Cornell University Library 
 HD 6058.B8 
 
 Vocations for business and professional 
 
 3 1924 013 937 192 
 
Vocations for 
 
 Business and Professional 
 
 Women 
 
 Compiled by 
 
 The Bureau of Vocational Information 
 
 2 West 43rd Street, New York City 
 
 Publislied by 
 The Bureau of Vocational Information 
 
 in cooperation with 
 
 The National Board of the 
 
 Young Womens Christian Associations 
 
 May, 1919 
 
 BULLETIN NUMBER ONE 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924013937192 
 
Vocations for 
 
 Business and Professional 
 
 Women 
 
 Compiled by 
 
 The Bureau of Vocational Information 
 
 2 West 43rd Street, New York City 
 
 \ 
 
 Publisher! by 
 Tie, Bureau of Vocatijua.1 Information,! 
 
 in tooSgration with 
 
 T^e National Beard of thte 
 
 Viung Womens Christian Associations 
 
 May, 1919 
 
 BULLETIN NUMBER ONE 
 
Copyright, 1919, by 
 THE BUREAU OF VOCATIONAL INFORMATION 
 
 All rights reserved. 
 
The information concerning vocational opportunities for business and pro- 
 fessional women contained in the following pages is based upon the experience 
 of the Intercollegiate Bureau of Occupations in placing trained workers, 
 supplemented by the findings of the Department of Information of the Bureau, 
 and now brought up to date and verified by the newly organized Biureau of 
 Vocational Information which has inherited the functions of that department. 
 
 Marked changes and rapid developments occurred in certain types of 
 work for women while this country was engaged in the war. No one is able 
 to estimate the extent to which these developments might have progressed if 
 the war had continued, or the extent to which they would prove permanent. 
 It is an established fact, however, that women were successful in most of the 
 tjTJes of work into which they were called by the exigencies of the war. No 
 mention is made in this pamphlet of the types of positions held by women 
 during the war in which the need for them or the opportunities for them were 
 of a purely temporary nature. The attempt is made to discuss those occupa- 
 tions in which women have made a definite and permanent place for them- 
 selves and in which younger women, the workers of the future, may expect 
 to find fields for service. 
 
 The teaching profession has been omitted for the reason that most requests 
 for vocational information are directed toward the non-academic vocations 
 and neither the Intercollegiate Bureau of Occupations nor so far the Bureau 
 of Vocational Information has conducted investigations into the opportunities 
 in the many subdivisions of the teaching profession. The several sections 
 dealing with opportunities, requirements, salaries, etc., in the various voca- 
 tions listed in this bulletin have in most instances been submitted for com- 
 ments and suggestions to experts in their respective fields and the complete 
 bulletin carries their endorsement. 
 
 It is hoped that the pamphlet wiU prove especially helpful to young women 
 in the colleges who are looking for help and guidance in formulating plana 
 for their future work. The only guarantee of the advancement of women 
 beyond routine tasks and subordinate positions is the "long plan" including 
 as its most important elements a thorough preparation for the work and a 
 professional attitude tow^d it. Inadequate ttaining and a-s^aBdal-attitUf^e 
 toward it on the part of many women workers account for most of the lohs^ 
 lamented "closed doors." If the work is suitable for women in general ana 
 for the individual woman in particular, if her training is thorough and her 
 interests genuine, the real bars to her success have been removed. 
 
 EMMA P. HIRTH, Director. 
 
 MARY L. BUvSH, Chairman, Board of Managers. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 
 Actuarial Work 5 
 
 Advertising 5 
 
 Agrictilture r ^ 
 
 Art 9 
 
 Banking and Finance 9 
 
 Bookkeeping, and Accounting 10 
 
 Business Positions: Clerical and Administrative 11 
 
 Civil Service 11 
 
 Home Economics 12 
 
 Insurance .^ 15 
 
 Interior^Decoration 16 
 
 Journalism 17 
 
 Law 18 
 
 Library Work 19 
 
 Literary Work 21 
 
 Medicine 23 
 
 Nursing .' 25 
 
 Other Professions 27 
 
 Personnel Management 27 
 
 Psychology 29 
 
 Publigj^ Work„ .,...,. 30 
 
 lieligious Work 7. 30 
 
 Scientific Work .., 32 
 
 Secretarial and Stenographic Work 35 
 
 Social Work ; 38 
 
 Statistical Work /. 45 ^ 
 
ACTUARIAL WORK 
 
 Actuarial work, a specialized type of applied mathematics, which is 
 carried on in insurance companies, mutual benefit societies and in certain 
 departments of the Federal Government, is a field which has not yet attracted 
 women in any numbers. The opportunities are great both in number and 
 in prospects but the preparation is long and arduous. It takes approxi- 
 mately five years to complete the full training, by which the student, after 
 passing successfully a series of six examinations, is entitled to fellowship 
 in the Actuarial Society of America, — ^the society which sets the standards 
 of this profession. The published report of the Educational Committed 
 of the Actuarial Society of America contains a fuU syllabus of the examina- 
 tions and should be read carefully by any student considering specialization 
 in this type of mathematical work. 
 
 Young women who have majored in mathematics are accepted in the 
 actuarial departments of insurance companies as mathematical clerks at 
 $72 a month. The work requires extreme care and accuracy. At the end 
 of six months the successful clerks are advanced to $90, and at the end of 
 the year to approximately $110. The advance beyond this is slow until 
 the final examination is passed, usually at the end of the fifth year, when the 
 yoimg actuary may expect to receive $2500 to $3000 a year. In some Govern- 
 ment departments it is possible to earn $2500 to $3500 after three years of 
 experience in actuarial work in addition to four years of college mathematics. 
 
 It is to be noted that in few other types of work can an equal earning 
 capacity be reached in the same length of time and that it is possible for the 
 young actuary-in-training to be self-supporting from the beginning if she 
 is prepared to study at night. The real test of a girl's desire to advance to 
 the top in this profession usually comes at the end of the third year of actuarial 
 training when she is likely to reach a period of discouragement with the slow 
 monetary advance and finds it difficult to resist the $1800 salaries offered in 
 other offices to women with her experience. 
 
 The academic work required to pass the examinations entitling the 
 student to full fellowship in the Actuarial Society must all be done outside 
 the regular daily work in the actuarial department. The hours in insurance 
 companies are not short and the necessity of .spending several hours evei^ 
 evening for at least half the year in preparation for a remote reward involve.j* 
 a greater sacrifice than the average young mathematician is willing to make. 
 The reason that/sLfew women have progressed far in this field is traceable 
 to this fact 'idf^r pan to lack of real ability. Achievement is founded upon 
 a thorojughly profe^ional interest and hard work. 
 
 ADVERTISING 
 
 Positions in t-ie advertising field are of many sorts. They include adver-' 
 tising managonient, office management, copywriting, research and statisticaj 
 work, proofreading, designing, soliciting and clerical work of every variety. 
 All or most of these types of work are to be found in the advertising agencies; 
 some of them, also, in publishing houses, merchandise shops and factories. 
 Since promotion to administrative positions is usually from within the 
 
organization, beginners must be satisfied with an apprentice position or 
 must use as an opening wedge definite training in such lines as proofreading, 
 stenography, statistics. It is sometimes possible to secure a position by 
 submitting an idea to an advertising agency or copy to a business house whose 
 publicity needs have been carefully analyzed, but .this is a less common 
 mode of entrance. Beginning positions pay from $15 to $20 a week. The 
 general qualifications necessary for success in the advertising field are: 
 
 Commercial interest. 
 
 A large fund of general information. 
 
 Newspaper or some equivalent experience which gives a "sense of the 
 pubhc." 
 
 Understanding of hiunan nature and training in psychology. 
 
 Analytical business ability of a high tjrpe. 
 
 The selling instinct. 
 
 In addition to these, some knowledge of the art and technique of prmting 
 and design would be helpful. 
 
 Types of Positions. 
 
 1. The advertising manager must know advertising conditions, general 
 merchandise and manufacturing conditions; must study the markets and 
 imderstand the fundamental principles of salesmanship. She is responsible 
 for placing contracts, for advertising campaigns, for everything which goes 
 out in print in the name of the agency, shop or corporation. She must 
 cooperate effectively and tactfully with a variety of people,— general managers, 
 salesmanagers, outside organizations, etc. Salaries run high but the number 
 of positions of this sort for which women are considered qualified is still small, 
 even though women have demonstrated their ability to handle successfully 
 large problems in the advertising field. The assistant advertising manager 
 usually has charge of house organs in corporations, of developing advertising 
 ideas in agencies and supervising copy. Salaries range as high as $10,000 
 arid higher. 
 
 2. The office manager in this field requires a first hand knowledge of 
 copywriting combined with a thorough understanding of the technique 
 and varied detail of the advertising business, ability to plan the work of 
 othefs, and frequently, also, skill in selecting and training suitable assistants. 
 
 -^laries, $1500 to $2500 or $3000. _ 
 
 ,• 3. The copywriter must have ima^ation, enthtisiasm, originality, the 
 abihty to write clear, forceful, concise English and to write with consider- 
 able facility. Opportunities are increasing rapidly in thc*s(jpy departments 
 of manufacturing and other firms. Copywriters receive from- .^25 to $75 
 a week. ' N. 
 
 4. The research and statistical workers must study tuarkets and tirade 
 conditions in various parts of the countfy. the amount of^jusiness done i=n 
 
 ; each season in each line in which the agency or firm is intertgted, the amount 
 ■^ of advertising space used, and comparative rates. Salaries lange from $1200 
 or $1500 to several thousands for. heads of these department^r 
 
 5. The head checking clerk in an advertising agency, with a staff of 
 routine clerical workers, reviews every magazine which carries the advertise- 
 ments placed by the agency and keeps track of the fulfillment of contracts. 
 Such work usually pays better than work in other clerical departments. \. 
 
6. Advertising illustrators and photographers, as sign and poster 
 painters, are sometimes employed on salary, especially in department stores. 
 As a rule the art work of a general advertising agency is sent to an agency 
 which specializes in commercial art work or to individual artists. A few 
 women are successful as window decorators. 
 
 7. Women advertising solicitors are still few in number. They must 
 be possessed with an unusual degree of initiative, persistence, and must have 
 a knowledge of trade conditions, such as can be gained by following the trade 
 journals. Solicitors connected with small publications or agencies must 
 usually work on a commission basis. Large publications pay salaries and a 
 conrniission on business secured above the amount which justifies the salary. 
 
 A few successful women in the advertising field are known to be receiving 
 $4000 or $5000 a year and occasionally reports are heard of women who com- 
 mand $10,000 or even $25,000 a year. Although in a few such instances 
 women are receiving higher salaries than in most other lines of work which 
 are open to them, the average worker seldom earns more than $30 to $35 
 per week. Advertising is coming to be a highly specialized profession and 
 the increase in the niunber of openings is very great. The beginner must 
 realize that as a profession it is not primarily concerned with English or art, 
 but with merchandise. Advertising demands leadership to a striking degree. 
 The successful person needs to be a growing person, adaptable, alert, aggres- 
 sive, always creative. 
 
 AGRICULTURE 
 
 Women are increasingly successful in most types of agricultural work 
 and during the past two years the need for their services in various capacities 
 in farming, gardening and allied agricultural pursuits has been greatly 
 stimtilated. The salaried workers in this field include: 
 
 Farm managers, superintendents and assistants. Managers 
 and superintendents are responsible for the entire supervision of the farm, 
 for plarming the work of each day, seeing that implements are in repair, 
 buying supplies to the best advantage, and finding suitable markets. Busi- 
 ness abiUty is quite as essential as agricultural training. Salaries range from 
 $1200 to $2000 a year, sometimes higher, and living is, of course, included. 
 The number of women holding these macaigeriil positions in private employ 
 is still comparatively smaJ'.bitL^ihe opportunities are slowly incrq^pig. There 
 is a steady deihajii for mature women as farm managers in institutions, 
 especially in .-riistitutions for delinquent women, and in farm industrial colonies, 
 .but the. ^dalaries ^e seldom higher than $1200 a year and living. The work 
 req«iires women v^ho have a laiowledge of modem methods of general farming, 
 of^en including dairy v/qrk, an4,who possess also real social virion, a dear 
 -understanding »3f the vocational, educational and social value of farm work,, 
 and the ability t(/supervise groups of unskilled workers. On some farm?' 
 and estates trained women are employed as managers of certain branches of 
 the work, jis Ae vegetable gardens, greenhouses, poultry, and the number of 
 these opfenirigs is increasing. Salaries, $25 to $75 a month and living. 
 
 5:he development of the work of the Woman's Land Army has increased 
 enormously the opportunities for young women to work on farms during 
 the summer months at a stipend of $15 a month in addition to living expenses. 
 
Training for these branches of agriculture is offered in the agricultural 
 colleges and in special schools of horticulture, dairying and gardening. 
 
 School garden supervisors. This includes supervising all the work 
 such as planting and general agriculture done in children's school and 
 farm gardens; frequently also teaching domestic science, basketry, sewing 
 and elementary carpentry, and organizing and supervising home gardens 
 and home garden dubs. Where this work is connected with a city school 
 system, its object is recreational as well as educational. Since the work is 
 seasonal it is often done by women who combine with it the teaching of 
 nature study during the remaining months of the year. Well trained, well 
 informed school garden supervisors are scarce. Salaries range from $1000 or 
 $1200 to $2000 a year. For seasonal work women usually receive about 
 $3.00 a day. 
 
 Organizers and instructors or agents in agricultural extension 
 work. This work is carried on under the States Relations Service of the 
 U. S. Department of Agriculture, provided for by Act of Congress, May, 
 1914. It includes (a) practical instruction in agriculture through field demon- 
 strations, publications, speeches, meetings, and (b) the development of 
 women's rural organizations, also boys' and girls' clubs, and is carried on 
 usually in cooperation with the state agricultural colleges. In addition to. 
 the extension work which is developed under the States Relations Service, 
 other branches of the Department of Agriculture, such as the Bureau of Plant 
 Industry, Bureau of Animal Industry, the Office of Markets and Rural 
 Organization and the Office of Farm Management, also offer opportunities 
 for agricultural extension workers. Specialists in various branches of agri- 
 culture such as entomologists, agronomists, pathologists, specialists in 
 horticulture, dairy work, etc., are needed from time to time both in con- 
 nection with the Department of Agriculture and the State Agricultural 
 Colleges. Salaries average about $1200 for agents. In some states they 
 are as low as $720, and occasionally they are found as high as $3500. Experts 
 on special commissions receive salaries in proportion to the value of their 
 special contributions. 
 
 The woman who owns and manages her own farm is becoming an increas- 
 injlly valuable asset in this country. Those who have been pioneers in this 
 figldy show no ifeaitatibn iir urgriig' women who care about out-of-door life 
 to try fanning. To be sure, many of them cKoBsider experience and capital 
 indispensable^ some also urge definite training in an yr^aAtmai college or 
 school of horticulture. The lines of agriculture in which \|»^«Hen- are most 
 successful are bee raising, poultry farming, truck gardening, ffailt growing, 
 horticulture, particularly with limited specialties, cattle breeJaig and iraislng, 
 dairy farming. Many women fail in far<';;&i^ because they neiliet .the 
 marketing ^ide' of their enterprise. The siiccessful farmer miist be a good 
 byiness woman as well as a good agriculturist. She must in addition have 
 thS ability to manage people. Few women have made fortu&es; many, a 
 bari living. An income of $1000 to $1500 a year in addition to iltqng is as 
 much as the average woman expects to gain. On the other hand, th^ who 
 are enthusiastic about their farms urge other importmt advairtages, such- is 
 absolute independence, wholesome and comfortable living with out-of-doro 
 occupation, varied actiwties and eventually, an adequate income. 
 
 8 
 
ART 
 
 Achievement in tiie fine arts is so largely a matter of unusual native talent 
 in combination with prolonged training and foreign study that there is no 
 need for vocational information on the subject in a pamphlet such as this. 
 
