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Readers are asked to re- port all cases of books marked or mutilated. - Aqt deface books by marks and wpiting. Cornell University Library GR142.C8 B752 Traditions and hearthside, stories 3 1924 029 890 526 olin Cornell University Library The original of tliis bool< is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029890526 TRADITIONS AND HEARTHSIDE STORIES OF WEST CORNWALL. BY WILLIAM BOTTEELL. ' Legends that onrn werp told nr sung In many a smoky fireside nook." LoN'fl FELLOW. /TV/// Illustrations by Mr. Joseph Blight. SECOND SERIES. ' fli'iiunite : PRINTED, FOR TljiE AUIHOR, eY .BE.VEE AND SON. 1873. , (Right of Translation reserved.) A4(c ■h-Z^^, " Of strange tradition many a mystic trace, Legend and vision, prophecy and sign." Scott. Contents. PAGE Duffy and tlie Devil (an old Christmas Play) 1 Celtic Moniiments of Boleigh and Eosemodrass 27 The last Cardews of Boskenna and the story of Nelly Wearne 36 The Witch of Buryan Church-town 59 Madam Noy and the Witch 63 A Queen's visit to Baranhuel 67 The SmaU. People's Cow (a fairy tale) 73 Tom of Chyannor, the tin-streamer (a West Country droll) 77 The Fairy Dwelling on Selena Moor 94 The I'an's House of Treeu 103 Castle Treen and its Legends 1 30 Traditions of Parcurnow 140 Legends of St. Levan 145 A Legend of Pargwarra 149 An' Pee Tregeer's trip to market on Hallan Eve (a fairy tale) 1 54 An Overseer and a Parish Clerk of St. Just, sixty years ago 169 The Fairy Master, or Boh o' the Carn 173 A Tinner's fireside stories. — The Knockers of Ballowal. ... 185 Old Songs and Nicknames .... 193 The Changeling of Brea-Vean (fairy tale) 199 Betty Stoggs's Baby (fairy tale) 205 How a Morvah man bought clothes for his wife 207 How a Zennor man choked himself, biit had his will in his pocket 210 The Smugglers of Penrose 212 Tregagle at Gwenvor Cove 224 West Country Superstitions. — Devil's Money 227 The Slighted Damsel of Gwinear 229 The Wreck of Admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovel 231 A Night's Eide to SciUy 233 Ancient Bridal Customs 237 Ancient Eites at Madron Well 239 The Crick-stone, or Men-an-tol 242 Charms 243 The Fairy Tribes 245 The Pirate Wrecker and the Death-Ship _. . 247 The sun never shines on those who have sworn away a life 249 A Legend of Pengersec 251 IV. CONTENTS. Notes, Illustrative Anecdotes, &c. — Miracle Plays 268 The Levelis, or Lovells, of Trewoof 271 Duflfy and the Devil 273 Pendrea and Baranhiiel 274 Danes Marauding on the Cornish Coast, and King Olaf's Conversion at Scilly 274 St. Levan's Path 277 A Ghostly Ship's-BeU , 277 Brea and Pendeen 278 YeUan-Dreath 279 The Men-an-Tol : 280 The Garrack-zans 283 Divination by Pushes and Ivj^-leaves 283 Recent Ill-wishing 284 Midsummer Bonfires 287 The Mermaid of Zennor 288 Glossary of Living Cornish AVords and Local Terms 290 Index 293 Subserihers' Names 296 I jc 144 ^TORIES AND TRADITIONS OF f ENWITH, DUFFY AND THE DEVIL. AN OLD CHRISTMAS PLAY. Part First. Open your doors, and let mo in, I hope your favours I shall win ; Whether I rise, or whether I fall, I'll do my best to please you all. Chriitmaa Play of St. Oeorge and Ihe Dragon. 8S0CIATED mth Trove and the ancient family -n-ho lived, for many generations, in that jileasant place, there is a tradition that one old Squire Lovell wedded a poor girl solely because he believed her to be the best spinster and knitster in Buryan ; but that all the fine stockings and other knitted garments with which she provided her husband were made by a devil. This droll formed the subject of an old Guise-dance (Christmas Play) which is all but forgotten : yet, in our youth, we have heard a few scenes rehearsed, which may be interesting as an example of a primitive drama of West Penwith, that may have succeeded, or been con- temporary with, the miracle plays which, about three centuries ago, were acted in the Plan-an-gwarre, St. Just, and at the Church-town cross in most other western parishes. This uncouth piece shows something of the rude and simple humour of old times, when people were quite as innocent, though less fastidious, than in our days. Great part of the dialogue appears to have been improvised, as the actor's fancy dictated. Yet there were some portions in rude B a DUFFY, AlfD THE DEVIl. verse, -wliiclL would seem to have been handed down with little variation. Mimical gesticulation expressed much of the story ; and when there was unwonted delay in change of scene, or any hitch in acting, in came the hobby-horse and its licenced rider, to keep the mirth from flagging. This saucy jester being privileged to say whatever he pleased, kept the aiidience in good humour by filling up such intervals with burlesque speeches on any matters which had taken place during the past year, that furnished fit subjects for ridicule. A hall, fai-mhouse-kitchen, barn, or other out-house, served for a theatre, and a winnowing-sheet, suspended from key-beams or rafters, made a drop-curtain. Father Christmas, as chorus, described the scene, and told the company what characters the actors represented, unless they introduced themselves, as was frequently the case, like St. George, saj'ing, " Here comes I, a champion bold," &c. He also narrated such parts as could not be acted conveniently. Our simple actors got up their dresses in as old-fashioned and smai-t a style as they were able to contrive them, by begging or borrowing cast-off finery from the gentry round. Male players were often seen rigged- in long-waisted, gay-coloured coats, having their skirts spread out with straw, instead of buckram or bombast, and resplendent with brass or tin buttons, large as crown pieces, and long ruffles at their breasts and wrists ; their breeches were of blue, red, or buff, slashed, puffed, and tricked out with ribbons, tassels, and knee-buckles. Their hose was of any bright hvie, to make a strong contrast to the small clothes. High-heeled shoes were adorned with shining buckles or bows of ribbons. Yet their greatest pride was displayed in steeple- crowned or cocked hats, surmounted with plumes and decked with streamers of gay ribbons. Our rural actresses also wore steeple-crowns fixed high above their heads on pads ; stiffen-bodied, long-waisted gowns, with bag skirts or long trains ; ruffles hanging from their elbows, wide stiff ruffs round their necks ; and any other remnants of old finery that they could contrive to get. It is somewhat ciu-ious that in this old guise-dance, or story about Madame LoveU and the devil, several ladies belonging to noted famihes who Uved in Buryan, two or three centm-ies ago, are represented as bringing their corn to Trove MiU to be ground and as serging (bolting) their flour themselves. The names of ]\Iesdames Cardew, Pender, Nov, Trezilian, &c., are taken by these ladies, whose gossip forms a kind of by-play. We now purpose to rejiroduce a few weU-remembered scenes, as we have heard them related many years ago, by old folks of Bui-yan, and to simply toll the story as expressed by others. Yet, AN JEXNY CHYGWIN. With a feeling somewhat akin to regret, we have curtailed some iwrtions, in order to exclude whatever might, now, be regarded as indelicate : there is sufficient, however, preserved to carry on the story as far as it is likely to interest or amuse any but anti- quarian students who might prefer, with all its blemishes, an unnintilated picture of such "merrie disports" as were usual at Christmas-tide with our simple-honest forefathers. ©baracters :- SduiRE LovELL, of Trove. Duffy, a poor girl, who became Madmne Lovell. HuEY Lenine, Duffy's lover Jenny Chyowin, Duffy's step- mother, A BucKA-Boo, OR Devil. Betty, the witch of Trove Mill. JoxE, Squire LovelVs housekeeper. Several ladies and gentlemen, and witches. Scene i. — Father Christmas, with long hoary hair and beard enters before the curtain, and says : — " Ladies and gentlemen, — Please to take it that we are in Buryan Church-town, in the cider-making time. Squire Lovell is come up to get help to gather in his apples. When the cui-tain rises you wiU see him at Jenny Chygwin's door." Curtain raised. Squire Lovell is seen on his horse (ahobl'V horse) ; an old woman and a young woman scolding within. Squire : — Hullo ! in there ! Jenny, ivhat's all the caperrousc with you and the maid, I'd like to know ?" Duffy rushes out, and round the stage, followed by old Jenny, her stepmother, who beats the girl with the skirt or kirtle of hev gown, saying, " I will break every bone in her body ; the lazy hussy is all the time out coursejdng, and corantan, with the boys. She will neither boil the porridge, knit nor spin." Duffy runs to the Squire, saying "Don't e believe her, j-ouv honour. I do all the work, whilst she is drunk from morning- till night, and my spinning and knitting is the best in Church-town . Your stockings are nothing so fine as I can make." Squire: — "Stop beating the maid, Jenny, and choaking one with dust from the skirt of thy old swing-tail gown. And, Duffy. as thou canst spin and knit so well, come down to Trove and help my old Jone, who is blind on one eye and can't see much with the other, as any one may know by looking at the bad dams in my stocking and patches on my breeches. Come away, on to the heapiifg-stock. Jump up: you can ride down behind me without pillion or pad." Squire rides off : Duffy follows. Jenny: — "Aye, go thee ways with the old bucca, and good riddance of bad rummage." (Curtain drops. J 4 duffy, and the devil. Scene ii. At Squire Lovell's dook. — Squire on Horseback : Duffy standing beside him. Squire calls : — " Jone, come here and take in Dufiy Chygwin, ■who is come down to help thee knit and spin, give her some bread and cheese, and beer : dost thou hear ? " Squire rides off. JoNE comes out, and says: — "Oh, Duffy, my dear, I am glad to see thee here, for I want help sorely ever since that villain, Tom Chynance, put out the sight of my eye because I seed his thievish tricks in stealing from the standings one night in Penzance." JoNE tells us a long story which we omit, as it can be found in the first series of Traditions and Searth-side Stories of West Corn- wall.* She concludes by saying, "Now you needn't eat any bread and cheese, as dinnner wUl be ready soon. You can go up to the loft whenever you please and card wool to spin in the afternoon." Scene hi. — A room in which are seen fleeces of wool, a turn (spinning-wheel) and other appliances for spinning. Duffy seated, carding and making rolls of wool, which were placed in a cayer (winnowing seive.) Over a while she rises and exclaims : — " Cuss the carding and spinning ! "What the devil shall I do now the wool is carded, for I can neither spin nor knit, and the devil take such work for me." From behind some wool comes a devil, in the shape of a black man, with half-cocked, squinting eyes, and the barbed or forked tip of his tail just seen below his coat skirts. Devil : — "My dear, here I am, come at your call, ready to do all you wish for very little pay. Only agree to go with me at the end of three long years, and for all that time I'll do your spinning and knitting and everything else you wish for, and even then, if you can tell me my name at three times asking, you may go or stay, till another time." Duffy : — "Well, I don't mind much : anything for a change. What ded'e say you were called ? " Devil, winking : — " You have only to prick your arm and draw blood to sign our agreement you know." Duffy : — My word is as good as my mark. Spin and knit for me if you wiU ; and I'll have, that while, a coui-ant in the orchard and a dance at the mill." In leaving, Duffy says : — " Bolt the door, that no one may see who is doing the work." " Stop and let me take the measure of your foot," says the devil, " in stringing the wheel as handy as if he had been used to spinning all his life." Father Christmas comes before the cui-tain and says: — "Good * One-eyed Joan's Tale, p. 213. A DEVIL SPINNING. 5 people, you see that Duffy wans't at all seared at the Bucca-boo's appearance, because in old times people were so much used to dealings with the devil — women especially — that they didn't mind him. Duffy is now gone off by the outer door and stair, to merrily pass the day ; and old Jone, hearing a rumble all through the house, thinks her to be busy at work." Duffy passes a great part of her time at Trove MiU, near at hand ; where a crowd of women high and low, meet to take their turn at grinding, serging, &o. Whilst some work others tell stories, sing, or dance on the green, near which grew many old oaks, sycamores, and elms, in a place still called the rookery, a little above. There was a great friendship between Duffy and Old Betty, who worked the mill, because this old dame, having long had strange dealings, saw at once, by a stocking Duffy pretended to be knitting, that a stitch was always down and that the work was none of hers. In the evening, Duffy hearing, when she came in, the devil still spinning, thought she would see him at work and try to learn something. Looking through the latch-hole she saw what she took to be a woman, seated, and spinning with a small treddle- turn such as is used for spinning thread, and the wool-turn (with a wheel as large as that of a coach) put aside. When she looked around she knew that it was only the devil dressed in clothes like what she wore. He had on a loose bed-gown, petticoat, and towser (large coarSe apron or wrapper,) with a nackan (large 'kerchief) thrown loosely over his head and shoulders. As Duffy entered, he turned around and said, ' ' How are'e, my dear ? Here I am, you see, busy at work for'e. See what I've already spun," he continued, pointing to a heap of baUs in the corner, and skeins of yarn hanging on the walls. She stood wondering, with eyes and mouth wide open, to see how handy the devil spun, and yet seemed to do nothing with his hands but puU off the yarn whilst his foot worked the treddle, and a baU dancing on the floor wound up itself! "Arreah! faix," said Duffy, "I should have taken 'e for a woman if I hadn't chanced to spy your cloven foot, and yom- tail hanging down, and I don't much admire 'e in petticoats." " There's good reason for wearing them, however," replied he ; "besides, they are handy for sucli work, and if you will come here on Saturday night you will find, under that black fleece, ever so many pairs of stockings, both for you and the squire. I know his measure, and see if I don't well fit both of ye. So now good night." 1 n it. Before she could wish him the same he disappeared, and all the yarn of his spinning along with him, leaving nothing to show 6 DtJITY, AKD THE DEVIL. that lie had ever been there but a strong smell of brimstone. DufEy didn't wait till dark night on Saturday, but went up to the -wool-chamber about sunset. The Buooa-boo had just left work, and, having thrown o£P his petticoats, stood before her dressed like a sporting gentleman. He bowed as she entered and, handing her half-a-dozen pairs of stockings, all as strong as broadcloth and as fine as silk, said, "Excuse me, my dear, from staying a moment longer, as I must be away before Buryan beUa are rung ; else, some mishap may befall me." "I wish 'e well till I see 'e again, and thank 'e, Mr. What- shall-I-call-'e," said Duffy, taking the stockings from his hand. "You may call me captain," he replied, and vanished in a flash of lightning with a roar of thunder that shook the house. On Sunday morning, when Sqiiire Lovell was getting ready to don his velvet suit, that he might ride to church in grand state, as was his wont, Duffy brought him a pair of stockings suitable for the occasion. " Tou see, master," said she, " that I havn't been idle, to spin and knit ye a pair of such long stockings in three days and the work so fine too." He put on the stockings, admired the beautiful knitting and good fit ; then to show his delight at having such nice hose, the like of which were never on his legs before, he kissed Duffy again and again. It was late when he reached Church-town. After churching, he stopped, as usual, to exchange greetings with other gentry of Buryan. Everyone admired hisfine stockings. The ladies enquired how and where he procured them, sajdng there was no one in the parish who could do such good work ; one and all declared they were fit for a king. The fame of Squire Lovell's stockings drew crowds of people to Buryan church on the following Sunday. Old and young wanted to feel his legs. They couldn't be satisfied with looking, and so they continued to come from farther and farther, Sunday after Sunday. Church-town, for some weeks, was full of people Hke on a fair or feasten tide. [It wiU be understood that great part of the foregoing, as weU as the narrative parts of what foUows, is related by Father Christmas, in his character of Chorus. He enters into details about the devil's wonderful spinning with a tm-n (spinning-wheel) of his own invention, that took wool from the fleece, without carding, and passed it into the spinster's hands all ready for knitting or weaving. He also related many other suri»ising exjjloits of these sable gentry, such as their church-building in out-of-the-way places, like that of St. Levan, of their amiable intercourse with witches, &c. Thus, as fancy dictated, he entertained his audience until the curtain rose.] •HUEY LENINE'S COTTRTSHIP. 7 "We next behold Squire Lovell's kitchen, -witl^ Jone, rather the worse for liquor, on a chimney-stool or bench in a broad and deep fire-place, such as used to be found in every West-country mansion, when wood and turf were the only fuel. She makes awful groans and screeches, tiU Dufiy enters. Then Jone says " Oh Duify, you can't think what cramps I have in my stomach and wind in my head, that's making it quite light. Help me over stairs to bed, and you wait up to give master his supper." The old housekeeper is led off by Duffy, who soon returns and seats herself on the chimney-stool. Then Huey Lenine enters and says : — " What cheer, Duffy, my dear ? Now thee cus'nt (can'st not) say that the lanes are longer than the love, when I'm come to see thee with this rainy weather." " Joy of my heart," said she, " come by the fire and dry thy- self." Huey sits on the outer end of the chimney-stool. After a long silence, the following dialogue takes place : — DuTTT : — " Why dos'nt thee speak to me than, Huey ? " Huey : — " What shaU I say than ? " Dtjefy : — " Say thee dos't love me, to be sure." Huey :— " So I do." Duffy: — "That's a dear. — Brave pretty waistcoat on to you, than, Huey." Huey : — " Cost pretty money too." Duffy : — " What ded a cost than ?" Huey : — " Two and twenty pence, buttons and aU." Duffy : — " Take care of an than." Huey:— "So I will." Duffy :— " That's a dear." Another prolonged silence. Huey continues: — "I'm thinkan we wiU get married next turfey season if thee west (thou wilt.") Duffy : — " Why doesn't thee sit a little nearer than ?" jjuEY : — " Near enough I bla (beUeve.") Duffy : — " Nearer the fire, I mean. WeU, I'U be married to thee any day, though thee art no beauty, to be sure." Huey gets. a little nearer. Duffy, putting her hand on his face, " Thy face is as rough as Moi-vah Downs, that was ploughed and never harved (harrowed) they say ; but I'U have thee for all that and fill up with putty aU the pock-mark pits and seams ; then paint them over and make thee as pretty as a new wheelbarrow." The squire is heard outside caUing his dogs. Duffy starts up in a fright, seizes a furze-prong, and says, " Master will be here in a minute, jump into the huccarner (wood-corner) and I'll cover 8 DUFFY, Ain> THE DEVIL. thee up witli the furze." Huey hesitates. Duffy :— " Then crawl into the oven : a little more baking will make thee no worse." Huey gets into an oven, opening on to the fire-place and behind the chimney-stool, just as the Squire enters and calls out, " Joan, take up the pie, if its ready or raw. I'm as hungry as a hound." Dtjffy, rising to uncover a pie that was baking on the hearth, says, ' ' Master, I have staid up to give ye your supper, because An Joan es gone to bed very bad with a cramp in her stomach and wind in her head, so she said." ' ' Why I heard thee talking when I came to the door, who was here then ?" demanded the Squire. " Only a great owl, master dear," she replied, " that fell down from the ivy-bush growing over the chimney and perched hisself there on the stool, with his great goggle eyes, and stood staring at me and bUnkan like a fool. Then he cried Hoo ! boo ! Tu-"wit, tu-woo ; and, when you opened the door, he flew up the chimney the same way he came down." The Squire, satisfied with Du£fy's explanation, advances, and puts his foot on the hearth-stone, looks at his legs, saying, ' ' Dufiy, my dear, these are the very best stockings I ever had in my life. I've been hunting aU day, over moors and downs, through furze and thorns, among brambles and bogs, in the worst of weather, yet there isn't a scratch on my legs and they are as dry as if bound up in leather." The Devil (supposed to be invisible) rises behind DuflFy and grimaces at the Squire. Duffy : — " I may as well teU 'e master that I shan't knit much more for 'e, because Huey Lenine and I have been corn-tan for a long time. We are thinkan to get married before winter, and then I shall have a man of my own to work for." Squike : — " What ! Huey Lenine ! I'U break every bone in hie carcase if he shows his face near the place. Why the devil is in it that a young skit like thee should have it in thy head to get married ! Now I'll sit down a minute and talk reason with thee." [The Squire sits close beside Dufiy. The Devil tickles them with his tail. Huey is seen peeping from the oven. J Squire :—" Give up thy courting with Huey Lenine, And I'll dress thee in silks and satins fine." Duffy :— " No I'll never have an old man, an old man like you. Though you are Squire Lovell : To my sweetheart I'U he constant and true, Though he work all day with threshal and shovel." SQUIRE LOVELL'S COURTSHIP. 9 The Devil tickles the Squire behind the ears. He sits nearer and places his arm round her waist. SacuiE ; — " Thou shalt have a silk gown all broidet'd in gold, Jewels 2ind rings, with, such other fine things In the old oak chest, as thee did'st never behold." DvrFY : — " My sweetheart is young, lively, and strong. With cheeks like a red rose ; But your time will not be long ; — You have very few teeth, and a blue-topped nose. So keep your silks and keep your gold, I'll never have a man so feeble and old." Here the Devil tickles them both. The Squire hugs and kisses Duffy, who makes less and less resistance. Sqvike :— You shan't find me feeble, though I'm near sixty ; I'm stronger still than many a man of twenty. Duffy : — " Y'our only son is now far away. If he came home and found ye wed. What think ye he would say ? " SauiRE : — " I hope he is already dead, Or'U be kiU'd in thu wars some day, If alive he shan't enter my door, I'll give thee my land, with all my store. Thou shalt ride to church behind me upon a new pavillion. Smarter than Dame Pendar or Madam Trezillian.' Duffy :— " Dear master, hold your flattering tongue, Nor think to deceive one so simple and young ; For I'm a poor maid, lowly born and bred ; With one so humble you could never wed. Keep your distance, and none of your hugging ; You shall kiss me no more till you take me to church. I'll never cry at Christmas for April fooling Like a poor maid left in the lurch. Look ! the sand is aU down and the pie burned black. With the crust too hard for your colt's-teeth to crack : So off to the hall and take your supper." DufiV rises, takes up from the hearth a pie, which had been baking there, goes out with it, foUowed by the Squire and Devil dancing. Huey crawls from the oven, saying "Lack a day who can tell, now, what to make of a she-thing ? " By the time he gets on his legs Duffy returns, and, assisted by the devil pushes him to doors, saying, " Now beiake thyself outside the door, Nor show thy black face here any more ; Don't think I would wed a poor piljack like thee. When I may have a Squire of high degree.' Duffy and the Devil dance tiH the Squire returns and joins in a three-handed reel, without seeing the Old One, who capers back into a dark corner at the pass of the dance, and comes close behind him at the pitch. Curiam drops.— Thunder and lightning. 10 DT7FFT, AND THE DEVIL. The scene changes to Trove Mill, where a long gossip takes place over the new " nine days' wonder" of Squire Lovell having wedded Duffy for the sake of her knitting. Some say she will behave like most beggars put on horseback, and all the women agreed that they would rather be a young man's slave, and work their fingers to stumps, than be doomed to pass a weary time beside such an old withered stock ; they should wish him dead and no help for it. In the next, Duffy (now Madame Lovell) is beheld walking up and down her garden, or haU, decked out in a gown with a long train, hanging ruffles at her elbows, ruff of monstrous size round her neck, towering head-di-ess, high-heeled shoes, with bright buckles, earrings, necklace, fan, and all other accessoriee of old-fashioned finery. The bucca-boo is seen grinning, half -hidden, in the corner ; whilst Madam walks she sings : — " Now I have servants to come at my call, As I walk in grand state through my haU, Decked in silks and satins so tine : But I grieve through the day, And fret the long night away. Thinking of my true-love, young Huey Lemne. I weep through many a weary long hour, As I sit all alone in my bower, "Where I do nothing but pine ; Whilst I grieve all the day, And fret the long nights away, In dreaming of my true-love, young Huey Leuine. AVould the devil but come at my call, And take the old Squire —silks, satins, and all. With jewels and rings so fine ; Then, merry and gay, I'd work through the day, And cheerily pass the nights away. Kissing my true-love, young Huey Lenine." DUPFY AND THE DEVIL. Part Second. " Refinement, too, that smoothens all O'er which it in the world hath pass'd, Ha8 been extended in its call. And reach'd the devil, too, at last. That Northern Phantom found no more can be, Horns, tail, and claws, we now no longer see. But with your like, when we the name can learn, Your nature too we commonly discern." Goethe's Fanst. I'ilimore's Translation. lis ^ '"^^ scene, after the Squire's marriage, there is a long lljfj, dialogue, in rliyme, on "the cruel miseries to be endured" by both husband and -wife, ' ' vhen a young maid is Tvedded to an old man." This can not bo given because much of it would now be regarded as indelicate. In another scene, the Squire's man Jack, and Huej' Lenine, discuss the same subject. This is also inadmissible for the same reason. We are reluctant to dismember this old piece, even by so much as may be deemed necessary by persons of fastidious taste, because students of ancient manners woidd doubtless pre- fer an unpruned version. "We shall give the remainder of the story as it may be gathered from the play, without dividing it into scenes. And indeed great part of it, for want of convenience in acting, was often recited by Father Christmas, in his character of Chorus. "\Ve also omit the mill scenes, as they afforded a kind of by-play, that had little or nothing to do with the main story. Whenever time was required for the principle personages to get ready, a bevy of women were brought on to gossip about old times and the past year's events, or they told stories, danced, or sung until their turn came to " serge their flow," (bolt their meal.) Duffy complaind to the kind old witch that she was very dissatisfied with her aged spouse. The old crone advised her to 12 DUITY, AND THE DEVIL. have patience and -well feather her nest, that she might secure a youthful successor to Squire Lovell, who was'nt likely to trouble her long. Notwithstanding Madam's griefs, she kept the Bucea- boo to his work, so that all her chests and presses were filled with stockings, blankets, yarn and home-spun cloth ; and her husband was clad, from top to toe, in devil-made garments. Squire LoveU, as was his wont, being away hunting every week-day, from dawn till dark, and the housekeeper and other servants hearing a constant rumbling throughout the house like the noise of a spinning-wheel, only varied by the clicking of cards, thought their mistress busy at work, when she spent great part of her time at the mill. The stocking that Duffy made out to be knitting, but never finished, had always a stitch down. By that old Betty suspected her of having strange dealings as weU as herself. Though the time seemed long and wearisome to Madam, the term for which the devil engaged to serve her drew near its end : yet she was ignorant as ever of his true name, and gave herself but little concern on that account, thinking it might be just as well to go with a devil, who was so very obliging, as to remain with old Squire Lovell; for all the time this Biicca-boo became, as it were, her slave, he was well-behaved and never gave her the least reason to complain of his conduct. Yet when she walked through Trove orchards, and saw the apple-trees weighed down with ripe fruit, she had some mis- givings, lest her next abode might be less pleasant than Trove, besides, she thought that the devil, like most men, might be very civil in courtship but behave himself quite otherwise when he had her in his power. Madam being much perplexed made her troubles known to Betty, the witch, who, cunning woman as she was, had'nt found out the particulars of the bargain. She was'nt much surprised, however, when Dufiy told her, because she knew that women and devils were capable of doing extraordinary things. Betty was somewhat troubled, but not much ; for in old times, white-witches could perform almost incredible feats, by having devils and other spirits under their command. So, after twirling her thimibs a minute, and thinking what to do' she said, " Duffy, my dear, cheer up! I would'nt like for 'e to be taken away before me. Now do what I advise 'e, and it is much to me if we don't find 'e a way to fool this young devil yet, he is but a green one. So, to-morrow evening, soon- after sunset, bring me down a black jack of your oldest and strongest beer. But before that, be sure you get the Squire to go hare-hunting. Fool him with the old story, or any thing else to make him go. Wait up till he comes back, and note well what he may say. Go COAXING. 13 'e home now: ask me no questions; but mind and do what I have told 'e ! " Next morning, the Squire noticed that his wife ate no break- fast, and, at dinner, observing that she seemed very sour and sad, and appeared to loath everything on the board, he said, " My dear wife, how is it that you have been so melancholy of late ? What is the matter with 'e ? Don't I do as much to comfort 'e as any man can ? If there's anything to be had, for love or money, you shall have it. You don't appear to have much appetite, honey ; what would 'e like to eat ? " " I could just pick the head of a hare, if I had it," she rejDlied ; "I am longing for hare-pie ; but you have been so busj' about the harvest that we havn't had one for weeks, and I'm feeling so queer that have one I must or the consequences will be awful to the babe unborn, and to you as well." " You know dear," said the Squire, " that harvest is late. We have still much corn to get into the mowhay. Besides, it's full time that all should be ready for cider-making. I would do my best to catch a hare if that would please ye," he continued, over a bit ; " but dont 'e think that the old story about the child, that according to your fancy has been coming to and again for the last three years, is ever going to fool me to the neglect of com and apples." " Hard-hearted, unbelieving wretch," replied she, "you don't deserve to be the father of my child. Know, to your shame, that innocent virgins, when first wedded are often deceived with false hopes. Now would 'e have our cheeld disfigured for the sake of such little good as you are among the harvest people ? An old man's bantling," she continued, " is mostly a wisht and wizened-looking object ! Would 'e like to see ours with a face like a hare besides an ugly nose, and a mouth from ear to ear ? Go, do, like a dear, and stay my longing ; but in the evening, after croust (afternoon refreishnient), will be time enow for 'e to start, that we may have one for dinner to-morrow." With coaxing, scolding, and hopes of paternal joys, she, at length prevailed. Soon after the Squire and his dogs were out of sight, Dufiy drew about a gallon of beer, that was many j^ears old, into a strong leather jack, made small at the mouth like a jar, for convenience in carrying, and took it down to the mill. Betty, after trying the liquor, said it would do, and told DuflPy to go home, make the devil work till dark, wait up for her husband, and keep her ears open to all he might say. When nearly dark and a few stars glimmered, Betty turned the water from the mill-wheel and closed the flushet. Then, having donned her steeple-crowned hat and red cloak, she fastened the jack of beer c 14 DtrPFT, AKX) THE DEVIL. to one end of a " giss " (hempen girth), and her "crowd" to the other, slung them across her shoulder, under her cloak, took a black-thorn stick, closed her door, and away she went over the hill. She went up the " Bottom " (glen) between Trove and Boleigh, till she passed the Fuggo Hole, and there, amongst the thickets, she disappeared ! All this Bottom was well- wooded, and the upper part thickly covered with hazel, thorn, and elder ; and a tangled undergrowth of briars, brambles, and furze, surrounded a wood called the Grambler Grove. Few persons liked to pass near this place, because strange noises were heard, and fires often seen within it by night, when no one would venture near the place. Duffy waited up many hours after the servants had gone to bed, in great impatience for her husband's return. Her fears and doubts increasing, she remained seated in the kitchen chimney-corner, attending to a pie on the hearth ; that it might be kept hot for the Squire's supper. It came into her head at times, as a kind of forlorn hope, that the crafty old witch might somehow get the Devil to take her husband instead of herself. About midnight, however, her uneasy musings were interrupted by the dogs rushing in, followed by Squire Lovell, who seemed like one distracted, by the way he capered about and talked in broken sentences, of which his wife could make neither head nor tail. Sometimes he would caper round the kitchen, singing snatches of a strange dancing-time ; then stop, try to recollect the rest, and dance tUl tired out. At last the Squire sat down and told his wife to bring him a flagon of cider. After draining it, he became more tranquil, and, when Duffy asked if he had caught a hare, he answered, " I've seen queer sights to-night, and the damn'd hare — as fine a one as ever was chased — most in the dogs' mouths all the while. We coursed her for miles, yet they couldn't catch her at all." Then he burst out singing, " To-morrow, my fair lady, You shall ride along with me, Over land and over sea, Through the air and far away ! " ! the funny devil ! How he tossed up his heels and tail when he danced and sang, " ' To strange countries you shall go, For never here can you linow.' " I've forgotten the rest," said he, after a pause ; " but give me supper, and fill the tankard again. Then I will begin at the beginning, and tell 'e all about the strange things I've seen to-night. I wish you had been there ; it would have made ye THE SQTJIEE's CHASE. 15 laugh, though I havn't seen 'e so much as smile for a long time. But give me supper, I teU thee again, and don't stay gaping at me like a fool frightened ! Then, and not before, I'U teU thee all about our uncommon chase, and we will ride ' Over land, and over sea, with the jolly devil, far away, far away ! ' " Duffy placed a pie on the board and helped the Squire. After supper he came more to himself, and said, "We hunted all the way down, both sides of the Bottom, Irom Trove to Lamorna without seeing a hare. It was then dark, but for the starKght : we turned to come home, and, up by Bosava, out popped a hare, from a brake of ferns close beside the water. She (the hare) took up the moors ; we followed close after, through bogs, furze, and brambles, helter-skelter, amongst mire and water. For miles we chased her — the finest hare that ever was seen, most in the dogs' mouths aU the way, yet they couldn't catch her at aU. By the starlight we had her in sight aU the way tUl far up the Bottom, between Trove and Boleigh^ there we lost aU sight and scent of her at last, but not till, tearing through brakes of brambles and thorns, we found ourselves in the Grambler Grove. And now," continued he, aftet a pull from the flagon, " I know for certain that what old folks say is true — how witches meet the Devil there of summer's nights. In winter they assemble in the Fuggo Hole, we all know ; because one may then often hear the devil piping for their dance imder our parlour floor — that's right over the inner end of the Fuggo. And now I believe what we took for a hare was a witch that we chased into this haunted wood. Looking through the thickets I spied, on a bare spot, surrounded by old withered oaks, a glimmering flame rising through clouds of smoke. The dogs skulked back and stood around me like things scared. Getting nearer, and looking through an opening, I saw scores of women — some old and ugly, others young and passable enow as far as looks go. Most of them were busy gathering withered ferns or dry sticks, to the fire. I noted, too, that other witches, if one might judge by their dress, were constantly arriving — flying in over the trees, some mounted on ragworts, brooms, ladles, furze-pikes, or anything they could get astride of. Others came on through the smoke as comfortable as you please, sitting on three-legged stools ; and ahghted by the fire, with their black cats on their laps. Many came in through the thickets like hares, made a spring through the fiame, and came out of it as decent lasses as one might see in Buryan Church of a holiday. A good large bonfire soon blazed up ; then, by its Kght, I saw, a little way back sitting under a tree, who should 'e think ? Why no less than old witch Bet, of the Mill. And by her side a strapping dark-faced fellow, that wasn't bad looking and that one wouldn't 16 DTIPFY, AND THE DEVIL. take to be a devil at all but for the company be was with, and the sight of his forked tail that just peeped out from under his coat-skirts. Every now and then Old Bet held to his mouth a black leather jack, much like ours, and the Devil seemed to like the liquor by the way he smacked his lips. Now said I to myseK I don't much dislike nor fear thee, devil or no, as thee art so honest as to drink hearty. So here's to thee,_ wife ! " Duffy was very impatient, but took care not to interrupt the Squire. After draining the flagon, he continued to say, " Faix, I should think the Devil got drunk at last by the way he capered when the witches, locked hand-in-hand, danced round the fire with him in their midst. They went round and round so fast one couldn't follow theii- movements as Betty beat up on her crowd the old tune of ' Here's to the Devil, witli his wooden spade and shovel, Digging tin by the jjushel, with his tail cocked up.' " " Over a while Old Bet stopped playing ; the Devil went up to her, drained the jack, took from her the crowd, and sang a dancing-tune I never heard before. The words, if I remember right were, ' I have knit and spun for her Tliree years to the day, To-morrow she shall ride with me, Over land and over sea, Far away ! Far away ! For she can never know That my name is Tarraway ! '" " The witches then sung as a chorus, ' By night and by day \Ve will dance and play, With our noble captain — Tarraway ! Tarraway ! ' " " I thought the words odd for a dancing- tune, but devils and witches do queer things." ' ' The witches, locked hand-in-hand, danced madder and faster, pulled each other right through the fire, and they wern't so much as singed, the bitches. They spun round and round so fast that at last, especially when the Devil joined in, my head got light. I wanted to dance with them and called out as I advanced, ' Hurra ! my merry Devil, and witches aU ! ' In an instant, quick as lightning, the music stopped, out went the fire, a blast of wind swept away umers (embers) and ashes, a cloud of dust and fire came in my eyes and nearly blinded me. When I again looked up they had aU. vanished. By good luck I found my way out of the wood and home. I'U have another hunt to-morrow and hope for better luck." THE DEVIL CLAIMS HIS OWN. 17 The Squire drank another flagon of ale ; then, weighed down with fatigue and drink, he rolled from Hs seat on to the floor. Duffy covered him up. He often passed his nights thus, when too drunk to go over stairs. As she threw over him a rug, and kicked a pile of rushes from the floor, in under his head, he murmured, ' ' To-morrow, we will ride over land and over sea, through the air and faraway ! " It was hours after simrise when Squire Lovell awoke and found his wdfe sitting near him ; but she didn't say a word about his going a-hunting ; in fact she would rather not be left in the house alone, or with servants only. Late in the afternoon, however, he whistled to his dogs and away he went a hunting again. As he had a mind to see, by daylight, the ground he coiu'sed over, and where the witches danced, he took his way towards the Grambler "Wood. Now Duffy hadn't been up-stairs for all that day, but, a little after sunset, she went up to the guest-chamber, as a large spare bed-room was called, to fetch something she much wanted. She took the garment from a hanging-press, and hastened to leave the chamber, but, when she passed round the bed she beheld the bucca-boo, standing before her, in the door-way. She never saw him looking so well, nor so sprucely dressed, before. From beneath a broad-brimined hat and plume his coal-black hair fell in glossy curls on his shoulders. He wore a buff coat of fine leather, with skirts so long and full that they quite concealed his forked tail, or he might have coiled it round his waist for what we know, any how there wasn't so much as the tip of it to be seen. Madam surveyed him, over and over again, from the golden spurs on his bright black riding-boots to the nodding plume on his high pointed hat, and thought she had never seen a more Hkely-looking fellow. Yet she was speechless from fear or surprise. The devil, advancing with stately step, doffed his hat, and bowing, said in courteous tones, "Know, fair lady, the time is passed and some hoiu's over that I engaged myself to work for ye, and I hope that you have no reluctance to fulfil yom- part of our agreement." "Indeed no," said she, "I can't say I have much objection as you are a very weU-behaved obliging devil, and, during the three years that I have had the pleasm-e of your acquaintance, you have given me no reason to complain of your conduct. Yet," continued she, after a moment's pause, " I'd like to know where you live when at home, and what sort of a country it is ? I fear it may be rather hot, as you seem to be burnt very dark ! " " As to where my country is," replied he, " You wouldn't bo much the wiser if I told 'e aU about it, because you have hitherto seen so Httle of the world, and there would be great 18 DTTFFY, AKD THE DEVIL. difficulty in making 'e understand. As a proof, hovever, that my country's climate isn't mucli to be complained of, you see me strong and healthy enow ; besides, I'm not so dark-skinned under my clothes ; and, if you were burned as black as myself, I would love ye all the same." " I can't quite make up my mind," said she, " though no doubt you would please me as well, and make a better husband than Squire Lovell, who, if he isn't drunk, snores all night with iis face to the wall. If I went how would 'e convey me to your far country ? " "I have brought to the Grambler Grove a noble steed," he replied, " that wiU go over land and sea, or fly through the air with lightning speed. Now do make haste, dear, and get ye ready for my horse is very impatient to be left alone ; he may whistle for me and shake down the chimney-tops, or paw the ground and make all the country tremble ; yet he is as gentle as a lamb when mounted. So come along as you are ; there's no time for delay," said he, oflfering his hand. " If you please," said madam, shi-inking back, " I woidd like to stay in Trove a little longer." " Now, no nonsense," said the devil, in an angi-y tone ; " You know that I have been true to my word, as every gentleman ought, and trust you will abide by our bargain : and as for your knowing my name," added he, with a haughty air, "that's impossible, because it is long since that I, like other persons of quality, have only been known by my title, and even that is not familiar to vulgar ears." Assuming his ordinary courteous manner, he said, " Yet, my love, for mere foiTa's sake I'll ask 'e thi-ee times if ye like ! Besides, I'm ciu-ious to know what sort of a guess you wiU make at it. So now, for the first time asking, tell me if you can, what is my name ? " " My dear Mr. Devil," said she, "don't 'e take offence if I happen to misname ye in my ignorance. Now arn't 'e my lord Beelzebub ! " "No! be d ," replied he, choaking with anger, "how coidd ye even think me such a mean, upstart devil as Beelzebub, whose name isn't known in the place where I belong ; and, oven here, among those best acquainted with him, nobody ever heard of his grandfather ! Now I hear my horse shaking his bridle and, for the second time, I ask ye my name ? " " Pray excuse mj' ignorance and don't 'e be vexed," said she, "for I don't doubt lout you are a grand gentleman when at home and no other, I think, than Prince Lucifer ! " ""What? Lucifer!" he exclaimed, more than ever enraged; " you make me mad but to think that I should ever be taken for one of such a mean tribe as Lucifer, who is no better than the PEIDE OF ANCESTRY. 19 other. As for me, I -n-oiildn't be seen in their company. None of their family Tcere ever known or heard of in this country tiU lately. Great indeed is your want of sense," continued he, with a scornful air, " to take me for one of these upstarts. Yet, forsooth, many fools — if one may judge by their fears — seem to reverence them ; nay almost to worship them. But crafty folks, who profit by fools' fears, havn't a good word to say of these new buccas behind their backs, nor j'et of their country ; for that, they say, is full of bu.rning brimstone, and one may well believe it, for when any of the tribe come here they stink of sulphiir. But one like you — born and bred in Buryan Church- town — can't have any notion of the antiquity and dignity of my family ! If j-ou hadn't been the loveliest of Buryan ladies I would never have condescended to spin for 'e. And now, for the third and last time, I ask what is my name ? " On the same breath he added, " come ! Give me yoiu* hand love, and let's away, for you can never guess it." Duffy didn't feel much reluctance to go with him, yet was proud to outwit the devil and answered, " Don't 'e be in such a hurry, old gentleman, Buryan people m.ayn't be so ignorant as you think them ; they live near enow to St. Levan witches to know something of devils and their deahngs. You ake Taeeaway — you won't deny it ! " "No, by my tail," said he, almost speechless with surprise; "I am too proud of my ancient name to disown it. I'm fairly beaten ; it's provoking though to be outwitted by a j'oung thing like you, and I can't think however you found it out. But true as I'm a gentleman, if j-ou don't go with me now, the time wiU come when you'U wish you had, and one day you shah spin for me yet." Duffy shrunk back, and, in a moment, thick smoke gathered around Tarraway ; the room became dark ; and he disappeared amidst a blaze of lightning and a rattling peal of thunder, that shook the house from end to end. Duffy, much frightened, ran down stairs, and, as she entered the haU, in tore old Jone, terrified out of her wits by the kitchen chimney-top rattling down on the hearth where pots, kettles, and pans were all smashed. Their dread was much increased by finding thi-oughout the house a smother of burning wool. Other women servants ran shrieking into the hall. Old Jone said she felt a fit coming on ; whilst she looked about for a place to fall down and have her fit comfortable; into their midst rushed the Squire, with nothing on but his hat, shirt, and shoes. At this sight all the women have fits ; the Squire stands for some time, looking on, like one distraught, till the women come to ; aU rise and run out except his wife ; she asked him how he 20 DTJITT, AND THE DEVIL. came home in sutli a plight, and where he had left his clothes. The Squire told her that when he came to the Grambler he had a fancy to see by dajlight the place where Old Nick and his witches had their dance the preceding night. He entered and searched all round — over bare places, between the trees, and elsewhere, but saw no signs of any fire having been made in the wood ; there wasn't even a handful of ashes, or the grass so much as burnt on the spot where he was sm-e he saw a bonfire blazing the night before. He turned to leave this haunted place, by taking his course down the Bottom, but, when he was just out of the wood, a blinding flash of lightning surrounded him like a sheet of flame, whilst he was stunned by louder thunder than he ever heard before. When he recovered his senses and opened his eyes he found that all his home-spun woollen garments were burned from his breech and his back, leaving him as he then stood. He believed it was all done by witchcraft, because he saw their devilish doings. He told his wife to fetch him a coat, stockings, and breeches. Duffy, disliking to go upstairs alone, called Jone to accompany her, and great was her terror to find that every article of Tarraway's work had disappeared from chests and presses — nothing was left in them but Squire Lovell's old moth-eaten garments covered with dust and ashes. He was very dissatisfied with his old clothes, but there was no help for it. - As clever a conjuror, or pellar, as any in the west country was fetched. He declared that it was all exactly as Squire Lovell thought — the devil and witches had served him out because he wanted to pry into their doings, and had chased one of them in the form of a hare. The wise man nailed old horse-shoes over the doors, and promised, for httle pay in proportion to his services, tliat he would take Trove and the Squire's household under his protection, so tliat they need fear no more mischief from witchcraft, nor bad luck. Madam, by the witch's aid, had a happy riddance of Tarraway, yet greater troubles were in store for her. Squire Lovell, dis- liking to be seen again wearing his old stockings, would neither go to church nor to market, and instead of hunting, as was his wont, from dawn till dark, he stayed indoors all day, in a very surly mood, to keep his wife at her spinning ; and she knew no more how to spin than when she summoned the bucea-boo to work for her. The Squire having forbade Betty the witch to come near his house, Duffy had Little chance to see her ; but one Thursday evening when he was off guard — up to the blacksmith's shop in Boleigh, to hear the news from returning market-people, as was M.U)jUI's teoubles. 21 his custom — Diiffy hastened off to Mill and made known her troubles, and the next market-day Betty went to Penzance and bought the best stockings she could get. On (Sunday morning Biifty brought them to her husband and passed them off as her own work ; but he wasn't at all satisfied, because they wern't so iine and soft as what he had been accustomed to for three years. He wouldn't go to church in them ; he went a-himting, however, and returned very cross, for his new stockings didn't protect his legs from brambles, furze and wet, Hke Tarraway's. He again staid indoors to keep his wife to spin, and Madam was obliged to twirl her wheel all day though she only spoiled the wool, for unless he heard the sound of tui'u or cards, he would be up to the wool-chamber door calling out, "art thee asleep Dufi'y, lazy slut that thee art, I havn't heard cards nor turn for an hoiu- or more, and unless thou very soon makest me better stockings than the rags on my legs, and a good breeches too, I'll know the reason why, that I will, you lazy faggot you, what the devil else did I marry thee for I'd like to know." She would threaten to card his face if he entered, so they led a cat and dog life for months, that seemed years to Duffy, shut up as she was in a dusty wool-loft and not a soul to comfoi't her or to share her griefs. Her spirits sunk and her beauty faded fast, she thought it had been better by far to have gone with the devil, than lead such an irksome life with old Squire LoveU. Often she prayed Tarraway to come for her, but he turned a deaf ear to her cry, and was never more seen in Trove. By good luck, when winter and muddy roads came, the Squire took it into his head one Sunday morning to don his jack-boots and jog off to church, that he might learn what was going on in the rest of the world. It was the Sunday before Christmas. He wished his wife to mount behind him, but she, pretending iUness, begged to be excused and said she woiild be glad to accompany him next time. Madam watched her good man spurring his Dobbin tiU he was clear of Trove town-place, then down she ran to MiU. and told old Betty that unless she got a speedy release ftom her irksome task she would di-own herself in the mill-pool. Bet sat a moment on the miU-bed, twirUng her thumbs so quick that one could hardly see them spinning round each other, and said, "No, my dear cheeld, dont 'e think of such a thing yet, young and handsome as you are it would be a pity, let's try a scheme that I've thought of, a woman never should despair of finding a trick to fool an old man, and if need be the old witch wiU stir her stumps and trot again to help 'e, if one plan don't serve we'll try another, for as the old saying is ' nobody ever got out of a ditch by grunting,' what's just popped into my 22 DUFFY AND THE DEVIL. head may answer!" "Do tell me what it is," said Madam. " No, there's no time now," Betty replied. " You have wasted so much already in bemoaning your griefs instead of thinking how to get rid of them, like a sensible body ought, that old master wiU soon be back from church, and he musn't know that you have been here, so only mind now what I am going to teU 'e." "Next Saturday, being Christmas-Day, the Squire will no doubt go to church and desire you to go with him ; by aU means go, and when, as usual after churching, you stop at the cross to exchange greetings with other gentry, I'll come near enow for 'e to hail me with ' A Merry Christmas to 'e An Betty, and a Happy New Year when a do come.' I shall wish 'e the same, and you invite me, before the Squire, to come up in the evening to taste your Clu-istmas beer. And in the afternoon when, according to custom, there wiU be a hurling match from Church- town to Boleigh, the Squire and you, with scores of gentlefolks, on horseback and a-foot, will be near the goal to see the ball brought fairly in, and to hinder fighting ; then look 'e out for me, give your kindest greetings again, and don't 'e be surprised at anything you may hear and see, or if you be don't 'e show it, and invite me again to partake of your Christmas cheer. That's all I have to teU. 'e now," said she, opening her door for Dufiy to depart, but going a few steps on the Green she continued, " It don't cost 'e any pain, no not a bit, to speak kindly to a poor body now any more than before you became Madam Lovell, and as good a lady as the best in Buryan, for you are no ways vain ; but if you had ever shown any scornful pride be assured I would never have gone a trotting for 'e, nor do what I intend, to get 'e relieved of your troubles : besides it isn't your fault that you can neither knit nor spin, you never had a kind mammy to teach 'e. And no one can blame ye for deceiving old Squire Lovell — lying and deceit come to us poor women by nature — so hasten home, leave the rest to me, and hope for better times." Madam got home just in time to see that dinner was ready, when her husband returned in a good temper after his morning's ride. " Duffy, my dear," said he, as she assisted him to pull off his boots, " I wish you had gone to church, everybody was enquiring for 'e, and asking what was become of us this long time that they hadn't seen sight nor sign of us. And some of the women — cuss their itching curiosity they can never be satisfied — wanted to roU down my boot-tops and undo my knee-buckles that they might have a peep at my stockings. But on Christmas-Day come ye along with me, they won't be so foarthing if you be there." THE ■witch's steataqem. 23 Duflfy replied, " my darHng man, I'll go with all my heart and see if they carry their impudence so far again, and now dear, make a hearty dinner, and tell me aU the news you have heard." ^ Christmas-Day in the morning, Duffy, as richly attired as any lady in Buryan, mounted on a pillion behind her husband, and away they went to church. After service, a great number assembled at the Cross and sung old charols. Squire and Madam LoveU exchanged many kindly compliments with the Cardews, Harveys, Noys, Fenders, Vivians, Gwennaps, and other ancient gentry of Buryan, who were waiting for their steeds. Whilst wishing her neighbours a Merry Christmas Madam LovelL had kept a sharp look out for old Betty ; but had nearly given up all hopes of seeing her, and was about to mount behind the Squire, when glancing around for the last time she spied her steeple-crown and red mantle among the crowd of singers, through whom she had great trouble to lead her fat and lazy Dobbin to the heaving-stock. Madam went to meet her, shook hands heartily and said, " good morrow to 'e Dame ChymeUan, how are 'e an ; I am glad to see ye looking so well and wish 'e a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year, and many of them. I hope you liked the sermon and the singing, and so on ;" — we can't tell all the fine compliments that passed so long ago. " Thank your honour, and I wish 'e the same," the old dame replied, making a low cuttsey to Duffy. Then turning round to other gentlefolks, she continued to wish all their honours — as she styled them — the compliments of the tide, calling each by name as she curtsied to every one. Now there was nothing remarkable in An Betty's civil words ; but as she stood close beside the Squire, who was on horse-back, and bestowed her old-fashioned greetings at every curtsey, an unseemly noise was heard. Squire Lovell got vex't, the ladies looked confused, glanced at him and rode off. Betty, however, without appearing to hear or to heed anything, mounted the heaving-stock, settled herself comfortably on her high-peaked bow-pad, and jogged away with Dame Pendar ; Squire LoveU and others going the same road At parting Dufiy said to her, " now be sure An Betty you come up early to try our Christmas-cake and ale." " Thank your honours I will," replied she, in turning off to the Mill. It was customary for the Squire's tenants, and all who choose, to assemble at his house every night from Chrifitmas-Eve tiU twelfth-night, to freely partake of his abundant cheer and help in the merry disports of the tide ; yet he wasn't at all pleased because his wife invited the old dame. "I should'nt have minded her coming at any other time," said he, but to-day a 24 DUFFY AND THE DEVIL. good many from the hurling will come home with us and pass the evening ; I hope however, she wiU be on her best behaviour before the quality : to be sure one don't like to offend the spiteful old witch for fear of her tricks." In the afternoon Squire LoveU and his wife, with many others — mostly on horse-back— were got together near Daunce-Mayn when old Betty stalked in to their midst, and just such another scene was acted there as took place in Church-town. Many who came from a distance went down to Trove to pass a merry Christmas night. A score or more of ladies and gentlemen, seated in the haU, pledged each other in hot-spiced-ale, brandy, punch, and wine, when Betty, Tone and others entered, holding aloft their horns of foaming liquor. The Squire fearing another display of Betty's unbecoming behaviour, rose in haste to prevent her drinking their healths with all the honours. " Stay a moment An Betty," said he, " come into the kitchen, I must tell 'e that twice already to-day you have made me ashamed of 'e, how could 'e do so and- show so little resjject for the company both in Church-town and Boleigh ? " "0 dear master, j'ou musn't mind such a trifle as that," replied she, without budging an inch, " for it will soon be all the same with madam there, your honour's wife, if you keep her to spin so much, she won't be able to heljj it for her life. You may look scared and misbelieving, but indeed she won't ; no ! no more than I can whenever I move quick, or curtsey to your honours as I am, in duty, bound to do ; and if your honours would like to hear how it hajipened to me I'll tell 'e. Many of the coniijany liaving intimated that they would like to hear how she became in such a condition. Squire Lovell placed her in a settle near the hearth, she emptied her horn and gave the following relation : — " Know tliwi, j'our honours, that in my first husband's time, — more than tliirty years ngo, — we lived at Trevider. I did ovit-door work and helpid old mistress besides, when there was extra house work, such as great brewings, cheese-making, the baking and roasting at feasten-tidcs, spinning for the weavers, besides the rt'gular spinning of winter's nights, and such like. Though I say it, there wasn't a brisker lass in lUiryan than I was then ; just like mistress there, your honour's wife. There was no woman and but few men that could beat me in shaking liners (threshed wheaten slioaves), leading trusses, branding turves, raking tabs (roots, grass, &c.), reajjiug, rulling, aye, or binding either on a push ; and I could make an arish mow as well as any man. Old master used to say that at the windan-sheet (winnowing-sheet), there wasn't my equal in the parish for handling the seive and THE -WITCH S STllATAGEM. kayer (coarse seive), and that I made a bettor sample of corn, and not half so much after- winding and waste, as any other windster he ever met with ; but I needn't blow my trumpet any more on that score. My old mistress, Madam Pendar, was a noted spinster, as you may have heard, and of winter' s-nights she, with her servant maidens and I, took our places at the turns (spinning wheels) ; master and the servant men carded and sung, three-men's songs or told old drolls the while. My sisinning- work was soon equal to Madam Pondar's though she woidd never allow it ; but my yarn was strong, even, and fine, just like your honour's wife's," said ISet, addressing Squire Lovell to fasten his attention. "And often I was kept spinning all day for days running, just like mistress there. But one Christmas night every body belonging to Trevider, young and old, went off in a Gruise-danee, except old mistress and I. ' Now they are all gone, Betty,' said she, ' and left us all alone, see if we don't enjoy ourselves." Mistress drew a good joram (jug) of stron-g old ale, boiled, sweetened, and spiced it whilst I roasted the apples ; we brewed a drink fit for a king ; for hours we ^dedged each other's good health and drank to our heart's content. Over a while mistress began to brag of her sj^inning, she was proud of her work and so was I of mine, just like your honour's wife. I shall ever remember that Christmas-night and how elierry the old hall looked with the Christmas-log burning bright, and faggots of oak and a>sh blazing wp the chimnej^, showed every window, dresser and wall decked in holly, box, and ivey ; with branches of bays and rosemary around the pewter flaggons, plates, and platters, that shone like silver among the Christmas greenery. Old mistress boasted much of her spinning, and wager'd a bottle of brandjf — which she placed on the board — that she would spin a jiound of wool in a shorter time, and make a finer yarn than I could. I took her to her word, rolled up the rushes from the floor, to make a clear run all the length of the hall, and •placed our turns, while mistress weighed and carded the wool, divided the rulls, and gave me my choice of them. When all w^s ready, to cheer our hearts and put life in our heels, we each drank a noggin of brandy. Then I tripped backward and forward as light as a feather, and for more than three hours we twirled our wheels by the bright fire-light, keeping good time together. My yarn was suant (even) and fine as a flaxen thread; just like that spun by my lady there, your honour's wife, and I was then about her age. I had nearly spun my pound of wool, and never felt in better heart for dancing to the turn, when, as bad luck would have it, my twadling-string — weakened witli .so much stepping backwards — burst. I fell to the ground, and ever 26 DOTTY, AND THE DEVIL. since I've been in the sad predicament that so surprised your honours. Though its comforting to have companions in affliction," said she, after a pull at the flaggon, "yet from the regard I have for your honour and mistress there, I have spoke of my aihnent to Avarn 'e that as sure as I sit here with a broken twadling-string it will soon be the same with my lady there, if its true, what I do hear, that you keep her to spin from morn till night most every day of the year. When that do happen you wiU be frighten'd into fits ; old mistress was so scared that she nearly lost her senses, she thought the house falling about her ears, to save herself she snatched the bottle and tore up stairs ; next day she was found asleep under a bed with the empty bottle close by her head." Old Betty's story rather surprised the company, and Squire LoveU, much concerned, said "I'm: glad you told me An Betty, now drink another horn full like a dear; I wouldn't for the world that my darling Duffy should be in such a plight, never- more shall she spin from this very night. I would go bare leg'd aU my life, rather than such a mishap should befall my wife. The entertainment concludes with a dance, to music made by Father Christmas on a crowd. Celtic Monuments of Boleish and Eosemodrass. Dear land of old romance, Legend and mystic dance ; Lost towns and temples, and that buried shore Where thy great hero fought his last sad fight, Cromlechs and quoits and cairns and hills of war, Circles of mystery and mounds of might. W. K. D. BOUT a furlong south-west of Trove, but on a tenement of Boleigh, is the Fuggo. It consists of a cave about six feet high, five feet wide, and near forty long, faced on each side with rough stones, across which long stone posts are laid. On its north-west side a narrow passage leads into another cave of similar construction and unknown extent ; as it has long been blocked up by a portion of the roof having fallen in. One may be pretty sure, however, that much of the stories about its great length are fabulous. They say that it extends from its entrance, at the foot of Boleigh hill, to the old mansion at Trove ; in proof of this the old one has often been heard piping under a parlour of the house. It is supposed he meets the witches down there, who have entered by the Fuggo to dance to his music. Hares are often seen to enter the Fuggo which are never known to come out the same way ; they are said to be witches going to meet their master, who provides them with some other shape to return in. There are also traditions of this cavern having served as a pla«e of refuge to some of the Levelis in troublesome times ; and of its having frequently been used by our fair-traders, as it afforded them a secure hold for storing their goods, and to have a carouse therein. Old traditions about the far-reaching and unknown extent of the Fuggo, may not, however, be altogether void of foundation. At the annual excursion of the Eoyaj, Institution of Cornwall, in 1871, Mr. H. M. Whitley, of Tiyzb, remarked that the bank, just opposite the branch cavern,. bounded hollow, from which he is persuaded that there is a chamber underneath to be yet ex- plored. There are the remains of a triple entrenchment near, and this subterranean passage might have been connected with it. 28 CELTIC MONUMENTS OF BOLEIGH AND EOSEMODEASS. Old folks of the neighbourhood say that there was another Fuggo in Trove HiU, on the opposite side of the Glen, bnt the entrance has long since been closed, and no one knows exactly where it opened. The track of moor and croft between Trove and Boleigh has indeed never been thoroughly examined by our antiquaries ; yet as the vestiges of ancient British habitations are generally found in the vicinity of prehistoric monuments, the Daunee-mayn, Menheres, and holed-stones on the hill, would seem to indicate that this sheltered glen might be a likely place in which to find the remains of old crellas or circular huts, similar to those of Bodennar, BusuUow, and Chysauster. And farther uj), near the brook, amidst brambles and furze may yet be discovered traces of ancient Celtic dwellings, with ashes still on the hearth and quern and muller beside it. A short time ago an old inhabitant of Boleigh informed ua that many persons in that neighbourhood are afraid to enter the Fuggo, even by day, as they believe that bad spirits still frequent this place. Women of villages near often threaten their crying babies that they will carry them down to the Fuggo, and leave them there for the Bucca-boo if they don't stop their squalling. There are traditions that almost all these caves were haunted by beings of a fearful nature, whose path it was dangerous to cross. The fuggo at Bodinnar, called the Giant's Holt, was a few years ago much dreaded, as it was thought to be the abode of ugly spriggans that kept watch and guard over treasures which still remain buried in that ancient hiding-iilace. There is a somewhat gracefvil creation of fancy associated with the Vow, or fuggo, at Pendeen, which is said to extend from the mansion to Pendeen Cove, and some say it has branches in other directions, which spread far away from the principal cavern. At dawn on Christmas Day the "Spirit of the Vow" has frequently been seen just within the entrance, near the Cove, in the form of a beautiful lady, dressed in white, with a red rose in her mouth. There were persons Hving, a few years since, who had seen this fair but not the less fearful vision ; for disaster was sure to visit those who intruded on the spirit's morning airings. Many of the " sawns " in the western cleaves have also similar legends connected with them, only the dwellers in sea-side caverns, are either of the mermaid race, or what we call Hoopers. The latter are beneficent spirits who warn fishermen from going to sea when there is an approaching tempest. The Hoopers shroud themselves in a thick fog which stretches across coves frequented by them. There are well remembered BOLEIGH. 