'^S^ ' :. The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924095121657 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 095 121 657 The Anthon Libf\ary. COLLECTED BY CHARLES ANTHOK, frofessor of Grreeli and ILjatiti in Colnmbia College. Purchased hy Cornell Universitiff 1868. FHAGMENTS OF ORIENTAL LITERATURE. 4- 4 ^ I* FRAGMENTS OF ORIENTAL LITERATURE, WITH AN OUTLINE OF A PAINTING ON A. XURIOUS CHINA- VASE. or MONON TA2MAZAS XPTSIOT AAAA KAI TA MIKPAYHFMATA MET' AKPIBEIA2 STAAErOTSIN AN0PanOli Men colledl Gold, not only in Lumps, but alfo in fmall Fragments, wilh themiuuteft Accuracy. Chrysost. BY STEPHEN WESTON, B. D. F. R. S. S. A. R. L. KU LONDON: \ PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR, BY S. EOUSSEAU, WOOD STREET, SPA FIELDS. ( ' ' I8O7. ^\ i'^ UNIVERSITY ;c. LIBRARY^ PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR. Praise of Paris. Baldwin. • Werneria. It wo Parts. Baldwin. Spirited Remonstrance from Rajah . Sing to Aurungzebe. Roufleau. Arabic Aphorisms. Payne. "Conformity of the European" Lan- guages,- particularly the English, WITH the Oriental Languages, &c. Payne. ^ HORATIUS CUTVI Gr^cis comparatus. Payne. 2 ' Avhl'lSol^vosvjbc sps^oifxsvoi T^iycc m&&i3 . , '''e^Foc ^s T6)(yyisvjoi ^byj'/svswi [t.s'kiaaa.ts El ^s (pvlay ^ott^oijcn xo}aXi, xou yoCi(X, re- Xvfil^Bi (Js yofisvc, ^re^Ttsjxi Evx^iJiX y,)^Xx, Koci VdvroLi 'nrXmvtji, Aiavvcroc Jk ^o^spsi, JIkc qv x.^n Kou doi^o,y sv stu^i KoCkh ds7(roii; LATINE. Jam not! %irat hyems« et diffugere pro- cellas ; Jam Ver purpureiun ridens ilia jferta f e» rebat. Terra .exuta nigro viridi veftitur ami&^a, ArboFit»ialiq ' -' Gaudet/ et armentis, et cantaf aruftdine -Paftdr, ' : • Dulce fonant volucres, et apes fua mella laborant, Navita velificatj Bacchufque agit ipfe chd- "*■'■- reas,-- ' . ■'• ^Ji ■■ ^' S- ■■ '- Cur etiam non vere decet cantare^poetam. ,yi IN VERSE. Scarce from the Iky the Winter's blaft , ' ha'd^ea; When Spring in fmiles uprais'd her pur- ple head. The ruflet earth was clad in -grafly green. And on the budding flirubs new leaves were feeri." • - - ' The meadows l3Jigh'd,td hail the t/pening rofe, f • 'i ' And fipp'd the dew b/ which the fap- , .ling grows.- ' ' Shrill pip'd the happj goatherd- on the hills. And joyous o'er his flock forgot his ills. B3 Wide feas the mariner now fafely tided. And fwelling fails to Zephyr's faith con- fides. / Now bound with ivy, fons of Bacchus, fmg Glad orgies to the vineyard's parent king. The humming bee that Iprings not from the earth, ' But from a putrid hi^e derives its birth. Forms in the fpring its cell with curious art, ' ' . That wax and honey from the combs im» part. The feather'd race fings ever in the ipring. And with the - nightingales the thickets ring, ■ On rivers' banks the dying fwan is heard. And brooding o'er the llream th& hal- cyon bird* -4:.. Thefwallowstwitterall the morning long. And wawthe cottage with their matin foBg. If then the naked trees* new leaf d, re- 1£ earth, in verdure clad, exalt her voice ; If Ihepherds, tune the ruftic pipe, and fliaie' Their i|nbp«gihf pleafures with their fleecy care ; If on the fea light vefiels liem the tide. And o'cF thVfih£it^^d ocean fearlefs ride; If t^e frelh h^dpm gf vprn^l powers en- hanpi^ The ^q.ptiurjejS pf 3 bacchanalian dance ; If the ^^ing'd rapg, w lab'ring bees can How %11 ^ b^rfi ^SP %»pe in the Spring! B4 EXPRESSED IN ARABIC FROM THE ARABIAN AUTHORS AND POETS PASSIM. ^A^' '^y Av**^' -SJo*Jr ^^A:s\J»" oJ.srJ « 4 " tXs:v^l tXJU C^)^\ aJU- AA>Li " Q ■Mj[^ {JjsxJIj^ (^ (J'^b* 13 15 10 SiU/f J ^,\JJ jja tj^ Uc *L^f OOc ^^'U-* 17 ^jy ^>?^ W y**AJi3 IS i^yi CijxJl vJixa. ^f 20 ^^#^^^ J^aiv V^iUJf cUlc ^yf It TRANSLATION OF THE ARABIC. 1 Winter, with its boiftqrows winds is pafled. 2 Fair laughs thfe ipring, and it$ gaudy ■flowfets fmile. 3 The ruffet earth is clad iii a green robe of filk. 4 And the trees are covered with leaves, as with an embroidered carpet. • 5 The dew of the momitig, that exalts the (hrub, awatens the rofe. C And when we go into the trim gEfcrden, we fee the hill and dale finile at the opening- of the bud, that's gemmed with dewrdrops. ' 7 The fhepherd ftands in the midfl: of his 4oclc whilft the reed and the haip vi- brate on the hills, 8 And his heart dances with delight. 9 The fea is no longer toffed by the waves, and the rivers gently glide. 10 Now the fwe'lling failis float freely on ti the runnirig waters.'^ '' ,' '" ' ■< Al Now the Bacchanalian offers not, as ufual, 'cold water to his guefts, - 12 But, fitting in the aflembly of his ' friends, with iyy on his head, and a cup in his hand, fays to his compa- nions,, See the verdure of the fpring, and- the goodnefs of the Creator, who ■ imparts ligns of life to the dead'eartKi and makes^hc'dry cold revive. ■ IS Confider the bee upon the fio'^er^ and look at the creation of tfie Queen in the. hive, ' 14 And the artificers of the waxen cells V pierced through with holfes, > 15 And 'full of honey, in coloUr like the piolten gold. 13 16 The fong of every bird is heard in . every quarter, on the branch, and on the wing ; 17 The halcyon near the waters, the fwallpw twitters under the' eaves, 18 The 'f wan on the, filent {hore-, the fiightingaile in the woods. 19 If |he violet rejoice in its purple • flower, and the earth in the verdure of her foil. • ' . 20 If the Ihepherd tune his harp, and de- light in fiis flock ; v^i^ 21 If the mariner tempt the fea^ and the Bacchanalian lead the dance ; 22 If the nightingale pierce the' ear with a thoufand notes. If the bee work, It is impofGble for the p^et to keep li- lence in the Spring. 14 NOTES TO THE ARAiBIC. 1 AflusUc'sfrom aituitc ftmngwind, of the iame meaning yviih u-:>^AiJi hlowkag furioufly (windr);, w^nce mme -chit En- igliik word hmbbdbt, -©f which the deriva- tkm was mnkndwii to J&haGm, said all the etymologiils. Hebou in Atahic is ^fk iaiikd in the air, and cbebt^ wind blowing it about. 2 The epithet in the Greek <6f pui^prle is put for beautiful in ge^miaA,, %lendid, :^mvs^; *s(pplied in Latin to fwans and feow, and is well d^pinterd in (Arabic by mufteiieer. ^ ; { 11 Cold water to his ,guells, that is, worm water. Zulaul is properly a long kind of worm with a black dot at each 15 •cg:tr^aftity> lemnd in the fnow, frofli "which, the eeldeft water is expreffed, that is con- fidered afi a gfeat iuxiiry in the Eafl:, a*id d^anlL iiy'Kkalih^ilnd Satrabs. Sheema is pmi^'$re; ^ulaul may fee rendeited Snow water. See Notes to Gaab Ben Zdheir, p. 1©<^ Ato, 1 748. See alfo Golius, and Arif- totle on Worms in Snc^Wt, p. 543', E. vol. I. fol. * And in ftabflances that appetur to be mofl inCotrruptible, animals are engendered, like worms ila fttow that lies long before it be melted* See alfo Abu'l Ulla in 'Specim. Arab. ,p. iS3, Where Fabricius fpeaks of thefe worms in his note. 14 iX^j ^^d the artificers. The "w'ord aroelet %ieahs a?lfo the adlion of bruifing and beating in a mortar, oi; a bafon,' which is the firft fpelling accord- 16 \ , . . . . V. . i»g lb Mfenage> of what is now written geheraUy pinelette. The French gram- marians are driven to the GrSek for a derivation of their omelette, whicH their anceftors. brought with them from Egypt or Paleftine. ' 17. Wet wit. Pie wit, ahd Tyrwhitt; in Arabic, Englilh, and Dutch, are words fin ade from the twittering note of the bird. On the river's peaceful bank. I muft not omit to inform" the reader that the word Leejoor, river's bank, is the word, we are in the; habit of uling in Lee- fliore, to lexprefs-the fhofe the' winds blow • on, orthe fea, or river's bank. , Skinner not knowing this derived lee froin I'eau. 22. jl>JI behar in Perfian is the fpring, but in Arabic it means bright, fplendid, beautjful. f 1 17 EXPRESSED IN PERSIAN, FROM THE PERSIAN A^fMTERS IN PROSE ANt) VERSE PASSIM, -■* ^ , \ . , ♦» c 18 o^ ^"^ c^t-/ u'l^ J:l 19 ^\6 ^jP ^5^| ^ ^^) ^* lij '^^ (Jf jyr) ;' >^yj C2 26 21 TRANSLATION OF THE PEK&IAK 1 Unless the Hormy wind depart, the Ipring returns not ; Unlefs the Zephyr blow, there is no vernal fragrance ; During the winter there is nothing green in the plain. Nothing growing in the garden. 2. Now fmiles the ruBy-cheek'd, andjaf- mine-bofom'd Ipring ; 3 The ruflet earth is clad in green, 4 The withered branch begins to flioot, and the dry flick is in leafV 5 The meadow bathes its face in dew- drops, whi'lft the rofe burfts allinder With joy the folds that eavelop his body. C3 *3 6. When the meadow faw the rofe, Ihe faid with a fmile. This is my earth- born lover,- but the dew is my hea- . venly. 7 Kow the happy goatherd tunes his J)ipe on the hills, in the midft of riling grounds, running llreams, 8 and pidurefque plains, whilft the kids I, .bound from moynt to mount. 9 Now the mariner feuds fearlefs on the main, and.the fwelling fail of joy 10. is wafted on the wings of a prolpe-r rous gale. 11 Now in the inmofl; corners of the bowers, and the windings of th.e flower-garden, are the rof? and the vine, with ivy chaplets fweet tog6p ther ; Now in the recefs of the gar- den drink deep of the goblet, and fay, 2^ , 12 We are witnelTes, and the irielodious harp of Arabia tfells'us, that thte fon of the clouds marries the daughter 13 of the vine; "0|ye mortals,, raix '■■"2 water with your wme : Defiderique temperate poculu'm', Ylnumque lympha." 14 In the Ipring' the bee plunders the frefh full blown rofe, all droppiog wet, and returns home with" the Ipbil, to form the cells of the hive ; 15 The hum, of the bee is delightful, he , lips the fugar of the rple, and the- narciffus, and his whole bufinefs is to rob the flower of its fweets. 16 All around the fong of every bird is heard, 17 Alcyone lings br.ooding over the ' C'4 24 ftream, and- tlje" domeftic: fwailow twitters under the roof; o 'VH;;t IS The fwan on the river*s bank.^ arid the nightingale in the .woGas.M? 19 If then there is no joy without thfe rofe, V... -' ' ■■;■.■•' t' And no fpring without verdure. ',,('■ ■ ' ' ' '" . ^" 20 If the goatherd tune, his reed, and be not happy. without his flock J ' "- 21 If the feilor traverfe the fea j if Ivith- out wine there be no dance. 22 If every bird make melody, arid .with- out labour there be no honey, , * 23 The poet cannot be lilent in the fpring. 25 ■";;■. !S mh ll'j ■<■■ •'>' JJ- ■ .. :'! i-^-I ..J ./. i r.'.i' li ''■ '7/ . 'iO : :''ui i . ^ ' NOTES TO tSe.»per&ian: ' •'^'j; ,t:ir}'.''ii {'■ ■ -fob-) ^i!