 Artists who are willing to apply their talents and training to industrial 
 art fields are finding an eager market for their services. They are successful 
 as designers of textiles, wall paper, jewelry, furniture, embroidery; as adver- 
 tising artists, mechanical and scientific draftsmen, as illustrators, and as 
 craftsmen. Teachers of art are required in schools and colleges and some 
 women have been able to combine art teaching with creative art work of 
 some sort. It is difficult to give an adequate idea of the salaries which artists 
 are earning in applied or industrial arts. The beginning salaries are usually 
 low, $12 to $20 a week, but illustrators and designers who have made a name 
 for themselves are paid generously for their work. Success in this field, as 
 in most others, is the result of hard work, patience and perseverance, added to 
 native ability. 
 
 Women with training in mechanical, electrical, architectural and structural 
 steel drafting have recently rendered valuable service to private corporations 
 working on Government contracts and to certain departments of the Federal 
 Government including the Bureaus of Ordnance, of Yards and Docks, of 
 Steam Engineering, and the Geological Survey. Craftsmen are doing im- 
 portant work in schools, hospitals and sanatoria, especially in connection 
 with the treatment of nervous disorders, and to a limited extent with the 
 rehabilitation of disabled and handicapped men. 
 
 BANKING AND FINANCE 
 
 In the past women have held few executive positions in banks and invest- 
 ment houses. They have been found in seilaried positions as bookkeepers, 
 stenographers and secretaries, translators, file clerks, cataloguers and general 
 clerks, at salaries ranging up to $1500 a year. Some are holding positions 
 as managers of stenographic departments. Average salary, $1500. In a 
 few exceptional cases women who have entered the banking world as librarians, 
 file clerks and statisticians have risen to places of prominence and influence. 
 
 The file and library departments offer women their best opportunities to 
 learn the stock in trade of banking institutions. Such departments usually 
 serve as information bureaus where records of the corporation, railroad and 
 government reports, newspaper clippings, reports of pu^ic utilities corpora- 
 tions, financial magazines and oth^ documents of Incerest to the company 
 are kept and consulted. Through familiarity with such a variety of material 
 the librarian can gain a thorough grasp of the details of the' business. She is 
 often able to save the time of important members of the firm by looking up 
 atid submitting valuable data on subjects which are of special interest to 
 them. Few women receive more than $2500 in these positions and the 
 majority of theni not more than $1800. Women bookkeepers have in a few 
 instances become assistant treasurers of small banks, and occasionally through 
 their experience in handling books of account they have advanced into 
 managerial positions involving supervision of trust funds and estates. 
 Statisticians comirile,' check and tabulate important data and in certain 
 banks and investment kouses they are responsible for ccfmpiling and pre- 
 
paring the circulars. Salaries, $1200 to $2400 a year; in a few instances, 
 much higher. 
 
 During the past few years women's departments have been developed in 
 some of the larger banks and women are employed as supervisors or managers 
 in charge, occasionally as advisors with no executive responsibility. The 
 number of such positions is slowly increasing but is still more limited than is 
 generally supposed. Salaries are imstandardized but instances are known 
 where women are receiving $1800, $2000 and $2500 a year. 
 
 Bond saleswomen are becoming more and more successful and the few 
 pioneers in this field have opened an interesting and profitable type of work 
 for women. Most women earn little more than a bare living wage in their 
 first year of bond selling. The bank usually guarantees a small drawing 
 accoimt for the first year but the young saleswoman is expected to return to 
 the corporation before the end of the year the amoimt which she has drawn 
 out . If her earnings from commissions do not cover the amoimt of her drawings, 
 she will need to think seriously of her future as a bond saleswoman. Those 
 who are successful in this line of work are enthusiastic about its financial 
 prospects. It is impossible to give definite figures as to the earning capacity 
 of women but four thousand dollars a year is not imheard of for a woman who 
 has been in the field for three or four years. Financially it promises women 
 far more than other types of bank positions. 
 
 BOOKKEEPING AND ACCOUNTING 
 
 Bookkeepers are required in most business offices and in large organiza- 
 tions which handle money. The work requires great accuracy, patience, 
 love of detail and aptitude for figures and does not appeal to many college 
 women because it appears to them to offer little opportunity for initiative 
 and originality. As a matter of fact, probably no one in a general office has a 
 better opportunity to become thoroughly conversant with the business than 
 does the bookkeeper and fi-equently she has the opportunity to advance to 
 the position of office manager. There is no reason why the position of book- 
 keeper should be more routine than that of the secretary which is so eagerly 
 sought. It frequently comes to mean supervisory work rather than constant 
 ledger work. There is an unlimited demand for good bookkeepers and the 
 salaries compare favorably with those in secretarial work, the initial compen- 
 sation ranging from $18 to $25 a week, the expert receiving up to $2000 and 
 sometimes more. 
 
 Bookkeepers who possess unusuEil initiative and who are willing to take 
 further training may, advance into expert accounting, cost accounting and 
 auditing. Accountai\ts must have good reasoning power, constructive ability, 
 accuracy, a larger "figure sense," a fair amount of executive ability and im- 
 limited power of concentration. Knowledge of four specialized, subjects is 
 required for expfert accciijntancy: theory of accounts, practical accounting, 
 auditing and commercial law. To a person who possesses the necessary 
 qualities and training, the work is interesting. It is fjiirly varied and very 
 well paid. Women receive the saiz% salaries as men-^Jariior accountants 
 receiving from $1000 to $1800, senioraccountants, $2000 to $3500 or more, 
 exclusive of comitensation which is allowed for overtime work. In indepen- 
 dent practice the isual charge is from $10 to $20 a day fw ^e work of juniors 
 and at least $25 a day for that of seniors, with such additional charge as the 
 nature of the work and the standing of the accoun^U may justify. 
 
 10 
 
To become a Certified Public Accountant, one must pass certain state 
 examinations, as the result of which the candidate secures both the degree 
 and the license to practice pubhc accounting. Women are successful both as 
 accountants for corporations and in independent practice, installing accounting 
 and other business systems in large business houses. 
 
 BUSINESS POSITIONS 
 
 Clerical and Administrative. 
 
 The interesting and varied opportunities for women in business are 
 difficult to classify. 
 
 It is an everyday occurrence for young college men to enter business houses 
 at very low salaries for the purpose of learning the whole structure of the 
 business, in the hope of advancing gradually to positions of responsibility. 
 If yoimg women could be persuaded to take a longer view of their work and 
 to prepare themselves step by step for excellent positions in the future, in- 
 stead of demanding large immediate returns regardless of the possibilities 
 of promotion, they would have less cause to complain of "blind alley" occu- 
 pations. They must claim no special treatment or concessions on account 
 of sex and must expect to measure up to a high standard of work. A useful 
 tool such as stenography, typewriting, bookkeeping, filing, is often a helpful 
 entering wedge. 
 
 The demand for accurate, conscientious clerks is almost unlimited and 
 although it does not necessarily follow, it frequently happens that a girl 
 advances to a position of responsibility through successful clerical work. 
 This is especially true in the newer fields of work. Beginning salaries seldom 
 exceed $12 to $15 a week, but many of the best administrative positions 
 may be secured only through promotion from the ranks. Too many women 
 with executive ability expect to secure these administrative positions without 
 the intimate knowledge of detail which can only be acquired through perform- 
 ance of routine tasks within the business itself. 
 
 Women are today holding a variety of important positions in the business 
 world. They are to be found as general managers, heads of departments, 
 file experts, employment managers, executives in charge of groups of girls, 
 educational directors, buyers, forewomen. It is impossible to make a definite 
 statement concerning their salaries. They range all the way from twelve 
 hundred to thousands of dollars a year. In general it may be said that 
 the salaries in business average higher than in most other lines. The failure 
 of many women to advance far in business is traceable to the fact that they 
 are not primarily interested in the business with which they have allied 
 themselves and progress into responsible work in the specialized field auto- 
 matically becomes closed to them. If they would study the special business 
 in all its aspects as carefully and as thoroughly as they would a profession, 
 the number of successful women in business would be enormously increased. 
 
 CIVIL SERVICE 
 
 A vast number of openings for women is to be foimd in the federal and 
 state service and in the employ of nearly all the large municipalities. The 
 number of these openings is steadily increasing. It is needless to explain 
 that appointments in the Civil Service are usually secured through successful 
 
 11 
 
examinations and that the number of exempt positions open to women is 
 comparatively small. 
 
 Openings under Civil Service offer certain advantages not found in the 
 service of private employers. The most conspicuous advantage is the guar- 
 antee of permanence so long as the work is done satisfactorily. Salaries 
 are as high as those offered for similar work in private employ and some- 
 times higher, and the Civil Service employe has the satisfaction which comes 
 from working with a public organization for the public good. 
 
 It is impossible to give here a complete list of positions open to women in 
 the federal, state and municipal service. In general, the types of workers 
 for whom federal examinations are most often scheduled include stenographers, 
 secretaries, typists, clerks, editorial writers, librarians, scientists, statisticians, 
 draftswomen, and other workers with special or technical training. In the 
 several bureaus of the Federal Department of Agriculture, including the 
 Bureaus of Chemistry, Animal Industry, Plant Industry, the Bureau of 
 Soils and the States Relations Service, there are excellent openings for 
 bacteriologists, biologists, chemists, entomologists, physicists and experts 
 in domestic science and agriculture. 
 
 In most states there are positions in public institutions for matrons, nurses, 
 physicians, psychologists, instructors and investigators; in departments of 
 health for inspectors, statisticians, physiciems and scientists. 
 
 The municipal civil service list in large cities duplicates many of the 
 positions just mentioned and includes, besides, playgrovmd workers in depart- 
 ments of parks, special investigators in departments of charities, school 
 nurses in departments of health, etc. A pamphlet containing detailed in- 
 formation concerning opportunities in the Mimicipal Civil Service of the 
 City of New York has been compiled by the Intercollegiate Bureau of Occu- 
 pations and may be obtained from the Bureau of Vocational Information. 
 
 Full information regarding openings in the Civil Service may be secured 
 from the following sources: 
 
 Municipal — ^at the city hall or municipal building. 
 
 State — from the state capitols in the several states. 
 
 Federal — from the United States Civil Service Commission, Washington, 
 
 D. C. or district headquarters. 
 The announcements of examinations are posted in all first class post 
 offices. 
 
 HOME ECONOMICS 
 
 Dietetics. Dietetics is now recognized as a highly specialized profession. 
 Positions exist in hospitals, clubs, schools and many other institutions, both 
 public and private. Neither salaries nor duties have been definitely stan- 
 dardized in this field and the lack pf standardization may account to some 
 extent for the relative scarcity of good dietitians. Except in schools the 
 hours of work are long, beginning usually at 5:30 to 7:30 in the morning and 
 ending at 6 to 9 in the evening, with three free hours during the day. In 
 small institutions the dietitian not only has charge of the diet kitchen but also 
 prepares the menus, buys food and supplies and sometimes hires and super- 
 vises the kitchen employees. More specialized workers devote most of 
 their time to research study in food economics and nutrition. 
 
 13 
 
The necessity for special training is peremptory in this field. A woman 
 who supplements her academic courses with thorough training in dietetics 
 in one of the standard home economics training schools will find herself in 
 demand at a beginning salary of $60 per month and maintenance, and when 
 experience is gained she can command as much as $200 and maintenance. 
 
 Extension work in home economics is increasing rapidly and the demand 
 far exceeds the supply of properly qualified women. The work is carried on 
 chiefly under the States Relations Service of the Department of Agriculture 
 in cooperation with the State Universities. Attractive openings are available 
 for women who have the foundation training in the science of food and who 
 are resourceful in adapting the subject of home economics to rural and small 
 village conditions. The work requires women who can demonstrate food 
 preparation and conservation, who can speak easily before groups of rural 
 women and who understand country home problems. Tact, resourceful- 
 ness, pleasing personality, teaching instinct and organizing ability are 
 essential for success. County agents in this field are also expected to organize 
 canning, poultry and gardening clubs for girls and home demonstration clubs 
 for women. 
 
 The salaries range from $700 to $2500 a year and traveling expenses when 
 away from headquarters. The length of the working week and year varies 
 from three to six days in the week and from six to twelve months in the year 
 according to the specific needs of the county or district. In most states we 
 find a woman who has charge of the general home economics extension work 
 for the state and who is also the leader and supervisor of the county and other 
 local agents. State leaders receive as high as $3500 a year. 
 
 In the states in which generous appropriations have been made for this 
 work, the standards are high and women selected for extension work must 
 have college degrees in home economics. In some instances those with normal 
 school training or less than four years of college work are accepted if they 
 offer unusual equipment in personality or general ability. 
 
 Institutional Management. The positions of superintendents and 
 housekeepers in clubs, hotels, private schools, sanatoria, etc., call for technical 
 training in domestic science and administrative ability of high order. College 
 women are often preferred for these openings but few have the necessary 
 training. Women with experience in their own homes and with practical 
 sense frequently apply for such opportunities but, while their equipment 
 serves as an excellent foundation, it is insufficient imless supplemented by 
 special training in the required subjects. The duties include catering for 
 large numbers, scientific buying and the management of a staff of servants. 
 Salaries range from $50 to $150 a month and living. Administrative positions 
 in small institutions and schools sometimes offer lower salaries, $30 to $40 
 a month and living, and are used by women with technical training and no 
 experience as preparation for larger responsibility later. 
 
 Matrons and housemothers in institutions and schools fill on a smaller 
 scale the functions of the superintendent or housekeeper. They are usually 
 women without special administrative or scientific training. Sometimes 
 they are women with a backgroimd in social work or in teaching. Their 
 positions usually emphasize the social rather than the scientific attitude and 
 the salary range is lower than for the administrative positions which require 
 definite technical training. 
 
 13 
 
Research work in home economics affords interesting opportunities for 
 original work. Women in the Bureau of Chemistry of the Federal Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture are making extensive investigations of cold storage and 
 refirigeration. Experiments are carried on in many of the State Universities 
 and in nutrition laboratories. Research laboratories have been established 
 in connection with commercial establishments, and in a few instances with 
 magazines and newspapers. Women with established reputations in the 
 home economics field are usually sought for the highly paid research positions 
 but there are positions paying $1000 to $1200 a year for young women with 
 training who are seeking practical experience in research work. 
 
 Restaurant, Tea room and Cafeteria Management. Independent 
 ownership of restaurants and tea rooms is the goal of most women who enter 
 this field. Young women sometimes take assistants' positions in restaurants 
 and tea rooms at small salaries (in some cases as low as $30 to $50 a month) 
 for the purpose of learning the business from the bottom but training in 
 domestic science and in management is essential for ultimate success. Some 
 women have established lunch and tea rooms in the business sections of large 
 cities with great success. Such ventures naturally require keen business 
 sense and executive ability in addition to a thorough foundation in the buying . 
 and preparation of foods. 
 
 The development of the cafeteria movement throughout the country 
 especially in connection with the Young Women's Christian Associations has 
 created a striking demand for women qualified in scientific quantity feeding 
 and in quantity purchasing and storing. Salaries for cafeteria managers are 
 sometimes as high as $2500. 
 
 Department stores, factories, and large business corporations are opening 
 employees' lunch rooms, for the management of which trained women are 
 needed. The salaries are good. School lunch rooms are rapidly being 
 recognized as an essential part of the school plant and the managerial positions 
 are frequently combined with the teaching of domestic science. Com- 
 munity and neighborhood cooked food services are adding to the incessant 
 demand for women trained in domestic science. This field is still new but is 
 growing m the large cities, and women in all parts of the country are looking 
 into the possibilities in such work. 
 
 Teaching. The demand for teachers of home economics is increasing 
 rapidly, and has been greatly stimulated during the past few years by the 
 passage of the Smith-Lever Act. They are needed in public and private 
 elementary and secondary schools, in vocational or trade schools, in normal 
 schools and colleges, in settlements, in the Young Women's Christian Asso- 
 tions and in all types of institutions for women. They are required by an 
 increasing number of social organizations, such as charity organization 
 societies, visiting nurses' associations and other organizations concerned with 
 improving living conditions. Their function as visiting housekeepers for 
 these agencies is to assist in raising the standards of living in the families to 
 which they are sent by teaching suitable buying, practical cooking, planning 
 simple diets, and establishing standards of cleanliness. 
 