29 stories of Sennen Cove Hooper that used to rest in a cloud of mist, on Cowloe, and thence emit its doleful notes as a danger signal. BOLEIGH on BOLEIT. Although we never heard of any Household Stories connected ■with this interesting spot, yet we cannot pass it without some notice of its prehistoric remains. Our antiquaries follow the fashion of spelling the name of the hamlet on the hiU as above, yet everyone here who ought best to know the name of the place in which they live, caU it Bole. Most likely it has been thus pronounced from long before it was ever written. All sorts of contradictory meanings have been given for the name of this noted place ; as the dairy-house, place of slaughter, &c. It was once the residence of an old Norman family, whose name, spelt BoUeit, may be seen on a long coifin- shaped slab, which lay on the floor within the tower of Buryan Church a short time ago. The inscription in old Norman-French which borders the edge of this curious tomb says that f Clakiob : LA : femme : cheffeie : de : bolleit : git : loi : dev : de : laime : eit : merce : ke : pvp, : lbalme : pvnt (peiunt:) di : ior : de : paedvn : avervnd. This means, in plain English, to say f "Clarice, the wife of Geoifry de Bolleit, lies here : God on her soul have mercy : Who prays for her soul shall have ten days' pardon."* Now the "Bo" we know to be another form of Beau, in ancient French names. Leit may be a variation of lieu. The provincial pronunciation of Beaulieu is, in many parts of Northern France, simply Bole. * It is somewhat curious to notice that no one who has written on the parish of Buryan, in speaking of the Boleit tombstone in the church, has pointed out that the inscription is, in accordance with a very common custom, in verse, namely in a triplet followed by a distich. It reads thus ; — Clarice, la femme ChefErei de Bolleit, git ici, Dieu de lalme eit mercie. Ke pur lalme punt Di ior de pardun aveunt. The word punt in the fourth line is short for prierunt. Probably there is now, or at all events, has been at some time, in the original, a small letter r above the word between the p and the u. An r has been similarly omitted in aveunt. This somewhat primitive epitaph may be thus literally translated into eq.ually primitive English : — Clarice, the wife of Jefiferei Of Bolleit, here doth lie. God of her soul have mercie. For her soul whoever prays Shall liave pardon for ten days. Prom One and All. 30 CELTIC MONTTMENTS OF BOLEIGH AND KOSEMODEASS. And this is the nearest approach to the proper sound of the name that a Cornish man would be likely to turn his tongue to form. This old Norman family, as in many other instances, might have done their best to give to their new inheritance a name which was a common one in their former home. This conjecture respecting the derivation is at least as probable as the others. "We know of no Cornish name which terminated in leit, yet, if the name be Cornish, it is safer to take the traditional pronunciation of those who live, in Buryan than to go by any mode of spelling. Menheees. The most striking objects seen after passing through the hamlet are two large long stones or pillars of granite, sometimes called the pipers, but formerly known as the hurlers, which stand in the fields on the north side of the road. Antiquaries are far from being unanimous in their conjectures as to the purpose intended to be served in the erection of these remarkable stones. Whether they were astronomical, sacerdotal, or sepulchral monuments — whether erected for all or neither of these objects — the learned think it premature to decide. There is no mark on these mysterious stones to throw any light on the subject. Yet it is pretty certain that all the large menhere stood in pairs; that their bearing is generally east and west ; that they are mostly found on an open plain near other Celtic monuments, and the vestiges of ancient British habitations ; and we may be sure they were formerly more numerous and regarded as objects of great importance, from the number of dwelling-places, enclosures, and names of old Cornish families tei-minating in Menhere, as Tremenhere, or Tremener, (Longstone place) Pobnener, (Long- stone pool) Goonmenhere, (Longstone downs) and many others. Probably many of the companion stones of the erect single pillars may be still found Ijing along in some hedge, at no great distance, (about the twelfth of the circle north of east or south of west), from those which remain where placed thousands of years ago. If the menhere (as has been conjectured from being found in pairs, bearing nearly east and west) were intended to mark the times of the equinox or solstice, these seasons being sacred festivals of Baal or the Sun, the desire of the early Christians to obHterate all remembrances of Pagan rites may account for the prostration or destruction of such objects as must have been regarded with rehgious veneration, from their importance to show the times to sow the grain, and dovarious kinds of work pertaining to pastoral life ; and, above all, to denote the sacred festivals of HOLED STONES. 31 our forefathers, which we still commemorate in our Midsummer bonfires. These long stones at Boleigh are the more interesting because there are not many of the original pairs to be found standing in the west. There is another pair near Newbridge, and one may be seen lying prostrate in Escols lane, Sennen, at a short distance from the stile on the pathway to Escols village. • There is a tradition that this menhere was taken down from where it stood, in the middle of the field, by a giant, who lived in Escols, by him rolled into the hedge, and his son, ten years of age, placed the trigg (propping stone) as we may still see it. An old lady of Escols informed me that the other stone of the pair was in a hedge at no great distance, prostrate also. The erection of these huge monoliths proves that the animal powers and mechanical skiU of our ancestors were of no mean order. Holed Stones, &c. Continuing on the road towards Boskenna, a minute's walk from the Menheres brings us to a holed stone standing in the hedge on the right hand side. This stone has been removed a con- siderable distance from its original site to form the side of a gateway. The upper portion of the stone is very much broken, and is irregular in shape, yet its head appears to have been triangular and worked to an angle similar to the Men-an-tol at Lanyon. In the lane near the holed stone is an ancient cross, seemingly placed in the midst of the Druidic monuments to sanctify what the old Celts would not permit the Christian teachers to remove. There is another holed stone near by, in Eosemodrass lane, placed head downwards, and it serves for the hanging-post of a gate. The form of the head of this stone cannot be easily ascertained, as it is buried so deeply in the ground that only a small portion of the hole is to be seen. The aperture in both these stones (about six inches in diameter) is too small to pop the smallest, or aU but the smallest, baby through ; yet the people call them crick stones, and maintain that they were so-called before they were born. Crick stones were used for dragging people through, to cure them of various diseases. As these holed stones at Boleigh have been removed from their original site no satisfactory conclusion can be arrived at as to their primitive use. Some have thought that these stones, in common with the men-an-tol at Lanyon, the tolmen in Constantine, and many others, might have served the same important purpose as the menheres — to fix the proper time for the celebration of the autumnal equinox, by the stones being so placed that the sacred index of the seasons on rising above the 32 HOLED STONES. horizon would be seen tlirough the perforation, at a right angle to the face of the stone, and that the triangular head of the stone formed such an angle that when the sun was on the meridian, (at certain periods of the year, which were required to be known,) its altitude would denote the time, by its place in the heavens being in a line with the slope of the primitive time-piece, which would then cast no shadow on the ground at mid-day If these monuments were intended for stone calendars, and any can be found in their original position, it might be possible, at least approximately, to fix the time of their erection, by their present variation from true east and west. If the deviation is in the direction demanded by the precession of the equinoxial points, the difference might be calculated at the allowed rate of fifty seconds a year. There is but little doubt but the men-an-tol still remains where it was first erected. As iirns, or crocks of ashes and charred bones, have frequently been found near these, and other mystic stones, which were generally regarded as Celtic relics, it has been conjectured that long-stones, holed-stones, and quoits (cromlechs) were all raised to mark the last resting-places of some noted personages. Is it not as probable that they were erected for the use of the living, and, by being associated with the religious observances of the time and people, came to be regarded as garrac-zans or holy stones ; and that the priest, or chief, would desire to be buried near them, prompted by a feeling identical with that of the present time and common to all ages, which makes many desire that their poor dust and ashes may rest near the shrine at which they worshipped, within the bounds of what they regard as holy ground ? Sacerdotal communities have always been ready to grant this distinction to the rich, and encouraged this enshrining of the relics of mortality, because the presence of the King of "Terrors in the temple augments that mysterious awe with which aU ancient thcocratieal hierarches endeavoui'ed to invest them- selves, and aU their ghostly appurtenances ; as by this means thcj' acquire aiiore power over those who live in dread of the spirit world, easily conjured up by morbid fancies, when sur- rounded by whatever engenders melancholy. Besides the tolmen noticed above there are several others in the western part of Cornwall. Some thirty years ago, two holed stones, about the size of those at Boleigh, might be seen in Treen ' Cliff, at no great distance from the end of Pedny vounder lane, on the sea side of the wheel-road to Castle Treen and the Logan Eock. These stones were amidst other rocks. One was standing upright and the other lying flat on the ground a few feet from it. The old people of Treen did not know what these stones were placed there for. THE DAUNCE-MAYN. 33 In a field on the southern side of the lane is the circle of upright stones called by the people of Buryan, Daunce-Mayn. The name is most probably a corruption of Zans Meyn (sacred stones, ) and has nothing whatever to do with dancing maids. The legend that the (originally) ninteen posts were damsels, thus fixed for dancing on Sunday, was evidently suggested by the name to some manufactm-er of such wares, who as readily converted the two longstoues, in the field across the road, which we have already noticed, into the Pipers, who took to their heels and left the damsels to their fate as soon as their metamorphosis began ; but their ungallant action did not avail, as the petrifying power of the cursing saint, who stopped their sweet pipings, overtook them when they ran thus far, and laid them up in stone as we now see them. No such legend, however, is native to the place, as the old folk only know it from having it repeated to them by visitors, who have seen it in books. They never regard the name as having any connection with dancing maids any more than dairy maids, and the Menhere, changed into Pipers, were known to them by the name of the Hurlers, from their having been a goal for the hurling-run, when the starting-post (where the ball was thrown up) was the cross in the Church-town. This story affords another examjple of the way in which the meaning is lost of many an ancient Cornish name, (which tells a history, ) from the foolish desire to assimilate the exjiressive old Cornish name to some unmeaning English nick-name. Thus, goon-here-an (the long downs) near Tregonebras, is betome goldherring. And the town-arms of Penzance is just as bad a punning king of Blazon. It is easy to understand how Zans- Meyn became Daunce-Meyn. A common form of men is medn, as pen changes into pedn, in Tol-Pedn-Penwith. And this is near enough to maiden, for the legend to spring up to account for the name. Another common name for the Celtic circles is the Nine Maidens. Now, as the usual number of stones in the circle is nineteen, that number may have something to do with the first part of this name, and the latter would come from the Cornish, as before, medn. The Daunce-Meyn is the best known of all the Druidic circles in the west, as it is within sight from the road frequently taken by those visitors to the Logan Rock who care for seeing the many interesting objects, and fine sea views, visible from the lower road, as we call this route near the sea shore, Yet the circle at Boscawen un, in the higher side of the parish, is invested with a peculiar interest, from the fact of the opinion held by Dr. Borla.se that these cuxles were places of council of judgment, has been 34 THE DArNCE-ltATK. confirmed by an old Welsh triad, which makes this place still more remarkable by naming it as one of the three Gorsedds, or places of judgment for poetry and bardic minstrelsy. This valuable relict of Welsh poetry, as translated by the eminent Welsh scholar, the late Eev. Thomas Price, is in English: — "The three Gorsedds of Peetry of the Island of Britain ; the Gorsedd of Boscawen Damnonium ; (Damnonium included Cornwall and groat part of Devon ;) the Gorsedd of Salisbury, in England ; and the Gorsedd of Bryn Gwyddon in Wales." We hope that when the laureate revisits Cornwall he may be induced to go there, and, sitting on a granite throne, by the side of the tall central stone, sing the "Idyls of the King," if ouly in honour of the Welsh bard who has preserved the remembrance of this remarkable temple where ancient minstrela sung of how Merlin, the enchanter, deceived the beautiful Igema, so that she received King Uter Pendragon as her husband — how King Uter died, and Arthur, his son, by Igema, kept his court at " Wild Dundagel, by the Cornish sea" — and how our own Prince Arthur, and his knights of the table rounde, slew all the enemies of Britain. Here they sang of the beauty and guile of the fair and frail Guenever — of the honour and truth of Arthur's knights, and the treachery of Mordred. Here the Bard sounded a lament for the lost lands of Lethowsow, and the submerged City , of Langona : — " Between Land's End and Scilly rocks Sunk lies a town that ocean mocks. * * t * * Where breathes the man that would not weep O'er such fine climes beneath the deep f " We owe a debt of gratitude to Dr. Borlase for preserving to us a graphic description of these, and many other, Druidic circles which have disappeared since his time. Fortunately, the work of destruction has been arrested at Boscawen-un circle, as the lady to whom the property belongs has caused it to be surrounded with a good hedge to prevent further spoilation. Some years ago a wholesome fear prevailed of bad luck following anyone who removed these landmarks of a long past age, but now our country folk think themselves more enlightened, and, unless those who have some respect for the monuments of ancient times, take measures to prevent the recipients of this questionable sort of enlightenment from exei-cising their vandalism, our Celtic remains wiU soon disappear. Pages might be filled with an account of the destruction which has taken place within the past half century. That these circles were used for religious, judicical, or political purposes, (and in ancient times all three were combined), there THE DAUNCE-MAYN. 35 can be no doubt, from tbe veneration with wbicli they were formerly regarded. This solemn respect was expressed in the belief that the avenging deity, in the shape of Bad Luck (which was felt to be as real a personage as any other undefined invisible demon) would sooner or later overtake the sacrilegious destroyer of of the ancient holy stones. In many of the oldest villages there were formerly alter-like stones, known by the name of garrac zans, (the holy stones) which were protected by the fear of the goddess of Bad Luck ; and until within these last few years, no rude hand would dare to remove or spoil them. We remember one of these venerated rocks in the village of Eosekestal and another in Sowah town-place. The noted stone in Mayon was also called indifferently the garrac zans or table men. We have heard of many others which were formerly to be seen in the town-places of ancient hamlets, but their places know them no more. Dr. Borlase describes many circles and other Celtic remains as being in his time almost as perfect as when left by our forefathers thousands of years ago. Of these public monuments, there is now scarcely a trace to be found. Recent investigation proves the trustworthiness of the information preserved by the antiquary, born and bred in Pendeen, in the very heart of a district which contains, even now, more Celtic remains of all kinds than any other portion, of equal space, in the British Isles. By similar monuments to those we have noticed at Boleigh, the migrations of the ancient Celtic race may be traced from farthest Ind to the Scilly Isles. ^ ^ t A ^M JEZr--~^ ^B ^^^ SH^^ffi^rt^^^^^ ^P ^^^' ^^^ ^^S^!?*^^^»- The last Cardew, of Boskenna, axd the Stoby of Nelly Weaene. No ditch is so deep, no wall is so high, If two love each other, they'll meet by and bye ; No stoi-m is so wild, and no night is so black, If two wish to meet they will soon find a track. From Klaus Ghotk's Song "Keen Grajf is so brut." Max Multer*8 Translation, aHEEE are few places -wliicli afford such a variety of picturesque views as may be seen in and from the grounds of Boskenna ( " dwelling-on-the-ridge." ) The sylvan and rural are beheld, forming endless combinations with the grand, the wild, and the romantic. Glimpses of the boundless ocean: are caught through overarching boughs in deep winding glens, where the brilhant plants of semi-tropical climes are seen growing in loving com- panionship with our more modest and sweet native shrubs, ferns, and flowers. From the height called the Eockery, (surely there must be an old Cornish name,) the view embraces towering earns, distant hills, and headlands, including Castle Terj'n and the Lizard Point; scenes of many wild legends and poetic traditions, of Danish invaders, of witches, saints and hermits. " Par as the eyo can peer, The waters roll, divinely blue and clear ; . With white sails flashing in the sunlight's ray, Of countless vessels, near and far away ; Here the wild sea-gull plumes her snowy breast. Then skims the wave or perches on the crest Of some majestic cairn, or cromlech where Long ages past the Druids knelt in prayer. Till, with stretched wing, she cleaves the fields of blue, Dips 'neath th' Atlantic, and is lost to view." One of the most delightful spots on the grounds of Boskenna is a little wooded glen, through which flows a clear stream, em- bowered by luxuriant foliage and fringed with ferns, flags, and ST. LOY. 37 sedges, amongst wMoh many rare wild flowers show their elegant bells of pale blue, and star-like blossoms of every tint. The brooklet and shady walk wind down this little vale to St. Loy Cove, where, within a few years, there stood on the verge of the cliff, the walls and altar of a chapel dedicated to St. Eloi ; but, a few years ago, this interesting relict of the piety of ages past, with its wrought-stoue altar, was thrown over cliff by the, then, occupier of an adjacent cottage, without the knowledge or permission of the owner of the property. The vestiges of this sacred building were thus toppled into the sea, merely that a few feet of land might be gained for growing early potatoes ; and now nothing remains but the name of St. Loy to connect this romantic spot with the saint by whom Chaucer's "Wife of Bath" was accustomed to swear. We fear that the mention of this realistic, marriage-loving dame may put to flight all poetic notions ; yet hear what our Cornish poetess, Mrs. S. E. Tonkin, (from whom we have quoted above) says of this hallowed shrine. " A pleasant ramtle through a bosky vale ; A pause to hear a l)abbling brooklet's tale ; A moment's lingering by its mossy well, And I, once more, am in St. Ley's green dell. Ages ago, as old traditions say. The monks devout stole here to fast and pray ; Within these wilds they communed by the sea. And reared for worship a fair chapelry, Where pious soule, and needy, found them rest, And by their prayers and sanctity were blest. Naught now remains to whisper of the past ; StUl, o'er the spot a holy light is cast, In gothic arches yon fair trees entwine, Low-drooping o'er the consecrated shrine, And waves come singing, as they inland flow, ThriUing the heart with strains of long ago." The place thus favoured by nature and Mrs. Tonkin's verse, was an ancient seat of the Cardew family, who, between two and three centuries ago, also owned Boskenhal and several other farms in the neighbourhood. The last of this decayed family, who lived in the old home of his ancestors, mortgaged this place, and other lands, to the predecessors of the present possessor. The Paynters resided here for some generations, and the late Mr. John Paynter wiU long be remembered in the West Country as a liberal landlord and kind neighbour ; and for being more learned in the law than country justices usually are. It was a common saying in the West, that "the Squire of Boskenna knew more law than all the lawyers of Penzance put D 38 STORY OF NELLY WEARNE. together ! " Tliis place is now tlie residence of Charles Dacres Bevan, Esq., Judge of the district County Court. Mr. Bevan has much improved and beautified both the mansion and grounds. Many years ago, the late Mr. Cardew, of St. Ives, (who was descended from a eoUaterial branch of the Boskenna family) informed us that there were several old family portraits of the Cardews in the mansion of Boskenna during his remembrance. He also related the following traditional Story of Nelly Weari^. This damsel was an illegitimate daughter of the last Cardew of Boskenna, and, (according to a very general custom which prevailed in the West) this love-child was bound a parish 'prentice to her father that he might be legally entitled to some degree of guardianship over his irregularly-begotten offspring. Children thus bound to their fathers were mostly regarded as a sort of poor cousins to the legitimate members of the family, and they were often taught a trade or handicraft, or portioned off with some smaU. tenement. Nelly's spendthrift father, however, was a most unsuitable guardian for a young girl. He paid much more regard to his dogs and hunters than to his daughter, who, by aU. accounts, was very remarkable for her good looks and devil-may-care disposition. The Squire's mother did all an old dame could do to restrain her wild tendencies, and give her a little more gentle breeding than was thought requisite for an ordinary sevant. Dancing was one of the accomplishments in which Nelly took most dehght, and Madam was rejoiced to find that her damsel was soon the best dancer in Burian. However hard Nell might have worked during the day, she thought nothing of going three or four miles of an evening, in any kind of weather, to enjoy her favourite diversion at some village merry-making. She never missed Burian Fair, which was then regarded by our western lads and maidens as the most joyful holiday of the spring. When Nelly had become a young woman it happened that one Burian Fair-day the weather was even more tempestuous than usual, though the storms of Burian Fair are proverbial. Madam Cardew had made up her mind that Nelly should remain at home that stormy night, but she protested that neither rain nor wind, thunder nor lightning, nor aU the old women in Burian, should hinder her going to Church-town and dancing at the Fair, which only came once a year; and she swore that a reel she would have, before that night was passed, even if she danced with Old Nick. " She would never be married," she often said, " unless she could meet with a man who was able to dance her BTJBIAN FAIR. 39 down ; and she would find one that night or the Devil might take her." Off she went in a storm of wind, rain, and thunder, blaspheming and reviling the old lady, who tried to keep her home. Arrived in Church-town, NeUy found dancing going on in every room of the public-house ; and violin, fife, or tambourine making music for the revellers in many other dwellings. NeU entered the principal room of the inn ; and before she cast off her cloak and wrung the rain from her long black hair, many youngsters asked her to drink and dance with them, but she refused them all, saying they couldn't keep the floor half so long as herself — she would either get some better partner or not have a jig for that night. Whilst she was declining the offers of her rustic suitors, two dark-complexioned, strapping sailors entered, and one of them, dressed in dashing style, with gold lace on his coat, broad leather belt round his waist, cutlass by his side, and glossy boots reaching to his knees, advanced to Nelly, doffed his hat, bowed, and said, " Pray dance with me, my fair pretty maid ? " " With all my heart, sir," she replied, rising and giving him her hand. Nelly's partner called to his comrade, " Now pipe away. Bosun, and give us the good old tune." The seaman addressed as Bosun took a pipe from his pocket, marched round the couple prepared to dance, saying "A floor, a floor, for the lovely Nell and our gallant Capt Black." The piper blew at first a rather slow measure, to which the captain's heel and toe, true as an echo, showed a new step at every change of pass and pitch. By slow degrees the tune became quicker till it was such as Nelly never moved her feet to before. The lively music soon drew such a crowd into the room to see the dancers, that the floor beams warped and showed signs of breaking. Then, as the storm lulled and a fidl moon shone bright, the dancers, followed by all the rest, left the house for an open space below the cross. Now every one wanted to treat the seamen, and they drank as much as they could, to show their good fellowship with every one, and Captain Black, giving a purse of gold to the landlady, desired her to send out her best cordials for the women kind, and to keep her beer-cocks running, that all might drink health to him and the lovely Nell. When one and all had drunk as much as they liked, the Bosun's pipe again rung out so loud and clear that his music was heard for miles away. The Captain, NeUy, and scores of others again danced in joyous style. People from all parts flocked round them; every house in Church-town was soon empty. Old men and women hobbled and danced on their crutches ; the piper's lively strains set every one in motion, till the road was covered with dancers, capering like mad folks, all the way from 40 STOEY OF NELLY WEABNE. Park-an-cady to tte cross and around the cliurcliyard. Soon after midnight, however, whilst their mirth was at its height, there suddenly came on a more violent storm than ever of wind, hail, and thunder. The sty, black as pitch one moment, was all a-hlaze the next. Streams of lightning fell and ran hissing along the ground. All were terror-struck with the sudden rise of this awful weather. Yet, in the general consternation, some one had the happy thought to ring the bells, that their sound might allay the weather, and drive away the evil spirits who rode on the tempest. With the first stroke of the big bell the thunder- clouds rolled away to the eastward, and at the same instant Captain Black vanished with Nelly and the piper. This terrific storm, joined with the sudden disappearance of Nelly and the dark looking strangers, so frightened many that they fell down in fits, and others, from the same cause, were never right in their heads again. On a tract of uncultivated land north of Boskenna lane, there was then a bam, which usually contained a quantity of dry food for the cattle wintered on the downs. This barn, then full of straw and hay, was burned to the ground that Fair-night, and near its ruins were found a handkerchief, full of fairings, with some other things which belonged to NeU, but all search for the wilful damsel was in vain. Most people believed that Captain Black was the Old One, disguised as a seaman, and the Bosun some inferior devil in attendance — that NeU, by her blasphemous language, had brought them from below, whither they had now taken her to dance as best she might. Squire Cardew, being less superstitious than many of his neighbours, conjectured that the strange dancer and piper were nothing worse than two jovial sailors, who had carried her off to their ship — an occurrence far from unusual in these times; and in hopes of gaining some tidings of his stolen or strayed daughter, he rode into Penzance and over to Market-jew, to make enquiries ; but he could learn nothing of her. Some said, however, that a strange craft had anchored in. Guavas Lake, the Fair-day, and that part of her crew had landed in Newlyn, but nothing farther was known of them, as the ship made sail the next morning. NeUy's gay songs were missed in Boskenna haU, where she often sung for hours, to cheer the old lady when they were together plying their spinning-wheels, or seated in the window, lighted with the evening sim, at their embroidery. Then, at night, she used to be foremost in the dance with her father and his roystering companions of the chase. Grief for the strange fate of Nelly shortened the days of old Madam Cardew, who was soon at rest in Burian churchyard, and the Squire took to hunting, drinking, and rioting worse than ever. nelly's return. 41 Twenty years and more passed ; Nelly and the Cardews were all but forgotten ; new people possessed their ancient domain ; none of their kin remained in the West, but an old well-to-do yeoman and his family, who resided at Sennen. One dreary afternoon there was a very humble funeral at Burian Church, and the last Cardew of Boskenna was laid beside the_ dust of his forefathers. Soon after candle-Hght on that day, whilst some few who came to see the last of the spendthrift, who had lavished his property upon them, were still drinking in the public house, there entered, dripping wet, and weary, an elderly foreign-looking woman, whose dress of rich stuff and of out- landish make, was travel-stained and much the worse for wear. The large hooped-shaped rings in her ears, joined with her dark complexion and long braids of black hair wound around her head, only covered with the hood of her scarlet mantle, made her appearance still more remarkable. The stranger enquired if Betty Trenoweth, who many years ago lived in Boskenna, was still alive. She was answered that Betty was alive and well, and lived no farther off than a minute's walk would take her, in a comfortable dwelling of her own, over Trevorgans side of Church-town. Without giving any one the chance to question her as to who she was, or whence she came, the outlandish-looking dame proceeded to Betty Trenoweth' s cottage. The elderly woman, who opened her door, asked the stranger in and placed her to sit by her fire-side, wondering who she cotild be and what she could want of her, at that time of night. The stranger in a broken voice and speaking in an unfamiliar tongue, made many enquiries about the Cardews, and appeared to think they were all still living in Boskenna. Betty informed her that none of the name were then in the place — that her old mistress had long been dead, and the young master was that day buried, having lost all his lands, she couldn't tell how, and the new people had, for je^rs, only kept him there in a condition little better than that of a servant to hunt the same dogs which were his own a short time ago. " But who can you be," she continued, " not to know anything about them now ; yet, from what you say, you must have known them all long ago ? Oh ! if I could but believe that dear Nelly were still aHve, from the sound of your voice, so like the tones of the one laid in his grave to-day, I would say that you were she ; and if you are, I have kept everything that belonged to ye, and what was found on the morning after the Downs barn was burnt is now in my chest." "My dear old friend," the stranger replied, "I'm your Nelly. The night I lost that handkerchief I found my husband, but we must have some rest before I can tell ye our history " Dame Trenoweth showed her delight at again beholding Nelly, 42 STOEY OP NELLY WEAKNE. by preparing her a good supper and a comfortable bed. In the morning Nelly rose refreshed, and knowing the old woman wished to hear how she had fared since they danced together at Burian Fair, commenced by asking, "Did it never come into your head to think who the dark seaman could be ? You had often seen the one, whom many took for Old Nick, dance with me in Boskenna hall, when he, and scores of others, came to Feast. He had to leave the country, because a person he beat in fair fight died from the effects of his lusty blows, three years, or so, before that Burian Fair ; and the Bosun, too, was a lad you very well knew." " Oh," exclaimed Betty, " now I see it all : the one that took you off was young Billy Brea, and his comrade was his cousin Bosvargus, of Kelynack." "You have rightly guessed," Nelly replied. "Hundreds of times," Betty continued to say, " old mistress and I have wondered what was become of the vsold youngster who was so fond of you, even when a young girl working your sampler ; and he, foremost in the hunt or fight, always said he'd have no other wife than the lovely little NeU. ' And old Madam would often say that, though he might be as poor as poor might be, yet was he come of the gentle blood of the Breas of Brea, who at one time were as rich and high as any in the West Country ; and their old mansion, with the chapel turned into a barn by those who now occupy their estate, and their chapel on the hill of Brea, still show how grand they once were ! I remem- ber, too, the many good offers you had from rich farmers' sons around, and wondered how you refused them all'." When the old dame had somewhat recovered from her surprise, Nelly told her, that, young and thoughtless as she was, until Brea, to avoid trouble to his family, escaped with great haste and secrecy, she had no notion how deep was her love for the unfortunate youngster, and that he, unknown to every one but herself, had been for many days and nights in Boskenna or Treviddern cliff, before Bosvargus found a merchant-ship, in which they both left on a long voyage. Nelly knew if all went right, when they might be expected to return ; and Brea promised her that, whenever he came on shore, he'd take no rest till he met her again in the old chapel of St. Loy, where many a long and dreary night she had watched and prayed for his safe return, and often of an evening, or a winter's night, when the inmates of Boskenna thought her in bed, or miles away at some merry- making, she was wandering the cliffs, or waiting in the cairns near by, in hope of meeting with her absent lover. Yet she had only the chance to see him at long intervals, and then only for a short time. CAPTAIN BLACK. 43 Four or five years after Brea went to sea, lie became captain of a sMp. Then lie proposed to take Nelly with him as his bride, and she, being nothing loath, they met at St. Loy, one night, a little before the Fair, and agreed that, at the Fair, a dance together they would have, and that should be their bridal night. He was so altered, as well as his comrade, the Bosun, that no person but Nelly knew them, and, if they did, no one would betray him, or turn informer. When NeUy had come thus far in the history of her courtship, Betty said, "Now, my darling, one can understand how, in spite of wind and rain, you were so eager to go to Fair that night ; and, faith, I'd go through fire and water for the man I loved when at the mad age you were then. One can see how drink, given without stint, by the open-hearted sailor, together with the music of the Bosun's pipe, set every one dancing in spite of themselves. Then, when the storm so suddenly came, and as suddenly broke, and you vanished in the midst of thunder and lightning, with Brea and his Bosun, everyone believed you were carried off by the Devil, and it's thought so still. But teU me what next became of ye ? " Nelly then related, how when the storm was at its height, Brea took her on towards Boskenna. They intended to see old Madam, say farewell, and take a horse from the stable to help them on their road ; but, long before they came to Boskenna gate, with hard weather, drinking, and dancing, Nelly was unable to stand. Then Billy Brea took her up in his arms, and bore her along till they came to the Downs barn, where she fell on the straw half dead. Brea remembered every hole and corner about the place, and knew that a tinder-box, with candle and lanthorn, used to be kept in the barn that one might have light in winters' mornings to bundle up straw or hay for the cattle, and, being anxious to reach his shij) early in the morning, wanting to know the time, and not being over steady in the head, when he struck a light and saw by his watch that there was still some hours to daybreak, he, neglecting to put out the candle, fell asleep and only woke to find the place on fire. He drew Nelly from the burning barn, and they hurried on to Mousehole, where they found the Bosun and boat's crew waiting for them. "And have ye been lawfully married, my darling ? " asked the the old dame. "Indeed we have," answered Nelly "not that I cared much about the ceremony ; for to me his love was all in all, and from that moment I felt sure of his truth and affection I regarded him as my husband and freely gave him all that love requires. Yet as we were near a port when I was about to become a mother, my husband proposed we should go through the legal ■ form wnich would entitle our children to bear their father's 44 STORY or NELLY WEAENE. family name, if they chose ; so one may say they are, at least, all truly born. But that was of little consequence, because he was no more known by the name of Brea." Captain Black, as we shall henceforth call Nelly's husband, offered her a home either on land or on board. She decided to make her abode in his gallant ship ; the Captain was pleased with her choice, and she not to be encumbered with an inconvenient dress for such a life, rigged herself in man's attire, and soon learned to do the duty of an able seaman. To act as cook and steward on board ship soon became as natural to her as the care of Boskenna mansion. Besides this, Nelly learned to keep the ship's reckoning and navigation so well, that often, when the Captain was laid low with wounds or fever, she took his place, and by that means saved the ship and ship's company. During many years they traded from London to distant ports in various parts of the globe, without any serious mishap ; but, on a return voyage from the Levant, a Barbary corsair gave chase and overtook them. At that time these sea-robbers seldom levied what they were pleased to caU dues for coming into, or crossing, their waters, from any English ships, but often from a motive of revenge as much as for gain, confined their attention to Spanish and French vessels. This Levantine gang, however, attempted to board and take the Buch, and many of them were cut down by her crew, as they came up the side, before they gave over and made off. In this encounter Captain Black, Nelly, and several of the crew were badly wounded. This maddened the Captain, and he swore to serve out these cursed pirates if his crew would join him. Nell and all the ship's company, being as eager for revenge as their Captain, and hoping by this neck-or-nothing game to acquire riches quickly, as soon as their cargo was disposed of, the Captain having saved a large sum, procured a suitable craft for privateering which he called the Lovely Nell, and when she was well armed and victualled, they made sail for the Levantine seas, where, in a short time, they captured several rich prizes, and, among others, the galleon which was the cause of their becoming privateers. On this crew they took ample revenge. Nelly, and all the ship's company, liking the excitement of this wild hfe, and not being over-scrupulous as to the means of getting rich, no sooner neared the Cornish coast that the Captain, NeUy, Bosvargus, and some few others, put ashore, in a boat, at Goonwalla Cove, and buried a quantity of gold in some secret nooks of the cliff. The Lovely Nell then took her course for the sea-rovers' rendezvous in the West Indies. There, many years were passed in buccaneering expeditions to plunder the French and Spanish Settlements, until they had BUCCANEERING. 45 amassed a great quantity of treasure in money and jewels, taken in pillage and for the ransom of prisoners. Nelly said that, for many years, she much enjoyed this roving life. During that time several children were born. And all who lived were boys, who soon became expert sailors, and, after serving their apprentice- ship with their dad, all but the oldest and youngest had then left for other vessels. About a year before the time Nelly returned to Burian, she, with her husband and most of the crew, thinking they were rich enough, wished to give up this roving life, and decided to settle down in their native land. They disintered the riches they had buried in various uninhabited islands and keys, which were only frequented by such as themselves. The chests of dollars, bars of silver, ingots of gold, ornaments, jewels, and rare gems, which belonged to the Captain's share alone, were worth more than would purchase half-a-dozen such estates as Boskenna, and the dearest wish of her heart was that they might return in time to free that place for her father. They were many months collecting all their riches. They then set sail from the western main, and arrived with fair weather in sight of the Cornish coast. The wind being light and sea smooth they kept close in shore for the pleasiire of gazing on the weU- remembered cairns and coves. More than a week before they sighted land, Nelly was seized with a most intense desire to be put ashore at some cove near the Land's End, and, when they beheld the well-known landmark of Burian Tower, saw Castle Trereen, passed Peuberth, St. Loy, and Lamorna Coves, her longing to land and see her father was such that she could neither eat nor sleep ; and this was about the time he breathed his last. She begged to be landed in Mount's Bay, but her husband, wishing her to remain on board till their vessel should be disposed of and their riches turned into English money, they passed the Lizard, when, to save her from going mad, she was put ashore at Falmouth. Thence she was brought on horseback to Market-jew, and walked from that place to Burian. Her husband agreed, should the weather permit, to return to Mount's Bay, and there cruise about until she might be ready to proceed along with him, when, as was arranged, she would be taken on board from Mousehole or the Mount. This is the substance of what Nelly related to her old friend, of her adventures up to that night ; and when Dame Trenoweth told her how all the Cardews were dead and gone from Boskenna, she no longer desired to see the old mansion, but heartily wished herself again on the ocean with the one for whom she had left her native land and weathered the storms of more than twenty years ; she endeavoured to cheer 46 STORY OF NELLY WEAKNE. herself with, the hope that, ere many days, she would again behold the Lovely Nell, sailing, in aU her pride of flowing sails, and, walking the quarter-deck, her husband, near enough to be hailed from Eeginnis CHff. The second day after Nelly's return to Burian, she became anxious to rejoin her husband, as she knew the wind had been favourable for him to beat back to Mount's Bay. It had been arranged that he should cruise about near the coast for a day or two, or until she might give him a signal, from Paul Cliff, to send a boat ashore for her at Mousehole. The following morning NeUy rose by break of day, dressed herself in a suit of seaman's clothes which she had brought with her, left her discarded woman's dress, and a good sum of money, with Dame Trenoweth, and wished her good-bye, saying that she hoped to see her again ere long, when she and her husband would settle down in the West, to end their days in peace. Before sunrise, Nelly stood on the high headland west of Mousehole, straining her vision in a vain endeavour to pierce the clouds of mist which rolled over the water and hid both sea and shore. She could hear the fishermen's voices and the sound of oars rattling in the row-locks ; but, only at the distance of a stone's oast, land, sea, and sky, were all shrouded in fog. A few hours later the mist cleared away. She saw boats returning from the fishing-ground, and a good many vessels passing across the Bay, but no craft that could be taken for her husband's ship. Tired with watching, from the cliff, the ships as they sailed past, she descended to Mousehole to make enquiries there, if any vessel like the Lovely Nell had been seen on the coast. She met with no person until near Squire Keigwin's mansion, and there, near the balcony, were collected a number of people around a pile of such things as are usually found loose on a ship's deck. Nelly joined the crowd, who told her that the water-casks, hatches, buckets, spars, and other articles she saw before her had, that morning, been found floating near Lamorna Cove ; and everybody thought that a ship, which was seen cruising near the shore, the night before, must have struck on some dangerous rocks west of Lamorna, sprung a leak, and foundered in deep water, with aU hands on board. NeUy, hearing this, rushed through the crowd, examined the wreck, and there saw many weU-remembered articles belonging to her husband's ship. Whether Nelly cried, fainted, or gave any other natural ex- pression to her grief, we don't know. Without discovering herself, however, to the people of Mousehole, she remained there all day, hoping to hear something farther from others who had gone out in search of anything which might be floating near the place where it was supposed the vessel must have sunk ; but A ■WISE WOMAN FEOM THE EAST. 47 notHng more was learnt of the disaster. Some fisliermen, how- ever, said that when the mist cleared away they saw a boat far out to sea, hut that they concluded it to be a smuggling craft bound for France. Late at night Nelly returned crushed with grief, to her old friend who did aU she could to console her, and time, which alleviates all sorrows, at last brought relief to the bereaved woman. Then she assisted the old dame in her household work and in carding and spinning — more because constant exercise made her think less of her loss than from any necessity for exertion to gain a livelihood. She had brought with her a good sum of money, intended to pay off the incumbrances of her father's estate (in these times a small amount of gold would buy a large extent of land). She had many valuable jewels besides. An Betty was also well off. Having seen the last of Madam Cardew, the old servant had from her son many valuable dresses and old heirlooms of the family, saved, between them, from the clutches of those who got the besotted Squire into their power, and, long before he died, this old servant of the family was the only one in the wide world to care for him, or who showed him any kindness. Nelly, on her mother's side, being a near relation to Dame Trenoweth, she regarded the poor wanderer as her own daughter. "When several months had passed a circumstance occurred which gave NeUy just that uncertain glimmer of Hope against Reason, which is more grievous to bear than the certainty of evil. A sealed bottle was found in Mount's Bay, containing a paper on which Captain Black's name, and those of several others, were written. It was directed to " Nelly Wearne, Boskenna ; " and the news came to her through the gossip of the village. The paper was lost or destroyed without reaching her, because every- one thought that she was an inhabitant of a warmer region. An Betty one day said to Nelly, " 'Tis as good as a play, my dear, to see how all the old women of Church-town try to discover who and what you are, and they can't find out, because, for the fun of the thing, I take good care to fool them." Seeing that NeUy roused herself and took some interest in her talk, she continued, " They are mad to know how you are never to be seen any- where out-of-doors, except down in the cliffs, early in a morning or late of moonlight nights." " WeU, and what did you answer to that ? " NeUy asked. "To puzzle them the more," said Betty, I told the curious, prying fools, that you were a Wise Woman come from the East — that you ramble over cliffs and moors to gather herbs, whUst the morning dew is on them, or when the moon is near the fuU — that no one can beat you in making from them, ointments, salves, 48 stoeV of nelly -wteaene. and still-waters — that you understand all sorts of complaints and can cure anything, from the gripes to the palsy. And now all the young wenches in the parish want to know if you can read fortunes ; they think you can because you look like a gipsey, so they say. ' "WTiy yes to be sure ; nobody better,' I told them. Now listen to me," Betty went on to say, when she had recovered her breath, ' ' I've made them believe that you can read the stars — that you know aU that will happen to any body by the lines of their pahns — that you can tell, by means of rushes, spring water, and ivy leaves, and scores of ways besides, who are to be married, as well as who are to die unblessed with a husband. And to everything they asked about your knowledge of white witchcraft, I assured them that you knew more about magic, conjuration, and so forth, than the Witch of Endor that we have all heard of." " My dear old friend," says Nelly, "how could 'e go on so. I know no more about fortune-telling than you do — perhaps not so much, as you're a noted hand for charming." " No matter for that," answered An Betty, "You know every- thing remarkable that ever happened in the families round up to the last twenty years or so, and what you don't know I can teU 'e. When they find that you're acquainted with what's past they are sure to believe that you can read them the future. Besides, this game will serve to divert your thoughts from ever dwelling on Billy Brea, or Captain Black, if you have a mind to call him so." " I don't much mind trying, but how shall I manage to know who they are? " "You keep in the hale," (best room) Betty replied, "and, before they see you, I'll come in and tell 'e who they are ; then, when they enter to consult 'e, be sure, first of all, to give a hint at some scandal that made a noise about their families, no matter how long ago ; everything bad is remembered for ages after the good is forgotten. Then promise the young lasses any number of sweethearts and a speedy marriage. You know what you used to wish for in your teens." In spite of her grief, Nelly, to please the old dame, soon became widely known as the wise woman, or white witch, of Burian Church-town. She read the fortunes of young and old, much to their satisfaction and her own gain. Those who could'nt pay in cash paid in kind. The greatest trouble she had was with the sedate, plain, and sour elderly females, who were all but past hope. They would come, and come again, mad to know if they were ever to be blessed with a husband. By the old woman's advice, Nelly gave them dubious answers and advice for wheedling old hoary-heads and hobble-de-hoys, as they were easiest snared. 'Tis said some were supplied with love-powders. FORTUNE TELLING. 49 made from the bulbs of plants commonly called Adam and Eve, and that others were furnished with compounds for more questionable purposes. In a little while NeUy became famous for match-makiug. Her outlandish dress and the strange speech which she affected, made the simple folks, -who had never been out of the smoke of their chimnies, flunk she must have been born and bred in Egj-jiit, or in some other foreign land of which they had heard. Sometimes, when at a loss to find a suitable response to the wishes or fears of her visitors, she would burst out with long, unintelligible words, as if forgetting herself, and end by saying, "Oh! my dears, know that, far away as I am from my native land, I often think that I am siseaking to my cousins, the maidens of Jericho; all the tongues of eastern countries are easier for me than your Cornish speech. At other times she would entertain them with stories of what she had learned from an uncle in Babylon. Besides carrying on these profitable trades of soothsaying, charming, and deviltry, NeUy and Dame Tre- noweth made and sold ointments that were in great demand for the cure of various skin diseases, which were more common in those times (when much salt meat was used all the year round) than the same class of distempers are at the present day. The way in which these ointments, salves, or unguents were prepared, was by seething in lard elder-flowers, betony, and other heahng or drying herbs, cut fine, until their medical virtues were extracted ; then the ointment was carefully strained from the herbs and ready for use. As a remedy for a troublesome dis- temper, now seldom heard of, they made an ointment from Skaw-dower, the English of the name is water-elder, (the Scrophularia : ) sulphur was mixed with this unguent for the disease alluded to. Another noted preparation of this time was a golden-coloured salve, made from purified lard and celandine juice ; this was much esteemed as a remedy for obscured sight. Our wise-women also distilled elder-flowers, eye-bright, and other cooling herbs for eye-waters. Nelly and her aged friend had acquired much useful knowledge about the virtues of plants from Madam Cardew, who, Hke many other ladies of the West Country, at that time, prepared from simples, many useful medicines with which they supplied their poorer neighbours, and such was Nelly's fame as a skilful doctoress, that, before a year was gone, gentle and simple came from a great distance to consult her for her medicines. Her preparations might have possessed medical virtues which need not be despised even in these enlightened times. Though the faculty make a jest of old women's nostrums, yet in our great-grand- mother's time, the uses and natures of various plants were much E 50 STOEY OF NELLY WEAEKE. better understood by country ladies than they are at the present day ; because those who are esteemed acci implished botanists pay more attention to the classification and nomenclature of plants than to their usefulness. In this kind of life, Nelly fiassed her time — seemingly tranquil. Knowing that any expression of gloomy feeling only makes it take the deeper root, she showed no outward signs of sorrow. Yet she was for ever grieving over the untimely fate of the lost ones ; and, when alone with her old friend, she would often si\y that, in sjiite of all she could do to forget, her heart ^^-as ever with her hiisband and children at the bottom of the deep. Howe^•cr skilful the poor woman might have been in reading others' fortunes, she little knew what fate had in store for her. One Autumn evening, about tkree years after Nelly returned, she was alone with her old friend relating some adventures of her sea-faring life. As usual, her husband's reckless courage and braver}' was the theme of her discourse. A knock was heard at the open door. Dame Tr(.'noweth rose and saw, standing on the door-sill, a stout, dark man, who asked if any one lived there who coiild read his fortune ? Nelly knew the voice, sprung to the door, and was clasped in her husband's arms. " Whatever has happened," said Nelly, "thank the Powers, you are safe. But teU me where are mj- sons ? " " Here's one of them," said a histy young fellow, stei)ping into the doorway, from having stood on one side fearing the fortune-teller wouldn't turn out to be his mother, " and my eldest brother is on board our good ship anchored in Guavas Lake, which we left a few hours since." The Captain then related how he had come to Boskenna, expecting still to find some of the Cardews there, and Nelly with them. He found none biit strangers, who told him that tlie Cardewswere all dead and their clothes washed — thatNelly Wearne had never been heard of since she was carried away Ijy the Old One, as e'^ery body believed. They came on to Church-town and enquired at the inn if a strange woman had come to tlie parish about three years since, and were told that a gipsey fortune-teller, -\\ho lived with Betty Trenoweth, came there about that time. Before going to rest Captain Black related how, on the foggy morning, when he hoped to take NeUy on board, by a mistake in reckoning, he kept too near tlie shore, and their ship struck on a rock west of Lamorna. As the ship leiiked but little at first they hoped she had only sustained slight damage. They tacked off the coast, still shrouded in dense fog, and intended to bring her into Mousehole or Penzance ; but, in an hour or so, the water poured in so fast that they had barely time to launch a boat BOUND FOE MADAGASCAH. 