ASIA (?orncll ItttoBtBttjj aitbrarg Dttfaca. Ntta ^nrtt n • n .Youyxt ^ PATE DUE m-^^^ fISPI GAYUORD PRINTED INU.S. A Cornell University Library HF 3826.U56J3 3 1924 023 453 842 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023453842 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSK)N WASHINGTON A ^ JAPAN: TRADE DURING THE WAR A STUDY OF THE TRADE OF JAPAN, PAR- TICULARLY DURING THE YEARS 1913 TO 1917 AND WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE TRADE WITH THE UNITED STATES WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1919 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION WASHINGTON JAPAN: TRADE DURING THE WAR A STUDY OF THE TRADE OF JAPAN, PAR- TICULARLY DURING THE YEARS 1913 TO 1917 AND WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE TRADE WITH THE UNITED STATES WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE I., 1 1. '«« (\ y t>. UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION. OfBce: 1322 New York Avenue, Washington, D. C. COMMISSIONERS. F. W. Taussig, Chairman. Thomas Walkek Page, Vice Chairman. David J. Lewis. William Kent. William S. Culbektson. Edward P. Costigan. William M. Bievkki:, Secretary and Statistician. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Introduction 5 I. Development of Japan's foreign trade prior to the war: War with China, 1894 7 Gold standard, tariff, and treaties, 1897-1899 8 Value, weightSj and measures , 9 Japan's trade since the adoption of the gold standard (1897) 10 War with Russia, 1904 10 Years immediately precediag the European war 11 Japan's forei^ trade in the year before the beginning of the war, 1913 . . 12 The trade in general, 1913 12 Ti;ade by articles 16 Imports, 1913 17 Exports, 1913 18 Relation of the import trade to the export trade, 1913 22 II. Expansion of Japan's trade during the war: Survey of Japan's trade since 1913, by groups of merchandise 24 Imports of plants and animals 25 Trade in grains, flours, starches, and seeds : 26 Rice 27 Wheat 29 Wheat flour 30 Barley 31 Oats, buckwheat, rye 31 Beans and pease 31 Starch 34 Seeds: sesame, perilla, ocimoides, rape and mustard, cotton and linseed .• . 35 Beverages, comestibles, and tobacco 35 Sugar 36 Alcoholic liquors 38 Tea 38 Marine products 39 Miscellaneous comestibles 40 Tobacco • 42 Skins, hair, bones, teeth, tusks, shells, and manufactures thereof . . 44 Hides and skins 45 Leather 45 Bristles , 46 Bones 47 Shells 47 Skins, hairs, etc '47 Oils, fats, waxes, and manufactures thereof 47 Kerosene 48 Other oils 49 Paraffin 50 Exports of oils 50 Drugs, chemicals, medicines, and explosives 52 Sulphate of ammonia 52 India rubber and gutta-percha 53 Caustic soda 53 Soda ash .-. .' 54 Nitrate of soda, crude 55 Summary of trade in chemicals, etc 55 Matches 57 Menthol crystal 58 Camphor 59 Sulphur 60 Other chemicals, drugs, and medicines 60 Dyes, pigments, coatings, and filling matters 61 Coal-tar dyes 62 3 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS. II. Expansion of Japan's trade during the war — Continued. Survey of Japan's trade since 1913, by groups of merchandise — Con. P^se- Textiles 64 Yarns, threads, twines, cordages, and materials thereof 65 Tissues and manufactures thereof 73 Clothing and accessories thereof 8 Paper, paper manufactures, books, and pictures 8 Minerals and manufactiu'es thereof .' 8 it Fertilizer 8 Coal 8 9 Cement 91 Other minerals 92 Pottery, glass, and glass manufactures 92 Pottery • 93 Glass and manufactures thereof 94 Ores and metals exclusive of metal manufactures and machinery and engines - 96 Metal manufactures 107 Clocks and watches, scientific instruments, etc., vehicles and vessels, machinery and engines 110 Miscellaneous articles 114 Trade by parcel post: Traveling effects — Re-imports and re- exports 117 Chart 1. Total value of commodities imported into and exported from Japan, 1913-1917 119 2. Value of commodities imported into and exported from Japan, by regions, 1913-1917 119 3. Exports from Japan to principal markets, 1913-917 120 4. Imports into Japan, by groups of commodities, 1907-1917. 121 5. Exports from Japan, by groups of commodities, 1907-1917. 122 6. Increase in volume of certain commodities imported into Japan, 1913-1917 123 7. Increase in volume of certain commodities exported from Japan, 1913-1917 124 III. Trade between Japan and the United States: Place of the United States in the total trade of Japan 127 Place of Japan in the total trade-of the United States 130 Trade between Japan and the United States during the war 131 Japan's trade with the United States compared with her trade with other leading nations 131 Trade by groups of commodities 133 Grains, flours, starches, etc 133 Beverages, comestibles, and tobacco 135 Skins, hair, bones, teeth 135 Oils, fats, etc 136 Drugs and chemicals 136 Dyes, pigments, coatings, and filling matters 137 Textiles 137 Paper 138 Minerals 138 Pottery, glass, and glass manufactures 139 Ores and metals 140 Metals manufactures 140 Clocks, scientific instruments, vessels, etc 140 Miscellaneous 140 Trade in individual commodities 142 Principal exports to all countries and to the United States 142 Principal imports from all countries and from the United States 144 Trade of the United States with Asiatic countries 146 INTRODUCTION. This report is a study of the effect of war conditions upon the for- eign trade of Japan, with particular reference to the changes in the trade between Japan and the United States. It forms a part of a larger study, which the Tariff Commission has in preparation, deal- ing with the tariff system and commercial and industrial conditions in Japan. The report is divided into three principal sections, as follows: I. Development of Japan's foreign trade prior to the war. This section reviews the history of Japan's trade from 1856 to 1913. Special attention has been given to the growth of Japan's trade, the changes in the distribution of her trade, by principal groups of com- modities, among countries and continents, and the status of her commerce in 1913, the last year before the war. n. Expansion of Japan's foreign trade during the war. This section deals with the trade of Japan during the years 1913- ■ 1917 by groups of merchandise, each group comprising raw, semi- manufactured, and manufactured articles more or less related to each other. First there is presented the import and export trade in all articles in a given group ; then the principal articles are considered separately. For each article the increase or decrease in the trade is indicated for both imports and exports, and the relative standing of the countries of origin or destination is shown. m. Trade between Japan and the United States. The United States has held first place in the trade of Japan for many years. The third section of this report shows the character of the trade between these two countries and the changes that have taken place therein, especially since 1913. Although the Japanese exports to the United States still largely exceed the imports from the United States, the excess has diminished during the war, owing in the main to Japan's increased iniports of American cotton, iron, and steel. The Commission has had the services of Dr. STANLEY K. HORNBECK and JOHN J. ERNSTER in the preparation of this report. 5 JAPAN: FOREIGN TRADE DURING THE WAR. I. DEVELOPMENT OF JAPAN'S FOREIGN TRADE PRIOR TO THE WAR, To appreciate the phenomenal development of the foreign trade of Japan since the outbreak of the European war, it is necessary to give some attention to its earlier history. Six decades will account for the whole course of modem Japanese foreign trade. The last two decades, since 1897, are the years of chief interest. The first of Japan's commercial treaties were concluded in the years 1856-1858. In the treaties of 1858 the rates of import and export duties were fixed by agreement, and a few important ports were opened to foreign commerce. The total trade during the next ten years was of insignificant proportions. In 1866 the conventional tariffs were revised; the rates of duty then fixed, amounting in gen- eral to 5 per cent ad valorem, remained in force thereafter for more than thirty years. Following the Restoration, in 1867, the people and the Government of Japan began to turn their attention to com- mercial and to industrial development. The opening of the Suez Canal and the building of railways across the United States, together with other improvements in the means of communication, afforded facihties which led promptly to an expansion of the trade between Japan and western countries. Beginning with 1868, Japanese official trade returns are available. They improve in accuracy and detail in later years, and they are on the whole the most satisfactory of the figures available for a study of Japan's foreign trade. In the interval between 1869 and 1890 Japan reorganized her administrative system; a constitutional government was estabUshed on a firm basis, and both the Government and the people found it possible to devote themselves increasingly to the promotion of pro- ductive industry. This of course had its effect upon foreign trade. On the side of export trade the steady depreciation of silver in those years was indirectly an important factor in bringing about the increase. War with China— 1894. The war with China, 1894-1895, interrupted the growing trade but little. After the war industrial enterprises of many types developed and expanded; the importation of machinery and raw materials of various descriptions for industrial purposes suddenly increased, and there followed a ten-year period during which the annual imports continuously exceeded the exports. Between the years 1896 and 1914 there were but two years — 1906 and 1909 — in which the exports ex- ceeded the imports, and in these two years the excess of exports was small. Since the outbreak of the war the exports have greatly ex- ceeded the imports. 7 TRADE DURING THE WAE. Imports and exports, 1868-1917.^ [Value in thousanis of yen.] Year. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886- 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892- 1893. 1894- 1895. 1896. 1897- 1898. 1899. 1900- 1901. 1902- 1903- 1904. 1905- 1906- 1907. 1908. 1909- 19102 1911- 1912- 1913. 1914. 1915- 1916. 1917. Total trade. 26,247 33,693 48,285 39,885 43,201 49, 743 42, 779 48, 587 51, 676 50, 769 58,863 61,129 65, 022 62,250 67, 168 64,713 63,544 66,504 81,045 96, 712 131, 161 136, 164 138, 332 142,455 162,429 177, 970 230,728 265, 373 289, 517 382,436 443,256 435,332 491,692 508, 166 530, 034 606, 638 690, 622 810, 072 842, 539 926, 880 814, 503 807,311 922, 663 961, 240 1,145,974 1,361,892 1.186,837 1, 240, 757 1, 883, 896 2,638,816 Total imports. 10,693 20,784 33,742 21, 917 26,175 28,107 23,462 29, 976 23,966 27,421 32, 875 32, 953 36, 627 31, 191 29,447 28,445 29,673 29,357 32, 168 44,304 65,455 66,104 81, 729 62,927 71,326 88,257 117,482 129, 261 171, 674 219, 301 277, 502 220, 402 287,262 255, 817 271, 731 317, 136 371,361 4S8, 538 418, 784 494, 467 436, 257 394, 199 464,234 513, 806 618, 992 729,432 595, 736 532,450 758,428 1,035,811 Total exports. 15, 12, 17. 17, 21, 19, 18, 27, 23,. . 45,988 176 395 059 721 268 871 147 877 408 706 060 603 528 103 713 246 112 843 135 754 930 430 349 303 502 261 534 755 413 246 112 429 434 982 460 101 307 468 005 28, 31, 37, 36, 33, 37, 48, 52, 65, 70, 56, 79; 91, 89, 113, 136! 117 163! 165! 214 204! 252! 258: 289 319; 321, 423, 432, 378 413; 458, 447; 526, 632, 59i; 708, 1, 127; 1, 603: Excess of imports. 7,876 19,199 3,949 9,149 6,471 4,145 11,365 4,073 6,887 4,777 8,232 132 25,126 4,236 53,831 66, 166 111, 748 5,472 82,832 3,468 13,428 27,634 52,100 167,004 62,054 58, Oil 5,805 66, 372 92,010 96,972 4,635 Excess of exports. 4,861 3,746 8,274 ' 7,823 4,198 7,790 16,709 8,104 251 3,955 16,601 19,777 1,456 6,851 18, 913 175,857 371,040 567,194 1 Figures Irom Japan Department of FinmcD, Annual Return of the Foreign Trade of the Empire of Japan, 1917. On the value of the yen, see page 9. 2 Since September 1, 1910, the trade with Korea has been excluded from the Japanese foreign trade returns. In 1909, 6.5 per cent of Japan's exports went to Korea, and 3.5 per cent of her imports were from Korea. Gold Standard, Tariff, and Treaties, 1897-1899. In 1897 Japan adopted the gold monometallic system. In the same year it also enacted a statutory tariff and a,bolished export duties. Between 1894 and 1899 the commercial treaty revision, which had been the subject of negotiations for twenty years, was effected, and in 1899 the old treaties terminated and the new treaties went into effect. Under the new treaties Japan was no longer restricted in the making of her tariff. However, in four of the treaties rates of duty were "fixed" in respect to certain commodi- ties, and these rates became generally appHcable through the operation of the most-favored-nation clause. JAPAN. 9 Value, Weights, and Measures. When the gold standard was adopted in 1897 the gold value of the yen became fixed. From then until the present its value has been, in terms of United States currency, $0,498. For purposes of approxi- mate conversion, it is convenient to consider 1 yen (Japanese) as equal to SO. 50 (United States), or $1 (United States) as equal to 2 yen (Japanese), but the more accurate figures have been used m this report. The figures used in this report are chiefly those given in official Japanese publications.' The values quoted are in most cases in yen. It is convenient for the purposes of this survey to use the Japanese official figures; although these do not always agree with the cor- responding import and export figiu-es of other countries, they are the most comprehensive, uniform, and easily available, and therefore the most satisfactory for a statistical study of Japan's trade. In com- paring Japanese import aiid export statistics with those of the United States it must be taken into account that in the former the figures repre- sent the trade of Japan proper, while in the latter they represent the trade of the whole Japanese Empire. The only land measure- ments used in this report, those which appear in connection with the production of certain foodstuffs, are given in acres. The Japanese unit for areas under cultivation is the "cho," which is equal to 2.45064 acres. Quantity measures, especially for food- stuffs, are given in the Japanese trade returns in "koku," one koku being equivalent to 5.11902 bushels (dry. United States). Weights are quoted in various tables in piculs, kwan, kin, or momme, the equivalents of which in United States standards are as follows: 1 picul equals 133J pounds. 1 kwan equals 8.26733 pounds. 1 kin equals IJ pounds. 1 momme equals 0.008267 pounds. 1 Especially the Annual Retxirn of the Foreign Trade of the Empire of Japan, by the Pepartment of Finance, volumes from 1868 aimually; the Financial and Economic Anm;al, volumes from 1901; and the Statistical Reports of the Department of Agriculture and Commerce of Japan, 1915 and 1916. 10 TRADE DURING THE WAR. Japan's Trade Since the Adoption of the Gold Standard (1897). The total trade of Japan for the years since the gold standard was adopted is compared with the total trade of the United States in the following table : Total foreign trade of Japan and of the United States, 1897-1917.^ [In thousands.} Japan. United States. Per cent increase or decrease (-) over preceding year. Yen. Equiva- lent in dollars. Dollars. Japan. United States. 382,436 443,256 435,332 491,692 508. 166 530,034 606,638 690,622 810, 072 842,539 . 926,880 814,503 807,311 922,663 961,240 1,145,974 1,361,892 1,186,837 1,240,757 1,883,896 2,638,816 190,453 220,741 216,795 244,863 253,067 263,957 302,106 343,930 403,416 419,584 461,586 405,622 402,041 459,486 478,698 570,695 678,222 591,045 617,897 938,180 1,314,130 1,815,724 1,847,532 1,924,172 2,244,424 2,310,937 2,285,040 2,445,861 2,451,915 2,636,075 2,970,427 3,315,273 3,055,115 2,974,931 3,301,932 3,576,546 3,857,587 4,278.892 4,258,505 4,442,759 6,531,366 8,949,404 1898 16.90 - 1.79 12.95 3.35 4.30 14.45 13.84 17.30 4.01 10.01 -12.12 - .88 14.29 4.18 19.22 18.84 -12.85 4.54 51.83 40.07 1.75 1899 4.15 1900 16.64 1901 . . 2.96 1902 - 1.12 1903 7.04 1904 .25 1905 7.51 1906 12.68 1907 11.61 1908 r - 7.85 1909 - 2.63 1910 10.99 1911 . 8.32 1912 7.88 1913 10.92 1914 - .48 1915 . 4.33 1916 47.01 1917 37.02 I Calendar years for Japan; years ending June 30 for the United States. Small though it was relatively, Japan's foreign trade had made rapid advances in the decade preceding 1897. It amounted in 1897 to 382,400,000 yen, which was four times the figure of 1887 and more than twice that of 1893. This represented a per capita trade of 8.85 yen. In the same year, 1897, the per capita trade of the United States amounted to $25.44, equivalent to 51.09 yen. In 1899 the Japanese tariff law of 1897 went into effect. In an- ticipation of this there had been in the year 1898 unusually large im- portations; consequently, as compared with 1898, the trade of the year 1899 showed a decrease. The Boxer troubles of 1900 in North China interfered slightly with the course of Japan's rapidly growing trade; the exports fell in 1900 by some 10,000,000 yen, but the imports had increased very rapidly, and the total trade showed a substantial increase. War with Russia, 1904. The outbreak of hostilities between Japan and Russia in 1904 was followed by the requisitioning of many vessels, while land communi- cations were kept very busy with the transportation of forces and munitions. The dangers of navigation brought on a heavy rise in freight and insurance rates and for a time caused great inconvenience to trade. After Japan gained the command of the sea, her trade steadily increased. The import trade in particular showed a remark- JAPAN. 11 able expansion owing to the increased importation of munitions and military supplies. Much merchandise was also imported in antici- pation of increases in customs duties occasioned by the necessities of war finance. In 1905 there was a great increase in the importa- tion of raw materials and machinery to be used in the manufactizre of munitions, and of various materials required for the repair and building of warships and other vessels. There was again hastening of importation in anticipation of further increases in customs duties. With the conclusion of the war there came naturally a sudden falling off in the imports of war supplies, but confidence in the economic future of the country occasioned the importation of raw materials for manufacturing purposes. The restoration of order in Asiatic Russia and in Manchuria, together with the fact that Japan had acquired a new interest in the latter, increased the trade of Japan with these regions. In 1906 the rise in the price of silver favored the sale of goods to silver-using countries, especially China. The export trade attained an unprecedented degree of prosperity, caus- ing an increase in imports of raw materials from abroad for manu- facturing purposes; moreover, in anticipation of the coming into operation of the new import tariff which took effect from October, 1906, there was a marked increase in the importation of certain other articles. But, on account of the faUing off in the importa- tion of war material and supplies, the total -imports for 1906 showed a decrease by about 70,000,000 yen from the total of the preceding year. The total exports, were in 1906, for the first time in ten years, in excess of the imports. As compared with the exports of 1903, the last year before the Eusso-Japanese War, they showed an increase of 134,000,000 yen. The figures for the two years were: Imports, 1903, 317,000,000 yen; 1906, 418,700,000 yen. Exports, 1903, 289,500,000 yen; 1906, 423,700,000 yen. In 1907 both the import and the export totals increased over the preceding year, the former by 75,680,000 yen, the latter by 8,660,000 yen. These increases occurred in spite of a fall in the price of copper — an important export — the depreciation in the value of silver, and the blow to the sUk trade which was a consecLuence of the financial crisis in the United States. The increases in imports were largely of raw materials, ship-buUding materials, machines and machinery, foodstuffs and miscellaneous commodities for which the rise in the national stand- ard of living created an increased demand. The next seven years, 1908-1914, show at first a decline in the total foreign trade, followed by recovery and marked increases. After the annexation of Korea, and beginning with September, 1910, the trade between Japan and Korea was no longer entered in the figures of Japan's foreign trade. Also, in 1911, Japan's commercial treaties with foreign powers were again revised and a new tariff law went into effect. Years Immediately Preceding the European War. The period 1911-1914 was the most prosperous that Japan's trade had known up to that time. In 1911 the imports made a complete recovery and showed a substantial increase over those of any preceding year; the exports showed a slight decrease. 12 TRADE DURING THE WAR. From then until the outbreak of the European war there was a steady increase in both imports and exports. For the three years, 1911, 1912, and 1913, the total trade was 3,469,100,000 yen; the imports, 1,862,200,000 yen; the exports, 1,606,700,000 yen; the excess of imports, 255,200,000 yen. The averages for the three years before 1914 were, therefore, as foUows: Average of total trade, 1,156,300,000 yen;averageofimports,621,000,000yen;averageofexports,535,600,000 yen; average excess of imports, 85,000,000 yen. In the export trade the increased shipments of raw silk, habutae, silk handkerchiefs, and straw braids were due to a great extent to the favorable condition of the American trade. The increasing im- fiortance of the exports of cotton yarns, cotton fabrics, cotton manu- actures, and refined sugar in the trade with China was, in considerable measure, a consequence of the rise in the value of silver and the res- toration of comparative order after the Chinese revolution. The increase in the import trade was mainly accounted for by greater importations of raw materials for manufacturing, such as ginned cotton, wool, woolen yarns and vegetable fibers, iron and steel; also, of wheat, wheaten fiour, chemical and mineral fertilizers, woolen textiles, kerosene, and rice. There was, however, a decrease in the value of the imports of manufactured articles. The increase in the imports of raw materials and the decrease in those of manu- factured articles Were consequences of the development of Japanese textile manufactures, shipbuilding, and mechanical industries. The increased demand for foreign provisions, chiefly rice and sugar, was partly the natural result of the growth of an industrial population and partly a consequence of the damage done by storms to the crops in Japan proper and Formosa. Japan's Foreign Trade in the Year before the Beginning of the War, 1913. The outbreak of the war in 1914 affected Japan's trade, along with that of other countries, adversely. For the purpose of comparing Japan's trade during the war with that preceding the war, the figures of later years may be compared, with particular convenience and advantage' with the figures of the year 1913. THE TRADE IN GENERAL, 1913. The total trade of Japan in the year 1913 amounted to 1,361,892,000 yen. This represented an increase of 18.8 per cent over the trade of 1912. The imports amounted to 729,431,644 yen, an increase of 17.8 per cent; and the exports amounted to 632,460,213 yen, an increase of 20 per cent. On the side of imports, the development of the textUe and metal industries accounted for the increased importation of animal and vegetable fibers, iron, and machinery; the failure of crops of rice and sugar occasioned an increase in the importation of these commodities; and the industi^ial progress and general development of the export trade led to the increased importation of raw materials. On the side of the export trade, the increase in the purchasing power of China, resulting from consecutive abundant harvests and a period of comparative order after the revolution, together with the suc- cessful flotation of foreign loans; the restoration of peace in Europe JAPAN-. 