 Work in Textiles. For women who have specialized in textiles thet'e 
 are interesting positions both in teaching and in other fields. The Biu-eau 
 of Standards, U. S. Department of Commerce, and a limited number of manu- 
 facturing establishments employ women as fabric testers and analysts and 
 
 14 
 
as dye chemists. Textile specialists are found also in a few large department 
 stores in the research laboratories and as teachers of salesmanship and educa- 
 tional secretaries. 
 
 For a few pioneers there is a field in cooperative buying; for a few specialists, 
 in consulting service as to method and equipment and in work with special 
 commissions. There is a limited but growing opportunity in food inspecting 
 for women with a thorough training in the chemistry of foods and bacteriology 
 and an understanding of the problems relating to storage and distribution, 
 forms of labeling and misbranding, etc. 
 
 Factories manufacturing food products are demanding women with home 
 economics training for positions in the advertising departments. A few such 
 women are holding the top positions in these departments at excellent salaries. 
 The future promises more and more positions of this variety to women with 
 suitable training. 
 
 INSURANCE 
 
 The best opportunities for women in insurance are to be found in life 
 underwriting companies. Only the routine work in marine and fire insurance 
 organizations is at present offered to women. Compensation insurance 
 promises more openings for women in the future than are to be found now in 
 that branch of insurance work. 
 
 Positions in life insurance companies include those in the actuarial depart- 
 ment (see Actuarial Work), clerical, stenographic or secretarial, a limited 
 number of executive positions and openings for saleswomen or agents. A few 
 of the large insurance companies have opened women's departments in charge 
 of women. The administrative heads of these departments are women who 
 have begun at the bottom and have worked their way up by hard work and 
 perseverance. These positions are too few in number to permit of generaliza- 
 tion as to salaries. Clerical and routine positions seldom offer more than 
 $25 a week and begin usually as low as $12 or $15. Any position through 
 which one gains familiarity with insurance terms and principles may serve 
 as a stepping stone. 
 
 The women earning the best incomes in this field are the agents or repre- 
 sentatives who sell insurance. They receive their compensation only from 
 commissions on the policies which they write. There is no salary basis. 
 No girl can be self-supporting during the first six months since her early 
 efforts are usually unproductive. Very few earn more than $1000 in the first 
 year, but results are cumulative and the work of the first few years increases 
 the returns in the next few. The successful agent can eventually earn thou- 
 sands of dollars a year. No definite technique has been formulated for in- 
 surance selling and there is consequently Httle formal training. The woman 
 who wishes to write policies for a life insurjince company is instructed as to 
 the different types of policies and the advantages of each and the company 
 provides literature. She is given suggestions and advice but she is usually 
 left to work out her own methods of approach and selling and general policies 
 of educating individuals as to the opportimities which insurance offers. She 
 must study the sociological aspects of insurance on her own initiative. 
 
 15 
 
Life underwriting offers certain great advantages. It can be done at 
 any time — ^in one's own time — offering freedom sucli as is found in few otlier 
 fields of work. It is sometimes done in their free time by women whose 
 regular work is in some other line. Age is no disadvantage. A middle- 
 aged woman succeeds in life underwriting as readily as a younger woman. 
 The agent is judged and rewarded solely qn the basis of her actual achieve- 
 ment. Success requires self confidence, a logical mind, brevity, enthusiasm, 
 sincerity and above all, hard work. 
 
 INTERIOR DECORATION 
 
 Interior decoration has probably suffered more from misrepresentation 
 than any other field of activity for women. Many persons suppose that the 
 only requirements for success are good taste and a little training in art. The 
 few women who have succeeded in establishing themselves in this field with 
 little or no training have helped to give foundation to this misconception. 
 As a matter of fact, interior decoration is a profession in the making. In some 
 of its aspects it resembles ordinary merchandising but the influence of well- 
 trained, professionally-minded men and women is tending to raise the stan- 
 dards and will eventually place it on the level of other recognized professions. 
 At present it is passing through a stage of development similar to that through 
 which the profession of architecture passed before it became standardized. 
 Eventually the decorator who desires professional recognition will require a 
 Uaining fully as extended as that of the architect. The training recom- 
 mended by experts today includes: 
 
 1. Architecture, at least thorough preparation in draftsmanship and in 
 historic styles, and an understanding of scale and proportion. 
 
 2. Color and design. 
 
 3. A knowledge of the design and manufacture of fabrics, wall-paper and 
 furniture; lighting fixtures, fireplaces and accessories. 
 
 4. A knowledge of commercial values and a thorough acquaintance with 
 the markets. 
 
 5. Practical experience in measuring and computing areas, estimating 
 costs of material and labor and of writing specifications. 
 
 6. Practical knowledge of upholstery values, and of making up materials 
 in a professional manner. 
 
 7. Practical knowledge of paints, their quality and durability, methods 
 of securing certain desired effects, the varying costs of different kinds 
 of treatment, also plastering, wood finishes, etc. 
 
 While interior decoration remains as unstandardized as it is at present 
 there will continue to be many grades of decorators. At the foot of the scale 
 there are those with little training who are not much more than shoppers, and 
 among the professional women are those who have had from six to nine years 
 of training and who are recognized as experts in the field. 
 
 The apprentice usually starts at a salary of $7 to $10 per week. She 
 must bear in mind the fact that the work of the interior decorator is seasonal 
 and that while she remains an apprentice she runs the risk of being laid off in 
 the dull season. In a small establishment the opportunity is usually afforded 
 the apprentice to try herself out gradually in every phase of the work. By 
 the time she is able to carry responsibility she will earn from $20 to $25 per 
 
 16 
 
week; $50 a week is about the maximum for a woman working outside of 
 her own establishment. The decorator who has achieved an establishment of 
 her own has an income commensurate with that of the architect, but unlike 
 the architect, her remvmeration is the difference between the wholesale and 
 retail prices of the goods which her client accepts. There is as yet no pro- 
 fessional fee. 
 
 JOURNALISM 
 
 Journalism is a field of work to which many young women look with eager- 
 ness, especially those who have majored in English in college. Some hope 
 to use a limited experience in newspaper work as training for magazine work 
 or free lance writing. It is safe to say that there are many more applicants 
 for positions than there are openings for women in this field. 
 
 The old apprentice method is still considered the best mode of entrance 
 into journalistic work. Graduates of schools of journalism are unanimous 
 in urging the benefits of formal training and insist that it saves hard knocks 
 and much time later on, but most of the successful newspaper women have 
 had no special training and according to them the best prepeuation is to be 
 had in the school of experience. A speaking knowledge of foreign languages 
 is a valuable asset. On the whole the kind of training seems to be less 
 important than the kind of person. 
 
 Most girls begin in newspaper work by writing special articles at space 
 rates. A hearing is gained by submitting a story or subject for a story to 
 the dty editor or the Stmday editor. Space rates range from $4 to $12 a 
 column, with the average at $6 or $7 in the large cities, $5 in smaller places. 
 Success in space writing usually leads to a regular assignment at $10 to $12 
 a week at tiie beginning. The usual salary is from $25 to $30 for the ex- 
 perienced reporter. The maximum for reportorial work with most papers 
 is $35 a week. There is no future in straight reporting as the writer's name 
 is not signed to her articles and she gets no cumulative results from her work. 
 It is excellent, however, as all roimd training and women with a background 
 in this work are finding their experience of value in other lines, such as 
 publicity work for organizations, in commercial advertising, in magazine 
 work and in trade journals. 
 
 Staff positions are better paid than reportorial work and are more difficult 
 to obtain. The editor of a fashion column receives $25 to $35 a week and 
 the editor of an entire woman's page is paid from $30 to $50. 
 
 The best opportimities for women in newspaper work are to be found with 
 the small town dailies, the large town dailies and the country weeklies where 
 a woman has the chance to try her hand at every phase of the work, as 
 general reporter, editor or assistant on the woman's page, literary critic, 
 special writer. She has her turn at interviewing, make-up, copy reading 
 and writing advertisements. She may have a regular staff position on a 
 local paper and also act as correspondent for the city papers. 
 
 On the metropolitan papers women are found as reporters, editors of the 
 children's page, of the woman's page, as club editors, fashion editors, editors 
 of society notes, feature writers and writers of special articles. Signed feature 
 work pays best in money and reputation. Specialists sometimes find attrac- 
 tive positions on newspapers as writers on agricultural subjects, as health 
 experts, beauty specialists, editors of music, educational or art departments. 
 
 17 
 
Women trained in home economics are needed to handle the inquiries and 
 manuscripts dealing with home problems which find their way into every 
 newspaper office. 
 
 Trade journalism is a prosperous field. It is impossible to find enough 
 editorial assistants for trade papers and magazines and the salaries are better 
 than in regular newspaper work. Thorough-going information regarding 
 the special trade is, of course, essential for ultimate success but the amoimt 
 of technical knowledge required at the begimiing is not always great. 
 
 House organs, issued for the benefit of the employees in large corporations, 
 offer interesting openings for women. 
 
 Newspaper work has certain obvious disadvantages. The hours are 
 long and irregular and the work is always done under high pressure and 
 against time. It means going out in all kinds of weather. Newspaper 
 women claim that their work is the hardest and most nerve-racking 
 that a girl can undertake but they also insist that it is the most fascinating 
 and the most broadening. It keeps her in close touch with the world 
 of affairs. It forces a balancing of her personality, planing down the 
 aggressiveness of the girl who is too aggressive and developing the one who 
 is too retiring. 
 
 It requires alertness, adaptability, abnormally good health and sound 
 nerves, accuracy in observation, and keen judgment as to values, interest in 
 public affairs, boundless tact and facility in expression. For the person who 
 expects to advance beyond reportorial work it requires besides all these 
 qualities, literary ability or executive power or both. 
 
 LAW 
 
 Law is still, speaking relatively, a pioneer field for women. Prejudice is 
 slowly breaking down, to be sure, and opportunities are increasing, both as an 
 effect of the war and as a result of the granting of the suffrage to women in an 
 increasing number of states. But there is still much to be done before women 
 have an equal opportunity with men in this profession. 
 
 There are three methods of securing training in this profession, viz: (1) 
 in a law office as a registered law clerk, a method which is not entirely satis- 
 factory because it lacks system and standardization; (2) in a standard law 
 school; (3) a combination of the two. Most of the good law schools of the 
 country admit women. A clerkship of at least a year in a law office is desir- 
 able before attempting private practice and in some states such a clerkship is 
 mandatory before the bar examination may be taken. Some lawyers advise 
 serving as law clerk before taking the professional course in a law school, 
 maintaming that the course proves infinitely more valuable after such an 
 experience. Clerks usually begin at $10 or $12 a week and progress is slow. 
 The managing derk receives $25, sometimes $30 a week. 
 
 Comparatively few women have been successful in the general practice of 
 law. In few cases do the so-called "big clients" consult women lawyers, who 
 also complain that in the last analysis their own sex has not availed itself of 
 this striking opportunity for team work. Here, as in many other fields, the 
 sign post points to specialization. Women have been especially successful in 
 the handling and settlement of estates, in looking after mortgages and invest- 
 ments, legacies and bequests, in title searching, in drawing wills and probating 
 
 18 
 
them, in juvenile court work and in cases of domestic relations. Their place 
 is not yet assured in criminal law, and except in a small number of conspicuous 
 instances they have not been appointed to public legal positions. 
 
 Many women lawyers are finding their training valuable in other lines. 
 Women with legal training are doing important work with child welfare 
 organizations, especially societies for protecting children against cruelty, 
 neglect, or desertion, with legal aid associations and with other social agencies. 
 Some, are acting as probation or parole officers. Others are carrying on in- 
 vestigations in the civil service and with private organizations. They are 
 engaged in economic and political research and in a few instances in teaching 
 law. They are finding their legal knowledge of great value in many types of 
 business, in legal accounting, in banking, in real estate and insurance. Court 
 stenographers and executive managers in law firms are sometimes trained 
 lawyers. 
 
 The money rewards are not great. The salaried lawyer seldom receives 
 more than $2500 a year and the average yearly earnings in independent 
 practice are probably no more. 
 
 In spite of the handicaps and limitations which still exist for women in 
 this profession, women lawyers are extraordinarily enthusiastic about its 
 advantages. It deals with the greatest and most acute problems of human 
 life, it offers association with all types of people and fine cultural advantages. 
 It prepares for statesmanship and for the intelligent handling of great national 
 problems. 
 
 LIBRARY WORK 
 
 Public Library Work. From a numerical point of view, library work 
 is one of the most important fields of work for women. By far the greatest 
 number of positions is to be found in the public libraries of the coimtry. 
 
 In large public libraries positions tend to become specialized and the activi- 
 ties are divided among workers, each one of whom is responsible for only one 
 phase of the work. There is the cataloguer who prepares the books for use, 
 makes all the necessary records and prepares the cards for the catalogue. In 
 the smaller libraries all these processes may be carried on by one person; in 
 the larger libraries the work is subdivided among a number of assistants. 
 There is the reference librarian, who meets and helps the people who come 
 to the library for information; the classifier, who must know the contents of 
 the book, and who assigns to it its proper place on the shelf; the bibliographer, 
 who compiles lists of books on special subjects. There are also children's 
 libretrians, circulation department workers, heads and assistants in specialized 
 departments, whose titles indicate the work they do, and heads and assistants 
 in branch libraries. Salaries range from $720 to $2000 a year, according to 
 the amount of responsibility and the training required. 
 
 In the small libraries the librarian and her two or more assistants have the 
 opportunity to do all types of work and specialization is, therefore, not re- 
 quired. Salaries average from $900 to $1500 per year. The necessary 
 qualifications include accuracy, a sense of order, initiative, good personality, 
 a good general education, and in addition, the ability to use the knowledge 
 acquired. In some of its aspects, library work compares with social service 
 and the impulse to serve the public must be prominent in the equipment of the 
 librarian. She shoiUd have also a broad general knowledge of books, a broad 
 
 19 
 
general culture and unfailing courtesy. The person who catalogues or 
 accessions or examines books does not require all the qualifications of the 
 executive head. She needs method, accuracy, neatness, infinite patience, 
 good sense and judgment and a knowledge of foreign languages. The kind of 
 personality that can win the public is less necessary for this work than for that 
 of the reference librarian . The reference librarian must possess poise, patience 
 and deep interest in current affairs, the faculty of coordination and a good 
 memory. Cataloguers receive $1000 to $2500 a year,— reference librarians, 
 from $1000 to $2000. 
 
 Children's Work. There is an increasing demand for children's libra- 
 rians, and in addition to the regular requirements o'f a traitied librarian this 
 work demands an unusually pleasing personality, experience and sympathy 
 with children, and a knowledge of children's books. Story hours and club 
 meetings must be arranged for, therefore the children's librarian should have 
 some ability in story teUing. More and more women are specializing in this 
 branch of the work. Salaries occasionally run as high as $1800 a year for the 
 heads of children's departments, but the average is about $1200 a year. An 
 assistant receives from $800 to $1000. 
 
 Library Extension Work. In 34 states there are state commissions to 
 encourage the establishment of free public libraries. They employ trained 
 organizers who travel about the state starting new and reorganizing old 
 libraries, training local librarians, inspecting, regulating, advising. They 
 must be always on the alert for an opportunity to encourage the opening of 
 a new library, and ready at any time to make a public address. The work 
 requires great enthusiasm, physical endurance, a persuasive personality. The 
 sakries range from $800 to $1800 per year, sometimes to $2200. 
 
 Special and Technical Libraries. There are numerous types of specid 
 and technical libraries. They include legislative and municipal reference, 
 legal, scientific and medical libraries, libraries maintained by engineering 
 societies, insurance and accountancy corporations and institutions of dl sorts. 
 Large industrial and financial corporations throughout the country are 
 increasingly supporting their own library departments for the assembling and 
 routing of information in print. Trade information is in great demand. 
 Questions of geography, markets, tariff systems, trade conditions, trans- 
 portation, mercantile law, financial systems, economic and social conditions 
 are of great importance because business is founded upon them. The library 
 of specialized information seeks to anticipate the need of members of the 
 corporation for specific data and to have it in available form when it is called 
 for. It does even more, — it submits pieces of definite and important in- 
 formation to executive officers, sometimes furnishing clues to important 
 business transactions. In addition to the qualifications needed in a general 
 or public library, the librarian in such a library as this must have business 
 ability, willingness to assume responsibility, and vital interests in the affairs 
 of the corporation of which she is a part. Positions are better paid than 
 those in public library work and offer better opportunity for originality and 
 constructive work than positions in large city libraries. Salaries range from 
 $1200 to $3000 per year. 
 