51 and place in it a small part of their riches, when the Lovely Nell went to the bottom, with several of the crew in her hold. The Captain told aU. hands to let the jewels, gold, and silver go to Davy Jones's locker, but some of them, disregarding his orders, went below and were endeavouring to save a part of their riches when the ship sunk, and he being the only one then on deck swam off and reached the boat. They remained an hour or more, beating about where the ship went down, in hopes that some of the submerged crew might escape from the hold and rise to the surface. The fog still hid the shore, so that they knew not on which side of the coast they lay, and, before they had time to think much of their loss, or to form any plans for the future, a ship, with sails and rigging all out of order, loomed in the mist, within speaking distance. There was not a soul to be seen on the dirty-looking craft. Black hailed her with the usual questions. No response. They were about to board her and hailed again, when a man rambled to the gangway and, in a drunken voice, answered " Here I am : this ship is the Red Rover." To the questions where bound, &c., he rejpUed "We are from the Seas: we want to get to Madagascar ; can't 'e tell us the way, mate, and where we are now ? we ought to be near there by this time I should think, and seeming to me I have heard your voice before now, but can't call 'e by name, who are 'e an ? and where do 'e hail from T\hen you are home?" On getting nearer. Captain Black perceived that the one who spoke to him was a St. Just man, who had sailed with him many years — a good fellow, and a first-rate seaman when sober, but he was so seldom capable of performing his duty, that the Captain, to be rid of him, and others of the crew equally fond of rum, had, a year or so ago, left them the good ship in which they sailed ; but now from neglect, those who built the strong and swift- saiHng craft wouldn't know her. "Oh; I know 'e now," said the St. Just man, after he had stared at Captain Black awhile. " You are our old commander, and I am brave (very) and glad to find 'e ; and where have 'e left your ship, the Lovely Nell?" Black inquired for their captain and quarter-master. "I'm cappen to-day," he of the Red Rover replied, "we are all commanders in turn when we arn't too drunk, hke all the rest of us are now. As for quarter-master, we haven't wanted any yet to share the prizes ; but we want a captain who can keep the reckoning, and j'ou shall take charge of the ship with all my heart, if you will." With the St. Just man's full consent, Black and the remnant of his ship's company, among whom were his two sons, took 52 STOBY OF NELLY WEAKNE. possession of the Red, Rover which, for strength and swift- ness, was ahnost equal to his former craft. Before the drunken crew came to their senses all the arms and a m munition were secured in the cabin. Then, over a bowl of punch, Black was elected Captain ; a quarter-master was chosen, as was usual with these hardy seamen ; and they had a carpenter among them who always performed the surgical operation : in case of need he would take the wounded limb under his arm, and, with his big saw, separate it from the body of his patient, with as much ease and as quickly as he could have cut a spar in two, and with his red-hot axe cauterize the wound. Eules were drawn up, agreeably to the sea-rover's code, and sworn to on an axe — the Rover's old crew consenting to all Captain Black recj^uired on the condition that there should be no stint of rum. Now a few days after this, whilst the old and new hands were working in company, clearing the deck of all lumber, that they might have a fair stage for fighting and otherwise getting things into ship-shape, it leaked out and was known to the Captain that, only a few months since, the Rover's former crew had chosen a commander and officers who knew something of navigation, but when the crew was augmented by half a score desperadoes from the lawless multitude swarming about the islands, these officers, for trying to check the riotous proceedings of their ship's company, got themselves marooned ; that is, they were put ashore on an uninhabited island, that they might take their chance to die or live. As these deserted men were the only ones on board who had any notion of keeping a ship's reckoning, the drunken crew, who took possession, when found in Mount's Bay, had a very vague idea as to what part of the world they were sailing in, and they had, by fits and starts, a week or so past, given chase to the Lovely Nell, thinking her to be some richly laden merchant-man. She and her crew had been altered in her rig, and otherwise, so as to pass for a ship pursuing an honest vocation. Some of the marooned men were well known to Captain Black and esteemed by him to be worthy fellows, as jtirates go, and as brave men and true — for gentlemen of their profession. Without enlightening his crew as to their destination, he made sail for the desolate island, and by the time they had their guns, pistols, and cutlasses clean and fit for service they arrived at the place of exile only just in time to save the deserted men from starving in the midst of plenty ; all for want of a tinder-box, or any other means of kindling a fire. The rescued men told Captain Black and the sober portion of his ship's company, that they would repay them for their deliverance ^\'ith something more substantial than words. The fact was that in wandering over and round the BRAVE BUCCANEERS. 63 island in searoL. of water, yams, roots and fruits, or whatever would contribute to sustain life, they hud discovered an immense quantity of buried treasm-es, probably the concealed spoil of former pirates, -rt-liich were taken on board to be shared among all but those who marooned them. The drunken mutineers, when their former officers were brought on board, were sent on shore with a tipsey fiddler to take their places. Among the rescued Captain Black found one of his own sons. This did not surprise him, as he had left his father's ship many years ago, that he might enjoy more liberty elsewhere; but it accounted for the silence of the crew. It was only in their drunken bouts that an intimation of the occurrence escaped, on which the Captain acted. Some provisions, a tinder-box, and materials for striking fire, were left with the sailors on the island. The rescued officers soon recovered their strength, and, falling in with a strong and swift-sailing Spanish ship, the Rover gave chase, and captured the prize, which, as one captain was enough in a ship, was handed over to those delivered from the island, who retained part of the crew and made the rest walk the plank. Captain Black, with his share of the treasures found on the island, was as well ofi? as ever he was for returning ; but, as the greatest part of his ship's company preferred to enjoy their free- and-easy life a few years longer, they bore away to the Spanish Main, where they sometimes acted in concert with other buccaneers. Nothing worthy of note is related of their adventures One of their praeti(3al jokes was whenever the buccaneers took a priest in any of the Spanisli settlements, they conveyed the sable gentleman on Ijoard, placed him on all-fours, and rode him round the deck, or made him dance by sweating him with pricks of knives or forks, &c., as long as the fiddler or piper could play. In about three years they had treasures to their hearts' content, and those who chose to give up their adventurous career retiu-ned with Captain Black. Best part of the night was passed by the returned Captain in relating his adventures to his wife and the old dame. Early next morning three horses were prociu-ed, and Nelly, with her husband and son, were on Newlyn beach by break of day. Captain Black hailed the Rei Rover. A boat, well manned, left the ship and soon grounded on Newlyn beach. Then such a man as the Captain was -when he danced at Burian Fair, on his stormy bridal night, sprang from the boat and beat through the sea to naeet his mother. With little delay great store of money, jewels, rich stufls, and other \-aluables were landed and 64 STOEY OF NELLY VnEAEWfi. conveyed to Betty Trenoweth's dwelling. The Red Rowf with Nelly's eldest son appointed commander, proceeded on her voyage to London, that her valuable merchandise might there be disposed of. Now the Captain and younger Black, by Nelly's earnest desire, consented at least to try the landsman's peaceful life. They had more riches than would suffice to purchase a good farm and enable them to live at their ease. The son, too, seems to have had no great love for a sea-rover's profession. Black leased, or purchased, a large old house at Trevorgans, with about thirty acres of tillable land, and a great run of downs and moors which, though they could not boast of much in the shape of game, were weU stocked with rabbits, and the moors, in winter, were resorted to by wild-fowl — a substitute for beasts of chase not to be despised when but little fresh meat could be had. Then hunting was pursued as much for necessity as for pastime. The younger Black took to the farming kindly, for one who had only been used to plough the deep, and soon acquired a sufficient knowledge of the simple husbandry practised at that time. When the only crops grown in fields were corn and pulse, green crops for winter's consumption were unknown, and potatoes, just introduced, were regarded as something more curious than useful, and to be cultivated in the gardens of rich folks only ; just as Jerusalem artichokes, asparagus, sea-kale, salsify, beans, and many other useful plants, which ought to be grown in every farmer's field or garden, are still neglected here. The bold Buccaneer, Black, was weU received and made much of by the neighbouring gentry, who, for the most part, were very poor ; yet they contrived to keep up a shoT\- of gentilitj' on very inadequate means. Then in Burian parish alone, one might count seven or eight gentlemen's seats, or, more correctly, what by courtesy were railed such, which were inhabited by different branches of the Pendars, Tresillians, Davieses, Jenkins, Harveys, Hutchenses, and others. The Tjevealises had become extinct, and the Noys, Boscawons, Vivians, &c., had shortly before then removed from their ancient homes to other parts of the country. Portions of their old mansions stiU remain in the condition of dilapidated farm-houses in Trove, Trevider, Treveddern, Pendrea, Baranhuel, Alsia, Tresidder, Eissic, &o. A country church was then, (perhaps even more than it is now,) the principle stage on which the rural gentry displayed their state and grandeur to admiring rustics. Captain Black, not to be eclipsed, would appear in Burian Church on Sundays and holidays dressed in crimson damask waistcoat and breeches, silk hose, diamond knee and shoe- buckles, a red feather in his cocked hat, a gold chain round his nock with a diamond cross hung to it, jewel-hilted sword, hanging DOING TENANOE. 55 by a silk sash at his side ; his naval-blue coat rosplendeut with gold buttons, lace, and otlier trappings proper to the Buccaneer's costume. Nelly, decked out in rich velvets, lace, silks, satins, and jewels -which once belonged to dark-eyed senoras of Mexico or Peru, eclipsed all the ladies of the West Country. Such a man as Captain Black, notwithstanding his former profession was not a person to be treated with contempt at any time, and much less "In the days when we went a pirating, a long time ago." These gentlemen were looked upon as heroic adventurers, who served the dons, by way of reprisal, no worse than they deserved. Because then, if an English, French, or Dutch ship put into a Spanish-American port she was likely to be confiscated., and her crew kept prisoners, or treated no better than ' slaves, if they escaped with their lives, till dearly ransomed. We have little to do, however, with the morality of sea-highwajTnen. Yet, if old stories may be credited, oiir brave Buccaneer Black soon became a greater favourite with certain ladies of the parish than he was with their lovers and husbands. One tale is often told of his adventures with a gay lady of the Tresillian family, who then lived at Tresidder, and how a noted smuggler called Ackey Carn, one both landless and lawless, who cared for no man, being a i-ival for the gay dame's favour, by way of a jest spoke of certain amat(jry passages which he had witnessed between the Captain and lady, whose powerful and proud relatives constrained Carn, under pain of their displeasure, to do penance in Burian Church for thus thoughtlessly exposing the scandal. But the culprit, who, according to custom, came into church barefooted and clad in a sheet, instead of kneeling before the priest or parson, to beg pardon, and otherwise express contrition, and receive the priestly reprimand Avith becoming humility, stood up in front of the rud-locks (rood-loft,) turned his back to the priest and, facing the coufj^regation (crowded to behold the show) made the well-remembered speech which begins : — " Here am I, compelled by the law For to deny what my own eyes saw, &o." Here follows a minute relation, told in language more quaint than choice, which was calculated to spread the scandal far and near. Then, throwing oif his sheet, he showed himself well armed and bade defiance to all priests, pirates, and Tresillians, this side of a disagreeably warm place, as he would have said, if paraphrases of gentle words and equivocations had been the fashion then ; however, he said he didn't care a rap for any one before him, and he would fight them all one after the other. Black took up the challenge as soon as given, and offered to fight him there and then, any way he chose, either with arms or 56 STOEY OF NELLY WEAENE. naked fists. Their partisans decided that they should fight unarmed. Black threw down his sword and woiild have fought in the church had there been a clear field for their encounter. They passed through the hundreds who were assembled at a clear space or bowling-alley, below the cross. Ackey Cam, finding that Black was too dexterious for him in the use of his fists, and that he was getting the worst of it in boxing, turned the Captain over his hip and brought him down a fair back fall ; and, as often as Black rose, the smuggler laid him down at full length, yet always with the greatest care not to harm the man who had often treated him like a prince. Carn only wanted to convince the Captain that he was his match one way or another in the art of self-defence. The two men having fought and wrestled till they were bruised black and blue, acquired the greatest respect and admiration for each other's courage, fair play, and prowess ; and they were taken at last into the pubUc-house and, over a bowl of punch, the Buccaneer and smuggler Carn became sworn friends, which they ever remained until their day of doom, when they left this world together. Notwithstanding the favours of country ladies and gentlemen, Black soon became tired of what he was pleased to call a land- lubber's lazy life. Caring little for hunting, and less for farming and other sports or occupations which make rural life glide pleasantly away, he passed much of his time in the public-house, surrounded by a gang of loafers who drank at his expense and applauded his stories of savage warfare, told in such infernal language as is seldom heard except from the lips of sea-robbers. His greatest delight was to beat everj'one in hard drinking — no easy matter in those times. An old song of that jovial age thus describes what was deemed fair euebriation : — " Not drunk is lie who from the floor, Can rise alone, and still drink more ! But drunk is he who prostrate lies, Without the power to drink or rise ! " After days and nights of drunken revelry. Black, in gloomy fits, would often wander down to the cleves and pass many days alone, in the earns and sawns of the sea-shore, or was only seen in company with the smuggler Carn, who, from the Sunday when they fought for the honoiu-, or disgrace, of the fair lady, became the Captain's favourite companion. Yet time hung heavy on the Captain's hands, and by way of a change, he had built from his own designs, a strong, swift-sailing, half-decked craft, which might serve for fishing and fetching liquors and other goods from France. There was a high duty on salt then. When she was all rigged and ready for sea Captain Black THE CAPTAIN IN A TEMPEST. 57 took Carn for liis mate, and they, with a crew of such, dare-devils ^v ^^t'^it^em. They set sail one Friday morn in the Fall and sliaped their course for Gunwallo, where they landed, dug up and shipped the treasures taken from the Moorish galley some five- and-twenty years before. Thence our free-traders bore away for their usual trading port in Brittany. They soon procured the goods they required, then passed several days drunk and rioting, and often fighting, with anyone they encountered, for mere pastime. As smugglers spent abundance of money in the place, they were allowed to do much as they pleased. At last they made sail for home with a fair breeze, whi(;h, however, soon died awa,y ; and, for several days, there was scarcely a breath of wind. The sky continued overcast and the air sultry. During this heavy weather Black lay among the goods like one worn out, and scarcely spoke or moved. After a tiresome speU of beating about and making but little progress, the wind freshened, and one evening, about night-faU, they sighted the Lizard. Then, suddenly, black clouds gathered over-head, and a thunderstorm came on. With the first flash of lightning Black sprung up and said, " Hoist all sail, boys, for by all the devils we'll get home this night." The crew wished to shorten sail or lay to till day- dawn, but the Captain's spirits rose with the storm. He took the helm, and shaped his course in almost total darkness, for Penberth Cove The boat going before the wind, bounded over the waves like a thing of life ; the crew expected every moment to become a wreck ; they could only see the clifi's by the flashing Hghtning ; when Black, as if sporting with their fears, cried out, "Bravo, devils of the whirlwind, iire away, we will give ye a salute with our thunder;" then, giving the helm to Carn, he loaded and fired their swivel-gun, in answer to a cannonade from the clouds. The crew were confounded by the blasphemous talk of their commander, who, amidst the crash and roar of wind, waves, and thunder, seemed rejoicing in his native element. Their terror was at the utmost when, amidst the awful tumult, he stood up and, tearing out a handful of hair, threw it away in the blast, bellowing out, " There, fellow devils, take that; stand by me now, and I'll be with ye soon." That instant the hghtning burst out in such bright flashes over the cliffs, that rocks and earns were seen as plainly as at noon-day, and a sheet of flame hung over across the cove, from Pednsawnack to Oribba Head, till they ran safely in and the storm died away. With the help of farmers' men and others, who had been several days and nights watching for the smugglers' return, the goods were soon landed, taken up to a level spot above the capstan, and covered with a tarpauhng. Then two or three kegs were broached, a fire made, and the smugglers, with those who assisted 58 STORY OF NELLY WEAENE. them, sat round to enjoy the good liquor and other things. At the height of their carousal the Captain drew the keg he sat on close beside the pile of blazing wood. He had not long settled himself there to drink and smoke, when his breath appeared to be all ablaze and his body in flames. His mate, Carn, threw himseK on him, and swore he would save his Captain or perish with him. And perish with him he did ; for, before the rest of the company had power to hinder him, both the com- mander and his mate were blazing like a bonfire. They neither spoke nor struggled. The others, in great terror at beholding their fearful end, went oif, in all haste, to Treen, there remained tiU morning ; then they and many others went down to the Cove, and on the spot where the two men were burned, not a sign of them was to be seen : aU their ashes, even, were blown away. Now, when folks came to think of Captain Black's strange career and stranger departure, many believed that he was either an evil spirit in human form or else a man possessed with a devil, and it remained undecided by the people of the West, whether he was man or demon, or a compound of both. Yet, in all probability, this strange being was only mad at times, and his sudden exit, might have been a case of spontaneous combustion, (if indeed, there be such a thing.) Many of those who in former times were believed to be demoniacs, witches, or wizards, would, if they lived and played their pranks at the present day, be simply regarded as lunatics and most interesting cases for the medical student rather than for the rude treatment of in- quisitor, exorcist, or other priestly operator. We hear but little more of NeUy. Her son purchased a farm in St. Just, she removed thither with him, and ended her days in peace. Some descendants of the rover, (whose name we have abridged) were living in the western parishes a few years since. About a century ago an aged dame of the family kept school in Burian Church-town and used frequently to relate strange traditions of her buccaneering ancestor. The Witch of Burian Chtjb,ch-town. These midnight hags, By force of potent spells, of bloody characters, And conjurations, horrible to hear. Call fiends and spectres from the yawning deep. And set the ministers of hell at work. RowE. — "Jane Shore." Who rides my horse a' nights, Who lamed the miller's boy. Who raised the wind that blew my old barn roof do^^^l ; But I've a silver bullet ready for her that will lame her. Hobble how she will. — Old Song. BOUT the time of Captain Black's exit old Betty Tre- noveth from her superstitious usages and pretensions to mysterious science, became notorious as a witch, and her practice of the black art was discovered and put past doubt by some one in Church-town, against whom she had a grudge. A man, finding when all attempts to please old Betty failed, that his cattle still pined off their legs, and everjrthing went wrong, and that there was nothing but bad luck about house and land. Then he or his wife determined to punish the witch and bring her to reason. He made her image in clay or dough, we have forgotten which, and, when the iigure was fashioned to their mind, ran up a good long skewer through the lower part of its body. Now, that, they might know the effect of their counter-spell, some persons in the plot, entered the witch's dwelling, at the moment the skewer pierced her effigy, and saw her fall suddenly on the ground; where she continued rolling, kicking, and groaning in great agony for some minutes, when she exclaimed, "Good Lord, what's in my body? I can hold out no longer ; do run over to Dick Angwin's and tell am I'll make et up weth am ef he will!" Fearing the witch might die in her agony and leave her curse on them or the spell unbroken, they hastened to make friends with Betty and destroyed the image. 60 THE WITCH OF BTTEYAN CHURCH-TOWN. Yet this punisliment didn't make the old dame desist from cai-ryiug on her naughty tricks ; for, one Thursday about the end of harvest, Betty jogged away to Penzance, intending to buy a pig that she might fatten it for winter's use. She waS in price, and had nearly come to terms for one which suited her fancy. There were only a few pence between her and the seller ; yet, pretending she didn't care about it, and saying she wouldn't give a farthing more, she turned her back and went to look at some others. That while, one Tom Trenoweth, a cousin of her's, offered a trifle more and purchased the sow. Tom had paid the " earnest money," when the old dame came back and said she would have the sow. " You're to late, cousin," said Tom, " I've bought her." "And what made thee interfeer, I'd like to know, when I was in price for the sow ? " said Betty ; " ef I don't have her thee shust wish thy cake dough, and find the sow the dearest bargain thee hast ever had." Tom refused to give up his purchase. Betty went off miunbling threats and curses, and shaking her bony finger at Tom. With much ado, the man got home the sow, put her in a crow (sty), filled the pig's-trough with wash, and firmly fastened the door. Tom rose early next morning, and found the crow-door open, the pig's-trough full of wash and his sow rooting in a- neighbour's garden ; and it took all the men and boys in Church- town many hours to, get the troublesome beast of a sow back into her crow again ; and in spite of all he could do, scarce a night passed but she would get out, be off to lanes miles away, and do some mischief that Tom would have to pay for. Months passed, during which the sow had given to her com, meal, milk, and everything else that could be thought of to satisfy her, but all without avail — the more she ate the leaner and more lanky she became. One day Old Betty met the owner of the pig and said, quite friendly-like, "well, cousin Tom, how es thy sow getting on ? Will she be fat against Christmas ? I hear she is very troublesome ; perhaps you had better seU her to me. What do 'e look for her now ? " "No," Tom replied, " ef she esn't fat for seven years, in Sundays, you shall never be the better off for begrudging her to me ; old black-witch that you are ; I'll drive her to Perjzanoe and sell her for less than I gave, rather than you shall have her." More months passed, during which the old woman, in spite of Tom's rebuffs, made him various offers for the sow, but every time less than the preoeeding, as she said the pig was getting poorer and would soon be reduced to skin and bone. Tom, finding that his sow had eaten and destroyed more than she was worth, and all the time getting leaner, fastened a ninmng, and Mary, by her lace-work and embroidery, gained more than sufficed for their needs. Her uncle often took her lace-work abroad, where he traded, and brought her more for it than its weight in gold. Although they wanted for nothing, and everybody was kind to them, Beaton was always pining to retui'u ; and in spite of I'an's wishes for them to remain, she made a vow that before Mary became of age, she would go home and pass the rest of her life in the practice of some devotion for the repose of Mary's father. About a week ago, Beaton having heard there was a smugghng craft from Cornwall in a cove near their dwelling, she jiacked up all her household goods that she cared about, and they left, bag and baggage, in the boat which landed them in Mousal that morning. When Mary had just ended her recital, her mother silently glided in, kissed her, and placed in her bosom a few flowers, saying, " Cherish these from a garden I prize above all others, and we will soon plant it with choicest flowers." "And now," she continued, " we must bid dear Aunt Joan good-bj-e, and proceed to Buryan Church-town, where we can remain for the night." "No, my dears," An' Joan interposed, "there's a pie baking for your supper, and a spare bed on the talfat as good as any in Church-town, though I say it ; remain with me till you have found a better place, or hired Chynance for a time, as there may be more delay than you calcidate before your house in Treen wiU be ready for 'e." Both ladies gladly accepted the kind dame's hearty welcome, and enjoyed her savoury pie and good ale, of her own brewing ; no woman theli expected to get a husband, imless she knew how to make a good barley-brew, and they say that people of that day, who drank good beer as their ordinary beverage, were stronger by far than their descendants, raised on tea-wash. Beaton hired Chynance, procured a few articles of furniture — in addition to what she brought from over sea — also a cow and 116 poultry ; had the garden planted, the house thatched, and comfortably arranged for winter. Owing to delay in getting possession of Beaton's property in Treen they lived here a year or more, and, when all was ready for their removal, Mary would have much preferred to remain in that sunny sheltered cot, nestled at the foot of Buryan Hill ; but her mother got into a restless fidgetty state that caused An' Joan to look more grave than was her wont. She had heard that as far back as there was any record, many of the I' an family — particularly the women — when between forty-iive and fifty years of age, either went mad or died ; and she feared that the gloomy grandeur of Beaton's old home, with the sad remembrances, likely to be renewed thereby, would tend to bring on this family infirmity. It was all in vain, however, for Mary to say, " Dear mother let us remain here in this sunny nook, where flowers grow all the year ; spotted trout sport in the stream ; and our goats, lambs, and povdtry can range at their own sweet will." When all was arranged in Beaton's part of the mansion, so as to give it an air of its former state, thither they removed, but still retained Chynance for the sake of having pasture for their cow, and to please Mary, who took a great fancy to it. Beaton was not in her old habitation many days when she had her ' turn ' and other sjoinning utensils taken into the chamber where Taskes breathed his last. There she passed most of her time, and often kept all night at her work ; the rumble of her spinning-wheel and doleful noises that she frequently made, soon caused those living in parts of the house, not in her possession, to quit rather than have their rest nightly disturbed ; and she rejoiced that the house was cleared of all strangers and inter- lopers, as she styled its other occupants. Often she would be away to St. Levan churchyard at dead of night — unknovm to Mary and their servant — pass hours, in prayer it was supposed, beside Willy's grave ; and bring thence flowers, wet with morning dew, to be kept in her chamber, and when withered all were laid by in her chest. This penance, as much inspired by love as enjoined by her faith, was duly observed, in spite of her failing health. On dark, stormy nights, she would often be met wandering along the cliffs between Church-town and Treen ; or seen kneeling on the rock where her lover received his fatal hurt. Many persons were startled by encountering, at unexpected times, her phantom-Hke figure, gliding along the cleves or amongst the earns of Castle-Treen, in her strange dress of white robe, black veil, and ghastly hnen band across her forehead, that made her look like one escaped from a grave in a winding- sheet and shroud. It was evident that Beaton was at times BEATON S 'WEDDIN'G-DEESS. 117 insane ; yet, sad as such a state seems, it may not have been the most melancholy portion of this poor soul's destiny; for when her mind was burthened with more grief than it could bear, her reason became unsettled, and her memory infolded with clouds that were often of roseate hue. Old crones whispered that they had heard of more than one Beatrice I' an, and men of that family as well, who went crazy ; and that their madness began in melancholy seclusion, and the practice of old-fashioned devotions that few cared about since they were declared Popish and unlawful. Yet, the same old dames took good care to preserve many charms for the cure of diseases, and to use them as in Catholic times, and the same are retained and practised by their descendants to this day, with others that are probably transmitted from an age when sun-^'orship was in vogue. As Penberth and Mousal fair-traders maintained a constant intercourse with Eosoroff, I'an's family often sent Beaton presents of flax, clothing, and other goods ; they did not require them, however, for Mary, like her mother, was an excellent spinster and skilful in embroidery and lace-work. Treen being a noted place for good weavers, they provided them with plenty of spinning- work; and when Mary showed her rare lace to An' Joan, she assured her that ladies, within a short distance, paid large sums to smugglers for what was no better. The old dame took it round to gentlemen's seats, and soop. returned with much more money than Mary expected for her wares ; and with orders for more lace- work than she could execute in a long time. Beaton's lucid intervals became less and less frequent. "When crazy fits prevailed, she seemed happy, nay joyful; but when reason, — such as it was, — or more sober moods intervened, she would talk regretfully, often moaning to herself, " The Lord help me, alas it was aU my fault, I brought blood on my brother's head, he can never have rest, nor I, no, nevermore, net even in the grave." One of her strange freaks was to sleep by day and to visit the churchyard or spin by night. Sometimes she knitted stockings and other things for her Willy ; these were to be put in her coffin. She would often say, " Willy, dear, I am working for thee, love, and wiU soon fetch thee back ; we wiU Uve here, nobody shall ever put us out of this chamber. Oh ! what dehght I took in spinning years ago, when thou didst card the wool of winter's nights. I can never pass the time in singing, for ever singing. I should be weary in a day, and would rather spin the time away with thee to card the wool ; and as of old thou shalt give me a kiss, such a long sweet kiss, with every ruU I take from the cards." Her last whim was to spin and knit herself a shroud, which she called her wedding-dress. This was made of the whitest 118 ' THE i'An's house OF TBEEN. and finest lamb's-wool she could procure. Mary, to please her, had to give much of her best lace for trimming this ' wisht ' garment ; and at length after much alteration, she had it to her mind, and repeated to her daughter and An' Joan all her whimsical fancies about her bridal arrangenients, as she called her funeral ceremonies. The following night she walked alone to the church- yard, and returned late. About midnight Mary, as was her custom, looked into her mother's room, and saw by the glimmering light of a chill (iron lamp), hanging on the wall, her mother sitting in a high-backed chair, apparently in a sweet sleep, with a placid smile on her countenance ; as she sometimes dosed in her chair, Mary, loath to disturb her, stepped quietly back to her own room ; but feeling uneasy from her mother's unusual silence she lay awake till day- break and then returned to her mother. On approaching her, Mary noticed that over a fine white dress she wore her shroud, with its face-cloth turned back on her head. Mary took her hand, and feeling it cold and stiff, the truth struck her that her mother was dead. Yet she hojaed that it might only be a trance, as she- looked so life-like and pleasant, as when asleep, in her happiest moods. But a neighbom-, who was called in, assured Mary that her mother had been dead some hours. "Yet to behold her thus," said the dame, " sitting in her chair, with fresh flowers in her bosom, the hour-glass beside her, and beads in her hand, one would think she had only fallen asleep whilst saying her prayers ; the Lord rest her poor soul." On looking round, when the rising sun-beams streamed in through an open window, they saw that her best quilt was spread on the bed, and on that the clothes Taskes wore on that unlucky night when he received his death- wound, and other things that belonged to him. Where, or how, Beaton could have kept them so long no one knew. An' Joan had these, and withered flowers, with other things that Beaton prized, put into her coffin, in hopes to give her spirit rest ; and Beatrice I'an, according to her oft-repeated request, was laid in St. Levan churchyard, beside the dust of WiUy Taskes. "And we Treen people," said the old man who related her story, " would have been glad if she had stayed there, but she hadn't been under the turf three days when she was back again and spinning, as she always said she would, in the chamber that was locked up with everything in it as it stood when she was carried out ; and it was supposed that other spirits came back with her, by the capperouse they often made." We wiU. leave them, however, and their ghostly doings, for a while, to follow Mary's destiny. THE PEOUD PENDAES. 119 it is sad ! O it is sad To think of the joys that once I had : To wander lone over land and sea, And know that she waits no more'for me. This tress of her fair, soft, chestnut hair, Is all the cruel grave would spare. MoRTiMEii Collins. At Beaton's death wliat had been her portion of the property fell in hand, and Mary removed to Chynance, taking ivith her a few such articles of the old furnitiu-e as were not too cumbersome for her small dwelling ; but everything in " Beaton's chamber " was left there for the time, as it stood when she was carried out. Mary's life had been anything but a cheerful one for the past year or two, but after her mother's decease she felt very desolate. Her uncle's family urged her to return and live -with them, which she was inclined to do, as she often said that Brittany seemed less gloomy to her than this country ; because in the Cornuaille over the water young and old met, every Sunday at least, at their parish church, and joined in a dance after service ; besides there were yearly feasts, in neighbouring- parishes on their patron saints' days, to which people flocked from miles away ; they were hospitably entertained, without regard to rank, at the feasten board ; and all regarded it as a sort of religious duty to take part in dancing, hurling, wrestling, and other games that were continued several days of the feasten week. "It seems to me like forsaking my poor mother to leave this place," Mary would say to An' Joan, "but over sea my cousins are always happy together, and they knew no difference between me and their sisters ; but here I feel as desolate as a forsaken bird, though Chynance is a pleasant sunny sjoot, and nobody can be kinder to me than you and others who knew my dear mother." In such like sad complaints she bemoaned her lonely state, tiU love came to brighten the scene, for a brief space. Mary frequently took her work to Penberth and passed the afternoons or evenings with An' Joan. As the dame sold liquor from a noggin to an "anker" (keg), her dwelling was often pretty well filled with company, of an evening. And Marj' often said that such gatherings of neighbours, to hear news, sing songs, or relate old stories, reminded her of hoine, as she called Brittany. Now, it so happened, a few months after Mary again settled in Chynance, she was one afternoon on a visit to An' Joan, when a young officer, home on a furlough from a man-of-war, entered the dweUing, saluted An' Joan— who had known him from a child — and called for brandy and cordials to treat the dame and 120 THE i'aJT's house OF TEEElf. himself ; by tlie time they were seated for cosy chat, Mary entered with baskets of fruit from the orchard. The young sailor rose, saluted her, and seemed surprised to see one — apparently an inmate of Joan's— with the dress and demeanour of a lady; her broken English, with Breton accent, betokened her to be a foreigner. "Don't 'e disturb yourself, Mr. Pendar,' said An' Joan, "this young lady, poor dear, aU the same to me as a daughter, is the damsel Mary I'an." Mr. Pendar — who is said to have been one of those who then lived in Pendrea — had heard some gossip, on his first arrival at home, about the good looks, rare accomplishments, and strange history of this waif of the I'an's ; and how she had refused many offers of marriage from farmers' sons that were thought good chances for her. Young Pendar took a liking at first sight to the poor orphan, and his love was not more sudden than honest and constant ; and her feehngs towards the young sailor must have been equally favourable, one may suppose, as they often met at Penberth and elsewhere, and pui'posed to be wedded on his next return from a short voyage. But the artless sailor and simple maiden made their calculations without his parents' consent. Little thought Mary, and less cared her lover, about what the old Pendars stj'led the stain on her patei'nity, or tlieir talk about disowning or disinheriting. The brave heart of oak but little regarded his mother raihug in bitter tenns, of Mary's poverty and base birth, and of Beaton's youthful failing ; or his father saying, " that as he made his bed he might lie on it ; that if he wedded one-of nought, he should be cut off with a shilling." But more devilry was set to work than the youngster knew of. At parting, to join his ship, he told his father to keep his shilling, as he cared not for anything he had to withhold or bestow, that he saw no reason why the daughter should sufi'er for her parents' failings ; he thought they had undergone more than enough themselves, and that he was determined to win fortune and choose a wife for himself. On taking leave of Mary he assured her that when he returned from a short voyage he would make her his bride. Pendar left home to join his ship, which he thought would make but a short voyage. Many months elapsed, but Mary had no tidings of her afiianeed lover ; and, about the time she expected his return a report was circulated that he was killed in a naval engagement. As months rolled on and brought no other intelligence, Mary too readily believed the common talk ; and, poor grieved soul, for many an hour she would sit, all alone, .on a rock beside the shore, look wistfully out to sea, and chant some old Breton melody about JOHN i'an's death. 121 meeting her true-love in the fairy orchards of Avalon. And her wild souj;-, by the moaning waves, was sad to hear as a funeral dirge. Ijike a blasted flower she pined and died, and was laid beside her parents, when the young seaman, her lover, was hasten- ing homeward in hopes to make her his brido. Pendar arrived at Penberth witli a good store of prizo-money, heard, with anguish, how Mary had died of a broken heart, all through a vile scheme of his parents, who spread the sad rumour, and had no reason to think him dead ; because thej', unknown to him, contrived to have him drafted to a cruiser that was sent to protect merchantmen in distant seas. He was kept in ignor- ance of his destination, and had no means to ijiforui Mary that years might elapse before his return. He left home without seeing his father or mother, and never more riiturned to Burj'an ; yet 'tis said that he became renowned as a brave naval com- mander, and died unmarried. "Within a few days of Mary's death, her uncle made a trip to Fowey, with a cargo of contraband goods, and on his return voyage, shaped his course for the Land's End, intending to lund in Mount's Bay, to visit his niece, and persuade her to return with him. His ship approaclied land otf Penberth ; the sea being smooth, he ran her close in, near the cove, that he might be taken ashore in his ship's bout. It so happened that his old craft was running for the cove in this Autumn evening's twilight with a thick fog. The liar's crew mistook I'an's vessel, beating the same course, for a revenue cutter, and one of the liands firetl a random shot between " wind and water" that killed their former commander, as he was about to st'/p into his boat ; some say it was on the very evening of his niece's funeral. The Breton crew fired on the Mur, and sunk her. Almost all Pen- berth men were on board, and the greatest part of them were drowned within hail of the cove and their dwellings. I' an was taken home to be buried, in Brittany, and his family dropjjed all intercourse with their father's native place. It was not known here till years after t]ie fatal mishap that I'an was killed by a shot from the Mur, or that it was his ship's company who sent many of his old crew to a watery grave. 122 THE i'an's house OF TEEEN. The I'an's Ghosts. We have no title-deeds to house or lands, Owners and occupants of earlier dates From graves forgotten stretch their dusty hands, And hold in mortmain still their old estates. LoNGrELLOW. No-R' that ghostly visits are rare, many persons may be scep- tical of what is said of this haunted house, and vre shall only relate a few of the most remarkable stories. Shortly after Beatrice died, noises like the rumble of a spinning-wheel and elicldng of cards, with unnatural shrieks, were often heard in " Beaton's chamber," which remained locked up, with its furni- ture just as it was -^'hen she died ; persons passing by the house at night, who had courage to cast a glance at its windows, saw in that room and others a glimmer of light, and shadowy forms flitting to and fro. But almost evfrybody hurried by without casting an eye towards the house, or took a roundabout way rather than run the risk of having a fi'ight or their rest disturbed by a remembrance of those strange apparitions. Over a while it seemed as if more spirits joined those that first arrived, till at length they made such a 'rattle-cum-stave' through- out the whole house that it was left for years unoccupied, — by mortal tenants at least. The tium continued its rumble upstairs, and what had formerly been kitchen, hall, and parlour, seemed filled with a reveh-out all night long, and folks were often dismayed by unnatural appearances outside the house. Towards night clouds of fog would roll in from over sea, settle around the I'an's premises, and become denser and darker till the place seemed shrouded in thimder-clouds; then Lights would flash around the house, and such sounds be heard as if made by discharges of small fire-arms, with a roar of cannon now and then ; one would, also, hear the surging and sjilashing of waves, flapping of sails, creaking of blocks and tackle, with other sounds usually heard on shipboard, tiU this apparition rose high above the hoiises, drifted away seaward, and disappeared. iSometimes all lights in the house would go out, at the same instant, without any visible cause ; this was such a common (jccurrence that the inmates would merely say, "that's Beaton come again ; but, never mind, we shall soon hear her spinning, then we may light the candles again, and hope to be left quiet for a time." "\A'hen people would persist and occupy the house, it was often troubled by day, and all its mortal inmates, both man and beast, would be seized with fear, and run to doors, at times when nothing unusual was seen or heard. Often in the height of a clear summer's day, a blast of chilly air, with a GHOSTLY PRANKS. 123 grave-like scent, -would pervade the old dwelling ; then children Tvoiild screech, dogs howl, cats, with their hair bristled up, rush out of doors, or smash through windows, if doors were closed. The cats never returned, and died of fright when they couldn't escape the house. There's no end of stories about the ghostly- pranks that were acted here for more than a century, and we shall only relate another. A carpenter, who was working about the place, said he didn't believe that aU the I'an's spirits would make him quit the house or Beaton's chamber even ; and he waged a pint of brandy that he would see, that very night, what made the racket there, and hail the spirits if he saw any. That he might have a sight of them, -without more ado, he bored an auger-hole in Beaton's chamber door. Having primed himself with drink, when night came, and the usual noises began, he fixed himself close to the door and peeped in.- At first he only beheld a faint light glimmering over the bed, and what looked like a dead man stretched thereon, with shadowy figiires moving about the room ; then he saw more distinctly, and made out a woman, dressed in grave clothes, sitting on a chair beside the bed. Then the chamber became so dark that he could see nothing of the figures on the bed and in the chair but their eyes, that shone -with purple light. The woman's eyes — he could see nothing else but her eyes glistening like coals of fire — arose from the bedside and approached the door, and still the carpenter could only see a pair of flaming orbs when they were within a few inches of his face ; and he — terror-struck or speR-bound — had neither power to move away, nor to withdraw his gaze. There he stood like one rivetted to the spot for minutes, that seemed hours, till a blast of cold air smote his face, and something pierced his eye like a red-hot nail. He fell on the floor, was found insensible when raised, and he ever remained blind of one eye. There was but little rest for anyone dwelling in the I'an's house until some years after Parson Corker came to Buryan ; and, at first, he made many fruitless attempts to confine those unresting spirits to their graves. He ordered that the locked-up chamber should be opened, and all its furniture biu-ned — as no one would venture to make use of anything therein — and he would try again what could be done. So one night the reverend gentleman came over from Tresidder — where he lived with his cousins the Tresillians ; — a good num- ber assembled ; they broke open Beaton's chamber-door, and began to throw out the furniture, but they found it a more diffi- cult job than was expected. Turns, chests, chairs, tables, were soon cleared out, and a great hanging-press was smashed to pieces, tossed through a window, and added to the blazing pile on 124 THE i'an's house OF TEEEN. an open space fronting the house. They found it, however, no such easy work to break up the grand carved-oak bedstead, which must have been made and put together in the room, because neither its tester nor its head would pass through the doorway. In this bed-head were two deep recesses, ornamented at their backs and all around with carved foliage, framing the names and ages of some old I' an or Ivan and his wife, Who pro- bably had this bedstead made when their house was built. High up on either side of these recesses, between them and the tester — among flowers and creej^ing plants— were boldly carved faces, su.pposed to be those of the family ; they were aU very much alike, with peaked beards, wonderfid high foreheads, and long noses, — straight as a line. Bedding, rich hangings, and old raiment, very grand in their day, were rotten and gone to dust. "S^Tien all was at length cleared out and blazing in the town- place, the parson entered to conclude his work by sprinkling salted water all about ; at the same time he repeated long words, spells, or incantations in Latin, because that tongue was said to be more respected by devils and restless spirits than any vulgar dialect. He also performed other ceremonies, whose use and practice were only known to learned divines. But it is doubtful whether the reverend exorcist did any good on that occasion. For whilst Treen folks made a bonfire of what had been the I'an's furniture, he or the spirits raised an awful tempest; houses were unroofed, walls blown down, and other damage, done throughout the neighbourhood and far away. Meanwhile, ghostly forms were seen and unearthly voices heard, high up over flames and smoke, making derisive shouts like demons' laughter. They seemed to enjoy the fun, whilst many people cursed the parson for rising such a storm. One can't say how his best endeavours failed to lay these unruly ghosts. But " Perchance some form was unobserved, Perchance in prayer or faith he swerved; " for on the following night troops of spirits arrived at their accustomed hour and made as much disturbance as ever. Then Mr. Corker — determined to rout them — sought advice and assistance from the most remarkable " spirit-queller " of that time, one parson PoUdnghorne, who belonged to some parish east of Penzance. It was believed, of this Parson Polkinghorne, that no spirits walking the earth could resist his spells, and that, when other exorcists failed to obtain a mastery over an obdurate one, this gentleman no sooner joined them than the poor ghosts would exclaim — like that of old Squire Harris, of Kenegie — "Now, Polkinghorne, thee art come and I must be gone ! " And he at tHE GHOSTS LAID. 125 once sent the shadow o£f to its grave and there confined it fur evermore. One night, a week or so after the unsuccessful attempt, the two parsons — arrayed in their priestly vestments, bearing large hooks and a coil of new hempen cord — arrived at the haunted house'w door, and requested aU the inmates to quit it before they entered, and not to attempt to hear or see anything that might take place, nor to re-enter their dwellings for that night. When all the living inhabitants had left the house, the reverend exorcists entered it ; but how they worked to get control over these troublesome spirits nobody knew but themselves, as they were no more seen till an hour or so after midnight, when they issued forth and took their way to Church-town, with the bound spirits in their company (it is supposed), and, having finished their work in the graveyard, they, about day-break, aroused the inmates of the " Scaw-tree " inn, made a hearty breakfast, and returned to Tresidder. Now, 'tis said that this Parson Polkinghorne had power, also, over the spirits of air, or whatever they be, that usually raise the wind, when ghosts are laid ; for on this night all was so quietly done that the weather was not, for a wonder, uncommonly stormy. The I'an's ghosts, however, were settled, that's certain ; they met with their match at last, and quitted their old habitation for good. From that night their old house was quiet and remained so for a few years, then part of it was again haunted by tlie ghost of a crazy spinster called 'Bitha (Tabitha) who also became insane from grief at her sweetheart's untimely end. But this spirit gave little trouble, compared with the former ones, and took its departure in a few years, of its own accord ; at least we never heard of anything having being done to "lay " it. Aboiit sixty years ago these almost forgotten traditions were revived. One Sunday afternoon, in summer time, a carriage arrived in Treen, stopped near the I'an's house, and a middle- aged gentleman stepped from the conveyance just as an old man drew near, who saluted the visitor, and asked if he would be pleased to accept of his services to show him the Castle ? The stranger replied, in but indifferent English, that he would like to know if there were any remains in Treen of an ancient mansion, or castle, that once belonged to a family caUed I'an or Ivan, as he spelt it for Uncle George, who was a most intelligent old guide and the best chronicler of Treen. " Why, there's the dwelling," said he, "that old people always called the I'an's hoiise, though young ones, thinking to improve the name, have lately called it the John's house ; but no family called Johns were ever proprietors of it that I ever heard of." 126 THE i'An's house OF TEEEN. The gentleman looked at the old house, and said that he expected to find a much grander one. " Yet, in its day, that was considered far above the common," Uncle George remarked ; ' ' and it must have cost much to build when no wheel-carriages were in use, and timber had to be dogged (dragged) many miles through narrow lanes, and stones and other materials were carried on drays, or on horses' backs. Besides, where you see nothing now but pigs' -crows and turf- ricks," continued he, in conducting the visitor towards the house, "there was once a large green-court; and at the back where you will find little else but dung-pits and heaps of rubbish, there were more buildings belonging to the house, with a large walled garden and a rabbit warren beyond." The gentleman then informed his guide that he was a descen- dant of an old Catholic family who, between two or three centuries ago, owned a Castle in Treen and much land in that neighbourhood, if such traditions and^documents as were preserved in his family might be credited^that he resided in Brittany, to which place his ancestors had hence removed at a time when Catholics were much persecuted here — that, being in England on business and curious to see his family's ancient home, he had come to Treen for that purpose — and that he would also like to know if there were any tomb-stone inscriptions, or other records of them, in St. Levan Church. Besides, he said, that others of his family had long been desirous to know something of a place respecting which they had many curious traditions. Moreover, he informed the old man that the name usually spelt I'an was an abbreviation of Ivan and equivalent to Juan or plain John ; the confusion in, or the various modes of, spelling took place, probably, before J and U replaced I and V, but stiU the old pro- nunciation was retained. [The same ajjplies to many old French names here, that seem to be spelt one way, and pronounced difi'erently. Take Lanyon as a familiar example, pronounced Lanine.] This Breton gentleman, whom we may call M. Ivan, as he spelt his name in fuU, when shown through the old house was much disappointed to find its interior a mere wreck, with little to show that it had ever been a gentleman's residence, except a few fragments of carved wainscot and ornamental j)laster-work in an apartment that had been a portion of hall or parlour in olden time. It seems the " gentil Breton" had heard much of Castle Treyn, and ' Uncle ' was much diverted and surprised to find that he thought it was a grand building situated in the village, and hinted that it might have been his ancestor's residence. "Faix! they must have been the giants then," said the old man to himself, "for I never heard of anybody else who ever lived there." CASTLE TEEEN. 127 And, in answer to M. Ivan's enquiries where tlie Castle was and if any of it was still standing, "still standing, sir," he exclaimed. "I believe 'e, faith, and stand it will tUl Doomsday, unless one can get out of a rock the Castle-key ; but when that is done, as Merlin prophecied, all wUl sink into the sea, whence it was raised by enchantment, they say, with the giants who dwelt there of yore. But the Castle isn't here in town ; it's down to cUff," continued he, showing the way ; " and we can travel there across the fields, if you please, while your carriage can go out the lane and await 'e in Pedny-vounder cliff, if so be that you would like to ride to Church-town." As there were many interesting objects to be seen by the way, the gentleman decided to walk to St. Levan Church also, and his conveyance remained in Treen. In passing the fields Uncle George said, "Old folk, who are dead and gone, always held (and I believe it for truth) that people seldom lived in Castle Treen, or in any of our cliff or hill-castles, for more than a few days at a time ; and that was when they had to seek refuge there for their old people, women, and children, with their flocks and other property, from the Danes and other northern robbers who used to land at Parcurno, Penberth, and elsewhere, to ravage the country, carry off women, and do worse mischief than that, if the hair that crops up every now and then in some families may be taken as evidence. But the red-haired pirates were soon put to rout, and then nobody remained in our stronghold of Treen Dynas except a man to keep watch from Castle Peak." He might have remarked, too, that the old proprietors of Treen held to a tradition that Kaerkeis bowjey and barn were as old as the Castle, and were built in that out-of-the-way place for the purpose of storing fodder for cattle near the stronghold against an invasion. They also beheved that valuables were, at such times, hastily buried in the Castles ; those who secreted the property being slain, nobody knew where to find it. As a proof of the probability of such a belief, within the old guide's remem- brance, about the quantity of two quarts of ancient Roman and other coins were found within or near Castle Maen. The heap of coins were simply placed in a pile, on a flat stone, and enclosed by three others set on edge and capped. The whole was buried in a bank of earth and small stones that formed part of an old hedge or gurgo. Probably some of these coins may still be found among old folks of Sennen. The writer had many of them, when too young to know the value of such interesting objects. Having passed the fields and ascended the rising ground beyond, M. Ivan asked where the Castle was — he could behold nothing like a building between them and the sea, towards 128 THE i'ah's HOtrSE OP TB.EEN. which they had shaped their course. " We are already within it," replied the venerable guide, "an4 have passed the outer wall through a breach where it is levelled and the ditch fiUed in to make a road. I ought to have pointed it out to 'e. The outer mound is little short of half a mile long. Hundreds of cartloads of stones have been carried away from the walls for building houses and hedges. Yet on Kaerkeis side, where it isn't easily reached, some of it is still pretty perfect ; except, indeed, where our youngsters have bowled the stones over cliff for their Sunday afternoon's sport; and it would be just as well, or better, ' seeman ' to me, that they were allowed to have their wrestling and hurling-matches at such times, to keep them from doing mischief, like they had in their great-grandfars' days, when folks were quite as good, and to my 'seeman,' better than they are now, for all that constables do and duffans say." We can't follow the old guide through the long story he used to relate of what passed between him and the Armonican gentle- man. Having shown the Castle and related the legends of giants, small people, &c., connected with this enchanted spot, they passed along the cliff to St. Levan Church. Service was over and the congregation dispersed, but the church-door key being kept at the inn, they inspected the church to see if any memorial of the I'ans was to be found, butno thing connected with them was observed in carved shields or bench-ends, nor elsewhere. Parish registers — if any remained two centuries old — he had no opportunity to see. They also visited St. Levan's Well and Chapel. The old man pointed out a long flight of steps that may still be traced best part of the way from the spring to the ancient chapel's site. The gentleman took particular interest in the ancient cliff oratories, with their holy wells, and in every spot along their way hallowed by saintly legend. In returning from Chapel-Curno, as the little oratory over Parourno used to be called, they were met at the foot of Carnole hill by a gentleman of Penzance, who used occasionally to preach at the Methodist Chapel in Sowah. This gentleman often returned thence to Treen (where he usually re- mained over night) by way of St. Levan Church and along the cliffs. He knew Uncle George very well ; for they often dis- puted about what the old man styled a new-fashioned reUgion. Yet they were always great friends. The gentlemen were introduced and walked together to Treen. By the way M. Ivan related how curiosity had led him to visit Treen, and that he was, on the whole, gratified with his visit, though c^uite taken down in his exaggerated ideas (as transmitted by family traditions) of their former importance here ; and thought the foregoing tragic story, which the old man related in part, just CORNISH CASTLES. 129 as probable a reason for his ancestor's departure as that of re- ligious persecution ; yet he believed they were always attached to, and held, the old faith. "When they arrived at Treen he handsomely rewarded the intelligent old guide, and was about to leave when the preaching gentleman proposed for M. Ivan to take tea with him at the house where he put up. The invitation was accepted, and he was regaled with bread, cream, and honey — the produce of what was once his family's acres. Mr. Richard Edmonds remarks that ' ' Treryn Castle, Maen Castle, Chun Castle, Castle-an-Dinas, and several other cliff- castles, and hilL-castles, in the Land's End district, have been in existence probably between two and three thousand years. And Treryn Castle, with its high massive vallum, deep ditch, and the foundations of its stone wall, twelve feet thick, presents so little temptation either to the agriculturist or to the builder, that its existing remains, vast as they are, need no Society's protection for their continued duration for generations yet to come. AU castles, of course, do, or did once contain dwellings of some kind for their occupants. But the low huts which once stood within the castles near Penzance (although considerable remains of such dwellings in Chun Castle were extant in Borlase's time) have now ahnost everywhere disappeared. It was, not however, from these rude huts, but from the fortifications enclosing them, that our very ancient castles derived their name ; and not one of them, at the present day, appears more worthy of being thus called than at Treryn Castle." Castle Treen and its Legends. " I cannot tell how the truth may be, I say the tale as 'twas said to me." Scott. LD traditions say that the headlands of Castle Treen, or rather Trereen, on -n-hieh the Logan Rock earn and adjacent crags stand, was raised out of the sea by enchantment. This portion of the stronghold, enclosed by the inner line of defence, running directly across the isthmus, is generally spoken of as The Castle, and that between it and the outer or landward embankments is usually called Treen Dynas. The Key of the Castle. It is not known what powerful magician raised this giant's hold, though it was believed that its security depended on a magic stone called "the key of the Castle," respecting which Merlin had something to say, as well as about many other re- markable stones in the neighbourhood. Castle Treen, however, must have stood where it is long before Arthur and his magician visited "West Cornwall. The key was an egg-shaped stone, between two and three feet long, which was contained in the cavity of a rook with a hole facing the sea, through which it might be turned round ; and the opening appeared large enough for it to be passed through. Many attempted to get it out, but they always found it to hitch somewhere ; and lucky (according to old folks' faith) that it did, because the sage Merlin prophecied that when the key of the Castle was taken out of the hole. Men Amber (the holy rock) would be overthrown, the Castle sink beneath the ocean, and other calamities occur. The key was situated near the bottom of a deep chasm called The Gap, which is passed on approaching the Logan Eock by the usual path. It required a sure-footed climber, of strong nerve, to reach it, and this could only be done fi-om land, at low water, or nearly so. ■WEST COUNTRY GIANTS. 