13 at the conclusion of the Balkan wars; and the greatly increased foreign demand for raw silk, account in considerable measure for the expansion. The trade by regions and countries in 1913 was as foUows: Japan' s foreign trade in 1913, by countries of origin and destination. I Value in thousands of yen.] Country. Imports. Exports. Total trade. Value. Per cent of total import trade. Value. Per cent of total export trade. Value. Percent- age with each country. Asia: British India . 173,174 61,223 30,878 37,389 24,700 7,648 5,205 6,793 7,50 1,295 23.74 8.39 4.23 5.13 3.38 1.05 .71 .79 .11 .18 29,873 154,661 29,836 5,149 1,065 6,284 10, 142 1,036 4,271 33,622 4.72 24.45 4.72 .81 .17 .99 1.60 .16 .68 5.32 203,047 215,884 60,714 42,538 25, 755 13, 932 15,347 6,828 5,021 34,917 China TTwa-nt-nTig 4 46 Dutch East Indies 3.12 French Indo-China 1 89 1.02 Straits Settlements 1.13 Siam Asiatic Russia 37 Hongkong. 2 56 Total Asia 348,055 47.71 275,928 43.62 623,983 46 82 Europe: 122.737 5.829 9,448 1,078 41 68,395 .3,890 8,872 16.83 .80 1.29 .15 .01 9.38 .53 1.22 32,870 60,230 3,706 29, 417 4,897 13,132 938 2,036 5.20 9.52 .59 4.65 .77 2.08 .15 .32 165,607 66, 059 13,153 30.495 4,938 81,527 4,827 10,909 Belgium. 97 Italy.. - . 2 24 Ai7strifl. TTimc'n.rv 35 Other European coimtries 80 Total Europe 220, 290 122,408 1,839 2,788 30.21 147, 225 23.28 367,515 26 99 America: United States 16.78 .25 .38 184,473 5,090 2,198 29.17 .80 .35 .306,882 ,6,930 4,984 22 53 British America 51 .37 Total America 127.035 17.41 191,761 30.32 318, 796 23 41 14,943 7,143 91 11, 875 2.05 ,98 .01 1.63 8,638 1,371 4,992 2,545 1.37' .22 .79 .40 23,581 8,514 5,083 14,420 1.73 H^ii/:::::::::::;:: "::::: : " 37 1.06 Grand total 729,432 632,460 1,361,892 The figures in the foregoing table show that in the year preceding the war the preponderance of Japan's trade was with Asiatic coun- tries; 47.71 per cent of the imports came from the regions in that part of the globe, while 43.62 per cent of the exports went to those regions. The trade with European countries accounted for 27 per cent of the total; that with North and South American countries amounted to 23.4 per cent, and almost the whole of the latter was with the United States . 14 TRADE DUMNG THE WAR. The following table affords a basis for comparing Japan's trade with Asia, Europe, and North and South America, respectively, in selected years : [Values in thousands of yen.] 1907 1913 1917 Value. Per eent total Japanese trade. Value. Per cent total Japanese trade. Value. Per cent total Japanese trade. Asia 391,862 289,580 218,782 42.28 31.24 23.61 623,983 367, 516 45.82 26.98 Ill 44.70 Europe . . 15.82 318,796 23.41 33.36 The foUowiag table affords a basis for comparing Japan's trade with certain countries in selected years : [Values in thousands of yen.] Country. 1897 1907 1913 1915 1916 79,467 211,798 306,882 306,676 544,324 35,339 87,681 203,047 189, 788 251,082 50,691 144,802 215,883 226,970 301,351 73,887 138,688 155,607 126,578 184,390 31,361 49,558 66,059 46,184 68,474 20,350 58,923 81,527 5,919 4,139 3,195 14,714 30,495 3,311 4,575 2,772 12,613 23,581 46,679 71,109 1917 United States British India. China Great Britain. France Germany Italy Australia 838,245 325,205 451,652 265,951 102, 185 2,520 18,389 60,224 Examination of the trade in 1913 with individual countries shows that the greatest trade, in value, was, as usual, that with the United States, the combined imports and exports in that trade amounting to 23 per cent of Japan's total trade. The next largest trade was tnat with China, and this was closely followed by that with British India, each amounting to about 15 per cent of the total. In the character of the trade, however, there was a great difference: Japan's trade with British India consisted chiefly of imports, that with China chiefly of exports. From British India, Japan imports raw cotton; to China she sells cotton piece goods and other manufactures. The trade with Great Britain amoimted to 1 1 per cent of the total ; that with Germany, to 6 per cent; with France, to 5 per cent; with Italy, to 2 per cent. The trade with Great Britain and Germany consisted chieny of im- ports; that with France and Italy of exports. The total trade between Japan and the United States was almost twice as great as that between Japan and Great Britain; the Japanese exports to the United States were more than five times those to Great Britain. The United States sent to Japan goods to the value of 122,408,000 yen, and purchased from Japan goods to the value of 184,474,000 yen. Japan's exports to China, her second best cus- tomer, were less by 30,000,000 yen than those to the United States. The commodities imported by Japan from the United States were principally raw cotton, iron and steel, and machinery. Foremost among the purchases of the United States from Japan was raw silk JAPAN. 15 Ttie following table affords a basis. for comparing Japan's import trade by regions for selected years : (Values in thousands of yen.l 1897 1907 1913 1915 1916 1917 Asia 95,185 95,050 27,160 200,096 195,213 82,758 348,055 220,290 127,035 301,916 79,021 106,736 368^289 108'442 212,501 475,616 82,178 376,764 Europe ... Nortn and South America The following table affords a basis for comparison of Japan's imports from the specified countries for selected years: [Values in thousands of yen.] Country. 1907 1915 1916 United States British India. China Great Britain. France Germany.. .. Italy Australia 27,031 29,776 29,266 65,406 5,148 18, 143 213 897 80,697 74,593 59, 182 116,245 7,025 47,668 943 7,819 122,408 173, 174 61,223 122,737 5,829 68,395 1,078 14,943 102,534 147,585 85,848 58,084 3,891 5,919 299 28,571 204,079 179,465 108,639 81,732 4,468 4,139 702 359,708 223,941 133,271 63,304 4,365 2,620 436 32,935 The following table affords a basis for comparing Japan's exports by resions for selected vears: [Values in thousands of yen.) , 1897 1907 1913 1915 1916 1917 Asia.. . 59,581 41,665 54,498 191,766 94,367 136,024 275,928 147,225 191,761 341,534 126,086 213, 191 605,487 216,449 355,946 704 111 335, 183 503,561 The following table affords a basis for comparison of Japan' exports to the specified countries for selected years: [Values in thousands of yen. ] Country. 1897 1907 1913 1916 1917 United States British India. China Great Britain. France Germany.. .. Italy Australia 52,436 5,563 21,325 8,481 26,214 - 2,207 2,982 1,875 131, 101 13,088 85,619 22,443 42,633 11,256 13, 771 4,794 184,473 29,874 154,660 32,870 60,230 13, 132 29,417 204,142 42,202 141, 123 68,494 42,293 340,246 71,617 192,713 102,658 64,007 478,637 101,364 318,381 202,646 97,821 3,012 18,098 3,872 27,776 17,953 27,289 The development of Japan's export trade has been most marked, first, with Asia, and secondly with America (the United States, especially). It will be shown later that the great increase in her exports to Asia has been in manufactured goods, -t^hile the increase in the exports to America has been in Ta.y, materials (chiefly raw silk) and partly manufactured goods. 16 TBADB DTJEING THE WAR, TRADE BY ARTICLES. The following tables show the value of Japan's imports and exports by groups of commodities, in each year from 1907 to 1917: Imports and exports by groups. IMPORTS. [Values in thousands of yen.] Year. Food, drink, and to- bacco, in natural state. Food, drink, and tobacco, partly or wholly prepared. Raw ma- terials. Partly manu- factured articles. Completely manu- factured articles. Miscella- neous ("other"). Total. 1907 - . .. 48,011 41,078 32,014 25,523 35,749 49,508 77,458 52,119 20,008 14,673 20,285 30,647 27,203 19,388 19,465 15,875 22,546 43,125 26,621 18, 134 16,774 16,560 187,682 153,428 169,205 231,349 231,714 299,354 353,542 328,741 339,836 431,904 564,610 93,007 84,009 71,752 82,852 100, 4or 122,805 126,927 96,253 98,377 201,561 322,507 132,985 127,128 99,458. 102, 514 126,359 121, 170 124,029 87,249 51,473 85,002 103,705 2,135 3,411 2,381 2,530 3,701 3,608 4,351 4,753 4,623 6,514 8,163 494,467 1908 436,257 1909 394,199 1910 464,234 1911 513,806 1912 1913 618,992 729,432 1914 595,736 1915 532,450 1916 756,428 1917 1,035,811 EXPORTS. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 17, 111 14,288 18, 102 19,573 20,769 22,203 24,655 26,105 37,434 47, 336 73,498 27,583 26,691 30,428 31,914 31,319 32,810 37, 488 37,418 42,683 57,220 98, 690 43,690 41,300 36,902 40,184 40,053 44,461 51,340 45,492 45,423 59,014 81,484 198,929 170,384 200,915 225,034 212,988 265,043 328,084 306,360 '323,401 540,924 725,577 142,254 121,328 122,571 137,331 137,290 155, 731 184,914 167,890 242,867 380,723 588, 155 2,845 4,255 4,195 4,394 5,014 6,735 5,979 7,837 16,499 42,251 35,602 432,413 378,246 413, 113 458,429 447,434 526,982 632,460 591, 101 708,307 1,127,468 1,603,005 The following table shows the percentages of the specified classes of articles in the trade of Japan for each year from 1907 to 1917: PER CENT OF TOTAL IMPORTS REPRESENTED BY— Year. Food, drink, and tobacco, in natural state. Food, etc., partly or wholly prepared. Raw materials. Partly manufac- tured articles. Completely manufac- tured articles. Miscel- laneous ("other"). 1907 9.7 9.4 8.1 5.5 7.1 8.0 10.6 8.7 3.7 1.9 2.0 6.2 6.2 4.9 4.2 3.1 3.6 5.9 4.5 3.4 2.2 1.6 38.0 33.2 42.9 49.8 45.1 48.4 48.5 55.2 63.8 67.1 54.5 18.8 19.3 18.2 17.8 19.5 19.8 17.4 16.2 18.5 26.6 31.1 26.9 29.1 25.3 22.1 24.6 19.6 17.0 14.6 9.7 11.3 10.0 1908 3 1909 5 1910 . g 1911 1912 .6 Q 1913 1914 1916 g 1916 .9 .8 1917 PER CENT OF TOTjVL EXPORTS REPRESENTED BY— 1907., 1908., 1909., 1910., 1911., 1912. 1913. 1914., 1915., 1916. 1917. 3.9 3.8 4.4 4.3 4.6 4.2 3.9 4.4 5.2 4.2 4.6 6.4 7.0 7.4 7.0 7.0 6.2 5.9 6.4 6.0 S.l 6.1 10.1 10.9 9.0 8.4 8.1 7.7 6.4 5.2 5.1 46.0 45.0 48.6 49.1 47.6 50.3 51.9 51.8 45.8 48.0 45.3 32.9 32.1 29.7 29.9 30.7 29.6 29.2 28.4 34.3 33.8 36.7 JAPAN. 17 Imports. — In the Japanese imports in 1913, raw materials and partly manufactured articles for further use in manufacturing con«- stituted 65 per cent of the total, raw materials alone amounting to 48 per cent. Among the raw materials, the most important item, in fact the first in value among all the Japanese imports, was raw cotton (ginned and in the seed), amounting in quantity to 89,000,000 pounds, in value to yen 233,599,187, and representing 32 per cent of the total imports. Of this cotton, 61 per cent came from British India and '-'7 per cent from the United States. The following table shows the imports of ginned cotton for the period 1913-1917, and their relative importance in the total Japanese import trade. Imports of ginned cotton, 191S-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] Total import trade. Imports ol ginned oott'on. Year. Total from all countries. From United States. From British India. From China. 1913 729,432 595,736 532,450 756,428 1,036,811 231,481 217,873 216,472 274,478 329,954 64,220 53,966 55,654 79,370 84,085 143,012 145,428 139,705 165, 155 204,311 16,206 1914 11, 745 1915 15,067 19, .337 30,696 1916 1917 Oil cake was second in value to cotton. The total imports ot oil cake amounted to nearly 40,000,000 yen, constituting 5^ per cent of the total imports. This commodity was imported chieily from China and the Leased Territory ol K^^antung (Manchuria). It is used in Japan almost exclusively for fertihzing purposes. Crude sulphate of ammonia, to the value of nearly 16,000,000 yen, was supplied almost entirely by Great. Britain. It is used in the manufacture of fertilizer and as a base tor making other ammonia salts. Wool to the value of 16,000,000 yen was supplied, in prac- tically equal shares, by Australia and Great Britain. Hemp to the value ot 7,000,000 yen was imported from the Philippines, China, and British India, in the order named. Hard coal was imported for the use of the Japanese steel mUls to the value of 4,000,000 yen. Among the imports of partly manufactured articles, iron and steel, valued at 58,000,000 yen, held first place. This represented 7.9 per cent ot the total imports. More than half of the iron and steel imports consisted of bars, rods, plates, sheets, and wire. Of the iron and steel imports, 52 per cent came from Great Britain, 27 per cent from Germany, and the remainder chiefly from the United States. The imports of oonipletely manufactured articles represented 17 per cent of the total. The principal items were machines and engines7 amounting in value to a httle over 36,000,000 yen and making up 5 per cent of the total. In this trade Great Britain supphed 46 per cent. Other imports in this class were woolen fabrics from Great Britain and Germany, kerosene oil from the United States and the Dutch East Indies, and cotton fabrics — chiefly from Great Britain. 80207—19 2 18 TEADE DURING THE WAB, Imports under the classification "Food, drink, and tobacco, accounted for 16.5 per cent of the total. The various items aggre- gated 120,000,000 yen. Among these, rice, to the value of 48,000,00» yen, constituted 6.65 per cent, and brown sugar, to the value of 36,549,000 yen, constituted 5.04 per cent of the total imports of all articles. The rice imported was supplied in almost equal shares by British India and French Indo-Chma. Of the brown sugar, 90 per cent came from the Dutch East Indies and the balance from the Phil- ippine Islands. The 1913 imports of rice and of wheat and wheat flour were considerably larger than those of the preceding year, owing to the crop failure in Japan. The increase in the imports of sugar was due to damage done to the Formosan sugar crop by storms, together with the increased demand for sugar to be refined for export. Exports. — ^The principal class of exports in 1913 was that of partly manufactiu-ed articles, this class representing 51.87 per cent of the total exports. As in the case of imports, where a single item, raw cotton, out- ranked aU other commodities and represented nearly one-third of the total imports, so among exports, one single item, raw sUk, con- stituted nearly 30 per cent of the total. Raw silk was exported from Japan in 1913 to the value of 189,000,000 yen; of this, the United States took 67 per cent; France, 17 per cent; Italy, 13 per cent; and Russia, a little over 2 per cent. Export of raw silk, 1913-1917. To all countries. To United States. To France. Year. Total value (thousands of yen). Quantity (thousands of tin). Value ICSldn (yen). Value (thousands of yen). Per cent of total value. Value (thousands of yen). Per cent of total value. 1913 188, 917 161,797 152,031 267,037 355,155 20,229 17,149 17,814 21,742 25,829 934 943 853 1,228 1,375 125,909 134,800 127,349 224,093 306,170 66.65 83.31 83.77 83.92 86.21 32,129 15,468 20,401 31,686 35,074 17.01 1914 . . 9.56 1915 13.42 1916 11.86 1917 9.88 The place which Japanese raw silk has held in recent years in the total United States importation of raw silk, and its importance relative to the imports of silk manufactures, may be judged from the following figures for the years 1910 to 1917: Imports into the United States of raw silk and of silk manufactures, 1910-1917 .^ Imports of spim silk, pile fabrics. Total Imports of Per cent Year. imports of raw silk from of total ribbons. raw silk Japan (value). raw silk bandings. (value). imports. beltings, • bindings, etc. (value). 1910 $65,421,784 340,103,780 61.30 $32, 888, 459 1911 72,713,984 47,248,347 64.98 28,858,278 67,17.3,382 47,316,331 70.44 24,556,871 27, 5a0, 478 1913 • 82,147,523 57,192,420 69.62 1914 97, 828, 243 71,344,861 72 Q3 35,454,786 25, 042, 670 31,911,793 80,531,785 119,484,223 58,804,325 88,057,600 73.02 73.70 1916.: 156,085,649 124,924,951 80.04 40,322,840 lUnited States Commerce and Navigation. JAPAN. 19 Next in importance among tlie exports of partly manufactured articles, as well as among all exports, was the item cotton yams. The value of Japan's exports of cotton yarns in 1913 was nearly 71,000,000 yen; it constituted over 11 per cent of the total export trade. Practically all of Japan's cotton yarn went to China: China proper received 85 per cent; the leased territory, Kwantung, 5 per cent; and Hongkong, 8 per cent — ^most of this probably being for reshipment to other parts of China. Copper, in ingot and slab, has long been important among the partly manufactured articles exported from Japan. Exported in 1913 to the value of 28,000,000 yen, it represented some 4J per cent of the total exports. China was the principal purchaser, taking about one-third, while Great Britain, France, British India, and the the United States followed, in the order named. Straw, chip, and hemp braids for hats were exported to the value of 16,000,000 yen, representing some 2 per cent of the total exports. Of the hat braid exported, 43 per cent went to the United States, 26 per cent to Great Britain, 14 per cent to France, and 10 per cent to Germany. Colza oil, fish oil, sulphur, camphor, and menthol crystal, in the order named, were of considerable importance in the export trade. The class of completely manufactured articles held in 1913 second ?lace in Japan's export trade, making up 29.2 per cent of the total, 'he principal item was silk fabrics (total 39,000,000 yen), of which habutae alone, amounting in value to 35,000,000 yen, represented 5i per cent of the total exports. The principal purchasers oi habutae were, in the order of their importance, France, Great Britain, British India, the United States, and Australia; the percentages of the habu- tae exports taken by these countries were, respectively, 27.84, 21.52, 19.53, 14.35, and 5.61. The second largest individual item among the exports of com- pletely manufactured articles was cotton fabrics. Taken collectively, cotton manufactures would constitute the largest item, but in the Japanese statistics they are distributed in a number of schedules and groups. The exports of cotton fabrics in 1913 were valued at 34.- 000,000 yen; cotton towels amounted to 2,642,000 yen; cotton knit undershirts, to 8,847,000 yen. China was the chief consumer of Japan's piece goods, while several other Asiatic countries were im- f>ortant among the purchasers of Japan's miscellaneous cotton manu- actures. The match exports, valued at nearly 12 million yen, or practically 2 per cent of the total exports, were purchased in 1913 almost en- tirely by China, Hongkong, and British India. Other important items among the exports of completely manu- factured articles were: sUk handkerchiefs, 5,000,000 yen; hats, caps, and bonnets, 6,619,000 yen; buttons, 3,312,000 yen; paper, 3,096,000 yen; pottery, 6,724,000 yen; glass and glass manufactures, 3,319,000 yen; mats and matting, 4,054,000 yen; toys, 2,490,000 yen; and umbrellas (European), 1,831,000 yen. Food products, classed as "Food, drink, and tobacco," ranked next in importance in the export trade, constituting nearly 10 per cent of the total. Japan imports large quantities of brown sugar and exports refined sugar, the latter being the most important item among the exports of food stuffs. "Kie refined sugar exports . 'amounted in 1913 to 15,831,000 yen, 2^ per cent of the total exports. 20 TRADE 0UBING THE WAR. All of this sugar went to China; about 90 per cent to China proper; and 7.6 to the leased territory of Kwantung. Second in importance among the exports of food products was tea, the export in 1913 amounting to 10,076,000 yen, 1.1 per cent of the total export. Of this tea, 87 .8 per cent went to the United States, nearly 10 per cent to Canada, and smaller quantities to China and other Asiatic countrips. Also important among the exports of food products were rice, fish and other sea products, sak6 and beer, and comestibles in tins and bottles. The least important among the classes of exports was raw materials, representing 8 per cent of the total, valued at 51,300,000 yen. The most important item was coal, to the value of 23,600,000 yen, 3.7 per cent of the total export. Of the coal exports, 31 per cent went to China; 26.5 per cent to Hongkong; 15 her cent to the Straits Settlements; 9.7 per cent to the Philippine Islands; 4.6 per cent to British India; and 4.7 per cent to the United States, the last named consisting of lump or bunker coal for American vessels and of coal for Hawaii. The coal exportedls soft or bunker coal for the use of ships; for hard coal for industrial purposes Japan is herself dependent on foreign countries. Next in importance among the raw materials exported in 1913 was wood, the exports in that year amounting to 10,943,000 yen, 1.5 per cent of the total exports. Of this wood there went to China 35.8 per cent; to the United States, 12.1 per cent; to Kwantung, 10.2 per cent; to British India, 9.8 per cent; to Australia, 4.9 percent; to Great Britain, 3.1 per cent; to France, 2 per cent; the balance to other countries, in smaller proportions. In the following tables the total import and export figures for the year 1913 are compared with those of a previous year, 1907, and of a succeeding year, 1917, by regions and countries: Imports, 1907, 1913, and 1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] Imported from— Value. Per cent of total import trade. Value. Per cent of total import trade. 1917 Value. Per cent of total import trade. A-sia: China Kwantung British India Hongkong Korea Straits Settlements Asiatic Russia French Tndo-Ohina Dutch East Indies Philippine Islands Siam other Asiatic countries. , Total, Asia. . Europe: Great Britain France Germany Austria-Hungary.. • Belgium 11.97 1.78 15.08 .17 3.31 .62 .33 1.75 4.46 .44 .55 61,223 30,878 173, 174 1,295 0) 5,205 750 24,700 37,389 7,648 5,793 4.23 23.74 .18 (') .71 .11 ,3.38 6.13 1.05 .79 133, 271 53, ISO 223,941 1,804 0) 1.5,050 3,755 7,290 17,333 15,335 4,353 197 200.096 116,245 7,025 47, 668 2,562 13, 398 23.51 1.42 9.64 .52 2.71 122,737 5,829 68, 395 3,890 9,448 47.71 16. 83 .80 9.38 .53 1.29 475, 616 63,304 4,305 2,520 12.87 5.13 21.62 .17 (') 1.45 .36 .71 1.67 1.48 .42 .02 45.90 6.11 .42 .24 ' Beginrung with September, 1910, the trade with Korea is excluded from the Japanese trade returns. JAPAN. 21 Imports, won, 191S, and i9J7— Continued. [Values in thousands of yen.] 1907 1913 1917 ■ Imported from— Value. Per cent of total import trade. Value. Per cent of total import trade. Value. Per cent of total import trade. Europe— Continued. Italy 943 176 7,207 0.19 .03 1.46 1.078 41 8,872 0.16 .01 1.22 436 -1,309 10,206 0.04 Russia .13 .99 Total Europe 196,213 39.48 220,290 30.21 82,176 7.93 North and South America: United States . 80,697 1,217 844 16.32 .25 .17 122,408 1,839 2,788 16.78 .25 .38 359,708 2,657 14,499 34.73 .25 Other American countries 1.40 82,758 16.74 127.035 17.41 376,764 36.38 Australia 7,819 3,467 19 5,105 1.58 .70 14,943 7,143 90 11,876 2.05 .98 .01 1.63 32,935 10, 907 259 57,264 3.18 1.0& Hawaii .03 All other countries 1.04 5.53 Grand total import 494,467 100.00 729, 432 100.00 1,035,811 100. OO Exports, 1907, 1913, and 1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] 1907. 1913. 1917. Exported to— Value. Per cent. of total export trade. Value. Per cent of total export trade. Value. Per cent of total export trade. Asia: 85,619 20,401 13,088 24,385 32,792 5,768 5,068 250 2,261 1,796 338 19.80 4.72 3.03 5.64 7.58 1.33 1.17 .06 .52 .42 .08 154,660 29,836. 29, 873 33,622 (') 10,142 4,271 1,055 5,149 6,284 1,035 24.45 4.72 4.72 6.32 318,381 65,725 101,364 57,176 m 28,024 74,234 3,766 36,245 16,868 2,208 19 85 TTTjpftntnTiF 4 10 British InSia 6 32 3 57 Korea Straits Settlements 1.60 .68 .17 .81 .99 .16 1 75 4 63 Butch East Tndies 2 26 PhiTtppiTipTslaTiHs 1 05 1 Siam' ' 16 TotalAsia . ... 191,766 44. »6 275,928 43.62 704,111 43 92 Europe: 22,^3 42,633 11,266 1,149 2,054 13,771 442' 719 5.19 9.84 2.60 .26 .47 3.18 .10 .18 32,870 60,230 13, 132 938 - 3,706 29,417 4,897 2,036 5.20 9.62 2.08 .15 .59 4.65 .77 .32 202,646 97,821 France 6 10' Italy 17,953 13,616 3,248 1 12 Russia 84 father Klirnpf^HTi nniiTitriRS 21 Total Europe 94,367 21.82 147,225 23.28 336, 183 20 91 North and South America: United States 131, 101 3,864 1,069 30.32 .89 .26 184,473 5,090 . 2, 198 29.17 .80 .35 478,537 16,168 8,866 29 85. 1.01 .55 136,024 31.46 191,761 30.32 503,561 31.41 Australia ... 4,794 386 3,469 1,606 1.11 .09 .80 .37 8,638 1,371 4,992 2,547 1.37 .22 .79 .40 27,289 13,607 6,443 12,911 1 70 .84 Hawaii . . . . - 41 All other countries 81 Grand total exports 432,413 100. 00 632,460 100. 00 1,603,005 100 OO 1 Beguming with September, 1910, the trade with Korea is excluded from the Japanese trade returns. 