feet in 
 altitude and one hundred and ten feet in length. 
 In the mound were seventy-nine skeletons, twenty 
 of which were enclosed in stone cists, such as we 
 find at Fort Ancient. Two of the vaults vs^ere 
 hollow, the others being filled with loose earth 
 which had settled in through the crevices. In 
 many places in the mound there were three or four 
 
I02 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 layers of graves, one on top of each other. TTie 
 skeletons resting upon the base line were not incased 
 in stones. Upon the extreme southern edge of the 
 mound were five graves in a row, all heading the 
 same way, and some of them containing two or three 
 skeletons each. A flint dagger (see illustration No. 
 xLiii.) made of chert, double-pointed, and fourteen and 
 one eighth inches in length, lay by the right femur 
 of one of the largest skeletons buried in the tumulus. 
 This skeleton lay upon the base line, and seemed to 
 be the most distinguished person of the seventy- 
 nine. By the side of one of his neighbors were a 
 pair of antelope horns. This is exceedingly inter- 
 esting, as we have no historical record of the pres- 
 ence of antelope in the Ohio valley, although we do 
 know that both elk and bison were here. The 
 horns have been either transported from the west, 
 through traffic with other tribes, or the burial was 
 made at a greater period of antiquity than we would 
 assign it. 
 
 In Figure ix. we show one of the best-preserved 
 skeletons in Mr. Taylor's mound. 
 
 It is very interesting to note the varied methods 
 of burial of these seventy-nine skeletons. Some lay 
 extended, others with knees drawn up against the 
 sternum, and others lay upon their sides. The 
 people making the interment frequently placed the 
 head and trunk of the person in the mound, or 
 would inter the legs, pelvis, and lower portion of 
 the spinal column. Early French and Spanish 
 writers mention tribes who kept the bones of their 
 dead in little buildings until a sufficiently large 
 

 103 
 
I04 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 number liad accumulated, when they would make 
 yearly interments. The presence of fragmentary 
 skeletons may be satisfactorily accounted for by 
 taking this into considei'ation. 
 
 The term " Old Fort," used in a book recently pub- 
 lished upon Fort Ancient, referring to the southern 
 portion of the fortification, is apt to mislead the 
 reader, therefore, in this volume, that portion of the 
 structure will be called South Fort.' 
 
 Near the western portion of the South Fort is a 
 knoll of regular outline with gentle slopes leading 
 to every side, whose summit is the highest point 
 within its walls. Here is an aboriginal cemetery. 
 Three hundred graves have been opened by different 
 parties, and old settlers tell us that not less than one 
 thousand wagon-loads of stones have been plowed up 
 and hauled away. These graves were similar to those 
 in the bottoms of the Little Miami River, not so 
 carefully constructed ; smaller limestone slabs having 
 been used as sides, ends, and coverings of the bodies. 
 The soil here is very different from that in the val- 
 ley, being a tough yellow clay, with little or no 
 sand or gravel. The graves are always filled with 
 earth and never hollow. Sometimes there are two 
 layers of stones with six inches of intervening soil 
 between them and the skeleton. Occasionally the 
 body was crowded into a small hole without any 
 side stones whatever, just four or five irregular slabs 
 having been thrown across the narrow, shallow 
 grave. 
 
 In 1889 our survey examined upwards of thirty 
 
 'See map, page 20, Fort Ancient, W. K. Moorehead, i8go, Cincinnati. 
 
GRAVES OF THE VILLAGE SITE. I05 
 
 of these, and in 1891 we opened twenty-five for 
 Dept. M. of the World's Columbian Exposition. 
 
 Although the South Fort cemetery is one mile 
 and a half from the groups near the river, the 
 burials are most identical; the crania present the 
 same brachycephalic type, and we are therefore in- 
 clined to the opinion that they were constructed by 
 the same people. The South Fort graves may be 
 somewhat ruder, yet in spite of their slight inferi- 
 ority they present many striking features in com- 
 mon. The skeletons in the hill-top graves are 
 generally badly decayed on account of having been 
 interred in the soil, which in spite of its hardness 
 allowed the water to penetrate to a depth of about 
 eighteen inches. At this depth there is a stratum 
 of bluish glacial clay, which is so impenetrable that 
 the water lies above it, forming a sticky mire. Under 
 such conditions the decay of human bones was in- 
 evitable. Figure xv. shows some of the objects 
 from South Fort graves. 
 
 All the graves explored by us in the vicinity of 
 Fort Ancient contained crania of the brachycephalic 
 type. The graves of Tennessee, described by both 
 Professor Putnam and General Thruston contain 
 graves of the same people. These burials cannot be 
 assigned, by any careful investigator, to the Shawnee 
 Indians, either in Ohio or Tennessee. There are 
 hundreds of stone heaps in the Ohio valley that 
 cover the remains of Indians who fell in wars with 
 the whites and among themselves in historic times. 
 Such interments have unfortunately been classified 
 with those of the stone grave people of far greater 
 
Io6 PRIMI7VVE MAN- IN OHIO. 
 
 antiquity. We have never heard that objects of 
 iron, glass, terra-cotta, or modern implements were 
 found in any of these hollow or earth-filled stone 
 graves. We are aware that modern implements and 
 various utensils are frequently found in stone heaps 
 near the many trails which penetrated different parts 
 of the State. We are also cognizant of the fact that 
 these arms and objects have been discovered in the 
 summits of mounds, the result of burials by recent 
 Indian tribes. At Oregonia, in the northern part of 
 Warren County, we opened a large cemetery and 
 village site more recent than those at Fort Ancient, 
 but did not, even in its graves, or upon the surface, 
 find a single trace of contact with the civilization of 
 the white man. The very character of the graves 
 themselves, their decayed condition, the rude and 
 primitive implements found within their walls, to- 
 gether with forest giants towering above, all com- 
 bine to establish our assertion concerning the great 
 age of these burials. When we state the proba- 
 bility that the skeletons are those of some of the 
 primitive people whose hands aided in the erection 
 of the towering walls of Fort Ancient, we make no 
 hasty assertion, but simply give our long and care- 
 fully considered opinion, which is based upon exten- 
 sive explorations. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 EXPLOEATIONS IN CLINTON COUNTY. 
 
 In Clinton County, in the valleys of Cowen's 
 Creek and Todd's Fork, are many small mounds. 
 No villages of great size are found, but a few of 
 limited extent exist upon the streams named. 
 
 Mr. Richardson, a resident of Wilmington who 
 has made the mounds the subject of intelligent study, 
 has excavated extensively in this region. He in- 
 formed us concerning the skeletons and implements 
 found during his investigations, and his remarks, 
 together with the facts ascertained by our own ob- 
 servation of seven of the tumuli, lead us to assign 
 the works to Muskingum valley people. 
 
 Before considering Mr. Richardson's observations 
 in detail we will give a resume of the seven mounds 
 opened. The explorations of these mounds were made 
 under the supervision of Mr. W. E. Myer of Car- 
 thage, Tennessee, Mr. Moorehead being present only 
 a portion of the time. 
 
 Mound Numbee Seventy-seven. — This was 
 opened May 28, 1890. The structure is thirty feet 
 in diameter and two and a half feet in altitude. It 
 is upon the farm of Simeon Cass near the Midland 
 Railway, three miles southwest of Wilmington. 
 
 107 
 
I08 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 Scattered througli the upper part of the structure 
 were many pieces of flint broken and partially 
 worked. They were of a grayish-white color. The 
 earth forming the structure had been scooped from 
 the surface of some village site, hence the presence of 
 flint flakes and blocks. One small spear -head of pink 
 and white quartz was taken from a small ash-pit 
 midway between the summit and the base. Im- 
 plements of such material are rare in southern Ohio. 
 
 Near the exact centre of the mound, about 
 eighteen inches from the surface, was found a small 
 tablet, five by four and a quarter by three fourths of 
 an inch, composed of sandstone. This remarkable 
 object was taken from a mass of sticky, yellow clay, 
 its position being carefully noted by the six per- 
 sons present. Upon two sides were three grooves of 
 the same depth, similar to those upon the back of 
 the famous " Guest Tablet " found in a mound upon 
 the site of Cincinnati during the early part of this 
 century. Along both the narrow edges were two 
 shallow grooves,. while on the ends were two short 
 but deep grooves. The depth of the various 
 grooves range from one sixteenth of an inch to one 
 third of an inch. The tablet has the appearance of 
 serving the purpose as a sharpener of bone or 
 copper tools. 
 
 The mound is presumed to be a house site, as 
 posts extended into the structure to a depth of three 
 feet and formed a square twelve feet on each side. 
 The posts were burned and charred so that little 
 remained of them. Near the tablet were two 
 pockets of charcoal and also a large limestone, four- 
 
EXPLORATIONS IN CLINTON COUNTY. IO9 
 
 teen by sixteen inches, polished upon one side. The 
 latter may have been used for grinding corn, as 
 scratches seen upon its surface are rotary in char- 
 acter and may have been made by a stone pestle. 
 
 Mound Nitmber Seventy-bight. — It lies upon 
 the same farm as Number Seventy-seven but is 
 placed upon the second terrace, distant three or four 
 hundred yards from Covren's Creek. Its dimensions 
 were eighty by forty by seven feet. We trenched 
 through the greatest diameter, making our excava- 
 tion thirty feet in width and fifty feet long. The 
 mound contained many burnt patches of earth and 
 numerous pottery fragments, but no human remains 
 except that of a child seven or eight years old were 
 discovered. The skeleton was unaccompanied by 
 oi'naments or implements. 
 
 Mounds Numbers Seventy-nine and Eighty, lo- 
 cated near Todd's Fork, six miles southwest of 
 Wilmington, contained nothing but fragmentary 
 skeletons. Both structures were small. 
 
 MouisTD Number Eighty-one. — This tumulus is 
 two miles northwest of Wilmington on the Clarkes- 
 ville Pike. It was examined June 6th. The own- 
 er's name we have unfortunately forgotten. The 
 dimensions are fifty-seven by forty-five by five feet. 
 Like the mounds in the Hopewell group ' the sur- 
 face had been burnt hard; the skeletons placed upon 
 the level thus obtained, and the structure heaped 
 above. Near the centre of the mound were three 
 skulls in a fair state of preservation, and the ashes 
 and charred bits of other portions of the bodies. 
 
 ' See Chapter XII. 
 
no PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 Just beyond the skulls was a beautiful diamond- 
 sliaped ceremonial stone of banded slate. It was an 
 inch and three quarters wide in the centre, one third 
 of an inch in width at the rounded ends, and six 
 inches in length. As is usual with ornaments and 
 emblematic stones, it was highly polished. A fine 
 black arrow-head, unfinished and broken arrow- 
 heads, and a small diorite celt were near the slate 
 object. All of the skulls headed toward the west 
 and were surrounded by masses of charcoal. 
 
 Mound Numbee Eighty-two. — This structure is 
 seven miles from "Wilmington, on the farm of Mr. 
 Austin, and is situated upon a bluff seventy-five 
 feet above the waters of Cowen's Creek. -The creek 
 has cut under the high bank to some extent, and 
 about ten feet of the southern portion of the mound 
 has already fallen into the depths below. It is cir- 
 cular, having a diameter of one hundred and ten feet 
 and a height of twenty-thr&t feet. On account of its 
 great size, teams and scrapers were employed. Three 
 feet from the surface, near the centi'e, we came upon 
 a well preserved skeleton. Copper bands, about one 
 fourth of an inch in thickness, surrounded the ankles, 
 but nothing else, except two large arrow-heads, were 
 with the remains. We have in mind at the present 
 writing no instance of mound exploration where a 
 skeleton has been found with copper anklets. Cop- 
 per on or near other portions of the body is a 
 frequent occurrence. 
 
 We had excavated but five feet when a misun- 
 derstanding caused the work to be brought to a 
 sudden close. Undoubtedly this mound contains 
 
EXPLORATIONS IN CLINTON COUNTY. Ill 
 
 much of interest, and it is to be hoped that some 
 one will complete our examination in the near 
 future. 
 
 Mr. Richardson has whole pottery from the 
 mounds of his neighborhood, ornaments and cere- 
 monials of slate, celts, flint implements, and a few 
 copper hatchets and beads. He has found no evi- 
 dences of extensive working in bone or shell. We 
 do not remember of his finding mica or galena. No 
 large ocean shells, no altars, no caches of flint im- 
 plements, and but few pipes have ever been taken 
 from the mounds of Clinton County. The crania 
 are dolicocephalic. In other sections, where brachy- 
 cephalic crania are exhumed, we find objects similar 
 to those named above. This will be seen by refer- 
 ence to Chapters ix., x., xi., and xii. The Clinton 
 County skulls being of the long-head type, we find 
 implements such as that race employed. From the 
 mound testimony we conclude that no short-heads 
 lived in Clinton County. 
 
 The whole pottery that has been exhumed by Mr. 
 Richardson is very much like the pottery of the 
 mounds in Brown and Clermont counties.* Neither 
 the mounds nor the implements of Clinton County 
 evince the skill exhibited in those of Ross or War- 
 ren counties ; yet we would class their builders 
 above the small tribes inhabiting the hilly regions 
 and the swamp regions of Brown County. Probably 
 the smaller long-head tribes combined with the 
 people of Cowen's Creek and Todd's Fork to invade 
 the Miami and Scioto valleys. The evidence that no 
 
 ' See Chapter vi. 
 
rl2 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 short-head skulls have been taken from the many 
 mounds of Clinton County is certainly contrary to 
 the general belief that this tribe was a part of either 
 the Miami or Scioto valley peoples. They would be 
 quite secure from their enemies amongst the hills of 
 Clinton and Clermont counties. The presence of a 
 few dolicocephali in the Miami and Scioto valleys 
 would indicate that some of these people, when 
 upon incursions into the territory of their enemies, 
 remained. They may have been held as captives, or 
 the braver ones who fell in battle may have been 
 interred by the short-heads as a special mark of ap- 
 preciation of their bravery. 
 
 While the matter set forth is offered largely as a 
 suggestion, we think Clinton and Clermont counties 
 to have been the home of a portion of the tribe of 
 long-heads. We find no trace of the short-heads en- 
 teriug their territory, but we do find many long-head 
 skulls in the short-head territory. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 EXCAVATIONS AT FKANKFOET, ROSS COUNTY. 
 
 The location of this village is eleven miles north- 
 west of Chillicothe, in a I'egion that appeals no less 
 to the susceptibilities of the lover of nature than to 
 the enthusiasm of the archaeologist. 
 
 Approaching it from Chillicothe, the first view is 
 from a high hill somewhat more than a mile away, 
 on the summit of which stands a small mound. 
 
 Taking this as a point of observation, one sees 
 stretching away toward the north, mile after mile, 
 until lost in the horizon, a tract of level or slightly 
 rolling land, productive to the highest degree. 
 
 Ages ago, when the great ice-sheet came slowly 
 but resistlessly down from the frozen regions of the 
 north, it carried with it great masses of powdered 
 rocks which it had gathered on its way, from the 
 quartz and granites of Canada to the limestone areas 
 of central Ohio ; it intermixed them with the clays 
 which it formed by pulverizing the shales that 
 abound in all the hills throughout this region. Later, 
 when the great floods came, they sifted and sorted 
 this abundance of material, throwing the heavier 
 parts to the bottom as a foundation upon which to 
 place in orderly strata the finer deposits forming the 
 8 113 
 
114 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 thousands of acres of inexhaustible fertility which 
 are now spread out before us, covered with comfort- 
 able homes, large barns, the finest of livestock of 
 everj' sort, and all the other testimony of a thrifty, 
 prosperous, and contented farming community. 
 
 To the left, forming a definite boundary to this 
 charming valley, is a range of high hills whose sum- 
 mits command a view of equal beauty toward the 
 west. 
 
 Flowing across the bottom, following closely to 
 the western and southern hills, is the little stream 
 known as the North Fork of Paint Creek, which in 
 pre-glacial times seems to have had its outlet toward 
 the northeast. On seeking its former channel when 
 the retreat of the ice-mass allowed the streams 
 to resume their course, it found great barriers 
 of drift interposing as an obstacle which it could 
 neither surmount nor evade. It was therefore com- 
 pelled to pursue another course, and now makes its 
 escape through a deep, narrow gorge which the over- 
 flow from the lake that lay in front of the glacier on 
 its backward journey had cleft in the hills toward the 
 south — a place as wild and gloomy now as when it 
 was the haunt of the Indian. 
 
 Preceding the advent of the white settlers, the 
 place where Frankfort now stands was the site of the 
 Shawnee town of Chillicothe. In many of the houses 
 in the neighborhood may be seen various relics of 
 that tribe, found on the surface — silver ornaments, 
 iron hatchets, now almost destroyed by rust, glass 
 beads, gun flints, and many articles which could not 
 have been obtained except from the whites. Along 
 
EXCA VA TIONS A T FRANKFORT. 1 1 5 
 
 with these are also found celts, arrow-heads, aud 
 ornaments of native manufacture. 
 
 We find evidence, too, that this region was occu- 
 pied by an industrious community, long anterior to 
 the invasion of the Shawnees. Lying immediately to 
 the west of the town is one of those remarkable en- 
 closures, so many of which exist in this county. It 
 consists of a square and two circles in combination, 
 the three including an area of about fifty acres. The 
 necessary grading in making streets, erecting build- 
 ings, etc., over a portion of it — for the town has en- 
 croached upon the eastern side — and the cultivation 
 of the soil over the remainder has almost obliterated 
 it. One can now find only a trace here and there of 
 the walls, which had once an altitude of five or six feet. 
 Many mounds, also, are to be found on this level 
 ground, but they, like the walls of the enclosure, 
 have been sadly damaged by the plow and harrow. 
 Other small mounds are to be found on the high 
 land in various directions. So far as these have been 
 explored they have revealed nothing to repay the in- 
 vestigators for their labor. 
 
 Upon the farm of Mr. Tighlman Porter, whose 
 dwelling is at the western side of the village, are five 
 mounds ; three of them form a connected group a 
 few yards south of the pike leading to Washington, 
 C. H. The two others are near together, about three 
 hundred yards from these, on the opposite side of 
 the pike. 
 
 Mr. Porter had always refused to allow these 
 mounds to be disturbed ; but finally accorded to us 
 the privilege of opening two of them. 
 
Il6 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 Mound Number Fifteen-/ — This is the larger one 
 of the two north of the pike. When we began work 
 a careful measurement showed it to be oval in out- 
 line, the length being one hundred and ten feet, 
 breadth sixty feet, and height five feet. The bear- 
 ing of the longer axis was north, thirty degrees east, 
 and the greatest width was at a distance of forty -eight 
 feet from the southern end. For distinction, the 
 point where these two diametei's cross will be called 
 the centre of the mound. The real centre, of course, 
 lay several feet farther toward the north. Accord- 
 ing to old residents, it was originally twenty feet in 
 height, an impossible figure, as we shall demonstrate, 
 and mentioned only to show how little reliance is to 
 be placed on statements regarding matters of this 
 kind, and how, with no intention whatever of decep- 
 tion, people unaccustomed to careful measurements in- 
 variably exaggerate the height of mounds. Our work 
 revealed that within four feet of the margin entirely 
 surrounding the mound, was a stone pavement not 
 over two feet in width. It was formed by a single 
 layer of pebbles the size of a man's fist, taken, appa- 
 rently, from the creek bed near by. It may be con- 
 sidered certain that when this pavement was made 
 it lay at the foot of the slope, the completed mound 
 rising from its inner edge. This being the case, if 
 all the earth washed from above were restored 
 to its original position over the upper surface, 
 the height of the mound would not be increased 
 thereby to an amount exceeding four feet — making 
 
 ' A short account of the exploration of this mound was printed in the 
 Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History for April, 1889. 
 
EXCA VA TIONS A T FRANKFOR T. 1 1 7 
 
 the structure nine feet instead of twenty feet in 
 hight. 
 
 The same tendency to error prevails in estimating 
 the degree of slope. This is often represented, even 
 in what are considered standard works, at as much 
 as sixty -five or seventy degrees ; whereas, it is impos- 
 sible to find a mound the diameter of whose base does 
 not exceed, or at least equal, four times its height. 
 Earth piled up and left to the action of the ele- 
 ments will not stand at a greater angle. We often 
 find the breadth at the base of a mound to be ten 
 or even fifteen times its elevation.' 
 
 All this, however, has no bearing upon our ex- 
 plorations, which will now be taken up.' 
 
 Beginning at the south end of the mound, we 
 extend a trench entirely through it, twenty-two feet 
 wide at the margin. This was gradually extended 
 until at the centre it measured thirty-four feet — nar- 
 rowing somewhat thence to the northern extremity. 
 Thus we were at no time more than about seven feet 
 from the circumference of the mound as it was built. 
 As everything we found was in these limits, the re- 
 sults of the exploration would have been the same 
 had every spadeful of earth been removed. To 
 satisfy ourselves fully upon this point, we dug nar- 
 row trenches at several places toward the outer 
 edge of the mound, always with the same result — 
 finding only the stone pavement alluded to. 
 
 ' See page 102 of Marquis de Nadaillac's work, Prehistoric America, 
 for an exaggeration of the slope of the Marietta mound. 
 
 ' See page 60, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. Also Plate 
 XXI., Figure 4, ibid. 
 