131 Surging waves occasionally changed the position of this magic stone, and from the direction of its smaller end, as it lay in a trough of water, prognostics were drawn with regard to the seasons, -&e. Few persons had sufficient hardihood to descend the precipitous cliff and risk being caught in The Gap by a flowing tide ; and the key of the Castle remained a mysterious and venerated object till Goldsmith's mischievous tars, or the dockyard men who were employed in erecting machinery to replace Men Amber (as the stone they overthrew was formerly called) heard of it and ' the traditions connected therewith. Then, one day, some of these wretches, on farther mischief bent, entered The Gap in a boat, and, being provided with crow bars, they broke away the edges of the rock that enclosed the key, ripped it out, and tumbled it down among the sea-washed pebbles ! Some calamity has surely befallen these wretches ere this, or Bad Luck is a mere name, and powerless as an avenging deity. Part of Merlin's px'ophecy was fulfilled, however, yet not in the order predicted. The venerated nodule was what is called, among miners, a "bull's eye," or "pig's egg," of large size. It appeared to be a closer-grained and harder stone than what surrounded it. Giants op Castle Teeen. The earliest inhabitants of this stronghold were giants who protected the neighbouring people in return for cattle and other necessaries with which the last-named provided their powerful friends, as was usual here in olden times. An aged giant, his childless wife, and -their adopted son, are the only ones of whom connected traditions are handed down by old folks of Treen. Not only this giant (how we wish the chroniclers had preserved his name) and his wife but all people who depended on his protection, particularly those of Treen and bordering places, were much grieved and disapj)ointed when they found their giant and giantess were middle-aged and had no children who would aid them in old age and jjerpetuate the race. The giantess, having no household to think about, grew, as most unemployed women do, peevish and troublesome. The giant, having little or no work to occuj)y himself with, grew fat and lazy. Quiet and good-tempered as he was, he was dread- fully tormented by his wife. She called him a lazy, useless old loon ; and said he was too fat, and didn't take exercise enow. When he had nothing else to employ himself about, in peaceful 132 CASTLE TEEEN AND ITS LEGENDS. times, she told him that he should log the rock, for a few hours every day, to stretch his sinews and make his blood circulate brisker, instead of dozing away all day and night in his chair, which may still be seen. "Go thee way'st," said she; "swim over to the Dollar Eocks, it's only two miles or so ; dive round them and catch me a few good big congers; I want their fat to make a cake. And the pollock and cod that feed among the ore- weed thereabouts are excellent eating." The dissatisfied woman's advice was sometimes taken. He would swim away, and, in an hour or two, bring her home a string of fish of a furlong's length. Then he would log Men Amber for a bit. This he could easily do with the tip of his finger, when standing on the grass below it ; for the rock is only 30 feet or so from the grass, and Treen giant stood at least 40 feet high, without his boots. He was stout in proportion, and his strength of arm was prodigious. Sometimes, with his stafi', he kej)t the sacred stone in motion when seated in his chair, just opposite it. But often it happened, when getting through his exercise by the latter niode, that he fell asleep, long ere the sand was dcn-n in his wife's hour-glass. And then she, the faggot, T\-ould pelt her quiet husband with rocks, heaps of which may still be seen, lying loose, just as thcj' flew from her hand and dropped at no great distance from the poor giant's chair. He would wake up, ^ith a sore head, to hear her say, in a voice like a bellowing buU., " Stoj) thy snoring, thou confounded old fool, and work away, west ah ? or I'll . pommel thy noddle to browse." ' ' What the deuce shall I do to stop her tongue and cure her temper? Can 'e teU me, my good people ? " He would often say to Treen folks and others, who visited him of a summer's evening ; "she's the most troublesome woman I ever heard of!" All kinds of employment were sut;gested. In those days everybody tliought he could manage a discontented wife, were he her husband ; but actually to do it was difficult. " "Why should she fret and fvune for lack of cluldren," he iised to say to his Treen nciglibours, " and what need have you either, in these peaceful times, to care whether we have descendants or no? " Potent reasons were given both by giantess and people why they desired that their chief's race should be continued. C'liarms and other means were used iu order to obtain the desired result. Yet mtui time passed, nnd their rock-hewn cradle was stiU empty, when a happy tliou!.;]it struck a ^\ise man of Treen. He advised that a baby should be KtuJen from the giant of J\laen, -o'ho. had a large family, and was, moreover, a -^ery troublesome and AN INFANT GIANT. 133 aggressive neighbour — if one may credit stories of his hurliag the rocks against Treen giant, which are still to be seen at Skewjack Moor, on the bounds of their two domains. One may judge of Maen giant's stature by the size of his bed, bowls, spoon, and other utensils, that remained in a lane on Treve, at a short distance from Sennen Church, a few years ago, and some of them may be there still. Our giant and his wife were delighted with the sage man's advice. To steal a baby from the big man who was proud of his stronghold between Pen-von-las (Land's End) and Pedn-men-du (Black Stone Headland) would be capital revenge on him and his. " Then how nice it wiU be for me," said the giant's wife, " to sit on the Logan stone with the cheeld in my arms, of summer afternoons, when the waves sing lulla-by, and my old man can rock us both tiU the dear baby falls asleep. Or he may dandle it in his arms atop of Castle Peak, or jump with it thence, from earn to earn, to Gamp-an-sees rooks and back again, whilst I skin an ox for our supper, and you, my good people, can bring us down plenty of milk to nurse him on, that he may gro.v apace." A wise woman, or witch of Treen, who could take any shape, was selected as the most likely person to execute their project without causing any stir with Maen giant, who was very fierce, and proud of his descent from old blustering Bellerus, who was said to have lived thereabouts in days of yore. One afternoon away went the witch, and, without being noticed on the road, reached Oairn-men-ellas, where she hid herself between rooks to watch. A little before sunset she saw a giant's child, of four years or so, coming that way with some common people's children, who wanted to show him how to j)lay hoo. Now the infant giant, though as big as an ordinary man, was still a baby in every feature, and he hadn't been long weaned ; he still wore a bib, though he had out-grown his clothes,- and his frock and saveall (pinafore) scarcely reached to his knees. The common boys and girls, from ten to a dozen years of age — like children in size to him — led about the great slab, as they termed him, and did with him just as they pleased. The woman, seeing them place buttons (and they hadn't many) on the bob, took from her basket a string of large Ijright ones, shook them before the giant baby, and said, "Now kiss me, dear, and I will give 'e all these." He kissed her again and again, delighted to have the buttons. Over awhile she said, " The tides are low and I am on my way to get lempots (limpets) and gweans (winkles) from Cowloe ; will 'e go, dears ? " The elder ones said it was then too late — they must be all home to Treve before sundown, or their mammies woidd strap L 134 CASTLE TEEEN AND ITS LEGENDS. them soundly and send them to bed -ndthout supper. But the babe-giant said, "I'll go, for I want some gweans to play five-stones, and lempots too, that my da may shoe the cats with croggans (Hmpet-shells) and codgey-wax (cobblers' -wax). He do dearly like that fun, and my ma do never beat me." " Come along then, my turtle," said the witch, as she took his hand and led him off. On the way she took from her basket many toys and showed him how to play with them. This pleased him, so that he thought no more of Cowloe, and she led him away over the Green to Brew Moors, where, to divert him she changed herseK into the shape of a horse, and he trotted on her a mile or more, when she resumed her woman's form, and led him into Castle Treen, where he was received with open arms by the mistress. It would take long to tell how he was caressed by the childless pair and fed by their people. He often reposed, during his infancy, in a small chair that may still be seen near the large one in which the giant usually rested — the one just opposite the Logan Eock ; and, until he grew too big, he frequently slept in the giant's arms. At sunrise in summer the old giant delighted to carry him up to Castle Peak, where he placed the infant to stand on the top- most stone, which was much higher then than now, and named to him all the noted places within ken. After turning him round that he might behold the magnificent prospect on either hand of wild, sea-lashed headlands in the distance, and noble earns towering near, he would exclaim, " My dear boy, who wouldn't be proud of such a home as this ? Believe me, dear son, in all this western land — from the Lizard Point, that j-ou see yonder, to Pedn-j)en- with, which lies under the setting sun — there is not another giant who owns a place equal to Castle Treen ; and aU shall be thine, my flarhng, when I am dead and gone." ^^'hen the sun shone warm he took baby down to the Castle Leas, near the Gap. This was his favourite fishing place, where a deop pit may stiU be seen in ^\•hieh he jiounded brotvse, that was last on the water to entice in fish. Prom these rocks, at the water's edge, the giant, like a monstrous dolphin, stretched on the sea -with the boy standing on his broad back, and holding on by the hair of his head like bridle-reins with both hands, woidd swim out and round to the Sees — the rock that stands like an island in Gampar, (Close or Little Cove), just under Hal- dynas, and at the eastern end of the outer mound of his fortress. Having rested there awhile and given the cheeld a few shags' eggs, limpets, mussels, and such like dainties, back they would stoer, but farther out; and, coasting aU the seaboard of his Castle, land in Par Pry. AN ABANDONED GIANTESS. 135 When a few years older the giant taught his big boy to fish from the rocks with rod and line, showed him how to make fish- hooks out of bones and croggan-rims — as boys out there do now, or did not long ago. In giants' times they hadn't a bit of iron, not even so much as a nail. The giantess with her distaff and spindle, spun them yarn that served for lines. It wasn't much, however, that the giant knew to teach the youngster. Like aU of great bulk he had more strength than knowledge, for as we say, ' ' The best goods are bound up in the smallest bundles." Meanwhile the giantess took care that the boy had an unlimited quantity of food, that he might eat and drink whenever he choose. Over a few years he was nearly eq^ual in bulk to his new Dadda, as he called the old giant. We like to linger over these pleasant times, for the old Titan when he took much delight injj.'" charge. But alas ! the sequel must be told in sorrow and tears for female frailty. We don't like to — and indeed we wont — repeat all the stories handed down, which for the most part are highly unfavourable to the moral character of Treen Giantess, for fear of slandering her unwittingly. Yet it is no worse than she deserves to say that aU traditions agree in representing her as a most abandoned female in her latter years. All her care and attention were bestowed on the boy and she neglected her old husband, so that he had to dive for fish, and skin oxen, (or eat them skin, horns, and all). Sheep he could seldom get ; they were dainties reserved for the young fellow. The poor old giant was often driven to such extremities that, to appease hunger, which makes brutes of the best of men, he was fain to stay his stomach on ore-weed. To add insult to injury she often taunted her aged spouse with his weakness, which was the consequence of her neglect, and cut him to the heart by making unfavourable comparisons between him and the pampered youth who could now log the rock from sitting on the grass ; and that was more, as the giantess told her husband, than he could do in the best of his time. Worst of aU, her maternal love then changed into a passion that, all things considered, one might even now, in these times of lax moraUty and free-love, regard as reprehensible. The poor old giant was slow to become jealous, till he found himself utterly forsaken by his spouse and adopted son, who always stole away to siinny glades between the cams to play by themselves. That would have passed, however, without notice, — he rather Hked to be left alone, to dose in his chair of afternoons — had not some Treen women, who were sharp in such things, spied what was going on, and, out of envy, told the old giant. 136 CASTLE TKEEN AND ITS LEQEITDS. He then became very surly and gave the doting pair much annoyance by coming on them unawares when they withdrew to enjoy their amorous diversion. They had seldom much comfort then, except when the old fellow left his castle to get provision. One winter's day, when he was about to start for this purpose, he told his wife and the youngster that one of them should meet him on his way back to assist in taking home whatever he might procure. They promised to do so, but time passed so pleasantly with the couple that they thought but little of their good old provider till they heard his footsteps and angry voice, about a quarter of a mUe off, as he came stamping along Pedn-y-vounder cliff vowing vengeance on his ungrateful wife and foster-son. They became somewhat frightened, and the "strollop" of a giantess, knowing that "the first blow was half the battle," prepared for the encounter by placing herself on the rocks west of the Gap, a dozen feet or so above the narrow path which the giant would have to pass. He came stamping along, an ox on his shoulders (its legs were tied together and passed over his head,) and on each arm he carried a sheep basket-fashion, their trotters bound with their spans. He roared louder than the stormy breakers when he entered his castle's inner enclosure and found that no one, even then, came to meet him. In his fury he bounced along without noticing his wicked rib, with her bared arm and clenched fist, awaiting his approach, and as he came along the narrow ledge she dealt him a blow in his eyes, as he glanced towards her, that sent him, cattle and all, heels over head down the precipice. When she beheld him falling a remembrance of their early loves, or something else, caused a sudden revulsion of feeling, which made her regret her rashness, and, unwilling to witness her husband's dying agony, sh'O stepped back westward, about twenty paces, on to a level stone between high rocks, where she stood stm and cast her apron over her head that she might hear less of the giant's awful moans. Though the giant's skull was very thick it was badly smashed on the boulders ; yet he didn't die until he called on the Powers whom he served to avenge him, which they did instantly by changing his vile partner into stone, where she stood and where she may still be seen. The old giant, in his dying moments, thought of the young one more in sorrow than in anger — he couldn't in his heart feel very bitter against the simple-innocent hobble-de-hoy, and regarded his wife as the seducer. Nothing more is known of the yoimg giant, and but little of any others of the Titan race that in mythic ages dwelt in Castle Treen. DEN-AN-DYNAS AND HIS WIFE. 137 Of late the Griant's Lady, as she was formerly called, has been named the Logan Book's Lady by those who are ignorant of our old traditions. When tempests rage, or anything else excites her, she rooks to and fro ; but her movements are languid with age or sorrow. Pitiless storms have so beaten on her head for ages that one can't make out a feature, and her fair proportions are so mutilated that one can scarce discern a semblance of her gigantic form in the time-worn granite mass. She appears, indeed, of pigmy stature compared with her husband. If, however, she had never been larger than her stone image now appears the story is none the less credible on that score. For do we not, every day, see mere midges of women united with giants of men, according to our reduced scale ? Dan Dynas. Old folks held — and long tradition made it pass for true — that the outer wall of Castle Treen was built by a deaf-and-dumb giant, called Dan Dynas, or, as some say, Den-an-Dynas, assisted by his wife An' (aunt) Venna, who broke up the ditch, filled her leathern towser (large apron) with the soil, and put it for JilUng behind the rocks, as her husband rolled them into their places. When they had thus constructed a stronghold, in which people with their tin and cattle were safe from marauding pirates, the giantess and other women collected hundreds of cartloads of stones into heaps, near the mound, ready and handy for slinging at, or to hurl down on, the heads of besiegers. When an incursion happened to be made An' Venna, with the women and old men, defended the fortress, whilst Dan and his fighting men slew the enemy or drove them, to sea. The ruins of this good couple's handiwork may stiU be traced from Par Pry, on the southern side, to the inlet of Q-ampar, or Hal-dynas Cove, towards the east. A descendant of old proprietors of Treen informed me that a great quantity of stones remained, in piles, within and near the embankment, until after wheel carriages came into use. Although this part of the clifi' was then common few persons eared to remove them, and none durst take a stone from the castle walls for fear Bad Luck would pursue any one who distiu'bed "the giant's work. But of late years, great portions of this ancient rampart have been demolished and its facing-stones carried away for building. It is also related — though the story seems somewhat fabulous — that this deaf-and-dumb giant would stand on Carnole and thence sink invading ships, entering Parourno, by hurling rocks on them, or he wrecked them, when at a distance, with huge stones discharged 138 CASTLE TREEN AOT3 ITS LEGENDS. from slings made of bulls' Mdes. When the people couldn't charge his instruments of war as quickly as he wanted them, he would roar like thunder, make signs to stand clear, kick the rocks up out of the ground, smash them to handy pieces, and fire away again. Like all other West Country giants he was very fond of old- fashioned games, and was delighted when youngsters came down to Kaer Keis of an afternoon to play cook (quoits) or keals (nine- pins) with ViiTn ; hut he could never understand the weakness of ordinary mortals' frames ; for, in caressing his playmates, he now and then hroke their ribs or cracked their sculls — to his great grief and greater surprise. We may remark that, although some Cornish giants have been misrepresented as little better than savage cannibals — Cormovan of the Mount to wit — all traditional giant stories, in this district, describe them as amiable protectors of the common folks who lived near their castles. They were, however, almost invariably, stupid and often did mischief un- wittingly by having more strength than sense ; therefore, it is shamefiil to defame those ancient heroes and ascribe to them such vile traits as are not warranted by our popular stories. The Small People (Faibies). When our giants and other antique people left their human bodies they continued to dwell in their old homes down almost to our times. As they had no idea of any life but a carnal existence on earth, they were permitted to live there as spriggans (elves) and they seemed to have enjoyed themselves, in their small way, by imitating mortals' pleasures. Old folks, 'only just departed, often witnessed their gambols amongst the earns of Castle Treen. Fishermen, when becalmed near Pedn-y-vounder cliff, of summer's nights, frequently saw thousands of gaily-dressed Httle people, with lights, moving about in what looked like beautiful gardens that extended, in some places, down almost to high-water mark. At the same time low but lively music, and the scents of sweet flowers, would be wafted over the water. The fishers, however, hastily made off whenever such fairy melodies and odours reached their boats. These haunts are screened from view, landward, by towering crags. Steep precipices render them inaccessible on the sea-side ; though they may be seen from the water, during summer months, gay with chff-pinks and other flowers in places that not even a goat could reach. Treasure-seekers, when digging in nooks and corners among the Castle earns, have been scared away even by day with ill-favoured ST. LEVAN ■witches' STAETING-PLACES. 139 looking fays of nearly human size; and the same uncouthly- formed elves have often been seen wrestling, hurling, and playing other games on a level place near Hal-dynas ; but there is no special story relating to them that we ever heard. St. Levan Witches. In days of yore ugly old hags that sold themselves to Satan merely to have their " spite out " on their neighbours, or to ride on a broomstick and play pranks but little known except among themselves, made the Castle crags their resort. When all the neighbouring witches were assembled they scampered up to the platform on the top of Castle Peak, mounted their ragworts or brooms, and took flight over to Wales to milk Tafiy's cows and steal his leeks. Those who lived in Eoskestal, and other places over that way, took their departure from Pedn-pen-with. On their return each one alighted, with all her plunder, in some convenient place near her dweUing. 'Tis said that, in old times, the people of this neighbourhood were much addicted to sopcery, and, from their skill in the black art, they acquired and still retain the name of St. Levan Witches. Traditions of Paroueno. A ghostly ship, with a ghostly crew, In tempests she appears ; And hefore the gale, or against the gale, She sails mthont a rag of sail ; Without a helmsman steers. Longfellow. ^ OT long since a general belief prevailed in the west- ern parishes that in ancient times Parcurno was the principal port of Cornwall, and that, until the Ip" Cove became "sanded up" there was suflcient depth of water to float the largest ships then made, in to the foot of an old caunce (paved road) which may still be seen. One old story ascribes the choking of Parcurno and Parchapel to the mischievous spirit Tregeagle, who was sent to Gwenvor Cove and there required to remain until he made a truss of sand — to be bound with ropes siiun of the same — and carried it to a rock above high-water mark. For many years he toiled in-vain at his task, and his howling would be heard for many miles away when winds or waves scattered the sand he had piled up during low water. One very frosty night, however, by pouring water from Yelan- I)reath brook over his truss he succeeded in making it hold together and bore it to a rock above the flow of spring tides. Then, as some say, that very night, as he took his way over or along the coast towards Helston, to revisit and torment those who raised him from the grave, by way of showing his exultation at having completed his task, or for mere deviltry perhaps, he swept all the sand out of Nanjisel and around Pedn-pen-with into Parcurno and adjacent coves, without letting any enter Par- gwartha. Another tradition says that sweeping the sand from Nanjisel to the east of Tol-pedn was assigned to Tregeagle as a separate task. After this exploit the troublesome spirit was again sent to Gwenvor to make a truss of sand. There he remains toiling to SPECTRE SHIPS. 141 this day — unable to perform wliat is required in order to regain his liberty, because he was bound not to use Velan-Dreath water or any other. There is also a very old belief that spectre ships frequently visited Parcurno, both before and since its navigable channel became filled with sand, and that they were often seen sailing up and down the valley, over dry land the same as on the sea. These naval apparitions were, in olden times, regarded as "tokens" that enemies were about to make a descent; the number of phantom vessels foreboded the sea-robbers' approach- ing force. This presage of yore was held for truth by many old folks but lately deceased ; yet latterly it has som.ehow changed its character and become connected with the history of a person who, little more than a hundred years ago, lived in a lone house called Chygwidden, about a mUe inland from Parcurno. This com- paratively modern story also accounts for the sand shifting, and has appropriated old traditions that had no connection therewith. It relates that, long ago, Chygwidden was the chief dwelling- place of a family who flourished in St. Levan for a few generations and then all its branches became so reduced, through riotous living, as to be obliged to mortgage and sell much of their jEreehold lands. The eldest and only son, by a former wife, of old Martin T , who lived there, took to a seafaring life when about twenty, on account of cruel treatment received from his drunken father and a step-dame several years younger than himself. On leaving he vowed that he would never return whilst one lived who then darkened his father's doors. Many years passed, and as no tidings had been received of young Martin, as he was still called, most persons beKeved him dead. In the meantime, his father, the step-dame, and her children, having aU died within a few years of each other, a distant relative, as heir-at-law, had taken possession of what little property remained, and lived in Chygwidden. Some ten years after the decease of all who had lived under old Martin's roof when his eldest son was driven thence, a large ship hove-to within a mile of Parcurno on a fine afternoon in harvest time. People working in fields near the cliff noticed the unusual circumstance and saw a boat leave the ship with two men, who landed in Parcurno with several chests and other goods, and the ship proceeded on her course. It was evident that one of those who came on shore was well acquainted with the place, as he struck at once into a pathway over the cliff which led, by a short cut, to Eospeltha, where he 142 TRADITIONS OF PABCT7EN0. made himself known as young Martin T and procured horses and other help to take several heavy chests and bales to Chygwidden. There was great rejoicing when it was known that the wanderer had at length returned to claim his own. His kinsfolks — a young man and his sister Eleanor, a damsel in her teens — were ready to resign possession, hut Martin then cared little for house or land, and told them to keep the place and welcome, for all he desired was to have a home there for himself and his comrade whilst they remained, which he thought would only he for a short spell. His tastes had changed with change of scene. The place that he had once deemed the fairest on earth — but then he had seen no more of it than was visible from the nearest high hill — now appeared dreary ; and the people whom — those of his own family excepted — he once thought the best in the world now seemed a forlorn set of consequential, grimly-religious nobodies to him, and above all to his mate, who, by-the-bye, requires more particular notice than we have yet bestowed on him. Martin found the people, also, much altered from what they were in his youthful days, for about the time of his return a new sect had sprung up whose members, professing uncommon godliness, decried our ancient games and merry-makings, which were wont on holidays to unite all ages and classes. Their condemnation caused them to faU into disuse ; and, on account of the censorious and intolerant spirit which then prevailed, there was much less heartiness and cordial intercourse amongst neigh- bours than formerly. In a short time, however, Martin, now called by most persons "The Captain," became reconciled— one can't say attached — to his native place and the " humdrum West Country folks," as he styled them, who marvelled at his riches and the change which had taken place in his outward mien and manner. Yet the homely people's surprise at the alteration in Martin was nothing to their wonder, allied to fear, excited by his dusky companion or slave, for no one knew in what relation they stood to each other. This stranger was seen to be a robust man, about thirty years of age apparently, with a swarthy complexion, many shades darker thantheCaptain's Spanish-mahogany tinted skin. Martin called this man Jose or mate, and he rarely spoke a word of English (though he could when he pleased) or addressed anyone but Martin, with whom he always conversed in some outlandish lingo which seemed more natural to the Captain than his mother tongue. A tantalizing mystery shrouded the dark " outlander ; " for his master or friend would never answer any queries respecting him. He was almost equally silent with regard to buccaneering or other adventures, and rarely spoke of anything that occurred either A RETIRED CAPTAIN AND HIS MATE. 143 at home or abroad during his absence. The two strange beings often came to high words and even to blows, but they would never allow anyone to meddle in their quarrels. When Martin was drunk and off his guard he would now and then ease his mind by swearing at his mate in plain English, or grumble at him in the same, to the effect that he had risked his life and spent a fortune to save him from being hanged at the yard-arm. "Discontented devil of a blackamoor," he would say, "why canst thou not be satisfied to live here ? Thou art bound to me body and soul ; and do I not indulge thee with everything gold can purchase? " Jose would sometimes murmur "Avast there ; all our gold and diamonds can't procure us here the bright sunshine and joyous people, nor the rich fruits and wine, of my native clime." He seldom, however, made other reply than by gloomy looks or fiery glances which soon recalled Martin to his senses. It was remarked that after these outbursts of passion he was for a long while like the humble slave of his mate. The boat in which they landed was kept at Parcurno, except for short spells during stormy times of the year, when she was put into Penberth or Pargwartha for greater safety ; and, weeks together, they would remain out at sea night and day till their provisions were used ; then they would come in, their craft laden with fish, and this cargo was free to all-comers. Stormy weather seldom drove them to land ; they seemed to delight in a tempest. Before winter came they procured a good number of hounds, and great part of the hunting season was passed by them in coursing over all parts of the West Country. Often of winter's nights, people far away would be frightened by hearing or seeing these two wild-looking hunters and their dogs chasing over some lone moor, and they gave rise to many a story of Old Nick and his headless hounds. When tired of the chase, weeks were often passed at a public- house in Buryan Church-town. Martin treated one and aU and scattered gold around him like chaff. The tawny mate, however, at times restrained Martin's lavish expenditure, took charge of his money-chests, and refused him the keys. Jose would occasionally condescend to express his wishes to Eleanor, who was mistress of the rare establishment. She understood and humoured the pair, who took pleasure in decking her in the richest stuffs and jewels that their chests contained or that money could procure, and she fi-equently stayed up alone best part of the night to await their return. After being at home a year or so the Captain had a large half- decked boat built, and several rocks removed in Parcurno to make a safer place in which to moor her. They then took longer 144 TKADITI0N3 OF PAROUENO. trips, and were not seen, in Chygwidden for montlis running. The two eccentric beings passed many years in tliis way, and held but little intercourse with their neighbours. At length Martin perceived tokens of death, or what he took for such, and made his man swear that when he saw signs of near dissolution he would take him off to sea, let him die there, and send bim to rest at the ocean's bottom. He also bound his kins- man by oath not to oppose his wishes, and invoked a curse on any one who would lay his dust beside the remains of those who had driven him to range the wide world like a vagabond. They might have complied with his strange desires, but ere they could be carried out he died in a hammock, suspended in his bed-room. Now there comes a mystery, that is not likely to be cleared up. It was known that a coflB.n, — followed by the cousins, Jose, and the dogs, was taken to St. Levan Churchyard and buried near the ground in which Martin's family He. But it was rumoured that the coffin merely contained earth to make weight. The following night, however, the dark "outlander" had two chests conveyed to Parcurno, the largest of which was said to contain the remains of his friend, and the other money and valuables which belonged to himself. The chests placed on board the half-decked vessel, Jose and his favourite dog embarked, waited for the tide to rise, and put to sea ; but no one remained at the cove to behold their departure, and no more was seen in the "West of man, dog, or boat. Eleanor disappeared on the funeral night and it was believed that she left with the stranger, who was scarcely a league to sea ere a tempest arose and continued with great fury for nearly a week ; and, although it was in winter, the sky of nights was all ablaze with lightning and the days as dark as nights. During this storm Parcurno was choked with sand, and no boat could be kept there since. The tempest had scarcely lulled when an apparition of Martin's craft would drive into Parcurno against wind and tide ; oft-times she came in the dusk of evening, and, without stopping at the Cove, took her course up over the old caunce towards Chapel- Curno ; thence she sailed away, her keel just skimming the ground, or many yards above it, as she passed over hill and dale till she arrived at Chygwidden. The barque was generally shrouded in mist, and one could rarely get a glimpse of her deck on which the shadowy figures of two men, a woman, and a dog, were beheld now and then. This ship of the dead, with her ghostly crew, hovered over the town-place a moment, then bore away to a croft on the farm, and vanished near a rock where a large sum of foreign coins was disinterred ST. LEV AN, THE FISHEEMAN. 145 many years ago, so it is said. Of late the ghostly ship has not been known to have entered Parcurno, and on account of innovations recently effected there she may nevermore be seen in that ancient port. It may be observed that traditions of phantom-ships sailing overland were common to many places near the Land's End with which no stories are connected ; these appearances were merely supposed to forebode tempests and wrecks. The few incidents which form the groundwork of the above legend occurred but little more than a century before it was related to me by an aged farm labourer of St. Levan ; yet in that short space it has assumed such a mystic garb that the simple and true story can scarcely be perceived under its embellishments. Legends oe St. Levan. They had their lodges in the wilderness. Or huilt them cells beside the shadowy sea, And there they dwelt with angels, like a dream ! Kev. R, S. Hawkeb. St. Levan and his Sister. N old habitation, in which, according to tradition, St. Levan dwelt, is still standing. This humble dwel- ling, situated in BodeUan, is on the eastern side of Parcurno Bottom, near its upper part within a hundred yards of the road, towards which stands the end that contains its sole fire-xjlnce. The hearthstone may still be there, much as it was when St. Levan's sister, the good midwife, St. Breage, cooked on it the fatal chads which choked her children. The story says that good old St. Levan was one evening down fishing from his accustomed place in Eospeltha cliff — stiU called Old St. Levan's Eocks. He cast in his hook-and-line, intending to take one fish only for his supper, from the multitude that always came around the rock on which he stood as soon as he cast in "browse" (garbage to attract fish). Contrary to St. Levan's wish, two chads, or young breams, fastened on his hook at the same time, and not to show favour to either he threw both of them into the sea again. And no sooner was his hook-and- line in the waves a second time than the same chads, or two M 146 LEGENDS OF ST. LEVAN. others, hooked themselves together again, and were again restored to the sea. For the third time he cast in his line ; and, seeing two fishes on his hook again, he regarded this occurrence as a jirovidential intimation that he was to take them both home, and acted accordingly. When he came to Bodellan he found that his sister, St. Breage, had just arrived with two children. The chads were boiled for supper, and St. Breage' s hungry children, being careless of bones, got choked, and remembrance of this event is handed down in St. Levan's parish by chads being there called " chuck-cheeld " to this day. Some thirty -five years ago the writer often noticed, on a bench- end in St. Levan church, near the belfry door, a panel, or shield, on which two fishes, with their heads touching each other, were carved in bold relief. The fishes were much like chads, or young breams, in outline, and the foregoing legend might have suggested this design, or the device have originated the story. It is to be feared that this bench-end, and much more tastefully-designed and boldly-wrought carving, disappeared before the Eev. C. 0. Anstey came to preserve and restore the interesting remains of this once beautiful church. Loads of as fine carved work, and no more decayed than what remains, were, from thu-ty or forty years since, carried off by the carpenters, who were, every now and then, employed to demolish the curious old oak benches, and to replace them with painted deal boxes, in many variations of ugliness. It is said that the path which St. Levan took across Eospeltha fields to his accustomed fishing-place, may still be traced by the ground his holj' footsteps trod bearing finer grain when in corn, and by the grass being greener when in pasture than in other parts of the fields. Johanna's Gaeden. St. Levan road passed by a small enclosure in Eospeltha, called Johanna's Garden, (at least it retained that name a few years ago when the writer knew it well). One Sunday morning the holy hermit, going down to cliff to get a fish for his dinner, in passing by this garden saw a woman called Johanna gathering pot-herbs. St. Levan rested the end of his rocking-rod on the ground, stopped, and gave her a kindly greeting. But she, looking over the hedge, exclaimed, "Oh sinful man that you are, for going a fishing of a Sunday ! Whatever can 'e think will become of 'e ? " " Self-righteous hypocrite that thou art," answered the saint, "in looking for, other people's faults thou canst not behold FOOLISH JOHANNA. 147 tliine own. Think not that thou — with thy fingers spread out and thy eyes turned up — art better than others, for a more strict or a more lazy observance of Sunday. And teU me," he continued, " sharp as thou art to mark others' faults, and blind as thou art to thine own, wherefore should it be a sin for me to take my daily fish from the sea any more than for thee to gather herbs from thy garden ? " St. Levan said much more, but all in vain were his endeavours to bring the woman to reason, for, in spite of aU he could say, she would still have the last word and contend that there was more sin in catching fish than in picking greens of a Sunday. At last the good man being provoked by her obstinacy, pre- tended piety, and conceited clack, raised his hand and cursed her, saying, " From this time, for ever, thou shalt be known, if known at all, as the FooKsh Johanna! And thy garden shall ever continue, as now, to bear more hemlock and nettles than leeks and lentils. Moreover," he continued, "mark this — To make thy remembrance the more accursed for all time to come, if any child by thy name be baptised in the waters of Parchapel Well it shall become a fool like thyself and bad luck follow it." Down to very recent times, so great was the fear of old St. Levan' s curse that anyone in this parish desirous of having a child named Johanna took it to Sennen to be christened. It may be remarked that, until the roof fell into St. Levan's "Well, and it became choked up, the sexton always kept it clean and fetched water thence for the baptismal office. We don't know what state "Johanna's Garden" is now in, but some thirty years ago it always bore more weeds than pot-herbs. These simple traditions — thus handed down and kept alive by St. Levan people, who believed them to be literally true — mark a lingering veneration for the holy fisherman who, in this secluded place, led his tranquil life. The St. Levan Stone. In St. Levan Churchyard is a cloven rock called St. Levan's stone. For some reason, now unknown, this must have been a venerated object when the church was built, or it would have been used in the building. The common notion, however, is that long before St. Levan's time this rock was regarded as sacred, because Merlin prophecied — " When, with panniers astride, A pack-horse one can ride Through St. Levan stone. The world will be done." 148 LEGENDS OF ST. LEVAN. It is stated that Merlin came here with King Arthur, when he slaughtered the Danes at the battle of Velan-druchar. The separation of this prophetic stone is so slow that there appears to be no danger of the world's ending just yet. Paechapel "Well. To find the Saint's Well one should take a pathway bearing westward, from a little below the church, and which leads over Eoskestal cli£f to Pargwarra (we spell all names as the inhabitants pronounce them). After crossing the brook and mounting a hedge keep straight towards the sea, and on a pretty level spot the ruined walls of St. Levan's baptistry will be found, as also some traces of rude steps on. a pathway that connected this holy fount with an ancient chapel and burying-gjound which stood on ground so near the precipice that little, if any, of its site now remains. We have heard old folks of St. Levan (who were born there more than a century ago) say that in their younger days Parchapel Well, as they always called it, was, twice a year, regularly cleaned out and repaired, and the ground, for a good space around, as well as the steps, cleared of weeds, swept, and sanded. The first week of May being a time oif general well-dressing, Parchapel Well was never neglected then, and it was also cleaned up against the feasten tide, when many christenings usually took place. Old folks also spoke of another time-honoured observance in which the Saint's Well was shown due respect. Until within half a century or so, it was a custom on Christmas-eve for carol singers belonging to the higher side hamlets to assemble in Sowah town-place round a large flat table-like rock called the Garrack Zans (holy rock). Here they would commence singing, and proceed to Eoskestal, where at another Garrack Zans in that town-place they would be joined by others, and all would thence, go singing down to Parchapel Well, where they woidd meet with many singers from Treen and other lower-side places. At the Well many an old carol would be chanted. One was never forgotten, in which, according to our West Country version, Holy Mary says to her dear child :< — " Go thee wayst out, child Jesus ; Go thee wayst out to play Down hy God's holy well. I see three pretty chelderen As ever tongue can tell." This, for its sweet simplicity, is stiU. a favourite in the west. AJrCIE.VT MARINEES' STORIES. 149 Tlie rude steps, which may yet be traced (though almost over- grown by rushes and other water-plants) will be regarded with interest, as we learn from St. Levan traditions that great sinners did penance by crawling over these rough stones on their bare knees, and that the devout who desired or aspired to acquire- extraordinary grace, or indulgence, scrambled up all the way on bare knees from chapel-door to holy fount. A Legend op Pargwabea. My William's love was heaven on earth, Without it earth is hell. Scott. EOCEEDING westward from St. Levan's Well we pass the next inlet, called Parleddan (Wide Cove), and arrive at Pargwarra or Pargwartha (Higher Cove), which is one of the most secluded and picturesque nooks that may anywhere be found. Old folks also called this place the Sweethearts' Cove, from a tradition of its having been the scene of a tragical love-story, which is best known to me from fragments of a quaint old 'copy of verses,' entitled — The Tragedy of Sweet William and Fair Nancy. This composition of a forgotten western bard related that, far back in old times, the son of a fisherman, who dwelt at Pargwarra, lived many years— off and on from a boy^ — in service with a rich farmer in Eoskestal, and courted his master's only davighter, who, almost from her childhood, loved the young serving-man with a strength of affection beyond her control. The youngster, being of a roving turn, often went to sfia for many months in summer, and although he was then most wanted on the farm, his master always took him back again when sailors were paid off and merchant ships laid up diu-ing the stormy winter season. It was his old master's and Nancy's great delight of winter's nights, to be seated with neighbours around the fire and hear Willy tell of strange things he had beheld on the ocean and in foreign lands ; they wondered at what he related of water- spouts, icebergs, and northern lights, of whales, seals, and Laplanders. And they listened with awe and surprise to what he told them of burning-mountains, where he said he had seen, from a distance, the very mouths of heU vomiting clouds of sulphurous smoke, flames, and rivers of fire. And when sailing 150 A LEGEND OF PAEGTVAEEA. as near these dreadful regions as anyone dared venture for the heat, and for fear of having their vessel drawn ashore, vrhere all the nails would be pulled from her planks by the load-stone rocks that bordered these lands ; of nights, he had heard high over- head, devils shouting, "the time is come but such and such a one isn't come ; " soon after, one Avould hear doleful cries and behold black clouds of doomed spirits driven to the burning-mountains by troops of demons. He had seen the wreck of Pharaoh's chariots on the beach of the Red Bea, which, he assured them, had retained the hue from which it took its name ever since the Egyptian hosts were slain and overwhelmed, where their bones are still bleaching on the sands. But aU that was easily believed by his simple hearers, and mere nothing to the marvels he related from shipmates' stories when he told them of those bold mariners who had been farther east and seen the Dead Sea across which no bird could fly — how they had plucked from trees that bordered its black waters apples full of ashes that were tempting to the eye ; they had touched Lot's wife turned to salt, and brought home some of her fingers ; that was often done, he said, for with the next tide's flow they sprouted out again. The neighbours liked above aU to hear him tell about the dusky men and strange women of Levantine lands, and how the latter would shoot loving glances at British tars through peep- holes cut in their thick black cloth veils. Now William himself was a wonder of perfection, past com- pare in Nancy's eyes. She admired him for his stalwart form, for his strange adventures on sea and land, and for the rare presents he brought her home. The farmer, too, liked him just as if he had been his own son, yet it never entered his head that his daughter and only child would ever think of the dashing and careless young seaman as her lover. Yet her mother, more sharp sighted, soon discovered that her fair Nancy was much in love with their serving-man. When William was gone to sea the dame upbraided her with want of proper pride and self-respect till she had fretted her almost to death's door. " What a fool thou must be," said she, " to throw thyself away, or to hanker after one so much beneath thy degree, when thy good looks and dower make thee a match for the richest farmer's son in the West Country ; think if you wed a poor saUor how you will be scorned by all your kith and kin." Nancy replied, " but little oare I for relations' reproach or good wiU, and sink or swim if ever I marry it shaU be the man I love who is able to work and win." The dame prevailed on her husband, much against his will, however, not to take the sailor to live there when he returned home again ; and she — watching NANCY -WATCHING FOE HER LOVEr's EETUEN. 151 her opportunity — slammed the door in his face and told him he should nevermore harbour beneath her roof. But the father fearing his only child would pine to death, told her and her lover that if he would try his fortune by a voyage to the Indies or elsewhere for three years, when he returned, poor or rich, if he and Nancy were in the same mind, they might be wedded for aU he cared. That being agreed on, WiUiam got a berth in a merchant-man bound for a long voyage, took friendly leave of his old master, and the night before his ship was ready to saU he and Nancy met, and he assured the sorrowing damsel that in three years or less she might expert him to land in Pargwarra with plenty of riches, and he would marry at home or fetch her away and make her his bride. According to the old verses he said — " Down in a valley, love, where three streams unite, I'll build thee a castle of ivory and diamftnds so bright. That shall be a guide for poor sailors of a dark stormy night." They vowed again and again to be constant and true ; with their hands joined in a living spring or stream they broke a gold ring in two between them, each one keeping a part. And to make theirvowsmorebinding they kindled, at dead of night, afire on the Garrack Zans (holy rock), which then stood in Eoskestal town- place, and joining their hands over the flame, called on all the powers of heaven and earth to witness their solemn oaths to have each other living or dead. Having plighted their troth with these and other ancient rites — that romantic lovers of old regarded as more sacred than a marriage ceremony — they said farewell, and William went on his way and joined his ship. Three years passed during which the old dame had done her utmost to persuade her daughter to become the wife of some rich farmer — for true it was, as she said, Nancy might have had her choice of the best — yet coaxing and reproaches were powerless to shake the maid's constancy. When three years and many months were gone without any tidings of William, she became very melancholy — perhaps crazy — from hope deferred, and took to wandering about the cleves in aU weathers, by day and by night. On the headland, called HeUa Point, which stretches far out west of the cove, there is a high over-hanging rock almost on the verge of the cliff, which shelters, on its southern side, a patch of green sward, mostly composed of cliff-pinks ; this spot used to be known as Fair Nancy's bed. There she would pass hours by day and often whole nights watching vessels that came within her ken, hoping to see her lover land from every one that hove in sight, and to be the first to hail him with joyful greetings in the cove. Her father and the old fisherman — anxious for William's return 1S2 A LEGEND OF PAEQ-WAREA. — treated her as tenderly as a shorn lamb, and often passed long nights with her there ; at length the poor maiden had to be watched and followed for fear that in her night wanderings she might fall over the cliff or drown herself in a fit of despair. One moonlight winter's night, when in her chamber indulging her grief, she heard William's voice just under her window, saying, " Sleepest thou, sweetheart, awaken and come hither, love ; my boat awaits us at the cove, thou must come this night or never be my bride." "My sweet William come at last, I'U be with thee in an instant," she replied. Nancy's aunt Prudence, who lodged in the same room, heard Willy's request and his sweetheart's answer; looking out of the window she saw the sailor, just under, dripping wet and deathly pale. An instant after — glancing round into the chamber, and seeing Nancy leave it — she dressed, in all haste, and followed her. Aunt Prudence, running down the cliff lane at her utmost speed, kept the lovers in sight some time, but couldn't overtake them, for they seemed to glide down the rocky pathway leading to Pargwarra as if borne on the wind, till they disappeared in the glen. At the fisherman's door, however, she again caught a glimpse of them passing over the rocks towards a boat which floated off in the cove. She then ran out upon the How— as the high ground projecting into the cove is called — just in time to see them on a large flat rock beside the Ijoat, -^^hen a fog rolling in over sea, shrouded them from her view. She hailed them but heard no reply. In a few minutes the mist cleared awaj', bright moonlight again shone on the water, but the boat and lovers had dis- appeared. Then she heard mermaids singing a low sweet melody, and saw many of them sporting on the water under Hella ; that was nothing new, however, for the rocks and sawns (caverns) bordering this headland were always noted as favourite resorts of these dentil-boding syi-ons, whose wild unearthly strains were ATont, before tempests, to be heard resounding along Pedn-Pen- with shores. By daybreak the old fisherman came to Poskestal and told the farmer that he hoped to find his son there, for, about midnight^ he saw him at his bedside, looking ghastly pale ; he stayed but a moment, and merely said, " Farewell father and mother, I am come for my bride and must hasten away," when he vanished like a spirit. It all seemed to the old man uncertain as a dream ; he didn't know if it were his own son in the body or a token of his death. THE sweethearts' COVE. 153 In the afternoon, ere they had ceased wondering and making search for Nancy, a young mariner came to the fisherman's dwelling, and told him that he was chief officer of his son's ship, then at the Mount with a rich cargo from the Indies, bound for another port ; but put in there because his son— her captain — when off Pargwarra, where he intended to land last night, eager to see his native place, went aloft, and the ship rolling he missed his holdfast of the shrouds, fell overboard and sunk before she could be brought-to or any assistance rendered. All knew then that WiUiam's ghost had taken Nancy to a phantom boat, and a watery grave , was the lovers' bridal-bed. Thus their rash vows of constancy, even in death, were fulfilled, and their sad story, for a time, caused Pargwartha to be known as the Sweethearts' Cove, and some will have it that the old Cornish name has that meaning. There are other versions of this story, that only vary from the above in details of little interest. I have recently tried in vain to find anyone who knows the old ' copy of verses,' the argument of which I have for the most part followed. The fragments I recited, however, recalled to a few old folks a newer piece called the " Strains of Lovely Nancy," that used to be printed in a broad sheet and sung and sold by wandering ballad singers of the west, forty or fifty years ago ; and from what I heard of the latter one might conclude it to have been a modernised and an imperfect version of the ancient tragedy. Traditions connected with places in the southern parishes of West Penwith having brought us within a short distance of the Land's End, we now return to St. Just and purpose to relate such as are found in that parish and Sennen. And singular enough, almost all old stories handed down in St. Just are fairy-tales. An' Pee Tbeoeee's Teip to Market on Haxlan Eve. Faery elves, Whose midnight revels hy a forest side Or fountain some belated peasant sees. Milton. NE St. Just Feasten Monday, about thirty years since, we heard the following story told by the kitchen fireside in the "North Inn." An aged mine-captain related the principal part, others of the company helping him out when his memory or invention failed. " I have heard the old folks tell," said Captain Peter, "how long ago — it may be hundreds of years past, for what we know — the Squire, who then lived in Pendeen, had for his house- keeper an elderly dame called Pee Tregeer, who came to a sad mishap one Hallan Eve. Some spices and other small things were wanted from Penzance for the Feasten tide, and the careful old creature wouldn't trust anyone to go for them but herself. Now, An' Pee dearly loved company on the road, and, not knowing of anybody more likely to take the jaunt with her than Jenny Trayer, who lived at Pendeen Cove, she took her basket and stick and went down to see if Jenny would go. " This woman was the wife of one Tom Trayer. The hut in which they lived was the only dwelling then in the cove. The pair were but little seen out of the place. Tom passed great part of his time a fishing, when he wasn't smuggling ; and his wife seldom left home except when she took round liquor and fish together, in her cowal, for sale. Jenny, however, was frequently visited, for she professed to be, and passed for, a White Witch, charmer, or wise-woman. On this account many resorted to her that they might be benefitted by her charms and spells. Yet, there were others that regarded her as a witch of deeper dye, and who believed that, by her strange dealings with the Old One, her husband had always a favourable wind, so as to make a quicker passage to France and back than anyone else in " the fair trade." Besides, fish, they said, always came to his hook and net when other fishermen had none. If anyone happened to offend either of the pair some strange run of bad luck was sure to follow ; and nothing proved their compact ■WITCH OINTMENT. 155 with Old Nick so much as the rich -m-eoks which were constantly floating into Pendeen Cove when the pair lived there. Yet, as they lived on the Squire's estate, few cared to openly accuse them of practising the black art ; and An' Pee didn't trouble herself about their sorcery or witchcraft, so that they furnished her with a good supply of choice liquors. "When she arrived at Tom's door, contrary to custom she found it shut, and, hearing voices within, her ciu-iosity made her peep through the finger-hole (latch-hole). Then she saw Tom sitting on the chimney-stool, and his wife taking on the tip of her finger from a croggan (limpet-shell) what appeared to be salve, which she rubbed over her husband's eyes. " The anointing finished, Jenny placed the croggan in the mouth of the oven and covered it up with rags. An' Pee, seeing Tom put on his hat, and come towards the door, lifted the latch and entered. Tom didn't seem pleased at the old dame's abrupt entrance, as he went out with a very black look, but his wife made much of her, that she might speak a good word for them to the Squire whenever they wanted any favour, which she was ready enow to do for the sake of good liquor. " * I am very glad to see 'e. An' Pee,' said Jenny, 'I have this moment been thinking about 'e and wishing you would come down to taste the choice cordials Tom and the boys brought home by their last trip.' " Whilst Jenny was in the spence after the liquor. An' Pee took from the croggan the least bit of a greenish salve and touched one eye with it. Before she had time to anoint the other, out came Jenny with her hands full of jars and Lotties. ' Now, what will 'e take, An' Pee ? ' said she, in placing the Kquor and drinking-horns on the board, ' Will 'e first of all help yourself to some brandy from this jar, or some rum out of that, before you try the Hollands in the case-bottle, and take some of the sweet cordials afterwards ? We have wine, too, in the spence if you would like that better to begin with.' "An' Pee took a drink of all the various kinds of liquors, just to sample them. Jenny excused herself from going to town, because, being Peasten eve, she had many churs (odd jobs) to do that the place might be tidy against the morrow. Besides, she expected many customers that evening, for a sujDplj' of drink to pass the tide. She didn't choose to leave the selling of the liquor to Tom, she said ; he was too easily taken in. "It was about three o'clock when. An' Pee having fiUed with brandy a bottle, which she always carried in her pocket, left the cove and started for Penzance. Coming out of the dark dwelling she was siu-prised to find how well she could see, and the good liquor put such life into her heels that she tripped along the lanes 156 an' pee tregeer's teip to market. without feeling the ground under her feet. Yet, it was almost candle-lighting when she got to town. After purchasing what she wanted for the house she went down among the standings on a three-cornered plot, where the market-house is now, to buy a pair of shoes for herself. Whilst she was trying their size with a piece of stick the length of her foot, to her great surprise she saw Tom Trayer going from standing to standing as brisk as a bee, picking off everything that suited his fancy. Yet, nobody but herself appeared to see him taking rolls of leather, knives, forks, pewter-plates, wooden spoons, thread and yarn, and many other things, which he stuffed into his pockets and the knapsack he carried on his back. An' Pee, vexed to see his tricks on the tradespeople, went up to him and said, ' Tom ! arn't thee ashamed to be here in the dark carrying on such a game ? ' 'Ah, es that you Aunt Pee,' Tom replied, ' now tell me which eye can 'e see me upon ? ' 'Why with both, I should think,' said she. But when she winked the eye that had been anointed, and found she only saw him on that, she said, ' I can see thee, and thy thievery, plain enow on my right eye, but the other es rather cloudy by night.' When she said this, Tom held up his finger and, pointing towards her anointed eye, said,— " ' Cursed old spy, Thou shalt no more peep nor pry, AVith thy anointed eye.' "Then he blew on it and, laughing in her face, said, 'Take that for poking yoiir nose where you arn't wanted, and meddling with other people's business. You shall neither see me, nor anyone else, any more with that game eye.' The old woman felt as if a needle had pierced it. She fell to the ground, and rolled about under the standings. Such was her agony she couldn't keep on her legs. " She called on the market people to seize Tom Trayer, telling them he had put out her eye by witchcraft, and that he was going about in the dark, stealing goods from their standings and stalls. But no one, except herself, had seen him. Some said that An' Pee was drunk or dreaming, and they led her to Alverton- lane, tied her basket on her arm, wished her good night, and a pleasant journey home to Pendeen, and a merry feasten tide.. " Now An' Pee didn't return by the way of Polteggan Bottom and Boswednan, though it's the nearest, because there are so many stiles on t]iat road and bogs near it. She took her course through Castle Horneck fields. When she came out into the high road, she drank a little from her bottle (which she had refUled in town) and went on for three or four miles, as .she thought, being so distracted she couldn't tell whether she was SHE DESIEES TO HAVE A RIDE. 157 going up hill or down dale half the time, and fancied herself much more advanced on her journey than she really was, when she beheld, a little before her, a man on horseback. By the proud way he was stuck up on his high horse, she took him for a gentleman who lived in the south of the parish "An' Pee was very glad to see him, and he was going so slowly that she soon overtook him, and when the old woman came up he stood stock still. ' My dear, maister, ' said she, ' how glad I am to see 'e ; don't 'e know me ? I'm Pee Tregeer, and you can't think how I've been served out to-day.' Then she told him how she went down to the cove and anointed her eye with witch's salve — how that made her to see Tom Trayer stealing from the standings — how he put out her eye, because she left him know, and other people too, that she was up to his tricks, and had found out which way he managed to live so easy without working like an honest man. The gentleman made no reply, and An' Pee continued to say ' In spite of being blind, foot sore, and leg weary, I'm got as far as here you see, and we can't be far from BaUaswidden I should think, and oh ! my eye is still burning like iire ; so, for goodness, do take pity on a poor unfortunate oman and take her up behind 'e. I can ride well enow on the flat 'cheens' of your horse without pillion or pad; it won't be much out of your way to give one a lift down to Pendecn gate, or if you will only take me over Dry Carn I won't forgot your kindness all my born days. I well remember the time when you went much farther out of your way to meet me. Then, to Lo sure, I was young and much better looking than I am now ; though you are years older than I am, yet j-ou are still a fine- looking man, strong and lusty ; all your family are good-look- ing boys ; and how upright you sit on your horse ! You have still a colt's tooth in your head, if all they say be true, but why don't 'e speak to me, are 'e gone to sleep ? One would think you were takean a nap, and your horse too, it's standing so quiet.' "Not having a word in reply to the fine speech she made to please the old gentleman, who didn't so much as turn his head. An' Pee called out as loud as she could, ' Ef you are the lord of Bosavern you needn't be stuck up there so proud that you won't speak to a poor body a-foot, as ef I didn't know 'e and aU belonging to 'e ! ' StiU he never spoke. Yet she thought he winked on her, just as he used to do in his younger days. This vexed her the more, and she screamed out, ' The time was when the Tregeers were among the first in the parish, and were buried in the church as well as the old Bosvarguses, Ustioks, Borlases, MiUetts, and others of the quality ! Ef you won't believe me, ask maister ; he can teU everything from his books.' StiU no spei'cli with the horseman. 