 Private Libraries. Positions in private libraries are few in number and 
 difficult to obtain. In general they offer better salaries than are paid to 
 women carrying equal responsibilities in public libraries because, since the 
 
 30 
 
libraries of this type consist of rare and early printed books, a high degree of 
 scholarship is required of those who administer such collections. Salaries of 
 $2000 and $2500 are not uncommon and in a few rare instances they are much 
 higher. 
 
 School and College Libraries. No special description is needed of 
 opportimities in school and college libraries. The qualities of a succe^ful 
 reference librarian are needed to a marked degree and the ability to inspire 
 young students with an enthusiasm for books. The number of such positions 
 in the high schools of the coimtry has been greatly increased during the past 
 few years. Salaries are usually from $900 to $1200 per year. In a few cases 
 they run as high as $1500. 
 
 Training. Training may be acquired in two ways— by apprenticeship 
 in a library or by taking a course in a library school. School training is 
 usually preferred for the reason that the preparation secured in a library 
 necessarily covers the methods in use in a single library. Most library 
 schools offer a one year course. An entreince examination is required in 
 niost cases. "Training should include technical courses as cataloguing, 
 classification, filing, and the like; book courses including book selection, the 
 study of reference books, goverrmient documents, children's books, biblio- 
 graphy; administrative courses including the administration of libraries and 
 of branches and departments, book buying, business methods and the history 
 and practice of printing, and library architecture. There should also be 
 included in any course of training supervised practice in well administered 
 libraries of different types." Some library schools have modified their 
 courses so as to include a certain amount of preparation for the special or busi- 
 ness librarian . The greatest demand is still for workers for the public libraries 
 of the country and the training in most schools has been planned with this 
 need in mind. Any librarian who chooses to enter a business library must 
 have training in business subjects. 
 
 The librarian has the opportunity to make her institution the center of the 
 educational and intellectual life of the community and the work will appeal 
 to those who are interested in this form of social service. For the person 
 who loves books it offers the privilege of working in a congenial atmosphere. 
 In general, it may be said that the librarian must find her satisfaction in her 
 opportunity for service to people of all ages and types rather than in the 
 monetary reward. 
 
 LITERARY WORK 
 
 Editorial Work. Most young women who specialize in English in college 
 and who have been successful in writing themes aspire to "literary work in a 
 publishing house." They become dismayed when they discover that a very 
 large percentage of the women in publishing house work are stenographers, 
 secretaries, clerks and other routine workers, earning not more than $25 a week 
 and in most cases, less. 
 
 There are no literary positions for women in houses in which text books 
 are published. A few women have found opportunities to read manuscripts 
 but in all cases these are women with some teaching experience. 
 
 In houses in which books are published for general trade, the opportunities 
 are somewhat better, but still limited. Publishing houses are commercial, 
 
 31 
 
not literary, institutions and most of the work is, of necessity, of a business 
 nature. There are positions for correspondents, secretaries, stenographers, 
 bookkeepers, proofreaders and clerks, but few for women who offer literary 
 or editorial equipment. Few manuscript readers, men or women, are em- 
 ployed. Scientific or technical manuscripts are sent out to specialists in those 
 fields and they are paid for their opinions. Miscellaneous manuscripts are 
 read by members of the firm, usually men with long experience. 
 
 One basic difficulty is the fact that applicants for publishing house posi- 
 tions are looking for what they call salaried positions whereas most of the 
 publishing houses are looking for people who will bring them ideas or material 
 which can be utilized in the form of a salable literary commodity. There is 
 a much better opportunity in the average book publishing house for the girl 
 who is fond of mechanical processes and who knows something about com- 
 position, printing, electrotjrping, binding and the other elements of book 
 manufacture than there is for the girl who can edit manuscripts. 
 
 By far the best opportunities for editorial work are to be found in maga- 
 zine publishing houses. Here positions for editorial assistants are compara- 
 tively numerous and since promotion is usually from within, the future is 
 promising. The number of women holding positions as managing editors 
 is still small, probably not more than seven or eight in New York City. 
 
 The managing editor studies her subscribing public and lays out the plans 
 and often also the policies of the magazine. If the magazine is a large one she 
 delegates the responsibility for the various departments and all of the detailed 
 work to others. In the case of a smaller magazine she is apt to know all the 
 details, to buy the materials, read the copy, plan the arrangement, make- 
 up, etc. She requires executive ability, business sense, imagination, vision 
 and an tmderstanding of all the problems of the day. The editor of a special 
 department needs the qualities of the general editor and special knowledge of 
 the problems of the department over which she has supervision. She is 
 responsible for its plan and for the details of its work. 
 
 Managing editors receive up to $5000 a year, — department and assistant 
 editors as high as $3000. The routine work is in the hands of editorial assist- 
 ants who earn from $700 to $1000 a year at the beginning. 
 
 Publishing houses offer many business positions including those of adver- 
 tising manager, business manager, circulation manager, department manager, 
 bookkeepers and others. 
 
 Motion Picture Work. Several women have made a success of script 
 writing and editing in this field, most of them having entered it from news- 
 paper work. A position as reader with a good producing company affords an 
 opportiuiity to understand the point of view of the maker of pictures, al-_ 
 though the salary is usually small. Title editing especially for educational' 
 and travel pictures, has opened a new and attractive field for a few original 
 and clever editors. There is still small chance for the editor who is par- 
 ticularly interested in film work for children's matinees and for schools, al- 
 though several unsuccessful attempts have been made by women to develop 
 this branch of the work. 
 
 Some of the best producing companies employ research workers who 
 advise with reference to costumes, settings, etc., and a few companies have 
 ^veri women the opportunity to direct and cast film plays. Publicity experts 
 
 2Z 
 
have made their way with considerable success in this specialized field and 
 it promises even more for the future. (See section on Publicity Work, 
 page 30.) 
 
 Tianslation. Translators are more numerous than opportunities. 
 Women with the ability to translate foreign languages are constantly seeking 
 positions with publishing houses and other commercial firms. Few exist for 
 translators as such. There is a constant demand from banking and im- 
 porting houses, from public utilities corporations and from certain large 
 manufacturing establishments for women with a knowledge of French, Spanish 
 and German, sometimes also with other languages, but training and experi- 
 ence in stenography and typewriting are always required. Such positions 
 often lead to interesting and important- opportimities in the specialized field 
 but skill in translation is rarely, if ever, the sole requirement. Positions for 
 clerks qualified in modem language in the federal service require typewriting 
 in addition to language equipment and pay $900 to $1200 a year. Clerk 
 translators in government service receive $1200 to $1800. 
 
 Research Work. Opportunities for literary or historical research are 
 limited in number and difficult to obtain. Secretaries to writers and profes- 
 sors are sometimes asked to do special pieces of research work in connection 
 with their other duties. 
 
 Writing. The girl who expects to support herself solely by her pen 
 should realize that she must break her own pathway from the start. There 
 is always a good market for the manuscripts of the person who can write 
 interesting, timely and accurate matter, but it must have all of these charac- 
 teristics. The magazines are eager for first class material but they judge 
 critically. They can afford to encourage only the gifted writer who has 
 something to say. Moreover, the ambitious writer who is also gifted, may as 
 well stop at the outset unless she is also persistent and patient. The pull is 
 a long, hard one and few who have achieved success have escaped bitter 
 disappointment along the way. 
 
 MEDICINE 
 
 Pioneer women have so blazed the trail that the aspirant for honors in the 
 field of medicine can today enter the medical college of even the most con- 
 servative universities on an equal footing with men. The prejudice of both 
 the public and the medical men is dying out and the able woman physician 
 may reasonably expect to build up her independent practice or she may 
 decide in favor of a salaried position. 
 
 A long, expensive training is necessary to secure the medical degree, and 
 the student must be prepared to devote herself tirelessly to her studies, 
 
 A robust physique is necessary to resist the constant physical and mental 
 strain attendant on the duties of a physician. Initiative and intuition, 
 infinite patience and perseverance, as well as all the gracious social qualities, 
 are attributes of the successful physician. Business ability is as necessary for 
 the woman physician as for any other professional woman, and the lack of it 
 may account for the failure of many doctors. 
 
 With these qualities and a sound medical training the next step is to secure, 
 by means of a competitive examination, an intemeship in one of the well 
 
 23 
 
equipped hospitals. Until recent years many hospitals were unwilling to 
 accept women as internes. Now, however, the opportunities are slowly 
 increasing. The salary of an interne is not more than $25 a month and 
 maintenance, but the experience is invaluable. 
 
 Independent practice presents an uphill struggle for the first few years 
 when the money returns are small. After that probationary period, however, 
 the income of the private practitioner may far outstrip that of the salaried 
 woman. In fact, medical women as a group are earning more than women in 
 other professions. Various factors should be weighed before deciding on the 
 locality in which to settle. The small town or city where there is less com- 
 petition has many advantages over the crowded metropolis. A social footing 
 and a heritage of friends make the path a little easier. 
 
 The psychiatrist will find nimierous interesting openings on clinical staffs 
 and in state and municipal hospitals, penal and reform institutions. The 
 insane, the neurotic and others suffering from mental disorders of varying 
 degree will come under her care. Women seem particularly fitted by nature 
 for the diagnosis and adjustment of these problems. Salaries average from 
 $1600 to $2600. Residence is usually included. 
 
 The gynecologist, beside her own practice, may hold a position with an 
 insurance company examining women policy holders. 
 
 Resident positions in schools and colleges as well as in the usual state 
 institutions may be obtained. Classes in hygiene may be conducted by the 
 resident physician in a school or college. The usual salary is about $1800. 
 
 The anaesthetist who assists a noted surgeon on major operations gains a 
 broad and valuable experience besides a fee of at least $25 for each operation. 
 
 Social work aboxmds with opportunities for the general practitioner. In 
 the child placing agencies, the health centers and the bureaus of investigation 
 exist openings commanding salaries of $1800 or $2000. Medical missionaries 
 for foreign fields are usually in great demand. 
 
 A laboratory position in the clinical laboratory of a hospital or research 
 institute may be taken on a part time basis, with a salary of $40 to $75 a 
 month. Directors or assistant directors of public health laboratories hold 
 enviable positions, with splendid opportunities for constructive work and 
 valuable research. Salaries, $1800 to $3000. 
 
 Industrial plants and biisiness houses often employ a physician, sometimes 
 on a part time basis. Physical examinations of the employees are made on 
 entrance and at subsequent periods as a means of checking and preventing 
 disease. 
 
 The laws of New York and several other states make necessary the pres- 
 ence of women physicians on the staffs of hospitals for insane, delinquent, 
 and feebleminded women, and all penal and reform institutions dealing with 
 women. 
 
 Some few hospitals are staffed entirely by women and, in those institutions 
 following a progressive policy, women may find openings as resident phy- 
 sicians, anaesthetists and laboratory workers. 
 
 24 
 
NURSING 
 
 There is scarcely any field of work in which the variety of opportunities 
 is greater than in nursing. There are more than twenty, distinct types of 
 activity in the nursing profession and in all or most of these types the demand 
 for well trained workers far exceeds the supply. 
 
 Private Nursing.' Bedside nursing needs little comment. Private 
 nurses in general practice receive from $20 to $30 a week. This does not 
 mean 52 weeks in the year, however, and it is difficult to estimate the average 
 yearly income of the private nurse. The specialists needed in private work 
 include nvirses for children's diseases, for nervous or mental diseases, for 
 obstetrical cases, etc. The speciaUst receives $35 per week and sometimes 
 more. 
 
 Positions in Hospitals and Institutions. The superintendent of a 
 hospital is frequently also the principal of the training school. She carries 
 large administrative responsibility. She supervises the corps of nurses, 
 attendants and dietitians, orders supplies, cares for the buildings and wards 
 and is responsible to the trustees for every patient under her care in the 
 hospital. She must bear in mind constantly the needs and training of her 
 pupil niu'ses as well as the needs of her patients. Superintendents receive 
 from $1500 to $3000 and maintenance in large hospitals, and $1000 to $1800 
 in small ones. 
 
 Supervising nurses or assistants to the superintendents receive maintenance 
 and from $60 or $75 a month to $1000 or $1200 a year according to the size 
 of the hospital. 
 
 Head nurses in the wards are usually recent graduates from the training 
 schools. Their first salaries are seldom more than $40 to $60 a month and 
 living. 
 
 Teachers of nursing are making their way in increasing numbers into the 
 nurses' training schools for the educational work which was formerly done 
 exclusively by doctors. Salaries, $900 to $1200 and maintenance. 
 
 Pupil nurses who are members of the training classes do all the ordinary 
 work of the wards and private rooms. 
 
 Operating room nurses and anaesthetists receive $50 to $100 a month. 
 
 Resident nurses in private schools and colleges do actual nursing and in 
 some cases also conduct classes in hygiene. Salaries, $60 to $100 a month. 
 
 Nurse Assistants in doctors' offices do routine laboratory work and pre- 
 pare for examinations and operations. Salaries, $60 to $125. 
 
 Public Health Nursing. The field of public health nursing has had 
 enormous growth during the past five years. It has to do primarily with 
 the preventive and educational side of health work rather than with the 
 cure of disuse. It reqviires women with nurses' training and some 
 experience in social work. 
 
 District or visiting nurses are employed by visiting nurses' associations, 
 settlements, insurance companies, child welfare organizations, and city 
 health departments. There is a growing need for them in rural sections. 
 Their mission is fundamentally educational. They receive from $60 to $100 
 per month. Nurses are employed by anti-tuberculosis associations for the 
 
 25 
 
instruction and care of tuberculous patients in their homes and in tubercu- 
 losis camps, and for educational propaganda for the prevention of the disease. 
 Salaries, $75 to $100. 
 
 School nurses have the supervision of the health of school children. They 
 assist physicians in medical inspection, teach child hygiene, visit the homes 
 and assist in preventing the spread of contagious diseases. Salaries, from 
 $75 to $100 per month without living. 
 
 Hospital social service nurses do follow up and educational work in the 
 homes of discharged patients. They receive $75 to $100 a month. Heads 
 of such departments in hospitals can command $100 to $200 per month. 
 These positions are usually non-resident. 
 
 Red Cross nurses beside their regular professional work in times of national 
 emergency are called upon for almost every known type of social service. 
 In all cases they must have full nurse's training in an accredited school. 
 SalEuies, $50 a month and up. 
 
 Army and Navy nurses enroll as part of the regular permement medical 
 and hospital service of the Army and Navy. They are under military orders 
 and may be detailed for duty in any part of the world. Salaries are $50 to 
 $60 per month with maintenance and travelling expenses. 
 
 Industrial nurses are in great demand in manufacturing plants and depart- 
 ment stores to look after the physical well-being of employees. They render 
 first aid in case of accidents, secure necessary medical treatment, do home 
 visiting, sometimes give lectures on hygiene and endeavor in every possible 
 way to maintain high standards of health and efficiency. Salaries range 
 from $900 a year in small plants to $2400 in some of the largest. 
 
 Specialists. Nurses who have specialized in mental diseases are needed 
 in connection with the work of mental hygiene associations and commissions, 
 in hospitals for the insane, and in a limited number of general hospitals. 
 Salaries, $1200 to $1500 a year and sometimes more. There is a demand 
 for nurses who have specialized in prenatal and obstetrical work and for 
 those who are qualified to inspect rural schools and to assist in making health 
 surveys . Nurses who have also had training in home economics find important 
 positions from time to time in connection with university ejrtension work. 
 Salaries average $1800. 
 
 At least a high school course or its equivalent is required for admission 
 to the better schools of nursing. A college education is usually required for 
 the executive smd administrative positions in hospitals, in training schools, 
 and in public health work. The prestige of the school in which a nurse has 
 had her training is an important factor in her professional standing. For 
 this reason students should select schools which are registered in the state 
 and which are connected with general hospitals of high standards. Make- 
 shift training is imsatisfactory. In most schools the course is three years. 
 No tuition is charged and board, lodging and laundry are supplied free. In 
 some training schools, uniforms are furnished, in others an allowance of 
 from $4 to $10 a month is offered for imiforms, text books and incidentals. 
 In general the full three years' training is advisable eilthough some schools 
 have reduced the course by six or eight months for students who have com- 
 pleted certain specified scientific courses in their college preparation. The 
 training consists of lecture and class work and practical work in the hospital 
 with which the training school is connected. 
 