Il8 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 There were two skeletons about three feet below the 
 surface at the highest point of the mound ; nothing 
 had been placed with them, and they were evidently 
 intrusive burials. 
 
 One foot below the surface, near the western side 
 of the trench, about twenty feet from the margin at 
 which we began, was the outer whorl of a sea-shell. 
 It measured six inches in width by ten and a half 
 inches in length, and the whorl and edges had been 
 cut down with great care, and had apparently been 
 used as a vessel. It was filled with clean, fine sand, 
 and lay with the opening downward. 
 
 With these exceptions there were no objects found 
 anywhere above the base of the mound. Possibly 
 the shell had been buried with a body whose last 
 trace had disappeared by reason of its proximity to 
 the surface. If this was the case, it may reasonably 
 be looked upon as an intrusive burial, like the skele- 
 tons mentioned. 
 
 The mound was distinctly stratified, although the 
 strata were not always regular, being thicker in 
 some parts than in others. Beginning at the top it 
 was composed of: ' 
 
 Black soil, one foot. 
 
 Gravel, one foot. 
 
 Brown earth, or loam, three inches. 
 
 Yellow clayey loam, three inches. 
 
 Black soil, six inches. 
 
 Clean white sand, eight inches. 
 
 Black soil containing pebbles, three to four inches. 
 
 Gravel, mixed with a clayey sand, one foot. 
 
 Immediately underneath this bottom layer, upon 
 
FIG. XVI. — Ground plan of Porter mound, No. 15. See page 116, 
 
 119 
 
I20 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 the original surface, we found the most remarkable 
 deposits, both as to quantity and variety, that it 
 had, so far, been our fortune to unearth. We will 
 describe these in the order in which we came upon 
 them. 
 
 To aid the reader in locating the various objects, 
 we shall give their distance from the inner edge of 
 the stone pavement (a) at the southern end, and 
 east and west, as the case may be, of the longer axis, 
 which may be called the middle line of the mound.' 
 
 At fourteen feet inside of and four feet west of 
 this line, were some fragments of a cremated skele- 
 ton (b), small portions of the skull of which re- 
 mained, showing very distinctly the marks of fire. 
 The burning had evidently taken place elsewhere. 
 Alongside of these pieces of bones lay the outer 
 whorl of a sea-shell (c), measuring seven by twelve 
 and a half inches. It was placed in a mass of very 
 fine black earth, and,, like the one found near the 
 top of the mound, was filled with sand. 
 
 It may be a matter of some significance that all 
 the shells of the kind we refer to present this same 
 peculiar feature. They are either partially or en- 
 tirely filled with sand, wholly free from clay or 
 gravel, as if taken from a stream of water. 
 
 At twenty-five feet inside of the middle line were 
 three pockets (d), two feet apart, nearly in an east 
 and west line. The most western one was four feet 
 
 ' The diagram given, Fig. xvi., which represents the ground-plan, will 
 be of assistance, although not accurate in every particular. The original 
 drawing, made at the time of the excavation, was lost, and this is made from 
 the description in the text. — VV. K. M. 
 
EXCA VA TIONS A T FRANKFOR T. 121 
 
 from the line and twenty-eight inches deep, being 
 filled with ashes. 
 
 The next discovery was at a distance of thirty-two 
 feet from the stone circle, and two feet east of the 
 middle line, at the point e, where we made a very 
 interesting find. In a mass of fine, soft, black earth, 
 were two thin copper plates, one placed above the 
 other, and about an inch apart. The lower plate 
 measured seven by nine and a half inches, the upper 
 six by eight inches. Spread out evenly upon the 
 lower plate were one hundred and ninety-seven large 
 shell beads, neatly drilled, finely polished, and per- 
 fect in every respect. Resting upon these, in contact 
 with the upper plate, were twenty-one of the spool- 
 shaped copper objects, which Professor Putnam, 
 Curator of the Peabody Museum, is of the opinion 
 were intended for ornaments to be worn in the lobe 
 of the ear. As we shall have to record the discovery 
 of quite a number of these, we shall use the term, 
 " spool-shaped ornaments " in referring to them, and 
 restrict that term to this particiilar class of speci- 
 mens.' They are made of two disks of copper, each 
 having a double curvature, and joined by a hollow 
 cylinder of the same material. Around some of 
 these cylinders were traces of leather, or a similar 
 substance, that had been preserved by the copper — 
 possibly a thong or cord, by which they had been 
 suspended, or of something that had been used to 
 
 ' We beg leave to differ from the learned Professor. We have found 
 spool-shaped ornaments upon the hands and wrists of some forty skeletons 
 in our mound experience. Never but twice have we seen them near the 
 head.— W, K. M. 
 
122 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 prevent the rougli edges of the copper from caus- 
 ing pain, if they were used for the purpose above 
 indicated. 
 
 Traces of wood fibre were discernible in several 
 places on the outer surface of both plates, from 
 which we infer that the specimens were wrapped in 
 bark before being deposited. The whole mass was 
 probably enclosed in skins or cloth of some kind 
 which had entirely decayed, for the soft earth on 
 which they lay was certainly not natural soil. 
 
 Some of the spool-shaped ornaments, the bear 
 teeth, flint knives, and spear-head, are shown in 
 Figure xviii. Several of the beads may be seen in 
 the upper portion of Figure xx., together with two 
 of the perforated panther teeth. 
 
 At the same distance from the margin as these 
 plates were two skeletons (f f), one on either side 
 of the middle line and about ten feet from it. Five 
 feet farther on, lying six feet nearer together than 
 the last, were two others (& g). All these had their 
 heads to the southwest. The bones were so de- 
 cayed that the various parts comprising the skeleton 
 could not be taken out. 
 
 At the centre of the mound was a space two by 
 four feet (i-i), where the earth had been burnt to a 
 depth of three inches. On this was piled up at 
 least six bushels of ashes in a dome-shaped mass. 
 They were very fine, free from the slightest admix- 
 ture of charcoal or other substance, and almost as 
 white as snow. The fire from which they resulted, 
 which had evidently been made of hickory wood, 
 had been made elsewhere and the ashes carefully 
 
FIG. XVII.— Skeleton "R" with accompanying objects, from Porter 
 
 mound, No. 15. See page 126. 
 
 123 
 
124 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 gathered and carried to the spot. No relic, frag- 
 ment of bone, or any other object was found in or 
 near either the ashes or the burnt earth upon which 
 they rested. 
 
 Forty-five feet from the stone circle, and five east 
 of the middle line, were two skeletons side by side, 
 the heads pointing nearly east. Resting on the skull 
 of the first (i) was a copper plate, which had 
 been beaten out so thin as to be almost destroyed 
 by the damp ground in contact vnth it. Only small 
 fragments of it could be secured. Immediately to 
 the right of the other (j) was found a pocket (k) 
 thirty inches deep, filled with ashes. A similar 
 pocket (l) was found almost on the middle line, 
 and about six feet west of it still another (m), 
 which was covered by a layer of small stones, 
 extending far beyond its edge on every side, to 
 make a bed two feet across. Between the last two 
 were traces of a skeleton (n), the head of which lay 
 toward the north. 
 
 The next skeleton (o) was fifty-eight feet from 
 the stone circle, and five feet east of the middle line. 
 Only one object had been buried with it. This was 
 a very rare specimen — namely, an ornament made 
 from a bone of some large animal, and wrought in 
 imitation of one of the commoner forms of slate 
 gorgets.* It was well finished, with two perfora- 
 tions, and, although one end is broken off so that 
 the exact length cannot be determined, it probably 
 measured about six inches when perfect. 
 
 ' The ornament mentioned is shown in Fig. xvili. , together with strung 
 pearl beads, bear tusks, knives, beads, etc. 
 
125 
 
126 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 At sixty-two feet in, and ten feet east of the 
 middle line, we came upon another pocket (p). All 
 of those previously discovered had been carefully 
 examined and found to contain nothing but ashes. 
 This one, however, was covered with a large sheet 
 of mica, which gave promise of better results below. 
 We were not disappointed in our expectations, for 
 scattered through the ashes within the pit were 
 nine hundred and ninety pearl beads. Most of 
 them were very small, although a few were as large 
 as buckshot. They were from the common unio 
 shells, so abundant in the streams of this region, 
 and each one was neatly drilled. 
 
 Just to the east of the pit were some small frag- 
 ments of the ci'anium and other portions of a skel- 
 eton (q). 
 
 Two feet to the northwest of the pit was found 
 a skull, which proved to belong to a well preserved 
 skeleton (r), measuring over six feet in length, that 
 lay extended, with head to the south. On the 
 forehead were five bear tusks, each with several 
 holes drilled partially through it. Probably all 
 these perforations had formerly held, smaller teeth, 
 pearls, or some other objects which were supposed 
 to enhance the beauty of the ornaments. One of 
 them still holds the tooth of a ground-hog neatly 
 fitted into it. Two of them are represented in 
 Figure xviii., one on either side of the pearls. 
 
 By the left side of the head lay four spool-shaped 
 ornaments ; at the top of the head were two flat 
 beads, about three fourths of an inch in diam- 
 eter, made of the mussel shell, each with two holes 
 
128 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 drilled in it. Near the right elbow was a copper 
 plate, six by seven inches. The position of the 
 skeleton, with the accompanying objects, is shown 
 in Figure xvii. 
 
 At seventy feet in, and twelve feet west of the 
 middle line, at a point marked s in the plan, we 
 found one of the altar* first described by Messrs. 
 Squier and Davis, the first of the kind we had ever 
 seen. A mass of clay had been worked or kneaded 
 until of uniform consistency, and spread on the 
 bottom in a layer about eight inches thick. It had 
 then been dressed off at the sides until the top was 
 a rectangle twenty-four by thirty inches, the corners 
 being neatly rounded. A depression twelve by 
 eighteen inches, with a depth of four inches, the 
 corners rounded, like those of the outer perimeter, 
 was then excavated, leaving a rim or border with a 
 uniform width of six inches. After this the entire 
 altar had been subjected to an intense heat, for we 
 found it burned red and hard throughout, the basin 
 being filled with ashes and small fragments of 
 human bones almost destroyed by the heat. There 
 was no means of ascertaining whether the altar had 
 been burned before the cremation had taken place, 
 or whether it had been allowed to dry in the air and 
 hardened by the same fire that had consumed the 
 body. We were very desirous of securing this 
 altar, for no one had ever succeeded in removing 
 one entire. ' The men dug carefully around it, 
 
 ' Since these notes were made Prof. Putnam has taken out, near Madison- 
 ville, Ohio, one of the largest that has ever been found, if we except the re- 
 markable one at Mound City, mentioned by Squier and Davis. — W. K. M. 
 
EXCA VA TIONS A T FRANKFOR T. 1 29 
 
 leaving what we considered a safe margin of earth 
 on every side, and then endeavored to lift it out. 
 In spite of all our efforts it broke in two pieces, but 
 each part was removed without further injury and 
 placed in a large box. Unfortunately, we allowed 
 it to dry out too rapidly, in consequence of which it 
 cracked and scaled badly, and in a few days was in 
 fragments.* 
 
 Directly east of it, twenty-five feet distant, was a 
 mass of burnt clay (t), irregular in outline, about 
 four feet across, and four inches in thickness. The 
 surface was flat, and had no remains of any kind 
 placed on it. 
 
 Seventy-eight feet from the starting-point and ex- 
 actly on the middle line were two extended skeletons, 
 laid near together, with feet to the north. Near the 
 head of one (u) was a plate of copper six by seven 
 inches, and four spool-shaped ornaments. The plate 
 had fragments of thread adhering to both sides, as 
 though it had been wrapped in cloth. Under the 
 head of the other (v) were four more spool-shaped 
 ornaments. Eleven wolf teeth were found among 
 the cervical vertebrae. They were neatly drilled 
 for suspension. Two perforated ornaments made 
 from a mussel shell were also excavated. No doubt 
 
 It is placed on exhibition in the rooms of the Cincinnati Society of Natural 
 History ; on account of its great weight, Professor Putnam feared to risk 
 its shipment to Cambridge, as it would certainly be injured or broken. 
 Several altars have likewise been shipped to Professor Putnam from the 
 Turner group of mounds, near Milford, Ohio. 
 
 ' This was in 1888. In September and October, 1891, and January, 1892, 
 we removed entire three large altars for the World's Columbian Exposition, 
 one for the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, and two for the Peabody 
 ^useum of Cambridge, Mass. — W. K. M. 
 9 
 
130 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 these had formed a necklace. Between the jaws 
 were fifty pearl beads which had evidently been 
 placed inside of the mouth at the time of burial. 
 The cranium was saved entire. ' 
 
 The last thing in the mound was at a distance of 
 eigtty-two feet from our place of beginning. Here we 
 came upon the edge of an ash-bed (w), which mea- 
 sured seven by ten feet, and two feet in thickness, its 
 
 FIG. XX. — Beads and panther teeth, from Porter mound, No. 
 15. See page 122. 
 
 long axis at right angles to that of the mound. Scat- 
 tered about through the ashes with no regularity as 
 to position, we found a number of flint flakes and 
 twenty-six fine leaf-shaped flint implements, five 
 plates of mica, cut to perfect circles somewhat larger 
 than a silver dollar ; a celt of symmetrical form, 
 highly polished, together with great quantities of 
 the calcined bones of various animals and birds.. 
 
EXCA VA TIONS A T FRANK FOR T. 1 3 1 
 
 Nearly a half -bushel of charred hickory nuts were 
 also discovered, and hundreds of fragments of 
 pottery. The most interesting find was that of 
 fourteen earthenware pots, each of a capacity of 
 about two quarts. They had been placed in the 
 ash-bed, most of them with the mouth turned 
 downward. Owing to the looseness of the ashes, 
 we could easily uncover them sufficiently to deter- 
 mine their size and shape. It was impossible to get 
 any of them out, as they were very soft and much 
 broken, although all the pieces remained in their 
 proper positions — thus proving the vessels had been 
 entire when deposited. 
 
 It appears that this mound therefore contained 
 many interesting features throughout almost its en- 
 tire extent ; while others much more imposing in 
 appearance held nothing worth digging for. 
 
 Mound Number Seventeen. — This is the largest 
 mound of a group of five others on the farm of Mr. 
 Coiner, on the high table-land three and a half miles 
 southwest of Frankfort. It is eleven feet high and 
 sixty feet in diameter. 
 
 Success with the Porter mound had raised our 
 hopes to a high pitch, and we began on the west 
 side with a trench twenty-two feet in width, which 
 was increased until at the centre it was thirty feet. 
 
 About ten feet from the centre, we came upon 
 five skeletons lying close together; these were 
 two feet above the original surface, with heads to 
 the east. Four of them had been buried without 
 any ornaments or relics. Under the head of the 
 fifth was a broken arrow-head and a diamond-shaped 
 
132 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 stone ornament. At the side of the head were 
 thirty-two disk-shaped shell beads, and a piece of 
 slate the size of a dollar, with some peculiar mark- 
 ings on it. 
 
 A small copper bead lay one foot below the sum- 
 mit and was discovered accidentally. Finds of such 
 nature do not signify anything, as many articles are 
 lost in mounds during their construction. 
 
 Upon the base line exactly at the centre were re- 
 mains of a skeleton. It was not ascertained whether 
 any objects were with the bones, for a few moments 
 after observing them the mound caved in, owing to 
 an excavation which had been previously made. 
 Mr. Moorehead was caught by the falling earth and 
 so seriously injured that he was compelled to aban- 
 don the work. 
 
CHAPTER XL 
 
 MOUND NUMBER THIETY-EIGHT.' 
 
 The three mounds heretofore mentioned, situated 
 on Mr. Porter's land, south of the Chillicothe and 
 Washington pike, are nearly in a straight line, and 
 built so closely together that the bases of each unite. 
 The northern mound has a height of fifteen feet, 
 with a diameter of one hundred and twenty. The 
 mound farthest to the south measures nine feet high 
 and seventy-two feet across the base. The other, 
 built between these two, has a height of six feet, 
 with a breadth from east to west of about sixty-five 
 feet. It reaches nearly four feet up the slope of 
 the mounds which stand on either side. If this 
 structure were to be removed and the others con- 
 tinued to a general level with the same slope that 
 they present at other parts, their distance from each 
 other, at the surface of the ground, would be about 
 thirty feet. 
 
 Mr. Porter was unwilling that the large mound 
 should be defaced, but allowed us to open the one 
 next in size. 
 
 We began on the south side with a trench which, 
 as we progressed, was enlarged sufficiently to unearth 
 every deposit that had been made. Besides removing 
 
 ' April, 1889. 
 
 133 
 
i34 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 all the earth for several feet beyond where any de- 
 posits were found, we dug minor trenches at short 
 intervals into the portion not worked, in order to 
 make sure that nothing had been overlooked. 
 
 The only objects found in the upper portion of 
 the mound were at a point twenty feet from the 
 southern margin, three feet above the general surface 
 and five feet below the top. Here were three copper 
 celts, upon which rested eight spool-shaped orna- 
 ments. With them were portions of three human 
 ribs, preserved by the copper. There may have been 
 an intrusive burial at this place, but it seems im- 
 probable, for no traces of other bones could be found 
 with the specimens, and there is no reason why a 
 skeleton should not last a long time in earth such as 
 that which surrounded them. IS^either did the layers 
 above seem to be disturbed. On the other hand, 
 the number of specimens and the evident care in 
 their arrangement preclude the idea that they had 
 been unwittingly cast in with the earth. While the 
 identity of the ornaments with those found at the 
 base M^arrants the supposition that they are of the 
 same age, the reason for depositing them at a distance 
 from any other objects is not manifest. 
 
 The disposition of the various layers is such that 
 this may be called a stratified mound, although the 
 strata have little regularity in either extent or thick- 
 ness, and sections taken at different points would all 
 present a different appearance. Our best section was 
 made from east to west, at a point seven feet north 
 of the centre, where the layers are more plainly 
 marked than elsewhere. Beginning at the top we 
 
MOUND NUMBER THIRTY-EIGHT. 135 
 
 find first the soil which had been removed by cultiva- 
 tion and erosion ; then — 
 
 Yellow clay . . twelve inches, 
 
 Dark clay . . . six " 
 
 Gravel . . . six " 
 
 Yellow clay . , twelve " 
 
 Coarse gravel . . four " 
 
 Yellow clay . , eight " 
 
 Gravel . , . four " 
 
 Yellow clay . . streak. 
 
 Gravel . . . six " 
 
 Yellow clay . . forty " 
 
 The thickness of the lowest stratum is given from 
 its top to the bottom of the mound. From this is 
 to be deducted the thickness of such deposits as 
 occurred beneath it, thereby causing a considerable 
 variation in its amount at different points. 
 
 The first step in the work of erecting the mound 
 consisted in levelling and burning over the area to 
 be covered. This made a hard, smooth surface, on 
 which were placed the many interesting remains now 
 to be described. 
 
 The south side of the mound, for a distance of 
 twelve feet from the margin had been hauled away 
 to fill a hole near by, and we began on that portion 
 of the bank which remained. 
 
 Within two feet we made our first find, and for 
 thirty feet we unearthed one interesting object after 
 another, until our discoveries here surpassed those 
 made in any other mound that it has been our fortune 
 to excavate. 
 
136 
 
 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 The accompanying diagram, Figure xxi., which is 
 made on a scale of seven feet to an inch, shows the 
 limit of our excavation. The position of everything 
 discovered is also indicated, so that it will only be 
 necessary to refer to the different finds by the cor- 
 responding letter. 
 
 FIG. XXI. — Ground plan of Porter mound, No. 38. 
 
 At A we found a mass of chai'coal and ashes con- 
 taining many bones of animals and birds in a broken 
 and charred condition, as if the whole had been taken 
 from a fire-place or ash-bed where a meal had been 
 partaken of. Similar masses were found frequently. 
 
MOUND NUMBER THIRTY-EIGHT. 1 37 
 
 but as none contained anything more than the one 
 mentioned, they are not indicated on the plan. 
 
 West of this charcoal, at the point marked b, we 
 found a large pyrula shell and the upper jaw of a 
 ground-hog, imbedded in a small amount of soft, 
 black earth, which seemed to have resulted from de- 
 cayed organic matter of some kind. 
 
 The first skeleton unearthed is shown at e. It 
 lay extended with the head toward the north, the 
 bones being badly decayed. Two bear teeth lay 
 close to the cranium. 
 
 The next skeleton, c, lay to the southeast of this. 
 The bones were much better preserved than those 
 of the previous interment. No relics were placed 
 with it. 
 
 At D was found a skeleton with head to the 
 northwest, on the head of which lay a copper plate. 
 It is five by eight and one quarter inches, and the 
 surface was covered with a network of fibre, the im- 
 pression of which cloth was plainly perceptible on 
 the salts of copper covering it. Near the right hand 
 were three spool-shaped ornaments and a copper 
 celt. 
 
 To the east of d was another skeleton, f, with 
 head toward the west. Nothing was found with 
 it, and the bones were so soft that they crumbled 
 away in a short time after it was uncovered. The 
 bones of the next skeleton, k, lying east of r, with its 
 head to the north, were in a similar condition to 
 that described in the preceding interment. 
 