'Art ah dead drunk theu? Wake up and N 158 an' pee teegeee's trip to maeket. speak to me, west ah ? ' screamed tlie old woman with increasing anger, as she took up a stone and threw it at the sleeping steed. The stone roUed back to her feet, and the horse didn't as much as whisk his tail. " Pee now got nearer, and saw that the rider had neither hat nor wig on ; nor was there a hair to be, seen on his bare head, and, putting out her hand to touch the horse, she felt nothing but a bush of furze. She rubbed her eyes, and saw at once, to her great surprise, that what a moment before appeared (and she would have sworn it was) a gentleman on horseback, was nothing else but a tall cross that stands on a high bank, by the roadside, about half a mile from Santust lane's end. The old womaa thought she was miles farther on, and must be so bewitched that she couldn't believe her senses. "Fearing that Tom Trayer was BtUl dogging her steps, she went on for dear life, and, not staying to look for the stepping stones in the stream below Cardew Mill, she splashed through with the water above her knees. "On she went and, seeing a light on her right hand side, she thought it shone through the window of a dwelling, where she might rest awhile and dry herself, so she made for it, straight across the moors, but went on for miles, it seemed to her, without coming to it. Then the light went out and left her floundering in the bogs ; j'et, getting out and steering for the place from which it vanished, she at last found herself amidst the furze-ricks and pigs'-crows in Boslow. Not seeing any light in the only dwelling of this lonely place, An' Pee opened the door of an out-house and entered it, hoping she might take a few hours' rest. " In the crow that the old dame entered she was glad to find a good quantity of straw, on which she lay down and fell asleep, but her slumbers were soon disturbed by a bosom of vears (litter of sucking pigs) which had just been severed from their dam and plarcil there to be weaned. The young sucklings, taking An' Pee for tJieir dam, continued rooting round her with their snouts. All her endeavours to get a comfortable rest being in vain, she ciime out and, hearing the sound of a thrcshal (flail) going, and seeing a glimmer of light in the barn on the other side of the town-i)lace, she thought that the old man of Boslow was up late • threshing that he might have straw to serve his cattle over (Sunday. 'Now,' said the old woman to herself, as she crossed the town-place, ' I shall get a spell of rest in the barn, for I feel so sleepy that no noise of threshing will hinder me from having a nap.' She made for a window, which stood open and through which the light glimmered, that she might have a peep at what AA'as going on before she went in. PISKEY THEESniNG. 159 "Looking in she could only see, at first, an old iron chiU (lamp) with two porvans (rush wicks) burning in it. The chill hung from a stake, driven into the wall opposite, at the head of the barn-boards. Then, in the faint light, she noticed a slash-staff (beating part of the flail) going up and down, but couldn't see anybody working it. That she might be able to reach her head farther in, to see better, she rolled close under the window a big stone, and, standing on that, on her tip-toes, she saw that the threshal was worked by a little old man, no more than three feet high, covered only with a fewrags, andhislong hair that hung over his shoulders hke a bunch of rushes, (a bunch beaten fpr making sheep's spans). His face was broader than it was long ; she couldn't make out the colour of his great round owl's-eyes, they were so shaded by his shaggy eyebrows, from between which his long nose, like a snout, poked out. His mouth reached from ear . to ear, and they were set far back to make room for" it. Pee noticed, too, that his teeth were very long and jagged, for he was so eager about his work that, with each stroke of the threshal, he kept moving his thin Hps round and up and down, and his tongue in and out. He had nothing of a chin or neck to speak of, but shoulders broad enow for a man twice his height. His jiaked arms and legs were out of all proportion, and too long for his squat body ; and his splayed feet were more Hke a quilkan's (frog's) than a man's. "'WeU,' thought An' Pee, 'this es luck, to see Piskey threshan ; for, ever since I can remember, I have heard it said that Piskey threshed the corn in Boslow of winter's nights, and did other odd jobs all the year round for the old couple who lived here, but I wouldn't believe it. Yet here he es ! ' As she reached farther in and looked round she beheld scores of small people, no more than two feet high, attending on the thresher ; some of them lugged down sheaves and placed them handy for him ; others shook the straw and bore it off to the end of the barn. An' Pee couldn't help admiring how, when one side of a sheaf was threshed clean, Piskey, by a few quick, smart blows, would rise the sheaf on its butt-end, then knock it over quite cute Uke with the unthreshed side uppermost. When the corn was all out of that side, with a few sharp blows on the tongue of the bind, it was laid open and the straw sent to the lower end of the boards with the tip of his slash-staff. An' Pee declared that she never saw a smarter thresher in all her born days. " When a heap of corn had gathered on the boards, he raked it off with the barn-rake and kicked the bruss-straw (short straw) out of it, leaving the corn just as clean as if it had been winded. In doing this job, he raised such a dust that it set him and the 160 an' pee teegeer's tbip to maeket. small folks sneezing, and tlie old woman, according to custom, said ' God bless 'e Httle men ! ' She had no sooner spoken the words than the light went out and all vanished ; but she felt a handful of dust thrown into her eyes that nearly blinded the only peeper that she could see anything on, and she heard Piskey squeak out, ' I spy thy snout, old Peepan Pee ; And I'll serve thee out, or es ranch to me.' "An' Pee felt rather uneasy when she remembered that the ' small people ' have great spite against anyone who watches them or tries to pry into their doings. "The night being clear she found her way out of the scrambly lane, leading up from Boslow to the highroad, scampered on as fast as she could, and never stopped till she reached the top of Dry Cam. There she sat down a minute, that she might recover her breath, to pass quickly over the road near Cam Kenidzek and down the Gump, as everybody then (as now) dreaded that haunted track ; indeed, few go near that wisht place, about the turn of night, without hearing, if not seeing, the Old One and his hounds, hunting among the rocks for any restless spirits that might have strayed so far away from the churchyard — their only place of safety — or some other frightful apparitions, fighting and howling round the earn, or fleeing over the downs. "She 'jaUed' away — down the hill, as fast as she could lay foot to ground, thinking to be home by the kitchen fire in a quarter of an hour, and went far enough, as she thought, to have reached Pendeen gate twice over. Then she feared that she might have got into a wrong bridle-path over the downs, or that Piskey was playing her a trick, because, turn whichever way she would, the road appeared to be before her. After going on for a long while, she saw light and heard music, at no great distance. Thinking then that she must have kept too much on her left and be near some house on the road to Churchtown, where they were getting in tune for the dancing on Feasten Monday night, she went over the downs, straight towards the light, feeling ready for a jig, and stopped more than once to ' try her steps,' as the lively old ■dancing tunes kept sounding in her ears. But, instead of arriving at a house, as she expected to, in passing round some high rocks, which hid the light a moment, she came, all at once, on a level green, surrounded by furze and rocks, and there, a few yards before her, saw troops of ' small people ' holding a fair, or belike it might be their feasten market. ' ' Scores of little standings all in a row, were covered with trinkets, such as knee and shoe buckles of silver and gold, glistening with Cornish diamonds; pins, with jewelled heads; brooches, rings, bracelets, and strings of crystal beads, figured A FAIRY KBTEL ON THE DOWNS. 161 ■with green and red, or blue and gold ; and scores of other pretty things quite new to An' Pee ; who, not to disturb the small folks tiU she had seen all that was doing, crept along softly in the rear of the standings, till she stood opposite a company of dancers ; hundreds of them linked hand in hand, after the old bonfire- dance fashion, were whirling round so fast that it made her head light to look at them. ' ' Small as they were — none more than two feet high, and rather slender in make — they were all decked out like old-fashioned gentry — the little men in three-cocked hats and feathers ; full, square-skirted, blue coats, stiff with buckram and gay with lace and buttons ; vest, breeches, and stockings of a lighter hue ; and their dainty little shoes fastened with diamond clasps. Some few, who were rigged more like soldiers or huntsmen, wore either jet- black or russet-coloured riding boots. "An' Pee said that she couldn't name the colours of the little ladies' dresses, which were of all the hues of summer's blossoms The vain little things, to make themselves look the taller, had their powdered hair turned up on pads and dressed with flowers, lace, and ribbons to an extraordinary height for such dolls of things. Their gay gowns were very long-waisted, and their skirts so distended by hoops that they looked just as broad as they were long. Their shoes of velvet or satin, were high-heeled and pointed at the toes. The men were much darker complexioned than the women, yet they were all very good looking, with sparkling dark eyes, well-shaped noses, sweet little mouths, and dimpled cheeks and chins. Not one among them, that she saw, had a spotty face or purple-top nose, because they drink nothing stronger than honey-dew. Some, to be sure, appeared to be rather aged, yet, all were sprightly, merry, and gay. ' ' In the dancers' ring stood a May-pole about three yards high, all wreathed with flowers. Where they got them, that time of the year, to make their garlands, was a wonder. The pipers, standing in their midst, played lively old dance tunes that are now but seldom heard, and An' Pee never felt more inclined for a dance in her life than when she heard their cheery music ; but how could she reel round among such Kttle beings and have a jig without kicking them down ? "'The women,' she always said, 'were the sauciest little creatures that one ever seed ; she was most ashamed to look at them — tossing up their heels, forwards and backwards, higher than their heads, and kicking off the men's hats, as they capered round and round.' Every now and then,, one would unlock her hands and, breaking out of the ring, take a leap right over the men's heads, perch on the May-pole, and there spin round, on her toe, like a whirligig. 162 an' pee tbegeeb's teip to makket. ' ' There were lights about in all directions — lanthorns no bigger than gun-pop (fox-glove) flowers, hanging in rows along the standings, and rushlights, in paper cups like^;ulips, shone among the gingerbread-nuts, comfits, candied angelica, peppermint- drops, and more enticing things that are seen in any other fair. She thought, too, that all the glow-worms in creation had gathered together near the fair-ground, to help to light it up. Yet, with all these lights, there was such a shimmer over every- thing that the old dame got bewildered at times and could never see anything so plainly as she wished. " At no great distance from the dancers there was a wrestling ring, where many little ladies were looking on, betting on their favourites and helping them with their good wishes and applause. Farther on, some were shooting with bows and arrows at a: target. Others were playing at keals (bowls). Every here and there the lilly-bangers (rafile-keepers) with their tables and dice kept a great noise calling out, ' Come hither, sweet ladies and gentlemen, and try your luck ! One in, two in, three in ; who will make four in for this nice cake ? ' Farther off, nearly out of sight, a great number were ' hurling to the gold ' (goal). She knew what was going on from hearing the old cry of ' "WeU done, Santusters, one and all, comrades ; fair play is good play ' and, every now and then she saw the little hurHng-ball, as it was cast from side to side, shine like a shooting star. By that means they contrived to hurl by night. "All games, which used to be played at fairs and merry-makings, were there carried on. Still, great part of the small folks diverted themselves in parading up and down, on the green, between the standings and dancing-ground, examining the pretty things displayed. They didn't seem to have any money amongst them to buy anything, yet they often bartered their trinkets and changed them from stall to stall. " The old woman determined to have some of the pretty things glistening before her, but, among so much that was beautiful, she couldn't make up her mind what to take. WhQst An' Pee was considering, she saw approach the standing a little lady, tired ■ with dancing, leaning her head on her partner, who with his arm round her waist supported her steps. The gentleman taking from the hands of a little dame who kept the stall a golden goblet of the size and shape of a poppy head (capsule) held it to the faint lady's Hps. Sipping the contents she recovered in an instant, and, choosing a fan, made of a few goldfinch feathers stuck into a pearl handle, her partner took a pair of diamond buckles from his knees and placed them on the standing by way of pledge. The little couple having tripped off again to the dance, An' Pee thought how well the bright little buckles would look, fi:sed as A GREEDY EYE AST) ITS EEWAED. 163 brooches, on her Sunday's cap-ribbon or in her neckatee, and determined to secure them at once, fearing they might be gone with the next small body that saw them. "As there was nothing that she could so readily turn inside- out, and drop on them, as one of her gloves, which reached to her elbows, she drew off one, inside-out, and dropped it, as it seemed to her, right on the buckles. Her hand nearly touched them ; but, in trying to grasp them under her glove, a palm of pins or needles, so small that she didn't notice them, stuck into her fingers, and she cried out, ' Oh ! Cuss 'e ! You little buccas.' That instant all the lights went out, and all the fair, and most of the small people, vanished like shadows among the rooks or sunk into the earth, like muryans (ants) into their holes. ' ' Yet many of the frolicsome sprights were stiU about her, as she soon found to her cost. " Whilst she was still stooping, and groping for her glove and the buckles, she felt a great number of the small tribe — a score or more — leap on her back, neck, and head. At the same time others, tripping up her heels, laid her flat on the ground and rolled her over and over. More than once, when her face was uppermost, she caught a glimpse of Piskey, all in rags as usual, mounted on a year-old .colt, his toes stuck in the mane, holding a rush in his hand to guide it. There he sat, putting on the smaller sprights to torment her, making a tee-hee-hee and haw-haw-haw, with his mouth open from ear to ear. "When she spread out her arms and squeezed her seK down, that they shouldn't turn her over, they would squeak and grunt in trying to lift her ; but all her endeavours to hinder their game were of no use. Somehow or other over she went, and every time they turned her face downwards some of the small fry would jump on her back and there jig away with ' heel-and-toe ' from her head to her feet. In the pitch and pass of their three-handed reels, it was who and who should get on her stays ; the steel and whaleboneinthat, she supposed, served them as a springing-board. In the finishing off of their double shufiies they would leap more than three times their height, turn a summersault over each others' heads, and so make the pass. An' Pee twisted her head on one side, saw what they were at, and tried to beat them off with her stick, but they got it from her hand, laid it across her waist, and mounting on it astride, as many as could, bobbed up and down, singing, ' See-saw-see, Lie still, old Peepan Pee. See-saw-see, Upon old Peepan Pee, Who should better ride than we ? See-saw-see.' 164 an' pee teegeer s trip to maeket. '" The old -woman, not to be beaten with such imps, tossed back her feet to kick them off ; then they held her legs doubled back and pulled off her shoes; some jumped up and balanced themselves on her upturned toes, whilst others pricked at, and tickled, the soles of her feet till she fell into fits of crying and laughing by turns. " Pee was almost mad with their torment, when, by good luck, she remembered to have heard that the adder-charm was power- ful to drive away all mischievous sprights. She had ilo sooner pronounced the words than they all fled screeching down the hill, Piskey galloping after ; they left her lying on a bed of furze, near a large rock. " She got on her feet, and, looking round, saw, by the starlight of a clear frosty morning, that the place to which she had been piskey -led was near the bottom of the Gump ; that the level spot of green on which the small people held their fair, and carried on their games, was almost surrounded by high rocks, and was no larger over than the Green-court or walled garden in front of Pendeen house ; yet, when the fair was on it, through the sprights' illusions, this green spot seemed like a three-acre field. " An' Pee only found her stick. The basket, tied to her arm, was empty and broken to pieces. She paced the ground over and round, in hope of finding her hat and shoes, and above all her glove, and the precious buckles under it. Giving over at length her fruitless search, with the help of her stick she hobbled, bare- footed and bare-headed, down the hill and reached Pendeen gate. " ' Now thank the powers,' said she, as she passed through it and slammed it behind her, ' I shall be a-bed and sleepan in a few minutes.' " Thoug-h An' Pee knew that Piskey had played her many tricks that night, and she thought he might be still dogging her footsteps, yet she \^'as so Ijcwildered that, until too late, it never came into her head to turn some of her clothing inside out, and now, so near home, she defied him. to lead her astray. " Inside Pendeen gate there is one road leading to the mansion and another which goes down to the mill. Between them there were two or three acires of groimd, which had probably never been cleared or cultivated, as there were several large rocks remaining on it and brakes of furze, seldom cut, because the old Squire, or his family, had stocked this piece of rough ground with fancy breeds of tame rabbits, and the wild ones which came among them from not being chased or shot at, became so tame that they continued their frisky gambols, without showing any signs of fear when persons passed near them ; and, for the pleasure of SHE GETS HOME. 165 seeing the bunnies sport, furze was allowed to grow here and, there over great part of this ground. "In passing to the house An' Pee avoided the stony road and walked on the green, because her poor bare feet were cut and sore. _ "Now hundreds of times — drunk and sober — on the darkest nights she had gone along the grass beside the bridle-paths, without once missing her way to the Q-reen-court gate. Yet, that Hallan Eve she, somehow, went too far from the road, got in on the grassy patches between the furze, and, before she knew that she had missed her way, found herself down by the mill-road. She followed up that track, and in making a new attempt to reach the house, she again got among the furze and wandered about on the patches of green between them for hours without coming to either road. Yet, as usual, with piskey-led persons the path appeared either before or close beside her, until, tired out, she lay down to wait for day and fell asleep. " The Squire and all his household were very much concerned because of the old woman's absence, well knowing that no ordinary matter would keep her from home on the feasten tide. During the night the servants had been sent to the villages round, to inquire if anyone had seen her in Penzance or on the road, but no tidings were obtained of her. The Squire rose by break of day and called up his servants to hunt for her. In passing along the road towards the gate, only a few yards from the house, he heard somebody snoring in a brake of furze bordering on the path, and there he found his housekeeper very ragged and torn. Some say he discovered her by finding on the road her knitting-work, with the yarn hanging to it, and, by taking up the yarn, he went by it till he found the dame with some of the ball in her pocket. However that may be, he roused her with great difficulty, and, without opening her eyes, she said, " ' I wan't turn out to please anybody till I've had my morning nap ; so go away, go, and shut my chamber door ! ' "At length her master, having brought her to her senses, helped her up and asked what made her take up her lodgings on the cold ground ? "In passing slowly along, and stopping awhile at the Green- court gate, she told him of her mishaps. " The Squire didn't think one half of what she said could be true ; indeed he questioned whether she had been to Penzance at all, and thought it quite as likely that she had stayed tippling at the cove till near dark, starting for town, had missed her way, and, wandering over the Gump, had there, or where he found her, fallen asleep and dreamt great part of what she told him. " 'Belike Pee,' said the Squire, as she was about to go down the Green-court steps, 'what you took at the cove had something 166 an' pee teegeee's teip to maeket. to do with rising tlie spirits you saw.' " ' Oil ! you misbelieving man,' cried she, turniag round, and holding towards him her uplifted hands, ' if I Uke a drop of good liquor to cheer my heart, now and then, I never took so much as to do me hirm in all my born days ; and, leave me tell 'e, that with all your learning, and doubting, you know but little about the ' small people.' There es more taking place in the region of spirits, as I've heard the parson say, than you can learn from your books, and for want of faith, I fear me you will never be enlightened. Yet as sure as my name is Penelope Tregeer, I seed, heard, and what is more I felt, all that I now tell 'e.' " ' Go in and sleep the spirits out of thy noddle, that thou mayest be in time to see about the feasten dinner,' said the Squire, as he turned away, and took his favourite morning's walk to the cove. " When he came in, after a turn round the cliff and up by the mill, he found the old woman, never the worse for her journey, busy preparing the feasten fare, and the ladies and gentlemen of his family, and numerous visitors, at an early breakfast that they might have time to proceed to church in grand state on the feasten day." Pendeen of Old. Capt. Peter, having taken a pull from the pewter pot, contuiued with — "Believe me, comrades, Pendeen didn't then look wisht at feasten tides nor at any other time, when one saw, (and smelt, too), the sweet scent of turf-smoke that curled up from chimney stacks, which now look down sorrowfully on cold hearths ; and one saw fair faces peering through the casements, numbers of ladies and gentlemen walking about the garden alleys and courts of the old mansion, or when the cry of hounds and the winding of the horn echoeing through the house, called one and all to the hunt at early morn. And, I can but think," he continued, "how strangers visiting Pendeen for the first time, after riding over miles of open downs with scarce a dwelling in sight, must have been surprised when they caught the first glimpse of the noble old seat, which is only seen when close at hand, and the track of rich cultivated land between it and the sea ; it must have appeared to them like a place raised by enchantment, as we hear of in old stories. And the old masons, who took pride in their art and did their work truly, were right to bestow such labour on the beautiful chimney stacks of the old mansion, because they are there first seen, and from parts where little else of the house is visible ; and the first sight, like first love, is never forgotten, mates." THE VOW. 167 Capt. Peter paused, drained the pewter pot, which had stood foaming before him, handed it to the cheerful old landlady to be replenished, and took a smoke. A tinner, who sat by the fire knocking the ashes out of his pipe, said, whilst he cut up his roll-tobacco, rubbed it in the pabn of his hand, and refilled : — "I don't understand very well Capen what is meant by en- chantment, only that it's something strange and wonderful. Now, to my mind, the greatest wonder about the place is the Vow. One end of it we know is within a few yards of the mansion, but no one knows where the other is to be found. Ef there be any truth in old traditions about that cavern, adit, fougou, or whatever it may be called, it runs for a great distance (some say miles), yet most people believe that the eastern end was once open at the cove. Others will have it that old tinners, who lived before part of the roof had fallen in, travelled in it for ten times the distance from the house to the cove, and burned more than a pound of candles without finding the end. They always returned frightened, and what they saw to scare them they could never be got to tell. "Perhaps the Spirit of the Yow, that many have seen at the entrance, in the appearance of a tall lady, dressed in white, with a red rose in her mouth, at all seasons of the year, may take a more fearful form within the cavern. " Who can teU," he continued, "but that money and treasures may have been secreted there in troublesome times of old, and I wonder why the Squire don't have the mystery about the Vow cleared up ; there can't be much of the roof fallen in, and, for my part, I'd willingly give aU my time, out of core for a month to help clear away the rubbish and take the venture upon shares." "I am very much of thy mind, my dear," Capt. Peter replied, "Ef the Squire would give us leave we'd pitch cost as soon as the feast is over, and I don't think we should find there many spirits to frighten us away. I believe that many of the fearful stories about the Yow were invented by smugglers. When the fair trade was in its glory the Yow was a con-^-enient place for storage, and I think that the smugglers, who didn't want any faint hearts, with weak heads and long tongues, to come near them, invented many fearftd stories to scare such away. One never finds any so fond of prying into other people's business as the foolish ones, or ' Crammer's weak children,' as we say." 168 HOTV PISKET LEFT BOSLOW. Tells how the drudging goblin sweat To earn hie cream howl duly set, When in one night, ere glimpse of mom, His shadowy flail hath thresh' d the corn. Milton. "No doubt," said the tinner after a pause, " Piskey thrested the corn and did other odd jobs for the old man of Boslow, as long as he lived, and they said that after his death he worked some time for the old widow, tiU. he took his departure from the place about three score years ago. Some say" — " Stop a minute, my son, I can tell 'e a story about that," said Capt. Peter, taking the pipe from his mouth, and holding up his finger : — " One night, when the hills were covered with snow and winter had come severely, the old widow of Boslow left in the barn for Piskey a larger bowl than usual of gerty milk (boiled milk, thickened with pillas, or oatmeal). Being clear moonlight she took a turn round the town-place, stopped at the barn-door, and looked in to see if Piskey were come to eat his supper while it was hot. The moonlight shone through a little window right on the barn-boards, and there, sitting an a sheaf of oats, she saw Piskey eating his gerty milk very hearty. He soon emptied his wooden bowl, and scraped it with the wooden spoon as clean as if it had been washed out. Having placed the ' temberan dish and spoon' in a corner, he stood up and patted and stroked his stomach, and smacked his lips in a way that was as much as to say, ' that's good of 'e old dear; see ef I don't thresh well for 'e to-night.' But when Piskey turned round, the old woman was sorry to see that he had nothing on but rags and a very little of them. "' How poor Piskey must suffer with the cold,' she thought and said to herself, ' to pass .great part of his time out among the rushes in the boggy moors or on the downs with this weather — his legs all naked, and a very holey breeches. I'll pitch about it at once, and make the poor fellow a good warm suit of home- spun. We all know ragged as Piskey es, he's so proud that he won't wear cast-off clothes, or else he should have some of my dear old man's — the Lord rest him.' "No sooner thought than she begun ; and, in a day or two, made a coat and breeches, knitted a pair of long sheep's-black stockings, with garters, and a nightcap, knitted too. "When night came the old woman placed Piskey'snew clothes, and a bowl of gerty milk on the barn-boards, where the moonlight would shine on them to show them best. A few minutes after leaving the bam she came back to the door, opened its upper part a little, and, looking in, saw Piskey standing up, eating his milk, and squinting at the clothes at the same time. Laying down his etupty bowl he took the new OLD ROADS AND STBPPINa-STONES. 169 breeches on the tip of his hand-staff, carried it to the window, and seeing what it was, put it on over his rags, dragged on the stockings, and gartered them, donned coat and cap, then jumped over the barn-boards, and capered round the barn, hke a fellow light in the head, singing, " ' Piskey fine and Piskey gay, Piskey now will run away.' "And, sure enow, run away he did ; for when he came round to the door opening into the mowhay he bolted out and took himself off without as much as saying, ' I wish 'e well 'till I see again ' to the old woman, who stood outside the other door looking at Am.. Piskey never came back and the old woman of Boslow died that winter." An Oyerseee and a Parish Clerk op St. Just ABOUT SIXTY years AGO. "It was no wonder if persons coming from Penzance to Pendeen of a dark night should miss their way and think them- selves piskey -led," said the tinner. " There was neither bridge nor house in the jjlaoe called New Bridge before wheel carriages were in use, and the only-St. Just road from Penzance this side of Cardew Water was a mere bridle- path or rather a great number of horse tracks, often cros,sing each other and twisting about far and wide round rooks and intervening patches of furze, over miles of open downs and boggy meors, with no hedges near the road to keep it within bounds. When one track was worn too deep it was never rejaaired, as there was plenty of room to make a new one. Bridges then were few, and for the most part made by placing flat slabs to rest on the stepping-stones in some of the deej>est streams, for the convenience of foot passengers. These old foot-bridges were ugly things to cross by night and the stepping-stones were worse." "We have all heard about the old stepping-stones in Nan- cherrow Water," said the tinner, who finished the foregoing story, "how, after day-down, no one could jjass over them in going to Church-town without some mishap, and no person would venture to return that way until daj-break. Shortly before the 170 an' pee teegeee s trip to market. first bridge was built there, one of the overseers was a farmer ■who lived in tlie North of St. Just. Few persons then could either write or read, except one here and there, who passed for a great scholar if he could sign his name and read a chapter in the Psalter without much spelling. The overseer not knowing how to write or cipher, kept the accounts of his monthly disbursements on the dairy-door, in round o's for shillings and long chalks for pence. The last Saturday of each month he took the dairy-door on his back and carried it to Ohuroh-town, that the clerk might enter his accounts in the parish book. "One Saturday, in the season when days are short and streams high, the overseer couldn't make out his accounts and reach Nancherrow Water before dark ; and, in passing, with the door on his back, over the wet and slippery stones, he lost his balance, and fell into the stream. By good luck the door was under, and floated him down to a place where the water spread out shallow and there he landed, but all the accounts were washed out. 'Tis said that the overseer's mishap was the reason why the first bridge was built over Nancherrow Water." ' " I can tell 'e another sad case," said the Capt. , "We elderly folks have aU heard of Uncle Will Ben, who was the parish clerk and the best fiddler in the parish, a little before I was born, and everybody says he was what we call a ' peathy old fellow, with plenty of gumption.' " One Feasten Monday Uncle Will was rather late in going to Church-town with his fiddle, in a case, under his arm, to play during the night in a public house. Being Feasten Monday, like enough he had stopped to take a drop at neighbours' houses on the road ; however, in crossing Nancherrow Water, his foot slipped from the stepping-stones and his fiddle fell from under his arm into the water, floated down the stream and in under a high bank where it was caught in some brambles. A gentleman riding through the water, saw Uncle Will a little below trying to f^et at something with his stick, and asked what was the matter. Uncle Will told him of his mishap. ' I pity your case,' the horseman replied, and rode on. " ' I don't care a cuss for the case if I'd only got my fiddle,' replied Uncle Will. • ' This gave rise to the saj'ing which is still often heard, ' I don't care a cuss for the case, if I'd only got the fiddle,' as Uncle WiU Ben said. " This old jewel of a parish clerk and fiddler said many other things which are still remembered and used as every-day sayings. "It was the custom then for the great farmers to invite the parson and clerk to supper on goolthise (harvest-home) day, and the sexton usually came to work and see his reverend master UJrCLB VILL BEN. 17l safe home. Often all three came ia time to lend a hand about the corn carrying. If two farmers had their goolthise on the same day the parson and sexton favoured one and the clerk the other. It happened, one day, when Uncle Will came alone early in the morning to help, and to enjoy the feast, that the weather was very lowering, and such was the fear of rain coming before the corn was in ricks, and thatched, that the carrying was continued all day for dear life, without stopping to take any other breakfast or dinner than such snacks as the corn carriers could catch, when there were more trusses round the ricks than the builders could put away for some time. The corn was then, except on a few large farms where ox- wains were just coming into use, all carried on the horses' backs, and the chasers, as they called the leaders who kept the trusses steady on the horses, were fond of coming in together that they might have a race back to the field, made the mowers work very irregular ; it was gallop and stop half the time. That day, however, all worked with such a will that the corn was in and thatched in good time before the rain came. "The supper being served, the clerk, in the absence of the parson, was asked to say grace. Uncle WUl hesitated a moment ; then, rising, he said, ' Thank God we have carried all the corn and had very fine weather ; so here's grace for breakfast, dinner, and supper together.' "Yet what is usually known as Uncle Will Ben's grace, is, ' God bless the meat and now let's eat ! ' "Another saying accredited to Uncle Will — that 'Job had patience, but Job never had such a splat of black petates in his life ' — is owing to An' Mary, his wife, having been a parson's daughter from upwards, and ' brought up Uke a lady ' as he was fond of saying sometimes. When Will was a young and smart militia man, and An' Mary a girl in her teens, he fell in love with her and she fell in love with him, and came with him to St. Just. In their time potatoes were just coming into use ; gentlemen and some farmers planted a few in their gardens as a curious vegetable to be used on extraordinary occasions. Will Ben, not to be behind the fashion, had a small spot planted in his garden. When his potatoes were high enough for hoeing Will told his wife Mary, who kept the garden in order, to hoe the ' splat of petates,' and be sure to hoe them clean. When William came in from his work in the fields, he said, ' Well Mary, hast a hoed the petates ? ' ' Yes, WiUiam dear, and hoed them nice and clean ; just go out and look at them whilst I take up the supper.' ' Wilham dear ' went into the garden, but he saw no potatoe- plants, for Mary had cut them all out of the ground, not knowing them from weeds. ' Dear William ' came in swearing on his wife 172 an' pee tregeee s teip to market. for hoeing up all the precious petates, telling her that it had been ten times better for him if he had wedded the sexton's dafter^ as she would have made a better farmer's wife. An' Mary (who, as I have heard say, was always a dear gentle soul) only replied, ' Sweet William, have patience and they will grow again, Remember Job, William dear, and think, oheeld vean, how he had patience.' "'Oh! d n Job,' replied sweet William, 'don't tell me about Job. Job never had such a splat of black petates in his Hfe!' "And now, my dears," saidCapt. Peter, "holding up a pot of foaming ale, here's health and luck to 'e all, my hearties, and a merry Feasten-tide to ' one and all.' There's no sense in being miserable, and, for my part, old as I am, I'd go ten miles this night to dance to the music of as good a fiddler and as honest a man as Uncle Will Ben." The Faikt Master, ob Bob o' the CabxY. Out steps some Faery, with quick motion, And tells him wonders of some flowrie vale. Makston. •UST fifty years ago, one Tom Treva lived on a small lone tenement near the foot of Oarn Kenidjack hill. He had a large family and disliked for any of them to go in service. The boys, as they grew up, worked in the mines, and helped about the tillage of their few acres of crofts 'out of core.' The eldest daughter, Grace, remained at home to assist her mother, who took pride in making her handy in doing all such simple work as was required in their humble house- hold. But as it was hard for them to make both ends meet, the poor girl had no best clothes except such as were made out of old gowns which had belonged to her grandmother. These were very gay, to be sure, yet so old-fashioned that other maidens, who worked at the mines and procured more modish dresses, wouldn't be seen anywhere from home with Grace and her grammer's old gowns. She didn't much mind their company, however. Her mother and ' the boys ' (her brothers) promised her, year after year, that against the next Feaaten-tide, if they could only lay by a few shillings, they would buy her as smart a rig-out as any of the proud hussies could show. But, with so many mouths to be fed, it was hard for them to save a farthing. So tides came and went, and Grace ' ' had nothing for bettermost wear that was fit to be seen in Church-town or anywhere else from home," so the bal-maidens said, and they "wouldn't be seen going to preaching or to games with her;" yet she didn't mind it much, and seemed contented enough to stay at home, in the evenings listening to old stories related by her father and others who 174 THE FAIST MASTEE. gathered round his hearth, because they, too, were not rich or smart enow to follow the fashions then upsetting all old customs among such Santusters as ' got a sturt to bal.' Grace would go about her work, in-doors and out, singing like a lark. She was nearly sixteen, when a cousin of about her own age, who had been away only a year in farmer's service, a few miles off, came to see them the next Feast, dressed out quite like a lady, to Grace's seeming ; for she wore a blue shining dress and ear-rings, and necklaces of red, green, and yellow beads that she changed more than once a day, or wore them altogether, while the flowers in her bonnet were the admiration of all beholders. "I should be glad, cousin Grace," said she, "to put thee up to Church-town to the fiddler a Monday night, and wish I had only brought home one of my frocks for thee to wear; but really, cheeld, grammer's old gowns would make thee a laughing-stock to the youngsters, and hot one of them would dance with us. Go thee way'st in service, cheeld, that thee may'st get a stock of clothes fit to be seen in, and a sweetheart that thee west soon want to have as well as other maidens ! But the Lord help thee and the young fellow who would come a courting and take thee to Morvah Fair even in that old rorey-torey gown, with red and blue flowers so large that the birds are nesting in them." Grace became very dissatisfied after this vision of grandeur, and never gave her mother any peace till she consented for her to go in service next summer. She was the more ready to let Grace try her fortune away, as other daughters were growing up to help her. So, during winter, she and her mother spim and knitted for dear life that they might earn a few extra shillings to provide changes of under clothing against she set out to look for service For weeks Grace had been going round saying good-bj'e to the neighbours, and she rose one fine morning and gave the last kiss, and said, "I wish 'e well, for the last time," to all the family round. Her father, on parting, charged her not to go more than a day's journey from home, and be sure to keep far away from, Penzance or any town, for fear she should be kidnapped, and they should nevermore see her. He told her how strange sailors, that frequented such places, often prowled about for miles, and no maiden was safe within their reach. Grace promised to be on her guard, took her fardel, and started on her journey towards the southern parishes where gentlemen farmers lived." On her way she thought upon what her smart cousin had told her to go over to the other side of the cotmtry, get into good farmer's service, where she might soon qualify herseK to live in a gentleman's house and get higher wages. She had advised her not to pay much heed to what old folks said in their fears, about geace's journey. 175 conjurors, witolies, small people, and such like, that are seldom met with now-a-days. "Up here amongst the hills you know but little of the world," said the coinia, "and your old drolls arn't altogether to be believed." Grace couldn't help going out of her way a little to take a last look of Carn Kenidjack, where she had passed many happy hours, for youngsters were accustomed to meet there of Sunday afternoons to play about amongst the rooks or listen to old folks' stories. Then she went on with a pretty good heart till she reached high ground, from which she could only just see the smoke curling over the house-tops below. She turned round, took a farewell look, her eyes blinded with tears ; then she went a little farther and sat down on a rock by the road-side, to have a good cry and ease her heart. She wept aloud to think she was going to an unknown country to live amongst strangers — that she might nevermore behold her parents and old playmates. But still, determined to go on, even if she went as far as daylight would take her, she dried her eyes with her apron ; and, looking up, she saw standing close beside her a very nice-looking gentleman. He wished her good morrow and asked why she wept. " Oh, sir, I have left home," she replied, "and am on the road to a strange country to look for service." " WeU. now, good luck has directed me," said he, "for, hearing there were tidy girls up this way, I started early this morning and am come so far to seek one that might take care of my house and little son, and a nicer maid than you one needn't wish to find. Indeed you look as fresh as a rose in morning dew." He then sat on the rock beside Grace and told her that he was left a widower with one little boy, who had nobody but an old great- aunt to look after him; there was little else to do but the dairy- work after one cow, and a few poultry to take care of. " Come along home with me, Grace," said he, rising and taking up her bundle, "you can but trj', and shall stay with me, if you don't like it, till you hear of some other place that may suit 'e better." Grace wondered how he came there, for she hadn't seen him coming over the downs ; and was surprised that he knew her name. Yet she said nothing, because her mother had often told her not to ask questions but to use her ears and eyes to learn. The gentleman looked so handsome and spoke so kind, that, without hesitation, she went on with him and related how her parents had a large family, that her mother had taught her dairy- work, to cook in a plain way, and to spin and knit. "You will do, I'm sure," said he, " and if you had time to spare I suppose you wouldn't mind helping me weed the garden or pick fruit in the orchard." " There's nothing I should like better," she replied, " for the 176 THE PAIEY MASTER. work about one cow and a child can't be much." He told her that his name was Eobin, though most of his acquaintance called him Bob o' the Oarn, or Bobby Carn. In such like talk they went on, down hiU, towards the Low Countries ; and Grace^ with her eyes fixed on her companion, didn't notice their road, and that for some time they had been walking through green lanes, hedged with trees; honey-suckles, and such sweet flowers as she had never seen hung over head. The gentleman remarking her surprise, said, ' ' These trees and flowers are nothing to what you will see, ere long, where I dwell; but up in your high country no trees and but few flowers grow ; that's how you think these so wonderful. Over a while they came in sight of a large house ; " Oh, sir, es that a king's palace?" demanded she, "and see, the trees around it are higher than church towers ! " "No, my child, there's many such dwellings down this way, and even larger ones, but no kings reside here," answered he. Grace hadn't ceased wondering at the grand building when they came to where four roads met, and kept straight on, still going down hill, all amidst spreading trees which shaded the road by the side of which were rills of clear water, that every here and there sunk into the grass and re-appeared. Where streams crossed their road Grace's companion lifted her over them that she mightn't even wet her foot. She had no notion of the distance they had gone, for he gave her cake and cordials ever so often, and talked so pleasantly that the time seemed as nothing, and she would have gone on with him to the world's end. At length they came out of the wood near a river and she saw it was nearly sunset. "We are now all but come to my dwelling," said her master. (We may as well call him so since she had made up her mind to live with him). He bore her over the stepping-stones that crossed the river near the foot of a towering carn of grey rooks that rose amidst a wood close by the water side. They passed up by the river a httle way and entered an orchard. Grace wondered at the trees, bend- ing down with loads of red and yellow apples and many kinds of fruit that she had never before seen. By a winding alley they came to a green, all surrounded with blossoming trees and dotted over with curious beds of sweet flowers, most of them unknown to Grace, who, without perceiving that they left the garden, entered what looked like an arbour and found herself in her master's dwelling before she noticed it, hidden as it was by roses and flowering plants which spread over its walls and roof. Yet the kitchen was light enough for her to see row? of pewter that shone like silver. A wood fire blazed on the hearth, though ATJNT PRUDENCE. 177 it -was high summer time ; and beside it, on a chimney-stool, sat a prim sour-looking old woman, knitting. She looked at Grace as if her eyes would bore holes through her, when the master said, "I'm come. Aunt Prudence, with a tidy maid that I had the good luck to meet on her way to look out for a place." "I see thee art come, Eobin," she replied, still keeping her eyes on Grace ; ' ' and it seems to me thee hast brought hither a young giglet that wiU use her tongue more than her hands ! We shaH see." "So we shall," remarked he, rather affronted with Prue's remarks, "and when you have shown her what is to be done, you needn't take the trouble to come here often. And where' s the boy? " he asked. " Here I am, dadda ! " exclaimed a little fellow, bounding in to kiss his father, who took him on his knee ; and An' Prue, as was her wont, mumbled to herself " we shall see." The boy from his size appeared no more than six or seven years old, but his face looked like a cunning old man's, and his eyes were uncommon sharp. Grace looked from one to the other rather confused, when her master said, " My little Bob, here's a nurse for 'e, who wiU give ye your milk, wash your face, and anoint your eyes, just like your mother used to ; I hope you will like her." "That I can't tell yet," said the urchin, eyeing Grace for aU the world just like An' Prue, and he looked then almost as old. The master, however, without more palaver, placed on the board, bread, cheese, apples, honey, and other things, sat down, told Grace to do the same, and eat what she liked ; and, that after niilking-time she could cook a good savoury supper. She had never before tasted such nice white bread and other things ; after making a hearty meal, she said, " I may as well pitch to." "Rest thee tdl milking- time," said An' Prue, " a new broom sweeps clean, faix," mumbled she, in taking another survey through her spectacles. Over an hour or so Eobin told Grace that she had only to take the pail, pass through the orchard into a meadow by the waterside, call "Pruit, Pruit," and the cow would come to her; she did as directed, and from amidst the trees came a beautiful white cow, which stood with her udder right over the bucket and showered down her milk, so that in a minute it was full and running over. Grace rose to fetch another vessel that the milk mightn't go to waste ; but when she lifted the bucket, the cow lowed, and, before the maiden left the meadow, disappeared in the wood. Grace told her master how the cow was gone off with the best milk. "That pailful will do for the night," said he; " the cow is far away by this, but if at any time you wish to have more you may take two or three pails, and 'Daisy' — that's her 178 THE PAIEY MASTER. name — will fill tliem all, but she won't wait for 'e to fetch more things." " She must be a jewel of a cow, for sure, and I'll have all the pans full to-morrow," thought Grace, as she strained the milk, and washed the strainer and bucket, and did other jobs so handy, that even the old dame looked less sour on her. The master went out to feed his horse — he had a beauty in the stable close at hand— and that while Prudence said, "Now mind, Grace, you must always put the child to bed by daylight, and as you sleep in the same room go 'e to bed then too ; if your master be home, he can do without you ; and should he be away, you need not wait up for his return ; you are not to go into the spare rooms, nor to meddle with what don't concern 'e ; nor ask any questions, except about your work, and then I'll tell 'e as much as you are required to know. And let me warn 'e, that if you enter your master's private room, you will rue the day as long as you live. In the mornings rise with the sun ; take the child to a spring, that he can show 'e, wash him well and then anoint his eyes with this ointment," continued she, in showing Grace a small ivory box of a greenish unguent, that she took from the cupboard; "a bit, the size of a pin's head or less, is enow to be put in the corner of each eye. Then milk ' Daisy,' and give the child this bowlfull and no more," said she, showing Grace a china-basin that would contain a pint or so; "make flowery-milk for breakfast, and when the breakfast things are washed away, scald the evening's milk, and clean up the house." Just as the precise dame had finished her instructions, the master came in and said, "I think its high time for 'e to go home. An' Prue, whilst there's daylight for 'e to find your way across the water." "My room is more welcome than my company," mumbled she, in hobbling out; "but we shall see how they wiU get on without me to keep them to stays." Grace told her master that she wasn't used to go to bed so early ; he answered, ' ' please yourself on that score, and stay up as long as you mind to." He then brought her a basket of fruit, and told hlsr to eat what she pleased of them ; afterwards, he gave her a cup of cordial that she found delicious ; and by the time she had drunk it to the last drop, she forgot her home and plajonates among the hills ; her brothers and sisters, her father and mother even ; she no more remembered her former state, and only thought of her kind master and the delightfvd place in which he lived ; and she dreamt that night of nothing else. In the morning Grace was up betimes ; finished her work in a hour or so, and 'looked over her shoulder for more,' when An' Prue came in, examined the house, and seeing nothing to find fault with, she merely said, "A new broom sweeps clean, but an old one es good for the corners," and told Grace she TIME PASSES PLEASANTLY. 179 might ■work in the garden for an hour or so, till time to get dinner, if she had a mind to, that her master was there and he would show her what to do. Prudence returned to her dwelling, where she kept a Bohool ; and Qrace, glad to escape the old dame's piercing eyes, went into the garden to look upon the more pleasing countenance of her master, who said, "You have made a good beginning, cheeld, only hold to it, and we shall get on very well ; come now and help me weed a flower-bed, that I may show 'e what to pull up and what to let grow." She weeded so handy and minded her master's instructions so well, that he, to show his satisfaction, when a bed was finished, clasped her in his arms and kissed her, saying, "I can't teU 'e any other way how well pleased I am at your handy work." She redoubled her efforts to please him that he might again show his satisfaction. Time passed so pleasantly in the beautiful garden — which Grace thought must be like Paradise — that they forgot the dinner hour, till the boy came home from school and ran out into the garden, shouting, "Dadda! Dadda ! I want my dinner; An' Prue always had it ready in time." "Run in my good girl," said his father ; " give him bread and honey with milk to drink, or anything to stop his squalling, we can have apple-pie ; pick a few of the ripest from yonder tree." Having given Bob his dinner, Grace gathered such golden apples as she never beheld till then, indeed, she thought them too rich to cook, and that their perfume was enough to satisfy one, for roses and gilly-flowers were less sweet to her seeming. Dinner over and Bob sent to school, master and maid passed a pleasant afternoon in the garden gathering fruit. Prudence, having sent her scholars home, took a nap, for she had talked herself sleepy over the horn-book. She soon waked up, however, and hurried over to find that Grace had gone a milking, and Eobin was in a quillet (paddock), near by, grooming his horse. Seeing aU. about the house in apple-pie order, she looked rather sour, for the crabbed dame dearly liked to spy faults ; that's how she was so much disliked by Grace ; so without a.word to anyone in the garden-dwelling, she tucked up her skirts and picked her way back to her own house, mumbling, " It seems my room es more welcome than my company, but we shall see how long they wOl get on without my advice." Grace found her new life so pleasant that she took no count of time ; months passed like a summer's day; she never thought of her old home or people, for all her care was to please her agree- able master. Of a morning he fr-equently rode away through the wood dressed like a gentleman going a hunting ; and Grace took delight to keep his boots polished, and to buckle on his 180 THE FAIEY MASTER. silver spurs that she might see him mount and ride away in gallant style. Grace always wondered where her master got out of the wood ; she had gone a long way on the road he took, hut saw no end of the winding, shady, alleys. He always told her to be sure not to leave his grounds ; on no account to venture outside the orchard gate during his absence ; and, for her life, not to go near the high rock, for at its foot — hidden by thickets — there was a low hole, from which Bucca- dhus often issued, and carried away people who were nevermore seen here. One afternoon, however, when Robin was away and the boy at school, Grace felt weary of being so long alone or with only the poultry — that followed her everywhere about the place, — and went to the outer gate. On seeing a pleasant walk winding along by the water-side, where all was shady and quiet, she passed out and down the road till near the high rooks ; she wondered whither the bowery path led ; thought she heard the sea murmuring, and had a mind to go farther on, when all her thoughts were put to flight by hearing a voice say, " Stop there, my sweet pretty maid ; I'll soon be down by the river-side and give thee a diamond ring." Looking up towards the place whence the voice came, she saw, on the topmost stone, a dark man dressed like a sailor, who then made signs for her to pass farther down the road. Grace hastened in, followed by the screaming hens, which roused the dogs, and their barking alarmed An' Prudence,, who hurried over, gave her a good scolding, threatened to tell Eobin how, by her gadding about, she had narrowly escaped being carried away. As Grace was still uneasy from fear, she waited up for her master and made a pie; he seemed well pleased to have a hot one for his suj^iser, and the girl to pull off his boots ; seeing her disturbed, he asked what was the matter ; she confessed her fault with tears, and promised never to disobey him again. " I'R let it pass," said he, "as it's the first time you have disobej'ed ; " and, to assure her of his forgiveness, he treated her to a cordial that produced sweet sleep and pleasant dreams. Grace finding her master well pleased that she had waited up for him, continued to do so in spite of all An' Prudence told her. " Now since thou hast again scorned my counsel, I'll leave thee to thy devices," said she, one day; "as if Eobin wanted thee, forsooth, to unbuckle his spurs or pull off his riding boots, and to cook him a supper that he is better t^'ithout." Contrary to the austere dame's advice, Grace continued to take her own way, and her master seemed pleased ; she wanted for nothing, j^et she was always saj-ing to herself, "Whatever can be in that locked-up parlour and the chambers that I am for- bidden to enter ? " At last, fi-om always thinking about what didn't at all concern her, the fool — she couldn't rest by night or THE FORBIDDEN ROOM. 181 by day. One afternoon whilst An' Prue was cleaning up the parlour, — not thinking Grace was near, — she suddenly went out and left the door ajar; that instant the curious maiden peeped in, and spjing lots of rare pretty things, she stepped over the drussel, and saw what she took to be conjuring implements, and trembled to behold — on shelves, in cupboards, and elsewhere about the room — men's heads, and heads and shoulders without arms ; over the fire-place there were even whole bodies of small ones, all turned to stone ; they were whiter than corpses and quite naked, like what she had heard of in old folks' stories as being done by enchantment ; she didn't stay to notice much more and was leaving the room backwards when the old dame, coming behind, thumped her head and exclaimed, " Now thou perverse stroUop since thou hast entered the forbidden room to thy cost, thou shalt work in it for a punishment ; so take the waxed cloth and rub up that piece of furniture," continued she, in pointing to a long dark chest, that looked to Grace like a coffin resting on a table-frame, "Rub, rub away, rub harder and quicker till thou canst see thy poking nose in it, and stop thy whimperan or I'll crack thy numbscuU." Grace burst out crying but stiU rubbed away so hard that she lifted the article oif its legs or its frame, and, falling back with a jerk, something within it gave out a doleful sound so like a dying groan that she, — thinking it must be the voice of a spirit or of an enchanted body confined therein — was overcome with fright and fell down in a fit. Prudence fearing for the consequences, pulled her out by the heels in great haste but not before Robin was informed, by a wailing from the chest or coffin, that something had gone wrong in his private apartment. When Grace came to her senses he said to her, "Ignorant chit thou art become so froward as not to regard Aunt Prudence in anything ; this is thy second act of dis- obedience, for the third there's no forgiveness, and if thou any more seekest to gratify thy troublesome curiosity against my desire thou wilt have to get a new place, so beware." After this it was many days ere Grace's master sang to her or played with her again, as was his wont, and she redoubled her efforts to please him and show her regret tiU he again kissed her to prove that the past was forgiven. A sight of the forbidden appartment, however, only served to make Grace more dissatisfied because she couldn't understand all the mysteries of the place and its inmates. She noticed that the boy looked very knowing for one of his age, and thinking that by means of the ointment he saw things invisible to her, she resolved to try its effects ; and, one morning, when her master had gone away, she took double the quantity used daily for Bob's eyes and rubbed them on her own; it made them smart p 182 THE rAIET MASTER. SO much that she thought them to be turning inside out or bursting from her head. To ease their burningpain she ran down and washed them in the pool. Looking into the water — a minute after — when her eyes ceased smarting a little, she saw there, deep down, what looked like another world with trees, birds, and people in great numbers ; the people were so small that many of them perched themselves on branches amongst the birds. Yet what surprised her most was to see her master below moving from place to place among them ; he was here, there, and everywhere. Being somewhat frightened she left the pool and soon after, on looking around the orchard, there, too, she saw small people and amongst them her master dressed in his hunting-suit. " Now I know for sure that this is an enchanted place," said she to herself, "my handsome master must be a conjuror, and in spite of their fern-seed I shall soon discover more." Grace passed that day very uneasy and in the evening Eobin came home with several strange people bearing baskets of cakes and other dainties such as she had never before seen ; these being placed away Robin told her to put the boy to bed and that she wasn't wanted below stairs any more for that night. The dissatisfied maid went to bed bu.t not to sleep, for in a few hours she heard the ringing of cups and glasses with other sounds which made it known to her that a banquet was being held in the stone-people's apartment. Over a while she heard singing and music there ; the entry . and staircase being dark she crept down, and peeping through the partly open door, saw two smart gentlemen, besides her master, and three ladies dressed in white trimmed with green. In their ears, round their necks, and on their arms, the ladies wore diamonds that shone like stars ; but most of her attention was drawn to a fair haired one who sat beside the long box or coffin, and, by thumping on it with both hands for dear hfe she made the body or spirit within it give out finer music than a dozen fiddlers aU in a row could make with their 'fiddles playing altogether, so she said. From her dark corner she listened and watched tiU the music ceased and the company rose to depart ; then, from her chamber window, she spied Eobin in the garden kiss the ladies all round, on taking leave. Grace cried herself asleep, but for why she couldn't teU. In the morning she found the parlour door locked, and seeing glasses, china, and other things, on the kitchen table, she washed and placed them on their shelves, and did her morning work ; when her master came in and, seeing all in order, said she was a good girl, put his arm around her and was going to show GRACE DISSIISSED. 