 36 
 
A good nurse must have a keen and resourceful mind, good judgment, 
 tact and the right kind of sympathy. She must be strong, physically and 
 mentally, steady and trustworthy and she must be impelled by a motive of 
 service. 
 
 OTHER PROFESSIONS 
 
 There are a few striking instances of successful pioneer women in the 
 professions of architecture, engineering and the ministry. Intensive specializ- 
 ation is, of course, required, and the training is long. The beginning years 
 are full of uphill struggle. A woman's success in these fields is in proportion 
 to her courage and her ability to overcome prejudice. Those who have been 
 successful have won their way by sheer force and persistence. A position as 
 draftsman or assistant in an architect's office, although difficult to secure, 
 may give the young woman architect a footing in the profession. Draftsmen 
 and assistants are paid, according to ability and experience, from $15 a week 
 to $60 a week. Prejudice is probably keener in the profession of engineering 
 than in other fields, and the woman choosing this work faces a more dis- 
 couraging future. There are only a few women who have achieved success. 
 
 Landscape architecture needs a word by itself. A training as specialized 
 as that of the architect is necessary for the landscape architect, and in addition 
 to the theory of construction and engineering, she must know the artistic 
 value of plants and trees and their general culture. 
 
 The same difficulties surround the landscape architect in the first few years 
 of her practice as are presented to the woman architect. Practical experience 
 in the office of a landscape or general architect is necessary to develop a keen 
 insight into the business side of the profession. As an entering wedge one 
 might use a knowledge of typewriting or drafting. Some women choose to 
 make connections with a well estabUshed nursery in order to make closer 
 studies of stock. This is not considered a very direct method of securing the 
 necessary experience. 
 
 The number of women engaged in independent practice of landscape 
 architecture is very limited. Considerable capital is needed to carry one over 
 the first years. Directing the work of suburban garden clubs may involve 
 original planning, which, if successfully carried out, may help to establish 
 one's reputation. This, by the way, is usually volunteer work. Important 
 and expensive work on private estates, or work with public park or city 
 planning commission is rarely entrusted to the woman landscape architect. 
 Fortimate indeed is the woman who can count $1000 a year as return .from 
 independent work during her first five years. If she succeeds in establishing 
 herself, her income will eventually equal that of the architect. 
 
 PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT 
 
 Scientific personnel management, as a profession for trained men and 
 women, is still in an experimental stage, but its value is coming to be recog- 
 nized everywhere. It represents an effort to centralize in one department 
 the handling of employment problems and the adjustment of personnel 
 difSculties, instead of permitting these functions to be handled by minor execu- 
 tives in the various departments as has been done so generally in the past. 
 
 As stated in the announcement of the Employment Management Section 
 of the War Industries Board, "The introduction of the einployment manager 
 
 27 
 
into industry and the standardization of the services of an employment de- 
 partment is one of the greatest movements now taking place in the manufac- 
 turing industry of this country. 
 
 This movement is a resultant of progress in accounting, staff organization, 
 functional foremanizing, vocational guidance, industrial training, new wage 
 systems, safety first, hygiene and medical aid, and the use of the committee 
 system of shop management. The functions of the employment department 
 are, therefore, not new in industry. They are now being gathered together 
 under one authority so that they may be handled in a more expert manner, 
 that they may be harmonized into a consistent policy, and that they may be 
 made the defkiite responsibility of competent officers." 
 
 Industrial concerns in all parts of the country have begun to realize that 
 the labor problem is primarily a problem of careful and intelligent selection 
 and thoughtful' placing of employees to insure a maximum of satisfaction to 
 the worker, and a maximum of production for the plant. They realize the 
 advantages of having this work in the hands of trained experts. 
 
 The popular conception of a personnel department limits it to the handling 
 of problems of hiring, transferring and discharging workers. The modern 
 personnel department deals also with the training of workers, with the estab- 
 lishment of wage rates, with the maintenance of such working conditions as 
 will permit the physical, mental and moral well-being of the workers. Fre- 
 quently the personnel department represents also a center where the workers 
 may carry their complaints, and through which they are given a voice in the 
 establishment of the conditions under which they shall work. 
 
 Women as well as men are taking training for positions in personnel 
 management and, where they have been given the opportunity to work inde- 
 pendently and constructively, they have been eminently successful. 
 
 The departments are not clearly defined or standardized and positions 
 may carry entirely different duties in different shops. Women who are hold- 
 ing positions in personnel management report duties varying all the way from 
 record keeping to work on the special problem of the reduction of labor turn- 
 over. Usually they are expected to hire the girls and women employed in 
 the factory, to follow them up in a short time to see whether they are making 
 good, and if not, why, to plan and arrange for inter-departmental transfers, 
 to keep in touch with rates of pay, working conditions, and sources of labor 
 supply. 
 
 Women who are actually engaged in this type of work report achievements 
 which include the establishment of a living wage for beginners, a reduction of 
 working hours for women, equal pay for equal work, the standardization of 
 certain types of occupations, etc. 
 
 The specialized personnel manager should have a foundation training in 
 psychology since she has the opportunity to apply appropriate intelligence, 
 performance and trade tests as a basis for the selection of suitable employees, 
 and for placing them in the work for which they are best qualified. She 
 should have limitless tact and patience, a genuinely democratic interest in 
 the success of employees and the ability to mix with all classes of workers; 
 ability to win the confidence of both workers and employers, open-mindedness, 
 optimism and boimdless energy. 
 
 During the war the Employment Management Division was established 
 under the War Industries Board to organize and conduct a series of intensive 
 
 28 
 
courses in employment management at various university centers. The ex- 
 pectation was that the students who enrolled for these courses should have 
 had previous experience in industrial work. The requirements for admission 
 were the following: (1) that the applicant shall have had at least a high school 
 education and shall be at least twenty-five years of age; (2) that the applicant 
 shall have had at least three to five years of good business experience; and (3) 
 that the applicant shall be a man or woman with strong personality, good 
 initiative and resourcefulness, and with a sympathetic understeinding of the 
 problems affecting the worker. 
 
 The Federal Board for Vocational Education will carry on the work begun 
 with such success by the Employment Management Division of the War 
 Industries Board and will continue to conduct these coiu-ses. 
 
 Until the introduction of the Government courses there had been no 
 authorized training for persormel managers, and women have come to it 
 from a variety of fields. Some have been in teaching or in school administra- 
 tion, some have had years of business experience but no experience in in- 
 dustry, a few have been successful social workers. Whatever their experience 
 they all urge more training in business administration for women who wish 
 to enter this field, and many of them state that practical training in the 
 factory is indispensable. 
 
 Salaries in this field are still unstandardized. The positions should pay 
 well, however, because they save money by reducing costs. Beginners are 
 found who are receiving $18 per week. Experienced workers are commanding 
 salaries ranging as high as $3600 a year. 
 
 The hours ju'e long and the problems are often involved and complicated, 
 but women who are successful emphasize the excellent opportunity which is 
 afforded them to study labor conditions at first hand, and to play an important 
 role in the development of industry in this country. 
 
 PSYCHOLOGY 
 
 Positions for women psychologists are still limited in nimiber but they are 
 steadily increasing. They are found in juvenile courts and detention homes 
 and with probation associations; in psydiopathic hospitals, in institutions for 
 delinquents, in clinics, in public schools and in a few industrial plants. The 
 average psychologist, outside of academic work, is a mental tester whose 
 work consists in giving the standard tests for the discovery of grades of 
 subnormality, in analysing and interpreting the results, in accumulating 
 statistics and often also in preparing the data for publication. The psycholo- 
 gist in the public school gives tests to children for the purpose of sifting out 
 mental defectives from those children who, although retarded, possess normal 
 ability. The professional worker in this field must still contend with lack of 
 standardization in the work and lack of iiitelligent understanding on the part 
 of the public. The best openings are in institutions and in clinics. A few 
 women have been successful in establishing private practice. Such practice 
 is usually built up through cooperation with physicians. 
 
 Thorough training in the fundamental principles of modem psychology, 
 both general and experimental, and an acquaintance with all measuring tests 
 now used, should be the basis for mental testing. Psychologists advise no 
 one to enter the field of applied psychology imless she can take a doctor's 
 
degree in the subject. They urge some medical training, if not a medical 
 degree, and they recommend volunteer work in a clinic and field work for 
 practical training. 
 
 Salaries for beginners range from nothing at all to $1000 a year. Experi- 
 enced psychologists are receiving from $1200 to $2400. 
 
 The psychologist needs the spirit of the pioneer, tact, patience, an ana- 
 lytical nund, good health, steady nerves and a pleasing personality. 
 
 PUBLICITY WORK 
 
 The demands of the war have had a tremendous and lasting effect on the 
 technique of managing special drives and campaigns and upon the public's 
 acceptance of that technique. 
 
 The director of a campaign must combine the charm of a magnetic, com- 
 pelling personality with a keen business sense, resourcefulness and administra- 
 tive ability. She should have an appreciation of the effective use of posters, 
 motion pictures, exhibits, a sense of the timely use of the written and personal 
 appeal, of the stimulating effect of buttons, badges and other small souvenirs, 
 and of the effective and discriminating use of the magazines and newspapers. 
 As the financial records, the subscription and mailing lists and the general 
 office routine will come under the supervision of the manager, an expert 
 knowledge of modern office procedure, as well as a trained publicity sense, 
 may be demanded. Newspaper or advertising experience is a decidedly 
 helpful factor in one's success. 
 
 Since there are few really successful women in this field at the present 
 time, the experienced publicity woman can readily market her valuable asset. 
 Connection can certainly be established with educational institutions, or with 
 social, civic or other organizations seeking to provide or increase financial 
 resources or wishing to direct attention to some educational or social move- 
 ment. 
 
 Salaries hover around $50 and $75 a week, and soar as high as $200. The 
 temporary character of campaign work must be kept in mind when consider- 
 ing these salaries. The quick publicity campaign may last only three or 
 four weeks. Therefore the organizer, imless followed by unusual good 
 fortune, will not receive this top salary for the fifty-two weeks in the year. 
 
 Motion picture concerns have well established publicity departments, and 
 here, if positions can be obtained, is a fruitful field, assuring one of a steady 
 income of $50 a week and ofttimes considerably more. A full knowledge of 
 the complex problems of film distribution, the prejudices of exhibitors and 
 the newspaper situation, is essential. 
 
 Some few successful publicity consultants have opened offices, manned by 
 staffs of stenographers, where they receive and direct their work. Income 
 is in this case determined by the amount and importance of the work handled. 
 
 RELIGIOUS WORK 
 
 Women interested in work of a religious nature are finding opportunities 
 in the following fields: 
 
 Church Work. Here positions exist for parish visitors; for pastors' or 
 church assistants and secretaries; for organizers of certain branches of church 
 
 30 
 
work, including directors of religious education and of young people's work. 
 A few women are holding important positions as principals and teachers in 
 church schools. Diocesan deaconesses and deaconesses in churches and in 
 church settlement houses are usually women with definite training for religious 
 work. Work of this sort demsmds sympathy with all classes of people, the 
 quality of leadership and consecration to the work of the church. Salaries, 
 $800 to $1200 a year, — occasionally they are found as high as $1500. 
 
 Missionary Work. There is an extensive field for the religious worker 
 in foreign, home and city missionary work. 
 
 The foreign work is carried on under the mission boards of the various 
 denominations, and the greatest demand seems to be for teachers, especially 
 of grade work, home economics and physical training; for evangelists, kinder- 
 gartners, and for training school directors; for physicians, nurses and superin- 
 tendents. The greatest number of calls comes from China, Japan, Africa 
 and India. 
 
 Home missionary work is carried on among certain nationalities or groups, 
 including the Indians, Mexicans, Porto Ricans, mill workers, Mormans, etc. 
 The demand again is for teachers, matrons and evangelists. 
 
 City missions and church houses employ trained women for work among 
 special nationalities and in certain sections of the city. 
 
 The missionary must possess unusual diversity of talent, good health, 
 capacity for leadership, attractive personality, and, above all, consecration 
 to the service. 
 
 Y. W. C. A. Work. With the exception of the positions which have 
 opened under the Yoimg Women's Christian Association during the war, 
 most of the positions are open only to those who have had Young Women's 
 Christian Association training. Positions are increasing rapidly in number 
 as the work of the Association grows. 
 
 The general secretary in a commimity is the worker who is responsible 
 for the organization of the work in the community. "She needs to learn the 
 city, its industrial, educational and religious life; to know the women, young 
 and old; to be grounded in Association principles and technique, in order to 
 administer a Christian Association of young women in that community. 
 Interest in people, capacity to enlist them in cooperative achievement, sense 
 of system and progression, all fired through with personal and social Chris- 
 tianity, are imperative; training and departmental experience are highly 
 desirable." 
 
 In most of the large cities there are positions also for departmental secre- 
 taries, including among others, the following: industrial secretaries, educa- 
 tional secretaries, secretaries of girls' work and of extension work, religious 
 directors, membership secretaries, secretaries of immigration and foreign 
 community work. The salaries for these positions vary according to the size of 
 the community and the responsibility involved in the position. 
 
 The Young Women's Christian Association also maintains secretaries 
 in some of the colleges and universities throughout the country. They are 
 called student secretaries, and their object is to discover leadership and 
 stimulate interest in Christian work among the girls who are students in the 
 institutions in which they work. 
 
 31 
 
The full training for Association work covers a period of two years. Stu- 
 dents who have completed the first year's training usually receive salaries 
 ranging from $600 to $1000 a year. Those who are graduates of the second 
 year course may begin at $1000 to $1500. The general secretaries of Associa- 
 tions in some of the largest cities of the country are among the highest salaried 
 women in social and religious work. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC WORK 
 
 There are few fields of work in which women are doing more valuable 
 work or making more important contributions than in the field of science. 
 Moreover, opportunities are increasing in practically every type of scientific 
 work. Many of the best openings are in the federal, state and mimicipal 
 service and are under the regular civil service requirements. Young women 
 start usually as laboratory assistants and as such perform only routine tasks 
 and receive small salaries. Advance is dependent upon the personality of 
 the worker, upon the capacity for greater responsibility and the fundamental 
 desire to achieve results in scientific fields. Special comments on the fol- 
 lowing branches of science may prove helpful. 
 
 Astronomy. Positions for a limited number of trained astronomers are 
 to be found in the observatories throughout the country and a few in the 
 Nautical Almanac Office in Washington. For the beginning astronomer the 
 work consists usually in the measuring of stars on photographic plates, of the 
 reduction and correction of these measurements and the computation of 
 magnitudes. A few women are carrying on independent and individual re- 
 search work in this branch of science. Salaries are not high; $60 is usually 
 the beginning salary and $1200 or $1300 is the average. In addition to thor- 
 ough training in astronomy, higher mathematics and some training in physics 
 are desirable. 
 
 Bacteriology. Positions for trained bacteriologists exist in the labora- 
 tories of hospitals, of state and city boards of health, in various bureaus of 
 the U. S. Department of Agricultiu-e, in the Hygiene Laboratory of the U. S. 
 Public Health Service, in private medical diagnostic laboratories, in dental 
 institutes, in the laboratories of water boards and in milk stations, in com- 
 mercial dairies, in factories manufacturing food stuffs or medical supplies, in 
 packing houses, etc. The greatest number of positions is to be foimd in 
 state and city boards of health where the bacteriologist is concerned with 
 making anti-toxins and vaccines, with general bacteriological examinations 
 for diseases, with the analysis of water and milk, ice-cream and other foods. 
 Workers are of two sorts, routine and research. The routine workers or 
 laboratory assistants do all the routine testing. The public health laboratories 
 of large cities offer less opportunity for research work than do special research 
 laboratories because of the great pressure of routine analytical work. It is 
 necessary for the beginner to start as a volunteer or at a very low salary which 
 seldom exceeds $500 per year. This increases with experience up to $1800,— 
 occasionally to $2000 a year. Positions paying more than that amount are 
 rare except for women who have a medical degree in addition to their bac- 
 teriological experience. Specialists in certain types of bacteriological re- 
 search are making important contributions toward the solution of important 
 health problems. A few have become experts in food inspection, others are 
 in charge of large diagnostic laboratories. 
 