22 TRADE DUEING THE WAR. Relation of the Import Trade to the Export Trade, 1913. Japan's import trade in 1913 was greater by nearly 100,000,000 yen than ner total export trade. The imports consisted, as stated above, mainly of raw materials, partially manufactured articles, and food- stuffs; that portion which consisted of manufactured articles was made up chiefly of machinery, woolen and cotton fabrics, kerosene oil, and paper. Comparison of the figures for 1907 and 1913 gives an indication of the tendencies in the development of Japanese industries and trade. In 1907 the imports of raw materials consti- tuted 38 per cent of the total, those of partially manufactured goods, 18.8 per cent; in 1913 the imports of raw materials constituted 48.5 per cent, those of partially manufactured articles, 17.4 per cent. The tendency is shown stiU more clearly when the survey is extended into the period of the war. In 1915 the imports of raw materials constituted 63.8 per cent of the total. Japan was becoming increas- ingly a producer of manufactured products for export. In the four years following 1913 the balance of Japan's trade was destined to swing from an excess of imports of 97,000,000 yen (1913) to an excess of exports of 567,000,000 yen (1917). The remarkable development of Japan's export trade has taken place chiefly in the field of manu- factured and partly manufactured goods; many of these articles could only be produced from imported raw materials and imported partly manufactured materials. A comparative view of Japanese trade in 1913 and that of important western European nations and of the United States is given in the following table: Foreign trade in 1913. Country. Total foreign trade. Population. Per capita value of foreign trade. tTnited Kingdom. Germany United States Prance Austria-Hungary Japan 15,763,907,000 4,966,665,000 4,223,610,000 2,969,067,000 1,253,785,000 678,222,000 46,036,000 67,095,000 100,102,000 39,602,000 51,505,000 52,985,000 $125.20 74.02 42.19 74.98 24.34 12.80 II. EXPANSION OF JAPAN'S TRADE DURING THE WAR. During the period of the war there have occurred striking changes in the commerce and industry and in the financial position of Japan. Between 1913 and 1917 the total foreign trade almost doubled in value, having increased more rapidly than that of any other country except the United States. , The remarkable increase has consisted in major portion of a growth in exports. In 1913 the total value of tlie exports was 632,460,000 yen; in 1917 it was 1,603,005,000 yen. The imports increased during the same period from 729,432,000 yen in 1913 to 1,035,811,000 yen in 1917. The interruption of trade be- tween Europe and the Far East gave Japanese merchants and pro- ducers an exceptional opportunity. The promptness and effective- ness with whicn they improved the opportunity is shown by the figures of the exports of manufactured goods to China, British India, and other oriental countries, and by the increases in the exports of manufactured goods and raw silk to western nations — particularly to the United States. The effective development of Japanese manufacturing industries for the supply both of the export and the domestic trade explains the increase in imports. Raw materials and partly manufactured articles have been the most conspicuous among the greatly increased imports. The value of the exports has increased, however, much more rapidly than that of the imports, with a consequent reversal in Japan's foreign trade balance. Before 1914 the imports normally exceeded the exports by an annual average (1910-1913) of 65,000,000 yen. In 1914 there was still a slight balance in favor of imports ; in the three years, 1915-1917, the excess of exports has averaged 371,000,000 yen. The excess in 1917 was no less than 567,200,000 yen. There resulted a great importation of specie into Japan, rapidly rising prices, and great business activity. The government has been able to make payments on foreign indebtedness and to make loans abroad. The trading classes have prospered, but there are indications that the working classes have suffered on account of a greater increase in the cost of living than in wages. Tne following, quoted from the " London Economist " of February 2, 1918, page 161 (quoting its Yokohama correspondent), illustrates the remarkable increase in prices which have taken place .in Japan since the outbreak of the war: According to investigations made by the Bank of Japan, the following rises in price in the commodities mentioned have taken place in this country since the war broke out: Pqf cent. Eice ; 71 B arley 58 Beans 77 Wheat 63 Soy... 80 Coal 250 Matches 200 Cement 300 Copper 200 French nails 450 Per cent. Iron 600 Indigo 350 Eggs 64 Firewood 74 Charcoal 49 Petroleum 67 Wool satin 150 Mousseline 200 Shirtings 200 Cotton yarn 200 23 24 TRADE DUKINQ THE WAR. No kinds of goods have shown greater rises or more violent fluctuations than drugs and chemicals. Here are three examples, giving prices per 100 pounds: Artides. 1913 1917 s. d. 11 8 17 1 6 £. s. d. 3 14 Chlorate of potash . 7 6 Phenol . . 2 10 The phenomenal industrial development and the consequent increase in capacity for production must exert a great influence upon Japan's future position in the world's markets. At the same time the problem of securing raw materials for manufacturing industries becomes a matter of growing concern to Japan. The raw materials upon which her industries are dependent must to an increasing extent be secured abroad. SURVEY OF JAPAN'S TRADE SINCE 1913, BY GROUPS OF MERCHANDISE. The Japanese trade returns (monthly) show 17 groups of mer- chandise for imports and 16 for exports, the extra group m the im- port trade consisting of plants and animals, of which no men- tion is made in the export trade. The plant and animal group is No. I in the import returns. The remaining groups, Nos. II to XVII of the import returns, correspond, respectively, to groups Nos. I to XVI of the export returns. Percentage of total imports represented by specified groups of merchandise, 191S-1917. Group. 1913 1914 1915 1916 0.07 10.86 6.09 0.02 9.02 4.85 0.04 4.66 3.78 0.01 2.59 2.47 1.23 1.37 2.37 2.44 2.77 2.87 3.24 2.30 5.43 6.27 5.75 7.33 1.56 1.36 1.38 1.12 37.21 3.69 42.01 3.04 49.35 1.98 43.18 1.70 .18 .15 .07 .09 1.79 1.94 .1.75 2.58 1.84 1.75 2.15 1.37 .55 9 96 .49 9 03 ,24 11.02 .77 .34 19.94 1.41 - 2.10 1.42 Cfroup /. — Plants and animals Group II. — Grains, flours, starches, and seeds ar„*„P« Cbushels). 1913 1,184,475 1,172,759 1,226,855 1,303,466 1,392,239 26,766,741 22.58 1914 22,975,295 19.59 1915 26,772,723 21.82 1916 30,137,314 23.12 34,738,593 24.95 1917 '. 1 These figures are taken from the Thirty-second and Thirty-third Statistical Beports ol the Department «t Agriculture and Commerce of Japan ?1915 and 1916). The Japanese figures are expressed in Izoku which have been converted into United States bushels (dry) at 1 koku=5. 119 bushels. While the average yield per acre may seem very high it is lower than the average production of some American states. The average yield per acre in Nevada is 32 bushels per acre; in Arizona and Utah 28 bushels. The average yield per acre in the United Kingdom is about 33 bushels and in Germany it was, before the war, 31 bushels. Japan has long been an importer of wheat, and prior to the war the imports were considerable. After the outbreak of the war the imports of wheat into Japan showed a marked decrease. Owing to high freight charges and to the increased demand on the part of Europe, the wheat imports from the United States, which prior to the war had been over 75 per cent of the total wheat imports, became only a small fraction of the total. They were replaced in part by imports from Australia, and, in 1915 and subsequently, by greatly increased imports from China and Kwantung. The figures are given in the following table: Imports of wheat, 1913-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] Total value from all coimtries. From United States. From Australia. \ From China. Year. Value. Percent of total. Value. Percent of total. Value. Per cent of total. 1913 .. . . .. 12,351 8,489 1,639 1,356 666 9,492 5,573 224 19 76.8 65.8 13.6 1.4 2,204 2,406 94 17.84 28.33 6.73 7 144 953 1,119 560 1914 i.69 1915 58.14 1916 82.62 1917 84.08 so TBADB DTJEING THE WAB. Wheat fiour. — Prior to the outbreak of the war, Japan imported small quantities of wheat flour, originating almost entirely in the United States, with a small fraction from Canada. Since the war the imports have decreased until they are now negligible in amount. In the first years of the war there were some imports of flour from Australia. The figures are given in the accompanying table. Imports of wheat flour, 1913-19 17. Total. From United States. Year. Quantity in 1,000 kin. Value in in 1,000 yen. Value In in 1,000 yen. Per cent of total (value.) 1913 28,614 20, 110 3,032 1,431 584 1,780 1,264 194 95 59 1,601 1,139 174 77 7 89.9 1914 90.1 1915 89.6 1916 81.1 1917 11.2 Before the war Japan used American flour to blend with the coarse Manchurian product and with the domestic product. The American product is now too expensive for the Japanese market. The Japanese do not eat much bread, partly as a matter of habit and taste, partly because rice is cheaper. They are learning, however, to use bread to an increasing extent. They are now making flour from Manchurian wheat, of which large quantities are being exported. Japan has been greatly increasing her flour-milling capacity. The 13 modern mills in Japan have doubled or trebled their capacity since the outbreak of the war. As a result, the exports of flour have increased considerably, and they now greatly exceed the imports. The American exports of wheat flour to Asiatic countries have de- creased considerably since 1914, and Japan has gained an important share of the flour trade in the Far East, formerly held oy the United States. Japan is now exporting wheat flour in substantial quantities to Great Britain, China, Kwantung, the Philippines, and to Hongkong for transhipment. The figures are given in the follow- ing table: Exports of wheat flour, 1914-1917. Exported to— 1914 1916 1917 Kin. Yen. Kin. Yen. Km. Yen. 8,354,071 146, 648 1,261,123 3,627,658 5,277,812 8,779,806 2,947,086 861,972 287,088 616,724 10,256 83,492 220, 906 391,967 653 429 23,688,279 23,596 21,639,176 21,847,246 45,369,161 1,985,548 1,620 1,730,686 1,877,392 3,992:919 841,101 670,539 1,396,861 1,161,828 995 933,736 8,940 2,885 307,280 446 66 43,484 488 190 17,967 28 Kwantung Straits Settlements Butch East In lies Philippine Islands 62,549 19,824 17^ 237; 147 14,650,100 Other countries 1,476,363 45,534 Total 2,729,704 106, 686 31, 544, 163 2,266,107 162,799,515 13,648,394 JAPAN. 31 5arZey.— -Next to rice, barley is the most important grain product of Japan. It first , appeared in Japan's foreign trade, in sufiicient quantity to receive separate enumeration in the trade statistics of that country, in 1917. In that year, 3,671,850 kin, valued at 158,837 yen (101,993 bushels valued at approximately $79,000), were ex-: ported. No figures of imports of barley into Japan have yet appeared. The production statistics are as f oUows : Acreage and production of barley, 1913-1917.^ Year. Acres. Bushels. 1913 1,529,111 1,509,962 1,459,869 1,394,770 1,314,981 54,480,329 48,796,137 52, 488, 256 1914 1915 1916 48,935,312 46,944,481 1917 ;... 1 These figures are taken from the Thirty-s.econd and Thirty-thhd Statistical Reports of the Department of Agriculture and Commerce of Japan, The figures are given in kolra and have been converted into dry United States bushels at 1 koku— 6,119 bushels. As the figures in the above table show, the production of barley in Japan during these five years has fallen considerably, while, as previously shown, in 1917 there were large exports of barley. It would seem, therefore, that the consumption of barley in Japan itself, whether in the form of beer or otherwise, must have been substan- tially reduced dtiring the war period. The decrease in the Japanese ■ production has been explained by the relatively higher price for wheat, to the production of which much land previously devoted to barley cultivation was turned in 1916 and 1917. Oats, hucTcwheat, rye. — Japan exports small quantities of oats and buckwheat. There is some production of rye in Japan, but imports and exports of rye are not separately enumerated. In 1917, when exports of buckwheat were first recorded, 849,000 kin, valued at 50,000 yen, were exported. The figures of exports of oats are given in the table which follows. Of the unusually high exports of 31,163,000 kin in 1915, 20,000,000 kin went to Australia, 8,000,000 kin to Great Britain, and 1,500,000 kin to France. The United States took in that year 880,000 Mn. Exports of oats, 1913-1917. Year. Quantity (1,000 an). Value (1,000 yen). 1913 . 424 544 31, 163 2,488 328 11 1914. 12 1915. 1,176 1916 87 1917. 18 Beans and pease. — ^Beans and pease occupy an important place in the trade of Japan, both in imports and in exports. Japan imports large quantities of soya beans and red or white beans, and she ex- ports large quantities of pease, kidney beans, and groundnuts (pea- nuts) . Soya (or soy) beans are an important item in the diet of the Jap- anese people. Soya and miso, important items in the Japanese daily 32 TRADE DURING THE WAR. diet, are made up from this bean either wholly or in part. Soya beans are also made use of to an important extent as fertilizer, as feed for horses, and for the extraction of vegetable oil. The annual production of soya beans in the period 1911 to 1915 averaged over 18,094,000 bushels (3,534,000 koku); and that of red beans about 5,000,000 bushels. In addition there are large imports, mainly from China and Kwantung. The values and quantities of imports of beans and pease and the percentages which came from the various sources are presented in the table which follows. Over 90 per cent of the imports came from China and Kwantimg. The imports in 1916 and 1917 showed a decided decrease in amoimt as compared with the preceding years. Imports of beans and pease, 1913-1917. Year. Total quantity. Total value. Per cent of total imports. Per cent ot total value of imports of beans and pease from— China. Kwan- tung. Asiatic Kussia. other countries. 1913 Piculs. 2,563,569 3,270,137 2,608,617 1,820,000 2,071,979 Yen. 10,392,722 13,320,735 9,289,899 7,109,193 9,507,246 1.42 2.24 1.74 .94 .92 50.11 39.81 58.11 65.12 58.94 40.63 52.51 35.52 28.57 34.54 3.23 2.29 5.64 5.03 4.64 6.13 1914 5.39 1915 .73 1916 1.28 1917 1.88 The principal variety among the beans exported is the kidney bean, the exports of which rose from less than haK a million yen in value in 1913 to 22,500,000 yen in 1917. The exports of pease, of groundnuts (peanuts), and of "other" beans, also showed great in- creases; the exports of pease increased from a little over 500,000 yen in value in 1913 to over 8,000,000 yen in 1917, the exports of groundnuts almost doubled in value, and the exports 6f otjher beans almost tripled in the same period. This increase in exports con- trasts with a decreasp in imports. It is to be noted that the unit value of the beans and pease exported was very much greater in 1917 than the unit value of imports of these articles. Thus, in 1917, the average value of the exports per picul, 15.28 yen, contrasts with the much lower value per picul of the imports, 4.59 yen. In 1913 the unit value for imports was 4.05 yen per picul, compared with a unit value for exports of 7.81 yen per picul. When the rise in prices is taken into consideration, it appears that since the outbreak of the war the Japanese are consuming to an increasing extent the cheaper grades and are exporting the better grades of beans and pease. The following tables show the exports of beans and pease by varieties, quantities, values, and destinations: JAPAN. 33 Exports of beans and pease (including groundnuts), by variety, 191S-1917. Year. Kidney beans. Pease. Groundnuts (peanuts) Piculs. Yen. Piculs. Yen. Piculs. Yen. 1913 60,594 107,203 636,078 573,893 1,424,119 445,661 832,846 4,662,105 6,768,672 22,669,918 86,094 249,633 372,650 568,609 513,333 661,127 1,452,824 3,276,046 7,873,069 8,039,853 98,801 92,607 93,009 116, 894 140,819 939,043 961,881 919,422 1914 . ... 1915 1916 1,286,001 1, 835, 444 1917 Year. Otber beans and pease. Total. Piculs. Yen. Piculs. Yen. 1913 47,926 49,239 29,204 34,216 123,368 344,058 360,490 185,263 221,929 1, 195, 858 293,415 498,682 1,030,841 1,293,612 2,201,639 2,289,879 1914 3,698,041 9,042,836 16,139,671 1915. . 1916 1917 33,631,073 Exports of beans and pease (including groundnuts), by country of destination, 1913-1917. f Values in thousands of yen.] Exported to^ 1913 igi4 1915 1916 1917 Percent increase, 1917 over 1913. 466 1,628 49 1,569 247 205 3,853 2,454 2,154 376 207 8,124 1,715 6,618 479 204 9,472 37 21,510 1,200 1,414 1,932,61 United States i,333 222 269 1,613.58 440.54 426.65 Total 2,290 3,698 9,043 16,140 33,631 1,368.60 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 20.37 .01 68.21 9.69 11.73 42.47 1.36 43.61 6.87 6.69 42.61 27.13 23.82 4.15 2.29 50.33 10.62 34.81 2.97 1.27 28.17 .11 63.96 3.67 4.19 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Total quantity in thousands of kin 29,342 .078 49,858 .072 103, 084 .088 129,351 .125' 220,164 .153 660.34 96.16 Per cent exports of beans and pease, etc. , .36 .61 1.28 1.43 2.10 Until the outbreak of the war, the United States was by far the most important market, and ordinarily took more than half the total Japanese exports of these products. Since 1914 there have been very great increases in the exports to Great Britain, and in 1915 and 1916 these were considerably greater than the exports to the United States. In 1917, however, there was a great increase in the exports to the United States; the value of exports to the United States in 1917, 21,509,000 yen, was almost four times the value of the corresponding exports of the preceding year and was 64 per cent of the total Japan- 80207—1 34 TRADE DURING THE WAR. ese exports of beans and pease. As the tables exhibited above show, the bulk of the Japanese exports to all countries as well as to the United States consists of kidjaey beans. The exports to the United States in 1917, by varieties, are shown in the following table: Exports of beans and pease to the United States in 1917. - Kinds. Quantity. Value. Ein. 1,454,501 3,168,618 9,484,383 117,590,646 11,836,069 276,683 Yen. 123,961 303,289 1,296,063 18,181,623 rjrnTiT)f(Tint,s (pp-aTintr^) 1,658,665 44,969 Total 143,810,900 21,508,670 Starch. — ^In Japan, starch is made from potatoes and from rice. Prior to the war the most important exporters of starch were Ger- many and the Netherlands. As a result of the total elimination of German starch from the world's markets and the great reduction in the exports from the Netherlands, Japan has produced, and exported starch during the war in greatly increased quantities. Prior to 1917 the exports of starch from Japan were not separately] enumerated but were grouped with some of the less important grain meals and groats. The exports of this group for the years 1913 to 1917 were as follows: Exports of "other" flow, meals and groats of grain, and starches, 1913-1917. Total. To the United States. Year. Quantity (1,000 Mn). Value (1,000 yen). Value (1,000 yen). Per cent of total. 1913 980 990 12,975 49, 711 101,360 116 123 1,069 4,956 15,162 24 21 39 1,304 1,912 20.69 1914 17.07 1915 3.65 1916 26.31 1917 12 62 In 1917 the total Japanese exports of starch alone were given as 100,100,664 kin valued at 14,966,455 yen. Of this amount, 69,062,699 kin valued at 10,274,391 yen (68.65 per cent of total) were shipped to Great Britain, while the exports to the United States amounted to i 13, 143,018kin valued at 1,872,538 yen, or 12.51 per cent of the total^ France, Egypt, and British India, in the order named, participate^^ in the remainder of the Japanese exports of starch. The Uniteci States trade statistics show that Japan in 1917 supplied the bulk of the United States imports of starch, which have increased greatly since the outbreak of the war. The United States figures for imports of starch for the years ending June 30, 1913, to 1917 are as foUows: JAPAN. United States: Imports of starch, 1913-1917. 35 Total. From Japan. Year. Quantity (1,000 pounds). Value (1,000 dollars). Quantity. Value. • 1,000 pounds. Per cent ol total. 1,000 dollars. Per cent of total. 1913 16,710 15,518 13,233 2,467 20,648 458 409 244 124 974 50 52 62 677 18,009 0.30 .34 .46 27.44 87.22 2 2 3 24 800 0.43 1914. .49 1915 1.23 1916... 19.35 1917 82.13 Stafoh is now being used extensively in the manufacture of ex- plosives, -which may account for the great increase in Japanese exports and in American imports. Starch is also being used in increased amounts both in the United States and in Japan for sizing yarns and in finishing textiles. Seeds: Sesame, periUa ocimoides, rape and mustard, cotton and Un- seed. — ^The above named oil seeds have long been articles of Japanese importation, necessary to meet the domestic demands which could not be supplied by the local crops. Imports of seeds, 1913- 1917. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Seeds. 1,000 piouls. 1,000 yen. 1,000 piculs. 1,000 yen. 1,000 piculs. 1,000 yen.. 1,000 piculs. 1,000 yen. ■ 1,000 piculs. 1,000 yen. 99 75 269 797 435 1,413 112 34 425 948 200 2,181 199 59 998 32 520 1,314 373 4,789 156 1,109 164 85 614 114 374 1,078 521 3,413 654 807 91 133 593 63 358 PeriUa ocimoides Bape seed and mus- 819 4,282 360 TjiTisfifirt 201 411 240 515 1 036 4' #1 China, Kwantung, and British India, in the order named, are the principal sources of origin for these Japanese imports, China alone supplying nearly 80 per cent in 1917. The oils obtained from these seeds are being exported in increasing amounts. Prior to 1917 these commodities were not listed separately among the exports. In 1917, however, for the first time Japan exported 100,192 piculs of rape and mustard seed valued at 1,399,158 yen, and 85,272 piculs of linseed valued at 621,523 yen. More than 90 per cent of the rape and mustard seed went to the United States; nearly 50 per cent of the linseed was taken by Great Britain, 15 per cent by the United States, and 12 per cent each by Australia and Canada. BEVERAGES, COMESTIBLES, AND TOBACCO. (Group III ot Imports and Group II of Exports.) For imports this group is subdivided as follows: Sugar and con- fectionery, alcoholic liquors, other beverages and comestibles, and tobacco. For exports two items are added to the above, tea and marine products. 36 TBADB DURING THE WAB. For the group as a whole, the exports hare always been consid- erably larger than the imports. Since the beginning of the war the importation of these articles has decreased, whereas the exports have greatly increased. The decrease in the value of the imports of over 57 per cent, comparing the figures of 1917 with those of 1913, contrasts with an increase of over 67 per cent in exports in the same period. The following table shows the value of Japan's imports and exports of beverages, comestibles, and tobacco, and the percentage thereof in the total trade: IVade in beverages, comestibles, and tobacco, 1913-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] Year Value of total imports. Imports of bever- ages, comestibles, and tobacco. Value of total exports. Exports of bever- ages, comestibles, and tobacco. Value. Per cent of total imports. Value. Per cent of total exports. 1913 729,432 695, 736 532,450 766,428 1,036,811 44, 469 28,873 20,117 18,643 18,900 6.09 4.85 3.78 2.47 1.82 632,460 691, 101 708,307 1,127,468 1,603,005 54,577 62,846 64,110 68,252 91, 452 8.63 1914 8.9P 7.64 1915 . 1916 6.05 1917 5.70 Sugar. — Japan has long been an importer of considerable quanti- ties of raw sugar of qualities below No. 15, Dutch Standard. Of the total Japanese imp9rts of sugar, ordinarily more than 80 per cent grades between 11 and 15, Dutch Standard, in color. Japan's imports of sugar, by grades and by countries, is given in the following tables : Imports of raw and refined sugar, 1913-1917, by grades. Year. Under No. 11, Dutch Standard. Under No. 15, Dutch Standard, but'not under No. 11. Other sugar. Total. Quantity (1,000 piculs). Value (1,000 yen). Quantity (1,000 piculs). Value (1,000 yen). Quantity (1,000 piculs). Value (1,000 yen). Quantity (1,000 piculs). Value (1,000 yen). 