';!l!t!li;;llli:jil!!;iilil ;;::;," H^ ■n-tiUUUiUijtiui, "id i**M4l tH*M(«HM' 'hti4tKII*MUHi 2. 3. 4. Wire Cut Brick '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.['.'.['.'.'.'.'.['.'.'. 3 One Brick Upside Down 3 Laying Brick Without Disturbing the Line'. 5 5. Picking Up Stock with Both Hands at the Same Time. 7 D. 7. [ Throwing Mortar for Two Brick 8 8. Shield on Which to Shovel 17 9. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. July 13, 1902 21 10. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. July 20, 1902 22 11. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. July 27, 1902 23 12. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Aug. 3, 1902 24 13. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Aug. 10, 1902 2-5 14. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Aug. 17, 1902 26 15. Methods of Routing on an Eight Acre Job .' 29 16. Specimen Driveway to all Floors 30 Jo' J?^^^ ^'^*y ■^^'^' H'gh from Which Transportation was Superintended 31 18. Sidewalk Traps for Rapid Handling of Material 82 19. Heavy Mill Construction Building in which all Material was Hoisted by Two Seventy-five Foot Boom Derricks 83 20. Derrick with Slewing Rig Erected on a Pedestal Two Stories High in San Francisco 34 21. Bricks Piled for Lowering into a Trench 35 22. A Mill Building in Montreal. Observe the Dates 37 28. Boom Derrick with Boom Slewing Rig Attached, which Hcisted all Material 8H 24. First Floor on July 26, 1905 39 25. The Right and Wrong Way to Arrange Plank and Mortar Boxes ou the Gilbreth Scaffold 40 26. Second Floor on Aug. 2, 1905 41 27. Third Floor on Aug. 7, 1905 42' 28. Methods of Staying Outriggers 43 29. Fourth Floor on Aug. 14, 1905 44 30. The Boston Scaffold 45 31. Method of Staying Boston Scaffold 46 32. Ledger Used as a Backboard 48 33. Hanging Bracket for Supporting Scaffold Without Outrigger 48 34. Outrigger for Inside as well as Outside Scaffolds 49 35. Outrigger Scaffolds for Two Different Stories on the Same Wall 50 36. Outrigger Scaffold on Type of Building Where It Is th,e Mpst De- sirable Form of Scaffold 51 37. Murray Suspended Scaffold 52 38. Arrangement of Plant for Speed of Erection of a Large Power Sta- tion 53 39. Temporary Floors Hung from the Roof of a Large Power Station. ... 64 40. Temporary Floors near Under Side of Roof Trusses 54 41. Method of Covering Masonry Projections 55 42. Stays so Made for Window Frames that They Will Not Retard Brick- layers 66 43. Correct Way of Staying and Lining Frames 56 44. Type of Old Fashioned Staging Horse 57 vn. i. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. Page 45. Type of Trestle , Horse Staging 57 46. Sequence in Which Courses and Tiers Are Built Overhand from a Trestle Horse Scaffold 60 47. Sequence in which Courses and Tiers are Built Overhand from the Gilbreth Scaffold, Hod Type 61 48. Temporary Floor for the Gilbreth Scaffold 62 49. Setting up Gilbreth Scaffold 62 50. Hooking One Stay Rod to Each Horse S'-i 51. Tenders' Platform Two Plank Wide 64 62. A Large Number of Runs to Save Time and Money 65 63. Long Cleated Runs to Save Ladders 65 54. Jacking Up the Scaffold While the Men Are Working on it 67 65. Location of the Tenders' Platform 67 56. Method of Adding More Braces Without any Nails 68 57. Advantages of the Gilbreth Scaffold for Overhand Work 70 58. Old Method of Backing up Solid after the Overhand Face Has Been Built Staging High 71 59. Stagings on Both Sides for the Greatest Speed 72 60. Taking Down the Gilbreth Scaffold n 61. Sliding Down the Mortar Boxes 74 62. The Packet Type for Wheelbarrows 76 63. Center Board for Stock Platform, Packet Type 77 64. The Gilbreth Scaffold, Packet Type, for Wheelbarrows 78 65. Dimensions of Gilbreth Packet Type Scaffold 79 66. Location of Packs for Shortening Distance of Transporting Brick to Wall 80 67. General Arrangement of Packet Type 82 68. Location of Packs When Building Exterior Face Tier 83 69. Arrangement of Mortar Box and Packs to Obviate Stooping 86 70. Unloading a Freight Car with a Gravity Conveyor 86 71. Handling Packs on a Gravity Conveyor 87 72 Wlieeling Packs 87 73. Loading Carts from Gravity Conveyor 88 74. Preventing Packs from Spilling in a Wagon 88 75. Track Through Stock Opening into Elevator " 92 76. A Round Chimney 255 Feet High (34 ft. Higher Than Bunker Hill Monument) 95 77. Concrete Foundation and Template Ready for Building Brick Chimney 96 78. Beginning the Erection of the Exterior Scaffold 97 79. Back Filling Completed, and Everything Ready for Quick' Construction 98 80. A Boston Scaffold for the Erection of the Exterior Face Tier 99 (Note the hole left in the front side of the chimney for the track to the elevator.) 81. At this Height the Exterior Scaffold was Discontinued 100 82. Average Daily Growth, Six Feet 102 83. "Peach Basket" Used as a Template for Constructing the Head 103 84. An Economical Method of Loading Sand into Carts 104 ' 86. Correct Layout for Two Gangs of Mortar Makers 107 86. Standard Mortar Box 107 87. Gilbreth Scaffold on Overhand Work with Two Kinds of Mortar and Two Kinds of Brick 108 88. Tender on Stock Platform to Temper the Mortar 109 89. Rust Spots on a Structural Steel Column 110 90. Rust Spots on a Structural Steel Column 112 91. Iron Brick Clamp for Handling Brick 118 92. Brick Jointer 120 93. Gages for Measuring Brick 121 94. Set for Cutting Brick to a True Line 122 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. ix. Fig- Page 95. Design of a Handy and Low Priced Set 123. 96. Method of Using a Set 123 97. Splitting a Brick with the Head of a Hammer 124 98. Position of Brick and Hammer When Splitting 124 99. Cutting Off Lumps with the Pean of the Hammer 125 100. Full Sized Pattern for Hand Leather..'.. 125 101. Full Sized Pattern for Thumb Leather 12f) 102. Method of Wearing Hand Leathers 127 103. Fountain Trowel with Hand Trowel for Handle 128 104. View into Trowel Showing Slat for Discharge of Mortar 128 105. Rear View of Fountain Trowel 120 .106. Teaching Bricklayers to Spread Mortar for Twenty Brick in Five Seconds with the Fountain Trowel 130 107. Correct Arrangeiiient of the Nails, Line and Trig 133 108. Correct Method of Splicing the Line 134 109. Story Pole 135 110. Plumb Bond Pole 130 j^ig' f Suggested Cross Sections of Plumb Bond Poles 137 112A. Lines Used as Guides for Plumbing Corners 139 113. Exterior Face Tier, Working Right to Left, Spreading Mortar 145 114. Exterior Face Tier, Working Right to Left, Cutting off Mortar Be- fore Brick is Laid 143 115. Exterior Face Tier, Working Right to Left, Buttering the End of the Laid Brick 144 116. Exterior Face Tier, Working Right to Left, Cutting off Mortar After the Brick is Laid 144 117. Exterior Face Tier, Working Left to Right, Buttering the End of the Laid Brick 144 118. Interior Face Tier, Working Right to Left, Throwing Mortar 144 119. Interior Face Tier, Working Right to Left, Spreading Mortar 145 120. Interior Face Tier, Working Right to Left, Cutting off Mortar Be- fore Brick is Laid 145 121. Interior Face Tier, Working Right to Left, Tapping Down Brick.... 145 122. Interior Face Tier, Working Left to Right, Cutting off Mortar After Brick is Laid 145 123. Exterior Face Tier, Working Right to Left, Spreading Mortar 145 124. Exterior Face Tier, Working Left to Right, Cutting off Mortar After the Brick is Laid 145 125. Exterior Face Tier, Working Left to Right, Cutting off Mortar After the Brick is Laid 145 120. Exterior Face Tier, Working Left to Right, Buttering the End of the Laid Brick 145 127. Interior Face Tier, Working Right to Left, Spreading Mortar 140 128. Interior Face Tier, Working Left to Right, Spreading Mortar 146 129. Interior Face Tier, Working Right to Left, Throwing Mortar 140 180. Interior Face Tier, Working Left to Right, Spreading Mortar 140 131. Spreading Mortar With One Motion 157 132. Buttering the End of the Brick in Hand 158 133. Two Man Straight Edge for Jointing 165 134. One Man Straight Edge for Jointing 106 135. Method of Finishing Joints 167 186. Building Brick Arches 172 137. Method of Building a Straight Arch 173 188. Rowlock Arch Bonded by Rings. Note that Crosses Indicat-e Real Headers 174 139. Rowlock Arch with Bonded Soffit, and Bonded by Rings 175 140. Arch Bonded on Face and Soffit 176 :. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. Page 141. Rowlock Arch Over Window Frame 177 142. Details of Trimmer Arch 178 143. Wall Thrown over in Large Sections to Reduce Breakage of the Brick. 181 144. \ 145. > Wooden Chute for Conveying Brick From Demolished Walls. .. .182-183 146. ) 147. Method of Cutting out Brickwork -^ 184 149 f Correct Way of Shaping Brick for Filling Pudlog Holes 100 150! Correct Method of Filling Pudlog Holes 191 151. Pocket Method for Joining New Walls to Old 192 152. Toothing Face Tiers, Blocking Filling Tiers 194 153. Racking Split Blocking .194 154. Racking Straight Blocking. Note the distance saved on the end of the wall by blocking racking instead of course racking 194 155. Tie Irons, or Band Irons 195 156. Racking Back Under and Over a Window 196 157 } ^cro' \ Correct Way of Shaping Brick for Filling Toother 197 159! Correct Way of Filling Toother*. 197 160. Three-quarter Toothers 198 161. San Francisco Band Irons .- 198 162. Court of St. Francis Hotel, San Francisco, After the Great Fire 204 163. St. Francis Hotel, San Francisco, Aftey the Great Fire. Note the diag- onal headers 205 164. Wall of Mutual Life Insurance Co.'s Building, San Francisco, After the Fire .' 211 165. Three Earthquake Cracks, Showing Lack of Stretchers 213 167 \ '^^° Views of a Wall Pierced by a Gravel Train 214 Chai-t. 1. Pick and Dip Method, Laying to the Line 148 2. Pick and Dip Method, Laying in the Interior Tiers 149 8. Stringing Mortar Method, Laying to the Line 150 4. Stringing Mortar Method, Laying in the Interior Tiers 151 Plans. 1 152 2 153 3 152 4 154 INTRODUCTION. The art of bricklaying is unique in that the fundamental principles of brick work today are not unlike those exempli- fied by the oldest ruins of thousands of years ago. The bricklayer also stands almost alone, as one who has not been obliged to compete in his trade with women, with machinery, or with foreign manufacturers. Each old country has had its local mctl ods of bricklay- ing; but not until the last score of years ha^je bricklayers, coming to America from all countries, bringing their best lo- cal methods with them, learned from each other and adopted the best of each bthers' methods. The purposes of this book are as follows : (a) To put in writing that knowledge which has been handed down by word of mouth from journeyman to ap- prentice for generations. (b) To record methods of handling labor, materials and plant.on brick work that will reduce costs and at the same time enable the first-class workman' to receive higher pay. (c) To enable an apprentice to work intelligently from his first day, and to become a proficient workman in the short- est possible time. XI. CHAPTER I. TRAINING APPRENTICES. There is no immediate profit from apprentices unless large numbers of them are employed on the same job at the same time. As large numbers of apprentices invari- ably cause trouble between the employers and the brick- layers, it is necessary to limit our apprentices to those boys who, when they have become trained, will make valuable additions to our organization. 2 Hire only those apprentices who will apparently make good foremen, unless bricklayers are scarce. 3 Two or more apprentices on the same job work out better than one, as there is a spirit of rivalry between them, and they can be matched against each other in speed con- tests. 4 The term of apprenticeship shall be at least three years; additional time for lost time and vacations. 5 Apprentice shall not be permitted to work without over- alls until he is out of his time. 6 The first day that an apprentice is put to work he is to be provided with a brick hammer and trowel at our ex- pense. Procure an old trowel that has been broken in by some good bricklayer on the job. The foreman bricklayer should make it his special duty to see that the trowel is slightly undersized, also the best and the handiest trowel on the job. He should give the bricklayer a new trowel. 7 At the end of six weeks, if the apprentice has done well, he is to be given a new spirit plumb rule with two plumb glasses and one level glass. This plumb rule should be 3 ft. 6 ins. long. I 2 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. 8 As soon as he has progressed far enough to warrant it, he shall be given another large trowel, brick set and jointer. He shall furnish himself with everything else that he needs. 9 An apprentice should be taken in charge by an intelli- gent bricklayer, who should be responsible for his actions and work, for a period of one week. He should be put under a different bricklayer every week for at least a month. At the end of that time he should be put on that part of the work where he can earn his money, and at the same time learn the most. In other words, we do not want our apprentices to be kept on heavy work, if they are constantly doing their best. At the same time, we do not want them promoted any faster than they can earn their money. 10 Apprentices must be worked to their full limit of en- durance. 11 Apprentices must not be hazed nor misled after their first day at the trade. Foremen must answer every question that they ask in good faith, regardless of how simple it may seem. 12 An apprentice is supposed to do a man's amount of work on filling in the middle of the wall after the first month. He is supposed to do a man's amount of work on all common brick work after six months. 13 First of all, an apprentice should be taught that all brick, even common brick, have a top and a bottom, an inside and an outside. 14 The outside is generally determined by the way the bricks have been stacked in the kiln, but if the natural outside is chipped, oftentimes the natural inside is the better side. 15 All bricks made by hand in a mold are a little wider at the top or open side of the mold than at the bottom of the mold. This is sometimes caused by the molds being made slightly smaller at the bottom than at the open top, some- times by the contact of the front and back side of the brick TRAINING APPRENTICES. being slightly distorted by contact with the sides of the mold as the soft wet clay slides out of the mold. 16 In hand made brick, and in nearly all brick except wire- cut brick, the natural top can be told from the natural bottom because it is much rougher. The top can generally be easily told from the bottom by feeling, if the brick is held in the usual position used just before laying. The bottom being narrower than the top, the brick can be held by less pressure of the fingers on the front and back of the brick when it is right side up than when it is upside down. A few minutes will enable a novice to detect a very small difference in the width of the top and bottom of a brick, by observing how much pressure of the fingers is needed to sustain the brick. 17 Brick must be laid with the wide surface uppermost, like Fig. I (exaggerated). If the front and rear faces of the brick are parallel, such as is the case with wire cut brick, then the brick must be laid like Fig. 2 (exaggerated). All bricks must Fig. 1. — Hand Made Brick. Fig. 2. — Wire Cut Brick. Fig. 3. — One Brick Up- side Down. be laid with slightly overhanging faces, so that the appearance of the wall (exaggerated), will be similar to beveled siding or clapboards upside down. The reason for this is that the bricks vary greatly in thickness, and one edge only is laid to line. This is the top edge. The lower edge is not laid to 4 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. line. It is, therefore, not so straight, and is set slightly in- side the line of the top edge of the course below it to hide its inaccuracies. While the amount of overhang and set-in of each course is slight, it is enough to show very plainly. If you sight down the face of the wall you will see nothing but mortar, i If you sight up the wall you will see nothing but brick. If a course is laid with considerable overhang it is called "rolled." If a course is laid with a batter it is called "lipped." See Fig. 3. 18 One of the worst mistakes that can be made in the training of an apprentice is to expect him to do perfect work -first, and fast work later. A boy taught after this scheme is sure to get into bad habits of laying brick with too many unnecessary motions that will prevent him from ever laying brick fast. This is very important. 19 The right way is to put the apprentice at work where the appearance of the work is not of importance. Insist that he lay as many brick as a journeyman, even if they are not laid quite so well. Teach him to lay a brick with the least possible number of motions, and, instead of correcting all of the little faidts on one brick, to try to lay the next brick zvithout the same faults as attended the laying of the preceding brick. This last method zvill teach speed, and skill zvill surely soon follow, zvith sufficient practice. 20 Of course it is not intended by these directions that an apprentice be permitted to do any work that would affect the stability of the work. It is simply a matter of looks, and he must start where looks are not important. 21 "Motion study" is of the greatest importance in teaching a trade quickly. It is also the most profitable method of teaching a trade. 22 An apprentice must be made to lay brick with quick motions, even on his first day. Speed and the least number of motions must be uppermost in his mind at all times. The apprentice must be made to lay brick with the method out- lined in this system even if it is necessary to have a bricklayer TRAINING APPRENTICES. go over his work as fast as he lays the brick, to make his work right. 23 As soon as an apprentice has formed a fixed habit of laying brick with only a few, and with no unnecessary mo- tions, he must be constantly reminded that the quality of the workmanship will be remembered long after all other consid- erations are forgotten. 24 The rules in this system must be construed as solely for the purpose of eliminating unnecessary delays, unnecessary labor, and unnecessary expense, and never for any short cuts that produce speed, economy or profit at the expense of the best workmanship. 25 Leave the so-called "tricks of the trade" to those persons Fig. 4. — Laying Brick Without Disturbing the Line. who have not served a proper apprenticeship and who do not know how to do the best work. 26 Show the apprentice how to lay a brick without disturb- ing the line. Impress upon his mind that his fingers must not even touch the line, or the line will be pushed out of place while the other men are trying to use it as a guide. See Fig. 4. Make him practice before laying to the line, so that his thumb and fingers will come up as the brick goes down near the line. Do not let him lay brick on the line until he can do this without disturbing the line. 27 An apprentice should be taught to hold his trowel like a razor, with two fingers only, and with the thumb on the top of the handle. The thumb should never be put around the handle of the trowel. The handle of the trowel should be kept perfectly clean at all times. 6 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. 28 Regardless of the locality in which an apprentice works, he should be taught to lay brick both "Eastern" and "West- ern" methods, not only so that he can have the experience for his own use, but also that he can boss both kinds of brick- layers to the best advantage. 29 The "Eastern" method is to "pick-and-dip" brick and mortar at the same time; the mortar being in a tub, or in a mortar box with beveled sides. 30 The "Western" or "stringing mortar" method is to use a much larger trowel than could possibly be used in a tub. This necessitates a mortar board or mortar box, and first spreading mortar enough for several brick ahead, and then picking up only brick. 31 Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Some conditions make the "Eastern" method preferable, some the "Western" method. 32 If the apprentice is taught both methods, he will know, instinctively, which is the better to use under varying condi- tions. The kind of sand, the proportions of the cement, lime and sand, the dryness of the brick, the methods employed by the men on the leads — all these go to determine which method will give the most speed, economy and quality. 33 When an apprentice reaches to pick up bricks, see that he picks them up with both hands at precisely the same time. 34 When he reaches for mortar with one hand and brick with the other, teach him to pick up both at the same time. He should look at the mortar as he starts to reach for it, but he should pick it up by the feeling, and his eyes should be only on the brick that he is picking up with the other hand at the same time. See Fig. 5. 35 To appreciate fully the importance of this rule, watch several bricklayers a few moments. You will notice that the man who unconsciously is picking up with both hands at the same time, can do his work faster, and with much less TRAINING APPRENTICES. 7 effort to himself, than he who is picking up first with one hand and then with the other. This is largely a matter of habit. If an apprentice is allowed to pick up first with one hand and then with the other, it will be hard to break him of it. 36 The bricks nearest the wall should generally be picked up first, so as to maintain a clear place to stand and a clear Fig, -Picking Up Stock with Botli Hands at tlie Same Time. place for the tenders to walk, in case they find it necessary to pass on the scaiiold. 37 An ajiprentice should, at first, be taught to throw only enough mortar f(jr one brick at a time on the line. After he is fairly proficient, he should be taught to throw his mor- tar for at least two brick, even when laying the pick and dip method. See Figs. 6 and 7. He can pick up mortar for two or three bricks just as quickly as he can pick up mortar for one brick. With practice, he can throw the mortar for three brick just as quickly, as he can for one brick, and he can cer- tainly lay the extra one or extra two brick faster if he does not have to dip and throw the mortar more than once to two or three brick. BRICK LAV fXG SYSTEM. 38 An appjxMitice sliould he tau!;-Iit that the Ijricklaver de- pends on sightins;- ^vith his eye to get phimb corners nearly plumb, and that the plumb rule is used to correct the inaccu- racies of his eye. The first three courses should be plumbed accurately to furnish a guide to the eye. A corner can be "sighted" quickest and most accurately, by sighting one side at a time, i. e., putting the eye exactly over the corner to be plumbed and moving the eye in the i)lane of one face of the corner, and in the direction a'wav from the wall. Gloving the eve back and forth tn a ])oint a slight distance from and ex- actly plumb with the corner, will make the corner apparently Fig. C. Figure 7. Throwing Mortar for Two Driok. change from a point In a line. ,\ny inaccurac\- from a straight line is quickly detected. After one face of the corner has been corrected, sight the other face in the same manner. When the two faces are plumb, the corner will Ijc ])lumb. Do not try to make the corner appear straight both ways at once. The method is slower, and it may appear straight when in reality it is not. 39 It is a simple matter to describe to the apprentice the best methods of laying brick for the greatest strength. It is a ver}^ difficult matter to explain to him how to lay i)ressed face ])rick in a manner that will make a large, plain, blank wall appear accurate and uniform under the most critical ex- amination. TRAINING APPRENTICES. 9 40 The following rules will help the apprentice to make the best appearing work on pressed brick face work: (a) Use the thinnest line obtainable, that will stand a hard hauling without sagging or breaking. (b) Build small leads, so that as much of the wall as pos- sible is built to line, instead of built as a lead. (c) Make the line fast around the end of the wall, and wound around a brick on the lead, so that a tight hauling will not pull down the lead. Another reason for doing this is that if the nail is used in the lead and the lead pulls down, some bricklayer may lose an eye by the nail flying through the air. (d) See that the line is placed 1-32 in. outside the top edge of the brick and exactly level with it. (e) See that no brick touches the line. (f) See that the line is disturbed as little as possible when laying a brick. (g) Do not lay a brick that is thinner, thicker, shorter or longer than the others, even if it is of the same cull. Use it for filling. (h) Use the right amount of mortar. If you use more than the right amount it will squeeze out, and daub the brick underneath it. (i) See that the lower edge of the brick is distinctly back of the line of the top edge of the course under it. The amount that it should be back varies with the brick and the conditions. It should never be less than 1-32 in. and seldom more than yi in. Work looks decidedly better with too much set in (or roll) than not enough. This is one of the most important rules for good looking brick work. 41 The work of the apprentice differs from that of the journeyman in appearance largely because the latter is able to make the set in, or roll, or overhang, of all brick exactly alike. 42 An unskilled man can use a story pole to get brick courses the right height. He can use a plumb-bond pole, and mark exactly where the end joints should come. He can use a tight line, putting the top edge of each brick to it. He can cover up inaccuracies with good jointing and hide the differences of the lO BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. thickness of the brick by skillful ruling. He can make every brick touch a plumb rule and straightedge, by tapping back the projecting brick with a hammer before the mortar has set. Yet the wall will have a bad appearance unless it looks uni- form and each brick has the same amount of set-in. There is no way of correcting the amount of roll after the bricks are laid. 43 This is where skilled practice counts. It makes for uniformity. This is where the journeyman makes the good looking wall and where the apprentice finds difficulty and must lay the most stress; for when the sun moves from a position in the plane of the face of the wall and begins to throw long shadows on that wall, the inaccuracies are greatly exaggerated by the sunlight and the shading, due to lack of uniformity of set-in and roll. 44 Apprentices must study carefully the rules, photographs and charts in this system, especially those relating to methods. They must observe the work done by the various brick- layers, and must, after study of this system, the work they see, and their own work, make out charts of their own processes. 45 They must comply with all rules of the Field System, as well as of this Bricklaying System, and must be made to real- ize that they are a part of the organization, and that a knowl- edge of it and the systems by which it is operated, are abso- lutely essential to any advancement. 46 Apprentices must be shown that the bricklayer's trade is one of the oldest, most respectable and most desirable of trades, and one worthy of the entire attention of any bright, educated and determined American boy ; that the knowledge gained of the trade can never be taken away from the one who has once obtained it, regardless of what ill fortune has over- taken him ; and that $25 to $100 per week will always stand ready for the man who can lay brick, or who has sufficient knowledge of the trade to supervise the work of other brick- layers. CHAPTER II. METHODS OF MANAGEMENT. 47 Foremen will be rated and paid according to the quality and not according to the quantity of work that they secure from their men. Not only on account of the greater pleasure that all derive from doing the best work, but also as a business proposition, the most permanent success will come from hav- ing earned and deserved the reputation of doing the best work. 48 The foreman must see that all work is laid out in a sys- tematic manner. The men should be so selected and grouped that, the job once started, speed and efficiency will be ap- parent and can be fittingly recognized. 49 On small jobs a foreman may know exactly what each bricklayer is doing every minute during the day. On large jobs, if the foreman knows this, it is because he is neglecting to look after some points that are of much more importance. 50 A foreman should study to arrange his men so that the work of the slow men will show up automatically to their disadvantage. This can be arranged in many ways, one of which is to divide the gangs into units, the number of men in a unit to be determined by the character of the work. 51 Take, for example, a wall of nine piers, separated by eight windows. On this wall there should be nine bricklayers, if the piers are of about the same size. If the piers are not the same size, the number of bricklayers should be increased or reduced, so that their work will be equal, and the slow man will be shown up quickly. The foreman should watch the bricklayers to see which man is standing up idle. He is standing up for one of three reasons: (a) he is loafing; (b) he is out of stock; (c) he has finished his bit. II 12 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. 52 If it is for the first reason, he should be dealt with. If he is out of stock, the leader of tenders needs attention. If it is for the third reason, his speed should be recognized, and the mason who is behind and delaying the raising of the line to the next course should be investigated. 53 It is sometimes difficult to divide a wall that is not symmetrical into equal parts so that each bricklayer will have the same sized section ; iDut with a little study almost any wall can be divided fairly. For example, if the wall is cut up by openings so that the piers are not the same size, it is often economical to put fewer men on the wall and apportion sev- eral piers to each man. In this way it can be divided evenly enough to make conditions favorable for a contest. Some- times the trig' can be put enough off center of the wall to compensate for some extra plumb work in a break or chimney flue. Again, a small pier in the wall may be assigned to an ap- prentice. 