*; >Jjli-l*'i:>. '«■ Verfe 3. The mlTet earth. • - In 4h^ Gree!fe dark blue, j^xviYj, a colour once worn for mournirtg. ■ Genus's robe in Bion is of this fort. See Mr. Bu Bois's chaite vefiion ofthis poet in bis elegant poetic tra^ of the Wreath/' line Ahe 4th. Homer gives the colour in quefticwi to the cy«-brows of Jupite'rj to ilgnify the dark: azure of the clouds, and to Neptune's Jocks/ to exprefs the tint of thfe fta. jStfeout fix hundred' years before Chrifti a general change of dref^ to blue was or- dered by proclamation throughout the Fierfian '«mpire,' by T[!aicous, or Darius tljfc Mede, for the dieath of his fon Sia- vefb-, father of Gyrus^. This continue4 26 to be the mojirning colour till the death of Hoflain the fon of Ali, when it was changed for black by the Mohamn^edans of that fe<^l, who celebrate a folemn fef- tival on the anniverfary of his death), on the loth of Moharram, the firll month of the Hejra» commencing at the vern^J equinox, Ver. 8. Pidurefque-— In the origi- nal good for pidlures, or iubjeds for painting. Among thefe Rafied'din rec- kons ^lowers, verdure, plains, rivers, por- ticos^ arches> and palaces, as pi^ureique ol^eds. This fhews, at leafti how a Perfian poet would interpret the word" piAurefquCj upon which we have lb ma- ny opinions. Verfe.13. The Bee/ The Greek epithet is omitted, becaufe I find no al- Ittfions in the 'Arabic or Perfian writers 37 to this fort of generation, apparently e- quivocal, however common it may be to the Greek and Roinan poets, and natu- ralifts, to fay that the bee is of oxen born, or generated in a putrid hide. See Op- pian, Ovid, Virgil, and Pliny, 0pp. Cy^ neg. lib. iv. ver. 269,270] Ovid. Fafti, lib. i. ver.- 370. Virg; Georgic. 4. fub fi- nem. Plin, Ub. xi. c, 22. '.*?.► 28 PEDIGREE OF Ajr» ARABIAN HIQRSE, ' HUNG ABOUT THE NECK OP ONE BOUGHT I" IN EGYPT DURIN<3> THE LAST CAMPAI.' ed.Warton, 1791. See Georg. Agricola of thefe Ipirits at the end of his Metals, p. 538, Baf. 1611, fol. Ko€xXog io, Greek means alfo a demon of Bacchus, fee Hutus Arilloph. 27 Q, and Scholiaft. and in the Frogs, v. . 104. jio^oOO^a, with two lamdas, where the meaning is precifely the fame as in our word Cabalier^ intriguer, worker of evil, contriver of iriifchief. See Hefy- chius in KoSxAo?. ^'^r word Cabal owes its origin to the initial letters of Clifford, Alhley, Buckingham, Arlington, and Lauderdale, in Charles the Second's time. Cabala comes from the Hebrew To re- ceive as a pledge, and the Latin Caballus from KoJa^aAAw. to throw down. c This alludes to a cuftom -the Arabs 41 '■.... ;-<■.■ have," of fpitting in the face of •''an^ adul- terer.";** '''' ' ' ' ** .k;:.7 ^t^ni;.:., d >^^-*^ Syla is a hideous 'and dange- rous fpecieiS of dragon /i genus iti zoolo- gy belonging to the order of artiphibious reptiles.'* From Syla come Pfylli, 'a peo- ple, fo called in the fouth of Cyi'ehiaca, who are laid to have had-fomething al^put them fatal to ferpents. " See Herodotus, Pliny, and Lucari, and Hrfflelquift," who had feen them handle poifonous -vipers of the moll horrid fort, without the fmalleft inconvenience, but not always, as it Ihotild feem from Ecclefiafticus, xii. 12. aas^ a^cXJJ' iS^^ c-^jf. Xi^-* the Arabic tranfliition of ric sXsnasi sTraoi^h 'cpio- ^Yjxjov, Who will pity a charmer bit by a ferpent. In the Arabic it is, Who will pity a man who catches ferpents, if he be bit. 42 e C^A* Heyee, according to the Ara* bians, was a fon of Adam who died childlefs. , > / The word Das, in the plural dafet, means round heaps, or hillocks of fand, accumulated during the prevalence of the hot winds. g Daws beatipg the ground, treading out corn in a barn with the feet, the work of oxen, horfes, or alTes^ 43 OF DAHHAN AL. BAGHBABI, m ARABIC, OF WHICH MONSIEUR D'JHER-BELOT HAS GIVEN A FRENCH VERSION, WITHOUT ' THE ARABIC, AND I ADD AN EN- , ,. GLISH ONE, WITH THE ORIGINAL. Ne prenez pugit I'habitude de raiiler, ni de boiifFonner, car c'efi un de:^ut- ■'. • ' His eyes laughed, and fmiles lat upon his lips. In Latin balium imeans a kjlfs, and is nearly, related to the Arabic befin. The Arabic is added from the Additions to the edition of D'Herbelot, in 1779, by H. A. Schiiltens, but vvithout any re- marks. Date 1782. 46 Gar«Oj Mbftf. D'Herbdot tells us, was called Cor^ by the Mohammedans, and Avas faid to be the Coulin-gerraan of Mo- fes. He owed his great, wealth to his knowledge and Ikill in Chelnittry, and is quoted proverbially as a man fp exceed- ingly rich, that forty camels were re- quired to carfy his treafare. In Df. Clark's MSS. of Arabic AphoriffflS, which I hiave translated, this perfon is mention- ed, and it is there faid, A man's courtef^ is better than gold* And in the Perfian comment, A courteous man is better than gold. Knowledge is a fweet perfmse to the un- derftanding ; The want of urbanity debafes the learned man, . - ' Although he be richer than KarooB, 47 - There is alfo an epigram in a MS. Buftani Schieikh Sadi, where mention is made of the wealth of Karoon ; and it is as follows: " ^ A frantic Perfian fool pnce addreffed Kofroes in thcfe words, O heir of the kingdom df Jem, 48 Had the govfernmeri.t ffill remained ih Jem, how could the throne and tiara have devolved on thee, ;'6r how could the joyful tidings have reached thee that thou wert king. Although thou Ihould'li hold in thy^ gripe the /riches of Karoon, nor thing of thc;a^ vrill remain but what thoit frefeljr givell away. 49 PARTICULARS RELATIVE TO THE MANNERS AND LANGUAGE OF THE. ARABIANS. It has often been faid by the profef- fors t)f Arabic, both at home and abroad^ and imprelTed with, great force on their hearers by Pococjse, Hunt, Ockley, and Schultens, that the lludy of the Arabic language is the true road to the under^ Handing of the Hebrew ; and fo certain is this obfervation, that the learned Ori- ental world is now convinced no com- plete knowledge of the Scriptures can r be obtained without a familiar acquaint- ance with the Arabic profe and verfe E 50 writers, whofe works and manner of compofition havefcarcelya ihade of varia- tion from the oldeft Jewifti Manufcripts of the Bible, in idiom, imagery, jiidlion, ajad Angular iljle of expreflion, that whilft you are reading the beft authors of Arabi'a you meet continually with fuqh llrong refemblances to what you have left, in Hebrew, that you fancy you are llill periifing the proverbs of Solomon, or the poetry of Moles, and Ifaiah, the fon of Amots ; juft as a French writer, Bon- net, remarks. of Pliny's letter to Trajan on the Chriftians ; " It looks as if I had not taken up another author in reading the Ads of the Apoftles, but was llill peruling the Roman hiflbrian of .that Ex- traordinary fociety." Arabia which is commonly divided, into three parts, Petr^a,. Defer ta, Felix, 51 was formerly in five provinces, and all fo •welY defended .from invaders, as never, at any time, to have been under the controul of a foreign power. Of Ara- bia it jiiay be repeated, what Tacitus has faid in verfe at the head of his Annals, of imperial Rome, Urbem Romam a principle Reges habuere, ••^ ** Rome at firll had kings." And there was af J|rft a king in Ara- bia Felix. aJ.I / J at its firft be- 'ginning. WORSHIP. Friday is the day "of public worlhip in Moham-medan countries, when the 52 people aflemble in the great mofque. The name of the temple, or cathedral, is vCalled Jama « ^[r-y. , and the day Jumat congregation, becaufe on that day in every week there is a general alTembly at appointed hours, during which no work is done, and qo Ihop is open, although there is no interruption of hufihefs in the intervals of prayer. The utmofl de- cency of , deportment is obferved during the hours of Church, and no one walks about, or talks, or fmiles, or fpits, or tnakes the fmalleftiioife. Every one is covered, wearing his dulbend, or thuli- pant, JsXjJd, upon his head, and touches it only with the tips of his fin- gers, as if in the &Si of taking it ofF. The Mohammedan prayers are from the firft fedion of the ii4'of the Koraun, which they call Surat-elfata, or open- S3 ing chapter"; the, word fatyhi, a conquer- or, means alfo ohe who opens a way for himfelf, , Cui fit via vi. In the mofques you, may often hear, the repeti- tion of La ilaha Hla allaho, till the per- fon is out of breath, and fometimes till he Ipits: jblood by violence of exertion^ In the city of Conftantinople, there are about fifteen hupdi*ed places of worfhip,in liondbn five hundred and two. In Alex- andria there are four gates, bab raflieed, lidra, the fea-gate„ and a fourth, which is not opened but on a Friday. Abulfe- da's Egypt, g. 22. j^k- -^ The halo about the moon, or circle, is a word which, we have borrowed from the Arabic. The people of the Eaft are E3 ■ £4 very particular in their attention to the moon, both in its increafe and decreale, and the Turks confi^er the crefcent as an auguring hope of the future fulUefs of their empire, and ufe it for their military enfigni^ It is on this account that all their matters of moment are regulated by the ftate of the moon, and they begin no journey, and fight no battle till the new- moon has Ihown herfelf, but in fo doing, they only continue the fuperftitious wor- fhip probably of the bW inhabitants of their capital; fince, at the Xaking of Conftantinople they found the walls co- vered with crefcents, left by Severus, who reduced the city of Byzantium to a village. The torch-bearing Diana was formerly worfhipped at Byzantium, and her ftatue fet up in commemoration of 55 the delivery of the place from Philip of Macedon, who, befieged it by the light of the moon. Hence you fee on the coins of Byzantium, Caput Dianae, ante qu'od arcus cum fagitta, pone pharetra. On the re- ■verfe, BTZANTION T^^"^ ^''^^*^^'^^ ^"™ aftro. M..2, 3, Beger. Eckbel. Gefner, tab. xvi. 22. And from the fam6 fource came the name of Bol|)oritim from ^atripofiiQV, ^^ t^^ light of Hecate '^u&pgpo^ who faved'the place, by dif- qovering the befiegers. See Euliathius ad V. MS. Dionyf. Orb. Defcript. See on the coins, of the Ariacida?, Arfaces xv. Phrahates iv. a li^r and crefcent behind the head, E4 56 VERSES OF AN AnABIC POET ON A KING WHO WAS PLATING AT CHESS WITH HIS SLAVE WHEN THE ENEMY WAS AT HIS GATES. " Pum diflinet hoftem Agger murorum, nee inundalat languine foffse." ^. xi:v.381. .X»JC*vo, *^Ij (dJX« C_^c^ff 161 o,:^?JI j.lsx»a * ' QjJI (jljSJI AjPOj ^jUti^l uajLswj Delicious diihes of various meals are to you more defirous than the pages of the faith, and you would rather play with your companions, than read the Koran, that enjoins juftice, (whp:(e boundaries you break down,) and forbids iniquity. 