 An interesting discovery was made at the point 
 marked g. A skeleton in a fair state, of preserva- 
 
138 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 tion, except that the feet and skull were badly 
 crushed and decayed, lay with its head to the south, 
 in a mass of soft black earth, six inches above the 
 base line. Upon the ground at its feet was a copper 
 plate, seven by twelve inches in length, which was 
 covered on both sides with the remains of cloth 
 and a fragment of wood. About the head and neck 
 were six hundred and six beautiful pearl beads, 
 which were much larger than those discovered in 
 Number Fifteen ; many of them were half an inch, 
 and some fully three fourths of an inch in diameter. 
 All were drilled, and most of them still retain their 
 lustre. Among the vertebrae, as if they had been 
 placed on his breast, were eight perforated bear 
 tusks ; three spool-shaped ornaments lay by one, 
 which was discolored by the oxidized copper. Be- 
 tween the femurs were found twenty disk-shaped, 
 double perforated beads, cut from mussel shell and 
 well polished. 
 
 One more body, marked h on the plan, had been 
 placed in this group ; it lay near and parallel to g, 
 and had four of the spool-shaped ornaments near the 
 head. These were so badly corroded that they 
 could only be taken out in small fragments. 
 
 From the appearance of the earth about these 
 remains and the position of such articles as had 
 been buried with them, it was plain that the bodies 
 had been interred without having the flesh removed. 
 
 Eight feet west of the last skeleton we uncovered 
 an altar (i). A hole a foot deep had been dug in 
 the natural soil, the bottom paved with small burnt 
 stones, and clay packed in until the hole was filled 
 
MOUND NUMBER THIRTY-EIGHT. 1 39 
 
 to the general level. The surface of the clay had 
 been flattened and smoothed, though no effort was 
 made to give any regularity to its outline, and in it 
 was excavated a basin which measured twelve by 
 twenty inches and four and a half inches deep. This 
 was not placed at the centre, the breadth of the 
 border around it varying from eight to twenty inches 
 in different parts. Nothing was found except the 
 earth of the overlying stratum, and the clay was 
 only slightly burned. The builders had evidently 
 abandoned woi'k without carrying out the intention 
 which led to its inception. 
 
 North of skeleton k we came upon a mass of loose 
 black dirt (enclosed by dotted lines on the plan), and 
 removing all the earth that lay above this we found 
 it to extend over a space of nine and a half by four- 
 teen feet, with a thickness of one and a half to two 
 and a half feet. Under this, upon the original sur- 
 face, were the remains of seven cremated bodies, 
 each lying in a little pile by itself, and occupying a 
 space from twenty by twenty-four inches to twenty- 
 four by thirty inches. A few of the vertebrae and 
 several of the ribs remained intact in two of them, 
 though much charred. With the exception of these, 
 no entire bones were found. The fragmentary skele- 
 tons are indicated by the letters m to t inclusive. 
 
 With N no articles whatever wei'e found ; with o 
 was a copper plate ; close to p we found three 
 spool-shaped ornaments ; with e were a copper plate 
 five by six inches, and a pipe in small fragments. 
 Enough of this remained to show that it was of the 
 "platform" or "mound-builder" type. All the objects 
 
PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 enumerated had been 
 greatly injured, some 
 of them almost de- 
 stroyed, by the in- 
 tense heat to which 
 they had been sub- 
 jected. 
 
 Near s was a small 
 celt, unhurt by the 
 fire, and with t were 
 four spool-shaped or- 
 naments, only slightly 
 burned. In every case . 
 the relics were lying 
 directly on top of the 
 bones. The earth 
 lying below had no 
 indications of such a 
 large fire as the con- 
 dition of these objects 
 would lead us to be- 
 lieve had been neces- 
 sary ; yet their posi- 
 tion, together with 
 the charcoal and ashes 
 that were scattered 
 throughout the mass, 
 makes it reasonable 
 to suppose that crema- 
 tion had taken place. 
 Whether all the bod- 
 ies or only the skele- 
 
MOUND NUMBER THIRTY-EIGHT. \\\ 
 
 tons had been burned, we cannot say. If the former, 
 tlien they must have been folded or doubled up, 
 so as to occupy as small a space as possible. The 
 plate that lay upon the skeleton marked e, and the 
 celt with the one marked s, are shown at the left 
 and right, respectively, of Figure xxii. 
 
 Three feet from the northern edge of the black 
 dirt was a large sea-shell, marked u on the plan. 
 
 Contrary to what is usual, this mound had few 
 remains, not even an ash-bed, at the centre or -within 
 several feet of it. 
 
 At a distance of twelve feet, a little north of west 
 from the centre, were two cremated bodies, marked 
 V and w. Eight feet northeast of them lay the badly 
 decayed bones of another skeleton, x, which did not 
 show any marks of burning. IS.0 objects were found 
 with any of these skeletons, except a few flint frag- 
 ments with the first. 
 
 About six feet east of the last skeleton was an- 
 other altar, t, similar to the one above described, 
 except that it did not extend quite so far into the 
 ground, and had no stones under it. A mass of 
 ashes and charcoal filled the basin, but no bones 
 were among them. In one corner was a pipe of the 
 platform pattern, made of rather soft but very fine- 
 grained stone. It was well finished and almost per- 
 fect, a small piece being broken off one end of the stem. 
 
 Just north of this altar, with head to the north, lay 
 a large skeleton, z, whose bones were in better condi- 
 tion than any other we had found. Nothing was 
 placed with it. A noticeable feature was a peculiar 
 curvature of the left femur, the middle being fully 
 
142 PRrMITJVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 two inches within the normal line from the hip to 
 the knee. The bones were too soft to be removed. 
 
 To the east of z was a pit resembling the cavities 
 in the mound altars, being rectangular with rounded 
 corners, though it had not been burned in the least. 
 It measured ten by twelve inches at the bottom, 
 eight inches deep, and contained the remains of a 
 young child, which had been laid on its side. The 
 bones were tolerably well preserved, though no cov- 
 ering of any kind had been placed over the body. 
 Two perforated panther teeth and some small snail 
 shells were found with the bones. This pit is 
 marked a a on the plan. 
 
 West of the pit was a cremated skeleton, bb, with 
 head northeast. Nothing was found buried with 
 it, but near the I'ight side was a mass of ashes and 
 fragments of pottery occupying a space nine by six- 
 teen inches and one inch thick. 
 
 At cc we found a shallow pit, the sides of which 
 had been slightly burned. In this lay the remains 
 of a large but badly decayed skeleton, the head 
 being turned toward the northeast. The body had 
 evidently been folded, as the pit was less than four 
 feet in length. 
 
 This completed the exploration of mound Num- 
 ber Thirty-eight. 
 
 x\n inspection of the plan will show that, if we 
 omit the mass of cremated skeletons on the east side, 
 the deposits here were scattered at random, as in 
 Number Fifteen. 
 
 The mounds on the hill-tops have yielded nothing 
 to repay our labor, and there being no other mounds 
 
MOUND NUMBER THIRTY-EIGHT. I43 
 
 in the bottoms that we could obtain permission to 
 excavate, our work in the neighborhood of Frank- 
 fort was brought to an end. Removing to Chilli- 
 cothe, we made some examinations in that vicinity, 
 the results of which will be set forth in the next 
 chapter. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 EXCAVATIONS NEAR CHILLICOTHE. 
 
 The beautiful scenery in the immediate vicinity 
 of this city has called forth expressions of admira- 
 tion from travellers who are familiar with the noted 
 landscapes of the world. Almost every feature 
 essential to natural beauty is to be found within a 
 few miles. The views from the rugged hills, some 
 of them nearly seven hundred feet in height above 
 the streams that flow at their base, are equal to 
 many that have been celebrated in song and story, 
 or transferred to the canvas of the painter. The 
 broad level valleys that stretch to the limits of 
 vision along the sparkling waters of the Scioto River 
 and its main tributary which joins it near here ex- 
 ceed in fertility even the famous "Blue Grass" 
 region of Kentucky. 
 
 It is not, then, a matter of surprise, but is rather 
 only what we should expect, to find this favored 
 region the chosen abode of the race who built the 
 great earthworks in the three sister States whose cor- 
 ners meet at the point near which so many streams 
 pay their tribute to the Ohio. These unknown peo- 
 ple were thus afforded facilities for easy transit from 
 place to place within the region over which they 
 held dominion. 
 
 144 
 
EXCAVATIONS NEAR CHILLICOTHE. 1 45 
 
 In Ross County are to be found more of the 
 large enclosures erected by the American Race than 
 on any other equal area in the country. At the 
 first settlement of this territory by the whites, 
 mounds were to be seen everywhere. They existed 
 on the level lands in almost as great numbers as 
 do the farm-houses at the present day. Scores, 
 even hundreds, have been opened, and at present 
 very few are intact. 
 
 It was here that Squier and Davis carried on the 
 work and collected the material which they used as 
 the foundation for their celebrated volume on the 
 aboriginal remains of the Mississippi valley. Here 
 are to be seen many private collections of surface 
 specimens whose symmetry and finish would seem im- 
 possible of attainment by the methods at command 
 of a rude oi- barbarous people. 
 
 MotJNDS ON THE FaEMS OF ReDMAN AND JaNES. 
 
 — Three miles from Chillicothe, on the east side of 
 the Scioto, the drift deposits form three terraces, 
 the highest having an elevation of considerably 
 more than one hundred feet above the I'iver, resting 
 against a slope that ascends by an easy grade to the 
 Mils farther back. 
 
 Formerly a number of mounds and small enclo- 
 sures were to be found on this slope and the two ter- 
 races next below it. At the time our work was 
 undertaken only five mounds remained, all of which 
 we opened. 
 
 The first three were on the farm of Mr. Jesse 
 Redman, which lies partly on the hillside and partly 
 on the highest terrace. 
 
146 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 Mound Number Thiety-foue. — This was the 
 smallest of the three, being only twenty-five by 
 thirty-eight feet and three and a half feet high. We 
 removed almost the entire mass of earth, finding one 
 fragmentary skeleton a foot below the top, at the 
 centre. Immediately below it was a small quantity 
 of ashes. Nothing else was found. 
 
 Mound Numbee Thiety-five. — This is five hun- 
 dred feet northeast of the last. It was very regular 
 in form, never having been disturbed by cultivation. 
 
 The height was seven and a half feet, the diameter 
 at the base fifty-five feet. A trench twenty feet 
 wide was begun on the south edge, widened to 
 thirty feet at the centre, and carried to within 
 fifteen feet of the opposite side. 
 
 At fourteen feet from the margin, one foot above 
 the base, were the decayed bones of two skeletons. 
 
 Twenty feet in, and near the east side of our 
 trench, was a slight depression in the original soil, 
 covering a space five by six feet. It was filled with 
 a deposit of ashes, charcoal, burnt bones, shells, etc., 
 more than thirty entire mussel shells being taken 
 out. About three feet west of this and one foot 
 above the base was a well preserved skeleton with 
 head to the north. Three feet north of the ashes, 
 lying on the base, was a number of small pebbles, 
 placed so as to form a circle eight inches in diameter, 
 which had nothing else in or near it. At the same 
 level was another skeleton, near the west side of our 
 trench, in a fragmentary condition. None of these 
 had any objects buried with them. Lying among 
 the cervical vertebrae of one six feet east of the 
 
EXCAVATIONS NEAR CHILLICOTHE. 
 
 147 
 
 centre, three feet above the bottom, were forty-two 
 copper beads, one mussel shell, and five snail shells, 
 which had at one time, no doubt, formed a necklace. 
 
 FIG. XXIII. — Ground plan of mound No. 36, 14 skeletons. See page 148. 
 
 The only variation from the yellow clay of which 
 the mound was built was a stratum, about three 
 inches in thickness, of clay burned to a bright red. 
 It had nearly the same curvature as the mound's 
 surface, the edge resting upon the general level at 
 about ten feet from the centre on every side. 
 
148 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 Mound Nxjmbee Thibtt-six. — This, the third of 
 the mounds on Mr. Redman's place, is nearly south 
 from the other two, and on lower ground. It meas- 
 ured eight feet in height and fifty feet across the 
 base. A trench twenty-five feet in width was car- 
 ried into it from the south side. 
 
 A plan and vertical section are presented (Figs, 
 xxm. and xxiv.) which will give a clear idea of the 
 structure and its contents. The same letters serve 
 for both drawings, so far as it is necessary to use 
 them. 
 
 At a point seven feet from the margin, on the 
 bottom of the mound, was a small amount of black 
 earth (a), containing over two hundred pieces of 
 pottery, the fragments of vessels which were perfect 
 when deposited, but had afterward been crushed by 
 the weight of the earth resting upon them. 
 
 For a space of twelve feet on every side of the 
 centre the earth had been burned quite hard, and of 
 a bright red color, forming a floor (b in the figures), 
 upon which rested the remains of fourteen adults 
 and one child (c in Fig. xxiii., a in Fig. xxiv.). 
 Among the bones of the right hand and wrist of the 
 latter were three shell beads and two copper rings, 
 only large enough for a child's finger. The rings are 
 shown in Fig. xxvi. They were made by bending 
 a small rod until the ends overlapped, and then 
 pounding them as closely together as possible. 
 Specimens were found near two of the adult skele- 
 tons. With the first (d) was a tube of soft clayey 
 sandstone, two celts, one of hematite, the other of 
 granite, and twelve flint knives and spear-heads. 
 
EXCAVATIONS NEAR CHILLtCOTHE. 
 
 149 
 
 These were all deposited 
 by the outer side of the 
 right femur. Between the 
 femura of the other skele- 
 ton (e), reaching from the 
 pelvic bones almost to the 
 knees, was a fine celt, two 
 perforated ornaments, an 
 unfinished pipe of ferrugi- 
 nous sandstone, and ten 
 finely worked flint imple- 
 ments. Some of these rel- 
 ics are shown in Figs. xxv. 
 and XXVI. All of the 
 skeletons were so decayed 
 that we could only re- 
 cover the skulls and a few 
 other bones of three indi- 
 viduals. 
 
 The bodies had been cov- 
 ered with a layer of char- 
 coal (r) fully a foot in 
 thickness ; in this were 
 pieces of a size to show 
 that logs at least six inches 
 through had been burned. 
 The charcoal was piled over 
 the entire space included 
 by the burnt earth, and 
 had settled down until the 
 bones were covered and 
 surrounded with it. 
 
EXCA VA TIONS NEAR CHILLICO THE. 1 5 I 
 
 The other two mounds in this group are on the 
 farm of Mr. Joseph Janes, between Mr. Redman's 
 and the river. 
 
 MotjND Number Thiety-seven. — This is on the 
 second terrace, in a field where a great many relics 
 have been gathered from the surface, and which has 
 some indications of having once been the site of an 
 Indian village. 
 
 The mound is fifty by ninety-five feet, the longer 
 axis nearly east and west. The height is thirteen 
 feet. 
 
 A trench thirty-two feet in width, begun at the 
 east end and carried twelve feet beyond the centre, 
 showed that it was built of the sandy clay forming 
 the surrounding soil. A large depression, a hundred 
 yards to the north, holding water the greater part of 
 the year, was probably the source whence the dirt 
 composing it was taken. From the size and situa- 
 tion of the mound, it had been a matter of common 
 belief that the excavation would result in valuable 
 discoveries, but it yielded almost nothing. 
 
 At twenty feet from the margin, upon the bottom 
 of the mound, we came to a stratum, three inches 
 thick, of ashes and burnt bones, which extended 
 eighteen feet in the direction of our trench, and 
 reached beneath the walls at both sides. It meas- 
 ured not less than twenty-five feet in length ; per- 
 haps more. Some squirrel and bird bones were 
 found, but most of the mass was so broken and 
 burned that the character of the remains could not 
 be determined. A few charred hickory nuts were 
 also found. 
 
152 
 
EXCAVATIONS NEAR CHILLICOTHE. I 53 
 
 On the bottom, at the centre, we found the skele- 
 ton of a child not more than ten years of age, with 
 its head to the east. By the neck were one hundred 
 and nineteen beads, of small marine shells perforated 
 at the apex. 
 
 Six feet above these remains was found the par- 
 tial skeleton of a man almost a giant in size. It was 
 not an intrusive burial, for the earth above was un- 
 disturbed. Neither had the construction of the 
 mound ceased at this height for any appreciable 
 period, for there was no line of demarkation between 
 the earth above it and that below, such as would 
 result from the growth of grass or weeds, had any 
 considerable time elapsed. There was no evidence 
 at any point which indicated that the woik had not 
 been carried on steadily to its completion. 
 
 It will be seen from the sketch made at the time 
 (Fig. XXVII.) that the death of this individual had oc- 
 curred a considerable time before the interment of 
 the bones ; for not only are many of them absent, 
 but those present are not in their proper order. The 
 cervical and lumbar vertebrae are missing, as are 
 some bones of the hands and feet. The right radius 
 is turned almost at a right angle to the ulna, and the 
 right tibia is lying across the left fibula, which is 
 itself several inches out of the true position. The 
 bones are unusually large and heavy. The breadth 
 across the shoulders, with the bones correctly placed, 
 was nineteen inches. The only relics found with it 
 were forty shell beads by the right wrist. 
 
 It seems scarcely credible that a mound of such 
 magnitude should be erected in honor of a young 
 
to 
 
 a. 
 
EXCA VA TIONS NEAR CHJLLICO THE. I 5 5 
 
 child. This conclusion is forced upon us by the 
 facts disclosed — that the adult's skeleton was not 
 placed here until the structure was more than half 
 finished. No other remains were found that would 
 indicate additional burials. 
 
 The skull of a wolf was found two feet above and 
 a little south of the large skeleton referred to. Al- 
 most the entire framework of another lay at a point 
 some ten feet south of the skull. 
 
 Mound Number Thirty-wine. — This is on the up- 
 per terrace, three hundred yards northeast of Num- 
 ber Thirty-seven. It had been plowed ovei- a great 
 many times, reducing its height to about six feet, 
 the diameter of the base being seventy feet. 
 
 The ground rises in every direction from the 
 mound, except toward the southeast, consequently 
 the interior was very wet, and digging quite diffi- 
 cult — the earth clinging to the shovels so that con- 
 stant scraping was necessary. For a like reason the 
 bones we found were in a condition almost like 
 wet ashes. 
 
 A twenty-two-foot trench was carried from the 
 south side nearly through the mound. Near the edge 
 we found a chalcedony spear-head, and twenty feet 
 farther in, a small copper bracelet. The presence of 
 both of these was accidental. Pieces of burnt sand- 
 stone and bits of charcoal were scattered promiscu- 
 ously through the mound, and we could easily detect 
 below it the sod line forming the original surface. 
 The bracelet lay just at the edge of a thin stratum 
 of burned clay, which had been carried from some 
 outside point and deposited upon this sod. It ex- 
 
EXCAVATIONS NEAR CHILLICOTHE. I 57 
 
 tended beyond our trench on each side, but ran out 
 just before we reached the centre. 
 
 "We found the badly decayed bones of two indi- 
 viduals, both extended on the back, with heads to 
 the east. The first was on the burned clay, five feet 
 from its southern edge. The head of the second lay 
 over a hole eighteen inches deep, which had been 
 dug in the original soil at the centre of the mound ; 
 at the bottom of this hole were some flakes of mica 
 and small pieces of charcoal. On the head of the 
 second skeleton was a fine slate gorget (see Fig. 
 xxvin.) 
 
 At a foot northwest of the centre was a child's 
 tooth, and close by a small amount of red ochre. 
 No traces of bone were discovered. Three feet 
 north and five feet west of the centre, was a hole 
 three feet deep and two feet in diameter, which con- 
 tained pieces of human bones — possibly it was a 
 sort of vault in which a folded body or skeleton had 
 been placed. 
 
 Nothing else was unearthed, except some frag- 
 ments of pottery, enough to form a small vessel, 
 which lay at the edge of our trench, northwest of 
 the centre. 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 MOUNDS NEAR SLATE MILLS, BOSS COUNTY. 
 
 Four miles west of Chillicothe, near the station of 
 Slate Mills at the point where the Cincinnati Pike 
 crosses the Ironton branch of the C, H., & D. Rail- 
 way, is a group of three small mounds, two of them 
 being on the farm of Mr. W. D. Fullerton, the other 
 on Mr. John Madeira's land. 
 
 In one, at eight feet north of the centre, was a 
 skeleton, with head northwest, of which only frag- 
 ments remained. In the second we found on the 
 south side another in the same condition ; also small 
 pieces of three other skulls. 
 
 Both of these mounds had been dug out for a 
 space of several feet around the centre by some pre- 
 ceding explorer. We were not aware of this fact 
 until the condition of the mounds made it apparent. 
 It was impossible to learn who had opened them or 
 what the results had been, as the work had ruined 
 them for our purpose, and we did not proceed with 
 our investigations upon discovering this fact. 
 
 Mound Number Forty-five. — This is the most 
 eastern of the three. A trench was excavated 
 through from the east side and disclosed nothing 
 until we were within six feet of the centre. Here 
 
 158 
 
MOUNDS NEAR SLATE MILLS, ROSS COUNTY. 1 59 
 
 we came upon a layer of rotten wood, near the edge 
 of wtich we found some portions of a skull, including 
 the zygomatic arch and mastoid process, unaccom- 
 panied by any other bones. 
 