Experts recommend thorough training in bacteriology and, in addition, 
 two or three years of college work in chemistry and a course in biology as 
 desirable preparation for laboratory work in this field. Besides this equip- 
 ment a knowledge of French and German is necessary for research work and 
 some knowledge of comparative anatomy is desirable. 
 
 Success depends on professional interest in science. A public health 
 bacteriologist may be called upon any hour of the day or night and she is 
 liable to work seven days a week. She must therefore have robust health 
 and unfailing energy. Personality is a more important factor in the success 
 of the scientific worker than is generally supposed. Accuracy, perseverance, 
 power of application, enthusiasm are all necessary. 
 
 Biology. Biologists are finding their training of value in a variety of 
 fields. In the Bureau of Plant Industry of the U. S. Department of Agri- 
 culture they are engaged in seed testing and in experimenting in certain plant 
 diseases. Salaries range from $1000 to $1800 a year. In connection with 
 the state universities and state agricultural experiment stations there are 
 interesting positions for women who have had special training in botany and 
 zoology. There are laboratory positions also in forest products laboratories 
 where women are carrying on research work in diseases of trees and in the 
 structure, properties and uses of woods. Societies and museums of natural 
 history offer positions for laboratory assistants and for curators in certain 
 specialized departments. Large seed companies are using women to make 
 analytical purity and germination tests of seeds and a few women have become 
 experts in the identification of all kinds of seeds. 
 
 The Marine Biological Laboratory and the laboratories connected with 
 certain large foundations and institutions employ both routine and research 
 workers with specialized training in zoology . Eugenics workers whose training 
 has included special work in zoology are used in connection with organizations 
 doing research work in this field and with courts and institutions for de- 
 linquents. A few women who have had training in art as well as in the 
 biological sciences are doing valuable work as medical illustrators, taking 
 photographs and making drawings for medical books. 
 
 The thoroughly trained biologist will require courses not only in general 
 biology including plant pathology, but also in bacteriology, physics, chem- 
 istry and some work in general agriculture. The maximum salaries in this 
 field seldom exceed $1800 a year although a few women are known to be 
 receiving much more. 
 
 Chemistry. The best opportimities for the woman chemist are probably 
 in physiological, biological and food chemistry. Nearly all the biH-eaus 
 imder the Department of Agriculture have openings for women with specialized 
 training in chemistry. The Bureau of Chemistry offers more than any other. 
 In the micro-chemiral laboratories and in the food research laboratories of the 
 Bureau of Chemistry women are doing important research work. Chemists 
 are needed in nearly all the state agricultural experiment stations and these 
 positions offer opportunity for constructive research work. Clinical chemists 
 in the pathological departments, and chemical technicians in the metabolic 
 laboratories of hospitals are doing routine work, but work which is of great 
 importance. There are increasing opportunities also in nutrition labora- 
 tories, in public utilities corporations and in industrial establishments. 
 
 33 
 
In the field of industry women are still used mainly in the analytical and 
 research laboratories which are connected with the plants, where they serve 
 as analysts and research workers. During the past two years the opportunities 
 in this special field have increased to a notable extent and for the first time 
 women chemists have been employed in the laboratories of such plants as 
 copper refineries, ore and petroleum companies, drug factories, aluminum and 
 rubber corporations and others. They are found also in paper and flour mills, 
 in dyeing establishments, in canneries and in pure food organizations. In a 
 few department stores and large mail order houses they are working as textile 
 analysts and dye chemists. They have recently made their way successfully 
 into the laboratories connected with some of the large insurance companies. 
 
 All portions involve routine work at first and the salaries range from $60 
 to $75 a month. So great was the demand for chemists during the war that 
 the salaries for women trained in this science were advanced beyond the 
 average salaries in other branches of science. There is little doubt but that 
 there will continue to be an increasing demand for women with thorough 
 training in chemistry. No chemist should consider her training complete 
 unless she has had also advanced work in mathematics and at least one year 
 of scientific German. Such preparation will qualify her for a more varied 
 career in chemistry than would be open to her if she neglects these related 
 subjects. 
 
 Physics. Public utilities corporations, electrical testing laboratories, 
 lamp factories and other large corporations are finding women valuable for 
 certain types of testing and experimental work. In certain large industrial 
 plants they have been used to test electric motors, vacuum pimips, air com- 
 pressors, etc. Mechanical drafting is, of course, one of the requirements. 
 In certain large public utilities corporations women with training in physics 
 and mathematics are used for computing and estimating. Salaries range 
 from $13 or $14 a week for the beginner to $20 or even $25 per week for a girl 
 with some experience. Some of these corporations have agreed to employ 
 women in the engineering departments and have guaranteed to give them at 
 least the ground work for a career in engineering. 
 
 Women physicists have found openings in the Bureau of Standards, U. S. 
 Department of Commerce and in the Bureau of Soils in the Department of 
 Agriculture. Salaries are found at $1200 to $1500, sometimes higher. 
 
 Roentgenologists, radiographers and X-ray technicians are needed in 
 hospitals and in the laboratories of private physicians. Technicians usually 
 begin by making and developing radiographs. A woman can seldom become 
 more than an assistant in this field, however, vmless she takes a medical degree 
 or special training in roentgenology with a private physician who is qualified 
 to give such training. Roentgenologists in the large hospitals and private 
 laboratories are responsible for the interpretation and diagnosis of roentgeno- 
 grams and they are given opportimity for ori^nal research work. Salaries 
 for beginners range from $60 to $100 a month. Trained roentgenologists are 
 receiving anywhere from $2000 to $5600 a year. 
 
 A limited number of positions exist in the departments of the federal gov- 
 ernment for women trained in other branches of science such as geology, 
 entomology, etc.; $900 to $1800 is the salary range. 
 
 34 
 
SECRETARIAL AND STENOGRAPHIC WORK 
 
 The demand for intelligent and well-trained stenographers and secretaries 
 continues to be great. Positions are open to them throughout the whole field 
 of employment; in the offices of business and professional men; in schools, col- 
 leges and libraries; with social and civic organizations; in publishing houses; 
 and with private individuals, both men and women. The proportion of 
 secretarial positions which do not require a knowledge of stenography is 
 negligible. This training, however, can be secured in from four to six months 
 and need cost very little. Facility in taking dictated matter, speed and 
 accuracy in transcribing it are essential. A beginner should be willing to do 
 purely stenographic work until she is thoroughly proficient. 
 
 Positions differ widely as to the amount of stenographic work required. 
 It is therefore almost impossible to differentiate between stenographic and 
 secretarial openings. There is some tendency among employers to use college 
 women for mechanical stenographic work because of their broader educational 
 background. On the other hand, many positions which involve heavy 
 stenographic work at first, offer excellent opportunities to use initiative and 
 business ability later, and again and again stenography has proved the 
 stepping-stone to a most successful career. The ambitious girl who expects 
 to use her stenography as a means to an end should not choose a field of work 
 which requires for the advanced positions an entirely different technique. 
 For example, a girl cannot become a physician by serving as a physician's 
 secretary. She should enter a field of work in which a mastery of the details, 
 such as she can gain through her stenographic work, is in itself preparation for 
 the top positions. 
 
 The salaries begin at $15 per week in New York. Secretaries who have 
 had two or three years of experience can usually command $1000 to $1500 per 
 year; $1800 is not unusual and secretarial positions paying $2100 to $2400 
 are found from time to time. The following comments on conditions, re- 
 quirements, and salaries in the most important groups of positions may prove 
 useful. 
 
 In Private Schools the positions usually require residence in the school. 
 College graduates are preferred. The work may involve meeting parents and 
 pupils, correspondence at dictation, bookkeeping, taking charge of supplies, 
 keeping records, sending out reports, and sometimes a little teaching and 
 chaperoning. Charm of personality is most important. Salaries average 
 from $600 to $1200 and living, or more if living is not included. The hours 
 are imcertain and often long, involving some evening work, in return for which 
 time is given during the day. Positions are either for the year, with a vacation 
 of a month in summer and a week in winter and in spring, or they are for eight 
 or nine months only. Small schools employ a single secretary who does all the 
 office work, while in large schools several are employed, the work of each being 
 specialized. 
 
 College Positions offer work with one professor, or in a department, ct in the 
 administrative offices. A college graduate who has speciisLYzed in a single 
 subject or group of subjects may become a valuable assistant to a professor 
 in her chosen field. She will have general office duties — correspondence, 
 filing, etc. — ^and may also assist in preparing articles for magazines, and 
 securing research material for lectures and books. A knowledge of proof- 
 reading and simple copy-editing will prove valuable. 
 
 35 
 
Salaries in college positions vary greatly with the college and the location. 
 As a rule they are not large, although there are notable exceptions. The range 
 is perhaps from $800 for a beginner to $1200 for experienced workers. Few 
 college positions offer residence, except in some of the very small institutions, 
 although secretaries frequently live in college houses. The work in most cases 
 is pleasant, and brings one in touch with interesting and congenial people in 
 an academic atmosphere. Vacations vary in length but are usually one 
 month. The hours of work average eight to nine a day. 
 
 Secretarial Positions in Public Grade and High Schools. In large cities 
 these positions are secured as a result of passing examinations, in smaller cities 
 they are appointive. The hours of work are usually from nine to four, with all 
 school holidays, and a two months' summer vacation. Salaries average $900 
 to $1200 a year. The duties vary, but in most cases offer little opportunity 
 for original or interesting work. 
 
 In Physicians' Offices. Physicians prefer secretaries who have had some 
 scientific training as well as a knowledge of stenography and simple book- 
 keeping. The duties sometimes include those of a nursing attendant, which 
 if not too specialized may be learned in the office. White imiforms are some- 
 times required. Personality is important. The work may involve meeting 
 patients, making appointments for them, keeping their medical records, 
 sending out bills, keeping bool^ and writing letters. Sometimes the secre- 
 tary assists in gathering material for books or articles for medical journals 
 and in making laboratory tests. The salaries are average to good. The 
 hours of work are uncertain and overtime duty is too often required. The 
 chance for advancement is usually limited, but depends a good deal on the 
 employer. An excellent field is open for expert medical secretaries to take 
 part-time appointments with several physicians. 
 
 In Law Offices. This is a field by itself. Few lawyers will turn over 
 reallyl^responsible tasks to women assistants, hence there are many more 
 positions for stenographers than for secretaries . The work is highly specialized 
 and involves a knowledge of legal forms (which may be learned in the office) 
 and requires extremely accurate and rapid stenography and typewriting. The 
 salaries average from $20 to $30 per week and there is a constant demand for 
 skilled workers. Few college women, however, take positions in law offices 
 unless they are definitely interested in legal work. The experience is very 
 valuable and employers in other fields frequently give preference to candidates 
 who have had some legal stenographic experience. 
 
 In Banks. These positions are usually not as well paid as secretarial 
 positions in other specialized fields. Languages — especially French, German 
 and Spanish — ^are an asset, if the candidate has sufficient familiarity with them 
 to translate. Opportunities for advancement in salary and responsibility 
 are generally good, if one can work out of a department into a position as 
 secretary to one of the officials. Great accuracy is required. 
 
 In Busiitess Offices. This is a large field in which there is a growing de- 
 mand for college and other trained women. Positions exist in advertising 
 offices, with architects, engineers, investment and insurance houses, in real 
 estate offices and manufacturi/;g and mercantile houses of all kinds. The 
 variety is so great and the specific requirements so varied that it is impossible 
 to give full details. It is certain, however, that many offer excellent oppor- 
 tunities for salary advancement, and for executive work and responsibility. 
 
 ,1- 36 
 
The positions begin at $15 to $18, as in most other fields, but the largest 
 salaries paid to women today are probably pjiid in the New York business 
 offices. Stenography is of course required for the secretarial position and 
 foreign languages are helpful, particularly in connection with export houses. 
 The work requires a clear head, a quick brain, and a sense of responsibility and 
 initiative more highly developed, perhaps, than in any other field, because of 
 the competition with men in the higher positions. Business is one of the most 
 recently opened and profitable fields for college women, but they do not yet 
 seem to realize it. (See also section on Business, page 11.) 
 
 In Social Organizations, (including those carrying on religious, civic, 
 and philanthropic work) . The positions are very interesting and offer oppor- 
 tunity for women to become familiar with the office procedure in these organ- 
 izations, an exceedingly valuable experience for later work in field and executive 
 positions. In a very few positions a stenographer may do a little field work 
 in addition to her office work. There is wide variety in these positions and 
 unlimited opportunity for service, but the salaries are sometimes low because 
 many organizations work under the burden of limited funds. College work 
 in economics, sociology and statistics gives a good background. Vacations 
 are from two weeks to a month, and the hours of work are generally from 
 9 to 5. The salaries range from $12 to $25 a week. The possibilities for salary 
 advancement vary with the organization. 
 
 With Individuals, (i.e., positions not in offices). Positions exist with 
 authors, ministers, artists, playwrights, and prominent men and women in 
 almost every line of work. The most common, perhaps, are the positions 
 with (a) writers and (b) as social secretaries to women with civic and phil- 
 anthropic interests. 
 
 (a) In positions with writers, a good command of stenography and English 
 is essential, and languages and ability to read proof are desirable. The 
 work may include the preparation of manuscript for the press, proofreading, 
 some editing, and not infrequently the actual writing. The positions are 
 tmcertain, depending upon the author's reputation and success. Sometimes 
 literary secretaries are engaged for full-time, in which case their salaries range 
 fi:om $15 per week up; sometimes they are engaged on a part-time basis under 
 a more or less permanent agreement and are paid by the hour; most frequently 
 of all they are engaged to help with special pieces of work for longer or shorter 
 periods. Salaries depend upon the employer, and are not usually high, 
 especially in view of the uncertain nature of the work. 
 
 (b) Social secretaryships are likely to be obtained as a result of personal 
 acquaintance or introduction through mutual friends. A knowledge of simple 
 bookkeeping, and personal familiarity with social usages are required in 
 addition to stenography. Only a very small proportion of these positions do 
 not require stenography. The work is not taxing but rarely offers any 
 opportunity for initiative or executive responsibility. The hours of work 
 and length of vacations cannot be stated. Most women do not employ social 
 secretaries through the siunmer, and the work is therefore seasonal and the 
 yearly income not as large as the excellent weekly salaries would lead one to 
 expect. Engagements are often made on a part-time basis. Residence in 
 the household of the employer is sometimes required and the work is then 
 likely to be confining because of the lack of definite working hours. The 
 openings are infrequent and the really good positions rather hard to secure 
 because the personal qualifications are all important. Chief among these are 
 
 37 
 
adaptability, unfailing tact, good breeding, willingness to subordinate self, 
 and personal charm. The average salary is $25 to $35 a week. Occa- 
 sionally they soar very much higher than is justified by the value of the work. 
 
 In Publishing Houses. The openings for stenographers and secretaries 
 are far more numerous than for literary workers as such. A few editorial 
 writers have made their start as stenographers or secretaries in publishing 
 houses, but in most publishing houses the secretary will find only a limited 
 future. 
 
 Positions as stenographers vary greatly in different houses, however, both 
 in the nature of the work to be done, and in the opportunity given to work 
 from secretarial positions into the editorial field. A foundation of careful 
 training in English composition and wide reading are necessary in addition to 
 the command of stenography. Experience in proofreading and knowledge of 
 languages are often helpful. The duties may include correspondence at 
 dictation, some proofreading, occasional writing or revising, etc. The open- 
 ings are not very numerous in comparison with the large number of college 
 women who seek them. The salaries are comparatively small, — $18 to $25 for 
 experienced workers. Publishing houses are usually open from 8:30 or 9 to 
 5:30, and few give half holidays on Saturdays. Vacations are rarely longer 
 than two weeks. 
 