62 NOTE. Sehafet is a difh or a pl^te,. and in the plural, as here, fehaf ; between this word and fehaeef the plural of fehaeefet is a paranomafia, or fii|iilarity of found ; and oppofition of fenfe. The Arabian pa- per is made of cotton, ajnd not as our*s is, of Ikiris or linen-rags. The employ- ment or bulinefs of tranfcribing occupies a great number of people, who do nothing clfe the whole of their day than write, as - the»ahcients ufed to do, not with quills, fout reeds, and upon- their knees for a table. They bring their works to fale when they are finiflied, andexpofe them in the Bazar. In Conftantinopie there is a manuicript market, where you may pnrchafe books beautifully written for 63 one zequin', or one thoufand, according to the illullrations and illuminations with which they are; accompanied^ and the miniatures that adorn them, and the ri- vers of blue and gold that flow through them, and the hiilories, ari(;i biographies with which they are made up, and inlaid. They hiave ho printers, for a good rea- Ton, becaufe no types are fo beautiful as ' their calligraphy, and this they know from adlual experience. The difference between fine writing, and the artificial and elaborate conjundion of letters, and printing to a Turk, or a Hindoo, is pretty near the lame as in painting and poly- graphy with us, or* in the liamped imi- tation of point d'Alen^on in fo^iflet- gauze. The ancients probably under- ftood printing from the fpeciniens to be found in every mufeum of Roman ^anti- 64 quities, in forne of which we fte two or three lines of names in letters raifed from the furface, azid retrograde for the purpofe of marking pigs or poultry, Aut p^cori lignum, aut numeros im- preffitacervis, Virg. Georg. i. v. 263. or vafes, or cups, * Nam haec literata eft' (urna Veneris). Plaut. Rudens, A. ii. Sc. 5. v. 21. xdu 'UTOTYi^KX. y^OL^if.o[lim and lettered cups, that had letters ftamped upon them. See another fort where the let- ters were engraved upon them. Lucian ed. 4to. . V. 11. p. 333, The reafon why, when the art of printing had been difcovered by the Roma!ns, it Ihould not be fuffered to be ufed> might have been, ■ 65 the idea with the Romans, as with the Turks, of its tuining the tranfcribers. If the account in Pliny and fetronius be worthy of credit, and we have no reafon to doubt the truth of the relation, Tibe- rius thought, the dudility of glafs, , or whatfoeVer the invention or difcovery was, of fo much confequence to the real or imaginary value of gold and filver, that he cpnfidered the fuppreffion both of it and its author, as abfolutely neceflary to the falvation of the precioiis nietals. Hin. 1. 36. c. 20. Petrdnius, p. 252. v. 52. ed. 4tb. ^EXT. ' ,Aud I followed hifti lb clofe, that I otiXf gave him time to pull ofF his £hoes, *■ and wafli his feet, before I broke into F the place where he was, and I jfoun^ liim feat^d w4th his fchol^r, and befqye them was a whitQ loaf| a baki^d kid;^ and a jar of winq. ,' %,h}ihz fe^nie.eds,, i$ VKhat the Gerj$pan3, t^\ 4a^ feiafte hmit aijirerl.ef©j^ wei,Si femtnel brod, the fineii iimnel bread* or, ,t2ake made of the fineft flour. The term feraeeds means whit^ whence the Greeks got o-sju/SiScX/'? and as[AiS'xXtTY}C a^roc that ^hey (ieijiye fr-om (ri^ia^l^Wg^sf aad) ^^i^i but bere the j:^cal ^.ia want JJ^g,, Which is fupMied in th« -Aifabie, Fro^ th^ Iqw liatirj we g€>t Sironel Simnella, and 11^ tj^piTJang. Semmel. V Judeet haneeds k kid roa,fted'ot baked. Meat is dUelTed in the Bail by being pul| into a hole in the ground covered witl^ j>iafter, upon which a fire is made, and all meat fq dteflTed is called by this natne» baneeds^ or henez. K-habee-et, hidden, a vale tall and ob* long. So e^Uedr becaufe it is concealed in the earth, whfei*e it is kept ibrtietimes , for years. The Arabs bUry jars of win^ at the birth of their children in Mount Libanits, and other places, ,tiU they are grown up* married, and fettled in Jife, when they draw it out, and give it t0 the bride and bridegroom at the celebra- tion of their wedding-feaft. There are allulions to this cuflom, which was of great antiquity, in the New Teftaimejot. V2 68 •^-'' Eaheeds, wine in general i '• -^ The Mchainmedans are forbidden the nfe of wHie at all times, but ' particularly during Ramadan^ or Ih'eir Lent. Bufbequius tells us, in his third letter of his Turkilh Legation, ]). 265. ed. Elz. L. B. 163^3. Th-at-'he had often enquired the ' reafon of this prohibition, and he was , told the ^following llory : It happened, as Mohamnied was upon a journey to fee a friend/, lie went to lodge with a hofti at'whofe hbufe a marriage-feaft was ^celebrating, arid he" was invited to par- take of it. The general- hilarity and joy •of the company ftruck him forcibly, and he cottld not but admire their fr^nent ialutes, their mutual embraces^ and certain •marks ofi the moft unequivocal love, and -benevolence ; this led him to afk the maf- ter of the houfe, to what all thefe unufual 'appearances^ were owrag; and ■he"'i^6rd hiim, Wine is the caufe of all this kind^ niefs. Then, upon his departure, he left •k blefEng upon a liquor, which had'o'c- cafioned fo much goodwill and affeiction. But ori his return tb the fame houfe on the morrow he found the fcene totally And 'entirely changed, and in-ev^ry part of 'the houfe ligns of the moll fiivage hatred, and conteption, and Jthe Scattered limbs of the conibatantalving on the floor, hefe a leg, arfd there an arpi, and the whole houfe llained with blood. Upon which he could not help expreffijnig jbijs a^^on^ftir ment, and enquiring a fecond time what Gould have brought on So *dreadfub a change/ ahd as ife a proverb. /lilThe road to reign is the road tp ri»in» Of th? 1 road tajeign, (has) roads to tuin. UCX^i 0;l^ ijC^JI ^^4^ . ;> Matirid ^Iiridek fiiuarid alh^lek. The efprits forts, among the^ Mo- hammedans, affedl to laugh iX. tAifeif ^- phet, ^rtd detidje himift plafiH tepafs, as Hafez doe^i in th« fdMd\*^in^ pAfl^%r his pfohifcition of wiq«, .*/ , *• •• rWhat the -^'ife ajfid pious Soph j* Coftliders as bitter, and the feotb^t of widtedne% F4 ^ is to me far fweetdr,- and more de- firable than Mecca, and all its pre- cious ornaments. The word Kiblet means, that part to which people diEcdt theiir face in prayer, efpecially Mecca, towards the Caaba or temple, of which city the Mo- hammedans, wherefoetieJf-th^y are, turn, when about to pray i . /i. " ' See Life of Sir William Jones, p« 49, where there is another, verfion of thefc lines, whidi I do not fubfcribe to. I am aware th^t kublet means a philtre or a kifs, but then the laft words are not tranflatedi ]j] jjJ] ^ At page 47 of the fame book there ;^re fome Terfes* * Does memory recall the blifsful bowers of Solyma/ &e.. / '.73 , , introduiped with, ■ - * * If I rightly remember thn$,' And in Reviczki's original letter, thus, * Dont'le commencement eft tel^ (i.jq m'en fouviens,' ' P. 412, where the Arabic follows, tut npt of the Englifh, p. 47. So that the trariflator muft ha^e quoted one part and the Count another. This jaft is beautiful, and deferves to be known. . y>. -^ Cr*' (//? "^> >^>, Security is the true chain for the union Of . neighbours in tlie en- dowment of^ peace ; ond^ drop of; 74 the tears of the brave is Ibetter than the gum that puts the eyes in, paint. N. B. The Perfian of p. 414 has •J »*^ U^' a word that means nothing, ^for which i have reftored\^ U^f Corruption. The firft word ,»jl means in Perfian that, and alfo that which, or what, l|ke our pronoun that, including the relative and the antecedent. There is alfo a paflage in Sir William Jones's Afiatic Poetry, that wants explanation, p. 164. ^ J?| p^^ Of-^ C^ Which he tranflates, Nafus nabilitatis praeciditur, and for the purpose of ground- ing upon it an inter^gretation oi^hertemi 75 in (Jeneiis, where it is (kiA of Mpfts, jBte called together all the ipagicians of Egypt, that is, all the facred fcribes, but ac-i ctti^ding to Sir William all the nobles; from the wor4 Jajik ^n -A'^bic, the pro- boicis or nofe as of an elephant. Here th« firft word is left unexplained in his ci- tation ;f^'j which means the nofe of a black red calourj,&'c. and that wecan hard- ly conceive to have beeij the lenfe intend- ed Ijy Hofeijl el Afadi, in hi* lamentatioii ov6r his departed herp,; and you may de- \ |)end upon it, it was not, flnce the truic reading majies the firitl word end in an ain, and not a bha, and is ^^c. «>.^U And the fore finger^ or finget oi nobi'- Jityis cut off, that is theittdex, pr power of nobility. Tfee magicians faid, * this is the finger of God,' This is God's^idig, ..and inimitable. ' 75 TJiis Atabic fentence is as weirknowA in the Eaft, as tliat which • occurs on all the Cufic coins. There is no God but God ; one would think that the Arabs had , borrowed this diftum of theirs, * There is no %ing from God, but" by flying to God,' from that incomparable Bodor of the Church of Chrift, St. Auftin, b^fhop of Hippo, who thus comments on Pfalm 146, ' God is our refuge.* Nerno fugit ab illo, tiifr ad ilium, abejus feveritate ad ejus bonitatem, a Deo irat6 ad Deum placatum ; Quis enim te locus exceperit fugientem, nifi ejus praefehtiam invenias ? It i& perhaps worth a remark, that the word for refuge in Arabic /is malja, and in Hebrew and Phoenician Malt, A/^herice the name of the Ifland of Melita, to which the Phoenician cplonifts ' fled, and the ifland was a refuge to the 17 traders of that country. See Biodorus Siculus, in his fourth b^of the camel throwing out his feet like an oftrieh., JBufbequiUs defcribes this animal as bearing great laurdens, patient of: hunger and thirft, lying down to be loaded, but fdon te#i* ?9 fying "by a bray, and refufal to i^ife,^ jf a poupd too much be laid on his back. The caiftel requires fo little attention>, that one driver can take care of fix ; he wants no Combing or currying, but is drelfed with a broom. Bulbek has feen a dozen fitting in a circle and feeding at the fame time all together with their heads in the fame difh. When provi- fion runs ihort» , they eat thorns an^ 'thiltles (a), and the more the fpines prici; their mouths the more greedily they de- Vour them ^ with all their dotility and indifpenfable utility, they bear no price in Comparifon of a high bred borfe, or fleet mare, which is, in exchange, worth a hundred catnels. ■ (fl) (mIcX***!, Sadan a prickly plant, of which camels are very fond. Ariftotld* and Vlia^ after him, defcribe the ftep of so- ^it of four footecf , and many footed ani-' mals to b^ diagonal, and beginning with the right fo6t«. - -KxldicrxsMs^s^oi^i^ov^ (TIV GTSyisuVi XXI oil XXflYiT^Ol. ' To $S XCtjX crxs^os saflv, 'ors ov Tsr^o^ocivsi tm oc^iajs^u TO ^s^ioy, (XX>^ zTCXxbXov^Bi. Ariftot. pi 28. 4t0. 1587. p. 480: fol. 1500. Omnia animalia a dextris partibus ift- cedunt.' Leo tantutn et camelus peda- tim; hoc ell ut iinifter pes non tranfeat dextrum, fed fubfequatur. Riding on a camel is fomethirig like failing in a Ihip; of which the motion is not ^^ . rawzet backwards ahd forwards, but ^It^;^,^ from fide to fide, which in German is Waggeln or wakkeln. The world is like the vapour Scrabi qui cum propiur fteis, te fugiet magis. 8L There is mention made jn the 34th chap- ter of the K^oran of this vapour, and the unbeliever is compared to it. It occurs alifo in the Bible, Ifaiah, c. xxxv. v. 7. and ha$ beeil explained by almoA all trjavelleri ind commentators, ShsLW and Sale, Hjde and l/0.w|:h, bUft moft fijUy, .perhaps, by Q. Curtius, lib. 4 — 7. lib. 7". 