 On following this wood, we found that a rude 
 
 FIG. XXIX. — Group of skeletons from mound No. 45, with objects. 
 See page 160. 
 
 enclosure or pen, about twelve feet square, had 
 been made with poles of various lengths, some 
 of them only reaching to the corners, while others 
 projected four or five feet beyond its sides. A floor 
 had been formed within this pen by layers of bark 
 
l6o PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 or split wood, on which had been deposited five 
 bodies. Over them had been placed other poles 
 covered with a roof similar to the floor, on which 
 had been cast the earth forming the mound. The 
 entire mass of wood had an average thickness of 
 twelve inches — ^what space may have existed be- 
 tween the floor and roof at the time of its construc- 
 tion cannot be told ; probably only sufficient to 
 allow room for the bodies. The wood at the time 
 of exploration presented the appearance of ashes 
 having about as much consistency as fine earth. 
 
 The positions of the skeletons, with accompany- 
 ing objects, are shown in Fig. x:xix. All were 
 extended at full length, and all were on the back 
 except one. 
 
 The first uncovered was that of a young person, 
 marked a, with feet to the southwest. Among the 
 bones of the head, as though they they had been 
 laid on the forehead, were thirty small shell beads. 
 
 The second body, b, had been laid on its left side, 
 with its feet almost at the exact centre of the mound, 
 and head toward the northwest. The bones of the 
 feet wei'e lying upon the left side of the child's head, 
 the top of which M^as in contact with the tibiae of 
 the adult. No objects were found with this body. 
 
 The third was an adult (c), whose feet rested 
 against the hips of the second, its head being toward 
 the northeast. Near its right thigh lay a disk of 
 yellow ochre, d, one side of which had been rubbed 
 off, probably for use as paint. Under the back 
 was a mass of burnt and broken bones in soft black 
 earth, perhaps the remains of food deposited with 
 the body. Near the left hand was a broken arrow- 
 
MOUNDS NEAR SLATE MILLS, ROSS COUNTY. l6l 
 
 head, e, a fine hematite cone, f, and a point of deer 
 antler, g, about six inches long. 
 
 With the bones of the middle portion of this 
 skeleton were intermingled those of an infant (j). 
 On the forehead of the child had been placed several 
 pieces of mica (i), cut in the form of a half -crescent, 
 with smooth edges and rounded points. Each plate 
 had several small holes punched in it. A number 
 of beads, some of them copper, others of small 
 marine shells, the remainder perforated disks made 
 of mussel shells, were scattered about the necks of 
 the two, but the bones were in such confusion that 
 we could not say what portion of them belonged to 
 each. A small copper bracelet was on the left 
 wrist. It is marked k. 
 
 The fifth skeleton was that of a child (h), with 
 its head near the waist of the last adult, and feet to 
 the southwest. On its forehead was a single plate of 
 mica like those above described, but much thicker, 
 and long enough to reach down over each temporal 
 bone. About the neck were one hundred and six 
 beads of small sea-shells. 
 
 The relics of this mound are shown in Figure xxx. 
 
 Monnds on the Worthington Estate. 
 
 Our next field of operation was in the Scioto 
 bottoms, northwest ofthe city. 
 
 Most of the mounds in this direction have been 
 opened. There ajre a few which, partly on account 
 of their large size and the consequent expense of 
 careful investigation, and partly owing to the reluc- 
 tance of their owners to have them disturbed, have 
 remained untouched. 
 
l62 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 The largest and best preserved are on the estate 
 of Thomas Worthington, one of the early governors 
 of Ohio. His heirs, respecting his wishes, have 
 never allovs^ed them to be injured in any way, 
 
 A portion of the estate, however, on which four 
 of them stood, had recently passed into other hands, 
 and the new owners gave us permission to excavate 
 ttem. 
 
 The four form a connected group, being built in. 
 such a manner that the adjacent edges unite several 
 feet above the level of the ground, in the same 
 manner as those noticed in the description of Num- 
 ber Thirty-eight. Figure 57, page 170, of An- 
 cient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, giving a 
 view from above downwards, will show their pe- 
 culiar arrangement. They are numbered in the order 
 of their exploration. 
 
 Mound Number Forty. — This is the second in 
 size, and stands at the southwest extremity of the 
 group. The diameter at the base from north to 
 south is about sixty-five feet, and the height thirteen 
 feet, making the sides quite steep. 
 
 A trench thirty-three feet in width was begun at 
 the southwest side, and widened somewhat toward 
 the centre. At first the eai'th was dry and loose, but 
 a few feet farther in became wet, and soon was so soft 
 and sticky that the workmen sank half-way to their 
 knees, and found it impossible to shake the mud 
 from their shovels. We were compelled to engage 
 a team and scraper to remove this mire, which would 
 ooze out from the sides of the trench and flow slowly 
 down the track left by the scraper. The whole up- 
 
164 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 per portion of the mound, to a depth of four feet at 
 the summit, was in this condition, giving rise to 
 many speculations as to its cause. 
 
 When we succeeded in getting it out of the way, 
 the reason was apparent. In erecting the mound 
 the builders had carried it up to a height of nine 
 feet with a very fine dark sand which had become 
 so compact as almost to equal mortar in hardness. 
 This was impervious to water. The rain and snow 
 melting and soaking into the ground was checked by 
 it as by a floor. Coming from above more rapidly 
 than it could escape along the surface of the sand 
 core through the overlying clay produced the mud. 
 
 When we finally reached the original level, we 
 found under the central portion of the mound a 
 floor of bark or split wood on which had been built 
 a rectangular enclosure of small logs. This had an 
 inside measurement of seven by eleven feet, being 
 longest from north to south. In it were the remains 
 of a single individual, with head toward the north. 
 It was evident that the skeleton had been buried 
 after the flesh had been removed from his bones, as 
 the lower jaw and bones of the hands were covered 
 with a coating of red ochre of uniform thickness, 
 while the surrounding earth, except that immediately 
 in contact with the bones in question, showed no 
 traces of the coloring matter. This could not have 
 been the case had the flesh not been removed before 
 burial. Why no other bones had been colored is, of 
 course, impossible for us to explain. Over this 
 vault had been placed another layer of wood or 
 bark, and the whole thing then covered with sand. 
 
MOUNDS NEAR SLATE MILLS, ROSS COUNTY. 165 
 
 The pen was about eighteen inches high, the logs 
 forming it being four or five inches in diameter, and 
 extending out for two or three feet at the corners. 
 The floor and covering were each about three inches 
 thick. Of this only a soft, ashy mass remained. It 
 could not be determined whether the material was 
 bark, or split wood, like puncheons. Enough of the 
 logs remained, in places, to show that they were of 
 some soft wood like poplar or willow. 
 
 Nothing whatever had been buried with the skele- 
 ton. 
 
 Mound Number Forty-one. — This lies at the east- 
 ern end of the group, and is the smallest of the four, 
 being fifty feet in diameter and seven feet high. It 
 had been opened by Squier and Davis in their cus- 
 tomary manner — by sinking a shaft from the summit 
 to the base. 
 
 While it is not the intent of the writer to offer any 
 criticisms on the work done by others, it may not be 
 out of place here to reproduce what the authors 
 mentioned have to say about this group, and allow 
 the reader to see wherein their work was deficient. 
 
 Figui'e 57 in Ancient Monuments of the Missis- 
 sippi Valley, j)age 170, represents the group as it 
 appeared in 1845. 
 
 While the depressions between the mounds, along 
 the line ab, are much greater as shown here, than they 
 were when our work was begun, it is probable that 
 the measurements taken at the time this sketch was 
 made are correct. The mound h (our Number For- 
 ty), however, is made too far toward the south as 
 regards its position relative to g (our Number Forty- 
 
1 66 
 
 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 three). The authors inform us (page 171) that this 
 group — 
 
 " • • • occurs upon the plain in the immediate vi- 
 cinity of Chillicothe, and is numbered 4 on the map of a 
 section of the Scioto Valley, Plate II. The small one 
 indicated by the letter j was excavated, and found to 
 contain the skeleton of a girl enveloped in bark, in the 
 manner already described. The largest of the group is 
 about thirty feet in height." 
 
 FIG. XXXI. — Peculiar construction of mound No. 43. A. Clay con- 
 stituting the upper portion of the tumulus. F. Gravel and small 
 stones. B. Sand and fine gravel patches strangely intermingled. 
 D. Charcoal layer coming up from below, c. ^Vllite ashes. E. Burnt 
 earth on base line. H. Variations of charcoal and burnt earth. 
 
 The statement in the last sentence in regard to the 
 height of the largest is one half in excess of the true 
 measurement. The mound j in their description is 
 the one \ve have numbered Forty-one. 
 
MOUNDS NEAR SLATE MILLS, ROSS COUNTY. 1 67 
 
 The skeleton they exhumed was not " enveloped 
 in bark " but placed between two layers of split wood. 
 The explorers had done their work in such a way 
 that the feet and skull of the skeleton had not been 
 touched, although they had disturbed all the other 
 bones, even taking away the lower jaw. The wood 
 extended several feet beyond their line of excavation 
 on every side, and retained its texture to a degree 
 that admitted of no doubt on the subject. An old 
 man, who, by a lifetime of work in timber, was quali- 
 fied to judge, said that he could distinguish beech, 
 sycamore, and black walnut among the fragments. 
 
 The head lay to the southwest ; and not more than 
 a foot to the west of it was the skull of another 
 skeleton which had been placed parallel to the first, 
 and which the former explorers had not discovered, 
 as their shaft was not extended far enough to reach 
 it. The bones of this were so soft that they would 
 not hold together when the contiguous earth was 
 removed. 
 
 Mound Number Fokty-two. — This is between the 
 largest mound and the one last described. Its height 
 is thirteen feet. In construction it resembled Number 
 Forty — a core of very fine sand seven feet in height 
 covered by six feet of soft, muddy clay. This being 
 removed by scraper, we ran a trench fourteen feet 
 wide through the mound from north to south. 
 
 In a little pocket at the bottom near the centre of 
 the mound, we found a small animal bone, four mus- 
 sel shells, a few flakes of charcoal, and about a pint 
 of ashes. 
 
 There was nothing else in the entire mound, to 
 repay us for more than a week of steady work. 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 MOUND NUMBEE FOKTY-THREB. 
 
 The altitude of this, the largest mound in the 
 group, was twenty feet above the general level of 
 the ground around it, except that on the side 
 toward the south. Here much of the earth com- 
 posing the four had been gathered, thereby lowering 
 the surface from two to three feet over a consider- 
 able area. 
 
 A few rods north of the group is a hole fifty or 
 sixty feet across, and now about four feet deep, 
 which may be the place whence was obtained the 
 fine sand, or at least a part of it, that formed the 
 core in all but Number Forty-one ; such sand is found 
 near by, at a depth of about two feet. 
 
 Owing to the height of this mound and the loose- 
 ness of the earth composing the upper portion, we 
 deemed it best not to run a trench from side to side, 
 as in the others. The risk of injury from possible 
 caving in of the walls was great, and besides, if we 
 should come upon any deposits occupying a large 
 space, the difficulty of uncovering them properly 
 would be greatly increased by the amount of mate- 
 rial above. Consequently after marking out a line 
 on the surface to include all that portion which we 
 
 l68 
 
MOUND NUMBER FORTY-THREE. 1 69 
 
 considered it necessary to excavate, work was begun 
 on the slope at a point half-way between the sum- 
 mit and the base, the earth above this level having 
 been hauled away that it might not interfere with 
 subsequent operations. 
 
 Near the centre, four feet from the top, were a 
 few decayed bones, among which were thirty-three 
 discoidal shell beads ; these belonged to an intrusive 
 burial. 
 
 Ten feet to the northwest of this deposit we found 
 twenty-six copper beads lying close together at the 
 bottom of a hole, three and a half feet deep, that had 
 been dug at some time after the completion of the 
 mound and refilled. The line between the undis- 
 turbed earth and that thrown back was quite plain. 
 No trace of bone was found, nor was the hole large 
 enough to contain a human body unless the skeleton 
 alone had been packed into a small bundle and 
 buried. 
 
 Just west of the centre, over a space ten feet 
 across, and with a vertical range of two feet, were 
 twenty-five copper beads (see beads in Fig. xxx.) 
 that seemed to have been gathered up from the 
 earth and thrown in without any knowledge of their 
 presence, as they were scattered at random in the 
 space indicated. Unlike those found in the hole, 
 which were of nearly uniform size, they varied con- 
 siderably, some being more than twice as large as 
 others. Among them was one which had corroded 
 in such a way as to show how it was made. A thin, 
 flat piece of metal, with parallel edges, had the ends 
 brought to a bevel on the opposite sides, and was 
 
17° PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 then bent around a cord or thong of leather until the 
 ends overlapped, after which they were beaten 
 closely together. Probably this was the method 
 used in making all the heavier beads. 
 
 Another deposit of the same character, containing 
 eighty-four large beads, was found about fifteen feet 
 north of the centre, at a depth of four feet. Like 
 the first lot, these lay at the lower part of a mass of 
 disturbed earth. Instead of there being a small hole 
 as in that case, the earth for a distance of seven or 
 eight feet around the deposit seemed to have been 
 upturned. No trace of human remains was found, 
 except one tooth that lay under the beads, and, from 
 contact with them, was almost as green as the cop- 
 per itself. It would appear that the beads, except 
 the scattered ones, must have been buried here for 
 concealment. Had they been placed with persons 
 interred at the spots where they were found, such 
 portions of the bones as they may have rested upon 
 would certainly have been preserved by them. 
 
 At a depth of eight feet below the summit we 
 found sand similar to that in the other mounds. We 
 disturbed this as little as possible, the workmen 
 removing the overlying clay along its slope, thus 
 leaving our terrace or floor about two feet higher at 
 the centre than at the margin. On the north side, 
 near the centre, just below the surface of the sand, 
 we found at intervals of a few inches what seemed 
 to be the remains of short boards, about eight inches 
 wide and four to five feet long. The ends were on 
 nearly the same level, but the edge of each was 
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172 PRIMITIVE MAN IN- OHIO. 
 
 five degrees. "Were it not for this we miglit suppose 
 them to have been found unnecessary for some pur- 
 pose for which they were brought here, and thrown 
 aside. The apparent care taken to place them at 
 equal distances apart and at the same angle, would 
 tend to show there was some design in so arranging 
 them, though nothing whatever could be discovered 
 to indicate what this may have been. 
 
 At the same distance below the summit, and seven 
 feet north of the centre, was a layer of peculiar sub- 
 stance, the nature of which cannot be determined by 
 any one who has seen it. It has a greasy feel, and 
 is about the consistency of wet clay. In some parts 
 it is a bright yellow, while other portions are of a 
 dull green. It covered a space of three by five feet, 
 with a very irregular outline, was nowhere more 
 than an inch in thickness, and the margin was four to 
 five inches higher than the central portion. It was 
 surrounded by the clay composing the upper portion 
 of the mound, the lowest part being a few inches 
 above the level of the sand at this point. 
 
 This constituted the sum of our finds in the upper 
 half of the mound, and we proceeded to an examina- 
 tion of the lower portion. 
 
 The trench in Number Forty-two had been carried 
 through on a level slightly below the base, and its 
 western wall made a good starting-point from which 
 to work the larger mound. We began a trench 
 with a width of sixteen feet, which we carried to a 
 distance of fifty feet toward the northwest, widen- 
 ing it to twenty-five feet at the centre. 
 
 Almost at the beginning, we found on.the north- 
 
MOUND NUMBER FORTY-THREE. 
 
 173 
 
 ern side a layer of charcoal and burnt earth, the 
 whole varying from an inch to three inches in thick- 
 ness. This was not horizontal, being in some places 
 a foot higher than in others, and nowhere less than 
 a foot above the original surface. It seemed as if a 
 low, flat mound or platform had stood there, upon 
 which fires had been made, before the erection of 
 the mound proper was undertaken. Between the 
 charcoal and the clayey soil, forming the upper por- 
 tion of the mound, lay several feet of the sand com- 
 posing the lower part. 
 
 Finding the thickness of the mass before us too 
 great for working conveniently, we divided it into 
 two benches, each five feet in thickness, by removing 
 the upper one entirely before disturbing that which 
 formed the base. 
 
 At five feet from the beginning of our trench, 
 and three feet below the surface of the mound, was 
 a lens-shaped mass of fine, black earth, about as 
 much as a man could easily carry, and quite notice- 
 able in the close yellow dirt surrounding it. In 
 this earth — apparently a single basketful carelessly 
 thrown here — were several fragments of bone, and 
 twenty teeth of a child, eight or ten years of age, 
 all strongly colored as if from contact with copper. 
 Careful search failed to reveal a particle of the 
 metal. Only the caps remained of most of the 
 teeth. The coloring was as marked on the interior 
 of these as on the outer surface. 
 
 Nothing further was found until we had gone 
 about fifteen feet beyond the point at which the 
 green teeth had been found. Here the stratum of 
 
174 PJi/M/Ti'VE MAN IN OtttO. 
 
 charcoal before mentioned ascended into the upper 
 bench and continued to the end. As the work pro- 
 gressed we found remains of logs, some of them 
 nearly a foot across, while those with a diameter 
 from four to eight inches were abundant. There 
 were also a great number of small poles, or saplings, 
 and a considerable amount of swamp-grass and 
 weeds. The grain of the wood was preserved to a 
 remarkable degree ; so much so that we could 
 readily recognize among it black and white walnut, 
 dogwood, elm, hickory, ash, maple, red and white 
 oak, redbud, honey-locust, chestnut, and basswood. 
 
 As we found later, this stratum covered a space 
 of fifty feet across, and in some places was fully 
 three feet thick. In it were many logs and branches 
 that had been cut off with stone axes, the marks 
 being quite distinct. We secured a number of these 
 logs, including two that measured eight inches in 
 thickness. They are shown in Figure xsxni. 
 
 Before reaching this charcoal, the bottom of the 
 upper bench had passed out of the clay and ioto the 
 sand core. On approaching the centre, the clay 
 reappeared below its proper place, and the sand and 
 charcoal were mingled in confusion. This was due 
 to a fact which, so far as we are aware, had never 
 been observed in any other mound. Intrusive 
 burials of modern Indians, made by digging a hole 
 into the top of the mound, are not uncommon ; but 
 here was a clear case of intrusive burial by the 
 original builders themselves.' After the sand had 
 
 ' Professor Thomas Wilson, of the Smithsonian Institution, and Dr. 
 Cresson remarked two periods of construction in the large mound upon Mr. 
 Hopewell's farm, Anderson, Ross Co., Ohio. See jjages l86 et seq. for full 
 description. — W. K. M. 
 

1/6 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 been piled up, it was left undisturbed for several 
 years, as is proven by the fact that vs^e found on its 
 top impressions left by the stumps of saplings, some 
 of them four or five inches in diameter, the holes 
 left by the roots being in some cases easily traceable 
 by means of the darker color. As there was no 
 trace of the trunks in the dirt above, these must 
 have been broken or cut off. 
 
 A large hole had been dug into the top, the 
 material removed being thrown in three or four 
 piles on different sides. It was evidently one of 
 these piles to which we had come in hauling away 
 the clay from the upper part of the mound. 
 
 The hole had been carried fully six feet down, and 
 reached a foot into the charcoal stratum. The sides 
 sloped so as to give it somewhat the shape of an in- 
 verted cone. In order to make a level space within this, 
 several logs, some of them more than a foot in diameter, 
 had been laid with the ends resting on the sides of the 
 slope. These logs were of white oak and so was all 
 the other timber, its fibres being distinct enough for 
 its kind to be determined. Wood or bark was 
 placed on them to form a floor, on which lay three 
 skeletons, side by side, with the heads toward the 
 south. 
 
 By the head of the first was a small stone tube, 
 and beneath its lower jaw 299 large beads made 
 from a conch or similar shell. There was nothing 
 with the second, but with the third were two 
 arrow-heads and 2,542 beads, — some of small entire 
 sea-shells, others cut from mussel shell. 
 
 More wood, or bark, had been placed over them, 
 
MOUND NUMBER FORTY-THREE. lyy 
 
 on whicli a small amount of sand was thrown. To 
 the west, at a little higher level, were found three 
 other skeletons lying on a platform or shelf cut out 
 on the side of the depression. It may have been 
 the sand removed here that was thrown on those 
 first found. Nothing was placed with the last 
 bodies, and the bones of all six were so badly 
 decayed that none of them could be saved. 
 
 After this burial the mound was built to the 
 height which we found it, with the soil lying about 
 its base. It is possible that up to this period there 
 had been only three small sand mounds with con- 
 joined bases, all of which were covered with earth 
 at the same time. The smaller one to the east was 
 pi'obably constructed when these additions were 
 made. 
 
 Nothing further was found in this bench, and our 
 workmen now began the removal of the lower one. 
 In doing this we kept well below the original sur- 
 face of the ground, in order that any excavation 
 which may have been made prior to the erection of 
 the mound might not be overlooked. 
 