 In Scientific Research. Secretarial positions exist in private laboratories, 
 in hospitals, and with scientists working in various fields. Accurate stenog- 
 raphy, general scientific training with special emphasis on a particular sub- 
 ject, languages for translating purposes and accuracy in recording technical 
 matter are the most important requirements. The work involves the usual 
 secretarial duties, often the transcribing of scientific articles for publication, 
 and sometimes laboratory research. The salaries vary — organizations on 
 the whole paying better salaries than individuals, although this is not in- 
 variably the case. The work is always interesting to one who has a scientific 
 mind. 
 
 SOCIAL WORK 
 
 Opportunities in the field qf social work are increasing rapidly. The re- 
 quirements for entrance are becoming standardized and salaries are improving. 
 The equipment of the social worker today should be founded upon (1) a 
 broad education — a college course or its equivalent supplemented, if possible, 
 by special training in a school of philanthropy, and (2) personal qualifications 
 of a high order including the ability to sense the significant, to judge carefully 
 and wisely, and above all the spirit of service, lacking any tendency to senti- 
 mentality. For the advanced positions in social work, executive and admin- 
 istrative ability and the quality of leadership are required to a marked degree. 
 There are several good schools of philanthropy located in different parts of the 
 country and it is often possible for a girl who cannot spare the time to take this 
 spedal training to secure an apprentice position with some social organization 
 which is equipped to give training for its own particular field. 
 
 In nearly every typeof social work there is need for investigators with 
 sound judgment and the proved ability to secure and record accurate informa- 
 tion; for financial and publicity secretaries, the former with ability to raise 
 money by personal and written appeal, and thf latter with ability to present 
 
 the work of various organizations in public addresses and through printed 
 
 w 
 38 
 
propaganda; for statisticians, with training in the arrangement and interpreta- 
 tion of social statistics. There is occasional need, also, for research workers 
 with a fundamental knowledge of the subject matter of the work in which they 
 engage. Women with a knowledge of several immigrant languages are em- 
 ployed as case workers and interpreters by some social organizations; psycholo- 
 gists are required by organizations and institutions working for defectives and 
 delinquents; dietitians are employed by most of the larger institutions and by 
 some relief societies. 
 
 The following are some of the fields of social work in which there are 
 interesting opportunities for women workers. 
 
 Child Welfare. More and more workers are required in the organizations 
 which are organized to protect children from being abused, exploited, neglected 
 or abandoned; in such societies as children's aid and babies' welfare ^associa- 
 tions. The superintendencies of these organizations are usually held by men. 
 Women are employed as assistant superintendents, as executive secretaries or 
 as department heads, at salaries ranging from $1200 to $2500 a year. Agents 
 and investigators with such organizations receive from $700 to $1500 a year. 
 Some of these organizations employ nurses, physicians and other specialists 
 at varying salaries. 
 
 In the children's aid societies will be found departments through which 
 children are placed in family homes. Their placement and development is 
 supervised by agents who receive from $75 to $100 a month, according- to the 
 experience they have had and the size of the district to be coveied. A few 
 organizations offer salaries as low as $60 for beginning agents. 
 
 Correctional Work. In reform institutions for wjamen the superin- 
 tendents are usually women with wide experience in refosin or probation work. 
 Many of these institutions are under state or municipal control and the poa- 
 tions are subject to civil service requirements. The salaries usually ranj^e 
 from $1200 to $1800 or $2000 a year with maintejnance, and the demand for 
 well-trained women for these positions greatly /exceeds the supply. A few 
 women with national reputations for successfiil work in this field command 
 salaries somewhat higher than the maximum just mentioned. Beginners and 
 women with experience in other lines of worK'than correctional sometimes take, 
 positions as corridor or special officers in r^brm institutions at salaries ranging 
 from $40 to $60 a month with a possibjilty of growing into more responsive 
 positions from such experience. Most' of the progressive institutions emplpty 
 women trained in agriculture to supi^rintend and direct the outdoor work of 
 their charges. (See section on Agriculture, page 7). Laboratoriefs for 
 psychological testing and research? have been established in connection, with 
 some of these reform institutions. The psychological tests are applied by 
 trained psychologists. (See section on Psychology, page 29.) 
 
 Communities and organizations are appointing policewom«!n to have 
 supervision of parks, streets, /moving picture hcHises, dance hal^s, and other 
 commercial recreational activities. These positions pay from $'•000 to $1500 
 a year. /- 
 
 Probation and parole/ officers are emplawf d by institutions asid by courts 
 to deal with ofifenders^^laced on probatiorl, ixJ investigate causes of celinquency, 
 and to establish /riefRrily relations with the offenders placed in tieir charge, 
 so as to help in reestaWfethiSK' jthem ICl^' jJitpljation work "of tte juvenile 
 courts is usually in the hands of special officers, .sometimes Hwyers, ap- 
 
 39 
 
pointed by the judge or secured through civil service examinations. For most 
 of these positions definite experience in dealing with children is required. 
 Other special forms of probation work are carried on in connection with 
 criminal courts and with courts of domestic relations. The salaries range 
 from $900 to $1500 a year, — occasionally higher. 
 
 Health Work, There are four general types of health work, carried on 
 by the following organizations and institutions: 
 
 1. Hospitals and Sanatoria. Opportunities here for trained workers 
 greatly exceed the supply. The superintendents in the larger institutions 
 are for the most part men, although women with medical training are some- 
 times appointed to administrative positions in smaller institutions. Salaries 
 range from $1800 a year up, including maintenance. 
 
 Many hospitals are developing social service departments which conduct 
 the follow-up work of discharged cases, give instruction in the homes and 
 help to improve conditions which were contributory to the patient's illness. 
 Special departments have been organized in some of the larger hospitals in 
 which studies are made of the social and psychological, as well as the physical, 
 problems of certain classes of patients. Among these are the investigation 
 of occupational diseases, placement and supervision of the handicapped, and 
 special work with nervous cases and with children. Medical social workers 
 are usually nurses, although in some communities social workers without 
 nurse's' training have been selected for these positions and have been success- 
 ful. Salaries vary considerably, ranging from $900 to $1800 a year, in most 
 cases without maintenance. (See also section on Medicine page 23, and on 
 Dietetics, page 12.) 
 
 2. Visiting Nurses' Associations employ executive and visiting nurses. 
 TjThe executives receive s$1500 to $2400 a year, without maintenance, and in 
 n^ost instances they are f rained nurses with experience in public health work 
 and with marked executive ability. Visiting nurses should have the social 
 Worker's knowledge and point of view, in addition to their technical training. 
 
 / Salaries range from $60 to $100 a month. Nurses and physicians are em- 
 ', ployed in dispensaries and milk stations both as administrative officers and as 
 j assistants. In these centers nui'ises also find positions as social service visitors. 
 \ 3. National, state and local associations have been organized to promote 
 public health from the angle of prevention. A variety of types of positions is 
 tp be found in these organizations., The executive secretaries, who are 
 usually men, receive salaries ranging fron^ $2000 to $4000 a year and sometimes 
 much more. Organizers and field workers, financial and publicity secretaries, 
 nurses and physicians hold positions of importance, the best salaries being 
 paid always to those who are responsible Yor promoting these programs for 
 the protection of the public health. ' 
 
 4. Boards of health and some private phi^ianthropic agencies employ food 
 inspectors who must be equipped with a knowlA^ge of chemistry, bacteriology, 
 domestic scit«ice, physics, and the principles of gniblic hygiene and sanitation 
 in their relation to food supply. A few women liave become experts in this 
 field and ar^ employed as constants whenever si^cial problems relating to 
 the transportation, storage and i3istribution of food ahe under consideration. 
 A beginnejlmust usually start in a testing laboratorv, ^ Ttiiwiifficult to secure 
 practical *airiing in inq)eetiii%*titfiisu6n'oppDf tuiilues are occasioniiiiy oifered 
 to volunteer. ^ ^ 
 
 . ' 40 
 
Visiting housekeepers are employed by some of the large relief agencies, by 
 visiting nurses' associations and by some settlements and institutions. Sal- 
 aries for trained workers without experience seldom exceed $75 a month. 
 The maximum is usually $100. 
 
 Industrial Woik 
 
 Personal Service Work. The nimiber of positions in personal service work 
 has been greatly increased since the introduction of greater numbers of women 
 into industry. Many of the large factories and department stores, and some 
 of the smaller ones, have organized departments or are employing individual 
 workers to look after the physical, moral, and recreational welfare of the 
 employees. In many cases the women who are doing this work are trained 
 nurses with experience in visiting or district work, and are employed on a full 
 time basis at salaries varying from $900 to $1800 a year. Some are physi- 
 cians, on whole or part time, with salaries considerably higher, to whom are 
 referred cases of accident and disease, and by whom a program for preventive 
 health work is planned and carried out. The majority, perhaps, are service 
 or welfare secretaries. They are responsible for a variety of activities devised 
 and carried on according to the special needs of the factory with which they 
 are affiliated. The activities may include organizing clubs, outings and other 
 recreational activities for employees, conducting libraries and lunch roans, 
 and supervising rest rooms; handling vacation, savings and loan funds, organ- 
 izing mutual aid and employees insurance societies, and carryiiig on )\meri- 
 canization programs. They are sometimes asked to secure Jegal service, and 
 in nearly all cases they are responsible for the follow-up wOf k both in tht shop 
 and in the home. 
 
 Some of the large firms provide community or jecreation centers which are 
 usually under the supervision of the personal service worker. In all cases she 
 is expected to estabUsh close personal relations with the women employees 
 and to help them with the solution of their individual problems. 
 
 The qualifications required for positions in this field include a ~ broad, 
 general education, an intelligent understanding of industrial problems, a 
 genuinely democratic spirit, and a sympathetic attitude seasoned with com- 
 mon sense, a knowledge of recreational needs and opportunities; tact, good 
 judgment, keen sense of justice, optimism, and imusual physical endrarance. 
 In selecting workers, employers place extraordinary emphasis on personality. 
 In addition to these personal qualifications, training or experience in social 
 work and a knowledge of first aid are usually required. 
 
 Educational Work. The educational director is a comparativdy,'new figure 
 in factory arid department stfSre personnel. ' 
 
 Specialized training in salesmanship and department store administration 
 as well as selling experience, ;s required of the c^didate for this' position. 
 
 In some progressive es^blishments the saleswomen gather for classroom 
 instruction in textiles, manufacturing processes and the psychology of selling. 
 Often the director supervises the actual seeing and is responsible for.fhe in- 
 dividual efficiency c4 the saleswomen. Research work for the purpg^-- of 
 discovering weak^Mts in administration and service may also be conducted 
 by the educational department. 
 
 The teaching of EngUsh to foreigners is an important diit' ' of the educa- 
 tional director in a large industrial plant. Classes in persSnai.hygiene and in 
 
 41 
 
physical education, the systematic study of errors, and the analysis of duties 
 pertaining to each position are also conducted by the educational worker. 
 
 For the well-trained woman with broad vision the opportunities are 
 numerous. The salaries vary from $25 to $75 a week. Specialists in the 
 field declare the possibilities for salary increase are unlimited. 
 
 Industrial Research. Opportunities in industrial investigation are in- 
 creasing and positions in this field are in great demand, especially by young 
 women who have become interested in economic and social problems during 
 their college courses. Special commissions created either by legislative action 
 or by private philanthropy, the departments of labor of the various states, 
 and the Federal Department of Labor are all carrying forward the work of 
 investigating industrial and economic conditions. 
 
 The trainmg of investigators should include courses in economics and soci- 
 ology, in legislation and statistics. They are expected to be able to secure 
 and record detailed and accurate information and they should understand 
 fully the whole subject with which they are dealing. Salaries range from 
 $100 to $125 a month, sometimes higher. As is obvious from the nature of 
 the work, investigating positions are frequently temporary in natjire. In- 
 vestigators are not usually expected to compile the results into reports since 
 ^that feature of the work is usually done by experts. 
 
 iHstitutional Work. Institutions for the care of dependent, handicapped , 
 and delifiqyent children, and for the care of adults, induding institutions for 
 the aged, for convalescents, for the sick and insane, all need women of extra- 
 ordinal y ability iJ} the administrative positions. Skill in executive work and 
 the pcTsonal qualifications required of educators and home-makers, the 
 ability to plan budgets and use them wisely and intelligently, are among the 
 qualifications required. Salaries range from $1200 to $4000 including main- 
 tenance, and in scope of worli; and responsibility these positions compare 
 favoraMy with positions offered to women in educational institutions. 
 
 Cottage matrons, corridor officers, nurses, and in some cases placing out 
 agents are employed at salaries varying according to the responsibility in- 
 volved. Teachers of special subjects including handicrafts, manual training, 
 physical' education, are in demand. Salaries vary from $600 to $1200 with 
 maintenance. 
 
 Orgs nized Charity. Societies for organizing charity are to be found in 
 practically all except the very small communities throughout the country. 
 They exist to correlate the social activities of the community, and to promote 
 the geneiVl welfare of the poor by social reforms and by giving adequate 
 relief to needy families. The schools for social workers in various parts of 
 the country are especially well equipped to give training to young women who 
 wish to enter; this specialized form of social work. The course varies from 
 one to two yeai^s . College women without trainin? are often accepted by some 
 of the well organized societies where they receive special training in methods 
 of case work. The initial salaries are small, ranging from $50 to $70 or $75 a 
 month. 
 
 Inttthe larger cities, women wB6 have been successful in case work are 
 sometimes eligible for positions as district secretaries. These positions are 
 nearly always filled by promotion from the ranks, of visitors or cast -wir^tsrih. 
 The district secretary has responsibility for the care of the needy families in 
 her special secdotif^so for the development of cooperation between the 
 
 43 
 
various soaal agencies in the district. Salaries range from $900 to $1500 a 
 year. The district secretary has a special opportunity to study the factors 
 which go to make up the poverty problem, and in this way secures a broad 
 background for any type of social work. Successful workers are therefore in 
 constant demand both for related lines of social work and for general secretary- 
 ships in smaller communities. Experience in organized charity is 'a valuable 
 asset in most types of social work and it is actually required as a part of the 
 necessary background in several. 
 
 The general secretary of a society is not only responsible for the work with 
 dependent families in the community but has an important part in developing 
 activities for the improvement of social conditions, such as housing, anti- 
 tuberculosis campaigns, etc. In the smaller cities and towns the charity 
 organization societies are frequently the only forms of organized social work 
 and the general secretary has the opportunity to develop all the social welfare 
 plans and programs for the community. Salaries for general secretaries in 
 the smaller cities and towns range from $1200 to $2000 a year. In the large 
 cities the administrative officers are usually men and the salaries are consid- 
 erably higher. 
 
 The great number of workers employed during the past two years by the 
 
 Home Service Section of the American Red Cross has counted in its ranis 
 
 many women who have had their training in charity organization societies. 
 
 The work of the Home Service Section is similar, in many respect,!, to the 
 
 work of a charity organisation society, limiting its activitie^td worl; for the 
 
 families of men in the Army and Navy. ■' 
 
 ^ '' 
 
 Recreational Work. The development of the movement toward more 
 careful supervision of public recreation has stimuliifed the demand for trained 
 workers in this type of social work. Special cecrteational commissions, private 
 playground associations, school boards, city park commissions, civic clubs, 
 chambers of commerce, and factories have assisted in the development of 
 organized play through recreation centers, playgrounds and athletic fields, 
 schools, settlements, etc. The positions connected with city departments are 
 usually subject to civil service requirements. 
 
 Workers usually begin as playgroimd assistants or play leaders and, as 
 such, they organize and lead the games and athletic activities. , They are 
 usually women with definite training in recreational work. Ss^laries are 
 from $50 a month to $1200 a year. Specialists in such branches as folk 
 dancing, physical training, handicrafts and dramatics, as well asi librarians, 
 musicians, and kondergartner.* have a place in the recreational ]program and 
 are usually paid by the hoiu'or by the term. A play leader wfl'th experience 
 may become a director having charge of an individual center./ Knowledge of 
 first aid, skiU in handicraff,s and an understanding of the th4ory of play are 
 valuable assets. Salaries ^run as higli as $1800 a year. 
 
 Several women are hplding positions as district supervipors having entire 
 charge of the recreational work in certain sections of larger tpommimities or in 
 an entire community of smaller size. Some are supervisors; of recreation for 
 entire city school systems. They receive salaries as high tis $25CfO a year. 
 The zAvsace^-j^iSStiSP-^ in this field reqmre a knowledg^fe of the accepted 
 " — aigtfio^of playground "«MKLrj:;£iCffr fguJpment and Administration, and 
 broad training in and comprehension of social i;r£>bl*i|iis. An understanding 
 of child psychology is valuable. 
 