5. Serab is that falfe appearance which in the Eaftern countries is often feen in Tandy plains about noon refembling a large lake of water in motion, and ijs caufed by the reverberatio4 of ^ the fun beams, or th^ q^uiviering and undulajtipg motion of the quick iuccefCons of vapour, and exhala- tions extrad^d by theCfun. The Arabic proverb is very juft, and poflefles a fin- gular beauty, jof which, thofe who bass feen the appearance in queftiori, and kno^, the world, can beft judge, ' G .82 The Gofpel of Matthew the Apoflle, ' one of the twelve, which he wrote in India in /the Hebrew tongue, under the diredlibii of the Holy Spirit. This, is the infcription on the life of St. Matthew iri Ara,bic, publiftied by Kirftenius, M. D. Breflaw, 1608*, and there are three ways of interpreting the conclufion of it, to which I add a fourth. The Gofpel which he wrote in the In- dia .of the Hebrews. \L-: Vitie iv £vange]iiAaruin •« codice Arabice. 8S India Ebraea Kirften. ''■'' Wlricli be wrote in India in the He- brew tongucj John Fabricius of Dantzick. In Ind, or with the Tndi of Phoenicia in the Hebrew tongue. KiHlehius could not cbniprehend how St. Matthew could write his Gfofpel in India of thte Hebrews, of which he had never hedrd ; FabriciuS was equally afto- niflied at Kirften's igrtbraritfe in cpnftru- ing Ebrania Hebrew, inftead of Hebraice, but knew nothing of any place, or peo- pie . called Indi in Paleftine. Now it appears from Fulgentius, in his Mytholo- gicon, lib. 2do. the inhabitants of Sa- repta and Meroe were called Indi, the one in Phoenicia, the boundary of Palelline, G 2 d4 to the North, and the other, in Ethiopia, of whofe inhabitants Tirgjl fays, fpeaking of the Nile, * Ufque coloratis amnis devejdia sk Indis.' Georg. iv. 203. T|ie A^umit?e of iPtQlemy, and the Jlomeritae had this name; andFrumentii**, the apoftje of the Former, is ftyle4 Aiof- tolus Indprunj. See* Siossom. Hb. '2. c 25» an,d Soqyatem^ L i . c. 1 5. u ARABIC PROVERB. Give the edge while the iron is hot, II faut battre le fer quand il eft chaud. Man mufs das ei£en fchmeiden, weil es gliiet. The meaning is, thatopportunityi Which Is bald behind, mvA be feized by the forelock, as it is expreflcd by Opitius, in Spec. , Arab. Joan. Fabric. 4to. p. lOf . l6S8. Die Gottin der Gelegenheit Ift forne nur mit haaren, Im nacken ift fie kahl allzeit, Drumb lafs fie ja nicht fahren. G 3 89 Opitius Martin, of Boleflavia, in Bo- hemia, fettled at Dantzick„ and was hif- torian and fecretary to the king of Po-» land, ' an ^elegant German poet and ver- fifier of the Pfalms, and author of Ger- pian Profody ; he pafled his life in tra- velling from one coiirt to another, and died in iGsQ, a batchelor. See his por- trait in Freher's Theatre of, Meri famous for their erudition. In Plautus's Mof- tellaria we read, v. 6g.„ A, i.' Sc. iii. * capiundos criries' for arripiendam occa- lionem, in allufion, t!o the. God; Kotipog fronte capillata, occipitio calvo. PROVERBIUM, The going about like a ghoft in the night, fecretly like a fpedtre. The ceremony of going ifeven timfes round the .temple, or kab^t, m^ifon car- ree, at Mecca, is called, teef or tejfi, whence our word theef or » thief, from the, Arabic, through the Saion^ fignify- ing, going about clandeftinely. ri; .* for thieves do foot by night.' Shakfpeare. Ut jugulent homines furgunt de node latrones. ' Horace.., ,^ The temple of .Mecca, which is faid to have been deflroyed very lately, and plundered of alt its wealth, was gilded-in every part, and covered with cloth of gold, vefte holobrezita, that is, cloth of f>ure entire gold, oXog and (^jy/Ji. . G4 88 ii;/oj/in Greek pBryfHm. See Md'iirsii Gloflar. p. 379. and Stietcfji. Nero. c. 44. Hei*e both taen and women Walked bare-footed, praying with fervor, and fainting each other as they * pafled;. and impreffing kiffes with the utmoft zeal and afFedion on a black ftone, hejeru'l efwcd, 1 which was fuppofed to have come from Paradife, and to have ilhiminated the whole region of ^ecca by its Iplendor, but is doW grown dnll, even to bkck- jiefs, on account of the fins of men, which have been continually encreafing. Jacub ben Sidi Aali,' an Arabian author Quoted by Fabricius. S|tecim. Arab. 110. Whoever has lived long in the wbrld, will have learnt that friend (hip is 9g deceitful* knd her jw-omifes im- This is a line from Abu'I IJla ; a fa- mous Syrian poet of Mciarra, near Da- iBttafcus, who became blind at four j^ears old, he wrote a poem ori; the contempt <5f the world, preftrVed in the library at Leyden, of which this verfe might, with great propriety, have made a part. I iliThe ' literal tranllation, which it is worth while, to give in or^eif to fliow the Arabic idiom, is, Whofoever has been the companions of nights, that is of time, will learn from them the fraud of fnend- fhip, and the impolfibility of performing what it promifes. Wer nun ein wenig in deV ^elt Zum dicken Hauffen fich gefelt, , Derwird gewar und fihet^ -90 Pafs Treu und Glauberi Schmihke fey* Weil Meineid Lift, und Heuchelei Auf alien Wiefen bliihet. Whoe'er in life long days has i^en. And mix'd with crowds his time has pafs'd. Will to his forrow know, ' That faith is glofs'd, and friendihip paints,' Whilft fraud and perjury, like faints. In native colours glow.' . ni DESCRIPTION OF A SWpBD ANB SHEATH. /ROM ABU'L ULLA. You Would eonceire on feeing this fWord in its Iheath, that it was cloathed with the ftars of night, ' and Ihoed with the new moon. A falchion or fcipiif ar, called in Per- fian Shemflieer, iludded with flars, and curved like a fcythe, ha§ its Iheath of the fame fiiape, which the poet caUs its Ihoe. Thus the Germans call a glove ein hand- fchuh. The Perfian word is ^ ihum, which in the Northern languages, and the Scots is Hill flioon. The Arabic term for flioed is antaala, from nal a Iho^. Hence in Perfian nalbend, a far- rier. ' Uiit^ LHS^* f^y^ (^ (Jma^uJI jfcAA^ Its temper and point is to my eye dif- ferent, and jet alike. On its furface the water undulates, the fire glows, which, though op- polite and contrary, produce one and the fame efFerobably Llj^g ^A the reilora- 90 " - tion of Perfia, by the reftoration of the prime riiinifter to his place. P. 226. The M^uzins and their mi- narets. g,U^ * e)<^v« Muezzin u mi- nauret. Valid; ion Qf Abd^ljnalec, as the note informs us from D'Herbelot, firll fet up minaurets, or minauur, and threw down, as appears in ian article in this tradt, the coloiTal ftatue of Shiraheel. P.^ 245. And the hodijrnal found, called by the Arabians, azif, Azif is coming fuddenly upon you, furprifing you. P. 246. Blue gufliing rivulet. The Kile is fo called becaufe it is of a blueifli colour JoJ Nil orlSTeel. P. 307. Schebjerag cj^u-uiiSbub cheragh lamp of night. P. 254. — upon a stone, called Sak- jat or Sekhrat a ropk, or huge, hewij 97 ftone in Arabic, thus, i:j\,s:!^ or Hysuo, liiis ftone is laid to be one vaft emerald,^ on which the earth turns, Ihuis in Shak- Ipeare, ' If heaven wotild make me luch another world of one entire and per- feA chryfolite.' Othello, v. 2. P. 25^. Afrit or afreet, in Arabic ciu^sl' Solomon is laid io have conquered and tamed ohe of thele imaginary mon- fters, in the fabulous ages of the Ferlians. T. 274. A magnificent taktrevan. ^^L • CXzbJ Tekht rawari is both in Ara- bic and Perfian a litter or travelling bed, called in German ein Schlafwagen, in French une Dormeufe. P. "294. Megnoun and Leileh, read jJUJ J Q^33^ Mejnun and Leila, whofe loves Nezarrii has fung in a fine Perfian poem. H 98 p. 210. Gulc|ienrou!j, rather GuWien-. rpzjj^ ^MSlK'.'^iiM of th^ ro(e-^arden. It is poffible by wnting gulchenroiiz ip confound it. with.gulchanrouz, ttie light of the ehimnev in Perfign. ■ See the very learned and inftru6live note?, that ac- .'.; .V .'>•■•■ n:. J ^ . ,'ji.,%,'i /a- ^ /■■ corppi^n V this curious Arabian tale^ ., . 99 ikN ^C COUNT- OP A, \v COLOSSAL STATIJE pF BRONZE, WHICH WAS THROWN DOWN IN THE REiqi^ OF WALID tHE FIRST, SON OF ABDAL- MELEC, KHALIF OF THE RACfe OF OMMlAtJ, IN EGYPT, ' JTKOM a'lPAMIRI, the NATURAL HISJPO^- BIAIC, A^T it E Wo Rfyt0^2SrJ I. SEE SlM. ASSEMANNi's CATAt<«JUE OF OHIESPTAL MAlf^sdfeti^TS • 9F TftlE NANIAN r.I3fi!A- RY,. IN PADUA, 1792, V 4T0. P/414...SQ. ET 2'g2V SQ. H2 loa ^jUal p*9 2^b ^tXXwJue ysrvJI v.-jC^ci. A^UI 4-VXX5 cM^I Xflli" J^l |,JiAaJI jyij idd^l Jus t^' tXJ^I ou; ^ V^^li y^^^l tub: C-Ji OSj y*.tsu 101 TRANSLATION OF THE ARABIC ■ ' Hafedh Abu Bekr Alfchatib Albag- dadi, Ipeaking in his book, called Al- mottefek Valmofterec, of Aiama Ben Zeed, who prefided over the tribute of Egypt, under Walid, and Soliman, fon of 'Abdalmalek, fon of Merwan, who built the ancient Nilometer (Mokkias) that flood in the iiland of Foftat, in Egypt, fays, that there was in Alexaq,- dria, upon a promontory of the fea, a ilatue of an idol; called Sberaheel, of an immenfe fize, which pointed, with one of "its fingers, towards Conftantinople ; and the foot of, this image was the height of a man's ftature ; wherefore Aiama Ben Zeed wrote to Walid Ben Abdal- 102 malek in thefe words, O prince of the faithful, there is now with us in Alexan- dri^'j^n JHiage of brafs, ca-lled Slieraheel, and we are in want of fulfes^ or copper- aacHiey ;. qnd if thp prinqe f»f tU^. faithful J|jbi}}4;f^PP5''ove, ■ 'We ; migh^ jneU the ■\iV^n:^ fNt"6 ^nd. caii coppejr coin, \mt if ptjjidjwife, vfe pr^y the prince of the f^ithfifttito .wrH^swbatfpever i^l be his (jpJ?inja8^,^:Tti©n he; (ti^ekh^ifA J^rgte ,|^,^3ip3^, Ypvi '^?l? not to TGm.o\§ the fltat^qgjlfei^fOFf I,, fend ^^0 you confidential P©Ff9tt}'|,j.,inj»iWhQfe pr^f^nce it may be doiiQ. ,;;ifrhe kh.alif thqo fent thofe trufty i^|6>nSj .?Sid xhp flatue, vifas thrown down, to, thfi ground, and the eyes were difco- vjgFed tp bis two pirecipus flones of great ;jpric,e, cipd t^ey coined fmall money into t ^ - i®a ,V';.Ihe cstpHaia of Obelifti of a thojiffinjd polirifls weigbti; made- of a ^feMtiflifc©'- •loured 5Eop^ei5 vazy^ifticiSal^l^.hmt ihalrefl thd falme fetje..'? AWdllatif .tells us^. Ihai .•bief iajv'iia,' Aih' Sbenfas, . ione of the twp)fa^ jnoeojusjobElilka, fcitiown bf.tiberiamc of. fiha?- roah's obeBlks^: up«m:;iibe groiaod witbiot^ its rbtaisen or copper Uapital^ his words acie and I faw alfo that the hrafs of thp ca- pital had been carried away. P. 108.. Hiftor. ^gypt. Compend. ed. "White. The Chriftiaos, under Charlemagne, are faid to have found in Spain a golden idol, or image of Mohammed as high as a bird can fly. It was framed by Mohammed himfelf of the pureft metal, H4 104 who, by his knowledge in iiecromancy, had fealed up within it a. legion of dia- bolical fpirits ; It held in its hand a pro- digious club, atid. the Saracens had a prophetic tradition th^t this club would fall' from the hand of the image in that year when a. certain prince Ihould be born in France. Tnrpin. Hifl. de Vit. Caroli Magn. et Rolandi, cap. iv. f. 2. a. N*B. In thcexpreffion ^ac (Xl* o^ If it fliould pleafe thee but littld, or not at all, we have^ the French word guere anfwering to the Arabic word ^^ gheer. 105 ... t v.. .