 The charcoal stratum increased in thickness, the 
 surface rising gradually until, as stated above, it 
 came into the upper bench. Altogether we threw 
 out not less than one hundred bushels of it. Nothing 
 else worthy of note was discovered, until we had 
 nearly reached the centre, where, on the north side 
 of the trench, were five holes in a north and south 
 line, two feet apart, from twelve to sixteen inches 
 across, and reaching well down into the sand, which 
 is found under the soil at a depth of two to three 
 
178 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 feet. Four feet south of the most southern of these, 
 were found three of the same character, in an east 
 and west line. All were filled with loose earth, and 
 the sand which had been taken from the bottom was 
 spread out in a smooth, even layer above them. 
 They contained no trace of wood or anything else 
 to indicate the purpose for which they had been dug. 
 
 On coming to the central part of the mound, we 
 found a skeleton on the charcoal just beneath the 
 logs on which had rested the remains due to intru- 
 sive burials. Whether this had been deposited at 
 the same time as those above it, or placed here when 
 the sand mound was first built, we cannot tell. 
 Fifty large discoidal shell beads lay by the cranium 
 of the skeleton. 
 
 A few inches lower than this skeleton, and imme- 
 diately under it, was a very peculiar deposit. Ex- 
 tending east and west was a mass five feet long, 
 from twelve to sixteen inches wide, having an ellip- 
 tical section four inches thick at the middle. This 
 was composed almost entirely of small fragments of 
 human bones. They had been burned until almost 
 entirely destroyed, and were mingled in utter con- 
 fusion as though hastily gathered up from the place 
 of cremation. We secured a few of the pieces, 
 enough to learn that some belonged to the frame of 
 an adult, while others were from the remains of a 
 child not more than half grown. Scattered here 
 and there among them were over thirty drilled shell 
 beads, none less than three fourths of an inch in 
 diameter, but all so injured by the heat that they 
 crumbled in a few moments. One showed that in 
 
MOUND NUMBER FORTY-THKhE. 1 79 
 
 the process of perforating the maker had allowed 
 his drill to work too far to one side of the centre 
 line. Another trial sent it as far toward the other 
 side. Reversing the bead, he began at the other end 
 a hole twice the size of those first attempted, and 
 this time was successful in his efforts. 
 
 The most curious object found among these cal- 
 cined remains was about one half of the top of a 
 human skull, bearing no traces of fire such as marked 
 everything else in the deposit. It had evidently 
 been used as a cup or vessel before being broken. 
 All the thicker portions of the bone had been cut 
 away, and the edge thus left carefully trimmed, 
 leaving a smooth rim entirely around it. 
 
 These remains were in a mass of charcoal at a 
 place where much earth was mingled with it, 
 and had been carried in from the outside. The 
 manner in which they were placed shows they could 
 not have been burned here. The piece of skull 
 alluded to had been thrown upon them after they 
 were deposited. 
 
 Just north of the centre, on the original surface, 
 the earth in a space of four by six feet was burned 
 until to a depth of six inches it was as hard as a 
 brick. Over this lay a mass of white ashes measur- 
 ing nine feet east and west, and twelve feet north 
 and south, five inches deep where thickest, and run- 
 ning out to an edge on every side. The northern 
 margin of the burnt earth reached to a trench that 
 had been dug after the fire had died down. The 
 layer of ashes extended to the trench, was broken 
 for the space this occupied, and then continued for 
 
l8o PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 two or three feet beyond it, while the sand that 
 came from the bottom of the trench was thrown on 
 top of the ashes on either side. 
 
 For more than a foot above the surface decayed 
 wood, charcoal, and earth were intermingled, and on 
 this mass rested two rows of logs crossing each 
 other at a right angle. The trench below made a 
 sharp turn, both it and the logs running into the 
 earth on the north wall of our excavation. To de- 
 termine their character and extent, it was necessary 
 to make a side cut fifteen feet in width and carry it 
 sixteen feet toward the north, removing the over- 
 lying earth that extended to a height of thirteen feet 
 above the logs. 
 
 When this was done, we found that a hut or pen 
 ten feet wide and twelve feet long, made from logs 
 of six to eleven inches in diameter, had been built 
 up by crossing the logs at the corners in the ordi- 
 nary way. All were now converted into charcoal, 
 and had settled down until each side of the pen 
 formed a compact mass about three feet in breadth 
 and thickness, so that it must in the first place have 
 been not less than seven or eight feet in height. 
 
 After clearing away this charcoal, and the con- 
 fused mass below it, we came to the trench and 
 found it to extend around a rectangular area twelve 
 by sixteen feet, with slightly rounded corners. It 
 was quite narrow, nowhere more than twelve inches 
 across, though reaching down into the sand sub- 
 stratum, and contained a row of posts or logs, in the 
 form of a stockade. They were set as closely to- 
 gether as possible, no gap being left for entrance or 
 
MOUND NUMBER FORTY-THREE. l8l 
 
 exit. In some places several in succession had been 
 in contact, so that no earth had settled between 
 them, while occasionally there was a space of three 
 or four inches filled with soil as compact as that on 
 either side of the trench. 
 
 The marks left by the tools used in digging were 
 still very plain in the earth on the sides, some of them 
 being vertical as though made by a spud, others hori- 
 zontal as if the instrument had been used in the 
 fashion of a pick ; they were evidently made with 
 an antler or sharpened stick. We were so fortunate 
 as to discover one of the tools. It is a piece of wood 
 five inches long, one end sharpened, the other broken 
 with a ragged fracture, the user apparently having 
 put too much strain on it in prying. It is shown in 
 Figure xxxni., although the striatidns caused by its 
 use, which are very distinct in the specimen itself, 
 are not well shown. In the same figure some pieces 
 of logs that have been cut with stone axes may be 
 seen. 
 
 The depths to which the posts extended varied 
 from eighteen to thirty inches. Some of them rested 
 upon gravelly sand and clay ; others, more than half 
 the entire number, reached into the underlying sand. 
 The remainder were set upon small deposits of what 
 seemed to be a mixture of mud, sand, and ashes, put 
 into the bottom while wet, and in some places bear- 
 ing on the upper surface the imprint of the end of 
 the post which it had supported. The mixture was 
 almost as hard as stone ; pieces an inch thick could 
 scarcely be cut through with the spades. The posts 
 were cut or burned off at the top, none of them, ex- 
 
1 82 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 cept one, reaching more than eighteen inches above 
 the surface. In some of the holes only traces of de- 
 cayed wood remained, while in others was a little 
 mass of charcoal. In some instances the charred 
 posts retained their original form. 
 
 At the corner farthest from the observer may be 
 seen a post which extends upwards four feet. The 
 part of this above the surface had only about half 
 the thickness of the portion remaining in the trench, 
 while the manner in which the top is burnt shows 
 that it was once higher than now. 
 
 All through the mound, from the base to within 
 five feet of the top, and from the centre for twenty 
 feet out, were masses of earth from a shovelful to 
 several cubic yards in size. There was every shade 
 of yellow and red, according to the burning to which 
 they had been subjected. The white, brown, and 
 yellow of the decayed wood, the black of the char- 
 coal, and the varying natural colors of the earth 
 gathered from different places, gave a diversified 
 appearance that was quite novel, and some of the 
 combinations were very pleasing. 
 
 A part of the last week's work here was a severe 
 trial to our patience and endurance. We were in a 
 pit, with walls from ten to fifteen feet high all around 
 us, so that the air was always still. The sun shone 
 in for several hours during the hottest portion of the 
 day, and the ashes, fine sand, decayed wood, and 
 pulverized charcoal arose in clouds that would some- 
 times hide from view a person on the opposite side 
 from where the work was being carried on. The 
 thermometer, hanging in the shade outside, marked 
 
MOUND NUMBER FORTY-THREE. 1 83 
 
 from 86° to 96°. After an hour's time we would all 
 look like coal miners coming out of a shaft at the 
 end of a day's labor. 
 
 In order to show the complex arrangement of the 
 material constituting the large mound, we present 
 two sections made in different parts of the trench. 
 
 Figure XXXI. represents a section of the face of the 
 upper bench, taken at the point where the heavy 
 charcoal stratum came into it from below ; only the 
 northern portion appears here, the southern side 
 being shown in the next figure — xxxii. 
 
 Figure xxxii. will show how exceedingly compli- 
 cated were the various substances at the point where 
 we began the side cut for the purpose of uncovering 
 the log pen and space enclosed by the stockade 
 trench. Only a painting could do justice to the 
 vivid colors presented here over a space several feet 
 square. Some of the charcoal was iridescent, like 
 peacock coal, and there was every shade of yellow 
 and red that burnt earth could present. It seemed 
 almost like vandalism to destroy it ; but perhaps 
 many think that the whole work of mound excava- 
 tion is only a form of vandalism, after- all. 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 HOPEWELL S TUMULL 
 
 From September 1, 1891, until the middle of 
 January of the following year, we were investigating 
 the tumuli and village sites of Mr. Cloud Hopewell's 
 farm, one mile west of Anderson, in the interests of 
 the World's Columbian Exposition. 
 
 It would not be just to Professor Putnam and the 
 World's Fair Commissioners to speak specifically of 
 these remains and our finds, as the excavations were 
 carried on at the expense of the Fair ; hence, our 
 remarks will be more of a general character. The 
 farm overlooks the valley of the North Fork of 
 Paint Creek, and its ancient remains are described 
 in Squier and Davis' volume, pages 24 to 29 inclu- 
 sive, and 156 and 255. At the time of their survey 
 the place was known as the Clark Works. 
 
 Twenty-four mounds of various dimensions are 
 enclosed by an embankment of no great height. The 
 remains lie principally upon the second river terrace, 
 the wall of the fortification extending backwards and 
 upwards to the edge of the third or earliest terrace. 
 It has not materially changed since the survey of 
 1845. There are four or five small mounds situated 
 upon the third terrace, several hundred yards north 
 
 184 
 
HOPEWELL'S TUMULI. 1 85 
 
 of the fortification, whidi were not mentioned in the 
 early survey. There are two small mounds three 
 hundred feet northeast of the large group enclosed 
 in the circle, which were also not included. 
 
 One of the third terrace mounds and thirteen of 
 those enclosed by the embankment were thoroughly 
 examined. As in the case of all mounds on high 
 ground, nothing of note was uncovered. The other 
 structures opened varied from one foot to twenty- 
 eight feet in altitude, having diameters ranging from 
 twenty to five hundred feet. Plate x., page 26 of 
 Squier and Davis' Ancient Monuments of the Missis- 
 sippi Valley, gives the correct representation of the 
 North Fork Works. The mounds which we exam- 
 ined and numbered by the authors of the volume 
 just named were One, Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, 
 Seven, Eight, Eleven, Fourteen, and Sixteen ; and of 
 the mounds unnumbered, the one to the right of 
 Eleven, one in the northeast corner of the enclosure 
 near the base of the third terrace, the large one in 
 the southeast corner, being oblong in outline, the 
 three enclosed in the semicircle, and two lying 
 between two spi'ings just north of the words " area 
 111 acres." 
 
 The half circle surrounding the large group has 
 nearly disappeared. From the external appearance 
 of the group before excavation and the internal ap- 
 pearance after the work was completed, we are of 
 the opinion that one large mound in the shape of the 
 human trunk had been constructed. Messrs. Squier 
 and Davis convey the idea in their plan that three 
 mounds were built close together within the circle. 
 
1 86 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 We do not think it was the intention of the builders 
 to represent three distinct mounds, although there 
 are variations in the height of the mound. The in- 
 ternal structure would indicate that it had been 
 built gradually, some ten or fifteen separate addi- 
 tions being noticeable. 
 
 Before stating conclusions derived from the exam- 
 ination of the mounds upon Mr. Hopewell's farm, it 
 will be well to sum up the peculiarities of construc- 
 tion and to remark upon the position of skeletons 
 and accompanying objects. All the mounds were 
 erected upon a hard burnt floor. In the instance of 
 the large oblong mound and the great effigy, gravel 
 and clay intermixed have been subject to a heat 
 sufficiently intense to form a cement of equal tough- 
 ness to that of an ordinary cellar floor. As remarked 
 in foot-note upon page 174 the oblong mound was 
 constructed at two different periods. When first 
 completed its altitude did not exceed ten feet. A 
 few years later gravel, sand, and boulders were 
 heaped upon it to a thickness of six or eight feet in 
 the centre. The gravel has since been afEected by 
 erosion, and when we examined the structure we 
 observed the stratum of gravel near the east and 
 west ends to be five feet in thickness, while in the 
 centre it was but two or two and a half feet. Figure 
 xxxiv. shows a ground plan of this mound and the 
 lettered objects, skeletons and layers, are described 
 on page 188. The large busycon shells, and stone 
 bowl from this mound are shown in Figures 
 xxxvin. and xLrv. 
 
 It will be seen by comparison of these illustra- 
 
— E.S'ftft^'K- 
 
 FIG. XXXTV. — Ground plan of IJopewelfs mound. See page i86. 
 
 i87 
 
1 88 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 tions with those of Squier and Davis, as published 
 in the latter part of their book, that the objects 
 exceed in beauty and workmanship those of the 
 same character taken from the " Mound City Group." 
 
 Fig. xxxiv. The oblong mound, Hopewell's 
 Group. Nos. 197 to 235, inclusive, are skeletons. 
 Fourteen or fifteen were accompanied by objects or 
 ornaments. Near Nos. 199 and 209 are two altars of 
 good form. Both were taken out entire. 
 
 An enormous log was found below No. 221 and 
 is indicated upon the map. 
 
 c is a seventeen-pound copper axe, 12^ by 5-| 
 inches, and If inches in thickness. 
 
 D is a stone bowl. This is shown in Fig. xxxvin. 
 
 p p B are shells, b and p are shown in Fig. xliv. 
 
 p H indicates a post-hole. 
 
 The dark streaks represent charcoal and black 
 earth. The boulder layers are shown in the lower 
 portion of the figure. 
 
 Figure xxxvi. will give the reader an idea of the 
 skeleton of a young person surrounded and covered 
 by numerous copper objects, shells, tablets, and 
 beads. The body lay but two feet from the surface 
 in a very small mound, numbered Eleven upon 
 Messrs. Squier and Davis' plan. Near it was anoth- 
 er skeleton from the hand of which we took a beau- 
 tiful granite pipe, highly polished, and exhibiting 
 the finest workmanship of any object of that nature 
 exhumed from the mounds. It is shown to the left 
 in Illustration xl. 
 
 Fig. XL. (p. 207) shows cut mica ornaments, a pipe, 
 and three copper objects perforated for suspension as 
 
HOPEWELL'S TUMULL 1 89 
 
 pendants. The bear tusks and shell ornaments are 
 from the Effigy Mound. 
 
 Fig. XLi. The copper spool-shaped ornaments, 
 mica sheets peculiarly cut, and a broad wrist-band 
 of copper exhibited in this figure are all from Squier 
 and Davis' mound No. Eleven. 
 
 Pig. XLiii. In this is shown the long copper cres- 
 cent found under the head of skeleton No. 176, 
 mound No. Eleven, Squier and Davis. The long 
 knife placed above the crescent has been described 
 in Chapter viii, under the head of Oregonia. 
 
 Mound No. Two lies nearly in the centre of the 
 enclosure and was partially explored by Squier and 
 Davis. They refer to it briefly upon page 158 of their 
 volume. Their statement, made with great modesty, 
 that four thousand flint disks were deposited in the 
 structure, six hundred of which they took out, is 
 considerably less than one half the original number. 
 The following table was prepared in our official 
 capacity as assistant in Department M of the World's 
 Columbian Exposition : 
 
 DISKS. 
 
 Excavated from the mound by our men , . . . . 7,232 
 
 Taken out by Squier and Davis 600 
 
 Taken out by Mr. Steel 200 
 
 Given M. Hopewell prior to official count 80 
 
 Found upon the surface near mound afterwards 42 
 
 From other sources 31 
 
 Total 8,185 
 
 A large shouldered spear-head, was the only imple- 
 ment in the entire number diifering from the circular 
 
190 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 and leaf-shaped outline of the disks. It can be seen 
 in Fig. XLii., together with various forms of the 
 disks. 
 
 Squier and Davis report that the disks were 
 placed upon edge in several layers. Their error is 
 due to a hasty examination. In taking the mound 
 entirely out we found the disks lying in little pock- 
 ets or bunches of twelve to fifteen each with layers 
 of sand around each mass. The deposits covered 
 an area, nearly circular in form, of twenty-two by 
 twenty-six feet. In places they ran from a foot to 
 eighteen inches in depth. The builders of the 
 structure had apparently carried in their hands and 
 arms all the disks they could transport readily and 
 deposited them upon the same level, while others of 
 their friends poured sand between and over each 
 man's deposit. Having completed so much of the 
 mound, a second series of deposits was made exactly 
 like the first. 
 
 Most of the disks are of a light blue color; some 
 are gray. They are made from flint nodules which 
 occur two miles northwest of Mr. Hopewell's farm. 
 There are extensive chippings upon several estates 
 in the neighborhood. 
 
 The magnitude of the find surpasses any discovery 
 previously made. Fig. xxxv. represents the speci- 
 mens heaped at the side of our tent. They cover 
 a space of fifteen by eight by three feet and weigh 
 nearly six thousand eight hundred pounds. It re- 
 quired four horses to haul them from the mound to 
 the camp site. 
 
 Mr. W. H. Holmes, of the Bureau of Ethnology 
 
FIG. XXXVI. — Skeleton 176 from mound No. 20. See page iS 
 objects are unusually numerous and unique in form. 
 
 The 
 
 191 
 
192 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 at Washington City, and Dr. Thomas Wilson, of the 
 Smithsonian Institution, both visited Camp Hope- 
 well before the disks were shipped, and expressed 
 their surprise at the importance and extent of the 
 discovery. Both gentlemen have made a special 
 study of the flaking and chipping of implements, 
 and gave it as their opinion that many thousands of 
 nodules were broken and partially worked in order 
 to produce the eight thousand disks. Mr. Holmes 
 stated that four in five nodules contained flaws or 
 seams which would render the fashioning of perfect 
 disks an impossibility. 
 
 The finely chipped circular disk shown in the 
 upper part of illustration No. xlii. (to the left 
 of the shouldered spear-head) was undoubtedly a 
 finished implement, but we question whether the 
 great majority of the disks are complete. 
 
 We think the mound to have been a place of 
 storage, where the natives living within the en- 
 closure kept material to be subsequently worked 
 into implements. Flint, freshly taken from the 
 earth, is much more easily worked than that which 
 has been lying exposed to the air for a long time. 
 The aborigines were undoubtedly aware of this fact. 
 
 The finds at the Hopewell mounds during the 
 latter part of November and the first half of Decem- 
 ber exceed in importance all previous discoveries. 
 The examination of the Effigy Mound at the writ- 
 ing of the present page was but half completed, yet 
 two deposits of copper aggregating two hundred 
 and thirty-five pieces have been taken out. There 
 were sheets worked into fantastic designs; squares 
 
HOPEWELL'S TUMULI. 1 93 
 
 and semicircles ; Swastika crosses ; effigies of birds 
 and fishes; anklets and bracelets; combs and pen- 
 dants; large and small celts, one weighing thirty- 
 eiglit pounds, twenty-two and a kalf inches in length, 
 and an inch and a half in thickness ; and, in short, 
 every known form of copper implement or orna- 
 ment. When the report of the World's Columbian 
 Exposition surveys is published the details of this 
 marvellous find will be made public. 
 
 Although Squier and Davis examined most of 
 the mounds upon the Hopewell farm, and took 
 altars and objects from them, had we not trusted to 
 their report it would have been impossible to dis- 
 tinguish the explored from the unexplored. In 
 most of the mounds, there were no burials in the 
 exact centre. After Squier and Davis, such farmers 
 as made up their minds to ruthlessly intrude upon 
 the structures which only the competent should ex- 
 plore, acting upon this belief, sank shafts from the 
 summits downward. Fortunately for us they found 
 little, and our broad trenches, taking in the great 
 body of the mounds, secured everything. In the 
 case of mound Number One there is no elevation to 
 mark where it stood, but we suppose from the num- 
 ber of beautifully carved bones and fragments of 
 discoidals and ornaments found northwest from the 
 " dug hole " indicated upon their map, that we have 
 found where it stood. One of our men excavating 
 for three weeks carefully with a hand trowel for a 
 radius of one hundred yards northwest of the dug 
 hole found near the surface the bits of carved bone 
 exhibited in Fig. xxxix. The attention of the 
 
194 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 reader is called to the designs upon the fragments in 
 the tipper row. The carving^ is much finer in 
 detail than that upon any of the shells occasionally 
 found in Tennessee. 
 
 "These carved traceries or engravings upon bone, even 
 in fragmentary state, evince an artistic aptitude much 
 beyond the mineral and vegetable stain, and by their 
 almost microscopic delicacy of execution and unfaltering 
 precision of linework, show a high degree of manual skill. 
 
 " Though some are undoubtedly portions of barbaric 
 and desultory design, and unsystematic application of 
 indefinite ideas, others bespeak a clearly conceived idea, a 
 definite motive, and vigorous execution, not inferior to 
 the predominant motives of early Mediterranean decora- 
 tive art. 
 
 " They are clearly not of an illustrative or imitative 
 design, either realistic or conventional, but created design 
 founded on purely mechanical motive, with good concep- 
 tion ; and it is regrettable that no complete examples 
 remain to enable a correct artistic valuation of the purpose 
 of the whole." ' 
 
 The mound enclosed in the semicircle, which 
 Squier and Davis have considered as three or four 
 mounds built together, we named the " Effigy," on 
 account of its resemblance to the human trunk. 
 