1913 . . 1,084 794 673 383 257 6,023 4,394 3,911 2,266 1,814 4,163 2,427 1,268 968 972 29,126 16, 590 9,824 8,688 9,440 210 89 136 260 87 1,604 696 1,070 2,024 743 5,437 3,310 2,077 1,601 1,316 36,763 1914 1915 141805 12 978 1916 1917 111 697 Imports of raw and refined sugar, 1913-1917, by countries of origin. (Values in thousands of yen.] Imported from— 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 114 488 32, 381 3,573 'l97 1 362 17,971 1,827 1,528 59 456, 12,409 1,845 36 19 483 8,630 3,933 13 109 244 9,164 2,169 U Dutch East Indies Philippine Islands Total 36,753 21,679 14,805 12,978 11, 697 JAPAN. 37 Imports of raw and refined sugar, 1913-1917, by countries of origin — Continued. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. Imported from— 1913 1914 1916 1916 1917 China .31 1.33 88.11 9.72 .63 0.40 3.08 83.81 12.46 .25 0.15 3.72 65.73 30.31 .09 0.94 Hongkong 1.62 82.90 8.43 7.05 2.09 Dutch East Indies 78.34 Philippine Islands 18.65 Other countries .08 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100. 00 Per cent which imports of sugar are of total import 5.04 3.64 2.78 1.72 1.13 The above tables show a marked decrease in Japan's imports of sugar since the outbreak of the war. The bulk of the Japanese sugar imports originates in Java. Since 1915, however, there have been substantial imports of sugar from the Philippines: in 1913 the imports from the Philippines were less than 10 per cent, in 1916 they were 30 per cent, and in 1917 they were over 18 per cent of the total imports. Japan proper, not including Formosa, has always produced con- siderable quantities of cane sugar. The Japanese Government early attached importance to the industry and encouraged it by tariff protection and by subsidies. The production has shown some in- crease since the outbreak of the war. In 1913 the crop estimate was given as 1,094,000 piculs, in 1914 as 1,370,000 piculs, and in 1915 as 1,195,000 piculs. Later figures are not yet available. Japan exports considerable quantities of sugar, almost all of which is refined. In the tables which follow the exports of refined sugar are shown by quantities and values and also by countries of destina- tion. The exports of raw sugar seem to have been too small to receive separate entry. Exports of refined sugar, by countries of destination, 1913-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] Exported to- 1913. 1914 1915 1916 1917 China • 14,270 1,199 78 11,526 815 34 2 6 8,682 1,524 1,657 12,312 1,653 1,844 368 245 17,611 3,982 1,095 British In'dia . Asiatic Russia 1,702 1,771 284 41 Total value 15,831 12,383 11,804 16,422 26,151 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. ChiTia 90.13 7.56 .51 93.09 - 6.68 .27 .01 .05 72.70 12.91 14.03 74.98 10.07 11.23 2.24 1.48 66.96 15.23 British India 4.19 Asiatic Russia 6.85 Othp.r pmiTifrffiR 1.80 .36 6.77 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100. 00 Per cent which exports of, refined sugar are of total 2.50 168,767 .094 2.09 131,263 .094 1.67 116,508 .101 1.46 146, 194 .112 1.63 Total quantity in thousands of kin 220,904 .118 Average value per kin . . 38 TRADE DURING THE WAR. China takes most of the Japanese sugar exports, but since 1915 considerable quantities have been exported to Kwantung Leased Ter- ritory and to British India. The exports of sugar decreased from 1913 to 1916, but in 1917 they showed a very marked increase, from 146,- 000,000 kin in 1916 to 221,000,000 kin m 1917. This increase in exports of refined sugar took place simultaneously with a decrease in the imports of raw sugar, which indicates that there has been an increase in domestic production of raw sugar siace 1915 or a decrease in domestic consumption, or both. The 12 Japanese sugar refineries have doubled or trebled their output since the outbreak of the war. Alcoholic liquors. — ^The Japanese exports of alcoholic liquors greatly exceed the imports. The liquors imported are different m character, however, from those exported. Wines and whisky are imported mainly from France, Italy, and the United States, while the exports consist for the most part of beer and sake. Sake, a beverage distilled from rice, is the popular alcoholic drink of the Japanese. Trade in alcoholic liquors, 1913-1917. Year. Imports (wtnes, champagne, whisky, and other). Exports (sake, beer, and other) 1913.. 852,578 759,799 610,789 935,809 1,183,051 Yen. 3,032,433 1914. 3,150,407 1915 3,277,391 1916 4,875,358 1917. 7,227,935 The exports of Japanese beer are shipped almost, whoUy to Far Eastern countries. The exports to British India, the largest purchaser, have shown very marked increases, especially ia 1917. The Japanese exports of sak6 go to Kwantung, China, the United States, and Hawaii, in the order named. The destination of the sake exports indicates that this beverage is consumed only in coun- tries having a considerable number of Japanese residents. Tea. — Only small quantities of tea are imported into Japan. Tea is one of the important domestic products of Japan, and it constitutes a substantial item in the export trade. Thq Japanese export chiefly green teas, and these find their most important market in the United States, where they bring prices higher by nearly 50 per cent than the India, Ceylon, and Chinese green teas. The black teas are also shipped to some extent to the United States. Efforts to improve methods in production of black tea of the oolong type have resulted in increased output in recent years, and the exports are beginning to compete in foreign markets with the India and Ceylon product. JAPAN. Exports of tea, 19XS-t917, by quantity. [Amounts in thousands of Idn.] 39 ToaU countries. To the United States. To Canada. To China. To other countries. Year. Amount. Per cent of tea ex- ported to all coun- tries. Amount. Per cent of tea ex- ported to all coun- tries. Amount. Per cent of tea ex- ported toaU coun- tries. Amount. Per cent of tea ex- ported to all coun- tries. 1913 25,522 29,607 33,9R8 38,343 50,170 21,525 24, 763 28,355 30,714 42, 421 84.34 83.64 83.42 80.10 84.56 2,453 3,273 4,333 5,925 4,926 9.61 11.06 12.75 16.45 9.82 1,039 830 360 778 1,044 4.07 2.80 1.07 2.03 2.08 505 741 940 926 1,779 1.98 1914 2.60 1915 2.76 1916 2.42 1917 3.64 Exports of tea, 1913-1917, by value. [Values in thousands of yen.] To all countries. To the United States. To Canada. To China. To Other countries. Year. Value. Per cent of total export trade. Value. Per cent of tea ex- ported to all coun- tries. Value. Per cent of tea ex- ported to all coun- tries. Value. Per cent of tea ex- ported toaU coun- tries. Value. Per cent of tea ex- ported to all coun- tries. 1913 10,076 12,710 -15,402 16,082 31,756 1.59 2.15 2.17 1.42 1.'36 8,848 11,076 13,186 13,309 18.798 87.81 87.14 85.61 82.76 86.39 923 1,284 1,760 2.124 1,968 9.16 10.10 11.42 13.21 9.05 137 118 62 237 256 1.36 .92 .40 1.47 1.17 168 232 394 412 734 1.67 1914 1.84 1915 2. .57 1916 2.56 1917 3.39 From 1913 to 1917 the total exports of tea doubled in quantity and in value. The United States is the most important market for Japanese teas, ordinarily taking over 80 per cent. Another 10 per cent, usually, is sent to Canada, and the balance goes in small amounts to China and other countries. Marine products. — With a coast line extending 14,000 nautical miles, touched at different points by both cold and vsrarm cur- rents, Japan is particularly favored in respect to sea products of all kinds. There is a considerable catch of fresh-water fish from the numerous rivers, lakes, and marshes of the country. There are over 400,000 fishing boats in^ Japan and the fisheries employ some 1,400,000 persons. Salt also is grouped in the Japanese statis- tics with ' ' marine products. ' ' The value of the fish catch in 1915 was 94,836,000 yen; of the manufactured products, 63,528,000 yen; and of salt, 11,247,000 yen. The Japanese fisheries have reached a high state of development. Some ingenious fishing devices which are used in Japan are not known elsewhere. Although fish is a staple article of the Japanese consumption, the production has been sufficient to permit of a sub- stantial and growing export trade. 40 TBADE DUEING THE WAB. Exports of marine prodwAs, 191S-1917, by articles. [Values in thousands of yen.) 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Salt 185 2,041 8,183 2,420 880 266 1,922 7,648 2,578 1,002 443 1,951 4,708 2,161 965 536 2,461 5,680 2,487 1,323 482 Seaweeds and cut seaweeds 2,833 Fish, not including shellfish 7,345 Shellfish 2,222 Shark's fins, bfiche de mer, and bonito flesh. . . 1,307 Total 13,709 13,416 10,228 12,487 14,189 Exports ofTnarine products, 191S-1917, hy countries of destination. [Values in thousands of yen.] Exported to- 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 China 4,304 436 5,535 775 192 2,467 4,828 439 4,547 673 273 2,656 4,427 426 3,721 528 452 674 5,639 516 4,207 667 537 921 6,489 548 4,876 Straits Settlements 64S Asiatic Kussia 484 Other nmiTitriftq 1 147 Total 13,709 13,416 10,228 12,487 14,189 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. China 31.40 3.18 40.37 5.65 1.40 18.00 35.99 3.27 33.89 5.02 2.03 19.80 43.28 4.17 36.37 5.16 4.42 6.60 45.16 4.14 33.69 5.34 4.29 7.38 TTwftTitnTig 3 86 Hongkong 34 36 Strait's .'!p.ttl«'nents 4 57 Other pniiTitries 8 08 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100 OO The most important single item in the exports is cuttlefish. Of the total exports in the group in 1917, amounting to 14,189,000 yen, 4,129,606 yen consisted of cuttlefish. Next in importance were sea- weeds and codfish. Except in the year 1917, the exports of articles in the group. have decreased in value as compared with 1913. The total value for 1917 was slightly greater than the value for 1913. There has been little change in the distribution of marine products during the war period. China and Hongkong are the most important markets; together they take almost 80 per cent of the total Japanese exports in the group. Miscellaneous comestibles. — ^Most important of the remaining items in the main group are : Of imports, — salted salmon, salt, eggs, and condensed muk; of exports, — ^vegetables, fruits, and nuts, soy (sauce), colle or vegetable isinglass, and crabs in tins and bottles. JAPAN. Trade in miscellaneous comestibles, 1913-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] IMPORTS. 41 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Salmon, salted 430 522 1,479 1,857 1,106 258 643 1,399 1,515 938 128 347 1,366 1,055 773 72 662 1,133 1,038 1,022 Salt 1,830 896 CoTidfinRfirl milV 1,390 All other 1,207 Total value S,394' 4,763 3,668 3,927 5,323 EXPORTS. 1913 1914 1916 1916 1917 Vegetables: Mushrooms, dried 1,408 2,027 2,247 955 1,774 1,469 1,402 , 1, 500 1,816 1,860 976 1,857 1,472 1,292 1,310 1,979 1,813 987 1,706 1,579 3,363 1,655 2,596 1,803 1,110 2,447 3,305 3,784 2,070 Other 2,654 1,410 1,452 Soy Cofle or isinglass (vegetable) 1,955 4,454 Another 4,970 Total value • 11,282 10,773 12,737 16,700 18, 865 Imports of salted salmon come from Canada and the United States in about equal quantities. This trade has decreased greatly during the war period, and by 1917 had grown so small that it was not given separate entry. The imports of salt, on the other hand, have undergone substantial increase during the war period, and are now very much greater than the exports of salt. The imports consisting mainly of crude salt, originate almost whoUy in Kwantung. The imports of fresh eggs decreased during the war period. All of these imports originate in China. The imports of condensed milk also decreased during this period. They come mainly from the United States and from Great Britain, with small imports also from Switzerland. As a whole this group shows, for imports, a decrease in value during the war period. Most of the exports of mushrooms are shipped to Hongkong and China, these two destinations accounting for nearly 80 per cent of the total exports. Small quantities are exported also to the British Straits Settlements, the United States, Hawaii, and other countries. Over half of the exports of other vegetables are shipped to Asiatic Russia, the balance going in small amounts to a number of other countries. Mandarins are the most important item in the Japanese exports of fruits, amounting in value to 1,407,875 yen in 1913 and 2,070,298 yen in 1917. Kwantung and Asiatic Russia each take about one- third of the mandarins exported, substantial fractions of the remain- der going to Canada and Chiaa. The exports to the United States are small, having amounted in 1916 to 102,056 yen. 42 TEADB DURING THE WAE. Apples were next in importance in the Japanese exports of fruit, amounting in 1913 to 587,433 yen and in 1917 to 270,874 yen. Over 75 per cent of these go to Asiatic Russia, the balance going mainly to China, the Philippines, Kwantung, and Hongkong. Soy is a sauce of which soy beans mixed with parched wheat and rice are the principal ingredients. The United States, Hawaii, Kwan- tung, and Asiatic Russia are the principal purchasers of Japanese soy. . Colle, or vegetable isinglass, is exported in greatest amount to China, the remainder going to Hongkong, the Dutch East Indies, France, the United States, and other countries. Crabs in tins and bottles are exported almost wholly to the United States and Great Britain, the first-named country ordinarily taking over 60 per cent of the total. The exports to Great Britain show a relative increase since the beginning of the war. Most of the Jap- anese crab canneries are in Echigo Province and Karafuto (Japanese Saghalien) . Exports of comestibles, in containers, 1913-1917. (Comprises awabi, crabs, fishes in oil, otber fisbes, kamaboko, vegetables, and "other comestibles in ting and bottles."] [Values in thousands of yen.] Exported to— 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 UnltedStates 1,698 473 53 179 918 1,357 670 79 222 918 1,272 1,301 304 121 646 2,304 1,312 431 2U 1,089 2,516 2,605 345 Orpflt Tirit?*iTi ^n 487 1915 716 1916 1,888 1 578 1917 JAPAN. 47 Bones. — The importation of bones for the manufacture of handles for toothbrushes and other purposes has likewise increased greatly, the imports having risen from 1,567,753 yen in 1913 to 2,893,774 yen in 1917. The imports come mainly from China, Australia, and the United States. Shells. — The imports of shells of mollusca have more than doubled during the war period, owing to the great expansion in the Japanese pearl button industry. The imports of shells increased from 1,021,- 082 yen in 1913 to 2,528,585 yen in 1917. The shells come from Australia, the Straits Settlements, the PhiUppine Islands, and British India, in the order named. Slcins, hair, etc. — The most important items in the exports of articles in this group are leather and manufactm-es thereof and furs. The group also includes coral, catguts, and ivory. Exports of skins, hair, horns, tusks, etc., and manufactures thereof, 1913-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] Year. Furs. Leatlier. Leatlier manufac- tures.! All other skins, hair, etc., and manufac- tures of. Total. 1913 563 602 121 544 801 958 869 772 1,672 3,891 76 71 78 2,148 1,301 2,581 1,792 5,061 1,402 1,636 4,178 1914 3,234 1915 6,022 1916 5,766 1917 7,528 I Does not include leather boots and shoes which are classed imder "Clothing and accessories." Great increases have occurred since 1913 in the exports of leather and leather manufactures, and these account for the increase of the total exports for the group during the period 1913 to 1917. The increases were the result of war orders placed in Japan, especially by Russia. In the figures for 1915 most of the exports of leather and manufac- tures thereof were classified, in the Japanese statistics, under "All other skins, etc." In normal times China is the most important market for Japan's leather and leather manufactures. The Japanese furs are chiefly sent to China, Great Britain, and the United States. The Japanese exports of coral, both worked and crude, go mainly to Italy and Hongkong. About 90 per cent of the catgut exports go to the United States. OILS, FATS, WAXES, AND MANUFACTURES THEREOF. (Group V of Imports and Group IV of Exports.)^ The imports of Group V have shown a slight decrease since 1913, whereas the exports in 1917 were about three times as great as those in 1913. The exports, only about half the value of the imports in 1913, were in 1917 greater than the imports by more than 9,000,000 yen. The following tables show the values of the imports and ex- ports of articles of these OTOups, and also the principal items which made up the imports, for the years 1913 to 1917. 48 TBADE DTJBING THE WAR. Trade in oils, fats, waxes, and manufactures thereof, 1913-1917. [Values In thousands of yen.] Imports. Exports. Year. Value. Percent of total import trade. Value. Per cent of total export trade. 1913 20,211 17,078 17,276 17,386 19,458 2.77 2.87 3.24 2.30 1.88 9,992 8,398 10,147 21,658 28,976 1.58 1914 1.42 1915 1.43 1916 .. .. 1.92 1917 1.81 Imports of oils, fats, waxes, and manufactures thereof, 1913-1917. [Values In thousands of yen.] 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 947 1,021 1,762 262 388 11,102 710 1,184 1,805 1,030 719 749 1,466 236 1,035 8,657 386 1,158 1,896 806 985 880 1,391 196 1,147 8,463 461 1,041 2,079 633 1,610 744 1,510 241 720 5,571 699 1,454 3,847 1,090 1,357 824 Fats: Animal , ,. 3,682 Other 340 MiTiftral nils 1,082 Dluminating oils: 5,305 Other 585 1,396 Waxes 3,793 1,094 Total 20,211 17,078 17,276 17,386 19.458 The imports of non- volatile vegetable oDs and of illuminating oUs showed STibstantial decreases, whSe the imports of most of the other items in the group showed moderate increases. Kerosene. — The principal item among the imports in the group has always been kerosene oil (petroleum). In 1913 kerosene constituted 55 per cent of the total imports of oils, fats, and waxes; in 1917, 27 per cent. The kerosene oil industry has made marked progress in Japan during the war period. Until 1914 the domestic demand was sup- glied by 60 per cent of imported and 40 per cent of domestic oil. y 1917 the domestic oil supphed by far the larger proportion of the domestic consumption. The import of kerosene fell from 48,175,000 gallons in 1913 to 34,359,000 gallons in 1915 and to 19,427,000 gallons in 1917. There has also developed during the war period an export trade in kerosene and other mineral oils, which by 1917 had reached a total value of 3,144,000 yen. The increased production of petro- leum in Japan was not the sole factor, however, in bringing about this situation. Other contributing factors were the progress made in Japan in the installation of electric lighting systems and the check on domestic consumption caused by the higher prices and • the in- creased cost of transportation. JAPAN. Imports of kerosene oil, 191S-1917. 49 ' Total. From United States. From Dutch East Indies. Year. Quantity gallons). Value (1,000 yen). Quantity galfons). Value (1,000 yen). Quantity (1,000 gallons). ValuB (1,000 yen). 1913 48,175 35,462 34,360 22,274 19,427 11,102 8,657 8,464 5,571 5,305 33,146 26,416 27,184 19,829 17,944 7,677 6,402 6,695 4,983 4,904 15,029 9,037 7,176 2,445 1,483 3,526 2,255 1,769 688 1914 1915 ' 1916 1917 401 Percentage which imports of kerosene oil from Dutch East Indies and United States constitute of total imports of kerosene, 1913-1917. Imported Irom— 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Dutch East Indies 31.76 68.25 26.05 73.95 20.89 79.11 10.65 89.45 7.65 United States 92.45 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100. oe Total value in thousands of yen 11, 102 1.52 8,657 1.45 ,8,464 1.59 5,671 .74 5,305 .51 Per cent imports of kerosene are of total import trade. . The above table gives the percentages (of value) of imports of kerosene by countries for the period 1913 to 1917. Prior to the war the Dutch East Indies were becoming serious competitors of the United States in the Japanese import trade m kerosene, but in the years 1916 and 1917 shipments from the Dutch East Indies almost ceased and nearly aU the imported kerosene came from the United States. Other Oils. — The imports of illuminating oils other than kerosene also come mainly from the United States. These have shown a slight increase during the war period. The figures of imports oi fragrant volatile vegetable oils, by countries, are given in the following tab le : Imports of volatile oils, vegetable, fragrant, 191S and 1917. [Values in yen.] Imported from— 1913 1917. 463,627 224,693 161,137 654 106,493 517,674 347,927 TJnitGd States 118,636 372,980 Total 946,604 1,367,016 Before the war the most important single source of imports of volatile oils was Germany, which in 1913 supplied almost half the total Japanese imports. There were practically no imports from the United States. In 1917 there were, of course, no imports from Ger- many;, but there were greatly increased imports froni France, Great Britain, and other European countries, and in addition a very sub- stantial import from the United States, amounting to over 8 per cent of the total imports. 80207—19 4 50 TBADB DXJBING THE WAS. Paraffin. — ^The imports of paraflfin wax have grown considerably since 1913. From a total value in that year of 1,805,199 yen, the imports by 1917 were more than double, amounting to 3,791,662 yen. Of this amount 522,950 yen was wax whose melting point was below 45° C. The figures of imports of paraffin wax by countries for the years 1913 and 1917 are given in the following table. Imports of paraffin wax, 1913 and 1917. Imported from — Paraffin wax (melting point below 45° 0.)- Paraffin wax (other). 1913 1917 1913 1917 Yen. 343,153 411,908 4,848 Yen. 47,111 353,800 Yen. 39,176 317,907 362,153 66,416 113,715 131,872 6,689 Ym. 9,705 United States 592,868 British India 1,384,860 122,039 1,277,425 21 2,467 4,886 Ot.hfirfinnnt.r'm's'. . , . 3,754 Total 767,272 522,950 1,037,927 3,268,612 Exports of oils, etc. — ^The figures of exports of articles in the group by classes is given in the foUowing table for the years 1913 to 1917: Sports of oils, fats, waxes, and manufactures thereof, 1913-1917. [Values in thousands ot yen.] 1913 1914 1916 1916 1917 Per cent of increase or de- crease (— ), 1913-1917. Oils: Coconut Soya-bean Colza Cottonseed. Camphor oil Peppermint Fish and whale Mineral oils — Kerosene Other Vegetable wax Soaps: Toilet Washing Toilet or perfumed waters and hair oil.. All other oils, fats, waxes, and manu- factures thereof. 197 1,343 237 1,464 256 2,896 921 3,765 411 1,018 3,484 216 809 2,657 319 697 2,236 846 ,385 1,028 1,508 16 519 147 1,040 1,193 22 363 1,164 1,229 67 341 592 2,896 1,736 1,684 163 756 5,200 7,117 1,248 3,993 309 316 694 3,626 1,795 1,349 1,566 3,747 79 2,241 Total Per cent exports of oil, fats, etc., are of total export trade 9,992 1.58 1.42 ID, 147 1.43 21, 658 1.92 28,976 1.81 533.50 197. 32 -23.11 -41.65 4.08 52.33 148.47 393. 75 91.91 379. 06 189.99 The total exports of the items in the group increased from 9,992,000 yen in 1913 to. 21,658,000 yen in 1916 and to 28,976,000 yen in 1917, an increase of 190 per cent, comparing 1917 with 1913. With the exception of camphor oil and peppermint oil, the exports of every item in the group increased. Camphor oil exports decreased from JAPAN. 51 410,776 yen in 1913 to 316,132 yen in 1917; and the exports of pepper- mint oil were reduced from 1,017,678 yen in 1913 to 593,614 yen in 1917, a decrease of 42 per cent. The decrease in exports of pepper- mint oil is undoubtedly the result of increased consumption in Japan, where the cultivation and production of peppermint has increased during the last few years. Japan began the exporting of mineral oils in 1Q14. In 1914 the exports were valued at 147,287 yen; in 1917 they had increased to 3,143,617 yen, of which kerosene oil accounted for 1,794,917 yen, and other mineral oils for 1,348,598 yen. Of the kerosene oil 67 per cent (1,209,401 yen) was exported to China, and over 32 per cent (582,921 yen) went to Kwantung. Of the other mineral oils, 61 per cent (828,854 yen) was exported to Kwantung and practically all the remainder to China. The exports of mineral oil from Japan to China are in competition with the American product, which has heretofore constituted the largest part of the Chinese mineral oil imports. Other oils exported from Japan in 1917 for the first time in its trade history are coconut oil, which appears in the 1917 exports to the value of 7,116,579 yen, and cottonseed oil, which was exported in that year to the value of 309,167 yen. The exports of colza oil made from rape seed and of fish and whale oil are given by countries in the following tables : Exports of colza oil, 1913-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.) Exported to— 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 TTiiFaTitnTip' 44 654 46 1,065 91 1,979 229 334 201 62 138 1,184 138 2,082 140 83 169 France . 