^ ■ , CX)NJEC'njRAL CRITICISM VIRGIL. I am induced:' to offer- a criticifrh on a pailage in Virgil, 'which I have never feen fo explained? as to give me fatis- fad:Lon. Primus Ego in patriam mecumj modo - vita Hiperfit, Aomo redienS deducam vertice Mufas : Primus Idumaeas referam tibi- Mantua palmas. ' ' • • '■ Gcorgrc. iii. v. lo. ■ I perfedly agree with any one that fkall fay, in patriam red iens marks the 106 intention of the poet to return to his na- tive country, whither he propofes to conduft the.mufes ixi^iii J^nia, , but I can no mora fubfcribe to -the hotion that, by ' Idumsas palnj.^s. Virgil meant to bring palms from Idume, than I can fuppofe, with Catrou, that thp Koman pqgt me- ditated a Voyage to .the.iJjeyant. It *s far from my inteiafeicJii, ito attelppt tp prove my point, by (hewing how uniik^- ,Jy it was, that Virgil Ihould be acquaint- ed with Syria, Egypt, or Palpfttft^ii"^ this is not, in my opinion, the. gfc^nd on which arvy thing folid is likfely to be' efta- blifljed, lince it were no very arduous tafk to demonftrate, that numberlefs beauties, and fublimities have been tranf- planted into the foils of Greece and R&mQ from the facred gardens of* the .^ft. . For mj own particular part, if -I l©7 may I be allqwed the liberty, after recon- fidering :- ters, and cbi^id it bring o«t a meaning more agreeable to the general fcope of -the paiiage than the prefeht reading. And firft, we may obferve/ that the poet teTls us. Primus ego, I will be the firft, if I furvive myi return to my native coun- try, to bring the mUfei from the Aonian Mount ;' I will alfo be the fir ft to bring to thee, O Mantua, palms from Jdam^t, and I ^^ill erect a temple on the banks of the Mincius ; Ca;far lliall be the God, 108 and T, the cooquetor, in purple, will ex- hibit the* gaiijes on the bank* of my na-? tive river, for, which ' all Greece Ihall leave Alpheus, and the Ihores of Mo- ' lorchus. All this is very intelligible, and without any difficulty, if you ex- cept the fudden "jump from the heights of Bgeotia oyer the ^gean, and the Me- diterranean Seas, to fetch pabns for tlie conquerors at .the Mincian games. I am ' fully > aware that the palms of . Idume were ufed by the poets for paims in ge- neral, as Silius Italicus, and Martial abundantly tcftify, lib. viii. v. 456. lib. X. Epigr. 50,-r-But hqre the circiim- fiances of the place have induced me, I confefs, to. look for palms in a more confined fen fe, the palms of Greece, and , the ,yidQrie& of its games : For does not the poet' fay, " When I fliaU return to 109 my native country, I will bring with me the ittufes from the Aonian mount ? and in the fame breath does he not go on, " I will (alfo) bring back (referam) with me Idumsean palms? From whence? If it may be afked — Why from Abnia certainly, whither he was juft gond but the inllant befoi'e. And if we enquire for what purpofe, it may be anfwered for the Mincian games, where Vir^I, as conqueror, in honour of Auguftus, was to drive his hundred chariots in the pre- sence of all Greece. On the words "Centum quadrijugos agitabo ad^flumiha currus." Servius remarks, " Id eft, unius diei exhibebo Gircehfes/'j This makes it clear for what the palms were defigned, which he promifes to exhibit to his native Mantua, with the mufes, for the firft time. And here we maj remark, that in , p^^rkim cannot meaa Italj 3t |aTge»,,as in this ientfe primus could neither be tjPH^ of thf ittiifes, or tlie; games. Yirg^./\fa9 npt the firft epic poet of the Romans ; bofc as be4rft, offered to exhibit the games frf Grjeece to Mantwa, fo Wa&. he^ .^he firft bard fi" that cotttitrj, -who propiifed. to cdqbrate bis o\vn vitftorjeSf ^ver the jnufcs of HelicorK Btit P> I^be JvpiJnt^ To faj the truth, I confider Idutiw^a* as an idle epithet* ^d of |ip ijfe, but tf> complete the verfe, and pu?zlp the com^ mentators^ ^""e natiorallj took for fomething in the adjective which agrees ,with pal mas, that .fliall expreffly mafic its meaning, and its country ; Idumean palms are applicable to a triumphal ei*- try, nrore th^^,to the hands qfthe vio- tors in the games : but as the mufes comeffom Greece, fo do the palms in queftipn^ and fignif;;? the introdutftion to Mabtup, of ^hofe bfianches which in tJae bancis pf^ the yidors, denote a fuperior. ftrengtb 'in running, leaping, wreftling and fo forth ; in a word, I think it not at all improbable that Virgil wrote. Primus ITHONiEAS referam tibi Mantua palmas. Nor is this unlikeT\', on account of 'the apparent difference of the different let- ters,- THON far BUM, fince ITHOME aad .LTHONE appear anciently to have been confounded together, and it i^ pro- bable, that from ITHOMEAS or ITHO- NaEAS, came mUM:^AS. Whofoever :!^i-l-j fe^s^ tl;ie pains to exatnine the autho- ritics, will be a better judge of the pro- 112 BabilTty of fuch changes. IthonieVasa town in Boeotia, facred to Mihferva, whofe tfemple flood in a plain liefore Co- ronsea, where the n«]t*^o;wT/« ^ere fee-' lebrated, hinc illae palmai. Cailitiiachus nientions the Ithonian ganies, * We learn alfo from Statius, that Ithbne was facred to Minerva, Ducit Ithonseos atque Alcumenaea Mi- nervae Agmina. Theb.. yii., 330. And in another important paflage, lib. ii. near the end. Sen Pandionio -"^ y. 721. Monte venis, five Aonia devertis Ithone. ■' I' Cbnfult Hefychius, v. Iri^xia Etym. i^fag- Callim* Cerer. V. 75. , Apqllon. ' Rhod. I, 551, and Holflen ad Stephanum Byzant CARMEN TOGRAI. £,17. V. 45. oxoN. 1661. 8VO. 111* reward of la man who wiflies for long life, is tooutliveall his friends. This fentiin.ent was ipicfib^d in the form of a ciirfepn an ancient wall. QVl HOC AMQVERIT . .it VLTIMVS SVQRV-M MORIATVR, , ; GINDERS. Mr. Harrrs, df Salilbury, who was coiaiidered' tin the' authority of Kihop I U4r Lowth, as, .a: great gramoiarian, till Mr. Tooke arofe, has an idea whicli, it may be fafely obipi^'ved, is .perfectly un- toundfed, and without the Ihadow of truth. I mean with refpedl to genders, that he fancied were mafculine and fe- minirie according to the nature of things, wher4:f6je Oce^nus and Sol wfere mafcu- line, becaufe they ba^ fomethingiii them incompatible with female delicacy, , and the earth , and the moon feminine, be- caufe one brought forth every thing, old tn other 'earth, and the other was called the liftier of the fun, and Ihone by re- ifledled light. To fay nothing of the German language, in which the Moon, it is well known. Is mafculine, DerMond, and the Sun feminine. Die Sonne, I fhall prodqce a paflagC! fyom an Arabian poet of. great celebrity, not hitjiwto mijf^h . 1 15 quoted, but very much to the pirfelent piirpofe, and he lays,; that there is neither glory in the maftiuline, nor Ihamd in the feminine' gender. . ci And to be in the feminine gender is ... ho difgrace to th^ fun. Nor Kof the mafculine any honour to the moon. ARABIC PROVERB. T^ firfl man that forgot was the ifirfl . o/men. 116 Here the VoVds na¥, maft, and items, "wdrnen, witH^rfaUfti, m HeTarew, 'kre de- "rlved from nalfee, he fofgot. 'Abi Te- inan, a well known po€ff, alludes 'tDthfcs etymology, when he fyys, Tlfb'h't -fofgette'^p^fecg^'t, ^im&yoix have' ^ot'tlfe liame of ^nfauri, •f^o& ^ydtfr ^^ft'-of ^l^rj|attIHg. Thus, Shakfpeare, without under- Handing HebrejK, or Arabic, makes Cleo-i patra fay, ' O my 'otiliVi\)h*is a very Antony, And I am all forgptten.', Which is, as if Ihe had faid, I had fomkhing to'Tay, biit my fOfgeifulriefs is a very Antony, who is obVivibn itfelf in the abftrad. DERIVED FROM THE EAST, if;lt Babari,- papari, 'ar^jrs^;, pep- per. --We learn from Athenaeus,' p, f>6. lib. 2. ciap. 25. that, usAf is the only word in Greek that ends in J^ 'iffiTrspi, xafipih and xo7(f>t, are foreign terms. '^- -it Barba*, a bearer of burdens, k day labourer, a i)eaft of burden in Per- fian, hencis ^robabiy barbarus. Jt A bale of goods, a box» a mifery, or opprefSoh, in Pei^an, aS in Saxon ca- lamity, complaint. J^ji Ferula, in Latin as in Peffian-, a board, lath, fhingle, or chip, ^^ A puffj or biaft of win4,' l/^'/fJ .♦jj > ,^ to blow out the candle, ]h Perfian. 118 jUl/t Balakhan^, balcony, a gallery on the top of' the houfe, an Upper cham- ber. Perfian. ' s . ■ \ - ■ ' 4 . . , . ■ . ) ■ ■ s" Whore. Perfian. According to JVIr. Tooke's learned and ingenious ety- mology our word comes from the pre- terit of huren, to hire, which is indeed, very cjiaraj^eriftic, of the perfon — * flat cuivis mercabilis aere.' There is, how* ever, another Saxon word that feems to be with ftiU greater probability the orir ginal of pur term, I mean worian, to wander, or walk the ftreets. ' ,Ooi]«f i"^ Greek is meretrix, five vaga, from whence, that is, from (poij^y, the Latins have made a word, and the Italig,Tis put- tana, to which they have added errante, ^yi Embolus, * vine, '^AfATt^sTids jn Greek. i ■ I Alhambra, the refidence of . *.|V' tHe Mobrifti kings of GrafiadaV his feeea fttppdfed to have its riame frdni thd ted. inateiiaU with -which it was built, like the' cafe rofle at VenficCj'but then the word wotild have been )^i^ I alharhra* the red, whereas there is a ba in the right term of • alhambra, which is re- fblved thus into two words as I have written it, and J means, the care-free, or like the palace of another king,, the Sans jja Keced, card. The worft or coarfeft -pari; of the tW^ol . ' '\,/ ^ Jj K.ef6, chaiF. — ^Thc refufe rernaJnT ing after the grain ie threfhed. out. ^«^Per- fian. -"'ii-' -'»!•'!• ,,:• '^ ■■'■■ ■ ■ /^feO >Leka(h^ money, c^fli. 'i ' i*jij )y^ rabtion of- the ton^«e— fpeialf- •ing. Ferfian. 'i?i • r^ %-- '■''' s. /X/ jU- Saiil-bundj year-knot; i The I4 Chiiiefe f and the PenwiaJi$ reckon by knots J ^e Romans drove a nail into the terftple of Jupiter, to mark the years, and in Hindoflan the regifler of the bicth of a child is till a knot in a ijrihg. '^ ' PERSIAN WORDS DESCRIPTIVE OF CHARACTER. . > : ) fli:i ■•" .' > ". r ■ ji^Ja^' Nezz.6rl^z, an eye^cheat, or Juggler. : >— ^y l/t Pai kvlbi .a foot*beater, or dancer. Parenj, foot labour, performed by the dalieers at the great Perfiaa fefti- vial, in October or Aban. >U?) wfyj j^ Siper berab efkend, he. threw away his ihield, &id of a cow- 121 ard, as in Latin * relidla non bene par- mm-a. • \''- ' -•-•■ ■-■■•'•' -^ : ^' -A J J] ^nde|, an, upon, in the placg of; A ftep-father, who 4s in tjie. ilead gf .^ father, --• ■ - v ,. -^ . ♦U-*j ttHad, mafter, fir. - ^^vl*» .^VH"! ' tJflad Jacob.- Ulled, in Spanif!ti> is fi^ ;fiipp€»fed to be contradted from vueftja oj^rped. . ^ ^jif \Jl^ Sefri^ ku^i. the bile-kiUe?^ or breakf^ft, ^i Pachifd, worn,' trampled under foot, or a. brick c^f c^y, from three to five feet long, and broad in ^qportion. tP^} i\f A ieller of bits, a retail* dea)er. , CJ)/ L/'T '^° make an eaf, ±p liften. . To make a leg to bow- 122 ItEMA^RKS AND OBSERVATION^,.: The warriors of the Eaft, in the ninth century,' it aj^pears from an anecdote of Yacoub ben Leith, in the Negariftan of All ben Taifour Buftami, publiihed hy Sir William Oufeley, prefer'd the helmet to every head-drefs, and the qoat of mail to all covering, and the blood of their enemies to the fweeteft beverage; wifcnefs the verfes of Ali, fon of Abi Taleb, Our drink is the blood of our ene- mies, and. our cups the bowls of their wooden IktiHs, This is the Eafiern edition of the . banquet of the hall pf Odin, where the 129 « Tieroes dirank cerevifia out of gold cups, made of the IkuUs of thofe they had con- quered; in 'war; the fame cuftom ftill is maintained in our own country!, ■ with no other difference but that of the: liqbor, iince the poets of this day boaft of their drinking cham'paghe ou£ of the Ikulls of the bpokfellers, .See p. 355, de Caulis Cqnternptae Mortis. apud PanQs, 4to.