54 On a long wall, it is often economical to provide one or two special men to take care of a large irregularity in the wall, and to hold the contest on the remaining straight or symmetrical parts of the wall. 55 In any case, the foreman should watch the first few courses as laid, then shift the men enough to make the stints as nearly equal as possible. 56 The work of a bricklayer is generally indicative of his personal character. If he is dishonest he will do dishonest work and cover it up if possible before the flaw is seen. If he is honest he will leave his job before he will do scamp work, even at the suggestion of his foreman. If a bricklayer is ever caught doing a scamp piece of work he should never be abso- lutely trusted again. 57 Sometimes the athletic contest spirit and desire to out- class the others leads some of the bricklayers to do careless work, especially where it cannot be seen, as in the middle of the wall. One of the best methods of counteracting this is to METHODS OF MANAGEMENT. 13 write the name of each bricklayer on the plan, showing where each worked, and to let the bricklayers see that their names are being written on the plans. There is, of course, nothing- new about this scheme, as stone masons for centuries have put their own marks on stones. The name or mark on the work undoubtedly makes the workman take more in- terest in his work. 58 On engine beds and similar work, where the pieces are isolated, assigning gangs of men of different nationalities to the different beds will create extra interest in the contests. If this is not feasible, put the tall men on one bed and the short men on the other, or the single men against the married men, or the eastern "pick and dip" men against the western "string mortar" men. 59 While one who is not experienced at making his men really enthusiastic on their work cannot appreciate how ath- letic contests will interest the men, it is the real secret of the success of our best superintendents. It not only reduces costs, but it makes for organization, and thus saves foremen's time. 60 There is no way that continued interest in athletic con- tests can be maintained so well as by having a fair and cor- rect score kept of the results of the labors of the different men. 61 When it is not possible to divide the work so that each man's work shows up all by itself, the best arrangement is to divide the men up into two or more gangs of as few men as possible, generally with two, four, six or eight men to a gang. 62 If the character of the walls is similar, but if they are not the same dimensions, it is wise to provide some other form of measurement than the height of the wall, such, for instance, as a score on a large black board, so placed that it can be seen by all the men of all the gangs. This board should be ruled off, and the score should be carefully filled out. 63 : The men can see the score and the contest can be carried out throughout the entire day. In the case of extra pay being 14 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. given for particularly high records of brick laid, the brick- layers can see every half hour just how successful their ef- forts are. 64 In order that the bricklayers may always have a square deal, the method of estimating the number of brick that they lay per day shall be as follows : 65 The story pole on the hauling end of the line shall be marked off in courses, as usual. At each mark, the number of brick in that course shall be plainly marked on the pole. In case of any dispute, any one can then check up the records, by actually counting the number of brick in each course. 66 As a general rule, the men should be separated so that the amount of their individual work will show up separately. This will bring about the best results, whether or not there is a well organized athletic contest in progress. 67 It is seldom good practice to have the tenders work "indi- vidually instead of in small gangs, due to the difficulties of passing t>n narrow runs and foot stages. 68 Do not permit your hod carriers, wheelbarrow men or packet men to come up one at a time. 69 Have those carrying any one kind of material that are tending masons on any one wall fill their hods all at once, shank their hods all at once, and start all at once, but do not have them drop their hods at exactly the same instant, as it might endanger the stability of the scaffold. 70 Hold the leader responsible for the work of the entire gang. They must dump their material where the leader says they must dump it. They must never throw the brick from the hods in a manner that will scatter or break, or even chip the brick. They must empty the hod in a manner that will enable the bricklayer to pick up the brick the easiest, as brick- Jayer's time costs so much more than hod carrier's time that the hod carrier can afford to waste two minutes of his time any time that it will save one minute of the bricklayer's. METHODS OF MANAGEMENT. 15 71 It may seem at first that making the men all fill at once and all start at once, and all go at once, is like holding the entire gang back to the speed of the slowest man. This is not so. On the contrary, it shows up the slowest man and he can be removed. 72 Have the men keep their place in the line. Have the last man who is set to work with the gang be the next to the last man in the line. 73 Pick out a good man for leader and pay him 10 per cent more than the rest, because he is expected to direct as well as work. He must see that he has more men when the brick- layers are backing up than when they are laying overhand. 74 In the event of the usual leader being absent, promote the rear leader to leader with leader's pay and the second man in the line to rear leader with 5 per cent more pay than the rest. This will make all the men in the line desirous of the leader's job with leader's pay. It will, if the rules are carried out, make the organization of the tenders automatic. The fore- men will only have to watch the leaders in order to handle all the tenders. 75 The same system applies to wheelbarrow men. 76 Do not put brick tenders and mortar tenders under the same leaders. 77 Piling brick into a wheelbarrow is a matter that requires considerable attention. It is not enough to tell the tenders to fill the barrows with brick. The barrow gang must be shown how to do it in the quickest and least fatiguing manner. 78 The leader shall be paid at least 10 per cent, more than each of the rest of the gang. He shall be carefully shown that the barrow must be placed as near the brick as possible. He must not be allowed to be leader unless he continually picks up brick with both hands at the same time and fills his barrow faster than the other men. He must convey the brick from 1 6 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. the pile to the wheelbarrow in the shortest possible line, and both brick must be put in the barrow at the same instant. 79 It will be difficult to get every barrow man to abide by these rules, but the leader must be made to follow this method, and the extra money paid the leaders is an incentive to the others to work to be promoted to be leaders of gangs. 80 The men must be taught to pile the brick so that the load comes over the wheel, instead of on the legs of the wheelbar- row. This enables the man to wheel larger loads. 81 It should be decided by the brick foremen how many brick shall be put in the barrow by the leader, and he must count his load every time. The leader's load should be checked up occasionally, especially when his load appears to be small and if it is found short, he should be replaced by another leader. The number of brick, of course, depends on their dry weight, with due allowance when they are wet, and on whether the bricks are to be wheeled up an incline or on a level. 82 Rear end leaders are necessary on long trips where the last man leads the way back. Where the lap is continuous, a rear end leader is not necessary. 83 A rear end leader should receive 5 per cent, more than regular tender's pay. He should be selected from the line of tenders, with the idea of promotina' him to leader if he handles the gang promptly. 84 A properly organized and trained gang of tenders will do from 50 per cent, to 200 per cent, more work than an untrained gang. 85 When unloading cars of materials, try to have but one man to a car, and start several men at the same time. If this is not possible, start, two men at the same time, but at oppo- site ends of the same car. This will enable the foremen to pick out the first-class men. 86 Reward the winner every time. METHODS OF MANAGEMENT. ly 87 Provide shields of No. lo gage sheet steel for men to shovel on especially when unloading cars, or when handling a large amount of dumped material, such as sand, coal, etc. 88 The shields are to be of the size and shape shown by Fig. 8, and are to be used whenever possible as a flat surface on which to shovel. H — z'B"- --^ Fig. 8. — Shield on Which to Shovel. 89 The hole in the shield should be made large enough to permit the handle of the shovel to pass through it. The shield can then be easily carried from car to car on a man's back, sus- pended from the handle of the shovel which he carries over his shoulder. 90 Too much stress cannot be laid on the necessity and value of having only first class men. Athletic contests have proved the surprising fact that first class men ordinarily do twice to three times the amount of work of other men whose meth- ods of working disguise their slow pace until the athletic con- test shows them up. 91 The difference in cost between the best work and the worst work is such a very small amount as compared with the entire cost of the undertaking that no firm or individual can afford to be identified with any but the best class. The fea- tures that increase the cost of work materially are, not work- ing the men to advantage, and having them remain idle for any reason, such as for want of stock, lack of incentive for large output, lack of proper superintendence, etc. 92 Quality of the work must be given JDreference over quan- tity of output at all times. l8 ■ BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. 93 The winners of the athletic contest should be paid high- er wages than the rest of the men. They should furthermore be given first opportunity to make overtime wages and they should be kept till the last to finish the job. (For further suggestions regarding athletic contests, see "Field System.") CHAPTER III. METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION. 94 The planning of the methods of construction of a build- ing should be laid out as carefully as the building of a great machine in a modern machine shop. Each part should be routed to its final place with the least handling and confusion possible. 95 The routing and the consecutive order in which each wall and each structural member of the building is to be built must be diagrammed, and the dates on which the mate- rials are to arrive on the site, and to be put in place must be agreed upon by the purchasing department and the superin- tendent. 96 The method of attack on jobs where great speed is required must necessarily differ greatly under different condi- tions. 97 Figures 9 to 14 show progress of work on the Augus- tus Lowell Laboratory of Electrical Engineering for the Mas- sachusetts Institute of Technology, which we built in Boston in two months and seventeen days during the summer vaca- tion of 1902. This building, covering over 44,000 sq. ft. of land was completed 54 days ahead of contract time. It is a par- ticularly good example for study. It shows that speed can be obtained by organization, system, and the elimination of unnecessary delays, without slighting the workmanship, by simply planning ahead the date of arrival of materials and their proper routing. 98 The contract for this building was signed June 28th, 1902. The next two days were spent in studying the method of at- tack. Various schemes for dividing the building into small units were considered. The one finally adopted was to di- 19 20 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. vide the building by horizontal planes into units, with a fore- man in charge of each unit. The various units were: 1. Laying out work, staking piles, 11. Woodwork above roof. giving levels, etc. 12. Sheet metal work. 2. Piling. 13. Roofing. 3. Excavation, bracing of trenches 14. Interior lath and plaster. and sawing off piles, pumping. 15. Heating and ventilating. rigging. 16. Plumbing. 4. Concrete around piling. 17. Wiring. 5. Block granite foundations. 18. Interior finish. 6. Brick work up to first floor. 19. Painting and glazing. 7. Structural steel. 20. Flooring. 8. First floor. 21. Blackboards. 9. Brickwork first floor to roof. 22. Furniture. 10. 99 Woodwork flrst floor to roof. The success of this method was largely secured by starting the different units at one corner of the work and running out in two directions at once, as the line of front on each unit gets longer until the unit is over half done, then it gets smaller gradually. 100 Each foreman kept his workmen as long as he needed them, then turned them over to the foreman of the other units above. In other words, the duty of a foreman of a unit was to complete his particular unit as fast as the unit under him would permit. 101 The lathing was put on while the roof boarding was be- ing' laid, and the plastering proceeded simultaneously with the progress of the roofing. 102 It is obvious that to get the most speed on a building, as many different branches of trades must be put to work on the building, and at as early a date, as is possible. 103 For a building of this character, the most economy can be had by starting on a corner and enlarging in both directions as fast as men can be set to work. 104 Figure 9 shows the work two weeks after beginning con- struction. 105 Figure 10 was taken three weeks after commencing the contract. Twt) pile drivers are on the job, and the foremen of units 2 to 8 are pressing each other right up to the pile drivers. Foreman of unit 9 is starting. Note that the scaffold is being erected on one side of the wall, while METHODS OF COXSTRUCTION. 21 the bricklayers are l)uilcling- the wall staging high from the opposite side. This method cnaldes the bricklayer to shift over to the scaffold on the other side of the wall, and to con- tinue immediately on his own part of the wall. 106 Xever shift bricklayers around any more than is neces- sary. They are not proud of, nor interested in, a piece of work, unless they build it all. Furthermore, there is always a ■' ' ■■ A *i^f '■ KT* *••.,. ■■^..:. ■ ■■■■■■-■ i " ^^m^v-'- ■fy^'lf^/. -■^^fe^^^feSl '^'^"' , ^,„„,&= ■ ■5^^^^^W^^^4l^^^^ s^s ^^ '^^t-i. J'^^M^^x ^s '^ , ,'-^«<^ ^^m-^-s-m ^ -ft'*'^ ^^^PMI r^^^S ^^B ^ ■ '^^0^ g^^^^^S|^P^^^jg^ ^^^^E ^^^3 Fig. 0. — Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Julj' 13, 1902. (juestion as to wdio did the bad piece of wall if se^•eral dift"er- ent men worked on the same piece. 107 Figure ii shows the building four weeks after commenc- ing work. Note that the roof is being put on in one corner, while the excavation is under way in the diagonal corner. The laths are being put on and the plastering mortar is being made up ahead. 108 Figure 12 shows the building five weeks after commenc- ing work. iM-om the beginning of the work 300,000 bricks, ahead of what were needed, were always kept on hand, in or- 22 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION. 23 24 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. I METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION. 25 26 BRICKLA.yiXG SYSTEM. E METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION. 27 der not to run short, regardless of what might happen on the railroad from the brick yard. The best looking loads were hauled to the reserve pile. From this pile of brick the outside brick were culled. The rest of the brick were delivered as near as possible to the walls where they were to be used. Note the athletic contest on the four similar walls. 109 Figure 13 shows the building six weeks after commenc- ing work. The roofing is started and the plastering is being put on inside the building. Note the athletic contest on the skylights, also the large number of ladders. Plenty of ladders and stairs will save traveling time on a building. 110 Figure 14 shows the building seven weeks after commenc- ing work. Three-quarters of the roof is tight. Note the small amount of room that the Gilbreth scaffold requires when it is not in use. The 36 horses in the foreground will stage 350 lin. ft. of wall 22 ft. high. Ill These pictures prove conclusively the value of the method here employed. CHAPTER IV. ROUTING OF MATERIALS. 112 In order to secure the most effective work it is necessary that the material be routed to the men with the greatest economy of time and labor. 113 The transportation devices and apparatus to be used should be the subject of study while the plans are being drawn, so that after work on the job has once commenced no one need ever be held back by lack of an ample supply of conveniently placed material. 114 The foreman must secure from the office the plant lay- out planned for his job. 115 On the job shown by Figs. 15 to 17, the main building of which covers eight acres and which is a good example of a large undertaking, a great deal of study was given to the matter of routing the materials from the railroad spur tracks to the workmen. 116 After many kinds of mechanical methods were consid- ered, we finally decided to use horses and carts, to load the carts at the cars on the spur tracks, and to haul the bricks to the exact place where the bricklayers could pick them up. 117 In order to accomplish this, inclined runways. Fig. 16, were built on various levels to the top floor of the building. The bricks were, by this method, carried from the cars on the track to the bricklayers with but one handling, that handling being the unloading of the cars. 118 Laborers were used to keep the brick in close to the ma- sons, and to carry brick up to the scaffolds. This method re- duces the number of tenders to a minimum. The mortar was 28 ROUTING OF MATERIALS. 29 30 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. ROUTING OP MATERIALS. 31 transported the same way. The same runs were also used by the carts that hauled up the timber and floormg. 119 The organization on this work consisted of one general superintendent, and a foreman mason and foreman carpenter on each building. 120 A tower, Fig. 17, was built in the center of the lot and from this tower the superintendent could see all portions of the work. It was equipped with a telephone, megaphone and field glasses, and was used for many different purposes. Fig, 17. — Tower Sixty Feet Higli From Whicli Transportation Was Superintended. 121 When brick were needed on any wall of any particular building, the foreman of that building would shout through his megaphone to the boy on the top of the tower. He, in turn, would shout through his megaphone to the foreman of trans- portation to carry the next turn of cart-loads to a certain place in a certain building. 122 The result of this method of handling on a large job proves that the saving more than justifies the cost of the runs. We believe this to be the most economical of all methods. 32 123 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. On city jobs "where large quantities of l^rick, sand or such material are to be nsed, it is sometimes good practice to ar- range a platform onto which tlie teams can drive and dnrnp the carts down into the basement. Figure i8 shows such an arrangement. This platform will prevent blockades when there are numerous carts in line, will keep the street clean, and will save one handling of materials. 124 Figure 19 shows a good lavout of plant for speed and economy. Two boom derricks were set up so as to pick up three Fig. 18.— Sidewalk Traps for Kapid Handling of Material. kinds 'of face brick, common 1)rick, and three kinds of mortar, columns, girders, beams, flooring, cut stone, door and window frames, and masons' scaffolds. Thev were also used to raise each other up to the floor above. These two derricks did all the hoisting required on this building. 125 Figure 20 shows the construction of a seven-story hotel in San Francisco. C)n this job it was found to be cheapest to erect a loo-ft. derrick with a i)5-tt. boom with a slcAving rig on a tower at the seconil floor Ica'cI of the building. This der- rick hoisted the mortar and bricks from the basement, and the lumber and steel from the carts m the street, to the various ROUTING OF MATERIALS. 33 floors. Where the wages of building laborers are very high, this is generally the most economical method of getting stock to bricklayers, provided there are also other heavy materials to be hoisted. 126 If elevators are used for handling stock, put a cleat on the elevator to stop the wheel barrow at the right place so that Fig 19 — Heavy Mill Construction Building in which all Material was Hoisted by Two Seventy-five Foot Boom Derricks. neither the wheel nor handles will strike the floors as the elevator ascends and descends. If the barrow is to be hauled off backward, put the cleat so that the wheel will strike it, but if the barrow is taken off forward, make the cleat in two pieces and so located that the legs will strike them and wheel 34 !iRlCKL.-l)'I\'G SYSTEM. will go between them. Iron plates abont '-'s-in. thick (in the car under the legs of the barrow will sa^•e time in putting the barrll^\• in exact place on car, as the Jjarrow can be slid into place ^\'ithout lifting th.e handles. 127 AMien tending a bricklayer from above, as, for example on sewer \\(Trk-, recpiiring the lowering of brick from above, the brick must be piled in the exact manner shown in Fig. 21. Fig, 20. — Derrick -n'itli Slewing- Ris" Erected on a Pedestal Two Stories High in SLin Francisco. Bricks ])iled in this manner, i. e., courses (.)f two headers al- ternating with three bull headers, will not fall uut and hurt the man below. 128 If the bricks are ])iled up with the ordinar}' bmid of an 8-in. pier, the bricks are sure ti) fall out occasionally, es- pecially' if thev strike anything wdiile being lowered. 129 It is generally eci HKiniical to pro\-ide a board about 16 ins. S(piare with twn pieces of i-in. board n;iiled tci keep the brick from riding mi the rii])c while the Iirick are being piled up. Two brick can lie used for this purpose, but require more mo- tions to 0]ierate. 130 The rope should be spliced on the hook. Old rope >M-in. ROUTING OF MATERIALS. 35 in diameter is the best, as it will not twist so much when low- ering, and it will lay closer to the brick. The hook should be on the side of the pile, near the top, but never at the top. Six feet of light chain between the hook and the rope will add to the durability and safety. Fig. 21.— Bricks Piled for Dowering Into a Trench. '31 The handiest way to lower the load is to cover the leg above the knee with canvas or leather and let the rope draw across the top. CHAPTER V. SCAFFOLDS. 132 The kind of staging that can be used on a building to best advantage, and its location are matters that are handled dif- ferently on jobs where there are several contractors and on jobs where the entire work is done by different foremen under the same general contractor. 133 Figures 22 to 28 show a job that we built as general contractors in Montreal, where local conditions made a boom derrick with boom-slewing rig the most economical form of plant, because it conveyed the concrete of the footings, placed the stone of the foundations, set the cut stone, set the floor timbers and iron columns, and hoisted the brick and mortar. In fact it did all hoisting of all materials. 134 The bricks and mortar were hoisted in scale boxes, and were carried to the masons in hods. 135 This job is a good study in scaffolds, and illustrates the value of using for each case the kind of scaffold best adapted to secure the. most speed and economy. 136 The Gilbreth scaffold was used for outside scaffold as high, as it would reach, and outriggers were used above. On walls where no outside scaffolds were required, the Gilbreth scaffold was used for all inside scaffolding. Where outriggers were required, they were planked over both inside and out- side. Trestle horses were used where there were many breaks in the wall. On the rear portion of the building that had no floors, the Boston scaffold was used. 137 In Fig. 23 note the kind of underflooring used, i. e., 2x4- in. stuff on edge. When this kind of flooring, in fact, when any kind of flooring over 2 ins. thick is used, at least one piece should be left out all around next to the wall until the ro'of is .36 SCAFFOLDS. 37 on. If this is not done the flooring may swell after a rain, and push the wall out of place. The missing piece can be put in after all possible swelling has taken place. O 138 When placing mortar boards, boxes or tubs for walls, com- posed mostly of piers, see Fig. 24, always have the mortar boxes and the brick so placed that the bricklayer can pick up 38 BRICKLAVING SYSTEM. the brick and mortar at the same time, and without taking a step. to 139 If tliere is a left-liandcd 1:)rickla3-er on the wall, the posi- tion of his mortar and brick should be reversed (see Fig. 24), so that he will not be handicapped in the athletic contest. SCAFFOLDS. 39 The above rule does not apply to blank walls, however. Where the wall has few openings, mortar boxes must be placed as shown in Fig. 25. 140 In Fig. 26 note the dump cart ready to dump the load of brick into the scale box to save one handlinsi. Note the 40 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. method of increasing the height of the bricklayers' platform on the Gilbreth scaffold. Note the method of staying the win- dow frames so that the stays will be out of the workmen's way until the frame is bricked in enough to permit removing the stay. Note the spreaders in the window frames to pre- vent the brick work from bowing in the frames. These spread- ers are not made right in this figure. They are too long. U /o'o"---- -->! i; . k— I- Hi ■*, -—Hi (End of Top Plank must he Vlush vrith Side of Horse The Right Wa^'. The Wrong Way. The Wronq Way- Pig. 25.— The Right and Wrong Way to Arrange Plank and Mortar Boxes on the Gilbreth Scaffold. 141 The spreaders should be made the exact length of the width of the frame, put in horizontally and tacked to a part of the frame that will not show the nail hole when the spreader is removed. 142 Make a run for hod carriers down on to the outside scaf- fold as shown in Fig. 27. Never permit the hod carriers to pass their hods to each other, if a run can be built that will not disturb the bricklayers. 143 Where there is a strong wooden floor, the best, safest, and cheapest form of fastening for the inside end of the out- rigger is to spike a strip of 3x4-in. wooden joist on to the floor parallel to the outrigger and nail an 8xi-in. board to the strip and also to the outrigger in such a manner as not only to hold it up and down, but also to prevent the outrigger from rolling over sideways. See A in Fig. 28. SCAFFOLDS, 41 144 Outriggers may be attached to beams by a lashing twist- ed tight with tlie twister nailed to the outrigger. See B in Imp-. 28. 145 \\'here the weight is not too great, wooden centers for flat and segmental arches can be best supported by vertical pieces extending up from the sill below and held in place by bo 3 E 42 BRICKLA VING SYSTEM. a spreader made slip;htly longer than the distance between the uprights. 146 If a few nails are necessarj', use cut nails and do not drive them home. Leave at least ^-in. of the nail under the head out of the wood. 147 Nails driven clear in will not hold in green brick work one-half what they can be made to hold if driven as described SCAFFOLDS. 43 above. The spring of the board tends to pull them out after each blow of the hammer just enough to make them loose. 148 In Fig. 29 note the method of staying the back board. This is better than nailing to the outside plank. 149 The boom of the derrick being long enough to reach over all three walls, the various materials are piled by themselves. 150 The lumber is piled near the shed in the rear where the carpenters can work during the rain at framing timbers. 3 ^^^^^^^ B Fig. 2S. — Methods of Staying Outriggers. 151 The iron work, .cut stone and face brick are stacked up where needed, and the scale boxes are placed where the brick carts can dump directly into them. .152 While many brick may spill out of the scale box when the cart is dumped, one handling is saved en. all brick that land in the box. 153 Note. the way the outrigger scaffold is built around the L-orner. This method can be used when the corner piers are 44 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. not too large. When they are large it is sometimes con- venient to leave a hole in the pier for an outrigger. 154 When it is necessary to build a staging up from the ground on the outside of a building, as is generally the case with digester houses of pidp mills, no better form of scaffold has been devised where lumber is cheap, than what is called the r.ostnn scaffold, Fig. 30. It consists of vertical poles of 3x4-iii. spruce, i)lacctkatiia>ruf^t^ l^lmm/iHfOBirwsanwM- l^a/MiafacA S ^^!^ S*f^l3eaffi^ir»nt "i^^ivi^. Fig. 62.— The Packet Type for Wheelbarrows. CILBRETH SCAFFOLD, PACKET TYPE. 77 form. Lay the plank as shown in Fig. 62. Shove the "center plank" hard against the Uprights of the right-hand horse, i. e., the one nearest the hauling lead of the wall. The hole left between the other end of the center plank and the left- hand horse is covered by the left-hand mortar box. 254 Shove this box hard against the left-hand horse, and place another mortar box equidistant between this first or left-hand mortar box, and the right-hand horse. This will leave two equal spaces about 2 ft. 9 ins. long for the brick boards. 255 Bolt two pieces of wood. 2 ft. 5 ins. long crosswise into the stock platform for a track under the brick packets. The tender can lift his pack of brick from the wheelbarrow Fig. 63.— Center Board for Stock Platform, Packet Type. to the Stock platform easily, if he does not have to reach in too far over the edge of the stock platform. Therefore, the stock platform must have two tracks for each brick space. They must be located in every case exactly as shown in Fig. 63. These permit dragging and pushing the brick packets in toward the bricklayer. 