 Figure I., the frontispiece of this volume, gives the 
 head-dress of a most singular skeleton found upon 
 the base line, northeast of the centre of the mound. 
 The Cincinnati Oommeroial Gazette published a brief 
 
 ' Dr. Cresson, who is familiar with carved bones from the caverns in 
 southern France, holds these to be in no way inferior to carvings from 
 Langiere-Basse, Bruniquel, and Grotte de Lortet. 
 
 ? Thp three paragraphs referring to bone carvings were written by our 
 artist, Mr. Jack Bennett.— W, K. M.' 
 
o 
 
 •T3 
 
 a 
 
 O 
 
 s 
 
HOPEWELL'S TUMULI. 1 9^ 
 
 despatcli the morning after the discovery (November 
 17, 1891), from which we copy the following: 
 
 " If the number of implements is evidence of the 
 esteem in which a prehistoric man is held by the people, 
 he was certainly the most important Cacique of the Scioto 
 Valley. At his head were imitation elk horns, neatly 
 made of wood and covered with sheet-copper, rolled into 
 cylindrical form over the prongs. The antlers were 
 twenty-two inches high and nineteen inches across from 
 prong to prong. They fitted into a crown of copper, bent 
 to fit the head from occipital to upper jaw. Copper 
 plates were upon the breast and stomach ; also on the 
 back. The copper preserved the bones and a few of the 
 sinews. It also preserved traces of cloth similar to coffee- 
 sacking in texture, interwoven among the threads of 
 which were nine hundred beautiful pearl beads, bear teeth 
 split and cut, and hundreds of other beads both pearl and 
 shell. Copper spool-shaped objects and other implements 
 covered the remains. A pipe of granite and a spear-head 
 of agate were near the right shoulder. The pipe was of 
 very fine workmanship and highly polished." 
 
 The bear teeth and tusks in Figure xl. exhibit cut 
 and sawed ends. Several of them have bone plugs 
 inserted in perforations. 
 
 We should be pleased to refer to boulder outlines 
 representing panthers, skeletons, the interesting con- 
 struction, etc., of this mound, but, as before said, the 
 notes taken this summer are not our property. 
 
 The strong mixture of the two races, brachy- 
 cephalic and dolicocephalic, as exhibited on several 
 of the mounds on Messrs. Hopewell's farm, was to us 
 at first inexplicable. But as excavations brought to 
 light new finds we could come but to one conclusion, 
 
196 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 both, from an inspection of the crania and the imple- 
 ments. The short-headed race, predominating to 
 such an extent in the river valleys of the Tennessee, 
 also controlled the Scioto and Miami settlements. 
 The few long-heads present were undoubtedly sub- 
 servient to the short-heads. 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 We labor under considerable difficulty in making 
 our conclusions, for what may be perfectly clear to 
 the explorer may not be so apparent to the reader. 
 
 We ask, therefore, most careful attention on his 
 part while we make an explanation which must 
 necessarily be long, because of the great mass of 
 material that is to be considered. 
 
 It has been demonstrated that tribes did not 
 occupy the northern portion of the State for any 
 great length of time. The hilly regions do not con- 
 tain sufficient evidences of early man's presence to 
 enter into these conclusions. It follows, therefore, 
 that our arguments deal entirely with the large river 
 valleys.. 
 
 The field work shows that both the brachycephalic 
 and dolicocephalic races intermingled largely in all 
 the valleys save the Muskingum, and from this 
 various complications arise. 
 
 The reports of the Madisonville Historical Society 
 and those of Dr. Metz and Professor Putman have 
 proved the predominance of the short-headed stock 
 in that great cemetery. Our own observations lead 
 to a similar conclusion in regard to Fort Ancient. 
 
 197 
 
198 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 In the Scioto valley, at Hopewell's Earthwork 
 and other parts of Ohio and the Miami valley, Dr. 
 Cresson has noted a large predominance of the 
 brachycephali over the dolicocephali, the osteological 
 affinitives of these people resembling those of the 
 stone-grave people of Tennessee so closely that there 
 is little doubt that the builders of Hopewell's 
 Earthwork are but an advanced ofEshoot to the north 
 of this people. 
 
 In the Muskingum valley, as was observed in 
 Chapter iii., the mounds contain the crania of the 
 long-headed stock. The other valleys of Ohio 
 inhabited by the short-heads were Just as fertile 
 and attractive to primitive man as the Muskingum. 
 Why, then, did not one race or the other occupy 
 the whole valley ? An examination will reveal 
 the reason. 
 
 The long-heads established toward the east in the 
 Muskingum valley were too strong to be dislodged 
 by the short-heads, an offshoot of whom we have 
 already stated had probably advanced from the 
 south and southwest, through Tennessee and Ken- 
 tucky into the valleys of the Miami and Scioto, and 
 they, in their turn, were too powerful in the west to 
 be driven back by their enemies from the land which 
 they had taken possession of. 
 
 The long-heads were the more combative of the 
 two, because they established small villages in Cler- j 
 mont and Clinton counties, but twenty-five to forty ' 
 miles from Fort Ancient, the great fortress of the\ 
 short-heads. Had the short-heads entered a vigor- 
 ous campaign against the long-heads in the Mus- 
 
o 
 
 B 
 
 6 
 
 o 
 
 ■4-t 
 
 o 
 
 J3 
 
 > 
 X 
 X 
 
 X 
 
CONCL USIONS. J 99 
 
 Mngum valley, they might have crushed the latter 
 and taken possession of the area which they occu- 
 pied. They were probably the more timid of the 
 two, for throughout their territory are numerous 
 fortifications, while in the Muskingum valley there 
 is but one, and that is the magnificent work upon 
 the site of the present city of Marietta. Undoubt- 
 edly the few scattered villages of long-heads were 
 composed of the rougher element of the nation, the 
 fierce fighters, the I'elentless foes of the more peaceful 
 short-heads. 
 
 We would say that the presence of dolicocephalic 
 skulls at Hopewell's Earthwork, Fort Ancient, or at 
 Madisonville indicates the adoption • and gradual 
 absorption of the former people captured by the 
 short-head stock. It is possible that the crania of 
 the long-headed type which we found near the short- 
 heads were those of slaves, placed thus to indicate 
 their vassalage. It is more than probable that they 
 did not enter the tribe of their enemies of their own 
 free will. We never find them buried with orna- 
 ments or implements, as we do those of the short- 
 heads in the same mound. There are so few 
 skeletons of the dolicocephali found at Fort Ancient 
 and at Hopewell's Earthwork that we are inclined 
 to the opinion that their attacks were generally 
 repulsed. 
 
 Nothing more than the upper status of savagery 
 was attained by any race or tribe living within the 
 limits of the present State of Ohio. All statements 
 to the contrary are misrepresentations. If we go by 
 field testimony alone (not to omit the reports of 
 
200 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 early travellers among North. American tribes), we 
 can assign primitive man high attainments in but 
 few things, and these indicate neither civilization 
 nor an approach toward it. 
 
 First, he excelled in building earthen fortifications 
 and in the interment of his dead ; second, he made 
 surprisingly long Journeys for mica, copper, lead, 
 shells, and other foreign substances to be used as 
 tools and ornaments ; thii'd, he was an adept in the 
 chase and in war ; fourth, he chipped flint and made 
 carvings on bone, stone, and slate exceedingly well, 
 when we consider the primitive tools he employed ; 
 fifth, a few of the more skilful men of his tribe 
 made fairly good representations of animals, birds, 
 and human figures in stone. 
 
 This sums up, in brief, all that he seemed capable 
 of, which we in our day can consider remarkable. 
 On the other hand, he failed to grasp the idea of 
 communication by written characters, the use of 
 metal (except in the cold state), the cutting of stone 
 or the making of brick for building purposes, and 
 the construction of permanent homes. Ideas of 
 transportation, other than upon his own back or 
 in frail canoes, or the use of coal, which was so 
 abundant about him, and which he frequently made 
 into pendants and ornaments, and a thousand other 
 things which civilized beings enjoy, were utterly 
 beyond his comprehension. Instead of living peace- 
 fully in villages and improving a country unequalled 
 in natural resources, of which he was the sole pos- 
 sessor, he spent his time in petty warfare, or in 
 savage worship, and in the observance of the gross- 
 
CONCL USIONS. 20 1 
 
 est superstitions. He possessed no knowledge of 
 surgery or the setting of bones, unless we accept as 
 evidence two neatly knitted bones found at Fosters', 
 wbich by some extra effort he may have accom- 
 plished. But, while admitting these two speci- 
 mens to be actually and carefully set with splints, 
 we have scores of femora, humeri, and other bones 
 from Fort Ancient and Oregonia which are worn flat 
 against unnatural sockets, formed after the bones 
 had been displaced. We have broken fibulae and 
 tibiae which had never been reset. They were bent 
 like a bow, and nature alone had aided them in 
 coming together. 
 
 It has been the mistake of many writers upon the 
 antiquities of Ohio, to accept as evidence of the 
 civilization of these peoples the mere fact that they 
 could build circular and square embankments and 
 great fortifications. Any school-boy knows that he 
 can form a perfect circle by taking hold of the hands 
 of his comrades and placing one of their number at 
 ten feet from the line to observe that the rest keep 
 properly stretched out. The boy at one end acts 
 as a pivot, the others swinging in a circle, while 
 the boy at the end farthest from the pivot marks 
 upon the ground with a stick as far out from the 
 line as he can reach. Four hundred men, placed in 
 four lines of one hundred each, can easily mark a 
 square which will be but two or three feet out 
 of geometric proportions. 
 
 We mention these facts to call the attention of the 
 reader to some things to which many persons give 
 undue prominence. 
 
202 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 Our study of primitive man leads us to a belief in 
 two tribes of savages, not two tribes of semi-civilized 
 people. The impression usually conveyed by the 
 term " Mound Builders " will not stand in the ligtt 
 of modern science. While it is more or less of a 
 disappointment to many not to be able to place 
 primitive man in Ohio on an equality with the status 
 of Mexican or South American tribes, yet it is a 
 gratification to know that the vexatious question 
 concerning his movements and every-day life has 
 been very nearly settled. There is a fascination in 
 studying him even as a savage and investigating the 
 numerous remains which attest his occupancy of this 
 territory. 
 
 This volume has been written in the field while 
 the facts given in the preceding pages are fresh in 
 memory. It is testimony noted down while un- 
 covering the relics of a people long since departed 
 which has suggested to us the use to which he put 
 implements, how primitive man made his burials, 
 his peculiar sacrifices upon clay altars, the singular 
 head-dresses of copper which he sometimes placed 
 over distinguished leaders of his tribe, yet we regret 
 there is no means of ascertaining his language. Dr. 
 D. G. Brinton, the distinguished American ethnolo- 
 gist, in his admirable book The American Race., has 
 given archaeologists an idea of the languages of all 
 Indian tribes of historic times. Would that he could 
 give us the language of the two races that it has been 
 our purpose to describe. This can never be, how- 
 ever, for that delicate mechanism which aided them 
 to communicate one with the other is now silent. 
 
CONCLUSIONS. 203 
 
 Witli the exception of the languages of the 
 brachycephalic and dolicocephalic races we under- 
 stand their movements quite clearly. During the 
 long ages spent in occupation of beautiful Ohio they 
 constructed earthworks, erected their villages, buried 
 their dead amidst pomp and ceremony, travelled 
 from one part of the State to another, stoically re- 
 sisting the attacks of their enemies. Where they 
 lived and enjoyed savage pleasures, indulged in 
 barbaric pursuits and semi-religious festivals, the 
 Shawnee Indian afterward erected towns and vil- 
 lages. Close upon his heels followed the white 
 settlers. Then was instituted a real civilization in 
 the Ohio valley. 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 CEANIA AND SKELETOTSTS WITH TABLE OE MEASUREMENTS. 
 
 During the summer of 1891 a large and interesting 
 osteological collection excavated from the mounds of 
 the Miami and Scioto valleys by Mr. Moorehead, of 
 the World's Columbian Archaeological Survey, was 
 stored at the camp on the North Fork of Paint Creek, 
 near Anderson, Ohio. This material, together with 
 that which was daily accumulating from the explora- 
 tions in progress at the Hopewell Earthworks, was 
 awaiting shipment to Chicago. A thorough study 
 of such a large number of crania and skeletons would 
 necessarily occupy an indefinite period, even if ample 
 time could be devoted to it, but our duties in con- 
 nection with the archaeological explorations, which 
 are still in progress for the World's Columbian Ex- 
 position, make it impossible to give any more than a 
 resume of the subject, taken in spare moments from 
 notes made in the field. In this connection it may 
 be well to mention that the study of osteology and 
 craniology has, with a few exceptions, been neglected 
 by archaeologists in this country, which fact has been 
 severely criticised by European students. To omit, 
 therefore, even a brief consideration of the subject 
 would be inconsistent, and oblige the readers of this 
 work to remain uninformed as to the anatomical 
 
 204 
 
o 
 
 > 
 s 
 
 
 J3 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 205 
 
2o6 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 characteristics of the people whose remains were 
 excavated from the various earthworks and mounds 
 I'eferred to in the preceding pages. 
 
 During a visit to Washington made a couple of 
 years ago, Dr. Thomas Wilson, Curator of Pre- 
 historic Anthropology at the Smithsonian Institution, 
 courteously allowed us to examine the crania and 
 skeletons of the mound collection deposited tempor- 
 arily in that museum by Mr. Moorehead. A portion 
 of this material had been excavated from stone 
 graves within Fort Ancient and the stone heaps 
 which lie upon the terraces without its walls. The 
 other part came from various village sites on the 
 bottoms of the Little Miami River which are 
 covered by alluvial deposits, and from various other 
 portions of the State of Ohio. Notes taken at that 
 time have greatly aided in the preparation of this 
 chapter. During the residence of the archaeological 
 survey at Chillicothe various archaeological collec- 
 tions were placed at our disposal for examination, 
 and much valuable information obtained. This dis- 
 position to aid investigation was not only apparent 
 at that place, but in all parts of the State which it 
 was necessary to visit in order to obtain the neces- 
 sary data for comparison. 
 
 It is difficult to classify the crania found through- 
 out the mound-building and stone-grave areas of 
 the State of Ohio (Fig. xlv.). The same variations 
 in form and capacity are to be remarked in them as 
 among those of the Mississippi and Cumberland 
 valleys, and types as wide apart as those of the 
 Caucasian and Ethiopian are not uncommon. Still 
 
1 > 
 
 207 
 
208 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 if we may judge from the careful investigations of 
 Professor Putnam, Dr. Metz, Mr. Fowke, Messrs. 
 Moorehead and Cresson in the Big and Little Miami 
 valleys, and that of the Scioto, and other portions 
 of Ohio, the predominant type of the crania exca- 
 vated is brachycephalic (Fig. xlvii.). Traces of these 
 short-headed people are to be found in Peru, Central 
 America, Mexico, New Mexico, and Arizona, and 
 may be traced across from the south and west until 
 we find them intermingled with the long-headed 
 peoples of localities east of the Mississippi — their 
 burials extending even as far as the Atlantic coast. 
 These migrations of the brachycephali seem to have 
 been more hotly contested at some points than at 
 others by the people whom they finally encountered 
 and absorbed in Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee. 
 At Fort Ancient the struggle seems to have been a 
 bitter one, as indicated by Mr. Moorehead's descrip- 
 tion of the condition of the osteological material 
 from the Middle Fort. No friendly relations seem 
 to have existed. The long-heads (Fig. xlvi.) were 
 evidently the attacking people, who beseiged the 
 earthwork and were buried apart outside of its walls 
 under the stone heaps. At Hopewell's Earthwork, 
 farther to the eastward, the burials do not indicate 
 this marked separation, for we find both types inter- 
 mingled together, the short-headed greatly predomi- 
 nating, the other people in fact almost absoi'bed by 
 them. This same predominance of the short-heads 
 over the dolicocephalic type is also to be remarked 
 at Madison ville cemetery, southwest of Fort An- 
 cient, and at Hopewell's Earthwork. 
 
209 
 
2IO PRIMITIVE MAN IN_ OHIO. 
 
 At the aboriginal cemetery near Madisonville, 
 twelve hundred crania out of fourteen hundred 
 were classed as brachy cephalic. Further references 
 might be made to the short-headed people in other 
 groups of mounds and cemeteries of Ohio, but as 
 we are considering the osteological material from 
 certain specified localities already referred to, we 
 shall confine our remarks to it alone. 
 
 The general characteristics of the brachycephalic 
 skulls in the collections of which we speak are not 
 unlike those of the stone-grave people of Tennessee. 
 In fact their modes of burial at Fort Ancient, 
 Oregonia, and at Hopewell's Earthworks on the 
 North Fork of Paint Creek are similar, as indicated 
 in Chapter viii. An examination of several thou- 
 sand stone graves in Tennessee has also led us to the 
 same conclusions, especially since abundant oppor- 
 tunities have been afforded for comparison while 
 superintending work in different parts of Ohio. 
 
 The crania of the brachycephalic type in the vari- 
 ous Ohio collections that we have examined are 
 short, round, and in some cases quite heavy (Fig. 
 XLVii.). A skull excavated at Hopewell's Earthworks, 
 Ross County, Ohio, weighed thirty-three and a half 
 ounces. The frontal bones retreat somewhat tow- 
 ard the parietals, which are full and moderately 
 elevated. 
 
 The face is a little shorter perhaps than the aver- 
 age mesaticephali and dolicocephali who are found 
 at times intermingled in their burials, and has large 
 and prominent cheek-bones. The brows in the 
 crania before us are nearly straight, the superciliary 
 

 ^ 
 
 211 
 
212 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 ridges heavy, and the orbits open and square. Tne 
 supranasal depression in most cases is not strongly 
 marked and in some of the crania does not exist. 
 
 The nasal spine in front of the ethmoidal notch 
 projects downwards and forwards, and is generally 
 well developed (Fig. xlix., a), but exceptions are to 
 be noted in which the spine is short and blunt. The 
 nasal bone is oblong, and varies in size with different 
 individuals. The concavity from above downward, 
 of the outer surface, in two cases before us, is greatly 
 exaggerated, amounting to a positive deformity (see 
 illustration, Fig. xlix., b). It cannot be attributed 
 to the distortion of earth pressure, as the specimens 
 referred to were taken from stone graves where the 
 slabs of stone at the side and above prevented direct 
 contact of the earth with the bones. 
 
 The jaws are heavy and at times prognathic, with 
 marked projection of the mental protuberance. 
 Prognathism is not a constant feature of this collec- 
 tion. The dental foramen varies in its position to 
 the right and left of a line drawn perpendicularly 
 through the centre of the second bicuspid tooth. 
 The external oblique line is strongly developed- with 
 marked inclination of the ridge upward and back- 
 ward. The tubercles for the attachment of the genio- 
 hyo-glossi muscles in some cases are quite long, while 
 those below for the genio-hyoideus are scarcely per- 
 ceptible. Sometimes but one side of the tubercles 
 is developed. At times the tubercles for the attach- 
 ment of the muscles just referred to are almost imper- 
 ceptible. 
 
 The occipital bone is trapezoidal in form and 
 
CRANIA AND SKELETONS. 
 
 213 
 
 somewhat curved upon itself. Both it and the 
 parietals, which articulate at the superior border, 
 are at times found flattened into one plane, this 
 being advanced well forward. Various forms of 
 distortion seem to have been produced without any- 
 special tendency to design in moulding that particular 
 portion of the head, but rather from strapping to 
 a cradle-board during infancy. This is suggested 
 by the fact that the occipital bone is flattened, in 
 some cases, from its superior angle well back toward 
 
 Tty-^- J. 
 
 FIG. XLIII. — Fourteen inch flint dagger from Taylor's mound, Oregonia, 
 and copper crescent, mound No. 20, Hopewell's Group. See pages 102 
 and 189. 
 
 the attachment of the ligamentum nuchse, or it may 
 be c.entred somewhat toward the superior angle of 
 the bone. 
 
 To say that the cranium is flattened posteriorly in 
 all cases is too sweeping an assertion, and to avoid 
 confusion in future research it may be suggested 
 that the exact position on the lateral region of the 
 skull be indicated. Where force has been applied 
 to both the frontal and occipital bones at the same 
 time, the distortion is of course more easily recog- 
 
214 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 nized. " Accidental flattening of the head," as we 
 shall designate it, is not so common among the 
 specimens that we have examined from the trreat 
 and Little Miami and Scioto valleys, as in those 
 found among the stone graves and mounds of Ten- 
 nessee and Kentucky. In some cases, however, dis- 
 tortion by accidental flattening is so great as to 
 interfere with accurate measurements of the skull. 
 Post-mortem compression, too, must be considered, as 
 it modifies the original form of the skull, and both it 
 and accidental flattening may increase its width. 
 We have had the opportunity of excavating with 
 our own hand various skeletons and crania from the 
 lower levels of large mounds at the Hopewell Earth- 
 works. The superincumbent masses of earth com- 
 prising the structures measured respectively twenty- 
 two feet and twelve feet. Above the bones, in both 
 instances, were masses of pebbles cemented together 
 by the percolation of water from above through 
 layers of earth and clay impregnated with ferrous 
 oxide, forming a hard concrete. This was so hard 
 as to almost defy the picks of our workmen. It 
 might naturally be supposed that this stout covering 
 would protect the skeletons buried beneath, yet so 
 hard was the pressure from above that in the major- 
 ity of cases the bones were flattened, and, to use the 
 expression of the foreman of the laborers employed 
 in excavating, " the bones looked as if they had been 
 drawn between iron rollers." This gives us a good 
 example of the pliability of the bones of the skele- 
 tons when directly exposed to earth pressure. Where 
 the interments are protected by coverings as in the 
 

 
 
 215 
 
2l6 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 stone grave, its effects are seldom perceptible. The 
 effects of earth pressure cannot be too carefully con- 
 sidered, especially in material from earth mounds 
 where clay predominates in the structure. ^^^ a 
 general thing we have remarked less distortion in 
 osseous material excavated from gravel pits and 
 mounds in which this material is in direct contact 
 with the bones. 
 