^^^,, I Alk not' what, was done above; * ' ' For here in halls of joy' and love, " "' The faVour'd bards) profufe of foul, iDrain the &ull and nd^ar'd bowl. '* Matthias Odes from the Norfe Tongue, p. 5, 1798, -^ : 134 -. If Shir^z' beauJe0iii6.osaid, wiiiQafeJoYfc ..<; Ij' qharniSL.'"' • ■,'.? 'io .:- Have feiz'd my foul* wouMriiake jnp to .her arras ;; "' . jsr I'd gladly give ffir that iair cheek's ilack mole c'r' ^vi- Of ,Samarciandi>and Bokhara the Mchole. This diftich has been often tranflated both on account of its beauty, ar^d Sin- gularity^ and the jeajlpufy qf Tin^our, who alked Jlajiz ht>w he ^^!^^ underva- lue Jiis provinces at th^t raje^, fo gs to of- fer to give the;n away for ^ i^ar^ f^ot ; Vpon which the poet anfwered, that what he gave av^ay. coiuld not injure Timour. ^)^ ^ -^■^i) - "^ t*]^ ^^ ^^® has not, gives not ; this reply fatisfied Timour^ aijd confounded the aceufers of Haiiz^ , In the literal veriion of the, diftich W9 have this expr'elfion, If the 4^ ■ftikla WShiraz Vdiliti fe^e % fito in (ker) hMid, or 'dece]^t niy Tiefeirt, I would prefent her with SafesSffedrid and Bokhara. Some words depeatid upon, pronuncia- tioh^^op their meaning, as, ^»,^±^\ en- kiiht/ a coal, and engufht, a finger. yjv,.i>^ uiCCT, milk,' and Ihare, a,, lion. Thus, in Englifli, we have providence and.prpvXdence, and many :p|hew.- - Perifian verfes fometiiQes fuci 'into hexameters. '- ■ . t Gul der j ber, u mye | ber kuf | u malhika bekamuil, •T13ra lihu, bronSiui^e inaiiu, Cjthe- reaque cordi eft. . . '^ ' ' "L t1^6 ,; Consider well, fay, th^rpfe without j,-,j,^ . the thorn, jwhere isf',at? ^ I^i ^ .,4.; Paradife loft, we read -j. ,{ ^i- ;'••''' '■- 1 "hi "■ .i'lliO'''' ~ " \ '■ ■> T-T^-' s r'"''- J '^ "— ^ — * And without thorn the rofe/ ' . ^/^ Bene, a dunghill, a good or ba^ «neii. ^ . . , ,. .*;; — -^ Lucf i bonuis eft odor ex re "^''' '■Hi'Qualibet.-'-'--'«t;i ^'Ar^. i;r."i;- Juvenal xiv. 203. as Telpallan proved ^ his fon, by giving him a'^6i4 coiatb fmell when Titus objeded .to the empe- ror's' tax bii urrrie and horfe-dung, as a dirty, ftinking impolition. ;,j» -^^jl Baruch^j a. _ carriage for i earth t^nd clay. ..,|,, ifj-,,. . .jup-ryi if,-. Per war, a bleacher, s a walher- woman's beetle, with whiqh they beat clo^^hsjn France ap4 Scptland,^ aa|ieeU. as in Ii^jdi^. ^ faces and . ?ed eyes belong to lovers, tinged witU the yellow of melancholy, apdin^iaroedwitli weeping*. Thus, fjo^ race, Od. iii. lo. 14. — ' tiddus viola pallor amantium.' and Sappho, p^ 50. ed. 4to. 1735. Ham* burg. J^A *A >V^ "^^^ ^S^^ ^^ * ^*^*" tered falcon. A 'noble and generoui man, a brave foldier under command, an ardent youth fiibject to controul, are all compared by the Perfians to the high fearing falcon, that vaults in fetters. The moft beautiful image of this fort is, perhaps, t6 befburidin our own poet. Henry y. A. 'i. Sc. i, * V',,^ %e ia ot t-ribtite- of the fore- hfea'd', 'front obedience. The' 'Orientals; in "their ^roftiwlieii's,'' toiich thb '^bund with their forehead^/ ' ""' ' (jf.X^iXr -^ ^^^^ blue, or a deep blue, thus we fay, in fome counties, XJifklffolfl, -^c^ jwlri^-as vsfhite, -anxi.bloe as blue. „ f ' i^^ii. ^ 'i\^^ % ^t^^'*-* Sulfan •ataiguih ui^khataf pufli. ' ' This is the .pic;- tUre of ^ good, ;ful tan, iwhoinclijies. the ^r, and yeik t^ie fault. ; - ^\js.* .j-^,C^^ Moll humbl-e fervant, ror fe.5vai^t vvithput^power^ A truepidiupe of human" nature. , >•' Jic ;, JU c>X Myboufe, or houfe -of^yTOur ferVant. '- ^ 129 j\^i Bazat, or market-place, j))i^ bring bacb. (/;/ »A C)y^ >''vV. ^.i:^^ w?^^« Our Jofeph difplays his fplehdour in the market-place at Canaan. ' * ■•».■. O hermit, bring back thy heart to the ' cell of retirement. o> J iSy" Shuee deedeh, a widow, one who has a hufband feen, and only feen. * Virgilium tantum vidi.' 'K'"'- ^ J M> Sad renj, a hundred cares, and the game of chefs, which is alfb called Shetrenj, and Shelh rung, or fix colours, or forts of pieces, and pawns, and laftly Shah renj, the royal care, or a game for ifcings. K GUFIC COINS. Tfa^ teaMf .^^^alWkc •'% u> 'the fifft mint for the eoiriitig.of'AraBic filVer, and copper money Halbem%eirg,'iiln the year isbOj-and -bthfers with ithdm, be- longing 'to ■ ^reai 'Charles ( Ehrenlwei'd, anabaffador iTniSpaiin, 'from the » dourt -of Sweden. Others again, irobathoyear 131 S5, in an interrupted feries of a thoafand neaify, are in the'poffeflion of Mr. Marf- den. Secretary of the Admiralty, who, perhapfe, Ulionld he poiTefs leifure enough, may be Induced, fome day or bth^r, to give the public a lift of their dates. Of €ufic coins that were ftruck in the infancy of Arabian coinage, there is, perhaps, no cabinet that has a regular ieries; At Stockholm is preferved one of the y^at 79, frorti the flight of Mo- hammed. In London are the years, 85, 87* 89, 90, &c. in lall five or fix before the year one hundred, of which the firft only is published in Tychfen's Introdtlc- tio ad rem Kumariam, 1794, and by I. Hallenberg at Stockholm, I800. A true pidure of the acme, and pa- radme, or the rife, glory, and decline of the vaft Mohammedan Empire may be t 2 ;eblle(^ed . from its cahis, with the be^ ginning, middle, and end of . the jburaci- rous, dynaftiesj into which it was, in pro— cefs of time, divided and fuhdivided. Without the knG"v^edge of its coins> you cannot determine the feries of its princesj the jear in which each began, to reign, the name, or the official dignity of each, the place of his relidence, or his princi- ' pal adions. It may be truly faid, that no country has had its hiftory fo much fiained with blood as the Mohamm%dari, on account of its coinage. Abdalnialec was the caufe of a bloody war between the Arabians and the Chriftiana, , by. pay- ing his tribute to the Eraperoi* in money, fti'uck at Waf^t and Damafcus, The coifts alio of Alphonfiis the Vlllth, and the Georgians gave ample occafion of war after war^ from the infammatory fen- 133 tences whicK were infcribed by both fides on the p'rodudlions of their minds ; and peace was feldom rellored, but on condi- tion, that the ofFendirig party Ihould ^e permitted- to coin for thernfel vies. The declaration of war, hy ah inferior liate, was generally publifhed on a new drachm highly derogatory of the authority of a Khaiif, or fovereign prince. . ABUJLFEPA'S , . .ACCOUNT -OF i. f ,AI.EXAJ^PRIA AND ITS. PHjA^ROS. ■:.:■:. r ■,: J ' The Pharos oiE^ 'Alexlhdria' is one of thetv^orlas aftbiliihi'ng wonders; its . K3 J34 height is one hundred ai^d eighty iQubits. It was built^ for th<^ di- reftjon of the? fliipping. to Alexan- , dria, which is on a de^d flat, with- out a hill or any rifing, ground to point out a courJfe for the veffels. There was alfo in the Pharos a mirror made of Chinefe iron (a) in which the fhips from Goinrftantinople, were feen fentering the port in the liight. In the time df ithaHf Walid, fon of Abdalmalek (&), ^ this mirror was dellroyed by the \Nazarenes or Chtiftiahs {c^. The iite of Alexahdfia is sm iflahd of faftd, betwpf;^ the Al«9jK,andrian w eq.^^n* ^ %:/S?fn §l!9»t the planted all the way with vines (e), . ;;;:Efe!ei foil' lis.. ^n^;bjif rvvt jdaA- jgreeable. Th^ ^^^l ^^ 4^p?[^^' dria, which comes from the Nile, WiSeS^a^jplSf^^t, mngyjg be- h^ i'^m^' m^i^ ^B^ gSI-^ens, of t foiilj UClUJ AJ jpj5j»*JI ti The evening prefents a fcene to your eye, that iigr|fg|}|^dden joy (/) to the heart. Wfc^rg are p^Jf^il) fifiU ver^ij]|:^ f^r JC4 is6 9^^ the han4 of the zephyrs iriaps (g) ' the Surface of the Waters.' ' And the palm-treesi clad with pen- dant fruit, refemble the bending .neck of a-fkir one richly adorned, that nods witihilleep, , NOTES. (a^ Large pieces of this fprt of po-? Ii£bed iron are dug. up from time to time in Italy, fuch as were in ufe by the an- cients for various purpofes. A ftagment pf three hundred pounds weight was pf- fered, latelj^, to Lord NortttwicKV at Na- v^ " ''- ■ ^ ; ^;- (h) li was in this prince's reign * that Sheraheel, already mentioned, was thrown down. (c) Nazarenes, or Chriftians, ^^LAJI {d) Egypt does not abound in'^nd- yards, ' and nikkes no • vvihe 'of ^ra^^s, yet Alexandria gave a nam6 to wine madie on the lake of Mared^iS, or Marian, iac- cording to Straho, arid Antylla in its neighboiirliood, and bn Vdnous Ipots on the Nile there are vineyards^ See Plihy aiid Strabo and Ath^riseus, p. S3. D. % ,(;&) Arid its length was keder nefef meihelet, better or exceeding half a day*js journey. ' • n » if) \o6U "^v^afid, in one word, means coming, approaching, and Ij^i! , u aicl, in two,^" fi"^]ppi:oaMs i{mck, - 'ioWis 158 ^ - fuddenly,, that i;§,, jqy c^njes to the he?ir^, and comes quickly, burfts on the eyes. (g) And theh^nd of the IJor^h/wfind, or the zephyy, (finc^ tjbe I^ort|i, has the property of the South in tjiis CQU.r»try) draws lines upon the fi;rface>, as op. a piap, that is, curls it u^^^quaUy it^ fbots, the word jedul, plural j^^pual, oiean^ati aftronomical, table* ^ ch^rt^. a§ ^^ejl ap a river, or a plajr^^ G^Jiins h^s rqj^t^^ii thisfenfe of tj|je i^vord^ ^ep^uf^p^uhariu,?, whom M. tra»%ibed^ h%d r>Qt. got it -; this is the cafe ^itlj..tl;e y{q^ 'm(^r^^, th^t is l^ft 9,ut of J^Q][»nfon, b,qp?tufq jtrvv^s not ill AiafwPrtHfv > See^.l^icjiia^.Us in Abulfedaj, p. 4J*, and Maibp's P^Pple- meht to Johnfon. ejU^lJl ^,a^ ^'tXjj And .the Wal:i9| i? within tlje bptjfl^^ries of Bgypt, We. learn from, Hafiug, in his RegniBJB Payidicum, tpat there weye m tbre? Oaifcg, amd after h^» ifptij^-ilf^'^r ' yiUe. I^ajt; Qaj^a, was in E^^Jc^^ phus informs ^s^ in „his, Se<:on4r ^oq]^ agaki^ Apion, w^»^ fays hei lied . y'^®^ ^^ faid, onr ^n9eft.Qva> were ^4Sf ygl|aw3^- ^d nawQodqr* \yfe^«^'^j wJti^q was bo^ii ^ Oafisy an4 aa it werq a primitive .^gj'P- tian» pjcetqnded. to j^e a.^ree^* . and fworc tjx^iiP "was^a aativq o£,.AJlexandria. -J r^fej.jt|^e^.jfead?r tp^ Mi^haeli&'a lot^g and intereftin^ nQt.e'Qia.,tJ).f& paflage of,. 4!'^ul- feda> aiid- to J^I^pr Rgnp£j%>^ qe^p}fr^tj^^ WQxk ,!0^- the^ Gepgraj^hy , .of JJwadotus, , g. 544, apd.^ Mr- Br®wn!f( Befei-iption jojf t^Oaj^e^. . Sfe Jojfef^u^, p.1*7(>f y,.voJl. 2. ^d. 0|^. ^j4V5B^/«i« *i^ UK«-j Daflianhuris alfo in 5gypt. ^f; J)amantmr, aword-^ ing to Sicard, a native of the place;, w-as li;ept t|ie natrn w» 'WM\'^ . t)i^ fwaU ,. lake * affdrded, that -was thirteen miles ffidm the town. ]\^eitibifes de la" Compagnie de Jeflis, t. vii'i" p. 65. 