256 Provide three planks for the wheelers' platform, but do not put them in place until the frame has been jacked up one or two notches, or until the planks on the wheelers' plat- form will clear the braces on the foot of the horse. If the planks are of a kind of wood that bends too much, one or two cleats on the under side of the platform will remedy this. 257 At the first position of the scaffold, the top of the stock platform is 2 ft. 11 ins. above the floor on which the scafifold, and also the bricklayer, stands. 78 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. 258 Do not lay any plank on the bricklayer's platform until the wall has been built at least 2 ft. high above the floor. 259 As soon as the wall has been built 2 ft. high above the floor two plank must be laid on the bricklayer's platform. The brickla3^er is then in a still l)etter position, and at a more convenient height to work at his greatest speed. 260 Besides all these advantageous considerations, the gang has not been interrupted nor interfered with, and Fig. 64. —The Gil))reth Scaffold, Packet Type, for Wheelbarrows. no time has been lost shifting men from the wall and back again while a scaffold has been set up. This last con- sideration means a large saving of time on a large gang, and overcomes the ]50ssible disadvantage of not having the same man continue building the same corner, or angle, or plumb spot, from bottom to tO]i of the wall, with the consequent divided responsibility for inaccurate work. 261 The stock platform must be kept at a height of not more than 8 ins. (the spacing between holes in the horses), below, and never above the top course on the inside face tier of the wall. See Fig. f>4. GILBRETH SCAFFOLD, PACKET TYPE. 79 262 This is a matter often overlooked by the busy foreman. Next to seeing that the line is hauled the instant that the last brick is laid out, the jacking of the scaffold and the maintaining of it at the right height are the most important features to watch for the greatest economy. Section A-A Fig. 65. — Dimensions of Gilbreth Packet Type Scaffold. 8o BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. SECTIOfI THRU A-A Fig. 66.— Location of Packs for Shortening Distance of Transporting Brick to Wall. CILBRETH SCAFFOLD, PACKET TYPE. 8 1 263 The average foreman underrates the necessity of having the scaffold at exactly the right height, because he sees that the bricklayer can stoop and bend and yet lay brick almost as fast as when he does not bend or stoop at all. Not being over-worried about the bricklayer's comfort, so long as he is laying brick fast, he forgets that men working at manual work, like bricklaying, cannot keep up the work every instant, and that, therefore, the percentage of rest absolutely required by such men must be greater than that of the men who are put to no exertion not absolutely necessary to laying a brick. 264 It is not enough for the foreman to put a laborer jacking up the scaffold who knows how to jack it up. He must in- struct the laborer until he understands that the scaffold is to follow and to be kept at the height of the inside face tier, not the outside face tier ; that the stock platform is never to be above the inside face tier, and that when the top of the filling tiers is below that of the inside face tier, the stock platform must be kept at a level half way between the grade of the top of the filling tiers and the inside face tier. 265 When the filling tiers are as high as the inside face tier, the stock platform is to be kept level with the top of the inside face tier. 266 The height of the outside face tier has nothing to do with the height of the stock platform on this scaffold. 267 When laying the outside face tier, the stock platform must be as nearly level with the top of the inside face tier as possible. 268 The bricklayer can then transfer the packs of brick from the stock platform to the wall without lifting the pack more than an inch or so, and if the stock platform is maintained at the relative heights here described, the bricklayer can do this transferring without stooping and with no bending of the back. Therefore, in reality, to transfer the pack of brick in a level plane from the stock platform to the wall requires no more work to be done than the stooping of the body and the straightening it up again. See Figs. 65, 66, 67, 68. 82 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. cr — ^T- 1 1 -VT - — ■ ^ I 1 r 1 i/t a attaiifJii l^ce afms ap ^gj««.---' ^aw". »,.,».■ Ortrni — — r: ".:::::: b %■» 1... thul, tbcn IS 1 runners may odaofhard i.orf.s Li, or etc. _ cleats op tiaicfJe. r/t Use pa pJa *" more /tfan S run IS too sp ; Jp/anke oj tAs Zees than (Z'mde oi7t!f li. ifi! si J^ inqy, nail a'e irnd to" Hide rtor der^ phf/orm." 'llfmAH, r- 3dy * /frektip \ '•• /I — '' ; — B.B / r 1 \ / ■ N — ! 1 - — ! — o - ' a B,7 1 t — \ i ; — — / \ B.r. y -□ — i-s |i 1 ! 1 ^"5 ~ p 1 1 1 Jill d — — Bis MJi^ u mm ^' To keep bricks out of mu&f ba a/bred hers •vhile maaons are Ai/- -, in^ filJmf trick ana The correct /ere/ of I topaffi « apeint - 1 ecfwdisfttnf 6a- U fween the fOps^tbe i^ the tap of /' Fe inaidefat t!er(U)aBatV. T/ti's ts f/re point o/ s/iorf^itaneraife fTJotian tb lay R eerc/i bnck. Stone tool ba<^ artcf (■^ j piurrib ro/e. /tere TWiM»^M^^iAii:H4y\ 15 16 I. Sectiom Thru p,~a '• Fig. 67. — General Arrangement of Packet Type. GILBRETH SCAFFOLD, PACKET TYPE. 83 269 A great advantage of this type of scaffold is the fact that it enables the bricklayer to back up his wall solid every "header high," starting from the floor level itself. SECTION THRU fl-A Fig. 68.— Location of Packs When Building Exterior Face Tier. 84 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. 270 It is obvious that a bricklayer can lay more brick, lay them more evenly, bed them better, and shove the joints easier when he is backing up solid, i. e., the full width of the wall, than when he is backing up one or two tiers thick, to get on a header, so that the exterior face tier can be built up staging high. 271 This is the only form of scaffold that permits backing up the wall solid from the floor line up to the ceiling. CHAPTER Vlil. THE GILBRETH PACKET SYSTEM. 272 The Gilbreth packet system consists of conveying bricks upon packets from the pile in the street to the top of the wall. 273 If the bricks are brought "packed," i. e., side by side, on edge, to the job, then they are to be unloaded and placed upon packets regardless of whether or not they are to be used at once, except in the case of brick that are to be culled before they are used. 274 If the brick are brought "loose," that is thrown in, they are to be dumped out, if the car or cart is provided with dumping means. But if they are not dumped out, they must be put upon packets, carried out or wheeled out, whichever is the cheaper, and stacked up on the packets until ready to be used. 275 The packets shall be made of two pieces laid length- wise, and so spaced that the outside edges of the packet are spaced exactly the length of the average brick to be carried. The space between the two pieces shall be wide enough to permit room for the men's fingers to clear without jamming. See Figs. 68 and 69. 276 The lengthwise pieces shall be held in place by one cross- wise piece at each end, that shall be so spaced that the dis- tance in the clear between them shall be ly^ ins. greater than the length of the lower layer of brick on the packet. Round ofif all corners of the end pieces where the hands rub. 277 The method of handling the packs from the stock pile to the hoisting apparatus, and from the hoisting apparatus to the mason, depends upon circumstances. Sometimes it is cheaper to have laborers carry them in their hands (see Figs. 70 and 71), sometimes skeleton wheelbarrows holding three or 85 86 BRICKLAYIXG SYSTEM. Fig. 60. — Arrangement of Mortar Box and Pack-s to Obviate Stooping'. four boards are the cheapest (Fiq-. yz), and on long- runs it is sometimes most economical to pile the packs of brick into the carts. (See Figs. /T, and 74.) 278 In building's divided by brick walls into small areas, it is often difficult to build lung sloping runs up for wheelbarrows. When a run cannot be arranged down from the floor above, few .'^^ gg,. HPLi>^"JkW J*-?*. '3 jByj- "»«- «--^- «"8r' ^.tis:..->^^«'i«a« - .iii J H Hf '%^--; ,-**., ,.*^^|'^^k?'':"~ ^w jT ft* SS^r^k ^ - •* ' ''^"" " V ^-Y "'^"^ \i-i-f3-ix.S I'd wamm ■"::;,r i" .' Vm rxr^ -XfO-l^' . ..■..: ■ S"--- ^S^^PS m^^i Fig. 70.— Unloading a Freight Car -with a Gravity Conveyor. THE GILBRETH PACKET SYSTEM. 87 ^^ ^^Bs^w^ f ^ ^^■■■JipHHIIH^ . 1 L^ m s Fig. '(1. — Handling Paclis on a Gravity Conveyor. packs can be passed from tender to tender, from floor to stock platform, by having a few stagings 3 ft. high one above another. 279 When the packs reach the bricklayers' platform, they are shoved over on the tracks by the tenders toward Fig. 72. — Wheeling Packs. BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. Fig-. 73. — Loading Carts from Gravitj' Conveyor. the bricklayer. It i.s a very simple matter to pick up 90 lbs. when the lift is straight up, but it is a very difficult matter to pick up 90 11)s. when the lift is not straight up. Therefore the bricklayer must have his brick put as close to the inside edge of the stock ]ilatform as possible, so that he can lift his load in the easiest manner. Fig. 74. — Preventing Paclts from Spilling in a Wagon. THE GILBRETH PACKET SYSTEM. 89 280 The number of brick that shall be piled upon a packet varies in different localities on account of two factors (a) the size and weight of the particular brick used, and (b) the qual- ity of the laborers obtainable. 281 The weight of the brick that should be put on a packet should, with the weight of the packet, be as nearly 90 lbs. as is possible, with an even number of brick. This is the weight which a first-class, high-priced laborer can handle to the best advantage. With inferior, low-priced laborers, the number of brick must be reduced so that the weight will be lessened in proportion to their strength. 282 The strength of the laborers and not the strength of the bricklayers is to be the controlling factor to determine the weight of the load on each packet. 283 Many small men who have been rated as first-class brick- layers can work rapidly with a light load of, say. a brick in each hand. They could not possibly stand the strain of transferring the packs of brick from the scaffold in a hori- zontal plane to the wall. 284 Other bricklayers, who are able to handle 90 lbs. with ease, would much prefer to lift a pack containing 20 brick from the scaffold in a horizontal plane to the wall than to make ten trips with a brick in each hand each trip. 285 Any bricklayer who is not able to transfer the packet with its regular full load from the stock platform to the wall will be obliged to take off a few brick from each pack in the old method until the remaining load on the packet has been reduced to a point where he can handle the weight comfort- ably and thrive under the continuous exercise of it. Of course he cannot earn as high wages as the man who can handle the larger load. 286 The bricklayer must place the pack on the wall in the location that will give the shortest possible distance through which to carry each brick from the packet to its final resting place on the mortar. C)o BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. 287 The bricklayers do not realize the importance of this, and must be constantly instructed to place the pack as near ;he place where the brick are to be laid as possible, even with ^he packet method. Careful packing of the pack so as to save all the motion possible will diminish the distance that a brick- layer's hand travels from a quarter to a half mile of distance per day. 288 When laying the outside face tier, the bricklayer will con- vey the packet to the top of the wall. If it is a thin wall, he will lay the outside face tier while standing on the brick- layer's platform. 289 If it is a thick wall, he will lay the outside face tier while standing on the top of the filling tiers. 290 After the outside face tier has been built up to the bot- tom of the next header, the inside face tier will be built up several courses above the filling tier. Then the filling tiers will be laid. 291 The advantages of the packet method are to be seen all through the process of bricklaying. The brick themselves will be kept in better condition. Unloading brick from a hod or wheelbarrow is sure to make more or less bats, and many chipped brick. With the packet method it is possible to have the brick arrive at the scaffold without a chip out of them. This means the saving of the time needed to discard bats and to select ttnchipped brick fit to lay to the line. It also, of course, means a better looking wall. 292 Another saving of time occurs in that the bricklayer does not have to separate his stock into that suitable for face work, and that fit only for filling. With the packet method it is a simple matter to put the face brick on some packets, and the filling brick on others, and to keep them separate until the bricklayer needs them. 293 The packet method also gives the bricklayer something to do when he would otherwise be idle, i. e., when he is wait- ing for the line to be raised, waiting for mortar, etc. THE GILBRETH PACKET SYSTEM. 91 294 All practical bricklayers know that the best results can- not be obtained if the men lay brick above the line. Nearly all well-governed unions make it a rule to lay no brick above the line, and never to slack out a line until it is all laid out. While these are splendid rules, and make for justice to the men and better walls for the owner of the building, the man who pays those bricklayers begrudges the time that these rules sometimes cause to be wasted. 295 With the packet method, the bricklayers can take packs of brick off the stock platform and place them on the wall in the position that will be the nearest possible to the place where they are to be laid. This not only afifords the brick- layer a better chance to earn his bonus, but it also leaves just so much more room on the stock platform and just so much less chance of the bricklayer running out of stock in case, for any reason, the tenders are delayed ; both great aids toward speed and economy. 296 Some idea of the economy of work done by a bricklayer with packets on this scaffold is apparent when one considers that a bricklayer, lifting 90 lbs. without stooping, lifts about 90 lbs. for 20 brick, while on the old-fashioned scaffolds and meth- ods he bends over and lifts all of his body above the waist and 9 lbs. every time he lifts 2 brick; this is, about 109 lbs. for 2 brick on the old-fashioned method. CHAPTER IX. TALL CHIMNEYS. 297 The problem of getting stock of the kind that the brick- layers need to the top of the chimney, as fast as they can use it has l3een snccessfull}^ worked out. In the future, any chim- ney large enough to have an elevator must also have a track running in tlirough the temporary stock opening and a track on the platform of the elevator for cars of stock. See Fig. 75. 29 S The track must be slightly down grade to the elevator (about 1 in. in 5 ft.) so that loaded cars will run down hill and the empty cars up hill. 299 This track must be long enough to serve many loads of brick hauled and dumped from carts alongside the track, and also to serve the mortar beds. 300 The track should have branches but no turn-outs, as no loaded cars need pass each other. 301 The empt)' car is so light that it can be picked up and car- ried past the full car which has 1)een pushed in close to the elevator and is waiting for it to come down. Fig. 75.— Track Through Stock Opening Into Elevator. 92 TALL CHIMNEYS. 93 302 When the elevator comes down the next loaded car should be inside the chimney ready to push onto the platform. A small school slate attached to the top of the elevator car will tell whether outside brick or mortar or inside brick or mortar is wanted on the three or four following cars. 303 The empty car should be taken off and carried out, and the full car pushed on. 304 The cars are loaded with packets carrying two layers of bricks on edge, generally about 20 bricks on a packet. 305 The mortar should be handled in metal pails or in fountain trowels. These are stacked up four pails high, each pail having a piece of board over it and one under it to steady the pile of pails. 306 Nail some old rubber hose with upward loops about 4 ins. high underneath the bottom of the car for the car to strike. It will prolong the life of the car, and so may pre- vent delays. 307 It is never good practice to have the elevator rope pass through the opening where the bricks and mortar are carried in, as the rope is in the way of the men. 308 The scaffold at the top of the chimney must be built spe- cially from individual designs, after the design of the Gilbreth patent scaffold, made by our office to suit the size of the chimney. 309 The stock platform must be located exactly 2 ft. above the place where the mason stands. It must have a back board at least 5 ins. high and %-in. thick. 310 The masons' platform must fit the inside of the flue with not over i in. play. The masons' platform must extend in under the stock platform at least 8 ins., and more if possible. 311 The edge of the masons' platform must be boarded up tight to the stock platform, so that nothing can drop on the men loading the elevator below. 94 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. 312 The entire scaffold must be nailed or bolted fast together, but loose on the uprights. 313 The uprights must be not less than 4x6 ins., nor more than 6x6 ins., with the 6-in. face for the guide surface. 314 These two uprights must be bored with i-in. holes, exactly 8 ins. apart on centers, for holding the lifting jacks. These uprights must be bored before being erected and must extend 4 ins. beyond the center of the last hole. 315 The well opening must be covered with the Bowler auto- matic platform lid, made to prevent bricks from falling down the flue and strong enough to sustain two tenders. 316 The stock platform must be maintained about level with the inside 4 ins. of the brickwork, so that there will be no stooping nor long reaching. 317 This outfit will cost about $10 more to build than the old method. With it bricklayers should average twice to three times the usual number of brick per day, laying shove joints. We have had them lay over 4,200 brick with shove joints on first-class jointed work in 8 hours. 318 Chimneys haying no ornamental work on the exterior need no outside scaffold. 319 The best results in round chimneys are obtained by having no brick headers below the head of the chimney. Get permission from the engineer or architect to use galvanized wire ties instead of brick headers for bonding the outside tier of round chimneys. 320 Examine the mortar of the inside face of the chimney from the top to bottoni every two -days, to see that it is setting fast enough to carry the work being built above it. 321 Build an outside protection over the men at the bottom of the chimney. Make this strong enough to stop a brick falling from the top of the chimney. Test it. TALL CHBINEYS. 95 Fig. 76. — A Round Chimney 255 Feet Higli (34 Ft. Higlier Tlian Bunlier Hill Monument). 96 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. TALL CIIIMNLYS. 97 322 Figs. 70 to 83 show our typical methods of building a tall chimney. It was built in record time. The top 100 ft. were built m 14 days. All of our foremen must use the methods here shown on future chimneys. Fig. 78. — Beginning the Erection of tlie Exterior Scaffold. 323 Set a wooden plug, with a small headed wire nail driven home into tlie top of it, in the center of the top surface of the foundation. 98 BRICKLA i 'IXG SYSTEM. 324 Build a substantial templet of the exact size of the bot- tom of the chimney. This templet will more than pay for its cost by saving- time in checking up offsets. (Fig. 77.) 325 Superintendents must pick out only those brickla3'ers for tall chimne_v work \\-h:)m they know personally to be thor- oughly reliable, good mechanics — men accustomed to la^dng bricks with shove joints and who can he aljsolutely depended upon to do so. No other kind of work except shove joints is Fig. 79. — Back Filling Completed, and Everything- Ready for Quick Construction. T.IIJ. ciiiM.\in-s. 99 allowed, and all joints must be absolutely full of mortar. Make the best man tbe working foreman. 326 The core and the shell of a chimney must never be con- nected in any way, except at the base of the chimney. Here the bases of both must be entirely of headers to the top of the offsets of the footings. See h'ig. 78. 327 Tend the masons with hods or packets and pails, Figs. 78 and 79, until the chimne}' is two stagings, or about 10 ft. high. Then the inside elevator should be installed. 328 The fastest methoil ^\-here conditions will permit is, of course, to have the tenders place the packs containing the Fig. so.— A Boston Scaffold for the Erection of the Exterior Face Tier. (Note the hole left in the front side of the chimney for the track to the elevator.) lOO BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. ':, :^ . ^j 1% i '"'^^'^'^^'^^HHHil^^^^^^^^l 1 |jj ■ ^1 ^ (ivK^^^^H^^^H^^^^^^^^^^^^H ■ ^V 'ft «i^:iK»iH ::;JH1H^^ _* k pfffl Mi ^f- :. i^ 'I^^Bfl < ^ S^^Ji^Kt,ij^B^5i ^^WM|M^^^P ("tl— --t^^s. tf^L^ Mm^t^MBSSSSBmM, ^^^i>* -< linTDf£e3SS»'\<% ' i fflfflK, t \ ^i?Si«K ^,^^^^«IMML / 1 1 1^^&^^ |M^^^>Si. j&gwjaastyss'H's 'i "'V^ 1 ! 1 t!^^ Mff '^m*Wtffiv-^m^BtW %^^^^^^Hfii i 1 Wl^SlK^a^^^^iM^'^^mf A '^^^ v^^^^l "' i"^ffik«!*m. 'I\3PiI iHF^'fs "^''^^^ll llfSWtir Mil nw^wmm^ wlHt ^a^mif'mmM ^^ - if"" p- \ ::^;/!^^^j , :i^^» '-'/■■ ^ ■■p'lipt'i- ■■|^^P ■>:; ' to ''\ M ■ ^ V • P^R' ' -'^ ■' ■': ' 4i Pm\ 1; |-% '^:;::;,;^^ ''^S| ■ In' TALL CHIMNEYS. lOI brick near the inside edge of the stock platform and parallel with the edge so that the masons can handle the packs to the top of the wall, where they can pick them up and lay them with the least possible amount of reaching. This will permit much faster work and will enable the bricklayer to earn higher wages. For full description of the packet method see Pages 85-91. 329 If there is any fancy brickwork on the exterior, or if a different kind of brick or mortar is used on the exterior than the interior, it is generally advisable to tuild an outside scaffold at least 25 ft. high. (See Fig. 80.) If there are any such fancy offsets from octagonal to round, as there are on this chimney, the scaffold must be built up higher. On the largest of chimneys there is not any too much room inside for men and stock. If this space were to be filled with two kinds of brick and two kinds of mortar it would be still more crowded. 330 The chimney, Fig. 81, being n'ow plain, straightaway work above the set-ofif from octagonal to round, the outside scaffold is no longer used. 331 A large mercury plumb bob must be used each day after quitting time to test the accuracy of the brick- layers' work. The bob must be supported by the smallest of piano wire. It must be small, so that it will afford the least surface to the upward draught of air that tends to sway it. It must be made of wire so that the plumb bob will not dance or untwist, as it would with a string. 332 At this point, Fig. 82, the chimney's daily growth aver- aged about 6 ft. in height. The number of masons that can be used to best advantage on a chimney depends on the number of pilaster guides to the core, as well as on the amount of room inside. 333 The plan of the chimney should determine the number of men to be placed in the chimney. When determin- ing this number, remember that not less than one or more than two tenders will be required to lift the stock off the elevator. I02 BRICKLAVIXG SYSTEM. 334 Give the working foreman the custody of the batter sticks. These should have marked on them at what heights each is to be used. These sticks should be 3 ft. 6 ins. long and I in. wide. Thev should vary in thickness from % in. at one end to Ys in. 4- the Ijatter in 3 ft. 6 ins. This batter stick is to be attached to the mason's plumb rule with three small screws. 335 Note that the smoke flue is on the opposite side from the TALL CHIMNEYS. 103 temporary hole left for carrying in stock. Note that the clean- out door opening is under the smoke flue. Locate the tem- porary opening exactly as shown here. 336 Note the "peach basket," Fig. S3, resting on the brick collar under the head of the chimney. The peach basket will save more than enough of the bricklayer's time to pay for its cost, and the chimney head will be absoUitely true in shape as a result of its use. See also Fig. 17. m Fig. S.3. — '■Peach Basket" I'sed as a Template for Constructing tlie Head. 337 Get permission to build a collar under the head of the chimney, to support the "peach basket." 338 Do not permit the makers of the iron cap to ship it until some representative of our firm has seen the complete cap set up and all bolted together. 339 Each piece or section of the iron cap must be self support- ing on the wall. If it is not shown thus on the plans, notify the office immediately. 340 Have the cap drilled and tapped with standanl thread before leaving the shop, to support the attaching device for the lightning rod. CHAPTER X. MORTAR. 341 A very economical method for digging- sand and loading carts is shown in Fig. 84. 342 The carts are driven into a trench-like depression, over •^ jifeUw.. '^ > '^% " '" ^ !^<^i " 'Cr £ V >*" m Fig. S4. — An Ec-nnomiral Method of T.oarlinK Sand Into Carts. which is a bridge. Across this bridge two-horse drag scrapers are more reason for the present custom of bricklayers being obliged to ha\-e their own tools sharpened in their own time than there would be reason to make carpenters do likewise. 448 Until comparatively recently, the right temper on ordi- nary c|ualities of tool steel for brick tools was ol)tained best by heating a tool onh' to a cherr}^ red, then dipping the steel into brine the instant that the last straw cnhir leax'es, and when the pigeon blue comes to the end of the cutting edge. Fig. s.').— Dp."!!?!! of ,'i Hanilv and Low P!iCL-a Set. Fig, 90.— Method of Usi!!g a Set. 449 To-day the directions of the makers of the particular kind of steel used must be complied with in order to obtain the best results. 450 If the brick is of a nature that is hard to cut accurately with one blow of a hammer on the set, time can sometimes be saved by cutting off the back corner with the head of the hammer before tr3dng to break off the front corner with the set. 451 When cutting a Indck with a set, ]nit the brick in a line in and out with the bod}', wdth the piece of brick to be wasted furthest away. See Fig. y6. 452 It is not neccssar}'- that the brick be actually broken into two pieces by the set. Furthermore, striking mure than one blow on the set is apt to cause the face uf the brick to flake up, 124 BRICKLAYIXG SYSTEM. Pig. 07. — Splitting a Bricli witli tlie Head of a Hammer. or injure the face so that it may flake tip from the weather after the brick is laid in the walk 453 One hard sliarp rap on the set shotdd be sufficient to develop sufficient weakness in the 1)rick to enable the brick to be broken by one or two sharp flat blows of the hammer on Fi.g. ns, — Position of Brick and Hammer When SpHtting. BRICKLAYERS' TOOLS, ETC. 125 Fig. 99.— Cutting Off Lumps witli the Pean of the Hammer. one of the bed surfaces of the brick in line where the line of fracture is desired. 454 A set will make the straightest line in the shortest time on the cut edge of a brick, but the cut can be madt with the head of the hammer (see Figs. 97 and 98). The pean is to be used only for cutting off humps (see Fig. 99) and if the new edge is not exactly straight it can be trued by striking the Fig. 100. — Full Sized Pattern for Hand Leather. £2(1 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. projecting points with the flat surface of the face of the hammer. 455 There are various devices for protecting worn fingers and thumbs. 456 Mittens are too clumsy to permit of quick work. Gloves and rubber finger cots make the fingers tender. The best device is a piece of calf skin, if it is cut the right shape. If the leather is cut exactly like the patterns (see Figs. lOO and loi), it can be worn without any hindrance whatever, while if it is cut after the pattern used in a brickyard it is a serious Fig. 101.— Pull Sized Pattern for Thumb Leather. detriment to speed and quality of the work. If the leathers are cut and creased exactly the same size as the patterns, and worn with the bands exactly where shown, with the bauds half way between the joints of the first and little fingers (see Fig 102), the leathers v/ill not droop forward and get covered with mortar between the fingers and the leathers. 457 The thumb leather laps over in a way that protects the thumb where the band is cut out. BRICKLAYERS' TOOLS, ETC. 127 458 The day has arrived when bricklayers for their best inter- ests must depart from the ancient custom of handling mortar from the mortar box to the wall with a trowel only. 459 New devices must be adopted by this trade to cut down the cost of brick work, or bricklaying will become a lost art. To-day the makers of cement are producing the best cement that the world has ever produced, at a cost of less than 70 cts. per barrel of 380 lbs. at the mill. Fig. 102. — Method of Wearing Hand Leathers. 460 The cost of sand for a cubic yard of concrete is but little more than for a cubic yard of brickwork. 461 The cost of broken stone or gravel is much less than the cost of brick of equal bulk. 462 The cost of measuring, feeding, mixing, conveying and placing concrete, together with the cost of the forms, is about 128 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. Fig. 103. — Fountain Trowel with Hand Trowel for Handle. the same ])er cubic }ard as the masons' and tenders' time for cubic yard of brickwork. 463 Furthermore, bulk for bulk, gravel concrete walls without any reinforcement are much stronger and more waterproof, and fully as good non-conductors of heat and cold as the best brick walls. Now that reinforced concrete enters into the con- Fig. 104. — View Into Trowel Showing Slat for Discharge of Mortar. BRICKLAYERS' TOOLS. ETC. 129 struction of nearly every large undertaking, and a certain amount of concrete plant is therefore necessary, anyway, con- crete can be substituted at a considerable saving, in many places. 464 The time has come when bricklayers must awaken to the fact that the very existence of their craft is at stake. Means must be adopted to compete with this oldest yet newest ma- terial of construction, concrete. 