 For convenience in the classification of crania 
 where accidental flattening has occurred, the method 
 adopted by Mr. Lucien Carr, Assistant Curator of 
 the Peabody Museum, Harvard University, is un- 
 doubtedly the best. He has established, to use his 
 own words, " A purely arbitrary fourth class of flat- 
 tened skulls, to which is relegated all those having 
 an index of .900 and over." ^ 
 
 Resuming our description of the principal feat- 
 ures of the brachycephalic skull, it may be said 
 that the squamous portion of the temporal bone is 
 slightly thicker than in the European, and the zy- 
 goma slightly heavier and more prominent. The 
 post-glenoid process is well marked. The mastoid 
 portion of the temporal bone is heavy in many cases, 
 but not sufficiently marked to distinguish those in the 
 skulls before us, from those of the dolicocephali and 
 mesaticephali of the regions which we are consider- 
 ing. The digastric fossa is deeply marked, also the 
 groove for the occipital artery. The fossa sigmoidea 
 is very broad and deep in the specimens which are 
 being excavated at Hopewell's Earthworks, much 
 
 ' Eleventh Annual Report of the Peabody Museum, 1878, vol. ii., No. 2, 
 p. 371. 
 
CRANIA AND SKELETONS. 
 
 217 
 
 more so we think than in the European, but situ- 
 ated as we are in the field, without the necessary 
 means of comparison with specimens from other 
 localities, it is impossible to speak with exactitude. 
 
 The surfaces, spines, and processes, for muscular 
 attachment, upon the bases of the crania are well 
 de\^eloped. 
 
 The pneumatic spine of Hyrtl was observed in 
 three crania. 
 
 FIG. XLVi. — Skull from Hopewell's Group. See page 223. 
 
 Large Wormian bones are to be noticed in many 
 of the brachycephalic skulls corresponding to num- 
 bers three, four, and five of Broca's scale, and in 
 seven crania epactal bones are found complicated 
 with a multitude of minute Wormian bones. These 
 bones seem to predominate among the brachycephali 
 of the collection now before us. 
 
 The incomplete os incce of Anoutchine was found 
 
2l8 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 in two, and the true quadrate bone in four crania. 
 The ossa apicis of Virchow is to be remarked in 
 five of the Scioto valley skulls and three of those 
 fi-om Fort Ancient. 
 
 In eight of the brachycephalic skulls the squa- 
 mosal suture was closed. In sixteen the sagittal 
 
 FIG. XLVii. — Skull, side view, Fort Ancient, stone grave. See pages 
 208 and 223. 
 
 suture was closed. In ten specimens the coronal and 
 sagittal sutures were both obliterated. Three had 
 the coronal and sagittal sutures partly obliterated, 
 while in seven the coronal, sagittal, and lambdoidal 
 were entirely closed. 
 
 We shall speak next of the mesaticephalic crania. 
 
CRANIA AND SKELETONS. 219 
 
 having begun with that of the short-headed people, 
 because they predominate so largely over the dolico- 
 cephali in the collections before us from the Little 
 Miami and Scioto valleys. 
 
 MesaticephaliG Crania. 
 
 The bones of these skulls are not so heavy as in 
 the brachycephalic type, and the posterior parietals 
 less sloping. The forehead is retreating, with heavy 
 superciliary ridges. The glabella is not prominent, 
 and with but few nasal depressions. The occiput 
 is, as a general thing, heavier and raised higher than 
 the alveolar plane of the dolicocephali with which 
 they have been compared. The mastoid processes 
 of the temporal bone are narrower and shorter, and 
 not so well developed as in the long skulls. Neither 
 are the planes and processes of attachment on their 
 bases so well marked as in the two other types 
 under consideration. 
 
 The sutures are like those of the short-headed 
 people in character, and the Wormian bones not so 
 well developed, seldom measuring over number three 
 of Broca's scale. The majority of the males are 
 platyrhine, the females and children mesorhine. 
 
 DolicocephaliG Crania. 
 
 The bones of the skull ar'e not heavy. Viewed in 
 front, the skull presents an oval with the large end 
 extending well behind, caused by a somewhat narrow 
 bulging occiput. The forehead is generally high 
 and narrow, with strongly marked superciliary 
 
220 
 
 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 ridges. Posterior condyloid and mastoid equi. 
 rium are noticeable features of a few of tlie crai 
 but, as a general thing, ordinary equilibrium occ 
 most frequently. At the Ophyeojst the outline 
 
 FIG. XLViil. — Perforated skull, Hopewell's Group. Occipital perforati 
 See page 234. 
 
 the carinated ridge is somewhat narrow, gradu£ 
 widening as it approaches the bregma. Above 
 obelion a bifurcation in the specimen before iii 
 apparent, disappeai-ing upon the parietal bone, i 
 
CRANIA AND SKELETONS. 221 
 
 in other cases diverging somewhat toward the himb- 
 doid suture. The outline of the majority of the 
 Scioto valley dolicocephali is somewhat retreating, 
 more marked in this respect than those of Fort 
 Ancient and Oregonia. 
 
 The mastoid process is long, full, and broad, with 
 its posterior border directed obliquely downward 
 and forward. Following an imaginary line upward 
 and backward, we arrive at the posterior part of the 
 temporal ridge on the side of the head. It is well 
 developed and prominent, curving well forward over 
 or above the parietal eminences, its highest point 
 generally extending back of the coronal suture. The 
 styloid process in two of the crania, one specimen 
 excavated from a stone grave at Fort Ancient by 
 Mr. Moorehead, and another excavated by Dr. Cres- 
 son at Foster's, measured four and a half and five 
 centimetres respectively (Fig. lii., b). 
 
 The diameter of maximum breadth ends, in some 
 of these crania, at a point a little below half-way 
 between the parietal eminences and the squamous 
 suture. It is, in most cases, to the rear of the auric- 
 ulo-bregmatic line. 
 
 There is no constant relation, so far as we are able 
 to discover, between the capacity of these crania and 
 the size of the foramen magnum. 
 
 The coronal and sagittal sutures and the lambdoid 
 increase in complexity posteriorly with few excep- 
 tions. The sutures are quite frequently opened in 
 those crania from the Scioto valley, but not so much 
 as at Fort Ancient and Oregonia. The sutures varied 
 in complexity from two to five of Broca's scale. 
 
222 
 
 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 The "pterion in H " of Broca was remarked in ei^ 
 out of one hundred skulls. The internasal sutu 
 were remarked closed in eight out of thirty crai 
 from the Little Miami, Scioto, and Ohio valleys. 
 
 The number of Wormian bones in the dolico 
 phalic crania are fewer in number than in those of \ 
 two other types already spoken of. 
 
 
 FIG. XLIX. — Fragments of crania showing low facial angles. 
 Group. See pages 212 and 232. 
 
 Hopewe 
 
 The nasal bones are long and of medium widtl 
 The crania from Foster's are blunt along the \o^ 
 border of the nasal aperture. The nasal spint 
 usually blunt in the majority of crania from 
 Scioto valley in the collection before us. 
 
 At Hopewell's Earthworks sixty-nine skelet 
 
CRANIA AND SKELETONS. 223; 
 
 were excavated, and of these, so far as we were 
 able to determine, thii'ty were brachycephalic (Fig. 
 XLVii.), ten dolicocephalic (Fig. xlvi.), four mesa- 
 ticephalic, and the remainder were so injured by the 
 great length of time which had elapsed since their 
 burial, and the distortions of earth-pressui-e, that it 
 was impossible to determine their classification. 
 Fifty other crania were examined in the Moorehead 
 and various other private collections. Of this 
 latter number forty were brachycephalic, twelve 
 dolicocephalic, and six mesaticephalic. This gives 
 us from the valleys of the Big and Little Miami, 
 the Scioto, and the Ohio a total of severity 
 brachycephalic, twenty-two dolicocephalic, and ten 
 mesaticephalic, a total of one hundred and two 
 crania. 
 
 In determining age, sex, and dentition, the meth- 
 ods of Broca, Topinard, and Flower were used. 
 
 In thirty males and five females from the Hope- 
 well Earthworks (Scioto valley), the males were 
 from eighteen to seventy years old, the females, 
 seventeen to forty-five years, and children eight to 
 fifteen years old. 
 
 In thirteen crania from Foster's we have eleven 
 males, from twenty to seventy-five years of age ; two 
 females, eighteen and thirty-nine years respectively. 
 
 The male crania from Oregonia range from twenty 
 to eighty years, females eighteen to forty-five, chil- 
 dren eleven to sixteen years. 
 
 At Fort Ancient, we are informed by Mr. Moore- 
 head, that the males range from about eighteen to 
 seventy-five years of age, the females from about 
 
224 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 twenty-one to forty-eight years, and the children 
 from eight to fifteen years. 
 
 Dentition.— The lower jaw in the three types of 
 crania which we have just briefly noted is somewhat 
 prognathic and heavy, but exceptions are quite fre- 
 quent. The direction of the front teeth is in many 
 instances slightly oblique, ranging from this to ver- 
 tical. The chin projects, in some cases, about two 
 millimetres, the height in front being greater than 
 that of the last molar ; but in some cases the lower 
 jaws from Fort Ancient, Foster's, and the valleys of 
 the Scioto and Ohio are slightly retreating, their 
 height in front measuring about the same as at the 
 fii'st molar. We note a recession in a single case of 
 one and a half millimetres approaching somewhat 
 the jaw of La Naulette. 
 
 The teeth of the dolicocephalic skulls in the speci- 
 mens before us are larger than the brachycephalic. 
 They correspond in wear to the first and second 
 degree of Broca. The roots of several molar teeth 
 from the lower jaw, measured to the base of the 
 crown, give one and a half centimetres. From the 
 end of the shortest root to the top of the crown,, 
 although much worn, gives two centimetres. Cur- 
 vature at the end of the roots in the molars, bicus 
 pids, and incisors of both upper and lower jaws was. 
 remarked in a great many of the teeth from the 
 Hopewell Earthworks. These peculiarities were also 
 remarked in teeth excavated from the aboriginal 
 cemetery on Burton's farm, Foster's. Also in those 
 from Oregonia, in the same valley, not many miles 
 distant from the last mentioned place. 
 
225 
 
226 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 The teeth of the brachycephalic people of the 
 Miami valley in the specimens before us are shorter, 
 and in wear correspond to the first, second, and third 
 degrees of Broca and Topinard ; the second degree 
 being marked in eighteen out of thirty teeth from 
 the upper and lower Jaws. The third degree of 
 Broca was remarked in five out of thirty crania. 
 Five of these were from the superior maxillary 
 and three from the inferior maxillary bones. The 
 dental indices of all the crania examined may be 
 classed as mesodont according to the formula of 
 Flower, ^^^ = d. 
 
 The forms of the alveolar arches, considered accor- 
 ding to the aspects of Broca, were as follows : hyper- 
 bolic and parabolic. Parallelism and convergence 
 were noted in a few cases, which, according to Broca 
 and Topinard, is rare. 
 
 A supernumerary tooth was noticed in one instance 
 at the inner side of the lower Jaw alongside of the 
 second bicuspid. 
 
 The consolidation of the roots of many of the 
 teeth of the upper and lower Jaws was noticeable in 
 specimens at the Hopewell Earthworks, and in various 
 other localities of Ohio. We are informed, however, 
 by those who have made a special study of dentition, 
 that this is not uncommon among European and 
 Ethiopian races. 
 
 In this connection, while considering the dentition 
 of the upper and lower Jaws, it will be interesting 
 to mention a peculiar- habit of the people who erected 
 the tumuli at Hopewell's farm, that of placing along- 
 side of their dead, ornaments made of the superior 
 
CRANIA AND SKELETONS. 22/ 
 
 and inferior maxillary bones. In mounds Numbers 
 Eighteen, Twenty-three, and Three at the above 
 mentioned earthwork, the upper jaw was found 
 placed alongside of the left humerus about four 
 inches below the articulation of the glenoid process 
 of the scapula. The specimens in question (Fig. l., 
 A, B, E, h) had been in two cases cut across the 
 alveoli a little below the level of the incisors and 
 bicuspids, and in another instance just above. The 
 work of cutting across the bone and teeth had evi- 
 dently been done by some sharp instrument, proba- 
 bly of metal. It has been suggested that the speci- 
 mens had been sawed across and then ground down, 
 but the incisions are so sharp, and the marks of the 
 instrument with cutting edge so plain, that we deem 
 this to be impossible. A fragment of a jaw from an 
 aboriginal cemetery on Burton's farm, which we 
 explored in the latter part of August, 1891, has two 
 round perforations, which extend entirely through 
 the bone, one of these below the coronoid process 
 and the other a little in front of the dental foramen. 
 Since then another specimen of this kind has been 
 discovered with two perforations on either side, just 
 above the mental process of the lower jaw. It was 
 found at Hopewell's Earthworks in mound Number 
 Three. The specimen in question has been for- 
 warded to Chicago, where it will be exhibited at the 
 World's Columbian Exposition. The other speci- 
 men of a perforated inferior maxillary is in our own 
 possession. The total number of these specimens 
 discovered is three incised superior maxillary bones 
 and two perforated inferior maxillary bones, one 
 
228 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 from the Scioto valley and the other from that of 
 the Little Miami. 
 
 The bones of the brachycephalic peoples that we 
 have examined from various parts of Ohio indicate 
 ihat they were strongly built, their height averaging 
 about five feet four to five feet six inches, basing our 
 calculations upon the length of the femur (Fig. lii.), 
 as .275 of the height of the skeleton. The largest 
 skeleton of the brachycephali . discovered measured 
 six feet one inch. 
 
 The height of the dolicocephali examined aver- 
 aged about five feet two inches. 
 
 The humeri of the male skeletons are strong and 
 frequently twisted, especially those from Foster's, 
 Oregonia, and Fort Ancient. At Hopewell's Earth- 
 works, the frequency of perforation of the olecranon 
 (Fig. LI.) is remarkable. Variations are to be no- 
 ticed in the shape of these perforations. In some, 
 the bones of both sides are perforated, others on one 
 side only ; perforations of the left side predominat- 
 ing. Sixteen perforated humeri out of fifty-four 
 skeletons that were fit for examination give us a 
 percentage of 34^. Of these fourteen humeri, eleven 
 were of males and four of females ; one of a child. The 
 humeri of three skeletons were perforated on both 
 sides; two on the right side, and the remainder on 
 the left side. At Hopewell's, the majority of per- 
 forations of the humerus were observed on the skel- 
 etons of the short-headed people. It is not impos- 
 sible, as suggested by learned authorities on the 
 subject, that perforations of this kind were produced 
 •by impact of the coronoid or olecranon processes of 
 
229 
 
■230 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 the ulna. In one case, especially, from mound Number 
 Thirty-five, Hopewell's Earthworks, it has been sug- 
 gested that the sharp elongated spine of the latter 
 process (olecranon) had produced it, as it projects 
 much farther into the opening than in some other 
 specimens of this collection. It would be safer, how- 
 ever, to consider that it may be caused by a defi- 
 ciency of bone structure in the olecranon fossa, for it 
 is wanting in some of the mammalia, and evidently 
 not produced by continued extension of the forearm. 
 
 Incurvation of the upper portion of the ulna is to 
 be remai'ked in eleven specimens. 
 
 The femur (Fig. lii.), in the male skeleton of the 
 long- and short-headed people, is generally thick and 
 strong and the linea aspera carinated. 
 
 Channelled fibulae, with enlarged grooves, and the 
 femnr a colonne, are to be remarked in several cases 
 at Fort Ancient. 
 
 Platycnemism is to be remarked in numerous cases. 
 Of one hundred tibiae from the various localities men- 
 tioned in this chapter, when compared with those of 
 Europeans, eighteen were flattened and ten bent. 
 The flattest tibiae, in the majority of cases, were on 
 the left side. 
 
 The tibiae, when compared with those of Euro- 
 peans, were found to exceed the latter in length in 
 many cases ; a distinct majority being noticed among 
 those of the stone-grave people of Fort Ancient, and 
 those of the tumuli at Hopewell's Group. 
 
 Fracture of the humerus was noted in two cases 
 at Hopewell's Earthwork, and of the radius and ulna 
 in three specimens from Foster's. The injuries of 
 
CRANIA AND SKELETONS. 
 
 231 
 
 the bones, from the latter place, had been quite- 
 skilfully treated. Figure liv., a and b shows the 
 two fractures. 
 
 An anterior dislocation of the head of the right 
 humerus from a mound in the Scioto valley had 
 
 A 
 
 — ^(nnlTT — 
 
 FIG. Lll. — Skulls and femura, fragmentary. Hopewell's. See pages 22r 
 
 and 228. 
 
 evidently baffled the skill of the medicine-man, who 
 did not succeed in resetting it (Fig. liv., e). The 
 glenoid cavity has been absorbed and a new cavity 
 
232 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 for articulation been formed on the inner side of the 
 neck of the scapula, extending from the attachment 
 of the triceps muscle to within one centimetre of the 
 coracoid process. A new formation of bone is to be 
 remarked upon the anterior surface of the head of 
 the humerus, consisting of a plate of bone three and 
 a half centimetres long, and as many broad. Its sur- 
 face is convex and fits into the new articular cavity. 
 The motion of the arm must have been somewhat 
 limited. 
 
 Certain occipital bones in our collection from the 
 Little Miami, Muskingum, Scioto, and Ohio valleys, 
 we think, present anomalies of the cerebral surface. 
 It is impossible to obtain material for comparison 
 with European races, situated as we are at present 
 in the exploration camp at North Fork of Paint 
 Creek, yet some of the peculiarities are so marked 
 that a short description may be interesting to the 
 archaeologist. There is an abnormal enlargement of 
 the cerebral and cerebellar fossae in several cases 
 (see Fig. xlix., f), sometimes on one side of the 
 crucial ridge and sometimes on the other. Out of 
 the six occipital bones in our collection, enlargements 
 of the fossae which receive the posterior lobes of the 
 cerebrum are to be noticed on the left side and one 
 on the right. The two inferior fossae, which receive 
 the hemispheres of the cerebellum, are enlarged, viz. : 
 three on the left of the occipital sinus and one on 
 its right side. The sinuses between the four fossae 
 named are frequently distorted, and the internal 
 occipital protuberance, which is generally poorly 
 developed, is placed to one side or the other, the 
 
CRANIA AND SKELETONS. 235, 
 
 corresponding fossas on the opposite side being 
 reduced in size, and in some cases almost obliterated. 
 Corresponding slight protuberances on the extei'ior 
 surface of the occipital bone generally mark the site 
 of the depressions within ; in some cases, however, 
 there is scarcely any indication, the superior and 
 inferior cui-ved lines being quite broad and thick, 
 and the occipital protuberance for the attachment of 
 the ligamentiim nucliCB enlarged. It is true that the two 
 inferior fossae of the internal surface of the occipital, 
 in the normal condition, are the largest of the four 
 to be found in this bone, but marked changes in 
 depth and size in either of these fossae, or in those 
 that support the posterior lobes of the cerebrum, 
 together with the distortion of the sinuses, are cer- 
 tainly interesting. Whether it is due to cradle 
 pressure, as suggested by a professional friend in 
 Cincinnati, we are not prepared to say. The 
 anomaly has been found in specimens from several 
 parts of Ohio, widely separated, as already men- 
 tioned, and it would be valuable to know what, 
 number and type of crania there are in museums 
 possessing the same peculiarities. It can, of course, 
 be studied best in disarticulated or broken skulls.. 
 Certain it is, that the endocranial surface of the 
 skulls of our aboriginal people ought to be more 
 seriously compared with those of other races, and 
 any differences that may exist, however slight, should 
 be carefully noted. ' 
 
 The peculiar American characteristics of the 
 occipital bone, somewhat flattened externally and 
 internally, presenting the " Aymarian depression,'" 
 
234 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 Las been observed in quite a number of cases in 
 crania excavated from the mounds and graves of the 
 Big and Little Miami valleys, the Scioto, and in the 
 crania before us from different portions of Ohio. 
 