69. '" Michaelis thinks Damanhtir was Menelaus, and not Hermopolis Parva. Strabo fays, ' that there were two* NiTPIAI natf um-pits, near the city of Meheldis,' p.' 863. c. ed. Opt. Be that as it may, it was, as Abulfeda tells us, the Ka-ydet, or me- tropolis of the Ba-heiret, cir'the natrum- country/and is recorded on the nomes, or coins of Trajan, Hadsian, Antoninus, and Aurelius Caefar. Michadis was of opinion, that Damanhur might have been changed by the Greeks into Menelaus, by throwing away the prefix Da, or g)^, and fubftituting'L for R, upon which he confulted Mr. Woide, ds the fii-fi of Coptic fcholars, whole letter he q\iotes, as a partial confirmation of his conjee^ ture. 141 , Abulfeda tells us, that the^ rijins of Farama ftill remain on the fhor6 of the Mediterranean-, not far from Catia, (aaLu ,^^) where Ihn Haukal reports the tomb of Jalenus (,«^.JUJl>) to have been, but- Galen is faid to have re- turned to his own country, and- to have died at Pergamus ; perhaps Ibn Haukal Jieard, that his monument vv^as npOf Koi'ixov. "s^r .iivhich Pergamus flood. We know; from Strabo, that Pompey was bu- ried on Mount Cafius. See Lucan. . Ca- tia might be miftaken for Caicu§, as ea- fily as Pompey the Great for Pompey the Prefect of Alexandria, ^ in the time of Di-- ocletian, which has lately been afcertained by IVIeffrs^ Leake, Squire, Dundas, and Defude, jwho have |fi|pc^eded in decy- pbering the infeription on the pilkr, called Pompey's Pillai-,; ; : &uh^i, ; . 142 efeer «haJt belongs ame mentibneS fey Aib^tfeda, mA one by Rinjc aeaar thie fyralnMs, guenii vocant 'Bufirita in quo -fitKnt adfueti ibandete illas.' Hra. 1, 86. >1'2. We finerie. 0fitis ftanding, holding -a ftflg tef the 'horns, in the king of •FranGe'« ccfllejftion. See alio Vaillant's AiEX^. ,Kii*E9. Bufipis is Olii-is with the ar- ticle and aagfnentative Qol'xci Coptic and ^8 in Greek, the Ofiris, or the great , And ivonderful and iltt^ertdbus mo-. nuHjents are the two pyramids called , the Ha-rmart, \X^ ^jthe drtal of fbaram, Abulfeda's Egypt, p; is.'edit; ^(fliaeii*. 148 The 'fadilot fays, he which may be fairly doubted. Gorjus f4p^dfes pyramis to belong to hermunln Hebrew, alhigh buitdlQg, thi4 is as un^ iatisfa^ry, arid ^we muft look further for 'the -frue et;^mology. LPhny tells us, that obfiti&S'reprefented the -rays of :the fuii, arid had this fignification in the Egyp- tian language, froih whertce an inferemde hfas been idrawin' by jla Croze', who com- municated jt to Jablonlki, that the an* cient name for Obelifk with the Egyp- tians was, 'Byramisifiwee ni-PIJ B-re or Pira was a common name for the fu«' in'iEgypt, and Mu-.e for ray ot fplenfdor, which, put together, make Pi-rafmu-e a ray of the fun, juft as Plinythas/fai'^iitWas, 144 The Greeks deriving Pyramis fl?om the ge- nitive Uv^^c ^^^^ wrbte ny^aft;^ , and not n<^a|M/b', ^^ fro"^ Uv^oc grain, named them either from their external figure pyramids, /or from their internal content granaries. » LmJI^J) Eehenefa, p. 18. Tab. Abul- fedae. The w^orfhip of a fiUi with a pointed or fliarp nofe, is the reafon why a city, ^f at Tome diftance to the We'll of the" Nile, was called Oxyrhynchus. Higher upon the oppolite fide was the (y.ty of Cynopolis. Between ythe Oxy- rhynchites and tlie Cynopolites there was perpetual war, '\ ,, , ijyx 4 Inter finitimos vetus atque antiqiia fi- mnltas Immoftale odium, et nunquam fana- bile Yulnus ..^i j^ Ardet adhuc, H . ::,a ;.:) >'j ';;;-. Explanation of t^he plate PREFIXED TO THIS WORK. ■ ' . ' ■ ! - 1 1, The epgfaviitg n reprefents a man ilanding with oild 1^ on a dragon> (a lign of the Chinefe zodiac) and the other dlrawn up, andfulpended in the airi ' In his right hand he holds a reed, or %le, ^hich he hafe caken out of the cafe in his left. He is ilooking towards the great bear, over \yhich is a figjure or fort of hieroglyphic for the bear-ftar, flich as I "find . it in an Orbis. FiAus, reprefenting the world and its contents, with the Ghinefe charafler in the plate opposite to it; The Chinefe and the Arabians have eswih, twenty eight cohftellations or man- b tl fions, and'ffeven planets flS'each of which they affign four fyftems of liars. Thefe cpnflellations are not figured as they were by the Gteeks, and are' now oy us, but made up af^S^R&coiifeecteid together by ftrait lines, and reprefented by fmall, circles. Xl^e outline of the plate is ftom a painting on a Chin^-vafe in the au- thor'^ poffeflioq. The box oyer the fe- yen jft^rs, cpmiwaoly eaJJfiji?^ Charles's Wfin, 9r the ?hvitl'§> or CQuntayman's \yain, is put therg, perhaps, to reprefent the corppafs,fpf which, the invention claimed by tli9 Chinefe, fuperfeded the ufe of the North ftar, in the time of' the EwperCjr Chim, IU5 years before Chrifti Cbipi was a great obferver of the fiari, and it is not improbable that he fliould be here , depicted, as the God of aftcology. The leaf denotes the region of air, iii^ ,1^'-' , tfiihiftfT Ss INDEX OF NAMES AND THINGS. Ankltk, pp. 15, 16. i^fA^fl^ Bid Lex- iCi m "LXX. A cake made fiin6 ' mola Abu^lUlaySO. Ag'tiricdiift, 94. DuBois, 25. Bonnet,- SO. ' Bjriaflfehlrtfr, 54. Brown, l^. Caab Ben Zoheir^ 1 5 . Cabal, 40. Clark, (Dr.) 4(5. D'Herbelot,45, Dallifon,^^.^ :.. Damanhur, 1 30. Egypt, 143. Fabridrisi IS. 18. Frangipani, 58. "^' Fulgdniitis, 8S. Pakdn,12f .'*•';: Golius, 13&. Geuh'arius,' 1 3$. Harmer, 38. Heriri; 70. Hafez, 7 1 . H0fe1nelAfadi, 75, Jones, Sir William, 72. Indi Pal3e:ftin^, 83. 152 Juvctialr 80' Khofrii, 4;. Kirften, 83. Leefhore, 1(5. Lettered Urn, 64. LowtH, 81. La Croze^ 14^. - Maillet de la Roquc, 38.,^^ , :.-:■;■ , Milton, 40. Mohammed, ,0b. Matthias, 123. ,. Natrum-pitg, 1,40. Northwick, Id. 137. Oppian, 27. . , Oufeley, Sir Wil- liam, 122. , Oxyrynchit^, 145. Pedigree of hrtirfe*, 30. Pocockc, 49. Pourani, 58. Petronius, 65. Eafieddin, 20. Reviczki, 73. Rennel, 139. Schultens, 4. 5. Q. Schebch Sadii 47. ' Schatrenj;, .5^.^120. Seeut, 147. Theocritus, 45. Pliny Petronius^Os. Talbot, 93. ^ Virgil, 105. 129. : Worms in Sn.ow, 15^ Wetwit, 15., EHRATLM. Page 74. [/(jp (ji.AJ_C read ^aJjC S. R<>usseAu, Printer, Wood Stieet, Spa Fields. 149 the other. The French found fome mummies of men in the catacombs, and a great many of jackals, which the Ro- mans called wolves, and named the town after them. The lafl line of thefe veries contains the iame idea that we met with before of the wind drawing lines on the waters, here the poet fancies characters, and ima- gines words to w^iith the clouds, by re- flection, ferve for the diacritical points,, juft as one fees images in marble, and fi- gures in the air. TRANSLATION of the LAST LINES. The birds fang, the lake was ftill, the wind wrote upon the waters, and the clouds pointed the letters. vu. which the draperj of the figure isjt^j^fwn about, and fiifpended . in that eleinent. The characters are iifteeii ,in number, and a ihort but poetical, ^(^efcription of the picture, which, like the legend on a JGerfiancoin, begips aJi?ioft from the bot- tom, as will be feen hy a tranilafion of the characters, in their ordeV. Pendulous Chui , . Sweeps (the) nine Ki^u , clean • < -t ij writ J -■ ' (the) world's works Si Kum (and the) bear ftars !.,j , oblerves Chhp (with) ten thou&nd Van gems beautiful Pao Chln^ h2 .rn'i. VIU . . r, (like) precious flones '"Chu (the) venerable Lao man ' Jin (of) books Xii NOTES. The fecond character^ to Sf'W^'eep, is a term we'alfo ufe in fpeakirig aftronomi- cally and telefcopically of the heavens. The third means nine, and is faid of the heavens, according to the Ptolemaic fyftem, in which the ninth was the pri- , mum mobile, the eighth, that of the fish- ed flars,' arid the other feven Wfere for the planets. St. Paul fpeaks of the third heaven, According to the Hebrews, aiid IX Eudoxus of the twenty- third, and 9ther§ of llill more, Ariftcitle of forty-feven, an(i Fracg-ftorius of feventy. The fourth means mundus, neat, clean, and alfo the World, li^e xoauog in Greek, from the neat order, harmony, and fitnefs of it. The feventh, Teu, with Nan prefixed, means South Polar ftars; withPe', North Polar ftars ; with Siao,' lefler bear. The eighth, Chim, is to weigh, to ob- ferve, cqnfider, and alfo the name of the aftronomer, who is here employed, as Chi'm imports, in noting the heavenly bo- dies. The inftroment-cafe in his left hand, is ;n the Orbis Pidus above men- tioned. Thefollowing Line is taken from a TiiA-POT belonging . to iJie Author J to which is prefixed either the Name of the Writer, or the Book from which it is extracted. Han CHANG. ,■1 -w);: t Tung Chun Tee move (bud forth) becomes, made one ani entire - \ , i (the whole) Wha ■■"'■Se Shan flowers green mountain Ftowers hud forth, and tlie whole mountain acquires the tint of Spring, The Chipefe write from right to left, and from thp top downwards, K/ovjjJov, , columnarly, a fort of writing which Di- odorus Siculus gives to the people of H7 IBN ESS-M'TI. Gods! O the day and night I fpent at Siut, were the whole of life like this, how fthooth would it flow? There Ipafled the night, and' faw the full moon rife in j^outhful fplen- _ dour, and at times his filver loQks ftreamed through, the watery clotids, . \ J L 2 148 • The word ygheltis put fdr'yghelzjifor the fake of rhyming with the other final tas. Ghelwaet means, the •, vigour of youth, that is, the moon was jfhining brightly, but her rays, or hair at times in the courfe of the night was grey, ow- ing to the water in the air, and the moiftnefs of the atmoiphere after her rifing. This forms the principle beauty of the night to the Arabian poe,t, as rain is a rare thing in Seeut ; Pococke, howe- ver, attefts that it did rain in the month of February, when he was .there. Seeut, or Seeout, was the ancient Lycppolis, and is on the nome of Hadrian, ATKO Lia, on , the reverfe, ' Serapis Handing and holding ia Hag in one hand, and a fpear in and all 4^is fo^ the ihape pf their-gods nofes. ' : Theocr.a. 18. Juvenal, 15 — 35. Plut. . de Ifid. et Ofirid. Athenays, lib. 7.p.;304... r 1 • The Oxyrynchites appear on:a nome of Hadrian in ;the year 11. Lia andone of .Antoninus, GHTPTTXI Lm. a, 18. -i.-P'U,''] : li. ■^,iVt-.