465 In many places in America, bricklayers have already come Fig. 10.5. — Rear View of Fountain Trowel. to the realization of this fact, and in some states they will lay no brick on a building the foundation of which is concrete. In other states they have a,i;-reed to lay no lirick on a building the frame of which is reinforced concrete. These agreements ha\-e only spurred the concrete men to new ideas for finishing buildings of concrete without any brick at all, and the brick- layers have realized that it does not help matters to bo_vcott concrete. 466 The history of the world repeats itself. In accordance with the lessons learned from that history, the cost of com- mon brickwork must either be reduced, or bricklaying will be- come a lost art. 1^0 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. 467 We do not recommend trying to solve this problem hv reducing" the pay of bricklayers or of tenders, for the reason that they are obliged to lose so much time on account of wet and cold weather, nor do we believe that the number of hours should be increased. No one does, who has ever laid brick continuousl}^ for eight hours. Fig. 106. — Teaching Bricl^iaye^s tn Spifad aiortar for T^Yenty Brick in Five Seconds %vith tlie Fountain Tro^\'cI. 468 We do believe that the bricklayer must increase his out- put. He must remove all obstacles that make for reduced out- put. He nuist use e\'ery de^'ice that will lessen the cost of brickwork. The day has come when a bricklayer must adopt other tools than the trowel for handling his mortar Not a shovel, not a bucket, nor a liod (for good brickwork cannot be done with mortar dumped into the wall), 1)Ut a fountain trow- el, in which the ordinar}- bricklayer's trowel is used as a tem- porary handle, can be used for spreading mortar better than BRICKLAYERS' TOOLS, ETC. 131 mortar can be strung fom a trowel. See Figs. 103, 104, 105 and 106. 469 Fig. 106 shows a demonstration of spreading mortar for twenty bricks in 5 seconds for a header course with a fountain trowel on a 16-inch wall. 470 The fountain trowel makes for good work. It will handle mortar so soft that it could not possibly be handled with an ordinary trowel. 471 This trowel will handle mortar so soft that it will- fill even the joints of brick, laid under the brick and brick method. With soft mortar, the work ^yill not dry out so fast, which makes also for better work. 472 An ordinary trowel is used under the back strap (see Fig. 103). When the fountain tro^yel is empty the hand trow ' can be withdrawn instantly, which permits the bricklayer to use the same trowel as a trowel or as the handle to a fountain trowel without any delay in shifting. 473 ■ This is but one of the new methods that -must soon be adopted. We shall welcome suggestions that will enable us to produce brickwork at a price lowr _ enough to substitute it for concrete. CHAPTER XIII. LINES, PLUMBS, AND POLES. 474 There is no one thing that will assist the bricklayer to lay his brick so accurately and quickly to a straight line and plumb face as a very tight line. 475 The old-fashioned English "Linen Mason's Line" should be obtained for this work, no matter where the work is located. This line is the most expensive of all varieties, but will prove economical in every case. Keep your job constantly provided with it. 476 This line is carried in stock in three sizes. Use medium size for common brickwork, and fine for face brickwork. 477 The foreman should see that lines are strung to all plumb corners where there is any chance overhead to attach the lines. This is generally neglected by foremen. Many of the brick- layers think they can do their work as well and as fast with a plumb-rule as with lines. We have never seen one who could, but whether they can or not, lines must be strung. 478 The line should be }i in. out both ways from the brick. 479 After the brick are laid, they are to be tried for straight and for plumb with a plumb-rule, to make sure that the nail- ing place overhead has not been shifted and that no brick is crowding the line. 480 Provide lines for all pilasters where there is opportunity to attach lines overhead, but inform bricklayers that they must also use their plumb rules. 481 After all lines are in place, sight through from one end to the other, to make sure that they are in line. See Fig. 112A (page 138) and note also the method of staying the metal win- dow frames. 132 LINES, PLUMBS AND POLES. 133 482 In plumbing a corner with a spirit plumb-rule, or with a plumb-bob and rule, it must be held against the brick in a position plumb in itself both ways, that is, also sideways. 483 While there are many ways that a corner can be plumbed, much time can be saved if the plumb-rule is placed in exactly the same place every time. The best place is where the side of the plumb-rule is exactly even, i. e., in the same plane, as the retvirn of the corner. Therefore, on all of our work, the face of the plumb-rule shall be even and flush with the end of the brick on the corner. Fig. 107. — Correct Arrangement of the Nails, Line and Trig. 484 Foremen must not permit the men on the lead to build up their leads more than header high. Leads higher than from header to header are unprofitable, and are sometimes the cause of irregularities in the wall. 485 The men on the leads should be told that they are expect- ed to do their bit on the wall with the exception of the header course. 134 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. 486 While that course is being laid out for them they are to stack up a lead to the next header high. 487 The man on the trig is not expected to carry his trig over two courses above the line. While he must plumb it with a plumb-rule, he must also see that the man on the hauling end of the line sights it for in and out, and also for height. 488 The trig shall be a loop about 6 ins. long, so that the line will haul through it. See Fig. 107. 489 Never make the trig fast to the line. 490 Use a brick on edge to hold the trig in place, and see that the line at the trig is exactly at the top edge of the brick. 491 All brick except trig and lead brick must be laid so that they do not quite touch the line. Fig. 10s. — Correct Method of Splicing the Line. 492 Mason's linen line is too expensive to replace every time it is cut, and even when spliced instead of knotted it is not quite so accurate to lay to and the splice may crowd it off the wall slightly. 493 Men must, therefore, use wire nails and not cut nails to hold the line. These nails should be flattened so as to go into a close vertical joint of the brickwork. See Fig. 107. 494 The nails, splice and trig must be made exactly as shown in Fig. 107. 495 In case the line parts on account of being worn, or by being struck by a trowel, it must be spliced, as shown by Fig. 108, by opening each end in three places and putting each end through the three openings in the other line. It takes more time to do it this way than to tie a knot but it hauls enough more accurately to the line to warrant the time spent. LINES, PLUMBS AND POLES. 135 496 Haul the line to the bottom of all projections and not to the top. 497 The introduction of Portland cement and the recognition of the value of coarse sands has lead to a general tendency toward larger joints in brickwork. 498 The larger the joints the easier it is to se- cure filled joints and better beds under the brick. This fact should be taken into serious consideration when the foreman is laying out the story pole. 499 Bricks vary much in thickness, even in the same kiln in the same brickyard. Conse- quently, foremen must constantly watch the work of and confer with the men on the leads, to see if putting in or taking out a course or two of brick on the story pole would assist in making easier, and consequently faster brick- laying on that wall. 500 When the size of a joint is the easiest for the bricklayer, he will bed his brick the most perfectly. 501 The printing on the story pole is to be located in such a manner that it will be easiest read when the pole is right end up. See Fig. 109. This will prevent mistakes due to using the pole wrong end up. 502 It is not always possible to alter the heights of laying up on outside walls, but it is nearly always possible on the inside walls. It is constant attention to these little details that makes the difference between the high pay and the regular pay of brick foremen. ■Top of F/. under Gkcfer Top of Door Bpftoiji of Skewhack Fig. GradeSOO 109.— Story Pole. 136 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. 503 All walls should be brought up level in themselves, and at a height about }i in. below the beams or plates carrying the floor beams. This will save time in leveling up the floors. 504 Do not permit the man using the engineer's level to use a surveyor's rod for a story pole on buildings, even if he assures you that he can do his work much better with the surveyor's rod. 505 Make all hands depend on the story poles. Their general use will result in many unexpected savings, and danger of mistakes will be eliminated. Fig. 110.— Plumb Bond Pole. 506 Notches should be cut in the plumb bond pole as shown in Fig. no. Marks are made in the last course to correspond with these notches as letters. Bricks laid to the marks insure plumb joints. Figs, in and 112 show cross sections of handy shapes for plumb bond poles. 507 All lettering on the plumb bond pole is to be located in such a manner that it can be easiest read when the pole is in the actual position in which it will be used. This will prevent the pole ever being used upside down or end for end and the mistakes that would arise therefrom. 508 When any of the bonds used here are made with a definite border, such as a diagonal header border, a "border pole" can be used with the regular "plumb bond pole." 509 When the border header occurs in a course that is being marked out, the plumb bond pole can be advanced bodily the width of the border or to the next notch on the border pole. LINES, PLUMBS AND POLES. 137 510 The end of the border pole is to be held exactly at the jamb or other plumb mark on the wall. 511 Unless the border runs diagonally for a considerable dis- tance it will be easier for the bricklayers to use a plumb bond pole without the border pole with a notch for each joint of the border bricks. 512 Carry grade marks up one corner of the building, and at a convenient height, about 6 ins. to i ft. above each floor. Make level marks on the wall about 10 ft. apart all around each story. Fig. 111. Fig. 112. Suggested Cross Sections of Plumb Bond Poles. 513 Use the level marks for all measuring for heights of all different pieces of construction in this story, and for setting the beams of the floor above ; but do not measure from the top of the floor, no matter how accurately it was measured and leveled up. 514 Use the grade marks as described above, for two purposes : (a) To measure down from, to check up the level of the floor, and thus detect a mistake before it is too late. (b) To correct errors, even if a part of the building has slightly settled or shrunk. It is a well-known fact that brick- work will shrink as the increased weight is put upon it about 14 in. to the average story height. In fact, some walls will shrink so much that allowance for shrinking must be made in setting beams, one end of which rests on a steel frame and the other end on the brickwork. 138 BRICKLAYIXG SYSTEM. 515 After a floor has l^een leveled up, the foreman should sight along the tops of the l^eams to see if they line up accu- rately, that is, to see if the}' are in the same plane. 516 Sight the tops of wimlow frames before the}^ are bricked in. 517 518 Sight the tops of Ijcaring plates l^cfore they arc loaded. Sight piers in a row for straightness of tlie row and for plumb. A great many errors and pieces of bad work can be Fig. 112A. — Lines Used as Guides for Plumbing Corners. detected at a time that they can l)e corrected at small cost, if the foreman and superintendent will make a practice of sight- ing ever3'thing that is in the same plane. 519 There are many cases T,\'hcre bosses have earned a great reputation for "accuracy of eye for plumb and level," when in reality they sighted the bricklayers' lead to the corner of a building across the street when nobody was watching. This sighting and ranging for level anrl for plumb is good practice foi- the boss, su[)crintcndent and foreman. LINES, PLUMBS AND POLES. 139 520 The best bricklayers, also, when building their leads, sight each cburse by some level course or object in the distance in- stead of constantly using a spirit level; but it must here be remembered that two level courses cannot be used for com- parison unless they are either exactly level with each other, or else parallel with each other; while any two plumb lines can be used for comparison. 521 All measurements must be made three times. 522 The original measurement must be checked before the bricklayer starts his lead. 523 The second check must be made soon after the bricklayer has actually started the brickwork. 524 The purpose of the second check is to make sure that the bricklayer has actually used correctly the measurements that have been given to him. 525 Wherever there is a definite measure that must be main- tained, a templet, or stick, must be made and used to check up the other measurements. For example, in a power station, the exact distance between the walls carrying the crane girder must be checked as built by a wooden pole of the exact length. This pole must be used several times in the length and also in the height of the wall so that, regardless of what other means of measuring have been taken, the pole will check it. CHAPTER XIV. MOTION STUDY. 526 The motion study in this book is but the beginning of an era of motion study, that will eventually affect all of our methods of teaching trades. It will cut down production costs and increase the efficiency and wages of the workman. It will, we hope, eventually help to handle the industrial problems which are now being solved by Mr. Frederick W. Taylor, Ex- President American Society Mechanical Engineers, by means of elementary time study, the task and the differential piece rate. (See paper 1003, Trans. Am. Soc. M. E., by F. W. Tay- lor.) All members of our organization should study carefully the work that is now being done by Mr. Taylor and his col- laborators, Messrs. Sanford E. Thompson, H. L. Gantt, C. J. Barth, H. K. Hathaway, and also the cost analyses investiga- tions that are now being made by Messrs. H. P. Gillette and R. T. Dana. 527 There is a tremendous field, in all branches of all me- chanical trades, for descriptions and illustrations in print of the best methods used by the best mechanics in working at their trade. We particularly request photographs showing such methods to the best advantage. 528 To be pre-eminently successful : (a) A mechanic must know his trade ; (b) he must be quick motioned ; and (c) he must use the fewest possible motions to accomplish the de- sired result. 529 It is a fact beyond dispute that the fastest bricklayers, and generally the best bricklayers, are those who use the fewest motions, and not those who are naturally the quickest motioned. 530 A bricklayer can do no better service for his craft than 140 MOTION STUDY. 141 to devise methods for laying brick with fewer motions than are at present practiced by bricklayers. 531 We present herein charts of the methods used by our best bricklayers. 533 It would not be feasible to illustrate all the different methods used by all of our bricklayers; furthermore it would be confusing. 533 The purpose of the illustrations is to teach apprentices that a brick can be laid with very few motions, if each motion is made for a certain desired effect, and that a combination of these motions gives the certain desired result. 534 It is a recognized fact among bricklayers, that they itse one set of motions when they are trying to exceed the speed oT a fellow workman, and another set when they are not especially rushed. _ 535 Wh^ n a JDricklayer shows an apprentice how to lay brick he invariably teaches the slow method. The result is, the apprentice learns to place the brick in the right place with the right amount of mortar under and against it, but the method used involves a great many more motions than are necessary. 536 The _apprentice, after becoming-an— expertrhr 1:hrs way, must then attempt to get out of the slow habits, due to unnecessary motions, and to learn to lay brick bjr a method tf^at^wjJTp^ill ip^ him to ra tapl-ete-t^is^-poftfoH— fn-th-e—t^hiTve- that is allotted to journeymen. 537 These illustrations will enable the apprentice to earn his money from the first week he starts to work. 538 The rules will narrow down his first lessons to a few vital principles and motions. They show what he should learn first, as well as how he should learn it. 539 These rules and charts will enable the apprentice to earn large wages immediately, because he has here a series of in- 142 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. structions that show each and every motion in tlie proper sequence. They eliminate the "wrong way," all experimenting, and the incompetent teacher. 540 We do not want any bricklayer not well acquainted with the method and motions herein laid down to waste either his own time or the time of the apprentice teaching the latter. 341 Now as to the journeyman bricklayer, himself, we have a difHcult problem to handle. We have found that some brick- layers with good intentions cannot be made to leave off their old habits of making a dozen or more motions per brick, be- cause they have been laying brick in that way for many years. Yet, by hard and continued work, with little time spent in resting, they are able to do a profitable amount of work per day. 542 It is not wise to interfere with this type of man. 543 Again, there is the bricklayer who can adopt any method, but who cannot get such good results from new methods. 544 We must have the best work in spite of all other consid- erations. Therefore, it is not wise to have him change from the method under which he is most skillful. 545 Another type, which is the commonest of all, is the man who, unconsciously, uses our method when he is rushed, but who, unconsciously, uses other methods when he is not rushed. 546 It is our intention to increase the wages of those men who lay brick in the manner described in this system, because we know that with the usual amount of effort and the same number of motions our method will increase the number of brick laid by tv/o or three times the number laid under un- systematic methods. 547 We shall, therefore, continue to rate our bricklayers by classes, as follows : (a) Those who adapt themselves to this system. Men of this class shall receive a substantial increase above the minimum rate of pay. MOTION STUDY. 143 (b) Those who can adapt themselves in part to this sys- tem. They will receive more money than the minimum rate. (c) Those who are not able to adapt themselves to this system, but who can, by ijTeat and constant efi'ort, accomplish a fair day's work. The}' shall receive the minimum rate. (d) Those -ivdio do not ever attempt to lay brick in ac- cordance with this system. They shall be employed only when regular brickla3'ers are scarce. 548 To save all the time possible, and to do the work with the least manual effort, is the purpose of the charts. 549 Apprentices must be taught to make up charts represent- ing their own motions. 550 They must be permitted to use a reasonable amount of time in charting the times of the operation of our best brick- layers, that they may fully compare the bricklayers' methods with the charts in this book, and that they may also see their own shortcomings, by comparison. Fig. 113.— Exterior Face Tier, Work ing Riglit to Ijeft, Spreading Moitar. Fig. 114. — E'xterior Face Tier. Work- ing Riglit to T.eft. Cutting Off Mortar Before Briclv I.s Laid. 551 Foremen must be careful to insist that the rules here given are followed by our apprentices. They will not only lay more brick by following them, but they will also become more valuable additions to our organization. They will make better foremen bricklayers for us than men with a much wider experience who have not been carefully trained under our sys- tem. 144 BRICKLAYIXG SYSTEM. 552 f he plan of walls and the motion study charts inserted below cover the twelve following cases of bricklaying- : Plan I. Case i — Pick and dip, overhand, riglit to left. For actual motion studies, see Figs. 113, 114, 115 and 116. Plan I. Case 2 — Pick and dip, overhand, left to right. See Fig. 117. Fig. lin. — Exterior Face Tier. Work- Fiff. 116.— Exterior Face Tier. Work- ing Riglit to Left. Buttering tlie ing Riglit to Left, Cutting Off End of the Laid Brick. Mortar .\tter the Brick Is Laid. Plan L Case 3 — Pick and dip, inside, right to left, illustrat- ed in Figs. 118, 119, 120 and t2t. Plan I. Case 4 — Pick and dip, inside, left to right. See Figs. 6 and 122. Fig. 117. — Exterior Face Tier, Work- Fig. lis. — Interior Face Tier, Work- ing Left to Right. Buttering tlie ing Right to Left, Throwing End of tlie Laid Brick. Mortar. Plan IP Case 5 — Pick and dip, middle of wall, right to left. Plan IP Case 6 — Pick and dip, middle of wall, left to right. MOTIOX STUD} Fig-. 119. — Interior Face Tier, Work- ing Right tn T.fft, Spreading Mortar. Fig-, nan. — Intei-ior Face Tier, Work- ing Right to Left, Cutting OK Mortar Before Crick Is I^aid. Fig. 121. — Interior Fa( e Tin AVoik- ing Right to Ijeft, Tapping Down Brick. Fig. 122, — Interior Face Tier, Work- ing Left to Right. Cutting Off Mortar After Bricl< Is Laid. Fig. 123. — Exterior Face Tier, Work- ing Right to Left, Spreading Mortar. Fig. 124. — Exterior Face Tier. Work- ing Left to Right, Cutting Off Mortar After the Brick Is Laid. Fig 12' — Exterioi Fkh Tier, Work- ing Left to Riglit, Cutting Off Mortar After the Brick Is Laid. Fig 12(! — Extiiior Fii H Tin AVmk- ing Left to Itight, I'.ullHiing tlie End of tlie Laid Brick. 146 BRICKLAi'IXG SYSTEM. Fig". :27.— Int. 1101 Ficp Tipi Vioik- Fig. 1 2S.— IntPi-ioi- Face Tier, Work- ing Riglit It T . tt Spn Tiling ing Left to Riglit. Spreading Mm til Mortar. Plan III Ca.se 7 — Stringing mortar, (jverhand, right to left. See Fig. 123. Plan III. Ca.se 8 — Stringing mortar, overhand, left to right. See Figs. 124, 125 and 12C>. Plan III. Case () — Stringing mortar, inside, right to left. See Figs. 127 and 128. I'lan III. Case 10 — Stringing mortar, inside, left to right. See Figs. 129 and 130. Fig. 129. — Interior Fare Tier, A^^orl:- Fig. ^?,Q. — Interior Face Tier Work- ing night to F,.fl, Tleowing ing Left tn Itiglil, Spi'eading Mortar. Mortar. Plan IV. Case 11 — Stringing mortar, middle of wall, right to left, with shove joints. MOTION STUDY. 147 Plan IV. Case 12— Stringing mortar, middle of wall, right to left, with brick and brick method. 553 Chart No. i shows the number of motions required in the process of laying a face brick under the old fashioned method provided no two motions are done simultaneously. While chart No. i shows about all the defects of all brick- layers, it is not probable that any one first class bricklayer would use all of the eighteen operations as shown on this chart. 554 Cases I to 4. — See Chart I. for explanation. 555 Ca^e_5,jrraveling Right to Left. — Pick the brick nearest at Tian37"and carry the brick and mortar in a straight line from the stock platform to place. 556 Deposit the brick in the furthest unfilled 4 ins., or tier, and drop the mortar in the next furthest 4 ins., or tier, at exactly the same time. 557 The momentum of the brick will help to shove the joint full of mortar. 558 On the work in the middle of the wall, never cut off the mortar that is pushed up above the top of the bricks oftener than every ten bricks. 559 Deposit it in the middle of the wall. It takes no more motions to cut off the mortar from the top of ten bricks than from the top of one brick. 560 Case 6. Traveling Left to Right. — The brick and the mortar should not only be picked up at the same time, but they must also be deposited at the same time. The old prac- tice of dropping first the mortar and then the brick must never be used on our work. 561 If the brick and mortar are deposited in the same tier, they can be carried in almost a straight line from stock plat- form to place, and can be deposited at exactly the same time. 563 If the brick is carried fast from the stock pile to place, the momentum will help to shove the joint full of mortar. 148 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. O a g < Pi o 5 w >^ W H a a lis 'Jn U •9* 6^ O O -OS 0) O -^ 2c § id "^ ^ o o •Sc CI c a o OOQ 3m 2 h-*- i5 S i2 c.y. ■■cn SB 2^ be ri Ih ■fi 9 5,E -a S "S * ffl f tl o o ^5^ a§ 31 5° SQ ■;3 o o ES d SI B O O bo 3S ^§ a Ho V ^ Gl5 s s ^, ' a) q > flj n •I -E O o Bm I +j B O B O O M- D +3 C p MOTION STUDY. 149 K l- a o X i- w n < o .2'C 10 J.!" or 0) 6 ^ 0) bo 'a 0)0 0X1 5-S 0.9 s» a o 3^ t3 m rt fe o o tf a Pi +^ !3> Sg ■¥> ■og o.e %« o o ^ ^ u o o B -^^ 0) ■O tlX 1-1 O ' s 3. se^ ^fc 13 E 3 JD-M Q p. Q t5 I eg ■. ri o o E o C I- am- E o T50 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. o o z < H Q O a E- B ■< « O O z 3 u g.a-i> , SS. 6 o 6 o B O g ^ (0 3 K O M " 5 3^ O J4 a. 1-4 +J o o am o o 2z 0.2 MOTION STUDY. 151 0) -C MH a; bo -d & J jU J < ^ m =1 a H li. -^>. e- " Cfl z ■3 *i (-. 0) a J a B^ Eh 1 « H a c .0 II S E ^ a :3 .2 °Q ■2S i 'B 1 1-. j3 a X! C5 1 a B a c -C -^ g e e ^ 8S 3 ^ II II ^ •0 ° g u Tl rt TJ II M 3 3 S ^ 1 C/5 I-, u _o XI x! s S" ;3 .0 s ■^ ^ C ^ ^ bO ^ rt u -S Ih In "5 -^j.:" cd ^ ni ^ CIS OJ 1 [-1 G ^£ ^ — — ?__ Ol — 00 "r:! — — — — f- i>^ ^ "•?' ti .s 2|' 0!> R.y-^. t. E E E .. * 1 -+* 4-> E t3 4) Id E 6 -4-) 6 E E C^t -C S S "o H S C 2i t-i ■3 u a al' ^^' ft -5 !3^ ll •0 «i ^ bo ^ bjji.; ■ ^ I-- u nJ bo t'J u 2c +JCQ ^1 to +^ ■^5 IS £ CO ■ r^ r 11 5 ■at "1 ■a« a 00 i ° ^ •M ro •* CO r- 30 a> - ^ CO ■* »o to r- CO 152 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. i .to t § ricks will be in condition to be used again. Fig. l-ll. — Wooden Chute for Con\■l^^■ing Brick from Demolislied Walls. Fig-. 14.'.— Wooden Oliiite for Conveying Brick from Demolished Walls. 723 ^^'hcn cuttmo- out old brickwork, the s'l'eatcst speed can be obtained by using a short chisel made with an octagonal shaped shank. TEARING, CUTTING AND PATCHING BRICKWORK. 183 724 The brick can be cut out the fastest if the chisel is put on the lines shown in I'ig". 147, and if the pieces are removed in exactly the order numbered in this figure. 725 If a large hole is to be cut out, the greatest speed can be obtained by cutting out one complete course, with each brick removed in the manner shown, and then proceeding on the next course above. Fig 146.— Wooden Chute for Conveying Brick from Demolished WaUs. 726 It is, obviously possible to work fastest by cutting c^ut from the Ijottom, as the pieces will then drop as fast as they are loosened. 727 If the cutting is done from the top downwards, the pieces must be removed as fast as loosened. 1 84 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. 728 "When second hand brick are used, the greatest care must be used not to lay brick that have any smoke stains on them on the line. 729 If such brick are ever whitewashed, the smoke will stain through and give a bad appearance to the wall. 730 The purpose for which a wall is to be used should deter- mine whether or not all of the interior vertical joints in the wall should be entirely filled with mortar. Where dryness, J L 10 A 8 / \ / 9 ^ ^ \ s 7 Ax 5 6 \' 4- 3 \ y A / I \ s ' / / Fig. 147.— Method of Cutting Out Brickworli. least condensation on the inside, and general serviceability are required, the best method of bricklaying for exte"rior walls of buildings is what is called the "brick and brick" method. In this method the bricks in the middle of the wall are laid with the stretchers touching each other end to end, and the headers touching each other side to side, with no attempt to get shove joints. There is no special attempt to fill the vertical joints by shoving except on the outside face tier and the inside face tier. TEARING, CUTTING AND PATCHING BRICKWORK. 185 731 The brick on the interior of the wall must be laid in soft mortar, the brick being so wet and the mortar so soft that the mortar will run well down into all the spaces. 732 We realize that this is revolutionary, and against all old- fashioned doctrines; but it must be remembered that we are building under conditions today that are distinctly different and that upset many of the old traditions in brickwork. 733 We are using better mortar today than ever before. The low price of our best cement removes all excuse for using any mortar that will not be much harder than the brick with which it is used. 734 The modern use of hollow brick has taught us that a cer- tain number of air spaces in a wall are advantageous in keep- ing out moisture. We now look with pity on the man who used to create a disturbance if he found a space between two bricks that lacked one thimbleful of mortar, while he would not hesitate afterward to cut through the wall and make a window opening five feet square in the same place. 735 The exterior tiers on the exterior wall must be completely filled with mortar, but on the interior tiers it is practically impossible to get shove joints in each and every case. 736 Specifications on our best work have called for shove joints for years, though it is a well known fact among brick- layers that it is next to impossible to shove each and every joint full of mortar. 737 Furthermore, when the fingers of the bricklayers get worn so thin that they are nearly ready to bleed, as is often the case, it is still more difficult to get them to shove the brick into the mortar. Then comes the practice of slushing up the unfilled joints with trowels full of mortar. While joints so filled appear full of mortar, the work is not properly done. All this finally results in the brick being laid the width of a joint of mortar apart for slushing. 738 Laying the interior stretchers so that they touch each i86 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. other end to end, and the interior headers touching each other side to side, results, in actual practice, in getting about ten brick in the wall where nine brick with shove joints would be. 739 The wall will, under actual working conditions, have a much smaller amount of unfilled voids. The brick will have a greater length of lap or bond, on the brick above and below. 