183 his satisfaction in his usual way. But she repulsed him saying, " Go and kiss your little white and green ladies ; you shall touch me no more ; for you arn't of common human kind, but a changeling small-body that for nine years at a time can appear as such ; yet with all your fern-seed none of 'e can deceive me any longer by your enchantment and what not." " Hold thy fooUsh clack thou silly girl," said he, "thy head is turned with old folks' drolls ; there's nothing uncommon here, 'tis only thy ignorance that makes thee think so. But I see," he continued with a stern air, "that thou hast rubbed thy eyes with the green ointment, and now as I find that nothing can lay thy impertinent curiosity, or check thy prying into what don't concern thee, we must part. Thy last year wiU be ended to- morrow, so prepare at once to leave early in the morning, and I will take thee behind me on horseback over the hills to the place in which I found thee, for thou wUt never be able to iind the way back alone." Seeing that all her promises of amendment were of no avail, and that Robin and Prudence — who was now reinstated — de- termined on her departure, Grace with much grief packed up her fardel, and from what her master and old sour Prudence hud given her, from time to time, she had a good stock of clothing. She didn't know what wages was due to her, poor fool, nor how long she had lived there, for years had passed like a summer's day, until she longed to know too much. She -^vas almost heart broken to leave the flowers that she loved Uke hving things, the poultry she had reared, the pigeons that nested over the wood- corner ate from her hand and followed her over the place ; the rabbits and hares that played about the garden and in the house ; above all she grieved to part with a tame robin that kept in the dwelling and sang whenever she entered it. Besides it fretted her to find that old sour Prudence was brought back to be mistress of Eobin's garden-dwelling. The discreet dame, however, not knowing what might turn up, took care to keep Chypons — as the place in which she resided was called. She was very proud of her snug habitation, because, a little below the earn, a foot-bridge crossed the stream close by her house and nobody lived so near it as to interfere with her wise management. At daybreak she crossed the river and went on as her master had directed her ; he soon overtook her, and placing her on a pillion behind him, they cantered away through dark lanes for miles, going up hill all the time, and Eobin spoke not a word. Grace, bhnded with tears, saw nothing of the road tiU they came up into broad daylight and an open country. Still the horse went like the wind, and in a few minutes she saw Carn Kenidjack. 184 THE PAIET MASTER. Eobin stopped his horse, sprung from his saddle, lifted Grace down and placed her on the rock from which he had fetched her. In answer to her entreaties to be taken home with him again, he only said, "Prudence and I shall try to get on without other help, yet if we can't I niay come for 'e again." Grace mounted the rock and looked after him as he rode away, but in a few minutes he was out of sight. She lay on the heath and wept till near night ere she arose, slowly descended the downs, and reached her parents' dwelling. The old folks were much surprised to behold her as they had given her up for lost or dead long ago. Her mother, however, in welcoming her home, lost no time before she opened her bundle, andfound enough good clothes to last a lifetime, and amongst them a bag containing more money than they had ever seen before. Grace's story seemed strange to all the neighbours, but most of the elderly ones concluded from all she told them that one of the changeling small people had taken her away to his under- ground dwelling or into his habitation in a wood — as such places used to be their common haunts — and there she had lived with him nine years that seemed less than one to her. She could no more endure her old home — and, showind but little regard for its inmates, loathed their homely fare and old fashioned ways. Neither could she make up her mind to work steadily as of old, but like one distraught wandered away almost every day to the rock where she had first and last seen Robin of the Carn. She took but little pride in her fine clothes and money, and people thought she would go mad or fret herself to death. Yet, in a little less than two years, which seemed eternal to Grace, a neigh- bour's wife died leaving several small children ; the widower came a courting to the distracted maiden, and, jpushed his suit so vigorously, that at length she married him, and, as it happened, her husband had no cause to regret his venture, for the care of his children and plenty of work so far cured her vagaries, that in a few years she almost forgot and little regretted her life with Eobin of the Carn. Grace may be still living ; it is only a few years since we were told her story, and then she was a hale old woman with a numerous brood of grandchildren. There is a similar story told in Zennor of one Cherry who left home to seek service in the low country parishes, and was met on Lady Downs by a fairy gentleman, a widower, who took her to live with him ; all went well, till, from curiosity, she disobeyed his orders and was discharged, but not until she had become so ova, CORNISH LINGO. 185 much, attached to her fairy master that she died with grief on being taken back to her old home. Though ' modern instances ' make up these stories, we have many old fragmentary fairy tales that contain the same fancies ; the loss of happiness through inordinate curiosity. A Tinner's Fireside Stories. The Knockers of Ballowal. Blest te that spot, where cheerful guests retire. To pause from toil, and trim their' evening iire. Goldsmith. FEW years ago, in talking with a Lelant miner about the sprites that haunt many old mines, he told us the following story, which we give in his own words, as an example of West Country dialect. W^e wish to correct an error that many persons, not Cornish, entertain with regard to the language of Cornish working people. Their mistake originates, in many instances, from seeing in stories — misnamed Cornish, and for the most part written by strangers to the country — such an uncouth jargon, put into the mouths of West .Country folks, which is no more the common dialect of Cornwall than it is of Jericho. Our English will bear comparison with that of any rural district, and, in most cases, be found more correct, though somewhat antiquated. Many of our peculiar words, such as agricidtural or mining terms, a few names of plants, &o., are genuine old Cornish. " I know that strangers," Said Uncle Bill, "and grand learned folks like our passen, don't believe in the sperats we cale knack- ers workan in the bals, and say that the noise, made by these old ghosts of tinners, is caused by water oazan out of a lode and drippen into a pit ; as ef the water fallan from ever so high, could sound like hammer and boryer, or pick and showl (shovel) 186 A tinner's pieesede stories. ■vrorkan away. But, bless^ us, comrade, wliat can these strangers that come here — to instruct us, forsooth ! — know about such things ? Yet how they will talk about what they never heard of before they came among us, and say it es all sn-per-sti-tion ! Now that's a fine word, my dear, and I mean to use et on all occasions; like An' Betty Brea, up your way, who es twenty times a day askan 'Do 'e knaw the sig-ni-fi-ca-tion ' of some fiddle-stick's end, or other, that she may use her one grand word, lately picked up from a local preacher. "I've been minded lately of a story that was told me by an old comrade — Uncle Tom Trevorrow, who's many years older than I am. When I was a boy, workan at Trink Stamps, he was married ; and he was then as fine a man as one would meet of a long summer's day. If you'll have patience enow I'll teU 'e the story of Tom and the Knackers. " Do let's have the droll, Uncle Bill," said I, and he related as follows, — ' ' From the time Tom was old enow to handle a pick and showl he had lived in Trecroben, and worked in Wheal Eeath, till twenty years or so ago, when work fell slack here, and some bals were knacked (stopped). Then he went to Santust (St. Just) to look for a job and foimd work in Ballowal. Most people have heard of that queer old bal, that was worked before The Flood, they say. There the old men's works, weth their deep open coffans (pits) may stiU. be seen, jest as they left them, only wash'd and run'd in a good deal one may suppose. That old bal, everybody in Santust will tell 'e, have always been haunted with knackers. And the burrows, in crofts and cleves around, are swarman with them, and weth spriggans, wherever anything belongan to the old bal was burred. There these sprites keep everlastan watch, though all the old men's tools or treasures may be gone to rust, earth, and dust. One don't often see them, 'tis true, but only break ground near them and they'll show their ugly faces, as many have known to their cost. Tom and his eldest boy went over and worked a few weeks, to see how they liked the place and people before removing his wife and family. They liked the Santusters fust rate. They're a capital set of red-tailed drones — only give them their own way ; but you will soon find out that one must either fight or be thorough friends with them ' one and all.' Tom took a house in Letcha — handy by the bal. When his family were moved, he and the boy worked together on tribute, and worked hard makan double cores. When it came near pay-day, the boy, for want of rest, gave out, and his father worked on alone. GOBLINS OF THE MINII. 187 Torn had heard the knackers workan, away at a distance, all the time he had been there, and took no notice of their noise, hut now that the boy stopped home, they came nearer and nearer every day, till he cud hardly hear the sound of his own tools with the din and clatter of theirs. As far as he could judge by the sound they were only two or three yards off, in the level close behind him, carryen on all sorts of underground work. Some appear'd to be wheelan, some showlan, others boran ; he could even hear them swab out their holes, put in the tampan, and shut (blast) like a pare (company) of regular tinners. Shuttan wasn't in vogue in their time, but they've learnt et. One night — I think et was only two or three before servey- day — Tom got quite savage to hear their confoundan clatter, with their squeakan and tee-hee-an in a mockan way, if he made false strokes, or a clumsy blow ; and, being a devil-may-care sort of fellow, he, without thinkan of anything, throwed back a handful of small stones, towards the spot where they seemed to be workan, and called out at the same time without stopan or lookan up, ' Go to blazes, you cussed old Jews' sperrats ; or I'll scat (knock) your brains out, I wiU, ef you arn't gone from here.' The words were no sooner out of his mouth than a shower of stones fell upon and around him, and frightened him most out of his senses. Still, Tom resolved to work on till mornan, and, in about an hour, when his candle was burnt down and he stopped to light another, he sat down to eat the rest of his fuggan and touch pipe a few minutes. Tom had all but finished his supper, and bean hungry, could have eat more, when he heard ever so many squeakan voices sing out, from away some fathoms back in the level, — " Tom Trevorrow ! Tom Trevorrow ! Leave some of thy fuggan for Bucca, Or bad luck to thee, to-morrow ! " Fust of all he cudn't well make out any words, but his own name. He thought of the old sayan, ' What the fool thinketh, that the bell clinketh.' He knew that sounds heard under- ground often seemed to be words, like Buryan bells of a weddan day ringan, ' Poor man, undone ! ' or ' Go thee ways't home with ragget-tail Jone ! ' Then he tried again if they wern't as much like some old rhymes that children sing, such as,— " BHly PengeUey, Got pain in his helly, Eatan green slones for supper ! " But no, the devil a bit ; for the more and closer he listened the 188 A TINlSrEE's FIEESIDE STOEIES. plainer he heard the knackers, or some other sprites among them singing the same. Only when he had eaten aU there was a slight change and they sung, — " Tommy Trevorrow, Tommy Trevorrow ! We'll send thee bad luck to-morrow, Thou old curmudgeon, to eat all thy fuggan, And not leave a didjan for Bucca ! " And so they kept on singan, squeakan, and tee-hee-an, in going back in the end till they were out of hearan. Tom was somewhat scared ; yet he felt so tired and drowsey that he could sleep in a pullan (shallow pool). The poor fellow had worked hard and been at it nearly all day and all night for the last week. When he had smoked out his pipe he leant back, thinking to take a doze for only a few minutes. But when he waked up all was quiet. He rubbed his eyes, and, lookan away in an end, where it was nearly dark, he seed scores of knackers restan on their tools. They were miserable, little, old, withered, dried-up creatures — the tallest of them no more than three foot six, or there away, with shanks Hke drum-sticks, and their arms as long or longer than their legs. They had big ugly heads, with grey or red locks, squintan eyes, hook noses, and mouths from ear to ear. The faces of many were very much like the grim visages on old cloman jugs, so Tom said, and more like those of brutes than ChristianB. One older and uglier than the rest— if possible — see-med to take the lead in makan wry faces, and all sorts of mockan tricks. Vrhen he put his thumb to his nose and squinted at Tom, all those behind him did the same. Then all turned their backs, stooped down, loUed out their tongues, and grinned at him from between their spindle shanks. Tom was now much scared. He noticed that his candle was burnt down to the clay, and knew that he must have slept nearly two hours. "Good Lord, deliver me," said he, risan to light another candle ; and all the knackers vanished hj the time he was well on his legs. They seemed to melt away, one into another, changan shapes like curlan smoke. Tom, feelan hisself very stiff, tired, and cold, from havan slept so long, dressed and mounted the ladders. He was hardly able to crawl to grass. In the black- smith's shop, where he had stopped a few minutes to change and warm ^isseK, he told other men who were there, putteh on their underground clothes, what he had seen and heard. The old tinners told am that they warn't at all surprised, because the levels he worked in were more infested with knackers than any other part of the bal. 'Many a night,' said they, 'these troublesome sperats have ben sen whiskan round the black- THE sprites' EEVEJJfGE. 189 smith's shop and gwean (going) down the Buckshaft, near by, and that do enter the level thee'st work in. This shaft es so called, because a black buck-goat, or a bucoa in shape of an, was seen to go down there, but never found below.' The tinners, one and all, blamed Tom for havan anji;hing to do or say with the knackers in an unMendly way, and told him that as et was an old custom he might as well have left a bit of bread on the ground for good luck. When Tom got home he went to bed at once, that he might have a good rest. His wife fed and nussed him well, with the best she cud get for am to eat or drink, in high hopes that, before many days were passed, they would take up more an twenty pound for tin. Tom dedn't say a word about the knackers to his wife nor boy, for fear to scare them, nor dedn't think much more of the buccas. Next mornan Tom got up like a new one, fresh as a rose. After a hearty breakfast, he and his son started for bal. Now it happened to be Corpus Chris, and the boy was loath to go — he wanted to be oil to Penzance, with other youngsters, to see the fun of the fair. " Come thee way'st along, my son," said Tom, ' I know thee art still tired, but cheer up a bit ; Midsummer's day wiU soon be here ; then thee shust (shalt) have a sheUan and, ef we get a good sturt (start), two or three, to go to the games, and, dash my buttons ; ef I too don't go down to Priest Cove, and try a hitch at the wrestlan ! I could used to show as good play, and throw as fair a fall, as any man of my size." And so Tom ded — he would often show me and others how to give the hugg, play with the back crook, and so furth. I don't see for my part why wrestlan, hurlan, and other old manlike games should be allowed to die out for a set of sports more suitable for women than men, and I hold that wrestlan es as good as boxen, and every man should know how to defend hisself. One don't know what may turn up. 'Tes all stuff and nonsense what old women say about the wickedness of such sports. I'd rather see a boy of mine with black eyes and bloody nose every day, than for am to run from one of his size. Arrivan at the bal, iirst thing on entering the level, Tom noticed that some of the temberan was bulged a great deal and ready to give way. They put in new planks, and, as Tom thought, made that all secure for the time. Whilst they were at it he again heard the knackers workan away in the end, but dedn't mind them. Then to get up some tin-stuif from below, they went to work in the adit level, on the Buck lode, to secure arbund and repair a winze (a small shaft with windlass) that was nearly aU run'd in. Whilst he put in new tembar, the boy 190 A tinner's fireside stories. was kept at the winze-brace f windlass and tackle). When drivan the lafts or boards, Tom plainly heard the knackers workan against him ; he had to put in new tembar in the manner of spiUan. The ground seemed somewhat dangerous. The longer he was workan the nearer the knackers were coman towards him, until he saw the ground move before the lafts where the sperats worked ; he then called to the boy, ' Pull me up, quick, wind away for dear life, my son ! ' By the time he was got up to the winze-braces, the ground began to tumble in. He had the rope tied around his body. Runnan back in the adit-level, he un- wound it from the winze tree, and untied it from his waist. Yet he came very near bean killed, for he hadn't got clear of the rope five seconds before winze, rope, and all, went down with the run. Tom, poor fellow, looked around dismayed, to find that all his tin-stuff, which was put on the winze plat, with tools and all, had gone down with the rest ; so he lost his tin there and below. All his labour and time was gone for nothan. He had to live many weeks on subsist (money advanced) and went to another lode to work in an end to tut-work (piece-work), and there, too, he was most put mad with the knackers — they wed come into the level close behind, and go on with all kinds of work, and nobody could have wes (worst) luck than followed am. He went to look so wisht and felt so bad that he had to leave Ballowal ; for, go wherever he might about that old bal, the knackers were for ever tormenting am, till they fairly drove 'n away, and he came back to Lelant no better off than when he left. And here he had still bad luck doggan am for years. He had to work to the farmers for a long spell, and, as we all know, every tinner would just as soon go to the workhouse, or union; and for my part I'd rather be tied to a bull's tail, and suffer the rest, than do either one." Having refilled his pipe, my old neighbour continued : — "As many bals were then stopped, and a niunber of hands discharged from others, all the time going from bad to worse, Tom had to live, as he cud, by farm- work for three or four years. He got all out of heart, to be all the time dung-dabban, and to see his children as ragged as colts ; besides he had bad speed many ways ; some said he was bewitched, and advised him to see the pellar, who came round once a fortnight. Tom thought that no use, because the conjuror won't ' good 'e,' as he do caU it, unless he's well paid. Tom's wife made a good bit of money by spinnan and knittan. Unknown to her husband, she took her knittan- work, and went over to the high road, one day, when the peUar, in going his rounds, visited St. Ives. She hadn't ben long in the lane before he came by. THE tinner's evening PASTIME. 191 "I'm waitan to speak wli'y," said she; "but I'm afeard et Tsran't be any use, because we'r very poor." "I know," replied he, " that you have had a long run of bad luck, and it mil be all the harder now to turn it, but don't be out of hopes ; I'U see Tom and do what I can for 'e. I see you're a good knitster ; so you can make me a few pairs of warm stockans for winter's wear." The conjuror remained alone with Tom a good while, each time he came round. What he did to ' good 'e ' esn't known, because whatever' s done to hinder a run of bad luck, or to break a spell of ill wishan, must be kept secret or no cure can be effected. In two or three months, however, Tom's fortune had a turn. Several youngsters left for America and made room for other hands. Then Tom, to his great content, went to minan- work again. In a short time, instead of looking as wisht, ragged, and dirty as ' Billy-be-damned,' or ' Old Jy,' who lived in a hole in a hedge, he and his family once more got decent meat and clothan. The pellar had the credit of doing them good, whether he deserved it or no ; at any rate his promises put them in better heart, and that was some help. Tom's wife was overjoyed when he went to minan again ; because she always took delight when her good man came home from bal to hear him tell her and the boys what he had done that core, and about his prospect of havan lots of tin agen next pay-day. The lads ^^'ere most interested ■when Tom worked to tut-work, drivan an end, as you'll see. An old boryer, hammer, gads, and other tools were kept under the chimney-stool, that Tom might show them the plainer what he'd ben doan. Now you must understand that Tom believed hisself to be as good a miner as was to be found in Cornwall. He would often brag that he cud break more ground at the same cost than any other man in the bal. His mind was always so occupied about his underground work that the form of his end was always before him. And most every night, after supper and whilst smokan his pipe, he wed work his core over again with Betty, and she, to humour him, would begin with, "Well, Tom, my son ; and what hast a ben doan to-day '? " "What use for me to tell 'e ; I can never make thee under- stand anything, ' he'd say ; ' ' but look here boys ! " At the same time he wud take the fire-hook, stick, or anything, and, c]uite pleased, draw out the form of his end in the back of their old-fashioned, open chimney, and all would be told to look on, say nothan, and learn. When he had marked out, to his mind, how his end stood, he would say to his wife, "Now thee cust see the end es about square as a was this mornan, take the boryer and show me where thee west go for a hole." 192 A tinnee's fireside stoeies. " Well, I eliud put down a hole there," she wed say, pointan with the boryer in the most seemly place to her. " Now gos't away, thou great Paddy ! I tell thee, Betty, thee dosen't knaw any more about such work than a Buryan man ! Thee west never lam anything ! Give me the tools," he'd say, and show them all, with pride sure nuf, how he'd stand and strike the boryer in the different positions ground es subject to, and so he wed keep on for hours. One day above all, whan they lived in Santust, Tom came home highly pleased, and told his people he had done a wonder- ful core. After supper he lighted his pipe, as usual, took up the fire-hook, and drawed the form of his end as he found it in the mornan. " Now, I bored a hole there," said he, pointan with his hook, and gauv en plenty of powder, and a ripped am forth and back like a boat-cove, and tore great rocks out of am as big as housen." ' ' Lor, Tom, hold thy tongue cheeld ; I can hardly believe thee," said Betty. "Well, a es truth what I do tell thee. Then — now look at this, Betty— I went there, for another hole," said he pointan, " and it tord'n like mad, and left am as square as a chest, all but a piece in the bottom. Then I went down there for a side-hole, and that end now es as square as a door, I tell thee. And now, Betty, the end es squared, where west thee go for the next hole ? Here, take the tools to thee ; es thy turn to show one a bit now ; a es hard ground, mind, none of your farmers' men can break that." "Well, I shud put down a hole there," said she, placan the hook in the most likly place. Then Tom, with a look and voice of great contempt wed say, "I told thee there was no wale (seam) there ; thee may'st shut (blastl away a ton of powder in that hole and then a wedn't heav'n, a wed make a rouse (report) hard enow to frighten away all the chalks (choughs) in Carn Glase, and then a wedn't heav'n. I tell thee again, all of the powder that went down in the Eoyal George wed be no good in that hole. Thee must lev'n look down more— just so, or else a wed only be a stand to waste powder in." And so the simple contented household wed pass night after night till bed-time. But one evenan they nearly came to grief by Tom shuttan his holes over again. He came home late in a terrible splutter, sayan he had done a very bad core — he had shut a hole three times, and a blowed away in a vug (crevice) each time. " Et was a hole near the bottom, Jan," said he, takan the hook as usual and havan drawn the position to his own satisfaction. " But I shud think," said the boy, "that a was a hawful bad place to come to strike et, faather." ANOTHEE COKISrWALL IN THE FAR -WEST. 193 " Thou great noddy ! Doesna know that a good man can bore a hole anywhere ? Hold the hook there," said he, puttan it into his hands, " and I'll show thee how to strike 'n." Tom turned round, snatched up the hammer in a great hurry, threw it back in order to make a stroke, knocked down Betty, missed the hook, and nearly broke Jan's arm. Betty, though on the floor, screamed to see the boy's white face, and when she saw the blood running from his arm and felt it on her own face she fainted. And Tom, seeing them both on the floor, paced up a,nd down calling out, when he tried to rise them, "Oh my dear Betty and Jan; I'd rather shut the hole twenty times over again than kill thee and the boy ; rise up do 'e, my dears." They soon got round. The fright was worse than their hurt. The way in which Tom and his wife amused themselves is not singular among tinners, who, as a rule, take great pride in their work, and pass hours showing their family or comrades how they worked the last cores, and what they purpose to do next." " Well, did Tom's good luck continue ? " I asked. "Pretty steadfast; he and his sons had neighbours' fare," the old tinner repKed. "When his elder boys became men they had pretty good sturts (start from a paying tribute), saved money, and went to America, and they did so well over at Mineral Point, Galena, or somewhere that way, that they sent home enough to keep the old couple in comfort, and to bring the younger boys out to them, where they, with hundreds more from here about, are making another Cornwall for "one and all." Old SoNas and Nicknames. " One would like to know," said I to the old tinner, "whether Tom heard the knackers sing what he believed he did; or if there were any old ryhmes, somewhat similar, that he might, long before, have learnt and forgotten till something brought them to mind." " Never heard of any such," Bill replied. But An' Mary — who knew a rare lot of queer sayings, odds and ends of old songs and the Uke, — said, "In a story relating to small people (fairies), that I often heard when a child, there are some lines about leaving the buryans (crumbs) for Bucca." And one would think the tribe of small folks always made their speeches in ryhmes. When I was young, it was a custom in the harvest- field, at croust (afternoon's refreshment), observed by most old folks, to pour a few drops of their liquor on the ground for good a 194 A tinner's fireside stories. luck ; and to cast a fragment of bread over their right shoulder for the same reason. Fishermen, too, were in the habit of leaving on the sand, at night, a fish for Bucca ; and they were also very careful to feed and make much of their cats, to insure them good luck in their fishing. If tinners in going to bal met with a ' bulhorn ' (shell-snail) in their path, they always took care to drop before it a crum from their dinner, or a bit of grease from their candle for good luck. Our talk about old rhymes reminds me that I have known many people who become little better than fools, because of childish verses and tunes constantly running in their numskulls ; one would think that their seven senses were all stuck in their ears. " Before I was tormented with Bill there," said she nodding to her husband, " when I was sweet and twenty," as the old song goes, I lived with farmers down westward ; in one place, my fellow-servant was known by the nickname of Jenny Tweedles, because she would be all day croanan over the song, — " There was an old couple and they were poor, Tweedle, Tweedle, go twee." It was enough to make one crazy to hear her croanan, over and over, a line here and there, with the burden brought in after every one. I can see her old grim visage now as she maundered about the kitchen, singing in doleful tones, — " Oh ! I have heen sick since j'ou have heen gone ; If you'd heen in the garden, you'd heard me groan, Tweedle, tweedle, go twee." You may fancy I would rather hear thunder by night than be kept awake with her droaning in my ear, — " Kow I have a request to make unto thee, Do pluck me an apple from the russet tree. Tweedle, tweedle, go twee." Worst of all she could never be trusted to do any work that required attention,— if scalding milk, for instance, whilst she was tweedlean, it would boil over, and the cream be in the ashes ; if cooking, for the same reason, all the fat would be in the fire. An' Mary paused, drew from her pocket a few lengths of yarn, when her husband said, " Come, Mary, keep the kibbal gwean, there's plenty of the same sort of stuff in thy bal." She con- tinued her knitting and said, "There was a good mate for old Jenny Tweedles that used to Kve in the same parish, who was known by the name of Ky-me or Eigdom, because, when a boy, he was just another such fool, and would neglect, or badly do, any OLD HTTSBANDEY. 195 ■work lie was set about whilst whistHng the tune, or singing the words, of another old song, — " There did a frog live in a well, Close by a merry mouse in a mill, To my rigdom, bomminare, ky-me, Kyme-nare, gil-de-ka-re, Kyme-nare, Ky-me." &c., &c. "I can match these nicknames," said I, "with another instance of a grand one acquired from a song. But we must go back more than a hundred years to the time when potatoes were only grown as curious garden vegetables ; peas supplied their place, and turnips, or other green crops, were unknown as winter's provision for cattle. Farmers then held, for the most part, freehold or leasehold tenements of from twenty to fifty acres of arable and pasture ground, with, in many places, twice that extent of uncultivated land or "outs" as we call it, which furnished fuel and winter's run for cattle. Between tilling-season and harvest there was little farm work but to cut and carry furze and turf, and to save a little hay ; and from the time that all was secure in the mowhay till seed-time there were long intervals of leisure. The corn was threshed as straw was wanted to be taken out to the downs or croft to keep the half-starved cattle alive. Horses, even, were seldom housed, and as there were no stall-fed beasts, little manure but ashes was made which was carefully housed to keep it dry till wanted for dressing ; then it was carried in dung-pots to the ground, ploughed in, and the crop quickly sown. After rough weather everybody was on the alert watching for oarweed, which with sand constituted almost the only other substances used for manure. Everything had to be conveyed on horseback, — furze, hay, and corn in trusses, sand in sacks, oarweed in panniers or on crooks, slung over pack-saddles. The only wheel-carriages in use were wherries, and these were drawn by horses in traces. A wherry was a square box, con- taining about four wheelbarrows, mounted on three solid wheels, such as we call druckshars. To empty this machine it was over- turned, druckshars and all. Though there was little outdoor work to be done for long spells, our old folks were seldom idle. Hares, rabbits, and wild-fowl were plentiful on moors and the great extent of uncultivated land, and hunting was pursued — less as a pastime than a matter of necessity — to procure a httle change of diet, now and then, from the almost constant peas- porridge, fish, and other salt provisions. Women, old and young, passed much time in spinning, and in almost every farm-house one found weaving-machines, as we call hand-looms, so that when there was httle else to do. 196 A tiitneb's fireside stoeies. farmers, or some of their men, worked the treadles, and wove the yarn into blanketing, or other household cloth. The surplus of this serviceable material met with a ready sale in markets far eastward. The home-made clothing was almost everlasting. I knew a notable old farmer's wife who used, when bragging of her husband's stock of clothes, to say, " Our Honey (Hanibal) have got twelve coats, and only two of them biden clath " (bought cloth). Sennen people were famous for being good weavers, and those of Escols, in that parish, regarded themselves as the best in the West Country. In this village there might have been threescore inhabitants, including aU ages, who were so connected by inter-marriages, that few of them knew where or how their relationship began or ended. The descendants of one family who formerly lived there stiU retain the nickname of " Triddles," from there forefathers having .worked the treadles as their chief employment. j Weavers were much given to singing at their work, to relieve its tediousness ; and an old weaving farmer, belonging to the primitive community of Escols, acquired thp nickname of uncle Plato, because, whenever he was overtaken; by a lazy stitch in working his treadles, he wotdd sing a rather solemn piece, — one couldn't call it a song, — which thus began, — " Said Plato, wliy should man be vain, Since bounteous heaven has made hiin great?" The rest I don't remember ; its something about sceptred king's and beggar's dust coming to the same pass. But he seldom finished his favourite ditty ; for if his wife happened to be within hearing, she would exclaim, " Peter ! Peter! may the devil take thee and Plato too. 1 can hear thee droanan that dreary thing again, and the treadles gwean (going) lazier than with Billy, the weaver, croanan over Aaron's beard and the ointment. Come Peter vean, strike up — " Thinking to lead a sober life, One Monday morning I took a wife," or some other lively catch. I'll join in, and thee west make three throws of the shuttle for one." Uncle Plato's family con- tinued to be weavers of more than ordinary ability. Some of them left Sennen, and established the first looms worked by machinery in the old factory at Alverton, and acquired considerable property in Penzance. Many of this family were also much given to study ; one of them, a lady who lived in St. Levan — I don't know her exact relationship to Plato — was remarkable for her acquaintance with Greek and Latin authors, which she read in BOOKS BEST KNOWN IN THE 'WEST. 197 their originals, and for her proficiency in astronomy and other sciences. During this lady's lifetime, however, her acquirements were not regarded as anything so very extraordinary as they have been recently ; for in those old times, and in that remote part, there were many who would even now be considered good scholars. The old folks of our great-grandfathers' days were neither so ignorant nor so immoral as it is now the fashion to represent them ; true, there were few sleek smoothies among them, and they would be too rude and outspoken for our taste perhaps. Books, from their dearness, were comparatively scarce ; but the few they had were read over and discussed around the winter's hearth, where neighbours assembled in a social way that is now not found in country villages. _ The " Story of Troy-town," — as they called some old transla- tion of the " Iliad," — almost everybody knew by heart. Hector was such a favourite, that the best horse was called after him ; and Penelope had, in most families, a namesake (Pee) to com- memorate her constancy. They had also the " Seven Wise Masters of Greece," ''Moore's Almanack," "Eobinson Crusoe," — which everyone knew by heart, and believed a true history, — and two or three herbals, besides religious books, of which they made little account on the whole. Culpepper was an especial favourite with elderly dames ; stills being common, they experimented with his recipes, and often compounded precious balsams that would operate famou.sly as evacuants. Many West Country gentlemen were practised astrologers ; and in order to understand works that treated of their favourite science, they must have acquired a knowledge of Latin and mathematics. We revert to oiir old country folks to remark that, for an acquaintance with classic fables, and much other secular know- ledge, they were beholden to the plain Welsh, or native, parsons — then appointed to the western parishes who lived amongst, and associated with, their flocks in an easy, comfortable waj'. Yet the reverend gentlemen's famiharity and sympathy with their parishioners' joys and griefs caused no diminution of respect for their sacred office. For example the Eev. James Bevan, from Glamorganshire, who was more than forty years curate of Sennen and St. Levan, was always spoken of, by the few old people who remembered him, with affection and respect. This gentleman resided in Trengothal ; and so far was he fi-om discountenancing wrestling, throwing quoits, and other manly recreations of the time, that he and his family, with many principal persons of the neighbourhood, always attended at 198 A tinnbe's fieeside stobies. holiday games, on Penberth Green, where they danced with rich and poor, and their presence enforced decorum, and made our rural sports respectable. Another usage — probably handed down from Catholic times — was then common. Prizes won at wrestling, or any other manly games, were either worn to church or suspended within it to a pillar near the door, on the following Sunday. This custom was particularly observed when the victory was obtained in another parish. I have often heard one who when young was a noted wrestler, and for many years champion of his parish, speak of the satisfaction with which he used to hang up a pair of spurs, gloves, yards of ribbon, lace, or whatever it might be, as a trophy in honour of old St. Levan. A short time ago, it was usual for the winners of gold-laced hats to display them at Church, though the wearers — often gentlemen farmers' sons — looked for all the world like livery servants. "Many customs of no more than fifty years ago," said the old tinner, "would be regarded as strange now. One thing that I have just thought of, that stories which have been related by romancers, and are still repeated by others in books, about the savagery of old Cornish wreckers and smugglers, is vile slander. Who, I wonder, would have more right to dead wreck than the salvers ; and success say I to the fair trade." The old tinner was now mounted on his favourite hobby, and as his stories about smuggling were interminable, I wished him good-night. Ay Excursion to Chapel U.vy Well, With a Lege.'^d of the CHAjfOELixa of Brea Vean. These, when a child haps to he got, That after proves an idiot, When folks perceive it thriveth not. The fault therein to smother, Some silly, doating, brainless calf, That understands things by the half, Says that the fairy left this aulf. And took away the other. Dhayton. ^HOUGH the numerous visitors who resort to Penzance in autumn are rarely satiated with our fine clifE' scenery, they might, with pleasure, vary their ex- cursions by a ramble inland, where various objects of interest are found on moorlands and hiUs, but seldom visited. A pleasant day, for example, might be passed by first going to Sancreed ; where, in the quiet, neat, little, embowerd Church some curiously carved portions of an ancient rood-screen are worthy of notice. In the churchyard there is one of the finest crosses in the county ; it is about eight feet high and ornamented with various emblematic devices, among others, the lilly of the Blessed Virgin. The old Inn, with its quaint sign " The Bird in Hand," suggestive of ready payment, was worthy of a glance, a few years ago, when some nondescript fowl of the air, trying to escape from a hand that grasped its legs, was pourtrayed on the sign-board in flaming colours by a local artist, and, underneath the captive bird, were the lines, — " A bii'd in hand is better fare Than two that in the bushes are." From the south-eastern side of " Sancras Bickan" (Beacon) a delightful view of Mount's Bay is obtained, and on Caer Brane — commonly called Brane Rings — the next hill towards the west, may be seen the remains of an old and extensive hiU-castle. 200 THE OHANQELING OF BEEA VEAN. Hence, one migM descend to the famous Chapel Uny Well, situated between Chapel Carn Brea and Bartine hiUs ; the one crowned with its ruined chapel and the other with a castle. At Chapel Uny will be found a copious spring of as clear water as was ever seen. The only remains that can be identified^ as having belonged to its ancient chapel, are a few dressed stones near the well. These, from their shape, would seem tO have formed part of an arched door or window. Near by there is also a large circular Fogou, or artificial cavern, walled on both sides and partly covered with long slabs of moor- stone. The Holy Well is, however, the most celebrated object in this vicinity ; a few years ago, it was resorted to on the first three Wednesdays in May by scores of persons who had great faith in the virtue of its waters, which were considered very efficacious for curing most diseases incidental to childhood, and many ricketty babes are still bathed there at the stated times when the spring is believed to possess the most healing powers. Belonging to this well and its neighbourhood there is a some- what curious story, which we will relate just as it has often been told us by old people of the West Country. The Ohah-qelino op Brea Vean. A hundred years or more ago — one afternoon in harvest time — a woman called Jenny Trayer, who lived in Brea Vean (a little out-of-the-way place at the foot of Chapel Carn Brea) gave her baby suck, rocked it to sleep, then covered up the fire, turned down the brandis, placed fire-hook and furze-prong across the hearth for good luck, and, leaving the child alone, away she hastened over to Brea to "help cut the neck." It was nearly dark when the last handful of wheat, called "the neck," was tied up and cut by the reapers throwing their reap-hooks at it. Then it took a good bit longer to cry the neck according to the old custom of the harvest-hands dividing themselves into three bands — one party calling, three times, as loud as they could cry, " We have it, we have it, we have it ! " The second demanding, "What have ye? What have ye? What have ye? And the third replying, " A neck ! a neck ! a neck ! " Then all join, hats in hand, in a " Hip ! hip ! hip ! Hurrah ! " The neck was then decorated with flowers and hung over the board. Jenny, thinking about her babe all alone, didn't stop for the neck-cutting carouse, but got a good drink of beer, and her neck-cake, to take home ; and hastened away. When she opened her door, she saw, by the moonlight, that the cradle was over- tbedbill's wife hails him. 201 turned. Straw and rags were on the floor, but no child was in sight. Jenny groped round the room a long time ; then, not finding any live embers among the ashes, she took the tinder-box and struck a light. "The more haste the worst speed." It was a long time before she got the porvan (rush- wick) lit in the chill (iron lamp). In searching aU. the holes and corners, she came to the wood-corner and there among turves, ferns, and furze, she found the " cheeld," fast asleep. Being very tired, she took up the child and went to bed. Next morning, when she looked at the babe by daylight, it seemed to her that there was something strange about it — she didn't know what — it was hearty enow, for it seemed never satisfied unless it was aU the time sucking or eating ; it would roar like a buU if it hadn't its will ; and always wanted to be in her arms or eating pap. The poor woman couldn't do her " chars," and had no rest of her life with the squalling, hungry brat. Yet, with all its suck- ing and eating, it seemed wasting to skin and bone. So it kept on all the winter — the more it ate the leaner it became. Many of the neighbours shook their heads when they saw it, and said they feared the " small people " had played her a trick that afternoon when she went to " neck-cutting." " Whether or no," said they, " you can do nothing better, Jenny, than to bathe it in the Chapel Well as soon as May comes round." Accordingly, the first Wednesday in May she took it on her back and trudged away to Chapel Uny WeU. Three times she put it through the water from west to east, then dragged it three times round the well against the sun. Whether the bath made it any better or not she couldn't tell in one week. The following Wednesday, however, the troublesome creature seemed to expect the jaunt, and to enjoy it as it rode away on her shoulder over hill and moor to the spring, where it had the same ducking again. The third Wednesday was a wet day ; yet, not to spoil the spell, Jenny took the brat, placed it astride on her shoulder, held one foot in her hand, whilst he grasped her hair to keep himself steady, as they beat over the moors against wind and rain. The thing seemed to enjoy the storm, and crowed, like a cock, when the wind roared the loudest. They had nearly passed round Chapel Carn Brea and were coming by some large rooks, near the open moor, when she heard a shrill voice, seemingly above her head, call out, — " Tredrill ! Tredrill ! Thy wife and children greet thee well." Jenny was surprised to hear the shrill voice and nobody in 202 THE CHANGELING OF BEEA VEAIT. sight. When she stopped an instant to look round, the thing on her shoulder cried out in a voice as shrill and loud, — " What care I for wife or child, Wliea I ride on Dowdy's tack to the Chapel Well, And have got pap my fill P " Frightened out of her senses, to hear the miserable little object talk like a man about his wife and his child, the poor woman cast it on the ground and there it lay sprawling, until she took courage, threw it across her shoulder, and ran back as fast as she could lay feet to ground till she came to Brea town. She stopped before some houses a little below Brea mansion, threw down the thing, that clung to her neck for dear Hfe, on to a dung-heap beside the road. The women of Brea all ran out to see what could be the matter. As soon as she recovered her breath she told them what she had heard. "Ah," exclaimed one, "didn't I tell thee, months ago, that thee wert nussan a small body's brat, ever since the neck-cuttan night, when thy child was spirited away, and that thing left in his place." " Shure enow," said another, "anybody of common sense might see that. Only look at the thing there, sprawling upon his back in the mud. Did one ever see a Christian cheeld like that, with his goggle eyes, squinting one way ; his ugly mouth drawn another, and his pinohed-up nose all a- wry too ? " "And now, Jenny," broke in the oldest crone, " 'Tis lucky for 'e that I can tell 'e what you must do to get rid of this unlucky bucca, and get back thy own dear cheeld. Now there's an old way, and I don't know but it es the best ; and that es to put the smale body upon the ashes' pile and beat it well ynth a broom ; then lay it naked under a church-way stile ; there leave et, and keep out of sight and hearan till the turn of night ; and, nine times out of ten, the thing will be took off and the stolen cheeld put in his place. There's another plan but I never seed et tried — to make by night a smoky fire, with green ferns and dry. When the chimney and house are full of smoke as one can bear, throw the changeling on the hearth-stone ; go out of the house ; turn three times round ; when one enters the right cheeld will be restored." The women of Brea — resolved to try what a beating on the ashes' pile would do towards getting rid of the goblin — threw it on a heap near at hand and commenced belabouring it with their brooms. But they had scarcely touched it than it set up such a roar that it was heard in Brea mansion ; and Dame Ellis came running down the town-place to see what could be the matter. She asked what they were beating in that cruel way. Being DAME ELLIS'S ADVICE. 203 nearly dark and tlie wet ashes sticking to tke creature she couldn't teU what gave out such a doleful noise. "Why mistress," says Jenny, " that thing there on the ashes' pile es what was left in our house, when my dear cheeld was spirited away, by smale people, while I was reapan in your field the very day we cut the neck. All the neighbours know the trouble I've had ever since— how this thing that looked like my cheeld have ben all the time screechan, suckan, or eatan, and have never grown a bit, nor will make any use of his legs." "But thats nothan," said she, recovering her breath, "to what happened a few hours ago, and most frightened me out of my senses. You mayn't believe at — that when, on my way to Chapel Uny Well, with that thing astride on my shoulder, somebody that couldn't be seen by mortal eyes cried out, " Tredril, Tredril, thy wife and children greet thee well!" Then, in an instant, good lack, that thing from my back replied, ' That httle cared he for wife or child when he rode on Dowdy's back ("meaning me) to the Chapel Well, and had good pap his fill.' Nobody can tell the fright I was in, to hear that thing talk like a man about his wife and child." Dame Ellis, lifting the creature from the ashes' heap, said to Jenny,. ' ' I believe that thou wert either drunk or in a waking dream when passing round the hill, and that this child, used so ill, is as truly thine as any thou hast born. Now take it home, wash it well, feed it regular, and don't thee leave it all day lying in its cradle ; and, if thee canst not make it thrive, send for Dr. Madron." Jenny and the other women at first refused to comply with Dame EUis's advice ; told her that she knew next to nothing about such matters, and related many things to prove that the creature was no mortal's child, till the lady tired with their stories, turned to go in, saying to Jenny, " My husband shall come out and talk to thee ; peradvcnture he may convince thee of thy error." Squire Ellis and his wife being quakers — a sect then but little known in the West — they were thought by Brea women, and many others, to be no better than unbelieving Pagans, ' ' who haven't the grace," said they, "to know anything about such creatures as spriggans, piskies, knackers (knockers of the mines) and other small folks, good or bad, that haunt our earns, moors, and mines ; who can vanish or make themselves visible when and how they please, as aU more enlightened folks know." They well knew, however, what concerned them more — that Squire Ellis was their landlord, and that, quiet and quaker-like as he and his wife were in their talk, and demure in their looks, they were not to be trifled with ; and that their wiU was law for 204 THE CHANGELINgt OF BEEA VEAN. all living on lieir estate unless they could contrive to deceive them. Squire Ellis came down and, finding that Jenny (with her bantling and all the others) were gone into a house, where he heard them loudly talking, he had nothing to say to them; perhaps, he kept an eye on their proceedings. Brea women, in spite of "unbelieving quakers,"a3 they' called Squire Ellis and his wife, among themselves— detejmined to have their own way — waited till aU. was dark in the great house ; then Jenny, with the bantling or spriggan, and another woman, who was very knowing about changelings, passed quietly up Brea town-place, and under a stile on the Church- way path crossing a field from Brea lane, they left the creature (then asleep) that had been such a plague to them. Jenny returned to Brea Yean, and there stayed till morning. Being fatigued and worried she overslept herself, for it was nearly daybreak when she awoke and hurried away, between hopes and fears, to the stile ; and there, sure enough, she found her own "dear cheeld," sleeping on some dry straw. The infant was as clean, from head to foot, as water could make it, and wrapped up in a piece of old gay-flowered chintz ; which small folis often covet and steal from furze-bushes, when it is placed there in the sun to dry. Jenny nursed her recovered chUd with great care, but there was always something queer about it, as there always is about one that has been in the fairies' power — if only for a few days. It was constantly aiHng and complaining, and, as soon as it was able to toddle, it would wander far away to all sorts of out-of-the- way places. The good lady of Brea often came to see it and brought it many nice things that its mother couldn't afford to buy, and when he was about nine years of age Squire Ellis took the changeling (as he was always called) into his service, but he was found to be such a poor simple innocent that he could never be trusted to work in the fields alone, much less with cattle ; as a whim would take him, every now and then, to leave his work and wander away over hiUs and moors for days together. Yet he was found useful for attending to rearing cattle and sheep — then kept in great numbers on the unenclosed grounds of Brea. He was so careful of his master's flock in lambing time that there was seldom any lost. Forsaken or weakly lambs were often given to him by the neighbours, and he contrived to rear them so well that, in a few years, he had a good flock of his own that Squire Ellis and everyone else allowed him to pasture wherever he and his sheep choose to wander — everybody knew the poor changeling and made him welcome. When he grew to man's estate, however, he became A ' COTJRSEYING ' ■WOMAN. 205 subject to fits, and had^to remain at home witli his mother great part of his time. Yet, when the fits were over, nothing could restrain hia propensity for wandering, and his sheep, goats, and even calves, always followed, and seemed equally to enjoy their rambles. He often talked to himself, and many believed that he was then holding converse with some of the fairy tribe, only visible to him, who enticed him to ramble among the earns, hills, and moors — their usual haunts. When about thirty years of age he was missed for several days ; and his flock had been noticed, staying longer than usual near the same place, on a moor between the Chapel Hill and Bartinne, and there — surrounded by his sheep — he was found, lying on a quantity of rushes which he had pulled and collected for making sheep-spans. He lay, with his arm under his head, apparently in sweet sleep, but the poor changeling of Brea was dead. <:-'i^^c&^S^i&^^sy^>-^ Betty Stogs's Baby. ITTLE more than twenty years ago, there lived in a lonely cot on a moor in Towednack a man and his wife with one child. The woman — from her slatternly habits— was known by the name of Betty Stogs; she had been married about a year and had a baby six months old or so; when, almost every day, whilst her husband was away ' to bal,' she would pass best part of the time ' courseying' from house to house in the nearest village. The child would mostly be left in the house alone or with nothing but the cat for company. One seldom saw the colour of the bantling's skin for dirt. When anyone asked Betty why she didn't wash it oftener, "The moor es a cold place," she'd reply, " and a good layer of dirt wiU help keep 'n hot." One afternoon about Midsummer she went to get milk for the child and stayed away gossiping tiH dusk; it was so dark when she entered her dweUing that she could scarcely see anj'thing within it. She went to the cradle and found it empty ; the child was no- where to be seen ; nor yet the eat that always slept with it,- E 206 BETTY STOOS'S BABT. shared its pap, and cleaned the skillet in which the ' ehild's- meat,' was cooked. Whilst Betty was searching about the house her husband came home from work — last core by day, — he was in a great rage with his wife and greater grief for the loss of his ' crume of a cheeld,' as he called it. After hours spent in fruitless search Betty sat down and cried bitterly, whilst the father went away and told the neighbours what had happened. Everybody turned out to look for the child ; they examined moors and crofts for a good distance round till after daybreak without seeing sight or sign of it ; but, when it was near sun- rise, Betty spied the cat coming towards her, then it went back mewling into a brake of furze. She followed it and came to a XJlot of mossy grass, surrounded by thickets and ferns, where she saw, amongst heath and wortleberry plants, a bundle of old- fashioned chintz ; she opened it and there was her child, sleeping like a nut. It was wrapped in several gay old gowns, with mint, balm, and all sorts of sweet herbs and flowers that are found on moors or in gardens ; but otherwise it was as naked as when born, yet clean and sweet as a rose. All the old folks said it was carried there by small-people, who intended to bear it away to the hills or earns ; but it took them so long to clean it fijcst that daylight surprised them ere they had done it to their mind ; so they left it there meaning to fetch it the next night. The fright, however, that Betty had undergone, did her good and the child too, for she passed less time in courseying, and took more care of her babe for fear it might be stolen again. She made lots of frocks for it out of the old chintz ; and it throve so well after the small folks' cleansing that he made as stout a man as his dad, who was usually called Jan the Maunster (monster) from his bulky form. How A MoEVAH Man Bought Clothes for his Wife. Contented toil, and hospitable care, And kind connubial tenderness are there." Goldsmith. [ OST of the dwellers in the cottages scattered over the h ills to the north of Penzance (like the tinners of old) work in the mines and cultivate a few acres ' out of core.' They are also remarkable for preserving many old customs which are become extinct in less remote and more populous districts, as well as for the quaint simplicity of their manners and language. A few weeks ago a tall, middle-aged man entered a draper's shop in Penzance. His blue smock-frock, cordui-oy trousers, ruddy with tin stuff, and the high-poled Sunday's hat, marked him for a high-country tinner. He paused in the middle of the shop and looked around as if to select some particular one of the assistants to serve him ; then going over to the counter, where the fore- woman was standing, he placed three little packets of money, done up in paper, before her. "Look-e here, my dear," says he, "here's three packats of money for three things I want of 'e. Fust of all les have some- than to make a sheft for my old oman — dowlas or calico, you know the sort of stuff, and how much will do ; for my old oman as of a tidy built and shaped much like you. (The blushes and titterings among the shop girls may be imagined). She told me how much, but I have forgot, only that a must cost ten-pence a yard ; so cut off as much as will make a sheft for yourself, my dear, and see if you don't find the exact money for 'n in that paper, tied up with tape." The paper opened, the money was found right to a farthing. " Now, my dear, that's all right. Get some sort of stuff, made of sheep's clothing, I don't know what you call 'n, for to make an undercoat for the old oman. You know how much will do by your own measure ; a must be two shellans a yard, and there's the money for 'n in that paper tied up with white yarn." 208 A MOEYAH MAN BtTYING CLOTHES. To make sure of the quantity -wanted, tlie shop -woman counted the cash sent, before she cut the required length of san- ford. When that -was adjusted, "No-w, my dear," says he, "-we are getting on cappetal, sure nuf. Next let's have a pound of blue or black -wostard — must be four sheUans a pound and plum (soft) like yarn ; there can be no mistake about that, and there es the money in the paper tied ■with black yarn. No-w, over all these, I spose you -will give me a nackan (handkerchief) for myself, -waan't 'e, my darlan ? " The master of the establishment, -who had been rather amused at the scene, though it -was nothing ne-w to him, left the desk and desired the shop -woman to open some of good quality and neat patterns, for him to choose from. "Why, Mr. , my dear, havn't 'e any smarter ones than these in your shop than ? " Some old-fashioned ones, of a gay pattern, -were soon found, -which pleased the customer exactly. Mr. gave the tinner a glass of -wine besides, and asked him ho-w he liked it ? " Well, I can't say but a wed be pure keenly stuff -with a glass of gin or brandy to -warm un a little. The master replied that he had no spirit in the shop, but gave his customer sixpence to buy a dram to -warm the -wine, on the -way home. " God bless 'e," says our Morvah man, slapping Mr. on the shoulder, " but you are one of the right sort, and -when my old Oman do -want a smock again I'll come and buy 'n for her, I don't -wender now that all the women like to go to your shop, and that young woman there is pure block tin. But I spose, my dear," says he, turning towards the one he compared to pure tin, "you think me an old Molly-caudle, don't 'e, for coman here to buy the dudds for the old oman home ? But ' force put es no choice,' my dear. I'U tell 'e a minute how she esn't here herself. This mornan, when I was takan breaMast to go to bal, Jenny took off a crock of petates from the brandes, that she had, to save time, boiled for the pig along-side of the tea-kettle for my breakfast. She must always be doan two or three jobs together like the milkmaid before now. She took the crock of petates out in the court to empty away the waater, and a minute before she had put a tub of calves' -meat to cool on the caunee, and the cheeld, accordan to custom, was trying to get at 'n to splash and play in the milk. The cheeld todlan round the tub, tumbled in souce, head do-wn, Jenny left the cover slip from the crock in her fright, and out came the boilan waater and petates all over her foot. "Then she cried, 'Come thee way'st out here BiUy and take the cheeld out of the calves' -tub ; see what I've done, and a es A HANDY HAT. 209 all thy fault ; why disna (dids't thou not) keep the eheeld out of the way ? ' Ah was no good to say anything to her, my dear, because all the women, except you, will lay the blame on somebody else, for the foolish things they do. I dragged the eheeld out of the milk, left the dog to lick 'n clean, and dipped Jenny's foot in a bucket of waater. The pigs got at the crook and made some screechan when the hot petates burnt their throats. Next I put my old oman on the bed and pulled off her stockan with as much care as ef I'd ben peelan a petate. Then, by her direction, put a linan rag, spread with raw cream, all over the scald, and, without clunkan a bit more breakfast, got ready in a jiffy to run in to the doctor for a plaster, and salve, and things, and to know what was best to do. " 'Billy,' says she, 'as sure es I'm alive, I shall be laid up for weeks, and thee west have to do the work indoors and out, but I can never put away the time doan nothan. Put on thy best hat and blue coat, thy old clothes make thee look foolish in town, and go in to Mr. 