 43 
 
Recreation secretaries having charge of the year-round recreational 
 activities of entire communities are usually men who are paid up to $5000 a 
 year for such work. Only a few women have so far qualified for these posi- 
 tions. 
 
 Settlement Work. Social centers and settlements have been established in 
 certain districts and neighborhoods to assist in improving the physical and 
 moral conditions, to train the boys and girls in useful citizenship, to furrash 
 places for wholesome recreation, and to connect the neighborhood and its 
 interests with the larger community of which it is a part. The variety of 
 activities, — educational, civic and social, — which are carried on in the ma- 
 jority of settlements, are in the hands of resident workers and of workers who 
 come into the settlement for special classes, clubs, lectures, etc. The head- 
 worker is the general director of the neighborhood activities and she en- 
 deavors to establish a close and helpful relationship between the settlement 
 and the neighborhood, and between the neighborhood and the community 
 efforts for social progress. Salaries for women range from $1200 to $2500 a 
 year, generally without living. 
 
 The assistant headworker carries the responsibility for the details of the 
 settlement program, cooperates with various organizations in behalf of in- 
 dividual cases, and in the smaller settlements combines with these duties the 
 position of housekeeper. Salaries run up to $1200. 
 
 A dii-ecter of work for girls is employed in most of the large settlements to 
 supervise club -tvprk in that special department, to direct the work of the 
 voluntisr club leaiters, and in many cases to visit the settlement neighbors 
 in their homes. The salary range is from $800 to $1200. 
 
 Some workers give part" time in exchange for the privilege of residence in 
 the settlement. Certain settlements also provide fellowships of from $300 
 to $600 for a year's training in settlement work. In these cases the academic 
 work reqikired is usually done in the local school of philanthropy. 
 
 TeachWs of special subjects such as domestic science, domestic art and the 
 handicrafts, are engaged by the term at special rates. 
 
 The beginner usually starts as an assistant in a settlement and secures her 
 experience through close contact with all the varied settlement and com- 
 munity acltivities. She is not qualified for a headworker's position until she 
 has had tliorough foundation training and, .until she has geen able to prove 
 her execut^e ability. Broad general training, mitiative, sjonpathy with 
 neighborho^ work and with all classes of peopfe, resourcefulness and a 
 knowledge o3f social problems sum up the requirements, although every 
 human asset rnsiy find expression in settlement work. 
 
 Surveys amft Exhibits. Surveys and exhibits ire now accepted as a very 
 important part hi the development of social and civic programs. They are 
 designed to discower and show in minutest detail actual existing conditions 
 in a given community, with a view to suggesting to the community itself the 
 nature aud exterjlt of the reform ne#3ed. Surveys include studies of public 
 health and saniJtation, housing, education and municipal administration, 
 delinquency andXdependency, recreation, industry agsif'i^&i^ and other 
 problems and pha^te of commurji!^\ifer'Sfiet!)ar«iid limited neigKBStewd — "^ 
 surveys are sometimM>gi^rtaken to discover local social or economic condi- 
 tions. 
 
 44 
 
Directors of surveys are usually men, although a few women are qualified 
 for important executive positions and render valuable help during such cam- 
 paigns. Salaries are higher than in many other types of social work but the 
 engagements are temporary, terminating with the completion of the special 
 campaign. 
 
 Investigators collect and record the data and usually assist in the final 
 report of findings. They are paid from $1000 to $1500 a year. Statisticians 
 are employed to plan the methods of recording data and of their graphic 
 presentation. Salaries in some instances run as high as $2500 a year. Thor- 
 ough knowledge of social problems, training in statistics, some originality and 
 skill in the use of chart, diagram, photograph, moving picture and pageant, 
 are all important qualifications. 
 
 Other positions in the general field of social work are to be found in smaller 
 numbers. They indude occasionstl openings for visiting teachers in the public 
 schools, for vocational and employment workers in Government and private 
 employment bureaus, for vocational counsellors in schools and settlements, 
 for organizers and secretaries of working girls' clubs, for camp counsellors, 
 and for social workers with a knowledge of immigrant languages. Require- 
 ments and salaries vary according to the responsibility involved and the 
 demand is irregular. 
 
 STATISTICAL WORK 
 
 With Social Organizations. Practically every fe^pe of social, economic 
 £md legislative agency requires statisticians, dther'as permanent mer abers of 
 the staff or occasionally in connection wlt^the promotion of special social 
 programs. These positions usually require; definite training or previous ex- 
 perience in statistical compilation and analysis, in the graphic presentation of 
 statistical data and, sometimes also, in/che writing of reports. Training in 
 statistical method is nearly always an ^portant part of the equipnfient of a 
 trained investigator. 
 
 The minimum salary for a statistician in this field is about $1200: $1800 is 
 the usual maximum, although still higher salaries are sometimes paxd, espec- 
 ially by commissions and organiza?tions requiring the services of exjyerts for a 
 limited period of time. Statistical clerks or assistants to statisticif*ns receive 
 
 $700 to $900. ; S 
 
 / 
 
 In GoTernment Departmcjnts. Nearly all departments ofr the Federal 
 Government schedule examinations from time to time for statisticians and 
 statistical clerks. The clerks are expected to tabulate statistical data and 
 perform the usual statistical computations. They receive frotai $900 to $1400 
 a year. The statisticians .organize and classify the material! and are usually 
 responsible for the deductions and their interpretation, puring the war 
 statisticians had charge of important pieces of work undei: the Food Ad- 
 ministration, thaj^eir Trade Board, the Shipping Board, etc. 'i: 
 
 Itt-Business. In ac^^i^on to the positions for statis-^cians with social 
 
 L,-ergMiizations and government departments, ihsre. is»an increasing demand 
 
 for women with a knowledge of statistical method in ijutier Unes of activity 
 
 45 
 
Public utilities corporations, insurance companies, advertising agencies, 
 factories producing paper, rubber, cotton goods, etc., and mercantile establish- 
 ments are all employing women who are or rapidly become experts in the 
 gathering, presentation and interpretation of statistical data in specialized 
 fields and industries. A knowledge of drafting, the making of charts and 
 graphs, is often required. Salaries, $1200 to $1800. 
 
 There is a constantiy increasing demand for financial statisticians and 
 there seems to be no limit to the possibilities for the advancement of women 
 who make good in this work in banking institutions. In an investment and 
 securities house the work is chiefly tabulating, computing and projecting — 
 graphs are rarely used except when it is necessary to publish the results for 
 the benefit of the layman. A salary of $3000 is not unheard of for this work; 
 $1800 is probably the average. The financial statistician must have a mathe- 
 matical backgroimd, not necessarily higher mathematics, but a strong liking 
 for figures, an analytical mind and absolute accuracy. -A knowledge of sta- 
 tistical method is essential for the better positions. A yoimg woman may, 
 however, secure a position as clerk in a statistical department and receive 
 her training there for more advanced work. In that case, her beginning 
 salary will be no higher than that of a clerk in any other department — $12 
 to $15 a week. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Accountants 10, 11, 19 
 
 Actuaries 6, 16 
 
 Advertisers 5, 15, 17, 82, 30, 46 
 
 Agents, County 13 
 
 Agents, Insurance 15 
 
 Agents, Placing-out 34, 39 
 
 Agriculturists 8, 12, 17, 39 
 
 Agronomists 8 
 
 Anaesthetists 24 
 
 Apprentices, Decorators' 16 
 
 Artists 7, 9, 17 
 
 Architects 16, 27 
 
 Astronomers 32 
 
 Auditors 10 
 
 Bacteriologists 13, 15, 32, 33, 40 
 
 Banks, Workers in i 9, 19, 36 
 
 Bibliographers 19 
 
 Biologists 12, 23 
 
 Bond Saleswomen 10 
 
 Bookkeepers 9, 10, 33 
 
 Botanists 33 
 
 Business, Executives and Clerks, 
 
 11, 36, 46 
 Buyers 11 
 
 Cafeteria Managers 14 
 
 Camp Counsellors 45 
 
 Case Workers 39 
 
 Cataloguers 19, 20 
 
 Certified Public Accountants 11 
 
 Chemists 12, 33, 34, 40 
 
 Child Welfare Workers 19, 39 
 
 Church Wijrkers 30 
 
 Civil Service Workers, 
 
 11, 12, 19, 32, 39, 43 
 
 Classifiers 19 
 
 Clerks.. 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 15, 21, 22, 23, 45 
 Community Cooked Food Service, 
 
 Managers 14 
 
 Cooperative Buyers 15 
 
 Copywriters 6 
 
 Correspondents 22 
 
 Corridor Officers 39, 42 
 
 County Agents ; 13 
 
 Craftsmen 9 
 
 Gittics 17 
 
 Dairy Specialists 7, 8 
 
 Deaconesses SX 
 
 D.ecorators 16, 1'7 
 
 Department Store Workers, 
 
 7, 14, 15, 34, 4i\ 
 
 Designers 9 
 
 Sietitians 12, 13, S9 
 
 Domestic Scientists. 8, 12, 13, 14, 40,^4 
 
 Draftsmen 9, 12, 27< 34 
 
 Dye Chemists 1/5, 34 
 
 t 
 
 4 
 
 2, 17, 21i 22, 38 
 .111, 15, 41 
 
 Editors 
 
 Educationl Directors. , _ , __ 
 
 Employment Bureau Workers.,'..... 45 
 
 Employment Managers .27, 29 
 
 Engineers 27, 34 
 
 Entomoloprists . , .S, 12, S4 
 
 'Eaaeeics Wamcfs H!t 
 
 WOSi/ii/ directors of 44, 4S 
 
 ^ik«asioa Workers 8, 13, 20 
 
 ffa^'Testers 14 
 
 ^-^[tafmers 7, 8 
 
 Fa^ Managers ...'.. 7, ' 
 
 File Clerks and Experts 9, 11 
 
 Food Inspectors 15, 32, 40 
 
 Forewomen 11 
 
 French, Translators of 23, 33, S6 
 
 t 
 
 G 
 
 Geologists 34 
 
 Gynecologists 34 
 
 H 
 
 Handicrafts, Teachers of 42, 43 
 
 Health Department Workers.. 12, 32, 40 
 Home Economic Specialists, 
 
 12, 13, 15, 18, 26, 31 
 
 Home Service Workers 43 
 
 Horticulturists 8 
 
 Hospitals, Managers of 24, 25, 40 
 
 Housekeepers 13, 41 
 
 House Organs, Editors of 18 
 
 Illustrators 7, 9, 33 
 
 Industrial Artists 9 
 
 Industrial Workers 24, 26 
 
 Inspectors 12 
 
 Institutional Managers, 
 
 12, 13, 25, 40, 42 
 
 Instructors 12 
 
 Insurance, Workers in. .5, 15, 19, 34, 46 
 
 Interior Decorators 16,-lt 
 
 Investigators 12," 38, 39, 48, 45 
 
 Journalists /......'■■• 17 
 
 Kindergartprers .' 4"^^' *^ 
 
 Laboftatory Workers.. 24, 3?" 33, 34, 40 
 
 -Lan'dscape Architects 27 
 
 L6w Clerks ' -. 18 
 
 lawyers 18,19,39 
 
 .f-ibrarians 9, 12, 1 . 20, 21, 43 
 
 Linguists 17, 80, 3^ 38, 39, 45 
 
 ( Literary Workers 21 
 
 Lunch Room Managers 14, 41 
 
 M 'O- 
 
 Managers 9, 10, 11, 18, 19, 22 
 
 Mathematicians i ^' 34 
 
 Matrons :. .12, 13, 42 
 
 Manuscript Readers >,• .--^li 23^- 
 
 Ministers -jW. CT. . . 27 
 
 Missionaries -^dp^. .24, 31 
 
 Motion Picture Workers.! ' 22, 30 
 
 Musicians • ., 43 
 
 N 
 
 . Newspaper Writers ■' . .17, 18, 30 
 
 Nurse Assistants ' 1 . 25 
 
 Nurses.. 12, 25, 26, 27, 31, 89,^ 40, 41, 42 
 
 \, Organized Charity Wor^jers 42 
 
 -"Organizers, States Relation Service. 8 
 
 p / V- 
 
 Parish Visitors 80 
 
 Parole Officers i 19, 89 
 
 ""Slfftl'''' Assistants . . ./ SO 
 
 j.'athoIogists ' . . 'a> ijj^ 8 
 
 Personifl Service VVL&irkers 41 
 
 Personnel Managers..'.; 27,28,29 
 
 Physicians.... 12, 24, a^r''. *" 40, 41 
 
 Physicists. .,rr, 12, u,,"'.'^ 
 
 Play Leaders! ^ ^ 12, 43 ■ 
 
 . Policewomen .W.^-*- ; 39 
 
INDEX 
 
 Probation Officers 19, 89 
 
 Proofreaders 6, 22, 87, 88 
 
 Psychologists 12, 28, 29, 30, 39 
 
 Psychiatrists 24 
 
 Public Health Kurses 2S 
 
 Public Health Workers. . .24, 25, 32, 40 
 
 Publicity Workers 17, 22, 30, 38, 40 
 
 Publishing House Assistants. .21, 22, 23 
 
 Radiographers 34 
 
 Recreational Workers^ 8, 41, 43 
 
 Religious Workers 30, 31 
 
 Reporters 17 
 
 Research Workers 6, 12, 14, 15, 
 
 19, 22, 23, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, 41, 42 
 
 Restaurant Managers 14 
 
 Roentgenologists 34 
 
 Salesmanship, Teachers of IS, 41 
 
 Saleswomen 10, 15, 41 
 
 Sanatoria, Managers of 40 
 
 School Garden. Supervisors 8 
 
 School Litneh Room Managers 14 
 
 School -HTuiaeSr.. 12, 26 
 
 Scientists .-. 12, 32 
 
 Secretaries 35-38 
 
 In or with.^ 
 
 Banks 9, 36 
 
 Business Offices 16,23 
 
 Civil Sapvice 12 
 
 13alleges ' • 35 
 
 H S^Schdgia 36 
 
 I; 'iviiltoals 37 
 
 liw OiSl^es.'. 19, 36 
 
 Pl'Tsicians'^.QlNBB 36 
 
 Pr.irate SchoolSi*. 35 
 
 FubMshing Houses:. ..,, .21, 22, 38 
 
 Scie! tiiic Research 38 
 
 Socia; Organizations ^ . . . 37 
 
 Writer = V». 37 
 
 Secretaries District, Charity OrganR- 
 zation • 42,N|3 
 
 Secretaries, General, Charity Organi- 
 zation 39, 40/43 
 
 Secretaries, Publicity 38, 40 . 
 
 Secretaries, 'Social 87 
 
 Secretaries, Y. W. C. A 31, 32 
 
 Seed Analysts 44 
 
 Settlement Workers S3 
 
 Shoppers 16 
 
 Social Workers. 18_, 19, 24, 38, 40, 42, 45 
 
 Solicitors, Advertising 6, 7 
 
 Spanish, Translators of 23, 36 
 
 Statisticians 6, 9, 12, 39, 42, 45, 46 
 
 Stenographers 6, 9, 12, 16, 19, 21, 22 ; 
 
 Survey Directors and Assistants . .44, 45 , 
 
 T 
 
 Teachers 8, 13, 14, 15, 31, 41, 42, 48-, 
 
 Tea Room Managers 14 . 
 
 Textile Analysts 34 
 
 Textile Specialists 9, 14, 15, 41i,, 
 
 Title Editor^>. 221;', 
 
 Trade Journalists 18;,; 
 
 Translators 9, 23 
 
 V 
 
 Visiting Housekeepers 14, 41 
 
 Visiting Nurses 40, 41 
 
 Visiting Teaehers /. . . . 45 
 
 Vocational Counsellors 45 
 
 W 
 
 Welfare Secretaries 41 
 
 Window Decorators ; 7 
 
 Writers .....17, 23 
 
 t 
 X 
 
 X-ray Workers t 34; 
 
 Y. W. C. A. Workers .14, 31, 32 
 
 Z 
 
 Zoologists 38