740 In freezing weather especially, when shove joints should never be used on account of the certain heaving of the freezing mortar, this is undoubtedly the ideal way to lay brick. 741 Furthermore, the bricks will be laid exactly as planned, and it will be easier to obtain the desired arrangement of cross joints. 742 It is the easiest way for the bricklayer, and he is doing honest work. With shove joints he is not always able to do what he is expected to do, and he lays the brick a wide joint apart. Then, under certain conditions, these joints may be "slushed," which will prevent the next brick from pushing the mortar into the unfilled joints of the course below, and there will be about lo per cent, less brick in the filling at the finish. 743 Walls built as above described may be plastered sooner, with less danger of uneven discoloring or spotting. A wall so built will dry out much sooner. There are important features for the comfort of the tenant or the operative who is to move in the day the building is finished, as is the case with our American office buildings, hotels, apartment houses and fac- tories. 744 We realize that many intelligent people will not under- stand and believe that the "brick and brick,' or "brick-touch- ing-on-their-vertical-joints," method is the best way to lay brick on buildings, but every bricklayer knows this method and approves of it, provided good soft mortar or grouting is used. 745 Knowing the general prejudice in favor of shove joints, we would not advocate the "brick and brick" method, if it were not for the fact that we cannot be suspected of any other mo- TEARING, CUTTING AND PATCHING BRICKWpRK. 187 tives than that of saving money for the owners for whom we work, as all of our work is and will be done on the basis of cost-plus-a-fixed sum only, and under this form of contract all savings go to the owner. 746 And what are the disadvantages of the "brick and brick" method? None, except the prejudice against it held by those who have been taught, without any real proof or reason, that shove joints (which we do not really get except on a part of each bricklayer's work), are the best. 747 The foregoing applies only to building construction. Do not misunderstand it. This method does not apply where ab- solutely filled joints are required, such as on hydraulic work, sewers, and on work subject to alternate wetting, freezing and thawing. 748 On sewer and chimney construction, and on all work that does not require extreme accuracy, and where there is no danger of shoving the face work out of line, no other method than shove joints should be tolerated. 749 When large horizontal joints on face work are required there are three ways of obtaining them: (a) By using stiff mortar. (b) By using mortar of very coarse sand. (c) By bedding house slate or thin tile back in the joints. It is not possible to make hard and fast rules on this sub- ject, as conditions demand sometimes one method, sometimes another. 750 Joints made by the third process will certainly shrink the least. This is often an important consideration. 751 Until very "recently, it has been the custom to consider that the smaller the joints the better the work. 752 Modern mortar .composed of Portland cement has changed all such ideas. It is rare to find a brick to-day that is as strong as good mortar made with a fairly large propor- tion of Portland cement, and Portland cement is so cheap to- day that there is no excuse for not using it. l88 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. 753 Therefore, the size of the joints should be increased on common work until there is no question as to the quality of workmanship of the bedding of each and every brick. 754 Every inspector knows that with tight joints the great difficulty is to get brick bedded in such a manner that, if the laid brick should be lifted, it would not still show a hollow or a mark of the trowel in the mortar. 755 There is therefore no danger from a strength standpoint in getting too large joints, if the mortar is stronger than the brick. 756 On certain kinds of face work, the desired effects of tex- ture cannot be obtained except with unusually large joints, especially bed joints. The architect's orders in this respect must be executed literally. 757 The foreman must see that the mortar furnished for this work is stiff enough and coarse enough to give the desired thickness of joints without running or sagging from the bot- tom, edge of the brick above the joint. 758 If local conditions are such as to make it difficult to ob- tain joints of the thickness required by the architect, small pieces of tile or house slate must be bedded in the joints back far enough not to show, but sufficient to give the architect ex- actly what he wants without any substitutes or excuses what- ever. 759 The greatest care must be taken in measuring the in- gredients of each batch of face mortar especially for wide joints, or the wall will have a spotted efifect due to different color which is caused by varying the proportions of ingred- ients. 760 It is also very important that no part of wide joint work dries out quickly, or it will be permanently of a lighter color than that mortar which dries out slowly. 761 It is generally good practice to lay up several 4 in. sam- TEARING, CUTTING AND PATCHING BRICKWORK. 189 pies of face brick work about 3 ft. long and 5 courses high, jointed in several different ways, for the architect's inspection, selection and approval before laying brick on the wall. 762 After the sample is approved by the architect, see that all bricklayers on the face work are provided with the same kind of jointers. 763 Keep the sample where they can all see it, in order to have all of the work as uniform as possible. 764 All face brick work should be backed up at least 4 ins. before it is left at quitting time, or the mortar will surely dry out a lighter color, and its strength will be much decreased. 765 If it is not possible to back the face brick work up 4 ins. before quitting, plastering the back of the face brick ^ in. is the next best protection. 766 If brick is laid with terra cotta, the laying of the terra cotta, if it is combined with brick, is generally considered to be bricklayer's work. 767 All portions of terra cotta blocks inside the face of the wall should be filled solid with bricks and mortar or concrete at least as strong in compression as the terra cotta itself. 76S The filling of the holes in the back of terra cotta should be done only when the terra cotta is standing on- its vertical face. 769 If the terra cotta varies sufficiently in thickness in a direc- tion crosswise of the walls, or say at least 4 ins. from the courses under and above it, sufficient lap will be furnished by the terra cotta itself. 770 But if it does not afford sufficient lap for the headers above or below it, then the holes in the back. must be filled with brick. 771 The brick should project at least 4 ins. 772 Do not fill the terra cotta until it is about readv to set on igo BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. the wall, or the terra cotta will probabl}^ be broken in handling. 773 Do not attempt to la_y the terra cotta first and to fill the holes as it is backed up, unless you deduct the entiie width of the terra cotta from the working thickness of the wall. 774 Do not fill that part of the terra cotta that projects be- yond the face of the wall, unless to keep out snow and rain. 775 Terra cotta shrinks so much, and so unevenly in the bak- ing that it seldom lays evenly to the marks made for it. '■'"^d^'i-maj.. Fig. 14S. FiK, 14!1. Corrtct AA'ay of Shaping Bricli for Filling Putlog Holes. 776 It is generally better practice first to lay an entire course on the wall dry and to mark the joints on the course under- neath, then to roll it over on its back, bed it, and roll it for- ward into the mortar. 776a A putlog hole must be filled in the following manner: (a) The interior of the hole must be dampened. (b) The hole must be filled with more mortar than is actually rerpiired to fill the joints, and the mortar must be plas- tered on to each face of the hole. (c) The brick must be cut wedge shaped on the back, (See Figs, 148 and 149.) TEARING, CUTTING AND PATCHING BRICKWORK. 191 (d) The brick must lie hammered so that the mortar is squeezed out on all j(jiiits. (See Fig. 150.J (e) Use the same mixture of mortar as un the rest of the wall. (f) If the hole is not solid full of mortar and filled in the manner described, the mortar will diy (jut lighter in color than the rest of the surrounding wall. ^g-) Do not do the jointing l)ettei than the adjoining jointiug. If the surrounding jointing is bad, do not try to correct it all on one brick. Make the jointing around the one brick ,'ust as bad as that wdiich adjoins it. This applies also to ail patching and toothing. Fig. 1.10. — Correct Method of Filling Putlog Holes. 777 Clear out all putlog holes and toothers l:)eforc mortar sets h.ard. It is much cheaper to clear it out while it is soft. In the case of toothers, cut out the temporary bat before the mor- tar hardens, as the toother is apt to break oiT during the cut- ting out of the bat, if the mortar is hard. 778 When laying the end of a new brick wall with a straight joint up against an old brick wall, use no mortar in the joint between the new and the old face brick, or the shrinkage will surely shoy^^ a crack in the straight vertical joint. 192 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. 779 When it is desired to increase the thickness of an old wall by lining it up with a new wall, many different methods may be employed for bonding the new work to the old. 780 Undoubtedly the best way, and the one that will give a perfect result without any iron ties, is to cut pockets in the old wall, as shown in Fig. 151, from the top of one header course up to the bottom of the next header course above. Section A- A. ■^m Section B-B. Section C-C. Fig. 15]. — Pocket Method for Joining New Walls to Old. 781 These pockets should be one tier deep, 3 ft. long and 4 ft. apart on blank vvfalls. They should be splayed in on their vertical edges so that the bricks will dovetail in. All old mor- tar must be cut out clean, unless it is considerably harder than the brick to which it is attached. In any case, all shelving surfaces should be cut down level. 782 As soon as the new lining wall is built up as high as the bottom of the hole, the entire hole is to be bricked up as shown, with nothing but the hardest of headers, laid header over header with the softest of mortar, and with the thinnest of joints. 783 Each brick should be pounded inward and downward, the top course being thoroughly wedged off with brick and house slate. TEARING, CUTTING AND PATCHING BRICKWORK. 193 r84 Do not have any wedging project that will interfere with the header course of the new wall getting a good bond on the top course of the new block. 785 Many bricklayers build these blocks with every other course a header. Bonding out to the face of the new wall every other course with headers of these blocks is wrong. 786 The purpose of these blocks is to form a ledge on which to put the regular headers of the lining wall. This ledge is sure to carry the most of the weight of a large part of the lining wall, unless the lining wall is laid up slowly and with very close joints. 787 Unless the block are all headers and thoroughly wedged and dovetailed, they will either shear off or draw out. 788 Lining wall should generally be laid with close joints to reduce the amount of shrinking. 789 A cheaper method, but one not so good, consists of using bolts extending through the old wall and the new lining. Large washers under the head and nut of the bolts keep the lining from splitting from the old wall. 790 On general principles never do any toothing unless it is absolutely necessary, because of the difficulty in getting first class work on the filling of the toothers. 791 Blocking is much stronger than toothing. 792 Consequently, if it is necessary to tooth, tooth the outside tier only. 793 The interior 4 ins. or tier must be blocked instead of toothed. (See Fig. 152.) 794 When building out for blocking, always corbel with a J4 stretcher on all interior tiers at once, and always set back a >4 stretcher at a time. (See Figs. 152, 153 and 154.) 795 If any other bond than common bond is used on a wall one portion of which is built up before it is all built up, tooth- 194 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. ing should be used, but if common bond is used and the great- est strength is required, blocking can be used to great ad- vantage. ^^^fe^ ih^T^' ' ' ' lO ' -^V-' — K — k 1 1 1 1 1 >- "^-^^ 1 1 1 1 k -^x_j |ri [=; •■■. ^ kl 1 1 1 1 k-^v--.| ' 1 1 1 h^ ^ < -J-kl 1 111 r^ f-v, "^ tj^l >t|'t|x|x.|x|«|x| k, >v^"^ s, 1 1 1 1 rk. '^^T^^P ■::: — "^1 1 1 1 1 ■?v. "V-^ 1 1 1 1 f''^ >^-n-^l 1 1 1,1 '-~-— C| 1 1 1 , , K -^'v-^-^UIxIxIxIxIxl-lxl -<-^^iC|' 'i 1 1 h\, >.■-— Jai ' I I 1 1 <^— Ci 1 1 1 K, '■I i^i 1 1 1 1 e; ^ > i ^ X 1 1 1 1 ^ ;^ "1^ 1 11^ S- J\ > 1 1 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ill 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 |x|«|x|x|x|.»|x|x|x|x|«|>.|x|x|. < 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 -3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 II |x|x|x|x|xix|x|,i|x|i|..|>|x[iU Q 1 1 1 1 1 .1. 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 H 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 1- 1 . 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 - ,. 1 1 1 1 1 V h - 1 ■■- . 1 ' 1 ' |X|X|X|X|X|«|X|>,,|XLX|><|,1X|X|X 1 1 ' 1 ' 1 '; 1, ':-i- ' 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 J 1 1 Window Sill 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 |x|x|x|X|X|X|X|i|x|i|x|i|x|x|x 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ' 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II '|x|x|x|»|x|«!x|»|>^I.<|»|.<|-|>>|«:|-.|«|«:|«|>.r<|-|.<|^|^|»|.<|>;|« 1 ' ' 1 ' ' 1 ' ' 1 ' -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 |l' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' i ' 1 ' 1 ' II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Fig. 156, — Racking Baclc Under and Over a Window. 804 If blocking and toothing are practiced only where abso- lutely needed, it will soon be noticed how seldom they are really necessary. 805 There are many ways to do without blocking, even when it is desirable to build one wall up a story or two higher than another, as follows : TEARING. CUTTING AND PATCHING BRICKIJ'ORK. 197 (a) Racking- l)ack. (See Fig. 156.) (b) Racking back and toothing only over the header course. As the toother over the header is only one-quarter of ^ ^^H« '^^|H w SI WT'tm tf^^^^^H Wk i 1 f ^ . ."J *"- Fig. 157. Fig. I'S. Correct Way of Shaping Brick for Filling Toother. Fig. 1.59.— Correct Way of Filling Toother, a brick long, it can Ijc easily filled with mortar under the pres- sure of driving the header in place. (See Fig. 156.) (c) Racking back under and over a window, taking ad- vantage of the straight line of the window jamb and the skew- back. (See Fig. 156.) igS BKICKLAYIXG SYSTEM. 806 If tootliing or blocking must be used, do not have the ti30thing or blocking any higher in a plumb line than is necessary, that is, either rack back a part of the way (see Fig. 155) or set over on a new line several feet away. Fig. 160.—% Toothers. Fig. Ifil.— San Francisfn 'Banrl Irons. 807 In filling a toother, cut the back portion of the top and bottom sides of the brick (see Figs. 157 and 158) so that the TEARING, CUTTING AND PATCHING BRICKWORK. 199 brick forms a wedge when it is driven diagonally toward the back corner into the pocket of the toother. 808 This pocket must be previously completely filled with mortar which has been rubbed hard into all its surfaces, top as well as bottom. 809 The brick must be plastered on top, bottom and end be- fore driving into the pocket. (See Fig. 159.) 810 Figure 160 is an example of "% toothing." In some cases this is the best method of toothing, because the perma- nent bat actually carries its proportional weight, and because tV.e tocth pocket en the new wall, being only % oi a. brick deep, can easily be completely filled with mortar. 811 Figvire 161 illustrates the conventional method in San Fi-ancisco of tying walls all the way round a building at all floor levels by using 4xj4-in. bars with interlocking hooks at the end. Extra sets of bars are employed where toothing occurs, as shown. CHAPTER XIX. BOND. 812 The word "bond" has two meanings: (a) From a pattern standpoint, bond means the relative arrangement of the vertical joints. (b) From the standpoint of strength, bond means the amount of lap one brick has on another, to tie two bricks to- gether. 813 No brick should ever be lapped less than one-quarter of the brick on which it rests. 814 No closer should ever be less in length than a quarter of a brick. 815 Bricks, terra cotta, stone and other blocks are imbedded in mortar for four reasons : (a) To bring their tops to the right height, or level. (b) To provide a method of distributing the weight evenly. (c) To cement the bricks together. (d) To keep out air, rain, water or moisture. 816 Every effort should be put forth to make the bricks and mortar adhere as of one mass ; but the real purpose of bond is to make the bricks stand up and carry their weight even though there is no adhesion between the brick and the mortar. 817 All walls must be "laid out to bond" before starting the actual laying of the brick in mortar regardless of the kind of bricks that are used and of the place where they are used. 818 If the bricks are common bricks of "run of kiln" quality, they will vary in length considerably. 200 BOND. 201 819 A course of brick should be laid dry on the wall in order to make sure that the different bricklayers start their pieces to the common bond of the wall. Otherwise there may be a small piece of brick required for the closer between the work of each two men on the wall. 820 It takes about three times as long to cut and lay a closer as to lay a whole brick for a closer. 821 Therefore, even on rough inside work, the bond must be laid out dry for the sake of saving the time necessary to cut the closer on each course. 822 One whole course must be laid on the wall. 823 It is not enough to lay three or four brick, then pass them along, marking them as they are laid over and over again. Bricks vary so much in length that the only safe thing to do is to lay out one whole course. 824 The bond laid out on a straight wall is not affected nor changed by any pilaster, regardless of its amount of projec- tion or shape of plan, provided, (a) that all angles and cor- ners of the pilaster are square; (b) that the pilaster has no brick less than full size in it ; and (c) that the bricks are of correct proportional measurements. See Bond Chart No. 2. 825 It is, however, safer to lay out the bond as running in the straight line of the plane of the main wall, and also to lay it out to fit the entire perimeter of the pilaster. 826 Any openings or breaks in the wall must be laid out to show the way the bond will work out over the top of these openings. 827 If some one of the accepted patterns will not work out then several stretchers must be clipped, to shift the bond gradually. 828 Do not, under any circumstances, shift the openings or breaks in the wall to fit the bond, unless ordered to do so by the architect in writing. Even then, due consideration must 202 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. be given to the effect on the trim around the inside of the openings. 829 The laying out of the bond on plumb bond work (i. e., absolutely plumb joints) requires a great deal of judgment, and must be entrusted only to the bricklayer who is known to be able to do it properly. 830 The foreman must, in any case, check up the layout before the men have laid more than two courses. 831 In laying out the bond on any wall where the bricks are culled for color, due consideration must be given to the fact that the longest brick will be used at the bottom of the wall and the shortest brick will be laid at the top of the wall. 832 This is necessary because the brick that are burnt the least will not only be the largest but also the most perfect in shape, because the longer they are burnt the more they will shrink in all dimensions. 833 Those brick that are burnt the longest, being at the top of the wall, are so high above the ground that their inac- curacies in shape will never be noticed. 834 Therefore, it is not safe to proceed by the layout of the first cull of brick on the wall until a course of the last cull is also "laid out" on top of the brick of the first cull, to see how much difference there will be in the length of the brick and the size of the end joints. 835 With some makes of brick, this difference is so great that plumb bond cannot be carried. Then the bond must either be started new over belt courses, or projections, or have courses of full headers introduced at least as often as the culls change, or else not use all of the culls on any one wall. 836 "Oftentimes different culls can be used on different walls, but there is then generally difficulty in getting the two walls to lay up alike, as the bed joints on the smaller culls must be made much larger to be level with those built of the larger culls. BOND. 203 837 In any case, the following rules must be observed when laying out bond : (a) Lay out dry the entire length of the wall, at least one course of the culls that will be used at the bottom of the wall. (b) Lay out dry the entire length of the wall at least one course of each of the upper culls. (c) Lay out jambs of all openings above the first course as if they occurred in the first course. Shove the bond back until it fits the jambs of the openings, unless the 2-in. piece will make the bond fit the jamb. (d) Shoving the bond back will require one or more % brick for stretchers in the walls above and below the open- ings. These will do more good than harm. They will never be noticed, and may become very welcome if, for any reason, the bricks actually used happen to be shorter than those with which the bond was laid out. (e) In other words lay out the bond of the upper part of the wall before you start laying any of the wall. Then when you carry plumb bond you will not have clusters of short brick in the wall from top to bottom or any undesirable bond around jambs, corners, angles, or at the junctions with other work. 838 On short lengths of wall that do not lay out to full bond (i. e., requiring a three-quarter brick), start from the angle with a three-quarter. Or, in othet words, run the piece into the angle. 839 There is no way of bonding brick to a backing that is so effective as with real brick headers that show on the face as headers. 840 Figures 162 and 163 show the interior court of the St. Francis Hotel, at San Francisco. The entire face of this court, 8 stories high, peeled off by buckling, due to expansion by the heat of the great fire. These figures show how valueless the "blind" (clipped diagonal) header is for bonding face brick to the backing. 204 841 BRICKLAYIXG SYSTEM. Gah-anized iron ties should always be used in connection with blind or clipped brick headers. 842 The metal ties will hold in case of bncklins;- due to heat, and the clipperl headers (see Tlond Chart No. 2) will help to h.old in case the metal ties rust off as a result of not covering the ties completely with mortar. 843 There are many kinds and patterns of anchor irons. TJKise that are the least expensive to brick in are those that benfl up oiih". If anchor irons have jirfijections that bend down thejr are harder for the liricklayer to build in. 1^ Fig. 162. — Court of St. Franci.s Hotol, San Francisco, After tlic Great Fire. 844 In Iniilding' in iron anchors, lie stire to lay the brick as hard a.'j;ainst the anchor as ])Ossible, so that it will have no h'lisc motiiin or plav whatever. 315 The buildint;- laws of many cities call for bond stones in brick- ])iers. 846 These must be avoided iju our work wherever possil^le, as recent fires ha\'e shown them to be verv dangerous, dtie to the disinteijration of the stone by heat. BOND. 205 847 The various isometric drawings and transverse sections in this system are drawn with intention of showing the appren- Fig. 163. -St. Francis Hotel, San Francisco, After the Great Fire. (Note the diagonal lieaders.) tice the bond of the various tiers in themselves and to the adjoining tiers. The general features of bond will be better understood, and the individual drawings will serve their pur- pose better if the following rules are carefully studied : 2o6 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. (a) A wall consists of three different kinds of tiers: (i) outside face tier, (2) inside face tier and (3) filling tiers. (b) All interior or filling tiers should have the end joints of the stretchers on a straight line with each other and in line with the end joints between the stretchers on the outside face tier as in Bond Chart No. i, if the outside face tier is of the same kind of brick and will bond with the filling tier. (c) If the filling tiers, for any reason, cannot be made to bond with the outside face tier, they, should be made to lay in a straight line in themselves across the wall and in line with the end joints between the stretchers of the inside face tier. See Bond Charts No. 3, No. 4, No. 5. (d) If the filling tiers, for any reason, cannot be made to bond with either the outside face tier or the inside face tier, then the filling tiers shall be laid with the end joints between the stretchers in a straight line with each other, and special care shall be made to see that the joints break evenly over the center of the stretchers of the course immediately below the course being laid. This will require extra precautions, as the course below is covered with mortar to receive the next course. While, if the stretchers will lay to bond with either the outside face or the inside face tier, the breaking of the joints of the course below on the filling tiers will be automatic, and will therefore, require no watching of the location of the joints of the course below. (e) If the wall is an even number of tiers thick, and the outside face, filling, and inside face tiers all bond with each other, that is, are all laid with the same size of brick and same size of joints, then the end joints between the stretchers should run through the entire thickness of the wall in a straight line. (f) If the wall is an uneven number of tiers thick, and the outside face, filling and inside face tiers all bond with each other, then the end joints of all stretchers of the filling and outside face tiers should be in a straight line and the end joints of the stretchers in the inside face tier must be located opposite the center of the stretchers of the filling tiers, in or- der that the bond will lay out properly on the jambs of any openings that may occur, or be afterwards built in the wall. BOND. 207 If the wall is laid differently than described in rule "e" or rule "f," the bricks on the jambs will require a lot of unnecessary- cutting. (g) If the wall is an even number of tiers thick, whether or not the bricks on the various tiers are of the same thick- ness, have the headers throughout the entire wall come on as nearly the same course, as possible, except when the brick are not proportiorted properly. (h) Use only full headers (every brick a header) on the header courses of the interior tiers. See Bond Charts No. 8, No. 9, No. 10. (i) If the wall is an uneven number of tiers thick, lay headers on the outside face tier, and on all fillin3- tiers, then lay stretchers on the inside face tier. (See Bond Chart No. s, No. 7, No. 10.) On the next course above lay all headers on the inside face tier, and on the filling tiers, and then lay a stretcher on the outside face tier. (j) On walls of uneven number of tiers thick, always lay the header on the outside face tier on the course below the header on the inside face tier, or the wall will have to be backed up solid, i. e., the entire width of the wall, on the inside to the height of the bottom of the header on the outside face tier before laying the header on the outside tier. This will make the inside face tier in the way of the bricklayer while he is lay- ing the outside face tier. (k) When a Flemish header is used on either the outside face tier or the inside face tier, always back up the stretcher of the Flemish header course with a stretcher, for if a header is put in this space it will upset the scheme of the bond as outlined above. (1) When the top of a header occurring on either the outside face tier or the inside face tier is lower than the level of the filling tiers, level up on top of the header with a split brick and put on the headers exactly the same as herein described. (m) There are countless other ways that a wall can be bonded so that it will serve its purpose, but the methods 2o8 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. here laid down are the quickest, strongest and most econom- ical of time and money. 848 A careful examination of the racking ends of the isometric figures will illustrate fully the actual working of the fore- going rules. 849 Where face brick do not lay up even courses, that is, even heights, with the backing up brick, some arrangement must be made whereby the backing is made level with the top of the course that is under the header, to receive the face brick headers. 850 There are three ways that this may be accomplished: (a) By changing the number of courses between headers on the face brick, and putting a header on every time the top of the face brick comes level with the top of a "backing up" course. (b) By laying a course of split brick on the backing, to come up level with the top of the face brick course t'hat is under the header. (c) By laying a course of bull headers, that is, headers laid on edge instead of in the usual way, on the flat. This method should not be used, however, unless the brick are difficult to split. 851 If the face brick header is a full header, this leveling must be done the entire length of the wall. But if it is a Flemish header, the leveling need be done only by a split bat directly under, and a split bat over the Flemish header. 