's shop ; mind what I do tell thee. I've been savan money these weeks past to buy some under- clothing for winter, the next time I did go to town, and there a all es in the skibbat of the chest, in three pieces of papar, the money that each thing will come to.' " Then she told me all about the price and number of yards, that I kept repeatan to myself all the way in till I come to the doctor's shop and there I forgot all about et. But she told me I should find a nice motherly oman in this shojp just her size, and that's you my dear, who would tell me what to do ef I forgot. Jenny wanted to have something to do while her foot was healan. I told her I didn't much like to go to shop to buy her smock and undercoat; she could ask the nearest neighbour's wife to do et for her. 'No, the devil a bit,' says she, 'that I waan't ! Ask Honney's boy Tom's wife, to buy the things for me ! I'll go without a sheft fuSt, for she wiU. go to meetan somewhere or other every night itv a week that she may tell the rest of them what my things cost (and oh ! the lies they will tell about et among them) ; besides, we shall have the house fuU all the time with them, makan out they are come to see how I am. Take the eheeld along weth thee down to An' Nancy Trembaa's ; leave 'n there ; and ask her to step up to milkey and do the rest of the mornan work for me.' When I left the eheeld down to An' Nancy's, and told her what had happened, away she went, wethout stopan so much as to put her hat on, up to keep things to rights while I'm wantan. "Well, soas, I've done the best I could. I've got the plaster and salve in the head of my hat, with a fuggan Jenny made mo take to eat on the road. A high bell-topper es as handy as a 210 HOW A ZENNOB MAN CHOKED HIMSELF. basket to stow away the lumber in ; dash me ef a esn't. None of your low billycocks for me. "Now I wish 'e all well, my dears, and ef you wiU come up to see us one Sunday afternoon you shall be as welcome ' One AND All,' as ef you had been my own sisters. God bless 'e all; I shall be tother side of Ding Dong in less than an hour." Neither the master nor the shop assistants saw anything to laugh at when the tinner had told his simple story. On the contrary they felt much interested, as his ' old oman ' was a well-known customer. How A Zennoe Man Choked HmsELF, but had his Will IN HIS Pocket. ?0T long ago a high-country farmer, after having finished his marketing, in Penzance, treated himself to a supper at a cook-shop in Caunse-head. Being in great hunger, or haste, he thought it waste of time to cut his meat into smaller pieces than he could possibly swallow ; besides, solid junks would stand by his ribs and do the more good. He made but two morsels of a quarter of a pound of beef ; and in bolting the last it stuck in his throat. In an instant he went blue in the face and fell on the floor. The landlord ran for a surgeon, and by good luck found one at home, the other side of the street. " Stand clear a bit, and open the man's trap," said the doctor. With much trouble the Zennor man's jaws were forced open, and the doctor feeling a portion of the meat puUed out a piece about six inches long. The patient was soon restored and ready for another such meal. Then a lawyer's clerk, who had just entered, remarked; — " Why, old boy, you ought to make your wiU and keep it by ye before sit down to eat beef again." "Why bless 'e so I have. A ZENNOE man's WILL. 211 I always keep my will in my pocket, and you shall see am ef you mind to. I made 'n myself — no lawyers for me. Here a es." Saying this he drew from his pookot a sheet of paper, and gave it to the doctor, teUiug him he might keep it, if he had a mind to see how to make a wiU. He intended to make another the next Sunday, because he had more things to bequeath now than when he made the testament, of which the following is a faithful copy : — " I'll make my will while I am weU. I will bestow my riches. I'll give to Ellek,* my eldest son, my best Coat, Jacket, and my Breeches. As for my watch et es in pawn ; else Elexander should have that. Neokey shaU have the courage Horse, and Jan the little Sprat. Mary shall have the milking Cow, and Lystria shall have the Heifer. Fillis shall have the flock of Sheep, and wat can I do better? Old Polly shall have the Pussf of goold, and that will most maintain her. Sally shall have the old brass Pan, the Bucket, and the Strainer. " Signed, sealed, and delivered, in the presence of "Cousin Matthew Hollow, "Uncle Philip Eddy, and " John Quick, the Schoolmaster." Alexander. t Purse. According to our intended arrangement the three foregoing stories should have preceded those of St. Just. The Smugglees of Peneose. Part the First. In winter's tedious nights, sit by the fire With good old folkes ; and let them tell thee tales Of woful ages, long ago hetid. Kino Eichakd II. SHAT remains of the old mansion of Penrose, in Sennen, stands on a low and lonely site at tlie head of a narrow valley ; through which a mill- brook winds, with many abrupt turns, for about three miles, thence to Penberth Cove. So late as forty years ago, it was one of those antique, mysterious looking buildings, which most persons regard with a degree of interest that no modern structure inspires ; the upper story only — with its muUioned windows, pointed gables, and massive chimney- stacks — was just seen over the ivey-covered walls of courts and gardens that surrounded it. There was, however, a certain gloomy air about the ruinous walls and neglected gardens embowered in aged trees, which might have conduced to such unaccountable stories of apparitions and other unnatural occurrences, as were said to have taken place there. Some three or four centuries ago, it was the property and residence of an ancient family of the same name ; little more is known of these old Penroses than what can be gathered from wild traditions related by the winter's hearth. The following among many others were often recounted by old folks of the West. About three hundred years ago, the owner of Penrose was a younger son who had been brought up to a seafaring life, which he continued to follow till his elder brothers died unmarried and left him heir to the family estate ; then, preferring a Ufe on the wave, he kept a well-armed, fast-sailing, craft for fair-trading, or what is now called smuggling ; she was manned with as brave a crew as could be picked out of the West Country ; most of them are said to have been the Squire's poor relations. A favourite cousin, called William Penrose — who had been his shipmate for years — was captain of the merry men aU. The Squire often took trips to France and other places, whence JAN OF PENROSE. 213 his goods -were brought, and it is said that in his days Penrose crew were never concerned in any piratical jobs; though we know that about that time smuggler, privateer, and pirate, meant very much the same thing, whilst the two latter were then con- vertible terms with most of our rovers on the deep. Penrose and his seamen passed but little time on shore except in the depth of winter ; yet the board in his haU was always furnished with good substantial fare and the best of liquors, free for all comers. Over a few years, when the good man was left a widower, with an only chUd — a boy about seven or eight — he seemed to dislike the very sight of land, for then, even in winter, with his little son, his cousin WiUiam, and two or three old sailors, he would stay out at sea for weeks together ; leaving, as usual, the care of his farms and household to the care of a yoxmger brother andean old reve or bailif. In returning from one of these trips, in a dark winter's night, their boat struck on Cowloe and became a wreck. The Squire swam into Sennen Cove with his boy, and in endeavouring to save his crew got drowned himself. The only remaining brother, known as Jan of Penrose, con- stituted himself sole guardian of the heir, and master of the place and property. Now this Jan hated all whom his late brother favoured ; and in consequence of his iU-will WiUiam Penrose left the West Country — for the sea it was supposed — but whither he wandered was unknown, as no tidings of him were received in the West. The new master, however, soon got a large smugghng craft and manned her with a crew who cared but little what they did for gold or an exciting life ; being well-armed they feared nothing that sailed the ocean. Jan of Penrose never went to sea ; but gave the command to a wretch— known to have been a pirate — who was cast on Ghvenvor sands from his ship wrecked in Whitsand Bay, on the night that the good Squire Penrose was drowned. This pirate-smuggler and his desperate crew boarded many a rich merchant-man going up Channel, from which they ap- propriated whatsoever they pleased, and sent all who opposed them to the other world by water. There, was no Preventive Service then, to be any check on our free trade. If Eevenue Cutters came near our western land, their crews dreaded to fall in with Cornish fair-traders more than our smugglers feared the King's men. As for riding officers they would ride anywhere else rather than on the cliff, when beacon fires blazed from the cairns of dark nights to guide fair-traders' boats into the coves. 214 THE SMtrGGLBBS OF PENB08E. When the rich goods and plunder were landed, and any over-ourious person remarked that they were not such as seemed likely to have been purchased from our neighbours across the Channel, the jolly crew would give themselves credit for being valiant privateers, and as such be much renowned by simple country folks, and their plunder passed as lawful prize. People came from all over the country to purchase the goods, safely stowed in vaults and other hiding places about Penrose ; and in winter the crew spent much of their time there in drunken rioting with all the reckless youngsters of the neighbourhood. After the good Squire was drowned his brother appeared to show every kindness to the orphan heir ; yet it was remarked that the child seemed instinctively to avoid his uncle and the captain, who consorted much together when the smugglers were ashore. Whenever the boy could elude the old steward's vigilance he would go away alone to the rocks in Sennen Cove where his father was drowned, or shut himself up for hours in his father's bed-room, or wander about other parts of the gloomy north wing, which was almost in ruins and seldom entered^ by other inmates. One winter's day, the ground being covered with snow, Penrose's people and many others of the neighbourhood joined for a wolf -hunt. Traditions say that in those times terrible havoc was often made on flocks by these fierce beasts, and that children were sometimes carried off by them when hard pressed with hunger. Neither John Penrose nor the captain went to the chase ; when at night the game-laden hunters returned and blew their bugle-horns, they remarked with surprise that the young heir — who was a general favourite — did not, as was his wont, come into the court to meet them. The boy was sought for in every place whither it was thought he might have strayed. His uncle seemed to be much distressed, and continued the fruitless search until it was surmised that the child must have missed his way in returning from Sennen Cove, wandered out under Escols ClifF, there got drowned by the flowing tide, and carried out to sea on the ebb. After this, Jan of Penrose, having all his own, became more riotously debauched than ever ; and his gang having taken a somewhat strange aversion to their captain, he left and was no more seen in the West. The tapestry chamber and all the northern wing was shut up, or unoccupied, as it had the reputation of being haunted. None of the servants nor even the devil-may-care smugglers would venture into it after night-faU, when unearthly shrieks would be heard there, and strange lights seen flashing through the casements till near morning. Lights were also often seen in an orchard just below the town-place when no one was there. A FACTION FIGHT. 215 These unnatural occurrences, however, put no check to the excesses of Penrose's band and the lawless castaways who joined them. By way of variety to their fun, they frequently disguised themselves and made nocturnal excursions to some village within a few miles, where they would alarm the quiet folks in the dead of night, by discharging their fire-arms in a voUey; and make a bonfire of a furze-rick, out-house, or thatched dwelling. The poor villagers in their fright, would mistake these wretches for outlandish people, come again to burn and pillage as in days of yore. They were all the more ready to think so because about this time the Spaniards had great fondness for roving round the western coasts, and often did much damage in defenceless places; it was in Jan Penrose's time, too, that a few Dons, high by day, put off from a galley in Whitsand Bay, landed on Gwenvor Sands, and destroyed Velan-dreath Mill. To return to Pen- rose crew, at the height of the fright and confusion they would carry off such young women as they had before agreed on ; the gallants would take their fair-ones before them on horseback to Escols Cliff or the hills, where they would be left alone by daybreak, to find their way back afoot. Having carried on this sport a long time with impunity, they became so bold at last as to make an attack on Buryan Church-town ; fortunately, however, Buryan men were apprised of their intentions in time to be armed and ready to give them a warm reception ; in short they lay in wait for the smugglers, drove them all into a vacant place near the cross in Church-town, and there surrounded them ; when thus hemmed in the band fought desperately, and till nearly every man of them was killed or disabled they continued shouting to each other, "cheer up comrades, die one, die all, and die we merrilly ; " and so many of them met their end in this encounter that Penrose band was soon after broken up. One night of the following Christmas, whilst a large company was assembled at Penrose, keeping high festival after a day's hunt, loud knocking was heard at the green-court door, and soon after a servant conducted into the haU an elderly way- faring man who requested a night's shelter from the snow- storm. John Penrose received the wanderer with hospitable courtesy ; and charged his steward, the old reve, to provide him with good cheer ; the guests continued their glee and paid but little attention to him, for begging homeless pilgrims were all too plenty here at that time. The company was also entertained by professional droll-teUers and ballad-singers ; persons of that class were then^and long 216 THE SMrGGLEBS OF PENROSE. after continued to be — received, as substitutes for minstrels, in gentlemen's houses of the humbler sort. The stranger, however, regarded the company with attention, and noticed that the master of Penrose looked wretched and haggard amidst all the merriment. His scrutiny was interrupted by the steward who conducted him to another room where a well furnished board, beside a blazing fire, awaited him. The stranger having refreshed himself, told the old steward how he had just returned from a long jjilgrimage in foreign lands, and had seen many places spoken of in miracle-plays, which were acted in the Plan-an-Gware at St. Just, and how he had that morning arrived at Market-jew on board an eastern ship that traded there for tin. He also said that he once had friends in the West Country ; whether they were alive or dead he knew not, but hoped to obtain some tidings of them on the morrow. The wanderer's voice seemed familiar to the old steward, and recalled former times ; but, ere they had time for more discourse, they were invited to return to the hall and see a guise-dance, which was about to commence. The stranger seemed interested in the quaint performance of " St. George and the Turkish Knight." A droll-teller in his character of bard, took the part of chorus ; explained the intent of coming scenes ; instructed and prompted the actors as well. The play being concluded and the guisards well rewarded by the wayfarer, he withdrew and told the steward that he felt weary after his long walk though the snow and would be glad to lie down ; if all the beds were occupied, he could repose, he said, in a settle by the fireside, for a few hours only, as he intended to leave early in the morning. The old man replied that he feared any other accommodation in his power to offer was not such as he might desire, — although the house was large, with ample bed-rooms for more guests than it now contained — because a great part of the northern end was shut up for a reason that the inmates did not like to talk about. Yet as he believed the pilgrim to be a prudent man, who was, no doubt, learned in ghostly matters, he was glad to unburden his own mind and have his visitor's counsel, with his prayers for the repose of the unquiet spirits that disturbed the place. Then he told how many of the upper rooms, though weU furnished, were unused and falling to ruin on accoiint of the un- natural sounds and sights before mentioned. To which the stranger answered that as he had a mind at ease he had no reason to dread any ghostly visitants ; if the steward would conduct him to a room in the haunted wing he did not fear for his rest. DIVINATION. 217 The old steward, taking a lamp, led the way to the tapestry chamber — being the best room in that part of the mansion. A faggot of dry ash-wood — already laid in the large open fire-place — was soon in a blaze, and the room well aired and somewhat comfortable. The old man brought in bread, meat, and wine, that the guest might take more refreshment during the night, and supply his wallet in the morning if he started before breakfast. After returning with more wood and bog-turf to keep in the fire, he bade the guest good-night, sweet rest, and pleasant dream,s. — ^is^^^-gfe^S*^!*^^— Part the Second, Blood, though it sleeps a time, yet never dies ; The gods on murd'rers fix revengeful eyes. Chapman. After the old steward had retired from the dreaded room, its occupant was in no haste to rest himself on the large stately looking bed ; but seemed never weary of examining the old portraits and quaint figures in the arras (which might have been intended for portraits too), the massive oak furniture with bold, grotesque, carvings, ancient armour, coats of mail, and other interesting objects, which were suspended from the walls, or in hanging presses, with all of which he appeared familiar ; so that it was near midnight when he sat down in the long window- seat. The storm had ceased and a full moon, shining on newly fallen snow, made it almost as light as day. He opened the casement and looked into the court, where he saw a company of young men and women passing out singly and in silence. The visitor, being well acquainted with West Country customs, knew — as this was twelfth night — that the object of this silent procession was to work some of the many speUs, usually practised at this time, for the purpose of gaining a knowledge of their future destiny with respect to what they regarded as the most important of aU events— marriage and death. So great was the desire of many young people to obtain an 218 THE SMTJGGLEES OF PENROSE. ' insight of what the future had in store for them, that they often practised singular rites, — still well-known in the West, — which are probably vestiges of ancient magian ceremonials connected with divination. This night, however, the young peoples' intention was simply to gather ivy leaves and pull rushes ; by the aid of which, with fire and water, they hoped to discover who would be wedded, and with whom, or buried before the new year was ended. There are many instances of predictions, with regard to the latter event, conducing to accomplish their own fulfilment, from their effects on people of melancholy temperament. The pilgrim had not sat long, looking out of the open case- ment, when he saw the company of young men and maidens come running back, apparently in great fright. The doors were all immediately slammed to, the noisy mirth and music suddenly ceased in the hall. The house, in a few moments, was shrouded in thick fog ; all was still as death about the place for some minutes, then a noise was heard like the distant roaring and moaning of the sea in a storm. These ocean sounds seemed to approach nearer and nearer every instant, until the waves were heard as if breaking and surging around the house. In the wailing wind was heard a noise of oars rattling in their rowlocks for another instant ; then as of the casting of oars hastily into a boat. f This was followed by the hollow voices of the smugglers, drowned with the old Squire, hailing their own names, as drowned men's ghosts are said to do when they want the assistance of the living to procure them rest. All this time the green-court appeared as if filled with the sea, and one could hear the breakers roaring as when standing on a cliff in a storm. All the buildings and trees surrounding the mansion dis- apj)eared as if sunk into the ground. At length the surging of waves and other sounds gradually died away until they were only heard Uke the 'calling of cleeves' before a tempest. The steward had told the stranger of these noises and appear- ances, which had become frequent of late, to the great terror of the household ; but he gave little heed to the old man's tales, thinking that such visions were merely the creations of weak brains diseased by strong potions. 'Tis said that when the young folks reached the outer gate of the avenue, near which they would find the plants required for their spells, all keeping silence and taking care not to look behind them — as this or speaking would spoil the charm — a female, who was a short distance ahead of the others, saw what APPABITION OF THE LOST HEIR. 219 appeared to be the sea coming over the moors before a driving fog. She ran shrieking to join her companions, who also beheld the waves fast approaching — rolling, curling, and breaking on the heath. They all ran up to the house with theu- utmost speed ; and some who had the courage to look behind them, when near the court door, saw the curling breakers within a few yards of them ; and a boat, manned with a ghostly crew, came out of the driving mist as they rushed into the house ; and, not daring to look out, they saw nothing more. The weary wayfaring man, having a clear conscience, feared nothing evil in what appeared to him an unaccountable mystery, even in that time of marvels ; and, having told his beads, he committed himself to good spirits' care. The brave man was rather soothed than alarmed by a plaintive melody, until there was a change in the harmonious strains, which grew more distinct ; and mingled with them were the tones of loved and once familiar voices, calling, "William Penrose, arise and avenge the murder of thy cousin's son ! " Casting a glance towards the window — whence the sound proceeded — he saw just within it the apparition of a beautiful boy in white raiment. A light which surrounded it showed the countenance of the lost heir of Penrose. At the same time the room was filled with an odour like that of sweet spring flowers. The pilgrim, "William Penrose, spoke to the spirit and conjured it, according to the form prescribed by Holy Church, to speak and say what he should do to give it rest. The apparition, coming nearer, told how he had been murdered by the pirate-captain of the smugglers, on the grand hunting day ; and how his uncle had given the pirate a great quantity of gold to do the bloody deed — that he had been buried in the orchard under an apple-tree, that would be known, even in winter, by its blasted appearance, — that the murderer was then in Plymouth, keeping a public-house, the situation of which was so plainly described by the spirit that William Penrose would have no difficulty in finding it, and bringing the murderer to justice by means of such proofs of his crime as would be found beneath the blasted tree. Moreover he told William that the spirits knew he was gone on a pilgrimage for their repose ; and that they all, through him, sought his aid to enable them to rest in peace. William Penrose having promised to perform all according to the wishes of the departed, music was again heard and the spirit gradually disappeared in a cloud of light. Then the weary man sunk into sound repose from which he only awoke at break of day. His cousin, the good Squire, had also appeared to him in a 220 THE SMtrOGLEHS OF PEITROSE. dream, and told him that concealed in the -wainscot, beneath a certain piece of tapestry, he would find a secret cabinet, in which was preserved good store of gold and jewels for the infant heir ; and that the key of this hidden treasury was behind a leaf of carved foliage which ornamented the bed head. He was told to take what money he required for his journey and to keep the key. He found everything as indicated in his dream. Jan of Penrose had often sought for this private recess — where heir-looms and other valuables were concealed, and only made known to the heir when of age, or to a trusty guardian, if a minor — but he was deterred from further search by such an apparition as made him avoid the chamber, and of which he would never speak after his fearful fright was past. The pilgrim arose and requested the old steward to accompany him a short distance on his journey. Before they parted the stranger discovered himself, to the old man's great delight, to be the long-lamented Wniiam Penrose; told him that he was about to undertake a long journey for the repose of the dead ; that he would return when he had accomplished his mission ; and bade the steward adieu, without speaking of the apparition or the cause of disturbances in the mansion. William Penrose, having arrived in the ancient town of Ply- mouth, and entered the mean public-house to which he had been directed by the apparition, saw the person he sought lying stretched by the fireside in a squalid apartment that served for kitchen, guest-chamber, and sleeping room. The former pirate-captain looked like a deserter from the churchyard (as we say) ; the face of this child-murderer was the colour of one long in the tomb ; with but Kttle signs of life except in the lurid glare of his sunken eyes. WUHam Penrose with much difficulty induced the ' wisht- looking ' object to converse ; and, after a while, led him to talk of the West Country, then of Sennen. From that the pilgrim spoke of Penrose, and asked him if he knew, in Penrose orchard, a certain apple-tree, which he pointly described. He had no sooner mentioned it than the inn-keeper exclaimed, " I am a dead man." The miserable wretch begged the pilgrim to have mercy on him and listen to his confession, in which he declared he was driven to commit the murder by his evil spirit that made him dislike the child, because he had long hated his parents, more than from any love of gold given him by Jan of Penrose, to remove the only obstacle to his possession of the estate. William Penrose — who was still unknown to the inn-keeper — THE PIEATE's OONFESSIOlf. 221 wondered what cause of ill-will he could ever have had against the good old Squire or his wife, until the former pirate told how he was the prodigal son— long supposed dead— of an ancient, respectable, but poor family, whose ancestral seat was within a few miles of Penrose— how, almost from his childhood, he had long and truly -loved, and as he trusted, had his love returned by the lady who became the wife of Squire Penrose,— how that he had left his home in St. Just on a desperate privateering ex- pedition, in hopes of soon gaining sufficient riches to make the lady's parents regard him with favour, — how, whilst he was returning with gold enough to buy the parish, Penrose had wooed and won the lady — his first and only love, for whom he had toiled and suffered every hardship during many years. He also related how when he came home so altered, by the burning suns of the Spanish Main, that his nearest relatives knew him not, and found out the ill return his lady-love had made him, that his only solace was the hope of revenge. Some of the gold that he had sweat blood to gain, for the sake of the faithless fair, was laid out in a fast sailing craft, which might pass for a merchantman, privateer, or pirate, as she was all in turn during a few years that he roamed the British seas. The vessel was manned with a desperate crew, most of them his old comrades, who would do anything to please him. The design he had formed, more through hate than love, was to carry the lady off to some foreign land. A year or so after his return he landed one night in Whitsand Bay, accompanied by a great part of his weU-armed crew, who took their way towards Penrose, where he learned ere their arrival, that his design of carrying off the lady was frustrated by her having been laid in the grave a few days before. After this he wandered over sea and land by turns, caring nothing what became of him, until cast on Gwenvor Sands — poor and naked, as his ship foundered in deep water, when all but himself were drowned ; and, as bad luck would have it, he reached the shore on some loose part of the wreck. The worst portion of his story from this time is already told ; but no one can tell, as he related, how the desire of gold — to enable him to recommence his roving life, far away from the hated sight of the land and everything else that recalled a remembrance of his blighted youthful hopes — maddening drink, and a wicked heart, farther irritated by Jan Penrose, made him murder the child that he would have given a hundred lives to restore before he received the uncle's bloody gold. Since then he had never a moment been free from remorse. He wished for death, but feared to die. If he drank himself mad, that only increased the horror of his thoughts. 222 THE SMUGOLEES OF PENROSE. He had scarcely finished his sad tale when WiUiam Penrose discovered himself to be the well-remembered playmate of the wretched man's innocent youth ; and he had only time to beg Penrose to bestow in alms his ill-got store, for the scarcely hoped for mitigation of future punishment, when he breathed his last. When "William Penrose returned to Penrose and made himself known, to the great joy of old servants and others, he found that what was thought to be merely the gloomy and morose ' temper of its master frequently made him shun all society, and wander about the hills or cliffs and other solitary places, for days and nights together. No one either loved, feared, or cared enough about the surly man to pay him any regard. He was absent then in one of his melancholy moods, and "WiUiam with the steward, aided by other old trusty servants, removed the child's remains from beneath the blasted tree to Sennen churchyard ; and out of respect to the honourable old family, little was said or known about the sad occurrence. Jan of Penrose was no more seen aHve in the old mansion, for the same night that his nephew's remains were buried in con- secrated ground, he hanged himself in the malt-house ; and he haunted it long after. PoUowing the spirit's injunction "William Penrose had still to find and remove the bodies of the old Squire and hie crew. Now it was supposed that they were ' sanded ' — that is sunk in the moist sand and covered by it during a flowing tide — near Gwenvor Cove, because corpse-lights had frequently been seen, and the drowned sailors had been heard there "hailing there own names," as they are still accustomed to do when requiring aid of the living. Next day Penrose and others found the bodies of the old sailor-squire and his crew near the place where fishermen had heard the "calling of the dead," and their remains were laid to repose, with all holy rites, in an ancient burying-ground near Chapel Idne, where the wind and waves sing their everlasting requiem in music they loved well when aHve : — "Pie Jesu, Domine, Dona eis requiem. Amen." WiUiam Penrose, now heir-at-law of the bartons of Penrose, Brew, and other farms in the West Country, — disUking to live in the place connected with such melancholy events — gave up his rights of heirship to another branch of the family ; resumed PENROSES STILL IN THE WEST. 223 Ms pilgrim's staff; and was supposed to have died in the Holy Land. The Penrosea still in the West are said to be descended from a younger branch of the ancieut family of Sennen ; with whom the Pendreas or Pendars were intermarried. The family of Jones purchased the Penroses' West Country property, and it remained in their possession until the beginning of the last century. We hear again of smugglers being kept in pay by the last Jones, of Penrose, and by others who succeeded him. From the facilities afforded by this secluded place for concealing contra- band goods, it was always noted as a favourite resort for western fair-traders. Many people about the Land's End believe the old mansion was always haunted ; and it is said this was the principal reason for taking down and rebuilding a portion of it a few years since. -n Teegagle. In Cornwaile's fair land, bye the poole on the moore, Tregeagle the wicked did dwell. He once was a ehepherde, contented and poore, But growing ambytioue, and wishing for more, Sad fortune the shepherde befelle. John Penwakne. NE may almost every day hear West Country folks make allusion to Tregagle ; for instance, a squall- ing child is called a Tregagle ; and to a blusterer they often say, " Hold thy bleatan, thee art worse than Tregagle roaran before a storm." But little is known here of the living man's history — which belonged for the most part to the neighbourhood of Bodmin — all our common sayings, connected with him, refer to his troublesome ghost at Gvrenvor. Our vague traditions, however, represent him as having been a most unscrupulous lawyer ; and say that he rose from low estate, by taking bribes to lose his poorer cHent's cases, by bearing or procuring false witnesses ; forging documents relating to the bequest of property ; and other nefarious transactions which resulted in his acquisition of much riches and consequent power. He is also said to have been so cruel in his domestic relations, — by having despatched several wives, who were rich heiresses — that he is regarded as a sort of Cornish Bluebeard, who sold his soul to the devil that he might have his wishes for a certain number of years. All our western legends agree, however, in stating that the particular business which was the cause of his being "called from the grave " was this : — A man who resided in the eastern part of the county, lent a sum of money to another without receiving bond or note or anything for security, as the transaction was witnessed by Tregagle ; for whom the money was borrowed ; and who died before the money was repaid. Soon after Tregagle' s death, the lender demanded his money, and his debtor denied over having received it. The case was brought before the court at Bodmin assizes; and when the plaintiff said that Tregagle was the only witness, BOUND TO aWENVOR. 225 the defendant denied it with an oath, and exclaimed, "If Tre- gagle ever saw it I wish to God that Tregagle may come and declare it." The words were no sooner uttered than Tregagle stood before the court, and, pointing to the man, said, "I can no more be a false witness, thou hast had the money, and found it easy to bring me from the grave, but thou wilt not find it so easy to put me away." Wherever the terrified man moved about the court Tregagle followed him ; he begged the judge and long-robed gentlemen to relieve him from the spirit. "That's thy business," said they, one and all, " thou hast brought him, thou may'st get him laid." The man returned home, but whithersoever he went Tregagle followed, and would seldom quit his side or let him rest by night or by day. He repaid the borrowed money, gave much in alms, and sought to get rid of the spirit by the aid of parsons, conjurors, and other wise men, before they succeeded in binding it, for a while, to empty Dosmery Pool with a crogan (Hmpet shell) that had a hole in its bottom. Having soon finished that task, he returned to the man that brought him from his grave, and followed and tormented him worse than before, ujitil he procured the help of other powerful exorcists who were more astute. The first thing they did was to draw a circle, out in the town-place, and put the man to stand within it. The spirit then took the form of a black bull and tried to get at him with horns and hoofs, but the man was safe within the line traced. A parson continued reading all the time, while others kept an eye on the spirit that took many shapes. At first the holy words of power made him furious ; by turns, he bellowed like a mad bull, hissed like an adder, or roared like a wild beast, that he might be heard for miles away. Yet, by degrees, Tregagle became as gentle as a lamb, and allowed the spirit-quellers to bind him with a new hempen cord ; and to lead hirn far away to Gwenvor Cove. There they doomed him to make a truss of sand, to be bound with ropes made of the same material, and carry it up to Carn Olva. Tregagle was a long while at his tiresome task without being able to accomplish it, until it came to a very cold winter, when, one hard frosty night, by taking water from Velan Dreath brook, and pouring it over his truss, he caused it to freeze together and bore it in triumph to Carn Olva. He then flew back to the man who raised him, and he would have torn him in pieces, but, by good luck, he happened to have in his arms an innocent young child, so the spirit couldn't harm him. 226 TBEGAGLE. Without delay tlie terrified man sent for the nearest parson, who, however, was not able, alone, to cope with Tregagle ; the most he could do was to prevent him from harming the man until other spirit-quellers were brought to his assistance ; with whose aid the furious spirit was again bound, led away to Gwenvor, and required to undertake the same task, without going near fresh water. So Tregagle was matched at last, for he is still there on the shore of Whitsand Bay vainly trjdng to make his truss of sand ; and he is frequently heard roaring for days before a northerly storm comes to scatter it. I well remember that when a boy, and living in Eafra, St. Levan, how elderly men would go out into the town-place, last thing before they went to bed, to "look at the weather," — in harvest particularly, — and come in saying, "Tregagle is roaring, so we shall surely have northerly wind and a dry day to- morrow," or, "the northern cleeves are calling," by which they meant the same, and unconsciously used somewhat poetical figures of speech. A legend which connects Tregagle's escape from Gwenvor with the sanding up of Parcurnow has been noticed (on page 140); other stories, however, say, that job was imposed on hmi as a separate task, which he quickly accomplished just before he was finally settled at Gwenvor. wm, '"m^y West Countey Superstitions. Devil's Money. There needs no other charm nor conjurer, To raise infernal spirits up, but fear. Butler. ^OT long ago it was believed that Old Niok frequently appeared in tlie form of a buU, and that he often placed money to tempt the unwary. The following story — told us of the late Sir Eose Price's hunts- man — wUl help to explain notions which are i>ot yet whoUy exploded. When the huntsman was a boy his parents lived in Nancledra, and sent him daUy to a school two or three miles off, tiU he was about thirteen years old. He had his dinner sent with him, and he often minched. One morning he wandered away over the moors in search of birds' nests and rabbits' burrows. He had a good pasty in his dinner-bag and the day passed pleasantly in birds-nesting, searching for young rabbits, and playing about a tin-stream, three miles or so up the Bottom, where he stayed tiU. the streamers left work. Then he took his course for home, over hedges and ditches, wandering wherever his fancy led him, till almost dark, when he found himself in a large hilly field not far from Nancledra. In making a short cut for home he crossed this field, and, when near the middle of it, he heard a bull bellowing, and shortly saw a large black one making towards him with tail up and head down ; sometimes it would stop to tear up the ground, and fling its horns as if to get in practice to toss the boy ; who being far from any hedges, there seemed no way of escape from the field before the bull could overtake him. But, luckily, within a few yards, there was a large rock, to which he ran and climbed it, a moment only before the bull came to it. The brute kept on, for a long time, going round and round the rock, bellowing and tearing up the turf as if in a rage, till at last, tired with his vain endeavours — as it seemed — to get at the boy, it hoisted its tail like a flag-staff, galloped off, and vanished in a minute. 228 WEST COUNTEY StrPBRSTITIONS. The boy didn't venture from Ma fort for sometime after the bull left. At length he ' cramed ' down over a shelving side of the rock on all fours, head foremost — it was too dark to see where to put his feet. When he touched ground with his hand he felt and took up what he thought, by the feel of it, to be a penny-piece or a large button. He ran home and saw, by light shining through a window, that he had found a penny. When the way was clear, he made a place to hide it, in a hole over the chimney-stool — the fire-plaoe was a large open one for burning furze and turf. Next night, about the same hour as on the preceding, he went on the rook, ' cramed ' down again, and found two penny-pieces, which he hoarded in the hole ; and, night after night, he visited the rock, found the money doubled each succeeding night, and picked up silver money in other places where one would the least expect to find it, till his hiding-place was nearly full in a few weeks. How much longer this luck would have continued there is no knowing ; for, one night, when he thought there was nobody about, his mother came in and found him standing on the chimney-stool so earnest about something that he didn't see her watching him, and he kept handling his money till she said, "Whatever hast thee got there between the stones, that thee art always stealing into the chimney, whenever thee dost think nobody is noticing of thee." " Only my buttons and marbles, mother," said he. "I don't believe thee," replied his mother; "stand away, and I'll see for myself." Saying this she took up the fire-hook, ran the point of it into the hole, and dragged out a lot of money. "Now tell me, or I'll kill thee, thou lying thief," said she, ' ' where didst thee get this money ; if thee hast stole it I'll murder thee, I will." The boy didn't much mind his mother's threats — terrific as they seem — he was used to it. Yet she made him teU how he came by the money. "Oh! good gracious mercy on us," cried she, before he had finished telling her; " oh 1 thou wicked boy; thee hast frightened me out of my life. Now tell me true," moaned she, wringing her hands, " hast thee used any of the devil's money, put there to entice thee to sell thyself to him, body and soul?" " No, mother, please sure I han't," said he, "I was savan aU to buy a gun." "Well, thank goodness," groaned his mother, "that I have devil's money. 229 found all out in time to prevent thee stuttan thyself or somebody else witli the devil's gun. I should never more rejoice if I thought thee hast used a farthing of en. Know, thou plague of my heart, that what seemed to thee a bull was the Old One hisself. He placed the money there for thee, and, when the bull seemed to vanish, he only changed to an adder, a toad, or some- thing else that suited his purpose, and he was watohan thee all the time." Whilst talking to the boy she raked all the money on to a fird- shovel, and threw it under a brandes, around which there was a good turf-fire. In a few minutes all the money melted away, and was gone like hailstones in sunshine. Next morning she carried out all the ashes, strewed them about the town-place, and swept the hearth nine times before she lighted a new fire. The poor woman never rested till she told old Parson Stephens. He didn't altogether believe the boy's story, but said that if it was the devil's money she did right, or she might have — brought it to him. The boy was so terrified by what his mother said, that, for years after, he never ventured to wander by night, even when he hunted for Sir Rose, and was as stout a man as one might see' of a market day ; and the sight of a black bull or anything he took for such would always make him tremble. There are many stories of this class about people havin<^- been enticed with devil's money, but few of them have so fortunate an ending as the old huntsman's relation. The Slighted Damsel of Gwineae. Trust me no tortures that the poets feign Can match the fierce, th' unutterable pain He feels who, day and night, devoid of rest, Carries his own accuser in his breast. JUYENAL. ^^r^*^^HEEE is a general belief, in the western part of wlif^ Cornwall, that if a greatly injured person, the last ®S^ thing before death, reads or recites the 109th Psalm, (3||[^ usually called the " Cursing Psahn," applying its «ja!i=a comminations to the injurer, the dying maledictions are sure to take effect. 230 WEST COTJNTKT SUPERSTITIONS. Nearly a hundred years ago there lived in Gwinear Church- town a young man called Thomas Thomas, who for many years courted his cousin, ElizaLeth Thomas, of tjae same place. She was much attached to the young man, who often promised to make her his wife ; hut, when she had shown her utmost trust in him, on some little disagreement, he slighted her and proposed to wed another damsel of the same village. One Sunday afternoon he took his new love for a walk, passing by his old sweetheart's door, purposely to spite her. Soon after they had passed the cot of Elizabeth's parents, the betrayed and wronged girl, who was of a very hasty temper, took a rope and a prayer book, went into a road-way field, and hanged herself near the path by which her faithless lover and his new fiance had passed, and would, probably, return. They came home, however, by another road. On their arriving in Church-town, somebody asked them if they had seen Elizabeth, and remarked that no one knew where she had gone, as she had been sought in vain all over Church-town. " Good God," exclaimed Thomas, "has she made away with herself? Eor more than once she vowed that she would if I slighted her." Then, as if tokened by her spirit, he went, followed by others, direct to the tree on which they found her hanging and dead. On the ground, at her feet, was her open prayer book. He took it up and found a leaf turned down at the "Cursing Psalm;" on a leaf too he read her name followed by " "When this you see remember me." Thomas then knew how she had doomed him ; and he exclaimed " I'm ruined, I'm ruined, for ever and ever." For a long while he wandered about like one distracted, working in various parts of the country, sometimes at mining, other times at husbandry, and never returned to Gwinear Church-town. Little was seen of him, by anyone who knew him, until after some years, when he went to live in Market-jew. He would' never venture to church or chapel for fear of hearing read the 109th Psalm ; he dreaded even to pass near a school for the same reason. Ho T^as several times hurt in the mines, in which he worked ; and he attributed aU. his misfortunes and bad luck to the curse of Elizabeth, whose avenging ghost often appeared to him — as well by day as by night — with an open prayer book in her hand. He could never sleep without a comrade in his room ; and seldom even then, for, after a short slumber, when worn-out with fatigue, he would start up in bed, crying in agony, "Oh, THE CUESINa PSALM. 231 dear Betsy, shut tlie book. Do shut the book." Notwithstanding ths distraction of his mind, he was still a fine, strong, lusty, man, and many of his comrades advised him to get married, saying there was nothing like a living wife to drive away the spirit of a dead sweetheart. Taking their advice, he paid his addresses to several young women of the neighbour- hood and others farther away; but they, one and all, flouted him -with scorn, for the history of his unfortunate first love was blown far and near. If he persisted in his suit the indignant damsels would ask him with a sneer if he wished to bring all the ill- wishes of the " Cursing Psalm " on their heads, too. At length, however, a widow in Market-jew took pity on Thomas and consented to venture her lot with him ; and Betsy's ghost ceased persecuting him — for a bit. But on the road to St. Hilary Church — whither Thomas and the widow proceeded to get married — the weather suddenly changed ; from a calm and sunshine it became a tempest, with thunder and lightning ; it was harvest time, and a cloud, black as night, hung over them, and rain poured along churchway- path, whilst they saw people binding barley in the fields on either hand. Thomas, trembling with fear, saw his sweetheart's ghost, with her open book, standing menacingly in the path before him ; and he would have turned back, had not the widow urged him on, saying that she saw no ghost, and didn't mind her nor yet hur book ; and got him married. He lived for a few years pretty tranquilly ; and his wife bore him two children. Then he was again disturbed with visits from the avenging ghost ; and some misfortune or sickness always closely followed its appearance ; untn Thomas — worn-out in body and mind — when less than forty years of age died, and was buried in St. Hilary. -— s-s^rSErfc^^*^— The Weeck of Admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovel. 5B are reminded by the above of the wreck of Admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovel's ship, the "Associ- ation," at SciUy; and of a tradition, common to the Islands, which attributes that disaster to the ,.,^. reading or reciting of the 109th Psalm, shortly before death, by one of Sir Cloudesley's crew, whom he unjustly condemned to be hanged. 232 WEST COTJNTBY StTPEESTITIONS. The Admiral Tvas returning with his fleet from Toulon, when, on the evening of the 22nd October, 1707, his ship struck on the Gilstone, about three miles and a half from St. Agnes ; and in a few minutes afterwards she went down, and everybody on board perished, except one man, who saved himself by floating on a j)iece of timber to a rock called Hellweathers, — about two miles and a haK from the Gilstone, — where he remained some days before the weather permitted any boat to approach and take him off to St. Agnes. He is said to have stated that the day before the Admiral's ship was wrecked, one of the crew, who was a native of Scilly, and well acquainted with the channel, represented to Sir Cloudesley that the course the ship was taking would bring her on ScUly rocks. The Admiral and his officers were incensed at the man's interference; and because he persisted in affirming that the ship's way was wrong and would bring them to destruction, Sir Cloudesley Shovel — rather summarily, one might now think — condemned the man to be hanged for insubordination and endeavouring to excite a mutiny. When the poor feUow was tied to the mast, preparatory to Lis being suspended by his neck, from the yard-arm, he begged, as a last favour, that a Psalm might be read before his execution. His request being granted, he selected the 109th, and repeated certain imprecatory portions of it after the reader ; and the last words he uttered were to the efi'ect that Sir Cloudesley Shovel and those who saw him hanged should never reach the land alive. His body, shrouded in a hammock, with a shot to sink it, was cast into the deep, and but little heed paid to the dying sailor's sentence. Shortly after, however, the sky, which had been gloomy all day, became much darker ; black, lowering, clouds, hung over the fleet like a funeral pall, and the gale rose to a violent tempest. Then the hanged man's curse was dreaded ; and lo, to the crew's consternation, they beheld his corpse^divested of its rude winding-sheet — floating near the doomed ship, which it closely followed, with its face turned towards her, — in all her varj'ing course, through eddying currents, — until she struck on the Gilstone ; when the hanged man went down with the ship and his messmates. At this unfortunate time there perished, besides the Admiral, several officers, and about two thousand men, belonging to the "Association " and other vessels of the fleet. Sir Cloudesley Shovel's body was washed ashore at Porth- HeUiok Bay, in St. Mary's, about eight miles from the Gilstone. It was quite naked, and on the hatch of a ship, on which he had endeavoured to save himself, — and a little dog lay by him, — when he was found by a soldier and his wife, who only knew him to be BIDING OLD NICK. 233 the Admiral by a diamond riug on his finger. They buried him in the sand, where a pit on Porth-Hellick Bank still marks Sir Cloudesley Shovel's grave. The pit never fills up in the greatest storms ; and no grass ever grows on this blasted grave, although the ground around it is often green. " So the hanged seaman had as sweet a bit of revenge as one could wish for," said our narrator, with a motion of his head which showed his satisfaction at the Pates' award. Connected with this unfortunate occurrence, there is a gratifying bit of true history — we cannot say so much for all the above — which says that Lady Shovel, on having her husband's ring, — by which his body was identified, — sent her by the soldier, she gave him a pension for Ufe ; and the Admiral was deposited in West- minster Abbey, where his monument recalls the direful tale. — -~£=57^gWg^'Si=. — . — A Night's Eide to Scilly. No repares en eso, Sanoho, que como estas cosas y estas volaterfas vanfuera de loo cursos ordinarios, de mil leguas ver&,3 y oiras lo que quisieres, y no me aprietes tanto, que me derribas ; y en verdad que no a& de que te turbas ni tu espantas, que osare jurar que en todos los diaa de mi vida he subido en cabalgadura de paso mas llano ; no parence sino que no nos movemos de un lugar. Destierra, amigo, el miedo, que en efecto la cosa va como ha de ir, y el Tiento Uevamos en popa. Bein es verdad que sentf que pasaba por la region del aire, y aun que tocaba a la del fuogo ; pero quo pasasemos de alii no lo puedo creer. D. QliIJOTE. e^lg^^^f^ANY persons, not at all given to lying, assert that they have been carried up and away by Old Nick, in the form of a horse. For the most part, they affirm that they were taken " towers high ; " and, when their infernal steed descended it threw them off violently, and vanished in fire and smoke. We know a man called Jackey— never mind his surname — who had long been a sober character, and was so particularly veracious that he prefaced aU his stories by saying, "I won't tell 'e a word of a lie, and know it ! " Indeed this common affirm- ation of his has become an every-day saying, when anything 234 WEST COTJNTEY SUPERSTITIONS. doubtful is related. Well, Jackey has often told us, and many others, that, when a young man, and not so good as he might have been, he dwelt in the north of St. Just, and courted a girl who lived in Tardinney with her parents, who either rented a few acres or some dairy cows. One Sunday afternoon he went early to see his sweetheart. Whilst she was out milking, and he with her, the old woman, her mother, made a nice heavy currant-cake for tea. All was ready on the board when they returned from •milking. Jackey made a hearty tea, or supper, as we should say ; but, when that was over, the old woman said, " I've made a junket for thee, Jackey, as it's the first Sunday in May ; it's in the dairy, ' runn'd ' by this time ; I'll bring it to thee in a minute." " Don't think I can find room for it," said he ; "I'm as full as a tick." " Hold thy tongue," said she ; " go thee wayst out and take a few jumps down from the heaping-stock, and pack the tea and trade away ! Junket is no fillan, any more than drink ; it wiU only quaff (puff) one for a bit." Jackey went out and exercised himself a few minutes, by leaping over a stile ; came in and foTind on the table a basin of junket well spread with thick cream and honey. It was no shabby allowance either, for the bowl held a quart or more. Whilst Jackey dispatched his junket his sweetheart rigged herself in her best, and then away they went down to Sennen Church-town to Methodist meeting. There they met several of his comrades with their sweethearts. Preaching over, they all went into the "First and Last" for a drop of something to drink. Santusters are always free enough in treating the women — and everybody else for that matter — so each of the fair ones had a glass of gin-and-peppermint or of brandy and cloves, or both if they Hked, and most of them did like to taste both cordials and a glass of shrub besides. The men had a few mugs of shenackrum (gin and beer) with a dram of rum all around to finish off.- They were a score or more going to St. Just ; and all kept together tiU they came to the Burying-place Downs, where they parted company, and all the Santusters went Brea way, singing snatches of some well-known revival hymns to lively song tunes, except Jackey, who had to put his sweetheart home by the other road. It was between ten and eleven o'clock when they got to Tar- dinney, and found the old folks gone to bed. A glowing turf- fii-e burned on the hearth, and they stayed courting till about one in the morning. But before Jackey left, his kind-hearted dear had tempted him to a slight supper of half a dozen eggs that she had saved up during the week' unknown to the "old 'oman," and which were boiled over the ttarfy-fire. Jackey ate them with some bread and butter, then he had a good piece of cold A night's eide to scilly. 235 cake, left from tea, with a bowl of milk; kissed; said good-night ; and started for home. Jackey had been tramping about nearly aU day. He had a tiresome walk before him of nearly four miles ; and to foot it, aU alone, seemed doubly wearisome. He walked on pretty fast till he came half-way over Kelynack Downs. There he sat down to rest a minute and felt tired enough to sleep in a pool of water. He couldn't help wishing, when he rose to proceed, that an old horse might come in his way, — there were generally plenty of them on the common. He hadn't gone more than a hundred yards, when he saw what appeared to be an old black horse stand- ing stock-stiU, as if asleep, close by the road. Jackey untied and took the halter it was spanned (hobbled) with from its legs, placed it over its head, mounted, and did his utmost to keep it on the road. But, in spite of aU he could do, it took off westward over the Downs, going slowly at first, but soon quickened its pace tiU it went like the wind, and he was nearly blown off sometimes, with the rush of air occasioned by their speed, for there was no wind to speak of. The night was so clear that he saw the Longships light nearly aU the time, till they came to the cliff near the Land's End, to the best of his judgment. He felt no fear to speak of. The thing he bestrode took him over cliff — not right down, but sloping away gently. It went off through the air — jugt skimming the sea — strait to Scilly, and arrived there very quickly : — he thought it might be in a quarter of an hour or thereaway, from the time he left the Longships behind his back till they came to St. Agnes flashing light. There was no stay when it came to the islands ; for away it went all around and across them so high up that he saw all Scilly isles spread out like a map, and so plainly that he always remembered their position. Then without any control from the rider, Jackey's steed turned taU on Scilly and brought him back — about daybreak — to Kelynack Downs again, within a stone's throw of the rock where he mounted, shook him off pretty gently, and vanished in flame and smoke — as usual. The Devn carried Jackey easy enough ; but, for nearly a week after his ride, he felt very stiff and sore all over. If any doubting body questioned the truth of this story or hinted that perhaps he feU asleep on Kelynack Downs and had " stag," or got " hilla-rodden," (night-mare) he would reply, " Don't 'e believe it, my dear; not sure nuf ; and, as a proof that what I tell 'e is true, if you will give me a piece of chalk I'U mark out all the islands as I seed them, and as correct as anyone who had lived there aU his time. Yet I had never been to Scilly before, nor have I since that night. Bless the Lord, I had a 236 ■WEST COUNTRY STJPEE8TITI0NS. narrow escape ; but didn't stay so late a-courting any more, and a few months after that night's ride, Mally and me — we got married." One can't see what motive Old Nick had in this case, to take such trouble, unless it were for a'mere froak, because he never seemed to claim any recompense from his rider. To be " hilla-ridden," and to have the "stag," are the only names known to old country folks for the "night-mare," which is a word one never hears among them. There is, however, some difference in the signification of our two local terms. The former means to pass the time in an agony of tormenting dreams ; the latter is used for obstructed respiration, or a feeling of weight on the chest, that prevents a person from moving. Ancient Bmdal Customs. With the past and with the present, Quamt old manners still are link'd ; Olden customs, grave and pleasant, Ling'ring still, though nigh extinct. C. T, C. ^OME West Country folks still observe a few old- fashioned marriage usages ; one of which the following sketch will explain. It was given us, as inserted, by a young man who was one of the wedding guests. "In the winter of 1860 we were invited to a wedding at a place called the Q-rambler in Sancreed ; with strict orders to be in time to accompany the "weddenars" to church at ten o'clock the following Saturday morning. Not caring to take part in the ceremony, we only left Penzance at one o'clock in the afternoon. On our arriving at New Bridge we found a messenger awaiting our arrival to guide us to the bride's parents' house where the wedding was being held. He also brought a bottle of brandy, which An' Nancy, the bride's mother, sent for the " strangers from Penzance to drink on the way, to keep out the cold." On nearing the house, we heard music and dancing, when our guide hastened on before to let the party know we were come. " My dear boys," said An' Nancy, meeting us at the door, " come 'e in quick out of the cold, we've ben afeerd you woddan coman." All the company received us with hearty kindness ; being placed at the board, our host said, "We've had dennar, my dears, but there's plenty left for 'e," at the same time pitching on each of our plates a piece of roast beef of not less than four pounds, "Aet that fust," he continued, "then you shaU have some more." My companion looking rather surprised at the liberal supply, An' Nancy exclaimed, "What's the matter weth thee my boy, dossena like et? Well than thee shust have somethan else;" and without waiting a reply, took away the plate of beef and replaced it with one of roast goose and a dish of boiled pudding, saying, "Now there, my dear boy, aet that, I s'ppose the beef was too tough for 'e." Meanwhile the wedding-party — most of whom were young people — awaited us in another room ; we soon joined them and 238 WEST COTJNTEY SUPERSTITIONS. found good drink and cakes in abundance. Uncle WUl, the bride's father, being called upon for a toast, he gave : — " Here's to the bridegroom and the bride, May they stick to each other's side ; I hope their life will be of joy, And that the fust will he a boy." ■which was received with roars of laughter and stamping of fe'et. Aunt Nancy took from a buffet several bottles of cordials for the women and others who liked them ; amongst others were poppy and blackberry syrups, sweet-drink (mead), — that had been kept some years for this happy occasion — and peppermint water, of her own distilling. Presently the fiddle struck up with a jig. "Les have the double shuffle. Uncle Will," said the young people. Up he jumped as lively as a kid, though he was near eighty, and footed it out to the delight of all. Young Jan of Santust (St Just) foUowed, making the fire fly from the heels of his boots, like flashes of lightning ; and all the company were quickly whirling, in reels, without much order. Now, whilst the gaiety was at its height, the newly-wedded couple had contrived to slip out quietly, and hasten to their new home. " They're off, they're off," cried several voices ; "come on soas, or else we shall be too late ; they wiU be in bed and lock the door." Away they all flew, like mad devils, scampering over hedges and ditches for nearly a mile. We followed — fortunately for us it was a clear moonlight night. When we got to the house the foremost of the party were up stairs. " Come 'e up, boys," shouted they ; up we went and found the bride and bridegroom in bed, with their clothes on, having had no time to lock the door even, as the wedding guests were close on their heels. We shall long remember the scene we then witnessed; the guests were beating them in bed, with stockings, straps, braces, or anything they could lay hands on. " Give them pepper," shouted young Jan, the groom's best man; "give et them, boys," and pepper them they did right merrily. Not wishing to be behind the rest, we took off our braces and followed suit. They continued this strange sport for a .good while, until the leader said, "Les go back, soas, or else we shall be all ill-wisht, for et's nearly twelve a' clock." Away they again rushed back to the old folks' house ; and each one on arriving, before speaking, touched the cravel, (lintel or head-stone of the hearth) with his or her head, for good luck. The old couple seemed well satisfied when we returned, as it was not quite midnight. OLD MAEEIAGE USAGES. 