 Crania excavated from different portions of the 
 mound areas of the United States have been noted 
 in which incisions have been made in various regions 
 of the skull. A cranium found in an interment at 
 Hopewell's Earthwork, placed alongside of the 
 skeleton of a brachy cephalic type, upon examination 
 was found to have been perforated (Fig. xlviii.) 
 through the occipital bone, at a distance of about a. 
 centimetre and a half to the left-hand side of the fora- 
 men magnum. The incision was quite small, perhaps 
 three millimetres in width, and was evidently ^06?^ 
 mortem in character. This peculiarity of perforating 
 the different bones of the skull with small incisions, 
 to which reference has ali'eady been made in this 
 chapter, is interesting, and, so far as we are aware,, 
 peculiar to the aborigines who built Hopewell's 
 Earthwork in the Scioto valley. 
 
 The collection of bones which we have been con- 
 sidering has, of course, as among other races, indica- 
 tions of morbid changes due to forms of inflammation^ 
 such as periostitis, osteitis, caries, exostosis, sclerosis, 
 etc. We have also noticed several cases of curvature 
 of the tibiae (Fig. liii.) approaching, somewhat, to the 
 degree shown in the illustrations of Fournier, and des- 
 ignated by this distinguished specialist "Lame-de- 
 Sabre." Another pair of tibiae excavated from the lower 
 level of mound Number Twenty-three, Hopewell's 
 
235 
 
236 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 Earthwork, indicate a diseased condition of the bone. 
 These were forwarded to Chicago and it was impos- 
 sible to examine them, except in a superficial manner, 
 in the short time that elapsed between their exhuma- 
 tion and their shipment west. We hesitate to say 
 that any of the remains of the people before us show 
 indications of specific affections. There is an 
 absence of gummatous and nodular lesions of the 
 various sizes and conditions which is peculiar to 
 bone syphilis. Neither are the larger lesions, which 
 are found iii laminated and eburnated conditions,, 
 present. The osseous material which we have ex- 
 amined from Fort Ancient, Oregonia, and the Scioto 
 valley mounds, is remarkably free from syphilitic 
 indications. We have to note, however, some ex- 
 ceptions in the southern portion of the valley of the 
 Little Miami, where there is a slight suggestion of 
 specific taint in the bones, namely, the fragments of 
 a skull found at the Madisonville cemetery, and por- 
 tions of crania from an aboriginal buiying-place on 
 Burton's farm, near Maineville, Ohio. The frag- 
 ments from Madisonville cemetery are those of a left 
 parietal, probably that of a female. It was excavated 
 during a visit made to the spot in the summer of 
 1890, from the Peabody Museum camp at the Turner 
 group of mounds, not far distant from Batavia Junc- 
 tion. Certain degenerations iu the cerebral surface 
 of this bone may be the result of gummatous involve- 
 ment. The indications, however, require comparison 
 with other material, which at present it is impossible 
 to obtain. The two frontal bones from Burton's 
 farm have small nodes of bone on their exterior sur- 
 
CRANIA AND SKELETONS. 
 
 237 
 
 faces and certain indications of the cerebral surface 
 which, may or may not be specific, but well merit 
 the careful study of a specialist. One of the most 
 thorough articles yet written upon pre-Columbian 
 syphilis in America ' is that of Professor Hyde of 
 
 FIG. Liv. — Fracture of head of humerus, and of the ulnse. See page 231. 
 
 Chicago. Those of our readers, especially the 
 anthropologists, who may be interested upon the 
 subject, will do well to read this carefully prepared 
 contribution to science. 
 
 ' See the American Journal of the Medical Sciences for August, i8gi, 
 edited by Edward P. Davis, A.M., M.D., Philadelphia. 
 
238 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 Exostoses of the external auditory meatus are to 
 be remarked in seven out of fifty skulls examined. 
 The cerebral surfaces of several of the crania suggest 
 that inflammatoiy action may have caused certain in- 
 dications that are present, but this cannot well be 
 determined on account of the decayed condition of 
 the bone. 
 
 Ankylosis of axis and the third cervical vertebra, 
 is to be noticed in a single instance, and partial osteo- 
 arthritis of the spinal column in two cases. 
 
 One case of marked indentation of the skull is to 
 be seen in a cranium from Foster's, Ohio. It is in 
 the angle formed by the interparietal and occipito- 
 parietal sutures. The inner table of the skull had 
 only been slightly injured, repair having taken 
 place. 
 
 The average capacity of twenty-five crania, given 
 in the table at the end of this chapter, is 1319 c. c, 
 even below the average of the much flattened skulls 
 with an index at or over .900, quoted by Mr. Carr 
 from Dr. Jones' collection,' standing between three 
 of the series of Mr. Carr's measurements of stone- 
 grave crania, viz. : 
 
 30= 18 15 
 
 1341 c. c, 1335 c. c, and 1284 c. c. (the latter av- 
 erage probably female). The maximum capacity, it 
 will be seen by reference to the table, is 1600 c. c.,. 
 the minimum capacity is 1118 c. c, and the range is 
 482. The mean capacity of the whole is therefore 
 less than that of the American Indian, or 1376 c. c, 
 
 ^ Eleventh Ann. Rep. Peahody Museum^ vol. ii., No. 2, page 378. 
 '^ These small figures denote the number of crania measured in Carr's 
 tables. See pp. 368-373 (ibid.). 
 
CRANIA AND SKELETONS. 239 
 
 and greater than that of the ancient Peruvian, which 
 is only 1250 c. c. 
 
 The rest of the crania referred to in this chapter, 
 from Ohio, numbering one hundred and two speci- 
 mens, are in such a condition, from the effects of 
 earth pressure and long burial, that the exactitude 
 of measurements is out of the question. 
 
 The majority of the crania are microcephalic. 
 
 Nine of the twenty-five skulls are platyrhine, six 
 are leptorhine, and six mesorhine. 
 
 The range of the cephalic index is .121, or .774 to 
 ,895. The average of the index of breadth is .837. 
 The total of skulls with an index above .800 is 
 twenty-one. Those with an index between .750 and 
 ,800 are four in number. 
 
 Conclusions. 
 
 The skeletons of the brachycephalic people in the 
 collections examined from the Great and Little 
 Miami valleys, and those of the Scioto and Ohio, 
 suggest that they were strong and well built, and in 
 stature slightly superior to the dolicocephali. 
 
 No skeletons of gigantic size were discovered, and 
 there is but little doubt that the progenitors of the 
 American race were in height subject to the same 
 variations in stature which are to be remarked among 
 our recent tribes. 
 
 In anatomical peculiarities, the people of the 
 Scioto, Ohio, and Great and Little Miami valleys 
 closely resemble those of the stone-grave people of 
 Tennessee, and are in all probability but a prolonga- 
 
240 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. 
 
 tion of that short-headed stock northward into the 
 localities named. 
 
 In some of the large mounds, especially those of 
 Hopewell's Earthwork in the Scioto valley, and 
 mounds of the Little Miami valley, the crania are 
 remarkable for their great thickness and low, retreat- 
 ing, narrow foreheads, with heavy superciliary ridges, 
 these at times being replaced by a flat plane similar 
 to that shown in Fig. xlix., e, running backward 
 somewhat horizontally, and then losing itself in the 
 rest of the frontal bone as it mounts toward the 
 parietals. The sketch given is a faithful reproduc- 
 tion of the fragment of a cranium now in our posses- 
 sion from mound Number Three. 
 
 We cannot overlook the fact that the crania and 
 skeletons examined by us, many of them excavated 
 by our own hands, approach, somewhat, the negro 
 in their anatomical characteristics. They are those 
 of an inferior race with strong meso- and brachy-ce- 
 phalic affinities. None of the characteristics of the 
 Mongolian or of Mongoloid types are present in any 
 of the Ohio crania which we have examined. They 
 are evidently those of a people whose racial type 
 was created and fixed on the American continent — 
 in other words, the American Race. 
 
CRANIA AND SKELETONS. 
 
 24I 
 
 MEASUREMENTS OF CRANIA FROM MOUNDS AND STONE 
 GRAVES OF OHIO,' .780-800+. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 si 
 
 a 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 c 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 1150 
 
 ■3 
 
 a 
 J 
 
 158 
 
 5- i .• -3 
 
 ffl 1 m : £ 
 
 1 -a 
 
 1 i s 
 
 
 
 si 
 
 .a 
 
 bfl 
 '53 
 
 35 
 
 •M 
 
 
 
 87 
 
 Whet-e From. 
 
 [ 
 
 137 
 
 135 
 
 .860 
 
 •891 .5637 
 
 Little Miami Valley 
 
 2 
 
 1300 
 
 164 
 
 133 
 
 126 
 
 .835 
 
 .769 .52 
 
 41 
 
 38,90 
 
 " 
 
 3 
 
 1385 
 
 167 
 
 132 
 
 141 
 
 • 774 
 
 .815 .42 
 
 41 
 
 3498 
 
 " 
 
 4 
 
 1390 
 
 170 
 
 139 
 
 133 
 
 .815 
 
 •783 •sz 
 
 43 
 
 3392 
 
 " 
 
 5 
 
 1210 
 
 168 
 
 122 
 
 142 
 
 .812 
 
 •780 .57 
 
 40 
 
 3i|96 
 
 " 
 
 6 
 
 1600 
 
 170 
 
 147 
 
 140 
 
 .895 
 
 .802 1.48 
 
 37 
 
 3786 
 
 " 
 
 7 
 
 1490 
 
 169 
 
 135 
 
 132 
 
 .820 
 
 •763. 52 
 
 39 
 
 32,84 
 
 Great Miami Valley 
 
 8 
 
 1210 
 
 162 
 
 129 
 
 130 
 
 .835 
 
 • 7S4^54 38 
 
 38,87 
 
 " 
 
 9 
 
 1500 
 
 170 
 
 145 
 
 140 
 
 .865 
 
 .8io .48,38 
 
 31:84 
 
 " 
 
 10 
 
 1335 
 
 160 
 
 146 
 
 147 
 
 .825 
 
 • S3<J^45 
 
 37 
 
 37,89 
 
 " 
 
 II 
 
 1250 
 
 169 
 
 135 
 
 128 
 
 .840 
 
 .S94 .60 
 
 43 
 
 37,84 
 
 " 
 
 12 
 
 1490 
 
 165 
 
 148 
 
 137 
 
 .889 
 
 .802 .54 
 
 38 
 
 32,91 
 
 " 
 
 13 
 
 1125 
 
 175 
 
 133 
 
 130 
 
 .805 
 
 •763' ^59 
 
 42 
 
 37,86 
 
 " 
 
 14 
 
 1330 
 
 159 
 
 140 
 
 137 
 
 .890 
 
 .867 .45 
 
 37 
 
 3i'90 
 
 " 
 
 15 
 
 I2I5 
 
 167 
 
 135 
 
 I2g 
 
 .812 
 
 .827 .60 
 
 40 
 
 38:91 
 
 Scioto Valley 
 
 16 
 
 1345 
 
 175 
 
 132 
 
 127 
 
 .880 
 
 •790-45 
 
 40 
 
 3294 
 
 " 
 
 17 
 
 1483 
 
 176 
 
 139 
 
 135 
 
 .789 
 
 •775 -49 
 
 38 
 
 3293 
 
 " 
 
 18 
 
 I2I0 
 
 178 
 
 143 
 
 130 
 
 .865 
 
 .825 .50 
 
 42 
 
 3697 
 
 
 19 
 
 II 1 8 
 
 162 
 
 145 
 
 136 
 
 .882 
 
 .845'. 60 
 
 37 
 
 3192 
 
 
 20 
 
 1450 
 
 175 
 
 134 
 
 138 
 
 •757 
 
 • 779^45 
 
 42 
 
 3890 
 
 " 
 
 21 
 
 1290 
 
 166 
 
 135 
 
 130 
 
 .800 
 
 .789 .48 
 
 39 
 
 3491 
 
 Ohio Valley 
 
 22 
 
 1360 
 
 169 
 
 142 
 
 137 
 
 .840 
 
 •811 .59 
 
 35 
 
 3790 
 
 " 
 
 23 
 
 1147 
 
 162 
 
 143 
 
 131 
 
 .880 
 
 .845 ^49 
 
 38;3i;83 
 
 ** 
 
 24 
 
 1330 
 
 157 
 
 141 
 
 13S 
 
 • 885 
 
 •865 .44 
 
 41:37 
 
 92 
 
 " 
 
 25 
 
 1275 
 
 162 
 
 134 
 
 130 
 
 • 787 
 
 • 778 
 
 •49 
 
 39 
 39 
 
 32 
 34 
 
 84 
 89 
 
 ' ' 
 
 Average, 
 
 I3igi67ii37|i34 
 
 • 837 
 
 .Sii 
 
 • 51 
 
 Total of Brachycephalic 
 
 Maximum, 
 
 1600 178 148 
 
 147 
 
 • 895 
 
 .894 
 
 .60 
 
 43 
 
 38 
 
 
 skulls -= 21. 
 
 Minimum, 
 
 1118 157 122 
 
 126 
 
 .774 
 
 ■763 
 
 .42 
 
 35 
 
 31 
 
 
 Mesaticephalic = 4. 
 
 Range, 
 
 482 21 26 
 
 21 
 
 .121 
 
 .231 
 
 .18 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 ' The measures of capacity are in cubic centimetres taken with selected 
 peas. The other measurements are in millimetres and decimals. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Abbott, D., 2 
 
 Aboriginal man, 30 
 
 Alluvial bottom, 22 
 
 Altar, contents of, 26 
 
 Ancient Moitumenis of the Mississippi 
 
 II 
 Anklets of copper, no 
 Antelope horns found in grave, 102 
 Appey, Prof., 18 
 Ash-bed, 86, 130 
 Ashes, preservative quality uf, S7 
 Ash-pits, 17, 23, 25, 51, 54 
 Austin farm, no 
 
 B 
 
 Baryte, 35 
 
 Beads of pearl, 128 
 
 Bear Creek, 22 
 
 Bituminous coal, 32 
 
 Black flint implement, 2 
 
 " Blocking out " shop, 42 
 
 Bone awl, 62 
 
 Bracelet of copper, 155 
 
 Brachycephalic race, 57 
 
 Brown County, 6g, 74 
 
 Brush Creek, 21 
 
 Buckhorn Creek, 5 
 
 Burials, go, 96, 102 
 
 Burned earth and charcoal, 70 
 
 Burton farms, 224, 227 
 
 Busycon shells, 18, 186 
 
 Csesar Creek, 82, loi 
 
 Cannel coal, 32 
 
 Carr, Lucien, 216 
 
 Cat's Creek, 26 
 
 Celt of Greenstone, 62 
 
 Ceremonial stone, no 
 
 Chalcedony, 17, 31, 38, (J5, 155 
 
 Charcoal, flakes, 63 
 
 layers, 60 
 Child's skeleton, 53, 88 
 Chillicothe, 113 
 Chipped limestone pebble, 4 
 Clinton County, 79, 107 
 Cloud Hopewell Farm, .184 
 Columbia County, 14 
 Cooper, W. F., 95 
 Copper, beads, i6g 
 
 bracelets, 23 
 Coshocton County quarries, 43 
 Cowen Creels, 109, no 
 Crania and slieletons, 204, 210 
 Cremated bodies, 24, 120, 141 
 Cresson, Dr., 20 
 Curwen, Mr., 78 
 
 IJ 
 
 Darke and Shelby counties, 14 
 Davis, estate, 23 
 
 Willard H., 21 
 Dentition, 224 
 Disks of flint, 189 
 Doliocephali, 20, 21, 112 
 Doliocephalic, crania, 2g, 57, 199, 219 
 
 stock, 19 
 Drainage system, 41 
 Duck Creek, 94 
 
 243 
 
244 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 E 
 
 Earthenware vessels, 24, 84 
 Earthworks, 12, 37 
 East Fork tumuli, 59 
 Eden Park Museum, 57 
 Elliptical stone mound, 22 
 Excavations, 31, 37, 42, 44, 80, 92 
 near Chillicothe, 144 
 
 Femur h colonne^ 230 
 Flint, deposits, 31, 44 
 
 Ridge, 31 
 Formation of rock flint, 47 
 Fort Ancient, 51, 80, 197, 223 
 
 Hill, 13 
 Fowke, Mr., 20 
 Franklin Township, 32 
 
 Galena, 74 
 
 Glaciers in Alaska, 11 
 Graham, A. A., 6 
 Granville, 12 
 Graves, 62, 79, 95 
 Guest tablet, 108 
 
 H 
 
 Hall, Mrs. Mary, 24 
 Hematite objects, 25, 27 
 Hollow tombs, 94 
 Hopewell, earthwork, 208, 228 
 
 group, log 
 
 tumuli, 184 
 Hughes, Johri, 98 
 Hutchison farm, 75 
 
 K 
 
 " Kitchen-middens," 85 
 Kittaning coal, 32 
 
 Lake Erie, early inhabitants, 14 
 " Lame-de-Sabre, " 234 
 
 La Naulette, 224 
 
 Licking County, 13, 18, 28 
 
 Little Miami River, 104, 206 
 
 Loess deposits, 4 
 
 Long heads, 20 
 
 Loveland, 4 
 
 M 
 Madisonville, 2 
 
 cemetery, 49 
 
 crematory, 208 
 Man's occupancy of America, 9 
 Mastodon Americanus, 52 
 Maumee River, 15 
 Mesaticephalic crania, 219 
 Metz, Dr. C. L., 2, 4, 56 
 Miami valley, 65 
 Microscopic organic bodies, 46 
 Mill Creek, 4 
 Mills, W. C, 5 
 Mississippi and Cumberland valley, 
 
 206 
 Moorehead, Mr., 80 
 Morgan County, 21 
 Mound, builders, 202 
 Mounds, on Davis estate, 24 
 
 on Tighlman Porter's estate, 115 
 
 on Worthington estate, 161 
 
 near slate mills, 158 
 
 No. 38, p. 130 
 
 Nos. 34, 35, 36, pp. 146, 147 
 
 No. 37, p. 151 
 
 No. 39, p. 155 
 
 No. 45, p. 158 
 
 No. 40, p. 162 
 
 No. 41, p. 165 
 
 No. 42, p. 167 
 
 No. 41, p. 168 
 
 No. 43, p. 168 
 Muskingum, River, 12 
 
 valley, 198 
 Myer, W. G., 107 
 
 N 
 Newark Fair Ground 
 16 
 
 Enclosures, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 24.'; 
 
 New Comerstown, 5, 7 
 North Fork of. Paint Creek, 114, 1S4, 
 232 
 
 O 
 
 Objects buried with children, 96 
 
 Obsidian, 30 
 
 Old Fort, 104 
 
 Opossum Mound, 16 
 
 Oregonia, 106 
 
 Ornaments in mounds, 38, 54, 124, 
 
 146, 189 
 Os incLB of Anoutchine, 217 
 Ossa apicis of Virchow, 2l8 
 
 r 
 
 Palseolithic type of Southern France 
 
 and Southern England, 6 
 Palseoliths, 4, 6, 8 
 Patina^ 7 
 
 Peabody Museum, 56 
 Perry Township, 45, 67 
 Pipe of granite, 188 
 Pit, 43 
 
 Pocket post-holes. 
 Porter, Tighlman, 115 
 Pots, 22, 131 
 Pottery, 22, 87, in 
 
 Field, 50 
 Pre-Columbian inhabitants, 20 
 " Pterion in PI " of Broca, 222 
 Putnam, Hill limestone, 32 
 
 Prof. F.W., 2, 13, 56, 105 
 Pyrula shell, 137 
 
 Ross County, 145 
 Rush baskets, 1 8 
 
 Quarries, 3 
 Quartz crystals, 35 
 
 R 
 
 Raccoon Creek, 19 
 Redman and Janes farms, 145 
 Richardson pottery, 107, in 
 Rix Mills, 13 
 
 S 
 
 Sandstone tablets, 24, 25 
 Sarcophagi, loi 
 
 Scenery around Chillicothe, 144 
 Sea shells, 118, 120 
 Semicircle of mounds, 13 
 Serpent Mound, 75 
 Shawnee, Indians, 98, 105 
 
 relics, 114 
 Shell beads, 132, i6g 
 Short heads, 21, 28 
 Simeon Cass farm, 107 
 Skeletons, 24, 25, 51, 55, 61, 64, 72, 
 
 81, 88, loi, 105, 118, 153, 167, 
 
 171 
 Slate objects, 24, 28 
 South Fork cemetery, 104 
 Spells, 37 
 
 Squier and Davis maps, 12 
 Stockaded villages, 40 
 Stone memorials, 17, 24 
 Sunfish Hills, 13 
 
 Tablets, 56, 108 
 Taylor's Mound, 23, 102 
 Thurston, Gen. G. P., 94, 100, 105 
 Todd's Fork, log 
 Tools, 42 
 
 Trees, growth above village site, 98 
 Tunnels, II, 12, 60 
 Tuscarawas, 5 
 
 U 
 
 Upper village site, 92 
 
 V 
 
 Vessel of clay, 78 
 Village sites, 12, 15, 16, 
 23, 27, 84, 86 
 
 18, 19, 22, 
 
246 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 W 
 
 Walhonding River, 43 
 Wayne Township, 67 
 Welsh Hills, 16 
 Wilmington, 109, no 
 Wilson, Dr. Thos., 206 
 World's, Columbian Exposition, 
 
 Fair at Oregonia, loi 
 Wormian bones, 217 
 Wright, Prof. G. F., i, 6 
 Wyandot County, 15 
 
 Zanesville road, 37