852 After the four inches directly back of the face four inches are brought up to the level of the top of the course of face brick directly under the header, the face brick header is laid. 853 Generally when a split is needed under the interior half of the face brick header, another split is needed on top of the interior half of the face brick headers to bring that tier (the tier directly behind the face brick) back again to even courses with the balance of the backing. BOND. 209 854 If this is required it should be done at once. Never bring the backing, instead, to the level of the top of the face brick header. 855 Common bond consists of several courses of stretchers fol- lowed by one row of either Flemish or full headers. See Bond Chart No. i. 856 Use common bond everywhere on the inside face of all walls where strength, economy and speed only are desired. 857 Common bond is the strongest of all bonds. It is also the cheapest and quickest to lay. It should, therefore, be used on all walls over 8 ins. thick for backing up, regardless of the bond used on the face. It should be used for both sides of all walls where the greatest strength for the least cost is desired. 858 As to the number of courses of stretchers required be- tween the headers, and as to whether the header course is to be of full headers or Flemish headers, depends on the quality of the bricks, their size, the kind of mortar used, the weight on the wall, the local building ordinance, and the architect's specifications. 859 Always use the strongest brick for the headers. 860 In the absence of orders or rules to the contrary, headers are to have not less than five courses of stretchers nor more than seven courses of stretchers between them. 861 The number should always be odd, so that the header course will start with the same bonds from the lead every time. The header course on the inside is to be put either on the same course or on the next above the header on the outside of the wall. 862 The headers are also to be laid in the middle of the wall with full header courses on the sam.e course as the header on the line, regardless of whether the header on the line is a full header or a Flemish header. 2IO BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. 863 The course above the header on the line is to be all full headers in the middle of the wall, breaking joints endwise on the headers on the course below. 864 Do not use a 2-in. piece instead of a }i.-m. closer in the header course to break the joints over the stretcher courses of common bond. 865 If the mortar has a large proportion of Portland cement and sand and the bricks are first class and very hard, the strongest bond is one Flemish header course to seven courses of stretchers. 866 If there is some doubt about either the quality of the mor- tar or the material of the headers, it should be a course of full headers to every seven courses of stretchers. 867 In countries subject to severe earthquakes, the best prac- tice has been found to be five courses of stretchers followed by one course of full headers. 868 Fig. 164 shows a San Francisco building which was eight stories high, with self supporting brick walls. Common bond was here used, with five courses of stretchers between courses of full headers. This proves that every sixth course is as often as headers are needed, even in earthquake countries. 869 The generally accepted bond for the most economy and speed in the New England states is seven courses of stretchers between Flemish headers. 870 In no case should the header occur oftener than every sixth course, even in the most important and heaviest loaded work, for the reason that nearly every wall needs more stretchers than it has, and every course of headers deprives the wall of one course of stretchers on the outside face tier and on the inside face tier, and deprives the wall of stretchers on at least two courses on each interior tier. 871 The various tests made to determine the correct number BOND. 211 Fig. 164. — Wall of Mutual Life Insurance Co.'s Building, San Francisco, After th& Fire. 212 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. of courses of stretchers between headers are misleading, be- cause they have always been made on short lengths of walls which are not comparable with actual working conditions. When short lengths of walls are crushed, the oftener the headers occur, the higher the results ; but under actual condi- tions, where long walls are built, the need of more stretchers due to uneven loading and settling, and shrinking is evidenced by the racking cracks that are not uncommon in all localities. 872 Many authorities claim that English bond and English cross bond, with the lap of only a quarter of a brick, are the strongest, because they have courses of full headers every second course. This is a great mistake, as is proved by the walls themselves. A wall failing for want of header courses is rare. Walls with racking cracks between the stretchers are very common. 873 Many old brick buildings show racking cracks on the face of the walls due to settlement or expansion and contraction due to changes in temperature, but few buildings can be seen with any damage or cracks due to splitting for want 'of headers. 874 We have taken down buildings with walls laid up 19 courses between headers and with no sign of splitting due to lack of headers. 875 We have never seen or heard of a case of a wall splitting lengthwise vertically with seven courses of stretchers between headers, and a careful examination of thousands of brick walls convinces us that the weakest point is the lack of stretchers, as shown by racking cracks, and that the more courses of stretchers, the more strength in this direction. 876 Superintendents will, however, use the bond called for in architect's specification. 877 Fig. 165 represents a photograph of the shops of the Leland Stanford, Jr., University at Palo Alto, California, taken immediately after the great earthquake of April 18. IQ06. Care- BOND. 213 ful examination of the cracks of this building show the neces- sity of using more stretchers even at the sacrifice of headers. 878 Note that the brick is plastered to imitate stone work. 879 Figs 166 and 167 give additional evidence as to the num- ber of courses of stretchers that should be laid between header courses. 880 These figures show both sides of a 12-in. wall in a N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. freight shed. At the time of the accident the wall was but a few days old, and the mortar still green. A Fig. 16a. — Three Earthquake Cracks, Showing Lack of Stretchers. train of gravel cars was backed against the wall so hard as to knock a hole clear through the wall. The wall showed no injury at all, except as shown in the pictures. 881 The figures show how the wall looked immediately after the accident, the only change being that the railway track used for grading has been moved a few feet to the right. 882 The brick in this wall are laid common bond with seven courses of stretchers between courses of full headers. 214 883 BRICKLA ) IX'G S 5 "6' TEM. All other bonds than common bond are to be considered as purely ornamental. Fig. 166. FiK. 167. Two Views of a Wall Pierced by a Gravel Train. 884 They can be divided into two classes : (a) Those that change the bond at the corners, i. e., where all the even numbered courses are not i)Iumb with one another. BOND. 21$ (b) Those that do not change the bond at the corners, i. e., where all the even numbered courses are plumb with one another. 885 Those bonds that change the bond can be run out to the corner with a brick header 2 ins. wide on the corner. See Bond Chart No. 8, No. 14, No. 16. The bond of the corner can be maintained as headers and stretchers alternately and the bond can be changed by the usual practice of putting in two % brick. 886 The bond is also sometimes maintained by putting a half brick near the corner ; but this does not look so well. See Bond Chart No. 9, No. 10, No. 11. 887 The 2-in. piece next to an opening or a corner is not allowed in some specifications, but there are cases where it is absolutely necessary either to have the 2-in. piece, or else to have the bond out of plumb. 888 The 2-in. piece is sometimes placed one-half brick from the corner, see Bond Chart No. 5, and sometimes put on the corner such as a header 2 ins. wide. See Bond Chart No. 12, No. 13. 889 The position of the 2-in piece is determined by the follow- ing features : (a) Whether or not the pattern of the bond is such that the pattern runs around the corner. See Bond Chart No. 14. (b) Whether or not a border effect on the corner is desired. See Bond Chart No. 9, No. 10. (c) Whether or not the location of the 2-in. piece inter- feres with the symmetry of the pattern. See Bond Chart No. 15- 890 In the absence of any definite instructions from the archi- tect, ornamental bonds are to have at least one header to every ten stretchers showing on the face of the wall, and, if the bond will not permit as many headers as this showing on the face, then additional blind or diagonal and galvanized iron 2l6 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. headers must be put in at the rate of one additional bHnd header for every five extra stretchers that show on the face of the wall. 891 "All-Stretcher Bond" is the correct name for the arrange- ment of brick that shows nothing but stretchers on the face of the wall. See Bond Chart No. 2. 892 This bond is also sometimes called "running bond," "plumb bond" or "stretcher bond." 893 The building ordinances of the city of New York say that walls of all stretcher bond "shall be 4 ins. thicker than the walls are required to be under any section of this code." 894 This bond is the weakest of all, unless it is tied in with brick that are 8 ins. square. Brick of this shape are hard to obtain in most localities, and are generally of a slightly differ- ent shade or thickness from the standard brick. 895 If the bonding stretchers (8x8x2j^) are not used, diag- onal headers must be used sometimes. The latter are not satis- factory, as is shown by Fig. 163, and should be supplemented by metal ties. 896 If metal ties are used extreme care should be exerted to have them completely covered with Portland cement or they will surely rust out sooner or later, even if galvanized. 897 Many walls can be seen in the old South Cove section of Boston which have split from the top to bottom, due to the rusting off of metal ties. 898 Many such walls may be seen there, also, which have been repaired by cutting holes completely through the walls two feet long, two courses high and five feet apart on centers hori- zontally, and seven courses between vertically, and filling these holes completely full of headers. 899 Walls repaired in this manner have become serviceable again without further attention or repairs. BOND. 217 900 Flemish bond consists of courses of alternate headers and stretchers, with the center of the headers located plumb over the center of the stretchers beneath them. 901 Under no consideration must two stretchers adjoin each other in the same course. 902 No joint must come under or over a header even in the smallest pier, return or reveal. This is a matter often disre- garded but must never occur on our work. 903 For the strongest, quickest and most economical results, real headers should not be extended into the backing oftener than every sixth or eighth course. The headers in the five or seven intervening courses should be imitation, or bat, headers. 904 There are several ways of laying out the bond on the leads. 905 The bond on each face from the corner, and also out from the angle, can be a header with a three-quarter over and under it (See Bond Chart No. 4), or it can be made with a header and 2-in. piece with a stretcher over and under it (See Bond Chart No. 5), or it can be made with the end of the brick made 2 ins. wide with a half brick over and under it (See Bond Chart No. 3), or any combination of these three lay-outs. 906 This last method does not look as well as that of Bond Chart No. 4, No. 5, and should be used only when the lay-out fits the short piece of wall that way. 907 It is perfectly good practice to use, or not to use, the 2-in. piece near the corner and near the angle, but, as it gives a border effect to the end of the wall, if used at all it should be used on both ends of the wall and on each side of the corner and the angle, if possible, for the sake of symmetry. 908 When the 2-in. piece is used next to the header on a corner, it should always be considered a part of the stretcher that goes along side of it. On black header or other colored pattern Flemish bond, the 2-in. piece must be colored the 2l8 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. same as the stretchers and must never be considered as a half header. 909 In running into an angle the end of a stretcher sometimes comes to within 2 ins., or half a header of the angle. In this case, of course, the exposed 2 ins. between the stretcher and the angle is half a header, and must be colored as a header. 910 Take extra care to have the two end joints the same width on the 2-in. piece. If care is not taken on any cut brick the cut side of the brick will make the narrower joint of the two. 911 Flemish bond has no decided diagonal lines, and conse- quently it is not so important to have the courses of brick laid to exact heights as it is that the horizontal joints be the same thickness for uniform appearing work. 912 It is essential that the plumb bond pole be used, or the inaccuracy will be very noticeable. 913 Flemish bond is much cheaper to lay than English bond or English cross bond, when the brick are not proportioned on the basis of the length of two headers plus one joint equaling the length of one stretcher. 914 If the brick are proportioned as above, the cost of the three above mentioned bonds is about the same. 915 English bond consists of alternate courses of full headers and stretchers, the headers being plumb over each other and the stretchers being plumb over each other, the headers being divided equally over the stretchers and over the joints between the stretchers. See Bond Chart No. 6, No. 7. 916 The bond can start from the angle and from the corner after the rules of Flemish bond. 917 If bricks of different colors are used with English bond, it is desirable that the pattern start the same distance from each side of the corner and from each side of the angle. 918 It is also generally desirable that the header comes on the BOND. 219 same course on all of the walls, angles, and around the corners, all the way around the building, for the reason that, owing to the extra number of joints, the header course shows up a different shade of color and presents a belt-like ap- pearance. 919 If the brick are not made so that the length of two headers plus one joint is equal to the length of one stretcher, this bond will require a great deal of cutting and placing of occasional long bats in the header course or of clipping the ends off all stretchers or at regular intervals. 920 The plumb bond pole is necessary for the best results. With English bond, when bricks vary in thickness, laying to uniform heights for each course is not so important as having the same thickness of horizontal joints. 921 If English bond or any of the cross bonds are to be used, due precautions in selection must be taken at the time that the brick are purchased to insure getting brick that are cor- rectly proportioned. 922 The majority of American brick do not lend themselves readily to any of the "cross bonds" because they are generally made with too great a length in proportion to their width. The result is that two headers plus one end joint is not as long as one stretcher. 923 English cross bond is the same as English bond, except that the stretcher courses break joints evenly over each other. See Bond Chart No. 8, No. 9, No. 10. 924 This feature will either change the bond every course on the corner or next to the corner. 925 It can be changed next to the corner by putting in a half brick, or by two three-quarter bricks in every second stretcher course on each side of the corner and each side of the angle. 926 Which of the above three methods should be used depends on several conditions, as follows : 220 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. (a) Whether a border effect is desired on the corner. See Bond Chart No. 9, No. 10. (b) Whether the headers are desired on the same course for a continuous bond effect, as in Bond Chart No. 9, No. 11, or on different courses, as in Bond Chart No. 8, No. 10. (c) Whether the bond is run out to the corner and to the angle using the 2-in. end on the header end of the corner brick. See Bond Chart No. 8, No. 11. (d) Whether it is desired to have the diagonal lines run around the corner in an unbroken line. See Bond Chart No. 8, No. II. 927 _ English cross bond lends itself particularly well to orna- mental brickwork on account of its diagonal lines of joints and the St. George's cross effect. See Bond Chart No. 26 and No. 23. 928 For the best effects it is necessary to use the plumb bond pole and the story pole with the bricks laid to exactly even heights, or the diagonal lines will not be straight. 929 For best results it is more important that bricks are pro portioned correctly than for English bond. 930 Garden wall bond consists of three stretchers to one head- er on every course. See Bond Chart No. 13. 931 Garden wall bond is especially adapted to boundary walls and any other walls not over 8 ins., or two brick, thick. 932 As each header is completely surrounded by stretchers, the bricklayer can favor the inaccuracies in length of the head- ers by averaging the position of the faces of the adjoining stretchers in and out from the ashlar line. 933 Flemish spiral bond is particularly adapted to chimneys and stairway towers and bays of small radius, as it cuts down the amount of rolling necessary on curved surfaces. See bond chart No. 72. 934 The bond can be swung back and forth if desired, or car- ried all in one direction. See bond chart No. 73. BOND. 221 935 The general appearance of any brickwork where each course ends with a cut brick, such as paved work, will be much improved if the piece is placed so that the cut edge of the closer is away from the end of the work. 936 This hides the irregularities of the cut edge. 937 If the cut edge is placed on the exterior edge of the pav- ing, or against the border of the paving, the inaccuracies of the cut edges will be exaggerated ; first, because the cut edges appear where the eye unconsciously expects them ; and, sec- ond, because they are all together in a straight line. 938 On herringbone paving, and in fact all other patterns of paving, do not cut the pieces and closers until the large por- tions of the body of the paving are done. 939 An analysis of motion study will instantly reveal a tre- mendous saving of motions and time, if the closers are all made and placed at one operation. 940 When paving, whether in sand or mortar, prepare guides for a template or straight edge to slide upon that will spread off the bed evenly to receive the brick with the least amount of tamping. 941 In other words, arrange the beds with a guide so as to require just enough tamping to bed the brick properly. 942 Ornamental bonds should not be made to appear as com- plicated and mysterious as they were in the days when arch cutters housed themselves in shacks to prevent others seeing the method used to cut bricks. 943 The place that requires the services of the most skilled bricklayer is in reality a perfectly- plain blank wall, where the slightest deviation from accuracy and uniformity will show up with the most prominence. 944 A steel tape is often used by the foremen to mark out joints in a wall containing ornamental brickwork. This 222 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. method of marking should not be used as it delays the brick- layers too long. 945 The foreman should provide bricklayers with plumb bond poles with joint notches cut in each of the four edges. See Fig. no. The poles should have marked near each edge the letter or symbol of the courses to which that edge applies. 946 A plumb bond pole thus marked, in combination with a story pole, will take care of all racking patterns. They will require no other attention, no matter how long the rack is. 947 All marks on the plumb bond pole for making plumb bond should be made at the center of the vertical joint, not at the edge of the brick, except where wide vertical joints are used. See Fig. no. 948 Marks on the story pole should represent the top edge of the brick, not the center of the mortar joint. 949 This method will simplify and make accurate those- prob- lems of bricklaying that have always been considered diffi- cult by bricklayers and foremen. It will reduce delays, con- ferences and arguments on the scaffold. It will put all of the laying out in the hands of the foreman, who can get the wall laid out exactly as he lays it out on a pole beforehand. 950 Not only must the brick be laid with plumb bond, and with courses at even heights, but they must be also all of one cull. If they are not, they should not be culled at all, or the difference in thickness of the horizontal and also vertical joints will be very noticeable, especially if the wall has a decidedly diagonal pattern on the face. 951 When the desired effect of bond is obtained by different widths of the vertical joints, as in bond charts Nos. 14, 15, 17, 61, instead of different colors or culls of brick, the plumb bond pole must be notched with one notch at the center of each narrow joint and two notches at each edge of each wide ver- tical joint. BOND. 223 952 On large patterns of bond, as for example the Flemish double cross bonds, it is sometimes quite impracticable to have the work symmetrical on all corners. In such cases the foreman must start the pattern at the most important corner, or the corner most seen, or else divide the remaining portions of the patterns evenly at each end of the wall. See bond chart No. 15, No. 16. 953 In case the bond does not work out symmetrically at all corners, judgment must be used to decide which wall it is most important to have symmetrical at both ends. 954 Ornamental patterns in brickwork are expensive, if much measuring and cutting of brick to length is required. 955 Almost any decorative pattern can be built with little or no cutting, if the work is laid out with the right combina- tions of courses of stretcher bond, English cross bond, Flemish cross and Flemish double cross bonds. 956 -The advantage of using the particular bond that is best adapted to the particular pattern, is due to the fact that fewer joints are used by some bonds than others in those places where joints are not required. 957 These joints that are not needed can be made much nar- rower than the others, thus being scarcely noticeable. See bond chart No. 54. 958 When ornamental bond and patterns are designed without a definite drawing showing clearly each and every brick, the foreman should lay out on the standard scale paper a combination of brick that will show the fewest number of joints that do not form a necessary part of the pattern. 959 The diagrams shown in this system are given by way of assistance to the foremen in laying out bond to fit the archi- tect's design. It is not expected that they will exactly fit, but that they will show the key to methods that will tend to reduce costs by obviating some measuring and cutting. 224 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. 960 Following the methods shown here will surely result in cutting down the labor on decorative work. 961 Consult the office drawings for additional keys for special cases. 962 After determining the particular combination of bonds that will carry out the architect's design with the lowest labor cost, submit the same for the architect's approval before pro- ceeding with the work. 963 A very large proportion of the ornamental bonds can be reduced to a simple bond of symmetrical arrangement of head- ers and stretchers by arranging certain units with or without borders. 964 Each one of these units shown, bond chart No. 25;, varies two courses in height and one-half brick in width. 965 These units can be made by various arrangement of headers and stretchers, but the patterns of the units as drawn are the least expensive from a labor standpoint. 966 They will have a definite symmetrical bond easily remem- bered by the bricklayer without constantly looking at a detail drawing, and they will carry out any pattern with the least amount of cutting of brick to odd or uneven lengths. 967 These patterns are the most economical where the brick are of such proportions that two headers plus one joint do not exactly equal one stretcher in length. Furthermore, they re- quire the least possible number of pieces to lay to the line. 968 This last point is a great factor in reducing labor costs, as very few brickyards in America make any attempt to produce brick of exactly correct proportions. 969 Those brick that are supposed to be of the correct relative measurements are not always so, because of unequal shrinkage while baking. BOND. 225 970 It will be noticed that these units are i, 2, 3 and 4, alone, or with borders around them. 971 Some of these ornamental patterns can be executed in color with English cross bond instead of the bonds as shown here, but it would not only be much more expensive but would not be nearly so accurate, due to the difficulty of keeping the header course from running ahead or behind the bond and the consequent difficulty of making the joints in the header course uniform and the same size as those in the stretcher courses. 972 There are countless other arrangements of joints than can be made to carry out these same patterns, but the arrangements as shown, made of the standard "bond units," will require fewer standard courses and consequently fewer plumb bond poles than any other arrangement. All of which, conse- quently, cuts down the complications of the bricklayer's work, reducing cost and increasing speed. 973 A large number of examples of regular bond are given here, to show that any pattern or bond can be best handled by the foreman and the bricklayer if he is thoroughly conversant with the laws governing bonds. 974 By using the methods here shown any unusual bond, if regular, that is, if it repeats itself, can be laid accurately with no other precautions than a properly laid out plumb bond pole and story pole. 226 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. BOND CHARTS. 227 Bond Chart No. i. Isometric view showing common bond with five courses of stretchers between header courses. The walls to the left and to the center show courses of Flemish headers, while the wall to the right shows courses of full headers. The corners should start with full length headers and stretchers every course except the header courses, which should be either a three-quarter brick or a half biick plus a three-quarter brick from the corner. On short lengths of wall it is good practice to run the bond straight into the angle as it works out from using full length brick. On long lengths of wall it is generally better prac- tice to start the angles exactly the same as described for the corner, and to have the piece occur in the middle of the course between leads. This bond with the header course made with flemish headers is the strongest and most economical of all the bonds. On certain work it is less objectionable than a bond having full header courses. Courses of full headers always present a banded effect, owing to a much larger number of joints, and, on culled work, owing to the end of a brick being generally a slightly dififerent color than the side of a brick. The blocking on the end of this wall shows the right way to build blocking on common work. The headers should never be put nearer to the blocking than as shown. The purpose of the blocking is to make a tie lengthwise of the wall and joints, and additional headers would tend to make a weakness at this point. The headers that are bound to occur in the end of the blocking more than compensate for the loss of headers in the header course. A cross on a brick denotes a header. 228 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. BOND CHARTS. 229 Bond Chart No. 2. Isometric view showing all-stretcher bond on the exterior face tier, with blind headers wherever there is a cross. The interior face tier is common bond. All-stretcher bond should always start from the corner with a full length header and a full length stretcher. The piece, if any, should be placed either in the middle of the course between the two leads, or adjoining the angle. It is always desirable to start the angle with a full length header and stretcher, but it costs less to reduce the length of the half brick and stretcher adjoining the angle, if that will save cutting between the leads. This bond should never be used except under orders from the architect, as it is more expensive and not so strong as any of the bonds that have real headers. The pilaster shows that any projection of whole brick built from a wall does not change the bond from what it would be if it ran straight through and past the pilaster. 230 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. BOND CHARTS. 23 1 Bond Qiart No. 3. Isometric view showing Flemish bond on the exterior face tier and common bond on the interior face tier. The bonds to the left of the corner and to the right of the angle are alike, and the bonds to the right of the corner and to the left of the angle are alike. It is generally desirable, when one of the faces running to the angle shows a 2" piece or half a header adjoining an angle, to put a 2" piece on the other wall also next to the corner instead of as shown to the right of the angle in this figure. 232 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. BOND CHARTS. 233 Bond Chart No. 4 Isometric view showing Flemish bond on the exterior face tier and common bond on the interior face tier. The bond on both sides of the corner and angle is sym- metrical, starting with a half brick and a three-quarter brick alternately on each side of the corner and angle. The 2" piece is permissible at any time that the length of the wall spaces out for the 2" piece, but it is generally better to make the corner or the angle look as symmetrical as pos- sible, if it can be done without additional cutting. 234 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. BOND CHARTS. 