239 Many elderly folks had arrived late in the evening to drink health and long life to the newly-married ; they assured us that it was an old custom to tan young married people to bed, or else they would meet with bad luck aU their days. The good old souls had arranged for us to stay over night ; but as we deemed it, best to return home, they made us take more to eat and drink, to keep out the cold and help us on the road, they said. Then amidst hearty leave-takings and promises to visit them again soon, they allowed us to depart. Well, somehow, we arrived home about daybreak, but often wished that we had stopped at the Grambler till sunrise. At more modish weddings the guests merely enter the bridal- chamber and throw stockings — in which stones or something to make weight are placed — at the bride and bridegroom in bed. The first one hit, of the happy couple, betokens the sex of their first-born. It was an old custom, religiously observed, until lately, in Zennor and adjacent parishes on the north coast, to waylay a married couple on their wedding-night and flog them to bed with cords, sheep-spans, or anything handy for the purpose; believing that this rough treatment wou.ld ensure them happiness and the " heritage and gift that cometh from the Lord," of a numerous family. Madeon "Well. N passing over a stile and entering the moor in which the well is situated, cross the moor at a right- angle to the hedge, and a minute's walk will bring one to the noted spring, which is not seen until very near, as it has no wall above the surface, nor any mark by which it can be distinguished at a distance. Much has been written of the remarkable cures effected by its holy waters, and the intercession of St. Madron, or Motran ; when it was so famous that the maimed, halt, and lame, made pilgrimages from distant parts to the heathy moor. 240 WEST COUNTRY SITPEESTITIONS. It is still resorted to on the first tliree Wednesdays in May, by some few women of the neighhourhood, who bring children to be cured of skin diseases by being bathed in it. Its old repute as a divining fount has not yet quite died out, though young folks visit it now to drop pebbles or pins into the well, more for fun and the pleasure of each other's company, than through any belief that the falling together, or the separation of pins or pebbles, will tell how the course of love will run between the parties indicated by the objects dropped into the spring ; or that the number of bubbles which rise in the water, on stamping near the well, mark the years, in answer to any question of time ; but there was not such wap.t of faith, however, half a century ago. A short time since I visited an elderly dame of Madron, who was a highly reputed charmer for the cure of various skin ail- ments ; I had known her from my childhood ; and my object was to glean what I could about the rites practised, within her remembrance, at Madron Well, the Crick-stone, and elsewhere. She gave the following account of the usages at Madron Well about fifty years ago. At that time, when she lived in Lanyon, scores of women from Morvah, Zennor, Towednack, and other places, brought their children to be cured of the shingles, wild- fires, tetters, and other diseases, as well as to fortify them against witchcraft or being blighted with an evil eye. An old dame called An' Katty, who mostly lived in the Bos- suUows, or some place near, and who did little but knitting- work, picked up a good living in May by attending at the well, to direct the high country folks how they were to proceed in using the waters. First she had the child stripped as naked as it was born ; then it was plunged three times against the sun ; next the creature was passed c^uickly nine times around the spring, going from east to west, or with the sun ; the chUd was then dressed, rolled up in something warm, and laid to sleep near the water ; if it slept, and plenty of bubbles rose in the well, it was a good sign. I asked if a prayer, charm, or anything was spoken during the oper- ations ? " Why, no, to be sure," my old friend replied, " don't 'e know any better, there musn't be a word spoken all the time they are near the water, it would spoil the spell ; and a piece rented, not cut, from the child's clothes, or from that of anybody using the well must be left near it for good luck ; ever so small a bit wUl do. This was mostly placed out of sight between the stones bordering the brooklet, or hung on a thorn that grew on the chapel wall. Whilst one party went through their rites at the spring, all the others remained over the stile in the higher enclosure, or by the MADEON WELL. 241 hedge, because, if a word were spoken by anybody near the well during the dipping, they had to come again." The old woman. An' Katty, was never paid in money, but balls of yarn, and other things she might want, were dropped on the road, outside the well-moors, for her; she also got good pickings by instructing young girls how to "try for sweethearts" at the well. " Scores of maidens" — the dame's words — "used, in the summer evenings, to come down to the well from ever so far, to drop into it pins, gravels, or any small thing that would sink." The names of persons were not always spoken when the objects which represented them were dropped into the water; it sufficed to think of them ; and as pins or pebbles remained together or separated, such would be the couple's fate. It was only when the spring was working (rising strongly) that it was of any use to try the spells ; and it was unlucky to speak when near the well at such times. The old woman that I visited said she had never heard that any saint had anything to do with the water, except from a person who told her there was something about it in a book ; nor had she or anybody else heard the water called St. Madron's Well, except by the new gentry, who go about new naming places, and think they know more about them than the people who have lived there ever since the world was created. She never heard of any ceremony being performed at the old Chapel, except that some persons hung a bit of their clothing on a thorn tree that grew near it. High Country folks, who mostly resort to the spring, pay no regard to any saint or to anyone else, except some old women who may come down with them to show how every- thing used to be done. There is a spring, not far from Bosporthenes, in Zennor, which was said to be as good as Madron Well ; and children were often taken thither and treated in the same way. Such is the substance of what the dame related ; and she regarded the due observance of ancient customs as a very solemn matter. In answer to the questions of " What was the reason for going round the well nine times ? Leaving bits of clothing ? Following the sun, &c. ? " It was always the same reply, "Such were the old customs, and everybody knew it was unlucky to do any such work, and many things besides, against the sun's course; no woman, -who knew anything, would place pans of milk in a dairy, so as to have to unream (skim) them, in turn, against the sun, nor stir cream in that direction to make butter. By following down the well-stream or hedge, mentioned above, we come to the Chapel. In its southern wall may be noticed an opening for letting water from the brook, which runs near it, u 242 WEST COUNTRY SrPEESTITIONS. flow into a baptistry in the south-western comer of the Chapel. Entering the door- way, on the northern side, one may remark that this primitive fount appears to have been arched over, after the manner of our old bee-hive huts, by the upper rows of stones slightly overhanging. The altar table-slab, or mensa — still remaining at the east end — has a square pit worked in its centre, probably to mark the spot — over reliques — on which the mon- strance was placed. A step makes the division between the little nave and sacrariimi ; there are also the remains of stone seats which were carried all around against the walls. Let no rude hand remove, Or spoil theo ; for the spot is consecrate To thee, and thou to it. • — — «c5?^'^.«a^6^«'=53^ The Fairy Tribes, ELIEP in fairies is far from being extinct in Corn- wall, though our country folks never call them by that name. A few days since, a woman of Mousehal told me that not long ago troops of small people, no more than a foot and a half high, used — on moonlight nights — to come out of a hole in the clifl', opening onto the beach, Newlyn side oJ the village, and but a short distance from it. The little people were always dressed very smart; and if anyone came near them they would scamper away into the hole. Mothers often told their children that if they went under cliff by night the small people would carry them away into "Dicky Danjy's holt." Another kind called spriggaus, which simply means sprites, are believed to guard treasures buried in cliff and hiU castles. Not long since a tinner of Lelaut di-eamt, three nights follow- ing, that a crock of gold was buried in a particular spot, between large rocks within the castle, on Trecroben hill. The next clear moonlight night he dug up the ground of which he had dreamt. After working two or three hours he came to a flat stone which sounded hoUow ; whilst digging round its edges, the weather became suddenly dark, the wind roared around the earns, and looking up, when he had made a place for his hands to lift it, he saw hundi-eds of ugly spriggans coming out from 246 WEST COUNTRY STJPEESTITIONS. amidst the rocks gathering around and approaching him. The man dropped his pick, ran doTvn the hiU and home as fast as he could lay foot to ground ; he took to his bed and was unable to leave it for weeks. When_;he next visited the castle he found the pit all filled in, with the turf replaced ; and he nevermore dug for the treasure. Piskey stUl leads benighted people astray ; this sprite wanders alone and is always spoken of in the singular. It is somewhat remarkable that a green bug, frequently found on bramble bushes in autumn, is called by this name. After Michaelmas, it is said, that blackberries are unwholesome because Piskey spoils them then. Places frequented by goats are believed to be the favourite haunts of fairies. It is uncertain whether Bucka can be regarded as one of the fairy tribe ; old people, within my remembrance, spoke of a Bucka Gwidden and a Bucka Dhu — by the former they meant a good spirit, and by the latter an evil one, now known as Bucka boo. I have been told, by persons of credit, that within the last forty years it was a usual practice with Newlyn and Mousehal fishermen to leave on the sand at night a portion of their catch for Bucka. Probably from this observance the common nickname of Newlyn Buckas was derived. An old rhyme says : — " Penzance boys up in a tree, Looking as wisht as wistt can te ; Newlyn buckas as strong as oak, Knocking them down at every poke." From this it appears that Newlyn boys once considered it a matter of pride to be called by the name ef their ancient divinity. The knockers of the mines — that some class among fairy tribes — are simply believed, by our tinners, to be the spirits of those who worked the ' old bals ' in ancient times. MERMAIDS AND THE HOOPEK. 247 5ITHIN easy memory many parts of the western coast were said to be frequented by mermaids, pai-tioularly Sennen Cove. This place was also re- sorted to by a remarkable spirit called the Hooper — from the hooting or hooping sounds which it was accustomed to make. In old time, according to tradition, a compact cloud of mist often came in from over sea — when the weather was by no means foggy — and rested on the rocks called Cowloe, thence it spread itself, like a curtain of cloud, quite across Sennen Cove. By night a duU light was mostly seen amidst the vapour, with sparks ascending as if a fire burned within it ; at the same time hooping sounds were heard proceeding therefrom. People believed the misty cloud shrouded a spirit, which came to forewarn them of approaching storms, and that those who attempted to put to sea found an invisible force — seemingly in the mist — to resist them. A reckless fisherman and his son, however, — disregarding the token — launched their boat and beat through the fog with a threshal (flail) ; they passed the cloud of mist which followed them, and neither the men, nor the Hooper, were evermore seen in Sennen Cove. This is the only place in the west where any tradition of such a guardian spirit is preserved. *5^€<®« 277 northern pirate to Kauraland with more warmth than dis- cretion. The "seer," or "fortune-teller," on the islands, was probably- one of a similar class to the Cornish "pellar," or " white- wizzard," of the present day. King Olaf's priest, taken from Scilly, is one of the most remarkable characters of the wonderful book. St. Levan's Path. Page 146, " Aux lieux oil la cliarrette et le saint ont passes, Le froment pousse encor plus vert et plus presse." Brizeux. We find a similar belief to that connected with the path St. Levan trod, in the Breton legend of St. Cornely, from which the above lines are quoted. " La Oharrette " was the cart — drawn by oxen — in which the saint rode when he and his people were pursued by an invading host of pagans. St. Comely, being hard pressed, to prevent the Bretons being driven into the sea, turned about, cursed the pursuers, and changed them all — in rank and file as they stood — into the Menheers of Carnac. The remarkable correspondence of beliefs, customs, names of places, &c., in the Armorican Cornouaile, with those of West Cornwall, would seem to show that the former was either colonised from hence or that many found an asylum there in some invasion of this district. The story of Tom of Chyannor is well known there ; a translation of the Armorican version was given in one of the early numbers^of Chambers's Journal as a Breton legend. A Ghostly Ship's-Bell. In the southern side of St. Levan Churchyard there is a low altar-tomb on the grave of Captain Wetherel, whose ship sprung a-leak and sunk, and who was drowned near the Bundle Stone many years ago. This grave is regarded with fear and wonder by many persons of that neighbourhood ; for ever since the Captain was laid there, it has been believed that a ghostly bell strikes the hours, and half-hours, in his grave, the same as on board ship. 'Tis said this sound beneath the sod may be heard the clearest by persons passing the Churchyard at midnight. It was a few minutes before that hour, when the Captain, finding his vessel sinking, made his crew take to the boat ; but he himself refused to quit his ship ; and, as she went down, they heard him give eight loud and distinct strokes on the beU. X 278 NOTES, ILLirSTEATITE ANECDOTES, ETC. Many years since several young people were assembled in the Cliurcliyard. one Sunday forenoon, after service had commenced and the elders had gone into Church ; time passed pleasantly with the young folks in chatting about such occurrences of the St. Levan world as interested them. In rambling among the graves, to look at the many garden flowers that bloomed on them, they approached Captain Wetherel's tomb, and a girl who stood by it reading the inscription, started back on hearing a hollow sound beneath her feet ; she, and others near her, who saw her emotion, listened, and lo ! a ringing came up as of a bell at sea ; all rushed into Church in great fright. There was much talk of the strange occurrence for a few weeks, and less loitering of the youngsters to gossip in the Churchyard during service. Shortly after a young sailor, belonging to St. Levan, who had been absent many years, came home for a few weeks ; being in the "Elder Tree" pubhc-house, one forenoon, with some of his former companions, their discourse led to the mention of the ship's-bell sounding in Captain Wetherel's grave. The young seaman said he believed the story was all nonsense, though as strange or stranger things sometimes happened in old vessels ; but, as it was then near upon twelve o'clock, for curiosity sake, he went out and stood near the Captain's tomb ; whilst his comrades remained by the Church porch, for a few minutes, watching the Bun-dial. As it marked noon the sailor rushed back to his com- panions, and, looking as pale as a corpse, said, with bated breath, "True as I'm alive, I heard ' eight bells' struck in the grave, and wouldn't go near the spot again for the world." The young seaman, on his next voyage, found his grave in the deep. I never heard of any other person who went purposely to hear the Captain's bell, for it is a general belief here that ba-d luck is sure to overtake those who endeavour to pry into ghostly doings that don't concern them. Although the belief still holds, yet most West Country folks are become shy of mentioning^Captain Wetherel's bell, or of talking on kindred subjects, except amongst ourselves, from the ridicule with which it is now fashionable to treat such matters, even in St. Levan. Beea and Pendeen, in St. Just. Pages 42, 166, and 200. " Brea, at present, retains no traces of its former consequence, which may be assumed from its chapel, noticed in a former page. The family of Bray, or Brea, came with the Conqueror. In the 3rd Henry IV., A.D. 1402, Michael de Bray held two parts of one Knight's fee, in Bray, in Penwith, and in the 12th Edw. BREA AND PENDEEN, IN ST. JT78T. 279 I., Brea, or Bray, is charged by the Justices' Itinerant for eight acres. Edward Bray was summoned to Parliament, 3rd November, 1529, by the style and title of Baron Bray, which honour expired on the death of John, the second Lord, 18th November, 1557. This property now belongs to the Ellis family. It appears from an inscribed stone, over one of the chimneys, that the present house was built by Charles EUis, 1634. A former member of that family, who lived there, was a Quaker, and is said to have been an eccentric character. He enclosed a burying ground not far from his house, and was there interred, and has a granite tomb erected over his remains. Pendeen is the house of most importance in this parish, it has long been the property, and sometimes the residence, of different branches of the old and highly respectable family of Borlase. The Eev. Dr. "William Borlase, the celebrated antiquary and historian of hisown county, who, by his elaborate work, has raised to his own memory an enduring monument, was born here. ******* The mansion itself, though now only used as a farm house, and occupied by labourers, retains much of its ancient respect- ability of appearance. The masonry is of good wrought granite, and the chimneys are tastefully built ; it bears the date of 1670, and is a structure superior to the other houses of the same age in the neighbourhood." Eev. John Btillee, L.L.B. The learned antiquary, who was born and who resided at Pendeen for a considerable time, is well represented by William Copeland Borlase, Esq., the author of " Naenia Cornubiaj," recently published. The ^BuENING oe Vellan-Dbeath. Page 215. It is said that in Queen Elizabeth's reign the Spaniards did much mischief by pillaging defenceless places on the western shores. About the time they burnt Moushal, an old miller and his son, a stout man, were the only dwellers in VeUan- Dreath. Early one morning, the miller, on returning from the mill-pool, which was far up on the hiU, whither he had been to lift the flushet, noticed a boat with several men put-off from a ship, and he watched them till they landed just beneath his mill. Suspecting they were bent on mischief he went in and barricaded his door ; unfortunately the miller had no lead, but he put the muzzle of his musket through the latch-hole, which was probably larger than required to admit a finger to lift the latch. Meanwhile his son watched the invaders approach from a gable- end loop-hole which served as a window to the mill-bed. 280 NOTES, ILLUSTRATIVE ANECDOTES, ETC. The water had not yet been turned on to the wheel ; some of the " Spaniars," on coming round near the door, seeing the miller's gun pointed at them as they came within range, turned, tried to climb the miU-wheel and effect an entrance through the low thatched roof. The old miUer, who spied them through crevices between the board of his door, guessing their intentions, , called to his son to turn the water on ; the launder flushet was raised in an instant, and the wheel revolved ; one Spaniard was drowned in the pul-rose (wheel-pit) and another killed in the opening where the axle-tree worked. The miUers, seeing more invaders coming up the cliff, set fire to a furse-rick near their door, and, each one taking on his back a sack of flour, made good their retreat through the smoke, without being perceived by the Spaniards till they were far up the hiU. The sacks of flour protected them pretty well from stray shots, but the old miller, being hit in his knee with a bullet had to drop his sack. They reached Escolls, however, without farther harm, and the young man, on throwing down his sack of flour, declared that it was pounds heavier, from the lead lodged in it, than when he took it up. The Spaniards found little in the mill of any value to them ; but they set fixe to it, and it was never rebuilt. The site of Vellan-Dreath can scarcely be traced on account of the blown sand having covered it over, and filled in the hoUow in the cHff where it stood. Many years ago one of the mill- stones was found and taken to a smith's shop, in Mayon, or Treeve, where it served to bind cart wheels on ; it remained near the smithy door but a few years since, and it may be there still, or not far from the spot. It is worth preserving, many would come from far to see a miU-stone of Queen Elizabeth's time. The Men-an-tol, Const antine Tolmen, &c. Page 242. " D'un pass6 sans mfimoire incertamea reliques, Mystferefi d'un vieux monde en mystferes ecrits." Lamartine. Mr. J. T. Blight, F.S.A., gives the following graphic descrip- tion of various perforated stones in Cornwall, and elsewhere. "In the western part of Cornwall there are several ancient monuments known by the name of ' Holed Stones.' They con- sist of thin slabs of Granite, each being pierced by a round hole, generally near its centre. They vary in size and in form. That near the Men-Scryfa in Madron, better known than others, is placed between, or rather arranged triangularly with, two other upright stones. Other holed stones which have hitherto been noticed are not so accompanied. The late Mr. Buller, in his noLED STONES. 281 'Account of the Parish of St. Just,' describes some such stones ■w-hich he found near Oarn Kouidjac. One may still be seen in the Vicarage grounds of St. Just ; and two othurs near Bolleit, in ot. Buryan. The monument to which I would now more particularly call attention is at Tolven Cross (Tolven is Cornish for Holed Stone), m the parish of St. Constantino, a few yards west of the road from Gweek to the Helston and Falmouth turnpike. Dr. Borlase refers to a holed stone about a mile west of St. Constan- tino Church. The subject of the present notice is twice that distance from the Church ; it is therefore uncertain whether or not the Doctor alludes to the same monument. It is the largest ' holed stone ' in Cornwall, being 8 feet 6 inches high by 8 feet 1 1 inches wide at the base, diminishing to a point at the summit ; thus it is of a triangular form. Its average thickness is about one foot ; but it is a little thicker at the bottom than at the top. The hole, almost perfectly circular, is 17 inches in diameter. Though within the slate district, the stone is of granite. Formerly it was a conspicuous object by the ' way-side ; but within the last 12 or 14 years a house has been built betwixt it and the road. It now forms part of a garden hedge. In a field adjoining the opposite side of the road, perhaps 18 yards from the stone, is a low irregular barrow, about 2U yards in diameter, and studded with small mounds. Dr. Borlase has alluded to the superstitious practice of drawing children through the HoL^d Stone at Madron, to cure them of weakness or pains in the back — a practice stiU observed at the Holed Stone at St. Constantine. I was told that some remarkable cures had been effected there only a few weeks since. The ceremony consists of passing the child nine times through the hole, alternately from one side to the other ; and it is essential to success that the operation should finish on that side where there is a little grassy mound, recently made, on which the patient must sleep, with a six-pence under his head. A trough -like stone, called the ' cradle,' on the eastern side of the barrow, was formerly used for this purpose. This stone, unfortunately, has long been destroyed. That holed stones were not originally constructed for the observance of this peculiar custom is evident, for in some instances the holes are not more than five or six inches in diaTneter. A few years ago, a person digging close to the Tolven, dis- covered a pit in which -were fragments of pottery, arranged in circular order, the whole being covered by a flat slab of stone. Imagining that he had disturbed some mysterious place, with commendable reverence he immediately filled up the pit again. Taking the proximity of the barrow in connection with the pit, 282 NOTES, ILLUSTBATIVE ANECDOTES, ETC. it seems most probable that the Tolven is a sepulchral monument, stones of this kind being erected perhaps to a peculiar class of personages. It is well known that the Circle is an ancient symbol of eternity, and it was sometimes adopted as typical of Deity itself. The triangular form of the stone may not be accidental. The holed stones at Madron also form part of a triangular arrange- ment. Whether a significant connection was intended in this union of the circle and the triangle is perhaps worthy of con- sideration. Though holed stones are sometimes found near what are termed Druidic Circles, I perceive no traces of monuments of that description near the Tolven. The holed stones at Kenidjac, St Just, are near ancient cicles ; and the two holed stones at Bolleit are not more than 100 yards fi-om the well- known stone circle, called ' Dawns Myin.' " THE QARBjVCK ZANS (nOLY EOCK.) 283 Within the memory of many persons now living, there was to be seen, in the town-places of many western villages, an unhewn table-like stone called the Garrack Zans. This stone was the usual meeting place of the villagers, and regarded by them as public property. Old residents in Escols have often told me of one which stood near the middle of that hamlet on an open space where a maypole was also erected. This Garrack Zans they described as nearly ro\ind, about three feet high, and nine in diameter, with a level top. A bonfire was made on it and danced around at Mid- summer. When petty offences were committed by unknown persons, those who wished to prove their innocence, and to discover the guilty, were accustomed to light a furse-fire on the Garrack Zans ; each person who assisted took a stick of fire from the pile, and those who could extinguish the fire in their sticks, by spitting on them, were deemed innocent ; if the injured handed a fire- stick to any persons, who failed to do so, they were declared guilty. Most evenings young persons, linked hand in hand, danced around the Garrack Zans, and many old folks passed round it nine times daily from some notion that it was lucky and good against witchcraft. The stone now known as Table-men was called the Garrack Zans by old people of Sennen. If our traditions may be relied on, there was also in Treen a large one, around which a market was held in days of yore, as mentioned at page 77. There was a Garrack Zans in Sowah only a few years since, and one may stiU be seen in Eoskestal, St. Levan. Nothing seems to be known respecting their original use; yet the significant name, and a belief^held by old folks at least — that it is unlucky to remove them, denote that they were regarded as sacred objects. Venerated stones, known by the same name, were long preserved in other villages until removed by strange owners and occupiers, who are, for the most part, regardless of our ancient monuments. Divination by Eushes and Ivy-leayes. Page 217. Many persons, who were anxious to know their future fate with regard to love and marriage, or for mere fun, were in the habit of assembling, on twelfth night, in a farm house kitchen, which had a large open fire-place— used for burning furse and turf. A fire was laid that would make plenty of " umers " (embers) and hot ashes, such being required for working the spells ; then each person touched the " cravel " (mantle stone) with his or her forehead, and departed in single file and silence, which was 284 NOTES, ILLU3TEATIVE ANECDOTES, ETC. required to be observed, until, having gathered the rushes and ivy-leaves, they returned and again touched the "cravel" with their heads. The j^rocession was often waylaid or followed by some who tried to make the spell-workers break silence ; if any of them spoke they had to return and again touch the " cravel." Those who wished to know their own luck in love and marriage, or that of diilerent couples who were said to be sweet- hearts, placed in the hot ashes and " vmiers" two pieces of rush — named or intended for the respective parties ; — if both rushes burnt kindly together, those they represented wotild be married. As the pairs were consumed, united or parted, such would be the course of their love. The one which burnt longest would outlive the other. When it was decided who were to be married together an ivy-leaf was cast into the fire, and the number of cracks it made in burning told the years to pass before the couple would be wed. Then two leaves for the wedded pair were buried in the hot ashes, and the cracks they made showed how many children the happy couple would be blessed with. Other presages, which afforded much amusement, were drawn from the appearance and behaviour of rushes and ivy-leaves — or lovers and married folks — in their fiery bed. Meanwhile old people — who in general were the most anxious to know if they or others were destined to live or die during the ensuing year — drew an ivy-leaf for each person, either named or thought of, through a gold ring, and cast the leaves into a vessel of spring water, which was placed on the hearth-stone and left there over night. Next morning, the leaves that were found to have turned black, or to be specked with red spots like blood, showed that those for whom they were intended would be dead ere next twelfth night. The blood spots betokened a violent end. Eecent Ill-wishing. Page 65. The following case of an iU-wishod woman, living in , was told me a few days since by one of her neighbours. In the Autumn of 1870 a pilot, or one of a pilot's crew, that my infonnant called a "hobbler," gained upwards of twenty pounds for his share of the "hobble," or pilotage of a ship, which was only onc^ night's work. Next morning, whilst the "hoLbler" was in bed, his wife, elated with her husband's good luck, stood outside her door when the neighbouring women were passing by to the spring for water, and she was saying to a number of them, who gathered around her, how lucky it was that her husband had met with such a good hobble, just in time for her to pay off old scores at the shops, and to enable her to get a little comfortable winter's BEOENT ILL-WISHING. 285 clothing for her husband and children before cold weather came. In her joy at the godsend, she continued a long time detailing her plans for disposing of it to the best advantage, and was about to go in as the women took up their pitchers, when another hobbler's wife, who had been listening for some time, turned round, in taking up her vessel of water, and said, " Thee art ready to burst with pride because good luck es come to thy door, but I wish to God that thee may'st never be ihe better for it." Saying this she departed. The pilot's wife — a moment before full ef gladness — was now " struck aU. of a heap." Cold shivers passed through her ; as she fell on the form she said that no good would now come to her from the begrudged money, and that the ill- wish had taken effect. From that day to this she has never been like the same woman ; she has lost all heart to struggle for her family ; when her husband is at sea she fears he will no more return, and believes something evil is constantly hanging over her head. Tet she can't be said to have any known bodily ailment, ; the doctor told her he didn't know what to give her, nor what could be amiss with her, unless she was bewitched, so my informant said. She had also sought aid of the pellar, or white wizzard, who visits the district at stated times, and even he had to give her up. In answer to my inquiry if the woman that ill-wished the hobbler's wife was a witch, she replied, "No, not that the neighbours knew of, and they supposed she didn't altogether mean to do the harm she did, but it so happened that the bad words passed her lips at the fatal minute when ill-wishes won't fall to the ground ; some call her a witch now, but they don't think her one — she's too big a fool." After a pause, as if to settle the matter, she added, " No, on the whole, I don't think she's anything better or worse than the general run of women ; I have known her all my life time ; she was a ' professor ' for years ; we used to meet in the same class till she got married, when she left off, because she couldn't afford then, with a family coming quick, to pay class-money every week, ticket-money and preacher' s-money every quarter, and give to all the collections, as et es expected of members, however poor they may be, it was busy all to make both ends meet. No more could she then spare time to go t« preaching, or other means of grace, every night in the week, like she did in her courting days ; besides she was a very wicked talking woman, and said worse than she meant. She would rap out an oath like nothing — it eased her mind she said — if any- body ' thurted ' (crossed) her. Like other backsliders she was worse than anyone that had always been 'carnal-minded.' Class- 286 NOTES, ILLrSTEATIVE ANECDOTES, ETC. leaders, and others of 'the people,' tried aU they could do, by talking to her, to get her in the right way again ; when her husband was in good getting they even prayed for her in the meetings, and it made her worse than ever to be told that. She said, in her sinful way, they had better leave her alone, for she knew they were no better than a set of ' duffans,' and backbiting and undermining hypocrites ; that all they wanted of her was money, money all the time, and if one hadn't plenty of that for them, they wouldn't so much as dip the tip of their finger in water to save a poor soul from perishing. Pinching hard times made her spiteful, for there's nothing so bad as poverty to make one feel ugly. As for the poor ill-wished woman, she never had haK enough of the Old One in her to help her stand up in her own defence." We give another out of many recent instances of ill-wishing. The other day a small farmer, living in the higher side of Madron parish, came in to a surgeon, in this town, and told him that his wife was very bad in bed, and that neither he nor any of the neighbours could make out what was amiss with her unless she was ill-wished by a woman, who lived on the downs near his dwelling, or else ' overlooked ' by her evil eyes. His wife objected to borrow or lend with her — above all to lend. "And good reason why," said the man, "for she never paid what she borrowed. A month or so ago she wanted six-pence of my woman to clear scores with a ' Johnny-fortnight,' (pack- man), my wife refused her ; on leaving our door she scraped her feet on the ' drussel,' then turned round, shaked her finger at my wife, and said, ' See if I don't make thee wish, the longest day thee hast got to live, that thee had'st never denied me any- thing.' " "My poor dear had to take to her bed next day, and she han't been much out of it since. Do come and see her as quick as you can." In answer to the surgeon's questions, the farmer told him she wasn't what one could call heart sick ; but there was no "sprowl" (energy) in her ; and her bowels were never in a right state. The surgeon gave him medicine for his wife, and promised to see her shortly. A few days after, having to visit a patient who lived near the ailing farmer's wife, he called to see her also. The husband, who was in " great stroath, and all of a stroU," molly-caudling about the household work, told the doctor that his wife was still in bed, no better for the medicine that he could see, and showed him up stairs to her room, where he found a big fat woman, sleeping soundly; i\'hen awoke, she described her ailment just as her husband had stated, dwelling much on her bad ajjpotite, the weakness she felt all over, and her having MIDSUMMER BONFIRES. 287 no heart to do anything. The doctor noticed, all about the chamber, a number of bottles and tea-cups, with the remains of all sorts of cordials and caudles in them, which showed that she had been nursed to the surfeiting point. Having felt her pulse, examined her tongue, and gone through all the ceremonies usual on such occasions, he shook his head and left the room, followed by the husband, who, with a long face, begged that he might be told the worst. "Now don't 'e be afraid to teU me," said he, " for if there is no hopes I can bear to hear it ; thank goodness I have done all in my power for her, poor dear, and have nothing on my mind to answer for." " Her best chance of being cured depends upon you, I think," said the doctor, with a serious face, "if you can make up your mind to undertake a difficult job." " Oh, do teU me what I shall do," replied the man, " and I will go through fire and water for her, the dear." " That's aU very easy to say," rejoined the doctor, "but it wiU require all yoiir strength and courage. If you have a wheelbarrow about the place, bring it in, put your wife into it, and trundle her out into the middle of the largest field or croft hereabouts, there leave her, and if she won't come in let her stay there until she's tired ; there's no more amiss with your wife than there is with me, except laziness and a diseased fancy, that you have made worse by in- dulging her whims ; you should have been out in the fields about your work, and have left her to do without her caudles till she rose and cooked them." We don't know how the farmer proceeded to execute the doctor's advice, but next market day he called in, thanked him for his hint, said his wife was then doing her work, and as weU. as ever she was in her life. " But you had better not venture to see her again soon," said he, "for I believe she would as lieve meet the Old One as you for a bit." Almost every day one may hear of similar cases which show the power of superstitious fears over weak minds. Midsummer Bonfires. Our bonfires, torches, and tar-barrels, with the peculiar hand- in-hand dance around the blazing piles, remind us of ancient times when similar customs were regarded as sacred rites by our forefathers ; and it would seem as if some vestiges of these time- honoured religious notions were stiU connected with Midsummer bonfires in the minds of old-fashioned people, living in remote and primitive districts, where they still believe that dancing in a ring over the embers, around a bonfire, or leaping (singly) through its flames, is calculated to insure good luck to the per- formers and to serve as a protection from witchcraft and other malign influences during the ensuing year. 288 NOTES, ILLTJSTRATIVE ANECDOTES, • ETC. Many years ago, on Midsummer's eve, when it became dusk, very old people in the West Country would hobble away to some high ground, whence they obtained a view of the most prominent hiUs, such as Bartinney, Chapel Carn-brea, Sancras Bickan, Castle-an-Dinas, Cam Galver, St. Agnes' Bickan, and many other beacon hills far away to north and east, which vied with each other in their Midsummer's blaze. They counted the fires and drew a presage from the number of them. There are now but few bonfires to be seen on the western heights ; yet we have observed that Tregonan, Godolphin, and Carn Marth hills, with others away towards Redruth, still retain their Baal fires We would gladly go many miles to see the wierd-looking, yet picturesque, dancers around the flames on a cam, or high hiU top, as we have seen them some forty years ago. We are sorry to find that another pleasing Midsummer's observance, which also apears to be ancient, has almost died out. Tet within the memory of many, who would not like to be called old or even aged, on a Midsummer's eve, long before sunset, groups of girls — both gentle and simple — of from ten to twenty years of age, neatly dressed and decked with garlands, wreaths, or chaplets of flowers, would bo seen dancing in the streets. One favourite mode of adornment was to sew, or pin, on the skirt of a white dress, rows of laurel-leaves, often spangled with gold,leaf. Before Midsummer small wooden hoops were in great demand to be wreathed with green boughs and flowers for garlands, to be worn over one shojilder and under the opposite arm. Towards sunset groups of graceful damsels, joined by their brothers, friends, or lovers, would be seen " threading-the- needle," playing at "kiss-in-the-ring," or simply dancing along every here and there from Chyandour to Alverton, from the Quay to Caunsehead, as the upper part of the town used then to be called, perhaps with more propriety than Causewayhead. The Mermaid of Zennob. Zennor folks tell the following story, which, according to them, accounts for a singular carving on a bench-end in their Church. Hundreds of years ago a very beautiful and richly attired lady attended service in Zennor Church occasionally — now and then she went to Morvah also ; — her visits were by no means regular, — often long intervals would elapse between them. Yet whenever she came the people were enchanted with her good looks and sweet singing. Although Zennor folks were remarkable for their fine psalmody, she excelled them all ; and they wondered how, after the scores of years that they had seen THE MEKMAIB OF ZENNOR. 289 her, she continued to look so young and fair. No one knew whence she came nor whither she went ; yet many watched her as far as they could see from Tregarthen Hill. She took some notice of a fine young man, called Mathey Trewella, who was the best singer in the parish. He once followed her, but he never returned ; after that she was never more seen in Zennor Church, and it might not have been known to this day who or what she was but for the merest accident. One Sunday morning a vessel cast anchor about a mile from Pendower Cove ; soon after a mermaid came close alongside and hailed the ship. Eising out of the water as far as her waist, with her yellow hair floating around her, she told the captain that she was returning from church, and requested him to trip his anchor just for a minute; as the fluke of it rested on the door of her dwelling, and she was anxious to get in to her children. Others say that while she was out on the ocean a-fishing of a Sunday morning, the anchor was dropped on the trap-door which gave access to her submarine abode. Finding, on her return, how she was hindered from opening her door, she begged the captain to have the anchor raised that she might enter her dweUing to dress her children and be ready in time for church. However it may be, her polite request had a magical effect upon the sailors, for they immediately "worked with a will," hove anchor and set sail, not wishing to remain a moment longer than they could help near her habitation. Sea-faring men, who understood most about mermaids, regarded their appearance as a token that bad luck was near at hand. It was beUeved they could take such shapes as suited their piu'pose, and that they had often allured men to live with them. When Zennor folks learnt that a mermaid dwelt near Pen- dower, and what she had told the captain, they concluded it was this sea-lady who had visited their church, and enticed Trewella to her abode. To commemorate these somewhat unusual events they had the figure she bore — when in her ocean-home— carved in holy-oak, which may still be seen. Glossary op Local Words. A or Ah, he or it, e.g. a es, it is. ArTEK-wDfDiNQ, waste corn. An', aunt, an expression of regard applied to aged women. Akkeah ! (Maria ?) an exclamation of angry siu-prise. Arish, stutble. Bal, a mine. Bannal, broom plant. BowjEY, sheepfold, &c., on cliff or downs. Brave, much, very well, &c. Bruyans, crumhs. BuocA, a spirit. Buooa-boo (-dhu) a black spirit. Bulhorn, a large shell-snail. BussA, an earthen crock. Busy (to be), to require ; e.g. it is BUSY all, it requires all. Caunse, pavement. Cayer, a coarse sieve for winnowing Chee-ah ! word used for calling swine. Cheeld-vean (Httle child), a term of endearment. Chill, an iron lamp. Clot, all the ground between the shore and cultivated land. The cliff proper, or precipice, is called the edge of the cliff; the cleeves, or the cams- Clunk, to swallow. CosTAN, a basket made of straw and brambles. CouRANT, romping play. CouBSEY, to linger gossiping. Cowal, a large fish-basket. Gravel, mantel-stone. Crellas, the ruins of ancient bee- hive huts ; an excavation in a bank, roofed over to serve for an outhouse, &c. Ckoggan, a limpet shell. Cronack, a toad. Croud, the rind of a sieve covered with sheepskin, used for taking up com, &c. ; also an old fiddle. Crum, crooked. Croust, afternoons' refreshment of bread and beer in harvest time. Crow, a small outhouse. DmjAN, a little bit. DiJEY, a very small homestead. Dower, water. Druckshar, a small solid wheel. DuEPAN, a nickname for one much given to self laudation ; usually bestowed on a bouncing religion- ist who is powerful in speech, and strong in faith, but no better than ordinary mortals in works. Duffy, a forthright, blunt happy- go-lucky person. DuMBLEDORE, large black-beetle. 'E, ye or you. Faix! faith. Flushet, a flood-gate. FuGOAN, a small unleavened cake. FuGGO, an artificial cave. Gadoe-vraws, the ox-eye daisy. Gabd, soil used for scouring. Gakrack, a rock. Glows, dried cow-dung used for fuel. Grambler, a stony place. Griglans, heath. Gruit, fine soil. GuAKE, play, called out by boya when they throw quoits cast a baU, &o. GuiSE-DANCE, Christmas mummery. Gulthise (in ScUly nicletliies), har- vest-home feast. GuEGOEs, the ruins of ancient fen- ces found on waste land. GwEEAN, a periwinkle. Hilla, the nightmare. HoGGAN, a "fuggan" with meat baked on it ; the fruit of haw- thorns. Keggas, rank wild plants, such as water-hemlock, elecampane, &o. Kibbal, a bucket used at a draw- well or mine shaft. KiSKEYs, the dried-up stalks of "keggas." Knackers (knockers), spirits in the mines. Keuney, moss, lichen, &c. Laister, the yellow water-iris. Lew, sheltered from wind. Lewth, shelter. 292 GLOSSARY OF LOCAL WORDS. Mabyek, a young hen. MiRTON, an ant. MoAR, the root ; to produce roots. Moor-work, tin-streaming. MoRABS, land near the sea. Nackan, a kerchief. Oar-weed, sea-weed. Organ, pennyroyal. Padzepaw, a newt. Par, cove ; the word porth is never used by the natives of West Cornwall, nor does it ever occur in family names. Peeth, a draw-well. PiGGAL, a kind of large hoe used for cutting turf, &c. Pile, woolly dust. PiLJACK, a poor scurvy fellow. Piskey, a mischievous fairy that delights to lead people astray ; also a greenish bug, found on blackberries. Pitch-to, to set to work with good heart. Plum, soft, light. PoBVAN, a rush lamp wick. Pruit ! a word used for calling cows Pol, mire, mud. PuLAN, a small pool, such as is left by ebb tide. Pul-cronack, a small toad-like fish, found in "pulans." Qualk, a heavy fall, QuiLKAN, a frog. Quillet, a small field. Reen, a steep hill side. EosB, low lying level ground, moor- land, &c. EuLLS, rolls of carded wool. Sew (gone to), dried up. Skaw, the elder tree. Skaw-dower, fig wort. Skedgewith, privet. Small-people, fairies. SoAs, sose, forsooth. Spanish Dumbledore, the coek- chaflfer. Spriggan, sprite, fairy. Sprowl, life, energy. Sthoath, more haste than good- speed. Stroll, an untidy mess. Talfat, a boarded floor, for a bed- place, over one end of a cottage. Threshal, a flail. TowsAR, a large apron or wrapper. TuBBAN, a clod of earth. TuBBLE, a mattock. Tummals, quantity. Tungtavtjs, a tattling fool. Tuntry, the pole by which oxen draw a wain, cart, &o. Turn, a spinning wheel. Uncle, a term of regard given to an old man. Tean, little. ViNED, mouldy. VisGEY, a pick-axe. Visnan, the sand launoe. Vow, a cavern or " fuggo." Vug, a cavity in a lode or rock. "WiDDEN, small. WiDDENS, small fields. WisHT, sad, like a person or thing illwisht. Zawn, (pro Sown) a cavern in a cliff A short time ago, two gentlemen of Penzance walked over to Chysauster, the higher side of Gulval, on a Sunday morning, to inspect the hut-circles, caves, and other remains of what are supposed to have been ancient British habitations. After a fruitless search, the gentlemen returned towards Chy- sauster to see if they could meet with anyone to inform them where the objects they were in quest of might be found. In the lane they overtook a woman and asked her if she knew of any caves thereabout ? " Caaves ! no, I don't— not fit for butchers," she replied, " but if you want any for rearan I think I can tell 'e where there es some to be found ; now I look at 'e agen you don't seem much like butchers nether, nor you arn't none of our farmers about here ether ! Where are 'e coman from at all ? Looking for caaves of a Sunday mornan ! —You are very much in want of them I s'pose." Tho gentlemen explained that they neither wanted calves for rearing nor kUling, but to find the ancient ruins. " Oh Lord," said she, " you're lookan for the old crellas, and things up in the hill! Why dedn't 'e say so than, that one might know what you meant, instead of givan such outlandish names to things. But come 'e along with me, and I'll show 'e," continued she in turning back and leading the way. Index, PAGE Ancient Bridal Customs 237 Coins found at Castle Maen 127 Mariners' Stories .... 149 A night's ride to SciUy 233 Ballowal, the knockers of (fairy tale) 185 Barauhuel, a Queen's visit to 67 fairies' cow 73 — shell room .... 72, 274 Beatrice I'an, or Ivan 104 her death 118 Betty Stoggs's baby (fairy tale) 205 Bevan, the Eev. James 197 Bewitching a dairy 65 Bob 'o the Cam (fairy tale) . . 173 Boleit, ancient monuments of 29 Books popular in the West Country a century ago . . 197 Boscawen un circle 34 Boskeuna 36 Boslow, the Piskey of 158 Brea, or Bray 42, 200, 278 Brea-Vean, the Changeling of (fairy tale) 200 Breage, St., visits her brother, St. Levau 145 Bridal customs, ancient, still in vogue 237 Buccaneering 45 Bucka, offerings to 187, 246 Buryan fair 39 Sanctuary, men of . . . . 269 wise-woman or fortune- teller of 47 Calling of the cleeves 216 Cardews of Boskenna, the last of 38 Castle Treen, traditions of, 130, 138 Maen, or Men 127 Changeling of Brea-Vean .... 200 how to get rid of one 202 Chapel ITny Well 199 Charms . . .' 243 Chyannor, Tom of, the tin- streamer 72 Chynanoe 116 PAOB Clarice de Boleit, inscription on her tomb 29 Conjurors, peUars, or wise-men 20, 76 276 Crick-stone, the, or Men-an-tol 242 Cursing Psabn, the 229, 231 Danes, traditions of their in- cursions 127, 141, 274 Daunce-Mayn 33 Death-ship, the 248 Demon, a, spinning 5 Den-an-Dynas, the giant and his wife 137 Devil's money 227 Divination 131, 217, 245, 283 Doctresses of the West Country 49 Duffy and a DevO, an old guise-dance 1 Enchanter, the, of Pengersec 263 of Maen and a thief 265, 267 Escols, a strong man of 31 ' weavers of 196 Faction fight in Buryan Church- town 215 Fairy dwelling on Selena Moor 94 fair 161 master, the . . 173 tales 73, 94, 102. 154, 168, 173, 185, 200 Fairies, how they may be drive away 75 old folks' notions respecting 101, 245 Flowers, planting on graves, an old West Country custom 114 Fortune-tellers 49, 276 Garrack-zans 77, 150 Ghost stories .. 122, 152, 217, 230 laying 124 Ghostly ship's-bell, a 277 Giants of Castle Treen .. 131, 137 Goblins of the Mines 187 Guise-dances, how performed 2 Gulthise (harvest feast) 95 Gwinear, the slighted damsel of 229 294 INDEX. PAGE Haunted houses 122, 212 Hella-point, mermaids of .... 151 Hell-hounds 66 Heimskringla, the, of Snorri Surlusson, account in of Northmen marauding Corn- wall, &o 274 Hilla-ridden 236 Holed stones 31,242,280 Hooper of Cowloe, the 247 Hostess, the, of Market-jew . . 82 Hurling 24 Hushandry, old 195 I'ans, their house in Treen .... 103 ghosts of 122 a Breton descendant of . . 125 Ill-wishing 63, 6.5, 285, 286 Ivy-leaTes and rushes, divina- tion hy ; 217, 283 Johanna, the foolish, her garden 146 •^—^— rehukes St. Levaa for fishing on a Sunday 148 Just, St., feast of 154, 170 Kaerkeis bowjey 127 Key, the, of Castle Treen .... 130 Knackers of Ballowal (fairy tale) 185 Levan, St., legends of 145 stone 1 147 his path 146,272 witches 139 Long-stones, or Menheeres of Boleit 30 — — places named from numerous 31 Lovell, Madam, her troubles . . 21 or LeyeUs, family of . , 271 Loyal hearts of Buryan 69 Madron well and chapel .... 239 Marriage usages, ancient. .237, 239 Mayor of Market-jew, a 83 Morchants of Treen, the 81 Merlin's prophesies 130, 147 Mermaid of Zennor, the .... 288 Midsummer bonfires 287 Miners' stories 187, 191 Miracle-plays, performed at Sancreed 269 Morvah man, a, shopping .... 207 Nelly "VVeame, the story of . . 38 Nicknames 198 Night's ride, a, to Scilly 233 Noy, Mr. William, in a fairy dwelling 97 PAGE Noy, Madam, and the witch . . 63 family of 274 Olaf , the first Christian king of Norway, his conversion at Scilly 275 Parchapel well 148 Parcurnow, traditions of 140 Pargwartha, legend of 149 Parish clerks sixty years ago 169 Pellars, or wise-men 76, 191 Penance, doing in Buryan Church 55 Penberth, a cottage dwelling at 1 1 1 Pendar, Madam, receiving a Queen 68 family of . .72, 95, 119, 223 Pendeenofold 166,279 Pengersec, legends of 25 1 the magician 264 Penrose, the smugglers of 212 family 223 Phantom lover, a, takes off his afBaneed 152 Piskey, how he left Boslow . . 168 led 160 threshing 159 Plan-an-guarre, St. Just .... 268 Polkinghorne, Parson, an ex- orcist 125 Queen's, a, visit to Baranhuel 67 Eobbers, the, and merchants of Treen .'. 87 Eoskestal, Garrack-zans in 148, 151 Rosmoddrass, monuments of . . 27 Sanctuary men of Buryan .... 260 " Sancras," miracle-play at . . 269 ScUly, a night's ride to 233 visited by King Olaf 275 Selena Moor, a fairy dwelling on 94 Shovel, Admiral Sir Cloudesly, his wreck at Scilly 231 his grave 233 Slighted damsel, the, of Gwin- ear 229 Small-people, see fairies. Smugglers 57, 106 the, of Penrose 212 Spinning 5, 25, 105 Sweethearts' Cove, the 149 Sun, the, never shines on a person that has sworn way alife 249 Tarraway, the spinning demon 1 6 Tinners' stories 185 295 PAGE Tolmen of Constantine , tho . , 280 Tom Trenoweth's bewitched sow 61 of Chyairnor, the tin- streamer 77 gets three pieces of wisdom in lieu of wages . . 80 his welcome home.. 89 Tredrill, the changeKng . . . . 201 Treen, a market town, in old times 78 the I'an's house of 103 Dj'nas 127 Tregagle bound to Gwenvor . . 224 the roaring of 226 Uncle WiU Ben's fiddle and sayings 170 PAOE Vellan Breath, the burning of 279 Vow, the, of Pendeen 28, 167 spirit of the 167 Weddings, old fashioned customs at 237, 239 "Wells, holy 128,148,239,201 Wetherel, Capt., his grave and ghostly ship's-beU 277 White hare, an injured woman's spirit takes the form of a . . 253 Wise-woman, the, of Buryan Church-town 47 Witches 12, 59, 63, 65, 75, 139, 255, 265 Zennor man's will, a 210 mermaid of 288 SuBsci\iBEi\s' Names, Akerman, H. J., Hanover Square, London. Astley, Rev. E., Perran. Bannister, Rev, Jolin., LL.D,, St. Day, 2 copies. Barham, C, M.D., Truro. Barnicoat, Cliristopher, St. Levan. Bate, C. Spence, F.E.S., Plymouth, Batten, J. Hallet, F.E.G.S., Havi- tree, Exeter. Batten, John, Penzance. Blackwell. H., dittq. Bence, Rer. J. B., Cribha Lodge, near Bristol. Berry, Rev. Autrey, West Cowes, Isle of Wight. Blewett, J. P., Penzance, 2 copies. Blight, John, F.S.A., ditto. Blight Joseph, London. Blight, Miss, ditto. Boase, Francis, M.R.C.S.E., Pen- zance. Boase, J. J. A., Alverton. Boase, Rev. Charles WilUam, Exeter College, Oxford. Boase, George Clement, London. Bolitho, William, Polwithan, 3 copies. , Bolitho, "William, Ponsandane. Bodilly, James Broad, M.R.C.S.E,, Harrold, Beds. Bodilly, Ralph H., Penzance. Borlase, John, Castle Horneck. Borlase, "W. Oopeland, F.S.A., ditto Boyns, Edwin, Penzance, Boyns, Nicholas, Bosanketh,Buryan Boyns, Nicholas, Hendia, St. Just. Brokenshire, Mrs, Withington, near Manchester. Brune, Charles G. Prideaux, Prid- eaux Place, Padstow, 2 copies. Ball, E., Telegraph Station, Porth- curnoio, Buonaparte, His Imperial Highness Prince Louis Lucicn. Carpenter, Mrs., Falmouth, Cardew, Cornelius, Exeter. Champion, James, C. and M. E., Nevada-county, California. Child, Josiah, London. Chirgwin, R. W. and Co., St. Just. Code, Theophilus, Marazion. Cock, William, Penzance, Colenso, Richard, ditto. " Cornish Telegraph " proprietors, 4 copies. Cornish, Thomas, Penzance, 2 copies Cornish, H. R., Tretcey, Zennor, Cornish, William, Penzance. Cornish, Cyrus Henry, London. Cornish, Thomas R., Buenos Ayres. Cornish, John Hewett, Penzance. Cornish, James Mitchell, ditto. Cornish, Miss, ditto. Coulson, William, late. Madron, Coulson, James Bevan, Penzance, Coulson, W. H., H.M.C., Liverpool. Courtney, Leonard H., London, 2 copies. Courtenay, James, Trevening House, Bristol. Crocker, Rev. James, FeUted, Essex Crocker, F. H., Penzance. Curgeven, J. Brendon, M.R.C.S.E., London, Curnow, John, M.D., M.R.C.P., London, Cumow, Stephen, St. Hillary. Davies-lJrown, Mrs. St. John'a- wood, London. Davies, Rev. J. D., Llanmadoe Rectory, near Swansea, Davy, Edmund, Madron. Delapierre, Octave, Belgian Consul- General, London. Douglass, James N., C.E., Trinity House, London, Douglass, William, C.E., Ceylon. Dusting, Mrs. W., Penzance, 2 copies. Drake, Rev. W. H., Halestown, 2 copies. Dunkin, Edwin, F.R.A.S., Black- heath. Ellis, C. A., Penzance, Fisher, Charles, ditto. Fisher, Edward, Ashby-de-la-Zouch Farquharson, Mrs., Penzance. Ford, J. W., Petrolia, 2 copies. Foss, Thomas, C.E., Mexico. Francis, James A., Penzance. Francis, H., Ckarlestown, St. Austell SUBSCRIBEES' NAMES. 297 Freel, C, Penzance. Geflroi, H. M., School of Science and Art, ditto. Genn, J, H., Liverpool. Gilbert, Hon. Mrs., Trelissick Grenfell, William, Birmingham, GryUs, Thomas, Penzance. Harvey, William G., M.K.C.S.E., ditto, 3 copies. Harvey, Miss, ditto. Harvey, Joseph H., ditto, Harvey, James, ditto. Harvey, Miss EUen Davies, ditto. Harvey, R. Trewavas, H.M.C., Liverpool. Hattam, Thomas, St.Anthony Light- house. Hedgeland, Rev. Preh., Penzance. Henwood, W. J., ditto, 2 copies. Higgs, Samuel, jun., F.G.S., Wal- laroo mines, Australia. Hirst, John, Jun., Dobcross, Man- chester. Holmes, Robert, Penzance. Hutch ens, Thomas, Salisbury. Hunt, Robert, F.G.S., Chelsea, 2 copies. Jackson, Capt. P., Little Eppington, Barnstaple. James, J., Pensanoe. James, J. H., ditto. James, Hamilton, Truro. James, S. H., Alma Villa, St. Just. Jenkins, Isaac, London. John, Miss, Penzance. Kennedy, Patrick, Anglesea Street, Dublin. Kevem, J. T., Penzance, 2 copies. King, Henry, H.M.C., ditto. Kistler, Matthias, ditto. Kneebone,W. E., Pensylva, Liskeard Lanyon, J. J., Penzance. Liebrecht, Dr. Felix, Liege. Lovell, James, jun., Chyandour. Luxmore, Capt. Withcrden, Devon. Maclean, Sir John, ¥.S!.A..,Pallings- wick Lodge, Hammersmith, Marrack, R. M., London. 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Edwyn Sandys, New York. Penzance Public Library. Phillips, Henry L., London. Pollard, James Glasson, Charlotte Town, Michigan. Pooley, Miss Annie, Penzance, Quick, Richard, St. Ives. Quick, Vivian, ditto. Quick, William BottreU, ditto. Ealfs, John, M.E.C.S.E., Penzance, 2 copies. Ransom, E., Kempstone, Bedford. Rawlings, W. J., Downes, Hayle. Read, John Herbert, California. Richards, John, St. Buryan. Rigby, Samuel, Warrington, 5 copies. Rodd, E. H., Penzance. Roscorla, John, ditto. Rothschild, Baroness, M. de, 2 copies. Sandys, William, F.S.A., London, 298 STTBSOEIBEES' NAMES. Sherriff, J. D., C.B., Truro. Smith, Augustus, late, Tresco Abbey, Scilly. Spratt, G. E., Forthcurnow. Tetley, Edward, Sydenham. Thomas, Henry , Femance. Thomas, Henry, late,F.G.S., London Thomas, Stephen^ School of Art, ' Northampton. Tipping, George B., London. Tonkin, Charles, Sitto. Tonkin, Eev. jjbhn, Trevervyn, Buryan. " Tredrea, E,, Oape Town, South Africa, Trevithick, Francis, C.E.,rAe Cliff, Fenzance. 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Page 11, line 21, for flaw read /our. 33, — 29, — king read hind. 38, — 25, — sevant read servant. 41, — 7, — candlelight read candlelighting. 45, — 23, — cairns read cams. 54, — 16, — the farming read farming. 57. — 1, read and they, with a crew of such dare-devils as suited them, set sail, Ijc. 63. — 13, for crops read cops. 76, — 35, ■ — shakened read shaken. 76, — 20, — a much read miwh. 92, 21, — in read into. 106, — 1, — comrades read comrade. 114, — 3, omit with. 115, — 12, for such read much. 127. — 36, omit heap of. 196, — 15, for there read their. 213, 45, — cairns read earns. 235, 42, — stag read the stag. 235, — 24, — strait read straight. 265, 26, — wisewom read wise-woman. 272, 20. — with the read which. 273, 1, — was read were. 273, 11, — boat read coat. 273, 16, — or read or. 274, __ 32, — Trevedern read Trevervyn. 274, 37, — Herbrides read Hebrides. 275, '- 2, — Snorro read Snorri,