-' ^- ..t ASEEUT. Affeeut ; i§ written thus, with an eliph in Sim6onj,ta's enuirn^ratipn of Vowels and confonants>- Laaj^IouIj* and I have feen Seeut, "xA r^ in a poem, ^^! X r^2A£y>J\ cflbniElTaatir ia woTds of fire. Abulfeda, p. 20. Michaelis not feeing the meaning of JX^^i aJ^ verba ardentia, glowing terms, or. words that bwn the paperi (as Rouf- ieau fa^rs, ittfpeaki'Hg of his oww %le,) conceived that ^^ had loft its v points 6verth,e flieen, but as •*, occurs butjuft befefpe, il is not iikety it (hpuld b^re- peate^ agaJn tb-the exclufion of a word that chamcterized the quotation. Sap which Abulfeda ufed, means, lays Mi- chaelis, ^grimonia," doldr, furor, but this is only its fecondary lenfe, as the prima- ry iignification is, burning, flaming. The eliph before Seeut is ufually prefixed to fo- reign-words^ beginnjiig with a litera Oez- riislia, that is* with a letter that has no vowel, but is conne&ed iwith that whi«h precedes iti t] See Sivy t, in Norden*,, tafe. 83. Taprdbane, pr Zeiten, and the itiboliaft of Biorijfius to the Thracians. Fellus fays the Qreeks call it: Taepocon, a word that puzzlfed Scaligey, and was not ex- plained, till after his death, by Jean de Croy, miiiifter of Uzes in liangu^doc, who, with great ingenuity and acutenefs, faw plainly that it W9s a corrupstion of To ejr' opvov, in a row, like trees one under another. See Horn. Odyf, H. v. 127. H^fipd. a. 296. I will add one more iqllance of t^e njode of writing* and conftruction in Ghinefe fentences, where the l^fl word is the nonainative cafe. Ideas Y T;d;cas exhauriuut tCin exbauit non pou not . verba yen words Xfl X'erba yen words exhauriunt , tfift exhaull non poii not libri xu, books. The Chinefe tongue is to an Europe- an, who has never been in China, and has no occaiion to go thither, more a language to be accjtiired by the eye, than the ear, and may be mallered for the ; purpofe of knowing What- it cbntain^, if one has courage enough to Ibale the wall that furrounds it, and to force 'a way through the hedge qf aloes, and prickly pears with which it is fenced, by learn- ing thef mode of ufing its dictionaries, and by an acquaintance with its roots, or claves, 'of which' there are of one line fix, thatus, one line may be written fix different ways. xm Tftal WATS. 2 23 S 31 4 34 5 23 6 29 7 20 ' 8 ■ 9 9 11 10 8 11 (5 12 4 13 4 14 2 15 1 16 ■.. v 3 17 1 214 Claves? XIV The fixth way of writing one line is thus 2 which, though apparently three, is made by one ftroke without taking off the pen. The difficulty of determining how many lines are in a given charaiSler, in order to look it out, is explained in the firft cahier of the I)iftionary in the Britilh Mufeum, in a yery fatisfaftory manner, by an analylis of the chara(Sler wanted, and lli^jving how it was put to- gether. I have lately feen a beautiful tranfcript of a Dictionary, in two im- menfe folios, of Chinefe charadlers ex- plained in Englifh, the printing of which would be a work worthy of the nation, . more particularly fo, as nothing of the fort has been ever accoip|)lilhed even by French enterprize. The Dictionary of the Chinefe language in the- Britifh Mu- Ifeum, in a fihglie thick folio, has two verfions, one in L^tin and another in German. > - --.■■.■) V. PitlEFACE. The affertioi^ is neither idle nor vi- lionary, though it be recorded in a dream *, that it is the opinion of moll men, that complete erudition in any art or fcience requires much labour, long leifurej no fmall expence, and a fplendid fortt^ne. . This is by no means inappli- cable tp the ftudy of the Oriental lan- guages. Any ftudent may throw his li- terary mite into the treafury of the Eall- ern toingues, and have the reward of an optime without making ^rcat exertions, or injuring his other purfuits, without ruining himfelf by over-printing, and * Li^ciari. Somnium, p. 2. 4to. v. 1, C 2 XVI without the aid of a large income ; but i|" he would undertake a long and impor- tant work, that will be fure to live, he will be in Watit of all the aids of fortune, leifure and indullrj. Our public libraries abound witli un- touched manufcripts of dictionaries and lexicons, and among others of great va- lue,' the R£idclifFe library, at Oxford, contains one of which we are in great want, a Di(3:ionary with authorities from the bell authors', and the appien- dix which Hyde wifhed much to have, but could not gel. ' The title of this work is, ^ cJY; "•^i} Farhang Jehan Geer, , Compofed by Meer Jemal u'deen Hoffeih Anjou ebn Fakir u'deen Hoflan, dedi- cated to the. Great Mogul, Nour u'deen Mohammed Jehangeer. This dictionary was compiled from forty-eight; different xvu Loghats, arid Cdntains all modern and afi^ient words, pfoperjy IPeffian, with their true vowels, and right meanings, and feveral lignifications, on the autho- rity of fome approved author. It has alfd aii Introdudtidri in twelve fedions; relative to the changes which the leftefs have undergone ; with the i addition's ihade to words and fyllables by way of ornament, and a differtation oh gram- mar, arid an appendix explaining the terms of the Zend, which occur in the work. When it was propofed, forae years ago, to reprint Meninfki by fubfcription, there appeared but one fubfcriber, but that was a royal one, his majefty, the king of Poland ; but Menirifki we have twide printed by the greateH: of all pa- trons, the bookfellers; ' Vivant colum- c 3 XYIU nae.' Now a greater than Meninfki is in queftion, and one that will fupply all his defects, at leaft in the Perfian language ; and that is of more value to the fludents in India, than the Arabic. Who then can doubt, but that all the Indian kings in this country would readily contribute to the publicatijOn of fuch a work, by- printing it on their own account, by ' which they would ftiow that the Alia tic reguli were greater than the European reges, and fuperior to all the biblippplae of the univerfe. s I Ihall here take occafion to fpeak.of a critique or two on Arabic authors^ by Jo. Bernhardus Kpehler, Profeflbr pub- lic, extraord, Academja Kilonienfi, pub- lifhed at Lubeck, I/67, where there was then an Oriental prefs and learned prin- ters, but of late, fire and fwP?*^' XIX ' ferus omnia Jupiter Argps • Tranftulit, incerifa Galli domi'qantur in urbe.' At p. 110 he quotes the verfes which I have given upon a king playing at chefs, when he ought to be preparing for war, from Ehnacjnus, p. 129^^. ig. where he obferves, after having faid, Pulchri funt, modo maculas abftergeas, verfus poetee ; that inftead of j^ It^I ^Hottinger is right in reading ItXi, but does not correct \cs\ whidhlhould be |oJ, and fajs nothing of Joan. Fabficius, who in l()38 publiflied (^^tXi .(til. when Hot- tinger was only Eighteen years old ; anjl moft pfobably not the father of the, cor- rection. Ada ghed is payment to-rtioF- roWj atha or adfa ghedee behold in ih^ morning. Meninfki fays, on atha, that it is never ufe.d in the beginning vf a fen- tenqe, this is to be undefiElood, feldoni. c 4 4nd only on particular occafions, as ecce in Virgil, when a new perfonage is in- troduced, or an extraordinary event an- nounced; Ecce trahebatur pafRs Priameia Virgo Crinibus a templo — — , — but, fays Koehler, there is another and a greater fault which has efcaped Hottin- ger's notice, there is an omifHon of two words after * Doefl thou not fee the fun going down in Libra C, ^^^ on his coping out of Virgo, and this is the IJgnofjoy. Unfortunately for this correction, which was fuggefte^ by the free tranlla« tion of D'Herbelot, * Xe foleil baiffe auffitot, qu'il eft entrd dans le figne de la Balance, parce qu'il fort de^celui de J^ Vierg^, -et cju'il a fejourn^ dans la xxx lnaift)R dei jeux et de h. Efeefle.' The IFreneh critic addis, in order to ffif-engtHien bis remark and Uluftrate hh atithor. The Arabic aftronomers jmt a lyre in the hani of tlie Virgin, infield of an ear of coiTi', vrMeh we give her ; I fay, imforttmately for Koehkr and D'Herbdot, The fan does not decline in the fign of the Tir^^ gin, whoilfe name is not b«kr, but aJL^L>« fpica. The word Swibtil gave rife to Sibyl, as may be Ifeen in Hyde, being immediately deri-ved from the Pho&niciati nVi3» to- which I o6ttceire' the Ara-biatiis added a n.un betweeti the fir ft and fecond letters. "See Hyde,Iliii:or. Y. terfarum, p. 30^1, ed. If 00, aj34 bis notes to the tables of long, and 1st, of the fixed %ri5 of Ulugh Beigb, p. 40. Ag^in, Libra was, as I have intimated, the fign of fef- livity, and the metre is ipoilt b^ the 'm- xxu • fertioh of three fyllables, fo that the ifourth verfe does not anfwer to the fecond : laftly. Libra fujts the poet better than Virgo, who takes occafion to remind ' the king, in covert language, that when the monarch Heps out of the even' poife of juftice> he declines from the balance, like the Sun when he leaves Libra. In cafe of the demife of fuch a king, his ilicceflbr might, very.fa'felj, be addreflfed by the laureated 'poets in the remarkable words of al Eamadi al Khatebi to Sheerkoh the lion of the mountain, in Perfian. ' * . ' ' ' ^^ //♦ c/-' ^ ^^ Sheerkoe magno qui fatus Afchado Parente claro nate celebrior, Gui dextra bellantis tyranni Imperiumque datur Deorum. ^^j „.JU-* f Lord of the Empire, dawet has other fenfes, but this is the right meaning in this place. See the article Scheergoueh in D'Herbelot, jp. 269, ^to.. V. 3. and Koehler Specimen Emendationum in Scriptores Ar^bicos, p. 96. . Adhed ledinillah not the ele- venth. Khalif of the Fatemites but the fourteerith^ g^'^P Schirgoueh the titles of Liqn of, the Faith ; Afladeddin, tranf^ latirig his name into Arabic, Malek al Manfour, vidoriaus king, Emeer eljeelh, and commander in chief of the army. I (hall clofe this fhort introdudion with a Perfian faying, in order to throw light upon an Engliflione, which I conceive to be of the fame-fort. The Perfian is, ^»^/ 9- ^; ^ j f H^ took the crow from him ; now zagh means both a crow and the extremity pf a bpw, where; it bends in-r ~ XXIV wardly ; thus, corvus in Latin is a bird and an iron hook, as in Shakfpeare, where there is the fame play in the words, * We'll pluck a crow together,' as here, and in Plautus's Captiv. p. 300. ed. Taubm. 1621. AS:. 5. Sc. 4. v. 7. quoted by Steevens to Ihow the double meaning of Upupa, which is not fo much to our purpofe as that of Corvus. Co- medy of Errors, AS. iii. Sc. 1. p. 352. '-:y. CONTENTS. 1. The firft piece is Meleager's bean- tifulpoem on the Spring, which Grotius has tja'nflated into Latin verfe, but of wJiiqh no ufe has been made, but a new verfion bais beem given lefs diffufe, and more faithful. Of the Greek alfo, is add- ed an Englifli verfion, as clofe as the two languages will admit Then follow the fam,e in Arabic and in Perfian, for the jpeft a cento from the poets in thofe lan- guages, with whole paiTages marked by inverted commas in the former, and by the word poetry in the latter; then fol- lows a literal EngHlh tranflation, toihow XXVI the peculiar idioms, and notes to explain particular expreflions, or curious fa<9:s, or grammatical conftructions. 2. The pedigree of an Arabian horfe, in which will be found a Ipecies of ado- ration not to be met with in Brouer's Diflertation de Adorationibus Veterum ac Hecentiorum, or elfe where, and a Lita- ny, in which are enumerated all the mbfl: crying evils of an' Arabian tribe, with a tranllation and notes. 3. Verfes of Dahhan al Bagdadi ex- plained, and' an extsract from a MSS. Buftan Scheich Sadi, ' :'- 4. Piarticulars relative to the manners and language of thp Arabians^ 5. Notes on fome Arabic words in Vath'ek. 6. An account of a CololTal ftatue in -Arabic and Englifli, with notes. xxvu 7. A conjeftural criticifm on Virgil and Idumean Palms. 8. Arabic Proverbs and Sayings, De- rivations from the Perfian and Perfian Poetry. 9. Cufic Coins. 10. Remarks^ Notes, &c. on Abul« feda's Egypt. .Ml*- . V '■