235 Bond Chart No. 5. Isometric view showing Flemisli bond on the exterior face tier and common bond on the interior face tier. The bond on both sides of the corner and angle is sym- metrical, the header starting with a whole brick, and a half brick plus one-quarter brick plus a whole brick, alternately, on each side of the angle and the corner. In Flemish bond the 2" piece must never occur between two headers nor over a joint, and should be used only against the brick that comes next the corner or angle. In Flemish bond the header must never come over or un- der a joint and must always be plumb over the center of the stretcher under it and over it. , All odd numbers of courses must be alike with joints plumb over each other and all even numbered courses must be alike with joints plumb over each other. 236 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. BOND CHARTS. 237 Bond Chart No. 6. Isometric view showing EngHsh bond on the exterior face and common bond on the interior face tier. This bond is very easy to lay out, but is quite different when headers are on the same course on both sides of angles and corners than from where they are on alternating courses. This figure shows both faces of the angles symmetrical, the headers being on different courses wherever the face of two walls intersect. This is the easiest way to lay out English bond, but it is often undesirable as the headers do not occur on the same courses. Full headers should not be used oftener than every sixth or eight course. We realize that this is contrary to much that has been written, but it is undoubtedly in the interests of the best work, as is shown by countless examples of old work laid English bond, where racking cracks invariably show themselves be- fore there is any splitting between tiers when laid with less than seven courses between headers. This is so contrary to present beliefs and practice, that we desire to call particular attention to this fact. The header starts on each side of the corner a half brick and a 2" piece from the corner. The header starts from each side of the angle three- quarters of a brick from the angle. If desired, a 2" piece and a header may be used in place of the three-quarter brick at the angle, but it makes many more joints in the angle and is not so desirable. 238 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. BOND CHARTS. 239 Bond Chart No. 7. Isometric view showing English bond on the exterior face tier and common bond on the interior face tier. The headers on the left section are on a different course from the headers on the central and right section. Headers should always occur on the same course all the way around the building or else change at every corner and angle. There are many ways that English bond can be laid from the corner and the angle. The rules to be followed are: (a) no lap shall ever be less than one-quarter of a brick; (b) the header must be divided evenly over each joint, or over the center of each brick. Corresponding joints in different courses must be plumb over each other, every header course being like every other header course and every stretcher course like every other stretcher course. Bricks marked "A" may be either stretchers or headers. 240 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. BOND CHARTS. 241 Bond Chart No. 8. Isometric view showing English cross bond on the exterior face tier and common bond on the in- terior face tier. The header courses occur on different courses on adjoining walls. The change in the bond is made at the corner. The diagonal lines run upward in the center wall and are continued around the corner in the wall to the left, but the diagonal lines in the wall to the left are not continued around the corner in the center wall. The header occurs a half brick from the corner to the left of the corner and a quarter brick from the corner to the right of the corner. The bond changes at the angle by continuing the stretcher courses into the angle without cutting. The header occurs one-quarter brick to the left of the angle and a half brick from the right of the angle. The diagonal lines extend up the center wall around the angle and upward on the wall to the right, but the diagonal lines on the wall to the right do not continue past the angle upwardly in the center wall. 242 LRICKLAYING SYSTEM. BUND CHARTS. 243 Bond Chart No. 9. Isometric view showing English cross bond on the exterior face tier and common bond on the in- terior face tier. The header courses occur on the same courses on all walls. The corner is built without changing the bond at the corner. The change occurs every fourth course by inserting a half brick at the distance of a whole brick from the corner at the right of the corner, and a half brick from the corner to the left of the corner. The bond on each side of the angle is symmetrical, the bond changing on each side of the angle every course. The header course starts three-quarters of a brick from the angle on each wall. 244 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. BOND CHARTS. 245 Bond Chart No. 10. Isometric view showing Enghsh cross bond on the exterior face tier and common bond on the interior face tier. The header courses occui on different courses on adjoin- ing walls. The corner is built without changing the bond at the corner. The change occurs by inserting a half brick every fourth course at the distance of a whole brick to the left and also to the right of the corner. The two faces of the angle are made differently, but could be made exactly alike by transposing the 2" piece with the header in every header course, and by transposing the header and the whole brick in every second stretcher course on either side of the angle. 246 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. BOND CHARTS. 247 Bond Chart No. 11. Isometric view showing English cross bond on the exterior face tier and common bond on the interior face tier. The header courses occur on the same course on all walls. The corner is built alike on both sides. The diagonal line of joints runs unbroken on one wall around the corner and on the other wall. This bond is particularly desirable where lines of diagonal joints are desired, but the corner itself does not look as mas- sive and strong as it would if the brick showing 2" on each face were made as a % on one face. The bond is changed every course at the corner. The header occurs 2" from the corner on each face. The angle is symmetrical on both sides. The bond is changed every course at the angle by running out the stretcher courses into the angle as they occur. This maintains the diagonal lines up one face, around the angle and on the other face. 248 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. BOND CHARTS. 249 Bond Chart No. 12. Isometric view showing header two- jjtretcher garden wall bond. When this bond is used on garden or boundary walls, it is good practice to have every header a real header extending through the wall, showing the same pattern on both the ex- terior and interior face tiers. When this pattern is used on walls thicker than 8", it is generally advisable to have real headers only on every fourth course. The corners and angles may be laid as shown, or in ac- cordance with an_v of the rules for laying corners and angles in Engflish bond. 2SO BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. o BOND CHARTS. 251 Bond Chart No. 13. Isometric view showing header three- stretcher garden wall bond. When this bond is used on garden or boundary walls it is good practice to have every header a real header extending through the wall, showing the same pattern on both the ex- terior and interior face tiers. When this pattern is used on walls thicker than 8", it is generally advisable to have real headers only on every second header course. Walls exposed on both sides to frost and weather are more apt to split between the tiers than walls used in building con- struction, and consequently the headers should occur oftener. The comers and angles may be laid as shown, or in ac- cordance with any of the rules for laying corners and angles in Flemish and English bond. 252 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. BOND CHARTS. 253 Bond Chart No. 14. Isometric view showing Unit 6 on the exterior face tier, divided symmetrically on the corner and evenly on the angle. The interior face tier is common bond. 254 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. BOND CHARTS. 255 Bond Chart No. 15. Isometric view showing Unit 6 on the exterior face tier, divided evenly on the corner and sym- metrically on the angle. The interior face tier is common bond. 256 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. BOND CHARTS. 257 Bond Chart No. 16. Isometric view showing Unit 6 on the exterior face tier, divided symmetrically on the corner and on the angle. The interior face tier is common bond. On the bond charts of ornamental bond which follow, charts No. 17 to No. 71, the vertical arrangement of the headers is shown by the vertical key, which is hatched in. The horizontal arrangement of the headers is given in the captions. 2s8 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. I ,11, i: "TT I. I . . I .11 I . I I . . I . I . I . . I .1 xn II. I I. I I , I , E ~r-T ^^^ II 11, I TT I I . I "TT I I "TT T-^ 11. I r~~n- II, 11 I I , I "T^~T zzn "I r 11. B I -.1 'I 11. I.I I . I EX I . I n~T I I w Ma ^;^ O ::^M S a »! 'ir7/% m'// A I mWS-M \ SJ ~'^m, y-^t: 2 3zr iin W/^///f//A I Ez; ^/M'//////. xn: Bond Chart No. 17. Bpnd Chart No. 17 is a Flemish cross-bond where the header is shifted its own width back and forth from a vertical line. All odd numbered courses are Flemish header courses, and all even courses are stretchers crossed every stretcher course. The dififerent shading shows effects that can be obtained by different culls of brick or by wide joints. BOND CHARTS. 259 Bond Chart No. 18. Bond Chart No. 18. The bond of Bond Chart 18 is the same as Bond Chart 17, but the cross-hatching is located dif- ferently. 26o BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. ' ' ' ' I . ^ :m: .1. .. I r I 3 m m m m I... I I I ■: r — r I I "I r Bond Chart No. 19. Bond Chart No. 19. This bond is like Flemish bond, ex- cept that the Flemish header courses are separated by two courses of quarter lapped stretchers; the laps travel two courses to the left and then two courses to the right alter- nately. BOND CHARTS. 261 Bond Chart No. 20. Bond Chart No. 20 is Flemish cross bond. The odd courses are Flemish bond, and the even courses are stretchers crossed every second time. 262 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. Bond Chart No. 21. Bond Chart No. 21 is an English cross bond, a pattern being brought out by the use of two culls of brick. BOND CHARTS. 263 Bond Chart No. 22. Bond Chart No. 22 and Bond Chart No. 23 are the same pattern laid out with header two-stretcher cross-bond and English cross-bond, the only difference being in the number of joints which is much larger in No. 23, the English cross-bond, than in No. 22. Many of these patterns for which special bonds have been shown can be executed in English cross-bond, but the English cross-bond will require more labor, especially if the bricks are not proportioned so that two-headers plus one joint equals the length of one stretcher. ~- jCTi '1 r ' " 1 ■ ■ I i I =P^ ^ '.u.: I ;i ■'.r..;:: ..r:!n-~n.---::-:j: ■;;:'i \'—i-.2 ^-:t;5 iJLi Bond Chart No. 23. 264 BRICK LA YING S YS TEM. ■:-■■■ e 3d^ LIJ 4^: ^ B Bond Chart No. 24. Bond Chart No. 24 is a garden wall cross bond, the odd courses are header three stretchers, and the even courses are stretchers crossed. BOND CHARTS. 265 e= '' 1 '1 ' ,/ ^£&, ^^^ ^ ^ ^^. , 1 , 11 , I , I , I II I 3 I I I , I =P K ^^ Bond Chart No. 25. § ^ /. ' 'i ' ' ' /' ' /' ', ^ Bond Chart No. 25 shows ten units. Each successive one is a half brick wider and two courses higher than the one that precedes it. Bond Chart No. 26. Bond Chart No. 26 is unit 2, shown (a) by itself, (b) with a horizontal border, (c) with a vertical border, and (d) with a horizontal and a vertical border. It consists of English cross-bond. Unit No. 2 is the foundation of English cross bond, Eng- lish bond and Flemish bond. 266 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. xm -T-r I I ^^ ^^ 3zr ~r~r ^^=i^ "TT xn TT X=C ~r~r X &, Cr »3=l ZZI X-C ja rx T^gr X3 XI cxo XZEX X :s: 1 ""l'<'-:<.~'rt" ,;< fe i !X E| x:f |f: :f Vgr-'tl ' f S ^«x '^f ;^i' ' — 4^:71 - :Zi' ..J.... -■r ;-i~i" ■y^. '-T 1 ; 1 \^^ ! : ■:rn::s :!■■■■••■ '■■■ "^■^— Bond Chart No. 27. Bond Chart No. 27 is tmit 3. It consists of Flemish bond in every course. BOND CHARTS. 267 Bond Chart No. 28. Bond Chart No. 28 is unit 3 with a horizontal border. It consists of Flemish bond in every course. 268 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. Bond Chart No. 29. Bond Chart No. 29 is unit 3, with a vertical stretcher border. It consists of header, three stretchers in every course. BOND CHARTS. 269 Bond Chart No. 30. Bond Chart No. 30 is unit No. 3, with a horizontal and a vertical stretcher border. It consists of Flemish semi-cross bond. The odd numbered courses being Flemish headers, and the even numbered courses being stretchers crossed on each other every second time. 270 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. ^a=T C—t: j:::m :m m TTT XJZZX W^ zmz. V^£ ^k-^ r .M. T K A^ -^03 X3 ra j " ,. : .ij Trzj t=X _3a, „ _ T X :Ti r nZE "TT- ^-rTTir ^ a T g ?-S soy X5 i =^ :^« nzictrzr ^C~4 nr3 Bond Chart No. 31. Bond Chart No. 31 is unit No. 3 with a horizontal and a vertical stretcher border. It consists of header two stretchers on every course. This resembles No. 30, but has a straight border. BOND CHARTS. 271 Bond Chart No. 32. Bond Chart No. 32 is unit No. 3 with a two stretcher ver- tical border. It consists of header five stretchers on everj course. 272 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. Bond Chart No. 33. Bond Chart 33 is unit No. 3, with a horizontal and a ver- tical double stretcher border. It consists of header, three stretchers in every course. BOND CHARTS. 273 :■:-;■•:;;.;;■ Bond Chart No. 34. Bond Chart No. 34 consists of unit No. 4 with the odd numbered courses consisting of crossed stretchers, and the even numbered courses consisting of two-headers, stretcher. 274 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. Bond Chart No. 35. Bond Chart No. 35 consists of unit No. 4 with a hori- zontal stretcher border. All odd numbered courses are crossed stretchers and the even numbered courses are two-headers, stretcher. BOND CHARTS. 275 Bond Chart No. 36. Bond Chart No. 36 consists of unit No. 4 with a vertical stretcher border, odd numbered courses being crossed stretch- ers, even numbered courses being header, one-stretcher, header, two-stretchers. 276 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM Bond Chart No. 37. Bond Chart No. 37 consists of unit No. 4 with a horizontal and a vertical stretcher border, the odd courses being crossed stretchers, the even courses being Flemish headers. BOND CHARTS. 277 s. ,■.;■■ . iM.. Bond Chart No. 38. Bond Chart No. 38 is unit No. 4 with a horizontal header border. 278 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. 1,1 1,1 o nx "TT- X T W , Ml , I XH iTTr 'I' l I ' i'i . ' ^=^ .11 II I . I ' I I ' I . ' - ^^^ M IM I III 11 M ^ ^ I Ep .TT ^^ L..J I- ■ !■■;..::: 11 I r I TTT "TT X] ..■^ ; ■:.;"..r'js .'b':?. '■■ ^'^ic::::::;..:! .,r..;..::KS-;; " ■ "■>. ' 'yti ..::: '■'i '..:'. .-^ !«»! ^■j ■.Hi..--^ ...■;; .'.ffi;- i;*.. "1 '-M:,:'^r.::..r . Bond Chart No. 39. Bond Chart No. 39 is unit No. 4 with a horizontal and a vertical header border. BOND CHARTS. 279 Bond Chart No. 40. Bond Chart No. 40 is unit No. 4 with a wide horizontal border. It consi.sts of two headers stretchers crossed on every even course, and stretcher on every odd course. 28o BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. Bond Chart No. 41. Bond Chart No. 41 is unit No. 4 with a horizontal border five stretchers wide. It consists of alternating courses of crossed stretchers, the courses between being two headers, stretcher. The border is of quarter lapped courses of stretch- ers, the laps changing their direction at the units. BOND CHARTS. 281 1 i-J 1 1 1 -T 1 T 1 1 III |-^ r^ r'- ,1 ,11 1 taiJ 1 1 1 1 1 1 T^ 1 1 — I W 1 1 III' |— r^ 1,1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ' 1 ^ 1 , II 1 l-a 1 '1 -h- ,1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ' 1 1 ■■ 1 1 1 1 ' — H 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 ' |-^ 1 II 1 mm 1 ' 1 ' - 1 1 1 1 " 1 1 ^ 1 BM 1 1 III' 1^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ' 1 '- 1 II 1 s ' 1 ' 1 ' r 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 i-M 1 II-' 1,1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 — r'- 1 II 1 1=1 ' 1 ' [ ' .1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ' 1 BB 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 I^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 -h^ 1, 1 1 1 m '\ '1 — S- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 fci 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1=! 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ' 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ' 1 II 1 ■■ 1 1 1 I i. //Mf^i \ 1 1 1 I S X^ '■'■ -'^^'/.iV-'/M 1 ^^ 1 1 2; ^ss»-i'W^^ 1 ^M^ 1 1 1 F 1 Kp^^ 1 w4^^^ 1 1 1 '^^^^ \ ' W^^im^ 1 1 1 K?^^^^ 1 yk^y^^ \ V ', Bond Chart No. 42. Bond Chart No. 42 is unit No. 4 with a two stretcher vertical border. It consists of crossed stretchers in odd course, and of header two stretchers, header three stretchers in every even course. 282 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. Bond Chart No. 43. Bond Chart No. 43 is unit No. 4 with a two stretcher horizontal and a two-stretcher vertical border. It consists of crossed stretchers in every odd course, and of header stretcher, header two-stretchers in every even course. BOND CHARTS. 283 Bond Chart No. 44. Bond Chart No. 44 is unit No. 5. It consists of header two stretchers in every course. ZL Bond Chart No. 45. Bond Chart No. 45 is unit No. 5 with a horizontal stretcher border. It consists of header two stretchers in every course. 284 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. I [ "".'"1 V''.'/.^:^^ 1, "ri"' '1' r„ "", x. r: TJ " ':: {„"! j ; X-3; i2r-a^ :;]„. r : jzx Trjm^ 3r--^ ijj.,. 'y. ;z5 gF^ irr 3 T :« ?4-5 a T"""! ^/I iir^?' xx :m ^ s x: ;;";r: -"-i. e=E^ fc,, t?iMjjtf fi'l gJ ^ .. 1 » S^ «: \km^i i Bond Chart No. 46. Bond Chart No. 46 is unit No. 5 with a vertical stretcher border. It consists of header four stretchers on every course. BOND CHARTS. 285 Bond Chart No. 47. Bond Chart No. 47 is unit No. 5 with a horizontal and a vertical stretcher border. This consists of header three-stretcher in every course. 28b BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. Bond Chart No. 48. Bond Chart No. 48 is unit No. 5 with a double-stretcher horizontal border. Each course consists of headers two- stretchers. BOND CHARTS. 287 Bond Chart No. 49. Bond Chart No. 49 is unit No. 5 with a vertical double- stretcher border; it consists of header six-stretchers in every course. 288 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. Bond Chart No. 50. Bond Chart No. 50 is unit No. 5, with horizontal and a vertical double stretcher border. It consists of header, four stretchers in every course. Bond Chart No. 51. Bond Chart No. 51 is unit No. 5 with a horizontal and a vertical header border. BOND CHARTS. 289 Bond Chart No. 52. Bond Chart No. 52 is unit No. 5 with a header two- stretcher header horizontal and vertical border. .1 .1. I. .1 .1, I, I ' l . ' 1 , 1 ' | i '1 V .' '. ' . ' ? I, I I . r .1 ^ ' !'> ' ! '>'!' ' ! ^ ^ Bond Chart No. 53. Bond Chart No. 53 is unit No. 6. This is a Flemish header cross bond. It consists of stretchers crossed on every odd course, and of Flemish bond on every even course. 290 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. 1 ; II II II II II 11 uu II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 S-r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II II II laJ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,J, 1 ,- 1 1 1 1 II II II 1 i*-i - 1 '— r' 1 '11' 1 ' 1 '11' 1 ' 1 '11' 1 ' 1 II mn 1' 1 '11' 1 ' 1 '11' 1 ' 1 '11' II II fed 1 r' ' 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II II II II II II 1=! 1 1 ' 1 ' 1 '11' 1 ' 1 '11' 1 ' 1 II II M II 1' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 '1 1 1 1 II II II II II II l-il 1 III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II II II II II 1* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 II II II II II U 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II II II II II ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i - 1 II II II II II II II H II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II II 11 11 11 II II M 1 1 II 1 II 1 II 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II II II II M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II II II II H 1 ' 1 '11' 1 ' 1 '11' 1 ' 1 '11' 1 ' 1 '11' lil '1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Bond Chart No. 54. Bond Chart No. 54 is unit No. 6 with some joints exag- gerated and some joints diminished. This is a Flemish header cross-bond, the odd courses be- ing crossed stretchers, and the even courses being Flemish headers. BOND CHARTS. 291 ^Tv^^^i^ ^^a, Bond Chart No. 55. Bond Chart No. 55 is unit No. 6 with a horizontal stretcher border. It consists of Flemish courses every odd course, and of stretchers crossed every even course. 292 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. Bond Chart No. 56. Bond Chart No. 56 is unit No. 6, with a vertical stretcher border. It consists of header, two stretchers, cross bond. The odd numbered courses are stretchers crossed on each other every course, and the even numbered courses are — header, two stretchers. BOND CHARTS. 293 * E^ rcri / I '^% M mE m- :xE^S: « rtri^^rgfa xrra M^ g rrs: CI -o: ^ S- -^i =n y ''Tia 331: =S m JS « »^ p F^ ^ Tr a : S Xr fc3i ^^ tit !eS IE23 Bond Chart No. 57. Bond Chart No. 57 is unit No. 6, with a horizontal and a vertical stretcher border. It consists of header, one stretcher ; header, two stretchers, cross bond, — that is — the odd num- bered courses are header, one stretcher, and header, two stretchers, — and the even numbered courses are — stretchers crossed on each other every course. 294 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. Bond Chart No. 58. Bond Chart No. 58 is unit No. 6 with a horizontal two- stretcher border. It consists of stretchers crossed on the odd courses and Flemish bond on the even courses. BOND CHARTS. 295 Bond Chart No. 59. Bond Chart No. 59 is unit No. 6 with a vertical two- stretchers border. It consists of stretchers crossed on the odd courses and header three stretchers on the even courses. 296 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. ' ,r ' -v'>^;'^..''.; if jk'%./\: ' \^'2' J^ s==^ FgT ml r ^ . '.' , t : '.i ,1 . ZZE cn inzii Ea rr z: I , lA W 1 I , m , I "TT J ^^ I , ^1^:,l1^ pc X m k:A^ . t^AF ^m ' ^a. '1 ^s# WA ~mr [A Bond Chart No. 60. Bond Chart No. 60 is unit No. 6 with lieader two stretcher header border horizontally and vertically. BOND CHARTS. 297 5 "TT ■ '^m w J m ^m ^m ZZE ^m ^m nr r ^m TX WL ^p: W- ^m ■ zzr m ^m F rr :■: ^m F IT izr ^P" S TT E •^p rr ^m XT "^^ ^y p: m W- ^m TT ^ E IT ^ t ^P nr iM p IT T I • Bond Chart No. 61. Bond Chart No. 6i bears a close resemblance to Bond Chart No. 54. It consists of stretchers crossed on every odd course, and of Flemish courses every even course. 298 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. Bond Chart No. 62. Bond Chart No. 62 is the same as unit No. 6, except that the briclt of the stretcher course is divided evenly on the header of the course over it instead of being crossed every second stretcher course. This makes the stretchers cross tvi^ice to every three stretcher courses. BOND CHARTS. 299 Bond Chart No. 63. Bond Chart No. 63 is unit No. 7. It consists of header three stretchers in every course. 300 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. zrc T-r T^^ ' i! 'i , i' T-r ~r~r xm ZZE TT" £^ m 1 ■ . i:^... : _ i- i ; a.. ,jv..i.,..'..:.. - L -* t J..,,-., 1 - r "? !"'■ '■.?'""": "^2' r-=- •■ ■■-■-/■: .:p; : : ■■"-■?■■*■■ ■ ■ ;■ 4i.. i--.,- 1 C .•-i... J- "1 — 'I — y''-^ -P ...Li^iTT'J :■■ "H !..:_ ■-*— ^ I -■; ■ :" ; „..i Bond Chart No. 64. Bond Chart No. 64 is unit No. 7 with horizontal stretcher border. It consists of header, three stretchers in every course. BOND CHARTS. 301 Bond Chart No. 65. Bond Chart No. 65 is unit No. 7 with a vertical stretcher border. It consists of header five stretchers in every course. 302 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. Bond Chart No. 66. Bond Chart No. 66 is unit No. 7 with horizontal and a vertical stretcher border. It consists of header, four stretchers in every course. BOND CHARTS. 303 Bond Chart No. 67. Bond Chart No. 67 is unit No. 7 with a header, two- stretcher header vertical and horizontal border. 304 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. Bond Chart No. Bond Chart No. 68 consists of unit No. 8. It consists of crossed-stretcher courses on all odd numbered courses ; and header, one stretcher,, header, two-stretchers, on all even num- bered courses. BOND CHARTS. 305 Bond Chart No. Bond Chart No. 69 is unit No. 8 with a header horizontal and vertical border. 3o6 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. o Bond Chart No. 70 is unit No. 9, consisting of header four-stretcher in every course. BOND CHARTS. 307 Bond Chart No. 71. Bond Chart No. 71 is unit No. 10. It consists of stretchers crossed on odd courses, and of header two stretchers on even courses. 3o8 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. rS5 Bond Chart No. 72. Bond Chart No. 72. Flemish spiral bond. It consists of Flemish header courses, with the header laid over the joint in the course below. '1 ' 1 ' 1 '1 ' 1 ' 1 '1 ' 1 ' 1 1 II III II 1 II 1 II 1 1 r 1 1 II ' 1 ' ! '1 ' 1 ' 1 '1 ' 1 ' 1 1 II 1 II 1 II 1 II 1 II ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 II 1 II Bond Chart No. 73. Bond Chart No. 73. Zig-zag bond. It consists of header two stretchers in every course, the header being laid over the joint of the header in the course below. GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED. AU-Stretcher Bond. — Bond showing only stretchers on the tace of the wall, each stretcher divided evenly over the stretchers under it. American Bond. — A name sometimes given to common bond. Arches. — Bricks that are used to corbel out over the fires in the kiln. Arches. — The brickwork over openings, or between skewbacks. Ashlar Line. — The main line of the surface of a wall of the super- structure. Backboard. — A temporary board on the outside of a scaffold. Backing Up. — Any part or all of the entire wall except the overhand face tier. Bat. — A broken piece of brick, generally a half a brick. Batter. — A face of a wall leaning from the vertical toward the wall. Batter Stick. — A tapering stick used in connection with a plumb rule for building battering surfaces. Bed (of Brick). — The surface of the brick that should be laid down- ward. Bed (of Mortar). — Mortar on a wall ready to receive a brick upon it. The mortar on which a brick rests. Bed Joint. — The horizontal joint between two courses. Benches. — Brick in that part of the kiln next to the fire, that are gen- erally baked to vitrification. Blocking. — A method of building two adjoining or intersecting walls not built at the same time, by which the walls are tied together by offset and overhanging blocks of several courses of brick. Body Brick. — The best brick in the kiln. The brick that are baked hardest with the least distortion. Bond. — The relative arrangement of vertical joints. Boom Derrick. — A derrick having a boom supported by a mast, which in turn is supported by either stiff legs, guys, or both. Brick-and-Brick. — A method of laying brick by which the brick are laid touching each other with only mortar enough to fill the ir- regularities of the surfaces. Bull Header. — A brick laid on edge in the direction cross-wise of the wall. A header on edge. Bull Stretcher. — A brick laid on edge in the direction lengthwise of the wall. A stretcher on edge. Buttering. — Putting mortar on a brick with a trowel before the brick is laid. Camber. — A convexity upon an upper surface. Center. — A temporary support to masonry, such as to an arch. 309 310 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. Chimney Breast. — That part of the wall that is made to project from the line of the wall by a fireplace or by flues. Closer. — A piece of brick laid to the line. Also, the last brick laid in any course of any tier. Common Bond. — Several courses of stretchers followed by one course of either Flemish or full headers. Corbel. — One or more courses projecting from the wall. Core of Chimney. — The inside shell of the chimney. Course. — One horizontal layer of brick in a wall. A radial layer of brick in an arch. Crown. — Camber. The opposite of sag. Cull. — One particular lot of brick sorted for color or size. Culling. — Sorting brick for color, size or evenness. Cutting-Out Hammer. — A hammer used for striking a chisel for cut- ting brick out of a wall. Eastern Method. — The pick and dip. Efflorescence. — A whitish deposit that sometimes appears on the sur- face of new walls. Eight Inches (8"). — Two tiers. English Bond. — Alternate courses of full headers and stretchers, the headers being plumb over each other, and the stretchers being plumb over each other. The headers are divided evenly over the stretchers, and over the joints between the stretchers. English Cross Bond. — The same as English bond, except that the al- ternating stretcher courses, instead of being plumb over each other, break evenly over each other. Face. — The front or exposed surface of a wall. Face Brick. — Brick laid on the face of a wall. Fat Mortar. — Mortar that tends to stick to the trowel, generally be- cause of too little sand. Filling In. — Laying brick on interior tiers after the face tiers in the same course have been laid. Flat Arch. — An arch whose soffit is in approximately a level plane. Flemish Bond. — Courses of alternate stretchers and headers, with the center of the headers located plumb over the center of the stretchers beneath them. Flemish Cross Bond. — Any bond having alternate courses of Flemish headers and stretcher courses. The Flemish headers being plumb over each other and the alternate stretcher courses being crossed over each other. Flemish Double Cross Bond. — Bond with odd numbered courses stretchers divided evenly over each other, and even numbered courses Flemish headers in various locations with reference to the plumb of each other. Flemish Header. — One course of brick consisting of alternate stretch- ers and headers. GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED. 311 Footings. — The lowest courses of a wall. Four Inches.