62 United States 37 112 496 83 155 125 2,597 147 Australia Othflr nnnntrip.. Per cent of total im- port trade. Value (1,000 yen). Per cent of total ex- port trade. 1913 14,312 15,370 9,322 10,386 21,990 1.94 2.58 1.75 1.37 2.12 24,999 25,765 22,191 24,376 31,387 3.95 1914 4.35 1915 3.13 1916 2.16 1917 1.95 Increase in imports, 1917 compared with 1913, 53.65 per cent. Increase in ejfports, 1917 compared -with 1913, ?5.55 per cent. IMPORTS. The following table shows the imports of minerals and manufac- tures thereof, by articles. Imports of minerals and manufactures thereof, 1913-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] Articles. Mineral substances for grinding or polishing Metal polishes Grindstones or whetstones, artificial Precious stones Asbestos and manufactures thereof in lump, powder, or fiber Asbestos yam Other yam Talc and soapstone Phosphorite (rock phosphate) Gypsum Cryolite Plumbago Cla: ■L Goal Coke -• All other minerals and manufactures thereof. Total 1913 ,618 29 4,034 422 760 14,312 325 857 15,370 1915 82 3,458 84 452 9,322 1916 47 127 159 68 105 192 70 100 183 55 604 1,414 246 820 2,271 127 236 246 ,109 174 354 4,403 2,731 5,099 44 97 137 77 171 8 270 4,236 61 654 10,386 850 21,990 JAPAN. 89 Fertilizer. — Prior tothe war, and as recently as 1914, phosphorite or rock phosphate, which is used for fertilizer, was the principal item of import in this group, constituting about 60 per cent oi the total im- ports of minerals and manufactures thereof. The Japanese statistics do not adequately account for the origin of the imports of phosphorite, about 75 per cent of the total being entered as imports from "all other countries. The balance is credited to the iJnited States, Great Britain, and Egypt in the order named. The imports from the United ■ States amounted in 1913 to 958,000 yen, and in 1914 to 1,132,000 yen, out of a total import of phosphorite amounting to 8,618,000 and 7,116,000 yen for the two years, respectively. From xmofl&cial sources it appears that the bulk of the imports from sources not specified originate in various islands of the southern Pacific, particularly the islands taken by Japan from Germany since the outbreak of the war. Japan is a large importer of fertilizer, including oil cake and nitrates as well as phosphates. In 1913, for instance, the imports of all kinds of fertilizer and material for fertilizer amounted m value to over 70,000,000 yen, or over 10 per cent of the total import trade of Japan, and were second in importance only to the imports of cotton. The use of fertilizer in great quantities dates from about 1905, since which time there have been marked increases both in domestic production and in imports. This resulted in a serious setback to the growing import trade. The imports, which were over 70,000,000 yen in 1913, fell in 1914 to 63,000,000 yen, and in 1915 to 48,000,000 yen. This marked decline in imports of fertilizers was due to a combination of factors : among the most conspicuous were the decreased production in belligerent countries which formerly supplied Japan, increase in cost, and difiiculties of transportation. The shortage was met to some extent by decreased consumption and by increased production in Japan, so that in 1916 and 1917 Japan was able to export consid- erable quantities of fertilizer to foreign countries. Coal. — The imports of hard coal for industrial purposes, and especially for the use of the iron and steel industry, ranked second in importance in the import trade of non-metallic minerals, and accounted in value for from 30 to 40 per cent of the total imports in this group. Japan produces hardly any hard coal, and the domestic production is restricted to the use of the Imperial Navy. Japanese industries are therefore dependent upon foreign sources for supplies of hard coal. The figures of imports of coal are given by values, quantities, and countries in the f ollowihg table : Imports of coal, 1913-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] 1916 Imported from — 1913 1914 1916 1917 China 1,627 2,086 155 166 4,733 1,322 380 217 39 2,733 444 927 304 50 2,236 866 1,066 5,439 1,834 1,725 other countries 68 40 Total 4,034 6,691 4,458 4,236 9,038 672 7.05 950 7.04 610 7.31 552 7.67 707 12. 7K Increase in totat value, 1917 compared with 1913, 124.04 per cent. Increase in quantity, 1917 compared with 1913, 23.60 per cent. Increase in unit value, 1917 compared with 1913, 81.27 per cent. 90 TRADE DTJBINQ THE WAE. The most important sources of imported coal in 1913 were China and Kwantimg. Since the outbreak of the war the imports from Kwantung have declined markedly, but the decrease has been offset in large part by greatly increased imports, from French Indo-China. The import 'price of hard coal has increased about 80 per cent, while the total imports were 23 per cent greater in quantity in 1917 than in 1913. The imports of other non-metalhc minerals are small and umm- portant. EXPORTS. More than 90 per cent of the exports in this group consist of soft coal, used largely for bunkering ships. Of the remaining exports, cement is important. There are also substantial exports of plum- bago and slate. The figures of exports by classes for 1913 and 1917 are as follows : Exports of minerals and manilfactures thereof, 1913 and 1917. [000 omitted.] Articles. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Coal: Lump Dust Coke Portland cement All other minerals and manufactures thereof. Tons- Tons. Tons. Kin.. Kin 3,275 564 7 44, 691 Yen. 20.996 2,633 134 656 581 5.325 466 3 150,661 Total. 25,000 Average unit value of: Lump coal Dust coal Cement 6.41 4.67 0.01 Yen. 22.842 3,612 113 2,678 2,142 31,387 7.75 0.02 Coal. — The figures of exports of coal by total values and quantities and by countries is given in the following tables: Exports of coal (not including cohe), 1913-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] Exported to- 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 China '...; 7,333 6,277 1,095 3,594 639 237 422 2,302 1,111 7,459 6,776 511 3,649 1,056 406 493 2,172 633 5,851 4,484 277 3,269 1,500 192 631 2,098 63 6,549 4,954 157 3,195 878 345 355 2,691 111 173 774 6,740 179 4,351 Straits Settlements 671 338 3,385 97 Philippine Islands United States 147 187 775 187 Total 23,629 23,915 19,237 20,406 26,454 JAPAN. 91 Exports of coal (not inalvding coie) 191S^i9i7-^OTitmned. PER CENT OF DISTSIBUTION. Exported to— 1915 1916 1917 CMna Hongkong British India Straits Settlements. Dutcli East Indies.. Frencli Indo-Chlna. Kussia, Asiatic PMlippine Islands. . tTnited States Australia Hawaii Other countries 31.04 26.56 4.63 15.21 2.70 1.00 1.79 9.74 4.70 31,19 28.33 2.14 15.26 4.41 1.70 2.06 9.08 2.65 30,41 23.31 1.44 16.99 7.80 1.00 3.28 10.91 .33 .62 2.01 .78 2.40 4.03 .50 32.09 24.28 -.77 15.66 4.30 1.69 1.74 13.18 .64 .85 3.79 1.11 36. SO 25.48 .67 16.45 2.39 2.54 1.28 12.79 .37 .71 .52 Total. 100. 00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Total quantity in thousands of tons Average value per ton Per cent exports of coal are of total export trade . 3,840 6.16 3.74 3,668 6.72 4,05 2,901 6.63 2.72 6.75 1.81 2,791 9.48 1.65 Increase in total value, 1917 compared with 1913, 11.96 per cent. Decrease in quantity, 1917 compared with 1913, 27.32 per cent. Increase in unit value^ 1917 compared with 1913, 54.15 per cent. The total exports of coal have decreased in quantity since 1913 by over 27 per cent, but an increase in the average export price of Jap- anese coal of over 54 per cent resulted in an increase of 12 per cent in the value of the exports of coal in 1917 as compared with 1913. China is the most important market for Japanese coal, followed by Hongkong, the Straits Settlements, and the Philippines, in the order named. Before the war there were important exports to the United States, amounting in value in 1913 to 1,111,000 yen, or 4.7 per cent of the total. Coal exports to the United States decreased greatly, however, during the war jieriod, and in 1917 amounted in value to only 97,000 yen, or about one-half per cent of the total Japanese exports of coal. Some of this coal was for consumption in Manila, but the most of it was bunker coal for American steamers. The exports to Hawaii, on the other hand, increased considerably during the war period. Cement.^The cement industry in Japan has developed greatly during the war period. Importation has practically ceased. The domestic output increased from 4,562,000 barrels in 1913 to 7,090,000 barrels in 1915. Increased building in Japan, owing to a decrease in prices of building material and to industrial development, resulted in a greater domestic demand for cement. Measures are already being taken to insure the continuance of prosperity in this industry after the war by encouraging the use of cement for the production of artificial stone, for use in road making, and in construction work. Although domestic consumption has increased, there has been a marked increase in the quantity of exports. The figures of exports are given in the following table : 92 TBABE DURING THE WAR. Exports of Portland cement, 191S-1917. [Values in thousands ol yen.) Exported to— 1913 1914 1913 1916 1917. Kwantung. 449 18 413 76 68 262 4 221 101 730 447 431 218 538 294 584 844 333 24 640 344 British India 431 Butch East Indies ... 1,276 Phlh'ppinfi Tqlj^iids , 126 1 62 126 Ot.hftr noiir^fi'lP .... 501 Total 656 1,033 2,465 2,719 2,678 Total quantity in thousands of kin 44,691 74,885 200,584 193,429 160,661 The exports of cement increased in quantity from 44,691,000 kin in 1913 to 150,661,000 kin in 1917, and in value from 656,000 yen in 1913 to 2,678,000 yen ia 1917. Tne exportation is mainly to the Dutch East Indies, British India, the Philippines, and Kwantung. The ex- ports to the Dutch East Indies were not important enough in 1913 to receive separate enumeration, vrhereas in 1917 they amounted to over 47 per cent of the total exports of cement and were greater than the exports to any other country. The exports to British India and the Philippines have also increased markedly during the war period. The exports to Kwantung, on the other hand, in 1917 were only 77 per cent of what they had been in 1913. Other minerals. — In 1917 for the first time Japan exported plum- bago to the value of 205,000 yen and slate and slate pencUs to the vame of 315,000 yen. The exports of minerals not separately listed rose from 581,000 yen in 1913 to 1,622,000 yen in 1917. POTTERY, GLASS, AND GLASS MANUFACTURES. (Group XIII of Imports and Group XII of Exports.) Even before the war the exports of articles in this group greath exceeded the imports. The bulk of the imports consisted oi glass and manufactures thereof, whereas the exports consisted in greater part of the products of the potteries. During the war period the exports of both pottery and glass and manufactures thereof increased greatly. The exports of pottery ia 1917 represented an increase of 115 per cent over those of 1913 and the 1917 exports of glass and glass manufactures were more than three times as large as those of 1913. On the other hand the imports decreased, and the exports of both classes of articles are now much greater than the imports. The figures of imports and exports for the group as a whole are given in the following table : Trade in -pottery, glass, and glass manufactures, 1913-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.) Year. 1913 1914 1916 1916 1917 Imports. Pottery. Glass and man- ufactures thereof. 567 319 79 264 661 3,451 2,576 1,173 2,290 2,630 Exports. Total. 4,008 2,895 1, 262 2,644 3,091 Per cent Glass oftotal pnff.r,, land man-| m„j„, import J^^otters . ; ufactures ! ^'"*'- trade. , thereof. 0.56 .49 .24 .34 .30 I 1 6, 724 ' 6, 989 6,984 12, 104 14, 474 3,319, 2,926 6,873 10,397 14, 460 10,043 8,915 12, 857 22,501 28,934 Per cent of total export trade. 1.69 1.51 1.82 1.99 1.81 1 Includes cloisonni?.. JAPAN. 93 IMPORTS, Pottery. — Considerable changes have occurred in the character of the Japanese ceramic industry. The war has effected a naarked increase in the demand for Japanese pottery products, and especially for plates, saucers, and coffee cups. The eUmination of the German products from the market was an important factor in bringing this about. But the profits under the old methods were small, and the cost of kaolin, chemicals, and labor had increased. The hope of de- veloping the industry appeared to lie in modern methods of produc- tion, and a movement was begun to change from hand labor proc- esses to machine processes. The use of coal was introduced into the industry, and methods of manufacture were developed whereby work which had previously required a week's time could be done in a day. These measures have met with considerable success. Imports of pott^y products, 1913-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] 1913 406 151 1914 1915 1916 1917 • Firebricks 139 180 43 35 208 46 496 Pottery 62 Total 657 319 78 254 558 Imported from — 139 148 118 121 31 122 13 20 142 22 39 66 54 United States 27 12 160 28 330 174 Total 657 319 78 254 558 The im.ports of pottery products have always been small. They decreased during the war period until 1917; in 1917 they were about the same in value as in 1913. Imports of fire bricks constituted prior to the war over 70 per cent of the total imports of china and earthenware. They decreased greatly from 1913 to 1915, but recov- ered somewhat in 1916, and were considerably greater in 1917 than in 1913. In 1913 the imports of fire bricks came from Belgium, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States, in the order named ; the imports of pottery came almost wholly from the United States and Great Britain. After the outbreak of the war the imports of fire bricks and pottery from Belgium and Germany practically ceased, and the imports from Great Britain decreased greatly. The imports from the United States, on the other hand, showed a slight increase. EXPORTS. The exports have increased greatly during the war period, and the proportion of the total Japanese production exported rose from 40 per cent prior to the war to 70 per cent in 1916. There was an es- pecially great increase in the export of porcelain pottery, owing to the disappearance of German and Austrian products from the world's markets. Porcelain insulators and other porcelain articles for industrial purposes are going to India, Australia, and the South Sea Islands in considerable quantities. Many Japanese manufac- 94 TKADE DXJBING THE WAB. turers are almost totally abandoning production for the domestic market and are devoting themselves to production for export. The following tables show the values of the exports of pottery by coun- tries for the period 1913 to 1917: Exports of pottery, 1913-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] Exported to — 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Per cent of increase or decrease, 1913-1917. China..,. • 388 203 405 321 211 126 459 167 351 240 182 122 477 165 298 517 532 256 108 659 2,919 246 18 451 337 1,260 354 "499 1,168 706 524 221 485 4,191 464 130 1,493 609 ■ 1,980 722 712 1,220 955 1,121 487 64 4,942 561 172 951 587 410. 31 Ewantiing 256.66 Hongkong 75.80 British India 280.06 Straits Settlements 352.61 Dutch East Indies. 789.68 PhiUppine Islands Great Britain 429 3,140 •277 27 155 1,042 303 3,175 122 25 160 683 —85. 08 United States ,. . 57.39- 102. 53 Cape Colony and Natal 537.04 Australia 513. 55 —43. 67 Total 6,724 5,989 6,984 12,104 14,474 115.26 PER CENT DISTEIBUTION. China 5.77 3.03 6.02 4.77 3.14 1.87 7.66 2.80 5.86 4.01 3.04 2.04 6.84 2.36 4.27 7.39 7.60 3.67 1.53 9.44 41.81 3.53 .27 6.45 4.84 10.40 2.93 4.12 9.66 5.83 4.33 1.83 4.01 34.63 3.84 1.07 12.34 5.02 13.68 4.98 4.92 8.42 6.59 7.75 3.36 .44 34.13 3.87 1.19 6.59 4.08 Kwantung Hongkong British India Straits Settlements Dutch East Indies Philippine Islands Great Britain 6.38 46.70 4.12 .40 2.30 16.50 6.06 53.01 2.04 .42 2.67 11.39 United States Canada Cape Colony and Natal Australia All other countries Total pottery exports, valuein thousands of yen 6,724 1.05 5,989 1.00 6,984 .99 12,104 1.07 14,474 .90 Percentage pottery exports are of total export trade The most important export market for Japanese pottery products is the United States, which took, in 1913, 47 per cent of the total exports and, in 1917, 34 per cent. The exports to the Dutch East Indies and to Cape Colony and Natal showed the greatest percent- ages of increase, the exports to the first-named country increasing almost ninefold and to the last-named more than sixfold from 1913 to 1917. The exports to European countries, on the other hand, and especially to Great Britain, showed considerable decreases. Glass and manufactures thereof. — Before the war, Japanese produc- tion of glassware was limited to cups, lamps, bottles, table utensils, flower vases, and other similar articles. The imports consisted mostly of plate and sheet glass. Since the ■ outbreak of the war, the glass industry has undergone great development in Japan. This has taken place mainly in plate and sheet glass manufacture. New items of growing importance in the Japanese exports are hypodermic syringes, laboratory glassware, and watch crystals. JAPAK. 95 IMPORTS. Imports have decreased, the needs of the domestic market are being met, and a considerable export trade is being developed. Plate glass was even sent to the Pacific coast of the XJnited States, when railway congestion in this country made it difficult to transport the American Eroduct west of the Kocky Mountains. Thermos bottles are also eing exported to the United States. Markets are being opened in British India, Australia, the South Sea Islands, and Great Britain. As indicating the extent to which Japan is gaining a hold on the British Indian market, it may be mentioned that according to the Indian returns the imports of glass and glassware from Japan in the year ending March 31, 1917, were valued at £600,000, or 60 per cent of the total imports of this class of goods, whereas in the year pre- vious to the outbreak of the war, only £105,000, or 9 per cent of the total imports, were from Japan. The figures of imports by totals and by countries are given in the following table: Imports of glass and manufactures thereof, 191S-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 2,921 486 2,137 420 709 465 1,653 637 I,S02 731 Total 3,407 2,567 1,174 2,290 2,533 Sheet and plate glass imported from— Belgium 2,424 325 1 171 1,747 299 4 87 44 446 218 2 12 435 • 1,190 16 13 753 United States 1,034 2 2,921 2,137 709 1,6.53 1,802 Before the war the imports came mainly from Belgium and con- sisted predominantly of sheet and plate glass. The imports of sheet and plate glass have decreased considerably, whereas the imports of other glass and manufactures thereof showed substantial increases in value. Imports of sheet and plate glass from Belgium have practi- cally ceased, whereas those from Great Britain have shown some in- crease. The United States, however, which in 1913 shipped prac- tically no sheet or plate glass to Japan, supplied this commodity in 1917 to the value of 1,034,000 yen, or about 60 per cent of the total Japanese imports. BXPOBTS. The figures of exports by totals and by countries are given in the following table: 98 TRADE DURING THE WAR, Exportslof glass and manufactures thereof, 191S-1917. [Values in thousands ot yen.] Exported;to— 1913 1914 ' 1915 1910 1917 Per cent ol increase, 1917 over 1913. China 891 218 284 996 357 240 121 10 6 S2C 135 263 828 240 220 160 9 9 1 161 74 1,329 299 275 1,947 388 293 257 75 25 36 803 146 1,913 352 442 2,991 624 535 410 611 153 293 1,520 553 2,985 783 875 ■4,357 555 803 786 309 804 238 1,163 802 235.01 259.18 208.10 British India 337.45 Straits Settlements 53.46 234.68 Ph'lippine Islands 549.69 Great iJritain 2,990.00 United States 13,300.00 104 92 1,018.26 All of.hp.r nnnTitrift-a 771.74 Total 3,319 2,926 5,873 10,397 14,460 335. 67 The exports of glass and manufactures thereof increased over four- fold between 1913 and 1917. The most important increases were to British India, China, and Australia. The development of a substan- tial export trade with the United States and with Great Britain is also significant. Exports of glass and manufactures thereof, 191S-1917. [000 omitted.] 1913 1917 Value. Kinds. Qiiantitj-. Value. Per cent of total value. Quantity. Per cent of total value. Yen. 21,923 f 62 1 11,981 3,033 Yen. 3,117 486 4,399 1,697 387 1,635 l,4Sn 192 1,067 21.65 Thermos bottles dozen . . other bottles and flasks }• 6.577 1,115 1,150 306 34.65 9.22 3.36 30.42 Clips dozen. . Tableware 11.73 2.6!" B eads and balls . 490 707 122 544 i4.77 21.30 3.68 16.38 11.31 Loo»in£! glasses No. . 16,068 3,275 13,396 3,276 10.23 1.33 Other glass and manufacturer of 7.39 Total 3,319 14, 460 The exports of window glass, which in 1913 w«re not important enough to receive separate enumeration, amounted in 1917 to 3,117,000 yen, or over 21 per cent of the total exports in the group. There were also great increases in the value of the exports of bottles and flasks and of cups. ORES AND METALS (EXCLUSIVE OF METAL MANUFACTURES AND MACHINERY AND ENGINES). (Group xrv of Imports and Group XIII of Exports.) After textiles, the trade in ores and metals — as a group — is the most important, both from the import and the export points of view, as can be seen by comparing the following figures with others. JAPAN". Tradi in ores and metals, 1913-1917. [000 omitted.] 97 Imports. Exports. Year. Value. Per cent of total im- port trade. Value. Per cent of total export trade. 1913 Yen. 72,663 63,799 58,670 150,828 264,412 9.96 9.03 11.02 19.94 25.63 Yen. 31,455 31,649 64,719 120,432 171,874 4. 98 1914 ". 1915 9 >14 1916 1917 . . 10 72 IMPOETS. Ores and metals. — The Japanese classification of imports of ores and metals includes many items which might be classed as manu- factured articles', such as wire, wire rope, pipes, tubes, etc. Of the total importation of ores and metals, however, iron and steel (in- cluding iron ore) represent by far the largest proportion, as shown in the following table. Imports of ores and metals, 1918-1917. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Kind. i,noo yen. Per cent of total. 1,000 yen. Per cent of total. 1,000 yen. Per cent of total. 1,000 yen. Per cent of total. 1 1,000 yen. Per cent of total. Iron and steel Other 58 349 14,314 80.30 19.70 41,663 12,136 77.44 22.56 .S8,232 22,438 63.94 36.06 91,410 59,418 60.61 39.39 209,700 54,712 79.31 20.69 Total 72,663 53,799 58,670 150,828 264,412 The import of ores other than iron amounted in 1913 to but 270,000 yen. It increased in 1016 to 14,491,000 yen. Lead, zinc, and anti- mony were listed separately for the first time in 1917, and their value together with other ores (not iron) was 15,196,000 yen. Imports of ores, 191S-1917. [Values in thousands ol yen.] Kind. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1,585 1,729 , 1,812 1,671 2,460 2,515 7,823 5.30 Lead , Zinc Otlier ores .-.-. 270 574 2,065 14,491 4,327 Total 1,855 2,303 3,877 16,162 17,655 The increase in import of iron ore was an increase in value only. An increase in quantity may be looked for in the immediate future, however, as the Japanese are building a number of smelters for the reduction of Chinese ores. Lead is produced in Japan, but not in 80207—19- 98 TRADE DURING THE WAB, sufficient quantity to supply certain growing industries; graphite is imported for the making of pencils. After the war had shut off im- ports of zinc, the high price became an inducement to the develop- ment of zinc refining in Japan. Since then there has been an in- creased importation of ore to supply the refineries. The domestic production of antimony has increased over 100 per cent since the war began, which accounts for the relatively small imports of that ore. China has always been practically the sole source of Japan's imports of iron ore and. has supplied a fair proportion of some of the other ores. The 1917 trade returns of Japan show that China is the principal coimtry of origin for lead ore; nearly three-fourths of the zinc dust was imported from Austraha and practically aU the re- mainder from French Indo-China. Imports of ores, by countries of origin, 191S-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] Imported from— 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1,545 260 1,765 319 2,384 149 629 457 144 114 5,303 687 2,335 430 6,518 889 4,879 British India 423 TVfinp.h Tndi.-r'.hiTia . . - 2,354 1,002 Russia, Asiatic 160 5,501 3,496 50 59 Total 1,855 2,303 3,877 16,162 17,655 Iron and steel. — ^The Japanese imports of iron and steel may be divided into three classes, to wit: (A) Raw or partly fabricated, which includes pigs, ingots, blooms, billets, and slabs, as seen in Table I, page 99; (B) Rolled, cast, forged, or drawn iron, and steel products. Table II, page 100; and (C) Finished products such as pipes and tubes, ribbons, wire rope and twisted wire, waste, and other. Tables III and IV, page 101. The United States has become practi- cally the exclusive source of the Japanese imports of these com- modities, having displaced Great Britain, Germany and Belgium. In 1913 the United States supphed 0.22 per cent of class A, 7.54 per cent of class B, and about 52 per cent of class C. Bj' 1917 these percentages had increased to 14.16, 91.82, and 89.40, respectively, and the combined value (not including ribbons, wire rope, and waste iron) from 6,424,000 yen, the figures of 1913, to 164,497,000 yen. The importations from the United States represented nearly 80' per cent of aU the 1917 imports of iron and steel, the total being (exclusive of iron ore) 207,241,000 yen. The development of the ship building and machine construction industries in Japan during the last few years accounts for the increased importation of these materials. The United States in 1917 supphed 13.52 per cent of the Japanese imports of pig iron. Great Britain supplied the bulk of the ferro- silicon and sihcon-spiegeleisen, and the larger part of the ingots, blooms, billets, and slabs. The following tables show the trade in this class of iron and steel and the sources of origin for the period 1913-1917. JAPAN. 99 Table I.— Imports of iron and steel, 1913-1917. Class A. — Raw or Partly Fabricated. [Values in thousands of yen.] BY ARTICLES. Articles. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Per cent increase or decrease 1913-19'l7. Pig iron 10,390 109 515 170 231 816 147 8 6,695 46 131 191 87 891 106 2 6,549 46 423 248 322 328 36 13,794 89 683 469 204 1,622 67 3 23,848 190 195 152 335 515 1 2 129.63 74.31 62 14 }i*firroTnaTi(mTifWfl Ferro-silicon and silicon-spiegeleisen Malleable iron Alloys -10.59 46 02 Ingots, blooms, billets, and slabs 1?"«B '5^^'>ftl ftT>d bnmboo stepl -36.89 99 32 Other -75.00 Total : 12,388 8,046 7,950 16,721 25,238 BY COUNTR Y OF ORIGIN. Imported from— China 2,054 1,940 2,890 64 1,233 2,551 703 155 334 5,031 2,422 3,613 3,647 436 1,512 60 9,347 4,573 5,318 1,388 977 3,574 61 355.06 2,931 4,786 1,256 27 1,332 1,047 2,782 1,274 229 774 Great Britain 71 00 Sweden United States 13,137.03 96 42 Other n.oi]Titrifi,s Total 12,386 8,046 7,960 16,721 25,238 Total quantity, in thousands of kin Average value per kin 468,413 0.03 300,114 0.03 292,124 0.03 408,546 0.04 395,170 0.06 -15.64 PER CENT I )ISTEIBl 7TI0N. Imported from— China 16.58 24.11 36.34 .81 15.61 32.08 8.84 1.96 4.46 30.09 14.48 21.61 21.81 2.61 9.04 .36 37.03 18.12 21.07 6.60 3.87 14.16 .25 Kwantung ■Rrftiph Tnrtift 23.66 38.64 10.14 .22 10.76 13.01 34.58 15.82 2.86 9.63 Sweden . . . . United States Percentage imports of iron and steel (class A)areoftotal import trade 1.70 1.35 1.49 2.21 2.44 The figures in the above tables show a decrease in imports of class A from all countries except the United States, China, and Kwantung, This decrease in the import has encouraged the development of the Japanese iron industry. The Japanese are planning to develop the Chinese mines in order to make themselves independent of the rest of the world. Some of the Chinese ore is to be smelted in China, and a part is to be imported and smelted in Japan. 100 TRADE DTJEING THE WAIU Table II. — Imports of iron and steel, 1913-1917. Class B.— Rolled, Cast, Forged, or Drawn (Bars, Rod, Plate or Sheet Iron, Wire, Bands, and Hoops). by articles. [Values in thousands of yen.] Articles. 1913 1914 1916 1917 Per cent increase or decrease 1913-1917. Bars, rods, T angle and the like , Wire rods Plate, or sheet iron, checkered (not coated with metals) Plate or sheet iron (not coated with metals) Plate or sheet iron, galvanized (corru- gated) Plate or sheet iron, galvanized (other) . , Tiimed iron sheets and tinned steel sheets (ordinary) , Other plate and sheet iron Iron wire (not coated with metals) Iron wire (galvanized) Iron (bands and hoops) Total Total quantity, in thousands of kin Average value per kin 13,840 S68 72 8,621 2,221 3,160 4,603 5 572 2,447 295 9,866 412 53 6,942 1,131 1,829 4,010 11 283 2,128 301 5,602 1,081 46 7,733 432 792 4,792 236 383 3,175 159 22,608 4,076 22,619 596 662 10*084 459 626 4,324 594 46,369 6,931 320 91,396 825 582 11,726 120 1,303 5,859 1,243 36,404 26,966 24,433 66,572 166,673 627, 403 0.06 533, 246 0.05 346, 200 0.07 656, 187 0.10 967,841 0.17 235.04 1,120.25 960. 16 -62.86 -81.58 154.75 2,300.00 127.80 139.44 321. 35 357.84 64.26 183.33 BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN. Imported from— 63 11,092 408 651 11,767 452 792 20,315 441 3,324 41,069 631 2,967 6,403 2 1,841 153,043 2,417 ■ Great Britain 17,433 11,293 800 2,744 4,134 11,991 8,981 509 2,532 2,953 -63.27 -99.98 Sweden 130. IS United States 5,477.40 -41.54 Total 36,404 26,966 24,433 66,572 166,673 357.84 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. Imported from— China ... 0.26 45.39 1.67 2.66 48.17 1.85 1.19 30.51 .66 4.99 61.70 .95 1.78 3.84 47.89 31.02 2.20 7.54 11.35 44.46 33.31 1.89 9.39 10.96 1.11 91.82 1.45 United States . Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 • *• • Percentage imports of iron and steel (Class B) are of total import trade 4.99 4.53 4.59 8.80 16.09 The largest item in Class B, and one of which the imports have shown a very great increase, is plate or sheet iron, not coated with metals. The increase is accounted for by the development of ship- building. From the beginning of the war until the latter part of 1917 the number of yards which could turn out vessels of 1,000 tons and over increased from six or seven to thirty. The shipbuilding industry has been greatly embarrassed by the difficulty of obtaining material. The next item in importance is bars, rods, T angles, and the like, which supply the material for a number of industries — ^for instance, the manufacturing of machinery. Caution must be exer- cised in attaching significance to increases in figures of the value of JAPAN. 101 these imports. The per cent of increase in unit value of the whole list is given as 183.33, but this per cent could not be assumed to hold for any individual item. Tank plate increased in value by about 800 per cent during the war period. Wire rods increased in value to about the same extent. There has been a falling off in imports from all countries except the United States and China. Imports from Germany have been completely shut off by the war, and those from Great Britain have decreased greatly. Imports from the United States have far more than made up for these losses. Attention should be directed again to the fact that Japanese interests are undertaking to make use of Chinese ores and are producing both iron and steel in China. This accounts for the increased import from China and forecasts further increases. Table III. — Imports of iron pipes and tubes, elbows and joints, dravm, and "other" coated and not coated with base metals, 1918-1917. Class C. — Finished Products. [Values in thousands of yen.] Imported from— 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Per cent increase or decrease 1913-1^17 Germany 1,575 1,651 3,663 165 662 794 2,564 110 266 1,071 63 660 2,725 60 783 7,878 145 -49.62 United States 115.65 Otlier countries ... -7.10 Total value 6,934 4,130 1,380 3,435 8,806 ■ 27.00 Total quantity In thousands of Idn Average value per tHti 75,935 0.09 48,966 0.08 15,113 0.09 28,092 0.12 45,277 0.19 -40.37 111.11 The principal item comprised in this class is iron pipes and tubes. Less important items are ribbon steel, wire rope and twisted wire, waste or old iron, and other iron and steel not separately mentioned. The United States was before the war the chief source of these items, but during the war she has become almost the sole source. Imports from the United States have not risen in quantity, however, and the falUng off elsewhere has reduced the Japanese supply. Table IV. — Imparts of finished products other than pipes and tubes. Class C. — Finished Pboducts. [Values in thousands of yen.] Product. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Principal country of origin in 1917. 396 407 151 86 242 369 110 70 248 119 200 90 679 183 2,104 145 243 170 5,913 198 Sweden. Great Britain. United States. Other iron and steel, not separately Do. Total 1,040 791 657 3,011 6,523 Increase, 1917 compared with 1913, 527 per cent. 102 TRADE DURING THE WAK. Metals other than iron and steel. — In normal times, lead, tin, zinc, and nickel were the principal metals (other than iron and steel) imported into Japan, but duriag the war the list has been greatly enlarged, owing to the creation of new Japanese industries and the expansion of those already established. The most striking example appears in the imports of brass andv bronze in ingots and slabs, the importation of which increased from 228,000 yen in 1913 to 10,145,000 yen in 1917. In this coimection it should be noted that the exports of brass manufactures from Japan also increased from 140,546 yen in 1913 to 6,620,198 yen m 1917. Other large increases appear in the importation of copper and aluminum, large amounts of which are used in the shipbmldiag industry and for supplying the requirements of the Japanese army. The following tables show the development of the Japanese import trade of metals other than iron and steel during the period 1913-1917: Imports of metals otJur than iron mid steel, 1913-1917. [Values in thousands oJ yen.] Metal. Platinum Aluminum Copper: Ingots and slabs other Lead: Ingots and slabs Other Tin: Ingots and slabs Other Zinc: Ingots, slabs, and grains Other Nickel: Ingots and grains Other Mercury Bismuth Antimony Brass and bronze: Ingots and slabs Other German silver Solder Antifriction metals Precious metals and gilt or silver metals - . Ail other metals in ingots, slabs, and grains All other metals in bars, rods, sheets, plates, ribbons, bands, wires, pipes, and tubes All other metals in other form Total. 526 224 62 317 2,616 201 2,320 57 1,566 1,825 1,421 "'"325' 590 34 134 77 34 1,043 249 110 209 391 16 164 2,950 169 2,063 22 709 1,160 1,593 ""196" 145 306 20 142 62 16 107 74 11,560 186 424 169 236 2,910 353 1,829 6 1,278 1,869 1,601 87 433 350 6,655 1,070 650 5 73 62 7 35 20,372 1916 728 2,044 1,733 7,463 659 1,797 22 1,966 1,317 2,009 189 1,279 413 7,033 14,354 942 15 224 23 16 94 146 198 44,927 1917 319 3,583 312 5,871 3,781 15 1,764 1,416 1,032 155 929 251 5,146 10, 145 952 34 249 50 22 229 39,516 Per cent increase or decrease (-). 1913-1917. -39.35 1,103.12 5,679.03 -1.58 124.42 43.78 62.97 -73.68 12.64 -22.47 -27.38 ""iss'ss 4,349.56 61.36 85.82 -35.06 -35.29 -78.04 -27.71 10.91 183.09 JAPAN. 103 Imports of certain metals other than iron and steel {exclusive of ores), 1913-1917. [000 omitted.] Unit of quantity. Quantities (for principal Items). Per cent Increase or decrease 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 19ltldl7. Kin TTJTl Kin Kin Kin Kin Kin Kin Kin Kin Kin 313 518 194 447 24,790 1,307 1,957 9,883 12,670 1,578 114 802 54 265 25,830 1,069 2,184 4,606 9,063 1,684 103 813 579 773 24,210 2,155 1,990 4,866 9,253 1,594 62 205 52 23,949 6,174 2,716 231 1,260 4,198 990 34,673 2,596 1,839 5,414 4,204 1,808 115 427 64 18,683 71,043 3,386 107 1,591 8,667 709 26,674 1,176 3,378 7,512 3,24et 907 89 290 34 29,210 44,207 2,466 -65.81 207.14 Copper: 4,316.98 Omer 68.61 Lead: Insots and slabs .. 7.60 pi other -10.02 Tin: 72.61 Zinc: -23.99 Other -74.38 Nickel: -42.52 Kin Kin 258 149 12.40 Kin Brass and bronze: Kin Kin 727 1,456 493 678 5,980.74 69.37 Imports of selected metals other than iron andsteel, 1913-1917. Unit of quantity. Average value. Per cent Increase or decrease Metal. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 (-) average value 1913- 1917. Plfltinnni Kin Kin Kin TTin Kin Kin TTiTi Kin Kin TTiTi Kin Yen. 1,682.00 .43 .32 .71 .11 .16 1.19 .16 .14 .90 Yen. 1,832.00 .49 .30 .62 .11 .16 .94 .15 .13 .95 Yen. 1,808.00 .62 .29 .30 .12 .16 .92 .26 .20 1.00 1.40 2.11 6.73 .28 .17 .24 Yen. 3,150.00 1.62 .42 .37 .22 .22 .98 .36 .31. 1.11 1.64 2.99 6.45 .38 .20 .28 Yen. 2,985.00 1.69 .42 .44 .22 .25 1.12 .23 .44 1.14 1.74 3.20 7.38 .18 .23 .38 77.38 293.02 Copper: 31.25 -38.03 Lead: 100.00 Other 66.67 Tin: Ineots and slabs -6.88 Zinc: Ingots, slabs, and grains . . Other 43.75 214.28 Nickel: Ingots and grains 26.67 Mercury Bismuth Kin Kin 1.26 1.28 163.97 Antimony Brass and bronze: Kin TTIti Kin .31 .40 .29 .45 ^25.81 Otner . —5.00 104 TKADE DUBIITG THE WAB. Imports of certain metals, by countries of origin, 1913-1917. , [Values in thousands of yen.] Uetal. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Per cent increaseoi decrease 1913-l6l7. Tin (ingots and slabs) from— China 406 1,617 297 311 1,667 85 298 1,430 101 226 1,465 106 401 2,929 451 -1.23 Straits Settlements 81.14 51.85 Total 2,320 69.70 2,063 80.80 1,S29 78.18 1,797 81.52 3,781 76.47 62.97 Percentage supplied by Straits Settlements. Nickel 'ingots and grains) from— GreatBritain 1,239 1,405 183 S 1,244 357 1,453 556 S87 440 5 -52.62 United States other fionTitriep ... , 182 -97.26 Total 1,421 1,693 11.49 1,601 22.30 2,009 27.69 1,032 42.64 -27.38 Percentage supplied by the United States. Antimony from— China 6,630 25 6,919 114 5,076 70 Othftrnnnntrift!? Total 6,656 99.62 7,033 98.38 5,146 98.64 Percentage supplied by China Brass and bronze (ingot and slab) from— China 12 81 135 851 138 81 13,745 471 138 9,545 393 207 79,441.67 51 94 38.5.19 53.33 Total 228 6.26 145 1,070 79.63 14,354 95.76 10.145 94.09 4,349.6ft Percentage supplied by China Imports of lead ingots and slabs, 1913-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] Imported f rom— 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Per cent Increase, 1917 over 1913. China. 70 33 2,429 84 46 644 2.199 61 139 498 2,213 60 524 3,293 3,501 145 193 1,004 4,486 188 175. 71 United States 2,942.42 A nstrftMfi ... 84.69 123.81 Total value 2,616 2,950 2,910 7,463 5,871 124.43 Total quantity in thousands of kin Average value per kin 24,790 .11 1.26 25,830 .11 21.83 24,210 .12 17.17 34,673 .22 44.12 26,674 .22 17.10 7.60 Percentage suppliedby the United States. EXPORTS. Ores. — Prior to tlie war the only ore exported from Japan was zinc» the exports of which amounted in 1913 to 943,271 yen, of which about 86 per cent was shipped to Belgium. Since 1915 the exports of zinc ore have become insignificant, ciwing to the fact that the Japanese are refining their own ores, but in 1915 manganese ore was exported to the value of 1,939,000 yen. The manganese exports increased in 1916 to 2,380,209 yen, and dropped in 1917. to 588,425 yen. In 1917 for the first time are shown exports of tungsten ore, amounting in value to 1,709,649 yen. This tungsten is mainly of Korean origin. The war demand has been so great that hitherto tmdeveloped sources JAPAN. 105 are being worked in many parts of the world, as well as in Japan. In 1916 the bulk of the manganese ore was exported to the United States (1,863,000 yen out of a total export of^ 2,380,000 yen), and in 1917 the exports of tungsten to the United States amounted to 1,484,086 yen, or 86.87 per cent of the total tungsten exports. France, Asiatic Russia, and Great Britain come next in the ordej named. Metals. — Japan has long been an exporter on a large scale of copper in ingots and slabs. Copper exports in 1913 amounted in value to 28,184,000 yen; nearly 90 per cent of the total exports of ores and metals (31,455,000 yen) during that year. During the war, how- ever, Japan has been exporting large quantities of other metals, and .while copper in ingots and slabs still plays an important part, it rep- resented m 1917 only a little over 50 per cent of all ores and metals exported. Japan had never before the war exported iron to any extent, but in 1917 her exports of iron in various forms amounted to 12,650,011 yen, as compared with 67,410 yen in 1913. Japan has become, beginning with 1916, an exporter of a number of ores and metals, some of which were heretofore and are still imported by her from foreign countries. Among these appear tungsten ore, iron, tin foils, zinc in ingots and slabs, and antimony. The following tables show in some (Retail the great changes that have taken place in Japan's export trade of ores and metals : Exports of ores and metals, 191S-1917. [Values In thousands of yen.] 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Per cent increase or decrease 19ltm7. Ores: Zinc 943 470 361 183 27 1,710 588 763 794 5,023 3,634 2,040 1,158 87,495 1,365 4,378 3,050 347 20,948 8,441 4,545 18,769 3,377 3,422 -97. 14 Tungsten . . Other. ^ . .. .. 1 119 938 2,380 Uetals: Iron— 67 332 28,184 240 182 48 323 27,197 1,029 242 199 253 44,264 1,446 453 930 355 66,119 936 2,964 2,944.78 Other 248.79 Copper- 210.44 plates and sheets 463.75 Wire 2,305.50 Other Tinfoils 19,251 9,477 Antimony ■ 468 •1,117 7,707 Brass and yellow metals: 1,703.63 213 109 716 246 107 761 1,660 256 7,182 8,066 406 9,385 8,711.73 Other 2,998.16 All other metals 377.93 Total 31,455 31,649 64,719 120,432 171,874 446.41 106 TRADE DURING THE WAR. ExpoTtg of ores and metals, 1913-1917 — Continued. [000 omitted.! Unit of quan- tity. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Per cent Increase or decrease 1913^m7. Ores: Zinc Picul.... Pico] 456 236 102 36 3 12 4,746 23,868 11,319 14,051 6,643 120,322 1,623 5,805 3,581 781 61,390 23,788 6,686 20,440 4,687 -99.34 TilTigRtfin ... Iron: Kin. . Bars, rods, plates, and sheets K'in Eln... Pipes and tubes Kin Ktn Kin Kin Kin 1,047 15,154 70,227 536 378 642 16,012 73,540 2,600 506 2,391 10,655 95,684 2,735 879 7,517 6,962 98,950 1,256 4,191 1,242.02 Other -66.16 Copper: 71.33 Plates and sheets 202.80 Wire 1,435.71 Other . Tinfoils Zinc (ingots and slabs) .. Kin 38,690 14,984 Kin Kin .. 2,671 7,179 14,407 790.60 Brass and yellow metal: Kin Kin 636 275 636 284 3,041 536 10,212 630 3,713.43 Other 1,604.36 AVERAGE VALWES. Zinc ore Iron pipes and tubes Copper In Ingots and slabs Copper plates and sheets.. Copper wire Antimony Brass plates and sheets. .. Yen. Yen. Yen. Ym. Yen. Picul... 2.07 1.99 3.54 5.08 9.00 Kin 0.06 0.07 0.p8 0.12 0.27 Km 0.40 0.37 0.45 0.67 0.88 Kin 0.45 0.41 0.63 0.75 0.84 Kin 0.48 0.48 0.52 0.70 0.76 Kin 0.18 0.16 0.54 0.63 0.36 Kin 0.40 0.39 0.55 0.79 0.92 334.78 360.00 120.00 86.67 68.33 94.44 130.00 Exports of copper {ingot and slab), 1913-1917. [Values in thousands ol yen.] Exported to — 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 China Kwantnng British India Eussia, Asiatic. Great Britain France United States... Other countries. . Total. 9,401 136 1,415 6,208 3,956 3,304 4,766 9,227 loa 1,649 2,751 4,063 2,224 2,903 4,287 1,015 126 852 24,868 9,064 2,870 5,383 1,630 99 98 39,294 16,829 6,021 3,054 28,184 27,197 44,264 66,119 6,364 116 6,032 11,913 30,642 22,196 3,203 8,029 87,495 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. China Kwantung British India.... Asiatic Russia . . Great Britain France United States... Other countries.. Total. Total quantity In thousands of kin , Average value per kin , Per cent exports of copper ingot and slab are of total export trade 33.35 .48 5.03 18.48 14.03 11.72 16.91 lOO.OO 70,227 .40 4.46 33.92 .37 6.08 10.11 14.90 8.18 10.67 15.77 100.00 73,540 .37 4.60 2.29 .28 1.92 66.18 20.47 6.49 12.16 .21 100.00 95,684 .46 6.25 2.47 .15 .15 59.43 25.45 7.59 4.62 .14 100.00 98,950 .67 6.86 7.27 .13 5.75 13.62 35.02 26.37 3.66 9.18 100.00 120,322 .73 6.46 JAPAN. 107 Exports of zinc (ingot and slab), 1916 and 1917.' [Value in thousands of yen.] Exported to— 1916 1917 Britlshlndla • 287 11,328 8,373 2,235 28 1,198 Asiatio Russia Great Britain 10,977 3,66S 1,310 France , Other countries Total value 19,251 20,948 PEE CENT DISTRIBUTION. British India.... Asiatic Russia... Great Britain. . . France Other countries.. 5.71 18.61 52.40 17. ( 6.25 Total. Total quantity exported in thousands of kin . . Average value per Jtin Percentage exports of zinc are of total exports.. > No exports of zinc recorded for the years 1913-1915. METAL MANUFACTURES. (Group XV of Imports and Group XIV of Exports.) Up to and including 1914 the value of the metal manufactures imported was many times larger than that of the exports, but begin- ning with 1915 the exports have largely exceeded the imports, as shown by the following figures: Trade in metal manufactures, 191S-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] Imports. Exports. Year. Value. Per cent of total im- port trade. Value. Per cent of total ex- port trade. 1913 15,346 8,468 4,119 10,665 18,124 2.10 1.42 .77 1.41 1.75 3,585 3,490 7,760 16,600 29,381 0.57 1914 , .59 1915 . 1.10 1916 1.47 1917 1.83 Increase in imports, 1917 over 1913, 18.10 per cent. Increase in exports, 1917 over 1913, 719.55 per cent. IMPOSTS. The imports of metal manufactures have declined in quantity, both absolutely and relatively, while the exports have increased enor- mously. The change is not particularly an evidence of Japan's indus- trial progress. It rather mdicates the difficulty experienced by Japan in obtaining these commodities. The other oriental coimtries have also been shut off from the usual sources of supply, and Japan has contributed to their relief. 108 TBADE DTJEING THE WAB, The most important items in the ijnport trade in Group XV are construction materials and iron naUs, and of these the United States now supplies practically the entire amount imported. The United States supplied in 1917 no less than 98.10 per cent of Japan's imports of naUs, and 96.05 per cent of the imports of construction materials. The following tables show the trend of the import trade in these articles during the period 1913-1917: Imports of iron nails (not coated with metal), 191S-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] Imported from— 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 648 128 75 498 21 288 91 11 92 26 6 6 179 3,895 117 Bfilginm. 1 40 410 87 Great Britain 25 United States 2,482 23 Othfir p-nnntrips . Total value.l 1,370 508 538 4,203 2,530 Total quantity in thousands of kin 22,761 0.06 8,712 0.06 5,850 0.O9 35,646 0.12 15, 721 Average value per kin 0.16 Increase in total value, 1917 compared with 1913, 84.67 per cent. Decrease in quantity, 1917 compared with 1913, 30.93 per cent. Increase in unit value, 1917 compared with 1913, 166.67 per cent. Imports of construction materials, 1913-1917. (Sails and other metal materials for railways; metal posts and materials for electric lines; materials for bridges, vessels, docks, etc.; gas holders, tanks tor liquids and parts thereof.) ' [Values in thousands of yen.] Imported from— 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Per cent increase or decrease 1913^l6l7. Great Britain 1,443 3,496 2,747 313 2,027 918 86 677 59 90 799 184 86 9,317 297 — 94.04 United States 1 166 50 89.19 Total value 7,686 3,258 822 1,073 9,700 26 20 Per cent supplied by the United States . 