— Tier. A vertical tier of brick the width of one brick in thickness. Full Header. — A course consisting of all headers. Garden Wall Bond. — A name given to any bond particularly adapted to walls two tiers thick. A bond consisting of one header to three stretchers in every course. Green Brick Work. — Brickwork in which the mortar has not had time to set. Grout. — A thin, soupy mixture of cement, sand and water. Hand Leather. — A piece of leather used to protect the fingers. Hard. — A term given to the brick th'at are thoroughly baked. Header. — A brick laid so that only its end shows on the face of a wall. Header Bond. — Bond showing only headers on the face, each header divided evenly on the header under it. Header High. — The height up to the top of the course directly under a header course. Jamb. — The end of a wall, as at a door or window opening. Jointer. — A tool used for smoothing or indenting the surface of a mortar joint. Key. — The center brick or course of brick of an arch. Key. — The relative position of the headers of various course.-i with reference to a vertical line. Lap. — The distance that one brick extends over the brick under it. Laying to Bond. — Laying the brick of the entire course without a cut brick. Laying Overhand. — Building the further face of the wall from a scaf- fold on the other side of the wall. Laying the outside face tier from the inside of the building. Lead. — A part of the wall built up ahead of the line, to which to haul the line. Lean Mortar. — Mortar that does not adhere to the trowel, generally due to the presence of too much sand. Ledger. — A horizontal board nailed to the poles of a scaffold on which the pudlogs rest. Light Hard. — A term applied to red brick that are not the hardest in the kiln. Although suitable for carrying moderate loads, they are not able to withstand alternate freezing and thawing as well as the hard brick. Lime Putty. — Slaked lime without sand or cement. Line. — The string used by the bricklayer as a guide for laying the top edge of brick. Lintel. — A permanent horizontal support over an opening that may be curved or straight on the top. Lipped. — Laid with a battering face. Mercury Bob. — A plumb bob filled with quicksilver to get the great- est weight in the smallest size. 312 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. Mortar. — Any mixture used to fill the joints between bricks. Mortar Bed. — A pen in whicli to make mortar. Mortar Board. — A flat wooden board 3'0"x3'0" for holding mortar. Motion Study. — The examination of the value, time and sequence of motions for producing the greatest results in the least time with the least effort and fatigue. Offset. — A course that sets in from the course directly under it. Also called set-off, set-back, etc. The opposite of corbel. Outrigger. — A joist projecting out of a window for supporting an outside scaffold. Outside Four Inches (4"). — The overhand face. The outside tier. Overhand Work. — An entire wall built with a staging located on only one side of the wall. Overhcing. — A face of the wall leaning from the vertical away from the wall. Pack. — A pocket and its load of two courses of bull headers. Packet. — A tray for holding about 90 pounds of brick. Peach Basket. — A templet against which the entire head of a tall chimney is built. Peen. — That end of a hammer head which terminates in an edge. Pick and Dip. — The name of the method where the bricklayer picks up a brick with one hand, and just mortar enough to lay it with a trowel with the other hand, simultaneously. Pier. — An isolated masonry column, the brickwork between two ad- joining openings in the same story. Pilaster. — A pier projecting from a wall. Pin. — An iron rod }i" by 10" to support the frame in the Gilbreth Scaffold horse. Plumb. — Vertical. Plumb Bob. — A line and weight for determining vertical lines. Plumb Bond. — Another name for all stretcher bond work built with particular effort to have corresponding joints exactly plumb with each other. Plumb Bond Pole. — A pole used for laying out the exact position of vertical joints. Plumb Glass. — A slightly curved glass into which alcohol is sealed for use in a plumb rule. Plumb Rule. — A tool used to aid in building surfaces in a vertical plane. Pointing. — Pushing mortar into the joint after the brick is laid. Pressed Brick. — Brick pressed in the mold by mechanical means be- fore it is baked. Pudlog. — A joist .used for supporting scaffold planks. One end of a pudlog rests on the scaffold, and the other end rests on the face tier of a brick wall. Quoin. — Brickwork in a corner. GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED. 313 Racking. — The method of building the end of a wall so that it can be built on and against without any toothers. Rake. — The end of a wall that racks back. Reveal. — The end of a wall, as at a jamb or return. Rise. — The vertical distance between the level of the bottom of the skewback and the bottom of the key. Rolled. — A brick laid with an overhanging face. Routing. — Determining the way, the time and the method of getting materials from the point of shipment to the place where the work- man puts them in place. Rowlock. — Bull header — a ring of brick on edge forming an arch. Run. — Planks used for workman to walk on. Run of Kiln. — All brick in the kiln except those brick that are too soft or misshapen to be laid even in the filling tiers. Running Bond. — Another name for all-stretcher bond. Salamander. — A heater having no chimney. Salmon. — Bricks that are softer than light-hard, and are suitable for little else than fire stopping. Scale Box. — A derrick box made with an open top and one open end. Segmental Arch. — An arch the bottom of which is the arc of a circle. Set. — A wide bevelled edged chisel used for cutting brick. Set In. — The amount that the lower edge of a brick on the face tier is back from the line of the top edge of the brick directly below it. Set-off.— Set in. Shanking. — Resting the hod on the end of the handle (or shank). Shell of Chimney. — The outer wall of a chimney. Shove Joints. — Vertical joints filled by shoving bricks as they are laid. Sighting. — Observing with the eye the appearance of straightness of a line, such as the corner of a wall. Skewback. — The line on the wall against which an arch is laid. Slewing-rig. — The device used for swinging a boom derrick by ma- chinery. Slushed Joints. — Vertical joints filled by throwing in mortar with a trowel after the bricks are laid. Soffit. — The under side of a covering over an opening, such as the bottom of a cap or arch over a window. Spirit Glass. — The curved glass which contains alcohol or other non- freezing liquid in a plumb rule. Spirit Plumb Rule. — A plumb rule with a curved glass nearly full of alcohol or other thin, non-freezing liquid. The location of the bubble with reference to a mark on the glass indicates the plumb position of the edge face of the plumb rule. . Spreader. — A temporary board put in a horizontal position half way up a window or door frame to prevent the masonry from crowd- ing it inward. 314 BRICKLAYING SYSTEM. Spring-stay. — A stay, made by two pieces of board separated by a brick, which holds a scaffold to a wall by the friction caused by the spring of the boards. Stagings High. — About 3'8" with the Gilbreth Scaffold, about 5'0" high with the trestle horse. Stock. — Brick and mortar. Story Pole. — A pole on which all measurements of courses, openings, projections, off-sets, corbels, plates, and bottoms of beams of any one story are marked. Straight Arch. — An arch whose soffit is in approximately a level plane. Straight Edge. — A board having one or two straight and parallel edges, used for levelling and plumbing longer surfaces than can be reached with an ordinary spirit level. Stretcher. — A brick laid so that only its long side shows on the face of the wall. Stringing Mortar. — The name of a method where a bricklayer picks up mortar for a large number of brick and spreads it before laying the brick. Struck Joint. — A joint that has the surface smoothed by a trowel. Tapping. — Pounding a brick down into its bed of mortar with a trowel. Template. — A pattern. Tempering Mortar. — Softening mortar by adding water and stirring. Tender. — A laborer who tends masons. A general name covering hod and pack carriers and wheelbarrow men. Three-quarter Brick. — A brick clipped to about three-quarters its full length. Tier. — A vertical layer of brick; four inches, or the width of one brick in thickness. Toother. — A brick projecting from the end of a wall against which another wall will be built. Toothing. — The temporary end of a wall built so that the end stretcher of every alternate course projects one-half its length. Trestle Horse. — A four-legged horse. Trig. — The brick midway between the leads that is used to support the line from sagging or vibrating due to many bricklayers con- stantly disturbing it. Trimmer Arch. — An arch adjoining trimmer beams. The arch that supports a hearth to a fireplace. Tub. — A half-barrel sometimes used in New England for holding mortar. Twelve Inches (12").— Three- tiers. Two Inch Piece. — A closer about one-quarter of a brick in length used to start the bond from the corner. TJnit. — An arrangement of headers and stretchers which, repeated, forms definite bonds. GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED. 315 Up and Down. — The body brick together with the light hard brick. Wall Ties. — Iron bands used to tie tiers of brick together or to tie the junction of two pieces of a wall, such as at corners, angles, and at toothing and backing. Western Method. — The stringing mortar method. Wire Cut Brick. — A brick having two of its surfaces formed by wires cutting the clay before it is baked. Withe. — A 4" partition or tie between two walls, such as two walls of a chimney. INDEX. Rule. A "All Stretcher Bond" S91 Anchor irons 843 Apparatus, transportation. 113 Apprentices, contests be- tween 3 Fixing habits of 23 Garb of 5 Hazing of 11 Hiring of 2 Limiting number of 1 Making of charts by 44 Methods to be taught... 32 "Motion study" for 18-24 Profit from 1 Rapid work expected of . . 18 Study of rules, photos and charts by 44 Teaching of 9-13 Teaching rapidity to ... . 19 Tools for 6-7-8 Training of 1-46 "Work expected of 10-12 Usefulness of, in contests 53 Apprenticeship, term of. ... 4 Arches, alterations in 681 Choice of bricklayers for 662 Cutting of 654 Laying 688 Packing of brick for.... 660 Rubbing of brick for 677 Skewback patterns 683 Arches and chimney breasts654-717 Athletic contests, division into groups for 58 Interest of men in 59 jMaintaining of interest in 60 Organizing effect of 59 Pace of men disclosed by 90 Reducing of costs by.... 59 Rewarding of winners of 93 Saving of foreman's time by 59 Tendency toward care- less work in 57 B Blackboard, keeping of score on 62-63 Blocking, advantages of. . . 791 Bond 812-974 "All Stretcher" 891 Charts 974 Common 855 English 915 English Cross 923 Flemish 900 Flemish Cross 911 Flemish Spiral 933 Garden Wall 930 Herringbone 938 Laying out of 819 Ornamental 942 Plumb 893 Stones 845 Bonding of tiers 847 Boom derricks, usefulness on large job 124 Page. 216 204 28 1 5 1 2 1 1 10 6 4-5 10 2 4 1-2 1-10 2 12 1 173 170 170- 175 170 172 173 170-180 13 13 13 13 17 13 18 13 12 13-14 193 200-225 216 225 209 218 219 217 218 220 220 221 201 221 216 204 206 32 Rule. 508 160 154 Border pole Boston Scaffold, staying of Usefulness of Brick, built against ad- joining wall 616 Culls, number of 419 Determining of outside of 14 Estimating number laid of 64 Face, delivering of 413 Fire 620 Hand made 15 Laid below ground 615 Laid in freezing weather 601 Laid on a curved vertical surface 611 Laid with terra cotta.... 766 Laying of 17 Laying to line of 26 Order of picking up of. . 35 Packed, unloading of. . . . 414 Picking up of 33 Piling in wheelbarrows of 77-80-81 Piling of 415 Pressed face 39 Wire cut 17 "Brick and Brick" method 744 Bricklayer — demand for... 46 Dignity of trade of 46 Inspection of stagings by 183 Standing place for 181 Tending from above.... 127 Bricklayer's Tools 431-473 Bricklaying — benefits of, knowledge of 46 Dignity of 46 Bricklaying System, impor- tance to apprentice of. . 45 Bricks 382-430 Page. 136 47 44 162 118 2 14 117 163 2 162 161 162 189 3 6 7 117 Absorptiveness of Bats Checking of "Closer" Covering of Culled, piling of. . . Culler, position of. . Culling of Depressions in . . . . For arches For cutting Lowering loads of Ordering of 386 396 383 403 423 422 418 412 405 394 395 131 382 Piling for lowering 127-128 Special, ordering of 393 "Three-quarter brick"... 404 Varying in size of 401 Vertical tier of 403 Wetting of 425 Wooden 399 Brickwork, cutting out of. .718-811 Covering projections of.. 184 Painting joints in 648 Patching of 7i;!-811 Pointing of 650 Protection of ^ . . ■ 170 Tearing down of 718-811 15-16 117 8 3 186 10 10 55 54 34 120-131 10 10 10 114-119 114 115 114 116 119 119 118 117 116 115 115 35 114 34 115 116 116 116 119 116 181-199 56 108 181-199 168 49 181-199 317 3i8 INDEX. Rule. Page. C Carpenter-handling of win- dow frames by 187 B8 Carts — use of 116 28 Cliarts, apprentices' 44 10 Chimney breasts 654-717 170-180 Ikying of 706 178 Chimneys— tall 297-340 92-103 Chutes 721 181 Cleats on elevators 126 33 Common Bond 856 209 Construction— methods of. . 94-111 19-27 Contests, division of work for 53 12 Speed, between appren- tices 3 1 Curved vertical surface, laying brick against. . . . 611 162 Cutting out, speed in 723 182 Cutting out brickwork 718-811 181-199 Cutting out hammer 438 121 D Definition of Bond 812 200 Derrick with slewing rig, usefulness of 125 32 Derricks, boom 124 32 Devices, transportation .... 113 S8 Disturbing the line, avoid- ance of 26 5 Dumping platform, econ- omy of 123 32 Eastern method of laying brick 28-29 6 Elevators for handling stock 126 33 Engine beds, contests on.. 58 13 "English Bond" 920 219 English Cross-bond 923 219 Falling brick, protection against 184 56 Field System, Importance to apprentices of 45 10 Finishing, planning of 637 165 Finishing, jointing and pointing 637-653 165-169 Fire places, location of. . . 710 179 First class men, value of. . 90 17 Flat arches, supporting of 145 41 Flemish bond 9,00 217 Flemish spiral bond 933 220 Flues, making of 711 179 Foremen, duties of 48-50 11 Paying of 47 11 Rating of 47 11 Fountain trowel 468 130 Freezing weather — brick laid during 601 161 G Gage 436 120 Galvanized iron ties 841 204 Gangs, dividing into units of 50 11 Grouping of tenders into 67 14 Garden wall bond 930 220 Rule Gilbreth Packet System. . .272-296 Bricks, unloading of. . Definition of Packet method, advan- tages of Economy of Packets, making of Number of brick on Packs — handling of Placing on stock plat- form of Transferring to wall of Weight of Tiers, order of laying of Gilbreth Scaffold, Hod type 195-244 Advantages of 195 Attaining of speed by.. . . 242 Boss of the wall, duties of Circuit, tenders Cleats, distance between Economy gained by Erection of - Floor above elevator, height of Hod, arrangement of brick in Loading of Jacking up of Mortar, regulating qual- ity of Platform, tenders Platforms on Profitableness of Runs, different, useful- ness of Runs, long cleated Scaffold horses, staying of Stagings for backing up Stock, regulating supply of Taking down of Tenders' circuit, planning of Tenders' platform, loca- tion of Tenders' run, use of wheelbarrow on Wall, backing up of Wall, building overhand of Gilbreth Scaffold, Packet type 245-271 Advantages of 245 269-271 273 272 291 296 275 280 277 279 286 281 290 217 212 216 240 197 218 228 227 219 217 223 209 229 214 215 224 237 217 243 212 223 213 231 232 Bricklayers' platform on. Jacking up of Mortar boxes on Regulating height of . . . . Setting up of Stocl^ platform on Tracks for packets on . . Use of packs on Wheelers' platform on... Grade marks 258 269 254 263 249 255 255 268 256 512 H Hand leather 456 Hand made brick, descrip- tion of 15-16 Determining top of 16 Laying of 17 Hanging bar scaffold 178 INDEX. 319 Rule. Page. Herringbone Bond 938 221 Hod Carriers, rules for 68-74 14-15 Hods, emptying of 70 14 Filling, shanking and dropping of 69 14 Horses and carts, use of. . 116 28 I Inclined runways 117 28 Inside Scaffold, types of. . 193 58 Iron brick clamp 414 117 Isometric drawings of bond, purposes of 847 205 J Jointer 435 120 Apprentices 8 2 Use of 643 166 Jointing 637-653 165-169 Method of 641 166 Joints, filling of 730 184 Finishing of 646 167 "Large Horizontal" 749 187 Shove 747 187 L Large horizontal joints 749. 187 Laying brick against the wall of an adjoining property 616 162 Laying brick in freezing weather 601 161 On a curved vertical sur- face 611 162 Laying fire brick 620 163 Laying to line 26 5 Leaders of hod carriers, duties and pay of 73-74 15 Of wheelbarrow men 78-82 15-16 Leads, advantages of small 40 9 Building of 484 133 Level marks 513 137 Line, care of 40 9 Disturbing of 26-40 5-9 Laying to 26 5 Making fast of 40 9 Placing of 40 9 Use of thin 40 9 Linen mason's line 475 132 Lines, splicing of 495 134 Stringing of 477 132 For Pilasters 480 132 Lines, plumbs and poles. . .474-525 132-139 Lining of old wall with new , 779 192 "Lipped" course 17 4 Long plumb rule 432 120 M Material, oiling of 149-151 43 Planning for 113 28 Routing of 112-131 28-35 Management, methods of . . 47 11 Measurements, checking of 522 139 Megaphone, use of 121 31 Men, grouping of ^^'5S }] Selecting of 48 11 Value of first-class 90 1/ Rule. Methods of construction.. 94-111 Athletic contests, exam- ples, on large job, of.. 108-109 Brick, disposal, on large job, of 108 Bricklayers, shitting of.. 106 Lowell Laboratory, build- ing of 97 Materials, arriving on site of 95 Method of attack, vary- ing of 96 Parts, routing of 94 Routing, diagraming of.. 95 Units, division of build- ings into 98 "Workmen, shifting of 100 Method of laying brick un- der special conditions. .601-636 Methods of management.. 47-93 Mortar - 341-381 Bed, location of 358 Bed, protection of 359 Bedding long stones in.. 380 Box 862 Boxes on Gilbreth Scaf- fold 211 Care in using right amount of 40 " Cement, use of 355 Cement in 349 Covering steel frames with 372 Deterioration of wood by 377 Lime, making of 352 Lime in 349 Men, steady work for... 357 Reaching for 34 Shovels for 367 Tender for 364 Throwing of 37 Motion Study 526-600 Charts 531 Deductions of methods from 601 Importance of 21 526 Importance to apprentice 536 Increase of wages through 546 Influence on scaffold of.. 572 Opportunity for 527 Purposes of illustrations of 533 Rating of men by 541 Teaching power of 21 Timing motions by 581 Usefulness of charts of. 594 Murray Suspended Scaffold, advantages of 176 N Nails, driving in green brickwork of 146-147 Testing of 169 O Observation tower 120 Organization, aid given by athletic contests toward 59 Ornamental bond 954 Outrigger scaffold, building of 153 Outriggers, advantages of. 175 Overhang 41 Page. 19-27 27 27 21 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 161-164 11-18 104-113 106 107 113 108 65 9 106 105 111 113 106 105 106 6 109 108 7 140-160 141 160 4 140 141 142 155 140 141 142 4 157 159 51 42 49 31 13 223 43 50 9 320 INDEX. Rule. Page. P Packet system, Gilbreth. .272-296 85-91 Patching brickwork 718-811181-199 "Pick & Dip" method of laying brick 29 6 Plant layout, plans tor 114 28 Platform for dumping 123 32 Platforms on Gilbreth Scaf- fold 209 64 "Plumb Bond" 892 216 Pole 506 136 946 222 Plumbing a corner 482 133 Plumbs 474-525 132-339 Plumb straight edge 434 120 Pointing 637-653165-169 Poles 474-525 132-139 Pressed face brick, dif- ficulty of. laying of 39 8 Rules for layout of 40 9 Projections of brickwork, covering of 184 56 Putlog hole, filling of 776a 190 R Roll, good appearance of.. 40 9 "Rolled" course 17 4 Routing, economy o£ time and labor in 112 28 Of material 112-131 28-35 "Running Bond" 892 216 Runways, inclined 117 28 S Sand, digging of 341 104 Amount in mortar 347 105 Digging of 341 104 Loading carts with 341 104 Screening of 344 105 Scaffold, Gilbreth, Montreal job illustrating use of. 136 36 Gilbreth, hod type 194-244 59-74 Gilbreth, packet type. .245-271 75-84 Hanging 178 52 Inside 193 58 Scaffolds 132-194 36-58 Backboard, staying of. . . 148 43 Bricklayer, left handed.. 139 38 Ledger board, nailing of 168 48 "Usefulness of 167 48 Left handed bricklayer, placing of mortar and brick for 139 38 Mortar boards, placing of 138 37 Placing on blank walk of 139 39 Placing of 138 37 Mortar tubs, placing of. . 138 37 Outriggers, attaching to beams of 144 41 Fastening for 143 40 Pole, splicing of 166 47 Putlogs, supporting of. . 156 45 Runs for hod carriers... 142 ,40 Spring stays, placing of... 158 45 Scale box, saving by use of 152 43 Score, importance of keep- ing of 60 13 Keeping on blackboard of 62 13 Segmental arches, support- ing of 145 41 Second-hand brick, use of 728 184 Rule. Set 442 Set, apprentices 8 "Set in," advantages of... 40 Importance of uniformity in 42 Sewer work, tending 127 Shields, for shoveling on. 87-88-89 "Short cuts," dangers of. . 24 Short plumb rule 432 Shove joints 747 Sighting 515 "Sighting," advantages of 38 Corner, method of 38 Speed contests, between apprentices 3 Spirit plumb rule, appren- tices 7 Spreaders, in window frames 141 Staging, choice of 132 Inspection of 183 Location of 132 Stints, equalizing of 55 Stock, reaching and pick- ing up of 34 Story pole 501 948 Marking of 202 Marking off of 65 Usefulness as check of.. 65 Straight Edge, use in joint- ing of 645 "Stretcher Bond" 892 "Stringing mortar" method of laying brick 30 Study, motion 526-600 ] System, Gilbreth Packet. .272-296 T Tall Chimneys 297-340 Batter sticks, marking of 334 Bricklayers, testing ac- curacy of 361 Choice of men for 325 Clean-out door, placing of 335 Elevators in 302 Fancy brick work on 329 Iron cap, inspecting of. . 338 Mortar, examining of . . . . 320 Handling of 305 Number of men for 332 Outside Scaffold on 329 Packet method on 328 "Peach basket" 337 Protection of men near. . 321 Round 319 Scaffold at top of 308 Smoke flue, placing of. . 335 Templet for 324 Tending of masons on.. 327 Tracks into 297 Transporting of stock on 297 Typical methods of build- ing 322 Well opening of 315 Working foremen 334 Tearing down, cutting out and patching brick- work 718-811 1 Tenders, most profitable arrangement of 67 Terra cotta, brick laid with 766 Thumb leather 457 INDEX. 321 I^dle. Page. Tools, apprentice's 431 120 Bricklayer's 431-473 120-131 Sharpening of 447 122 Toothing, avoidance of 791 193 174 50 Tower, observation 120 31 Transportation, apparatus. 113 28 Devices, planning of.... 113 28 "Tricks of Trade," dangers from 25 5 Trig 488 134 Trowel, apprentice's 6 1 Gilbreth patent 440 121 Holding of 27 5 U Uniformity of set in and roll, importance of . . . . 43 10 Unit, number of men in. . . 50 11 Unloading cars, method of 85 16 Rule. Page. W Wall, arrangement of bricklayers tor 51 11 Division into parts of.... 53 12 Finishing of 637 165 Handling of irregularities in 54 12 Throwing over of 718 181 "Western" method of lay- ing brick 28-30 6 Wheelbarrow men 68-75 14-15 Window frames, handling of 185 56 Sighting along 190 58 Staying of 185 56 Winners, rewarding of.... 86 16 Wire cut brick, laying of . . 17 3 Work, economy of best.... 91 17 Importance of quality of 92 17 Indication of character in 56 12 Laying out of 48 11 Most profitable division of 61 13 "Field System" By FRANK B. GILBRETH^ M. Am. Soc. M. E. This book contains 200 pages of rules and instructions for the guidance of the author's foremen and superintendents. In its present form the book is the outgrowth of twenty- odd years of experience in the contracting business, and embodies scores of suggestions for economizing and increasing the output of the men on the job. In making famous the "Cost-plus-a-fixed-sum" contract system, Mr. Gilbreth has Hkewise made famous his "Field System," only a few excerpts frora which have heretofore appeared in print. In making public his "Field System" the author is performing a service to the public that is com- parable with the action of a physician in disclosing the secret of his success in curing a disease. The disease that Gilbreth 's "Field System" aims to cure is the hit or miss method of doing contract work. System supplants slovenliness, and makes sloth an absolute impossibility. "/ would have given $1,000 for this book a year ago. — W. H BuRit Knoxville, Tenn. Leather, 4^x7 inches; 194 pages; illustrated. Price, $3.00 Net The Myron C. Clark Publishing Co. 355 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO "Concrete System" By FRANK B. GILBRETH, M. Am. Soc. M. E. CONTENTS PART I.— RULES AND INSTRUCTIONS. CHAPTER XI. — MAKING, JETTING, CHAPTER I.-GENERAL OUTLINES AND DRIVING CORRUGATED CON- OF THE CONCRETE SYSTEM. LKtJTii i-iLJib. TT-r-FNTfRAT TJTTTPQ CHAPTER XII. — DIRECTIONS FOR CHAPTER II.— GENERAL RULES. MAKING WATERPROOF CELLARS CHAPTER III.— FORMS. CHAPTER XIII. — FIRE TESTS OF CHAPTER IV.— REINFORCEMENT. CONCRETE CONSTRUCTIONS. CHAPTER v.— MIXINS. PART II. — PROGRESS PHOTOQRAPHS CHAPTER VI.-TRANSPORTATION. "^ SUCCESSFUL CONCRETE WORK. _ ine Largest Kemtorced-Concrete Umce CHAPTER VII.— CONCRETING. Building in New York City— A Reinforced- CHAPTER VIII.— TESTING . 9°"i?'^*? Power Station in Seattle, Wash.— „ A Reinforced Concrete Power Station m CHAPTER IX.— FINISHING. San Francisco, Cal. CHAPTER X.— CAST STONE. INDEX. This book is neither a text-book nor a treatise ; it gives no definitions of concrete, no statement of its properties, no calculations or theoretical discussions ; it assumes that the men for whom it is intended are familiar with concrete and construction in concrete before they ever see the book. It is an exclusively, intensely practical book, partaking of the nature of a set of specifications telling how to do the work systematically, expe- ditiously, safely and economically. What it contains, what it omits, how it is arranged, every line written or drawn — all are indicated and domin- ated by the question of dollars and cents to gain or lose and a business reputation to preserve or injure. The subject has been divided into two parts as indicated by the table of contents: Rules and Instructions, and Progressive Photographs of Successful Concrete Work. In the first part has been included certain matter which should be kept before the eyes of employees ; the accepted standards for testing cement ; the most used specification for cement ; a widely-known code of rules for conducting fire tests ; a well-known municipal building regulation — all matter which easily justifies its presence in the work. The rules are numbered consecutively'and are well illustrated by photographs taken from actual work in progress. "This is one of the best works of the kind that we have seen . . . it is an accumula- tion of good, practical knowledge, along lines pertaining to concrete buildings." — Canadian Engineer. "The crystallization of the field of experience and judgment of a widely known con- struction man." — Concrete Engineering. "The book will be thankfully received by many a contractor struggling with the small but many problems of reinforced concrete construction. It will also be appreciated by the engineer who desires to specify for his structures something more than the proportions of the concrete and the character of its aggregates." — Cement, SJxll inches; 184 pages; 220 illustrations; 10 folding plates, showing construction details. Printed on high-class coated paper and bound in full flexible morocco. Price, $5.00 Net, Postpaid FOR SALE BY The Myron C. Clark Publishing Co. 355 Dearborn Street, CHICAGO Engineering=Contracting EVERY WEDNESDAY ^2 FOR THE »2 ISSUES This is the great METHODS AND COST paper, and is the only engineering paper pubhshed whose editor has had actual contracting experience and who is at the same time a practicing engineer. It is devoted to the interest of the engineer as a builder, and its articles deal with those practical features which enable engineers and contractors to miake close and accurate estimates and foremen to handle work in the most economical manner possible. The information concerning costs is not contract prices, but actual costs taken from the private records of engineers and contractors, and so itemized and analyzed as to be of inestimable value to any person who has to do with making bids and estimates or in checking estimates on such work as is described in each article. Articles showing the methods and cost of con- crete and reinforced concrete construction in various classes of work are published each week; also articles giving the actual cost of erecting con- crete, steel and wooden bridges, this being the first time information of this kind has ever appeared in print; articles giving the actual cost of labor and materials required for each and every kind of typical railway structure, such as station build- ings, section houses, water tanks, fuel stations, fences, tunnels, culverts, trestles, bridges and an analysis of the cost of many different railway lines. No Engineer or Contractor can afford to be without the volumes of Engineering=Contracting as a refer= ence encyclopedia on methods and costs. Sample Copies— FREE Engineering^Contracting 3S5 Dearborn Street CHICAGO :ii:i!i! ii iiiHir'iiiiliilllilli iii ; pi"^^ M'kmMin >>M'Ui ■tlMMMd. titiui ,tHfttur;!Mra;!!^::i:i;d^ ■tltM*Mi < '•fl|tt4 |tjj||imi(|ll,i, LI, 1, (.111.,,,,,,, , . ' hI!!I!!1I.".,'1!I'I!"""" '"" '"^ " M«tiUHIMHIIIMUllllU4llUtilldl ;itii I '""'"•''•" !!"""-»"-";•"''■'' i*|ti(i until. ti**m.ih.(,liH4uinm; !!J Mm 1! .'i I* ! ;:""""**"*-' ItijMMMtluim.iijUMMtnii t4tMHt|4t,'titilMiMmtiMl I i;M:;;;:;;Ji!i!i:i;*'*'!'""""'** '»»' IM!M luniM4MHm(Ht»M(H.,ttHl('i ii;;!ii;!' •' ■ "'■ j'*MMi|' ;{;t4jf4iutuiM4i»;;i;i; iiiS'iiifiliiifltl'ilfJWilss;!:;:.:!; ^ L «lH4<4tt»Mt4MMM I -^^ ,.,,, ,,, . -lt*J'W4*444l4U.UMM>. )mj4(MnHHM4l«U4UUM**m(4Mli. .'n4.4M|at4*l4timMiUfiU»..UMJw. il*41li»4MN-»i(m'UH4M4m<4«*t..J^l,, ; jjj*^ ' H^ "a*^H ***«u*4M4 M « titi::^^!^^ 11*t44-(,t.,l 4'll' *H*ii> +«((( i;;,';!::i i4(*..T«*HTWtfttTT f f»WW « » « »tTtti Ttf-ff^Ilff 1 i 'mittf^MiMim fdrtHtftHMMr IfMMrTMtlfHII, t T m f trof nt TftiTTtf M > H»fi Iff f ^ MttHtl-tlttttKM'IM'-!' .y