45.49 62.22 82.36 74.46 96.06 Among the imports of construction materials, rails for railways constituted in the 1913 imports 53 per cent, and in the 1917 imports 96.05 per cent. The balance of the Japanese imports of metal manufactures con- sists of articles made of iron, such as screws, bolts, rivets, anchors, chains, cocks and valves; of insulate^ electric wires; cutlery, needles and pins, _ pens, typewriters and other manufactures of various metals, which could be classed mostly as hardware. The importation of individual articles has fluctuated decidedly during the war, and the total value during the last five years has been as follows: 1913, 5,990,000 yen; 1914, 5,702,000 yen; 1915, 2,759,000 yen; 1916, 4,389,000 yen; 1917, 5,894,000 yen. The imports of the individual articles are shown in the following table: JAPAN. 109 Imports of metal manufactures other than nails and construction materials, 1913-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] 1914 1916 1916 1917 Iron screws Iron bolts, nuts and washers Iron rivets Other screws, bolts, etc Insulated electric wires: Armored with metals — Submarine telegraphic or telephonic cables . . Other Other insulated electric wires , Iron anchors Iron chains Iron cocks and valves , Other cocks and valves Hinges, hat hooks and metal fittings, for doors, win- dows, furniture, etc Mechanics' tools, agricultural Implements and parts thereof Drills, bits, reamers and screw tops Cutlery , Capsules for bottles Needles and pins Pens (except gold) Stoves and radiators Typewriters and parts thereof Foreign coins except gold and silver Manufactures of precious metals ., — Manufactures of copper, brass and bronze Iron manufactures All other metal manufactures Total : '. Nails Construction materials Total imports of metal manufactures 193 462 125 248 61 1,861 160 41 635 143 23 73 497 174 63 46 106 196 132 78 1 74 161 812 67 6,290 1,370 7,686 247 281 71 166 926 374 69 65 451 116 21 70 323 92 50 28 104 150 93 62 8 139 88 676 43 220 79 47 76 309 108 6 15 209 40 8 25 184 73 19 34 39 144 :,702 608 1,258 2,759 538 433 186 179 44 2 22 200 960 42 246 232 24 38 93 118 23 141 165 69 77 701 24 6,389 4,203 1,073 233 263 260 4S 327 915 146 16 648 220 36 16 89 81 89 264 146 92 1,194 30 5,894 2,530 9,700 15,346 8,468 ,119 10,666 1«,124 EXPORTS. The enormous increase in the exports of naetal manufactures from Japan is due mainly to increased exportation of insulated electric wire, brass manufactures, and iron manufactures. The Japanese 6]assification of exports does not go further than the general desig- nations hereinafter mentioned; hence it is impossible to show by- name what are the brass and iron articles exported. However, the following figures give a fair idea of the classes of goods manufactured and the coimtries to which they have been exported in 1917. Exports of metal manufactures, 1918-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.l 1913 1914 1916 1916 1917 Principal countries of destina- tion in 1917, in order named. 251 114 36 44 141 445 999 125 394 117 22 49 136 286 636 42 900 203 66 379 458 172 817 647 1,126 307 345 140 2,897 267 961 230 3,119 490 307 237 6,620 26) 619 871 427 ' 2,702 356 12,950 422 China, Kwantung, British Implements and tools of farm- ers and mechanics. Iron pans and iron rice kettles. India. China, Kwantung, United States. Straits Settlements, China, Kwantung. China, British India. Asiatic Eussia, Dutch East Indies, British India. United States, British India. Antimony manufactm'es Aluminum manuiactures Great Britain, Australia, British India. Dutch East Indies, China, Hongkong. British India, China. Iron manufactures: China, British India. Kwantung, Asiatic Russia, Other 689 741 1,169 640 2,998 ■ 1,221 9,462 865 China, Kwantung, British India, Asiatic Eussia. Asiatic Eussia, and China. All other manufactures Total 3,685 3,490 7,761 16,600 29,381 110 TBAI>E DUBING THE WAE. The conspicuous development shown here is the great increase of exports of insulated electric wire and of brass manufactures, which is m part a consequence of the establishment of a large Japanese- American electrical manufacturing company in Japan. The brass manufactures have been exported to Russia for war purposes. CLOCKS AND WATCHES— SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS, ETC- th AND VESSELS— MACHINERY AND ENGINES. -VEHICLES (Group XVI of imports and Group XV of Exports.) To show the full development of the Japanese trade in the articles named above it is necessary to treat each class separately, and for this reason the four classes are entered separately in the following tables: Imports and exports of clocks, scientific instruments, etc., 1913-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Per cent increase or decrease 1913-1917. IMPOKTS. Clocks and watches, and parts thereof. 1,227 2,666 10,388 36,762 053 1,707 6,802 24,942 784 997 3,803 9,064 1,341 1,292 12,-388 16,271 2,182 2,037 13,071 29,838 77. 8J 23 57 Total ... 51,042 7.00 34,404 5.78 14,708 2.77 31,292 4.14 47,123 4.55 7 67 Per centage imports of elects and EXPOETS. Clocks . . 993 627 2,406 2,522 804 536 2,229 1,691 1,035 796 5,262 2,948 1,186 2,037 23,282 8,438 1,312 2,717 104,522 9,194 32 12 Scientiflc and musical instruments 415. 58 4,244.22 Total 6,443 1.02 5,260 O.SS 10,031 1.42 34,943 3.10 117,745 7.35 1,726.07 Percentage exports of clocks and watches, etc., are of total export trade . Clocks and watches and -parts thereof. — ^Mpst of the manufacturers of clocks and watches in Japan merely make parts, and the parts are put together by home and cottage industry. The imports consist of certain parts —such as springs — and watches. The export trade consists of "clocks, hanging and standing." The increased importation of watches, like the increased home production, is undouotedly due to the increased purchasing power of the manufacturing population. Switzerland and the United States have always supplied about 90 per cent of the Japanese imports of watches, the share of the two countries in the 1913 imports having been 57 per cent and 32 per cent, respectively. The proportion has changed shghtly in favor of the United States since the war began. Almost all of the exports of clocks from Japan prior to 1915 went to China and Hongkong, but now they go to nearly all parts of the world. The United States takes but a small amount, 1,200 yen in 1917. Great Britain, on the other hand, has been taking since 1915 nearly one-third of the entire Japanese export of clocks. JAPAK. ■ 111 Trade in clocks and watches and parts thereof, 191S-1917. Year. Imports. Exports. 1913 Yen. 1,227,000 953,000 784,000 1,341,000 2,182,000 Yen. 993,000 1914 .' .. .. 804,000 1,035,000 1,186,000 1,312,000 1915 1916 1917 ;. Scientific instruments. — Up to and including 1915 the imports of scientific instruments into Japan have always exceeded the exports of similar articles from that country, and even in 1916 and 1917 the exports exceeded the imports by about 800,000 yen and 700,000 yen, respectively. In normal times, e. g. in 1913, the principal items imported under this classification were, in the order of their importa- tion, philosophical instruments, wattmeters, amperemeters and volt- meters, gas and water meters, acc\imulators, surgical instruments, and phonographs. In 1917 wakttmeters held first place, followed by philosophical and surgical instruments and by the different kinds of meters above named. Before the war Japan imported her scientific instruments from Germany, Great Britaia, and the United States. The share of the United States in 1913 was 24 per cent, but in 1917 it had grown to over 69 per cent. The principal articles imported from the United States were meters and philosophical and surgical instruments. Recently the production of scientific instruments in Japan has been increasing and this is one of the hues of manufacture which may be expected to develop. The work is done largely by the hand-labor, piece-work system, traditional in Japanese industry. Modern drop forging is, however, rapidly replacing more primitive methods in the making of surgical instruments. The Japanese exports of scientific instruments have increased in value, as the table shows, and the market has extended. Up to 1916 the exports were practically confined to Far Eastern countries, mainly China, the Straits Settlements, and British India, but ship- ments of surgical instruments were made in 1916 and 1917 to the United States, Great Britain, and France. Considerable progress has been made in the production of drawing and surveying instruments, phonographs, phonograph needles and records. Exports of scientific instruments, 1913-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] Singical Philosophical Musical Other Total... 1913 132 50 44 301 527 221 45 35 236 536 1915 212 49 32 503 798 1916 820 351 37 829 2,037 1917 1,129 467 621 500 2,717 Per cent increase, 1917 over 1913. 755.30 834. 00 1,311.36 66.11 415. 56 112 TRADE DUBING THE WAB. Vehicles and vessels. — The following table shows all the imports entered under this heading: Imports of vehicles and vessels, 191S-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] 1913 19U 191S 1916 1917 Percent increase or decrease 1913-1917 Bailway carriages and parts thereof Automobiles , Automobile parts Cycles Parts of cycles: Tires , Other parts Steam vessels: Not exceeding 10 years of age Other All other yehlcles, parts of, and vessels Total 2,075 605 605 835 1,039 1,299 1,793 2,207 30 1,981 241 268 391 432 645 2,230 612 12' 619 71 96 14Q 81 167 752 48 299 388 327 92 21 386 229 10,686 60 2,219 1,570 1,098 123 5 587 423 6,680 366 6.94 159.50 117.43 -86.27 -99.52 -54.81 -76.41 202.67 1,120.00 10,388 6,802 , 3,863 12,388 I 13,071 25.83 Number of automobiles and steam vessels imported, 191S-1917. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 94 7 6 30 3 7 21S 2 13 860 Steam vessels: Not exceeding 10 years of age 5 16 6 Other 17 The use of automobiles is increasing in Japan, but there is httle manufacture. Hence the importation of cars and parts is increasing. The United States leads in this trade, with Great Britain and Italy next in importance. In 1917 the United States suppUed 851 auto- mobiles, valued at 1,548,804 yen, out of the total of 860 automobiles, valued at 1,569,640 yen, and she also supphed the bulk of the auto- mobile parts. Great Britain has always led in supplying railway carriages, bicycles, and vessels. Japan is becoming a producer of bicycles and tires, and the import of these articles is faUing off. The exports from Japan of vehicles and vessels are given in fiul in the following table : Exports of vehicles and vessels, 1913-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.) 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Per cent increase or decrease 1913-1917. Vehicles and parts thereof: Jinrickshaw ' Cycles Gum tires Other vehicles and parts of.. Vessels: Steam' other 225 21 186 711 22 3,413 565 399 4,076 1,614 17,179 42 290 168 4,084 2,271 97, 179 5.23 453.90 6,762.65 42.86 Total.. 2,406 2,229 5,262 23,252 104,522 4,244.22 1 Number of vessels: 1913, 4; 1914, 10; 1915, 7; 1916, 67; 1917, 79. jAPAir. 113 Japan now exports rubber tires to the value of over 4,000,000 yen. The exports in 1916 were shipped to China, the Dutch East Indies, the Straits Settlements, and Great Britain in the order named. In normal times China was also the principal buyer of the vessels built in Japan, but Great Britain, France, and the United States have lately been buying Japanese vessels. Many of the vessels which Japan has sold were old, foreign-buUt vessels, but they have brought high prices. Machinery and engines. — ^The industrialization of Japan during recent years has called for large importations of machinery. At the same time importation has become increasingly difficult because of the lack of shipping and the preoccupation of the Euronean exporters, and since 1917 of the exporters of the United States, with the war. Japan is continually expanding her own manufacture of machines, but the development of machine manufacturing necessarily proceeds slowly. These facts account for the decrease in Japanese imports of ma- chinery, and for the increase in exports. The export trade is not large in the aggregate, but it is significant. Machines for the tex- tile industry hold first place among the imports, followed in impor- tance by metal and woodworking machinery. Thirty-eight different kinds of machines, engines, and parts thereof are entered in the import returns. The export returns show only five items, of which electrical machinery is the most important, followed by spinning and weaving machines, lathes, telephones, printing- machines, and "other machinery and accessories thereof." These were exported mainly to China and to other Far Eastern countries. The total trade in machinery and engines for the period 1913-1917 was as follows: Trade in machinery and engines, 191S-1917. [Values in thoiisands of yen.] Year. Imports. Exports. 1913 36, 762 24,942 9,064 16,271 29,838 2,622 1914 1,690 2,948 8,468 9 194 1915 1916 1917 Imports ofrnmhinery and engine, 191S-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] Imported from— 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 17,067 243 9,'239 292 9,056 866 13,440 248 5,643 320 6,035 262 6,043 109 608 402 2,940 66 7,018 612 104 310 7,880 347 10.384 France 338 Germany 107 1,176 17,033 United States ■ 800 Total 36,762 24,948 9,067 16,271 29,838 80207—19 8 114 TBADE DUKING THE WAE. Imports of machinery and engines, 191S-1917 — Continued. PEE CENT DISTEIBUTION. Imported from— 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Great Britain 46.43 .66 26.13 .79 24.63 2.36 53.86 .99 22.62 1.28 20.19 1.06 55.61 1.20 5.61 4.43 32.43 .72 43.14 3.76 .64 1.90 48.43 2.13 34.80 1.13 Germany .36 Sweden 3.94 United States 57.08 Otlier countries 2.-69 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Percent imports of machinery and en sines are of total importtrade 5.04 4.19 1.70 2.15 2.88 The above tables show an increase in imports from the United States, 1917 over 1913, of 93.90 per cent — seventeen and one-half .millions against nine millions. Imports from Great Britain for the two years almost reverse these figures— less than ten millions against seventeen millions. Since the first year of the war Japan has been unable to obtain spinning and certain other machinery from Great Britain and has placed her orders in the United States. MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES. (Group XVn of Imports and Group XVI of Exports.) IMPORTS. The imports of miscellaneous articles in 1917 were valued at 77,399,000 yen. The increase from the 39,499,000 yen of 1913 is accounted for almost entirely by the growth in the imports of one item, oil cake (used as a fertilizer). The remainder of the imports in this group are chiefly raw materials, of which the most important are copra or dried coconut meat and woods such as teak and sandal- wood, pine, fir, and cedar. The imports of copra, used in the pro- duction of coconut oil, have iacreased more rapidly than those of any other of the items in this group, amounting in 1917 to 8,251,000 yen compared with 446,000 yen in 1913. It is obtained principally from the PJiihppine Islands. The following table shows the imports of miscellaneous articles, 1913-1917: Imports of "miscellaneous articles," 1913-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] Article. Woods Copra Packing mats -Rubber manufactures. Films Wheat bran Oilcal^e Other manures Other articles Total 1913 2,618 446 639 846 429 1,552 39,499 1,969 3,763 61,761 1915 1,491 1,367 624 644 616 404 618 444 433 370 686 740 34,865 36,127 1,698 1,005 3,614 1,646 42,747 1916 2,308 3,365 500 803 585 400 37,547 1,069 2,984 49,561 1917 Per cent increase or decrease 1913-1^17. 4,824 80.44 8,251 1,750.00 775 21.28 971 14.78 769 79.25 736 -52.68 55,968 41.69 1,691 18.14 3,514 -4.52 49.53 JAPAN. 115 The imports of oil cake, mostljr bean oil cake from China and Kwantung, are shown in the following table: Imports of oil cake (fertilizers), 1913-1917. [Values In thousands of yen.] Imported from— 1913 1914 1915 . 1916 1917 Per cent increase, 1917 over 1913. 13,689 20,066 1,914 118 3,630 182 11, 835 18,639 1,269 344 2,768 19 11,635 18,001 512 1,712 4,267 10,783 19,543 667 665 5,889 14,793 29,175 801 1,635 9,564 8.06 Tf waTi*ii"P 45.38 British India 1, 285. 59 Temporary warehouses 170. 93 Total 39,499 34,864 36,127 37,547 55,968 41.69 Total quantity in thousands of piculs. . . Average value per picul 14,367 2.76 12,402 2.81 13,847 2.61 14,041 2.67 17,919 3.12 24.72 13.45 EXPORTS. The articles in this group are predominantly manufactured goods. In 1917, out of a total value of 78,919,000 yen only 948,000 yen (1.2 per cent) consisted of raw materials, mostly plants, shrubs, and niy bulbs, and 17,095,000 yen (21.6 percent) represented semi-manu- factures, mainlv wood and fertilizers. The principal items in the group and- the value of the exports of each for the years 1913-1917 are shown in the following table: Exports of miscellaneous articles, 191S-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Per cent increase or decrease 1913-1917. Plaits for hats lo", 691 10,043 4,054 2,629 1,831 692 889 1,134 2,284 1,644 474 1,137 2,490 655 6,735 14,355 10,674 2,814 2,104 1,730 600 826 883 2,695 1,382 415 778 2,692 769 4,887 14,132 9,210 2,281 2,175 1,526 527 1,104 566 3,872 2,394 437 581 4,533 2,579 7,490 16,318 12,318 2,863 3,185 2,186 814 1,854 1,103 6,302 5,234 1,221 699 7,640 4,128 10,609 18, 171 14,785 2,180 2,290 2,305 734 1,755 1,049 6,075 8,314 1,321 591 8,410 2,310 8,629 15.81 Wood 47.22 Mats and matting for floors (Hanagoza).. -46 23 -12.89 Umbrellas and parasols, European Umbrellas ana parasols, otber, and 25.94 6.07 97.41 -7.60 Brushes 165.98 438.47 178.69 TTj^Tl!?' -48.02 237.75 316.22 All other articles 28.12 Total _52,182 47,504 63,407 75,474 78,919 51.24 Plaits and braids for hats, the most important of the miscellaneous items, are woven from wheat straw, wooden shavings, and hemp fiber. They are sold principally to the United States and Great Britain. The steadily increasing share of Great Britain in the exports of Japanese braids and plaits is shown by the following table: 116 TEADB DUBING THE WAE. Exports of braids (plaits) for hats, 191S-1917. [Values in tliousands of yen.] Exported to- 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Per cent increase or decrease 1913-1917. Great Britain 4,075 2,198 6,769 1,538 44 189 878 4,588 1,204 7,111 886 79 H4 373 5,215 1,359 7,052 5,827 1,916 7,870 8,679 766 7,807 112.98 65.15 United States 15.33 75 207 224 150 222 333 133 664 222 Australia 198. 4r -75.92 Total 15,691 14,355 14,132 16,318 18,171 15.81 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. Great Britain.. France United States.. Garmany ■ Canada Australia Other countries Total 25.97 14.00 43.14 9.80 .29 1.20 5.60 100. 00 31.96 8.39 49.64 6.17 .65 .79 2.60 100.00 36.90 9.62 49.90 .53 1.46 1.59 35.71 11.74 48.22 .92 1.36 2.05 47.76 4.22 42.96 .73 3.10 1.23 100.00 Japan is a well-forested country, and exports of wood and of manufactures of wood have been important. The items included under exports of wood are railway sleepers, boards for tea chests, and materials for matches and match boxes. There has been considerable increase in the value of exports of wood during the war, principally to British India and the Straits vSettlements. Exports of wood, 1913-1917. [Values in tiiousands of yen.] Exported to- 1916 1917 Per cent increase or decrease 1913-1917. Glilna Kwantung Hongkong British India Straits Settlements Dutch East Indies . Great Britain France United States Australia Other countries Total 3,748 1,028 90 982 171 6 297 186 1,214 496 1 1,826 4,633 1,120 90 1,290 296 20 271 190 875 487 1 1,502 3,124 718 146 1,964 784 166 822 41 771 524 150 777 72 2,791 1,535 391 463 22 780 1,329 3,690 1,267 168 4,942 2,699 774 313 2.41 23.25 833.33 ■ 403.26 1,478.36 12,800.00 5.39 37 417 478 -96.95 -15.76 -76. 62 10,043 10, 674 9,210 12,318 14,786 47.22 1 Exports to Germany, Belgiuin, and Egypt. There has been a substantial increase in the exports of brushes during the war, particularly to Great Britain and the United States. Tooth brushes constitute the largest item among the brush exports. Toys, principally cheap dolls, are exported to the United States and AustraUa as well as to Oriental countries. In the United States JAPAN. 117 the Japanese toys have shown great increases since 1913. In 1914, of the total United States imports of toys, including dolls valued at $9,084,019, Germany suppUed $7,718,854. The German products have now been replaced to some extent by imports from Japan. Exports of toys, 191S-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] Exported to- 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Per cent increase or decrease 1913-1917. China 229 178 282 91 83 332 829 43 3 74 346 277 99 197 73 65 395 1,034 46 3. 128 275 204 80 511 66 93 1,597 1,101 96 10 521 264 398 144 932 153 296 1,319 2,430 342 100 895 631 483 152 678 182 290 144 3,790 389 122 1,161 1,019 110. 92 Honekone —14. 61 British India 140. 42 100. 00 Dutch East Indies 249. 40 (rrftfit Pritfti'" -56. 63 367.18 Canada 804.65 Cape Colony and Natal 396. 67 1,468.92 194. 51 Total 2,490 ' 2,592 4,533 7,640 8,410 237. 75 Among the exports of manufactures of wood are pencil boxes, tooth- fdcks, oak staves, and office furniture. The last named item, manu- actured according to American designs, is sent principally to Australia. It is a remarkable fact, showing the trend of Japanese industries during the war, that the exports of what used to be known as "Jap- anese goods," such as fans, bkmboo and basket ware, mats and mat- ting, and lacquered wares, have decreased. The explanation is found in me changing demand of American consumers rather than in chang- ing conditions of production in Japan. TRADE BY PARCEL POST— TRAVELING EFFECTS— RE-IMPORTS AND RE-EXPORTS. Imports and exports of articles not included in commodity section, 191S-1917. [Values in thousands ot yen.] Imports, Exports. Year. Parcel post. Traveling effects subject to duty. Re-imports, Japanese produce. Parcel post. Re-exports , foreign produce. 1913 . . 2,794 3,029 2,159 4,780 5,669 369 282 224 390 406 806 1,234 2,782 1,494 6,830 5,190 6,046 12,869 34,665 31,863 2,934 1914 4,304 1915 8,358 1916 10,724 1917 18, 518 The large increase in the parcel-post shipments is accounted for largely by the fact that tonnage since 1914 had become so scarce and freight rates so high that this presented the most satisfactory method of shipment, particularly for small articles of value, for instance, surgical instruments, latch needles, etc. The congestion of parcel- 118 TEADE DUEING THE WAB. post packages has become so great that the Japanese Government is limiting the number of packages which it will accept for individual sailings of steamers. Ke-exports of foreign produce increased from 2,934,000 yen in 1913 to 18,518,000 yen in 1917. Among the reexports are found linen tablecloths and doilies, imported originally from Ireland, embroidered in Japan, and later exported largely to the United States. American and English nainsook is also imported and made up into lingerie for the export trade. Some of the re-exported goods were probably German goods in bond. JAPAN. 119 CHARTS SHOWING THE PROGRESS OF JAPANESE TRADE DURING THE WAR. 1; — Total value of commodities imported into and exported from Japan, 1913-1917. 1913 1914 1916 1916 1917 MILLIONS OF YEN. 400 ' 600 . 800 1 ,000 1,200 t,400 IJOO IMPORTS EXPORTS 2.— Value of commodites imported into and exported from Japan,by regions, 191S-1917. EXPORTS IMPORTS 120 TEADE DUBING THE WAB. 3. — Exports from Japan to principal markets, 1913-1917. MILLIONS OF YEN. 600 400 300 200 100 600 4-00 300 200 zr^ 100 1913 917 JAPAN. 121 4. — Imports into Japan, by groups of commodities, 1907-1917. eoo MILLIONS OF YEN . BOO 400 400 360 1 1 1 1 1 I t 1 1 1 / f 1 1 .-% / / / / / .i --'" 260 200 t60 100 / / / / / 260 ZOO 160 lOO 60 ^ / / / / * if ^- ' / / / Com, MANUFA .^-J^^' i^'ncLEs '^ %?. . *^ f ^i:^ ^ ^^ / N ^v y ^•- MlSOELl ANEOUS \ "-— 1907 1908 1809 lOlO lOlt 1912 1913 1914 I9r6 1816 1817 122 TBADB DTmiSQ THE WAS. 5. — Exports from Japan, by groups of commodititt, 1907-1917. 750 MILLIONS OF YEN. 1 700 660 600 660 600 550 600 453 400 360 300 256 200 160 ICO 1 1 1 1 600 4t0 400 / 1 1 1 / 1 1 1 / / / / 1 / -«^ ^^ / / / / 300 sso 4\ f / / / ? ^ \^ V t / / ,..'''^'-1 ->.^^ / COMF i&^2^'' ~ ^^ ^— ■ / lOO FOOD__ ^ r^_. ,-^'' 50 ~ — — . r MIS( JELLANEOUS ^^, ""^"^•m 1907 1908 1909 1910 lOII 1912 1913 1914 1916 1916 jJM7 jAPAir. 123 6. — Increase in the volume of certain commodities imported into Japan, 191S-1917. w. ^ Onit of CoMiodltr quantity Iron and steel plkta* and ahecta* 2000 kin Salt, crude '1000 kin Vasts, or old iron 1000 kin Nitrate of soda, crude 1000 kin Soda ash 1000 kin Copra 1000 kin Hatnp, Jute and Uanila hemp 1000 kin Braaz) and brooza, ingota snd alaba .1000 kin Wire rods 1000 kin Wool (shaepe*} 1000 kin Cauetio soda, crude 1000 kin Aapen wood 1000 kin Antimony 1000 kin Resin lOOO kin Ocean Bhalls (molluaca) 1000 kin Tallov, beaf 1000 kin Flax, china grass and rami* 1000 kin Asbestos, in lump, powder or fibre 100 kin Cypsum 100 kin Copper 100 kin Galls, oak bark, tanning matsrials 100 kin Klri wood (Paul^wnia tomentose) 100 ]d.n Indl% rubber and gu^ta parcha, crude 100 kin Gunn? bags, new 100 kin Carbolic acid 100 kin Tin 100 Kin Borate of soda 100 kin Iron screws 100 kin Alunlnujo (ingota, slabs and grains) 100 kin Licorice 100 kin Iron anchora 100 kin CD Logwood extract 100 kin ^ Bristles 100 kin O Oil cake, bean 1000 picula V/^ I Cotton, raw iqpO picula Petroleum, benzine XOO gallOTia ^ Y////////////j////Amm w//m///////M//S. w//m/Am W2 y K mm~ wm~ r. w. n ^^^^^^r-\ ^IMPORTB leiS n INCREASE 1017 * Kot coated vlth nietale 124 TRADE DURING THE WAB. 7. — Inereaae in the volume of certain commodities exported from Japan, 191S-1917. '^am allk 1000 kin iFftats cotton or vaat* cotton Tarna 1000 kin Cotton thrsads 100 kin Spun alUc 7arna 100 ^^\n Cotton -wadding 100 kin rioaa. silk 100 kin Woolen or voratsd yams 100 kin- Shlrtinga and fl'hBetlngB,gray{oottan) 1000 Tarda Drills and twUlsd shirtlng8(eotton) 1000 yarde Imitation nanksflns (eottoTi) 1000 Tarda Cotton flannels 1000 Tards Tea cloths (for tea tables) 1000 yarda Stiirting and aheetin£s,'whlte(cotton) 1000 yarda Cotton crepe 1000 yards Imitation nankeana, dyed (cotton), 1000 yards Turkey red cambrics (cotton) 1000 yards Blankets of cotton 100 yarde Crep« (silk) 100 yarda Uouasellne de laine 100 yarda Cotton ducka 100 yarda Toolen cloths and serges 100 T&rda blankets of wool and cotton 100 yarde Carpata (Tutakaori and the like) 100 sq-jde. Handkarebiefs of cotton 100 duan Gloves 100 dozen FoodatuSs. Risa Kidney beana Feas (Fieuo satirria) Ground nuts (Peanuts) Wheat flour Starch, etc. Tea Flah ft shell flah, frssh Trout, salted Sardine*, boiled' ft dried Sugpr, refined Sugar, rock candy UuBhrooms, drisd Tobacco t leaf Bsei^ in quarts Craba. In tins ft botUes ^^^^^^^^ i 1 1 'A 1 'A 1 '-A 1 1000 kin ^/MiiiiiiHi'A 1 y 1 1000 kin 'A 1000 kin m 1000 kin 1 lOOO kin lOOO kiji W///A 1000 kin lOOO kin 1000 kin 1 1000 kin mmyy/m ////////////////, '/////W//////// '///M 1 1 1000 kin lOOO kin 1000 kin 1000 dozen 1000 dozen 1 1 3 \/////A EXPORTS IBI3 I I INCREASE 1SIT JAPAN. 125 -Increase in the volume of certain commodities exported from Japan, i9I5-i917— Continued. Other oommodities. Bottiea and flasks Unit of Quantity 1000 doxon Class cups 1000 dozen Brushes for tools 1000 dozen Toilflt soap 1000 doten Jnltatlon Panama Jiata 100 do con Bracelets (Jewelry) 100 dozen -Buttone of shell 1000 groBe Safety matches 1000 grooB 3oot8 and shoes of leather 100 pairs Kerosene oil 1000 gailo 'Other aineral oil 1000 kia 'Cement, Portland 1000 kin Iron pipes and tubes 1000 kin Paper for printing 1000 kin Paper, poateboard 1000 kin Copper, Ingots and alsbs 1000 kin Antimony 1000 kin Coco nut oil 1000 kin -Soya bean oil 1000 kin •Colsa oil 1000 kin Tieh oil and whale oil 1000 kin Sulphur 1000 kin ^Sulphuric acid 1000 kin IBleaehlng powder 1000 kin Paper, packing, 100 kin Copper, wire 100 kin 3nus, plates and sheets 100 kin, 3naulated electric wire 100 kin Dried plants for inesotifu ge 100 kin Inks 100 kin Paint. 100 kin Xeathsr 100 klo pzr S3 n J Zl ■mw/m Z2 W2 3 y//////////Mm'M'^m'M □ a n ^EXPORTS 1013 I j INCREASE I in. TRADE BETWEEN JAPAN AND THE UNITED STATES. PLACE OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE TOTAL TRADE OF JAPAN. Twenty years have brought about striking changes in the distribu- tion of Japan's exports and imports among the individual coimtries which have shared in the total trade. In early years Great Britain was the most important source of Japan's imports, but she took only a small share of Japan's exports; the United States took as large a proportion of Japan's exports as Great Britain contributed to the imports, .but sent to Japan in return only about two-thirds the amoimt of imports supplied by Great Britam. By 1913 Great Brit- ain and the United States were contributing almost equally to Japan's imports, but the United States was taking of Japan's exports almost six times as much as the share taken by Great Britain. Siace the outbreak of the war the exports to Great Britain have increased considerably, but the exports to the United States are stUl two to three times larger than those to Great Britain. Tabk showing the order of importance of various countries in the import trade of Japan in selected years. [Values In thousands of yen.) Yaar. Krst place. Second place. Third place. Country. Value. Country. Value. Country. Value. 1897 Great Britain British India Great Britain do 65,406 69,894 74,993 115,380 101,311 116,245 107,795 86,228 106,361 111,157 134,742 173, 174 160,324 147,585 204,079 359,705 British India Great Britain British India -. United States do 29,776 48,737 68,012 104,287 69,949 80,697 77,637 65,157 94,701 99,696 127,016 122,737 96,771 102,534 179,465 223,941 ChiTia 29,266 46,274 58,116 90,227 1903 United States do 1904 1905 British India do 1906 do 80,315 74, 593 1907... do do .do 1908 do do 50,967 1909 do British India Great Britain British India United States Great Britain United States do United States China 54,043 68,570 81,251 1910. British India Great Britain British India do 1911 United States Great Britain United States Great Britain Cliina 1912... . 116 147 1913 122,408 1914 .. ..do. . 92,302 1915 do 85,848 1916 United States .do British India .do . do 108, 639 1917. do 133,271 127 128 TBADE DUBING THE WAE. Table showing the order of importance of various countries in the import trade of Japanin selected years — Continued. [Values in thousands of yen.] Year. Fourth place. Fifth place. Country. Value. Country. Value. 1897 United States 27,031 45 458 54,810 52,618 57,397 69,182 49,328 46,887 54,699 62,000 61,076 68,395 68,306 68,084 81,732 63,304 18,143 1903 do 26,959 1904 do ....do 28,697 1905 do J . .do 42,580 1906 . .do do 42,600 1907 do do 47,668 46,279 1908 British India China ....do 1909 ..do 40,218 1910 United States China do 43,946 1911 do 56,474 1912 Clilna 54,807 1913 do ..do 61,223 1914 44,922 1915 Great Britain do 28,571 1916 do 43,333 1917 do Kwantung 53 180 In 1916 the United States, for the first time, took the first place in Japan's import trade, imports into Japan from the United States having in one year increased by 100 per cent. In 1917 the United States remained easily first, her share in the imports into Japan being more than those of the next two competitors combined. British India, Great Britain, the United States, and China have suppHed Japan with the bvdk of her imports. Up to 1914 British India's proportion had increased the most; that of the United States next; Grreat Britain, having lost her preeminence before 1900, was holding her own; China was faUing behind. Since 1914 the United States has gone far ahead. The share of the United States in the import tradeof Japanin selected years, by percentages, has been as foUows: 1897, 12.33; 1907, 16.32; 1913, 16.78; 1914, 16.24; 1915, 19.26; 1916, 26.98; 1917, 34.73. The average before 1913 was about 17 per cent; the average for five years from 1913 to 1917 has been 22.79 per cent, the great increase being accounted for, of course, by the very large increages in Japan's imports from the United States in 1916 and 1917. Table shovnng the order of importance of various countries in the export trade of Japan in selected years.^ [Values in thousands of yen.] Year- First place. Second place. Third place. Country. Value. Country. Value. Country. Value. 1897. United States .do 62,436 82,724 101,251 98,682 125,964 131, 101 121,997 131,547 143, 702 142,726 168,709 184,473 196,539 204,142 340,229 478,637 26,214 64,994 67,986 94,009 117,780 85,619 60,507 73,083 90,037 88,153 114,824 164,660 162,371 141,123 192,713 318,381 21,326 34,279 36,320 27,227 1903 r,hiTifl. FraTirp 1904 do do do 1905 China United States ChiTm ....do... 1906 United States do do 40 289 1907 do do 45,633 1908 ....do do ....do . 33,746 41,620 44,926 43,67S 43,871 1909 1910 do do do do do do... 1911 ' .do do do 1912 do do do 1913 ...do do do Great Britain do.... 60,230 33,088 68,494 102,658 202,646 1914 do do 1915 do do .do do do 1917 do do do > Disregarding Hongkong, Korea (1907 only) and the Leased Territory of Kwantung. JAPAN. 129 Table showing the order of importance of various countries in the export trade of Japan in selected years— Continued. [Values In thousands of yen.] Year. Fourth place. Fifth place. Country. Value. Country. Value. 1897 Great Britain do. 8,481 16,546 17,644 13,039 22,553 22,443 25,621 27,093 25,781 23,824 29,792 32,870 31,209 42,293 71,617 101,364 British India Italy 5 563 1903 11,004 12,071 8,095 11, 808 1904 do 1905 : do .. .do 1906 .. -do . .. do ... 1907 do do 13, 771 1908 do British India do 13,632 1909 .do . . . . 14, 426 1910 do do 18,713 20,316 1911 do ... .do 1912 do. do 23, 648 1913 do do 29,873 1914 do 26,048 1915 do do 42,202 64,007 97,821 1916 British India do France . 1917 do Note. — In some years Korea, Hongkong, or Kwantung held foiuth or fifth place. The United States has been for a long period the most important market for Japanese exports. In one year only since 1897 have the Japanese exports to the United States been exceeded by those to any other coiintry: In 1905, as a result of exceptional conditions arising from the Russo-Japanese War then in progress, the exports to China exceeded those to the United States. In aU other years since 1897 the exports to the United States have been considerably greater than those to any other country, the exports to China gen- erally being next in importance. In 1913 the figures were as follows: Exports to all countries, 632,460,000 yen; United States, 184,000,000 yen; China, 154,000,000 yen; France, 60,000,000 yen; Great Britain, 32,800,000 yen; British India, 29,800,000 yen; Italy, 29,400,000 yen. In that year the United States took 29.2 per cent of the total Japan- ese exports, as compared with 24.3 per cent to China, and 19.3 per cent to France, Great Britain, and Italy combined. A review of the export trade of Japan during the last 20 years shows that at no time has the United States taken less than 25 per cent of the Japanese exports, while from 1907 to 1916 the exports to the United States averaged 31.1 per cent of the total exports. The highest percentage ever taken by China was 27.7 in 1906, during the Russo-Japanese War; in other years the percentage of the total exports shipped to China was considerably less. The British maximum was 12.6 per cent, in 1917; the greatest proportion ever sent to British India was 6.3 per cent, in 1916. In most years the exports to the United States exceeded those to any other three countries combined. Of Japan's greatly increased exports in 1916 and 1917, 30.2 and 29.8 per cent, respectively, were sent to the United States. The United States has for a long time been and remains the best market for Japan's exports. 80207—19 9 130 TEADE DURING THE WAB, PLACE OF JAPAN IN THE TOTAL TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES. The place of Japan in the total trade of the United States has been by no means as important as the place of Japan in the foreign trade of the United States. At no time, prior to 1918 (fiscal year ending June 30) , has the trade of the United States with Japan constituted as much as 4 per cent of the total United States trade; the imports from Japan to the United States had never before 1916 constituted as much as 6 per cent of the total United States imports, and the exports from the United States to Japan have never constituted as much as 2^ per cent of the total United States exports. The follow- ing figures show the place of the trade with Japan in relation to the total foreign trade of the United States: Total trade of United States with Japan, 1911-1918. Year end- ing June so- wn. 1912. 1913. mi. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 53,576, 546, 000 3,857,6S7,000 4,278,892,000 4,2o8,605,0C0 4,442,759,000 6,531,367,000 8,949,403,000 8,874,345,000 .$115,249,000 134,086,000 149.375,000 158,561,000 140,400,000 222,115,000 338,554,000 552,676,000 3.22 3.47 3.49 3.72 3.16 3.40 3.78 6.23 c „ 82,049,320,000 2, 204, .322, 000 2,465,884,000 2,364,579,000 2,768,589,000 4,333,483,000 6,290,048,000 836,721,000, 53,478,000: 57,742,000 51,206,0001 41,518,000' 74,471,000, 130,427,000 5 , 928, 286, 000 267 , 731. 000, I 1.79,S1,.527,226,000 2.4l| 1,653,265,000 2.341 1,813,008,000 2.17 1,893,926,000 1..50| 1.674,170,000 1.72i 2,197,884,000 2.071 2,659,35.5,000 4.521 2,946,059,000 $78,527,000 80, 607, 000 91,633,000 107,356,000 98,883,000 147, 644, 000 208,127,000 284,945,000 5.14 4.88 5.06 5.86 5.91 6.72 7.8.^ 9.67 The total trade of the United States with Japan in 1913 was 3.49 per cent of the total United States trade. The total trade of the United States with Japan in 1918 was 6.23 per cent of the total United States trade; the exports to Japan were 4.52 per cent of the total United States exports, and the imports from Japan were 9.67 per cent of the United States imports — these figures being consider- able more than those of any previous year. In 1917 the value of the Japanese imports of iron and steel from the United States exceeded by far that of any other American com- modity imported. The combined imports of cotton, iron and steel, and other principal items from the United States during the period 1913-1917 were as follows: aAPAN. i;ii. Value and per cent of total imports from the United States, by principal articles, 191S-l'jn . [Values in thousands of yen.] Year. 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Ginned cotton. Value. ti4,220 63, 960 55, 654 79,370 84,085 Per cent of total im- ports. 52. 41 i 55.77 54.28 38.89 23.38 Iron and steel, raw, partly, or wholly fabricated. 6,922 5,407 13,403 49,201 166,979 Per cent of total im- ports. 5.65 5.59 13.07 24.11 46. 42 Construction materials. Value. Per cent of total im- ports. 3,496 2,027 678 799 9,317 2.86 2.09 .66 .39 2.59 Machines and engines. Petroleum (kerosene). Value. 9,056 5,036 2,940 7,880 17,551 Per cent of total Value. im- ports. 7,577 7.40 5.20- 6,402 2.87 11, 695 3.86 4,986 4.88 4,904 Per cert of total im- ports. 6.19 6.62 6.53 2.44 1.36 TRADE BETWEEN JAPAN AND THE UNITED STATES DURING THE WAR. JAPAN'S TRADE WITH THE- UNITED STATES COMPARED WITH HER TRADE WITH OTHER LEADING NATIONS. In the total trade of .Japan the United States has continued during the years 1913-1917 to hold first place, followed by China, British India, and Great Britain in the order named. The trade with the four nations amounts to more than two-thirds of all Japanese trade (64 per cent in 1913 and 71 per cent in 1917). The trade of each of the four nations with Japan has increased during the war, that of the United States having grown with exceptional rapidity. Japan's trade with the United States, China, British India, and Great Britain, -1913-1917 . [Values in thousands of yen.) ■ Total Japanese trade. United States. China. British India. Great Britain. Year. Value. Per cent of total Japar nese trade. Value. Per cent of total Japa- nese trade. Value. Per •ent of total Japa- nese trade. Value. Per cent of total Japa- nese trade. 1913 1,361,892 1,186,837 1,240,757 1,883,896 2,638,816 306,882 293.310 306; 676 544,308 838, 242 22. 53 24.71 24.72 28.88 31.77 215,884 220, 677 226,970 301,351 451,652 16.86 18.59 18.29 16.00 17.12 203,047 186,372 189,788 251, 082 325,240 14.91 15.70 15.30 13.33 12.32 156,607 125,388 126, 578 184,390 265,951 11.43 1914 . ... 10.56 1915 10.20 1916 9.79 1917 10.08 Per cent increase, 1913- 1917 1 93.76 173.15! 109. 21 80.18 70.9 In the years immediately preceding 1914, her trade with the United States constituted about 23 per cent of Japan's total trade; the imports from the United States were about 17 per cent of Japan's total imports; and the exports to the United States about 30 per cent of Japan's total exports. During the war the value of Japan's imports from the United States has greatly increased; in 1917 it constituted 34.73 per cent of the total imports. Of the rapidly 132 TRADE DUBING THE WAE. growing exports from Japan the United States has continued to purchase about 30 per cent. Japan's trade with the United States, 1913-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] Imports from United States. Exports to United States. Year. Value. Per cent of total Japanese imports. Value. Per cent of total Japanese exports. 1913 122,408 96,771 102,534 204,079 359,708 16.78 16.24 19.26 26.93 34.73 184,473 196,539 204,142 340,245 478,537 29.17 1914 33.25 1915 28.82 1916 30.18 1917. . . 29.85 Increase in Japan's imports from United States, 1913-1917, 193.86 per cent. Increase in Japan's exports to United States, 1913-1917, 159.41 per cent. IMPOBTS FROM THE UNITED STATES. Cotton. — In normal times, and up to and including 1916, the prin- cipal commodity imported into Japan from the United States was raw cotton. American raw cotton represents 25 per cent of all raw cotton imported into Japan from all sources. The following table shows the value of the cotton imported from the chief sources and its relation to the total Japanese import trade. The United States, British India, and China supply the raw material upon which Japan's growing industries have been most dependent. Imports of ginned cotton, 1913-1917. [Values in thousands of yen.] Total import trade. Imports of ginned cotton. Year. Total from all countries. From United States. From British India. From China. 1913 729,432 595,736 532,450 756,428 1,035,811 231,481 217,873 216,472 274,478 329,954 64,220 53,966 55,654 79,370 84,085 143, 012 145,428 139,705 165,155 204,311 16 206 1914 11,745 15,067 19,337 30,297 1915 1916 1917 JAPAN. 133 The following table shows how large a place ginned cotton has held in the total imports of Japan from the United States : Imports of cotton from United States, 1907-1917. Total imports of all com- modities from United States (l,000y6n). Imports of ginned cotton from United States. Year. Quantity (600-lb. bales). Value (1,000 yen). Ratio to imports of all com- modities from United States. 1907 80,697 77,637 54,043 54,699 81,251 127,016 . 122,408 96,771 102, 534 204,079 359,708 232,981 213,289 190,677 118,687 196,473 499,262 458,687 365,23'? 430,675 588,327 454,648 28,723 26,462 23,318 17, 193 29,259 64,601 64,220 53,966 55,654 79,370 84,085 35.69 190S 34.08 1909 43.15 1910 , 31.43 36.01 1912 50.88 1913 52.46 1914 55.77 1915 54.28 1916 38.89 1917 . 23.38 In 1917 raw cotton imports dropped to second place among Japan's imports from the United States, being exceeded in value by the im- ports of iron and steel, which in that year formed 46.42 per cent of the total imports from the United States. The enormous increase in the imports of iron and steel into Japan is largely the result of the expansion of the shipbuilding industry in that country. There has also been a great expansion in the metal and machine construction industries in Japan, calling for a greater supply of iron and steel. What is true of iron and steel also applies to construction materials (mostly steel rails) and machines and engines, of which the imports from the United States into Japan increased considerably in 1917. American firms now furnish about 70 per cent of all iron and steel and their products imported into Japan. The only important Ameri- can product whose imports into Japan have decreased during the war is petroleum. , .^.^ . , ^ A review of the war trade between Japan and the United btates by groups and principal items of merchandise is found in the following pages. ^ ^ TRADE BY GROUPS OF COMMODITIES. GRAINS, FLOUES. STARCHES, ETC. (Group II of Imports and Group I of Exports.) ^^cg. — In this group the most important export from Japan to the United States is rice, of which the figure in 1913 was 1,400,000 yen and that in 1917 was 3,172,000 yen. Notwithstanding the rapid increase in Japan's rice exports to the United States, the share of the latter in this trade constituted in 1917 a smaller proportion of the total exports of Japanese rice than in 1913. Wheat.— Before the war Japan purchased 75 per cent ot her entu-e wheat imports from the United States. Subsequently, owing to high freight charges and to the increased demand for American wheat from Europe, the shipments to Japan decreased, until in 1917 they formed 134 TRADE DURING THE WAR. only a small fraction of the total Japanese imports of this cereal. The American wheat has been replaced by Australian and Chinese wheat. In 1913 Ja;pan imported wheat to the value of 12,351,000 yen, of which 9,492,000 yen, or 76.8 per cent, came from the United States. In 1916 the total imports of wheat were 1,356,000 yen, of which 19,000 yen, or 1.4 per cent, came from the United States. No imports of wheat from the United States are recorded in the Japanese statistics for 1917. Wheat flour. — The Japanese imports of this item before the war were smaU, originating almost entirely in the United States. The imports in 1917 had become negligible, originating almost entirely in countries other than the United States. Imports of wheat flour, 1913 at id 1917. Year. - Total imports. Yen. 1,780,000 59,000 Imports from the United States. 1913 Yen. 1,601,000 1917 7,000 Before the war the American flour was blended with the coarse Manchurian product and with Japanese flour. The American product is now too expensive for the Japanese market. Much flour consumed in Japan at present is milled from Manchurian wheat, unblended. During the war Japan has gained a considerable portion of the flour trade of the Far East, a trade formerly supplied almost entirely by the United States. Beans and i^ease. — Before the war the United States was the most important market for Japan's beans and pease, 58 per cent of which came to this coimtry. The exports to the United States decreased in 1914-1916, but showed a great increase in 1917, when they amounted to 64 per cent of the total Japanese export of these products. Exports of beans and pease, including groundnuts, 191S and 1917. Year. Total exports. Exports to the United States. 1913 Yen. 2,290,000 33,631,000 Yen. 1,333,000 21,610,000 1917 Starch. — The exports of starch to the United States have greatly increased in importance during the war. In 1913 Japan supplied only $2,000 worth of starch to this country, or less than one-half of 1 per cent of the total American imports of this commodity. In 1917 the United States bought Japan's starch to the value of $800,000. The total United States imports of starch in the latter year were $974,000. Oats. — In 1915 the United States imported 880,000 kin of oats from Japan. Before 1915 no exports of Japanese oats to the United States had been recorded in the official Japanese statistics. JAPAN. BEVERAGES, COMESTIBLES, AND TOBACCO. (Group III of Imports and Group II of Exports.) 135 Alcoholic liquors. — Japan imports wines and whiskies from the United States and exports sak6 to the United States and Hawaii. Tea.— Japan's green tea finds its most important market in the United States. Japan also sends occasional shipments of black tea to the United States. Exports of tea, WIS and 191/ . Year. Total exports. Yen. 10,076,000 21,756,000 Exports to the United States. Value. I'm. X, ^ •s> I.I cn ^ o - ^ .^ S'- OJOC 0> lO r-.TH-**r--HI-^COlO(^S^Ot■-^■ ^^-(^C^I-H-H- ^ I— I <0 lO ■— I CI OS D-J'tOC^^t"-^»CO^^tO-^'OOTM'30f--W lOOCOCOCOtOOOWOCVIiOCOIMi— lOOO-J-u J ICO omo 3 00O NS COtO i-iOO - •- 00 00 CO .-t c ■D -O J.-- CO [~> l-~ M M -^ ^ (O CO (M CO 50 I;- Q oJ t^ o3 — o) p-l -(Nif: (MCO 1' : ■£ r- oi 3C CO c ^§ o a> t- w g a (t — ' 2 o o 'fc P4 « o ■* (X o l-- .-I ■ . o tM— l~- Oi -t" lO l-.-^-^-rtHCOCDOlOlCDOOSCO"': l—QOOON^^-H^COt—CO-^f- — lOsooocoeoTfCs-^fWc^oDco — V. 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